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Definitions ----------- The most common definition of a correlation function is the [canonical ensemble](/wiki/Canonical_ensemble "Canonical ensemble") (thermal) average of the scalar product of two random variables, s\_1 and s\_2, at positions R and R\+r and times t and t\+\\tau: C (r,\\tau) \= \\langle \\mathbf{s\_1}(R,t) \\cdot \\mathbf{s\_2}(R\+r,t\+\\tau)\\rangle\\ \- \\langle \\mathbf{s\_1}(R,t) \\rangle\\langle \\mathbf{s\_2}(R\+r,t\+\\tau) \\rangle\\,. Here the brackets, \\langle \\cdot \\rangle , indicate the above\-mentioned thermal average. It is important to note here, however, that while the brackets are called an average, they are calculated as an [expected value](/wiki/Expected_value "Expected value"), not an average value. It is a matter of convention whether one subtracts the uncorrelated average product of s\_1 and s\_2, \\langle \\mathbf{s\_1}(R,t) \\rangle\\langle \\mathbf{s\_2}(R\+r,t\+\\tau) \\rangle from the correlated product, \\langle \\mathbf{s\_1}(R,t) \\cdot \\mathbf{s\_2}(R\+r,t\+\\tau)\\rangle, with the convention differing among fields. The most common uses of correlation functions are when s\_1 and s\_2 describe the same variable, such as a spin\-spin correlation function, or a particle position\-position correlation function in an elemental liquid or a solid (often called a [Radial distribution function](/wiki/Radial_distribution_function "Radial distribution function") or a pair correlation function). Correlation functions between the same random variable are [autocorrelation functions](/wiki/Autocorrelation_function "Autocorrelation function"). However, in statistical mechanics, not all correlation functions are autocorrelation functions. For example, in multicomponent condensed phases, the pair correlation function between different elements is often of interest. Such mixed\-element pair correlation functions are an example of [cross\-correlation functions](/wiki/Cross-correlation "Cross-correlation"), as the random variables s\_1 and s\_2 represent the average variations in density as a function position for two distinct elements. ### Equilibrium equal\-time (spatial) correlation functions Often, one is interested in solely the spatial influence of a given random variable, say the direction of a spin, on its local environment, without considering later times, \\tau. In this case, we neglect the time evolution of the system, so the above definition is re\-written with \\tau \= 0. This defines the equal\-time correlation function, C(r,0\). It is written as: C (r,0\) \= \\langle \\mathbf{s\_1}(R,t) \\cdot \\mathbf{s\_2}(R\+r,t)\\rangle\\ \- \\langle \\mathbf{s\_1}(R,t) \\rangle\\langle \\mathbf{s\_2}(R\+r,t) \\rangle\\,. Often, one omits the reference time, t, and reference radius, R, by assuming equilibrium (and thus time invariance of the ensemble) and averaging over all sample positions, yielding: C (r) \= \\langle \\mathbf{s\_1}(0\) \\cdot \\mathbf{s\_2}(r)\\rangle\\ \- \\langle \\mathbf{s\_1}(0\) \\rangle\\langle \\mathbf{s\_2}(r) \\rangle where, again, the choice of whether to subtract the uncorrelated variables differs among fields. The [Radial distribution function](/wiki/Radial_distribution_function "Radial distribution function") is an example of an equal\-time correlation function where the uncorrelated reference is generally not subtracted. Other equal\-time spin\-spin correlation functions are shown on this page for a variety of materials and conditions. ### Equilibrium equal\-position (temporal) correlation functions One might also be interested in the temporal evolution of microscopic variables. In other words, how the value of a microscopic variable at a given position and time, R and t, influences the value of the same microscopic variable at a later time, t\+\\tau (and usually at the same position). Such temporal correlations are quantified via equal\-position correlation functions, C (0,\\tau). They are defined analogously to above equal\-time correlation functions, but we now neglect spatial dependencies by setting r\=0, yielding: C (0,\\tau) \= \\langle \\mathbf{s\_1}(R,t) \\cdot \\mathbf{s\_2}(R,t\+\\tau)\\rangle\\ \- \\langle \\mathbf{s\_1}(R,t) \\rangle\\langle \\mathbf{s\_2}(R,t\+\\tau) \\rangle\\,. Assuming equilibrium (and thus time invariance of the ensemble) and averaging over all sites in the sample gives a simpler expression for the equal\-position correlation function as for the equal\-time correlation function: C (\\tau) \= \\langle \\mathbf{s\_1}(0\) \\cdot \\mathbf{s\_2}(\\tau)\\rangle\\ \- \\langle \\mathbf{s\_1}(0\) \\rangle\\langle \\mathbf{s\_2}(\\tau) \\rangle\\,. The above assumption may seem non\-intuitive at first: how can an ensemble which is time\-invariant have a non\-uniform temporal correlation function? Temporal correlations remain relevant to talk about in equilibrium systems because a time\-invariant, macroscopic ensemble can still have non\-trivial temporal dynamics microscopically. One example is in diffusion. A single\-phase system at equilibrium has a homogeneous composition macroscopically. However, if one watches the microscopic movement of each atom, fluctuations in composition are constantly occurring due to the quasi\-random walks taken by the individual atoms. Statistical mechanics allows one to make insightful statements about the temporal behavior of such fluctuations of equilibrium systems. This is discussed below in the section on the [temporal evolution of correlation functions and Onsager's regression hypothesis](/wiki/%23Time_evolution_of_correlation_functions "#Time evolution of correlation functions"). ### Generalization beyond equilibrium correlation functions All of the above correlation functions have been defined in the context of equilibrium statistical mechanics. However, it is possible to define correlation functions for systems away from equilibrium. Examining the general definition of C(r,\\tau), it is clear that one can define the random variables used in these correlation functions, such as atomic positions and spins, away from equilibrium. As such, their scalar product is well\-defined away from equilibrium. The operation which is no longer well\-defined away from equilibrium is the average over the equilibrium ensemble. This averaging process for non\-equilibrium system is typically replaced by averaging the scalar product across the entire sample. This is typical in scattering experiments and computer simulations, and is often used to measure the radial distribution functions of glasses. One can also define averages over states for systems perturbed slightly from equilibrium. See, for example, [http://xbeams.chem.yale.edu/\~batista/vaa/node56\.html](http://xbeams.chem.yale.edu/~batista/vaa/node56.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225060259/http://xbeams.chem.yale.edu/\~batista/vaa/node56\.html \\|date\=2018\-12\-25 }}	[ "Definitions\n-----------", "The most common definition of a correlation function is the [canonical ensemble](/wiki/Canonical_ensemble \"Canonical ensemble\") (thermal) average of the scalar product of two random variables, s\\_1 and s\\_2, at positions R and R\\+r and times t and t\\+\\\\tau:\nC (r,\\\\tau) \\= \\\\langle \\\\mathbf{s\\_1}(R,t) \\\\cdot \\\\mathbf{s\\_2}(R\\+r,t\\+\\\\tau)\\\\rangle\\\\ \\- \\\\langle \\\\mathbf{s\\_1}(R,t) \\\\rangle\\\\langle \\\\mathbf{s\\_2}(R\\+r,t\\+\\\\tau) \\\\rangle\\\\,.", "Here the brackets, \\\\langle \\\\cdot \\\\rangle , indicate the above\\-mentioned thermal average. It is important to note here, however, that while the brackets are called an average, they are calculated as an [expected value](/wiki/Expected_value \"Expected value\"), not an average value. It is a matter of convention whether one subtracts the uncorrelated average product of s\\_1 and s\\_2, \\\\langle \\\\mathbf{s\\_1}(R,t) \\\\rangle\\\\langle \\\\mathbf{s\\_2}(R\\+r,t\\+\\\\tau) \\\\rangle from the correlated product, \\\\langle \\\\mathbf{s\\_1}(R,t) \\\\cdot \\\\mathbf{s\\_2}(R\\+r,t\\+\\\\tau)\\\\rangle, with the convention differing among fields. The most common uses of correlation functions are when s\\_1 and s\\_2 describe the same variable, such as a spin\\-spin correlation function, or a particle position\\-position correlation function in an elemental liquid or a solid (often called a [Radial distribution function](/wiki/Radial_distribution_function \"Radial distribution function\") or a pair correlation function). Correlation functions between the same random variable are [autocorrelation functions](/wiki/Autocorrelation_function \"Autocorrelation function\"). However, in statistical mechanics, not all correlation functions are autocorrelation functions. For example, in multicomponent condensed phases, the pair correlation function between different elements is often of interest. Such mixed\\-element pair correlation functions are an example of [cross\\-correlation functions](/wiki/Cross-correlation \"Cross-correlation\"), as the random variables s\\_1 and s\\_2 represent the average variations in density as a function position for two distinct elements.", "### Equilibrium equal\\-time (spatial) correlation functions", "Often, one is interested in solely the spatial influence of a given random variable, say the direction of a spin, on its local environment, without considering later times, \\\\tau. In this case, we neglect the time evolution of the system, so the above definition is re\\-written with \\\\tau \\= 0. This defines the equal\\-time correlation function, C(r,0\\). It is written as:\nC (r,0\\) \\= \\\\langle \\\\mathbf{s\\_1}(R,t) \\\\cdot \\\\mathbf{s\\_2}(R\\+r,t)\\\\rangle\\\\ \\- \\\\langle \\\\mathbf{s\\_1}(R,t) \\\\rangle\\\\langle \\\\mathbf{s\\_2}(R\\+r,t) \\\\rangle\\\\,.", "Often, one omits the reference time, t, and reference radius, R, by assuming equilibrium (and thus time invariance of the ensemble) and averaging over all sample positions, yielding:\nC (r) \\= \\\\langle \\\\mathbf{s\\_1}(0\\) \\\\cdot \\\\mathbf{s\\_2}(r)\\\\rangle\\\\ \\- \\\\langle \\\\mathbf{s\\_1}(0\\) \\\\rangle\\\\langle \\\\mathbf{s\\_2}(r) \\\\rangle\nwhere, again, the choice of whether to subtract the uncorrelated variables differs among fields. The [Radial distribution function](/wiki/Radial_distribution_function \"Radial distribution function\") is an example of an equal\\-time correlation function where the uncorrelated reference is generally not subtracted. Other equal\\-time spin\\-spin correlation functions are shown on this page for a variety of materials and conditions.", "### Equilibrium equal\\-position (temporal) correlation functions", "One might also be interested in the temporal evolution of microscopic variables. In other words, how the value of a microscopic variable at a given position and time, R and t, influences the value of the same microscopic variable at a later time, t\\+\\\\tau (and usually at the same position). Such temporal correlations are quantified via equal\\-position correlation functions, C (0,\\\\tau). They are defined analogously to above equal\\-time correlation functions, but we now neglect spatial dependencies by setting r\\=0, yielding:\nC (0,\\\\tau) \\= \\\\langle \\\\mathbf{s\\_1}(R,t) \\\\cdot \\\\mathbf{s\\_2}(R,t\\+\\\\tau)\\\\rangle\\\\ \\- \\\\langle \\\\mathbf{s\\_1}(R,t) \\\\rangle\\\\langle \\\\mathbf{s\\_2}(R,t\\+\\\\tau) \\\\rangle\\\\,.", "Assuming equilibrium (and thus time invariance of the ensemble) and averaging over all sites in the sample gives a simpler expression for the equal\\-position correlation function as for the equal\\-time correlation function:\nC (\\\\tau) \\= \\\\langle \\\\mathbf{s\\_1}(0\\) \\\\cdot \\\\mathbf{s\\_2}(\\\\tau)\\\\rangle\\\\ \\- \\\\langle \\\\mathbf{s\\_1}(0\\) \\\\rangle\\\\langle \\\\mathbf{s\\_2}(\\\\tau) \\\\rangle\\\\,.", "The above assumption may seem non\\-intuitive at first: how can an ensemble which is time\\-invariant have a non\\-uniform temporal correlation function? Temporal correlations remain relevant to talk about in equilibrium systems because a time\\-invariant, macroscopic ensemble can still have non\\-trivial temporal dynamics microscopically. One example is in diffusion. A single\\-phase system at equilibrium has a homogeneous composition macroscopically. However, if one watches the microscopic movement of each atom, fluctuations in composition are constantly occurring due to the quasi\\-random walks taken by the individual atoms. Statistical mechanics allows one to make insightful statements about the temporal behavior of such fluctuations of equilibrium systems. This is discussed below in the section on the [temporal evolution of correlation functions and Onsager's regression hypothesis](/wiki/%23Time_evolution_of_correlation_functions \"#Time evolution of correlation functions\").", "### Generalization beyond equilibrium correlation functions", "All of the above correlation functions have been defined in the context of equilibrium statistical mechanics. However, it is possible to define correlation functions for systems away from equilibrium. Examining the general definition of C(r,\\\\tau), it is clear that one can define the random variables used in these correlation functions, such as atomic positions and spins, away from equilibrium. As such, their scalar product is well\\-defined away from equilibrium. The operation which is no longer well\\-defined away from equilibrium is the average over the equilibrium ensemble. This averaging process for non\\-equilibrium system is typically replaced by averaging the scalar product across the entire sample. This is typical in scattering experiments and computer simulations, and is often used to measure the radial distribution functions of glasses.", "One can also define averages over states for systems perturbed slightly from equilibrium. See, for example, [http://xbeams.chem.yale.edu/\\~batista/vaa/node56\\.html](http://xbeams.chem.yale.edu/~batista/vaa/node56.html) {{Webarchive\\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225060259/http://xbeams.chem.yale.edu/\\~batista/vaa/node56\\.html \\\|date\\=2018\\-12\\-25 }}", "" ]
Investigation and trial ----------------------- ### Evidence After the fire, the police investigation determined that the fire had been started using some form of a liquid accelerant. This evidence included a finding of char patterns in the floor in the shape of "puddles," a finding of multiple starting points of the fire, and a finding that the fire had burned "fast and hot," all considered to indicate a fire that had been ignited with the help of a liquid accelerant. The investigators also found charring under the aluminum front door jamb, which they believed was a further indication of a liquid accelerant and tested positive for such an accelerant in the area of the front door. No clear motive was found, and Willingham's wife denied that the couple had been fighting prior to the night of the fire.{{citation needed\\|date\=May 2017}} ### Witnesses #### Johnny Webb In addition to the arson evidence presented at the trial, a [jailhouse informant](/wiki/Jailhouse_informant "Jailhouse informant") named Johnny Webb testified at that time. His testimony has been criticized as contentious for several reasons. Webb claimed that Willingham confessed that he set the fire to hide an injury or death of one of the girls, which was caused by his wife. But none of the girls were found at the time of death to have physical injuries that were still distinguishable after the effects of the fire.{{cite news\\|title \= Man executed on disproved forensics\\|first1\=Steve\\|last1\=Mills\\|first2\=Maurice\\|last2\=Possley\\|url\=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi\-0412090169dec09,0,1173806\.story\\|newspaper\=\[\[Chicago Tribune]]\\|date\=December 9, 2004\\|access\-date\=September 1, 2009 }} Webb later told [David Grann](/wiki/David_Grann "David Grann"), a reporter for [The New Yorker](/wiki/The_New_Yorker "The New Yorker"), that he might have been mistaken. He said he was prescribed many medications at that point while being treated for [bipolar disorder](/wiki/Bipolar_disorder "Bipolar disorder"). At Willingham's trial, Webb offered an explanation for the individual, distinguishable burns found on Amber's forehead and arm. He said that Willingham confessed to burning her twice with a piece of "wadded up" paper in an effort to make it appear as though the children were "playing with fire."{{cite web\\|title\=Statement of Facts, Volume XI\\|url\=http://www.innocenceproject.org/docs/Willingham\_Transcript/Willinghamv11\.pdf\\|date\=August 18, 1992\\|access\-date\=October 25, 2022\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928040758/http://www.innocenceproject.org/docs/Willingham\_Transcript/Willinghamv11\.pdf\\|archive\-date\=September 28, 2011\\|url\-status\=dead}} Prosecutor John Jackson noted that Webb was considered unreliable, but he later supported an early release from prison for Webb. Webb later sent Jackson a "Motion to Recant Testimony", which declared, "Mr. Willingham is innocent of all charges." Willingham's attorneys were not notified. Webb later recanted his recantation. He later asked, "The statute of limitations has run out on [perjury](/wiki/Perjury "Perjury"), hasn't it?" Webb and Jackson consistently denied that Webb was offered a sentence reduction in return for his testimony against Willingham. Evidence of such a deal would have eliminated Webb's testimony. In February 2014, [The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times") reported that the [Innocence Project](/wiki/Innocence_Project "Innocence Project") investigators said they had discovered a handwritten note in Webb's files indicating that such a deal was in play.{{cite news\\|last\=Schwartz\\|first\=John\\|title\=Evidence of Concealed Jailhouse Deal Raises Questions About a Texas Execution\\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/28/us/evidence\-of\-concealed\-jailhouse\-deal\-raises\-questions\-about\-a\-texas\-execution.html?\_r\=1\\|access\-date\=March 29, 2014\\|newspaper\=\[\[The New York Times]]\\|date\=February 27, 2014}} #### James Grigson During the penalty phase of the trial, a prosecutor said that Willingham's tattoo of a skull and serpent fit the profile of a sociopath. Two medical experts confirmed the theory. One of those experts, a psychologist who had not published any research in the field of sociopathic behavior, but only held a master's degree in marriage and family issues was asked to interpret Willingham's [Iron Maiden](/wiki/Iron_Maiden "Iron Maiden") poster. He said that a picture of a fist punching through a skull signified violence and death. He added that Willingham's [Led Zeppelin](/wiki/Led_Zeppelin "Led Zeppelin") poster of a fallen angel was "many times" an indicator of "cultive\-type" activities. The other medical expert, psychiatrist [James Grigson](/wiki/James_Grigson "James Grigson"), known by the moniker "Dr. Death" for his repeated testimony as an expert witness in which he recommended the death penalty, said that a man of Willingham's criminal history was an "extremely severe sociopath" and was incurable. Grigson had served as an expert witness for the prosecution in murder trials across the state of Texas. Prior to his death, he was expelled by the [American Psychiatric Association](/wiki/American_Psychiatric_Association "American Psychiatric Association") and the Texas Society of Psychiatric Physicians for unethical conduct.{{cite news \\|last1\=Tolson \\|first1\=Mike \\|title\=Effect of "Dr. Death" and his testimony lingers \\|url\=https://www.chron.com/news/houston\-texas/article/Effect\-of\-Dr\-Death\-and\-his\-testimony\-lingers\-1960299\.php \\|access\-date\=July 21, 2018 \\|work\=Houston Chronicle \\|date\=June 17, 2004}}{{cite news \\|last1\=Herskovitz \\|first1\=Jon \\|title\=Texas appeals court halts execution of man who did not kill anyone \\|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\-texas\-execution\-idUSKCN10U2D6 \\|access\-date\=July 21, 2018 \\|work\=\[\[Reuters]] \\|date\=August 20, 2016}} The APA said that Grigson had violated the organization's ethics code by > "Arriving at a psychiatric diagnosis without first having examined the individuals in question, and for indicating, while testifying in court as an expert witness, that he could predict with 100 per cent certainty that the individuals would engage in future violent acts."{{cite news \\| url \= http://www.ccadp.org/DrDeath.htm \\| title \= Groups Expel Psychiatrist Known for Murder Cases; Witness nicknamed 'Dr. Death' says license won't be affected by allegations \\| publisher \= \[\[Dallas Morning News]] \\| date \= July 26, 1995 \\| first \= Laura \\| last \= Bell \\| access\-date \= March 21, 2009 \\| url\-status\=dead \\| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20090307034749/http://ccadp.org/DrDeath.htm \\| archive\-date \= March 7, 2009 \\| df \= mdy\-all }} The prosecution sought to establish that Willingham's conduct at the time of the fire and in the days afterward was suspicious. As the fire took hold, Willingham was driven out through the front door of his house, where he crouched down near the entrance. On seeing neighbor Diane Barbee, Willingham began to shout at her to call 911, shouting "My babies are in there!" At trial, Willingham's conduct at the scene was described as oscillating between collected and hysterical, at times screaming for assistance and at other times calmly pushing his car back from the flames that were engulfing his house. Willingham later said that he removed the car out of concern that it could explode and worsen the house fire. #### Witnesses to the event and days after Eyewitnesses described Willingham as having "singed hair on his chest, eyelids, and head and had a two\-inch burn injury on his right shoulder, but the prosecution highlighted the absence of any evidence of smoke inhalation. His wrists and hands were blackened with smoke. He was eventually transported to the hospital for treatment, in handcuffs."{{cite web\\|url\=http://alt.coxnewsweb.com/shared\-blogs/austin/investigative/upload/2009/08/execution\_based\_on\_bad\_investi/D\_Beyler%20FINAL%20REPORT%20082509\.pdf \\|title\=Analysis of the Fire Investigation Methods and Procedures Used in the Criminal Arson Cases Against Ernest Ray Willis and Cameron Todd Willingham \\|author\=Craig L. Beyler \\|website\=Alt.coxnewsweb.com \\|access\-date\=June 5, 2016}} According to their sworn statements, both Brandice Barbee and Diane Barbee urged Willingham to return to the house to rescue his children. According to Brandice Barbee, "All I could see was smoke." According to Brandice, he refused, and moved his car away from the fire before returning to sit on a nearby lawn, "not once attempting to go inside to rescue his children." Once the fire had reached [flashover](/wiki/Flashover "Flashover") and the fire department arrived, Willingham became far more agitated, to the point of being restrained by emergency services. In the following days, Willingham returned to the house with some family and friends. Neighbors described this group as having an odd levity, which was seen to turn somber on the arrival of authorities.{{cite web\\| title\=Statement of Facts, Volume XII \\|url\=http://www.innocenceproject.org/docs/Willingham\_Transcript/Willinghamv12\.pdf \\| date\=August 19, 1992\\|access\-date\=October 25, 2022\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928040823/http://www.innocenceproject.org/docs/Willingham\_Transcript/Willinghamv12\.pdf \\|archive\-date\=September 28, 2011\\|url\-status\=dead}} On returning to the scene of the fire with firefighter Ron Franks, in an effort to recover personal property (which was described as a very usual request at trial), Willingham was visibly dismayed at being unable to find a dart set. At a local bar, where a fundraiser was held for the Willingham family, he placed an order for a replacement set, stating that "money was not a problem now." #### Motive The prosecution claimed that Willingham may have been motivated by a desire to rid himself of unwanted children.{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.txexecutions.org/reports/320\.asp \\|title\=Execution Report: Cameron Willingham – Page 1 \\|website\=Txexecutions.org \\|access\-date\=June 5, 2016}} The prosecutor claimed the fire that killed the children was the third attempt by Willingham to kill them, and that he had attempted to abort each of his wife's two pregnancies by kicking her in order to cause miscarriages. Journalist David Grann reported that "...there is evidence that Willingham hit his wife, even when she was pregnant, but there were no police reports or medical evidence indicating that Willingham had tried to abort or kill his children." He wrote, "Willingham's wife insisted during the trial and under interrogation that Willingham had not physically abused the children." The trial testimony by Webb, a jailhouse informant, suggested that Willingham had set the fire in order to cover up an injury or death of one of the children due to his wife's actions. The prosecutor also said that Willingham was a serial [wife abuser](/wiki/Domestic_violence "Domestic violence"), both physically and emotionally. Jackson said Willingham had abused animals and was a [sociopath](/wiki/Antisocial_personality_disorder "Antisocial personality disorder"). However, those not associated with the case paint a different picture of Willingham. His former probation officer, Polly Goodin, said he had never demonstrated bizarre or sociopathic behavior and that "He was probably one of my favorite kids." Bebe Bridges, a former judge who was often on the "opposite side" of Willingham in the legal system, and who had sent him to jail for stealing, said that she could not imagine him killing his children. "He was polite, and he seemed to care", she said. ### Trial Willingham was charged with murder on January 8, 1992\.{{cite news \\|title\=A timeline of the Cameron Todd Willingham case \\|url\=https://www.chicagotribune.com/2011/06/25/a\-timeline\-of\-the\-cameron\-todd\-willingham\-case/ \\|access\-date\=July 21, 2018 \\|work\=Los Angeles Times \\|date\=June 25, 2011}} During his trial in August 1992, he was offered a life term in exchange for a guilty plea, which he turned down, insisting he was innocent.{{cite web\\|publisher\=\[\[Amnesty International]]\\|title\=Document – USA (Texas): Further Information on Death penalty, Cameron Todd Willingham\\|url\=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/amr51/182/2004/en/\\|date\=December 13, 2004 \\|access\-date\=September 1, 2009}} At trial, the fire investigator Vasquez testified there were three points of origin for the fire, which indicated that the fire was "intentionally set by human hands." A sample of burned material near the doorway of the house tested positive for mineral spirits, indicating the presence of lighter fluid. Willingham had escaped the fire with bare feet and no burn marks. This was taken as evidence that the accelerant was poured by Willingham as he left the house. Several witnesses testified for the prosecution. In 2009, John Jackson, the prosecutor at the trial, stated that burns suffered by Willingham were "so superficial as to suggest that the same were self\-inflicted in an attempt to divert suspicion from himself."{{cite news \\|last1\=Jackson \\|first1\=John \\|title\=Jackson: Guest Commentary – Willingham guilt never in doubt \\|url\=http://corsicanadailysun.com/thewillinghamfiles/x46870434/\-08\-28\-09\-JACKSON\-Guest\-Commentary\-Willingham\-guilt\-never\-in\-doubt \\|access\-date\=July 20, 2018 \\|work\=Corsicana Daily Sun \\|date\=September 3, 2009 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602110745/http://corsicanadailysun.com/thewillinghamfiles/x46870434/\-08\-28\-09\-JACKSON\-Guest\-Commentary\-Willingham\-guilt\-never\-in\-doubt \\|archive\-date\=June 2, 2013 \\|quote\=The event which caused the three children's deaths was the third attempt by Todd Willingham to kill his children established by the evidence. He had attempted to abort both pregnancies by vicious attacks on his wife, in which he beat and kicked his wife with the specific intent to trigger miscarriages.}} Grann, however, said fire investigators who reviewed the case told him that "Willingham's first\-degree and second\-degree burns were consistent with being in a fire before the moment of '[flashover](/wiki/Flashover "Flashover")' — that is, when everything in a room suddenly ignites."{{cite magazine\\|magazine\=\[\[The New Yorker]]\\|first\=David\\|last\=Grann\\|date\=September 4, 2009\\|access\-date\=September 6, 2009\\|url\=http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/newsdesk/2009/09/david\-grann\-response\-to\-jackson.html\\|title\=David Grann" The Prosecution Defends Itself}} Commenting on the condition of the house, Jackson added, "Any escape or rescue route from the burning house was blocked by a refrigerator, which had been pushed against the back door, requiring any person attempting an escape to run through the conflagration at the front of the house." There were two refrigerators in the Willingham house. Jimmie Hensley, a police detective, and Douglas Fogg, the assistant fire chief — who both investigated the fire — told Grann that they had never believed that the refrigerator was part of the arson plot. "It didn't have \[anything] to do with the fire," Fogg said. Jackson contradicted Willingham's account by claiming blood gas analysis at Navarro Regional Hospital shortly after the fire revealed that Willingham had not inhaled any smoke. Willingham's statement and eyewitness accounts had detailed rescue attempts. Consistent with typical Navarro County death penalty practice, Willingham was offered the opportunity to eliminate himself as a suspect by [polygraph](/wiki/Polygraph "Polygraph") examination, which Willingham rejected, according to Jackson. Against the advice of his own counsel, Willingham declined a life sentence in exchange for his guilty plea. He insisted he would not admit to something he had not done, even if it meant sparing his life. During his trial, Willingham did not testify; the defense called only one witness, the Willinghams' babysitter, who stated that she believed that Willingham could not have killed his children.	[ "Investigation and trial\n-----------------------", "### Evidence", "After the fire, the police investigation determined that the fire had been started using some form of a liquid accelerant. This evidence included a finding of char patterns in the floor in the shape of \"puddles,\" a finding of multiple starting points of the fire, and a finding that the fire had burned \"fast and hot,\" all considered to indicate a fire that had been ignited with the help of a liquid accelerant. The investigators also found charring under the aluminum front door jamb, which they believed was a further indication of a liquid accelerant and tested positive for such an accelerant in the area of the front door. No clear motive was found, and Willingham's wife denied that the couple had been fighting prior to the night of the fire.{{citation needed\\\|date\\=May 2017}}", "### Witnesses", "#### Johnny Webb", "In addition to the arson evidence presented at the trial, a [jailhouse informant](/wiki/Jailhouse_informant \"Jailhouse informant\") named Johnny Webb testified at that time. His testimony has been criticized as contentious for several reasons. Webb claimed that Willingham confessed that he set the fire to hide an injury or death of one of the girls, which was caused by his wife. But none of the girls were found at the time of death to have physical injuries that were still distinguishable after the effects of the fire.{{cite news\\\|title \\= Man executed on disproved forensics\\\|first1\\=Steve\\\|last1\\=Mills\\\|first2\\=Maurice\\\|last2\\=Possley\\\|url\\=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi\\-0412090169dec09,0,1173806\\.story\\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Chicago Tribune]]\\\|date\\=December 9, 2004\\\|access\\-date\\=September 1, 2009 }} Webb later told [David Grann](/wiki/David_Grann \"David Grann\"), a reporter for [The New Yorker](/wiki/The_New_Yorker \"The New Yorker\"), that he might have been mistaken. He said he was prescribed many medications at that point while being treated for [bipolar disorder](/wiki/Bipolar_disorder \"Bipolar disorder\").", "At Willingham's trial, Webb offered an explanation for the individual, distinguishable burns found on Amber's forehead and arm. He said that Willingham confessed to burning her twice with a piece of \"wadded up\" paper in an effort to make it appear as though the children were \"playing with fire.\"{{cite web\\\|title\\=Statement of Facts, Volume XI\\\|url\\=http://www.innocenceproject.org/docs/Willingham\\_Transcript/Willinghamv11\\.pdf\\\|date\\=August 18, 1992\\\|access\\-date\\=October 25, 2022\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928040758/http://www.innocenceproject.org/docs/Willingham\\_Transcript/Willinghamv11\\.pdf\\\|archive\\-date\\=September 28, 2011\\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}", "Prosecutor John Jackson noted that Webb was considered unreliable, but he later supported an early release from prison for Webb. Webb later sent Jackson a \"Motion to Recant Testimony\", which declared, \"Mr. Willingham is innocent of all charges.\" Willingham's attorneys were not notified. Webb later recanted his recantation. He later asked, \"The statute of limitations has run out on [perjury](/wiki/Perjury \"Perjury\"), hasn't it?\"", "Webb and Jackson consistently denied that Webb was offered a sentence reduction in return for his testimony against Willingham. Evidence of such a deal would have eliminated Webb's testimony. In February 2014, [The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\") reported that the [Innocence Project](/wiki/Innocence_Project \"Innocence Project\") investigators said they had discovered a handwritten note in Webb's files indicating that such a deal was in play.{{cite news\\\|last\\=Schwartz\\\|first\\=John\\\|title\\=Evidence of Concealed Jailhouse Deal Raises Questions About a Texas Execution\\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/28/us/evidence\\-of\\-concealed\\-jailhouse\\-deal\\-raises\\-questions\\-about\\-a\\-texas\\-execution.html?\\_r\\=1\\\|access\\-date\\=March 29, 2014\\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]]\\\|date\\=February 27, 2014}}", "#### James Grigson", "During the penalty phase of the trial, a prosecutor said that Willingham's tattoo of a skull and serpent fit the profile of a sociopath. Two medical experts confirmed the theory. One of those experts, a psychologist who had not published any research in the field of sociopathic behavior, but only held a master's degree in marriage and family issues was asked to interpret Willingham's [Iron Maiden](/wiki/Iron_Maiden \"Iron Maiden\") poster. He said that a picture of a fist punching through a skull signified violence and death. He added that Willingham's [Led Zeppelin](/wiki/Led_Zeppelin \"Led Zeppelin\") poster of a fallen angel was \"many times\" an indicator of \"cultive\\-type\" activities.", "The other medical expert, psychiatrist [James Grigson](/wiki/James_Grigson \"James Grigson\"), known by the moniker \"Dr. Death\" for his repeated testimony as an expert witness in which he recommended the death penalty, said that a man of Willingham's criminal history was an \"extremely severe sociopath\" and was incurable. Grigson had served as an expert witness for the prosecution in murder trials across the state of Texas. Prior to his death, he was expelled by the [American Psychiatric Association](/wiki/American_Psychiatric_Association \"American Psychiatric Association\") and the Texas Society of Psychiatric Physicians for unethical conduct.{{cite news \\\|last1\\=Tolson \\\|first1\\=Mike \\\|title\\=Effect of \"Dr. Death\" and his testimony lingers \\\|url\\=https://www.chron.com/news/houston\\-texas/article/Effect\\-of\\-Dr\\-Death\\-and\\-his\\-testimony\\-lingers\\-1960299\\.php \\\|access\\-date\\=July 21, 2018 \\\|work\\=Houston Chronicle \\\|date\\=June 17, 2004}}{{cite news \\\|last1\\=Herskovitz \\\|first1\\=Jon \\\|title\\=Texas appeals court halts execution of man who did not kill anyone \\\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\\-texas\\-execution\\-idUSKCN10U2D6 \\\|access\\-date\\=July 21, 2018 \\\|work\\=\\[\\[Reuters]] \\\|date\\=August 20, 2016}} The APA said that Grigson had violated the organization's ethics code by", "", "> \"Arriving at a psychiatric diagnosis without first having examined the individuals in question, and for indicating, while testifying in court as an expert witness, that he could predict with 100 per cent certainty that the individuals would engage in future violent acts.\"{{cite news \\\| url \\= http://www.ccadp.org/DrDeath.htm \\\| title \\= Groups Expel Psychiatrist Known for Murder Cases; Witness nicknamed 'Dr. Death' says license won't be affected by allegations \\\| publisher \\= \\[\\[Dallas Morning News]] \\\| date \\= July 26, 1995 \\\| first \\= Laura \\\| last \\= Bell \\\| access\\-date \\= March 21, 2009 \\\| url\\-status\\=dead \\\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20090307034749/http://ccadp.org/DrDeath.htm \\\| archive\\-date \\= March 7, 2009 \\\| df \\= mdy\\-all }}", "The prosecution sought to establish that Willingham's conduct at the time of the fire and in the days afterward was suspicious. As the fire took hold, Willingham was driven out through the front door of his house, where he crouched down near the entrance. On seeing neighbor Diane Barbee, Willingham began to shout at her to call 911, shouting \"My babies are in there!\" At trial, Willingham's conduct at the scene was described as oscillating between collected and hysterical, at times screaming for assistance and at other times calmly pushing his car back from the flames that were engulfing his house. Willingham later said that he removed the car out of concern that it could explode and worsen the house fire.", "#### Witnesses to the event and days after", "Eyewitnesses described Willingham as having \"singed hair on his chest, eyelids, and head and had a two\\-inch burn injury on his right shoulder, but the prosecution highlighted the absence of any evidence of smoke inhalation. His wrists and hands were blackened with smoke. He was eventually transported to the hospital for treatment, in handcuffs.\"{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://alt.coxnewsweb.com/shared\\-blogs/austin/investigative/upload/2009/08/execution\\_based\\_on\\_bad\\_investi/D\\_Beyler%20FINAL%20REPORT%20082509\\.pdf \\\|title\\=Analysis of the Fire Investigation Methods and Procedures Used in the Criminal Arson Cases Against Ernest Ray Willis and Cameron Todd Willingham \\\|author\\=Craig L. Beyler \\\|website\\=Alt.coxnewsweb.com \\\|access\\-date\\=June 5, 2016}}", "According to their sworn statements, both Brandice Barbee and Diane Barbee urged Willingham to return to the house to rescue his children. According to Brandice Barbee, \"All I could see was smoke.\" According to Brandice, he refused, and moved his car away from the fire before returning to sit on a nearby lawn, \"not once attempting to go inside to rescue his children.\" Once the fire had reached [flashover](/wiki/Flashover \"Flashover\") and the fire department arrived, Willingham became far more agitated, to the point of being restrained by emergency services. In the following days, Willingham returned to the house with some family and friends. Neighbors described this group as having an odd levity, which was seen to turn somber on the arrival of authorities.{{cite web\\\| title\\=Statement of Facts, Volume XII \\\|url\\=http://www.innocenceproject.org/docs/Willingham\\_Transcript/Willinghamv12\\.pdf \\\| date\\=August 19, 1992\\\|access\\-date\\=October 25, 2022\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928040823/http://www.innocenceproject.org/docs/Willingham\\_Transcript/Willinghamv12\\.pdf \\\|archive\\-date\\=September 28, 2011\\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} On returning to the scene of the fire with firefighter Ron Franks, in an effort to recover personal property (which was described as a very usual request at trial), Willingham was visibly dismayed at being unable to find a dart set. At a local bar, where a fundraiser was held for the Willingham family, he placed an order for a replacement set, stating that \"money was not a problem now.\"", "#### Motive", "The prosecution claimed that Willingham may have been motivated by a desire to rid himself of unwanted children.{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.txexecutions.org/reports/320\\.asp \\\|title\\=Execution Report: Cameron Willingham – Page 1 \\\|website\\=Txexecutions.org \\\|access\\-date\\=June 5, 2016}} The prosecutor claimed the fire that killed the children was the third attempt by Willingham to kill them, and that he had attempted to abort each of his wife's two pregnancies by kicking her in order to cause miscarriages.", "Journalist David Grann reported that \"...there is evidence that Willingham hit his wife, even when she was pregnant, but there were no police reports or medical evidence indicating that Willingham had tried to abort or kill his children.\" He wrote, \"Willingham's wife insisted during the trial and under interrogation that Willingham had not physically abused the children.\" The trial testimony by Webb, a jailhouse informant, suggested that Willingham had set the fire in order to cover up an injury or death of one of the children due to his wife's actions. The prosecutor also said that Willingham was a serial [wife abuser](/wiki/Domestic_violence \"Domestic violence\"), both physically and emotionally. Jackson said Willingham had abused animals and was a [sociopath](/wiki/Antisocial_personality_disorder \"Antisocial personality disorder\"). However, those not associated with the case paint a different picture of Willingham. His former probation officer, Polly Goodin, said he had never demonstrated bizarre or sociopathic behavior and that \"He was probably one of my favorite kids.\" Bebe Bridges, a former judge who was often on the \"opposite side\" of Willingham in the legal system, and who had sent him to jail for stealing, said that she could not imagine him killing his children. \"He was polite, and he seemed to care\", she said.", "### Trial", "Willingham was charged with murder on January 8, 1992\\.{{cite news \\\|title\\=A timeline of the Cameron Todd Willingham case \\\|url\\=https://www.chicagotribune.com/2011/06/25/a\\-timeline\\-of\\-the\\-cameron\\-todd\\-willingham\\-case/ \\\|access\\-date\\=July 21, 2018 \\\|work\\=Los Angeles Times \\\|date\\=June 25, 2011}} During his trial in August 1992, he was offered a life term in exchange for a guilty plea, which he turned down, insisting he was innocent.{{cite web\\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Amnesty International]]\\\|title\\=Document – USA (Texas): Further Information on Death penalty, Cameron Todd Willingham\\\|url\\=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/amr51/182/2004/en/\\\|date\\=December 13, 2004 \\\|access\\-date\\=September 1, 2009}}", "At trial, the fire investigator Vasquez testified there were three points of origin for the fire, which indicated that the fire was \"intentionally set by human hands.\" A sample of burned material near the doorway of the house tested positive for mineral spirits, indicating the presence of lighter fluid. Willingham had escaped the fire with bare feet and no burn marks. This was taken as evidence that the accelerant was poured by Willingham as he left the house. Several witnesses testified for the prosecution.", "In 2009, John Jackson, the prosecutor at the trial, stated that burns suffered by Willingham were \"so superficial as to suggest that the same were self\\-inflicted in an attempt to divert suspicion from himself.\"{{cite news \\\|last1\\=Jackson \\\|first1\\=John \\\|title\\=Jackson: Guest Commentary – Willingham guilt never in doubt \\\|url\\=http://corsicanadailysun.com/thewillinghamfiles/x46870434/\\-08\\-28\\-09\\-JACKSON\\-Guest\\-Commentary\\-Willingham\\-guilt\\-never\\-in\\-doubt \\\|access\\-date\\=July 20, 2018 \\\|work\\=Corsicana Daily Sun \\\|date\\=September 3, 2009 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602110745/http://corsicanadailysun.com/thewillinghamfiles/x46870434/\\-08\\-28\\-09\\-JACKSON\\-Guest\\-Commentary\\-Willingham\\-guilt\\-never\\-in\\-doubt \\\|archive\\-date\\=June 2, 2013 \\\|quote\\=The event which caused the three children's deaths was the third attempt by Todd Willingham to kill his children established by the evidence. He had attempted to abort both pregnancies by vicious attacks on his wife, in which he beat and kicked his wife with the specific intent to trigger miscarriages.}} Grann, however, said fire investigators who reviewed the case told him that \"Willingham's first\\-degree and second\\-degree burns were consistent with being in a fire before the moment of '[flashover](/wiki/Flashover \"Flashover\")' — that is, when everything in a room suddenly ignites.\"{{cite magazine\\\|magazine\\=\\[\\[The New Yorker]]\\\|first\\=David\\\|last\\=Grann\\\|date\\=September 4, 2009\\\|access\\-date\\=September 6, 2009\\\|url\\=http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/newsdesk/2009/09/david\\-grann\\-response\\-to\\-jackson.html\\\|title\\=David Grann\" The Prosecution Defends Itself}}", "Commenting on the condition of the house, Jackson added, \"Any escape or rescue route from the burning house was blocked by a refrigerator, which had been pushed against the back door, requiring any person attempting an escape to run through the conflagration at the front of the house.\" There were two refrigerators in the Willingham house. Jimmie Hensley, a police detective, and Douglas Fogg, the assistant fire chief — who both investigated the fire — told Grann that they had never believed that the refrigerator was part of the arson plot. \"It didn't have \\[anything] to do with the fire,\" Fogg said.", "Jackson contradicted Willingham's account by claiming blood gas analysis at Navarro Regional Hospital shortly after the fire revealed that Willingham had not inhaled any smoke. Willingham's statement and eyewitness accounts had detailed rescue attempts.", "Consistent with typical Navarro County death penalty practice, Willingham was offered the opportunity to eliminate himself as a suspect by [polygraph](/wiki/Polygraph \"Polygraph\") examination, which Willingham rejected, according to Jackson. Against the advice of his own counsel, Willingham declined a life sentence in exchange for his guilty plea. He insisted he would not admit to something he had not done, even if it meant sparing his life. During his trial, Willingham did not testify; the defense called only one witness, the Willinghams' babysitter, who stated that she believed that Willingham could not have killed his children.", "" ]
### Witnesses #### Johnny Webb In addition to the arson evidence presented at the trial, a [jailhouse informant](/wiki/Jailhouse_informant "Jailhouse informant") named Johnny Webb testified at that time. His testimony has been criticized as contentious for several reasons. Webb claimed that Willingham confessed that he set the fire to hide an injury or death of one of the girls, which was caused by his wife. But none of the girls were found at the time of death to have physical injuries that were still distinguishable after the effects of the fire.{{cite news\\|title \= Man executed on disproved forensics\\|first1\=Steve\\|last1\=Mills\\|first2\=Maurice\\|last2\=Possley\\|url\=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi\-0412090169dec09,0,1173806\.story\\|newspaper\=\[\[Chicago Tribune]]\\|date\=December 9, 2004\\|access\-date\=September 1, 2009 }} Webb later told [David Grann](/wiki/David_Grann "David Grann"), a reporter for [The New Yorker](/wiki/The_New_Yorker "The New Yorker"), that he might have been mistaken. He said he was prescribed many medications at that point while being treated for [bipolar disorder](/wiki/Bipolar_disorder "Bipolar disorder"). At Willingham's trial, Webb offered an explanation for the individual, distinguishable burns found on Amber's forehead and arm. He said that Willingham confessed to burning her twice with a piece of "wadded up" paper in an effort to make it appear as though the children were "playing with fire."{{cite web\\|title\=Statement of Facts, Volume XI\\|url\=http://www.innocenceproject.org/docs/Willingham\_Transcript/Willinghamv11\.pdf\\|date\=August 18, 1992\\|access\-date\=October 25, 2022\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928040758/http://www.innocenceproject.org/docs/Willingham\_Transcript/Willinghamv11\.pdf\\|archive\-date\=September 28, 2011\\|url\-status\=dead}} Prosecutor John Jackson noted that Webb was considered unreliable, but he later supported an early release from prison for Webb. Webb later sent Jackson a "Motion to Recant Testimony", which declared, "Mr. Willingham is innocent of all charges." Willingham's attorneys were not notified. Webb later recanted his recantation. He later asked, "The statute of limitations has run out on [perjury](/wiki/Perjury "Perjury"), hasn't it?" Webb and Jackson consistently denied that Webb was offered a sentence reduction in return for his testimony against Willingham. Evidence of such a deal would have eliminated Webb's testimony. In February 2014, [The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times") reported that the [Innocence Project](/wiki/Innocence_Project "Innocence Project") investigators said they had discovered a handwritten note in Webb's files indicating that such a deal was in play.{{cite news\\|last\=Schwartz\\|first\=John\\|title\=Evidence of Concealed Jailhouse Deal Raises Questions About a Texas Execution\\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/28/us/evidence\-of\-concealed\-jailhouse\-deal\-raises\-questions\-about\-a\-texas\-execution.html?\_r\=1\\|access\-date\=March 29, 2014\\|newspaper\=\[\[The New York Times]]\\|date\=February 27, 2014}} #### James Grigson During the penalty phase of the trial, a prosecutor said that Willingham's tattoo of a skull and serpent fit the profile of a sociopath. Two medical experts confirmed the theory. One of those experts, a psychologist who had not published any research in the field of sociopathic behavior, but only held a master's degree in marriage and family issues was asked to interpret Willingham's [Iron Maiden](/wiki/Iron_Maiden "Iron Maiden") poster. He said that a picture of a fist punching through a skull signified violence and death. He added that Willingham's [Led Zeppelin](/wiki/Led_Zeppelin "Led Zeppelin") poster of a fallen angel was "many times" an indicator of "cultive\-type" activities. The other medical expert, psychiatrist [James Grigson](/wiki/James_Grigson "James Grigson"), known by the moniker "Dr. Death" for his repeated testimony as an expert witness in which he recommended the death penalty, said that a man of Willingham's criminal history was an "extremely severe sociopath" and was incurable. Grigson had served as an expert witness for the prosecution in murder trials across the state of Texas. Prior to his death, he was expelled by the [American Psychiatric Association](/wiki/American_Psychiatric_Association "American Psychiatric Association") and the Texas Society of Psychiatric Physicians for unethical conduct.{{cite news \\|last1\=Tolson \\|first1\=Mike \\|title\=Effect of "Dr. Death" and his testimony lingers \\|url\=https://www.chron.com/news/houston\-texas/article/Effect\-of\-Dr\-Death\-and\-his\-testimony\-lingers\-1960299\.php \\|access\-date\=July 21, 2018 \\|work\=Houston Chronicle \\|date\=June 17, 2004}}{{cite news \\|last1\=Herskovitz \\|first1\=Jon \\|title\=Texas appeals court halts execution of man who did not kill anyone \\|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\-texas\-execution\-idUSKCN10U2D6 \\|access\-date\=July 21, 2018 \\|work\=\[\[Reuters]] \\|date\=August 20, 2016}} The APA said that Grigson had violated the organization's ethics code by > "Arriving at a psychiatric diagnosis without first having examined the individuals in question, and for indicating, while testifying in court as an expert witness, that he could predict with 100 per cent certainty that the individuals would engage in future violent acts."{{cite news \\| url \= http://www.ccadp.org/DrDeath.htm \\| title \= Groups Expel Psychiatrist Known for Murder Cases; Witness nicknamed 'Dr. Death' says license won't be affected by allegations \\| publisher \= \[\[Dallas Morning News]] \\| date \= July 26, 1995 \\| first \= Laura \\| last \= Bell \\| access\-date \= March 21, 2009 \\| url\-status\=dead \\| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20090307034749/http://ccadp.org/DrDeath.htm \\| archive\-date \= March 7, 2009 \\| df \= mdy\-all }} The prosecution sought to establish that Willingham's conduct at the time of the fire and in the days afterward was suspicious. As the fire took hold, Willingham was driven out through the front door of his house, where he crouched down near the entrance. On seeing neighbor Diane Barbee, Willingham began to shout at her to call 911, shouting "My babies are in there!" At trial, Willingham's conduct at the scene was described as oscillating between collected and hysterical, at times screaming for assistance and at other times calmly pushing his car back from the flames that were engulfing his house. Willingham later said that he removed the car out of concern that it could explode and worsen the house fire. #### Witnesses to the event and days after Eyewitnesses described Willingham as having "singed hair on his chest, eyelids, and head and had a two\-inch burn injury on his right shoulder, but the prosecution highlighted the absence of any evidence of smoke inhalation. His wrists and hands were blackened with smoke. He was eventually transported to the hospital for treatment, in handcuffs."{{cite web\\|url\=http://alt.coxnewsweb.com/shared\-blogs/austin/investigative/upload/2009/08/execution\_based\_on\_bad\_investi/D\_Beyler%20FINAL%20REPORT%20082509\.pdf \\|title\=Analysis of the Fire Investigation Methods and Procedures Used in the Criminal Arson Cases Against Ernest Ray Willis and Cameron Todd Willingham \\|author\=Craig L. Beyler \\|website\=Alt.coxnewsweb.com \\|access\-date\=June 5, 2016}} According to their sworn statements, both Brandice Barbee and Diane Barbee urged Willingham to return to the house to rescue his children. According to Brandice Barbee, "All I could see was smoke." According to Brandice, he refused, and moved his car away from the fire before returning to sit on a nearby lawn, "not once attempting to go inside to rescue his children." Once the fire had reached [flashover](/wiki/Flashover "Flashover") and the fire department arrived, Willingham became far more agitated, to the point of being restrained by emergency services. In the following days, Willingham returned to the house with some family and friends. Neighbors described this group as having an odd levity, which was seen to turn somber on the arrival of authorities.{{cite web\\| title\=Statement of Facts, Volume XII \\|url\=http://www.innocenceproject.org/docs/Willingham\_Transcript/Willinghamv12\.pdf \\| date\=August 19, 1992\\|access\-date\=October 25, 2022\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928040823/http://www.innocenceproject.org/docs/Willingham\_Transcript/Willinghamv12\.pdf \\|archive\-date\=September 28, 2011\\|url\-status\=dead}} On returning to the scene of the fire with firefighter Ron Franks, in an effort to recover personal property (which was described as a very usual request at trial), Willingham was visibly dismayed at being unable to find a dart set. At a local bar, where a fundraiser was held for the Willingham family, he placed an order for a replacement set, stating that "money was not a problem now." #### Motive The prosecution claimed that Willingham may have been motivated by a desire to rid himself of unwanted children.{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.txexecutions.org/reports/320\.asp \\|title\=Execution Report: Cameron Willingham – Page 1 \\|website\=Txexecutions.org \\|access\-date\=June 5, 2016}} The prosecutor claimed the fire that killed the children was the third attempt by Willingham to kill them, and that he had attempted to abort each of his wife's two pregnancies by kicking her in order to cause miscarriages. Journalist David Grann reported that "...there is evidence that Willingham hit his wife, even when she was pregnant, but there were no police reports or medical evidence indicating that Willingham had tried to abort or kill his children." He wrote, "Willingham's wife insisted during the trial and under interrogation that Willingham had not physically abused the children." The trial testimony by Webb, a jailhouse informant, suggested that Willingham had set the fire in order to cover up an injury or death of one of the children due to his wife's actions. The prosecutor also said that Willingham was a serial [wife abuser](/wiki/Domestic_violence "Domestic violence"), both physically and emotionally. Jackson said Willingham had abused animals and was a [sociopath](/wiki/Antisocial_personality_disorder "Antisocial personality disorder"). However, those not associated with the case paint a different picture of Willingham. His former probation officer, Polly Goodin, said he had never demonstrated bizarre or sociopathic behavior and that "He was probably one of my favorite kids." Bebe Bridges, a former judge who was often on the "opposite side" of Willingham in the legal system, and who had sent him to jail for stealing, said that she could not imagine him killing his children. "He was polite, and he seemed to care", she said.	[ "### Witnesses", "#### Johnny Webb", "In addition to the arson evidence presented at the trial, a [jailhouse informant](/wiki/Jailhouse_informant \"Jailhouse informant\") named Johnny Webb testified at that time. His testimony has been criticized as contentious for several reasons. Webb claimed that Willingham confessed that he set the fire to hide an injury or death of one of the girls, which was caused by his wife. But none of the girls were found at the time of death to have physical injuries that were still distinguishable after the effects of the fire.{{cite news\\\|title \\= Man executed on disproved forensics\\\|first1\\=Steve\\\|last1\\=Mills\\\|first2\\=Maurice\\\|last2\\=Possley\\\|url\\=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi\\-0412090169dec09,0,1173806\\.story\\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Chicago Tribune]]\\\|date\\=December 9, 2004\\\|access\\-date\\=September 1, 2009 }} Webb later told [David Grann](/wiki/David_Grann \"David Grann\"), a reporter for [The New Yorker](/wiki/The_New_Yorker \"The New Yorker\"), that he might have been mistaken. He said he was prescribed many medications at that point while being treated for [bipolar disorder](/wiki/Bipolar_disorder \"Bipolar disorder\").", "At Willingham's trial, Webb offered an explanation for the individual, distinguishable burns found on Amber's forehead and arm. He said that Willingham confessed to burning her twice with a piece of \"wadded up\" paper in an effort to make it appear as though the children were \"playing with fire.\"{{cite web\\\|title\\=Statement of Facts, Volume XI\\\|url\\=http://www.innocenceproject.org/docs/Willingham\\_Transcript/Willinghamv11\\.pdf\\\|date\\=August 18, 1992\\\|access\\-date\\=October 25, 2022\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928040758/http://www.innocenceproject.org/docs/Willingham\\_Transcript/Willinghamv11\\.pdf\\\|archive\\-date\\=September 28, 2011\\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}", "Prosecutor John Jackson noted that Webb was considered unreliable, but he later supported an early release from prison for Webb. Webb later sent Jackson a \"Motion to Recant Testimony\", which declared, \"Mr. Willingham is innocent of all charges.\" Willingham's attorneys were not notified. Webb later recanted his recantation. He later asked, \"The statute of limitations has run out on [perjury](/wiki/Perjury \"Perjury\"), hasn't it?\"", "Webb and Jackson consistently denied that Webb was offered a sentence reduction in return for his testimony against Willingham. Evidence of such a deal would have eliminated Webb's testimony. In February 2014, [The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\") reported that the [Innocence Project](/wiki/Innocence_Project \"Innocence Project\") investigators said they had discovered a handwritten note in Webb's files indicating that such a deal was in play.{{cite news\\\|last\\=Schwartz\\\|first\\=John\\\|title\\=Evidence of Concealed Jailhouse Deal Raises Questions About a Texas Execution\\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/28/us/evidence\\-of\\-concealed\\-jailhouse\\-deal\\-raises\\-questions\\-about\\-a\\-texas\\-execution.html?\\_r\\=1\\\|access\\-date\\=March 29, 2014\\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]]\\\|date\\=February 27, 2014}}", "#### James Grigson", "During the penalty phase of the trial, a prosecutor said that Willingham's tattoo of a skull and serpent fit the profile of a sociopath. Two medical experts confirmed the theory. One of those experts, a psychologist who had not published any research in the field of sociopathic behavior, but only held a master's degree in marriage and family issues was asked to interpret Willingham's [Iron Maiden](/wiki/Iron_Maiden \"Iron Maiden\") poster. He said that a picture of a fist punching through a skull signified violence and death. He added that Willingham's [Led Zeppelin](/wiki/Led_Zeppelin \"Led Zeppelin\") poster of a fallen angel was \"many times\" an indicator of \"cultive\\-type\" activities.", "The other medical expert, psychiatrist [James Grigson](/wiki/James_Grigson \"James Grigson\"), known by the moniker \"Dr. Death\" for his repeated testimony as an expert witness in which he recommended the death penalty, said that a man of Willingham's criminal history was an \"extremely severe sociopath\" and was incurable. Grigson had served as an expert witness for the prosecution in murder trials across the state of Texas. Prior to his death, he was expelled by the [American Psychiatric Association](/wiki/American_Psychiatric_Association \"American Psychiatric Association\") and the Texas Society of Psychiatric Physicians for unethical conduct.{{cite news \\\|last1\\=Tolson \\\|first1\\=Mike \\\|title\\=Effect of \"Dr. Death\" and his testimony lingers \\\|url\\=https://www.chron.com/news/houston\\-texas/article/Effect\\-of\\-Dr\\-Death\\-and\\-his\\-testimony\\-lingers\\-1960299\\.php \\\|access\\-date\\=July 21, 2018 \\\|work\\=Houston Chronicle \\\|date\\=June 17, 2004}}{{cite news \\\|last1\\=Herskovitz \\\|first1\\=Jon \\\|title\\=Texas appeals court halts execution of man who did not kill anyone \\\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\\-texas\\-execution\\-idUSKCN10U2D6 \\\|access\\-date\\=July 21, 2018 \\\|work\\=\\[\\[Reuters]] \\\|date\\=August 20, 2016}} The APA said that Grigson had violated the organization's ethics code by", "", "> \"Arriving at a psychiatric diagnosis without first having examined the individuals in question, and for indicating, while testifying in court as an expert witness, that he could predict with 100 per cent certainty that the individuals would engage in future violent acts.\"{{cite news \\\| url \\= http://www.ccadp.org/DrDeath.htm \\\| title \\= Groups Expel Psychiatrist Known for Murder Cases; Witness nicknamed 'Dr. Death' says license won't be affected by allegations \\\| publisher \\= \\[\\[Dallas Morning News]] \\\| date \\= July 26, 1995 \\\| first \\= Laura \\\| last \\= Bell \\\| access\\-date \\= March 21, 2009 \\\| url\\-status\\=dead \\\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20090307034749/http://ccadp.org/DrDeath.htm \\\| archive\\-date \\= March 7, 2009 \\\| df \\= mdy\\-all }}", "The prosecution sought to establish that Willingham's conduct at the time of the fire and in the days afterward was suspicious. As the fire took hold, Willingham was driven out through the front door of his house, where he crouched down near the entrance. On seeing neighbor Diane Barbee, Willingham began to shout at her to call 911, shouting \"My babies are in there!\" At trial, Willingham's conduct at the scene was described as oscillating between collected and hysterical, at times screaming for assistance and at other times calmly pushing his car back from the flames that were engulfing his house. Willingham later said that he removed the car out of concern that it could explode and worsen the house fire.", "#### Witnesses to the event and days after", "Eyewitnesses described Willingham as having \"singed hair on his chest, eyelids, and head and had a two\\-inch burn injury on his right shoulder, but the prosecution highlighted the absence of any evidence of smoke inhalation. His wrists and hands were blackened with smoke. He was eventually transported to the hospital for treatment, in handcuffs.\"{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://alt.coxnewsweb.com/shared\\-blogs/austin/investigative/upload/2009/08/execution\\_based\\_on\\_bad\\_investi/D\\_Beyler%20FINAL%20REPORT%20082509\\.pdf \\\|title\\=Analysis of the Fire Investigation Methods and Procedures Used in the Criminal Arson Cases Against Ernest Ray Willis and Cameron Todd Willingham \\\|author\\=Craig L. Beyler \\\|website\\=Alt.coxnewsweb.com \\\|access\\-date\\=June 5, 2016}}", "According to their sworn statements, both Brandice Barbee and Diane Barbee urged Willingham to return to the house to rescue his children. According to Brandice Barbee, \"All I could see was smoke.\" According to Brandice, he refused, and moved his car away from the fire before returning to sit on a nearby lawn, \"not once attempting to go inside to rescue his children.\" Once the fire had reached [flashover](/wiki/Flashover \"Flashover\") and the fire department arrived, Willingham became far more agitated, to the point of being restrained by emergency services. In the following days, Willingham returned to the house with some family and friends. Neighbors described this group as having an odd levity, which was seen to turn somber on the arrival of authorities.{{cite web\\\| title\\=Statement of Facts, Volume XII \\\|url\\=http://www.innocenceproject.org/docs/Willingham\\_Transcript/Willinghamv12\\.pdf \\\| date\\=August 19, 1992\\\|access\\-date\\=October 25, 2022\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928040823/http://www.innocenceproject.org/docs/Willingham\\_Transcript/Willinghamv12\\.pdf \\\|archive\\-date\\=September 28, 2011\\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} On returning to the scene of the fire with firefighter Ron Franks, in an effort to recover personal property (which was described as a very usual request at trial), Willingham was visibly dismayed at being unable to find a dart set. At a local bar, where a fundraiser was held for the Willingham family, he placed an order for a replacement set, stating that \"money was not a problem now.\"", "#### Motive", "The prosecution claimed that Willingham may have been motivated by a desire to rid himself of unwanted children.{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.txexecutions.org/reports/320\\.asp \\\|title\\=Execution Report: Cameron Willingham – Page 1 \\\|website\\=Txexecutions.org \\\|access\\-date\\=June 5, 2016}} The prosecutor claimed the fire that killed the children was the third attempt by Willingham to kill them, and that he had attempted to abort each of his wife's two pregnancies by kicking her in order to cause miscarriages.", "Journalist David Grann reported that \"...there is evidence that Willingham hit his wife, even when she was pregnant, but there were no police reports or medical evidence indicating that Willingham had tried to abort or kill his children.\" He wrote, \"Willingham's wife insisted during the trial and under interrogation that Willingham had not physically abused the children.\" The trial testimony by Webb, a jailhouse informant, suggested that Willingham had set the fire in order to cover up an injury or death of one of the children due to his wife's actions. The prosecutor also said that Willingham was a serial [wife abuser](/wiki/Domestic_violence \"Domestic violence\"), both physically and emotionally. Jackson said Willingham had abused animals and was a [sociopath](/wiki/Antisocial_personality_disorder \"Antisocial personality disorder\"). However, those not associated with the case paint a different picture of Willingham. His former probation officer, Polly Goodin, said he had never demonstrated bizarre or sociopathic behavior and that \"He was probably one of my favorite kids.\" Bebe Bridges, a former judge who was often on the \"opposite side\" of Willingham in the legal system, and who had sent him to jail for stealing, said that she could not imagine him killing his children. \"He was polite, and he seemed to care\", she said.", "" ]
Background ---------- Edward Hugh Hebern was born in [Streator, Illinois](/wiki/Streator%2C_Illinois "Streator, Illinois"), on April 23, 1869\. His parents were Charles and Rosanna (Rosy) Hebern. They met in Harris County, Texas while Charles was serving as guard and escort from the civil war. On February 4, 1866, they married in Harris, Texas. Rosanna was only fifteen years old. After mustering out of the service on May 29, 1866, Charles and his new wife returned to Springfield, Illinois, and on June 18, 1866, he received his final pay and discharge. Edward had an older sister, Arizona (Zoa) born in 1867, two younger brothers, Daniel Boone Hebern, born on February 17, 1871, and William Hebern, born April 8, 1875, in Houston, Texas, as well as a younger sister, Nellie Hebern, born in 1874\. At the age of 6, on August 4, 1875, Edward Hugh and three of his siblings were admitted to the Illinois Soldiers’ and Sailors’ home in Normal, Illinois. According to the Soldiers’ home register their father was listed as having died in 1874 in an unknown location, but he was admitted to the same Soldiers’ Home 40 years later. By February 13, 1879, the youngest Hebern child, William, was admitted to the Soldiers’ Home. Six months later on August 12, 1879, Rosanna married Archibald Thompson in Bloomington, Illinois. On June 14, 1881, two months before her 14th birthday, Zoa left the Soldiers’ Home. Edward was discharged from the Soldiers’ Home in May 1883, after turning 14, and went to Odin, Illinois where he worked on a farm. By 1885, Daniel, Nellie, and William were all in Odin, Illinois. Zoa married Edward F. Clark (27 yrs. old) on August 18, 1886, in Coffey County, Kansas. Then they headed to Utah. The rest of the children eventually moved to Madera, Ca. beginning with the two eldest boys in 1896\. Daniel Boone Hebern was in North Fork, California working as a laborer; his brother, Edward Hugh Hebern was in Madera farming. Daniel purchased two plots of land in North Fork.	[ "Background\n----------", "Edward Hugh Hebern was born in [Streator, Illinois](/wiki/Streator%2C_Illinois \"Streator, Illinois\"), on April 23, 1869\\. His parents were Charles and Rosanna (Rosy) Hebern. They met in Harris County, Texas while Charles was serving as guard and escort from the civil war. On February 4, 1866, they married in Harris, Texas. Rosanna was only fifteen years old. After mustering out of the service on May 29, 1866, Charles and his new wife returned to Springfield, Illinois, and on June 18, 1866, he received his final pay and discharge.", "Edward had an older sister, Arizona (Zoa) born in 1867, two younger brothers, Daniel Boone Hebern, born on February 17, 1871, and William Hebern, born April 8, 1875, in Houston, Texas, as well as a younger sister, Nellie Hebern, born in 1874\\.", "At the age of 6, on August 4, 1875, Edward Hugh and three of his siblings were admitted to the Illinois Soldiers’ and Sailors’ home in Normal, Illinois. According to the Soldiers’ home register their father was listed as having died in 1874 in an unknown location, but he was admitted to the same Soldiers’ Home 40 years later. By February 13, 1879, the youngest Hebern child, William, was admitted to the Soldiers’ Home. Six months later on August 12, 1879, Rosanna married Archibald Thompson in Bloomington, Illinois.", "On June 14, 1881, two months before her 14th birthday, Zoa left the Soldiers’ Home. Edward was discharged from the Soldiers’ Home in May 1883, after turning 14, and went to Odin, Illinois where he worked on a farm. By 1885, Daniel, Nellie, and William were all in Odin, Illinois. Zoa married Edward F. Clark (27 yrs. old) on August 18, 1886, in Coffey County, Kansas. Then they headed to Utah.", "The rest of the children eventually moved to Madera, Ca. beginning with the two eldest boys in 1896\\. Daniel Boone Hebern was in North Fork, California working as a laborer; his brother, Edward Hugh Hebern was in Madera farming. Daniel purchased two plots of land in North Fork.", "" ]
Selected publications --------------------- Jones, J.F., Kumssa, A., and Herbert Williams, eds. (2011\). Conflict and Human Security in Africa: Kenya in Perspective. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Jones, J.F. (2009\) Liberty to Live: Human Security and Development. New York: Nova Science Publishers. Jones, J.F. \& Kumssa, A., eds. (2000\). The Cost of Reform: The Social Aspect of Transitional Economies. New York: Nova Science Publishers. Jones, J.F. \& Yogo, T. (1995\). New Training Design for Local Social Development. Vols. I \& II. Nagoya: United Nations Center for Regional Development. Jones, J.F., Stevenson, K., Cheung, M., \& Leung, P. (1995\). Call to Competence: Child Protective Services Training and Evaluation. Englewood, CO: American Humane Association, 1995\. Jones, J.F. \& Wang Shek (1990\). Glossary of Social Work Terms in Chinese and English. Hong Kong: Chinese University Press. Jones, J.F. \& Wang Shek (1983\). Research in Social Technology. Taipei: Community Research and Training, ROC. In Chinese. Jones, J.F., ed. (1981\). The Common Welfare. Hong Kong and Manila: Chinese University Press, and United Nations Social Welfare and Development Center for Asia and the Pacific. Jones, J.F. \& Pandey, R.S., eds. (1981\). Social Development: Conceptual, Methodological, and Policy Issues. New York: St. Martin's Press; and New Delhi: Macmillan India. Jones, J.F., ed. (1980\). Building China. Hong Kong: Chinese University Press. Distributed in North America by the University of Washington Press. Jones, J.F. (1979\). Education in Depth. Hong Kong: Swindon in association with Hong Kong University. Jones, J.F. \& Li Bik\-chi (1978\). Social Welfare Administration. Taipei: Chinese Humanities Institute. In Chinese. Jones, J.F. \& Herrick, J.M. (1976\). Citizens in Service. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press.	[ "Selected publications\n---------------------", "Jones, J.F., Kumssa, A., and Herbert Williams, eds. (2011\\). Conflict and Human Security in Africa: Kenya in Perspective. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.", "Jones, J.F. (2009\\) Liberty to Live: Human Security and Development. New York: Nova Science Publishers.", "Jones, J.F. \\& Kumssa, A., eds. (2000\\). The Cost of Reform: The Social Aspect of Transitional Economies. New York: Nova Science Publishers.", "Jones, J.F. \\& Yogo, T. (1995\\). New Training Design for Local Social Development.\nVols. I \\& II. Nagoya: United Nations Center for Regional Development.", "Jones, J.F., Stevenson, K., Cheung, M., \\& Leung, P. (1995\\). Call to Competence: Child Protective Services Training and Evaluation. Englewood, CO: American Humane Association, 1995\\.", "Jones, J.F. \\& Wang Shek (1990\\). Glossary of Social Work Terms in Chinese and English. Hong Kong: Chinese University Press.", "Jones, J.F. \\& Wang Shek (1983\\). Research in Social Technology. Taipei: Community Research and Training, ROC. In Chinese.", "Jones, J.F., ed. (1981\\). The Common Welfare. Hong Kong and Manila: Chinese University Press, and United Nations Social Welfare and Development Center for Asia and the Pacific.", "Jones, J.F. \\& Pandey, R.S., eds. (1981\\). Social Development: Conceptual, Methodological, and Policy Issues. New York: St. Martin's Press; and New Delhi: Macmillan India.", "Jones, J.F., ed. (1980\\). Building China. Hong Kong: Chinese University Press. Distributed in North America by the University of Washington Press.", "Jones, J.F. (1979\\). Education in Depth. Hong Kong: Swindon in association with Hong Kong University.", "Jones, J.F. \\& Li Bik\\-chi (1978\\). Social Welfare Administration. Taipei: Chinese Humanities Institute. In Chinese.", "Jones, J.F. \\& Herrick, J.M. (1976\\). Citizens in Service. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press.", "" ]
Plot ---- Stanford student Stephanie Fleming invites her boyfriend Laird Mayhew over to "[Netflix and chill](/wiki/Netflix_and_chill "Netflix and chill")". Meanwhile, back home in [Grand Rapids](/wiki/Grand_Rapids%2C_Michigan "Grand Rapids, Michigan"), Stephanie's dad Ned is celebrating his 55th birthday with friends and family at an [Applebee's](/wiki/Applebee%27s "Applebee's"). During a slideshow presentation in his honor, Stephanie drops in via webcam to congratulate him, when suddenly Laird walks in on her and [flashes](/wiki/Exhibitionism "Exhibitionism") the camera. Stephanie drives her family – parents Ned and Barb and younger brother Scotty – to Laird's villa to meet him. She explains to Ned that Laird is the CEO of a video game company, which has made him extremely wealthy. Laird gives the family a tour of his house, complete with curse words and inappropriate comments about Barb. He then reveals a large tattoo of the Flemings' Christmas card on his back, complete with "Happy Holidays" written underneath. In the living room is a tank with a moose filled completely with its urine. The basement has a bowling alley that Laird built with a mural of Ned, posed in a "crotch\-chop" position. Ned talks to Stephanie about Laird's behavior and she asks him to give him a chance. Later, as Laird goes with Ned for a walk in the woods outside his house, he asks Ned for his blessing to propose to Stephanie. Ned is quick to say no, which completely blindsides Laird, who had been confident that Ned would say yes. Laird promises to win him over. As the family gathers in Laird's living room for a Christmas party, Laird reveals that he bought Ned's struggling printing company as a gift to remove all his debts. Instead of expressing gratitude, Ned punches Laird in the face and they begin to fight, which culminates in Laird falling into the moose tank, which subsequently breaks and leaves Scotty briefly trapped under the moose. Stephanie and Barb are both angry at their partner's behaviors, and the Flemings leave Laird's home. On Christmas Day, the Flemings are celebrating without Stephanie. They are surprised when Laird's helicopter arrives with Stephanie. She is still mad at both Ned and Laird for their behavior and refuses to talk to either of them. Ned and Laird talk and Laird gets Ned's blessing to propose to Stephanie. However, she declines the proposal saying she is not ready to get married, but she wants them to continue dating. Later during the party, Ned and Scotty approach Laird with a new business idea, since they are all part of the same company now. Scotty suggests they sell the same toilets Laird has in his home since they would be very profitable. Laird likes the idea and agrees. The couples then dance together as music plays, with Ned referring to Laird as "son". Scotty, Ned, and Laird eventually turn the printing company into a toilet factory and become profitable. Stephanie uses the Fleming\-Mayhew conglomerate to help underdeveloped countries with their sewage projects. Finally, Laird has what he always wanted, to be part of a family.	[ "Plot\n----", "Stanford student Stephanie Fleming invites her boyfriend Laird Mayhew over to \"[Netflix and chill](/wiki/Netflix_and_chill \"Netflix and chill\")\". Meanwhile, back home in [Grand Rapids](/wiki/Grand_Rapids%2C_Michigan \"Grand Rapids, Michigan\"), Stephanie's dad Ned is celebrating his 55th birthday with friends and family at an [Applebee's](/wiki/Applebee%27s \"Applebee's\"). During a slideshow presentation in his honor, Stephanie drops in via webcam to congratulate him, when suddenly Laird walks in on her and [flashes](/wiki/Exhibitionism \"Exhibitionism\") the camera.", "Stephanie drives her family – parents Ned and Barb and younger brother Scotty – to Laird's villa to meet him. She explains to Ned that Laird is the CEO of a video game company, which has made him extremely wealthy. Laird gives the family a tour of his house, complete with curse words and inappropriate comments about Barb. He then reveals a large tattoo of the Flemings' Christmas card on his back, complete with \"Happy Holidays\" written underneath. In the living room is a tank with a moose filled completely with its urine. The basement has a bowling alley that Laird built with a mural of Ned, posed in a \"crotch\\-chop\" position.", "Ned talks to Stephanie about Laird's behavior and she asks him to give him a chance. Later, as Laird goes with Ned for a walk in the woods outside his house, he asks Ned for his blessing to propose to Stephanie. Ned is quick to say no, which completely blindsides Laird, who had been confident that Ned would say yes. Laird promises to win him over.", "As the family gathers in Laird's living room for a Christmas party, Laird reveals that he bought Ned's struggling printing company as a gift to remove all his debts. Instead of expressing gratitude, Ned punches Laird in the face and they begin to fight, which culminates in Laird falling into the moose tank, which subsequently breaks and leaves Scotty briefly trapped under the moose. Stephanie and Barb are both angry at their partner's behaviors, and the Flemings leave Laird's home.", "On Christmas Day, the Flemings are celebrating without Stephanie. They are surprised when Laird's helicopter arrives with Stephanie. She is still mad at both Ned and Laird for their behavior and refuses to talk to either of them. Ned and Laird talk and Laird gets Ned's blessing to propose to Stephanie. However, she declines the proposal saying she is not ready to get married, but she wants them to continue dating.", "Later during the party, Ned and Scotty approach Laird with a new business idea, since they are all part of the same company now. Scotty suggests they sell the same toilets Laird has in his home since they would be very profitable. Laird likes the idea and agrees. The couples then dance together as music plays, with Ned referring to Laird as \"son\".", "Scotty, Ned, and Laird eventually turn the printing company into a toilet factory and become profitable. Stephanie uses the Fleming\\-Mayhew conglomerate to help underdeveloped countries with their sewage projects. Finally, Laird has what he always wanted, to be part of a family.", "" ]
Company history --------------- The Anderson family have a long history in the film and cinema business dating back to 1948 when Kevin Anderson (Paul Anderson's father now retired) first started a film distribution business. The first films acquired were The Hills of Donegal and The Rose of Tralee, which were distributed to cinemas across Ireland. The first cinema was purchased in Lucan in 1955\. The Andersons continued to acquire, redevelop and sell cinemas across Ireland over the subsequent decades. Their biggest acquisition came when they bought the Rank Cinemas portfolio in 1988, which included Dublin's flagship Savoy cinema and The Screen cinema, which the Andersons jointly owned as part of the Dublin Cinema Group until 2013\. The first cinema to be branded an Omniplex was in Santry (now IMC). Since then, Omniplex has expanded in both the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland. This includes the 13 screen Cork Omniplex which opened in 2005 and the Rathmines Omniplex which completed in 2014 following a 15\-year campaign to open cinemas in The Swan SC, which the Andersons acquired in 1999\. The company announced the acquisition of the Quayside cinema in Balbriggan, which was bought from NAMA and refurbished at a cost of €1\.5m.{{Cite web\\|last\=Limited\\|first\=Collaborative Software\\|title\=Omniplex Cinemas \- Book film tickets \& get movie times\\|url\=http://www.omniplex.ie/\\|access\-date\=2021\-08\-12\\|website\=Omniplex Cinemas}} As well as screening films, Omniplex cinemas also show live events that are broadcast from around the world. This includes weekly live show from New York's Met Opera, The Bolshoi Ballet and music concerts. Omniplex are reported to sell 5\.5m cinema tickets per year. In 2023, Omniplex opened a concept cinema in [CastleCourt](/wiki/CastleCourt "CastleCourt"), Belfast under the name The Avenue. On 4 December 2023, Omniplex announced it had entered [Great Britain](/wiki/Great_Britain "Great Britain"), with the acquisiton of the [Empire Cinemas](/wiki/Empire_Cinemas "Empire Cinemas") chain, which had previously entered administration in July. Omniplex would later acquire more cinemas in [Sunderland](/wiki/Sunderland "Sunderland") and [Wigan](/wiki/Wigan "Wigan").	[ "Company history\n---------------", "The Anderson family have a long history in the film and cinema business dating back to 1948 when Kevin Anderson (Paul Anderson's father now retired) first started a film distribution business. The first films acquired were The Hills of Donegal and The Rose of Tralee, which were distributed to cinemas across Ireland.", "The first cinema was purchased in Lucan in 1955\\. The Andersons continued to acquire, redevelop and sell cinemas across Ireland over the subsequent decades. Their biggest acquisition came when they bought the Rank Cinemas portfolio in 1988, which included Dublin's flagship Savoy cinema and The Screen cinema, which the Andersons jointly owned as part of the Dublin Cinema Group until 2013\\.", "The first cinema to be branded an Omniplex was in Santry (now IMC). Since then, Omniplex has expanded in both the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland. This includes the 13 screen Cork Omniplex which opened in 2005 and the Rathmines Omniplex which completed in 2014 following a 15\\-year campaign to open cinemas in The Swan SC, which the Andersons acquired in 1999\\.", "The company announced the acquisition of the Quayside cinema in Balbriggan, which was bought from NAMA and refurbished at a cost of €1\\.5m.{{Cite web\\\|last\\=Limited\\\|first\\=Collaborative Software\\\|title\\=Omniplex Cinemas \\- Book film tickets \\& get movie times\\\|url\\=http://www.omniplex.ie/\\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-08\\-12\\\|website\\=Omniplex Cinemas}}", "As well as screening films, Omniplex cinemas also show live events that are broadcast from around the world. This includes weekly live show from New York's Met Opera, The Bolshoi Ballet and music concerts.", "Omniplex are reported to sell 5\\.5m cinema tickets per year.", "In 2023, Omniplex opened a concept cinema in [CastleCourt](/wiki/CastleCourt \"CastleCourt\"), Belfast under the name The Avenue.", "On 4 December 2023, Omniplex announced it had entered [Great Britain](/wiki/Great_Britain \"Great Britain\"), with the acquisiton of the [Empire Cinemas](/wiki/Empire_Cinemas \"Empire Cinemas\") chain, which had previously entered administration in July. Omniplex would later acquire more cinemas in [Sunderland](/wiki/Sunderland \"Sunderland\") and [Wigan](/wiki/Wigan \"Wigan\").", "" ]
Mechanisms and methods ---------------------- The most significant aspect of al\-Jazari's machines are the [mechanisms](/wiki/Mechanism_%28technology%29 "Mechanism (technology)"), components, ideas, methods, and design features which they employ. ### Camshaft A [camshaft](/wiki/Camshaft "Camshaft"), a shaft to which [cams](/wiki/Cam_%28mechanism%29 "Cam (mechanism)") are attached, was described in 1206 by al\-Jazari, who employed them in his [automata](/wiki/Automaton "Automaton"),Georges Ifrah (2001\). The Universal History of Computing: From the Abacus to the Quatum Computer, p. 171, Trans. E.F. Harding, John Wiley \& Sons, Inc. (See <http://www.banffcentre.ca/bnmi/programs/archives/2005/refresh/docs/conferences/Gunalan_Nadarajan.pdf> {{Webarchive\\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20061008113946/http://www.banffcentre.ca/bnmi/programs/archives/2005/refresh/docs/conferences/Gunalan\_Nadarajan.pdf\\|date\=8 October 2006}}) [water clocks](/wiki/Water_clock "Water clock") (such as the [candle clock](/wiki/Candle_clock "Candle clock")) and water\-raising machines. ### Crankshaft and crank\-slider mechanism The eccentrically mounted handle of the rotary [quern\-stone](/wiki/Quern-stone "Quern-stone") in fifth century BCE [Spain](/wiki/Spain "Spain") that spread across the [Roman Empire](/wiki/Roman_Empire "Roman Empire") constitutes a [crank](/wiki/Crank_%28mechanism%29 "Crank (mechanism)").Tullia Ritti, Klaus Grewe, Paul Kessener: "A Relief of a Water\-powered Stone Saw Mill on a Sarcophagus at Hierapolis and its Implications“, Journal of Roman Archaeology, Vol. 20 (2007\), pp. 138–163 (159\) The earliest evidence of a crank and [connecting rod](/wiki/Connecting_rod "Connecting rod") mechanism dates to the 3rd century AD [Hierapolis sawmill](/wiki/Hierapolis_sawmill "Hierapolis sawmill") in the [Roman Empire](/wiki/Roman_Empire "Roman Empire"). The crank also appears in the mid\-9th century in several of the hydraulic devices described by the [Banū Mūsā](/wiki/Ban%C5%AB_M%C5%ABs%C4%81 "Banū Mūsā") brothers in their [Book of Ingenious Devices](/wiki/Book_of_Ingenious_Devices "Book of Ingenious Devices").{{citation\\|title\=The Cambridge History of Arabic Literature\\|last\=A. F. L. Beeston, M. J. L. Young\\|first\=J. D. Latham, Robert Bertram Serjeant\\|publisher\=\[\[Cambridge University Press]]\\|year\=1990\\|isbn\=0\-521\-32763\-6\\|page\=266}} In 1206, al\-Jazari invented an early [crankshaft](/wiki/Crankshaft "Crankshaft"), which he incorporated with a crank\-connecting rod mechanism in his twin\-cylinder [pump](/wiki/Pump "Pump"). Like the modern crankshaft, al\-Jazari's mechanism consisted of a wheel setting several [crankpins](/wiki/Crankpin "Crankpin") into motion, with the wheel's motion being circular and the pins moving back\-and\-forth in a straight line.{{citation\\|title\=Islam and Science, Medicine, and Technology\\|last\=Sally Ganchy\\|first\=Sarah Gancher\\|publisher\=The Rosen Publishing Group\\|year\=2009\\|isbn\=978\-1\-4358\-5066\-8\\|page\=\[https://archive.org/details/islamsciencemedi0000ganc/page/41 41]\\|url\-access\=registration\\|url\=https://archive.org/details/islamsciencemedi0000ganc/page/41}} The crankshaft described by al\-Jazari transforms continuous [rotary motion](/wiki/Rotary_engine "Rotary engine") into a linear [reciprocating motion](/wiki/Reciprocating_engine "Reciprocating engine"), and is central to modern machinery such as the [steam engine](/wiki/Steam_engine "Steam engine"), [internal combustion engine](/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine "Internal combustion engine") and [automatic controls](/wiki/Automatic_control "Automatic control").Paul Vallely, [How Islamic Inventors Changed the World](https://web.archive.org/web/20080517013534/http://news.independent.co.uk/world/science_technology/article350594.ece), [The Independent](/wiki/The_Independent "The Independent"), 11 March 2006\.{{sfn\\|Hill\\|1998\\|p\=231–232}} He used the crankshaft with a connecting rod in two of his water\-raising machines: the [crank\-driven saqiya chain pump](/wiki/%23Saqiya_chain_pumps "#Saqiya chain pumps") and the [double\-action reciprocating piston suction pump](/wiki/%23Double-action_suction_pump_with_valves_and_reciprocating_piston_motion "#Double-action suction pump with valves and reciprocating piston motion").[Ahmad Y. al\-Hassan](/wiki/Ahmad_Y._al-Hassan "Ahmad Y. al-Hassan"), [The Crank\-Connecting Rod System in a Continuously Rotating Machine](http://www.history-science-technology.com/Notes/Notes%203.htm) {{webarchive\\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130312021929/http://www.history\-science\-technology.com/Notes/Notes%203\.htm \\|date\=12 March 2013 }}{{citation\\|title\=The Cambridge History of Arabic Literature\\|last\=A. F. L. Beeston, M. J. L. Young\\|first\=J. D. Latham, Robert Bertram Serjeant\\|publisher\=Cambridge University Press\\|year\=1990\\|isbn\=0\-521\-32763\-6\\|pages\=270–1}} His water pump also employed the first known [crank\-slider](/wiki/Four-bar_linkage "Four-bar linkage") mechanism. ### Design and construction methods English technology historian [Donald Hill](/wiki/Donald_Hill "Donald Hill") writes: {{blockquote\\|text\=We see for the first time in al\-Jazari's work several concepts important for both design and construction: the \[\[lamination]] of timber to minimize warping, the \[\[Mechanical equilibrium\\|static balancing]] of wheels, the use of wooden \[\[stencil\\|templates]] (a kind of pattern), the use of \[\[paper model]]s to establish designs, the \[\[Calibrated orifice\\|calibration of orifices]], the grinding of the seats and plugs of valves together with \[\[Emery (rock)\\|emery]] powder to obtain a watertight fit, and the \[\[Casting (metalworking)\\|casting]] of metals in closed \[\[Sand casting\\|mold boxes]] with \[\[Molding sand\\|sand]].}} ### Escapement mechanism in a rotating wheel Al\-Jazari invented a method for controlling the speed of [rotation](/wiki/Rotation "Rotation") of a wheel using an [escapement](/wiki/Escapement "Escapement") mechanism.[Donald Hill](/wiki/Donald_Hill "Donald Hill"), "Engineering", in Roshdi Rashed, ed., [Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science](/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_the_History_of_Arabic_Science "Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science"), Vol. 2, pp. 751–795 \[792]. [Routledge](/wiki/Routledge "Routledge"), London and New York. ### Mechanical controls According to [Donald Hill](/wiki/Donald_Hill "Donald Hill"), al\-Jazari described several early [mechanical controls](/wiki/Control_system "Control system"), including "a large metal door, a [combination lock](/wiki/Combination_lock "Combination lock") and a lock with four [bolts](/wiki/Bolted_joint "Bolted joint")". ### Conical valve and segmental gear A segmental gear is "a piece for receiving or communicating [reciprocating motion](/wiki/Reciprocating_motion "Reciprocating motion") from or to a cogwheel, consisting of a sector of a circular [gear](/wiki/Gear "Gear"), or ring, having cogs on the periphery, or face."[Segment gear](http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Segment+gear), [TheFreeDictionary.com](/wiki/TheFreeDictionary.com "TheFreeDictionary.com") [Lynn Townsend White](/wiki/Lynn_Townsend_White "Lynn Townsend White") wrote:{{Sfn\\|Hill\\|1974\\|p\=xiii}} {{blockquote\\|text\=Western scholars had thought that conical \[\[valves]] first appeared in Leonardo’s drawings, but al\-Jazarl’s pictures show them. Similarly, segmental gears first clearly appear in al\-Jazarl; in the West they emerge in \[\[Giovanni Dondi dell'Orologio\\|Giovanni de’ Dondi]]’s astronomical clock finished in 1364; with the great \[\[Siena\\|Sienese]] engineer \[\[Francesco di Giorgio Martini\\|Francesco di Giorgio]] (d. 1501\) they entered the general vocabulary of European machine design.}}	[ "Mechanisms and methods\n----------------------", "The most significant aspect of al\\-Jazari's machines are the [mechanisms](/wiki/Mechanism_%28technology%29 \"Mechanism (technology)\"), components, ideas, methods, and design features which they employ.", "### Camshaft", "A [camshaft](/wiki/Camshaft \"Camshaft\"), a shaft to which [cams](/wiki/Cam_%28mechanism%29 \"Cam (mechanism)\") are attached, was described in 1206 by al\\-Jazari, who employed them in his [automata](/wiki/Automaton \"Automaton\"),Georges Ifrah (2001\\). The Universal History of Computing: From the Abacus to the Quatum Computer, p. 171, Trans. E.F. Harding, John Wiley \\& Sons, Inc. (See <http://www.banffcentre.ca/bnmi/programs/archives/2005/refresh/docs/conferences/Gunalan_Nadarajan.pdf> {{Webarchive\\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20061008113946/http://www.banffcentre.ca/bnmi/programs/archives/2005/refresh/docs/conferences/Gunalan\\_Nadarajan.pdf\\\|date\\=8 October 2006}}) [water clocks](/wiki/Water_clock \"Water clock\") (such as the [candle clock](/wiki/Candle_clock \"Candle clock\")) and water\\-raising machines.", "### Crankshaft and crank\\-slider mechanism", "The eccentrically mounted handle of the rotary [quern\\-stone](/wiki/Quern-stone \"Quern-stone\") in fifth century BCE [Spain](/wiki/Spain \"Spain\") that spread across the [Roman Empire](/wiki/Roman_Empire \"Roman Empire\") constitutes a [crank](/wiki/Crank_%28mechanism%29 \"Crank (mechanism)\").Tullia Ritti, Klaus Grewe, Paul Kessener: \"A Relief of a Water\\-powered Stone Saw Mill on a Sarcophagus at Hierapolis and its Implications“, Journal of Roman Archaeology, Vol. 20 (2007\\), pp. 138–163 (159\\) The earliest evidence of a crank and [connecting rod](/wiki/Connecting_rod \"Connecting rod\") mechanism dates to the 3rd century AD [Hierapolis sawmill](/wiki/Hierapolis_sawmill \"Hierapolis sawmill\") in the [Roman Empire](/wiki/Roman_Empire \"Roman Empire\"). The crank also appears in the mid\\-9th century in several of the hydraulic devices described by the [Banū Mūsā](/wiki/Ban%C5%AB_M%C5%ABs%C4%81 \"Banū Mūsā\") brothers in their [Book of Ingenious Devices](/wiki/Book_of_Ingenious_Devices \"Book of Ingenious Devices\").{{citation\\\|title\\=The Cambridge History of Arabic Literature\\\|last\\=A. F. L. Beeston, M. J. L. Young\\\|first\\=J. D. Latham, Robert Bertram Serjeant\\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Cambridge University Press]]\\\|year\\=1990\\\|isbn\\=0\\-521\\-32763\\-6\\\|page\\=266}}", "In 1206, al\\-Jazari invented an early [crankshaft](/wiki/Crankshaft \"Crankshaft\"), which he incorporated with a crank\\-connecting rod mechanism in his twin\\-cylinder [pump](/wiki/Pump \"Pump\"). Like the modern crankshaft, al\\-Jazari's mechanism consisted of a wheel setting several [crankpins](/wiki/Crankpin \"Crankpin\") into motion, with the wheel's motion being circular and the pins moving back\\-and\\-forth in a straight line.{{citation\\\|title\\=Islam and Science, Medicine, and Technology\\\|last\\=Sally Ganchy\\\|first\\=Sarah Gancher\\\|publisher\\=The Rosen Publishing Group\\\|year\\=2009\\\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-4358\\-5066\\-8\\\|page\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/islamsciencemedi0000ganc/page/41 41]\\\|url\\-access\\=registration\\\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/islamsciencemedi0000ganc/page/41}} The crankshaft described by al\\-Jazari transforms continuous [rotary motion](/wiki/Rotary_engine \"Rotary engine\") into a linear [reciprocating motion](/wiki/Reciprocating_engine \"Reciprocating engine\"), and is central to modern machinery such as the [steam engine](/wiki/Steam_engine \"Steam engine\"), [internal combustion engine](/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine \"Internal combustion engine\") and [automatic controls](/wiki/Automatic_control \"Automatic control\").Paul Vallely, [How Islamic Inventors Changed the World](https://web.archive.org/web/20080517013534/http://news.independent.co.uk/world/science_technology/article350594.ece), [The Independent](/wiki/The_Independent \"The Independent\"), 11 March 2006\\.{{sfn\\\|Hill\\\|1998\\\|p\\=231–232}}", "He used the crankshaft with a connecting rod in two of his water\\-raising machines: the [crank\\-driven saqiya chain pump](/wiki/%23Saqiya_chain_pumps \"#Saqiya chain pumps\") and the [double\\-action reciprocating piston suction pump](/wiki/%23Double-action_suction_pump_with_valves_and_reciprocating_piston_motion \"#Double-action suction pump with valves and reciprocating piston motion\").[Ahmad Y. al\\-Hassan](/wiki/Ahmad_Y._al-Hassan \"Ahmad Y. al-Hassan\"), [The Crank\\-Connecting Rod System in a Continuously Rotating Machine](http://www.history-science-technology.com/Notes/Notes%203.htm) {{webarchive\\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130312021929/http://www.history\\-science\\-technology.com/Notes/Notes%203\\.htm \\\|date\\=12 March 2013 }}{{citation\\\|title\\=The Cambridge History of Arabic Literature\\\|last\\=A. F. L. Beeston, M. J. L. Young\\\|first\\=J. D. Latham, Robert Bertram Serjeant\\\|publisher\\=Cambridge University Press\\\|year\\=1990\\\|isbn\\=0\\-521\\-32763\\-6\\\|pages\\=270–1}} His water pump also employed the first known [crank\\-slider](/wiki/Four-bar_linkage \"Four-bar linkage\") mechanism.", "### Design and construction methods", "English technology historian [Donald Hill](/wiki/Donald_Hill \"Donald Hill\") writes:", "{{blockquote\\\|text\\=We see for the first time in al\\-Jazari's work several concepts important for both design and construction: the \\[\\[lamination]] of timber to minimize warping, the \\[\\[Mechanical equilibrium\\\|static balancing]] of wheels, the use of wooden \\[\\[stencil\\\|templates]] (a kind of pattern), the use of \\[\\[paper model]]s to establish designs, the \\[\\[Calibrated orifice\\\|calibration of orifices]], the grinding of the seats and plugs of valves together with \\[\\[Emery (rock)\\\|emery]] powder to obtain a watertight fit, and the \\[\\[Casting (metalworking)\\\|casting]] of metals in closed \\[\\[Sand casting\\\|mold boxes]] with \\[\\[Molding sand\\\|sand]].}}", "### Escapement mechanism in a rotating wheel", "Al\\-Jazari invented a method for controlling the speed of [rotation](/wiki/Rotation \"Rotation\") of a wheel using an [escapement](/wiki/Escapement \"Escapement\") mechanism.[Donald Hill](/wiki/Donald_Hill \"Donald Hill\"), \"Engineering\", in Roshdi Rashed, ed., [Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science](/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_the_History_of_Arabic_Science \"Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science\"), Vol. 2, pp. 751–795 \\[792]. [Routledge](/wiki/Routledge \"Routledge\"), London and New York.", "### Mechanical controls", "According to [Donald Hill](/wiki/Donald_Hill \"Donald Hill\"), al\\-Jazari described several early [mechanical controls](/wiki/Control_system \"Control system\"), including \"a large metal door, a [combination lock](/wiki/Combination_lock \"Combination lock\") and a lock with four [bolts](/wiki/Bolted_joint \"Bolted joint\")\".", "### Conical valve and segmental gear", "A segmental gear is \"a piece for receiving or communicating [reciprocating motion](/wiki/Reciprocating_motion \"Reciprocating motion\") from or to a cogwheel, consisting of a sector of a circular [gear](/wiki/Gear \"Gear\"), or ring, having cogs on the periphery, or face.\"[Segment gear](http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Segment+gear), [TheFreeDictionary.com](/wiki/TheFreeDictionary.com \"TheFreeDictionary.com\") [Lynn Townsend White](/wiki/Lynn_Townsend_White \"Lynn Townsend White\") wrote:{{Sfn\\\|Hill\\\|1974\\\|p\\=xiii}}\n{{blockquote\\\|text\\=Western scholars had thought that conical \\[\\[valves]] first appeared in Leonardo’s drawings, but al\\-Jazarl’s pictures show them. Similarly, segmental gears first clearly appear in al\\-Jazarl; in the West they emerge in \\[\\[Giovanni Dondi dell'Orologio\\\|Giovanni de’ Dondi]]’s astronomical clock finished in 1364; with the great \\[\\[Siena\\\|Sienese]] engineer \\[\\[Francesco di Giorgio Martini\\\|Francesco di Giorgio]] (d. 1501\\) they entered the general vocabulary of European machine design.}}", "" ]
Automata -------- Al\-Jazari built automated moving peacocks driven by hydropower.[al\-Jazari (Islamic artist)](http://www.britannica.com/eb/topic-301961/al-Jazari), [Encyclopædia Britannica](/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica "Encyclopædia Britannica"). He also created automatic doors as part of one of his elaborate [water clocks](/wiki/Water_clock "Water clock"), and invented [water wheels](/wiki/Water_wheel "Water wheel") with [cams](/wiki/Cam_%28mechanism%29 "Cam (mechanism)") on their [axle](/wiki/Axle "Axle") used to operate automata. According to [Encyclopædia Britannica](/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica "Encyclopædia Britannica"), the [Italian Renaissance](/wiki/Italian_Renaissance "Italian Renaissance") inventor [Leonardo da Vinci](/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci "Leonardo da Vinci") may have been influenced by the classic automata of al\-Jazari.{{Cite encyclopedia\\|title\=al\-Jazari\\|encyclopedia\=\[\[Encyclopædia Britannica]]\\|year\= 2009\\|url\=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/301961/al\-Jazari\\|access\-date\=4 October 2009}} Mark E. Rosheim summarizes the advances in [robotics](/wiki/Robotics "Robotics") made by Muslim engineers, especially al\-Jazari, as follows: {{blockquote\\|text\=Unlike the Greek designs, these Arab examples reveal an interest, not only in dramatic illusion, but in manipulating the environment for human comfort. Thus, the greatest contribution the Arabs made, besides preserving, disseminating and building on the work of the Greeks, was the concept of practical application. This was the key element that was missing in Greek robotic science.}} {{blockquote\\|text\=The Arabs, on the other hand, displayed an interest in creating human\-like machines for practical purposes but lacked, like other preindustrial societies, any real impetus to pursue their robotic science.{{citation\\|title\=Robot Evolution: The Development of Anthrobotics\\|first\=Mark E.\\|last\=Rosheim\\|year\=1994\\|publisher\=Wiley\-IEEE\\|isbn\=0\-471\-02622\-0\\|page\=\[https://archive.org/details/robotevolutionde0000rosh/page/36 36]\\|url\=https://archive.org/details/robotevolutionde0000rosh/page/36}}}} ### Drink\-serving waitress One of al\-Jazari's [humanoid automata](/wiki/Humanoid_robot "Humanoid robot") was a waitress that could serve water, tea or drinks. The drink was stored in a tank with a reservoir from where the drink drips into a bucket and, after seven minutes, into a cup, after which the waitress appears out of an automatic door serving the drink.{{citation\\|title\=Ancient Discoveries, Episode 12: Machines of the East\\|work\=\[\[History (U.S. TV channel)\\|History]]\\|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=v2HcjanNWFM \\|archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/v2HcjanNWFM\\| archive\-date\=2021\-12\-12 \\|url\-status\=live\\|access\-date\=6 September 2008}}{{cbignore}} ### Hand\-washing automaton with flush mechanism Al\-Jazari invented a hand washing [automaton](/wiki/Automaton "Automaton") incorporating a flush mechanism now used in modern [flush toilets](/wiki/Flush_toilet "Flush toilet"). This device is another example of [humanoid automata](/wiki/Humanoid_robot "Humanoid robot"). It consisted of a human figure, made from jointed copper, holding a pitcher resembling a peacock in its right hand. The pitcher is made from brass and holds within it a chamber, divided into two parts by a metal plate. This mechanism aided the pouring of the water from the spout so that it was smooth and would not splutter. The reservoir in which the water is held is situated within the right\-hand side of the human figure. An axle is fitted into the right elbow of the human figure so as to allow the liquid to pour from the reservoir through the spout of the pitcher. The left arm of the figure had a fixed weight which would raise and lower the arm which would hold a towel, comb and mirror. This automaton was designed to aid the king whilst he performed his [ritual ablutions](/wiki/Ritual_purification "Ritual purification"). A servant of the king would carry the figure and place it next to a basin that could hold liquid. The servant then turned a knob on the back of the figure which opened a valve resulting in the pouring of water from the right hand of the figure into the basin. When the reservoir is nearly empty and most of the water has been poured a mechanism is prompted and the left hand of the figure, holding the towel, comb and mirror, is extended out in the direction of the king so that he can dry himself and tend to his beard.{{Cite book\\|last\=Ibn al\-Razzaz al\-Jazari\\|url\=http://archive.org/details/TheBookOfKnowledgeOfIngeniousMechanicalDevices\\|title\=The Book Of Knowledge Of Ingenious Mechanical Devices\\|date\=1974\-01\-01}} ### Peacock fountain with automated servants Water and its usages holds particular importance in [Islam](/wiki/Islam "Islam"); both as being an integral part of the pre\-prayer washing processes [wudu](/wiki/Wudu "Wudu") and [ghusl](/wiki/Ghusl "Ghusl"), and a key feature in Islamic gardens – four fountains featuring in the [Paradise Garden](/wiki/Paradise_Garden_islam "Paradise Garden islam"); the Islamic final resting place referenced in the [Quran](/wiki/Quran "Quran"). Additionally, with [Mesopotamia](/wiki/Mesopotamia "Mesopotamia") being a naturally drought\-ridden place, machines relating to water held a significant function; in both a divine and practical sense. An entire section of The Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices was devoted to fountain mechanisms, titled: ‘On the construction in pools of fountains which change their shape, and of machines for the perpetual flute’.{{Cite journal\\|last1\=Campbell\\|first1\=James W. P.\\|last2\=Boyington\\|first2\=Amy\\|date\=2018\-07\-03\\|title\=Fountains and water: the development of the hydraulic technology of display in Islamic gardens 700–1700 CE\\|url\=https://doi.org/10\.1080/14601176\.2018\.1452827\\|journal\=Studies in the History of Gardens \& Designed Landscapes\\|volume\=38\\|issue\=3\\|pages\=247–267\\|doi\=10\.1080/14601176\.2018\.1452827\\|s2cid\=165676924\\|issn\=1460\-1176}} Al\-Jazari's "peacock fountain" was a more sophisticated hand washing device featuring humanoid automata as servants which offer soap and [towels](/wiki/Towel "Towel"). Mark E. Rosheim describes it as follows:{{citation\\|title\=Robot Evolution: The Development of Anthrobotics\\|first\=Mark E.\\|last\=Rosheim\\|year\=1994\\|publisher\=Wiley\-IEEE\\|isbn\=0\-471\-02622\-0\\|page\=\[https://archive.org/details/robotevolutionde0000rosh/page/9 9]\\|url\=https://archive.org/details/robotevolutionde0000rosh/page/9}} {{blockquote\\|text\=Pulling a plug on the peacock's tail releases water out of the beak; as the dirty water from the basin fills the hollow base a float rises and actuates a \[\[Linkage (mechanical)\\|linkage]] which makes a servant figure appear from behind a door under the peacock and offer soap. When more water is used, a second float at a higher level trips and causes the appearance of a second servant figure – with a towel!}} [thumb\\|Al\-Jazari's Peacock Fountain](/wiki/File:Syria%2C_Damascus%2C_Mamluk_Period%2C_14th_Century_-_Peacock-shaped_Hand_Washing_Device_%28recto%29%3B_Text_Page%2C_Arabic_Prose_%28verso%29_-_1945.383_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif "Syria, Damascus, Mamluk Period, 14th Century - Peacock-shaped Hand Washing Device (recto); Text Page, Arabic Prose (verso) - 1945.383 - Cleveland Museum of Art.tif") The basin of the "peacock fountain" formed the basin for performing [wudu](/wiki/Wudu "Wudu"), and it would have been operated by a servant, who would have pulled the plug and positioned the peacock's beak; allowing the mechanism to release the water into the basin in front of the user.{{Cite web\\|last\=גולן\\|first\=אבי\\|date\=2019\-07\-30\\|title\=The basin of the Peacock and the magic of automata\\|url\=https://aljazaribook.com/en/2019/07/30/the\-basin\-of\-the\-peacock\_en/\\|access\-date\=2020\-10\-18\\|website\=The Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices\\|language\=en\-US}} However, whilst water moving objects such as the peacock fountain had ritualistic usage, there is suggestion that water\-moving hydraulics were put to profane use. Ayhan Aytes suggests that:{{Cite journal\\|title\=Zentrum für Kunst und Medientechnologie Karlsruhe (ZKM)\\|url\=http://dx.doi.org/10\.1163/9789004337862\_lgbo\_com\_260157\\|access\-date\=2020\-10\-19\\|website\=Lexikon des gesamten Buchwesens Online\\|doi\=10\.1163/9789004337862\_lgbo\_com\_260157}} > Many of the devices also had additional functions that contradicted divine omnipotence. The most profane purpose of several of his hydraulic and pnuematic automata was to get guests at parties drunk as quickly as possible. ### Musical robot band [thumb\\|right\\|Al\-Jazari's musical [robot](/wiki/Robot "Robot") band.](/wiki/File:Al-jazari_robots.jpg "Al-jazari robots.jpg") Al\-Jazari's work described fountains and musical automata, in which the flow of water alternated from one large tank to another at hourly or half\-hourly intervals. This operation was achieved through his innovative use of [hydraulic](/wiki/Hydraulics "Hydraulics") switching. Al\-Jazari created a musical automaton, which was a boat with four automatic musicians that floated on a lake to entertain guests at royal drinking parties. Professor [Noel Sharkey](/wiki/Noel_Sharkey "Noel Sharkey") has argued that it is quite likely that it was an early [programmable](/wiki/Program_%28machine%29 "Program (machine)") automata and has produced a possible reconstruction of the mechanism; it has a programmable drum machine with [pegs](/wiki/Wiktionary:Peg "Peg") ([cams](/wiki/Cam_%28mechanism%29 "Cam (mechanism)")) that bump into little [levers](/wiki/Lever "Lever") that operated the percussion. The drummer could be made to play different rhythms and different drum patterns if the pegs were moved around.Professor Noel Sharkey, [A 13th Century Programmable Robot (Archive)](https://web.archive.org/web/20070629182810/http://www.shef.ac.uk/marcoms/eview/articles58/robot.html), [University of Sheffield](/wiki/University_of_Sheffield "University of Sheffield"). ### The water\-clock of the drummers [thumb\\|The water\-clock of the drummers](/wiki/File:Al_jazari_Horloge_des_tambours.jpg "Al jazari Horloge des tambours.jpg") The water\-clock of the drummers, which differs from the Musical robot band in that it lacks a flute\-playing [doll](/wiki/Doll "Doll") and instead has two [trumpeters](/wiki/Trumpeters "Trumpeters"), consists of seven wood\-jointed male figures, including the aforementioned trumpeters as well as two dolls playing [cymbals](/wiki/Cymbals "Cymbals") and the rest playing other [percussive instruments](/wiki/Percussive "Percussive").The Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices by Ibn al\-Razzaz al\-Jazari Translated by Donald R. Hill, 01\-01\-1974 The mechanism in this specific automaton serves as a [clock](/wiki/Clock "Clock") by producing a musical output once every hour, illustrating [Al\-Jazari](/wiki/Al-Jazari "Al-Jazari")’s ability to create multi\-faceted automata that functioned on a practical and entertainment level. The motion of the [automaton](/wiki/Automaton "Automaton") is initiated at daybreak by another male doll, who stands at the edge of the [frieze](/wiki/Frieze "Frieze") element of the design, moving across until he reaches a specific point at which a carved [falcon](/wiki/Falcon "Falcon") leans forward dropping a ball from its beak onto a cymbal.{{Cite web\\|url\=https://michaelkrzyzaniak.com/Research/PrehistoryMusicalRobots.pdf\\|title\=2\. Prehistory of Musical Robots, Michael Krzyzaniak, Arizona State University, School of Arts, Media and Engineering}} All mechanical aspects of the automaton are then driven by water and a series of pistons and cables. Each hour water drains out of the main [cistern](/wiki/Cistern "Cistern") to cause another bucket to tip over driving a [water wheel](/wiki/Water_wheel "Water wheel") that is connected to the musicians. The automaton is described to ‘perform a with a clamorous sound which is heard from afar’ and could play several different tunes.[2\.Prehistory of Musical Robots, Michael Krzyzaniak, Arizona State University, School of Arts, Media and Engineering](https://michaelkrzyzaniak.com/Research/PrehistoryMusicalRobots.pdf) Like many other automatons by Al\-Jazari, this was created to entertain guests at the royal palace.	[ "Automata\n--------", "Al\\-Jazari built automated moving peacocks driven by hydropower.[al\\-Jazari (Islamic artist)](http://www.britannica.com/eb/topic-301961/al-Jazari), [Encyclopædia Britannica](/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica \"Encyclopædia Britannica\"). He also created automatic doors as part of one of his elaborate [water clocks](/wiki/Water_clock \"Water clock\"), and invented [water wheels](/wiki/Water_wheel \"Water wheel\") with [cams](/wiki/Cam_%28mechanism%29 \"Cam (mechanism)\") on their [axle](/wiki/Axle \"Axle\") used to operate automata. According to [Encyclopædia Britannica](/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica \"Encyclopædia Britannica\"), the [Italian Renaissance](/wiki/Italian_Renaissance \"Italian Renaissance\") inventor [Leonardo da Vinci](/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci \"Leonardo da Vinci\") may have been influenced by the classic automata of al\\-Jazari.{{Cite encyclopedia\\\|title\\=al\\-Jazari\\\|encyclopedia\\=\\[\\[Encyclopædia Britannica]]\\\|year\\= 2009\\\|url\\=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/301961/al\\-Jazari\\\|access\\-date\\=4 October 2009}}", "Mark E. Rosheim summarizes the advances in [robotics](/wiki/Robotics \"Robotics\") made by Muslim engineers, especially al\\-Jazari, as follows:", "{{blockquote\\\|text\\=Unlike the Greek designs, these Arab examples reveal an interest, not only in dramatic illusion, but in manipulating the environment for human comfort. Thus, the greatest contribution the Arabs made, besides preserving, disseminating and building on the work of the Greeks, was the concept of practical application. This was the key element that was missing in Greek robotic science.}}", "{{blockquote\\\|text\\=The Arabs, on the other hand, displayed an interest in creating human\\-like machines for practical purposes but lacked, like other preindustrial societies, any real impetus to pursue their robotic science.{{citation\\\|title\\=Robot Evolution: The Development of Anthrobotics\\\|first\\=Mark E.\\\|last\\=Rosheim\\\|year\\=1994\\\|publisher\\=Wiley\\-IEEE\\\|isbn\\=0\\-471\\-02622\\-0\\\|page\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/robotevolutionde0000rosh/page/36 36]\\\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/robotevolutionde0000rosh/page/36}}}}", "### Drink\\-serving waitress", "One of al\\-Jazari's [humanoid automata](/wiki/Humanoid_robot \"Humanoid robot\") was a waitress that could serve water, tea or drinks. The drink was stored in a tank with a reservoir from where the drink drips into a bucket and, after seven minutes, into a cup, after which the waitress appears out of an automatic door serving the drink.{{citation\\\|title\\=Ancient Discoveries, Episode 12: Machines of the East\\\|work\\=\\[\\[History (U.S. TV channel)\\\|History]]\\\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=v2HcjanNWFM \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/v2HcjanNWFM\\\| archive\\-date\\=2021\\-12\\-12 \\\|url\\-status\\=live\\\|access\\-date\\=6 September 2008}}{{cbignore}}", "### Hand\\-washing automaton with flush mechanism", "Al\\-Jazari invented a hand washing [automaton](/wiki/Automaton \"Automaton\") incorporating a flush mechanism now used in modern [flush toilets](/wiki/Flush_toilet \"Flush toilet\"). This device is another example of [humanoid automata](/wiki/Humanoid_robot \"Humanoid robot\"). It consisted of a human figure, made from jointed copper, holding a pitcher resembling a peacock in its right hand. The pitcher is made from brass and holds within it a chamber, divided into two parts by a metal plate. This mechanism aided the pouring of the water from the spout so that it was smooth and would not splutter. The reservoir in which the water is held is situated within the right\\-hand side of the human figure. An axle is fitted into the right elbow of the human figure so as to allow the liquid to pour from the reservoir through the spout of the pitcher. The left arm of the figure had a fixed weight which would raise and lower the arm which would hold a towel, comb and mirror.", "This automaton was designed to aid the king whilst he performed his [ritual ablutions](/wiki/Ritual_purification \"Ritual purification\"). A servant of the king would carry the figure and place it next to a basin that could hold liquid. The servant then turned a knob on the back of the figure which opened a valve resulting in the pouring of water from the right hand of the figure into the basin. When the reservoir is nearly empty and most of the water has been poured a mechanism is prompted and the left hand of the figure, holding the towel, comb and mirror, is extended out in the direction of the king so that he can dry himself and tend to his beard.{{Cite book\\\|last\\=Ibn al\\-Razzaz al\\-Jazari\\\|url\\=http://archive.org/details/TheBookOfKnowledgeOfIngeniousMechanicalDevices\\\|title\\=The Book Of Knowledge Of Ingenious Mechanical Devices\\\|date\\=1974\\-01\\-01}}", "### Peacock fountain with automated servants", "Water and its usages holds particular importance in [Islam](/wiki/Islam \"Islam\"); both as being an integral part of the pre\\-prayer washing processes [wudu](/wiki/Wudu \"Wudu\") and [ghusl](/wiki/Ghusl \"Ghusl\"), and a key feature in Islamic gardens – four fountains featuring in the [Paradise Garden](/wiki/Paradise_Garden_islam \"Paradise Garden islam\"); the Islamic final resting place referenced in the [Quran](/wiki/Quran \"Quran\"). Additionally, with [Mesopotamia](/wiki/Mesopotamia \"Mesopotamia\") being a naturally drought\\-ridden place, machines relating to water held a significant function; in both a divine and practical sense.", "An entire section of The Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices was devoted to fountain mechanisms, titled: ‘On the construction in pools of fountains which change their shape, and of machines for the perpetual flute’.{{Cite journal\\\|last1\\=Campbell\\\|first1\\=James W. P.\\\|last2\\=Boyington\\\|first2\\=Amy\\\|date\\=2018\\-07\\-03\\\|title\\=Fountains and water: the development of the hydraulic technology of display in Islamic gardens 700–1700 CE\\\|url\\=https://doi.org/10\\.1080/14601176\\.2018\\.1452827\\\|journal\\=Studies in the History of Gardens \\& Designed Landscapes\\\|volume\\=38\\\|issue\\=3\\\|pages\\=247–267\\\|doi\\=10\\.1080/14601176\\.2018\\.1452827\\\|s2cid\\=165676924\\\|issn\\=1460\\-1176}}", "Al\\-Jazari's \"peacock fountain\" was a more sophisticated hand washing device featuring humanoid automata as servants which offer soap and [towels](/wiki/Towel \"Towel\"). Mark E. Rosheim describes it as follows:{{citation\\\|title\\=Robot Evolution: The Development of Anthrobotics\\\|first\\=Mark E.\\\|last\\=Rosheim\\\|year\\=1994\\\|publisher\\=Wiley\\-IEEE\\\|isbn\\=0\\-471\\-02622\\-0\\\|page\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/robotevolutionde0000rosh/page/9 9]\\\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/robotevolutionde0000rosh/page/9}}", "{{blockquote\\\|text\\=Pulling a plug on the peacock's tail releases water out of the beak; as the dirty water from the basin fills the hollow base a float rises and actuates a \\[\\[Linkage (mechanical)\\\|linkage]] which makes a servant figure appear from behind a door under the peacock and offer soap. When more water is used, a second float at a higher level trips and causes the appearance of a second servant figure – with a towel!}}\n[thumb\\\|Al\\-Jazari's Peacock Fountain](/wiki/File:Syria%2C_Damascus%2C_Mamluk_Period%2C_14th_Century_-_Peacock-shaped_Hand_Washing_Device_%28recto%29%3B_Text_Page%2C_Arabic_Prose_%28verso%29_-_1945.383_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif \"Syria, Damascus, Mamluk Period, 14th Century - Peacock-shaped Hand Washing Device (recto); Text Page, Arabic Prose (verso) - 1945.383 - Cleveland Museum of Art.tif\")\nThe basin of the \"peacock fountain\" formed the basin for performing [wudu](/wiki/Wudu \"Wudu\"), and it would have been operated by a servant, who would have pulled the plug and positioned the peacock's beak; allowing the mechanism to release the water into the basin in front of the user.{{Cite web\\\|last\\=גולן\\\|first\\=אבי\\\|date\\=2019\\-07\\-30\\\|title\\=The basin of the Peacock and the magic of automata\\\|url\\=https://aljazaribook.com/en/2019/07/30/the\\-basin\\-of\\-the\\-peacock\\_en/\\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-10\\-18\\\|website\\=The Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices\\\|language\\=en\\-US}}", "However, whilst water moving objects such as the peacock fountain had ritualistic usage, there is suggestion that water\\-moving hydraulics were put to profane use. Ayhan Aytes suggests that:{{Cite journal\\\|title\\=Zentrum für Kunst und Medientechnologie Karlsruhe (ZKM)\\\|url\\=http://dx.doi.org/10\\.1163/9789004337862\\_lgbo\\_com\\_260157\\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-10\\-19\\\|website\\=Lexikon des gesamten Buchwesens Online\\\|doi\\=10\\.1163/9789004337862\\_lgbo\\_com\\_260157}}\n> Many of the devices also had additional functions that contradicted divine omnipotence. The most profane purpose of several of his hydraulic and pnuematic automata was to get guests at parties drunk as quickly as possible.", "", "### Musical robot band", "[thumb\\\|right\\\|Al\\-Jazari's musical [robot](/wiki/Robot \"Robot\") band.](/wiki/File:Al-jazari_robots.jpg \"Al-jazari robots.jpg\")", "Al\\-Jazari's work described fountains and musical automata, in which the flow of water alternated from one large tank to another at hourly or half\\-hourly intervals. This operation was achieved through his innovative use of [hydraulic](/wiki/Hydraulics \"Hydraulics\") switching.", "Al\\-Jazari created a musical automaton, which was a boat with four automatic musicians that floated on a lake to entertain guests at royal drinking parties. Professor [Noel Sharkey](/wiki/Noel_Sharkey \"Noel Sharkey\") has argued that it is quite likely that it was an early [programmable](/wiki/Program_%28machine%29 \"Program (machine)\") automata and has produced a possible reconstruction of the mechanism; it has a programmable drum machine with [pegs](/wiki/Wiktionary:Peg \"Peg\") ([cams](/wiki/Cam_%28mechanism%29 \"Cam (mechanism)\")) that bump into little [levers](/wiki/Lever \"Lever\") that operated the percussion. The drummer could be made to play different rhythms and different drum patterns if the pegs were moved around.Professor Noel Sharkey, [A 13th Century Programmable Robot (Archive)](https://web.archive.org/web/20070629182810/http://www.shef.ac.uk/marcoms/eview/articles58/robot.html), [University of Sheffield](/wiki/University_of_Sheffield \"University of Sheffield\").", "### The water\\-clock of the drummers", "[thumb\\\|The water\\-clock of the drummers](/wiki/File:Al_jazari_Horloge_des_tambours.jpg \"Al jazari Horloge des tambours.jpg\")", "The water\\-clock of the drummers, which differs from the Musical robot band in that it lacks a flute\\-playing [doll](/wiki/Doll \"Doll\") and instead has two [trumpeters](/wiki/Trumpeters \"Trumpeters\"), consists of seven wood\\-jointed male figures, including the aforementioned trumpeters as well as two dolls playing [cymbals](/wiki/Cymbals \"Cymbals\") and the rest playing other [percussive instruments](/wiki/Percussive \"Percussive\").The Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices by Ibn al\\-Razzaz al\\-Jazari Translated by Donald R. Hill, 01\\-01\\-1974 The mechanism in this specific automaton serves as a [clock](/wiki/Clock \"Clock\") by producing a musical output once every hour, illustrating [Al\\-Jazari](/wiki/Al-Jazari \"Al-Jazari\")’s ability to create multi\\-faceted automata that functioned on a practical and entertainment level. The motion of the [automaton](/wiki/Automaton \"Automaton\") is initiated at daybreak by another male doll, who stands at the edge of the [frieze](/wiki/Frieze \"Frieze\") element of the design, moving across until he reaches a specific point at which a carved [falcon](/wiki/Falcon \"Falcon\") leans forward dropping a ball from its beak onto a cymbal.{{Cite web\\\|url\\=https://michaelkrzyzaniak.com/Research/PrehistoryMusicalRobots.pdf\\\|title\\=2\\. Prehistory of Musical Robots, Michael Krzyzaniak, Arizona State University, School of Arts, Media and Engineering}} All mechanical aspects of the automaton are then driven by water and a series of pistons and cables. Each hour water drains out of the main [cistern](/wiki/Cistern \"Cistern\") to cause another bucket to tip over driving a [water wheel](/wiki/Water_wheel \"Water wheel\") that is connected to the musicians. The automaton is described to ‘perform a with a clamorous sound which is heard from afar’ and could play several different tunes.[2\\.Prehistory of Musical Robots, Michael Krzyzaniak, Arizona State University, School of Arts, Media and Engineering](https://michaelkrzyzaniak.com/Research/PrehistoryMusicalRobots.pdf) Like many other automatons by Al\\-Jazari, this was created to entertain guests at the royal palace.", "" ]
Career ------ ### Academic economist [thumb\\|Summers in 1990](/wiki/File:Lawrence_Summers%2C_1990.jpg "Lawrence Summers, 1990.jpg") As a researcher, Summers has made important contributions in many areas of economics, primarily [public finance](/wiki/Public_finance "Public finance"), [labor economics](/wiki/Labor_economics "Labor economics"), [financial economics](/wiki/Financial_economics "Financial economics"), and [macroeconomics](/wiki/Macroeconomics "Macroeconomics"). Summers has also worked in international economics, economic demography, [economic history](/wiki/Economic_history "Economic history") and [development economics](/wiki/Development_economics "Development economics").{{Cite journal\\|last\=Poterba\\|first\=James M.\\|date\=Winter 1995\\|title\=In Honor of Lawrence H. Summers, Winner of the John Bates Clark Medal\\|journal\=Journal of Economic Perspectives\\|language\=en\\|volume\=9\\|issue\=1\\|pages\=165–182\\|doi\=10\.1257/jep.9\.1\.165\\|issn\=0895\-3309\\|doi\-access\=}} He received the [John Bates Clark Medal](/wiki/John_Bates_Clark_Medal "John Bates Clark Medal") in 1993 from the American Economic Association.{{Cite news\\|url\=http://www.businessinsider.com/30\-most\-famous\-harvard\-students\-of\-all\-time\-2010\-4\#larry\-summers\-born\-november\-30\-1954\-21\\|title\=The 30 Most Famous Harvard Students Of All Time\\|work\=\[\[Business Insider]]\\|access\-date\=August 7, 2017\\|language\=en}} In 1987, he was the first social scientist to win the [Alan T. Waterman Award](/wiki/Alan_T._Waterman_Award "Alan T. Waterman Award") from the [National Science Foundation](/wiki/National_Science_Foundation "National Science Foundation"). Summers is also a member of the [National Academy of Sciences](/wiki/United_States_National_Academy_of_Sciences "United States National Academy of Sciences"). Some of his popular courses today, as Charles W. Eliot University Professor at Harvard University, include American Economic Policy and The Political Economy of Globalization.{{Cite web\\|url\=https://www.hks.harvard.edu/faculty/lawrence\-h\-summers\\|title\=Lawrence H. Summers\\|website\=www.hks.harvard.edu}} ### Public official Summers was on the staff of the [Council of Economic Advisers](/wiki/Council_of_Economic_Advisers "Council of Economic Advisers") under President Reagan in 1982–1983\. He also served as an economic adviser to the [Dukakis](/wiki/Michael_Dukakis "Michael Dukakis") Presidential campaign in 1988\. ### Chief Economist at the World Bank Summers left Harvard in 1991 and served as [Vice President of Development Economics](/wiki/World_Bank_Vice_President_of_Development_Economics "World Bank Vice President of Development Economics") and [Chief Economist](/wiki/World_Bank_Chief_Economist "World Bank Chief Economist") for the [World Bank](/wiki/World_Bank "World Bank") until 1993\. According to the World Bank's Data \& Research office (March 2017\), Summers returned to [Washington, D.C.](/wiki/Washington%2C_D.C. "Washington, D.C.") in 1991 as the World Bank's Vice President of Development Economics and Chief Economist. As such, Summers played a "key role" in designing strategies to aid developing countries, worked on the bank's loan committee, guided the bank's research and statistics operations, and guided external training programs. The World Bank's official site also reports that Summer's research included an "influential" report that demonstrated a very high return from investments in educating girls in developing nations. According to The Economist, Summers was "often at the centre of heated debates" about economic policy, to an extent exceptional for the history of the World Bank in recent decades.["New ideas: The World Bank hires a famous contrarian,"](https://www.economist.com/news/21702339-paul-romer-banks-new-chief-economist-world-bank-hires-famous-contrarian) July 18, 2016, [The Economist](/wiki/The_Economist "The Economist"), retrieved March 31, 2017 #### "Dirty industries" controversy {{Further\\|Summers memo}} In December 1991, while at the World Bank, Summers signed [a memo](/wiki/Summers_memo "Summers memo") that was leaked to the press. [Lant Pritchett](/wiki/Lant_Pritchett "Lant Pritchett") has claimed authorship of the private memo, which both he and Summers say was intended as sarcasm.["Furor on Memo At World Bank,"](https://www.nytimes.com/1992/02/07/business/furor-on-memo-at-world-bank.html) February 7, 1992, [The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times"), retrieved March 30, 2017 The memo stated that "the economic logic behind dumping a load of toxic waste in the lowest wage country is impeccable and we should face up to that. ... I've always thought that under\-populated countries in Africa are vastly underpolluted."Office Memorandum from Lawrence M. Summers, Subject: GEP, the World Bank/IMFMIGA, December 12, 1991\. This was an internal memo at the World Bank, not intended for the public \-\- reportedly sarcastic, rather than sincere, according to its authors \-\- that highlighted the economic logic of dumping waste in less\-developed countries. According to Pritchett, the memo, as leaked, was doctored to remove context and intended irony, and was "a deliberate fraud and forgery to discredit Larry and the World Bank."{{cite magazine\\|url\=http://www.harvardmagazine.com/on\-line/050171\.html\\|title\=Toxic Memo\\|magazine\= Harvard Magazine\\|date\=May–June 2001}}, also posted at: {{cite web\\|title\=Toxic memo\\|url\=http://www.harvardmagazine.com/2001/05/toxic\-memo.html\\|publisher\=HarvardMagazine.com\\|access\-date\=November 8, 2017\\|url\-status\=dead\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203160404/http://www.harvardmagazine.com/on\-line/050171\.html\\|archive\-date\=December 3, 2008}} ### Service in the Clinton Administration [thumb\\|right\\|Summers as United States Secretary of the Treasury](/wiki/File:Lawrence_Summers_Treasury_portrait.jpg "Lawrence Summers Treasury portrait.jpg") In 1993, Summers was appointed Undersecretary for International Affairs and later in the [United States Department of the Treasury](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury "United States Department of the Treasury") under the [Clinton](/wiki/Bill_Clinton "Bill Clinton") Administration. In 1995, he was promoted to Deputy Secretary of the Treasury under his long\-time political mentor [Robert Rubin](/wiki/Robert_Rubin "Robert Rubin"). In 1999, he succeeded Rubin as [Secretary of the Treasury](/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury "United States Secretary of the Treasury"). Much of Summers's tenure at the Treasury Department was focused on international economic issues. He was deeply involved in the Clinton administration's effort to bail out Mexico and Russia when those nations had currency crises.[A New Economic Team: The Nominee; The Administration's Fiscal Closer](https://www.nytimes.com/1999/05/13/business/a-new-economic-team-the-nominee-the-administration-s-fiscal-closer.html?sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all). [The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times"). May 13, 1999\. Summers set up a project through which the [Harvard Institute for International Development](/wiki/Harvard_Institute_for_International_Development "Harvard Institute for International Development") provided advice to the Russian government between 1992 and 1997\. Later there was a scandal when it emerged that some of the Harvard project members had invested in Russia and were therefore not impartial advisors.{{cite book \\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=5ywA163EEewC\&pg\=PA79\\|page\=79\\|title\=Misinterpreting Modern Russia\\|author\=Bruno S. Sergi\\|publisher\=Continuum International Publishing Group\\|year\=2009\\|isbn\=978\-0\-8264\-2772\-4}} Summers encouraged then\-Russian leader Boris Yeltsin to use the same "three\-'ations'" of policy he advocated in the Clinton Administration – "privatization, stabilization, and liberalization."Naomi Klein, "The Shock Doctrine", p. 231 Summers pressured the Korean government to raise its interest rates and balance its budget in the midst of a recession, policies criticized by [Paul Krugman](/wiki/Paul_Krugman "Paul Krugman") and [Joseph Stiglitz](/wiki/Joseph_Stiglitz "Joseph Stiglitz").{{cite news\\|first\=Paul\\|last\=Blustein\\|title\=The Chastening\\|url\=http://www.publicaffairsbooks.com/publicaffairsbooks\-cgi\-bin/display?book\=9781586481810\\|publisher\=Public Affairs, New York\\|year\=2001\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101208005946/http://www.publicaffairsbooks.com/publicaffairsbooks\-cgi\-bin/display?book\=9781586481810\\|archive\-date\=December 8, 2010\\|url\-status\=dead}} According to the book The Chastening, by Paul Blustein, during this crisis, Summers, along with [Paul Wolfowitz](/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz "Paul Wolfowitz"), pushed for regime change in Indonesia.{{cite news\\|first\=Paul\\|last\=Blustein\\|title\=The Chastening\\|url\=http://www.publicaffairsbooks.com/publicaffairsbooks\-cgi\-bin/display?book\=9781586481810\\|page\=232\\|publisher\=Public Affairs, New York\\|year\=2001\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101208005946/http://www.publicaffairsbooks.com/publicaffairsbooks\-cgi\-bin/display?book\=9781586481810\\|archive\-date\=December 8, 2010\\|url\-status\=dead}} Summers was a leading voice within the Clinton Administration arguing against American leadership in [greenhouse gas](/wiki/Greenhouse_gas "Greenhouse gas") reductions and against US participation in the [Kyoto Protocol](/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol "Kyoto Protocol"), according to internal documents made public in 2009\.{{cite news \\|first\=Robert\\|last\=Wampler\\|title\=Kyoto Redux? Obama's Challenges at Copenhagen Echo Clinton's at Kyoto\\|url\=http://www.gwu.edu/\~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB303/index.htm\\|publisher\=National Security Archive at George Washington University\\|access\-date\=April 10, 2010\\|date\=December 18, 2009}} As Treasury Secretary, Summers led the Clinton Administration's opposition to tax cuts proposed by the Republican Congress in 1999\.[Aides Say Clinton Would Veto Tax Compromise](https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/special/budget/stories/taxes072699.htm). [The Washington Post](/wiki/The_Washington_Post "The Washington Post"). July 26, 1999\. During the California [energy crisis of 2000](/wiki/2000%E2%80%9301_California_electricity_crisis "2000–01 California electricity crisis"), then\-Treasury Secretary Summers teamed with [Alan Greenspan](/wiki/Alan_Greenspan "Alan Greenspan") and [Enron](/wiki/Enron "Enron") executive [Kenneth Lay](/wiki/Kenneth_Lay "Kenneth Lay") to lecture California Governor [Gray Davis](/wiki/Gray_Davis "Gray Davis") on the causes of the crisis, explaining that the problem was excessive government regulation.{{cite news \\|first\=Paul\\|last\=Krugman\\|author\-link\=Paul Krugman\\|title\=California Energy Memories\\|url\=https://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/11/20/california\-energy\-memories/\\|newspaper\=\[\[The New York Times]]\\|date\=November 20, 2008\\|access\-date\=April 4, 2010}} Under the advice of Kenneth Lay, Summers urged Davis to relax California's environmental standards in order to reassure the markets.{{cite web \\|first\=Alex\\|last\=Gibney\\|author\-link\=Alex Gibney\\|title\=Larry Summers' Enron Problem\\|url\=http://www.thedailybeast.com/blogs\-and\-stories/2008\-11\-12/larry\-summers\-and\-enron/\\|website\=\[\[The Daily Beast]]}} Summers hailed the [Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act](/wiki/Gramm%E2%80%93Leach%E2%80%93Bliley_Act "Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act") in 1999, which lifted more than six decades of restrictions against banks offering [commercial banking](/wiki/Commercial_banking "Commercial banking"), insurance, and investment services (by repealing key provisions in the 1933 [Glass–Steagall Act](/wiki/Glass%E2%80%93Steagall_Act "Glass–Steagall Act")): "Today Congress voted to update the rules that have governed financial services since the [Great Depression](/wiki/Great_Depression "Great Depression") and replace them with a system for the 21st century," Summers said.{{cite news\\|work\=\[\[The New York Times]]\\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/11/05/business/congress\-passes\-wide\-ranging\-bill\-easing\-bank\-laws.html\\|title\=Congress Passes Wide Ranging Law Repealing Bank laws\\|date\=November 5, 1999\\|access\-date\=March 25, 2009\\|first\=Stephen\\|last\=Labaton}} "This historic legislation will better enable American companies to compete in the new economy." Many critics, including [President](/wiki/POTUS "POTUS") [Barack Obama](/wiki/Barack_Obama "Barack Obama"), have suggested the [2007 subprime mortgage financial crisis](/wiki/2007_subprime_mortgage_financial_crisis "2007 subprime mortgage financial crisis") was caused by the partial repeal of the 1933 Glass–Steagall Act.{{cite news\\|url\=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB123665023774979341\\|title\=Ten Questions for Those Fixing the Financial Mess\\|work\=\[\[The Wall Street Journal]]\\|date\=March 10, 2009\\|access\-date\=March 26, 2009\\|first\=Damian\\|last\=Paletta}} Indeed, as a member of President Clinton's [Working Group on Financial Markets](/wiki/Working_Group_on_Financial_Markets "Working Group on Financial Markets"), Summers, along with U.S. [Securities and Exchange Commission](/wiki/Securities_and_Exchange_Commission "Securities and Exchange Commission") (SEC) Chairman [Arthur Levitt](/wiki/Arthur_Levitt "Arthur Levitt"), Fed Chairman Greenspan, and Secretary Rubin, torpedoed an effort to regulate the derivatives that many blame for bringing the financial market down in Fall 2008\.{{cite news\\|work\=\[\[Frontline (U.S. TV series)\\|Frontline]]/PBS\\|url\=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/warning/view/\#morelink\\|title\=the warning\\|date\=October 23, 2009\\|access\-date\=October 26, 2009}} #### Views on financial regulation On May 7, 1998, the [Commodity Futures Trading Commission](/wiki/Commodity_Futures_Trading_Commission "Commodity Futures Trading Commission") (CFTC) issued a Concept Release soliciting input from regulators, academics, and practitioners to determine "how best to maintain adequate regulatory safeguards without impairing the ability of the OTC ([over\-the\-counter](/wiki/Over-the-counter_%28finance%29 "Over-the-counter (finance)")) derivatives market to grow and the ability of U.S. entities to remain competitive in the global financial marketplace."{{cite web \\|title\=CFTC Issues Concept Release Concerning Over\-The\-Counter Derivatives Market\\|publisher\=\[\[U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission]]\\|date\=May 7, 1998\\|access\-date\=September 16, 2013\\|url\=http://www.cftc.gov/opa/press98/opa4142\-98\.htm}} On July 30, 1998, then\-Deputy Secretary of the Treasury Summers testified before the U.S. Congress that "the parties to these kinds of contract are largely sophisticated financial institutions that would appear to be eminently capable of protecting themselves from fraud and counterparty insolvencies." At the time Summers stated that "to date there has been no clear evidence of a need for additional regulation of the institutional OTC derivatives market, and we would submit that proponents of such regulation must bear the burden of demonstrating that need."{{cite news\\|last\=Summers\\|first\=Lawrence\\|title\=Lawrence H. Summers Testimony\\|date\=July 30, 1998\\|url\=http://ustreas.gov/press/releases/rr2616\.htm\\|url\-status\=dead\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091025220333/http://www.ustreas.gov/press/releases/rr2616\.htm\\|archive\-date\=October 25, 2009}} In 1999 Summers endorsed the Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act which removed the separation between investment and commercial banks, saying "With this bill, the American financial system takes a major step forward towards the 21st Century."{{cite book \\|pages\=142–143\\|lccn\=2011286013\\|author\-link\=David Orrell\\|last\=Orrell\\|first\=David \\| title\-link\=Economyths\\|title\=Economyths : ten ways economics gets it wrong\\|location\=\[\[Mississauga, Ontario]]\\|publisher\=\[\[John Wiley \& Sons Canada, Ltd]]\\|year\=2010\\|isbn\=9780470677933}} When [George Stephanopoulos](/wiki/George_Stephanopoulos "George Stephanopoulos") asked Summers about the financial crisis in an ABC interview on March 15, 2009, Summers replied that "there are a lot of terrible things that have happened in the last eighteen months, but what's happened at A.I.G. ... the way it was not regulated, the way no one was watching ... is outrageous."{{Cite book \\|last\=Friedman \\|first\=Jeff \\|url\=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/793012561 \\|title\=What Caused the Financial Crisis \\|publisher\=University of Pennsylvania Press \\|year\=2011 \\|isbn\=978\-0\-8122\-0493\-3 \\|location\=Philadelphia \\|pages\=312 \\|oclc\=793012561}} In February 2009, Summers quoted [John Maynard Keynes](/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes "John Maynard Keynes"), saying "When circumstances change, I change my opinion", reflecting both on the failures of [Wall Street](/wiki/Wall_Street "Wall Street") deregulation and his new leadership role in the government bailout.{{cite news\\|author\=Michael Hirsh\\|title\=The Reeducation of Larry Summers\\|url\=http://www.newsweek.com/reeducation\-larry\-summers\-82289\\|access\-date\=January 4, 2014\\|newspaper\=\[\[Newsweek]]\\|date\=February 20, 2009}} On April 18, 2010, in an interview on ABC's "This Week" program, Clinton said Summers was wrong in the advice he gave him not to regulate derivatives.{{Cite news \\|last\=Zumbrun \\|first\=Joshua \\|date\=April 19, 2010 \\|title\=Clinton Calls Advice He Got on Derivatives 'Wrong' \\|language\=en \\|work\=\[\[Bloomberg News\\|Bloomberg]] \\|url\=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2010\-04\-18/clinton\-says\-rubin\-summers\-gave\-him\-wrong\-advice\-on\-derivatives\-rules \\|url\-access\=subscription \\|access\-date\=April 27, 2023}} {{anchor\\|Harvard president}} ### President of Harvard In 2001, when [George W. Bush](/wiki/George_W._Bush "George W. Bush") became [President](/wiki/President_of_the_United_States "President of the United States"), Summers left the Treasury Department and returned to Harvard as its 27th president, serving from July 2001 until June 2006\. He was Harvard's first Jewish president,YUNews [Director of the National Economic Council, Dr. Lawrence H. Summers, is Keynote Speaker at Yeshiva University's Annual Hanukkah Dinner and Convocation on December 13](https://www.yu.edu/news/director-of-the-national-economic-council-dr-lawrence-h-summers-is-keynote-speaker-at-yeshiva-universitys-annual-hanukkah-dinner-and-convocation-on-december-13), November 18, 2009The Harvard Crimson [Did Summers' Faith Affect His Fall?](https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2006/3/3/did-summers-faith-affect-his-fall/), March 3, 2006The Harvard Crimson [A Milestone of Faith](https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2001/10/14/a-milestone-of-faith-in-1922/), October 14, 2001 though his predecessor Neil Rudenstine's father was Jewish.[Harvard's First Jewish President](http://www.thecrimson.com/article.aspx?ref=511933). [The Harvard Crimson](/wiki/The_Harvard_Crimson "The Harvard Crimson"). March 8, 2006 A number of Summers's decisions at Harvard have attracted public controversy, either at the time or since his resignation. #### Cornel West affair In an October 2001 meeting, Summers criticized African American Studies department head [Cornel West](/wiki/Cornel_West "Cornel West") for allegedly missing three weeks of classes to work on the [Bill Bradley](/wiki/Bill_Bradley "Bill Bradley") presidential campaign and complained that West was contributing to [grade inflation](/wiki/Grade_inflation "Grade inflation"). Summers also claimed that West's "rap" album was an "embarrassment" to the university. West pushed back strongly against the accusations.{{cite news \\|url\=https://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2006/06/06/some\_seek\_a\_scholars\_return/\\|title\=Some seek a scholar's return\\|work\=\[\[The Boston Globe]]\\|date\=June 6, 2006\\|first1\=Marcella\\|last1\=Bombardieri}} "The hip\-hop scared him. It's a stereotypical reaction", he said later. West, who later called Summers both "uninformed" and "an unprincipled power player" in describing this encounter in his book Democracy Matters (2004\), subsequently returned to [Princeton University](/wiki/Princeton_University "Princeton University"), where he had taught prior to [Harvard University](/wiki/Harvard_University "Harvard University"). #### Differences between the sexes {{See also\\|Women in science}} In January 2005, at a Conference on Diversifying the Science \& Engineering Workforce sponsored by the [National Bureau of Economic Research](/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Economic_Research "National Bureau of Economic Research"), Summers sparked controversy with his discussion of why women may have been underrepresented "in tenured positions in science and engineering at top universities and research institutions". The conference was designed to be off\-the\-record so that participants could speak candidly without fear of public misunderstanding or disclosure later.{{cite news \\|last1\=Dillon \\|first1\=Sam \\|title\=Harvard Chief Defends His Talk on Women \\|newspaper\=\[\[The New York Times]] \\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/01/18/us/harvard\-chief\-defends\-his\-talk\-on\-women.html \\|access\-date\=February 13, 2022 \\|date\=February 18, 2005}} Summers had prefaced his talk, saying he was adopting an "entirely [positive](/wiki/Positivism "Positivism"), rather than [normative](/wiki/Normative "Normative") approach" and that his remarks were intended to be an "attempt at provocation".{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.president.harvard.edu/speeches/2005/nber.html \\|title\=Archive of: Remarks at NBER Conference on Diversifying the Science \& Engineering Workforce \\|access\-date\=January 30, 2008 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080130023006/http://www.president.harvard.edu/speeches/2005/nber.html \\|archive\-date\=January 30, 2008 }}. January 14, 2005\. Summers then began by identifying three hypotheses for the higher proportion of men in high\-end science and engineering positions: 1. The high\-powered job hypothesis 2. Different availability of [aptitude](/wiki/Aptitude "Aptitude") at the high end 3. Different socialization and patterns of discrimination in a search The second hypothesis, the generally [greater variability among men](/wiki/Variability_hypothesis "Variability hypothesis") (compared to women) in tests of cognitive abilities,Hedges, L. V., \& Nowell, A. (1995\). "Sex differences in mental scores, variability, and numbers of high scoring individuals". Science, 269, 41–45\.Lehrke, R. (1997\). Sex linkage of intelligence: The X\-Factor. New York: Praeger.Lubinski, D., \& Benbow, C. M. (2006\). "Study of mathematically precocious youth after 35 years". Perspectives on Psychological Science, 1, 316–345\. leading to proportionally more males than females at both the lower and upper tails of the test score distributions, caused the most controversy. In his discussion of this hypothesis, Summers said that "even small differences in the standard deviation \[between genders] will translate into very large differences in the available pool substantially out \[from the mean]". Summers referenced research that implied differences between the standard deviations of males and females in the top 5% of twelfth graders under various tests. He then went on to argue that, if this research were to be accepted, then "whatever the set of attributes ... that are precisely defined to correlate with being an aeronautical engineer at MIT or being a chemist at Berkeley ... are probably different in their standard deviations as well". Summers then concluded his discussion of the three hypotheses by saying: > So my best guess, to provoke you, of what's behind all of this is that the largest phenomenon, by far, is the general clash between people's legitimate family desires and employers' current desire for high power and high intensity, that in the special case of science and engineering, there are issues of intrinsic aptitude, and particularly of the variability of aptitude, and that those considerations are reinforced by what are in fact lesser factors involving socialization and continuing discrimination. I would like nothing better than to be proved wrong, because I would like nothing better than for these problems to be addressable simply by everybody understanding what they are, and working very hard to address them. Summers then went on to discuss approaches to remedying the shortage of women in high\-end science and engineering positions. This lunch\-time talk drew accusations of sexism and careless scholarship, and an intense negative response followed, both nationally and at Harvard.[Summers' Remarks on Women Draw Fire](https://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2005/01/17/summers_remarks_on_women_draw_fire/){{dead link\\|date\=March 2024}}. The Boston Globe. January 17, 2005 Summers apologized repeatedly.{{cite magazine \\|last\=Saletan\\|first\=William\\|author\-link\=William Saletan\\|date\=January 21, 2005\\|title\=Don't Worry Your Pretty Little Head\\|url\=http://www.slate.com/id/2112570/\\|magazine\=\[\[Slate (magazine)\\|Slate]]}} Nevertheless, the controversy is speculated to have contributed to his resigning his position as president of Harvard University the following year, as well as costing Summers the job of [Treasury Secretary](/wiki/Treasury_Secretary "Treasury Secretary") in [Obama's administration](/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama "Presidency of Barack Obama").[Summers's 'sexism' costs him top Treasury job](https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/summersrsquo-lsquosexismrsquo-costs-him-top-treasury-job-1033373.html). [The Independent](/wiki/The_Independent "The Independent"). November 24, 2008 Summers's protégée [Sheryl Sandberg](/wiki/Sheryl_Sandberg "Sheryl Sandberg") has defended him, saying that "Larry has been a true advocate for women throughout his career" at the World Bank and Treasury. Referring to the lunch talk, Sandberg said, "What few seem to note is that it is remarkable that he was giving the speech in the first place – that he cared enough about women's careers and their trajectory in the fields of math and science to proactively analyze the issues and talk about what was going wrong".{{cite news\\|author\=Sheryl Sandberg\\|title\=Larry Summers' True Record on Women\\|url\=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/sheryl\-sandberg/what\-larry\-summers\-has\-do\_b\_142126\.html\\|access\-date\=January 4, 2014\\|newspaper\=\[\[HuffPost]]\\|date\=November 7, 2008\\|author\-link\=Sheryl Sandberg}} In 2016, remarking upon [political correctness](/wiki/Political_correctness "Political correctness") in institutions of higher education, Summers said: > There is a great deal of absurd political correctness. Now, I'm somebody who believes very strongly in diversity, who resists racism in all of its many incarnations, who thinks that there is a great deal that's unjust in American society that needs to be combated, but it seems to be that there is a kind of creeping totalitarianism in terms of what kind of ideas are acceptable and are debatable on college campuses.{{cite web\\|url\=http://conversationswithbillkristol.org/video/larry\-summers\-ii/?start\=15\&end\=1606\\|title\=Larry Summers II on Conversations with Bill Kristol\\|website\=ConversationsWithBillKristol.org\\|access\-date\=November 8, 2017}} #### Summers' opposition and support at Harvard On March 15, 2005, members of the [Harvard Faculty of Arts and Sciences](/wiki/Harvard_Faculty_of_Arts_and_Sciences "Harvard Faculty of Arts and Sciences"), which instructs graduate students in [Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences](/wiki/Harvard_Graduate_School_of_Arts_and_Sciences "Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences") and undergraduates in [Harvard College](/wiki/Harvard_College "Harvard College"), passed 218–185 a motion of "lack of confidence" in the leadership of Summers, with 18 abstentions. A second motion that offered a milder censure of the president passed 253 to 137, also with 18 abstentions. The members of the [Harvard Corporation](/wiki/Harvard_Corporation "Harvard Corporation"), the University's highest governing body, are in charge of the selection of the president and issued statements strongly supporting Summers. FAS faculty were not unanimous in their comments against Summers. Psychologist [Steven Pinker](/wiki/Steven_Pinker "Steven Pinker") defended the legitimacy of Summers's January lecture. When asked if Summers's talk was "within the pale of legitimate academic discourse," Pinker responded "Good grief, shouldn't everything be within the pale of legitimate academic discourse, as long as it is presented with some degree of rigor? That's the difference between a university and a [madrassa](/wiki/Madrassa "Madrassa"). There is certainly enough evidence for the hypothesis to be taken seriously."[Psychoanalysis Q\-and\-A: Steven Pinker](https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2005/1/19/psychoanalysis-q-and-a-steven-pinker-in-an/). [The Harvard Crimson](/wiki/The_Harvard_Crimson "The Harvard Crimson"). January 19, 2005 Summers had stronger support among Harvard College students than among the college faculty. One poll by [The Harvard Crimson](/wiki/The_Harvard_Crimson "The Harvard Crimson") indicated that students opposed his resignation by a three\-to\-one margin, with 57% of responding students opposing his resignation and 19% supporting it.[Poll: Students Say Summers Should Stay](http://www.thecrimson.com/article.aspx?ref=511421). [The Harvard Crimson](/wiki/The_Harvard_Crimson "The Harvard Crimson"). February 20, 2006 In July 2005, a board member of Harvard Corporation, [Conrad K. Harper](/wiki/Conrad_K._Harper "Conrad K. Harper"), resigned saying he was angered both by the university president's comments about women and by Summers being given a salary increase. The resignation letter to the president said, "I could not and cannot support a raise in your salary, ... I believe that Harvard's best interests require your resignation."{{cite news\\|last\=Finder\\|first\=Alan\\|title\=A Harvard Governor, Dissatisfied, Resigns\\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/29/education/29harvard.html?\_r\=0\\|access\-date\=December 5, 2013\\|newspaper\=\[\[The New York Times]]\\|date\=July 29, 2005}}[Board Member's Letter of Resignation](https://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/02/education/02htext.html). [The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times"). August 2, 2005 #### Support of economist Andrei Shleifer Harvard and [Andrei Shleifer](/wiki/Andrei_Shleifer "Andrei Shleifer"), a close friend and protégé of Summers, controversially paid $28\.5 million to settle a [lawsuit](/wiki/Lawsuit "Lawsuit") by the U.S. government over the [conflict of interest](/wiki/Conflict_of_interest "Conflict of interest") Shleifer had while advising [Russia's privatization program](/wiki/Russia%27s_privatization_program "Russia's privatization program"). The US government had sued Shleifer under the [False Claims Act](/wiki/False_Claims_Act "False Claims Act"), as he bought [Russian](/wiki/Russia "Russia") stocks while designing the country's [privatization](/wiki/Privatization "Privatization"). In 2004, a federal judge ruled that while Harvard had violated the contract, Shleifer and his associate alone were liable for [treble damages](/wiki/Treble_damages "Treble damages"). In June 2005, Harvard and Shleifer announced that they had reached a tentative settlement with the US government. In August, Harvard, Shleifer, and the [Department of Justice](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice "United States Department of Justice") reached an agreement under which the university paid $26\.5 million to settle the five\-year\-old lawsuit. Shleifer was also responsible for paying $2 million worth of damages. Because Harvard paid almost all of the damages and allowed Shleifer to retain his faculty position, the settlement provoked allegations of favoritism by Summers. His continued support for Shleifer strengthened Summers's unpopularity with other professors, as reported in The Harvard Crimson: {{Blockquote\\|I've been a member of this Faculty for over 45 years, and I am no longer easily shocked," is how Frederick H. Abernathy, the McKay professor of mechanical engineering, began his biting comments about the Shleifer case at Tuesday's fiery Faculty meeting. But, Abernathy continued, "I was deeply shocked and disappointed by the actions of this University" in the Shleifer affair.{{cite news\\|title\='Tawdry Shleifer Affair' Stokes Faculty Anger Toward Summers\\|url\=http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2006/2/10/tawdry\-shleifer\-affair\-stokes\-faculty\-anger/\\|access\-date\=30 May 2013\\|newspaper\=\[\[The Harvard Crimson]]\\|date\=10 Feb 2006\\|author\=Nicholas Ciarelli\\|author2\=Anton Troianovski}}}} #### In Russia {{See also\\|Loans for shares scheme}} An 18,000\-word article "How Harvard Lost Russia" in [Institutional Investor](/wiki/Institutional_Investor_%28magazine%29 "Institutional Investor (magazine)") by David McClintick detailed Shleifer's alleged efforts to use his [inside knowledge](/wiki/Insider_trading "Insider trading") of and sway over the Russian economy in order to make lucrative personal investments, all while leading a Harvard group, advising the Russian government, that was under contract with the U.S. The article suggests that Summers shielded his fellow economist from disciplinary action by the university, and it noted that Summers had forewarned Shleifer and his wife Nancy Zimmerman about the conflict\-of\-interest regulations back in 1996\.{{Cite news \\|last\=McClintick \\|first\=David \\|date\=January 13, 2006 \\|title\=How Harvard Lost Russia \\|work\=Institutional Investor \\|url\=https://www.institutionalinvestor.com/article/b150npp3q49x7w/how\-harvard\-lost\-russia \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140705041205/http://www.institutionalinvestor.com/Article/1020662/How\-Harvard\-lost\-Russia.html\#/.V0mIqpF97nE \\|archive\-date\=July 5, 2014}} Summers's friendship with Shleifer was well known by the corporation when it selected him to succeed Rudenstine and Summers recused himself from all proceedings with Shleifer, whose case was actually handled by an independent committee led by former Harvard president [Derek Bok](/wiki/Derek_Bok "Derek Bok"). #### Connection to Jeffrey Epstein An article in The Harvard Crimson in 2003, during Summers's tenure as president, detailed a reportedly "special connection" between Summers and [Jeffrey Epstein](/wiki/Jeffrey_Epstein "Jeffrey Epstein").{{Cite web\\|last\= Scharnick\\|first\=Jaquelyn M.\\|date\=May 1, 2003\\|url\=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2003/5/1/mogul\-donor\-gives\-harvard\-more\-than/?page\=single\\|title\=Mogul Donor Gives Harvard More Than Money\\|work\=\[\[The Harvard Crimson]]\\|language\=en\\|access\-date\=July 12, 2019}} Epstein pledged to donate at least $25 million to Harvard during Summers's tenure to endow Harvard's Program for Evolutionary Dynamics, and Epstein was given an office at Harvard for his personal use.{{Cite magazine\\|url\=https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2003/03/jeffrey\-epstein\-200303\\|title\=The Talented Mr. Epstein\\|last\=Ward\\|first\=Vicky\\|date\=March 2003\\|magazine\=\[\[Vanity Fair (magazine)\\|Vanity Fair]]\\|access\-date\=July 12, 2019\\|quote\=Epstein has pledged at least $25 million to Harvard to create the Epstein Program for Mathematical Biology and Evolutionary Dynamics, and Epstein will have an office at the university...He says he was reluctant to have his name attached to the program, but Summers persuaded him. }}{{Cite web\\|url\=https://ped.fas.harvard.edu/home\\|title\=Program for Evolutionary Dynamics\\|website\=ped.fas.harvard.edu\\|language\=en\\|access\-date\=July 12, 2019}} Epstein otherwise had no formal connection to Harvard. Summers's ties to Epstein reportedly began "a number of years...before Summers became Harvard's president and even before he was the Secretary of the Treasury." Flight records introduced as evidence in the 2021 trial of Epstein associate [Ghislaine Maxwell](/wiki/Ghislaine_Maxwell "Ghislaine Maxwell") show that Summers flew on Jeffrey Epstein's private plane on at least four occasions, including once in 1998 when Summers was [United States Deputy Secretary of the Treasury](/wiki/United_States_Deputy_Secretary_of_the_Treasury "United States Deputy Secretary of the Treasury") and at least three times while Harvard president.{{Cite web\\|url\=https://s3\.documentcloud.org/documents/21165424/epstein\-flight\-logs\-released\-in\-usa\-vs\-maxwell.pdf\\|title\=Epstein Flight Logs Released in USA vs. Maxwell\\|language\=en\\|access\-date\=December 27, 2021}} A charity funded by Epstein also donated to the production of a [PBS](/wiki/PBS "PBS") show hosted by Summers's wife and Harvard professor [Elisa New](/wiki/Elisa_New "Elisa New").{{Cite news\\|url\=https://www.thedailybeast.com/jeffrey\-epstein\-has\-a\-secret\-charity\-heres\-who\-it\-gave\-money\-to?ref\=scroll\\|title\=REVEALED: We Found Billionaire Pedophile Jeffrey Epstein's Secret Charity\\|last\=Briquelet\\|first\=Kate\\|date\=July 10, 2019\\|work\=\[\[The Daily Beast]]\\|access\-date\=July 12, 2019\\|quote\=In 2016, Gratitude America Ltd. shelled out $110,000 to Verse Video Education. The Cambridge, Massachusetts\-based nonprofit produces the PBS show Poetry in America, whose creator and host is Harvard professor Elisa New. Verse's 2016 tax return named New as the group's president but doesn't include specific donors for its $1\.38 million in total contributions. New is married to Summers, Harvard University's former president, who hobnobbed with Epstein in elite international relations groups and, like Bill Clinton, flew on Epstein's private jet.}} #### Winklevoss twins and Facebook In February 2004, the [Winklevoss twins](/wiki/Winklevoss_twins "Winklevoss twins") requested a meeting with Summers in order to ask him to intervene on their behalf in an ongoing dispute they had with [Facebook](/wiki/Facebook "Facebook") founder [Mark Zuckerberg](/wiki/Mark_Zuckerberg "Mark Zuckerberg"). The Winklevosses believed that Zuckerberg had stolen their idea for a social networking website and launched Facebook on his own, after they had asked him to be a part of their project, then called HarvardConnection. Summers believed that the matter was outside the university's jurisdiction and advised the twins to take their complaint to the courts.{{cite news \\|first\=Shirin \\|last\=Sharif \\|title\=Harvard grads face off against thefacebook.com \\|date\=August 5, 2004 \\|publisher\=The Stanford Daily \\|url\=http://www.stanforddaily.com/2004/08/05/harvard\-grads\-face\-off\-against\-thefacebookcom/ \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100618102603/http://www.stanforddaily.com/2004/08/05/harvard\-grads\-face\-off\-against\-thefacebookcom/ \\|archive\-date\=June 18, 2010 \\|url\-status\=dead }} #### Resignation as Harvard President On February 21, 2006, Summers announced his intention to step down at the end of the school year effective June 30, 2006\. Harvard agreed to provide Summers on his resignation with a one\-year paid [sabbatical](/wiki/Sabbatical "Sabbatical") leave, subsidized a $1 million outstanding loan from the university for his personal residence, and provided other payments.President and Fellows of Harvard College, [IRS](/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Service "Internal Revenue Service") Form 990, 2006 \& 2007\. Former University President [Derek Bok](/wiki/Derek_Bok "Derek Bok") acted as Interim President while the University conducted a search for a replacement which ended with the naming of [Drew Gilpin Faust](/wiki/Drew_Gilpin_Faust "Drew Gilpin Faust") on February 11, 2007\. ### Post\-Harvard presidency career [right\\|thumb\\|President [Barack Obama](/wiki/Barack_Obama "Barack Obama"), on left, discusses with a group in the White House, including Larry Summers on far right (back to camera).](/wiki/File:Barack_Obama_talks_during_the_Daily_Economic_Briefing%2C_January_2009.jpg "Barack Obama talks during the Daily Economic Briefing, January 2009.jpg") After a one\-year sabbatical, Summers subsequently accepted Harvard University's invitation to serve as the [Charles W. Eliot](/wiki/Charles_W._Eliot "Charles W. Eliot") University Professor, one of 20 [select University\-wide professorships](/wiki/Harvard_University_Professor "Harvard University Professor"), with offices in the Kennedy School of Government and the Harvard Business School.{{cite news \\|last\=Schuker\\|first\=Daniel J. T.\\|title\=Summers Named Eliot Univ. Prof\\|date\=July 7, 2006\\|newspaper\=\[\[The Harvard Crimson]]\\|url\=http://www.thecrimson.com/article.aspx?ref\=513918}} In 2006 he was also a member of the Panel of Eminent Persons which reviewed the work of the [United Nations Conference on Trade and Development](/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_Trade_and_Development "United Nations Conference on Trade and Development"). He is a member in the [Group of Thirty](/wiki/Group_of_Thirty "Group of Thirty"). He also currently serves on the [Berggruen Institute](/wiki/Berggruen_Institute "Berggruen Institute")'s 21st Century Council and was part of a 2015 Berggruen\-organized meeting with Chinese president [Xi Jinping](/wiki/Xi_Jinping "Xi Jinping").{{Cite web\\|url\=http://governance.berggruen.org/councils/21st\-century\-council/members\\|title\=Berggruen Institute\\|access\-date\=April 17, 2017\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613084722/http://governance.berggruen.org/councils/21st\-century\-council/members\\|archive\-date\=June 13, 2018\\|url\-status\=dead}}["Why Nicolas Berggruen is Creating an Institute for Geniuses"](http://www.townandcountrymag.com/society/money-and-power/a5994/nicolas-berggreun-interview/), [Town and Country](/wiki/Town_and_Country_%28magazine%29 "Town and Country (magazine)"), May 11, 2016\. "Another wing of the Berggruen Institute has technologists like Elon Musk and Twitter co\-founder Jack Dorsey, as well as former treasury secretary Larry Summers." ### Business interests On October 19, 2006, Summers was hired as a part\-time managing director of the New York\-based hedge fund [D. E. Shaw \& Co.](/wiki/D._E._Shaw_%26_Co. "D. E. Shaw & Co.") for which he received $5 million in salary and other compensation over a 16\-month period.{{cite news \\|last\=Levy\\|first\=Ari\\|title\=Summers Joins Andreessen Horowitz as a Part\-Time Adviser to Entrepreneurs\\|date\=June 30, 2011\\|publisher\=\[\[Bloomberg News\\|Bloomberg]]\\|url\=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011\-06\-29/lawrence\-summers\-joins\-andreessen\-horowitz\-as\-an\-adviser\-to\-venture\-firm.html}} At the same time Summers earned $2\.7 million in speaking fees from major financial institutions, including [Goldman Sachs](/wiki/Goldman_Sachs "Goldman Sachs"), [JPMorgan Chase](/wiki/JPMorgan_Chase "JPMorgan Chase"), [Citigroup](/wiki/Citigroup "Citigroup"), [Merrill Lynch](/wiki/Merrill_Lynch "Merrill Lynch") and [Lehman Brothers](/wiki/Lehman_Brothers "Lehman Brothers").{{cite news \\|url\=http://www.salon.com/2009/04/04/summers/\\|title\=Larry Summers, Tim Geithner and Wall Street's ownership of government\\|last1\=Greenwald\\|first1\=Glenn\\|date\=April 4, 2009\\|work\=\[\[Salon (website)\\|Salon]]\\|access\-date\=August 10, 2013}} Upon being nominated Treasury Secretary by President Clinton in 1999, Summers listed assets of about $900,000 and debts, including a mortgage, of $500,000\. By the time he returned in 2009 to serve in the Obama administration, he reported a net worth between $17 million and $39 million. He is a former member of the Steering Committee of the [Bilderberg Group](/wiki/Bilderberg_Group "Bilderberg Group").{{Cite web\\|url\=http://www.bilderbergmeetings.org/former\-steering\-committee\-members.html \\|title\=Former Steering Committee Members \\|work\=bilderbergmeetings.org \\|publisher\=\[\[Bilderberg Group]] \\|access\-date\=February 8, 2014 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202095633/http://www.bilderbergmeetings.org/former\-steering\-committee\-members.html \\|archive\-date\=February 2, 2014 }} In 2013, Summers became an early angel investor in India's first car rental company, [Zoomcar](/wiki/Zoomcar "Zoomcar"), which was started by his former [Harvard](/wiki/Harvard "Harvard") Teaching Fellow.{{cite web\\|url\=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2013/08/08/indian\-drivers\-attract\-fed\-hopeful\-larry\-summers/\\|title\=Indian Drivers Attract Larry Summers\\|first\=W. S. J.\\|last\=Staff\\|date\=August 8, 2013\\|website\=WSJ.com\\|access\-date\=November 8, 2017}} ### National Economic Council Upon the inauguration of [Barack Obama](/wiki/Barack_Obama "Barack Obama") as president in January 2009, Summers was appointed to the post of director of the [National Economic Council](/wiki/National_Economic_Council_%28United_States%29 "National Economic Council (United States)").{{Cite news\\|url\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp\-dyn/content/article/2010/09/21/AR2010092104828\.html\\|title\=Lawrence Summers to leave economic council, return to Harvard\\|last\=Montgomery\\|first\=Lori\\|date\=September 22, 2010\\|newspaper\=\[\[The Washington Post]]\\|access\-date\=August 7, 2017\\|language\=en\-US\\|issn\=0190\-8286}} In this position Summers emerged as a key economic decision\-maker in the Obama administration, where he attracted both praise and criticism. There had been friction between Summers and former Federal Reserve Chairman [Paul Volcker](/wiki/Paul_Volcker "Paul Volcker"), as Volcker accused Summers of delaying the effort to organize a panel of outside economic advisers, and Summers had cut Volcker out of White House meetings and had not shown interest in collaborating on policy solutions to the economic crisis.{{cite news \\| last\=Schmidt \\| first\=Robert \\|author2\=Julianna Goldman\\|title\=Volcker Chafes at Obama Panel Delay, Strains With Summers Rise\\|work\=\[\[Bloomberg News\\|Bloomberg]]\\|date\=February 5, 2009\\|url\=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid\=washingtonstory\&sid\=aaLzJZKNcc6Y}} On the other hand, Obama himself was reportedly thrilled with the work Summers did in his first few weeks on the job. And [Peter Orszag](/wiki/Peter_Orszag "Peter Orszag"), another top economic advisor, called Summers "one of the world's most brilliant economists."{{cite news\\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/08/us/politics/08team.html\\|work\=\[\[The New York Times]]\\|title\=Obama's Economic Circle Keeps Tensions High\\|first\=Jackie\\|last\=Calmes\\|date\=June 8, 2009\\|access\-date\=April 4, 2010}} According to [Henry Kissinger](/wiki/Henry_Kissinger "Henry Kissinger") Larry Summers should "be given a White House post in which he was charged with shooting down or fixing bad ideas."{{cite news \\|last\=Leonhardt\\|first\=David\\|author\-link\=David Leonhardt\\|title\=The Return of Larry Summers\\|work\=\[\[The New York Times]]\\|date\=November 25, 2008\\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/26/business/economy/26leonhardt.html}} In January 2009, as the [Obama Administration](/wiki/Obama_Administration "Obama Administration") tried to pass an economic stimulus spending bill, Representative [Peter DeFazio](/wiki/Peter_DeFazio "Peter DeFazio") ([D](/wiki/U.S._Democratic_Party "U.S. Democratic Party")\-[OR.](/wiki/Oregon "Oregon")) criticized Summers, saying that he thought that President [Barack Obama](/wiki/Barack_Obama "Barack Obama") is "ill\-advised by Larry Summers. Larry Summers hates infrastructure."{{cite news \\|last\=DeFazio\\|first\=Peter\\|author2\=Video Interview\\|title\=DeFazio Slams Summers\\|date\=January 2008\\|url\=http://firedoglake.com/2009/01/23/defazio\-smacks\-larry\-summers\-for\-being\-anti\-infrastructure/}} DeFazio, along with liberal economists including [Paul Krugman](/wiki/Paul_Krugman "Paul Krugman") and [Joseph Stiglitz](/wiki/Joseph_Stiglitz "Joseph Stiglitz"), had argued that more of the stimulus should be spent on infrastructure,{{cite news \\|last\=Krugman\\|first\=Paul\\|title\=Stimulus Arithmetic (wonkish but important)\\|work\=\[\[The New York Times]]\\|date\=January 6, 2009\\|url\=https://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/01/06/stimulus\-arithmetic\-wonkish\-but\-important/}} while Summers had supported tax cuts.["Sean Grady: Shootout at Jackson Hole: The World's Central Bankers Take Aim at Deflation."](https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/comment/sean-ogrady-shoot-out-at-jackson-hole--the-worlds-central-bankers-take-aim-at-deflation-2063222.html) The Independent. August 14, 2010\. In late 2008, Summers and economic advisors for then\-President\-elect Obama presented a memo with options for an economic stimulus package ranging from $550 billion to $900 billion.{{cite magazine \\|last\=Lizza\\|first\=Ryan\\|title\=The Obama memos\\|magazine\=\[\[The New Yorker]]\\|date\=January 30, 2012\\|url\=https://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2012/01/30/120130fa\_fact\_lizza}} According to [The New Republic](/wiki/The_New_Republic "The New Republic"), economic advisor [Christina Romer](/wiki/Christina_Romer "Christina Romer") initially recommended a $1\.8\-trillion package, which proposal Summers quickly rejected, believing any stimulus approaching $1 trillion would not pass through Congress. Romer revised her recommendation to $1\.2 trillion, which Summers agreed to include in the memo, but Summers struck the figure at the last minute.{{cite magazine \\|last\=Scheiber\\|first\=Noam\\|title\=The Memo that Larry Summers Didn't Want Obama to See\\|magazine\=\[\[The New Republic]]\\|date\=February 22, 2012\\|url\=http://www.tnr.com/article/politics/100961/memo\-Larry\-Summers\-Obama}} According to [the Wall Street Journal](/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal "The Wall Street Journal"), Summers called Senator [Chris Dodd](/wiki/Chris_Dodd "Chris Dodd") (D\-[CT](/wiki/Connecticut "Connecticut")) asking him to remove caps on executive pay at firms that have received stimulus money, including Citigroup.{{cite news \\|last\=Soloman\\|first\=Deborah\\|author2\=Mark Maremont\\|title\=Bankers Face Strict Pay Cap\\|pages\=1, above the fold\\|newspaper\=\[\[The Wall Street Journal]]\\|date\=February 14–15, 2009}} On April 3, 2009, Summers came under renewed criticism after it was disclosed that he was paid millions of dollars the previous year by companies which he now had influence over as a [public servant](/wiki/Public_servant "Public servant"). He earned $5 million from the [hedge fund](/wiki/Hedge_fund "Hedge fund") D. E. Shaw and collected $2\.7 million in speaking fees from [Wall Street](/wiki/Wall_Street "Wall Street") companies that received government [bailout](/wiki/Bailout "Bailout") money.{{cite news \\|first\=Jeff\\|last\=Zeleny\\|title\=Financial Industry Paid Millions to Obama Aide\\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/04/us/politics/04disclose.html\\|newspaper\=\[\[The New York Times]]\\|date\=April 3, 2009\\|access\-date\=April 4, 2009}} ### Post\-NEC career [thumb\\|Summers with [Volodymyr Groysman](/wiki/Volodymyr_Groysman "Volodymyr Groysman") in [Ukraine](/wiki/Ukraine "Ukraine")](/wiki/File:Volodymyr_Groysman_and_Lawrence_Summers_in_Ukraine_-_2018_%28MUS6894%29.jpg "Volodymyr Groysman and Lawrence Summers in Ukraine - 2018 (MUS6894).jpg") Since leaving the NEC in December 2010, Summers has worked as an advisor to hedge fund [D. E. Shaw \& Co](/wiki/D._E._Shaw_%26_Co "D. E. Shaw & Co"), Citigroup and the [NASDAQ OMX Group](/wiki/NASDAQ_OMX_Group "NASDAQ OMX Group") while resuming his role as a tenured Harvard professor.{{cite web \\|url\=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013\-08\-02/summers\-after\-government\-saw\-wealth\-surge\-to\-17\-million.html\\|title\=Summers After Government Saw Wealth Surge to $17 Million\\|last1\=Benson\\|first1\=Clea\\|date\=August 2, 2013\\|publisher\=\[\[Bloomberg L.P.]]\\|access\-date\=August 10, 2013}} In June 2011 Summers joined the board of directors of [Square](/wiki/Square_%28payment_service%29 "Square (payment service)"), a company developing an electronic payment service,TechCrunch (2011\). [Square Adds Former U.S. Secretary Of The Treasury Larry Summers To Board](https://techcrunch.com/2011/06/22/square-adds-former-u-s-secretary-of-the-treasury-larry-summers-to-board/). Retrieved June 24, 2011\. and became a special adviser at venture capital firm [Andreessen Horowitz](/wiki/Andreessen_Horowitz "Andreessen Horowitz").Dealbook (2011\). [Larry Summers Joins Andreessen Horowitz](https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2011/06/29/larry-summers-joins-andreessen-horowitz/?hp). Retrieved June 30, 2011\. He joined the board of person\-to\-person lending company [Lending Club](/wiki/Lending_Club "Lending Club") in December 2012\.TechCrunch (2012\). [With An IPO On Its Radar, Lending Club Adds Former Treasury Secretary Larry Summers To Its Heavyweight Board](https://techcrunch.com/2012/12/13/with-an-ipo-on-its-radar-lending-club-adds-former-treasury-secretary-larry-summers-to-its-heavyweight-board/). Retrieved December 12, 2012\. In July 2015 Summers joined the Board of Directors of [Premise Data](/wiki/Premise_Data "Premise Data"), a San Francisco\-based data and analytics technology company that sources data from a global network of on\-the\-ground contributors.{{Cite web\\|url\=https://medium.com/@premisedata/welcoming\-larry\-summers\-to\-premise\-s\-board\-of\-directors\-65411a2b9842\\|title\=Welcoming Larry Summers to Premise's Board of Directors\\|last\=Data\\|first\=Premise\\|date\=July 16, 2015\\|website\=Medium\\|access\-date\=February 22, 2018}}{{Cite news\\|url\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2016/04/04/larry\-summers\-data\-collection\-is\-the\-ultimate\-public\-good/\\|title\=Larry Summers: Data collection is the ultimate public good\\|last\=Summers\\|first\=Lawrence H.\\|date\=April 4, 2016\\|newspaper\=\[\[The Washington Post]]\\|access\-date\=February 22, 2018\\|language\=en\-US\\|issn\=0190\-8286}} In April 2016, he was one of eight former Treasury secretaries who called on the [United Kingdom](/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom") to remain a member of the [European Union](/wiki/European_Union "European Union") ahead of the [June 2016 Referendum](/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum "2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum").{{cite news\\|title\=Staying in EU 'best hope' for UK's future say ex\-US Treasury secretaries\\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk\-politics\-eu\-referendum\-36087583\\|work\=\[\[BBC News]]\\|date\=April 20, 2016}} Summers referred to the United Kingdom's Brexit vote on June 23, 2016, in favor of leaving the European Union as the "worst self\-inflicted policy wound that a country has done since the Second World War". However, Summers cautioned that the result was a "wake up call for elites everywhere" and called for "responsible nationalism" in response to simmering public sentiment.{{Cite web\\|url\=http://www.marketplace.org/2016/06/24/world/lawrence\-summers\-brexit\-wakeup\-call\-elites\\|title\=Lawrence Summers on Brexit: A wakeup call for elites\\|date\=June 24, 2016\\|access\-date\=July 15, 2016}} In June 2016, Summers also wrote, "I believe the risks to the US and global economies of Mr Trump's election as president are far greater \[than passage of Brexit]. If he is elected, I would expect a protracted recession to begin within 18 months. The damage would be felt far beyond the United States."{{Cite web\\|url\=http://larrysummers.com/2016/06/06/the\-economic\-consequences\-of\-a\-trump\-win\-would\-be\-severe/\\|title\=The economic consequences of a Trump win would be severe \\| Larry Summers\\|date\=June 6, 2016 }} ### 2020 presidential election A coalition of progressive groups called on [Joe Biden](/wiki/Joe_Biden "Joe Biden")'s [2020 presidential campaign](/wiki/Joe_Biden_2020_presidential_campaign "Joe Biden 2020 presidential campaign") no longer to use Summers as an advisor, after reports surfaced that Summers was advising the campaign on economic policy.{{Cite web\\|last\=Moreno\\|first\=J. Edward\\|date\=May 6, 2020\\|title\=Progressive groups renew push to oust Larry Summers from Biden campaign citing environmental concerns\\|url\=https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/496352\-progressive\-group\-renews\-push\-to\-oust\-larry\-summers\-from\-biden\-campaign\\|access\-date\=September 16, 2020\\|website\=\[\[The Hill (newspaper)\\|The Hill]]}} Progressive groups like the [Sunrise Movement](/wiki/Sunrise_Movement "Sunrise Movement") and [Justice Democrats](/wiki/Justice_Democrats "Justice Democrats") petitioned the campaign to disavow Summers, saying, "Summers's legacy is advocating for policies that contributed to the skyrocketing inequality and climate crisis we're living with today."{{Cite web\\|last\=Golshan\\|first\=Tara\\|date\=April 24, 2020\\|title\=Joe Biden Under Pressure From Progressives To Cut Out Larry Summers\\|url\=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/biden\-larry\-summers\-progressives\_n\_5ea3315bc5b6d376358f3670?guccounter\=1\&guce\_referrer\=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ29vZ2xlLmNvbS8\&guce\_referrer\_sig\=AQAAALmvgHjs6ndwwMw8S1\-kyuEgFCSUaHGkBXxw5BD1CP76GJFXrVMHJPwfF9TKd2ca\-r9t\-cs\-7q7Z6YmJg7fYEAViNYTSf6GxdcjkIurSeKgB\_4rFDSwysaoN\-UmnbDWp0Dr2C3nQxvZgICzjCDDXmH1k08jvRO0gpVkpI1Sz6Nwb\\|access\-date\=September 16, 2020\\|website\=\[\[HuffPost]]}} Following the outcry, Summers stated he would not be joining a future Biden administration, in the event that Biden defeated [Donald Trump](/wiki/Donald_Trump "Donald Trump") in the [2020 presidential election](/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election "2020 United States presidential election").{{Cite web\\|last\=Matthews\\|first\=Steve\\|date\=August 6, 2020\\|title\=Larry Summers Rules Out Taking a Job in a Biden Administration\\|url\=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020\-08\-06/summers\-adviser\-to\-biden\-says\-his\-time\-in\-government\-is\-over?sref\=6OyUvLUJ\\|access\-date\=September 16, 2020\\|website\=\[\[Bloomberg News\\|Bloomberg]]}} ### Candidacy for chairmanship of the Federal Reserve and governorship of the Bank of Israel In 2013, Summers emerged as one of two leading candidates, along with [Janet Yellen](/wiki/Janet_Yellen "Janet Yellen"), to succeed [Ben Bernanke](/wiki/Ben_Bernanke "Ben Bernanke") as [chair of the Federal Reserve](/wiki/Chair_of_the_Federal_Reserve "Chair of the Federal Reserve"). The possibility of his nomination created a great deal of controversy with some senators of both parties declaring opposition. On September 15, Summers withdrew his name from consideration for the position, writing: "I have reluctantly concluded that any possible confirmation process for me would be acrimonious and would not serve the interest of the Federal Reserve, the Administration or, ultimately, the interests of the nation's ongoing economic recovery."{{cite web \\|title\=Larry Summers withdraws name for Fed chair job \\|first1\=Annalyn\\|last1\=Kurtz \\|first2\=Hibah \\|last2\=Yousuf\\|work\=\[\[CNNMoney]]\\|date\=September 15, 2013\\|access\-date\=September 15, 2013\\|url\=https://money.cnn.com/2013/09/15/news/economy/fed\-chair\-larry\-summers\-withdraws/?hpt\=hp\_t2\\|quote\=After months of contentious public debate, Larry Summers has withdrawn his name from consideration to become the next chairman of the Federal Reserve. President Obama said he spoke with Summers earlier Sunday and accepted his decision.}}{{cite news \\|title\=Summers Pulls Name From Consideration for Fed Chief\\|newspaper\=\[\[The New York Times]]\\|author\-link1\=Annie Lowrey\\|first1\=Annie\\|last1\=Lowrey\\|author\-link2\=Binyamin Appelbaum\\|first2\=Binyamin\\|last2\=Appelbaum\\|date\=September 15, 2013\\|access\-date\=September 16, 2013\\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/16/business/economy/summers\-pulls\-name\-from\-consideration\-for\-fed\-chief.html?hp\&\_r\=0\\|quote\=Facing growing opposition in Congress, Lawrence H. Summers, the former Treasury secretary and a top contender for Federal Reserve chairman, told President Obama that he didn't want to be considered for the job.}} During the 2013, Summers had been reported as preferred candidate by the [Cabinet of Israel](/wiki/Cabinet_of_Israel "Cabinet of Israel") and Prime Minister [Benjamin Netanyahu](/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu "Benjamin Netanyahu") to succeed [Stanley Fischer](/wiki/Stanley_Fischer "Stanley Fischer") as governor of the [Bank of Israel](/wiki/Bank_of_Israel "Bank of Israel"). Netanyahu personally asked him to take the post, an offer he turned down.{{Cite news \\|last\=Simpson \\|first\=Connor \\|date\=October 19, 2013 \\|title\=Larry Summers Snubbed Netanyahu's Offer to Run Israel's Banks \\|url\=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2013/10/natanyahu\-wants\-larry\-summers\-running\-israels\-banks/309791/ \\|archive\-url\= \\|work\=\[\[The Atlantic]] \\|archive\-date\= \\|access\-date\=October 20, 2013}}{{cite news \\|author\= \\|title\=Larry Summers rejects offer to become BoI governor \\|url\=https://en.globes.co.il/en/article\-1000886969 \\|archive\-url\= \\|archive\-date\= \\|work\=Globes \\|date\=October 20, 2013 \\|access\-date\=October 21, 2013}} ### Criticism of the Biden Administration, 2021 Summers emerged as an early opponent of President [Joe Biden](/wiki/Joe_Biden "Joe Biden")'s economic policy, calling the $1\.9 trillion [American Rescue Plan Act of 2021](/wiki/American_Rescue_Plan_Act_of_2021 "American Rescue Plan Act of 2021") "the least responsible macroeconomic policy we've had in the last 40 years" and arguing that it risked economic recession and market destabilization.{{Cite web\\|last\=Williams\\|first\=Jordan\\|date\=March 20, 2021\\|title\=Larry Summers blasts $1\.9 T stimulus as 'least responsible' economic policy in 40 years\\|url\=https://thehill.com/policy/finance/544188\-larry\-summers\-blasts\-least\-responsible\-economic\-policy\-in\-40\-years\\|access\-date\=April 25, 2021\\|website\=\[\[The Hill (newspaper)\\|The Hill]]\\|language\=en}} ### Hamas\-led attack on Israel In October 2023, following the [Hamas\-led attack on Israel](/wiki/2023_Hamas-led_attack_on_Israel "2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel"), several [Harvard](/wiki/Harvard_University "Harvard University") undergraduate student groups signed a letter condemning the [Israeli state](/wiki/Israeli_state "Israeli state"), and holding the "Israeli regime entirely responsible for all unfolding violence".{{cite news\\|url\=https://www.the\-independent.com/news/world/americas/us\-politics/harvard\-letter\-war\-israel\-hamas\-b2427497\.html\\|title\=Letter from Harvard group holding Israel 'responsible' for war with Hamas sparks backlash\\|publisher\=Independent\\|access\-date\=October 17, 2023}}{{cite news\\|url\=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/10/11/business/harvard\-israel\-hamas\-ceos\-students/index.html\\|title\=Harvard student groups issued an anti\-Israel statement. CEOs want them blacklisted\\|publisher\=CNN\\|access\-date\=October 17, 2023}} This letter from Harvard University student groups blaming Israel drew a backlash from several prominent alumni and from Larry Summers, who said that he was "sickened" by it.{{Cite web \\|date\=October 10, 2023 \\|title\=Growing backlash over Harvard students' pro\-Palestine letter \\|url\=https://www.bbc.com/news/world\-us\-canada\-67067565\\|access\-date\=December 7, 2023 \\|website\= BBC News\\|language\=en\-US}} Summers, though agreeing with [Bill Ackman](/wiki/Bill_Ackman "Bill Ackman") on the need to look at employees' political views, called Ackman's request to release the names of all the students involved in signing the letter "the stuff of [Joe McCarthy](/wiki/Joe_McCarthy "Joe McCarthy")".{{Cite web \\|last\=Teo \\|first\=Kai Xiang \\|title\=Former Harvard president Larry Summers thinks Bill Ackman asking for lists of student names is the 'stuff of Joe McCarthy' \\|url\=https://www.businessinsider.com/harvard\-larry\-summers\-bill\-ackman\-israel\-hamas\-student\-names\-list\-2023\-10 \\|access\-date\=October 17, 2023 \\|website\=Business Insider \\|language\=en\-US}} Summers has repeatedly criticized the Harvard administration for its failure to curb what he sees as rising antisemitism at the university since the Hamas attack.{{Cite web \\|last\=Ebbert \\|first\=Stephanie \\|last2\= \\|first2\= \\|last3\= \\|first3\= \\|last4\= \\|last5\= \\|first5\= \\|title\=Larry Summers was ousted as Harvard president. He has a lot to say about what's wrong with the university now. \- The Boston Globe \\|url\=https://www.bostonglobe.com/2024/03/21/metro/larry\-summers\-vocal\-critic\-of\-harvard\-successors/ \\|access\-date\=March 22, 2024 \\|website\=BostonGlobe.com \\|language\=en\-US}}	[ "Career\n------", "### Academic economist", "[thumb\\\|Summers in 1990](/wiki/File:Lawrence_Summers%2C_1990.jpg \"Lawrence Summers, 1990.jpg\")\nAs a researcher, Summers has made important contributions in many areas of economics, primarily [public finance](/wiki/Public_finance \"Public finance\"), [labor economics](/wiki/Labor_economics \"Labor economics\"), [financial economics](/wiki/Financial_economics \"Financial economics\"), and [macroeconomics](/wiki/Macroeconomics \"Macroeconomics\"). Summers has also worked in international economics, economic demography, [economic history](/wiki/Economic_history \"Economic history\") and [development economics](/wiki/Development_economics \"Development economics\").{{Cite journal\\\|last\\=Poterba\\\|first\\=James M.\\\|date\\=Winter 1995\\\|title\\=In Honor of Lawrence H. Summers, Winner of the John Bates Clark Medal\\\|journal\\=Journal of Economic Perspectives\\\|language\\=en\\\|volume\\=9\\\|issue\\=1\\\|pages\\=165–182\\\|doi\\=10\\.1257/jep.9\\.1\\.165\\\|issn\\=0895\\-3309\\\|doi\\-access\\=}} He received the [John Bates Clark Medal](/wiki/John_Bates_Clark_Medal \"John Bates Clark Medal\") in 1993 from the American Economic Association.{{Cite news\\\|url\\=http://www.businessinsider.com/30\\-most\\-famous\\-harvard\\-students\\-of\\-all\\-time\\-2010\\-4\\#larry\\-summers\\-born\\-november\\-30\\-1954\\-21\\\|title\\=The 30 Most Famous Harvard Students Of All Time\\\|work\\=\\[\\[Business Insider]]\\\|access\\-date\\=August 7, 2017\\\|language\\=en}} In 1987, he was the first social scientist to win the [Alan T. Waterman Award](/wiki/Alan_T._Waterman_Award \"Alan T. Waterman Award\") from the [National Science Foundation](/wiki/National_Science_Foundation \"National Science Foundation\"). Summers is also a member of the [National Academy of Sciences](/wiki/United_States_National_Academy_of_Sciences \"United States National Academy of Sciences\"). Some of his popular courses today, as Charles W. Eliot University Professor at Harvard University, include American Economic Policy and The Political Economy of Globalization.{{Cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.hks.harvard.edu/faculty/lawrence\\-h\\-summers\\\|title\\=Lawrence H. Summers\\\|website\\=www.hks.harvard.edu}}", "### Public official", "Summers was on the staff of the [Council of Economic Advisers](/wiki/Council_of_Economic_Advisers \"Council of Economic Advisers\") under President Reagan in 1982–1983\\. He also served as an economic adviser to the [Dukakis](/wiki/Michael_Dukakis \"Michael Dukakis\") Presidential campaign in 1988\\.", "### Chief Economist at the World Bank", "Summers left Harvard in 1991 and served as [Vice President of Development Economics](/wiki/World_Bank_Vice_President_of_Development_Economics \"World Bank Vice President of Development Economics\") and [Chief Economist](/wiki/World_Bank_Chief_Economist \"World Bank Chief Economist\") for the [World Bank](/wiki/World_Bank \"World Bank\") until 1993\\.", "According to the World Bank's Data \\& Research office (March 2017\\), Summers returned to [Washington, D.C.](/wiki/Washington%2C_D.C. \"Washington, D.C.\") in 1991 as the World Bank's Vice President of Development Economics and Chief Economist. As such, Summers played a \"key role\" in designing strategies to aid developing countries, worked on the bank's loan committee, guided the bank's research and statistics operations, and guided external training programs.", "The World Bank's official site also reports that Summer's research included an \"influential\" report that demonstrated a very high return from investments in educating girls in developing nations.", "According to The Economist, Summers was \"often at the centre of heated debates\" about economic policy, to an extent exceptional for the history of the World Bank in recent decades.[\"New ideas: The World Bank hires a famous contrarian,\"](https://www.economist.com/news/21702339-paul-romer-banks-new-chief-economist-world-bank-hires-famous-contrarian) July 18, 2016, [The Economist](/wiki/The_Economist \"The Economist\"), retrieved March 31, 2017", "#### \"Dirty industries\" controversy", "{{Further\\\|Summers memo}}\nIn December 1991, while at the World Bank, Summers signed [a memo](/wiki/Summers_memo \"Summers memo\") that was leaked to the press. [Lant Pritchett](/wiki/Lant_Pritchett \"Lant Pritchett\") has claimed authorship of the private memo, which both he and Summers say was intended as sarcasm.[\"Furor on Memo At World Bank,\"](https://www.nytimes.com/1992/02/07/business/furor-on-memo-at-world-bank.html) February 7, 1992, [The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\"), retrieved March 30, 2017 The memo stated that \"the economic logic behind dumping a load of toxic waste in the lowest wage country is impeccable and we should face up to that. ... I've always thought that under\\-populated countries in Africa are vastly underpolluted.\"Office Memorandum from Lawrence M. Summers, Subject: GEP, the World Bank/IMFMIGA, December 12, 1991\\. This was an internal memo at the World Bank, not intended for the public \\-\\- reportedly sarcastic, rather than sincere, according to its authors \\-\\- that highlighted the economic logic of dumping waste in less\\-developed countries. According to Pritchett, the memo, as leaked, was doctored to remove context and intended irony, and was \"a deliberate fraud and forgery to discredit Larry and the World Bank.\"{{cite magazine\\\|url\\=http://www.harvardmagazine.com/on\\-line/050171\\.html\\\|title\\=Toxic Memo\\\|magazine\\= Harvard Magazine\\\|date\\=May–June 2001}}, also posted at: {{cite web\\\|title\\=Toxic memo\\\|url\\=http://www.harvardmagazine.com/2001/05/toxic\\-memo.html\\\|publisher\\=HarvardMagazine.com\\\|access\\-date\\=November 8, 2017\\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203160404/http://www.harvardmagazine.com/on\\-line/050171\\.html\\\|archive\\-date\\=December 3, 2008}}", "### Service in the Clinton Administration", "[thumb\\\|right\\\|Summers as United States Secretary of the Treasury](/wiki/File:Lawrence_Summers_Treasury_portrait.jpg \"Lawrence Summers Treasury portrait.jpg\")\nIn 1993, Summers was appointed Undersecretary for International Affairs and later in the [United States Department of the Treasury](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury \"United States Department of the Treasury\") under the [Clinton](/wiki/Bill_Clinton \"Bill Clinton\") Administration. In 1995, he was promoted to Deputy Secretary of the Treasury under his long\\-time political mentor [Robert Rubin](/wiki/Robert_Rubin \"Robert Rubin\"). In 1999, he succeeded Rubin as [Secretary of the Treasury](/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury \"United States Secretary of the Treasury\").", "Much of Summers's tenure at the Treasury Department was focused on international economic issues. He was deeply involved in the Clinton administration's effort to bail out Mexico and Russia when those nations had currency crises.[A New Economic Team: The Nominee; The Administration's Fiscal Closer](https://www.nytimes.com/1999/05/13/business/a-new-economic-team-the-nominee-the-administration-s-fiscal-closer.html?sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all). [The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\"). May 13, 1999\\.\nSummers set up a project through which the [Harvard Institute for International Development](/wiki/Harvard_Institute_for_International_Development \"Harvard Institute for International Development\") provided advice to the Russian government between 1992 and 1997\\. Later there was a scandal when it emerged that some of the Harvard project members had invested in Russia and were therefore not impartial advisors.{{cite book\n \\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=5ywA163EEewC\\&pg\\=PA79\\\|page\\=79\\\|title\\=Misinterpreting Modern Russia\\\|author\\=Bruno S. Sergi\\\|publisher\\=Continuum International Publishing Group\\\|year\\=2009\\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-8264\\-2772\\-4}}\nSummers encouraged then\\-Russian leader Boris Yeltsin to use the same \"three\\-'ations'\" of policy he advocated in the Clinton Administration – \"privatization, stabilization, and liberalization.\"Naomi Klein, \"The Shock Doctrine\", p. 231", "Summers pressured the Korean government to raise its interest rates and balance its budget in the midst of a recession, policies criticized by [Paul Krugman](/wiki/Paul_Krugman \"Paul Krugman\") and [Joseph Stiglitz](/wiki/Joseph_Stiglitz \"Joseph Stiglitz\").{{cite news\\\|first\\=Paul\\\|last\\=Blustein\\\|title\\=The Chastening\\\|url\\=http://www.publicaffairsbooks.com/publicaffairsbooks\\-cgi\\-bin/display?book\\=9781586481810\\\|publisher\\=Public Affairs, New York\\\|year\\=2001\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101208005946/http://www.publicaffairsbooks.com/publicaffairsbooks\\-cgi\\-bin/display?book\\=9781586481810\\\|archive\\-date\\=December 8, 2010\\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}\n According to the book The Chastening, by Paul Blustein, during this crisis, Summers, along with [Paul Wolfowitz](/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz \"Paul Wolfowitz\"), pushed for regime change in Indonesia.{{cite news\\\|first\\=Paul\\\|last\\=Blustein\\\|title\\=The Chastening\\\|url\\=http://www.publicaffairsbooks.com/publicaffairsbooks\\-cgi\\-bin/display?book\\=9781586481810\\\|page\\=232\\\|publisher\\=Public Affairs, New York\\\|year\\=2001\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101208005946/http://www.publicaffairsbooks.com/publicaffairsbooks\\-cgi\\-bin/display?book\\=9781586481810\\\|archive\\-date\\=December 8, 2010\\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}", "", "Summers was a leading voice within the Clinton Administration arguing against American leadership in [greenhouse gas](/wiki/Greenhouse_gas \"Greenhouse gas\") reductions and against US participation in the [Kyoto Protocol](/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol \"Kyoto Protocol\"), according to internal documents made public in 2009\\.{{cite news \\\|first\\=Robert\\\|last\\=Wampler\\\|title\\=Kyoto Redux? Obama's Challenges at Copenhagen Echo Clinton's at Kyoto\\\|url\\=http://www.gwu.edu/\\~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB303/index.htm\\\|publisher\\=National Security Archive at George Washington University\\\|access\\-date\\=April 10, 2010\\\|date\\=December 18, 2009}}", "", "As Treasury Secretary, Summers led the Clinton Administration's opposition to tax cuts proposed by the Republican Congress in 1999\\.[Aides Say Clinton Would Veto Tax Compromise](https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/special/budget/stories/taxes072699.htm). [The Washington Post](/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\"). July 26, 1999\\.", "During the California [energy crisis of 2000](/wiki/2000%E2%80%9301_California_electricity_crisis \"2000–01 California electricity crisis\"), then\\-Treasury Secretary Summers teamed with [Alan Greenspan](/wiki/Alan_Greenspan \"Alan Greenspan\") and [Enron](/wiki/Enron \"Enron\") executive [Kenneth Lay](/wiki/Kenneth_Lay \"Kenneth Lay\") to lecture California Governor [Gray Davis](/wiki/Gray_Davis \"Gray Davis\") on the causes of the crisis, explaining that the problem was excessive government regulation.{{cite news \\\|first\\=Paul\\\|last\\=Krugman\\\|author\\-link\\=Paul Krugman\\\|title\\=California Energy Memories\\\|url\\=https://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/11/20/california\\-energy\\-memories/\\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]]\\\|date\\=November 20, 2008\\\|access\\-date\\=April 4, 2010}}\n Under the advice of Kenneth Lay, Summers urged Davis to relax California's environmental standards in order to reassure the markets.{{cite web \\\|first\\=Alex\\\|last\\=Gibney\\\|author\\-link\\=Alex Gibney\\\|title\\=Larry Summers' Enron Problem\\\|url\\=http://www.thedailybeast.com/blogs\\-and\\-stories/2008\\-11\\-12/larry\\-summers\\-and\\-enron/\\\|website\\=\\[\\[The Daily Beast]]}}", "", "Summers hailed the [Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act](/wiki/Gramm%E2%80%93Leach%E2%80%93Bliley_Act \"Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act\") in 1999, which lifted more than six decades of restrictions against banks offering [commercial banking](/wiki/Commercial_banking \"Commercial banking\"), insurance, and investment services (by repealing key provisions in the 1933 [Glass–Steagall Act](/wiki/Glass%E2%80%93Steagall_Act \"Glass–Steagall Act\")): \"Today Congress voted to update the rules that have governed financial services since the [Great Depression](/wiki/Great_Depression \"Great Depression\") and replace them with a system for the 21st century,\" Summers said.{{cite news\\\|work\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]]\\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/11/05/business/congress\\-passes\\-wide\\-ranging\\-bill\\-easing\\-bank\\-laws.html\\\|title\\=Congress Passes Wide Ranging Law Repealing Bank laws\\\|date\\=November 5, 1999\\\|access\\-date\\=March 25, 2009\\\|first\\=Stephen\\\|last\\=Labaton}} \"This historic legislation will better enable American companies to compete in the new economy.\" Many critics, including [President](/wiki/POTUS \"POTUS\") [Barack Obama](/wiki/Barack_Obama \"Barack Obama\"), have suggested the [2007 subprime mortgage financial crisis](/wiki/2007_subprime_mortgage_financial_crisis \"2007 subprime mortgage financial crisis\") was caused by the partial repeal of the 1933 Glass–Steagall Act.{{cite news\\\|url\\=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB123665023774979341\\\|title\\=Ten Questions for Those Fixing the Financial Mess\\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Wall Street Journal]]\\\|date\\=March 10, 2009\\\|access\\-date\\=March 26, 2009\\\|first\\=Damian\\\|last\\=Paletta}} Indeed, as a member of President Clinton's [Working Group on Financial Markets](/wiki/Working_Group_on_Financial_Markets \"Working Group on Financial Markets\"), Summers, along with U.S. [Securities and Exchange Commission](/wiki/Securities_and_Exchange_Commission \"Securities and Exchange Commission\") (SEC) Chairman [Arthur Levitt](/wiki/Arthur_Levitt \"Arthur Levitt\"), Fed Chairman Greenspan, and Secretary Rubin, torpedoed an effort to regulate the derivatives that many blame for bringing the financial market down in Fall 2008\\.{{cite news\\\|work\\=\\[\\[Frontline (U.S. TV series)\\\|Frontline]]/PBS\\\|url\\=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/warning/view/\\#morelink\\\|title\\=the warning\\\|date\\=October 23, 2009\\\|access\\-date\\=October 26, 2009}}", "#### Views on financial regulation", "On May 7, 1998, the [Commodity Futures Trading Commission](/wiki/Commodity_Futures_Trading_Commission \"Commodity Futures Trading Commission\") (CFTC) issued a Concept Release soliciting input from regulators, academics, and practitioners to determine \"how best to maintain adequate regulatory safeguards without impairing the ability of the OTC ([over\\-the\\-counter](/wiki/Over-the-counter_%28finance%29 \"Over-the-counter (finance)\")) derivatives market to grow and the ability of U.S. entities to remain competitive in the global financial marketplace.\"{{cite web \\\|title\\=CFTC Issues Concept Release Concerning Over\\-The\\-Counter Derivatives Market\\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission]]\\\|date\\=May 7, 1998\\\|access\\-date\\=September 16, 2013\\\|url\\=http://www.cftc.gov/opa/press98/opa4142\\-98\\.htm}} On July 30, 1998, then\\-Deputy Secretary of the Treasury Summers testified before the U.S. Congress that \"the parties to these kinds of contract are largely sophisticated financial institutions that would appear to be eminently capable of protecting themselves from fraud and counterparty insolvencies.\" At the time Summers stated that \"to date there has been no clear evidence of a need for additional regulation of the institutional OTC derivatives market, and we would submit that proponents of such regulation must bear the burden of demonstrating that need.\"{{cite news\\\|last\\=Summers\\\|first\\=Lawrence\\\|title\\=Lawrence H. Summers Testimony\\\|date\\=July 30, 1998\\\|url\\=http://ustreas.gov/press/releases/rr2616\\.htm\\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091025220333/http://www.ustreas.gov/press/releases/rr2616\\.htm\\\|archive\\-date\\=October 25, 2009}}\nIn 1999 Summers endorsed the Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act which removed the separation between investment and commercial banks, saying \"With this bill, the American financial system takes a major step forward towards the 21st Century.\"{{cite book \\\|pages\\=142–143\\\|lccn\\=2011286013\\\|author\\-link\\=David Orrell\\\|last\\=Orrell\\\|first\\=David \\\| title\\-link\\=Economyths\\\|title\\=Economyths : ten ways economics gets it wrong\\\|location\\=\\[\\[Mississauga, Ontario]]\\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[John Wiley \\& Sons Canada, Ltd]]\\\|year\\=2010\\\|isbn\\=9780470677933}}", "When [George Stephanopoulos](/wiki/George_Stephanopoulos \"George Stephanopoulos\") asked Summers about the financial crisis in an ABC interview on March 15, 2009, Summers replied that \"there are a lot of terrible things that have happened in the last eighteen months, but what's happened at A.I.G. ... the way it was not regulated, the way no one was watching ... is outrageous.\"{{Cite book \\\|last\\=Friedman \\\|first\\=Jeff \\\|url\\=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/793012561 \\\|title\\=What Caused the Financial Crisis \\\|publisher\\=University of Pennsylvania Press \\\|year\\=2011 \\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-8122\\-0493\\-3 \\\|location\\=Philadelphia \\\|pages\\=312 \\\|oclc\\=793012561}}", "In February 2009, Summers quoted [John Maynard Keynes](/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes \"John Maynard Keynes\"), saying \"When circumstances change, I change my opinion\", reflecting both on the failures of [Wall Street](/wiki/Wall_Street \"Wall Street\") deregulation and his new leadership role in the government bailout.{{cite news\\\|author\\=Michael Hirsh\\\|title\\=The Reeducation of Larry Summers\\\|url\\=http://www.newsweek.com/reeducation\\-larry\\-summers\\-82289\\\|access\\-date\\=January 4, 2014\\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Newsweek]]\\\|date\\=February 20, 2009}} On April 18, 2010, in an interview on ABC's \"This Week\" program, Clinton said Summers was wrong in the advice he gave him not to regulate derivatives.{{Cite news \\\|last\\=Zumbrun \\\|first\\=Joshua \\\|date\\=April 19, 2010 \\\|title\\=Clinton Calls Advice He Got on Derivatives 'Wrong' \\\|language\\=en \\\|work\\=\\[\\[Bloomberg News\\\|Bloomberg]] \\\|url\\=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2010\\-04\\-18/clinton\\-says\\-rubin\\-summers\\-gave\\-him\\-wrong\\-advice\\-on\\-derivatives\\-rules \\\|url\\-access\\=subscription \\\|access\\-date\\=April 27, 2023}}", "{{anchor\\\|Harvard president}}", "### President of Harvard", "In 2001, when [George W. Bush](/wiki/George_W._Bush \"George W. Bush\") became [President](/wiki/President_of_the_United_States \"President of the United States\"), Summers left the Treasury Department and returned to Harvard as its 27th president, serving from July 2001 until June 2006\\. He was Harvard's first Jewish president,YUNews [Director of the National Economic Council, Dr. Lawrence H. Summers, is Keynote Speaker at Yeshiva University's Annual Hanukkah Dinner and Convocation on December 13](https://www.yu.edu/news/director-of-the-national-economic-council-dr-lawrence-h-summers-is-keynote-speaker-at-yeshiva-universitys-annual-hanukkah-dinner-and-convocation-on-december-13), November 18, 2009The Harvard Crimson [Did Summers' Faith Affect His Fall?](https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2006/3/3/did-summers-faith-affect-his-fall/), March 3, 2006The Harvard Crimson [A Milestone of Faith](https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2001/10/14/a-milestone-of-faith-in-1922/), October 14, 2001 though his predecessor Neil Rudenstine's father was Jewish.[Harvard's First Jewish President](http://www.thecrimson.com/article.aspx?ref=511933). [The Harvard Crimson](/wiki/The_Harvard_Crimson \"The Harvard Crimson\"). March 8, 2006", "A number of Summers's decisions at Harvard have attracted public controversy, either at the time or since his resignation.", "#### Cornel West affair", "In an October 2001 meeting, Summers criticized African American Studies department head [Cornel West](/wiki/Cornel_West \"Cornel West\") for allegedly missing three weeks of classes to work on the [Bill Bradley](/wiki/Bill_Bradley \"Bill Bradley\") presidential campaign and complained that West was contributing to [grade inflation](/wiki/Grade_inflation \"Grade inflation\"). Summers also claimed that West's \"rap\" album was an \"embarrassment\" to the university. West pushed back strongly against the accusations.{{cite news \\\|url\\=https://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2006/06/06/some\\_seek\\_a\\_scholars\\_return/\\\|title\\=Some seek a scholar's return\\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Boston Globe]]\\\|date\\=June 6, 2006\\\|first1\\=Marcella\\\|last1\\=Bombardieri}} \"The hip\\-hop scared him. It's a stereotypical reaction\", he said later. West, who later called Summers both \"uninformed\" and \"an unprincipled power player\" in describing this encounter in his book Democracy Matters (2004\\), subsequently returned to [Princeton University](/wiki/Princeton_University \"Princeton University\"), where he had taught prior to [Harvard University](/wiki/Harvard_University \"Harvard University\").", "#### Differences between the sexes", "{{See also\\\|Women in science}}", "In January 2005, at a Conference on Diversifying the Science \\& Engineering Workforce sponsored by the [National Bureau of Economic Research](/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Economic_Research \"National Bureau of Economic Research\"), Summers sparked controversy with his discussion of why women may have been underrepresented \"in tenured positions in science and engineering at top universities and research institutions\". The conference was designed to be off\\-the\\-record so that participants could speak candidly without fear of public misunderstanding or disclosure later.{{cite news \\\|last1\\=Dillon \\\|first1\\=Sam \\\|title\\=Harvard Chief Defends His Talk on Women \\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]] \\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/01/18/us/harvard\\-chief\\-defends\\-his\\-talk\\-on\\-women.html \\\|access\\-date\\=February 13, 2022 \\\|date\\=February 18, 2005}}", "Summers had prefaced his talk, saying he was adopting an \"entirely [positive](/wiki/Positivism \"Positivism\"), rather than [normative](/wiki/Normative \"Normative\") approach\" and that his remarks were intended to be an \"attempt at provocation\".{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.president.harvard.edu/speeches/2005/nber.html \\\|title\\=Archive of: Remarks at NBER Conference on Diversifying the Science \\& Engineering Workforce \\\|access\\-date\\=January 30, 2008 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080130023006/http://www.president.harvard.edu/speeches/2005/nber.html \\\|archive\\-date\\=January 30, 2008 }}. January 14, 2005\\.", "Summers then began by identifying three hypotheses for the higher proportion of men in high\\-end science and engineering positions:", "1. The high\\-powered job hypothesis\n2. Different availability of [aptitude](/wiki/Aptitude \"Aptitude\") at the high end\n3. Different socialization and patterns of discrimination in a search", "The second hypothesis, the generally [greater variability among men](/wiki/Variability_hypothesis \"Variability hypothesis\") (compared to women) in tests of cognitive abilities,Hedges, L. V., \\& Nowell, A. (1995\\). \"Sex differences in mental scores, variability, and numbers of high scoring individuals\". Science, 269, 41–45\\.Lehrke, R. (1997\\). Sex linkage of intelligence: The X\\-Factor. New York: Praeger.Lubinski, D., \\& Benbow, C. M. (2006\\). \"Study of mathematically precocious youth after 35 years\". Perspectives on Psychological Science, 1, 316–345\\. leading to proportionally more males than females at both the lower and upper tails of the test score distributions, caused the most controversy. In his discussion of this hypothesis, Summers said that \"even small differences in the standard deviation \\[between genders] will translate into very large differences in the available pool substantially out \\[from the mean]\". Summers referenced research that implied differences between the standard deviations of males and females in the top 5% of twelfth graders under various tests. He then went on to argue that, if this research were to be accepted, then \"whatever the set of attributes ... that are precisely defined to correlate with being an aeronautical engineer at MIT or being a chemist at Berkeley ... are probably different in their standard deviations as well\".", "Summers then concluded his discussion of the three hypotheses by saying:", "", "> So my best guess, to provoke you, of what's behind all of this is that the largest phenomenon, by far, is the general clash between people's legitimate family desires and employers' current desire for high power and high intensity, that in the special case of science and engineering, there are issues of intrinsic aptitude, and particularly of the variability of aptitude, and that those considerations are reinforced by what are in fact lesser factors involving socialization and continuing discrimination. I would like nothing better than to be proved wrong, because I would like nothing better than for these problems to be addressable simply by everybody understanding what they are, and working very hard to address them.", "Summers then went on to discuss approaches to remedying the shortage of women in high\\-end science and engineering positions.", "This lunch\\-time talk drew accusations of sexism and careless scholarship, and an intense negative response followed, both nationally and at Harvard.[Summers' Remarks on Women Draw Fire](https://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2005/01/17/summers_remarks_on_women_draw_fire/){{dead link\\\|date\\=March 2024}}. The Boston Globe. January 17, 2005 Summers apologized repeatedly.{{cite magazine \\\|last\\=Saletan\\\|first\\=William\\\|author\\-link\\=William Saletan\\\|date\\=January 21, 2005\\\|title\\=Don't Worry Your Pretty Little Head\\\|url\\=http://www.slate.com/id/2112570/\\\|magazine\\=\\[\\[Slate (magazine)\\\|Slate]]}} Nevertheless, the controversy is speculated to have contributed to his resigning his position as president of Harvard University the following year, as well as costing Summers the job of [Treasury Secretary](/wiki/Treasury_Secretary \"Treasury Secretary\") in [Obama's administration](/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama \"Presidency of Barack Obama\").[Summers's 'sexism' costs him top Treasury job](https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/summersrsquo-lsquosexismrsquo-costs-him-top-treasury-job-1033373.html). [The Independent](/wiki/The_Independent \"The Independent\"). November 24, 2008", "Summers's protégée [Sheryl Sandberg](/wiki/Sheryl_Sandberg \"Sheryl Sandberg\") has defended him, saying that \"Larry has been a true advocate for women throughout his career\" at the World Bank and Treasury. Referring to the lunch talk, Sandberg said, \"What few seem to note is that it is remarkable that he was giving the speech in the first place – that he cared enough about women's careers and their trajectory in the fields of math and science to proactively analyze the issues and talk about what was going wrong\".{{cite news\\\|author\\=Sheryl Sandberg\\\|title\\=Larry Summers' True Record on Women\\\|url\\=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/sheryl\\-sandberg/what\\-larry\\-summers\\-has\\-do\\_b\\_142126\\.html\\\|access\\-date\\=January 4, 2014\\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[HuffPost]]\\\|date\\=November 7, 2008\\\|author\\-link\\=Sheryl Sandberg}}", "In 2016, remarking upon [political correctness](/wiki/Political_correctness \"Political correctness\") in institutions of higher education, Summers said:", "", "> There is a great deal of absurd political correctness. Now, I'm somebody who believes very strongly in diversity, who resists racism in all of its many incarnations, who thinks that there is a great deal that's unjust in American society that needs to be combated, but it seems to be that there is a kind of creeping totalitarianism in terms of what kind of ideas are acceptable and are debatable on college campuses.{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://conversationswithbillkristol.org/video/larry\\-summers\\-ii/?start\\=15\\&end\\=1606\\\|title\\=Larry Summers II on Conversations with Bill Kristol\\\|website\\=ConversationsWithBillKristol.org\\\|access\\-date\\=November 8, 2017}}", "#### Summers' opposition and support at Harvard", "On March 15, 2005, members of the [Harvard Faculty of Arts and Sciences](/wiki/Harvard_Faculty_of_Arts_and_Sciences \"Harvard Faculty of Arts and Sciences\"), which instructs graduate students in [Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences](/wiki/Harvard_Graduate_School_of_Arts_and_Sciences \"Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences\") and undergraduates in [Harvard College](/wiki/Harvard_College \"Harvard College\"), passed 218–185 a motion of \"lack of confidence\" in the leadership of Summers, with 18 abstentions. A second motion that offered a milder censure of the president passed 253 to 137, also with 18 abstentions.", "The members of the [Harvard Corporation](/wiki/Harvard_Corporation \"Harvard Corporation\"), the University's highest governing body, are in charge of the selection of the president and issued statements strongly supporting Summers.", "FAS faculty were not unanimous in their comments against Summers. Psychologist [Steven Pinker](/wiki/Steven_Pinker \"Steven Pinker\") defended the legitimacy of Summers's January lecture. When asked if Summers's talk was \"within the pale of legitimate academic discourse,\" Pinker responded \"Good grief, shouldn't everything be within the pale of legitimate academic discourse, as long as it is presented with some degree of rigor? That's the difference between a university and a [madrassa](/wiki/Madrassa \"Madrassa\"). There is certainly enough evidence for the hypothesis to be taken seriously.\"[Psychoanalysis Q\\-and\\-A: Steven Pinker](https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2005/1/19/psychoanalysis-q-and-a-steven-pinker-in-an/). [The Harvard Crimson](/wiki/The_Harvard_Crimson \"The Harvard Crimson\"). January 19, 2005", "Summers had stronger support among Harvard College students than among the college faculty. One poll by [The Harvard Crimson](/wiki/The_Harvard_Crimson \"The Harvard Crimson\") indicated that students opposed his resignation by a three\\-to\\-one margin, with 57% of responding students opposing his resignation and 19% supporting it.[Poll: Students Say Summers Should Stay](http://www.thecrimson.com/article.aspx?ref=511421). [The Harvard Crimson](/wiki/The_Harvard_Crimson \"The Harvard Crimson\"). February 20, 2006", "In July 2005, a board member of Harvard Corporation, [Conrad K. Harper](/wiki/Conrad_K._Harper \"Conrad K. Harper\"), resigned saying he was angered both by the university president's comments about women and by Summers being given a salary increase. The resignation letter to the president said, \"I could not and cannot support a raise in your salary, ... I believe that Harvard's best interests require your resignation.\"{{cite news\\\|last\\=Finder\\\|first\\=Alan\\\|title\\=A Harvard Governor, Dissatisfied, Resigns\\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/29/education/29harvard.html?\\_r\\=0\\\|access\\-date\\=December 5, 2013\\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]]\\\|date\\=July 29, 2005}}[Board Member's Letter of Resignation](https://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/02/education/02htext.html). [The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\"). August 2, 2005", "#### Support of economist Andrei Shleifer", "Harvard and [Andrei Shleifer](/wiki/Andrei_Shleifer \"Andrei Shleifer\"), a close friend and protégé of Summers, controversially paid $28\\.5 million to settle a [lawsuit](/wiki/Lawsuit \"Lawsuit\") by the U.S. government over the [conflict of interest](/wiki/Conflict_of_interest \"Conflict of interest\") Shleifer had while advising [Russia's privatization program](/wiki/Russia%27s_privatization_program \"Russia's privatization program\"). The US government had sued Shleifer under the [False Claims Act](/wiki/False_Claims_Act \"False Claims Act\"), as he bought [Russian](/wiki/Russia \"Russia\") stocks while designing the country's [privatization](/wiki/Privatization \"Privatization\"). In 2004, a federal judge ruled that while Harvard had violated the contract, Shleifer and his associate alone were liable for [treble damages](/wiki/Treble_damages \"Treble damages\").", "In June 2005, Harvard and Shleifer announced that they had reached a tentative settlement with the US government. In August, Harvard, Shleifer, and the [Department of Justice](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice \"United States Department of Justice\") reached an agreement under which the university paid $26\\.5 million to settle the five\\-year\\-old lawsuit. Shleifer was also responsible for paying $2 million worth of damages.", "Because Harvard paid almost all of the damages and allowed Shleifer to retain his faculty position, the settlement provoked allegations of favoritism by Summers. His continued support for Shleifer strengthened Summers's unpopularity with other professors, as reported in The Harvard Crimson:", "{{Blockquote\\\|I've been a member of this Faculty for over 45 years, and I am no longer easily shocked,\" is how Frederick H. Abernathy, the McKay professor of mechanical engineering, began his biting comments about the Shleifer case at Tuesday's fiery Faculty meeting. But, Abernathy continued, \"I was deeply shocked and disappointed by the actions of this University\" in the Shleifer affair.{{cite news\\\|title\\='Tawdry Shleifer Affair' Stokes Faculty Anger Toward Summers\\\|url\\=http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2006/2/10/tawdry\\-shleifer\\-affair\\-stokes\\-faculty\\-anger/\\\|access\\-date\\=30 May 2013\\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Harvard Crimson]]\\\|date\\=10 Feb 2006\\\|author\\=Nicholas Ciarelli\\\|author2\\=Anton Troianovski}}}}", "#### In Russia", "{{See also\\\|Loans for shares scheme}}\nAn 18,000\\-word article \"How Harvard Lost Russia\" in [Institutional Investor](/wiki/Institutional_Investor_%28magazine%29 \"Institutional Investor (magazine)\") by David McClintick detailed Shleifer's alleged efforts to use his [inside knowledge](/wiki/Insider_trading \"Insider trading\") of and sway over the Russian economy in order to make lucrative personal investments, all while leading a Harvard group, advising the Russian government, that was under contract with the U.S. The article suggests that Summers shielded his fellow economist from disciplinary action by the university, and it noted that Summers had forewarned Shleifer and his wife Nancy Zimmerman about the conflict\\-of\\-interest regulations back in 1996\\.{{Cite news \\\|last\\=McClintick \\\|first\\=David \\\|date\\=January 13, 2006 \\\|title\\=How Harvard Lost Russia \\\|work\\=Institutional Investor \\\|url\\=https://www.institutionalinvestor.com/article/b150npp3q49x7w/how\\-harvard\\-lost\\-russia \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140705041205/http://www.institutionalinvestor.com/Article/1020662/How\\-Harvard\\-lost\\-Russia.html\\#/.V0mIqpF97nE \\\|archive\\-date\\=July 5, 2014}} Summers's friendship with Shleifer was well known by the corporation when it selected him to succeed Rudenstine and Summers recused himself from all proceedings with Shleifer, whose case was actually handled by an independent committee led by former Harvard president [Derek Bok](/wiki/Derek_Bok \"Derek Bok\").", "#### Connection to Jeffrey Epstein", "An article in The Harvard Crimson in 2003, during Summers's tenure as president, detailed a reportedly \"special connection\" between Summers and [Jeffrey Epstein](/wiki/Jeffrey_Epstein \"Jeffrey Epstein\").{{Cite web\\\|last\\= Scharnick\\\|first\\=Jaquelyn M.\\\|date\\=May 1, 2003\\\|url\\=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2003/5/1/mogul\\-donor\\-gives\\-harvard\\-more\\-than/?page\\=single\\\|title\\=Mogul Donor Gives Harvard More Than Money\\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Harvard Crimson]]\\\|language\\=en\\\|access\\-date\\=July 12, 2019}} Epstein pledged to donate at least $25 million to Harvard during Summers's tenure to endow Harvard's Program for Evolutionary Dynamics, and Epstein was given an office at Harvard for his personal use.{{Cite magazine\\\|url\\=https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2003/03/jeffrey\\-epstein\\-200303\\\|title\\=The Talented Mr. Epstein\\\|last\\=Ward\\\|first\\=Vicky\\\|date\\=March 2003\\\|magazine\\=\\[\\[Vanity Fair (magazine)\\\|Vanity Fair]]\\\|access\\-date\\=July 12, 2019\\\|quote\\=Epstein has pledged at least $25 million to Harvard to create the Epstein Program for Mathematical Biology and Evolutionary Dynamics, and Epstein will have an office at the university...He says he was reluctant to have his name attached to the program, but Summers persuaded him. }}{{Cite web\\\|url\\=https://ped.fas.harvard.edu/home\\\|title\\=Program for Evolutionary Dynamics\\\|website\\=ped.fas.harvard.edu\\\|language\\=en\\\|access\\-date\\=July 12, 2019}} Epstein otherwise had no formal connection to Harvard. Summers's ties to Epstein reportedly began \"a number of years...before Summers became Harvard's president and even before he was the Secretary of the Treasury.\" Flight records introduced as evidence in the 2021 trial of Epstein associate [Ghislaine Maxwell](/wiki/Ghislaine_Maxwell \"Ghislaine Maxwell\") show that Summers flew on Jeffrey Epstein's private plane on at least four occasions, including once in 1998 when Summers was [United States Deputy Secretary of the Treasury](/wiki/United_States_Deputy_Secretary_of_the_Treasury \"United States Deputy Secretary of the Treasury\") and at least three times while Harvard president.{{Cite web\\\|url\\=https://s3\\.documentcloud.org/documents/21165424/epstein\\-flight\\-logs\\-released\\-in\\-usa\\-vs\\-maxwell.pdf\\\|title\\=Epstein Flight Logs Released in USA vs. Maxwell\\\|language\\=en\\\|access\\-date\\=December 27, 2021}} A charity funded by Epstein also donated to the production of a [PBS](/wiki/PBS \"PBS\") show hosted by Summers's wife and Harvard professor [Elisa New](/wiki/Elisa_New \"Elisa New\").{{Cite news\\\|url\\=https://www.thedailybeast.com/jeffrey\\-epstein\\-has\\-a\\-secret\\-charity\\-heres\\-who\\-it\\-gave\\-money\\-to?ref\\=scroll\\\|title\\=REVEALED: We Found Billionaire Pedophile Jeffrey Epstein's Secret Charity\\\|last\\=Briquelet\\\|first\\=Kate\\\|date\\=July 10, 2019\\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Daily Beast]]\\\|access\\-date\\=July 12, 2019\\\|quote\\=In 2016, Gratitude America Ltd. shelled out $110,000 to Verse Video Education. The Cambridge, Massachusetts\\-based nonprofit produces the PBS show Poetry in America, whose creator and host is Harvard professor Elisa New. Verse's 2016 tax return named New as the group's president but doesn't include specific donors for its $1\\.38 million in total contributions. New is married to Summers, Harvard University's former president, who hobnobbed with Epstein in elite international relations groups and, like Bill Clinton, flew on Epstein's private jet.}}", "#### Winklevoss twins and Facebook", "In February 2004, the [Winklevoss twins](/wiki/Winklevoss_twins \"Winklevoss twins\") requested a meeting with Summers in order to ask him to intervene on their behalf in an ongoing dispute they had with [Facebook](/wiki/Facebook \"Facebook\") founder [Mark Zuckerberg](/wiki/Mark_Zuckerberg \"Mark Zuckerberg\"). The Winklevosses believed that Zuckerberg had stolen their idea for a social networking website and launched Facebook on his own, after they had asked him to be a part of their project, then called HarvardConnection. Summers believed that the matter was outside the university's jurisdiction and advised the twins to take their complaint to the courts.{{cite news \\\|first\\=Shirin \\\|last\\=Sharif \\\|title\\=Harvard grads face off against thefacebook.com \\\|date\\=August 5, 2004 \\\|publisher\\=The Stanford Daily \\\|url\\=http://www.stanforddaily.com/2004/08/05/harvard\\-grads\\-face\\-off\\-against\\-thefacebookcom/ \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100618102603/http://www.stanforddaily.com/2004/08/05/harvard\\-grads\\-face\\-off\\-against\\-thefacebookcom/ \\\|archive\\-date\\=June 18, 2010 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead }}", "#### Resignation as Harvard President", "On February 21, 2006, Summers announced his intention to step down at the end of the school year effective June 30, 2006\\. Harvard agreed to provide Summers on his resignation with a one\\-year paid [sabbatical](/wiki/Sabbatical \"Sabbatical\") leave, subsidized a $1 million outstanding loan from the university for his personal residence, and provided other payments.President and Fellows of Harvard College, [IRS](/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Service \"Internal Revenue Service\") Form 990, 2006 \\& 2007\\. Former University President [Derek Bok](/wiki/Derek_Bok \"Derek Bok\") acted as Interim President while the University conducted a search for a replacement which ended with the naming of [Drew Gilpin Faust](/wiki/Drew_Gilpin_Faust \"Drew Gilpin Faust\") on February 11, 2007\\.", "### Post\\-Harvard presidency career", "[right\\\|thumb\\\|President [Barack Obama](/wiki/Barack_Obama \"Barack Obama\"), on left, discusses with a group in the White House, including Larry Summers on far right (back to camera).](/wiki/File:Barack_Obama_talks_during_the_Daily_Economic_Briefing%2C_January_2009.jpg \"Barack Obama talks during the Daily Economic Briefing, January 2009.jpg\")\nAfter a one\\-year sabbatical, Summers subsequently accepted Harvard University's invitation to serve as the [Charles W. Eliot](/wiki/Charles_W._Eliot \"Charles W. Eliot\") University Professor, one of 20 [select University\\-wide professorships](/wiki/Harvard_University_Professor \"Harvard University Professor\"), with offices in the Kennedy School of Government and the Harvard Business School.{{cite news \\\|last\\=Schuker\\\|first\\=Daniel J. T.\\\|title\\=Summers Named Eliot Univ. Prof\\\|date\\=July 7, 2006\\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Harvard Crimson]]\\\|url\\=http://www.thecrimson.com/article.aspx?ref\\=513918}} In 2006 he was also a member of the Panel of Eminent Persons which reviewed the work of the [United Nations Conference on Trade and Development](/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_Trade_and_Development \"United Nations Conference on Trade and Development\"). He is a member in the [Group of Thirty](/wiki/Group_of_Thirty \"Group of Thirty\"). He also currently serves on the [Berggruen Institute](/wiki/Berggruen_Institute \"Berggruen Institute\")'s 21st Century Council and was part of a 2015 Berggruen\\-organized meeting with Chinese president [Xi Jinping](/wiki/Xi_Jinping \"Xi Jinping\").{{Cite web\\\|url\\=http://governance.berggruen.org/councils/21st\\-century\\-council/members\\\|title\\=Berggruen Institute\\\|access\\-date\\=April 17, 2017\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613084722/http://governance.berggruen.org/councils/21st\\-century\\-council/members\\\|archive\\-date\\=June 13, 2018\\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}[\"Why Nicolas Berggruen is Creating an Institute for Geniuses\"](http://www.townandcountrymag.com/society/money-and-power/a5994/nicolas-berggreun-interview/), [Town and Country](/wiki/Town_and_Country_%28magazine%29 \"Town and Country (magazine)\"), May 11, 2016\\. \"Another wing of the Berggruen Institute has technologists like Elon Musk and Twitter co\\-founder Jack Dorsey, as well as former treasury secretary Larry Summers.\"", "### Business interests", "On October 19, 2006, Summers was hired as a part\\-time managing director of the New York\\-based hedge fund [D. E. Shaw \\& Co.](/wiki/D._E._Shaw_%26_Co. \"D. E. Shaw & Co.\") for which he received $5 million in salary and other compensation over a 16\\-month period.{{cite news \\\|last\\=Levy\\\|first\\=Ari\\\|title\\=Summers Joins Andreessen Horowitz as a Part\\-Time Adviser to Entrepreneurs\\\|date\\=June 30, 2011\\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Bloomberg News\\\|Bloomberg]]\\\|url\\=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011\\-06\\-29/lawrence\\-summers\\-joins\\-andreessen\\-horowitz\\-as\\-an\\-adviser\\-to\\-venture\\-firm.html}} At the same time Summers earned $2\\.7 million in speaking fees from major financial institutions, including [Goldman Sachs](/wiki/Goldman_Sachs \"Goldman Sachs\"), [JPMorgan Chase](/wiki/JPMorgan_Chase \"JPMorgan Chase\"), [Citigroup](/wiki/Citigroup \"Citigroup\"), [Merrill Lynch](/wiki/Merrill_Lynch \"Merrill Lynch\") and [Lehman Brothers](/wiki/Lehman_Brothers \"Lehman Brothers\").{{cite news \\\|url\\=http://www.salon.com/2009/04/04/summers/\\\|title\\=Larry Summers, Tim Geithner and Wall Street's ownership of government\\\|last1\\=Greenwald\\\|first1\\=Glenn\\\|date\\=April 4, 2009\\\|work\\=\\[\\[Salon (website)\\\|Salon]]\\\|access\\-date\\=August 10, 2013}} Upon being nominated Treasury Secretary by President Clinton in 1999, Summers listed assets of about $900,000 and debts, including a mortgage, of $500,000\\. By the time he returned in 2009 to serve in the Obama administration, he reported a net worth between $17 million and $39 million. He is a former member of the Steering Committee of the [Bilderberg Group](/wiki/Bilderberg_Group \"Bilderberg Group\").{{Cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.bilderbergmeetings.org/former\\-steering\\-committee\\-members.html \\\|title\\=Former Steering Committee Members \\\|work\\=bilderbergmeetings.org \\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Bilderberg Group]] \\\|access\\-date\\=February 8, 2014 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202095633/http://www.bilderbergmeetings.org/former\\-steering\\-committee\\-members.html \\\|archive\\-date\\=February 2, 2014 }} In 2013, Summers became an early angel investor in India's first car rental company, [Zoomcar](/wiki/Zoomcar \"Zoomcar\"), which was started by his former [Harvard](/wiki/Harvard \"Harvard\") Teaching Fellow.{{cite web\\\|url\\=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2013/08/08/indian\\-drivers\\-attract\\-fed\\-hopeful\\-larry\\-summers/\\\|title\\=Indian Drivers Attract Larry Summers\\\|first\\=W. S. J.\\\|last\\=Staff\\\|date\\=August 8, 2013\\\|website\\=WSJ.com\\\|access\\-date\\=November 8, 2017}}", "### National Economic Council", "Upon the inauguration of [Barack Obama](/wiki/Barack_Obama \"Barack Obama\") as president in January 2009, Summers was appointed to the post of director of the [National Economic Council](/wiki/National_Economic_Council_%28United_States%29 \"National Economic Council (United States)\").{{Cite news\\\|url\\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp\\-dyn/content/article/2010/09/21/AR2010092104828\\.html\\\|title\\=Lawrence Summers to leave economic council, return to Harvard\\\|last\\=Montgomery\\\|first\\=Lori\\\|date\\=September 22, 2010\\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Washington Post]]\\\|access\\-date\\=August 7, 2017\\\|language\\=en\\-US\\\|issn\\=0190\\-8286}} In this position Summers emerged as a key economic decision\\-maker in the Obama administration, where he attracted both praise and criticism. There had been friction between Summers and former Federal Reserve Chairman [Paul Volcker](/wiki/Paul_Volcker \"Paul Volcker\"), as Volcker accused Summers of delaying the effort to organize a panel of outside economic advisers, and Summers had cut Volcker out of White House meetings and had not shown interest in collaborating on policy solutions to the economic crisis.{{cite news \\\| last\\=Schmidt \\\| first\\=Robert \\\|author2\\=Julianna Goldman\\\|title\\=Volcker Chafes at Obama Panel Delay, Strains With Summers Rise\\\|work\\=\\[\\[Bloomberg News\\\|Bloomberg]]\\\|date\\=February 5, 2009\\\|url\\=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid\\=washingtonstory\\&sid\\=aaLzJZKNcc6Y}} On the other hand, Obama himself was reportedly thrilled with the work Summers did in his first few weeks on the job. And [Peter Orszag](/wiki/Peter_Orszag \"Peter Orszag\"), another top economic advisor, called Summers \"one of the world's most brilliant economists.\"{{cite news\\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/08/us/politics/08team.html\\\|work\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]]\\\|title\\=Obama's Economic Circle Keeps Tensions High\\\|first\\=Jackie\\\|last\\=Calmes\\\|date\\=June 8, 2009\\\|access\\-date\\=April 4, 2010}} According to [Henry Kissinger](/wiki/Henry_Kissinger \"Henry Kissinger\") Larry Summers should \"be given a White House post in which he was charged with shooting down or fixing bad ideas.\"{{cite news\n \\\|last\\=Leonhardt\\\|first\\=David\\\|author\\-link\\=David Leonhardt\\\|title\\=The Return of Larry Summers\\\|work\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]]\\\|date\\=November 25, 2008\\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/26/business/economy/26leonhardt.html}}", "In January 2009, as the [Obama Administration](/wiki/Obama_Administration \"Obama Administration\") tried to pass an economic stimulus spending bill, Representative [Peter DeFazio](/wiki/Peter_DeFazio \"Peter DeFazio\") ([D](/wiki/U.S._Democratic_Party \"U.S. Democratic Party\")\\-[OR.](/wiki/Oregon \"Oregon\")) criticized Summers, saying that he thought that President [Barack Obama](/wiki/Barack_Obama \"Barack Obama\") is \"ill\\-advised by Larry Summers. Larry Summers hates infrastructure.\"{{cite news \\\|last\\=DeFazio\\\|first\\=Peter\\\|author2\\=Video Interview\\\|title\\=DeFazio Slams Summers\\\|date\\=January 2008\\\|url\\=http://firedoglake.com/2009/01/23/defazio\\-smacks\\-larry\\-summers\\-for\\-being\\-anti\\-infrastructure/}} DeFazio, along with liberal economists including [Paul Krugman](/wiki/Paul_Krugman \"Paul Krugman\") and [Joseph Stiglitz](/wiki/Joseph_Stiglitz \"Joseph Stiglitz\"), had argued that more of the stimulus should be spent on infrastructure,{{cite news\n \\\|last\\=Krugman\\\|first\\=Paul\\\|title\\=Stimulus Arithmetic (wonkish but important)\\\|work\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]]\\\|date\\=January 6, 2009\\\|url\\=https://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/01/06/stimulus\\-arithmetic\\-wonkish\\-but\\-important/}} while Summers had supported tax cuts.[\"Sean Grady: Shootout at Jackson Hole: The World's Central Bankers Take Aim at Deflation.\"](https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/comment/sean-ogrady-shoot-out-at-jackson-hole--the-worlds-central-bankers-take-aim-at-deflation-2063222.html) The Independent. August 14, 2010\\. In late 2008, Summers and economic advisors for then\\-President\\-elect Obama presented a memo with options for an economic stimulus package ranging from $550 billion to $900 billion.{{cite magazine\n \\\|last\\=Lizza\\\|first\\=Ryan\\\|title\\=The Obama memos\\\|magazine\\=\\[\\[The New Yorker]]\\\|date\\=January 30, 2012\\\|url\\=https://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2012/01/30/120130fa\\_fact\\_lizza}} According to [The New Republic](/wiki/The_New_Republic \"The New Republic\"), economic advisor [Christina Romer](/wiki/Christina_Romer \"Christina Romer\") initially recommended a $1\\.8\\-trillion package, which proposal Summers quickly rejected, believing any stimulus approaching $1 trillion would not pass through Congress. Romer revised her recommendation to $1\\.2 trillion, which Summers agreed to include in the memo, but Summers struck the figure at the last minute.{{cite magazine \\\|last\\=Scheiber\\\|first\\=Noam\\\|title\\=The Memo that Larry Summers Didn't Want Obama to See\\\|magazine\\=\\[\\[The New Republic]]\\\|date\\=February 22, 2012\\\|url\\=http://www.tnr.com/article/politics/100961/memo\\-Larry\\-Summers\\-Obama}}", "According to [the Wall Street Journal](/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal \"The Wall Street Journal\"), Summers called Senator [Chris Dodd](/wiki/Chris_Dodd \"Chris Dodd\") (D\\-[CT](/wiki/Connecticut \"Connecticut\")) asking him to remove caps on executive pay at firms that have received stimulus money, including Citigroup.{{cite news \\\|last\\=Soloman\\\|first\\=Deborah\\\|author2\\=Mark Maremont\\\|title\\=Bankers Face Strict Pay Cap\\\|pages\\=1, above the fold\\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Wall Street Journal]]\\\|date\\=February 14–15, 2009}}", "On April 3, 2009, Summers came under renewed criticism after it was disclosed that he was paid millions of dollars the previous year by companies which he now had influence over as a [public servant](/wiki/Public_servant \"Public servant\"). He earned $5 million from the [hedge fund](/wiki/Hedge_fund \"Hedge fund\") D. E. Shaw and collected $2\\.7 million in speaking fees from [Wall Street](/wiki/Wall_Street \"Wall Street\") companies that received government [bailout](/wiki/Bailout \"Bailout\") money.{{cite news \\\|first\\=Jeff\\\|last\\=Zeleny\\\|title\\=Financial Industry Paid Millions to Obama Aide\\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/04/us/politics/04disclose.html\\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]]\\\|date\\=April 3, 2009\\\|access\\-date\\=April 4, 2009}}", "### Post\\-NEC career", "[thumb\\\|Summers with [Volodymyr Groysman](/wiki/Volodymyr_Groysman \"Volodymyr Groysman\") in [Ukraine](/wiki/Ukraine \"Ukraine\")](/wiki/File:Volodymyr_Groysman_and_Lawrence_Summers_in_Ukraine_-_2018_%28MUS6894%29.jpg \"Volodymyr Groysman and Lawrence Summers in Ukraine - 2018 (MUS6894).jpg\")\nSince leaving the NEC in December 2010, Summers has worked as an advisor to hedge fund [D. E. Shaw \\& Co](/wiki/D._E._Shaw_%26_Co \"D. E. Shaw & Co\"), Citigroup and the [NASDAQ OMX Group](/wiki/NASDAQ_OMX_Group \"NASDAQ OMX Group\") while resuming his role as a tenured Harvard professor.{{cite web \\\|url\\=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013\\-08\\-02/summers\\-after\\-government\\-saw\\-wealth\\-surge\\-to\\-17\\-million.html\\\|title\\=Summers After Government Saw Wealth Surge to $17 Million\\\|last1\\=Benson\\\|first1\\=Clea\\\|date\\=August 2, 2013\\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Bloomberg L.P.]]\\\|access\\-date\\=August 10, 2013}} In June 2011 Summers joined the board of directors of [Square](/wiki/Square_%28payment_service%29 \"Square (payment service)\"), a company developing an electronic payment service,TechCrunch (2011\\). [Square Adds Former U.S. Secretary Of The Treasury Larry Summers To Board](https://techcrunch.com/2011/06/22/square-adds-former-u-s-secretary-of-the-treasury-larry-summers-to-board/). Retrieved June 24, 2011\\. and became a special adviser at venture capital firm [Andreessen Horowitz](/wiki/Andreessen_Horowitz \"Andreessen Horowitz\").Dealbook (2011\\). [Larry Summers Joins Andreessen Horowitz](https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2011/06/29/larry-summers-joins-andreessen-horowitz/?hp). Retrieved June 30, 2011\\. He joined the board of person\\-to\\-person lending company [Lending Club](/wiki/Lending_Club \"Lending Club\") in December 2012\\.TechCrunch (2012\\). [With An IPO On Its Radar, Lending Club Adds Former Treasury Secretary Larry Summers To Its Heavyweight Board](https://techcrunch.com/2012/12/13/with-an-ipo-on-its-radar-lending-club-adds-former-treasury-secretary-larry-summers-to-its-heavyweight-board/). Retrieved December 12, 2012\\. In July 2015 Summers joined the Board of Directors of [Premise Data](/wiki/Premise_Data \"Premise Data\"), a San Francisco\\-based data and analytics technology company that sources data from a global network of on\\-the\\-ground contributors.{{Cite web\\\|url\\=https://medium.com/@premisedata/welcoming\\-larry\\-summers\\-to\\-premise\\-s\\-board\\-of\\-directors\\-65411a2b9842\\\|title\\=Welcoming Larry Summers to Premise's Board of Directors\\\|last\\=Data\\\|first\\=Premise\\\|date\\=July 16, 2015\\\|website\\=Medium\\\|access\\-date\\=February 22, 2018}}{{Cite news\\\|url\\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2016/04/04/larry\\-summers\\-data\\-collection\\-is\\-the\\-ultimate\\-public\\-good/\\\|title\\=Larry Summers: Data collection is the ultimate public good\\\|last\\=Summers\\\|first\\=Lawrence H.\\\|date\\=April 4, 2016\\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Washington Post]]\\\|access\\-date\\=February 22, 2018\\\|language\\=en\\-US\\\|issn\\=0190\\-8286}}", "In April 2016, he was one of eight former Treasury secretaries who called on the [United Kingdom](/wiki/United_Kingdom \"United Kingdom\") to remain a member of the [European Union](/wiki/European_Union \"European Union\") ahead of the [June 2016 Referendum](/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum \"2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum\").{{cite news\\\|title\\=Staying in EU 'best hope' for UK's future say ex\\-US Treasury secretaries\\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk\\-politics\\-eu\\-referendum\\-36087583\\\|work\\=\\[\\[BBC News]]\\\|date\\=April 20, 2016}}", "Summers referred to the United Kingdom's Brexit vote on June 23, 2016, in favor of leaving the European Union as the \"worst self\\-inflicted policy wound that a country has done since the Second World War\". However, Summers cautioned that the result was a \"wake up call for elites everywhere\" and called for \"responsible nationalism\" in response to simmering public sentiment.{{Cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.marketplace.org/2016/06/24/world/lawrence\\-summers\\-brexit\\-wakeup\\-call\\-elites\\\|title\\=Lawrence Summers on Brexit: A wakeup call for elites\\\|date\\=June 24, 2016\\\|access\\-date\\=July 15, 2016}}", "In June 2016, Summers also wrote, \"I believe the risks to the US and global economies of Mr Trump's election as president are far greater \\[than passage of Brexit]. If he is elected, I would expect a protracted recession to begin within 18 months. The damage would be felt far beyond the United States.\"{{Cite web\\\|url\\=http://larrysummers.com/2016/06/06/the\\-economic\\-consequences\\-of\\-a\\-trump\\-win\\-would\\-be\\-severe/\\\|title\\=The economic consequences of a Trump win would be severe \\\| Larry Summers\\\|date\\=June 6, 2016 }}", "### 2020 presidential election", "A coalition of progressive groups called on [Joe Biden](/wiki/Joe_Biden \"Joe Biden\")'s [2020 presidential campaign](/wiki/Joe_Biden_2020_presidential_campaign \"Joe Biden 2020 presidential campaign\") no longer to use Summers as an advisor, after reports surfaced that Summers was advising the campaign on economic policy.{{Cite web\\\|last\\=Moreno\\\|first\\=J. Edward\\\|date\\=May 6, 2020\\\|title\\=Progressive groups renew push to oust Larry Summers from Biden campaign citing environmental concerns\\\|url\\=https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/496352\\-progressive\\-group\\-renews\\-push\\-to\\-oust\\-larry\\-summers\\-from\\-biden\\-campaign\\\|access\\-date\\=September 16, 2020\\\|website\\=\\[\\[The Hill (newspaper)\\\|The Hill]]}} Progressive groups like the [Sunrise Movement](/wiki/Sunrise_Movement \"Sunrise Movement\") and [Justice Democrats](/wiki/Justice_Democrats \"Justice Democrats\") petitioned the campaign to disavow Summers, saying, \"Summers's legacy is advocating for policies that contributed to the skyrocketing inequality and climate crisis we're living with today.\"{{Cite web\\\|last\\=Golshan\\\|first\\=Tara\\\|date\\=April 24, 2020\\\|title\\=Joe Biden Under Pressure From Progressives To Cut Out Larry Summers\\\|url\\=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/biden\\-larry\\-summers\\-progressives\\_n\\_5ea3315bc5b6d376358f3670?guccounter\\=1\\&guce\\_referrer\\=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ29vZ2xlLmNvbS8\\&guce\\_referrer\\_sig\\=AQAAALmvgHjs6ndwwMw8S1\\-kyuEgFCSUaHGkBXxw5BD1CP76GJFXrVMHJPwfF9TKd2ca\\-r9t\\-cs\\-7q7Z6YmJg7fYEAViNYTSf6GxdcjkIurSeKgB\\_4rFDSwysaoN\\-UmnbDWp0Dr2C3nQxvZgICzjCDDXmH1k08jvRO0gpVkpI1Sz6Nwb\\\|access\\-date\\=September 16, 2020\\\|website\\=\\[\\[HuffPost]]}} Following the outcry, Summers stated he would not be joining a future Biden administration, in the event that Biden defeated [Donald Trump](/wiki/Donald_Trump \"Donald Trump\") in the [2020 presidential election](/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election \"2020 United States presidential election\").{{Cite web\\\|last\\=Matthews\\\|first\\=Steve\\\|date\\=August 6, 2020\\\|title\\=Larry Summers Rules Out Taking a Job in a Biden Administration\\\|url\\=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020\\-08\\-06/summers\\-adviser\\-to\\-biden\\-says\\-his\\-time\\-in\\-government\\-is\\-over?sref\\=6OyUvLUJ\\\|access\\-date\\=September 16, 2020\\\|website\\=\\[\\[Bloomberg News\\\|Bloomberg]]}}", "### Candidacy for chairmanship of the Federal Reserve and governorship of the Bank of Israel", "In 2013, Summers emerged as one of two leading candidates, along with [Janet Yellen](/wiki/Janet_Yellen \"Janet Yellen\"), to succeed [Ben Bernanke](/wiki/Ben_Bernanke \"Ben Bernanke\") as [chair of the Federal Reserve](/wiki/Chair_of_the_Federal_Reserve \"Chair of the Federal Reserve\"). The possibility of his nomination created a great deal of controversy with some senators of both parties declaring opposition. On September 15, Summers withdrew his name from consideration for the position, writing: \"I have reluctantly concluded that any possible confirmation process for me would be acrimonious and would not serve the interest of the Federal Reserve, the Administration or, ultimately, the interests of the nation's ongoing economic recovery.\"{{cite web \\\|title\\=Larry Summers withdraws name for Fed chair job \\\|first1\\=Annalyn\\\|last1\\=Kurtz \\\|first2\\=Hibah \\\|last2\\=Yousuf\\\|work\\=\\[\\[CNNMoney]]\\\|date\\=September 15, 2013\\\|access\\-date\\=September 15, 2013\\\|url\\=https://money.cnn.com/2013/09/15/news/economy/fed\\-chair\\-larry\\-summers\\-withdraws/?hpt\\=hp\\_t2\\\|quote\\=After months of contentious public debate, Larry Summers has withdrawn his name from consideration to become the next chairman of the Federal Reserve. President Obama said he spoke with Summers earlier Sunday and accepted his decision.}}{{cite news \\\|title\\=Summers Pulls Name From Consideration for Fed Chief\\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]]\\\|author\\-link1\\=Annie Lowrey\\\|first1\\=Annie\\\|last1\\=Lowrey\\\|author\\-link2\\=Binyamin Appelbaum\\\|first2\\=Binyamin\\\|last2\\=Appelbaum\\\|date\\=September 15, 2013\\\|access\\-date\\=September 16, 2013\\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/16/business/economy/summers\\-pulls\\-name\\-from\\-consideration\\-for\\-fed\\-chief.html?hp\\&\\_r\\=0\\\|quote\\=Facing growing opposition in Congress, Lawrence H. Summers, the former Treasury secretary and a top contender for Federal Reserve chairman, told President Obama that he didn't want to be considered for the job.}}", "During the 2013, Summers had been reported as preferred candidate by the [Cabinet of Israel](/wiki/Cabinet_of_Israel \"Cabinet of Israel\") and Prime Minister [Benjamin Netanyahu](/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu \"Benjamin Netanyahu\") to succeed [Stanley Fischer](/wiki/Stanley_Fischer \"Stanley Fischer\") as governor of the [Bank of Israel](/wiki/Bank_of_Israel \"Bank of Israel\"). Netanyahu personally asked him to take the post, an offer he turned down.{{Cite news \\\|last\\=Simpson \\\|first\\=Connor \\\|date\\=October 19, 2013 \\\|title\\=Larry Summers Snubbed Netanyahu's Offer to Run Israel's Banks \\\|url\\=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2013/10/natanyahu\\-wants\\-larry\\-summers\\-running\\-israels\\-banks/309791/ \\\|archive\\-url\\= \\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Atlantic]] \\\|archive\\-date\\= \\\|access\\-date\\=October 20, 2013}}{{cite news \\\|author\\= \\\|title\\=Larry Summers rejects offer to become BoI governor\n\\\|url\\=https://en.globes.co.il/en/article\\-1000886969 \\\|archive\\-url\\= \\\|archive\\-date\\= \\\|work\\=Globes \\\|date\\=October 20, 2013 \\\|access\\-date\\=October 21, 2013}}", "### Criticism of the Biden Administration, 2021", "Summers emerged as an early opponent of President [Joe Biden](/wiki/Joe_Biden \"Joe Biden\")'s economic policy, calling the $1\\.9 trillion [American Rescue Plan Act of 2021](/wiki/American_Rescue_Plan_Act_of_2021 \"American Rescue Plan Act of 2021\") \"the least responsible macroeconomic policy we've had in the last 40 years\" and arguing that it risked economic recession and market destabilization.{{Cite web\\\|last\\=Williams\\\|first\\=Jordan\\\|date\\=March 20, 2021\\\|title\\=Larry Summers blasts $1\\.9 T stimulus as 'least responsible' economic policy in 40 years\\\|url\\=https://thehill.com/policy/finance/544188\\-larry\\-summers\\-blasts\\-least\\-responsible\\-economic\\-policy\\-in\\-40\\-years\\\|access\\-date\\=April 25, 2021\\\|website\\=\\[\\[The Hill (newspaper)\\\|The Hill]]\\\|language\\=en}}", "### Hamas\\-led attack on Israel", "In October 2023, following the [Hamas\\-led attack on Israel](/wiki/2023_Hamas-led_attack_on_Israel \"2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel\"), several [Harvard](/wiki/Harvard_University \"Harvard University\") undergraduate student groups signed a letter condemning the [Israeli state](/wiki/Israeli_state \"Israeli state\"), and holding the \"Israeli regime entirely responsible for all unfolding violence\".{{cite news\\\|url\\=https://www.the\\-independent.com/news/world/americas/us\\-politics/harvard\\-letter\\-war\\-israel\\-hamas\\-b2427497\\.html\\\|title\\=Letter from Harvard group holding Israel 'responsible' for war with Hamas sparks backlash\\\|publisher\\=Independent\\\|access\\-date\\=October 17, 2023}}{{cite news\\\|url\\=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/10/11/business/harvard\\-israel\\-hamas\\-ceos\\-students/index.html\\\|title\\=Harvard student groups issued an anti\\-Israel statement. CEOs want them blacklisted\\\|publisher\\=CNN\\\|access\\-date\\=October 17, 2023}} This letter from Harvard University student groups blaming Israel drew a backlash from several prominent alumni and from Larry Summers, who said that he was \"sickened\" by it.{{Cite web \\\|date\\=October 10, 2023 \\\|title\\=Growing backlash over Harvard students' pro\\-Palestine letter \\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.com/news/world\\-us\\-canada\\-67067565\\\|access\\-date\\=December 7, 2023 \\\|website\\= BBC News\\\|language\\=en\\-US}} Summers, though agreeing with [Bill Ackman](/wiki/Bill_Ackman \"Bill Ackman\") on the need to look at employees' political views, called Ackman's request to release the names of all the students involved in signing the letter \"the stuff of [Joe McCarthy](/wiki/Joe_McCarthy \"Joe McCarthy\")\".{{Cite web \\\|last\\=Teo \\\|first\\=Kai Xiang \\\|title\\=Former Harvard president Larry Summers thinks Bill Ackman asking for lists of student names is the 'stuff of Joe McCarthy' \\\|url\\=https://www.businessinsider.com/harvard\\-larry\\-summers\\-bill\\-ackman\\-israel\\-hamas\\-student\\-names\\-list\\-2023\\-10 \\\|access\\-date\\=October 17, 2023 \\\|website\\=Business Insider \\\|language\\=en\\-US}} Summers has repeatedly criticized the Harvard administration for its failure to curb what he sees as rising antisemitism at the university since the Hamas attack.{{Cite web \\\|last\\=Ebbert \\\|first\\=Stephanie \\\|last2\\= \\\|first2\\= \\\|last3\\= \\\|first3\\= \\\|last4\\= \\\|last5\\= \\\|first5\\= \\\|title\\=Larry Summers was ousted as Harvard president. He has a lot to say about what's wrong with the university now. \\- The Boston Globe \\\|url\\=https://www.bostonglobe.com/2024/03/21/metro/larry\\-summers\\-vocal\\-critic\\-of\\-harvard\\-successors/ \\\|access\\-date\\=March 22, 2024 \\\|website\\=BostonGlobe.com \\\|language\\=en\\-US}}", "" ]
### President of Harvard In 2001, when [George W. Bush](/wiki/George_W._Bush "George W. Bush") became [President](/wiki/President_of_the_United_States "President of the United States"), Summers left the Treasury Department and returned to Harvard as its 27th president, serving from July 2001 until June 2006\. He was Harvard's first Jewish president,YUNews [Director of the National Economic Council, Dr. Lawrence H. Summers, is Keynote Speaker at Yeshiva University's Annual Hanukkah Dinner and Convocation on December 13](https://www.yu.edu/news/director-of-the-national-economic-council-dr-lawrence-h-summers-is-keynote-speaker-at-yeshiva-universitys-annual-hanukkah-dinner-and-convocation-on-december-13), November 18, 2009The Harvard Crimson [Did Summers' Faith Affect His Fall?](https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2006/3/3/did-summers-faith-affect-his-fall/), March 3, 2006The Harvard Crimson [A Milestone of Faith](https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2001/10/14/a-milestone-of-faith-in-1922/), October 14, 2001 though his predecessor Neil Rudenstine's father was Jewish.[Harvard's First Jewish President](http://www.thecrimson.com/article.aspx?ref=511933). [The Harvard Crimson](/wiki/The_Harvard_Crimson "The Harvard Crimson"). March 8, 2006 A number of Summers's decisions at Harvard have attracted public controversy, either at the time or since his resignation. #### Cornel West affair In an October 2001 meeting, Summers criticized African American Studies department head [Cornel West](/wiki/Cornel_West "Cornel West") for allegedly missing three weeks of classes to work on the [Bill Bradley](/wiki/Bill_Bradley "Bill Bradley") presidential campaign and complained that West was contributing to [grade inflation](/wiki/Grade_inflation "Grade inflation"). Summers also claimed that West's "rap" album was an "embarrassment" to the university. West pushed back strongly against the accusations.{{cite news \\|url\=https://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2006/06/06/some\_seek\_a\_scholars\_return/\\|title\=Some seek a scholar's return\\|work\=\[\[The Boston Globe]]\\|date\=June 6, 2006\\|first1\=Marcella\\|last1\=Bombardieri}} "The hip\-hop scared him. It's a stereotypical reaction", he said later. West, who later called Summers both "uninformed" and "an unprincipled power player" in describing this encounter in his book Democracy Matters (2004\), subsequently returned to [Princeton University](/wiki/Princeton_University "Princeton University"), where he had taught prior to [Harvard University](/wiki/Harvard_University "Harvard University"). #### Differences between the sexes {{See also\\|Women in science}} In January 2005, at a Conference on Diversifying the Science \& Engineering Workforce sponsored by the [National Bureau of Economic Research](/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Economic_Research "National Bureau of Economic Research"), Summers sparked controversy with his discussion of why women may have been underrepresented "in tenured positions in science and engineering at top universities and research institutions". The conference was designed to be off\-the\-record so that participants could speak candidly without fear of public misunderstanding or disclosure later.{{cite news \\|last1\=Dillon \\|first1\=Sam \\|title\=Harvard Chief Defends His Talk on Women \\|newspaper\=\[\[The New York Times]] \\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/01/18/us/harvard\-chief\-defends\-his\-talk\-on\-women.html \\|access\-date\=February 13, 2022 \\|date\=February 18, 2005}} Summers had prefaced his talk, saying he was adopting an "entirely [positive](/wiki/Positivism "Positivism"), rather than [normative](/wiki/Normative "Normative") approach" and that his remarks were intended to be an "attempt at provocation".{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.president.harvard.edu/speeches/2005/nber.html \\|title\=Archive of: Remarks at NBER Conference on Diversifying the Science \& Engineering Workforce \\|access\-date\=January 30, 2008 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080130023006/http://www.president.harvard.edu/speeches/2005/nber.html \\|archive\-date\=January 30, 2008 }}. January 14, 2005\. Summers then began by identifying three hypotheses for the higher proportion of men in high\-end science and engineering positions: 1. The high\-powered job hypothesis 2. Different availability of [aptitude](/wiki/Aptitude "Aptitude") at the high end 3. Different socialization and patterns of discrimination in a search The second hypothesis, the generally [greater variability among men](/wiki/Variability_hypothesis "Variability hypothesis") (compared to women) in tests of cognitive abilities,Hedges, L. V., \& Nowell, A. (1995\). "Sex differences in mental scores, variability, and numbers of high scoring individuals". Science, 269, 41–45\.Lehrke, R. (1997\). Sex linkage of intelligence: The X\-Factor. New York: Praeger.Lubinski, D., \& Benbow, C. M. (2006\). "Study of mathematically precocious youth after 35 years". Perspectives on Psychological Science, 1, 316–345\. leading to proportionally more males than females at both the lower and upper tails of the test score distributions, caused the most controversy. In his discussion of this hypothesis, Summers said that "even small differences in the standard deviation \[between genders] will translate into very large differences in the available pool substantially out \[from the mean]". Summers referenced research that implied differences between the standard deviations of males and females in the top 5% of twelfth graders under various tests. He then went on to argue that, if this research were to be accepted, then "whatever the set of attributes ... that are precisely defined to correlate with being an aeronautical engineer at MIT or being a chemist at Berkeley ... are probably different in their standard deviations as well". Summers then concluded his discussion of the three hypotheses by saying: > So my best guess, to provoke you, of what's behind all of this is that the largest phenomenon, by far, is the general clash between people's legitimate family desires and employers' current desire for high power and high intensity, that in the special case of science and engineering, there are issues of intrinsic aptitude, and particularly of the variability of aptitude, and that those considerations are reinforced by what are in fact lesser factors involving socialization and continuing discrimination. I would like nothing better than to be proved wrong, because I would like nothing better than for these problems to be addressable simply by everybody understanding what they are, and working very hard to address them. Summers then went on to discuss approaches to remedying the shortage of women in high\-end science and engineering positions. This lunch\-time talk drew accusations of sexism and careless scholarship, and an intense negative response followed, both nationally and at Harvard.[Summers' Remarks on Women Draw Fire](https://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2005/01/17/summers_remarks_on_women_draw_fire/){{dead link\\|date\=March 2024}}. The Boston Globe. January 17, 2005 Summers apologized repeatedly.{{cite magazine \\|last\=Saletan\\|first\=William\\|author\-link\=William Saletan\\|date\=January 21, 2005\\|title\=Don't Worry Your Pretty Little Head\\|url\=http://www.slate.com/id/2112570/\\|magazine\=\[\[Slate (magazine)\\|Slate]]}} Nevertheless, the controversy is speculated to have contributed to his resigning his position as president of Harvard University the following year, as well as costing Summers the job of [Treasury Secretary](/wiki/Treasury_Secretary "Treasury Secretary") in [Obama's administration](/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama "Presidency of Barack Obama").[Summers's 'sexism' costs him top Treasury job](https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/summersrsquo-lsquosexismrsquo-costs-him-top-treasury-job-1033373.html). [The Independent](/wiki/The_Independent "The Independent"). November 24, 2008 Summers's protégée [Sheryl Sandberg](/wiki/Sheryl_Sandberg "Sheryl Sandberg") has defended him, saying that "Larry has been a true advocate for women throughout his career" at the World Bank and Treasury. Referring to the lunch talk, Sandberg said, "What few seem to note is that it is remarkable that he was giving the speech in the first place – that he cared enough about women's careers and their trajectory in the fields of math and science to proactively analyze the issues and talk about what was going wrong".{{cite news\\|author\=Sheryl Sandberg\\|title\=Larry Summers' True Record on Women\\|url\=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/sheryl\-sandberg/what\-larry\-summers\-has\-do\_b\_142126\.html\\|access\-date\=January 4, 2014\\|newspaper\=\[\[HuffPost]]\\|date\=November 7, 2008\\|author\-link\=Sheryl Sandberg}} In 2016, remarking upon [political correctness](/wiki/Political_correctness "Political correctness") in institutions of higher education, Summers said: > There is a great deal of absurd political correctness. Now, I'm somebody who believes very strongly in diversity, who resists racism in all of its many incarnations, who thinks that there is a great deal that's unjust in American society that needs to be combated, but it seems to be that there is a kind of creeping totalitarianism in terms of what kind of ideas are acceptable and are debatable on college campuses.{{cite web\\|url\=http://conversationswithbillkristol.org/video/larry\-summers\-ii/?start\=15\&end\=1606\\|title\=Larry Summers II on Conversations with Bill Kristol\\|website\=ConversationsWithBillKristol.org\\|access\-date\=November 8, 2017}} #### Summers' opposition and support at Harvard On March 15, 2005, members of the [Harvard Faculty of Arts and Sciences](/wiki/Harvard_Faculty_of_Arts_and_Sciences "Harvard Faculty of Arts and Sciences"), which instructs graduate students in [Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences](/wiki/Harvard_Graduate_School_of_Arts_and_Sciences "Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences") and undergraduates in [Harvard College](/wiki/Harvard_College "Harvard College"), passed 218–185 a motion of "lack of confidence" in the leadership of Summers, with 18 abstentions. A second motion that offered a milder censure of the president passed 253 to 137, also with 18 abstentions. The members of the [Harvard Corporation](/wiki/Harvard_Corporation "Harvard Corporation"), the University's highest governing body, are in charge of the selection of the president and issued statements strongly supporting Summers. FAS faculty were not unanimous in their comments against Summers. Psychologist [Steven Pinker](/wiki/Steven_Pinker "Steven Pinker") defended the legitimacy of Summers's January lecture. When asked if Summers's talk was "within the pale of legitimate academic discourse," Pinker responded "Good grief, shouldn't everything be within the pale of legitimate academic discourse, as long as it is presented with some degree of rigor? That's the difference between a university and a [madrassa](/wiki/Madrassa "Madrassa"). There is certainly enough evidence for the hypothesis to be taken seriously."[Psychoanalysis Q\-and\-A: Steven Pinker](https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2005/1/19/psychoanalysis-q-and-a-steven-pinker-in-an/). [The Harvard Crimson](/wiki/The_Harvard_Crimson "The Harvard Crimson"). January 19, 2005 Summers had stronger support among Harvard College students than among the college faculty. One poll by [The Harvard Crimson](/wiki/The_Harvard_Crimson "The Harvard Crimson") indicated that students opposed his resignation by a three\-to\-one margin, with 57% of responding students opposing his resignation and 19% supporting it.[Poll: Students Say Summers Should Stay](http://www.thecrimson.com/article.aspx?ref=511421). [The Harvard Crimson](/wiki/The_Harvard_Crimson "The Harvard Crimson"). February 20, 2006 In July 2005, a board member of Harvard Corporation, [Conrad K. Harper](/wiki/Conrad_K._Harper "Conrad K. Harper"), resigned saying he was angered both by the university president's comments about women and by Summers being given a salary increase. The resignation letter to the president said, "I could not and cannot support a raise in your salary, ... I believe that Harvard's best interests require your resignation."{{cite news\\|last\=Finder\\|first\=Alan\\|title\=A Harvard Governor, Dissatisfied, Resigns\\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/29/education/29harvard.html?\_r\=0\\|access\-date\=December 5, 2013\\|newspaper\=\[\[The New York Times]]\\|date\=July 29, 2005}}[Board Member's Letter of Resignation](https://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/02/education/02htext.html). [The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times"). August 2, 2005 #### Support of economist Andrei Shleifer Harvard and [Andrei Shleifer](/wiki/Andrei_Shleifer "Andrei Shleifer"), a close friend and protégé of Summers, controversially paid $28\.5 million to settle a [lawsuit](/wiki/Lawsuit "Lawsuit") by the U.S. government over the [conflict of interest](/wiki/Conflict_of_interest "Conflict of interest") Shleifer had while advising [Russia's privatization program](/wiki/Russia%27s_privatization_program "Russia's privatization program"). The US government had sued Shleifer under the [False Claims Act](/wiki/False_Claims_Act "False Claims Act"), as he bought [Russian](/wiki/Russia "Russia") stocks while designing the country's [privatization](/wiki/Privatization "Privatization"). In 2004, a federal judge ruled that while Harvard had violated the contract, Shleifer and his associate alone were liable for [treble damages](/wiki/Treble_damages "Treble damages"). In June 2005, Harvard and Shleifer announced that they had reached a tentative settlement with the US government. In August, Harvard, Shleifer, and the [Department of Justice](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice "United States Department of Justice") reached an agreement under which the university paid $26\.5 million to settle the five\-year\-old lawsuit. Shleifer was also responsible for paying $2 million worth of damages. Because Harvard paid almost all of the damages and allowed Shleifer to retain his faculty position, the settlement provoked allegations of favoritism by Summers. His continued support for Shleifer strengthened Summers's unpopularity with other professors, as reported in The Harvard Crimson: {{Blockquote\\|I've been a member of this Faculty for over 45 years, and I am no longer easily shocked," is how Frederick H. Abernathy, the McKay professor of mechanical engineering, began his biting comments about the Shleifer case at Tuesday's fiery Faculty meeting. But, Abernathy continued, "I was deeply shocked and disappointed by the actions of this University" in the Shleifer affair.{{cite news\\|title\='Tawdry Shleifer Affair' Stokes Faculty Anger Toward Summers\\|url\=http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2006/2/10/tawdry\-shleifer\-affair\-stokes\-faculty\-anger/\\|access\-date\=30 May 2013\\|newspaper\=\[\[The Harvard Crimson]]\\|date\=10 Feb 2006\\|author\=Nicholas Ciarelli\\|author2\=Anton Troianovski}}}} #### In Russia {{See also\\|Loans for shares scheme}} An 18,000\-word article "How Harvard Lost Russia" in [Institutional Investor](/wiki/Institutional_Investor_%28magazine%29 "Institutional Investor (magazine)") by David McClintick detailed Shleifer's alleged efforts to use his [inside knowledge](/wiki/Insider_trading "Insider trading") of and sway over the Russian economy in order to make lucrative personal investments, all while leading a Harvard group, advising the Russian government, that was under contract with the U.S. The article suggests that Summers shielded his fellow economist from disciplinary action by the university, and it noted that Summers had forewarned Shleifer and his wife Nancy Zimmerman about the conflict\-of\-interest regulations back in 1996\.{{Cite news \\|last\=McClintick \\|first\=David \\|date\=January 13, 2006 \\|title\=How Harvard Lost Russia \\|work\=Institutional Investor \\|url\=https://www.institutionalinvestor.com/article/b150npp3q49x7w/how\-harvard\-lost\-russia \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140705041205/http://www.institutionalinvestor.com/Article/1020662/How\-Harvard\-lost\-Russia.html\#/.V0mIqpF97nE \\|archive\-date\=July 5, 2014}} Summers's friendship with Shleifer was well known by the corporation when it selected him to succeed Rudenstine and Summers recused himself from all proceedings with Shleifer, whose case was actually handled by an independent committee led by former Harvard president [Derek Bok](/wiki/Derek_Bok "Derek Bok"). #### Connection to Jeffrey Epstein An article in The Harvard Crimson in 2003, during Summers's tenure as president, detailed a reportedly "special connection" between Summers and [Jeffrey Epstein](/wiki/Jeffrey_Epstein "Jeffrey Epstein").{{Cite web\\|last\= Scharnick\\|first\=Jaquelyn M.\\|date\=May 1, 2003\\|url\=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2003/5/1/mogul\-donor\-gives\-harvard\-more\-than/?page\=single\\|title\=Mogul Donor Gives Harvard More Than Money\\|work\=\[\[The Harvard Crimson]]\\|language\=en\\|access\-date\=July 12, 2019}} Epstein pledged to donate at least $25 million to Harvard during Summers's tenure to endow Harvard's Program for Evolutionary Dynamics, and Epstein was given an office at Harvard for his personal use.{{Cite magazine\\|url\=https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2003/03/jeffrey\-epstein\-200303\\|title\=The Talented Mr. Epstein\\|last\=Ward\\|first\=Vicky\\|date\=March 2003\\|magazine\=\[\[Vanity Fair (magazine)\\|Vanity Fair]]\\|access\-date\=July 12, 2019\\|quote\=Epstein has pledged at least $25 million to Harvard to create the Epstein Program for Mathematical Biology and Evolutionary Dynamics, and Epstein will have an office at the university...He says he was reluctant to have his name attached to the program, but Summers persuaded him. }}{{Cite web\\|url\=https://ped.fas.harvard.edu/home\\|title\=Program for Evolutionary Dynamics\\|website\=ped.fas.harvard.edu\\|language\=en\\|access\-date\=July 12, 2019}} Epstein otherwise had no formal connection to Harvard. Summers's ties to Epstein reportedly began "a number of years...before Summers became Harvard's president and even before he was the Secretary of the Treasury." Flight records introduced as evidence in the 2021 trial of Epstein associate [Ghislaine Maxwell](/wiki/Ghislaine_Maxwell "Ghislaine Maxwell") show that Summers flew on Jeffrey Epstein's private plane on at least four occasions, including once in 1998 when Summers was [United States Deputy Secretary of the Treasury](/wiki/United_States_Deputy_Secretary_of_the_Treasury "United States Deputy Secretary of the Treasury") and at least three times while Harvard president.{{Cite web\\|url\=https://s3\.documentcloud.org/documents/21165424/epstein\-flight\-logs\-released\-in\-usa\-vs\-maxwell.pdf\\|title\=Epstein Flight Logs Released in USA vs. Maxwell\\|language\=en\\|access\-date\=December 27, 2021}} A charity funded by Epstein also donated to the production of a [PBS](/wiki/PBS "PBS") show hosted by Summers's wife and Harvard professor [Elisa New](/wiki/Elisa_New "Elisa New").{{Cite news\\|url\=https://www.thedailybeast.com/jeffrey\-epstein\-has\-a\-secret\-charity\-heres\-who\-it\-gave\-money\-to?ref\=scroll\\|title\=REVEALED: We Found Billionaire Pedophile Jeffrey Epstein's Secret Charity\\|last\=Briquelet\\|first\=Kate\\|date\=July 10, 2019\\|work\=\[\[The Daily Beast]]\\|access\-date\=July 12, 2019\\|quote\=In 2016, Gratitude America Ltd. shelled out $110,000 to Verse Video Education. The Cambridge, Massachusetts\-based nonprofit produces the PBS show Poetry in America, whose creator and host is Harvard professor Elisa New. Verse's 2016 tax return named New as the group's president but doesn't include specific donors for its $1\.38 million in total contributions. New is married to Summers, Harvard University's former president, who hobnobbed with Epstein in elite international relations groups and, like Bill Clinton, flew on Epstein's private jet.}} #### Winklevoss twins and Facebook In February 2004, the [Winklevoss twins](/wiki/Winklevoss_twins "Winklevoss twins") requested a meeting with Summers in order to ask him to intervene on their behalf in an ongoing dispute they had with [Facebook](/wiki/Facebook "Facebook") founder [Mark Zuckerberg](/wiki/Mark_Zuckerberg "Mark Zuckerberg"). The Winklevosses believed that Zuckerberg had stolen their idea for a social networking website and launched Facebook on his own, after they had asked him to be a part of their project, then called HarvardConnection. Summers believed that the matter was outside the university's jurisdiction and advised the twins to take their complaint to the courts.{{cite news \\|first\=Shirin \\|last\=Sharif \\|title\=Harvard grads face off against thefacebook.com \\|date\=August 5, 2004 \\|publisher\=The Stanford Daily \\|url\=http://www.stanforddaily.com/2004/08/05/harvard\-grads\-face\-off\-against\-thefacebookcom/ \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100618102603/http://www.stanforddaily.com/2004/08/05/harvard\-grads\-face\-off\-against\-thefacebookcom/ \\|archive\-date\=June 18, 2010 \\|url\-status\=dead }} #### Resignation as Harvard President On February 21, 2006, Summers announced his intention to step down at the end of the school year effective June 30, 2006\. Harvard agreed to provide Summers on his resignation with a one\-year paid [sabbatical](/wiki/Sabbatical "Sabbatical") leave, subsidized a $1 million outstanding loan from the university for his personal residence, and provided other payments.President and Fellows of Harvard College, [IRS](/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Service "Internal Revenue Service") Form 990, 2006 \& 2007\. Former University President [Derek Bok](/wiki/Derek_Bok "Derek Bok") acted as Interim President while the University conducted a search for a replacement which ended with the naming of [Drew Gilpin Faust](/wiki/Drew_Gilpin_Faust "Drew Gilpin Faust") on February 11, 2007\.	[ "### President of Harvard", "In 2001, when [George W. Bush](/wiki/George_W._Bush \"George W. Bush\") became [President](/wiki/President_of_the_United_States \"President of the United States\"), Summers left the Treasury Department and returned to Harvard as its 27th president, serving from July 2001 until June 2006\\. He was Harvard's first Jewish president,YUNews [Director of the National Economic Council, Dr. Lawrence H. Summers, is Keynote Speaker at Yeshiva University's Annual Hanukkah Dinner and Convocation on December 13](https://www.yu.edu/news/director-of-the-national-economic-council-dr-lawrence-h-summers-is-keynote-speaker-at-yeshiva-universitys-annual-hanukkah-dinner-and-convocation-on-december-13), November 18, 2009The Harvard Crimson [Did Summers' Faith Affect His Fall?](https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2006/3/3/did-summers-faith-affect-his-fall/), March 3, 2006The Harvard Crimson [A Milestone of Faith](https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2001/10/14/a-milestone-of-faith-in-1922/), October 14, 2001 though his predecessor Neil Rudenstine's father was Jewish.[Harvard's First Jewish President](http://www.thecrimson.com/article.aspx?ref=511933). [The Harvard Crimson](/wiki/The_Harvard_Crimson \"The Harvard Crimson\"). March 8, 2006", "A number of Summers's decisions at Harvard have attracted public controversy, either at the time or since his resignation.", "#### Cornel West affair", "In an October 2001 meeting, Summers criticized African American Studies department head [Cornel West](/wiki/Cornel_West \"Cornel West\") for allegedly missing three weeks of classes to work on the [Bill Bradley](/wiki/Bill_Bradley \"Bill Bradley\") presidential campaign and complained that West was contributing to [grade inflation](/wiki/Grade_inflation \"Grade inflation\"). Summers also claimed that West's \"rap\" album was an \"embarrassment\" to the university. West pushed back strongly against the accusations.{{cite news \\\|url\\=https://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2006/06/06/some\\_seek\\_a\\_scholars\\_return/\\\|title\\=Some seek a scholar's return\\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Boston Globe]]\\\|date\\=June 6, 2006\\\|first1\\=Marcella\\\|last1\\=Bombardieri}} \"The hip\\-hop scared him. It's a stereotypical reaction\", he said later. West, who later called Summers both \"uninformed\" and \"an unprincipled power player\" in describing this encounter in his book Democracy Matters (2004\\), subsequently returned to [Princeton University](/wiki/Princeton_University \"Princeton University\"), where he had taught prior to [Harvard University](/wiki/Harvard_University \"Harvard University\").", "#### Differences between the sexes", "{{See also\\\|Women in science}}", "In January 2005, at a Conference on Diversifying the Science \\& Engineering Workforce sponsored by the [National Bureau of Economic Research](/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Economic_Research \"National Bureau of Economic Research\"), Summers sparked controversy with his discussion of why women may have been underrepresented \"in tenured positions in science and engineering at top universities and research institutions\". The conference was designed to be off\\-the\\-record so that participants could speak candidly without fear of public misunderstanding or disclosure later.{{cite news \\\|last1\\=Dillon \\\|first1\\=Sam \\\|title\\=Harvard Chief Defends His Talk on Women \\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]] \\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/01/18/us/harvard\\-chief\\-defends\\-his\\-talk\\-on\\-women.html \\\|access\\-date\\=February 13, 2022 \\\|date\\=February 18, 2005}}", "Summers had prefaced his talk, saying he was adopting an \"entirely [positive](/wiki/Positivism \"Positivism\"), rather than [normative](/wiki/Normative \"Normative\") approach\" and that his remarks were intended to be an \"attempt at provocation\".{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.president.harvard.edu/speeches/2005/nber.html \\\|title\\=Archive of: Remarks at NBER Conference on Diversifying the Science \\& Engineering Workforce \\\|access\\-date\\=January 30, 2008 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080130023006/http://www.president.harvard.edu/speeches/2005/nber.html \\\|archive\\-date\\=January 30, 2008 }}. January 14, 2005\\.", "Summers then began by identifying three hypotheses for the higher proportion of men in high\\-end science and engineering positions:", "1. The high\\-powered job hypothesis\n2. Different availability of [aptitude](/wiki/Aptitude \"Aptitude\") at the high end\n3. Different socialization and patterns of discrimination in a search", "The second hypothesis, the generally [greater variability among men](/wiki/Variability_hypothesis \"Variability hypothesis\") (compared to women) in tests of cognitive abilities,Hedges, L. V., \\& Nowell, A. (1995\\). \"Sex differences in mental scores, variability, and numbers of high scoring individuals\". Science, 269, 41–45\\.Lehrke, R. (1997\\). Sex linkage of intelligence: The X\\-Factor. New York: Praeger.Lubinski, D., \\& Benbow, C. M. (2006\\). \"Study of mathematically precocious youth after 35 years\". Perspectives on Psychological Science, 1, 316–345\\. leading to proportionally more males than females at both the lower and upper tails of the test score distributions, caused the most controversy. In his discussion of this hypothesis, Summers said that \"even small differences in the standard deviation \\[between genders] will translate into very large differences in the available pool substantially out \\[from the mean]\". Summers referenced research that implied differences between the standard deviations of males and females in the top 5% of twelfth graders under various tests. He then went on to argue that, if this research were to be accepted, then \"whatever the set of attributes ... that are precisely defined to correlate with being an aeronautical engineer at MIT or being a chemist at Berkeley ... are probably different in their standard deviations as well\".", "Summers then concluded his discussion of the three hypotheses by saying:", "", "> So my best guess, to provoke you, of what's behind all of this is that the largest phenomenon, by far, is the general clash between people's legitimate family desires and employers' current desire for high power and high intensity, that in the special case of science and engineering, there are issues of intrinsic aptitude, and particularly of the variability of aptitude, and that those considerations are reinforced by what are in fact lesser factors involving socialization and continuing discrimination. I would like nothing better than to be proved wrong, because I would like nothing better than for these problems to be addressable simply by everybody understanding what they are, and working very hard to address them.", "Summers then went on to discuss approaches to remedying the shortage of women in high\\-end science and engineering positions.", "This lunch\\-time talk drew accusations of sexism and careless scholarship, and an intense negative response followed, both nationally and at Harvard.[Summers' Remarks on Women Draw Fire](https://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2005/01/17/summers_remarks_on_women_draw_fire/){{dead link\\\|date\\=March 2024}}. The Boston Globe. January 17, 2005 Summers apologized repeatedly.{{cite magazine \\\|last\\=Saletan\\\|first\\=William\\\|author\\-link\\=William Saletan\\\|date\\=January 21, 2005\\\|title\\=Don't Worry Your Pretty Little Head\\\|url\\=http://www.slate.com/id/2112570/\\\|magazine\\=\\[\\[Slate (magazine)\\\|Slate]]}} Nevertheless, the controversy is speculated to have contributed to his resigning his position as president of Harvard University the following year, as well as costing Summers the job of [Treasury Secretary](/wiki/Treasury_Secretary \"Treasury Secretary\") in [Obama's administration](/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama \"Presidency of Barack Obama\").[Summers's 'sexism' costs him top Treasury job](https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/summersrsquo-lsquosexismrsquo-costs-him-top-treasury-job-1033373.html). [The Independent](/wiki/The_Independent \"The Independent\"). November 24, 2008", "Summers's protégée [Sheryl Sandberg](/wiki/Sheryl_Sandberg \"Sheryl Sandberg\") has defended him, saying that \"Larry has been a true advocate for women throughout his career\" at the World Bank and Treasury. Referring to the lunch talk, Sandberg said, \"What few seem to note is that it is remarkable that he was giving the speech in the first place – that he cared enough about women's careers and their trajectory in the fields of math and science to proactively analyze the issues and talk about what was going wrong\".{{cite news\\\|author\\=Sheryl Sandberg\\\|title\\=Larry Summers' True Record on Women\\\|url\\=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/sheryl\\-sandberg/what\\-larry\\-summers\\-has\\-do\\_b\\_142126\\.html\\\|access\\-date\\=January 4, 2014\\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[HuffPost]]\\\|date\\=November 7, 2008\\\|author\\-link\\=Sheryl Sandberg}}", "In 2016, remarking upon [political correctness](/wiki/Political_correctness \"Political correctness\") in institutions of higher education, Summers said:", "", "> There is a great deal of absurd political correctness. Now, I'm somebody who believes very strongly in diversity, who resists racism in all of its many incarnations, who thinks that there is a great deal that's unjust in American society that needs to be combated, but it seems to be that there is a kind of creeping totalitarianism in terms of what kind of ideas are acceptable and are debatable on college campuses.{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://conversationswithbillkristol.org/video/larry\\-summers\\-ii/?start\\=15\\&end\\=1606\\\|title\\=Larry Summers II on Conversations with Bill Kristol\\\|website\\=ConversationsWithBillKristol.org\\\|access\\-date\\=November 8, 2017}}", "#### Summers' opposition and support at Harvard", "On March 15, 2005, members of the [Harvard Faculty of Arts and Sciences](/wiki/Harvard_Faculty_of_Arts_and_Sciences \"Harvard Faculty of Arts and Sciences\"), which instructs graduate students in [Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences](/wiki/Harvard_Graduate_School_of_Arts_and_Sciences \"Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences\") and undergraduates in [Harvard College](/wiki/Harvard_College \"Harvard College\"), passed 218–185 a motion of \"lack of confidence\" in the leadership of Summers, with 18 abstentions. A second motion that offered a milder censure of the president passed 253 to 137, also with 18 abstentions.", "The members of the [Harvard Corporation](/wiki/Harvard_Corporation \"Harvard Corporation\"), the University's highest governing body, are in charge of the selection of the president and issued statements strongly supporting Summers.", "FAS faculty were not unanimous in their comments against Summers. Psychologist [Steven Pinker](/wiki/Steven_Pinker \"Steven Pinker\") defended the legitimacy of Summers's January lecture. When asked if Summers's talk was \"within the pale of legitimate academic discourse,\" Pinker responded \"Good grief, shouldn't everything be within the pale of legitimate academic discourse, as long as it is presented with some degree of rigor? That's the difference between a university and a [madrassa](/wiki/Madrassa \"Madrassa\"). There is certainly enough evidence for the hypothesis to be taken seriously.\"[Psychoanalysis Q\\-and\\-A: Steven Pinker](https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2005/1/19/psychoanalysis-q-and-a-steven-pinker-in-an/). [The Harvard Crimson](/wiki/The_Harvard_Crimson \"The Harvard Crimson\"). January 19, 2005", "Summers had stronger support among Harvard College students than among the college faculty. One poll by [The Harvard Crimson](/wiki/The_Harvard_Crimson \"The Harvard Crimson\") indicated that students opposed his resignation by a three\\-to\\-one margin, with 57% of responding students opposing his resignation and 19% supporting it.[Poll: Students Say Summers Should Stay](http://www.thecrimson.com/article.aspx?ref=511421). [The Harvard Crimson](/wiki/The_Harvard_Crimson \"The Harvard Crimson\"). February 20, 2006", "In July 2005, a board member of Harvard Corporation, [Conrad K. Harper](/wiki/Conrad_K._Harper \"Conrad K. Harper\"), resigned saying he was angered both by the university president's comments about women and by Summers being given a salary increase. The resignation letter to the president said, \"I could not and cannot support a raise in your salary, ... I believe that Harvard's best interests require your resignation.\"{{cite news\\\|last\\=Finder\\\|first\\=Alan\\\|title\\=A Harvard Governor, Dissatisfied, Resigns\\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/29/education/29harvard.html?\\_r\\=0\\\|access\\-date\\=December 5, 2013\\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]]\\\|date\\=July 29, 2005}}[Board Member's Letter of Resignation](https://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/02/education/02htext.html). [The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\"). August 2, 2005", "#### Support of economist Andrei Shleifer", "Harvard and [Andrei Shleifer](/wiki/Andrei_Shleifer \"Andrei Shleifer\"), a close friend and protégé of Summers, controversially paid $28\\.5 million to settle a [lawsuit](/wiki/Lawsuit \"Lawsuit\") by the U.S. government over the [conflict of interest](/wiki/Conflict_of_interest \"Conflict of interest\") Shleifer had while advising [Russia's privatization program](/wiki/Russia%27s_privatization_program \"Russia's privatization program\"). The US government had sued Shleifer under the [False Claims Act](/wiki/False_Claims_Act \"False Claims Act\"), as he bought [Russian](/wiki/Russia \"Russia\") stocks while designing the country's [privatization](/wiki/Privatization \"Privatization\"). In 2004, a federal judge ruled that while Harvard had violated the contract, Shleifer and his associate alone were liable for [treble damages](/wiki/Treble_damages \"Treble damages\").", "In June 2005, Harvard and Shleifer announced that they had reached a tentative settlement with the US government. In August, Harvard, Shleifer, and the [Department of Justice](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice \"United States Department of Justice\") reached an agreement under which the university paid $26\\.5 million to settle the five\\-year\\-old lawsuit. Shleifer was also responsible for paying $2 million worth of damages.", "Because Harvard paid almost all of the damages and allowed Shleifer to retain his faculty position, the settlement provoked allegations of favoritism by Summers. His continued support for Shleifer strengthened Summers's unpopularity with other professors, as reported in The Harvard Crimson:", "{{Blockquote\\\|I've been a member of this Faculty for over 45 years, and I am no longer easily shocked,\" is how Frederick H. Abernathy, the McKay professor of mechanical engineering, began his biting comments about the Shleifer case at Tuesday's fiery Faculty meeting. But, Abernathy continued, \"I was deeply shocked and disappointed by the actions of this University\" in the Shleifer affair.{{cite news\\\|title\\='Tawdry Shleifer Affair' Stokes Faculty Anger Toward Summers\\\|url\\=http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2006/2/10/tawdry\\-shleifer\\-affair\\-stokes\\-faculty\\-anger/\\\|access\\-date\\=30 May 2013\\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Harvard Crimson]]\\\|date\\=10 Feb 2006\\\|author\\=Nicholas Ciarelli\\\|author2\\=Anton Troianovski}}}}", "#### In Russia", "{{See also\\\|Loans for shares scheme}}\nAn 18,000\\-word article \"How Harvard Lost Russia\" in [Institutional Investor](/wiki/Institutional_Investor_%28magazine%29 \"Institutional Investor (magazine)\") by David McClintick detailed Shleifer's alleged efforts to use his [inside knowledge](/wiki/Insider_trading \"Insider trading\") of and sway over the Russian economy in order to make lucrative personal investments, all while leading a Harvard group, advising the Russian government, that was under contract with the U.S. The article suggests that Summers shielded his fellow economist from disciplinary action by the university, and it noted that Summers had forewarned Shleifer and his wife Nancy Zimmerman about the conflict\\-of\\-interest regulations back in 1996\\.{{Cite news \\\|last\\=McClintick \\\|first\\=David \\\|date\\=January 13, 2006 \\\|title\\=How Harvard Lost Russia \\\|work\\=Institutional Investor \\\|url\\=https://www.institutionalinvestor.com/article/b150npp3q49x7w/how\\-harvard\\-lost\\-russia \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140705041205/http://www.institutionalinvestor.com/Article/1020662/How\\-Harvard\\-lost\\-Russia.html\\#/.V0mIqpF97nE \\\|archive\\-date\\=July 5, 2014}} Summers's friendship with Shleifer was well known by the corporation when it selected him to succeed Rudenstine and Summers recused himself from all proceedings with Shleifer, whose case was actually handled by an independent committee led by former Harvard president [Derek Bok](/wiki/Derek_Bok \"Derek Bok\").", "#### Connection to Jeffrey Epstein", "An article in The Harvard Crimson in 2003, during Summers's tenure as president, detailed a reportedly \"special connection\" between Summers and [Jeffrey Epstein](/wiki/Jeffrey_Epstein \"Jeffrey Epstein\").{{Cite web\\\|last\\= Scharnick\\\|first\\=Jaquelyn M.\\\|date\\=May 1, 2003\\\|url\\=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2003/5/1/mogul\\-donor\\-gives\\-harvard\\-more\\-than/?page\\=single\\\|title\\=Mogul Donor Gives Harvard More Than Money\\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Harvard Crimson]]\\\|language\\=en\\\|access\\-date\\=July 12, 2019}} Epstein pledged to donate at least $25 million to Harvard during Summers's tenure to endow Harvard's Program for Evolutionary Dynamics, and Epstein was given an office at Harvard for his personal use.{{Cite magazine\\\|url\\=https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2003/03/jeffrey\\-epstein\\-200303\\\|title\\=The Talented Mr. Epstein\\\|last\\=Ward\\\|first\\=Vicky\\\|date\\=March 2003\\\|magazine\\=\\[\\[Vanity Fair (magazine)\\\|Vanity Fair]]\\\|access\\-date\\=July 12, 2019\\\|quote\\=Epstein has pledged at least $25 million to Harvard to create the Epstein Program for Mathematical Biology and Evolutionary Dynamics, and Epstein will have an office at the university...He says he was reluctant to have his name attached to the program, but Summers persuaded him. }}{{Cite web\\\|url\\=https://ped.fas.harvard.edu/home\\\|title\\=Program for Evolutionary Dynamics\\\|website\\=ped.fas.harvard.edu\\\|language\\=en\\\|access\\-date\\=July 12, 2019}} Epstein otherwise had no formal connection to Harvard. Summers's ties to Epstein reportedly began \"a number of years...before Summers became Harvard's president and even before he was the Secretary of the Treasury.\" Flight records introduced as evidence in the 2021 trial of Epstein associate [Ghislaine Maxwell](/wiki/Ghislaine_Maxwell \"Ghislaine Maxwell\") show that Summers flew on Jeffrey Epstein's private plane on at least four occasions, including once in 1998 when Summers was [United States Deputy Secretary of the Treasury](/wiki/United_States_Deputy_Secretary_of_the_Treasury \"United States Deputy Secretary of the Treasury\") and at least three times while Harvard president.{{Cite web\\\|url\\=https://s3\\.documentcloud.org/documents/21165424/epstein\\-flight\\-logs\\-released\\-in\\-usa\\-vs\\-maxwell.pdf\\\|title\\=Epstein Flight Logs Released in USA vs. Maxwell\\\|language\\=en\\\|access\\-date\\=December 27, 2021}} A charity funded by Epstein also donated to the production of a [PBS](/wiki/PBS \"PBS\") show hosted by Summers's wife and Harvard professor [Elisa New](/wiki/Elisa_New \"Elisa New\").{{Cite news\\\|url\\=https://www.thedailybeast.com/jeffrey\\-epstein\\-has\\-a\\-secret\\-charity\\-heres\\-who\\-it\\-gave\\-money\\-to?ref\\=scroll\\\|title\\=REVEALED: We Found Billionaire Pedophile Jeffrey Epstein's Secret Charity\\\|last\\=Briquelet\\\|first\\=Kate\\\|date\\=July 10, 2019\\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Daily Beast]]\\\|access\\-date\\=July 12, 2019\\\|quote\\=In 2016, Gratitude America Ltd. shelled out $110,000 to Verse Video Education. The Cambridge, Massachusetts\\-based nonprofit produces the PBS show Poetry in America, whose creator and host is Harvard professor Elisa New. Verse's 2016 tax return named New as the group's president but doesn't include specific donors for its $1\\.38 million in total contributions. New is married to Summers, Harvard University's former president, who hobnobbed with Epstein in elite international relations groups and, like Bill Clinton, flew on Epstein's private jet.}}", "#### Winklevoss twins and Facebook", "In February 2004, the [Winklevoss twins](/wiki/Winklevoss_twins \"Winklevoss twins\") requested a meeting with Summers in order to ask him to intervene on their behalf in an ongoing dispute they had with [Facebook](/wiki/Facebook \"Facebook\") founder [Mark Zuckerberg](/wiki/Mark_Zuckerberg \"Mark Zuckerberg\"). The Winklevosses believed that Zuckerberg had stolen their idea for a social networking website and launched Facebook on his own, after they had asked him to be a part of their project, then called HarvardConnection. Summers believed that the matter was outside the university's jurisdiction and advised the twins to take their complaint to the courts.{{cite news \\\|first\\=Shirin \\\|last\\=Sharif \\\|title\\=Harvard grads face off against thefacebook.com \\\|date\\=August 5, 2004 \\\|publisher\\=The Stanford Daily \\\|url\\=http://www.stanforddaily.com/2004/08/05/harvard\\-grads\\-face\\-off\\-against\\-thefacebookcom/ \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100618102603/http://www.stanforddaily.com/2004/08/05/harvard\\-grads\\-face\\-off\\-against\\-thefacebookcom/ \\\|archive\\-date\\=June 18, 2010 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead }}", "#### Resignation as Harvard President", "On February 21, 2006, Summers announced his intention to step down at the end of the school year effective June 30, 2006\\. Harvard agreed to provide Summers on his resignation with a one\\-year paid [sabbatical](/wiki/Sabbatical \"Sabbatical\") leave, subsidized a $1 million outstanding loan from the university for his personal residence, and provided other payments.President and Fellows of Harvard College, [IRS](/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Service \"Internal Revenue Service\") Form 990, 2006 \\& 2007\\. Former University President [Derek Bok](/wiki/Derek_Bok \"Derek Bok\") acted as Interim President while the University conducted a search for a replacement which ended with the naming of [Drew Gilpin Faust](/wiki/Drew_Gilpin_Faust \"Drew Gilpin Faust\") on February 11, 2007\\.", "" ]
History ------- The Nankar custom was a labor exploitation system, much like the [Medieval](/wiki/Middle_Ages "Middle Ages") [slavery](/wiki/Slavery "Slavery") system. The feudal tradition originated during the [colonial period](/wiki/British_Bengal "British Bengal") and was practiced mainly in the [Sylheti](/wiki/Sylhet_region "Sylhet region") [thanas](/wiki/Thanas_of_Bangladesh "Thanas of Bangladesh") of [Beanibazar](/wiki/Beanibazar "Beanibazar"), [Barlekha](/wiki/Barlekha "Barlekha") and [Golapganj](/wiki/Golapganj "Golapganj").{{cite news\\|url\=http://archive.prothom\-alo.com/detail/date/2011\-10\-13/news/193305 \\|script\-title\=bn:নানকার বিদ্রোহের বীর\\|newspaper\=Prothom\-Alo\\|language\=bn\\|access\-date\=10 July 2017}} In the [Sylhet region](/wiki/Sylhet_region "Sylhet region"), the landowners were called mirashdars and the greater mirashdar were called [zamindars](/wiki/Zamindar "Zamindar"). The nankars would be accommodated close to the zamindars or mirashdars residence and also had permission to use the house and agricultural land provided. However, they had to be engaged in the work of the landlord's entire house, even during late hours after midnight. The nankars would not earn wages for this work. When the call of the zamindar was not immediately accepted, untimely torture was prosecuted. In the village of [Bahadurpur in Lauta](/wiki/Beanibazar_Upazila%23Villages_in_Lauta_Union "Beanibazar Upazila#Villages in Lauta Union"), [Beanibazar](/wiki/Beanibazar "Beanibazar"), there lived a [zamindar](/wiki/Zamindar "Zamindar") who practiced the Nankar custom. His regulations were known to be strict such as the different prohibitions in the road in front of his home which included wearing shoes and sandals, using umbrellas and riding horses. The word locally spread of the zamindar's oppression and consultations took place establishing the Communist Party and Peasants Association in 1937\. Comrade Ajay Bhattacharya, a man who was arrested multiple times by [the British](/wiki/British_Empire "British Empire") for his activism, led the Nankar movement. Other members from [Beanibazar](/wiki/Beanibazar "Beanibazar") also joined him such as Shishir Bhattacharya, Shailendra Bhattacharya and Lalitapal from Lauta, Jawad Ullah from Nandirpal and Abdus\-Subhan from South Potti. Uniting other Nankars, they publicly rebelled against the zamindar. They stopped the zamindar from earning his revenue and stopped him from entering markets. This news spread to other zamindars who, out of fear, petitioned to the [Government of Pakistan](/wiki/Government_of_Pakistan "Government of Pakistan") against the rebellion. The government later took action to suppress the rebellion. Other organizers included Varun Roy and [Hena Das](/wiki/Hena_Das "Hena Das").[http://www.jjdin.com/?view\=details\&archiev\=yes\&arch\_date\=20\-07\-2014\&feature\=yes\&type\=single\&pub\_no\=900\&cat\_id\=3\&menu\_id\=69\&news\_type\_id\=1\&index\=1](http://www.jjdin.com/?view=details&archiev=yes&arch_date=20-07-2014&feature=yes&type=single&pub_no=900&cat_id=3&menu_id=69&news_type_id=1&index=1) নারী আন্দোলনের পথিকৃৎ হেনা দাস\- The Daily Jayjaydin According to Bhattacharya, 10% (300,000\) of the population of [Greater Sylhet](/wiki/Greater_Sylhet "Greater Sylhet") were Nankars. From 1922 to 1949, with the help of the Communist Party and Peasants Association, a Nankar movement against the feudalistic exploitation system was developed and centered in Bahadurpur, Lauta in [Beanibazar](/wiki/Beanibazar "Beanibazar"), and spread to other Nankar\-populated areas such as [Golapganj](/wiki/Golapganj "Golapganj"), [Barlekha](/wiki/Barlekha "Barlekha"), [Kulaura](/wiki/Kulaura "Kulaura"), [Balaganj](/wiki/Balaganj "Balaganj") and [Dharamapasha](/wiki/Dharamapasha "Dharamapasha"). On the 17th of August 1949, there was an important festival day, [Makar Sankranti](/wiki/Makar_Sankranti "Makar Sankranti"), in reference to deity [Surya](/wiki/Surya "Surya") (sun), for [Bengali Hindus](/wiki/Bengali_Hindus "Bengali Hindus"). During the first day of this religious festival, the Nankar Hindus in [Saneshwar Uluri](/wiki/Beanibazar_Upazila%23Villages_in_Tilpara_Union "Beanibazar Upazila#Villages in Tilpara Union") began preparing to worship [Manasa](/wiki/Manasa "Manasa") late at night until they start to feel sleepy. During sunrise, an armed force attacks the village and the Hindus begin to flee, many towards the nearby village of Uluri. Members of the rebellion staying in Uluri were Aparna Pal, Shushama De, Ashita Pal and Surath Pal. Eventually a conflict occurs between the force and Uluri villagers along the banks of the Sunai River. ### Nankar Day On 18 August 1949, six Nankars were killed in an armed attack by [the EPR](/wiki/East_Pakistan_Rifles "East Pakistan Rifles"), [police](/wiki/East_Pakistan_Police "East Pakistan Police") and zamindars belonging to [the Muslim League](/wiki/Muslim_League_%28Pakistan%29 "Muslim League (Pakistan)"), who were armed with [lathis](/wiki/Lathi_khela "Lathi khela"). The victims were: * Rajni Das (50\) \- killed 15 days prior by the zamindar's armed forces on the bank of the Sunai river; * Brajanath Das (50\); * Kutumani Das (47\); * Prasanna Kumar Das (50\); * Pabitra Kumar Das (45\) and * Amulya Kumar Das (17\) \- Killed later in captivity Being pregnant, during the persecution of police, Aparna Pal Chowdhury had a miscarriage on the spot.{{cite news\\|url\=http://www.kalerkantho.com/print\-edition/rajkut/2014/11/18/152413 \\|script\-title\=bn:বাংলার বিদ্রোহ, নানকার বিদ্রোহ\\|last\=অনিন্দ্য আরিফ\\|newspaper\=The Daily Kalerkantho\\|date\=14 November 2014\\|language\=bn\\|access\-date\=27 December 2016}} She became lame in the severe torture and imprisoned for 5 years in [Sylhet](/wiki/Sylhet "Sylhet"), [Rajshahi](/wiki/Rajshahi "Rajshahi") and [Dhaka jail](/wiki/Old_Dhaka_Central_Jail "Old Dhaka Central Jail").{{cite book\\|last\=Bose\\|first\=Anjali\\|year\=2004\\|script\-title\=bn:Sansad Bangali Charitabhidhan\\|volume\=2\\|location\=Kolkata\\|publisher\=Sahitya Sansad\\|language\=bn\\|page\=14\\|isbn\=81\-86806\-99\-7}} Wounded and captured people included Hridoy Ranjan Das, Dinanath Das, Adwayta Charan Das, Sushama Dey, Asita Pal, and Prakash Chandra Das, Hiran Bala Das, Priyamoni Das, Pramod Chandra Das and Mana Chandra Das. ### Abolishment After the incident in Beanibazar, the movement became increasingly popular throughout the country. As a result of this sacrifice, the [Pakistan government](/wiki/Government_of_Pakistan "Government of Pakistan") was forced to abolish the zamindari system and repeal the non\-governmental rule to recognize the ownership of the land of peasants.	[ "History\n-------", "The Nankar custom was a labor exploitation system, much like the [Medieval](/wiki/Middle_Ages \"Middle Ages\") [slavery](/wiki/Slavery \"Slavery\") system. The feudal tradition originated during the [colonial period](/wiki/British_Bengal \"British Bengal\") and was practiced mainly in the [Sylheti](/wiki/Sylhet_region \"Sylhet region\") [thanas](/wiki/Thanas_of_Bangladesh \"Thanas of Bangladesh\") of [Beanibazar](/wiki/Beanibazar \"Beanibazar\"), [Barlekha](/wiki/Barlekha \"Barlekha\") and [Golapganj](/wiki/Golapganj \"Golapganj\").{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://archive.prothom\\-alo.com/detail/date/2011\\-10\\-13/news/193305 \\\|script\\-title\\=bn:নানকার বিদ্রোহের বীর\\\|newspaper\\=Prothom\\-Alo\\\|language\\=bn\\\|access\\-date\\=10 July 2017}} In the [Sylhet region](/wiki/Sylhet_region \"Sylhet region\"), the landowners were called mirashdars and the greater mirashdar were called [zamindars](/wiki/Zamindar \"Zamindar\"). The nankars would be accommodated close to the zamindars or mirashdars residence and also had permission to use the house and agricultural land provided. However, they had to be engaged in the work of the landlord's entire house, even during late hours after midnight. The nankars would not earn wages for this work. When the call of the zamindar was not immediately accepted, untimely torture was prosecuted.", "In the village of [Bahadurpur in Lauta](/wiki/Beanibazar_Upazila%23Villages_in_Lauta_Union \"Beanibazar Upazila#Villages in Lauta Union\"), [Beanibazar](/wiki/Beanibazar \"Beanibazar\"), there lived a [zamindar](/wiki/Zamindar \"Zamindar\") who practiced the Nankar custom. His regulations were known to be strict such as the different prohibitions in the road in front of his home which included wearing shoes and sandals, using umbrellas and riding horses. The word locally spread of the zamindar's oppression and consultations took place establishing the Communist Party and Peasants Association in 1937\\. Comrade Ajay Bhattacharya, a man who was arrested multiple times by [the British](/wiki/British_Empire \"British Empire\") for his activism, led the Nankar movement. Other members from [Beanibazar](/wiki/Beanibazar \"Beanibazar\") also joined him such as Shishir Bhattacharya, Shailendra Bhattacharya and Lalitapal from Lauta, Jawad Ullah from Nandirpal and Abdus\\-Subhan from South Potti. Uniting other Nankars, they publicly rebelled against the zamindar. They stopped the zamindar from earning his revenue and stopped him from entering markets. This news spread to other zamindars who, out of fear, petitioned to the [Government of Pakistan](/wiki/Government_of_Pakistan \"Government of Pakistan\") against the rebellion. The government later took action to suppress the rebellion. Other organizers included Varun Roy and [Hena Das](/wiki/Hena_Das \"Hena Das\").[http://www.jjdin.com/?view\\=details\\&archiev\\=yes\\&arch\\_date\\=20\\-07\\-2014\\&feature\\=yes\\&type\\=single\\&pub\\_no\\=900\\&cat\\_id\\=3\\&menu\\_id\\=69\\&news\\_type\\_id\\=1\\&index\\=1](http://www.jjdin.com/?view=details&archiev=yes&arch_date=20-07-2014&feature=yes&type=single&pub_no=900&cat_id=3&menu_id=69&news_type_id=1&index=1) নারী আন্দোলনের পথিকৃৎ হেনা দাস\\- The Daily Jayjaydin", "According to Bhattacharya, 10% (300,000\\) of the population of [Greater Sylhet](/wiki/Greater_Sylhet \"Greater Sylhet\") were Nankars. From 1922 to 1949, with the help of the Communist Party and Peasants Association, a Nankar movement against the feudalistic exploitation system was developed and centered in Bahadurpur, Lauta in [Beanibazar](/wiki/Beanibazar \"Beanibazar\"), and spread to other Nankar\\-populated areas such as [Golapganj](/wiki/Golapganj \"Golapganj\"), [Barlekha](/wiki/Barlekha \"Barlekha\"), [Kulaura](/wiki/Kulaura \"Kulaura\"), [Balaganj](/wiki/Balaganj \"Balaganj\") and [Dharamapasha](/wiki/Dharamapasha \"Dharamapasha\").", "On the 17th of August 1949, there was an important festival day, [Makar Sankranti](/wiki/Makar_Sankranti \"Makar Sankranti\"), in reference to deity [Surya](/wiki/Surya \"Surya\") (sun), for [Bengali Hindus](/wiki/Bengali_Hindus \"Bengali Hindus\"). During the first day of this religious festival, the Nankar Hindus in [Saneshwar Uluri](/wiki/Beanibazar_Upazila%23Villages_in_Tilpara_Union \"Beanibazar Upazila#Villages in Tilpara Union\") began preparing to worship [Manasa](/wiki/Manasa \"Manasa\") late at night until they start to feel sleepy. During sunrise, an armed force attacks the village and the Hindus begin to flee, many towards the nearby village of Uluri. Members of the rebellion staying in Uluri were Aparna Pal, Shushama De, Ashita Pal and Surath Pal. Eventually a conflict occurs between the force and Uluri villagers along the banks of the Sunai River.", "### Nankar Day", "On 18 August 1949, six Nankars were killed in an armed attack by [the EPR](/wiki/East_Pakistan_Rifles \"East Pakistan Rifles\"), [police](/wiki/East_Pakistan_Police \"East Pakistan Police\") and zamindars belonging to [the Muslim League](/wiki/Muslim_League_%28Pakistan%29 \"Muslim League (Pakistan)\"), who were armed with [lathis](/wiki/Lathi_khela \"Lathi khela\"). The victims were: \n* Rajni Das (50\\) \\- killed 15 days prior by the zamindar's armed forces on the bank of the Sunai river;\n* Brajanath Das (50\\);\n* Kutumani Das (47\\);\n* Prasanna Kumar Das (50\\);\n* Pabitra Kumar Das (45\\) and\n* Amulya Kumar Das (17\\) \\- Killed later in captivity", "Being pregnant, during the persecution of police, Aparna Pal Chowdhury had a miscarriage on the spot.{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://www.kalerkantho.com/print\\-edition/rajkut/2014/11/18/152413 \\\|script\\-title\\=bn:বাংলার বিদ্রোহ, নানকার বিদ্রোহ\\\|last\\=অনিন্দ্য আরিফ\\\|newspaper\\=The Daily Kalerkantho\\\|date\\=14 November 2014\\\|language\\=bn\\\|access\\-date\\=27 December 2016}} She became lame in the severe torture and imprisoned for 5 years in [Sylhet](/wiki/Sylhet \"Sylhet\"), [Rajshahi](/wiki/Rajshahi \"Rajshahi\") and [Dhaka jail](/wiki/Old_Dhaka_Central_Jail \"Old Dhaka Central Jail\").{{cite book\\\|last\\=Bose\\\|first\\=Anjali\\\|year\\=2004\\\|script\\-title\\=bn:Sansad Bangali Charitabhidhan\\\|volume\\=2\\\|location\\=Kolkata\\\|publisher\\=Sahitya Sansad\\\|language\\=bn\\\|page\\=14\\\|isbn\\=81\\-86806\\-99\\-7}} Wounded and captured people included Hridoy Ranjan Das, Dinanath Das, Adwayta Charan Das, Sushama Dey, Asita Pal, and Prakash Chandra Das, Hiran Bala Das, Priyamoni Das, Pramod Chandra Das and Mana Chandra Das.", "### Abolishment", "After the incident in Beanibazar, the movement became increasingly popular throughout the country. As a result of this sacrifice, the [Pakistan government](/wiki/Government_of_Pakistan \"Government of Pakistan\") was forced to abolish the zamindari system and repeal the non\\-governmental rule to recognize the ownership of the land of peasants.", "" ]
Surfaces -------- Its outer surface is smooth and [convex](/wiki/wikt:Convex "Convex"); it affords attachment to the [temporal muscle](/wiki/Temporal_muscle "Temporal muscle"), and forms part of the [temporal fossa](/wiki/Temporal_fossa "Temporal fossa"); on its hinder part is a vertical groove for the [middle temporal artery](/wiki/Middle_temporal_artery "Middle temporal artery"). A curved line, the temporal line, or supramastoid crest, runs backward and upward across its posterior part; it serves for the attachment of the temporal [fascia](/wiki/Fascia "Fascia"), and limits the origin of the temporalis muscle. The boundary between the squamous part and the mastoid portion of the bone, as indicated by traces of the original suture, lies about 1 cm. below this line. Projecting from the lower part of the squamous part is a long, arched process, the [zygomatic process](/wiki/Zygomatic_process_of_temporal_bone "Zygomatic process of temporal bone"). This process is at first directed lateralward, its two surfaces looking upward and downward; it then appears as if twisted inward upon itself, and runs forward, its surfaces now looking medialward and lateralward. The superior border is long, thin, and sharp, and serves for the attachment of the temporal fascia; the inferior, short, thick, and arched, has attached to it some fibers of the [masseter](/wiki/Masseter "Masseter"). The lateral surface is convex and [subcutaneous](/wiki/Subcutaneous_tissue "Subcutaneous tissue"); the medial is [concave](/wiki/wiktionary:Concave "Concave"), and affords attachment to the masseter. The anterior end is deeply serrated and articulates with the [zygomatic bone](/wiki/Zygomatic_bone "Zygomatic bone"). The posterior end is connected to the squamous part by two roots, the anterior and posterior roots. The posterior root, a prolongation of the upper border, is strongly marked; it runs backward above the [external auditory meatus](/wiki/External_auditory_meatus "External auditory meatus"), and is continuous with the temporal line. The anterior root, continuous with the lower border, is short but broad and strong; it is directed medialward and ends in a rounded eminence, the [articular tubercle](/wiki/Articular_tubercle "Articular tubercle") (eminentia articularis). This tubercle forms the front boundary of the [mandibular fossa](/wiki/Mandibular_fossa "Mandibular fossa"), and in the fresh state is covered with cartilage. In front of the articular tubercle is a small triangular area which assists in forming the [infratemporal fossa](/wiki/Infratemporal_fossa "Infratemporal fossa"); this area is separated from the outer surface of the squamous part by a ridge which is continuous behind with the anterior root of the zygomatic process, and in front, in the articulated skull, with the [infratemporal crest](/wiki/Infratemporal_crest "Infratemporal crest") on the great wing of the [sphenoid](/wiki/Sphenoid_bone "Sphenoid bone"). Between the posterior wall of the [external acoustic meatus](/wiki/External_acoustic_meatus "External acoustic meatus") and the posterior root of the zygomatic process is the area called the suprameatal triangle (Macewen), or [mastoid fossa](/wiki/Mastoid_fossa "Mastoid fossa"), through which an instrument may be pushed into the [tympanic antrum](/wiki/Tympanic_antrum "Tympanic antrum"). At the junction of the anterior root with the zygomatic process is a projection for the attachment of the [temporomandibular ligament](/wiki/Temporomandibular_ligament "Temporomandibular ligament"); and behind the anterior root is an oval depression, forming part of the mandibular fossa, for the reception of the condyle of the mandible. The mandibular fossa (glenoid fossa) is bounded, in front, by the articular tubercle; behind, by the tympanic part of the bone, which separates it from the external acoustic meatus; it is divided into two parts by a narrow slit, the petrotympanic fissure ([Glaserian fissure](/wiki/Glaserian_fissure "Glaserian fissure")). The anterior part, formed by the squamous part, is smooth, covered in the fresh state with [cartilage](/wiki/Cartilage "Cartilage"), and articulates with the [condyle of the mandible](/wiki/Ramus_mandibulae%23Condyloid_Process "Ramus mandibulae#Condyloid Process"). Behind this part of the fossa is a small conical eminence; this is the representative of a prominent tubercle which, in some mammals, descends behind the condyle of the mandible, and prevents its backward displacement. The posterior part of the mandibular fossa, formed by the [tympanic part](/wiki/Tympanic_part "Tympanic part") of the bone, is non\-articular, and sometimes lodges a portion of the [parotid gland](/wiki/Parotid_gland "Parotid gland"). The [petrotympanic fissure](/wiki/Petrotympanic_fissure "Petrotympanic fissure") leads into the [middle ear](/wiki/Middle_ear "Middle ear") or [tympanic cavity](/wiki/Tympanic_cavity "Tympanic cavity"); it lodges the anterior process of the [malleus](/wiki/Malleus "Malleus"), and transmits the tympanic branch of the [internal maxillary artery](/wiki/Internal_maxillary_artery "Internal maxillary artery"). The [chorda tympani](/wiki/Chorda_tympani "Chorda tympani") nerve passes through a canal (canal of [Huguier](/wiki/Huguier "Huguier")), separated from the anterior edge of the petrotympanic fissure by a thin scale of bone and situated on the lateral side of the [auditory tube](/wiki/Auditory_tube "Auditory tube"), in the retiring angle between the squamous part and the petrous portion of the temporal bone. The internal surface of the squamous part is concave; it presents depressions corresponding to the convolutions of the temporal lobe of the brain, and grooves for the branches of the middle [meningeal vessels](/wiki/Meningeal_vessel "Meningeal vessel").	[ "Surfaces\n--------", "Its outer surface is smooth and [convex](/wiki/wikt:Convex \"Convex\"); it affords attachment to the [temporal muscle](/wiki/Temporal_muscle \"Temporal muscle\"), and forms part of the [temporal fossa](/wiki/Temporal_fossa \"Temporal fossa\"); on its hinder part is a vertical groove for the [middle temporal artery](/wiki/Middle_temporal_artery \"Middle temporal artery\"). A curved line, the temporal line, or supramastoid crest, runs backward and upward across its posterior part; it serves for the attachment of the temporal [fascia](/wiki/Fascia \"Fascia\"), and limits the origin of the temporalis muscle. The boundary between the squamous part and the mastoid portion of the bone, as indicated by traces of the original suture, lies about 1 cm. below this line.", "Projecting from the lower part of the squamous part is a long, arched process, the [zygomatic process](/wiki/Zygomatic_process_of_temporal_bone \"Zygomatic process of temporal bone\"). This process is at first directed lateralward, its two surfaces looking upward and downward; it then appears as if twisted inward upon itself, and runs forward, its surfaces now looking medialward and lateralward. The superior border is long, thin, and sharp, and serves for the attachment of the temporal fascia; the inferior, short, thick, and arched, has attached to it some fibers of the [masseter](/wiki/Masseter \"Masseter\"). The lateral surface is convex and [subcutaneous](/wiki/Subcutaneous_tissue \"Subcutaneous tissue\"); the medial is [concave](/wiki/wiktionary:Concave \"Concave\"), and affords attachment to the masseter. The anterior end is deeply serrated and articulates with the [zygomatic bone](/wiki/Zygomatic_bone \"Zygomatic bone\"). The posterior end is connected to the squamous part by two roots, the anterior and posterior roots. The posterior root, a prolongation of the upper border, is strongly marked; it runs backward above the [external auditory meatus](/wiki/External_auditory_meatus \"External auditory meatus\"), and is continuous with the temporal line. The anterior root, continuous with the lower border, is short but broad and strong; it is directed medialward and ends in a rounded eminence, the [articular tubercle](/wiki/Articular_tubercle \"Articular tubercle\") (eminentia articularis).", "This tubercle forms the front boundary of the [mandibular fossa](/wiki/Mandibular_fossa \"Mandibular fossa\"), and in the fresh state is covered with cartilage. In front of the articular tubercle is a small triangular area which assists in forming the [infratemporal fossa](/wiki/Infratemporal_fossa \"Infratemporal fossa\"); this area is separated from the outer surface of the squamous part by a ridge which is continuous behind with the anterior root of the zygomatic process, and in front, in the articulated skull, with the [infratemporal crest](/wiki/Infratemporal_crest \"Infratemporal crest\") on the great wing of the [sphenoid](/wiki/Sphenoid_bone \"Sphenoid bone\"). Between the posterior wall of the [external acoustic meatus](/wiki/External_acoustic_meatus \"External acoustic meatus\") and the posterior root of the zygomatic process is the area called the suprameatal triangle (Macewen), or [mastoid fossa](/wiki/Mastoid_fossa \"Mastoid fossa\"), through which an instrument may be pushed into the [tympanic antrum](/wiki/Tympanic_antrum \"Tympanic antrum\").", "At the junction of the anterior root with the zygomatic process is a projection for the attachment of the [temporomandibular ligament](/wiki/Temporomandibular_ligament \"Temporomandibular ligament\"); and behind the anterior root is an oval depression, forming part of the mandibular fossa, for the reception of the condyle of the mandible. The mandibular fossa (glenoid fossa) is bounded, in front, by the articular tubercle; behind, by the tympanic part of the bone, which separates it from the external acoustic meatus; it is divided into two parts by a narrow slit, the petrotympanic fissure ([Glaserian fissure](/wiki/Glaserian_fissure \"Glaserian fissure\")). The anterior part, formed by the squamous part, is smooth, covered in the fresh state with [cartilage](/wiki/Cartilage \"Cartilage\"), and articulates with the [condyle of the mandible](/wiki/Ramus_mandibulae%23Condyloid_Process \"Ramus mandibulae#Condyloid Process\"). Behind this part of the fossa is a small conical eminence; this is the representative of a prominent tubercle which, in some mammals, descends behind the condyle of the mandible, and prevents its backward displacement. The posterior part of the mandibular fossa, formed by the [tympanic part](/wiki/Tympanic_part \"Tympanic part\") of the bone, is non\\-articular, and sometimes lodges a portion of the [parotid gland](/wiki/Parotid_gland \"Parotid gland\").", "The [petrotympanic fissure](/wiki/Petrotympanic_fissure \"Petrotympanic fissure\") leads into the [middle ear](/wiki/Middle_ear \"Middle ear\") or [tympanic cavity](/wiki/Tympanic_cavity \"Tympanic cavity\"); it lodges the anterior process of the [malleus](/wiki/Malleus \"Malleus\"), and transmits the tympanic branch of the [internal maxillary artery](/wiki/Internal_maxillary_artery \"Internal maxillary artery\"). The [chorda tympani](/wiki/Chorda_tympani \"Chorda tympani\") nerve passes through a canal (canal of [Huguier](/wiki/Huguier \"Huguier\")), separated from the anterior edge of the petrotympanic fissure by a thin scale of bone and situated on the lateral side of the [auditory tube](/wiki/Auditory_tube \"Auditory tube\"), in the retiring angle between the squamous part and the petrous portion of the temporal bone.", "The internal surface of the squamous part is concave; it presents depressions corresponding to the convolutions of the temporal lobe of the brain, and grooves for the branches of the middle [meningeal vessels](/wiki/Meningeal_vessel \"Meningeal vessel\").", "" ]
Economy and infrastructure -------------------------- The most important employer is [Huf Haus GmbH \& Co](/wiki/Huf_Haus "Huf Haus") which employs 470 people. ### Hartenfelser Kopf Windfarm In the summer of 2006, 12 Enercon E\-70 [wind turbines](/wiki/Wind_turbine "Wind turbine") were installed on the Hartenfelser Kopf. These supply roughly 12,500 households, making it one of the biggest windfarm projects in a forest that has ever been built in the Federal Republic. Four of the turbines stand within Hartenfels’s limits. ### Regular events In January, in honour of the community’s [patron saint](/wiki/Patron_saint "Patron saint"), [Anthony](/wiki/Anthony_the_Great "Anthony the Great"), whose feast day is 17 January, two concerts are held by the community’s music club on two consecutive weekends. On the Burgberg (“Castle Mountain”), the yearly music festival Rock am Turm is held at [Whitsun](/wiki/Whitsun "Whitsun"). At [Christmas](/wiki/Christmas "Christmas"), a lit, real [fir](/wiki/Fir "Fir") tree (Tannenbaum in [German](/wiki/German_language "German language")) up to 8 m tall is put up on top of the castle tower. The [kermis](/wiki/Kermis "Kermis") in Hartenfels is usually held on the first weekend in July. ### Choirs, clubs, etc. The community is enriched by a music club with many members, a likewise popular volunteer [fire brigade](/wiki/Fire_brigade "Fire brigade"), a Möhnenverein (roughly, “Foolish Women’s Club” – it is an organization devoted to the yearly [Carnival](/wiki/Carnival "Carnival") festivities) with a men’s ballet, as well as a church [choir](/wiki/Choir "Choir"). ### Transport The community lies west of [Bundesstraße](/wiki/Bundesstra%C3%9Fe "Bundesstraße") 8, leading from [Limburg an der Lahn](/wiki/Limburg_an_der_Lahn "Limburg an der Lahn") to [Siegburg](/wiki/Siegburg "Siegburg"). The nearest [Autobahn](/wiki/Autobahn "Autobahn") [interchange](/wiki/Interchange_%28road%29 "Interchange (road)") is [Mogendorf](/wiki/Mogendorf "Mogendorf") on the [A 3](/wiki/Bundesautobahn_3 "Bundesautobahn 3") ([Cologne](/wiki/Cologne "Cologne")–[Frankfurt](/wiki/Frankfurt_am_Main "Frankfurt am Main")). There are further Autobahn interchanges near [Dierdorf](/wiki/Dierdorf "Dierdorf") and [Montabaur](/wiki/Montabaur "Montabaur"). The nearest [InterCityExpress](/wiki/InterCityExpress "InterCityExpress") stop is the [railway station](/wiki/Railway_station "Railway station") at Montabaur on the [Cologne\-Frankfurt high\-speed rail line](/wiki/Cologne-Frankfurt_high-speed_rail_line "Cologne-Frankfurt high-speed rail line").	[ "Economy and infrastructure\n--------------------------", "The most important employer is [Huf Haus GmbH \\& Co](/wiki/Huf_Haus \"Huf Haus\") which employs 470 people.", "### Hartenfelser Kopf Windfarm", "In the summer of 2006, 12 Enercon E\\-70 [wind turbines](/wiki/Wind_turbine \"Wind turbine\") were installed on the Hartenfelser Kopf. These supply roughly 12,500 households, making it one of the biggest windfarm projects in a forest that has ever been built in the Federal Republic. Four of the turbines stand within Hartenfels’s limits.", "### Regular events", "In January, in honour of the community’s [patron saint](/wiki/Patron_saint \"Patron saint\"), [Anthony](/wiki/Anthony_the_Great \"Anthony the Great\"), whose feast day is 17 January, two concerts are held by the community’s music club on two consecutive weekends. On the Burgberg (“Castle Mountain”), the yearly music festival Rock am Turm is held at [Whitsun](/wiki/Whitsun \"Whitsun\"). At [Christmas](/wiki/Christmas \"Christmas\"), a lit, real [fir](/wiki/Fir \"Fir\") tree (Tannenbaum in [German](/wiki/German_language \"German language\")) up to 8 m tall is put up on top of the castle tower. The [kermis](/wiki/Kermis \"Kermis\") in Hartenfels is usually held on the first weekend in July.", "### Choirs, clubs, etc.", "The community is enriched by a music club with many members, a likewise popular volunteer [fire brigade](/wiki/Fire_brigade \"Fire brigade\"), a Möhnenverein (roughly, “Foolish Women’s Club” – it is an organization devoted to the yearly [Carnival](/wiki/Carnival \"Carnival\") festivities) with a men’s ballet, as well as a church [choir](/wiki/Choir \"Choir\").", "### Transport", "The community lies west of [Bundesstraße](/wiki/Bundesstra%C3%9Fe \"Bundesstraße\") 8, leading from [Limburg an der Lahn](/wiki/Limburg_an_der_Lahn \"Limburg an der Lahn\") to [Siegburg](/wiki/Siegburg \"Siegburg\"). The nearest [Autobahn](/wiki/Autobahn \"Autobahn\") [interchange](/wiki/Interchange_%28road%29 \"Interchange (road)\") is [Mogendorf](/wiki/Mogendorf \"Mogendorf\") on the [A 3](/wiki/Bundesautobahn_3 \"Bundesautobahn 3\") ([Cologne](/wiki/Cologne \"Cologne\")–[Frankfurt](/wiki/Frankfurt_am_Main \"Frankfurt am Main\")). There are further Autobahn interchanges near [Dierdorf](/wiki/Dierdorf \"Dierdorf\") and [Montabaur](/wiki/Montabaur \"Montabaur\"). The nearest [InterCityExpress](/wiki/InterCityExpress \"InterCityExpress\") stop is the [railway station](/wiki/Railway_station \"Railway station\") at Montabaur on the [Cologne\\-Frankfurt high\\-speed rail line](/wiki/Cologne-Frankfurt_high-speed_rail_line \"Cologne-Frankfurt high-speed rail line\").", "" ]
Production ---------- Nemo was the brainchild of producer Yutaka Fujioka, then president of [Tokyo Movie Shinsha](/wiki/TMS_Entertainment "TMS Entertainment") (TMS). He had long realized the limitations of the animation business in Japan and wanted to enter the U.S. market, so he started a new animation studio and planned to distribute U.S.\-Japan co\-produced animation films worldwide.{{cite web\\|url\= https://magmix.jp/post/69782\\|author\= \\|title\= 宮崎駿監督幻の米デビュー作『リトル・ニモ』企画途中で離脱も、数々の出会いと「名作」が生まれ…(1\)\\|language\= ja\\|date\=2021\-12\-02\\|accessdate\= 2022\-04\-03\\|website\= マグミクス\\|publisher\= メディア・ヴァーグ}}{{cite web\\|url\= https://cinemajp.com/2019/09/22/anime005/\\|author\= 西川昭幸\\|title\= 日本アニメ海外進出の先鞭をつけた野心作 NEMO ニモ（東宝東和）\\|language\= ja\\|date\= 2019\-09\-22\\|accessdate\= 2022\-04\-04\\|website\= \\|publisher\= 日本映画100年史\\|archive\-date\= November 26, 2020\\|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20201126064311/https://cinemajp.com/2019/09/22/anime005/\\|url\-status\= dead}}{{cite web\\|url\= https://reminder.top/742391829/\\|author\= \\|title\=宮崎駿も降板、壮大すぎたアニメ「NEMO/ニモ」映画より面白い制作過程!\\|language\= ja\\|date\= 2019\-11\-22\\|accessdate \= 2022\-04\-04\\|website\= Re:minder\\|publisher\= 株式会社リマインダー}} He founded [Telecom Animation Film](/wiki/Telecom_Animation_Film "Telecom Animation Film") in 1975, and embarked on a film adaptation of the legendary comic strip Little Nemo, which was so well known in the U.S. that two film adaptations were proposed during [Walt Disney](/wiki/Walt_Disney "Walt Disney")'s lifetime. As the first step towards realizing this project, in 1977 he personally flew to [Monterey, California](/wiki/Monterey%2C_California "Monterey, California"), to convince the McCay descendants to allow him to obtain the film rights, and he finally won it in the summer of 1978\. Fujioka had another dream: to make a "full animation" (not Japanese limited animation) film that could compete with Disney. For this purpose, Fujioka hired newcomers with no experience in Japanese TV animation and had them trained by Sadao Tsukioka, followed by [Yasuo Ōtsuka](/wiki/Yasuo_%C5%8Ctsuka "Yasuo Ōtsuka"). Incidentally, the 1980 pilot film was created by Tsukioka. However, a lack of funding and inexperienced animators made it difficult to go into Nemo production, so he hired veteran staff away from other studios to work on [Lupin the Third Part II](/wiki/Lupin_the_Third_Part_II "Lupin the Third Part II"), Hayao Miyazaki's film [Lupin III: The Castle of Cagliostro](/wiki/Lupin_III:The_Castle_of_Cagliostro "The Castle of Cagliostro"), and Isao Takahata's film [Jarinko Chie](/wiki/Jarinko_Chie_%28film%29 "Jarinko Chie (film)"). And he frequently held screenings of those two films of Miyazaki and Takahata for film professionals in the U.S. to showcase his company's capabilities. In the spring of 1981, Fujioka launched the project after securing a 4 billion yen investment from consumer finance company Lake. Fujioka initially approached [George Lucas](/wiki/George_Lucas "George Lucas"), who was then at the height of his career with Star Wars and Indiana Jones, about co\-producing the film as a foothold to penetrate the American market.{{cite web\\|url\= http://www.style.fm/as/05\_column/katabuchi/katabuchi\_016\.shtml\\|author\=片渕須直\\|title\=β運動の岸辺で第16回思弁的なハリウッド\\|date\= 2009\-12\-21\\|accessdate \= 2022\-04\-04\\|language\= ja\\|website\=WEBアニメスタイル\\|publisher\=株式会社スタイル}} Lucas, however, declined the offer, citing difficulties with the initial draft plot. Fujioka also approached [Chuck Jones](/wiki/Chuck_Jones "Chuck Jones"), but Jones also declined. So he asked Gary Kurtz, who had been recommended by Lucas to replace him, as producer of the American side, and Kurtz readily agreed, appointing Ray Bradbury as screenwriter. In February 1982, it was announced that Kineto TMS, an American corporation, would be established as a [joint venture](/wiki/Joint_venture "Joint venture") between TMS and Kurtz's Kineto Graphic, Inc. for the purpose of producing a Japan\-US co\-production film.{{cite web\\|url\= https://magmix.jp/post/69782/2\\|author\= \\|title\= 宮崎駿監督幻の米デビュー作『リトル・ニモ』企画途中で離脱も、数々の出会いと「名作」が生まれ…(2\)\\|language\= ja\\|date\=2021\-12\-02\\|accessdate\= 2022\-04\-04\\|website\= マグミクス\\|publisher\= メディア・ヴァーグ}} At the same time, Fujioka and Kurtz were appointed as executive producers, with Kurtz handling the film's content and Fujioka managing the budget and other aspects of production. In the summer of 1982, Kurtz had Bradbury and his newly hired Edward Summer completely rewrite the story to reflect his intentions. Bradbury realized that the name "Nemo" (the nobody), when read backward, would be "Omen" (the omen), and prepared a script that said, "Nemo, guided by his split personality Omen, dives deep into the dream world, defeats Omen and returns to the real world." In contrast, the original draft by Hayao Miyazaki was the prototype for the later [Laputa: Castle in the Sky](/wiki/LAPUTA:Castle_in_the_Sky "Castle in the Sky"), which considered the "dream world" to be an alternate world that existed in reality and was "the story of a boy, a kingdom of abandoned robots and their princess, and [airship](/wiki/Airship "Airship") [bandits](/wiki/Air_pirate "Air pirate")." At the same time, Fujioka brought in [Frank Thomas](/wiki/Frank_Thomas_%28animator%29 "Frank Thomas (animator)") and [Ollie Johnston](/wiki/Ollie_Johnston "Ollie Johnston") from the "Nine Old Men," a legendary group of animators from Disney's early days, as advisors in order to produce "full animation" in the Disney style. At the invitation of the two, a total of 12 Japanese staff members, including Isao Takahata, Hayao Miyazaki, Yasuo Ōtsuka, Yoshifumi Kondo, and Kazuhide Tomonaga, traveled to the United States to receive training in American\-style character animation. However, when they saw Miyazaki's sketch, they were puzzled: "We have nothing to teach them." The Japanese staff was also greatly inspired by their creative approach.{{cite web\\|url\= https://magmix.jp/post/69782/3\\|author\= \\|title\= 宮崎駿監督幻の米デビュー作『リトル・ニモ』企画途中で離脱も、数々の出会いと「名作」が生まれ…(3\)\\|language\= ja\\|date\=2021\-12\-02\\|accessdate\= 2022\-04\-04\\|website\= マグミクス\\|publisher\= メディア・ヴァーグ}} The main staff then traveled back and forth between Japan and the U.S. to work jointly with [Andy Gaskill](/wiki/Andy_Gaskill "Andy Gaskill") and [Roger Allers](/wiki/Roger_Allers "Roger Allers"), who were introduced by Thomas and Johnston and who would later support Disney's work.{{cite web\\|url\= http://www.style.fm/as/05\_column/katabuchi/katabuchi\_022\.shtml\\|author\=片渕須直\\|title\=β運動の岸辺で第22回演助助になる\\|date\= 2010\-02\-22\\|accessdate \= 2022\-04\-04\\|language\= ja\\|website\=WEBアニメスタイル\\|publisher\=株式会社スタイル}} Miyazaki and Takahata, who was scheduled to join the project as soon as his previous work was finished, were the two candidates for the Japanese director, but Miyazaki was negative about the project itself from the early stage, saying, "A film that professes to be set in a dream world will only make the audience blank out. After reading the first draft of Bradbury's scenario, Miyazaki wondered if it could be considered an entertainment film, and submitted a report to Kurtz summarizing the elements of what he considered an entertaining film, but it was rejected. Next, Miyazaki proposed Fujioka with ideas such as "the story of a young man turned into a beast and a princess in the age of provincial wars," which later became [Princess Mononoke](/wiki/Princess_Mononoke "Princess Mononoke"), "the story of Demon Extermination of a princess and her wolf," which was based on the American comic ROWLF, and Yara the windmaster and Princess of the dorok derived from it, which later became the image source of [Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind](/wiki/Nausica%C3%A4_of_the_Valley_of_the_Wind_%28film%29 "Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind (film)").{{cite web\\|url\= http://www.style.fm/as/05\_column/katabuchi/katabuchi\_018\.shtml\\|author\=片渕須直\\|title\=β運動の岸辺で第18回捨てられた骨法\\|date\= 2010\-01\-18\\|accessdate \= 2022\-04\-04\\|language\= ja\\|website\=WEBアニメスタイル\\|publisher\=株式会社スタイル}} However, Fujioka had no authority to intervene in the scenarios, and Kurtz never adopted them. Miyazaki then left Telecom on November 22, 1982, without waiting for Takahata to join. Takahata, who joined the project in just after Miyazaki had left, tried to construct a story based on [Peter Pan](/wiki/Peter_Pan "Peter Pan") and [Where the Wild Things Are](/wiki/Where_the_Wild_Things_Are "Where the Wild Things Are"), among others.{{cite web\\|url\= http://www.style.fm/as/05\_column/katabuchi/katabuchi\_020\.shtml\\|author\=片渕須直\\|title\=β運動の岸辺で第20回ひっかしいだ新スタジオ\\|date\= 2010\-02\-01\\|accessdate \= 2022\-04\-04\\|language\= ja\\|website\=WEBアニメスタイル\\|publisher\=株式会社スタイル}} He then adopted Bradbury's idea and came up with a story structure in which "the main character is split into two positions, each of which becomes a component of the story." This structure was later carried over to [Grave of the Fireflies](/wiki/Grave_of_the_Fireflies "Grave of the Fireflies") and [Only Yesterday](/wiki/Only_Yesterday_%281991_film%29 "Only Yesterday (1991 film)").{{cite web\\|url\= http://www.style.fm/as/05\_column/katabuchi/katabuchi\_024\.shtml\\|author\=片渕須直\\|title\=β運動の岸辺で第24回演出補になる\\|date\= 2010\-03\-08\\|accessdate \= 2022\-04\-04\\|language\= ja\\|website\=WEBアニメスタイル\\|publisher\=株式会社スタイル}} On March 12, 1983, Takahata also clashed with Kurtz over a scenario and left Telecom. The directors who succeeded the duo were Andy Gaskill and Yoshifumi Kondo, but both soon retired from production.{{cite web\\|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=fnL\-6yLzgWA \\|title\=Little Nemo test film \\|publisher\=YouTube \\|date\=2008\-04\-08 \\|access\-date\=2012\-02\-28}}{{cbignore}}{{Dead YouTube link\\|date\=February 2022}} At that time, Kineto TMS was frequented by animation professionals who had heard rumors of the project or were interested in Japanese animation. [John Lasseter](/wiki/John_Lasseter "John Lasseter") first met Hayao Miyazaki here and began to interact with him thereafter. [Brad Bird](/wiki/Brad_Bird "Brad Bird") is reported to have informally painted a few image boards.{{Cite news \\|url \= https://kakuyomu.jp/works/1177354054888261012/episodes/1177354054889724913\\|author\= \\|title \= 【1980年代 (3\)】宮崎駿作品でもヒットしなかった時代\\|website \= カクヨム\\| publisher \= \[\[KADOKAWA]], 株式会社はてな\\|language\= ja\\|date \= \\| accessdate \= 2022\-04\-04}} Brad Bird and [Jerry Rees](/wiki/Jerry_Rees "Jerry Rees") also worked on the film through the American department as animators for a month, while at the same time working on an unproduced adaptation of [Will Eisner](/wiki/Will_Eisner "Will Eisner")'s [The Spirit](/wiki/Spirit_%28comics%29 "Spirit (comics)") with Gary Kurtz. During production, the two would regularly ask animators what they were doing, and the response they were commonly given was "We're just illustrating what Bradbury is writing." Upon meeting Bradbury in person and asking him about the story he was writing for the film, he replied "I'm just putting in writing what these wonderful artists are drawing." Bird and Rees left the project soon after their meeting with Bradbury.{{cite web \\|url\=https://www.cartoonbrew.com/anime/little\-nemo\-test\-film.html \\|title\=Little Nemo test film \\| Cartoon Brew: Leading the Animation Conversation \\|publisher\=Cartoon Brew \\|access\-date\=2012\-02\-28 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323020135/http://www.cartoonbrew.com/anime/little\-nemo\-test\-film.html \\|archive\-date\=March 23, 2012 \\|df\=mdy\-all }} Two years passed without a director being selected, and the project was suspended in August 1984 when the production fund ran out. Kurtz would eventually step down in the fall of 1984\.{{cite web\\|url\=https://www.pelleas.net/hm/28\.shtml \\|title\=Masami Hata Filmography \> 28 \\|publisher\=Pelleas.net \\|date\=1989\-07\-15 \\|access\-date\=2012\-02\-28}} He was involved in other projects, so he did not show up at the Nemo project very often, and when he did occasionally, he caused friction with the Japanese staff, so he was removed from the project. However, the staff continued to change rapidly after that. Kondo went to the U.S. in the summer of 1984 to work with Kurtz and Gaskill, but returned home and began making a 70mm pilot film in September. It was a different film from the actual film, based on the storyboards Tomonaga had drawn when Takahata was a director; after completing it in December, Kondo left Telecom in March 1985\.{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.style.fm/as/05\_column/katabuchi/katabuchi\_029\.shtml\\|author\=片渕須直\\|title\=β運動の岸辺で第29回パイロット・フィルム\\|date\= 2010\-04\-19\\|accessdate \= 2022\-04\-04\\|language\= ja\\|website\=WEBアニメスタイル\\|publisher\=株式会社スタイル}}{{cite web\\|url\= http://www.style.fm/as/05\_column/katabuchi/katabuchi\_033\.shtml\\|author\=片渕須直\\|title\=β運動の岸辺で第33回突貫作業へのいざない\\|date\= 2010\-05\-24\\| accessdate \= 2022\-04\-04\\|language\= ja\\|website\=WEBアニメスタイル\\|publisher\=株式会社スタイル}} Bradbury also dropped out. [Osamu Dezaki](/wiki/Osamu_Dezaki "Osamu Dezaki") was also brought to direct for a brief while and completed another pilot film, but left as well. [Jean Giraud](/wiki/Jean_Giraud "Jean Giraud") (Mœbius), who later joined the project, saw the sketches Miyazaki had left behind and asked Fujioka closely why he did not adopt them. He and Miyazaki then began to interact with each other.{{cite web\\|url\= https://animeanime.jp/article/2012/07/24/10899\.html\\|author\= \\|title\= ユーロマンガ最新号は、メビウス追悼特集宮崎駿コメントなど\\|language\= ja\\|date\= 2012\-07\-24\\|accessdate \= 2022\-04\-04\\|website\=アニメ!アニメ!\\|publisher\= イード}} During the hiatus, Fujioka continued to have many people write manuscripts, including Chris Columbus, Mœbius, [John Canemaker](/wiki/John_Canemaker "John Canemaker"), [Richard Martini](/wiki/Richard_Martini_%28director%29 "Richard Martini (director)") and many others. He then re\-hired Summer to do yet another screenplay. Ultimately, [Richard Outten](/wiki/Richard_Outten "Richard Outten") wrote the script based on a plot Columbus wrote between May 1985 and May 1986 before making his directorial debut with [Adventures in Babysitting](/wiki/Adventures_in_Babysitting "Adventures in Babysitting"). When Lake agreed to an additional investment of 1 billion yen in 1987, Fujioka was the first to cancel his contract with Kurtz, and resume production at the newly established Los Angeles TMS. Fujioka himself became an executive producer and took full control of the project. On the American side, William T. Hurtz was hired at the recommendation of Thomas and Johnston, and on the Japanese side, Masami Hata, who had experience in full animation films at [Sanrio](/wiki/Sanrio "Sanrio"), was hired as the director. Many [Disney Studio](/wiki/Walt_Disney_Pictures "Walt Disney Pictures") animators including [Ken Anderson](/wiki/Ken_Anderson_%28animator%29 "Ken Anderson (animator)") and Leo Salkin worked on individual sequences, and John Canemaker, Corny Cole, and [Brian Froud](/wiki/Brian_Froud "Brian Froud") provided visual development. [Frank Thomas](/wiki/Frank_Thomas_%28animator%29 "Frank Thomas (animator)"), [Oliver Johnston](/wiki/Ollie_Johnston "Ollie Johnston") and [Paul Julian](/wiki/Paul_Julian_%28artist%29 "Paul Julian (artist)") consulted to the production. The world\-famous [Sherman Brothers](/wiki/Sherman_Brothers "Sherman Brothers") ([Richard M. Sherman](/wiki/Richard_M._Sherman "Richard M. Sherman") and [Robert B. Sherman](/wiki/Robert_B._Sherman "Robert B. Sherman")) were hired to write the songs for Nemo. This was their first and only [anime](/wiki/Anime "Anime") film, though not their first animated film; the pair had previously worked on most notably Disney's [Mary Poppins](/wiki/Mary_Poppins_%28film%29 "Mary Poppins (film)") in 1964 and several other projects for Disney, including [The Jungle Book](/wiki/The_Jungle_Book_%281967_film%29 "The Jungle Book (1967 film)"), the [Peanuts](/wiki/Peanuts "Peanuts") animated musical [Snoopy Come Home](/wiki/Snoopy_Come_Home "Snoopy Come Home"), and Hanna\-Barbera's [Charlotte's Web](/wiki/Charlotte%27s_Web_%281973_film%29 "Charlotte's Web (1973 film)"). The film was completed in 1988 and released in Japan in 1989 and in the United States in 1992, but failed at the box office. Fujioka took responsibility for the film and left TMS, giving up all rights to the company, and retired from the animation industry before his death on March 30, 1996\.	[ "Production\n----------", "Nemo was the brainchild of producer Yutaka Fujioka, then president of [Tokyo Movie Shinsha](/wiki/TMS_Entertainment \"TMS Entertainment\") (TMS). He had long realized the limitations of the animation business in Japan and wanted to enter the U.S. market, so he started a new animation studio and planned to distribute U.S.\\-Japan co\\-produced animation films worldwide.{{cite web\\\|url\\= https://magmix.jp/post/69782\\\|author\\= \\\|title\\= 宮崎駿監督幻の米デビュー作『リトル・ニモ』企画途中で離脱も、数々の出会いと「名作」が生まれ…(1\\)\\\|language\\= ja\\\|date\\=2021\\-12\\-02\\\|accessdate\\= 2022\\-04\\-03\\\|website\\= マグミクス\\\|publisher\\= メディア・ヴァーグ}}{{cite web\\\|url\\= https://cinemajp.com/2019/09/22/anime005/\\\|author\\= 西川昭幸\\\|title\\= 日本アニメ海外進出の先鞭をつけた野心作 NEMO ニモ（東宝東和）\\\|language\\= ja\\\|date\\= 2019\\-09\\-22\\\|accessdate\\= 2022\\-04\\-04\\\|website\\= \\\|publisher\\= 日本映画100年史\\\|archive\\-date\\= November 26, 2020\\\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20201126064311/https://cinemajp.com/2019/09/22/anime005/\\\|url\\-status\\= dead}}{{cite web\\\|url\\= https://reminder.top/742391829/\\\|author\\= \\\|title\\=宮崎駿も降板、壮大すぎたアニメ「NEMO/ニモ」映画より面白い制作過程!\\\|language\\= ja\\\|date\\= 2019\\-11\\-22\\\|accessdate \\= 2022\\-04\\-04\\\|website\\= Re:minder\\\|publisher\\= 株式会社リマインダー}}\nHe founded [Telecom Animation Film](/wiki/Telecom_Animation_Film \"Telecom Animation Film\") in 1975, and embarked on a film adaptation of the legendary comic strip Little Nemo, which was so well known in the U.S. that two film adaptations were proposed during [Walt Disney](/wiki/Walt_Disney \"Walt Disney\")'s lifetime.\nAs the first step towards realizing this project, in 1977 he personally flew to [Monterey, California](/wiki/Monterey%2C_California \"Monterey, California\"), to convince the McCay descendants to allow him to obtain the film rights, and he finally won it in the summer of 1978\\.", "Fujioka had another dream: to make a \"full animation\" (not Japanese limited animation) film that could compete with Disney. For this purpose, Fujioka hired newcomers with no experience in Japanese TV animation and had them trained by Sadao Tsukioka, followed by [Yasuo Ōtsuka](/wiki/Yasuo_%C5%8Ctsuka \"Yasuo Ōtsuka\"). Incidentally, the 1980 pilot film was created by Tsukioka.", "However, a lack of funding and inexperienced animators made it difficult to go into Nemo production, so he hired veteran staff away from other studios to work on [Lupin the Third Part II](/wiki/Lupin_the_Third_Part_II \"Lupin the Third Part II\"), Hayao Miyazaki's film [Lupin III: The Castle of Cagliostro](/wiki/Lupin_III:The_Castle_of_Cagliostro \"The Castle of Cagliostro\"), and Isao Takahata's film [Jarinko Chie](/wiki/Jarinko_Chie_%28film%29 \"Jarinko Chie (film)\"). And he frequently held screenings of those two films of Miyazaki and Takahata for film professionals in the U.S. to showcase his company's capabilities.", "In the spring of 1981, Fujioka launched the project after securing a 4 billion yen investment from consumer finance company Lake.", "Fujioka initially approached [George Lucas](/wiki/George_Lucas \"George Lucas\"), who was then at the height of his career with Star Wars and Indiana Jones, about co\\-producing the film as a foothold to penetrate the American market.{{cite web\\\|url\\= http://www.style.fm/as/05\\_column/katabuchi/katabuchi\\_016\\.shtml\\\|author\\=片渕須直\\\|title\\=β運動の岸辺で第16回思弁的なハリウッド\\\|date\\= 2009\\-12\\-21\\\|accessdate \\= 2022\\-04\\-04\\\|language\\= ja\\\|website\\=WEBアニメスタイル\\\|publisher\\=株式会社スタイル}} Lucas, however, declined the offer, citing difficulties with the initial draft plot. Fujioka also approached [Chuck Jones](/wiki/Chuck_Jones \"Chuck Jones\"), but Jones also declined.", "So he asked Gary Kurtz, who had been recommended by Lucas to replace him, as producer of the American side, and Kurtz readily agreed, appointing Ray Bradbury as screenwriter.", "In February 1982, it was announced that Kineto TMS, an American corporation, would be established as a [joint venture](/wiki/Joint_venture \"Joint venture\") between TMS and Kurtz's Kineto Graphic, Inc. for the purpose of producing a Japan\\-US co\\-production film.{{cite web\\\|url\\= https://magmix.jp/post/69782/2\\\|author\\= \\\|title\\= 宮崎駿監督幻の米デビュー作『リトル・ニモ』企画途中で離脱も、数々の出会いと「名作」が生まれ…(2\\)\\\|language\\= ja\\\|date\\=2021\\-12\\-02\\\|accessdate\\= 2022\\-04\\-04\\\|website\\= マグミクス\\\|publisher\\= メディア・ヴァーグ}} At the same time, Fujioka and Kurtz were appointed as executive producers, with Kurtz handling the film's content and Fujioka managing the budget and other aspects of production.", "In the summer of 1982, Kurtz had Bradbury and his newly hired Edward Summer completely rewrite the story to reflect his intentions. Bradbury realized that the name \"Nemo\" (the nobody), when read backward, would be \"Omen\" (the omen), and prepared a script that said, \"Nemo, guided by his split personality Omen, dives deep into the dream world, defeats Omen and returns to the real world.\" In contrast, the original draft by Hayao Miyazaki was the prototype for the later [Laputa: Castle in the Sky](/wiki/LAPUTA:Castle_in_the_Sky \"Castle in the Sky\"), which considered the \"dream world\" to be an alternate world that existed in reality and was \"the story of a boy, a kingdom of abandoned robots and their princess, and [airship](/wiki/Airship \"Airship\") [bandits](/wiki/Air_pirate \"Air pirate\").\"", "At the same time, Fujioka brought in [Frank Thomas](/wiki/Frank_Thomas_%28animator%29 \"Frank Thomas (animator)\") and [Ollie Johnston](/wiki/Ollie_Johnston \"Ollie Johnston\") from the \"Nine Old Men,\" a legendary group of animators from Disney's early days, as advisors in order to produce \"full animation\" in the Disney style. At the invitation of the two, a total of 12 Japanese staff members, including Isao Takahata, Hayao Miyazaki, Yasuo Ōtsuka, Yoshifumi Kondo, and Kazuhide Tomonaga, traveled to the United States to receive training in American\\-style character animation. However, when they saw Miyazaki's sketch, they were puzzled: \"We have nothing to teach them.\" The Japanese staff was also greatly inspired by their creative approach.{{cite web\\\|url\\= https://magmix.jp/post/69782/3\\\|author\\= \\\|title\\= 宮崎駿監督幻の米デビュー作『リトル・ニモ』企画途中で離脱も、数々の出会いと「名作」が生まれ…(3\\)\\\|language\\= ja\\\|date\\=2021\\-12\\-02\\\|accessdate\\= 2022\\-04\\-04\\\|website\\= マグミクス\\\|publisher\\= メディア・ヴァーグ}}", "The main staff then traveled back and forth between Japan and the U.S. to work jointly with [Andy Gaskill](/wiki/Andy_Gaskill \"Andy Gaskill\") and [Roger Allers](/wiki/Roger_Allers \"Roger Allers\"), who were introduced by Thomas and Johnston and who would later support Disney's work.{{cite web\\\|url\\= http://www.style.fm/as/05\\_column/katabuchi/katabuchi\\_022\\.shtml\\\|author\\=片渕須直\\\|title\\=β運動の岸辺で第22回演助助になる\\\|date\\= 2010\\-02\\-22\\\|accessdate \\= 2022\\-04\\-04\\\|language\\= ja\\\|website\\=WEBアニメスタイル\\\|publisher\\=株式会社スタイル}}", "Miyazaki and Takahata, who was scheduled to join the project as soon as his previous work was finished, were the two candidates for the Japanese director, but Miyazaki was negative about the project itself from the early stage, saying, \"A film that professes to be set in a dream world will only make the audience blank out.\nAfter reading the first draft of Bradbury's scenario, Miyazaki wondered if it could be considered an entertainment film, and submitted a report to Kurtz summarizing the elements of what he considered an entertaining film, but it was rejected. Next, Miyazaki proposed Fujioka with ideas such as \"the story of a young man turned into a beast and a princess in the age of provincial wars,\" which later became [Princess Mononoke](/wiki/Princess_Mononoke \"Princess Mononoke\"), \"the story of Demon Extermination of a princess and her wolf,\" which was based on the American comic ROWLF, and Yara the windmaster and Princess of the dorok derived from it, which later became the image source of [Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind](/wiki/Nausica%C3%A4_of_the_Valley_of_the_Wind_%28film%29 \"Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind (film)\").{{cite web\\\|url\\= http://www.style.fm/as/05\\_column/katabuchi/katabuchi\\_018\\.shtml\\\|author\\=片渕須直\\\|title\\=β運動の岸辺で第18回捨てられた骨法\\\|date\\= 2010\\-01\\-18\\\|accessdate \\= 2022\\-04\\-04\\\|language\\= ja\\\|website\\=WEBアニメスタイル\\\|publisher\\=株式会社スタイル}} However, Fujioka had no authority to intervene in the scenarios, and Kurtz never adopted them. Miyazaki then left Telecom on November 22, 1982, without waiting for Takahata to join.", "Takahata, who joined the project in just after Miyazaki had left, tried to construct a story based on [Peter Pan](/wiki/Peter_Pan \"Peter Pan\") and [Where the Wild Things Are](/wiki/Where_the_Wild_Things_Are \"Where the Wild Things Are\"), among others.{{cite web\\\|url\\= http://www.style.fm/as/05\\_column/katabuchi/katabuchi\\_020\\.shtml\\\|author\\=片渕須直\\\|title\\=β運動の岸辺で第20回ひっかしいだ新スタジオ\\\|date\\= 2010\\-02\\-01\\\|accessdate \\= 2022\\-04\\-04\\\|language\\= ja\\\|website\\=WEBアニメスタイル\\\|publisher\\=株式会社スタイル}} He then adopted Bradbury's idea and came up with a story structure in which \"the main character is split into two positions, each of which becomes a component of the story.\" This structure was later carried over to [Grave of the Fireflies](/wiki/Grave_of_the_Fireflies \"Grave of the Fireflies\") and [Only Yesterday](/wiki/Only_Yesterday_%281991_film%29 \"Only Yesterday (1991 film)\").{{cite web\\\|url\\= http://www.style.fm/as/05\\_column/katabuchi/katabuchi\\_024\\.shtml\\\|author\\=片渕須直\\\|title\\=β運動の岸辺で第24回演出補になる\\\|date\\= 2010\\-03\\-08\\\|accessdate \\= 2022\\-04\\-04\\\|language\\= ja\\\|website\\=WEBアニメスタイル\\\|publisher\\=株式会社スタイル}} On March 12, 1983, Takahata also clashed with Kurtz over a scenario and left Telecom.", "The directors who succeeded the duo were Andy Gaskill and Yoshifumi Kondo, but both soon retired from production.{{cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=fnL\\-6yLzgWA \\\|title\\=Little Nemo test film \\\|publisher\\=YouTube \\\|date\\=2008\\-04\\-08 \\\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-02\\-28}}{{cbignore}}{{Dead YouTube link\\\|date\\=February 2022}}", "At that time, Kineto TMS was frequented by animation professionals who had heard rumors of the project or were interested in Japanese animation. [John Lasseter](/wiki/John_Lasseter \"John Lasseter\") first met Hayao Miyazaki here and began to interact with him thereafter. [Brad Bird](/wiki/Brad_Bird \"Brad Bird\") is reported to have informally painted a few image boards.{{Cite news \\\|url \\= https://kakuyomu.jp/works/1177354054888261012/episodes/1177354054889724913\\\|author\\= \\\|title \\= 【1980年代 (3\\)】宮崎駿作品でもヒットしなかった時代\\\|website \\= カクヨム\\\| publisher \\= \\[\\[KADOKAWA]], 株式会社はてな\\\|language\\= ja\\\|date \\= \\\| accessdate \\= 2022\\-04\\-04}}", "Brad Bird and [Jerry Rees](/wiki/Jerry_Rees \"Jerry Rees\") also worked on the film through the American department as animators for a month, while at the same time working on an unproduced adaptation of [Will Eisner](/wiki/Will_Eisner \"Will Eisner\")'s [The Spirit](/wiki/Spirit_%28comics%29 \"Spirit (comics)\") with Gary Kurtz. During production, the two would regularly ask animators what they were doing, and the response they were commonly given was \"We're just illustrating what Bradbury is writing.\" Upon meeting Bradbury in person and asking him about the story he was writing for the film, he replied \"I'm just putting in writing what these wonderful artists are drawing.\" Bird and Rees left the project soon after their meeting with Bradbury.{{cite web \\\|url\\=https://www.cartoonbrew.com/anime/little\\-nemo\\-test\\-film.html \\\|title\\=Little Nemo test film \\\| Cartoon Brew: Leading the Animation Conversation \\\|publisher\\=Cartoon Brew \\\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-02\\-28 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323020135/http://www.cartoonbrew.com/anime/little\\-nemo\\-test\\-film.html \\\|archive\\-date\\=March 23, 2012 \\\|df\\=mdy\\-all }}", "Two years passed without a director being selected, and the project was suspended in August 1984 when the production fund ran out.", "Kurtz would eventually step down in the fall of 1984\\.{{cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.pelleas.net/hm/28\\.shtml \\\|title\\=Masami Hata Filmography \\> 28 \\\|publisher\\=Pelleas.net \\\|date\\=1989\\-07\\-15 \\\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-02\\-28}} He was involved in other projects, so he did not show up at the Nemo project very often, and when he did occasionally, he caused friction with the Japanese staff, so he was removed from the project. However, the staff continued to change rapidly after that. Kondo went to the U.S. in the summer of 1984 to work with Kurtz and Gaskill, but returned home and began making a 70mm pilot film in September. It was a different film from the actual film, based on the storyboards Tomonaga had drawn when Takahata was a director; after completing it in December, Kondo left Telecom in March 1985\\.{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.style.fm/as/05\\_column/katabuchi/katabuchi\\_029\\.shtml\\\|author\\=片渕須直\\\|title\\=β運動の岸辺で第29回パイロット・フィルム\\\|date\\= 2010\\-04\\-19\\\|accessdate \\= 2022\\-04\\-04\\\|language\\= ja\\\|website\\=WEBアニメスタイル\\\|publisher\\=株式会社スタイル}}{{cite web\\\|url\\= http://www.style.fm/as/05\\_column/katabuchi/katabuchi\\_033\\.shtml\\\|author\\=片渕須直\\\|title\\=β運動の岸辺で第33回突貫作業へのいざない\\\|date\\= 2010\\-05\\-24\\\| accessdate \\= 2022\\-04\\-04\\\|language\\= ja\\\|website\\=WEBアニメスタイル\\\|publisher\\=株式会社スタイル}} Bradbury also dropped out. [Osamu Dezaki](/wiki/Osamu_Dezaki \"Osamu Dezaki\") was also brought to direct for a brief while and completed another pilot film, but left as well. [Jean Giraud](/wiki/Jean_Giraud \"Jean Giraud\") (Mœbius), who later joined the project, saw the sketches Miyazaki had left behind and asked Fujioka closely why he did not adopt them. He and Miyazaki then began to interact with each other.{{cite web\\\|url\\= https://animeanime.jp/article/2012/07/24/10899\\.html\\\|author\\= \\\|title\\= ユーロマンガ最新号は、メビウス追悼特集宮崎駿コメントなど\\\|language\\= ja\\\|date\\= 2012\\-07\\-24\\\|accessdate \\= 2022\\-04\\-04\\\|website\\=アニメ!アニメ!\\\|publisher\\= イード}}", "During the hiatus, Fujioka continued to have many people write manuscripts, including Chris Columbus, Mœbius, [John Canemaker](/wiki/John_Canemaker \"John Canemaker\"), [Richard Martini](/wiki/Richard_Martini_%28director%29 \"Richard Martini (director)\") and many others. He then re\\-hired Summer to do yet another screenplay. Ultimately, [Richard Outten](/wiki/Richard_Outten \"Richard Outten\") wrote the script based on a plot Columbus wrote between May 1985 and May 1986 before making his directorial debut with [Adventures in Babysitting](/wiki/Adventures_in_Babysitting \"Adventures in Babysitting\").", "When Lake agreed to an additional investment of 1 billion yen in 1987, Fujioka was the first to cancel his contract with Kurtz, and resume production at the newly established Los Angeles TMS. Fujioka himself became an executive producer and took full control of the project.", "On the American side, William T. Hurtz was hired at the recommendation of Thomas and Johnston, and on the Japanese side, Masami Hata, who had experience in full animation films at [Sanrio](/wiki/Sanrio \"Sanrio\"), was hired as the director. Many [Disney Studio](/wiki/Walt_Disney_Pictures \"Walt Disney Pictures\") animators including [Ken Anderson](/wiki/Ken_Anderson_%28animator%29 \"Ken Anderson (animator)\") and Leo Salkin worked on individual sequences, and John Canemaker, Corny Cole, and [Brian Froud](/wiki/Brian_Froud \"Brian Froud\") provided visual development. [Frank Thomas](/wiki/Frank_Thomas_%28animator%29 \"Frank Thomas (animator)\"), [Oliver Johnston](/wiki/Ollie_Johnston \"Ollie Johnston\") and [Paul Julian](/wiki/Paul_Julian_%28artist%29 \"Paul Julian (artist)\") consulted to the production.", "The world\\-famous [Sherman Brothers](/wiki/Sherman_Brothers \"Sherman Brothers\") ([Richard M. Sherman](/wiki/Richard_M._Sherman \"Richard M. Sherman\") and [Robert B. Sherman](/wiki/Robert_B._Sherman \"Robert B. Sherman\")) were hired to write the songs for Nemo. This was their first and only [anime](/wiki/Anime \"Anime\") film, though not their first animated film; the pair had previously worked on most notably Disney's [Mary Poppins](/wiki/Mary_Poppins_%28film%29 \"Mary Poppins (film)\") in 1964 and several other projects for Disney, including [The Jungle Book](/wiki/The_Jungle_Book_%281967_film%29 \"The Jungle Book (1967 film)\"), the [Peanuts](/wiki/Peanuts \"Peanuts\") animated musical [Snoopy Come Home](/wiki/Snoopy_Come_Home \"Snoopy Come Home\"), and Hanna\\-Barbera's [Charlotte's Web](/wiki/Charlotte%27s_Web_%281973_film%29 \"Charlotte's Web (1973 film)\").", "The film was completed in 1988 and released in Japan in 1989 and in the United States in 1992, but failed at the box office. Fujioka took responsibility for the film and left TMS, giving up all rights to the company, and retired from the animation industry before his death on March 30, 1996\\.", "" ]
History ------- Azzun was established in the 17th or 18th century by the Bani Sa'b tribe.Grossman, D. (1986\). "Oscillations in the Rural Settlement of Samaria and Judaea in the Ottoman Period". in Shomron studies. Dar, S., Safrai, S., (eds). Tel Aviv: Hakibbutz Hameuchad Publishing House. p. 346 The modern village is situated on a strategically advantageous strong point that overlooks a crossroads. Ancient findings from both the [Hellenistic](/wiki/Hellenistic_period "Hellenistic period") and [Roman](/wiki/Roman_Empire "Roman Empire") periods were found at the site, including the epitaph of a third\-century CE Roman veteran.{{Cite journal \\|last\=Applebaum \\|first\=Shimon \\|last2\=Dar \\|first2\=Shimon \\|last3\=Safrai \\|first3\=Zeev \\|date\=1978\-07\-01 \\|title\=The Towers of Samaria \\|url\=https://doi.org/10\.1179/peq.1978\.110\.2\.91 \\|journal\=Palestine Exploration Quarterly \\|volume\=110 \\|issue\=2 \\|pages\=91–100 \\|doi\=10\.1179/peq.1978\.110\.2\.91 \\|issn\=0031\-0328}} Several kilometers north of the village are a number of ancient dry stone towers. [PEF](/wiki/PEF_Survey_of_Palestine "PEF Survey of Palestine") visited in 1873 and reported six or seven such towers, the best\-preserved of them had six [courses](/wiki/Course_%28architecture%29 "Course (architecture)") standing, and part of the roof. The locals stated that they were [ancient vineyard towers](/wiki/Watchtower_%28agricultural%29 "Watchtower (agricultural)").Conder and Kitchener, 1882, p. [171](https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp02conduoft#page/171/mode/1up) The towers were surveyed by the Israel Archaeological Survey in 1967–1968, and one of them was excavated in the 1970s on behalf of the Society for the Archaeological Survey of Israel. The excavation uncovered Hellenistic and [early Roman period](/wiki/Judaea_%28Roman_province%29 "Judaea (Roman province)") pottery as well as a single ribbed fragment that may date to the [Byzantine period](/wiki/Palaestina_Prima "Palaestina Prima"). ### Ottoman era Azzun was a site of battle \- part of [Napoleon Bonaparte](/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte "Napoleon Bonaparte")'s [campaign](/wiki/French_campaign_in_Egypt_and_Syria "French campaign in Egypt and Syria") in [Ottoman Syria](/wiki/Ottoman_Syria "Ottoman Syria"). An Arab poet, [Ibrahim Touqan](/wiki/Ibrahim_Touqan "Ibrahim Touqan") was quoted as saying, "by means of Azzun, how soaked \[in] the blood \[of] Franks \[in the] mother valley."[Azzun Past and Present](http://www.palestineremembered.com/GeoPoints/_Azzun_2232/Article_7942.html) Abdul Aziz Arar. When the French army marched into Palestine under the command of Napoleon in February 1799, it faced powerful and unexpected resistance from the inhabitants of Jabal Nablus under the command of their local leaders. They attacked the French army while it was marching towards Acre, especially near the valley of Azzun, taking part in the [battle of Tal\-Tabur](/wiki/Battle_of_Mount_Tabor_%281799%29 "Battle of Mount Tabor (1799)"). The participation of the inhabitants and local leaders of Nablus in the struggle against Napoleon reflected a territorial sense in resistance to a foreign army. Ihsan al\-Nimr wrote that “the truth is that \[Bonaparte’s] morale was weakened around Jabal Nablus, in the valley of Azzun, Qaqun, and al\-Marj ... he headed for Acre with disappointment and without determination”.al\-Nimr, 1961, pp. 223\-224 Sheikh Yussuf Jarrar wrote a poem asking the inhabitants, especially the prominent families of Jabal Nablus, to march towards Acre in order to fight the French.al\-Nimr, 1961, pp. 210\-211 In Doumani's words, the poet exposes “the cohesiveness of this reign’s social formation and the shared sense of identity among its inhabitants versus the factionalism of multiple territorially based centers of power... The most striking aspect of this poem is what it does not say. Not once in its twenty\-one verses does it mention Ottoman rule, much less the need to protect the empire or the glory and honor of serving the sultan.”Doumani, 1995, pp. [16](https://books.google.com/books?id=zry-tpH3rz8C&pg=PA16)\-17<http://ifpo.revues.org/483> Revues.org [Pierre Jacotin](/wiki/Pierre_Jacotin "Pierre Jacotin") called the village Hazoun on his map in 1799 from the same campaign.Karmon, 1960, pp. [156](http://www.jchp.ucla.edu/Bibliography/Karmon,_Y_1960_Jacotin_Map_(IEJ_10).pdf) {{Webarchive\\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222063351/http://jchp.ucla.edu/Bibliography/Karmon,\_Y\_1960\_Jacotin\_Map\_(IEJ\_10\).pdf \\|date\=2019\-12\-22 }}, 170 In 1838, the American scholar [Edward Robinson](/wiki/Edward_Robinson_%28scholar%29 "Edward Robinson (scholar)") noted Azzun as a village in the Beni Sa'ab district, west of Nablus.Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 3, Appendix 2, p. [127](https://archive.org/stream/biblicalresearch03robiuoft#page/127/mode/1up) In 1852 Robinson visited the village, which he described as having 290 males, all Muslim except for one family of Christians.Robinson and Smith, 1856, pp.[135](https://archive.org/stream/laterbiblicalre01smitgoog#page/n184/mode/1up)\-136 In 1882, the [PEF](/wiki/Palestine_Exploration_Fund "Palestine Exploration Fund")'s [Survey of Western Palestine](/wiki/PEF_Survey_of_Palestine "PEF Survey of Palestine") described Azzun as a "small village lying low on the hill\-side, with several [wells](/wiki/Water_well "Water well") and olives on every side."Conder and Kitchener, 1882, SWP II, p. [164](https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp02conduoft#page/164/mode/1up) In the 1860s, the Ottoman authorities granted the village an agricultural plot of land called Ghabat 'Azzun in the former confines of the Forest of Arsur (Ar. Al\-Ghaba) in the coastal plain, west of the village. This detached parcel of woodland became the nucleus for [Tabsur](/wiki/Tabsur "Tabsur") (Khirbat 'Azzun), founded by 'Azzuni families.Marom, Roy, "The Contribution of Conder's Tent Work in Palestine for the Understanding of Shifting Geographical, Social and Legal Realities in the Sharon during the Late Ottoman Period", in Gurevich D. and Kidron, A. (eds.), Exploring the Holy Land: 150 Years of the Palestine Exploration Fund, Sheffield, UK, Equinox (2019\), pp. 212\-231{{Cite web \\|last\=Marom \\|first\=Roy \\|year\=2022 \\|title\=The Oak Forest of the Sharon (al\-Ghaba) in the Ottoman Period: New Insights from Historical\- Geographical Studies, Muse 5, \\|url\=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2pc5867s \\|access\-date\=2023\-10\-06 \\|website\=escholarship.org}} ### British Mandate era In the [1922 census of Palestine](/wiki/1922_census_of_Palestine "1922 census of Palestine") conducted by the [British Mandate authorities](/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine "Mandatory Palestine"), Azzun had a population of 700; 691 [Muslims](/wiki/Muslim "Muslim") and 9 Christians,Barron, 1923, Table IX, Sub\-district of Tulkarem, p. [28](https://archive.org/stream/PalestineCensus1922/Palestine%20Census%20%281922%29#page/n30/mode/1up) increasing in the [1931 census](/wiki/1931_census_of_Palestine "1931 census of Palestine") to 994: 980 Muslim and 14 Christians in a total of 218 houses.Mills, 1932, p. [53](https://archive.org/details/CensusOfPalestine1931.PopulationOfVillagesTownsAndAdministrativeAreas) In the [1945 statistics](/wiki/Village_Statistics%2C_1945 "Village Statistics, 1945"), the population of Azzun together with [Nabi Ilyas](/wiki/Nabi_Ilyas "Nabi Ilyas") and [Islah](/wiki/Islah%2C_Qalqilya "Islah, Qalqilya") was 1,190; 1,170 Muslims and 20 Christians.Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics, 1945, p. [20](http://users.cecs.anu.edu.au/~bdm/yabber/census/VSpages/VS1945_p20.jpg) Residents owned 23,496 [dunams](/wiki/Dunam "Dunam") of land, according to an official land and population survey.Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945\. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. [74](http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20I/Tulkarm/Page-074.jpg) Of this, 5,494 dunams were for plantations and irrigable land and 1,420 were used for cereals,Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945\. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. [124](http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20II/Tulkarm/Page-124.jpg) while 55 dunams were built\-up (urban) land.Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945\. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. [174](http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20III/Tulkarm/Page-174.jpg) File:Azzun 1943\.jpg\\|Azzun 1943 1:20,000 File:Azzun 1945\.jpg\\|Azzun 1945 1:250,000 ### Jordanian era In the wake of the [1948 Arab–Israeli War](/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War "1948 Arab–Israeli War"), and after the [1949 Armistice Agreements](/wiki/1949_Armistice_Agreements "1949 Armistice Agreements"), Azzun came under [Jordanian](/wiki/Jordan "Jordan") rule. It was [annexed by Jordan](/wiki/Jordanian_annexation_of_the_West_Bank "Jordanian annexation of the West Bank") in 1950\. The Jordanian census of 1961 found 2,096 inhabitants in Azzun.Government of Jordan, Department of Statistics, 1964, p. [15](http://users.cecs.anu.edu.au/~bdm/yabber/census/JordanCensusPages/JordanCensus1961-p15.pdf) ### 1967 and aftermath Since the [Six\-Day War](/wiki/Six-Day_War "Six-Day War"), Azzun has been under [Israeli occupation](/wiki/Israeli_occupation_of_the_West_Bank "Israeli occupation of the West Bank"). After the [1995 accords](/wiki/Oslo_II_Accord "Oslo II Accord"), about 24\.7% of the land was classified as [Area B](/wiki/Palestinian_enclaves "Palestinian enclaves"), the remaining 75\.3% as [Area C](/wiki/Area_C_%28West_Bank%29 "Area C (West Bank)"). Israel has expropriated 268 dunums of village land for the construction of the [Israeli settlement](/wiki/Israeli_settlement "Israeli settlement") of [Ma'ale Shomron](/wiki/Ma%27ale_Shomron "Ma'ale Shomron"). [‘Azzun Town Profile (including ‘Isla \& ‘Izbat at Tabib Localities)](https://web.archive.org/web/20170818221044/http://vprofile.arij.org/qalqiliya/pdfs/vprofile/azzun_vp_en.pdf), ARIJ, 2013, pp. 18\-19 In 1996 a [municipal council](/wiki/Municipality_%28Palestinian_Authority%29 "Municipality (Palestinian Authority)") was established to administer Azzun's civil affairs. The council has eleven members appointed by the Palestinian government. In 2012, the villages of Islah and Izbat al\-Tabib were merged into the municipality of Azzun upon decree of the Palestinian Ministry of Local Government. [‘Azzun Town Profile (including ‘Isla \& ‘Izbat at Tabib Localities)](https://web.archive.org/web/20170818221044/http://vprofile.arij.org/qalqiliya/pdfs/vprofile/azzun_vp_en.pdf), ARIJ, 2013\. In 2008, the town's unemployment rate was 19%.[Israeli Occupation Forces closes the Northern Entrance of the Azzun Al Shamaliyya town](http://www.poica.org/editor/case_studies/view.php?recordID=1288) {{webarchive \\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214165342/http://www.poica.org/editor/case\_studies/view.php?recordID\=1288 \\|date\=February 14, 2012 }} Land Research Center 2008\-02\-20 In 2012, it had increased sharply to 39%. Today, the town consists of 9,130 dunams of which 1,209 dunams is built\-up area. There are four mosques located in the town. Most of the population works in agriculture and herding (40%) or trade and handicrafts (41%), while the 19% work in public sectors. As of 2018, Azzun was reported to be the village "with highest number of child arrests in the West Bank per capita."[Azzoun: The Palestinian village filling Israeli jails with children](https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/azzoun-palestinian-village-filling-israeli-jails-children-181214404), Tessa Fox, 10 August 2018, [Middle East Eye](/wiki/Middle_East_Eye "Middle East Eye")	[ "History\n-------", "Azzun was established in the 17th or 18th century by the Bani Sa'b tribe.Grossman, D. (1986\\). \"Oscillations in the Rural Settlement of Samaria and Judaea in the Ottoman Period\". in Shomron studies. Dar, S., Safrai, S., (eds). Tel Aviv: Hakibbutz Hameuchad Publishing House. p. 346 The modern village is situated on a strategically advantageous strong point that overlooks a crossroads. Ancient findings from both the [Hellenistic](/wiki/Hellenistic_period \"Hellenistic period\") and [Roman](/wiki/Roman_Empire \"Roman Empire\") periods were found at the site, including the epitaph of a third\\-century CE Roman veteran.{{Cite journal \\\|last\\=Applebaum \\\|first\\=Shimon \\\|last2\\=Dar \\\|first2\\=Shimon \\\|last3\\=Safrai \\\|first3\\=Zeev \\\|date\\=1978\\-07\\-01 \\\|title\\=The Towers of Samaria \\\|url\\=https://doi.org/10\\.1179/peq.1978\\.110\\.2\\.91 \\\|journal\\=Palestine Exploration Quarterly \\\|volume\\=110 \\\|issue\\=2 \\\|pages\\=91–100 \\\|doi\\=10\\.1179/peq.1978\\.110\\.2\\.91 \\\|issn\\=0031\\-0328}}", "Several kilometers north of the village are a number of ancient dry stone towers. [PEF](/wiki/PEF_Survey_of_Palestine \"PEF Survey of Palestine\") visited in 1873 and reported six or seven such towers, the best\\-preserved of them had six [courses](/wiki/Course_%28architecture%29 \"Course (architecture)\") standing, and part of the roof. The locals stated that they were [ancient vineyard towers](/wiki/Watchtower_%28agricultural%29 \"Watchtower (agricultural)\").Conder and Kitchener, 1882, p. [171](https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp02conduoft#page/171/mode/1up) The towers were surveyed by the Israel Archaeological Survey in 1967–1968, and one of them was excavated in the 1970s on behalf of the Society for the Archaeological Survey of Israel. The excavation uncovered Hellenistic and [early Roman period](/wiki/Judaea_%28Roman_province%29 \"Judaea (Roman province)\") pottery as well as a single ribbed fragment that may date to the [Byzantine period](/wiki/Palaestina_Prima \"Palaestina Prima\").", "### Ottoman era", "Azzun was a site of battle \\- part of [Napoleon Bonaparte](/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte \"Napoleon Bonaparte\")'s [campaign](/wiki/French_campaign_in_Egypt_and_Syria \"French campaign in Egypt and Syria\") in [Ottoman Syria](/wiki/Ottoman_Syria \"Ottoman Syria\"). An Arab poet, [Ibrahim Touqan](/wiki/Ibrahim_Touqan \"Ibrahim Touqan\") was quoted as saying, \"by means of Azzun, how soaked \\[in] the blood \\[of] Franks \\[in the] mother valley.\"[Azzun Past and Present](http://www.palestineremembered.com/GeoPoints/_Azzun_2232/Article_7942.html) Abdul Aziz Arar.", "When the French army marched into Palestine under the command of Napoleon in February 1799, it faced powerful and unexpected resistance from the inhabitants of Jabal Nablus under the command of their local leaders. They attacked the French army while it was marching towards Acre, especially near the valley of Azzun, taking part in the [battle of Tal\\-Tabur](/wiki/Battle_of_Mount_Tabor_%281799%29 \"Battle of Mount Tabor (1799)\"). The participation of the inhabitants and local leaders of Nablus in the struggle against Napoleon reflected a territorial sense in resistance to a foreign army.", "Ihsan al\\-Nimr wrote that “the truth is that \\[Bonaparte’s] morale was weakened around Jabal Nablus, in the valley of Azzun, Qaqun, and al\\-Marj ... he headed for Acre with disappointment and without determination”.al\\-Nimr, 1961, pp. 223\\-224 Sheikh Yussuf Jarrar wrote a poem asking the inhabitants, especially the prominent families of Jabal Nablus, to march towards Acre in order to fight the French.al\\-Nimr, 1961, pp. 210\\-211", "In Doumani's words, the poet exposes “the cohesiveness of this reign’s social formation and the shared sense of identity among its inhabitants versus the factionalism of multiple territorially based centers of power... The most striking aspect of this poem is what it does not say. Not once in its twenty\\-one verses does it mention Ottoman rule, much less the need to protect the empire or the glory and honor of serving the sultan.”Doumani, 1995, pp. [16](https://books.google.com/books?id=zry-tpH3rz8C&pg=PA16)\\-17<http://ifpo.revues.org/483> Revues.org [Pierre Jacotin](/wiki/Pierre_Jacotin \"Pierre Jacotin\") called the village Hazoun on his map in 1799 from the same campaign.Karmon, 1960, pp. [156](http://www.jchp.ucla.edu/Bibliography/Karmon,_Y_1960_Jacotin_Map_(IEJ_10).pdf) {{Webarchive\\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222063351/http://jchp.ucla.edu/Bibliography/Karmon,\\_Y\\_1960\\_Jacotin\\_Map\\_(IEJ\\_10\\).pdf \\\|date\\=2019\\-12\\-22 }}, 170", "In 1838, the American scholar [Edward Robinson](/wiki/Edward_Robinson_%28scholar%29 \"Edward Robinson (scholar)\") noted Azzun as a village in the Beni Sa'ab district, west of Nablus.Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 3, Appendix 2, p. [127](https://archive.org/stream/biblicalresearch03robiuoft#page/127/mode/1up)", "In 1852 Robinson visited the village, which he described as having 290 males, all Muslim except for one family of Christians.Robinson and Smith, 1856, pp.[135](https://archive.org/stream/laterbiblicalre01smitgoog#page/n184/mode/1up)\\-136 In 1882, the [PEF](/wiki/Palestine_Exploration_Fund \"Palestine Exploration Fund\")'s [Survey of Western Palestine](/wiki/PEF_Survey_of_Palestine \"PEF Survey of Palestine\") described Azzun as a \"small village lying low on the hill\\-side, with several [wells](/wiki/Water_well \"Water well\") and olives on every side.\"Conder and Kitchener, 1882, SWP II, p. [164](https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp02conduoft#page/164/mode/1up)", "In the 1860s, the Ottoman authorities granted the village an agricultural plot of land called Ghabat 'Azzun in the former confines of the Forest of Arsur (Ar. Al\\-Ghaba) in the coastal plain, west of the village. This detached parcel of woodland became the nucleus for [Tabsur](/wiki/Tabsur \"Tabsur\") (Khirbat 'Azzun), founded by 'Azzuni families.Marom, Roy, \"The Contribution of Conder's Tent Work in Palestine for the Understanding of Shifting Geographical, Social and Legal Realities in the Sharon during the Late Ottoman Period\", in Gurevich D. and Kidron, A. (eds.), Exploring the Holy Land: 150 Years of the Palestine Exploration Fund, Sheffield, UK, Equinox (2019\\), pp. 212\\-231{{Cite web \\\|last\\=Marom \\\|first\\=Roy \\\|year\\=2022 \\\|title\\=The Oak Forest of the Sharon (al\\-Ghaba) in the Ottoman Period: New Insights from Historical\\- Geographical Studies, Muse 5, \\\|url\\=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2pc5867s \\\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-10\\-06 \\\|website\\=escholarship.org}}", "### British Mandate era", "In the [1922 census of Palestine](/wiki/1922_census_of_Palestine \"1922 census of Palestine\") conducted by the [British Mandate authorities](/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine \"Mandatory Palestine\"), Azzun had a population of 700; 691 [Muslims](/wiki/Muslim \"Muslim\") and 9 Christians,Barron, 1923, Table IX, Sub\\-district of Tulkarem, p. [28](https://archive.org/stream/PalestineCensus1922/Palestine%20Census%20%281922%29#page/n30/mode/1up) increasing in the [1931 census](/wiki/1931_census_of_Palestine \"1931 census of Palestine\") to 994: 980 Muslim and 14 Christians in a total of 218 houses.Mills, 1932, p. [53](https://archive.org/details/CensusOfPalestine1931.PopulationOfVillagesTownsAndAdministrativeAreas)", "In the [1945 statistics](/wiki/Village_Statistics%2C_1945 \"Village Statistics, 1945\"), the population of Azzun together with [Nabi Ilyas](/wiki/Nabi_Ilyas \"Nabi Ilyas\") and [Islah](/wiki/Islah%2C_Qalqilya \"Islah, Qalqilya\") was 1,190; 1,170 Muslims and 20 Christians.Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics, 1945, p. [20](http://users.cecs.anu.edu.au/~bdm/yabber/census/VSpages/VS1945_p20.jpg) Residents owned 23,496 [dunams](/wiki/Dunam \"Dunam\") of land, according to an official land and population survey.Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945\\. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. [74](http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20I/Tulkarm/Page-074.jpg) Of this, 5,494 dunams were for plantations and irrigable land and 1,420 were used for cereals,Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945\\. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. [124](http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20II/Tulkarm/Page-124.jpg) while 55 dunams were built\\-up (urban) land.Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945\\. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. [174](http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20III/Tulkarm/Page-174.jpg)", "", "File:Azzun 1943\\.jpg\\\|Azzun 1943 1:20,000\nFile:Azzun 1945\\.jpg\\\|Azzun 1945 1:250,000", "", "### Jordanian era", "In the wake of the [1948 Arab–Israeli War](/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War \"1948 Arab–Israeli War\"), and after the [1949 Armistice Agreements](/wiki/1949_Armistice_Agreements \"1949 Armistice Agreements\"), Azzun came under [Jordanian](/wiki/Jordan \"Jordan\") rule. It was [annexed by Jordan](/wiki/Jordanian_annexation_of_the_West_Bank \"Jordanian annexation of the West Bank\") in 1950\\.", "The Jordanian census of 1961 found 2,096 inhabitants in Azzun.Government of Jordan, Department of Statistics, 1964, p. [15](http://users.cecs.anu.edu.au/~bdm/yabber/census/JordanCensusPages/JordanCensus1961-p15.pdf)", "### 1967 and aftermath", "Since the [Six\\-Day War](/wiki/Six-Day_War \"Six-Day War\"), Azzun has been under [Israeli occupation](/wiki/Israeli_occupation_of_the_West_Bank \"Israeli occupation of the West Bank\"). After the [1995 accords](/wiki/Oslo_II_Accord \"Oslo II Accord\"), about 24\\.7% of the land was classified as [Area B](/wiki/Palestinian_enclaves \"Palestinian enclaves\"), the remaining 75\\.3% as [Area C](/wiki/Area_C_%28West_Bank%29 \"Area C (West Bank)\"). Israel has expropriated 268 dunums of village land for the construction of the [Israeli settlement](/wiki/Israeli_settlement \"Israeli settlement\") of [Ma'ale Shomron](/wiki/Ma%27ale_Shomron \"Ma'ale Shomron\"). [‘Azzun Town Profile (including ‘Isla \\& ‘Izbat at Tabib Localities)](https://web.archive.org/web/20170818221044/http://vprofile.arij.org/qalqiliya/pdfs/vprofile/azzun_vp_en.pdf), ARIJ, 2013, pp. 18\\-19", "In 1996 a [municipal council](/wiki/Municipality_%28Palestinian_Authority%29 \"Municipality (Palestinian Authority)\") was established to administer Azzun's civil affairs. The council has eleven members appointed by the Palestinian government. In 2012, the villages of Islah and Izbat al\\-Tabib were merged into the municipality of Azzun upon decree of the Palestinian Ministry of Local Government. [‘Azzun Town Profile (including ‘Isla \\& ‘Izbat at Tabib Localities)](https://web.archive.org/web/20170818221044/http://vprofile.arij.org/qalqiliya/pdfs/vprofile/azzun_vp_en.pdf), ARIJ, 2013\\.", "In 2008, the town's unemployment rate was 19%.[Israeli Occupation Forces closes the Northern Entrance of the Azzun Al Shamaliyya town](http://www.poica.org/editor/case_studies/view.php?recordID=1288) {{webarchive \\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214165342/http://www.poica.org/editor/case\\_studies/view.php?recordID\\=1288 \\\|date\\=February 14, 2012 }} Land Research Center 2008\\-02\\-20 In 2012, it had increased sharply to 39%.", "Today, the town consists of 9,130 dunams of which 1,209 dunams is built\\-up area. There are four mosques located in the town. Most of the population works in agriculture and herding (40%) or trade and handicrafts (41%), while the 19% work in public sectors.", "As of 2018, Azzun was reported to be the village \"with highest number of child arrests in the West Bank per capita.\"[Azzoun: The Palestinian village filling Israeli jails with children](https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/azzoun-palestinian-village-filling-israeli-jails-children-181214404), Tessa Fox, 10 August 2018, [Middle East Eye](/wiki/Middle_East_Eye \"Middle East Eye\")", "" ]
Demographics ------------ {{US Census population \\| 1870 \= 4517 \\| 1880 \= 6188 \\| 1890 \= 8270 \\| 1900 \= 12902 \\| 1910 \= 15958 \\| 1920 \= 14403 \\| 1930 \= 15709 \\| 1940 \= 15933 \\| 1950 \= 14263 \\| 1960 \= 13330 \\| 1970 \= 13671 \\| 1980 \= 16703 \\| 1990 \= 17526 \\| 2000 \= 18698 \\| 2010 \= 22309 \\| 2020 \= 22169 \\| estyear \= \\| estimate \= \\| estref \= \\| align\-fn \= center \\| footnote \= U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\\|url\=https://www.census.gov/programs\-surveys/decennial\-census.html\\|title\=U.S. Decennial Census\\|publisher\=United States Census Bureau\\|access\-date\=August 20, 2014}} 1790\-1960{{cite web\\|url\=http://mapserver.lib.virginia.edu\\|title\=Historical Census Browser\\|publisher\=University of Virginia Library\\|access\-date\=August 20, 2014}} 1900\-1990{{cite web\\|url\=https://www.census.gov/population/cencounts/la190090\.txt\\|title\=Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990\\|publisher\=United States Census Bureau\\|access\-date\=August 20, 2014}} 1990\-2000{{cite web\\|url\=https://www.census.gov/population/www/cen2000/briefs/phc\-t4/tables/tab02\.pdf \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100327165705/http://www.census.gov/population/www/cen2000/briefs/phc\-t4/tables/tab02\.pdf \\|archive\-date\=March 27, 2010 \\|url\-status\=live\\|title\=Census 2000 PHC\-T\-4\. Ranking Tables for Counties: 1990 and 2000\\|publisher\=United States Census Bureau\\|access\-date\=August 20, 2014}} 2010{{cite web\\|title\=State \& County QuickFacts\\|url\=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/22/22043\.html\\|publisher\=United States Census Bureau\\|access\-date\=August 9, 2013\\|url\-status\=dead\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606152722/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/22/22043\.html\\|archive\-date\=June 6, 2011}} }} ### 2020 census \| \+Grant Parish racial composition{{Cite web\\|title\=Explore Census Data\\|url\=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g\=0500000US22043\&tid\=DECENNIALPL2020\.P2\\|access\-date\=December 29, 2021\\|website\=data.census.gov}} \| Race \| Number \| Percentage \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)") (non\-Hispanic) \| 16,678 \| 75\.23% \| \| [Black or African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "African American (U.S. Census)") (non\-Hispanic) \| 3,060 \| 13\.8% \| \| [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "Native American (U.S. Census)") \| 193 \| 0\.87% \| \| [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 "Asian (U.S. Census)") \| 67 \| 0\.3% \| \| [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_%28U.S._Census%29 "Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)") \| 6 \| 0\.03% \| \| [Other/Mixed](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 "Race (United States Census)") \| 832 \| 3\.75% \| \| [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 "Hispanic (U.S. Census)") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 "Latino (U.S. Census)") \| 1,333 \| 6\.01% \| As of the [2020 United States census](/wiki/2020_United_States_census "2020 United States census"), there were 22,169 people, 6,989 households, and 4,651 families residing in the parish. ### 2000 census As of the [census](/wiki/Census "Census"){{cite web\\|url\=https://www.census.gov \\|publisher\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]] \\|access\-date\=January 31, 2008 \\|title\=U.S. Census website }} of 2000, there were 18,698 people, 7,073 households, and 5,276 families residing in the parish. The population density was {{convert\\|29\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|sp\=us\\|adj\=off}}. There were 8,531 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|13\\|/mi2\\|/km2\\|}}. The racial makeup of the parish was 85\.43% [White](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 "Race (United States Census)"), 11\.88% [Black](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 "Race (United States Census)") or [African American](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 "Race (United States Census)"), 0\.89% [Native American](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 "Race (United States Census)"), 0\.14% [Asian](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 "Race (United States Census)"), 0\.03% [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 "Race (United States Census)"), 0\.36% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 "Race (United States Census)"), and 1\.28% from two or more races. 1\.14% of the population were [Hispanic](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 "Race (United States Census)") or [Latino](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 "Race (United States Census)") of any race. The decreases in population from 1910 to 1920, and from 1940 to 1960, were chiefly caused by different phases of the [Great Migration](/wiki/Great_Migration_%28African_American%29 "Great Migration (African American)"), as African Americans left [segregation](/wiki/Racial_segregation "Racial segregation") and oppression of the South to seek better opportunities in the North, during the first phase, and in the West, especially [California](/wiki/California "California")'s defense industry, in the second phase. Tens of thousands of migrants left Louisiana during times of agricultural difficulties and the collapse of agricultural labor after mechanization.["African American Migration Experience: The Second Great Migration", New York Public Library, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture](http://www.inmotionaame.org/migrations/landing.cfm?migration=9) {{Webarchive\\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104202248/http://www.inmotionaame.org/migrations/landing.cfm?migration\=9 \\|date\=November 4, 2013 }}, accessed April 24, 2008 In 2000, there were 7,073 households, out of which 36\.50% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57\.20% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 12\.90% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25\.40% were non\-families. 22\.60% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10\.10% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\.61 and the average family size was 3\.06\. In the parish the population was spread out, with 28\.30% under the age of 18, 7\.90% from 18 to 24, 28\.10% from 25 to 44, 23\.00% from 45 to 64, and 12\.70% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females there were 96\.10 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93\.00 males. The median income for a household in the parish was $29,622, and the median income for a family was $34,878\. Males had a median income of $31,235 versus $20,470 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income "Per capita income") for the parish was $14,410\. About 16\.90% of families and 21\.50% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line "Poverty line"), including 27\.30% of those under age 18 and 16\.20% of those age 65 or over.	[ "Demographics\n------------", "{{US Census population\n\\\| 1870 \\= 4517\n\\\| 1880 \\= 6188\n\\\| 1890 \\= 8270\n\\\| 1900 \\= 12902\n\\\| 1910 \\= 15958\n\\\| 1920 \\= 14403\n\\\| 1930 \\= 15709\n\\\| 1940 \\= 15933\n\\\| 1950 \\= 14263\n\\\| 1960 \\= 13330\n\\\| 1970 \\= 13671\n\\\| 1980 \\= 16703\n\\\| 1990 \\= 17526\n\\\| 2000 \\= 18698\n\\\| 2010 \\= 22309\n\\\| 2020 \\= 22169\n\\\| estyear \\= \n\\\| estimate \\= \n\\\| estref \\= \n\\\| align\\-fn \\= center\n\\\| footnote \\= U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/programs\\-surveys/decennial\\-census.html\\\|title\\=U.S. Decennial Census\\\|publisher\\=United States Census Bureau\\\|access\\-date\\=August 20, 2014}} \n1790\\-1960{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://mapserver.lib.virginia.edu\\\|title\\=Historical Census Browser\\\|publisher\\=University of Virginia Library\\\|access\\-date\\=August 20, 2014}} 1900\\-1990{{cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/population/cencounts/la190090\\.txt\\\|title\\=Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990\\\|publisher\\=United States Census Bureau\\\|access\\-date\\=August 20, 2014}} \n1990\\-2000{{cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/population/www/cen2000/briefs/phc\\-t4/tables/tab02\\.pdf \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100327165705/http://www.census.gov/population/www/cen2000/briefs/phc\\-t4/tables/tab02\\.pdf \\\|archive\\-date\\=March 27, 2010 \\\|url\\-status\\=live\\\|title\\=Census 2000 PHC\\-T\\-4\\. Ranking Tables for Counties: 1990 and 2000\\\|publisher\\=United States Census Bureau\\\|access\\-date\\=August 20, 2014}} 2010{{cite web\\\|title\\=State \\& County QuickFacts\\\|url\\=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/22/22043\\.html\\\|publisher\\=United States Census Bureau\\\|access\\-date\\=August 9, 2013\\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606152722/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/22/22043\\.html\\\|archive\\-date\\=June 6, 2011}}\n}}", "### 2020 census", "", "\| \\+Grant Parish racial composition{{Cite web\\\|title\\=Explore Census Data\\\|url\\=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g\\=0500000US22043\\&tid\\=DECENNIALPL2020\\.P2\\\|access\\-date\\=December 29, 2021\\\|website\\=data.census.gov}} \| Race \| Number \| Percentage \|\n\| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \|\n\| [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\") (non\\-Hispanic) \| 16,678 \| 75\\.23% \|\n\| [Black or African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"African American (U.S. Census)\") (non\\-Hispanic) \| 3,060 \| 13\\.8% \|\n\| [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Native American (U.S. Census)\") \| 193 \| 0\\.87% \|\n\| [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Asian (U.S. Census)\") \| 67 \| 0\\.3% \|\n\| [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)\") \| 6 \| 0\\.03% \|\n\| [Other/Mixed](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\") \| 832 \| 3\\.75% \|\n\| [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") \| 1,333 \| 6\\.01% \|", "As of the [2020 United States census](/wiki/2020_United_States_census \"2020 United States census\"), there were 22,169 people, 6,989 households, and 4,651 families residing in the parish.", "### 2000 census", "As of the [census](/wiki/Census \"Census\"){{cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov \\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]] \\\|access\\-date\\=January 31, 2008 \\\|title\\=U.S. Census website }} of 2000, there were 18,698 people, 7,073 households, and 5,276 families residing in the parish. The population density was {{convert\\\|29\\\|PD/sqmi\\\|PD/km2\\\|sp\\=us\\\|adj\\=off}}. There were 8,531 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\\|13\\\|/mi2\\\|/km2\\\|}}. The racial makeup of the parish was 85\\.43% [White](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\"), 11\\.88% [Black](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\") or [African American](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\"), 0\\.89% [Native American](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\"), 0\\.14% [Asian](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\"), 0\\.03% [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\"), 0\\.36% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\"), and 1\\.28% from two or more races. 1\\.14% of the population were [Hispanic](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\") of any race.", "The decreases in population from 1910 to 1920, and from 1940 to 1960, were chiefly caused by different phases of the [Great Migration](/wiki/Great_Migration_%28African_American%29 \"Great Migration (African American)\"), as African Americans left [segregation](/wiki/Racial_segregation \"Racial segregation\") and oppression of the South to seek better opportunities in the North, during the first phase, and in the West, especially [California](/wiki/California \"California\")'s defense industry, in the second phase. Tens of thousands of migrants left Louisiana during times of agricultural difficulties and the collapse of agricultural labor after mechanization.[\"African American Migration Experience: The Second Great Migration\", New York Public Library, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture](http://www.inmotionaame.org/migrations/landing.cfm?migration=9) {{Webarchive\\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104202248/http://www.inmotionaame.org/migrations/landing.cfm?migration\\=9 \\\|date\\=November 4, 2013 }}, accessed April 24, 2008", "In 2000, there were 7,073 households, out of which 36\\.50% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57\\.20% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 12\\.90% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25\\.40% were non\\-families. 22\\.60% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10\\.10% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.61 and the average family size was 3\\.06\\.", "In the parish the population was spread out, with 28\\.30% under the age of 18, 7\\.90% from 18 to 24, 28\\.10% from 25 to 44, 23\\.00% from 45 to 64, and 12\\.70% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females there were 96\\.10 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93\\.00 males.", "The median income for a household in the parish was $29,622, and the median income for a family was $34,878\\. Males had a median income of $31,235 versus $20,470 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income \"Per capita income\") for the parish was $14,410\\. About 16\\.90% of families and 21\\.50% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line \"Poverty line\"), including 27\\.30% of those under age 18 and 16\\.20% of those age 65 or over.", "" ]
Career ------ {{Main\\|List of Native American politicians}} Shannon worked as a field representative for former Congressman [J. C. Watts](/wiki/J._C._Watts "J. C. Watts") and later served in the same position for Congressman [Tom Cole](/wiki/Tom_Cole "Tom Cole"). An enrolled citizen of the [Chickasaw Nation](/wiki/Chickasaw_Nation "Chickasaw Nation"), he worked as the chief administrative officer for Chickasaw Nation Enterprises. ### Oklahoma House of Representatives [thumb\\|left\\|Shannon is sworn in as Speaker of the Oklahoma House of Representatives.](/wiki/File:7G2U5163.jpg "7G2U5163.jpg") [thumb\\|right\\|Shannon speaks to the 2013 Conservative Political Action Conference (CPAC).](/wiki/File:T.W._Shannon_%288570279853%29.jpg "T.W. Shannon (8570279853).jpg") Shannon was first elected to the [Oklahoma House of Representatives](/wiki/Oklahoma_House_of_Representatives "Oklahoma House of Representatives") in 2006, defeating opponent Janice Drewry in the general election.[2006 General Election](http://www.ok.gov/elections/documents/06sh.pdf), Oklahoma State Election Board (accessed May 27, 2013\) He rose to leadership in the state House, where he served as deputy majority whip in his first term, chaired the transportation committee in his second term and was elected speaker\-designate in his third term. On January 8, 2013, Shannon took the oath of office to be the [speaker of the Oklahoma House of Representatives](/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Oklahoma_House_of_Representatives "Speaker of the Oklahoma House of Representatives").McNutt, Michael. "[T.W. Shannon of Lawton officially takes Oklahoma House speakers post](http://newsok.com/t.w.-shannon-of-lawton-officially-takes-oklahoma-house-speakers-post/article/3744284)," The Oklahoman, January 9, 2013 (accessed March 21, 2013\). He has advocated for identifying and selling off state\-owned properties that were not being fully utilized.McNutt, Michael. [Oklahoma should sell some buildings to fund capitol repairs, lawmaker says](http://newsok.com/oklahoma-should-sell-some-buildings-to-fund-capitol-repairs-lawmaker-says/article/3623053)The Oklahoman November 14, 2011\. (accessed March 23, 2013\). Shannon sponsored an eight\-year plan to divert state income tax revenue to repairing Oklahoma's structurally deficient bridges.Hoberock, Barbara. [Oklahoma funding to increase bridge repairs](http://www.tulsaworld.com/news/article.aspx?subjectid=336&articleid=20120605_16_A1_CUTLIN537471), Tulsa World, June 12, 2012\. (accessed March 23, 2013\) As speaker, Shannon authored legislation to create a long\-term plan to address the maintenance of state\-owned properties and consolidate property management entities."[Effort to sell Oklahoma's unused buildings, properties](http://newsok.com/effort-to-sell-oklahomas-unused-buildings-properties-continues/article/3764283)", The Oklahoman March 10, 2013 (accessed March 23, 2013\). The first sale under the program to sell off state\-owned properties was the sale of a former studio for the state public television station for $130,000\. The next properties up for sale are a townlot in Buffalo and 5\.58 acres in Marietta.Krehbiel, Randy. "[Ex\-OETA studio sold through new state program](http://www.tulsaworld.com/article.aspx/Former_Oklahoma_Educational_Television_Authority_studio/20130704_11_A10_Thesta696335)", Tulsa World, July 4, 2013\. (accessed July 11, 2013\) Shannon advocated a controversial measure to require Oklahoma recipients of the [Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program](/wiki/Supplemental_Nutrition_Assistance_Program "Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program") (food stamps) to perform at least 35 hours of work activities or be denied aid. The work requirement was scaled back after the cost of providing job training to SNAP recipients became clear.McNutt, Michael and Kemp, Adam. "[Oklahoma House speaker scales back food stamp work requirement](http://newsok.com/oklahoma-house-speaker-scales-back-food-stamp-work-requirement/article/3763518/)", The Oklahoman, March 8, 2011\. (accessed June 27, 2013\). [GOPAC](/wiki/GOPAC "GOPAC"), an organization whose mission it is to support up\-and\-coming Republican leaders, added Shannon to its national advisory board in 2013\.[CPAC](http://conservative.org/cpac/) (accessed March 21, 2013\). House district 62 encompasses [Lawton, Oklahoma](/wiki/Lawton%2C_Oklahoma "Lawton, Oklahoma") and its surrounding communities.[House Districts, Congressional and Other Maps](http://www.okhouse.gov/Research/HouseDistricts.aspx) {{webarchive\\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090507095639/http://www.okhouse.gov/Research/HouseDistricts.aspx \\|date\=May 7, 2009 }}, [Oklahoma House of Representatives](http://www.okhouse.gov) {{webarchive\\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130622043630/http://okhouse.gov/ \\|date\=June 22, 2013 }}. (access March 21, 2013\). ### US Senate campaigns Shannon stepped down as the speaker to run for the Republican nomination in the [2014 United States Senate special election in Oklahoma](/wiki/2014_United_States_Senate_special_election_in_Oklahoma "2014 United States Senate special election in Oklahoma") to succeed [Tom Coburn](/wiki/Tom_Coburn "Tom Coburn"). Despite [Tea Party](/wiki/Tea_Party_movement "Tea Party movement") support and endorsements that included U.S. Senator [Ted Cruz](/wiki/Ted_Cruz "Ted Cruz") of Texas and former Alaska Governor [Sarah Palin](/wiki/Sarah_Palin "Sarah Palin"), Shannon lost the Republican nomination for the Senate to [U.S. Representative](/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives "United States House of Representatives") [James Lankford](/wiki/James_Lankford "James Lankford") by almost 20 points. In March 2022, Shannon announced that he was running in the [2022 United States Senate special election in Oklahoma](/wiki/2022_United_States_Senate_special_election_in_Oklahoma "2022 United States Senate special election in Oklahoma") to succeed the retiring Republican [Jim Inhofe](/wiki/Jim_Inhofe "Jim Inhofe"). He was endorsed by [Bill Anoatubby](/wiki/Bill_Anoatubby "Bill Anoatubby"), the Governor of the [Chickasaw Nation](/wiki/Chickasaw_Nation "Chickasaw Nation").{{cite news \\|title\=After eight years, Shannon ready for one more race \\|url\=https://tulsaworld.com/news/state\-and\-regional/govt\-and\-politics/after\-eight\-years\-shannon\-ready\-for\-one\-more\-race/article\_cd6fe3c0\-a08a\-11ec\-a957\-5b95c2684f38\.html \\|access\-date\=March 10, 2022 \\|publisher\=Tulsa World \\|date\=March 10, 2022}} Shannon finished in second place in the 13 candidate field, advancing to a runoff against [Markwayne Mullin](/wiki/Markwayne_Mullin "Markwayne Mullin").{{cite web \\| url\=https://www.oklahoman.com/story/news/2022/06/28/mullin\-shannon\-head\-gop\-runoff\-race\-inhofe\-seat/7697900001/ \\| title\=Mullin, Shannon head to GOP primary runoff election in race for Inhofe seat }} Mullin defeated Shannon in the runoff.{{cite news \\|last1\=Phippen \\|first1\=Thomas \\|title\=Rep. Markwayne Mullin defeats TW Shannon in Oklahoma GOP Senate runoff \\|url\=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/rep\-markwayne\-mullin\-defeats\-tw\-shannon\-oklahoma\-gop\-senate\-runoff \\|work\=Fox News \\|date\=August 23, 2022}}	[ "Career\n------", "{{Main\\\|List of Native American politicians}}", "Shannon worked as a field representative for former Congressman [J. C. Watts](/wiki/J._C._Watts \"J. C. Watts\") and later served in the same position for Congressman [Tom Cole](/wiki/Tom_Cole \"Tom Cole\"). An enrolled citizen of the [Chickasaw Nation](/wiki/Chickasaw_Nation \"Chickasaw Nation\"), he worked as the chief administrative officer for Chickasaw Nation Enterprises.", "### Oklahoma House of Representatives", "[thumb\\\|left\\\|Shannon is sworn in as Speaker of the Oklahoma House of Representatives.](/wiki/File:7G2U5163.jpg \"7G2U5163.jpg\")\n[thumb\\\|right\\\|Shannon speaks to the 2013 Conservative Political Action Conference (CPAC).](/wiki/File:T.W._Shannon_%288570279853%29.jpg \"T.W. Shannon (8570279853).jpg\")", "Shannon was first elected to the [Oklahoma House of Representatives](/wiki/Oklahoma_House_of_Representatives \"Oklahoma House of Representatives\") in 2006, defeating opponent Janice Drewry in the general election.[2006 General Election](http://www.ok.gov/elections/documents/06sh.pdf), Oklahoma State Election Board (accessed May 27, 2013\\) He rose to leadership in the state House, where he served as deputy majority whip in his first term, chaired the transportation committee in his second term and was elected speaker\\-designate in his third term. On January 8, 2013, Shannon took the oath of office to be the [speaker of the Oklahoma House of Representatives](/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Oklahoma_House_of_Representatives \"Speaker of the Oklahoma House of Representatives\").McNutt, Michael. \"[T.W. Shannon of Lawton officially takes Oklahoma House speakers post](http://newsok.com/t.w.-shannon-of-lawton-officially-takes-oklahoma-house-speakers-post/article/3744284),\" The Oklahoman, January 9, 2013 (accessed March 21, 2013\\).", "He has advocated for identifying and selling off state\\-owned properties that were not being fully utilized.McNutt, Michael. [Oklahoma should sell some buildings to fund capitol repairs, lawmaker says](http://newsok.com/oklahoma-should-sell-some-buildings-to-fund-capitol-repairs-lawmaker-says/article/3623053)The Oklahoman November 14, 2011\\. (accessed March 23, 2013\\). Shannon sponsored an eight\\-year plan to divert state income tax revenue to repairing Oklahoma's structurally deficient bridges.Hoberock, Barbara. [Oklahoma funding to increase bridge repairs](http://www.tulsaworld.com/news/article.aspx?subjectid=336&articleid=20120605_16_A1_CUTLIN537471), Tulsa World, June 12, 2012\\. (accessed March 23, 2013\\)", "As speaker, Shannon authored legislation to create a long\\-term plan to address the maintenance of state\\-owned properties and consolidate property management entities.\"[Effort to sell Oklahoma's unused buildings, properties](http://newsok.com/effort-to-sell-oklahomas-unused-buildings-properties-continues/article/3764283)\", The Oklahoman March 10, 2013 (accessed March 23, 2013\\).", "The first sale under the program to sell off state\\-owned properties was the sale of a former studio for the state public television station for $130,000\\. The next properties up for sale are a townlot in Buffalo and 5\\.58 acres in Marietta.Krehbiel, Randy. \"[Ex\\-OETA studio sold through new state program](http://www.tulsaworld.com/article.aspx/Former_Oklahoma_Educational_Television_Authority_studio/20130704_11_A10_Thesta696335)\", Tulsa World, July 4, 2013\\. (accessed July 11, 2013\\)", "Shannon advocated a controversial measure to require Oklahoma recipients of the [Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program](/wiki/Supplemental_Nutrition_Assistance_Program \"Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program\") (food stamps) to perform at least 35 hours of work activities or be denied aid. The work requirement was scaled back after the cost of providing job training to SNAP recipients became clear.McNutt, Michael and Kemp, Adam. \"[Oklahoma House speaker scales back food stamp work requirement](http://newsok.com/oklahoma-house-speaker-scales-back-food-stamp-work-requirement/article/3763518/)\", The Oklahoman, March 8, 2011\\. (accessed June 27, 2013\\).", "[GOPAC](/wiki/GOPAC \"GOPAC\"), an organization whose mission it is to support up\\-and\\-coming Republican leaders, added Shannon to its national advisory board in 2013\\.[CPAC](http://conservative.org/cpac/) (accessed March 21, 2013\\).", "House district 62 encompasses [Lawton, Oklahoma](/wiki/Lawton%2C_Oklahoma \"Lawton, Oklahoma\") and its surrounding communities.[House Districts, Congressional and Other Maps](http://www.okhouse.gov/Research/HouseDistricts.aspx) {{webarchive\\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090507095639/http://www.okhouse.gov/Research/HouseDistricts.aspx \\\|date\\=May 7, 2009 }}, [Oklahoma House of Representatives](http://www.okhouse.gov) {{webarchive\\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130622043630/http://okhouse.gov/ \\\|date\\=June 22, 2013 }}. (access March 21, 2013\\).", "### US Senate campaigns", "Shannon stepped down as the speaker to run for the Republican nomination in the [2014 United States Senate special election in Oklahoma](/wiki/2014_United_States_Senate_special_election_in_Oklahoma \"2014 United States Senate special election in Oklahoma\") to succeed [Tom Coburn](/wiki/Tom_Coburn \"Tom Coburn\").", "Despite [Tea Party](/wiki/Tea_Party_movement \"Tea Party movement\") support and endorsements that included U.S. Senator [Ted Cruz](/wiki/Ted_Cruz \"Ted Cruz\") of Texas and former Alaska Governor [Sarah Palin](/wiki/Sarah_Palin \"Sarah Palin\"), Shannon lost the Republican nomination for the Senate to [U.S. Representative](/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives \"United States House of Representatives\") [James Lankford](/wiki/James_Lankford \"James Lankford\") by almost 20 points.", "In March 2022, Shannon announced that he was running in the [2022 United States Senate special election in Oklahoma](/wiki/2022_United_States_Senate_special_election_in_Oklahoma \"2022 United States Senate special election in Oklahoma\") to succeed the retiring Republican [Jim Inhofe](/wiki/Jim_Inhofe \"Jim Inhofe\"). He was endorsed by [Bill Anoatubby](/wiki/Bill_Anoatubby \"Bill Anoatubby\"), the Governor of the [Chickasaw Nation](/wiki/Chickasaw_Nation \"Chickasaw Nation\").{{cite news \\\|title\\=After eight years, Shannon ready for one more race \\\|url\\=https://tulsaworld.com/news/state\\-and\\-regional/govt\\-and\\-politics/after\\-eight\\-years\\-shannon\\-ready\\-for\\-one\\-more\\-race/article\\_cd6fe3c0\\-a08a\\-11ec\\-a957\\-5b95c2684f38\\.html \\\|access\\-date\\=March 10, 2022 \\\|publisher\\=Tulsa World \\\|date\\=March 10, 2022}} Shannon finished in second place in the 13 candidate field, advancing to a runoff against [Markwayne Mullin](/wiki/Markwayne_Mullin \"Markwayne Mullin\").{{cite web \\\| url\\=https://www.oklahoman.com/story/news/2022/06/28/mullin\\-shannon\\-head\\-gop\\-runoff\\-race\\-inhofe\\-seat/7697900001/ \\\| title\\=Mullin, Shannon head to GOP primary runoff election in race for Inhofe seat }} Mullin defeated Shannon in the runoff.{{cite news \\\|last1\\=Phippen \\\|first1\\=Thomas \\\|title\\=Rep. Markwayne Mullin defeats TW Shannon in Oklahoma GOP Senate runoff \\\|url\\=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/rep\\-markwayne\\-mullin\\-defeats\\-tw\\-shannon\\-oklahoma\\-gop\\-senate\\-runoff \\\|work\\=Fox News \\\|date\\=August 23, 2022}}", "" ]
Career ------ Tichy began playing drums at age eight and started playing guitar at age 12\. His earliest influences include [Kiss](/wiki/Kiss_%28band%29 "Kiss (band)") with [Peter Criss](/wiki/Peter_Criss "Peter Criss") as his main influence, [Led Zeppelin](/wiki/Led_Zeppelin "Led Zeppelin"), [Iron Maiden](/wiki/Iron_Maiden "Iron Maiden") with [Nicko McBrain](/wiki/Nicko_McBrain "Nicko McBrain"), [Aerosmith](/wiki/Aerosmith "Aerosmith"), [AC/DC](/wiki/AC/DC "AC/DC"), and [Van Halen](/wiki/Van_Halen "Van Halen") Since attending [Berklee College of Music](/wiki/Berklee_College_of_Music "Berklee College of Music") from 1986 until 1990, Tichy has toured/recorded with a multitude of artists including [Billy Idol](/wiki/Billy_Idol "Billy Idol"), [Ozzy Osbourne](/wiki/Ozzy_Osbourne "Ozzy Osbourne"), [Seether](/wiki/Seether "Seether"), [Velvet Revolver](/wiki/Velvet_Revolver "Velvet Revolver"), [Foreigner](/wiki/Foreigner_%28band%29 "Foreigner (band)"), [Pride \& Glory](/wiki/Pride_%26_Glory_%28band%29 "Pride & Glory (band)"), [Glenn Hughes](/wiki/Glenn_Hughes_%28British_musician%29 "Glenn Hughes (British musician)"), [Sass Jordan](/wiki/Sass_Jordan "Sass Jordan"), [Slash's Snakepit](/wiki/Slash%27s_Snakepit "Slash's Snakepit"), China Rain, [Whitesnake](/wiki/Whitesnake "Whitesnake") and most recently [The Dead Daisies](/wiki/The_Dead_Daisies "The Dead Daisies"). ### Ball While Tichy has primarily toured and recorded with others playing drums, he has fronted his own band, Ball, in which he sings and plays guitar. Due to the demise of his record label (Time Bomb Recordings), Ball's American Aggression CD never was formally released. Ball did manage to release a CD, The Grand Human Disaster Scenario (only in Japan) in May 1999\. This CD contains what were essentially the demos that led to the record deal with Time Bomb at the end of 1999\. His increasing role as co\-songwriter with [Billy Idol](/wiki/Billy_Idol "Billy Idol") that started at the end of 2003 limited his time to focus on Ball. ### Billy Idol The Idol/Tichy writing partnership sparked the recording of Billy Idol's first CD since 1993\. [Devil's Playground](/wiki/Devil%27s_Playground_%28album%29 "Devil's Playground (album)") ([Sanctuary Records](/wiki/Sanctuary_Records "Sanctuary Records")) was recorded in 2004 and contained 8 Idol/Tichy tracks. The CD was released in March 2005 and they toured for the remainder of the year. While writing in 2006 for a follow\-up Idol CD, Tichy and Idol recorded a Christmas album. This was done on their own, in Idol and Tichy's rehearsal studio with Tichy performing drums, guitar, and bass, as well as engineering and co\-producing. [Happy Holidays](/wiki/Happy_Holidays_%28Billy_Idol_album%29 "Happy Holidays (Billy Idol album)") by Idol was released in November 2006 through [Best Buy](/wiki/Best_Buy "Best Buy") and in Europe. ### Foreigner Tichy joined [Foreigner](/wiki/Foreigner_%28band%29 "Foreigner (band)") in 1998 and remained until 2000\. He rejoined briefly in 2007 substituting for [Jason Bonham](/wiki/Jason_Bonham "Jason Bonham"). He then returned from 2008 until 2010, recording the album [Can't Slow Down](/wiki/Can%27t_Slow_Down_%28Foreigner_album%29 "Can't Slow Down (Foreigner album)"). He returned for one show in summer 2011, substituting for Mark Schulman, who had recently lost his father. Tichy rejoined Foreigner for the month of August 2012 for live performances, replacing the departed Schulman once again. ### Other projects Tichy filled in for [Seether](/wiki/Seether "Seether") drummer John Humphrey in April 2007, toured with [Foreigner](/wiki/Foreigner_%28band%29 "Foreigner (band)") through spring of 2009 (replacing Jason Bonham), and recently completed a multi\-year involvement with Billy Idol. He has written music for television and film, and recorded with European female metal singer [Marya Roxx](/wiki/Marya_Roxx "Marya Roxx"). On September 25, 2010, Tichy organized, produced and played in the drummer tribute "Bonzo, The Groove Remains the Same", commemorating the 30th anniversary of the death of Led Zeppelin's [John Bonham](/wiki/John_Bonham "John Bonham"). In 2011, Tichy formed S.U.N. (Something Unto Nothing) as guitarist, with vocalist [Sass Jordan](/wiki/Sass_Jordan "Sass Jordan"), bassist Michael Devin, and drummer [Tommy Stewart](/wiki/Tommy_Stewart "Tommy Stewart"). In 2014, Tichy joined 'Sweet \& Lynch', featuring Michael Sweet, George Lynch and James Lomenzo. In 2018 Tichy replaced Shane Gaalaas as the support drummer for Japanese rock band [B'z](/wiki/B%27z "B'z"), a band he had worked with previously as a session musician. {{Citation \\| title \= MICHAEL SWEET Reveals Possible Name For Project With GEORGE LYNCH, JAMES LOMENZO, BRIAN TICHY \\| magazine \= Modern Drummer \\| date \= June 25, 2014 \\| url \= http://www.blabbermouth.net/news/michael\-sweet\-reveals\-possible\-name\-for\-project\-with\-george\-lynch\-james\-lomenzo\-brian\-tichy \\| access\-date \= }} ### Whitesnake Tichy was announced as the new drummer for [Whitesnake](/wiki/Whitesnake "Whitesnake") on June 18, 2010\.{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode\=Article\&newsitemID\=141791 \\|title\=WHITESNAKE Parts Ways With DUFFY, FRAZIER; New Drummer Announced \\|publisher\=Roadrunnerrecords.com \\|access\-date\=2011\-10\-29 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607023212/http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode\=Article\&newsitemID\=141791 \\|archive\-date\=2011\-06\-07 }} After several years of worldwide touring, Tichy quit Whitesnake on January 4, 2013, as he planned to focus more time on S.U.N.{{cite web \\|url\=http://blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode\=Article\&newsitemID\=184421 \\|title\=Drummer BRIAN TICHY Quits WHITESNAKE \\|publisher\=Roadrunnerrecords.com \\|access\-date\=2013\-01\-04 \\|archive\-date\=January 7, 2013 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130107030239/http://www.blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode\=Article\&newsitemID\=184421 \\|url\-status\=dead }}	[ "Career\n------", "Tichy began playing drums at age eight and started playing guitar at age 12\\. His earliest influences include [Kiss](/wiki/Kiss_%28band%29 \"Kiss (band)\") with [Peter Criss](/wiki/Peter_Criss \"Peter Criss\") as his main influence, [Led Zeppelin](/wiki/Led_Zeppelin \"Led Zeppelin\"), [Iron Maiden](/wiki/Iron_Maiden \"Iron Maiden\") with [Nicko McBrain](/wiki/Nicko_McBrain \"Nicko McBrain\"), [Aerosmith](/wiki/Aerosmith \"Aerosmith\"), [AC/DC](/wiki/AC/DC \"AC/DC\"), and [Van Halen](/wiki/Van_Halen \"Van Halen\")", "Since attending [Berklee College of Music](/wiki/Berklee_College_of_Music \"Berklee College of Music\") from 1986 until 1990, Tichy has toured/recorded with a multitude of artists including [Billy Idol](/wiki/Billy_Idol \"Billy Idol\"), [Ozzy Osbourne](/wiki/Ozzy_Osbourne \"Ozzy Osbourne\"), [Seether](/wiki/Seether \"Seether\"), [Velvet Revolver](/wiki/Velvet_Revolver \"Velvet Revolver\"), [Foreigner](/wiki/Foreigner_%28band%29 \"Foreigner (band)\"), [Pride \\& Glory](/wiki/Pride_%26_Glory_%28band%29 \"Pride & Glory (band)\"), [Glenn Hughes](/wiki/Glenn_Hughes_%28British_musician%29 \"Glenn Hughes (British musician)\"), [Sass Jordan](/wiki/Sass_Jordan \"Sass Jordan\"), [Slash's Snakepit](/wiki/Slash%27s_Snakepit \"Slash's Snakepit\"), China Rain, [Whitesnake](/wiki/Whitesnake \"Whitesnake\") and most recently [The Dead Daisies](/wiki/The_Dead_Daisies \"The Dead Daisies\").", "### Ball", "While Tichy has primarily toured and recorded with others playing drums, he has fronted his own band, Ball, in which he sings and plays guitar. Due to the demise of his record label (Time Bomb Recordings), Ball's American Aggression CD never was formally released. Ball did manage to release a CD, The Grand Human Disaster Scenario (only in Japan) in May 1999\\. This CD contains what were essentially the demos that led to the record deal with Time Bomb at the end of 1999\\. His increasing role as co\\-songwriter with [Billy Idol](/wiki/Billy_Idol \"Billy Idol\") that started at the end of 2003 limited his time to focus on Ball.", "### Billy Idol", "The Idol/Tichy writing partnership sparked the recording of Billy Idol's first CD since 1993\\. [Devil's Playground](/wiki/Devil%27s_Playground_%28album%29 \"Devil's Playground (album)\") ([Sanctuary Records](/wiki/Sanctuary_Records \"Sanctuary Records\")) was recorded in 2004 and contained 8 Idol/Tichy tracks. The CD was released in March 2005 and they toured for the remainder of the year.", "While writing in 2006 for a follow\\-up Idol CD, Tichy and Idol recorded a Christmas album. This was done on their own, in Idol and Tichy's rehearsal studio with Tichy performing drums, guitar, and bass, as well as engineering and co\\-producing. [Happy Holidays](/wiki/Happy_Holidays_%28Billy_Idol_album%29 \"Happy Holidays (Billy Idol album)\") by Idol was released in November 2006 through [Best Buy](/wiki/Best_Buy \"Best Buy\") and in Europe.", "### Foreigner", "Tichy joined [Foreigner](/wiki/Foreigner_%28band%29 \"Foreigner (band)\") in 1998 and remained until 2000\\. He rejoined briefly in 2007 substituting for [Jason Bonham](/wiki/Jason_Bonham \"Jason Bonham\"). He then returned from 2008 until 2010, recording the album [Can't Slow Down](/wiki/Can%27t_Slow_Down_%28Foreigner_album%29 \"Can't Slow Down (Foreigner album)\"). He returned for one show in summer 2011, substituting for Mark Schulman, who had recently lost his father. Tichy rejoined Foreigner for the month of August 2012 for live performances, replacing the departed Schulman once again.", "### Other projects", "Tichy filled in for [Seether](/wiki/Seether \"Seether\") drummer John Humphrey in April 2007, toured with [Foreigner](/wiki/Foreigner_%28band%29 \"Foreigner (band)\") through spring of 2009 (replacing Jason Bonham), and recently completed a multi\\-year involvement with Billy Idol. He has written music for television and film, and recorded with European female metal singer [Marya Roxx](/wiki/Marya_Roxx \"Marya Roxx\").\nOn September 25, 2010, Tichy organized, produced and played in the drummer tribute \"Bonzo, The Groove Remains the Same\", commemorating the 30th anniversary of the death of Led Zeppelin's [John Bonham](/wiki/John_Bonham \"John Bonham\"). In 2011, Tichy formed S.U.N. (Something Unto Nothing) as guitarist, with vocalist [Sass Jordan](/wiki/Sass_Jordan \"Sass Jordan\"), bassist Michael Devin, and drummer [Tommy Stewart](/wiki/Tommy_Stewart \"Tommy Stewart\"). In 2014, Tichy joined 'Sweet \\& Lynch', featuring Michael Sweet, George Lynch and James Lomenzo. In 2018 Tichy replaced Shane Gaalaas as the support drummer for Japanese rock band [B'z](/wiki/B%27z \"B'z\"), a band he had worked with previously as a session musician. \n{{Citation\n \\\| title \\= MICHAEL SWEET Reveals Possible Name For Project With GEORGE LYNCH, JAMES LOMENZO, BRIAN TICHY\n \\\| magazine \\= Modern Drummer\n \\\| date \\= June 25, 2014\n \\\| url \\= http://www.blabbermouth.net/news/michael\\-sweet\\-reveals\\-possible\\-name\\-for\\-project\\-with\\-george\\-lynch\\-james\\-lomenzo\\-brian\\-tichy\n \\\| access\\-date \\= \n}}", "### Whitesnake", "Tichy was announced as the new drummer for [Whitesnake](/wiki/Whitesnake \"Whitesnake\") on June 18, 2010\\.{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode\\=Article\\&newsitemID\\=141791 \\\|title\\=WHITESNAKE Parts Ways With DUFFY, FRAZIER; New Drummer Announced \\\|publisher\\=Roadrunnerrecords.com \\\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-10\\-29 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607023212/http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode\\=Article\\&newsitemID\\=141791 \\\|archive\\-date\\=2011\\-06\\-07 }} After several years of worldwide touring, Tichy quit Whitesnake on January 4, 2013, as he planned to focus more time on S.U.N.{{cite web \\\|url\\=http://blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode\\=Article\\&newsitemID\\=184421 \\\|title\\=Drummer BRIAN TICHY Quits WHITESNAKE \\\|publisher\\=Roadrunnerrecords.com \\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-01\\-04 \\\|archive\\-date\\=January 7, 2013 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130107030239/http://www.blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode\\=Article\\&newsitemID\\=184421 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead }}", "" ]
Clubs and organizations ----------------------- Hudson Bay has a number of established groups whose mandates are to provide cultural and artistic opportunities for the residents of Hudson Bay and District. The Hudson Bay Allied Arts Council is very active in bringing professional performing artists to the Community. The forest, rivers, and lakes surrounding Hudson Bay provide inspirations for the members of the Hudson Bay Art Club. The active club organizes classes by professional artists for adults wishing to hone their skills and acquire new techniques. Choral groups and instrumental ensembles from Stewart Hawke Elementary School consistently bring home trophies from the district musical festival. Both the elementary and high school have active drama clubs which attend Provincial adjudications. The High School has a well\-equipped fine arts wing which houses its drama area and stage and its arts department. Hudson Bay's active volunteer network provides a wide variety of cultural and artistic activities with the support of the Town of Hudson Bay and the School Division. The Hudson Bay Economic Development and Tourism Committee is appointed by the Councils of the town of Hudson Bay, the Rural Municipality of Hudson Bay \#394 and the Hudson Bay Chamber of Commerce. The purpose of the Committee is to provide aid to local economic opportunities, striving to renew and revitalize the economic interest of the community and to examine and investigate all alternatives that are available. The Committee keeps an up\-to\-date list of local business opportunities as well as a current list of business / office space and industrial sites available. Service Clubs include: [Rotary Club](/wiki/Rotary_Club "Rotary Club"), [Lions Club](/wiki/Lions_Club "Lions Club"), [Knights of Columbus](/wiki/Knights_of_Columbus "Knights of Columbus"), [Masons](/wiki/Freemasonry "Freemasonry"), [Elks](/wiki/Elks "Elks") and [Royal Purple](/wiki/Royal_Purple "Royal Purple"), [Royal Canadian Legion](/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Legion "Royal Canadian Legion"), Legion Ladies Auxiliary, and Health Care Auxiliary. Other organizations focused on the youth in this area are: [4\-H](/wiki/4-H "4-H"), [Beavers](/wiki/Beaver_Scouts_%28Scouts_Canada%29 "Beaver Scouts (Scouts Canada)"), [Cubs](/wiki/Cub_Scouts_%28Scouts_Canada%29 "Cub Scouts (Scouts Canada)"), [AWANA](/wiki/AWANA "AWANA"), [Scouts](/wiki/Scouts_Canada "Scouts Canada"), and [Army Cadets](/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Army_Cadets "Royal Canadian Army Cadets").	[ "Clubs and organizations\n-----------------------", "Hudson Bay has a number of established groups whose mandates are to provide cultural and artistic opportunities for the residents of Hudson Bay and District.", "The Hudson Bay Allied Arts Council is very active in bringing professional performing artists to the Community.", "The forest, rivers, and lakes surrounding Hudson Bay provide inspirations for the members of the Hudson Bay Art Club. The active club organizes classes by professional artists for adults wishing to hone their skills and acquire new techniques.", "Choral groups and instrumental ensembles from Stewart Hawke Elementary School consistently bring home trophies from the district musical festival. Both the elementary and high school have active drama clubs which attend Provincial adjudications. The High School has a well\\-equipped fine arts wing which houses its drama area and stage and its arts department.", "Hudson Bay's active volunteer network provides a wide variety of cultural and artistic activities with the support of the Town of Hudson Bay and the School Division.", "The Hudson Bay Economic Development and Tourism Committee is appointed by the Councils of the town of Hudson Bay, the Rural Municipality of Hudson Bay \\#394 and the Hudson Bay Chamber of Commerce. The purpose of the Committee is to provide aid to local economic opportunities, striving to renew and revitalize the economic interest of the community and to examine and investigate all alternatives that are available. The Committee keeps an up\\-to\\-date list of local business opportunities as well as a current list of business / office space and industrial sites available.", "Service Clubs include: [Rotary Club](/wiki/Rotary_Club \"Rotary Club\"), [Lions Club](/wiki/Lions_Club \"Lions Club\"), [Knights of Columbus](/wiki/Knights_of_Columbus \"Knights of Columbus\"), [Masons](/wiki/Freemasonry \"Freemasonry\"), [Elks](/wiki/Elks \"Elks\") and [Royal Purple](/wiki/Royal_Purple \"Royal Purple\"), [Royal Canadian Legion](/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Legion \"Royal Canadian Legion\"), Legion Ladies Auxiliary, and Health Care Auxiliary. Other organizations focused on the youth in this area are: [4\\-H](/wiki/4-H \"4-H\"), [Beavers](/wiki/Beaver_Scouts_%28Scouts_Canada%29 \"Beaver Scouts (Scouts Canada)\"), [Cubs](/wiki/Cub_Scouts_%28Scouts_Canada%29 \"Cub Scouts (Scouts Canada)\"), [AWANA](/wiki/AWANA \"AWANA\"), [Scouts](/wiki/Scouts_Canada \"Scouts Canada\"), and [Army Cadets](/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Army_Cadets \"Royal Canadian Army Cadets\").", "" ]
History ------- The palace is one of the largest historic residences of [Lower Silesia](/wiki/Lower_Silesia "Lower Silesia"), with the main building dating back to 1590\. It was expanded several times, most notably in the 18th century when a chapel dedicated to [John of Nepomuk](/wiki/John_of_Nepomuk "John of Nepomuk") was added to the main building, featuring an extensive polychrome decoration. A summer palace was also redeveloped in the 18th century. The compound features a total of 15 buildings. A park was created in the 18th century, redeveloped in the late 19th century by Prussian landscape gardener [Eduard Petzold](/wiki/Eduard_Petzold "Eduard Petzold"). Originally built for the [Reichenbach](/wiki/Reichenbach-Wappen_1730.png "Reichenbach-Wappen 1730.png") [family](/wiki/Reichenbach_%28surname%29 "Reichenbach (surname)"), the palace was a property of the Counts [von Götzen](/wiki/G%C3%B6tz-Wappen_SWP.png "Götz-Wappen SWP.png") between the 17th and the 19th century. Sold in the late 19th century to a wealthy merchant, the palace gradually began falling into disrepair. The last [German](/wiki/Germans "Germans") owner was heiress Lilly Poppler and her husband Prof. Franz Poppler. After [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II") because of the decisions made during the [Yalta Conference](/wiki/Yalta_Conference "Yalta Conference"), the [Kłodzko Land](/wiki/K%C5%82odzko_Land "Kłodzko Land") was transferred from [Germany](/wiki/Germany "Germany") to [Poland](/wiki/Poland "Poland") and Scharfeneck was renamed [Sarny](/wiki/Sarny%2C_Lower_Silesian_Voivodeship "Sarny, Lower Silesian Voivodeship"). The palace compound was first occupied by the [Red Army](/wiki/Red_Army "Red Army") to later be nationalized in communist Poland and turned into [a collective farm](/wiki/Collective_farming "Collective farming"). After [communism](/wiki/Communism "Communism") collapsed in 1989, the property remained in the state's hands, largely abandoned and falling into deeper ruin. In late 2013, it was sold to private individuals who established a charitable trust running Sarny Castle. In the first year of operation, a collapsed roof over a 17th\-century granary was replaced with a new structure. Structural reconstruction was done on the castle in 2016\-2020\. In May 2017, a visitor center and cafe opened in the castle's gatehouse after more than three years of refurbishment, also making the chapel available to tourists on a daily basis. In 2020, a hotel opened in two farm buildings.	[ "History\n-------", "The palace is one of the largest historic residences of [Lower Silesia](/wiki/Lower_Silesia \"Lower Silesia\"), with the main building dating back to 1590\\. It was expanded several times, most notably in the 18th century when a chapel dedicated to [John of Nepomuk](/wiki/John_of_Nepomuk \"John of Nepomuk\") was added to the main building, featuring an extensive polychrome decoration. A summer palace was also redeveloped in the 18th century. The compound features a total of 15 buildings.", "A park was created in the 18th century, redeveloped in the late 19th century by Prussian landscape gardener [Eduard Petzold](/wiki/Eduard_Petzold \"Eduard Petzold\").", "Originally built for the [Reichenbach](/wiki/Reichenbach-Wappen_1730.png \"Reichenbach-Wappen 1730.png\") [family](/wiki/Reichenbach_%28surname%29 \"Reichenbach (surname)\"), the palace was a property of the Counts [von Götzen](/wiki/G%C3%B6tz-Wappen_SWP.png \"Götz-Wappen SWP.png\") between the 17th and the 19th century. Sold in the late 19th century to a wealthy merchant, the palace gradually began falling into disrepair. The last [German](/wiki/Germans \"Germans\") owner was heiress Lilly Poppler and her husband Prof. Franz Poppler.", "After [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\") because of the decisions made during the [Yalta Conference](/wiki/Yalta_Conference \"Yalta Conference\"), the [Kłodzko Land](/wiki/K%C5%82odzko_Land \"Kłodzko Land\") was transferred from [Germany](/wiki/Germany \"Germany\") to [Poland](/wiki/Poland \"Poland\") and Scharfeneck was renamed [Sarny](/wiki/Sarny%2C_Lower_Silesian_Voivodeship \"Sarny, Lower Silesian Voivodeship\"). The palace compound was first occupied by the [Red Army](/wiki/Red_Army \"Red Army\") to later be nationalized in communist Poland and turned into [a collective farm](/wiki/Collective_farming \"Collective farming\"). After [communism](/wiki/Communism \"Communism\") collapsed in 1989, the property remained in the state's hands, largely abandoned and falling into deeper ruin.", "In late 2013, it was sold to private individuals who established a charitable trust running Sarny Castle. In the first year of operation, a collapsed roof over a 17th\\-century granary was replaced with a new structure. Structural reconstruction was done on the castle in 2016\\-2020\\.", "In May 2017, a visitor center and cafe opened in the castle's gatehouse after more than three years of refurbishment, also making the chapel available to tourists on a daily basis. In 2020, a hotel opened in two farm buildings.", "" ]
Life ---- He studied art history and obtained his [Ph D](/wiki/Ph_D "Ph D") on Burgundische Kleinkirchen bis zum Jahre 1200 (small churches in [Burgundy](/wiki/Burgundy "Burgundy") until 1200\). During the [Eulenburg affair](/wiki/Eulenburg_affair "Eulenburg affair") he tried to bring [Maximilian Harden](/wiki/Maximilian_Harden "Maximilian Harden") to reason with a long conversation in April 1908\. Since 1907 his hobby had been [ballooning](/wiki/Balloon_%28aircraft%29 "Balloon (aircraft)"), resulting in his fighting as an airship officer during World War I. He then became a scholar of [Rudolf Steiner](/wiki/Rudolf_Steiner "Rudolf Steiner") and was a lifetime follower of his esoteric spiritual movement, [anthroposophy](/wiki/Anthroposophy "Anthroposophy"). After the war he was first the head of a small publishing house in Munich, then an art and antiques dealer in Berlin. In Munich he came into contact with the influential literary group [George\-Kreis](/wiki/George-Kreis "George-Kreis"). The author [Alfred Schuler](/wiki/Alfred_Schuler "Alfred Schuler") died in his arms in 1923\. In 1925 he financially supported the physician [Magnus Hirschfeld](/wiki/Magnus_Hirschfeld "Magnus Hirschfeld"), an outspoken advocate for sexual minorities, with whom he had been in contact since 1909\. He stood up for many of his homosexual artist friends, financially and with moral courage when they were prosecuted. [thumb\\|[Ostrau](/wiki/Ostrau_%28Petersberg%29 "Ostrau (Petersberg)") Castle](/wiki/File:Ostrau_%28Petersberg%29%2C_the_ch%C3%A2teau.jpg "Ostrau (Petersberg), the château.jpg") [thumb\\|A room at Ostrau](/wiki/File:Ostrau_%28Petersberg%29_Schlo%C3%9F_04.jpg "Ostrau (Petersberg) Schloß 04.jpg") In 1927 he inherited [Ostrau](/wiki/Ostrau_%28Petersberg%29 "Ostrau (Petersberg)") Castle and its large agricultural estate near [Halle](/wiki/Halle_%28Saale%29 "Halle (Saale)"). He had the castle extensively renovated and furnished with his collections of antiques, [expressionist](/wiki/Expressionism "Expressionism") paintings (such as [Marsden Hartley](/wiki/Marsden_Hartley "Marsden Hartley")'s Light House) as well as ethnological objects from all over the world. Until the Second World War, he turned his home into a meeting place for scientists, writers, artists, esotericists, politicians, musicians, dancers, and numerous visitors from Asia, especially India. Initially his interests revolved around China, which he was never to set foot in and whose art and philosophy he was taught by the Sinologist [Richard Wilhelm](/wiki/Richard_Wilhelm_%28sinologist%29 "Richard Wilhelm (sinologist)"), but gradually India came to the fore, especially through theosophical and spiritual contacts. Through [Annie Besant](/wiki/Annie_Besant "Annie Besant") who called the gigantic grand\-seigneur „my crusader“, he came close to [theosophy](/wiki/Theosophy_%28Blavatskian%29 "Theosophy (Blavatskian)"), especially to the world savior, whom she temporarily postulated, [Jiddu Krishnamurti](/wiki/Jiddu_Krishnamurti "Jiddu Krishnamurti"), who stayed in Ostrau for a week in 1931\. But he also maintained good contacts with influential politicians of the [Weimar Republic](/wiki/Weimar_Republic "Weimar Republic"), such as the President of the Reichstag [Paul Löbe](/wiki/Paul_L%C3%B6be "Paul Löbe") and a number of cabinet ministers, as well as with domestic and foreign diplomats who visited and invited him. The papal nuntius (and later pope [Pius XII](/wiki/Pius_XII "Pius XII")) Eugenio Pacelli was known to him from his Munich and Berlin times. After [Adolf Hitler's rise to power](/wiki/Adolf_Hitler%27s_rise_to_power "Adolf Hitler's rise to power"), numerous members of his circle of friends emigrated from 1933, like the dancers [Harald Kreutzberg](/wiki/Harald_Kreutzberg "Harald Kreutzberg") and [Kurt Jooss](/wiki/Kurt_Jooss "Kurt Jooss") or the Indologist [Heinrich Zimmer](/wiki/Heinrich_Zimmer "Heinrich Zimmer") and the anthroposophist [Eugen Kolisko](/wiki/Eugen_Kolisko "Eugen Kolisko"), others were harassed by the Nazi regime. Nevertheless, he tried to maintain his cosmopolitan intellectual meeting place, which he succeeded in doing thanks to clever private diplomacy and influential contacts. He hosted a [synod](/wiki/Synod "Synod") of the [Christian Community](/wiki/Christian_Community "Christian Community") in 1935, when it was already threatened by closure. Many of his guests stayed for weeks, sometimes months. During the day people worked, in the evenings there were large discussions or artistic performances. Veltheim had \- in addition to high intellect and deep education \- the talent to respond intensively to each of his guests and to give them his full attention. Ostrau's charisma as an intellectual meeting point soon extended far beyond Germany. Among his guests were [Ambalal Sarabhai](/wiki/Ambalal_Sarabhai "Ambalal Sarabhai"), [Bijoy Prasad Singh Roy](/wiki/Bijoy_Prasad_Singh_Roy "Bijoy Prasad Singh Roy"), [Ram Nath Chopra](/wiki/Ram_Nath_Chopra "Ram Nath Chopra") and many other Indian visitors. In spite of [foreign exchange controls](/wiki/Foreign_exchange_controls "Foreign exchange controls") and travel restrictions, he managed to undertake a number of trips abroad, supported by a friend in the Foreign Department. In order to enable these, as well as to protect his cosmopolitan center, he even joined the [NSDAP](/wiki/NSDAP "NSDAP") in 1937\. These travels included two trips to London for the World Congress of Faiths organized by [Francis Younghusband](/wiki/Francis_Younghusband "Francis Younghusband"), to Chicago for the World's Fair [Century of Progress](/wiki/Century_of_Progress "Century of Progress"), and two trips to Asia. On the first in 1935/36, he met [Sivananda Saraswati](/wiki/Sivananda_Saraswati "Sivananda Saraswati") whose business expansion and personality cult he later criticized. On the second, 1937−39, he travelled to Bombay and Calcutta for a conference of the [Indian Science Congress Association](/wiki/Indian_Science_Congress_Association "Indian Science Congress Association"), then to Afghanistan (where [Shah Mahmud Khan](/wiki/Shah_Mahmud_Khan "Shah Mahmud Khan"), who had been his guest in Ostrau in 1936, received him like a state guest, as did several Indian courts), further on to Nepal (then almost inaccessible), Burma, British Malaya, the Dutch East Indies, Java, Singapore and Bali (where he visited [Walter Spies](/wiki/Walter_Spies "Walter Spies")). The outbreak of World War II prevented his planned onward journey to China, Japan and the USA. He had to return to Germany via Egypt, Libya, Italy, France, Belgium and the Netherlands (where he once again visited the exiled Emperor [Wilhelm II](/wiki/Wilhelm_II%2C_German_Emperor "Wilhelm II, German Emperor"), whom his mother had known well). He had been sending his travel diaries home, where they were duplicated on matrices and sent in 500 to 750 copies to his circle of acquaintances, including the Foreign Office. Upon his return, he set about revising and looking for book publication opportunities. The war hindered this project as well as the continuation of his conference activities. He spent the war years on his estate, only visited by a few friends, but was always well informed about the war situation through foreign broadcasters and contacts with soldiers at the front. He provided spiritual support to his cousin [Elisabeth von Thadden](/wiki/Elisabeth_von_Thadden "Elisabeth von Thadden") in letters before she was executed as a resistance fighter against the Nazi régime in September 1944, as was his close friend [Carl Wentzel](/wiki/Carl_Wentzel "Carl Wentzel"). [thumb\\|upright\\|[Marsden Hartley](/wiki/Marsden_Hartley "Marsden Hartley"): Light House (1915\), from Veltheim's collection](/wiki/File:Hartley_Lighthouse.jpg "Hartley Lighthouse.jpg") After the Second World War, the American occupying forces immediately took Veltheim's advice to administer the region. In June 1945, he traveled with [Erhard Hübener](/wiki/Erhard_H%C3%BCbener "Erhard Hübener") to US headquarters in Frankfurt am Main, where Hübener was appointed governor of the province of Saxony by General [Dwight D. Eisenhower](/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower "Dwight D. Eisenhower"). There, however, they also received certainty that parts of Central Germany would be surrendered to the [Soviet occupation zone of Germany](/wiki/Soviet_occupation_zone_of_Germany "Soviet occupation zone of Germany"), which was planned for July. Nevertheless, Veltheim refused to flee, which had been recommended to him on many occasions, and stayed. At first the Soviets provided him with guards of honor, like the Americans before them, as a result of sovereign private diplomacy, such as Veltheim had used against National Socialism. The authorities in the Soviet occupation zone, who were not yet fully aligned with the communist party, initially employed Veltheim as trustee and manager of his palace and park; they even offered him a professorship at the University of Halle; his refusal to accept made it impossible for him to stay and he fled to the British Zone of [Allied\-occupied Germany](/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany "Allied-occupied Germany") in November 1945\. His castle was plundered and the land confiscated. Hans\-Hasso von Veltheim was cared for in the West by his ex\-wife and friends from home and abroad. For years he stayed with different hosts who had once been his guests. A special relationship existed with [Leo Baeck](/wiki/Leo_Baeck "Leo Baeck"), the Jewish rabbi, scholar, and theologian whom he had known since 1923 and who came to Ostrau several times after 1933\. Despite the strictest ban, Veltheim continued to visit the president of the umbrella organization of German Jews in Berlin until the end of 1942 and had food delivered to him until his deportation in January 1943\. Baeck, in turn, sent him the newly created manuscript chapters of his work “This People Israel: the Meaning of Jewish Existence” to keep them safe. Before he fled in 1945, Veltheim handed it over to a state curator. After Baeck had miraculously survived the end of the war in a concentration camp and was able to emigrate to England and the US, they resumed their correspondence and now Baeck in return supported the refugee Veltheim financially. From 1948 he worked on new manuscripts based on the reports sent and his memories, since his notes and film recordings were left (and lost) in Ostrau. The travel diaries, first published by Greven\-Verlag in Cologne and then by Claassen\-Verlag from 1951, received a great deal of attention in the press and were a sales success. His reports are written in a clear, understandable way, but they differ from many other travel reports by profound knowledge and deep empathy for the spirituality of the Orient. Spiritual leaders had discovered qualities in Veltheim that they usually looked for in vain in white people: unusual empathy, a certain mental training, sense of the occult, familiarity with meditation, the ability to recognize the aura of people and places and to face it with reverence. In their eyes, no one had absorbed as much enlightened Asia as he had. Suffering severely from asthma, he died in 1956\. His friend [Udo von Alvensleben](/wiki/Udo_von_Alvensleben "Udo von Alvensleben") wrote: "Living in exile as a [sannyasin](/wiki/Sannyasin "Sannyasin"), a propertyless pilgrim to the Absolute, seemed like an Asian finale. To be sure, he remained a European in that the problem confusion of our world continued to trouble his heart while his spirit carried out the final clarification." His urn was brought back to Ostrau in 1990, after the fall of the [Berlin Wall](/wiki/Berlin_Wall "Berlin Wall"), and buried in a crypt chapel in the Castle Church, which he had converted into an anthroposophical meditation room in 1933\.	[ "Life\n----", "He studied art history and obtained his [Ph D](/wiki/Ph_D \"Ph D\") on Burgundische Kleinkirchen bis zum Jahre 1200 (small churches in [Burgundy](/wiki/Burgundy \"Burgundy\") until 1200\\). During the [Eulenburg affair](/wiki/Eulenburg_affair \"Eulenburg affair\") he tried to bring [Maximilian Harden](/wiki/Maximilian_Harden \"Maximilian Harden\") to reason with a long conversation in April 1908\\. Since 1907 his hobby had been [ballooning](/wiki/Balloon_%28aircraft%29 \"Balloon (aircraft)\"), resulting in his fighting as an airship officer during World War I. He then became a scholar of [Rudolf Steiner](/wiki/Rudolf_Steiner \"Rudolf Steiner\") and was a lifetime follower of his esoteric spiritual movement, [anthroposophy](/wiki/Anthroposophy \"Anthroposophy\"). After the war he was first the head of a small publishing house in Munich, then an art and antiques dealer in Berlin. In Munich he came into contact with the influential literary group [George\\-Kreis](/wiki/George-Kreis \"George-Kreis\"). The author [Alfred Schuler](/wiki/Alfred_Schuler \"Alfred Schuler\") died in his arms in 1923\\. In 1925 he financially supported the physician [Magnus Hirschfeld](/wiki/Magnus_Hirschfeld \"Magnus Hirschfeld\"), an outspoken advocate for sexual minorities, with whom he had been in contact since 1909\\. He stood up for many of his homosexual artist friends, financially and with moral courage when they were prosecuted.", "[thumb\\\|[Ostrau](/wiki/Ostrau_%28Petersberg%29 \"Ostrau (Petersberg)\") Castle](/wiki/File:Ostrau_%28Petersberg%29%2C_the_ch%C3%A2teau.jpg \"Ostrau (Petersberg), the château.jpg\")\n[thumb\\\|A room at Ostrau](/wiki/File:Ostrau_%28Petersberg%29_Schlo%C3%9F_04.jpg \"Ostrau (Petersberg) Schloß 04.jpg\")\nIn 1927 he inherited [Ostrau](/wiki/Ostrau_%28Petersberg%29 \"Ostrau (Petersberg)\") Castle and its large agricultural estate near [Halle](/wiki/Halle_%28Saale%29 \"Halle (Saale)\"). He had the castle extensively renovated and furnished with his collections of antiques, [expressionist](/wiki/Expressionism \"Expressionism\") paintings (such as [Marsden Hartley](/wiki/Marsden_Hartley \"Marsden Hartley\")'s Light House) as well as ethnological objects from all over the world. Until the Second World War, he turned his home into a meeting place for scientists, writers, artists, esotericists, politicians, musicians, dancers, and numerous visitors from Asia, especially India. Initially his interests revolved around China, which he was never to set foot in and whose art and philosophy he was taught by the Sinologist [Richard Wilhelm](/wiki/Richard_Wilhelm_%28sinologist%29 \"Richard Wilhelm (sinologist)\"), but gradually India came to the fore, especially through theosophical and spiritual contacts. Through [Annie Besant](/wiki/Annie_Besant \"Annie Besant\") who called the gigantic grand\\-seigneur „my crusader“, he came close to [theosophy](/wiki/Theosophy_%28Blavatskian%29 \"Theosophy (Blavatskian)\"), especially to the world savior, whom she temporarily postulated, [Jiddu Krishnamurti](/wiki/Jiddu_Krishnamurti \"Jiddu Krishnamurti\"), who stayed in Ostrau for a week in 1931\\. But he also maintained good contacts with influential politicians of the [Weimar Republic](/wiki/Weimar_Republic \"Weimar Republic\"), such as the President of the Reichstag [Paul Löbe](/wiki/Paul_L%C3%B6be \"Paul Löbe\") and a number of cabinet ministers, as well as with domestic and foreign diplomats who visited and invited him. The papal nuntius (and later pope [Pius XII](/wiki/Pius_XII \"Pius XII\")) Eugenio Pacelli was known to him from his Munich and Berlin times.", "After [Adolf Hitler's rise to power](/wiki/Adolf_Hitler%27s_rise_to_power \"Adolf Hitler's rise to power\"), numerous members of his circle of friends emigrated from 1933, like the dancers [Harald Kreutzberg](/wiki/Harald_Kreutzberg \"Harald Kreutzberg\") and [Kurt Jooss](/wiki/Kurt_Jooss \"Kurt Jooss\") or the Indologist [Heinrich Zimmer](/wiki/Heinrich_Zimmer \"Heinrich Zimmer\") and the anthroposophist [Eugen Kolisko](/wiki/Eugen_Kolisko \"Eugen Kolisko\"), others were harassed by the Nazi regime. Nevertheless, he tried to maintain his cosmopolitan intellectual meeting place, which he succeeded in doing thanks to clever private diplomacy and influential contacts. He hosted a [synod](/wiki/Synod \"Synod\") of the [Christian Community](/wiki/Christian_Community \"Christian Community\") in 1935, when it was already threatened by closure. Many of his guests stayed for weeks, sometimes months. During the day people worked, in the evenings there were large discussions or artistic performances. Veltheim had \\- in addition to high intellect and deep education \\- the talent to respond intensively to each of his guests and to give them his full attention. Ostrau's charisma as an intellectual meeting point soon extended far beyond Germany. Among his guests were [Ambalal Sarabhai](/wiki/Ambalal_Sarabhai \"Ambalal Sarabhai\"), [Bijoy Prasad Singh Roy](/wiki/Bijoy_Prasad_Singh_Roy \"Bijoy Prasad Singh Roy\"), [Ram Nath Chopra](/wiki/Ram_Nath_Chopra \"Ram Nath Chopra\") and many other Indian visitors.", "In spite of [foreign exchange controls](/wiki/Foreign_exchange_controls \"Foreign exchange controls\") and travel restrictions, he managed to undertake a number of trips abroad, supported by a friend in the Foreign Department. In order to enable these, as well as to protect his cosmopolitan center, he even joined the [NSDAP](/wiki/NSDAP \"NSDAP\") in 1937\\. These travels included two trips to London for the World Congress of Faiths organized by [Francis Younghusband](/wiki/Francis_Younghusband \"Francis Younghusband\"), to Chicago for the World's Fair [Century of Progress](/wiki/Century_of_Progress \"Century of Progress\"), and two trips to Asia. On the first in 1935/36, he met [Sivananda Saraswati](/wiki/Sivananda_Saraswati \"Sivananda Saraswati\") whose business expansion and personality cult he later criticized. On the second, 1937−39, he travelled to Bombay and Calcutta for a conference of the [Indian Science Congress Association](/wiki/Indian_Science_Congress_Association \"Indian Science Congress Association\"), then to Afghanistan (where [Shah Mahmud Khan](/wiki/Shah_Mahmud_Khan \"Shah Mahmud Khan\"), who had been his guest in Ostrau in 1936, received him like a state guest, as did several Indian courts), further on to Nepal (then almost inaccessible), Burma, British Malaya, the Dutch East Indies, Java, Singapore and Bali (where he visited [Walter Spies](/wiki/Walter_Spies \"Walter Spies\")). The outbreak of World War II prevented his planned onward journey to China, Japan and the USA. He had to return to Germany via Egypt, Libya, Italy, France, Belgium and the Netherlands (where he once again visited the exiled Emperor [Wilhelm II](/wiki/Wilhelm_II%2C_German_Emperor \"Wilhelm II, German Emperor\"), whom his mother had known well).", "He had been sending his travel diaries home, where they were duplicated on matrices and sent in 500 to 750 copies to his circle of acquaintances, including the Foreign Office. Upon his return, he set about revising and looking for book publication opportunities. The war hindered this project as well as the continuation of his conference activities. He spent the war years on his estate, only visited by a few friends, but was always well informed about the war situation through foreign broadcasters and contacts with soldiers at the front. He provided spiritual support to his cousin [Elisabeth von Thadden](/wiki/Elisabeth_von_Thadden \"Elisabeth von Thadden\") in letters before she was executed as a resistance fighter against the Nazi régime in September 1944, as was his close friend [Carl Wentzel](/wiki/Carl_Wentzel \"Carl Wentzel\").", "[thumb\\\|upright\\\|[Marsden Hartley](/wiki/Marsden_Hartley \"Marsden Hartley\"): Light House (1915\\), from Veltheim's collection](/wiki/File:Hartley_Lighthouse.jpg \"Hartley Lighthouse.jpg\")\nAfter the Second World War, the American occupying forces immediately took Veltheim's advice to administer the region. In June 1945, he traveled with [Erhard Hübener](/wiki/Erhard_H%C3%BCbener \"Erhard Hübener\") to US headquarters in Frankfurt am Main, where Hübener was appointed governor of the province of Saxony by General [Dwight D. Eisenhower](/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower \"Dwight D. Eisenhower\"). There, however, they also received certainty that parts of Central Germany would be surrendered to the [Soviet occupation zone of Germany](/wiki/Soviet_occupation_zone_of_Germany \"Soviet occupation zone of Germany\"), which was planned for July. Nevertheless, Veltheim refused to flee, which had been recommended to him on many occasions, and stayed. At first the Soviets provided him with guards of honor, like the Americans before them, as a result of sovereign private diplomacy, such as Veltheim had used against National Socialism. The authorities in the Soviet occupation zone, who were not yet fully aligned with the communist party, initially employed Veltheim as trustee and manager of his palace and park; they even offered him a professorship at the University of Halle; his refusal to accept made it impossible for him to stay and he fled to the British Zone of [Allied\\-occupied Germany](/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany \"Allied-occupied Germany\") in November 1945\\. His castle was plundered and the land confiscated.", "Hans\\-Hasso von Veltheim was cared for in the West by his ex\\-wife and friends from home and abroad. For years he stayed with different hosts who had once been his guests. A special relationship existed with [Leo Baeck](/wiki/Leo_Baeck \"Leo Baeck\"), the Jewish rabbi, scholar, and theologian whom he had known since 1923 and who came to Ostrau several times after 1933\\. Despite the strictest ban, Veltheim continued to visit the president of the umbrella organization of German Jews in Berlin until the end of 1942 and had food delivered to him until his deportation in January 1943\\. Baeck, in turn, sent him the newly created manuscript chapters of his work “This People Israel: the Meaning of Jewish Existence” to keep them safe. Before he fled in 1945, Veltheim handed it over to a state curator. After Baeck had miraculously survived the end of the war in a concentration camp and was able to emigrate to England and the US, they resumed their correspondence and now Baeck in return supported the refugee Veltheim financially.", "From 1948 he worked on new manuscripts based on the reports sent and his memories, since his notes and film recordings were left (and lost) in Ostrau. The travel diaries, first published by Greven\\-Verlag in Cologne and then by Claassen\\-Verlag from 1951, received a great deal of attention in the press and were a sales success. His reports are written in a clear, understandable way, but they differ from many other travel reports by profound knowledge and deep empathy for the spirituality of the Orient. Spiritual leaders had discovered qualities in Veltheim that they usually looked for in vain in white people: unusual empathy, a certain mental training, sense of the occult, familiarity with meditation, the ability to recognize the aura of people and places and to face it with reverence. In their eyes, no one had absorbed as much enlightened Asia as he had.", "Suffering severely from asthma, he died in 1956\\. His friend [Udo von Alvensleben](/wiki/Udo_von_Alvensleben \"Udo von Alvensleben\") wrote: \"Living in exile as a [sannyasin](/wiki/Sannyasin \"Sannyasin\"), a propertyless pilgrim to the Absolute, seemed like an Asian finale. To be sure, he remained a European in that the problem confusion of our world continued to trouble his heart while his spirit carried out the final clarification.\" His urn was brought back to Ostrau in 1990, after the fall of the [Berlin Wall](/wiki/Berlin_Wall \"Berlin Wall\"), and buried in a crypt chapel in the Castle Church, which he had converted into an anthroposophical meditation room in 1933\\.", "" ]
Career ------ [thumb\\|In 2016 at Cosmopolite Scene in Oslo](/wiki/File:MeShell_Ndege%C3%B2Cello_%28222747%29.jpg "MeShell NdegeòCello (222747).jpg") Ndegeocello honed her skills on the D.C. [go\-go](/wiki/Go-go "Go-go") circuit in the late 1980s with the bands Prophecy, Little Benny and the Masters, and [Rare Essence](/wiki/Rare_Essence "Rare Essence").{{Cite news\\|last \= Wiltz\\|first\=Teresa\\|title\=Meshell Ndegeocello Breaks Step With Pop \\| newspaper \= \[\[The Washington Post]]\\|pages\=N01\\|date\=June 19, 2005\\|url\= https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp\-dyn/content/article/2005/06/17/AR2005061700715\_pf.html}} Going solo, she was one of the first artists to sign with [Maverick Records](/wiki/Maverick_Records "Maverick Records"), where she released her debut album, [Plantation Lullabies](/wiki/Plantation_Lullabies "Plantation Lullabies"). This recording presented a distinctly [androgynous](/wiki/Androgynous "Androgynous") persona. Her biggest hit is a [duet](/wiki/Duet "Duet") with [John Mellencamp](/wiki/John_Mellencamp "John Mellencamp"), a [cover version](/wiki/Cover_version "Cover version") of [Van Morrison](/wiki/Van_Morrison "Van Morrison")'s "[Wild Night](/wiki/Wild_Night "Wild Night")", which reached No. 3 on the [Billboard](/wiki/Billboard_%28magazine%29 "Billboard (magazine)") charts. Her only other [Billboard Hot 100](/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100 "Billboard Hot 100") hit besides "[Wild Night](/wiki/Wild_Night "Wild Night")" has been her self\-penned "[If That's Your Boyfriend (He Wasn't Last Night)](/wiki/If_That%27s_Your_Boyfriend_%28He_Wasn%27t_Last_Night%29 "If That's Your Boyfriend (He Wasn't Last Night)")", which peaked at No. 73 in 1994\. Also in 1994, Ndegeocello collaborated with [Herbie Hancock](/wiki/Herbie_Hancock "Herbie Hancock") on "Nocturnal Sunshine," a track for the [Red Hot Organization](/wiki/Red_Hot_Organization "Red Hot Organization")'s compilation album, [Stolen Moments: Red Hot \+ Cool](/wiki/Stolen_Moments:Red_Hot_%2B_Cool "Red Hot + Cool"). The album, meant to raise awareness and funds in support of the AIDS epidemic in relation to the African American community, was heralded as "Album of the Year" by [Time](/wiki/Time_%28magazine%29 "Time (magazine)") magazine. She had a No. 1 dance hit in 1996 with a [Bill Withers](/wiki/Bill_Withers "Bill Withers") [cover song](/wiki/Cover_song "Cover song") called "[Who Is He (And What Is He to You)?](/wiki/Who_Is_He_%28And_What_Is_He_to_You%29%3F "Who Is He (And What Is He to You)?")" (briefly featured in the film [Jerry Maguire](/wiki/Jerry_Maguire "Jerry Maguire")) as well as Dance Top 20 hits with "Earth", "[Leviticus: Faggot](/wiki/Leviticus:Faggot "Faggot")", "Stay" and the aforementioned "If That's Your Boyfriend.. Last Night)". Ndegeocello played bass on the song "I'd Rather be Your Lover" for [Madonna](/wiki/Madonna "Madonna") on her album [Bedtime Stories](/wiki/Bedtime_Stories_%28Madonna_album%29 "Bedtime Stories (Madonna album)"). Ndegeocello was also tapped, at the last minute, to perform spoken word on the same song. This came after Madonna and producers decided to remove [Tupac Shakur](/wiki/Tupac_Shakur "Tupac Shakur")'s rap (which he did while he and Madonna were dating in 1994\), after he had criminal charges filed against him. Ndegeocello also performed spoken word on [Chaka Khan](/wiki/Chaka_Khan "Chaka Khan")'s single "[Never Miss the Water](/wiki/Never_Miss_the_Water "Never Miss the Water")", from the album [Epiphany: The Best of Chaka Khan, Vol. 1](/wiki/Epiphany:The_Best_of_Chaka_Khan%2C_Vol._1 "The Best of Chaka Khan, Vol. 1"), released in 1996\. The song reached \#1 on Billboard's Dance Club Play Chart and \#36 on the Hot R\&B/Hip\-Hop Singles Chart. Her music has been featured in a number of film soundtracks including [How Stella Got Her Groove Back](/wiki/How_Stella_Got_Her_Groove_Back "How Stella Got Her Groove Back"), [Lost \& Delirious](/wiki/Lost_%26_Delirious "Lost & Delirious"), [Batman \& Robin](/wiki/Batman_%26_Robin_%28film%29 "Batman & Robin (film)"), [Love Jones](/wiki/Love_Jones_%28film%29 "Love Jones (film)"), [Love \& Basketball](/wiki/Love_%26_Basketball_%28film%29 "Love & Basketball (film)"), [Talk to Me](/wiki/Talk_to_Me_%281996_film%29 "Talk to Me (1996 film)"), [Tyler Perry's Daddy's Little Girls](/wiki/Tyler_Perry%27s_Daddy%27s_Little_Girls "Tyler Perry's Daddy's Little Girls"), [The Best Man](/wiki/The_Best_Man_%281999_film%29 "The Best Man (1999 film)"), [Higher Learning](/wiki/Higher_Learning "Higher Learning"), [Down in the Delta](/wiki/Down_in_the_Delta "Down in the Delta"), [The Hurricane](/wiki/The_Hurricane_%281999_film%29 "The Hurricane (1999 film)"), [Noah's Arc: Jumping the Broom](/wiki/Noah%27s_Arc:Jumping_the_Broom "Jumping the Broom"), [Soul Men](/wiki/Soul_Men "Soul Men"), and [Biker Boyz](/wiki/Biker_Boyz "Biker Boyz"). She has appeared on recordings by [Basement Jaxx](/wiki/Basement_Jaxx "Basement Jaxx"), [Indigo Girls](/wiki/Indigo_Girls "Indigo Girls"), [Scritti Politti](/wiki/Scritti_Politti "Scritti Politti"), and [The Blind Boys of Alabama](/wiki/The_Blind_Boys_of_Alabama "The Blind Boys of Alabama"). On [The Rolling Stones](/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones "The Rolling Stones")' 1997 album [Bridges to Babylon](/wiki/Bridges_to_Babylon "Bridges to Babylon") she plays bass on the song "[Saint of Me](/wiki/Saint_of_Me "Saint of Me")". On [Alanis Morissette](/wiki/Alanis_Morissette "Alanis Morissette")'s 2002 album [Under Rug Swept](/wiki/Under_Rug_Swept "Under Rug Swept"), she plays bass on the songs "[So Unsexy](/wiki/So_Unsexy "So Unsexy")" and "You Owe Me Nothing in Return". Also that year, she appeared on [Gov’t Mule](/wiki/Gov%E2%80%99t_Mule "Gov’t Mule")’s record [The Deep End, Volume 2](/wiki/The_Deep_End%2C_Volume_2 "The Deep End, Volume 2"), playing on a cover of The [Staple Singers](/wiki/Staple_Singers "Staple Singers")’ song "Hammer And Nails". And in 2009, she appeared on [Zap Mama](/wiki/Zap_Mama "Zap Mama")'s album ReCreation, playing bass on the song "African Diamond". She can also be seen in the documentary [Standing in the Shadows of Motown](/wiki/Standing_in_the_Shadows_of_Motown_%28film%29 "Standing in the Shadows of Motown (film)"), singing [The Miracles](/wiki/The_Miracles "The Miracles")' "[You've Really Got a Hold on Me](/wiki/You%27ve_Really_Got_a_Hold_on_Me "You've Really Got a Hold on Me")" and [The Temptations](/wiki/The_Temptations "The Temptations")' "[Cloud Nine](/wiki/Cloud_Nine_%28The_Temptations_song%29 "Cloud Nine (The Temptations song)")". In the late 1990s, she toured with [Lilith Fair](/wiki/Lilith_Fair "Lilith Fair"). She also did a remake of the song "[Two Doors Down](/wiki/Two_Doors_Down_%28Dolly_Parton_song%29 "Two Doors Down (Dolly Parton song)")" on the 2003 release [Just Because I'm a Woman: Songs of Dolly Parton](/wiki/Just_Because_I%27m_a_Woman:Songs_of_Dolly_Parton "Songs of Dolly Parton"). Ndegeocello was also a judge for The 2nd, 12th, 13 and the 2015 14th Annual Independent Music Awards to support independent artists' careers.{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.independentmusicawards.com/ima\_new/pastjudges.asp \\|title\=Past Judges \\|publisher\=Independent Music Awards \\|access\-date\=July 18, 2011 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713024722/http://www.independentmusicawards.com/ima\_new/pastjudges.asp \\|archive\-date\=July 13, 2011 }} Her song "Tie One On" was chosen as the [Starbucks](/wiki/Starbucks "Starbucks") [iTunes](/wiki/ITunes "ITunes") Pick of the Week on February 23, 2010\.{{Cite web \\|last\=Heringer \\|title\=Starbucks iTunes Pick of the Week – Meshell Ndegeocello – Tie One On \\|url\=https://www.mark\-heringer.com/2010/02/starbucks\-itunes\-pick\-of\-week\-meshell.html \\|website\=Mark\-heringer.com\\|access\-date\=2022\-08\-04 \\|language\=en}}{{Cite web \\|last\=Heringer \\|title\=Starbucks iTunes Pick of the Week list \\|url\=https://www.mark\-heringer.com/2008/04/starbucks\-itunes\-pick\-of\-week\-list.html\\|website\=Mark\-heringer.com \\|access\-date\=2022\-04\-12 \\|language\=en}} In 2016, she provided the theme song, "Nova", for the [Oprah Winfrey](/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey "Oprah Winfrey")\-produced show [Queen Sugar](/wiki/Queen_Sugar "Queen Sugar").{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.what\-song.com/Tvshow/187/Queen\-Sugar \\|title\=Queen Sugar Soundtrack \\|website\=What\-song.com \\|access\-date\=November 23, 2016}} She also collaborated with French\-Cuban duo [Ibeyi](/wiki/Ibeyi "Ibeyi") in the song "Transmission/Michaelion" for the album [Ash](/wiki/Ash_%28album%29 "Ash (album)") reciting a poem by [Frida Kahlo](/wiki/Frida_Kahlo "Frida Kahlo"). In December 2016, the world premiere of Ndegeocello's [Can I Get a Witness? The Gospel of James Baldwin](/wiki/Can_I_Get_a_Witness%3F_The_Gospel_of_James_Baldwin "Can I Get a Witness? The Gospel of James Baldwin"), a new theatrical music and art work, was held in Harlem, New York.{{cite web\\|url\=http://thestagereview.net/2016/11/29/harlem\-stage\-present\-world\-premiere\-meshell\-ndegeocellos\-can\-get\-witness\-gospel\-james\-baldwin\-december\-7\-11/\\|publisher\=The Stage Review\\|date\=November 29, 2016\\|title\=Harlem Stage to present the world premiere of Meshell Ndegeocello's 'Can I Get a Witness? The Gospel of James Baldwin,' December 7–11}} In June 2021, [The Beatles Channel](/wiki/The_Beatles_Channel "The Beatles Channel") on [Sirius XM Radio](/wiki/Sirius_XM_Radio "Sirius XM Radio") began broadcasting A Shot of Rhythm and Blues: Exploring The Beatles and Black Music, a four\-part series hosted by Ndegeocello.{{cite web\\|url\=https://apnews.com/article/data\-privacy\-race\-and\-ethnicity\-technology\-business\-music\-3d9352ad2c927cd8cd03ff0bd6b9c601\\|title\=Celebrate Black Music Month on SiriusXM, Pandora, and Stitcher with Exclusive Music Channels, Streaming Stations, and an Original Podcast\\|author\=\[\[PR Newswire]]\\|date\=June 1, 2021\\|website\=\[\[Associated Press]]\\|access\-date\=June 8, 2021}}{{cite web\\|url\=https://www.thebeatles.com/news/%E2%80%9C\-shot\-rhythm\-and\-blues\-exploring\-beatles\-and\-black\-music%E2%80%9D\-beatles\-channel\\|title\="A Shot of Rhythm and Blues: Exploring The Beatles and Black Music" on The Beatles Channel\\|website\=TheBeatles.com\\|access\-date\=June 8, 2021\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609030013/https://www.thebeatles.com/news/%E2%80%9C\-shot\-rhythm\-and\-blues\-exploring\-beatles\-and\-black\-music%E2%80%9D\-beatles\-channel\\|archive\-date\=June 9, 2021\\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\\|url\=https://blog.siriusxm.com/explore\-connection\-between\-the\-beatles\-black\-music\-during\-a\-new\-series/\\|title\=Explore the connection between The Beatles \& Black music during a new SiriusXM series\\|date\=June 7, 2021\\|website\=\[\[Sirius XM]]\\|access\-date\=June 8, 2021}} The series explores the relationship between the English rock band [the Beatles](/wiki/The_Beatles "The Beatles") and the black musicians that inspired them. Ndegeocello joined the Blue Note label with the debut release of her 13th studio album [The Omnichord Real Book](/wiki/The_Omnichord_Real_Book "The Omnichord Real Book") (2023\). The title refers to a set of lead sheets from songs from funk, soul, gospel and more influenced by her father as if a compilation of standards like a [real book](/wiki/Real_Book "Real Book") in jazz repertoire.{{Cite web \\|date\=2023\-06\-12 \\|title\=Album: Meshell Ndegeocello – The Omnichord Real Book \\|url\=https://theartsdesk.com/new\-music/album\-meshell\-ndegeocello\-omnichord\-real\-book \\|access\-date\=2023\-06\-12 \\|website\=Theartsdesk.com \\|language\=en}}	[ "Career\n------", "[thumb\\\|In 2016 at Cosmopolite Scene in Oslo](/wiki/File:MeShell_Ndege%C3%B2Cello_%28222747%29.jpg \"MeShell NdegeòCello (222747).jpg\")\nNdegeocello honed her skills on the D.C. [go\\-go](/wiki/Go-go \"Go-go\") circuit in the late 1980s with the bands Prophecy, Little Benny and the Masters, and [Rare Essence](/wiki/Rare_Essence \"Rare Essence\").{{Cite news\\\|last \\= Wiltz\\\|first\\=Teresa\\\|title\\=Meshell Ndegeocello Breaks Step With Pop \\\| newspaper \\= \\[\\[The Washington Post]]\\\|pages\\=N01\\\|date\\=June 19, 2005\\\|url\\= https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp\\-dyn/content/article/2005/06/17/AR2005061700715\\_pf.html}} Going solo, she was one of the first artists to sign with [Maverick Records](/wiki/Maverick_Records \"Maverick Records\"), where she released her debut album, [Plantation Lullabies](/wiki/Plantation_Lullabies \"Plantation Lullabies\"). This recording presented a distinctly [androgynous](/wiki/Androgynous \"Androgynous\") persona.", "Her biggest hit is a [duet](/wiki/Duet \"Duet\") with [John Mellencamp](/wiki/John_Mellencamp \"John Mellencamp\"), a [cover version](/wiki/Cover_version \"Cover version\") of [Van Morrison](/wiki/Van_Morrison \"Van Morrison\")'s \"[Wild Night](/wiki/Wild_Night \"Wild Night\")\", which reached No. 3 on the [Billboard](/wiki/Billboard_%28magazine%29 \"Billboard (magazine)\") charts. Her only other [Billboard Hot 100](/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100 \"Billboard Hot 100\") hit besides \"[Wild Night](/wiki/Wild_Night \"Wild Night\")\" has been her self\\-penned \"[If That's Your Boyfriend (He Wasn't Last Night)](/wiki/If_That%27s_Your_Boyfriend_%28He_Wasn%27t_Last_Night%29 \"If That's Your Boyfriend (He Wasn't Last Night)\")\", which peaked at No. 73 in 1994\\. Also in 1994, Ndegeocello collaborated with [Herbie Hancock](/wiki/Herbie_Hancock \"Herbie Hancock\") on \"Nocturnal Sunshine,\" a track for the [Red Hot Organization](/wiki/Red_Hot_Organization \"Red Hot Organization\")'s compilation album, [Stolen Moments: Red Hot \\+ Cool](/wiki/Stolen_Moments:Red_Hot_%2B_Cool \"Red Hot + Cool\"). The album, meant to raise awareness and funds in support of the AIDS epidemic in relation to the African American community, was heralded as \"Album of the Year\" by [Time](/wiki/Time_%28magazine%29 \"Time (magazine)\") magazine.", "She had a No. 1 dance hit in 1996 with a [Bill Withers](/wiki/Bill_Withers \"Bill Withers\") [cover song](/wiki/Cover_song \"Cover song\") called \"[Who Is He (And What Is He to You)?](/wiki/Who_Is_He_%28And_What_Is_He_to_You%29%3F \"Who Is He (And What Is He to You)?\")\" (briefly featured in the film [Jerry Maguire](/wiki/Jerry_Maguire \"Jerry Maguire\")) as well as Dance Top 20 hits with \"Earth\", \"[Leviticus: Faggot](/wiki/Leviticus:Faggot \"Faggot\")\", \"Stay\" and the aforementioned \"If That's Your Boyfriend.. Last Night)\". Ndegeocello played bass on the song \"I'd Rather be Your Lover\" for [Madonna](/wiki/Madonna \"Madonna\") on her album [Bedtime Stories](/wiki/Bedtime_Stories_%28Madonna_album%29 \"Bedtime Stories (Madonna album)\"). Ndegeocello was also tapped, at the last minute, to perform spoken word on the same song. This came after Madonna and producers decided to remove [Tupac Shakur](/wiki/Tupac_Shakur \"Tupac Shakur\")'s rap (which he did while he and Madonna were dating in 1994\\), after he had criminal charges filed against him. Ndegeocello also performed spoken word on [Chaka Khan](/wiki/Chaka_Khan \"Chaka Khan\")'s single \"[Never Miss the Water](/wiki/Never_Miss_the_Water \"Never Miss the Water\")\", from the album [Epiphany: The Best of Chaka Khan, Vol. 1](/wiki/Epiphany:The_Best_of_Chaka_Khan%2C_Vol._1 \"The Best of Chaka Khan, Vol. 1\"), released in 1996\\. The song reached \\#1 on Billboard's Dance Club Play Chart and \\#36 on the Hot R\\&B/Hip\\-Hop Singles Chart.", "Her music has been featured in a number of film soundtracks including [How Stella Got Her Groove Back](/wiki/How_Stella_Got_Her_Groove_Back \"How Stella Got Her Groove Back\"), [Lost \\& Delirious](/wiki/Lost_%26_Delirious \"Lost & Delirious\"), [Batman \\& Robin](/wiki/Batman_%26_Robin_%28film%29 \"Batman & Robin (film)\"), [Love Jones](/wiki/Love_Jones_%28film%29 \"Love Jones (film)\"), [Love \\& Basketball](/wiki/Love_%26_Basketball_%28film%29 \"Love & Basketball (film)\"), [Talk to Me](/wiki/Talk_to_Me_%281996_film%29 \"Talk to Me (1996 film)\"), [Tyler Perry's Daddy's Little Girls](/wiki/Tyler_Perry%27s_Daddy%27s_Little_Girls \"Tyler Perry's Daddy's Little Girls\"), [The Best Man](/wiki/The_Best_Man_%281999_film%29 \"The Best Man (1999 film)\"), [Higher Learning](/wiki/Higher_Learning \"Higher Learning\"), [Down in the Delta](/wiki/Down_in_the_Delta \"Down in the Delta\"), [The Hurricane](/wiki/The_Hurricane_%281999_film%29 \"The Hurricane (1999 film)\"), [Noah's Arc: Jumping the Broom](/wiki/Noah%27s_Arc:Jumping_the_Broom \"Jumping the Broom\"), [Soul Men](/wiki/Soul_Men \"Soul Men\"), and [Biker Boyz](/wiki/Biker_Boyz \"Biker Boyz\").", "She has appeared on recordings by [Basement Jaxx](/wiki/Basement_Jaxx \"Basement Jaxx\"), [Indigo Girls](/wiki/Indigo_Girls \"Indigo Girls\"), [Scritti Politti](/wiki/Scritti_Politti \"Scritti Politti\"), and [The Blind Boys of Alabama](/wiki/The_Blind_Boys_of_Alabama \"The Blind Boys of Alabama\"). On [The Rolling Stones](/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones \"The Rolling Stones\")' 1997 album [Bridges to Babylon](/wiki/Bridges_to_Babylon \"Bridges to Babylon\") she plays bass on the song \"[Saint of Me](/wiki/Saint_of_Me \"Saint of Me\")\". On [Alanis Morissette](/wiki/Alanis_Morissette \"Alanis Morissette\")'s 2002 album [Under Rug Swept](/wiki/Under_Rug_Swept \"Under Rug Swept\"), she plays bass on the songs \"[So Unsexy](/wiki/So_Unsexy \"So Unsexy\")\" and \"You Owe Me Nothing in Return\". Also that year, she appeared on [Gov’t Mule](/wiki/Gov%E2%80%99t_Mule \"Gov’t Mule\")’s record [The Deep End, Volume 2](/wiki/The_Deep_End%2C_Volume_2 \"The Deep End, Volume 2\"), playing on a cover of The [Staple Singers](/wiki/Staple_Singers \"Staple Singers\")’ song \"Hammer And Nails\". And in 2009, she appeared on [Zap Mama](/wiki/Zap_Mama \"Zap Mama\")'s album ReCreation, playing bass on the song \"African Diamond\".", "She can also be seen in the documentary [Standing in the Shadows of Motown](/wiki/Standing_in_the_Shadows_of_Motown_%28film%29 \"Standing in the Shadows of Motown (film)\"), singing [The Miracles](/wiki/The_Miracles \"The Miracles\")' \"[You've Really Got a Hold on Me](/wiki/You%27ve_Really_Got_a_Hold_on_Me \"You've Really Got a Hold on Me\")\" and [The Temptations](/wiki/The_Temptations \"The Temptations\")' \"[Cloud Nine](/wiki/Cloud_Nine_%28The_Temptations_song%29 \"Cloud Nine (The Temptations song)\")\". In the late 1990s, she toured with [Lilith Fair](/wiki/Lilith_Fair \"Lilith Fair\"). She also did a remake of the song \"[Two Doors Down](/wiki/Two_Doors_Down_%28Dolly_Parton_song%29 \"Two Doors Down (Dolly Parton song)\")\" on the 2003 release [Just Because I'm a Woman: Songs of Dolly Parton](/wiki/Just_Because_I%27m_a_Woman:Songs_of_Dolly_Parton \"Songs of Dolly Parton\").", "Ndegeocello was also a judge for The 2nd, 12th, 13 and the 2015 14th Annual Independent Music Awards to support independent artists' careers.{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.independentmusicawards.com/ima\\_new/pastjudges.asp \\\|title\\=Past Judges \\\|publisher\\=Independent Music Awards \\\|access\\-date\\=July 18, 2011 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713024722/http://www.independentmusicawards.com/ima\\_new/pastjudges.asp \\\|archive\\-date\\=July 13, 2011 }}", "Her song \"Tie One On\" was chosen as the [Starbucks](/wiki/Starbucks \"Starbucks\") [iTunes](/wiki/ITunes \"ITunes\") Pick of the Week on February 23, 2010\\.{{Cite web \\\|last\\=Heringer \\\|title\\=Starbucks iTunes Pick of the Week – Meshell Ndegeocello – Tie One On \\\|url\\=https://www.mark\\-heringer.com/2010/02/starbucks\\-itunes\\-pick\\-of\\-week\\-meshell.html \\\|website\\=Mark\\-heringer.com\\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-08\\-04 \\\|language\\=en}}{{Cite web \\\|last\\=Heringer \\\|title\\=Starbucks iTunes Pick of the Week list \\\|url\\=https://www.mark\\-heringer.com/2008/04/starbucks\\-itunes\\-pick\\-of\\-week\\-list.html\\\|website\\=Mark\\-heringer.com \\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-04\\-12 \\\|language\\=en}}", "In 2016, she provided the theme song, \"Nova\", for the [Oprah Winfrey](/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey \"Oprah Winfrey\")\\-produced show [Queen Sugar](/wiki/Queen_Sugar \"Queen Sugar\").{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.what\\-song.com/Tvshow/187/Queen\\-Sugar \\\|title\\=Queen Sugar Soundtrack \\\|website\\=What\\-song.com \\\|access\\-date\\=November 23, 2016}} She also collaborated with French\\-Cuban duo [Ibeyi](/wiki/Ibeyi \"Ibeyi\") in the song \"Transmission/Michaelion\" for the album [Ash](/wiki/Ash_%28album%29 \"Ash (album)\") reciting a poem by [Frida Kahlo](/wiki/Frida_Kahlo \"Frida Kahlo\").", "In December 2016, the world premiere of Ndegeocello's [Can I Get a Witness? The Gospel of James Baldwin](/wiki/Can_I_Get_a_Witness%3F_The_Gospel_of_James_Baldwin \"Can I Get a Witness? The Gospel of James Baldwin\"), a new theatrical music and art work, was held in Harlem, New York.{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://thestagereview.net/2016/11/29/harlem\\-stage\\-present\\-world\\-premiere\\-meshell\\-ndegeocellos\\-can\\-get\\-witness\\-gospel\\-james\\-baldwin\\-december\\-7\\-11/\\\|publisher\\=The Stage Review\\\|date\\=November 29, 2016\\\|title\\=Harlem Stage to present the world premiere of Meshell Ndegeocello's 'Can I Get a Witness? The Gospel of James Baldwin,' December 7–11}}", "In June 2021, [The Beatles Channel](/wiki/The_Beatles_Channel \"The Beatles Channel\") on [Sirius XM Radio](/wiki/Sirius_XM_Radio \"Sirius XM Radio\") began broadcasting A Shot of Rhythm and Blues: Exploring The Beatles and Black Music, a four\\-part series hosted by Ndegeocello.{{cite web\\\|url\\=https://apnews.com/article/data\\-privacy\\-race\\-and\\-ethnicity\\-technology\\-business\\-music\\-3d9352ad2c927cd8cd03ff0bd6b9c601\\\|title\\=Celebrate Black Music Month on SiriusXM, Pandora, and Stitcher with Exclusive Music Channels, Streaming Stations, and an Original Podcast\\\|author\\=\\[\\[PR Newswire]]\\\|date\\=June 1, 2021\\\|website\\=\\[\\[Associated Press]]\\\|access\\-date\\=June 8, 2021}}{{cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.thebeatles.com/news/%E2%80%9C\\-shot\\-rhythm\\-and\\-blues\\-exploring\\-beatles\\-and\\-black\\-music%E2%80%9D\\-beatles\\-channel\\\|title\\=\"A Shot of Rhythm and Blues: Exploring The Beatles and Black Music\" on The Beatles Channel\\\|website\\=TheBeatles.com\\\|access\\-date\\=June 8, 2021\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609030013/https://www.thebeatles.com/news/%E2%80%9C\\-shot\\-rhythm\\-and\\-blues\\-exploring\\-beatles\\-and\\-black\\-music%E2%80%9D\\-beatles\\-channel\\\|archive\\-date\\=June 9, 2021\\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\\|url\\=https://blog.siriusxm.com/explore\\-connection\\-between\\-the\\-beatles\\-black\\-music\\-during\\-a\\-new\\-series/\\\|title\\=Explore the connection between The Beatles \\& Black music during a new SiriusXM series\\\|date\\=June 7, 2021\\\|website\\=\\[\\[Sirius XM]]\\\|access\\-date\\=June 8, 2021}} The series explores the relationship between the English rock band [the Beatles](/wiki/The_Beatles \"The Beatles\") and the black musicians that inspired them.", "Ndegeocello joined the Blue Note label with the debut release of her 13th studio album [The Omnichord Real Book](/wiki/The_Omnichord_Real_Book \"The Omnichord Real Book\") (2023\\). The title refers to a set of lead sheets from songs from funk, soul, gospel and more influenced by her father as if a compilation of standards like a [real book](/wiki/Real_Book \"Real Book\") in jazz repertoire.{{Cite web \\\|date\\=2023\\-06\\-12 \\\|title\\=Album: Meshell Ndegeocello – The Omnichord Real Book \\\|url\\=https://theartsdesk.com/new\\-music/album\\-meshell\\-ndegeocello\\-omnichord\\-real\\-book \\\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-06\\-12 \\\|website\\=Theartsdesk.com \\\|language\\=en}}", "" ]
United Kingdom -------------- ### Knights Bachelor * [Professor Mansel Aylward, CB](/wiki/Mansel_Aylward "Mansel Aylward"), Chairman, Wales Centre for Health. For services to Healthcare. * [Paul John James Britton](/wiki/Paul_Britton "Paul Britton"), CB, lately Director\-General and Head, Economic and Domestic Affairs Secretariat, Cabinet Office. * [Professor Robert George Burgess](/wiki/Robert_Burgess_%28sociologist%29 "Robert Burgess (sociologist)"), Vice\-Chancellor, [University of Leicester](/wiki/University_of_Leicester "University of Leicester"). For services to local and national Higher Education. * [Professor John Burn](/wiki/John_Burn_%28geneticist%29 "John Burn (geneticist)"), Professor of Clinical Genetics, [Newcastle University](/wiki/Newcastle_University "Newcastle University"). For services to Medicine. * [Professor David Alan Chipperfield, CBE](/wiki/David_Chipperfield "David Chipperfield"), Architect and CEO, [David Chipperfield Architects](/wiki/David_Chipperfield_Architects "David Chipperfield Architects"). For services to architecture in the UK and Germany. * [Jonathan Stephen Cunliffe, CB](/wiki/Jon_Cunliffe "Jon Cunliffe"), Second Permanent Secretary and Head of International Economic Affairs, Europe and G8 Sherpa, Prime Minister's Office. * [Andrew Patrick Dillon, CBE](/wiki/Andrew_Dillon "Andrew Dillon"), Chief Executive, [National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence](/wiki/National_Institute_for_Health_and_Clinical_Excellence "National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence"). For services to Healthcare. * [Ian David Grant, CBE](/wiki/Ian_David_Grant "Ian David Grant"), lately Chairman, The [Crown Estate](/wiki/Crown_Estate "Crown Estate"). * [Professor John Stranger Holman](/wiki/John_Holman_%28chemist%29 "John Holman (chemist)"), National Director, Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics Programme. For services to Education. * [Nicholas Hytner](/wiki/Nicholas_Hytner "Nicholas Hytner"), Director, [National Theatre](/wiki/Royal_National_Theatre "Royal National Theatre"). For services to Drama. * [Mark Ellis Powell Jones](/wiki/Mark_Jones_%28museum_director%29 "Mark Jones (museum director)"), Director, [Victoria and Albert Museum](/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum "Victoria and Albert Museum"). For services to the Arts. * [Dr. Ralph Kohn, FRS](/wiki/Ralph_Kohn "Ralph Kohn"). For services to Science, Music and to Charity. * [Richard Douglas Lapthorne, CBE](/wiki/Richard_Lapthorne "Richard Lapthorne"), Chairman, [Cable \& Wireless plc](/wiki/Cable_%26_Wireless_plc "Cable & Wireless plc"). For services to telecommunications. * [Michael John Marshall](/wiki/Michael_John_Marshall "Michael John Marshall"), CBE, Chairman, [Marshall of Cambridge](/wiki/Marshall_of_Cambridge "Marshall of Cambridge") (Holdings) Ltd. For services to Business, Charity and to the community in Cambridgeshire. * [Ian Robert McGeechan, OBE](/wiki/Ian_McGeechan "Ian McGeechan"). For services to Rugby. * [Professor Paul Anthony Mellars, FBA](/wiki/Paul_Mellars "Paul Mellars"), Professor of Prehistory and Human Evolution, [University of Cambridge](/wiki/University_of_Cambridge "University of Cambridge"). For services to Scholarship. * [Professor Salvador Moncada](/wiki/Salvador_Moncada "Salvador Moncada"), Director, Wolfson Institute of Biomedical Research, [University College London](/wiki/University_College_London "University College London"). For services to Science. * [Erich Arieh Reich](/wiki/Erich_Reich "Erich Reich"), Chairman, Kindertransport Group, [Association of Jewish Refugees](/wiki/Association_of_Jewish_Refugees "Association of Jewish Refugees"). For charitable services. * [Professor Michael Adrian Richards, CBE](/wiki/Michael_Adrian_Richards "Michael Adrian Richards"), National Cancer Director. For services to Medicine. * [His Honour Mota Singh](/wiki/Mota_Singh "Mota Singh"). For services to the Administration of Justice, Community Relations and to the Voluntary Sector. * [Patrick Stewart, OBE](/wiki/Patrick_Stewart "Patrick Stewart"), Actor. For services to Drama. * [Graham Robert Wynne](/wiki/Graham_Wynne "Graham Wynne"), CBE, Chief Executive, [Royal Society for the Protection of Birds](/wiki/Royal_Society_for_the_Protection_of_Birds "Royal Society for the Protection of Birds"). For services to Nature Conservation. ### Order of the Bath #### Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath (KCB) Military Division Army * [Lieutenant General William Raoul Rollo, CBE](/wiki/Bill_Rollo "Bill Rollo"), late The Blues and Royals (Royal Horse Guards and 1st Dragoons) * [Lieutenant General Alexander Richard David Shirreff, CBE](/wiki/Richard_Shirreff "Richard Shirreff"), late The King's Royal Hussars Civil Division * [David Nicholson](/wiki/David_Nicholson_%28civil_servant%29 "David Nicholson (civil servant)") CBE #### Companions of the Order of the Bath (CB) Military Division Royal Navy * [The Venerable John Green, QHC](/wiki/John_Green_%28chaplain%29 "John Green (chaplain)") * [Rear Admiral Richard Derek Leaman, OBE](/wiki/Richard_Leaman "Richard Leaman") Army * [Major General Simon Francis Neil Lalor, TD](/wiki/Simon_Lalor "Simon Lalor"), late The Honourable Artillery Company, Territorial Army * [Lieutenant General Simon Vincent Mayall](/wiki/Simon_Mayall "Simon Mayall"), late 1st The Queen's Dragoon Guards * [Lieutenant General Peter Thomas Clayton Pearson, CBE](/wiki/Peter_Pearson_%28British_Army_officer%29 "Peter Pearson (British Army officer)"), late The Royal Gurkha Rifles Royal Air Force * [The Reverend (Air Vice\-Marshal) Peter Watson Mills](/wiki/Peter_Watson_Mills "Peter Watson Mills") Civil Division * [Christopher Bolt](/wiki/Chris_Bolt "Chris Bolt"), Arbiter, London Underground Public Private Partnership Agreements and lately chairman, Office of Rail Regulation, Department for Transport * [Lawrence Conway](/wiki/Lawrence_Conway "Lawrence Conway"), lately Director, Department of the First Minister, Welsh Assembly Government * [Gloria Linda Craig](/wiki/Gloria_Craig "Gloria Craig"), director, International Security Policy, Ministry of Defence * [Elizabeth Anne Jackson](/wiki/Elizabeth_Anne_Jackson "Elizabeth Anne Jackson"), director, Child Wellbeing, Children and Families Directorate, Department for Children, Schools and Families * [Helen Kilpatrick](/wiki/Helen_Kilpatrick "Helen Kilpatrick"), Director\-General, Financial and Commercial, Home Office * [William Francis Sebastian Rickett](/wiki/William_Francis_Sebastian_Rickett "William Francis Sebastian Rickett"), Director\-General of Energy, Department for Energy and Climate Change. ### Order of Saint Michael and Saint George #### Knights / Dames Commander of the Order of St. Michael and St. George (KCMG / DCMG) Civil Division * [Dr. Fazle Hasan Abed](/wiki/Fazle_Hasan_Abed "Fazle Hasan Abed"), Founder and Chairman, [Building Resources Across Communities (BRAC)](/wiki/BRAC_%28organization%29 "BRAC (organization)"). For services to tackling poverty and empowering the poor in Bangladesh and more globally. * [Dr. Rosalind Mary Marsden, CMG](/wiki/Rosalind_Marsden "Rosalind Marsden"), [H.M. Ambassador, Sudan](/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_Kingdom_to_Sudan "List of ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Sudan"). * [Anne Fyfe Pringle, CMG](/wiki/Anne_Pringle "Anne Pringle"), [H.M. Ambassador, Russia](/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_Kingdom_to_Russia "List of ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Russia"). #### Companions of the Order of St. Michael and St. George (CMG) Military Division Army * Brigadier Stephen Frederick Sherry, OBE, late [Corps of Royal Engineers](/wiki/Corps_of_Royal_Engineers "Corps of Royal Engineers") Civil Division * Timothy Michael Everton Dowse, lately Chief of Assessments Staff, [Joint Intelligence Organisation](/wiki/Joint_Intelligence_Organisation_%28United_Kingdom%29 "Joint Intelligence Organisation (United Kingdom)"), [Cabinet Office](/wiki/Cabinet_Office "Cabinet Office") * Dr. Silvia Suzen Giovanna Casale, lately Chairperson, UN Sub\-Committee on the Prevention of Torture, Geneva. Lately Member, [European Committee for the Prevention of Torture](/wiki/European_Committee_for_the_Prevention_of_Torture "European Committee for the Prevention of Torture"), Strasbourg. For services to the prevention of torture, and prison reform * [Susan le Jeune d'Allegeershecque](/wiki/Susan_le_Jeune_d%27Allegeershecque "Susan le Jeune d'Allegeershecque"), Counsellor, [Foreign and Commonwealth Office](/wiki/Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Office "Foreign and Commonwealth Office") * [The Rt Hon. Terence Davis, PC](/wiki/Terry_Davis_%28politician%29 "Terry Davis (politician)"), lately [Secretary General, Council of Europe](/wiki/Secretary_General_of_the_Council_of_Europe "Secretary General of the Council of Europe"), Strasbourg. For services to institutional reform * [Charles Blandford Farr, OBE](/wiki/Charles_Farr_%28civil_servant%29 "Charles Farr (civil servant)"), Counsellor, Foreign and Commonwealth Office * [William Boyd McCleary, CVO](/wiki/William_Boyd_McCleary "William Boyd McCleary"), [British High Commissioner, Malaysia](/wiki/List_of_High_Commissioners_of_the_United_Kingdom_to_Malaysia "List of High Commissioners of the United Kingdom to Malaysia") * [Edward Mortimer](/wiki/Edward_Mortimer "Edward Mortimer"), Senior Vice\-President and Chief Program Officer, The [Salzburg Global Seminar](/wiki/Salzburg_Global_Seminar "Salzburg Global Seminar"), Austria. For services to international communications and journalism * Hugh Powell, lately UK Senior Representative in Helmand, Afghanistan * Michael Peter Wareing, International CEO, [KPMG](/wiki/KPMG "KPMG"), and lately co\-Chair, Basra Development Commission. For services to the [economic reconstruction](/wiki/Economic_reconstruction "Economic reconstruction") and redevelopment of Basra, and Iraq more generally ### Royal Victorian Order #### Knights Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (KCVO) * [The Right Reverend David John Conner](/wiki/David_Conner_%28bishop%29 "David Conner (bishop)") – Dean of Windsor * [William Arthur Bromley\-Davenport](/wiki/William_Bromley-Davenport_%28Lord_Lieutenant%29 "William Bromley-Davenport (Lord Lieutenant)") – Lord\-Lieutenant of Cheshire * [Angus Durie Miller Farquharson](/wiki/Angus_Durie_Miller_Farquharson "Angus Durie Miller Farquharson"), OBE, – Lord\-Lieutenant of Aberdeenshire * [Robin Denys Gill](/wiki/Robin_Denys_Gill "Robin Denys Gill"), CVO – Chairman, The [Royal Anniversary Trust](/wiki/Royal_Anniversary_Trust "Royal Anniversary Trust") * [Peter Gwynn\-Jones](/wiki/Peter_Gwynn-Jones "Peter Gwynn-Jones"), CVO – Garter Principal King of Arms #### Commanders of the Royal Victorian Order (CVO) * Gregory Scott Belton – Chairman, The Duke of Edinburgh's International Award Association * Robin Shedden Broadhurst, CBE – formerly Member of Council, Duchy of Cornwall * [Romayne Winifred, Lady Carswell](/wiki/Robert_Carswell%2C_Baron_Carswell "Robert Carswell, Baron Carswell"), OBE – formerly Lord\-Lieutenant of the County Borough of Belfast * Alexander Pieter van Heeren, MBE – Chairman, The World Fellowship of The Duke of Edinburgh's International Award Association * [John Henry Pascoe, AO](/wiki/John_Pascoe "John Pascoe") – formerly Trustee, The Duke of Edinburgh's International Award Association #### Lieutenants of the Royal Victorian Order (LVO) * Major Charles Samuel Enderby – formerly Lieutenant, The Queen's Body Guard of the Yeomen of the Guard * Patrick Gregory Birch Harrison – Press Secretary, Household of The Prince of Wales and The Duchess of Cornwall * Charles Benedict Morris – Architectural Designer * Dr. [Kirsten Aschengreen Piacenti](/wiki/Kirsten_Aschengreen_Piacenti "Kirsten Aschengreen Piacenti") – for services to the Royal Collection (Honorary) * [Brigadier John Edward Bruce Smedley](/wiki/John_Smedley_%28British_Army_officer%29 "John Smedley (British Army officer)") – Private Secretary to The Earl and Countess of Wessex * Dr. [Anthony Douglas Toft](/wiki/Anthony_Douglas_Toft "Anthony Douglas Toft"), CBE – formerly Physician to The Queen in Scotland * Richard John Verrall – Aviation Consultant #### Members of the Royal Victorian Order (MVO) * David Anderson, MBE – formerly Hospitality Manager, Hillsborough Castle, Northern Ireland Office * Inspector Mark Peter Andrews – Metropolitan Police, for services to Royalty Protection * Catherine Carruthers – Membership Development Director, Business in the Community * Julian Charles George Clare, RVM – Drawings Conservator, Royal Collection * Kenneth Brendan Eccles – for services to the Police Service of Northern Ireland * Patricia Ann Lawrence – Personal Assistant to The Duke of Kent * Paul Alexander Miller – IT Projects and Business Manager * Roger Peter Smith – formerly Clerk of Works, Crown Estate, Windsor * Peter Charles Taylor – Fire Safety Manager, Windsor Castle * Christopher Robin Weatherley – Fire Safety Manager, Buckingham Palace * Andrew James Wilson, DL – Under Sheriff, The Bailiwick of Lancashire ### Royal Victorian Medal #### Bar to the Royal Victorian Medal (Silver) * Anthony John Hardingham, RVM – Tractor Driver, Sandringham Estate #### Royal Victorian Medal (Silver) * Glen Andrew Beveridge – Executive Butler, Government House, Melbourne * Patricia Joyce Earl – Housekeeper, Sandringham House * Constable Kevin Gande – Metropolitan Police, for services to Royalty Protection * Andrea Elizabeth Hudson – Cook, Royal Lodge * Beverley Jones – Assistant Dresser to The Queen * George David Main – Gamekeeper, Balmoral Estate * David James McIntosh – Security Office Team Leader, Palace of Holyroodhouse * Vivienne Oates – Linen Room Assistant, Buckingham Palace * Richard Sands – Yeoman Warder, HM Tower of London ### Order of the British Empire #### Knights / Dames Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE / DBE) Civil Division * [Professor Valerie Beral](/wiki/Val_Beral "Val Beral"). For services to Science * [Dr. Claire Bertschinger](/wiki/Claire_Bertschinger "Claire Bertschinger"). For services to Nursing and to International Humanitarian Aid * [Councillor Ellen Margaret Eaton, OBE](/wiki/Ellen_Margaret_Eaton "Ellen Margaret Eaton"), Chair, Local Government Association. For services to Local Government * [Dr. Susan Elizabeth Ion, OBE](/wiki/Sue_Ion "Sue Ion"), Visiting Professor, Imperial College, London and Chair, UK Fusion Advisory Board. For services to Science and Engineering * [Clare Oriana Tickell](/wiki/Clare_Tickell "Clare Tickell"), Chief Executive, Action for Children. For services to Young People * [Marcia Twelftree](/wiki/Marcia_Twelftree "Marcia Twelftree"), lately Headteacher, Charters School, Windsor and Maidenhead, Berkshire. For services to local and national Education #### Commanders of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) Military Division Royal Navy * Commodore Stephen Redvers Kirby * Commodore Christopher Laurence Palmer Army * Colonel Mark Cuthbert\-Brown – late [Adjutant General's Corps](/wiki/Adjutant_General%27s_Corps "Adjutant General's Corps") ([Royal Military Police](/wiki/Royal_Military_Police "Royal Military Police")) * Colonel David James Eadie – late The [Queen's Royal Lancers](/wiki/Queen%27s_Royal_Lancers "Queen's Royal Lancers") * Colonel Christopher William Manning – late [Army Air Corps](/wiki/Army_Air_Corps_%28United_Kingdom%29 "Army Air Corps (United Kingdom)") * Brigadier Simon John Marriner, MBE – late Adjutant General's Corps (Staff and Personnel Support Branch) * Colonel Michael Peter Macgregor Stewart, QHS – late [Royal Army Medical Corps](/wiki/Royal_Army_Medical_Corps "Royal Army Medical Corps") Royal Air Force * [Air Commodore Clive Arthur Bairsto](/wiki/Clive_Bairsto "Clive Bairsto") * Group Captain Keith Ronald Dipper * Group Captain Alistair Monkman * [Group Captain Andrew Mark Turner, OBE](/wiki/Andrew_Turner_%28RAF_officer%29 "Andrew Turner (RAF officer)") Civil Division * [James Christopher Armfield, OBE](/wiki/Jimmy_Armfield "Jimmy Armfield"). For services to the community in Lancashire. * [David Ogilvy Barrie](/wiki/David_Ogilvy_Barrie "David Ogilvy Barrie"), lately Director, [Art Fund](/wiki/Art_Fund "Art Fund"). For services to the Visual Arts. * Parmajit Paul Singh Bassi, DL, Chairman, Bond Wolfe. For services to Business and to the community in the West Midlands. * [William Robert Baxter](/wiki/William_Robert_Baxter "William Robert Baxter"), Deputy chief executive, Baxter Storey. For services to the Catering Industry. * Ann Beasley, Director of Finance and Performance, [National Offender Management Service](/wiki/National_Offender_Management_Service "National Offender Management Service"), Ministry of Justice. * Edward Farquharson Bowen, [Sheriff Principal of Lothian and Borders](/wiki/Sheriff_Principal_of_Lothian_and_Borders "Sheriff Principal of Lothian and Borders"). For services to the Administration of Justice in Scotland. * Councillor Peter Box, Leader, [Wakefield Metropolitan District Council](/wiki/Wakefield_Metropolitan_District_Council "Wakefield Metropolitan District Council") and chairman, [Yorkshire and Humber Assembly](/wiki/Yorkshire_and_Humber_Assembly "Yorkshire and Humber Assembly"). For services to Local Government. * [Professor Donal Donat Conor Bradley, FRS](/wiki/Donal_Bradley "Donal Bradley"), Lee\-Lucas Professor of Experimental Physics and Deputy Principal, Faculty of Natural Sciences, [Imperial College London](/wiki/Imperial_College_London "Imperial College London"). For services to Science. * [Professor Alice Brown](/wiki/Alice_Brown_%28ombudsman%29 "Alice Brown (ombudsman)"), lately [Scottish Public Services Ombudsman](/wiki/Scottish_Public_Services_Ombudsman "Scottish Public Services Ombudsman"). For public service. * [Natalie Ceeney](/wiki/Natalie_Ceeney "Natalie Ceeney"), chief executive, National Archives, [Ministry of Justice](/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice "Ministry of Justice"). * Lauran Margaret Chatburn, Principal and chief executive, [Bury College](/wiki/Bury_College "Bury College"). For services to Further Education. * Professor David Martin Chiddick, lately Vice\-Chancellor, [University of Lincoln](/wiki/University_of_Lincoln "University of Lincoln"). For services to local and national Higher Education. * Lawrence Churchill, Chairman, [Pension Protection Fund](/wiki/Pension_Protection_Fund "Pension Protection Fund"). For public service. * [Robert Brodie Clark](/wiki/Brodie_Clark "Brodie Clark"), Head of Border Force, [UK Border Agency](/wiki/UK_Border_Agency "UK Border Agency"), Home Office. * [Barry Michael Cockcroft](/wiki/Barry_Cockcroft_%28dentist%29 "Barry Cockcroft (dentist)"), [Chief Dental Officer](/wiki/Chief_Dental_Officer_%28United_Kingdom%29 "Chief Dental Officer (United Kingdom)"), Department of Health. * Christopher Cohen, lately chairman, Athletics Sports Assembly Executive Committee, [International Paralympic Committee](/wiki/International_Paralympic_Committee "International Paralympic Committee"). For services to Sport. * [Sarah Patricia Connolly](/wiki/Sarah_Connolly "Sarah Connolly"), Opera Singer. For services to Classical Music. * Rodney Cousens, chief executive officer, [Codemasters](/wiki/Codemasters "Codemasters"). For services to the Computer Games Industry. * Dr. Michael John Cresswell, Director\-General, [Assessment and Qualifications Alliance](/wiki/Assessment_and_Qualifications_Alliance "Assessment and Qualifications Alliance"). For services to Education. * Professor Ian Richard Crute, lately Director, [Rothamsted Research](/wiki/Rothamsted_Research "Rothamsted Research"). For services to Plant Science. * [His Honour Judge Keith Charles Cutler](/wiki/Keith_Cutler "Keith Cutler"), Circuit Judge. For services to the Administration of Justice. * [Dr. George Daniels, MBE](/wiki/George_Daniels_%28watchmaker%29 "George Daniels (watchmaker)"), Master Watchmaker. For services to Horology. * [Professor Janet Howard Darbyshire, OBE](/wiki/Janet_Darbyshire "Janet Darbyshire"), Director, Clinical Trials Unit, [Medical Research Council](/wiki/Medical_Research_Council_%28United_Kingdom%29 "Medical Research Council (United Kingdom)"). For services to Clinical Science. * Helen Anne Dent, chief executive, [Family Action](/wiki/Family_Action "Family Action"). For services to Children and Families. * Graham Thomas Devlin. For services to the Arts. * Professor Carol Dezateux, Professor of Paediatric Epidemiology, [UCL Institute of Child Health](/wiki/UCL_Institute_of_Child_Health "UCL Institute of Child Health"). For services to Science. * Mary Elizabeth Dodd, lately Consultant Physiotherapist, Cystic Fibrosis, [South Manchester University Hospital NHS Trust](/wiki/South_Manchester_University_Hospital_NHS_Trust "South Manchester University Hospital NHS Trust"). For services to Healthcare. * [Peter Donohoe](/wiki/Peter_Donohoe_%28pianist%29 "Peter Donohoe (pianist)"), pianist, for services to Classical Music. * Trudi Margaret Elliott, Regional Director, Government Office for the West Midlands, [Department for Communities and Local Government](/wiki/Department_for_Communities_and_Local_Government "Department for Communities and Local Government"). * Margaret Fay, OBE. For services to the Regional Development Agency, [One North East](/wiki/One_NorthEast "One NorthEast"). * [George Ferguson](/wiki/George_Ferguson_%28architect%29 "George Ferguson (architect)"). For services to Architecture and to the community in the South West. * [Professor Stephen John Field](/wiki/Steve_Field_%28medical_doctor%29 "Steve Field (medical doctor)"), Head of Workforce and Regional Postgraduate Dean, NHS West Midlands and Chairman of College Council, [Royal College of General Practitioners](/wiki/Royal_College_of_General_Practitioners "Royal College of General Practitioners"). For services to Medicine. * Christopher Mark Fisher, Director, Jobseekers and Skills, Employment Group, [Department for Work and Pensions](/wiki/Department_for_Work_and_Pensions "Department for Work and Pensions"). * [Professor Alastair Hugh Fitter, FRS](/wiki/Alastair_Fitter "Alastair Fitter"), Pro\-Vice\-Chancellor for Research, [University of York](/wiki/University_of_York "University of York"). For services to Environmental Science. * Brian Roy Fleet, MBE, Senior [Airbus UK](/wiki/Airbus_UK "Airbus UK") Vice\-President. For services to the Aerospace Industry. * His Honour Judge David Robert Fletcher, Circuit Judge. For services to the Administration of Justice in Merseyside. * Winston Fletcher, lately chairman, Advertising Standards Board of Finance. For services to the Creative Industries. * Neil Raymond Flint, Deputy Director, New Academies Division, [Department for Children, Schools and Families](/wiki/Department_for_Children%2C_Schools_and_Families "Department for Children, Schools and Families"). * [Helen Fraser](/wiki/Helen_Fraser_%28executive%29 "Helen Fraser (executive)"), lately managing director, [Penguin UK](/wiki/Penguin_UK "Penguin UK"). For services to the Publishing Industry. * Professor John Fyfe. For services to Partnership Working and to Regeneration Worldwide, particularly in West Cumbria. * David Goldstone. For public service. * Anthony Simonds\-Gooding, Chairman, [D\&AD](/wiki/D%26AD "D&AD"). For services to the Creative Industries. * Professor Sean Patrick Gorman, Dean, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences and Professor of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, [Queen's University Belfast](/wiki/Queen%27s_University_Belfast "Queen's University Belfast"). For services to Healthcare. * [Lucian Charles Grainge](/wiki/Lucian_Grainge "Lucian Grainge"), Chairman and chief executive officer, [Universal Music Group International](/wiki/Universal_Music_Group_International "Universal Music Group International"). For services to the Creative Industries. * Robert Douglas Greig, chief executive, National Development Team for Inclusion. For services to People with Special Needs. * Bethan Haulwen Guilfoyle, Headteacher, [Treorchy Comprehensive School](/wiki/Treorchy_Comprehensive_School "Treorchy Comprehensive School"). For services to Education in Wales. * [Maggi Hambling, OBE](/wiki/Maggi_Hambling "Maggi Hambling"), Painter and Sculptor. For services to Art. * Ian Hardie, Deputy Director, Corporation Tax and VAT, Business Tax, [H.M. Revenue and Customs](/wiki/H.M._Revenue_and_Customs "H.M. Revenue and Customs"). * Dr. Christopher Charles Harling, Director, [NHS Plus](/wiki/NHS_Plus "NHS Plus"). For services to Occupational Health. * Martin Harman. For services to International Trade and to the Legal Profession. * Dr. Colin Robert Harrison, Chairman, Chemistry Innovation Knowledge Transfer Network. For services to Technology. * [Emma Harrison](/wiki/Emma_Harrison_%28entrepreneur%29 "Emma Harrison (entrepreneur)"), Chair, [A4e](/wiki/A4e "A4e"). For services to Unemployed People and to the Voluntary Sector. * Frances Hartley, lately Headteacher, Deans Primary School, Salford. For services to Education. * Sally Lorinda Hobbs, HM Deputy Chief Inspector, [Crown Prosecution Service](/wiki/Crown_Prosecution_Service "Crown Prosecution Service") Inspectorate. * Peter Michael Holland, QFSM, Chief Fire Officer, [Lancashire Fire and Rescue Service](/wiki/Lancashire_Fire_and_Rescue_Service "Lancashire Fire and Rescue Service"). For services to Local Government. * Timothy Stancliffe Hollis, QPM, Chief Constable, [Humberside Police](/wiki/Humberside_Police "Humberside Police"). For services to the Police. * [Helen Jackson](/wiki/Helen_Jackson_%28politician%29 "Helen Jackson (politician)"). For services to the Women and Pensions Network and to the community in South Yorkshire. * Dyfrig Dafydd Joseff John, lately Deputy chairman and chief executive, [HSBC Bank](/wiki/HSBC_Bank "HSBC Bank"). For services to the Financial Services Industry. * [Penny Johnson](/wiki/Penny_Johnson "Penny Johnson"), Director, Government Art Collection, [Department for Culture, Media and Sport](/wiki/Department_for_Culture%2C_Media_and_Sport "Department for Culture, Media and Sport"). * Julie Jones, OBE, chief executive, [Social Care Institute for Excellence](/wiki/Social_Care_Institute_for_Excellence "Social Care Institute for Excellence"). For services to Local Government. * Robert Jones, lately chairman, Association of Police Authorities. For services to the Police. * Professor Peter Graham Edward Kennedy, Burton Professor of Neurology, [University of Glasgow](/wiki/University_of_Glasgow "University of Glasgow"). For services to Clinical Science. * Lowri Alice Khan, Team Leader, Intervention, Strategy and Markets Team, [H.M. Treasury](/wiki/H.M._Treasury "H.M. Treasury"). * Paul Leighton, QPM, lately Deputy Chief Constable, [Police Service of Northern Ireland](/wiki/Police_Service_of_Northern_Ireland "Police Service of Northern Ireland"). For services to the Police. * Rosa Lady Lipworth. For charitable services. * [Phyllida Lloyd](/wiki/Phyllida_Lloyd "Phyllida Lloyd"), Theatre Director. For services to Drama. * [James Loughran](/wiki/James_Loughran "James Loughran"), Conductor. For services to Classical Music. * David Clifford Loughton, chief executive, [Royal Wolverhampton Hospitals NHS Trust](/wiki/Royal_Wolverhampton_Hospitals_NHS_Trust "Royal Wolverhampton Hospitals NHS Trust"). For services to Healthcare. * [Ian David Luder](/wiki/Ian_Luder "Ian Luder"), lately [Lord Mayor of the City of London](/wiki/Lord_Mayor_of_London "Lord Mayor of London"). For public service. * Mary Elizabeth Madden. For public service. * [Professor Robert James Mair, FREng FICE FRS](/wiki/Robert_James_Mair "Robert James Mair"), Master of [Jesus College](/wiki/Jesus_College%2C_Cambridge "Jesus College, Cambridge") and Professor of Geotechnical Engineering, [University of Cambridge](/wiki/University_of_Cambridge "University of Cambridge"). For services to Engineering. * Hew Mathewson, President, [General Dental Council](/wiki/General_Dental_Council "General Dental Council"). For services to Healthcare. * Professor Denise Angela McAlister, Pro\-Vice\-Chancellor, Teaching and Learning, [University of Ulster](/wiki/University_of_Ulster "University of Ulster"). For services to Higher Education in Northern Ireland. * William David McWilliam, Superintendent, [Merseyside Police](/wiki/Merseyside_Police "Merseyside Police"). For services to the Police and to Young People. * David Leonard Moore, lately Her Majesty's Inspector of Education and Assistant Divisional Manager, [Ofsted](/wiki/Ofsted "Ofsted"). * Candy Morris, chief executive, NHS South East Coast [Strategic Health Authority](/wiki/Strategic_health_authority "Strategic health authority"). For services to Healthcare. * Diana Lesley Morrison, Headteacher, St. Martin\-in\-the\-Fields High School for Girls, Lambeth, London. For services to local and national Education. * Stephen Thurston Munby, chief executive, National College for Leadership of Schools and Children's Services. For services to Education. * [Professor Adrian Charles Newland](/wiki/Adrian_Charles_Newland "Adrian Charles Newland"), Professor of Haematology and director, Pathology Clinical Academic Unit, [Barts and the London NHS Trust](/wiki/Barts_and_the_London_NHS_Trust "Barts and the London NHS Trust"). For services to Medicine. * Dr. William Gerard O'Hare, Chairman, [University of Ulster](/wiki/University_of_Ulster "University of Ulster") Foundation. For services to Higher Education and to Regeneration in Northern Ireland. * [David Malcolm Orr](/wiki/David_Malcolm_Orr "David Malcolm Orr"), Director Corporate Services, Department of Finance and Personnel, [Northern Ireland Executive](/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Executive "Northern Ireland Executive"). * John Scott Perry, chief executive, [Scottish Enterprise](/wiki/Scottish_Enterprise "Scottish Enterprise"). For services to Business. * Dr. David Price, chief executive, [Chemring Group](/wiki/Chemring_Group "Chemring Group") plc. For services to the Defence Industry. * Imelda Redmond, chief executive, [Carers UK](/wiki/Carers_UK "Carers UK"). For services to Disadvantaged People. * Dr. Sian Eluned Rees, Inspector of Ancient Monuments, [Cadw](/wiki/Cadw "Cadw"), Welsh Assembly Government. * Caroline Mary Rookes, Director, Planning for Retirement and Older People, [Department for Work and Pensions](/wiki/Department_for_Work_and_Pensions "Department for Work and Pensions"). * [Tessa Sarah Ross (Mrs. Scantlebury)](/wiki/Tessa_Ross "Tessa Ross"), Controller of Film and Drama, [Channel 4](/wiki/Channel_4 "Channel 4"). For services to Broadcasting. * [Alastair Eric Hotson Salvesen](/wiki/Alastair_Salvesen "Alastair Salvesen"). For services to the Arts and to Charity in Scotland. * [Graham Edward Sheffield](/wiki/Graham_Sheffield "Graham Sheffield"), Artistic Director, [Barbican Centre](/wiki/Barbican_Centre "Barbican Centre"), London. For services to the Arts. * [Adrian Shooter](/wiki/Adrian_Shooter "Adrian Shooter"), Chairman, [Chiltern Railway Company Ltd](/wiki/Chiltern_Railways "Chiltern Railways"). For services to the Rail Industry. * Ruth Sims, OBE. For voluntary service to Palliative Care in [Uganda](/wiki/Uganda "Uganda"). * John Brian Sinnott, chief executive, [Leicestershire County Council](/wiki/Leicestershire_County_Council "Leicestershire County Council"). For services to Local Government. * Professor [Christopher John Skinner](/wiki/Chris_Skinner_%28statistician%29 "Chris Skinner (statistician)"), FBA, Professor, Southampton Statistical Sciences Research Institute, [University of Southampton](/wiki/University_of_Southampton "University of Southampton"). For services to Social Science. * Paul Spencer, lately chairman, [National Savings and Investments](/wiki/National_Savings_and_Investments "National Savings and Investments"). For services to the Financial Services Industry. * Janice Stevens, National Director, Healthcare Associated Infections Programme, Department of Health. For services to Nursing. * Professor William James Swindall, OBE, Consulting Director, QUILL Centre, [Queen's University Belfast](/wiki/Queen%27s_University_Belfast "Queen's University Belfast"). For services to Environmental Science. * Kathleen Thomas, Principal, [Oldham College](/wiki/Oldham_College "Oldham College"), Manchester. For services to Further Education. * [Margaret Maud Tyzack, OBE](/wiki/Margaret_Tyzack "Margaret Tyzack"), actress. For services to Drama. * [Professor Karen Vousden, FRS FRSE FMedSci](/wiki/Karen_Vousden "Karen Vousden"), Director, [Beatson Institute for Cancer Research](/wiki/Beatson_Institute_for_Cancer_Research "Beatson Institute for Cancer Research"). For services to Clinical Science. * Susan Toni Wardell, Director, Middle East, Caribbean, Asia (East, Central) and British Overseas Territories, [Department for International Development](/wiki/Department_for_International_Development "Department for International Development"). * John David Whittaker, Deputy Director, Employment Policy, [Cabinet Office](/wiki/Cabinet_Office "Cabinet Office"). * Vanessa Wiseman, lately Headteacher, Langdon School and Sports College, Newham, London. For services to Education. * John Briscoe Wright. For services to the [Federation of Small Businesses](/wiki/Federation_of_Small_Businesses "Federation of Small Businesses"). * Professor Michael Wright, DL, Vice\-Chancellor, [Canterbury Christ Church University](/wiki/Canterbury_Christ_Church_University "Canterbury Christ Church University"). For services to Higher Education and to the community in Kent. Diplomatic and Overseas List * Larry Thomas Dennis, lately Auditor General of Bermuda. For services to good governance in Bermuda. * Rabbi [David Shlomo Rosen](/wiki/David_Shlomo_Rosen "David Shlomo Rosen"), Honorary Adviser on Interfaith relations to the Chief Rabbinate of Israel. For services to interfaith relations in the Middle East, and between the UK and Israel. #### Officers of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) Military Division Royal Navy * [Commander Nicholas Trevor Blackman](/wiki/Nicholas_Trevor_Blackman "Nicholas Trevor Blackman") * [Commander Richard George Fox](/wiki/Richard_George_Fox "Richard George Fox") * [Commander David John Hunkin](/wiki/David_John_Hunkin "David John Hunkin") * [Commander Charles David Lightfoot](/wiki/Charles_David_Lightfoot "Charles David Lightfoot") * [Commander Peter Moss](/wiki/Peter_Moss_%28Royal_Navy_officer%29 "Peter Moss (Royal Navy officer)") * [Commander Gerard Rodney Northwood](/wiki/Gerard_Rodney_Northwood "Gerard Rodney Northwood") Army * [Lieutenant Colonel Allan Barnes](/wiki/Allan_Barnes_%28British_Army_officer%29 "Allan Barnes (British Army officer)") – Coldstream Guards * [Colonel John Etherington](/wiki/John_Etherington "John Etherington") – late Royal Army Medical Corps * [Lieutenant Colonel Alexander Gilbert Carew Hatherley](/wiki/Alexander_Gilbert_Carew_Hatherley "Alexander Gilbert Carew Hatherley") – Grenadier Guards * [Colonel Ian David MacLeod](/wiki/Ian_David_MacLeod "Ian David MacLeod") – Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire Army Cadet Force * [Colonel Iain George David Moles, QVRM TD](/wiki/Iain_George_David_Moles "Iain George David Moles") – late Royal Army Medical Corps, Territorial Army * [Lieutenant Colonel Leanda Jane Pitt, TD DL](/wiki/Leanda_Jane_Pitt "Leanda Jane Pitt") – The Royal Logistic Corps, Territorial Army * [Lieutenant Colonel John Richard James Powell](/wiki/John_Richard_James_Powell "John Richard James Powell") – The Princess of Wales's Royal Regiment * [Lieutenant Colonel Mark Reginald Rusby](/wiki/Mark_Reginald_Rusby "Mark Reginald Rusby") – The Mercian Regiment * [Lieutenant Colonel Andrew John Teskey](/wiki/Andrew_John_Teskey "Andrew John Teskey") – Corps of Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers Royal Air Force * [Wing Commander Stephen Robert Chaskin](/wiki/Stephen_Robert_Chaskin "Stephen Robert Chaskin") * [Wing Commander Mark Nicholas Day](/wiki/Mark_Nicholas_Day "Mark Nicholas Day") * [Wing Commander Simon Andrew Harper](/wiki/Simon_Andrew_Harper "Simon Andrew Harper") * [Wing Commander Jonathan Peter Quentin Reid](/wiki/Jonathan_Peter_Quentin_Reid "Jonathan Peter Quentin Reid") * [Wing Commander Malcolm Leslie Symonds](/wiki/Malcolm_Leslie_Symonds "Malcolm Leslie Symonds") * [Wing Commander Andrew David Wallis](/wiki/Andrew_David_Wallis "Andrew David Wallis") * [Wing Commander Robert Alan Woods](/wiki/Robert_Alan_Woods "Robert Alan Woods") Civil Division * William Abbott, National Security Adviser, Secure Mental Health Services, Department of Health. For services to Healthcare. * [Victor Akers](/wiki/Victor_Akers "Victor Akers"), lately Manager, [Arsenal Ladies' Football Team](/wiki/Arsenal_W.F.C. "Arsenal W.F.C."). For services to Sport. * Professor [Alan Alexander](/wiki/Alan_Alexander_%28academic%29 "Alan Alexander (academic)"), Emeritus Professor of Local and Public Management, [University of Strathclyde](/wiki/University_of_Strathclyde "University of Strathclyde"). For services to Social Science. * Alexander Beveridge Anderson, D.L., Chairman of Governors, University of Teesside. For services to the community in the North East. * Deirdre Anne, Mrs. Kinloch Anderson, Director, Kinloch Anderson. For services to the Textile Industry. * John Huxley Fordyce Anderson. For services to St. Martin\-in\-the\-Fields, London and to the Construction Industry. * [Craig Armstrong](/wiki/Craig_Armstrong_%28composer%29 "Craig Armstrong (composer)"). For services to Music. * Anthony John William Attard, Chief Executive, Panaz Ltd. For services to the Textile Industry and to International Trade. * [Sir Nicholas Hickman Ponsonby Bacon, Bt., D.L](/wiki/Sir_Nicholas_Bacon%2C_14th_Baronet "Sir Nicholas Bacon, 14th Baronet"). For services to the community in Norfolk. * Linda Margaret, Mrs. Costelloe Baker. For public service. * Stuart Kemp Baker, Deputy Director, National Projects, Rail and National Networks, Department for Transport. * Dr. Michael Thomas Barlow. For services to Intellectual Property Law. * Professor [Ann Barrett](/wiki/Ann_Barrett "Ann Barrett"), Professor of [Oncology](/wiki/Oncology "Oncology") and lately Deputy Head of School, [University of East Anglia](/wiki/University_of_East_Anglia "University of East Anglia"). For services to Healthcare. * Ms Hillary Anna Bauer, Head, International and Cultural Property Unit, Department for Culture, Media and Sport. * Ms Margaret Baxter. For services to the Voluntary Sector. * Miss Ailsa Elizabeth Beaton, Director of Information, Metropolitan Police Service. For services to the Police. * Alan Kenneth Bowers Beavis. For services to the Scouts. * Dr. John William Beer, lately Executive Director of Social Services, Southampton City Council. For services to Local Government. * Ms [Anthea Bell](/wiki/Anthea_Bell "Anthea Bell"). For services to Literature and to Literary Translations. * Arlene, Mrs. Bell, Headteacher, Beechdale Nursery School, Durham. For services to local and national Early Years Education. * Thomas Bell. For services to the Wooden Spoon Children's Charity. * [Madeleine Ponsonby, Countess of Bessborough](/wiki/Madeleine_Ponsonby%2C_Countess_of_Bessborough "Madeleine Ponsonby, Countess of Bessborough"). For services to the Visual Arts. * Dr. Anthony Bernard Best. For services to the Education of Deafblind Children. * Kay, Mrs. Bews, Chief Executive, Home\-Start UK. For services to Children and Families. * Professor Alison Blenkinsopp, Professor of the Practice of Pharmacy, Keele University. For services to Healthcare. * Ronald John Bowers, Grade B2, Ministry of Defence. * Paul Vincent Boyle, lately Chief Executive, Financial Reporting Council. For services to the Financial Services Industry and Accountancy. * Ms Anne Elizabeth Brannagan, Complex Trauma Manager, Defence Medical Rehabilitation Centre, Headley Court, Surrey, Ministry of Defence. * [Ross Brawn](/wiki/Ross_Brawn "Ross Brawn"), Team Principal, [Brawn GP](/wiki/Brawn_GP "Brawn GP"). For services to Motorsport. * [Dr. Michael Peter Briggs](/wiki/Peter_Briggs_%28scientist%29 "Peter Briggs (scientist)"), lately [Pro\-Vice\-Chancellor](/wiki/Pro-Vice-Chancellor "Pro-Vice-Chancellor"), [Roehampton University](/wiki/Roehampton_University "Roehampton University"). For services to Higher Education. * Dr. Alison Fiona Campbell, Managing Director, King's College London Business Ltd. For services to Knowledge Transfer. * Peter Carne, lately National Champion, Learning Outside the Classroom and Programme Manager, Growing Schools Programme. For services to Education. * David Brian Cassells. For services to the Inland Waterways Association of Ireland. * Eileen, Mrs. Cavalier (Mrs. Schatunowski), Founder, London College of Beauty Therapy. For services to Further Education. * Pamela, Mrs. Challis, Leader, Castle Point Borough Council. For services to Local Government in South East Essex. * [Mavis Lurline, Mrs. Champagnie](/wiki/Lurline_Champagnie "Lurline Champagnie"), Councillor, [London Borough of Harrow](/wiki/London_Borough_of_Harrow "London Borough of Harrow"). For services to Local Government and to Diversity. * Captain Kandiah Chandran, M.B.E., Chief Executive, Preset Charitable Trust. For services to Young People in London. * Gillian, Mrs. Coffey, Headteacher, Lynch Hill Foundation Primary School, Slough. For services to Education. * Yvonne, Mrs. Coghill, National Lead, Breaking Through Programme, NHS Institute for Innovation and Improvement. For services to Healthcare. * Maureen, Mrs. Cooke, Head of Capability and First Line Service Management, Customer Service Delivery, Corporate IT, Department for Work and Pensions. * Gordon Raymond Couch. For services to disabled people. * David John Cowie, lately District Manager, Jobcentre Plus, Forth Valley, Fife and Tayside, Department for Work and Pensions. * John Andrew Craig, Chairman, British Record Industry Trust. For services to Music and to Charity. * Mary Elizabeth, Mrs. Craig, Chief Executive, Lloyds TSB Foundation for Scotland. For services to the Voluntary Sector. * Bruce Millson Crook, Grade B1, Ministry of Defence. * Ms [Frances Crook](/wiki/Frances_Crook "Frances Crook"), Director, [Howard League for Penal Reform](/wiki/Howard_League_for_Penal_Reform "Howard League for Penal Reform"). For services to Youth Justice. * Neil Philip Cunliffe, Group Manager, Road Safety Group, Lancashire County Council. For services to Road Safety. * Phillip Leyland Darnton, Chairman, Cycling England. For services to Transport. * Frederick Geoffrey Davies, lately Chairman, Gwent Magistrates Bench and Wales Bench Chairmen's Forum. For services to the Administration of Justice. * Derek John Davis, lately Chairman, Stoke\-on\-Trent and Staffordshire Combined Fire Authority. For services to Local Government. * Amanda, Mrs. Deeks, Chief Executive Officer, South Gloucestershire Council and Founder, West of England Partnership for Bristol. For services to Local Government. * Paul Deneen, J.P., D.L. For services to the community in Herefordshire and Worcestershire. * John Henry Derbyshire, Sailing Coach and Manager. For services to Sport. * Professor [Fiona Devine](/wiki/Fiona_Devine "Fiona Devine"), Professor of Sociology, [University of Manchester](/wiki/University_of_Manchester "University of Manchester"). For services to Social Science. * Ian Laidlaw\-Dickson, Chairman, Hertfordshire Police Authority. For services to the Police. * Michael Donnelly, Chief Executive Officer, Habinteg Housing Association. For services to the Housing Sector. * Jacqueline Ann, Mrs. Dowell, Customer Operations Business Design Manager, H.M. Revenue and Customs. * Professor [Marcus Peter Francis du Sautoy](/wiki/Marcus_du_Sautoy "Marcus du Sautoy"), Professor of Mathematics, [University of Oxford](/wiki/University_of_Oxford "University of Oxford"). For services to Science. * Brigadier Hedley Dennis Cardew Duncan, M.B.E., lately Yeoman Usher of the Black Rod, House of Lords. * Martin Donald Dunford, Chairman, Association of Learning Providers and Chief Executive, Skills Training UK. For services to Skills. * Antony Dunne, Grade B1, Ministry of Defence. * Dr. Linda Ebbatson, Leader, Chester\-le\-Street District Council. For services to Local Government. * Ms Janette Morag Faherty, Chief Executive, TNG/ Avanta. For services to Unemployed People and to Entrepreneurship. * Ms Julia Fawcett, Chief Executive, Lowry Centre, Salford Quays. For services to the Arts in the North West. * Derek Forest, Detective Superintendent, West Midlands Police. For services to the Police. * Diana, Mrs. Fulbrook, Chief Officer, Wiltshire Probation Area, Ministry of Justice. * Elizabeth Laureen, Mrs. Fullerton, lately Chair, NHS Shetland. For services to Healthcare. * Ms Lucy Diana Gampell (Mrs. Itkin), lately Director, Action for Prisoners' Families. For services to Disadvantaged People. * Professor Mary Gibby, Director of Science, Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh. For services to Botany. * Captain Duncan Colin Glass, lately Director of Navigation Requirements, Trinity House, Department for Transport. * Celia Jane, Mrs. Godsall. For services to Sport. * Dr. James Desmond Hall, General Medical Practitioner, Belfast. For services to Healthcare. * Ms Susan Elizabeth Hall, Chief Officer, West Yorkshire Probation Area, Ministry of Justice. * Ms Catherine Graham\-Harrison. For services to Heritage. * David James Harrison. For services to Golf. * Michael Clifford Hart, Director, Ffestinog Railway Company and Chairman, Welsh Highland Railway Construction Ltd. For services to the Rail Industry. * Maurice Adrian Sylvester Heaster, Deputy Leader, Wandsworth Council. For services to Local Government. * Elizabeth Irene, Mrs. Henderson, Network Nurse Director, Northern Ireland Cancer Network. For services to Healthcare. * Tom Henderson. For services to Humanitarian Aid. * Dr. Barbara Hendrie, lately Deputy Director, Iraq, Department for International Development. * David Henry, Chairman, National Association for Mental Health. For services to Healthcare. * Dr. [Andrew James Herbert](/wiki/Andrew_Herbert "Andrew Herbert"), Managing Director, [Microsoft Research](/wiki/Microsoft_Research "Microsoft Research"), Cambridge. For services to Computer Science. * [Donald Peter Herbert](/wiki/Peter_Herbert_%28lawyer%29 "Peter Herbert (lawyer)"), Barrister. For voluntary service to Equality, Diversity and Human Rights. * Ms Susan Ann Higham, Business Design Manager, Modernising Pay As You Earn, Telford, H.M. Revenue and Customs. * Ms Stephanie Hilborne, Chief Executive, The Wildlife Trusts. For services to Nature Conservation. * Professor Anthony Edward Hill, Director, National Oceanography Centre, Southampton. For services to Environmental Science. * Professor William Stewart Hillis, Medical Adviser, Scottish Football Association. For services to Medicine and to Sport. * Helen Jane, Mrs. Clegg\-Hood, Headteacher, Shiremoor Primary School, Newcastle upon Tyne. For services to Education. * Ms Katharine Sarah Julian Horner, lately Specialist Counsellor and Senior Analyst, Assessments Staff, Cabinet Office. * Peter John Hosker. For services to the community in Preston, Lancashire. * [Gareth Dale Hoskins](/wiki/Gareth_Hoskins "Gareth Hoskins"). For services to Architecture. * Kevin Houston, Managing Director, Anderson Manning Associates. For services to Business. * Nicholas Howard, Parliamentary Clerk, Prime Minister's Office. * Susan, Mrs. Huggins, Head of Network Development. For services to the Post Office. * Shirley, Mrs. Hughes, Chief Executive Officer, Cerebral Palsy Sport. For services to Disability Sport. * Robert Alfred Hutchings. For services to the Voluntary Sector in Wales. * William Anthony Hynett, Group Chief Executive Officer, [B\-N Group Ltd](/wiki/Britten-Norman "Britten-Norman"). For services to the Defence Industry. * [Paul Stafford Jackson](/wiki/Paul_Jackson_%28game_producer%29 "Paul Jackson (game producer)"). For services to the Computer Games Industry. * Marc Jaffrey. For services to Music Education. * Anthony Paul Jakimciw, Principal and Chief Executive Officer, Dumfries and Galloway College. For services to Further Education in Scotland. * Professor Ian Miller Jamieson, lately Pro\-Vice\- Chancellor (Learning and Teaching), University of Bath. For services to local and national Education. * Ms Marion Juliette Janner. For services to Mental Healthcare. * Ms Deborah Jeffery, Grade B2, Ministry of Defence. Martin John Jenkins, Grade B1, Ministry of Defence. * Jane, Mrs. Johnson, Headteacher, St. Stephen's Primary School, Newham, London. For services to Education. * Glenys, Mrs. Johnston, Chair, Local Safeguarding Children Board, Leicestershire and Rutland. For services to Local Government. * Paul Lloyd Jones, Executive Headteacher, Blackpool and Chudleigh Knighton Lady Seaward's and Salcombe Primary Schools, Devon. For services to local and national Education. * [Stephen Jones](/wiki/Stephen_Jones_%28milliner%29 "Stephen Jones (milliner)"), Milliner. For services to the Fashion Industry. * Professor Vijay Vir Kakkar, Emeritus Professor, University of London. For services to Clinical Science. * Ms Jeanne Kaniuk, Head of Adoption Services, Thomas Coram Foundation for Children. For services to Children. * Professor Paul Keane, Dean, School of Health and Social Care, Teesside University. For services to Healthcare. * Anna, Mrs. Kendall, lately Headteacher, Christ Church Church of England Primary School, Kensington and Chelsea, London. For services to Education. * Nigel Kershaw, Chief Executive, Big Issue Invest and Chairman, The Big Issue. For services to Social Enterprise. * [Simon Henry King](/wiki/Simon_King_%28television%29 "Simon King (television)"). For services to Wildlife Photography and to Conservation. * John Gordon Kingston. For services to the Voluntary Sector. * Ms Anne Kirkham, Grade 5, Decent Homes and Housing Finance Division, Department for Communities and Local Government. * Richard Philip Kitson, lately Chief Executive, Aster Group. For services to the Housing Sector. * Susan, Mrs. Knox. For services to Food Safety. * Silas Krendel. For charitable services. * [Ram Parkash Lakha](/wiki/Ram_Parkash_Lakha "Ram Parkash Lakha"). For services to the Sikh community in Coventry, West Midlands. * Anthony Edward Langford, Non\-Executive Director, John Smedley. For services to the Knitwear Industry. * Heather, Mrs. Lawrence, Chief Executive, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital NHS Foundation Trust. For services to Healthcare. * Jurat and Lieutenant Bailiff Sally Carolyn Ann Le Brocq. For services to the Administration of Justice and to the community in Jersey. * Andrew John Leigh. For public service. * Eva, Mrs. Loeffler, Vice\-President, WheelPower. For services to Disability Sport. * Helen, Mrs. MacKenzie, Headteacher, Shevington High School, Wigan. For services to Education. * John Graham Marks. For charitable services. * Victor Alan Marshall, Detective Superintendent, Sussex Police and Adviser to the Home Office. For services to the Police. * Ms Wendy Martinson, Consultant Dietitian, British Olympic Association. For services to Sport and to Nutrition. * June Colette, Mrs. Mason, Grade 7, Cohesion and Migration Directorate, Department for Communities and Local Government. * Samuel Abraham McCrea, Principal, Ballyclare Secondary School. For services to Education in Northern Ireland. * Professor John Alexander McDermid. For services to the Defence Industry. * William John McGawley, Executive Vice\-Chairman, TDR Group. For services to Business and to Skills Training in the North East. * The Very Reverend Dr. Robert Samuel James Houston McKelvey, Q.V.R.M., T.D., Dean, St. Anne's Cathedral, Belfast. For services to the community in Northern Ireland. * Ms Alison Mary McLean. For services to Rural Affairs in the West Midlands. * Bishop Louis Richard McLeod, For services to Southwark Credit Union. * Ronald McNab, lately Managing Director, Caledonian Alloys Ltd. For services to the Recycling Industry. * Ms [Loretta Minghella](/wiki/Loretta_Minghella "Loretta Minghella"), Chief Executive, [Financial Services Compensation Scheme](/wiki/Financial_Services_Compensation_Scheme "Financial Services Compensation Scheme"). For services to the Financial Services Industry. * [Michelle, Mrs. Mone](/wiki/Michelle_Mone%2C_Baroness_Mone "Michelle Mone, Baroness Mone"), Founder and Owner, MJM International Group. For services to the Lingerie Industry. * [Kenneth Montgomery](/wiki/Kenneth_Montgomery "Kenneth Montgomery"), Principal Conductor, [Ulster Orchestra](/wiki/Ulster_Orchestra "Ulster Orchestra"). For services to Music in Northern Ireland. * Ms [Debbie Moore](/wiki/Debbie_Moore "Debbie Moore"), Founder and Chair, [Pineapple Dance Studios](/wiki/Pineapple_Dance_Studios "Pineapple Dance Studios"). For services to Business. * [Heidi, Mrs. Mottram](/wiki/Heidi_Mottram "Heidi Mottram"), Managing Director, Northern Rail. For services to the Rail Industry. * Ms Diane Mulligan. For services to disabled people and to Equal Opportunities. * [Braham Sydney Murray](/wiki/Braham_Murray "Braham Murray"), [Artistic Director](/wiki/Artistic_Director "Artistic Director"), [Royal Exchange, Manchester](/wiki/Royal_Exchange%2C_Manchester "Royal Exchange, Manchester"). For services to Drama. * Peter Murray, Co\-Founder, Ormiston Trust. For services to Children and Families. * Dr. Sydney Donnelly Neill, Director, Agriculture Food and Environmental Sciences Division, Agri\-Food and Biosciences Institute, Northern Ireland Executive. * [David Nixon](/wiki/David_Nixon_%28choreographer%29 "David Nixon (choreographer)"), Artistic Director, [Northern Ballet](/wiki/Northern_Ballet "Northern Ballet") Theatre. For services to Dance. * Edward James O'Gorman. For charitable services to the Foundation for Children with Leukaemia. * Professor [Timothy O'Riordan](/wiki/Tim_O%27Riordan "Tim O'Riordan"), D.L., Emeritus Professor of Environmental Sciences, [University of East Anglia](/wiki/University_of_East_Anglia "University of East Anglia"). For services to Sustainable Development. * Gary Oldman. For public service. * Dr. Jane Overbury, Principal, Christ the King Sixth Form College, Lewisham, London. For services to Education. * [Richard Parfitt](/wiki/Rick_Parfitt "Rick Parfitt"), Co\-Founder, Singer and Guitarist, [Status Quo](/wiki/Status_Quo_%28band%29 "Status Quo (band)"). For services to Music and to Charity. * Dr. Louise Mary Perrotta. For public service. * Peter Phillipson, Chairman, Merlin Entertainments Group. For services to the Leisure Industry. * Raymond Pollock, Principal, Banbridge Academy. For services to Education in Northern Ireland. * Diane, Mrs. Poole, General Manager, Passengers Norfolkline Irish Sea Ferry Services. For services to the Tourist Industry. * Melloney, Mrs. Poole, Deputy Director, Legal Services and Governance, Big Lottery Fund. For public service. * Andrew Richard Pope, J.P., National Business Crime Partnership Manager, Co\-operative Group. For public service. * Ms [Rachel Portman](/wiki/Rachel_Portman "Rachel Portman"), Film Composer. For services to Music. * Colin Preece, lately Director, Social Services, Neath Port Talbot. For services to Local Government. * Professor [Michael Charles Prestwich](/wiki/Michael_Prestwich "Michael Prestwich"), Emeritus Professor of History, [Durham University](/wiki/Durham_University "Durham University"). For services to Scholarship. * Richard Edward Priest, Chief Executive, Riverside Centre. For services to the community in the Isle of Wight. * Walter Rader, Director, Big Lottery Fund. For services to the community in Northern Ireland. * Judith, Mrs. Ragan, Headteacher, Queensmill Special School for Autism, Hammersmith and Fulham, London. For services to Special Needs Education. * Bernardine, Mrs. Rees, lately Chief Executive, Ceredigion and Pembrokeshire Local Health Board. For services to the NHS in Wales. * Raymond Victor Refausse, lately Director and Chief Executive, South West College. For services to Further and Higher Education in Northern Ireland. * Professor Margaret Reid, Professor of Women's Health, University of Glasgow. For services to Healthcare and to Higher Education. * Ms Lyndy Reynolds, lately Deputy Head, Government Legal Service Secretariat, Treasury Solicitor's Department. * Ms [Menna Richards](/wiki/Menna_Richards "Menna Richards"), Director, [BBC Wales](/wiki/BBC_Wales "BBC Wales"). For services to Broadcasting. * Anne, Mrs. Roberts, Chief Executive, Crossroads Association. For services to Carers. * Edmund Caerwyn Roberts, M.B.E., Chairman, Snowdonia National Park Authority. For services to the community in Gwynedd. * Elizabeth Regina Oluyemika, Mrs. Atere\-Roberts, Older People's Nurse Specialist. For services to Healthcare in London. * Brian Keith Rockliffe, Director, Voluntary Service Overseas. For services to International Development. * [Francis Dominic Nicholas Michael Rossi](/wiki/Francis_Rossi "Francis Rossi"), Co\-Founder and Singer, Status Quo. For services to Music and to Charity. * John Kenneth Rostill, Chief Executive, Worcestershire Acute Hospitals NHS Trust. For services to Healthcare. * Henry James Griffin Russell, lately Chairman, National Association of General Commissioners. For public service. * Professor Edward Sallis, Principal and Chief Executive, Highlands College, Jersey. For services to Education. * Sujinder Singh Sangha, Principal, Stockton Riverside College, County Durham. For services to local and national Further Education. * Professor Danny Saunders, Professor and Head of the Centre for Lifelong Learning, University of Glamorgan. For services to Higher Education in Wales. * Professor Joseph Maurice Savage, Consultant Paediatric Nephrologist, Royal Belfast Hospital for Sick Children. For services to Medicine. * Dr. Caroline Ann Bodley\-Scott, Civilian Medical Practitioner, British Forces Germany Health Service, Ministry of Defence. * Gordon Scott. For services to Regeneration in South Yorkshire. * [Jane Antoinette, Mrs. Scott](/wiki/Jane_Scott%2C_Baroness_Scott_of_Bybrook "Jane Scott, Baroness Scott of Bybrook"), Leader, [Wiltshire Council](/wiki/Wiltshire_Council "Wiltshire Council"). For services to Local Government. * Ahmad Shahzad. For services to Black and Minority Ethnic People. * Ghulam Rasul Shahzad. For services to Social Housing and to the community in Rochdale. * Peter Sheldon. For services to the Jewish Community. * Miss Julie May Shenton, Departmental Strategic Business Continuity Manager, Department for Work and Pensions. * Dr. David Sibbald, F.R.S.E., Chairman, Sumerian Networks. For charitable services in Scotland and Overseas. * [Alice, Mrs. Sluckin](/wiki/Alice_Sluckin "Alice Sluckin"), Chair, Selective Mutism Information and Research Association. For services to Children and Families. * [Ronald Gordon King\-Smith](/wiki/Dick_King-Smith "Dick King-Smith"), Author. For services to Children's Literature. * John Thomas Smith, lately Principal, Burnley College. For services to Further Education. * Ms Laraine Smith, Principal, Uxbridge College. For services to Further Education. * Peter Arthur Smith. For services to the Optometric Profession. * Gerard Smyth. For services to the Police in the North East. * Margaret, Mrs. Snowdon, Chair, Pensions Advisory Service. For services to Pensioners. * The Honourable [Rupert Christopher Soames](/wiki/Rupert_Soames "Rupert Soames"), Chief Executive Officer, [Aggreko](/wiki/Aggreko "Aggreko") plc. For services to the Power Industry. * Pauline Joan, Mrs. Spencer, lately Head, Victim and Witness Care Delivery Unit, Crown Prosecution Service. * Eric Spicer. For services to the Telecommunications Industry. * The Right Reverend James Theophilus Stapleton. For services to Inter\-Faith and Community Relations in Nottingham. * Dr. [Miriam Stoppard](/wiki/Miriam_Stoppard "Miriam Stoppard"). For services to Healthcare and to Charity. * Professor David Storey, lately Director, Centre for Small and Medium Enterprise, Warwick Business School. For services to Business. * Stephen Szemerenyi, Pay and Conditions Specialist, Association of School and College Leaders. For services to Education. * Alexander Tait, lately Governing Governor, H.M. Young Offenders' Institution Castington, Northumberland, H.M. Prison Service, Ministry of Justice. * Jeremy James Taylor. For services to Young People and to Musical Theatre. * David Ralph Thompson, Governor H.M. Prison Frankland, Durham, H.M. Prison Service, Ministry of Justice. * Ms Gillian Jane Thompson, lately Chief Executive, Accountant in Bankruptcy, Scottish Executive. * [Cyrus Todiwala](/wiki/Cyrus_Todiwala "Cyrus Todiwala"), M.B.E., Proprietor and Executive Chef, Cafe ́ Spice Namaste ́ Restaurant Group. For services to the Hospitality Industry. * Iqbal Wahhab, Chairman, Department for Work and Pensions, Ethnic Minority Advisory Group. For public service and for services to the Hospitality Industry. * Ms [Amanda Jane Wakeley](/wiki/Amanda_Wakeley "Amanda Wakeley"), Designer. For services to the Fashion Industry. * Professor Janet Anne Walker, Deputy Chair, Social Security Advisory Committee. For public service. * James Arneil Wardrop. For services to the community in Renfrewshire. * Caroline, Mrs. Waters, Director, People and Policy for BT Group. For services to Diversity and to Equal Opportunities. * Norma Anne, Mrs. Watson. For services to Education in Scotland. * Dr. John Alexander Watt, Director of Strengthening Communities, Highlands and Islands Enterprise. For services to Community Development. * Professor Maureen Wayman, lately Pro\-Vice\-Chancellor and Dean, Art and Design, Manchester Metropolitan University. For services to local and national Higher Education. * John Wilkinson, Chief Executive, Ecuomed. For services to the Healthcare Industry. * [Mark Roger Wilkinson](/wiki/Mark_Wilkinson_%28designer%29 "Mark Wilkinson (designer)"). For services to the Furniture Industry and to Charity. * Susan Jean, Mrs. Willan, lately Inspector, Her Majesty's Inspectorate for Education and Training in Wales. For services to Education. * Professor Richard James Willson Williams, T.D., Consultant Child and Adolescent Psychiatrist, Aneurin Bevan Health Board. For services to Medicine. * Jessie, Mrs. Wojciechowski, Headteacher, Borestone Primary School, Stirling. For services to Education. * Professor Charles Roland Wolf, Director, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Dundee. For services to Science. * David Mark Wood, Chief Executive, ATTEND. For services to the Voluntary Sector. * Dr. Eric Wood, D.L. For services to Education and to the community in Warwickshire. * Thomas Greenaway Woods. For public service. * Ms Louise Wright, Fraud and Error Consultant, Department for Work and Pensions. * Stephen Frederick Wright, Head, Business, Improvement and Support Team, London, Valuation Office Agency, H.M. Revenue and Customs. * Woon Wing Yip, Chairman, Wing Yip plc. For services to the Oriental Food Industry. Diplomatic and Overseas List * [Mockbul Ali](/wiki/Mockbul_Ali "Mockbul Ali") \- Adviser to the then [Foreign \& Commonwealth Office](/wiki/Foreign_%26_Commonwealth_Office "Foreign & Commonwealth Office"). For services to British foreign policy. * David Belgrove – lately Head, Counter Narcotics Team, British Embassy, Afghanistan. * [Thomas Yates Benyon](/wiki/Thomas_Benyon "Thomas Benyon") – Founder and director, ZANE (Zimbabwe A National Emergency). For services to vulnerable people in Zimbabwe. * James Gordon Davidson Blakely – Director Youth (Education, Science and Society), British Council. * The Right Reverend Leroy Errol Brooks – For services to the community in Anguilla. * Norma Po Yee Chan – lately Chief, Security Council Secretariat, United Nations. For services to the United Nations in New York. * John Joseph\-Devine, LVO – First Secretary, Foreign and Commonwealth Office. * Dr. Roderic William Dutton – Adviser on the Middle East, International Office, Durham University. For services to higher education and research links between the UK and the Middle East, especially Jordan. * Simon John Gillham – President, Franco\-British Chamber of Commerce. For services to Franco\-British business interests in France. * Richard Wingfield Hyde, MBE – British Honorary Consul, Madagascar. For services to the British community in Madagascar. * [Graham King](/wiki/Graham_King "Graham King") – Film Producer. For services to the British film industry in the US and UK. * Beverley Elizabeth Lewis – First Secretary, Foreign and Commonwealth Office. * Nicholas Roy Mason – First Secretary, Foreign and Commonwealth Office. * [Margaret Marian McPartland](/wiki/Marian_McPartland "Marian McPartland") – Pianist and Radio Show Host, National Public Radio, USA. For services to jazz and to aspiring young musicians in the USA. * [Diane Mulligan](/wiki/Diane_Mulligan "Diane Mulligan") – for services to disabled people and to equal opportunities. * William Smith MacDonald Murray – Economic and Financial Attaché, British Embassy, Spain. * Brian David Outlaw – Director, China\-Britain Business Council. For services to British business interests in China. * Mehr Tahir Kamran – British Foreign Officer, Ambassador to Russia. For services towards a better mutual co\-ordination in trade with Russia. * Ian George Purves – lately Stabilisation Adviser, Civil Military Mission in Helmand. For services to security and stabilisation in Afghanistan. * Michael Charles Ramscar – First Secretary, Foreign and Commonwealth Office. * [Jane Antoinette Scott](/wiki/Jane_Scott%2C_Baroness_Scott_of_Bybrook "Jane Scott, Baroness Scott of Bybrook") – For services to local government in Wiltshire. * Olga May Scott – For services to the health, education and development of Bermuda's youth. * Stephen Rowland Thomas – Founder and former Chairman of OPAL, Oman. For services to British business interests and to the community in Oman. * Paul Williams – Offsets Adviser, UK Trade and Investment, South Africa. For services to British business interests. #### Members of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) Military Division Royal Navy * [Warrant Officer Class 1 Warfare Specialist (Abovewater Warfare Tactical) Russell Graham Billings](/wiki/Russell_Graham_Billings "Russell Graham Billings") * [Logistician (Catering Services) Class 1 Rosemary Anne Brodrick](/wiki/Rosemary_Anne_Brodrick "Rosemary Anne Brodrick") * [Warrant Officer Class 1 Air Engineering Technician Kenneth Michael Davidson](/wiki/Kenneth_Michael_Davidson "Kenneth Michael Davidson") * [Warrant Officer Class 1 Barry Dawe](/wiki/Barry_Dawe "Barry Dawe") * [Warrant Officer Class 1 Robert John Ewen](/wiki/Robert_John_Ewen "Robert John Ewen") * [Warrant Officer Class 1 Coxswain (Submarines) John Ronald Hendren](/wiki/John_Ronald_Hendren "John Ronald Hendren") * [Lieutenant Commander Steven David Hopkins](/wiki/Steven_David_Hopkins "Steven David Hopkins") * [Lieutenant Anthony Jackson](/wiki/Anthony_Jackson_%28Royal_Navy_officer%29 "Anthony Jackson (Royal Navy officer)") * [Lieutenant Commander Bryan John Nicholas](/wiki/Bryan_John_Nicholas "Bryan John Nicholas") * [Chief Petty Officer Engineering Technician (Marine Engineering) David Parker](/wiki/David_Parker_%28Royal_Navy_officer%29 "David Parker (Royal Navy officer)") * [Warrant Officer Class 1 Coxswain (Submarines) Andrew Mark Rainey](/wiki/Andrew_Mark_Rainey "Andrew Mark Rainey") * [Warrant Officer Class 1 Philip David Slocombe](/wiki/Philip_David_Slocombe "Philip David Slocombe") * [Lieutenant Commander Graham Gilbey Trewhella](/wiki/Graham_Gilbey_Trewhella "Graham Gilbey Trewhella") * [Warrant Officer Class 1 (Bugler) James Whitwham](/wiki/James_Whitwham "James Whitwham") Army * [Warrant Officer Class 2 Justin Mark Brooks](/wiki/Justin_Mark_Brooks "Justin Mark Brooks") – Corps of Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers * [Major Neil James Mark Budd](/wiki/Neil_James_Mark_Budd "Neil James Mark Budd") – Royal Regiment of Artillery * [Major Richard Ronald Coomber](/wiki/Richard_Ronald_Coomber "Richard Ronald Coomber") – Corps of Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers * [Major Jonathan Edward Cunningham](/wiki/Jonathan_Edward_Cunningham "Jonathan Edward Cunningham") – The Yorkshire Regiment * [Major Robert Anthony Davies](/wiki/Robert_Anthony_Davies "Robert Anthony Davies") – The Duke of Lancaster's Regiment * [Major Mark Christopher Preston Ellwood](/wiki/Mark_Christopher_Preston_Ellwood "Mark Christopher Preston Ellwood") – The Mercian Regiment * [Lieutenant Colonel Michael Richard Elviss](/wiki/Mike_Elviss "Mike Elviss") – Royal Regiment of Artillery * [Major Graham Roy Emond](/wiki/Graham_Roy_Emond "Graham Roy Emond") – Devon Army Cadet Force * [Major Christopher Gill](/wiki/Christopher_Gill_%28British_Army_officer%29 "Christopher Gill (British Army officer)") – Army Air Corps, Territorial Army * [Major Paul Harrison](/wiki/Paul_Harrison_%28British_Army_officer%29 "Paul Harrison (British Army officer)") – Royal Regiment of Artillery * [Captain Philip John Hawkins](/wiki/Philip_John_Hawkins "Philip John Hawkins") – The Royal Logistic Corps * [Warrant Officer Class 1 Anthony Mark Hobbins](/wiki/Anthony_Mark_Hobbins "Anthony Mark Hobbins") – The Parachute Regiment * [Staff Sergeant Gary Holdham](/wiki/Gary_Holdham "Gary Holdham") – Corps of Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers * [Warrant Officer Class 1 Charles Henry James Holdsworth](/wiki/Charles_Henry_James_Holdsworth "Charles Henry James Holdsworth") – The Royal Logistic Corps * [Sergeant Barry John](/wiki/Barry_John_%28British_Army_officer%29 "Barry John (British Army officer)") – The Royal Welsh * Captain Susan King – Royal Corps of Signals * [Major Joanna Catherine Maynard](/wiki/Joanna_Catherine_Maynard "Joanna Catherine Maynard") – Royal Corps of Signals * [Captain Richard Andrew Peters](/wiki/Richard_Andrew_Peters "Richard Andrew Peters") – Corps of Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers * [Warrant Officer Class 2 Damien Daniel Place](/wiki/Damien_Daniel_Place "Damien Daniel Place") – The Royal Irish Regiment * [Warrant Officer Class 2 Iestyn David Plummer](/wiki/Iestyn_David_Plummer "Iestyn David Plummer") – The Parachute Regiment * [Major James Samuel Robert Priest](/wiki/James_Samuel_Robert_Priest "James Samuel Robert Priest") – The Royal Logistic Corps * [Major Jonathan Howard Scott](/wiki/Jonathan_Howard_Scott "Jonathan Howard Scott") – Corps of Royal Engineers * [Major Jeremy Edward Gavin Sharpe](/wiki/Jeremy_Edward_Gavin_Sharpe "Jeremy Edward Gavin Sharpe") – Royal Regiment of Artillery * [Warrant Officer Class 2 Paul Philip Shipley](/wiki/Paul_Philip_Shipley "Paul Philip Shipley") – Royal Regiment of Artillery * [Lieutenant Colonel Hugh Campbell\-Smith](/wiki/Hugh_Campbell-Smith "Hugh Campbell-Smith") – The Royal Dragoon Guards * [Major Oliver William Stokes](/wiki/Oliver_William_Stokes "Oliver William Stokes") – The Princess of Wales's Royal Regiment * [Major Sonya Adams Summersgill](/wiki/Sonya_Adams_Summersgill "Sonya Adams Summersgill") – The Royal Logistic Corps, Territorial Army * [Major Alasdair James Eli Truett](/wiki/Alasdair_James_Eli_Truett "Alasdair James Eli Truett") – The Parachute Regiment * [Captain Thomas Georg John Tugendhat](/wiki/Thomas_Tugendhat "Thomas Tugendhat") – Intelligence Corps, Territorial Army * [Lieutenant Colonel Colin Richard James Weir](/wiki/Colin_Weir "Colin Weir") – The Royal Irish Regiment * [Major Robert John Wells](/wiki/Robert_John_Wells "Robert John Wells") – The Princess of Wales's Royal Regiment * [Major Christopher James White](/wiki/Christopher_James_White "Christopher James White") – Surrey Army Cadet Force * Lieutenant Colonel John Wilson – Cumbria Army Cadet Force Royal Air Force * [Warrant Officer Peter Allen Akers](/wiki/Peter_Allen_Akers "Peter Allen Akers") * [Chief Technician Paul Andrew Blackah](/wiki/Paul_Andrew_Blackah "Paul Andrew Blackah") * [Squadron Leader Ian Bryant](/wiki/Ian_Bryant_%28Royal_Air_Force_officer%29 "Ian Bryant (Royal Air Force officer)") * [Squadron Leader John Cairns](/wiki/John_Cairns_%28Royal_Air_Force_officer%29 "John Cairns (Royal Air Force officer)") * [Warrant Officer Alexander Michael Dykes](/wiki/Alexander_Michael_Dykes "Alexander Michael Dykes") * [Flight Sergeant Douglas Stuart Law](/wiki/Douglas_Stuart_Law "Douglas Stuart Law") * [Warrant Officer Rachel MacKenzie](/wiki/Rachel_MacKenzie "Rachel MacKenzie") * [Flying Officer Leslie Edward Wall McCammont](/wiki/Leslie_Edward_Wall_McCammont "Leslie Edward Wall McCammont") * [Sergeant Rodney Christian Munday](/wiki/Rodney_Christian_Munday "Rodney Christian Munday") * [Squadron Leader John Nelson](/wiki/John_Nelson_%28Royal_Air_Force_officer%29 "John Nelson (Royal Air Force officer)") * [Squadron Leader Gordon William Henry Parry](/wiki/Gordon_William_Henry_Parry "Gordon William Henry Parry") * [Flight Sergeant Christopher Edward Read](/wiki/Christopher_Edward_Read "Christopher Edward Read") * [Warrant Officer Stephen Kenneth Roberts](/wiki/Stephen_Kenneth_Roberts "Stephen Kenneth Roberts") * [Squadron Leader Colin Terence Sullivan](/wiki/Colin_Terence_Sullivan "Colin Terence Sullivan") * [Senior Aircraftman Darren Mark Swift](/wiki/Darren_Mark_Swift "Darren Mark Swift") Civil Division * Gwendolen June, Mrs. Abraham. For services to the community in Braunstone, Leicestershire. * Hemant Acharya, Policy Adviser, Office of the Third Sector, Cabinet Office. * Samuel Adair, Director, Waterside Credit Union Ltd. For services to the Financial Services Industry in Northern Ireland. * Valerie Edith, Mrs. Adams, Principal, Lisbellaw Primary School. For services to Education in Northern Ireland. * Manus Blake Adamson, Chairman, Adamson Group and Executive Chairman, Construction Confederation. For services to the Construction Industry. * Robin Agascar. For voluntary service to the Police in Gloucester. * Matilda, Mrs. Akhigbe, Communications Officer, Local Compliance, London, H.M. Revenue and Customs. * Ms Foluke Akinlose, Founder and Editor, Precious Online. For services to the Creative Industries. * Gerald Akroyd. For voluntary service to Mountain Rescue in Scotland. * Anthony John Alderman, Special Constable, Avon and Somerset Constabulary. For voluntary service to the Police. * Ms Angela Cecile Alessendre, Founder, Alessendre Special Needs Dance School and the Larondina Dance Company. For services to Dance. * Anne Maria Palma, Mrs. Allan, Deputy Head Teacher, inverclyde Academy, Greenock. For services to Education. * Dr. Geoffrey Walter Allan. For services to the community in Kirkintilloch, Dunbartonshire. * Shulah, Mrs. Allan, lately Director, Edinburgh Voluntary Organisations Council. For services to the Voluntary Sector. * Lynda, Mrs. Allen, Chair of Governors, Sir John Deane's Sixth Form College, Northwich, Cheshire. For voluntary service to Education. * Andrew Paul Andrews. For voluntary service to St. John Ambulance Brigade. * John Charles Ankcorn, President, Birmingham Crisis Centre. For voluntary service to Victims of Domestic Violence. * Linda Joyce, Mrs. Ansell. For charitable services in Southend\-on\-Sea, Essex. * Miss Kerry Anthony, Chief Executive, DePaul Northern Ireland. For services to Social Housing. * David Archbold. For services to the Water Industry in the North East. * James Armitage. For services to the Royal Mail and to the community in the West Midlands. * Carol, Mrs. Armstrong, Claims Receipts Manager, Benefits and Credits Operations, Washington, Tyne and Wear, H.M. Revenue and Customs. * Mohammed Aslam, Executive Chef and Managing Director, Aagrah Group Restaurants. For services to the Hospitality Industry. * Jean, Mrs. Atkinson, lately Staff Side Chair, UNISON, Mersey Care NHS Trust. For services to the NHS. * Barbara May, Mrs. Austin. For services to the community in Lyme Regis, Dorset. * Kenneth Edwin Ayers. For services to the City of London Corporation. * Gloria, Mrs. Bailey. For services to the community in Lambeth, South London. * Joan Debra, Mrs. Bailey. For services to Youth Justice in Luton, Bedfordshire. * Sharon Gail, Mrs. Bailey, J.P., Head of Service Learning Disabilities, Birmingham City Council. For services to Local Government. * Lilian, Mrs. Baker. For services to Mental Healthcare in the Wirral. * Warner James Baker, Special Constable, Hampshire Constabulary. For voluntary service to the Police. * Robert Henry Ball. For services to Young People in Exeter, Devon. * Susan, Mrs. Banton, Director, Steps Charity Worldwide. For services to People with Skeletal Disabilities. * Ramanbhai Barber. For services to the Asian community in Leicester. * Grace, Mrs. Barnett. For services to the community in Failsworth, Oldham. * [Norman Barrett](/wiki/Norman_Barrett_%28ringmaster%29 "Norman Barrett (ringmaster)"), Circus Ringmaster. For services to Entertainment. * Derek Anthony Bartley. For services to the Midland Association of Mountaineering and to Rhyl Music Club, Denbighshire. * Miss [Luella Dayrell Bartley](/wiki/Luella_Bartley "Luella Bartley"), Designer. For services to the Fashion Industry. * Patricia, Mrs. Bate. For services to the community in Warrington, Cheshire. * Thomas Frederick Beesley. For services to the community in Halewood, Liverpool. * Antony Romer Beevor. For voluntary service to Fairbridge youth organisation. * Gulrook, Mrs. Begum. For services to Disabled Bangladeshi People in Tower Hamlets, London. * Stephen Avery Bell, Managing Director, Davy Roll Company. For services to Business in the North East. * Mavis, Mrs. Bent. For voluntary service to Swimming and Water Polo in Greater Manchester. * John Alfred Bigny. For services to Edenbridge and District Rail Travellers' Association Kent. * Helen, Mrs. Bird. For services to the community in Hastings, East Sussex. * Dr. [Charles William Handley Bird](/wiki/William_Bird_%28doctor%29 "William Bird (doctor)"), General Medical Practitioner and Strategic Health Adviser to Natural England. For services to Healthcare and to Physical Activity. * Arthur Birkby. For services to the community in Runnymede, Surrey. * Paul Blakey. For services to Community Safety in Halifax. * Alan Blocksidge, Officer, H.M. Prison Manchester, H.M. Prison Service, Ministry of Justice. * June, Mrs. Bloom. For services to the community in Treeton, South Yorkshire. * Roy Bloom. For services to the community in Treeton, South Yorkshire. * Elizabeth Ann, Mrs. Boswell. For services to the community in Sheerness, Kent. * John Stephen Morton Bower. For services to the British Veterinary Association Animal Welfare Foundation. * Miss Jennifer Boyd, Principal, Enniskillen Nursery School. For services to Education in Northern Ireland. * Scott Michael Bradbury. For services to the community in Tamworth, Staffordshire. * Barbara Evelyn Turner, Mrs. Braithwaite. For voluntary service to the community in Linlithgow, West Lothian. * [Rosa, Mrs. Branson](/wiki/Rosa_Branson "Rosa Branson"), Painter. For services to Art and to Charity. * Richard Oliver Brantingham, Grade C1, Ministry of Defence. * David Keith Bray. For services to the community in Lincolnshire. * Valerie, Mrs. Braybrooks, Dean and Associate Professor, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Animal Sciences, University of Lincoln. For services to Education and to the Food Industry. * John Frederick Brignall. For services to the community in the East Riding of Yorkshire. * Philip Britton, Headmaster, Boys' Division, Bolton School. For services to Physics. * Mary Elizabeth, Mrs. Bromley. For charitable services in Oswestry, Shropshire. * Robert Patrick Brooks. For voluntary service to the Soldiers', Sailors', Airmen and Families Association in Clwyd. * Felicity, Mrs. Brown, Foster Carer, Hampshire. For services to Children and Families. * Ms Marie Therese Brown. For services to the Victims of Domestic Violence in Northern Ireland. * Norman Henry Parson Brown. For voluntary service to the Royal British Legion in Hampshire. * Robert Brown. For services to the community in Lower Bevendean, Brighton. * David Buchanan. For voluntary service to the Environment and to Heritage in Northern Ireland. * Diana Hill, Mrs. Bucknall. For voluntary service to the community in Dorset. * Lieutenant Commander James Frederic Budgen, R.N.R. For voluntary service to the Sea Cadet Corps in Ruislip, London Borough of Hillingdon. * Frederick Henry Ernest Buller. For services to Angling. * Yvonne, Mrs. Burdge. For services to the Trust for Chernobyl Children. * Kenneth Burgin. For voluntary service to the Casualties Union. * Richard John Burningham, Manager, Devon and Cornwall Rail Partnership. For services to the Rail Industry in the South West. * Dr. Stephen Brian Burns. For services to Healthcare and to the community in Rotherham, South Yorkshire. * William Henry Burt. For voluntary service to Education in Bridgend, South Wales. * David John Butler, Chairman, British Motorsport Association for the Disabled. For services to Disability Sport. * [Jenson Alexander Lyons Button](/wiki/Jenson_Button "Jenson Button"). For services to Motorsport. * Ian Caddy. For services to the community in Birtley, County Durham. * Dr. Timothy Alan Carney, General Medical Practitioner, Hexham and Tynedale, Northumberland. For services to Healthcare. * The Reverend Barry Edward Carter. For services to the community in Brockley, South East London. * Colin Richard Carter. For services to the Road Haulage Industry and to Charity. * Rosalind Ella, Mrs. Carter, EAL Education Adviser, Language Service, London Borough of Hounslow. For services to Education. * Dr. Susan Carver, Senior Programme Manager, Arts and Humanities Research Council. For services to the Research Councils. * Wing Commander Alan Charles Cassidy RAF (Ret'd). For services to Aerobatics and to Charity. * Robin William Castle. For voluntary service to the Royal National Lifeboat Institution, Sheerness, Kent. * Judith Evelyn, Mrs. Catterick. For services to Music in Ashwell, Hertfordshire. * James Joseph Caulfield. For voluntary service to Disadvantaged People in Kenya. * Miss Susan Caulfield, Assistant Director, Immigration Fingerprint Bureau, UK Border Agency, Home Office. * Peter Geoffrey Challinor, Curator and Manager, Anson Engine Museum. For services to Industrial Heritage. * Harry Chambers. For services to Poetry. * Patricia, Mrs. Chapman. For services to Young People and to the community in Ealing, West London. * Glendon Austin Chappelle, Project Manager, Global Combat Systems—Munitions, BAE Systems. For services to the Defence Industry and to Industrial Heritage. * Deborah Ann, Mrs. Chedgey. For services to Disadvantaged People in Norwich, Norfolk. * Rex Chester. For services to Young People through the Explore Charity. * Ms [Lauren Child](/wiki/Lauren_Child "Lauren Child"), Author and Illustrator. For services to Literature. * Stanley Charles Church. For voluntary service to Conservation in Essex. * Donna, Mrs. Clark, Assistant Practitioner, Podiatry Service, Sefton Primary Care Trust. For services to Healthcare. * Leonard Durbin Clark. For services to Young People in Westminster and to the community in North West London. * Peter Mansfield\-Clark, Director, Crawley Open House. For services to Disadvantaged People in West Sussex. * Dr. Janet Ruth Clarke, Chair, Central Committee for Community and Public Health Dentistry, British Dental Association. For services to Healthcare. * Susan, Mrs. Clarke. For voluntary service to Disability Swimming in Stockton\-on\-Tees. * Dr. Peter David Clarkson, Emeritus Associate, Scott Polar Research Institute. For services to Science. * Professor Timothy Charles Claypole, Director, Welsh Centre for Printing and Coating, Swansea University. For services to Graphic Arts Research. * Barry Clewer. For voluntary service to Birmingham Advisory Council of Older People. * [Oliver Charles Collyer](/wiki/Collyer_brothers_%28game_designers%29 "Collyer brothers (game designers)"), Co Founder, Sports Interactive. For services to Computer Games Industry. * [Paul Edward Collyer](/wiki/Collyer_brothers_%28game_designers%29 "Collyer brothers (game designers)"), Co Founder, Sports Interactive. For services to the Computer Game Industry. * David Constantine, Co\-Founder and Executive Officer Motivation. For services to disabled people. * Teresa Mary, Mrs. Copp, Higher Executive Officer, Jobcentre Plus, Department for Work and Pensions. * David John Couch. For charitable services in Fife. * Thelma Selina, Mrs. Couch. For charitable services in Fife. * Ms Margaret Joan Coulter. For services to Social Care in Northern Ireland. * [The Reverend Dr. Robert James Coulter](/wiki/Robert_Coulter_%28Northern_Ireland_politician%29 "Robert Coulter (Northern Ireland politician)"), Member, Northern Ireland Assembly Commission. For public service. * David Robert Coulthard, Senior Technician, University of York. For services to Science Communication. * Beryl, Mrs. Cox, Administrator, Children and Family Court Advisory and Support Service, York. For services to the Administration of Justice. * Theresa, Mrs. Coyle. For voluntary service to the community in Islington, London. * Dorothy Dawn, Mrs. Cragg, Medical Tattooist. For services to Healthcare. * Heather, Mrs. Crawford. For services to Speech and Language Therapy in Northern Ireland. * Arthur Graves Credland. For services to Maritime History. * Margaret, Mrs. Crennell, Senior Assistant Headteacher and Head of Learning Support Faculty, Marriotts School, Stevenage. For services to Special Needs Education. * Ms Heather Alice Crouch, Chair, Netball South West. For voluntary service to Sport. * John Cunningham. For charitable services in County Durham. * Gordon Curry. For public service. * Leonard James Curtis. For services to the community in Lancashire. * Ms Nicola Kim Dale, Chief Inspector, Metropolitan Police Service. For services to the Police. * David Dallison. For public service. * Ashish Dasgupta, Non\-Executive Director, Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust. For services to Healthcare. * John Kenneth Davies. For charitable services in Rochdale. * Patricia Ann, Mrs. Davies. For voluntary service to Young People in Brownhills, Walsall, West Midlands. * Sandra Irwin, Mrs. Davies. For services to the community in Craven Arms, Shropshire. * Vanessa Marion, Mrs. Davies, Physiotherapist, Artificial Limb and Appliance Centre, Morriston Hospital, Swansea. For services to Healthcare. * Barbara Jane, Mrs. Davis. For services to Young People in Buckinghamshire. * Ian Davis. For services to the House of Commons. * Eric George Dawkins. For services to the community in Penryn and Falmouth, Cornwall. * Terence Day, Foster Carer, Bedfordshire. For services to Children and Families. * Victoria, Mrs. Day, Foster Carer, Bedfordshire. For services to Children and Families. * Ms Ilene Daisy Ming\-Deans. For services to Clapham Youth Centre, Lambeth, London. * Sister Lynda Dearlove. For services to Vulnerable Women. * Sarinder Kaur, Mrs. Dev, Constable, South Yorkshire Police. For services to the Police. * Achhar Paul Dharni. For services to Business and to the community in Bradford, West Yorkshire. * Gwyneth Muriel, Mrs. Dickinson, President, Macular Disease Society. For services to Visually Impaired People. * Valerie Anne, Mrs. Dilcock. For services to the North York Moors National Park Authority. * Ronald Dodd, Chairman, Training and Development Resource Ltd, Tyneside. For services to Skills. * Ian Henry Donaghey. For services to Regeneration in Coleraine, Northern Ireland. * Mary Maya, Mrs. Donelan. For services to the community in Hammersmith and Fulham, London. * Ms Norah Donnelly. For public service. * Jennifer, Mrs. Doolan. Harpist. For services to Music. * Muriel Margaret, Mrs. Douglas, Manager, Scottish NHS Central Register, General Register Office for Scotland, Scottish Executive. * Dr. Andrew Frank Dove. For services to St. John Ambulance Brigade in Nottinghamshire. * Carol Ann, Mrs. Downes, Divisional Officer, Derbyshire Special Constabulary. For voluntary service to the Police. * Ray Downey. For charitable services to Sunderland Kidney Patient Group. * John Ernest Drake, lately Chief Executive, YMCA Norfolk. For services to Young People. * Alan Gordon Drinkall. For services to the community In North Yorkshire. * Councillor Elizabeth Ann Ducker, Leader, South Oxfordshire District Council. For services to Local Government. * David John Duke, Principal Technician, Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge. For services to Science. * Karen, Mrs. Duncan, Senior Executive Officer, Student Finance Policy, Department for Business, Innovation and Skills. * William Duncan. For services to Horticulture in Scotland. * Miss Elizabeth Dunlop. For services to the Voluntary Sector in Scotland. * Terrance Dunne. For voluntary service to St. Andrew's Hospice, Airdrie, Lanarkshire. * Elizabeth, Mrs. Dupres. For services to St. Cuthbert's Catholic Primary School, Egham, Surrey. * Sheila, Mrs. Eaglefield. For charitable services in Derbyshire. * Eric James Eames. For services to the community in Birmingham. * Ewan Easton. For voluntary service to H.M. Young Offenders' Institution, Thorn Cross, Warrington, Cheshire. * The Reverend Mark Antony Edwards. For services to the Voluntary Sector in the North East. * Gillian, Mrs. Elkins. For services to the community in Clacton\-on\-Sea, Essex. * Miss Susan Ellis, lately Principal Officer, South East Area, National Offender Management Service, Ministry of Justice. * Miss Cathryn Ellsmore, Grade C1, Ministry of Defence. Dr. John Richard England. For services to Retail Planning. * Eileen, Mrs. Entwistle. For services to Local Government and to the community in Darwen and Blackburn, Lancashire. * Geraint Evans. For voluntary service to Education in the Vale of Glamorgan. * Sheila, Mrs. Evans, lately Administrative Officer, Jobcentre Plus, Department for Work and Pensions. * Thomas Eurfyl Evans, Councillor, Ceredigion County Council. For services to Local Government in West Wales. * [Timothy Everest](/wiki/Timothy_Everest "Timothy Everest"), Tailor. For services to the Fashion Industry. * Margaret, Mrs. Fairbrother, Senior Probation Officer, Sussex Probation Area. For services to the Administration of Justice. * Kelly, Mrs. Fairman. For services to the Fire and Rescue Service. * Donald Fava, lately Business and Performance Reporting Manager, Finance and Operations Directorate, Department of Health. * Janis Elizabeth, Mrs. Feely, Founder and Project Director, Living Room, Stevenage, Hertfordshire. For services to Disadvantaged People. * Ms Ann Ferguson. For services to Older People in Scotland. * Ms Margaret Hilary Ferriman, Chair, Banbury District Racial Equality Council. For services to Community Relations. * Ms Deirdre Figueiredo, Director of Craftspace. For services to the Visual Arts in the West Midlands. * Lyndon Filer, Chief Executive, Police Rehabilitation Centre, Goring\-on\-Thames. For services to the Police. * Michael Peter Findley. For charitable services in Redcar, Cleveland. * Dr. Doreen Elizabeth Finneron. For services to Inter\-Faith Relations. * Peggy Rita, Mrs. Finnie. For services to the community in Aberdeen. * Peter James Fisher, Policy Adviser, Office of the Judge Advocate\-General, Ministry of Justice. * Ms Honor Wilson\-Fletcher, lately Director, National Year of Reading. For services to Education. * Anthony Fowler. For services to the community in Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire. * Dereck Fowles, lately Chairman, Forth Valley and Lomond Local Action Group. For services to Rural Communities in Scotland. * Kathleen, Mrs. Fox. For voluntary service to Deeside Community Hospital League of Friends, North Wales. * Jennifer Lesley, Mrs. Foxon, Senior Technician, Department of Genetics, University of Leicester. For services to Science. * David Victor Freeborn. For services to the Patterdale Mountain Rescue Team in the Lake District. * Peter French, Deputy Chairman, London Board of Crimestoppers. For services to the Police. * Timothy Enis French. For services to the community in Haywards Heath, West Sussex. * Pino Frumiento, Singer and Songwriter, Heart n Soul. For services to Disability Arts. * Dr. Ian David Robert Fry, Director, Partnership Pathology, Frimley Park Hospital NHS Trust. For services to Healthcare in the South East. * Michael Fuller. For services to the NHS and to the Unite Trade Union in Scotland. * Richard Gagan, Grade C1, Ministry of Defence. * Irene Lorraine, Mrs. Galloway, lately Caseworker, Customer Operation, Lisburn, H.M. Revenue and Customs. * Sarah Elizabeth, Mrs. Gamble. For services to the community in County Antrim. * Stuart Mitchell Gay, J.P. For services to the community in Lancashire and Overseas. * Mary Helen, Mrs. George, Catering Supervisor, Crossroads Primary School, Keith. For services to Education. * Asquith Gibbes. For voluntary service to the Police in South East London. * Henry Atherton Derek Gibson. For services to the community in Bridgwater, Somerset. * Mary, Mrs. Gibson. For services to Education and to the community in North London. * Robert Stewart Gibson, Officer, H.M. Prison Gartree, Leicestershire, H.M. Prison Service, Ministry of Justice. * Margaret Helen, Mrs. Gilbert. For services to Older People in County Tyrone. * Atma Singh Gill. For services to the community in the North East. * Joy, Mrs. Gillies. For voluntary service to the Children's Panel in Scotland. * Bernard John Godding. For voluntary service to Adult Learning and the Educational Centres Association. * Alan John Godfrey, Publisher of Historic Ordnance Survey Maps. For services to Heritage. * Professor [Michael Goodfellow](/wiki/Michael_Goodfellow "Michael Goodfellow"), Chairman of Governors, Gosforth High School, Newcastle upon Tyne. For voluntary service to Education. * Sheila, Mrs. Gow. For services to Regional Journalism. * Ms Agnes Graham. For services to the Soldiers', Sailors', Airmen and Families Association in Western Scotland. * Dr. Maria Jadwiga Dlugolecka\-Graham. For services to Polish\-Scottish Relations and to Medicine. * Robert Oliver David Graham, lately Grade C1, Ministry of Defence. * Barbara, Mrs. Grant, Clinical Nurse Manager, NHS Fife. For services to Ophthalmology. * [Clemency Anne Rose, Mrs. Gray](/wiki/Rose_Gray "Rose Gray"), Co\-Founder, River Cafe ́. For services to the Hospitality Industry. * William Gray. For services to Diversity and to Disability Training in Scotland. * Angela Margaret, Mrs. Green. For charitable services Overseas and in Malvern, Worcestershire. * Charles Anthony Green. For voluntary service to Industrial Heritage in the Staffordshire Potteries. * Susan, Mrs. Greenwood, Specialist Community Public Health Nurse, Cornwall and Isles of Scilly. For services to Healthcare. * David Grey, Group Managing Director, OSL Group Holdings Ltd. For services to Business and to Regeneration in Sheffield. * Pauline, Mrs. Grice, Chief Executive, South Yorkshire Community Foundation. For services to Flood Relief. * Joan, Mrs. Griffiths. For services to People with Learning Disabilities in Scotland. * Mary Beatrice, Mrs. Guest. For services to People with Sensory Impairment. * Mavis Ann, Mrs. Gunning. For voluntary service to Victims of Sexual Assault. * Gordon William Guthrie. For services to Derby County Football Club. * Ms Anna\-Marie Hale (Mrs. Byrne), Matron, Division One Trauma and Orthopaedics, Selly Oak Hospital, Birmingham. For services to Healthcare. * Colonel Alan Edmund Hall, T.D., D.L. For services to the community in the London Borough of Redbridge. * Iain Murray Halliday. For services to the Arts in Perth. * David Halpin. For services to disabled people in the North West. * Pauline Jane, Mrs. Handy, Clinical Lead Nurse, Genito\-Urinary Medicine, Newcastle General Hospital. For services to Healthcare. * Frank Hannah, President, Manchester County Football Association. For services to Sport. * Ms Belinda Harding, Constable, City of London Police. For services to the Police. * Gillian Carol, Mrs. Hardy, Higher Executive Officer, Jobcentre Plus, Department for Work and Pensions. * [Terence Harris](/wiki/Jet_Harris "Jet Harris"). For services to Music. * Ms Karen Harrison, Head, Business Crime Preventions Team, Wakefield Partnership. For services to the Police. * Peter Brantford Hartland. For services to the community in Ashton Keynes, Swindon, Wiltshire. * Colin Hartley. For services to the community in Halifax, West Yorkshire. * Faith Ingrid Evelyn, Mrs. Harvey. For voluntary service to the Royal National Lifeboat Institution, Cheltenham, Gloucestershire. * Ms Susan Harvey. For services to Orienteering and to the community in Doune and Deanston, Perth and Kinross. * Margaret Lynne, Mrs. Harwood, Executive Officer, Pension, Disability and Carers' Service, Department for Work and Pensions. * Margaret Vine, Mrs. Haugh, Adviser for Creative and Expressive Studies, Southern Education and Library Board. For services to Education in Northern Ireland. * Jean, Mrs. Hayley. Foster Carer. For services to Children and Families in Northern Ireland. * Rodney James Hayley, Foster Carer. For services to Children and Families in Northern Ireland. * Lewis Charles Haywood. For services to the Energy Learning Centre, Elliot Durham School, Nottingham. * Professor John William Stanley Hearle. For services to Archaeology in Mellor, Stockport, Greater Manchester. * Jean, Mrs. Heath. For services to Chadlington Primary School, Oxfordshire. * Roberta, Mrs. Heavens. For services to the Tourism Industry. * Jean Marion Anne, Mrs. Hedley. For voluntary service to Nature Conservation in Hampshire and the Isle of Wight. * Elizabeth Ann, Mrs. Heeley. For voluntary service to Somerset Rural Life Museum. * Ms [Anna Hemmings](/wiki/Anna_Hemmings "Anna Hemmings"), Canoeist. For services to Sport. * John Graham Hemmings, Chairman, Blurton Ladsandads, Stoke\-on\-Trent. For services to Grass Roots Football. * John Patrick Hennigan, Superintendent, British Transport Police. For services to the Police. * Miss Sylvia Jean Herbert, Chaplain, H.M. Prison Leicester. For services to Prisoners. * John Coleman Hick, Vice\-President, British Holiday and Home Parks Association. For services to the Tourist Industry. * Major Antony Stanley Hill. For services to Military Heritage in Essex. * Lyn Joy, Mrs. Hill, Band 5, Health and Safety Executive, Department for Work and Pensions. * Richard Wendle Hill, Branch Manager, Ulster Bank. For services to the Financial Services Industry. * Margaret, Mrs. Hillman. For services to Girlguiding Cymru and to the Community of Hope. * Christopher Hilton, lately General Manager, Odeon Leicester Square Cinema. For services to the Film Industry. * Barry Hitchcock, Director of Sport, University of Surrey. For services to Sport and to Higher Education. * Raymond Hodgkinson, Director\-General, British Healthcare Trades Association. For services to the Healthcare Industry. * Linda Mary, Mrs. Hoggarth. For services to disabled people in Suffolk. * Ms Jean Florence Holder. For voluntary service to the Women's Library. * Miss Rhiannon Sarah Holder. For services to Young People's Healthcare. * Valerie Lois, Mrs. Holt. For services to Fisheries Management and to Conservation. * Lady Lavinia Caroline Douglas\-Home, D.L. For voluntary service to the British Red Cross and Macmillan Cancer Support in the Scottish Borders. * Michael John Hopper, lately Higher Executive Officer, Jobcentre Plus, Department for Work and Pensions. * Douglas Horrill. For voluntary service to Age Concern, New Forest East, Hampshire. * Doreen Grace, Mrs. Hosey. For services to the community in Fawley, Southampton. * Ms Rebecca Ann Hosking. For services to the Environment in Modbury, Dorset. * Donna Maria, Mrs. Hough, Dental Workforce Development Lead for Dental Care Professionals, North Western and Mersey Postgraduate Deaneries. For services to Healthcare. * Edward Howes. For services to the community in Prestatyn and Rhyl, Denbighshire. * Winifred, Mrs. Howes. For services to the community in Prestatyn and Rhyl, Denbighshire. * Ms Sheila Hudson. For services to Disadvantaged Young People in Hartlepool. * Joe Human. For services to Oxfam and to Fair Trade in Cumbria. * Brenda, Mrs. Hunt. For services to Older People in East Manchester. * Carl Peter Hunt, Watch Manager, Humberside Fire and Rescue Service. For services to Local Government. * Alderman Edna, Lady Hunter. For services to the community in County Durham. * The Reverend Canon Michael Oram Hunter. For services to the Church of England and to the community in Grimsby. * Professor John Margarson Huthnance, Deputy Director, Proudman Oceanographic Laboratory. For services to Marine Science. * Dr. Thomas George Hyde. For services to the community in Repton, Derbyshire. * Brian Ibell, lately Assistant Chief Executive, Derby Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust. For services to Healthcare. * Andrew Ingram, Executive Officer, Output Services Group, Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency, Swansea, Department for Transport. * Peter David John Ingram. For services to Paper Making Industrial Heritage. * James John Jack. For services to Children and Young People at Kibble Education and Care Centre. * Mona, Mrs. Jack. For services to the community in Dumfries. * Florence, Mrs. Jackson. For voluntary service to Hatton Hill Primary School, Sefton, Merseyside. * Valerie, Mrs. Jackson, Founder and Principal, Stage 84\. For services to the Performing Arts in the North. * Valerie Hazel, Mrs. Jackson. For services to the community in Newcastle Emlyn, Carmarthenshire. * [John Alexander Jameson](/wiki/John_Jameson_%28cricketer%29 "John Jameson (cricketer)"). For services to cricket. * Waltraud Anna Luise, Mrs. Jarrold. For services to the community in Norwich. * Susan Kay, Mrs. Jay, Area Manager, West Suffolk MIND. For services to Mental Healthcare. * Helen Adair, Mrs. Jenkins. For services to the community in Durrington, Wiltshire. * Kathleen, Mrs. Jenkins, Senior Case Adviser, Freedom of Information Team, H.M. Treasury. * Sidney Johnson. For services to the community in Helston, Cornwall. * John Johnstone, Administrative Officer, Child Support Agency, Department for Work and Pensions. * Henry Jones, Project Manager, ISIS Second Target Station, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Oxfordshire. For services to Science. * Jane Eryl, Mrs. Jones, lately Senior Nurse, Eryri Hospital, Caernarfon. For services to Healthcare for Older People. * Penelope, Mrs. Jones, Foster Carer, Surrey. For services to Children and Families. * Ronald Jones, Foster Carer, Surrey. For services to Children and Families. * Charles Ernest Jukes. For services to the community in Dursley, Gloucestershire. * Ms Maureen Kavanagh, Messenger, Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. * Elizabeth, Mrs. Kay, Co\-Founder and Project Leader, Bolton University of the Third Age. For voluntary service to Adult Education. * Bernard John Keay, Chairman, Health and Social Security Recreational Association, Department for Work and Pensions. * Virginia Anne Pickering, Mrs. Keen. For services to the community in Wiltshire. * Victor Walter Keene. For services to the community in Coventry. * William Ernest James Kelley. For voluntary service to the RAF Halton Apprentices' Association. * Patricia Alexandra, Mrs. Kelly. Foster Carer, Cornwall. For services to Children and Families. * Graham Kennedy. For charitable services to People with [Friedreich's ataxia](/wiki/Friedreich%27s_ataxia "Friedreich's ataxia"). * Miss Linda Margaret Kennedy, Manager, Banqueting House, Whitehall. For services to the Hospitality Industry. * Anne, Mrs. Kenyon, Administrative Officer, Pension, Disability and Carers' Service, Department for Work and Pensions. * Hilary, Mrs. Kerr. For services to Children and Young People with Special Needs in Warrington, Cheshire. * Dr. David John Kerridge, Head of Science, Earth Hazards and Earth Systems Science, British Geological Survey. For services to Geophysics. * Ms Imtaz Khaliq, Designer and Master Tailor. For services to the Fashion Industry. * Ms Shahda Khan, Principal Community Cohesion Officer, Middlesbrough Council. For services to Local Government and to Diversity. * Ms [Catherine Isabel Audrey Kidston](/wiki/Cath_Kidston "Cath Kidston"), Founder and Creative Director, Cath Kidston. For services to Business. * Patrick Kieran, Senior Design Engineer. For services to Science. * Anne Elizabeth, Mrs. King, Director, Building Services Research and Information Association. For services to Industry. * Debra Ann, Mrs. King, Chair, Thornhill New Deal for Communities. For services to the community in Southampton, Hampshire. * Jacqueline, Mrs. Upton\-King, Chair, Management Team, SturQuest Community Partnership. For services to the community in Sturminster Newton, Dorset. * Brenda Patricia, Mrs. Kirby. For services to the community in Croydon. * Ms Marjorie Kirk. For voluntary service to H.M. Prison Nottingham. * Elizabeth Ann, Mrs. Kirkwood. For services to the Soldiers', Sailors', Airmen and Families Association in Northern Ireland. * Ms Anna Kucewicz (Mrs. Lee\-Potter). For voluntary service to the Polish Scouting Association, Girl Scouts Division (UK). * Paul Lambert, Chairman, Derbyshire Family Association. For services to Maritime Safety. * John Lewis George Lamotte. For voluntary service to Animal Welfare in Scotland. * Gabriel Lancaster. For services to the community in Medway, Kent. * Miss Irene Langlands. For services to Dance in Central Scotland. * Huw John Launder, Senior Executive Officer, Pension, Disability and Carers' Service, Department for Work and Pensions. * Derek Law, Corporate Director, Adult and Community Services, North Yorkshire County Council. For services to Local Government. * Ronald Lawrence. For services to the Police and to the community in Nottinghamshire. * Miss Kathleen Lawrenson, Diagnostic Audiologist, St. Helens and Knowsley Hospitals NHS Trust. For services to Healthcare. * Sheila Irene, Mrs. Layton, Founder, Contessa Riding Centre, Hertfordshire. For services to Equestrian Sport. * Margaret, Mrs. Lee, Chief Executive, Cresco Trust. For services to Social Enterprise in Northern Ireland. * Bryan Lewin, lately Head of Trading Standards, Northamptonshire County Council. For services to Consumers and to Business. * Miss Judith Anne Lewis. For services to the Environment in the North East. * Councillor Leonard Lewis. For services to Local Government and to the community in Caerphilly, South Wales. * Neil Lewis. For services to Industrial Heritage and to the community in Blaenavon, Torfaen. * David Robin Littlewood. For voluntary service to Athletics. * Dr. Stephen Nicholas Liversedge, General Medical Practitioner, Bolton. For services to Healthcare. * Wesley Courtney Livingstone, President, Newry Musical and Orchestral Society. For services to Music and to the community in County Down. * Mary Constance, Mrs. Lloyd. For services to the community in Rutland. * Pauline, Mrs. Lockett. For services to the community of Ackworth, West Yorkshire. * Arthur Clifford Lockyear. For services to the community in Sunderland. * Ian Douglas Loe, Wildlife Stamp Designer. For services to Art. * Jeffrey Long. For voluntary service to the Royal British Legion. * Ronald Hedley Longford, Chiropractor and Physiotherapist. For services to Animal Welfare. * Carmel, Mrs. Lyddall, Executive Assistant, Local Government and Regional Policy Team, Department of Health. * Alexander McKay Lynch. Group Finance Director, David MacBrayne Ltd, Gourock. For services to Transport and Charity in Scotland. * Ms Ann MacKay, Policy Adviser, English Community Care Association. For services to Social Care. * Professor [Margaret MacLean](/wiki/Margaret_MacLean "Margaret MacLean"), Professor of Pulmonary Pharmacology. For services to Science. * Geraldine, Mrs. MacPhee, Principal Teacher in Home Economics, Clyde Valley High School. For services to Education and to the community in North Lanarkshire. * Sydney Mair. For services to Local Government and to the community in Macduff, Aberdeenshire. * Jean Isabella, Mrs. Malkin. For services to Young People in the Cartmel Peninsula, Cumbria. * Edna, Mrs. March. For services to the community in Crook, County Durham. * Kenneth Marsh, Constable, Metropolitan Police Service. For services to the Police and to Boxing in the London Borough of Haringey. * Michael Thomas Martin. For services to the Voluntary Sector in Reading, Berkshire. * Stuart Andrew Martin. For services to the community in Ripon, North Yorkshire. * William Martin, Chairman, H. and J. Martin Ltd. For services to the Construction Industry in Northern Ireland. * Philip Mason. For services to disabled people in Hampshire. * Ms Valerie Mason (Mrs. Hendry). For services to the British Heart Foundation. * Hilary, Mrs. Massarella. For voluntary service to Disadvantaged Young People in South Yorkshire. * George Lewis Mathias. For services to Agriculture. * [Catriona, Mrs. Matthew](/wiki/Catriona_Matthew "Catriona Matthew"). For services to Golf. * Edwin Alexander Maxwell. For services to the New Art Exchange and to the community in Nottingham. * Denise Jane, Mrs. May, Director of Sport and Assistant Headteacher, Budehaven Community School, Cornwall. For services to Education. * Leslie Holden McAdoo, Chairman, Ballyclare Committee, Macmillan Cancer Support. For charitable services in Northern Ireland. * Margaret Mary, Mrs. McCluskie, Manager, Major Investigation Team, Identity and Passport Service, Home Office. * William McCrory. For services to Children with Cancer in Northern Ireland. * Helen Muir, Mrs. McDonald. For services to the community in Crieff, Perthshire. * Ken McElroy. For services to the Tourist Industry in Northern Ireland. * Jean, Mrs. McEwen. For services to the community in Norwich. * Peter McFall, Janitor, St. Peter 's Primary School, Dumbarton, West Dunbartonshire. For services to Education. * Dr. David Douglas Murray McGavin, Ophthalmologist. For services to Eye Care in Developing Countries. * Andrew Fraser McKay, Detective Superintendent, Strathclyde Police Force. For services to the Police. * Ms Annie McKean, Senior Lecturer in Drama, University of Winchester. For services to Higher Education. * Fiona Mary, Mrs. McLean, Grade C2, Ministry of Defence. * Terrence McLernon. For services to Table Tennis and to the community in Drumchapel, Glasgow. * Ms Melanie Justine McLoughlin. For services to the Devon Community Foundation. * Ivan Lewis McMichael. For services to Journalism in Northern Ireland. * Dr. Mary Brigeen McNee, General Medical Practitioner, Glasgow. For voluntary service to Cancer Research and to Healthcare in Lourdes. * Alexander Ian McNeill, Administration Officer, Customer Operations, Thornaby, Cleveland, H.M. Revenue and Customs. * Marian, Mrs. McNeir. For services to the community In Bath. * Marjory, Mrs. McQueen. For services to the community In Lockerbie, Dumfries and Galloway. * Dr. Noel Henri Joseph Meeke. For voluntary service to Herefordshire Waterworks Museum. * David Melrose, Chairman, Scottish Prison Officers' Association, Scottish Executive. * Jean, Mrs. Messenger. For services to the After School Club, Bude, Cornwall. * Faruk Miah, Programme Manager, Leeds City College. For services to Further Education and to the community in Leeds. * Moira Sheelagh, Mrs. Michelmore. For services to the community in Sidmouth, Devon. * Elizabeth, Mrs. Milburn, Chair, West Suffolk College Corporation. For services to Further Education and to the community in Suffolk. * [Frederick Roy Millar](/wiki/Roy_Millar "Roy Millar"), Director of Coaching, Irish Football Association. For services to Youth Football in Northern Ireland. * Ian Duncan Millar. For services to Agriculture in Scotland. * Patrick Millard. For services to the charity Taxhelp for Older People. * Katherine, Mrs. Miller, Administrative Officer, Child Support Agency, Department for Work and Pensions. * Marcia Anne, Mrs. Miller. For voluntary service to the British Red Cross Society in Cambridgeshire. * Gerald David Mills. For services to School Sport in Nottinghamshire. * Laura, Mrs. Mitchell, Consultant Orthodontist and Clinical Lead, St Luke's Hospital Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust. For services to Healthcare. * Nasrullah Khan Moghal. For services to Community Relations in Manchester. * Michael Monaghan. For charitable services to Ex\- Service Men and Women. * Elizabeth, Mrs. Montgomery. For charitable services in Northern Ireland and Overseas. * Roger Ivan Moore. For services to the community in Potters Bar, Hertfordshire. * Christopher Morgan, Security Manager, Aberafan Shopping Centre. For services to the community in Neath Port Talbot. * Daphne, Mrs. Morgan. For voluntary service to Hertfordshire Constabulary and to Feltham Young Offenders' Institution. * John Francis Morgan. For voluntary service to the Royal National Lifeboat Institution, Newcastle, County Down. * Alderman Peter James Morgan. For services to the community in Sittingbourne, Kent. * Heather Dalton, Mrs. Morris, School Crossing Warden, Sale, Cheshire. For services to Education. * Helen Elizabeth, Mrs. Morris. Crown Advocate, Merseyside and Cheshire Group, Crown Prosecution Service. * John Harold Morris. For services to the Post Office. * Thomas Geraint Morris. For services to the NHS and to the community in Dersingham, Norfolk. * Nigel Peter Morse, Grade C1, Ministry of Defence. * Keith Hedley Moss, President, Bradford Cricket League and Pudsey St. Lawrence Cricket Club. For voluntary service to Sport. * Maureen Anne, Mrs. Muckle, Chair, Batchley First School, Redditch. For services to Education and to the community in North Worcestershire. * [Maurice Harrison Murphy](/wiki/Maurice_Murphy_%28musician%29 "Maurice Murphy (musician)"). Trumpeter. For services to Music. * Janice Elizabeth, Mrs. Naylor. For services to Swimming. * Peter David Needham, Grade B2, Ministry of Defence. * Terence Charles Nelson, Security Officer, Leeds City College. For services to Further Education. * Harold Newman. For services to the community in Mill Hill, London. * Gilda, Mrs. Newsham. For voluntary service to the Alzheimer's Society, New Forest, Hampshire. * Fionnuala Eileen, Mrs. Newton, Executive Administrative Assistant, Queen's University Belfast. For services to Higher Education. * Vicky, Mrs. Norman, Senior Executive Officer, Child Support Agency, Department for Work and Pensions. * Sheila Maureen, Mrs. O'Neill. For services to Music in Ackworth, West Yorkshire. * Valerie Ann, Mrs. O'Riordan. For services to the community in Berkshire. * Barbara, Mrs. Oakes, Manager, High Street Library. For services to Local Government in Bolton. * Marjorie Frances, Mrs. Oaten. For voluntary service to People with Eating Disorders. * Margaret May, Mrs. Oatey. For services to the community in East Anglia. * Stella, Mrs. Okeahialam, Programme Director, Croydon Enterprise. For service to Business. * Michael Joseph Rolfe Orbell. For services to the Scouts in Wimbledon and Merton, London. * Noel George Ormrod, lately Chairman, Wallasey Arts Council. For services to the Arts in Merseyside. * Alexander Orr, Craftsman, Commonwealth War Graves Commission, Scotland. * Arnold Jenkin Owen. For services to the community in Blackmill, Bridgend and to Welsh International Brigaders. * Margaret Mcalister, Mrs. Owen. For services to the community in Shrewsbury, Shropshire. * Ms Margaret Paisley, College Manager, Elmwood College, Residence and Student Union. For services to Further Education in Fife. * Margaret Frances Elizabeth, Mrs. Palmer. For public service. * Ms Lydia Joy Parbury. For services to People with Special Needs and Disabilities. * Dorothy Mary, Mrs. Parker, Community Support Worker, West Wirral Community Mental Health Team. For services to Healthcare. * John Bywell Parker. For voluntary service to the Hadrian Trust in the North East. * Ann Rosemary, Mrs. Parr, Community Care Development Manager, Age Concern, Woodley. For services to Older People in Berkshire. * Rabindara Nath Pathak, Chairman of Governors, Featherstone High School, Ealing, London. For voluntary service to Education. * Trevor James Patton, Principal Nursing Officer, Northern Ireland Prison Service. * Margaret Elsie, Mrs. Perfect. For voluntary service to the Boys' Brigade in Watford, Hertfordshire. * Alderman Fred Perry. For services to the community in Tipton, West Midlands. * Joan, Mrs. Phillips. For voluntary service to the Museum of Science and Industry in Manchester. * [Roger Phillips](/wiki/Roger_Phillips_%28photographer%29 "Roger Phillips (photographer)"). For services to London Garden Squares. * [Jean Catherine, Mrs. Pickering](/wiki/Jean_Pickering "Jean Pickering"). For services to Athletics and to the Ron Pickering Memorial Fund. * Alice Kirsty, Lady Pilkington. For voluntary service to Willowbrook Hospice, St. Helens and Knowsley, Merseyside. * Pauline, Mrs. Pilkington, Director, Children's Services, Walsall Council. For services to Local Government. * Professor [Robert Michael Pittilo](/wiki/Mike_Pittilo "Mike Pittilo"), Principal and Vice\-Chancellor, Robert Gordon University of Aberdeen. For services to Healthcare. * Dr. Jaswant Kaur Jutley\-Plested, Manager, Sydenham Children's Centre, Bridgwater, Somerset. For services to Children. * Peter Pocock. For services to Workplace First Aid Training. * Miss Rashmi Amritlal Popat, Executive Officer, Work Welfare and Equality Group, Department for Work and Pensions. * Ms Prudence Alexine Regina Porretta. For services to Community Cohesion and to the Tourist Industry in Coventry. * Iain David Russell Prain, Vice\-Principal, Royal Blind School, Craigmillar Park, Edinburgh. For services to Education. * [Stephen Prescott](/wiki/Steve_Prescott "Steve Prescott"). For services to Rugby League and to Charity. * Gres, Mrs. Pritchard, Peripatetic Music Teacher, Ynys Mon. For services to Education. * The Reverend Dr. Jean Prosser. For services to Conservation and to the community in Monmouthshire. * Isabel, Mrs. Quinliven, Founder, Caring Canines. For services to Older People in Northern Ireland. * Brenda, Mrs. Quinn, Service Manager, Recovery Services, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust. For services to Mental Healthcare. * Toaha Bashir Zulqarnain Qureshi. For services to Community Relations in Stockwell, South West London. * Maureen, Mrs. Raine, Office Manager, English Language Teaching Unit, University of Leicester. For services to Higher Education. * Dr. Kathleen Rankin. For voluntary service to the Living Linen Project in Northern Ireland. * Mohamad Rashied, President, Caribbean Islamic Cultural Society. For services to Community Relations in London. * Robert David Richard Ray. For services to Rugby Union and to Young People in Rugby, Warwickshire. * Ms Janet Mary Reed, Senior Social Worker, Defence Medical Rehabilitation Centre, Headley Court, Surrey, Ministry of Defence. * Angela Mary, Mrs. Rees, Assistant Head, Debt Management and Banking, H.M. Revenue and Customs. * Abdul Rehman. For services to the community in Derby. * Miss Marion Reynolds. For services to Vulnerable Children in Northern Ireland. * Alan Ribchester. For charitable services in the City of Durham. * The Reverend James Manson Richards. For services to Children and Families. * George Edmund Richardson, lately Chairman, Calderdale College and Chairman, Association of Colleges, Yorkshire and the Humber Region. For voluntary service to Further Education. * Miss Rosalyn Elizabeth Richardson, lately Deputy Director of Health Informatics, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust. For services to the NHS. * [Andrew William Ritchie](/wiki/Andrew_Ritchie_%28Brompton%29 "Andrew Ritchie (Brompton)"), Technical Director, Brompton Bicycle Ltd. For services to Business and to International Trade. * Christopher David Medwyn Roberts. For services to the community in Merseyside. * Clarissa Elizabeth, Mrs. Roberts. For services to Older People in Stratford\-upon\-Avon, Warwickshire. * Jean Sylvia, Mrs. Roberts, Ministerial Messenger, Department for Transport. * Peter Adrian Roberts, Chairman, Association of Community Rail Partnerships. For services to Rural Transport. * Angus John Robertson, Principal Fellow in Clinical Illustration, Leeds Dental Institute. For services to Healthcare. * Matthew Robertson, Sergeant, Ministry of Defence Police. * Norman Robertson, lately Curriculum Leader in Hospitality, Ayr College. For services to Further Education. * Margaret, Mrs. Robinson. For services to the community in Trimdon, County Durham. * The Reverend Father George Edward Robson, Chairman, North Huyton New Deal for Communities Board. For services to the community in Merseyside. * Ms Jennifer Van Krieken Robson, Head of Minority Achievement Service, Kent County Council. For services to Education. * Sheila Ruth, Mrs. Rodmell. For services to the community in Elvington, Kent. * Ms Susan Rogers. For services to Trade Unions. * [Ruth Lady Rogers of Riverside](/wiki/Ruth_Rogers "Ruth Rogers"), Chef and Co\-Founder, River Cafe ́. For services to the Hospitality Industry. * William Andrew Taylor Roulston. For services to Equestrian Sport in Northern Ireland. * Beryl Lillian, Mrs. Rowe. For services to the community in Lilley, Bedfordshire. * Dr. Christopher Giles Rowland. For services to the Friends of the Oncology and Radiotherapy Centre, Exeter. * John Rowlands, Economics Teacher, John Ruskin Sixth Form College, Croydon, London. For services to Education. * Marion, Mrs. Roy, lately Headteacher, Auchenback Primary School, East Renfrewshire. For services to Education. * Colonel John Anthony Nutter Read Royle. For services to the Soldiers', Sailors', Airmen and Families Association in Northamptonshire. * [Chrissie, Mrs. Rucker](/wiki/Chrissie_Rucker "Chrissie Rucker"), Founder and Creative Director, White Company. For services to the Retail Industry. * Anthony Michael Hurst Rumsey, Collections Manager, National Monuments Record. For services to Photography. * Annette, Mrs. Rushton, lately Matron, Severn Hospice, Shrewsbury. For services to Healthcare. * Dr. Andrew Oldrey Russell, lately Chairman, League of Friends, Edenbridge and District War Memorial Hospital. For services to Healthcare. * Ezriel Salomon. For services to the community in Gateshead, Tyne and Wear. * Ahmed Ali Sasso, Constable, Hampshire Constabulary. For services to the Police. * Mary Ann Landsborough, Mrs. Saunders. For services to the Diocese of Oxford and to the Church of England. * Ms Susan Saunders, Co\-Ordinator, Disability Support Network, Home Office. * Keith Savage. For voluntary service to the Air Training Corps in Rutland. * Lynn, Mrs. Savill. For services to People with Epilepsy in Gravesend, Kent. * Ms Cherryl Lynn Sawyer, Business and Development Director, Threshold Housing Link. For services to Homeless People in Swindon, Wiltshire. * Callie, Mrs. Saxty, lately Head of Visitor Operations for Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly, English Heritage. For services to Heritage. * Nora Gladys Elsie, Mrs. Schneider. For services to the community in Newbury, Berkshire. * Robert Sinclair Scott. For voluntary service to the community in County Armagh. * The Reverend Christopher John Sears. For services to Disadvantaged People in Hastings, East Sussex. * Dr. Claude Doumet Serhal, Special Assistant, British Museum. For services to Archaeology. * Thomas Richard Sermon, Chairman, London Youth. For services to Young People. * Terence Brian Shead. For services to the community in East Peckham, Kent. * Alan William Sherriff. For services to the community in South Yorkshire. * Ann, Mrs. Shreeve, Senior Executive Officer, Jobcentre Plus, Department for Work and Pensions. * Jasvinder Singh Sidhu. For services to Social Housing. * Phillip Edward Sillick, J.P. For services to the community in Gorseinon, Swansea. * Benjamin David Simpson, J.P. For services to the community in Oxford. * Kathleen, Mrs. Simpson. For services to the community in Moston, Manchester. * [Lemn Sissay](/wiki/Lemn_Sissay "Lemn Sissay"), Poet and Performer. For services to Literature. * John William Skinner, Director of Music, Haberdashers' Aske's Hatcham College, Lewisham, London. For services to Education. * Catherine, Mrs. Slow. For services to West Exmoor Federation of Schools, Devon. * Alison Mary, Mrs. Smedley. For services to Inland Waterways. * Amanda Jane, Mrs. Smith, Executive Assistant, Youth Task Force Strategy, Department for Children, Schools and Families. * Dr. Angela Owen\-Smith. For services to Medicine and to the community in Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire. * Miss Charlotte Lilian Smith. For services to the community in Porthyrhyd, Carmarthenshire. * Colin Smith, Retained Crew Manager, West Yorkshire Fire and Rescue Service. For services to Local Government. * Elizabeth, Mrs. Smith, Vice\-Chair and Board Member, Colchester Institute. For voluntary service to Further and Higher Education. * Ian Graham Smith. For services to the community in Ramsbury, Wiltshire. * James Smith. For voluntary service to Youth Football in Glasgow. * Eric Snook, Foster Carer, Hampshire. For services to Children and Families. * Mary, Mrs. Snook, Foster Carer, Hampshire. For services to Children and Families. * Dr. Richard Alfred Sparks, lately Consultant in Genito\-Urinary Medicine, Cardiff and Vale NHS Trust. For services to Medicine. * Councillor Josephine Elizabeth Spencer. For services to the community in Christchurch, Dorset. * Dr. Richard Anthony Spencer, Biology Subject Leader, SRC Bede Sixth Form, Billingham, Teesside. For services to Science Communication. * Sally Louise, Mrs. Hughes\-Stanton, Executive Secretary, Prime Minister's Office. * Roger Carlton Steele. For services to Young People in Sheffield. * Cheryl, Mrs. Stevens, Principal Practitioner, Benefits and Credits, Preston, H.M. Revenue and Customs. * Mary, Mrs. Stevens. For services to the community in Swindon, Wiltshire. * Edward Craig Stevenson, lately Engineer of Medical Physics, University of Aberdeen. For services to Healthcare and to Charity. * Karen, Mrs. Stock, Extended Schools Co\-ordinator, Shoeburyness and Chair of Governors, Shoeburyness High School, Essex. For services to Education. * Rodney Ernest Stoddart. For voluntary service to Mountain Rescue in Tayside. * Eric Arthur Stott. For services to the community in the West Midlands. * Janet, Mrs. Stoyel. For services to the Textile Industry. * Miss Judith Anne Strange, Higher Executive Officer, Jobcentre Plus, Department for Work and Pensions. * Councillor Phyllis Zaphne Stretton. For services to the community in Cannock, Staffordshire. * Ivy Alberta, Mrs. Sturgeon, Personal Secretary, H.M. Prison Littlehey, Huntingdon, H.M. Prison Service, Ministry of Justice. * Rozelle Elizabeth, Mrs. Sutherland. For voluntary service to Victims of Domestic Violence in Jersey. * Roderick John Symonds. For services to the community in Reading, Berkshire. * Ranjula, Mrs. Takodra. For services to the community in Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire. * Gwynneth Mary, Mrs. Tame. For services to Heritage and to the community of Dorchester\-on\-Thames in Oxfordshire. * Susan, Mrs. Tamlyn. For services to Heritage in Suffolk. * Miss [Samantha Claire Taylor](/wiki/Claire_Taylor "Claire Taylor"), Cricketer. For services to Sport. * James Graham Taylor, Music Director, City of Glasgow Chorus. For services to Music. * Josephine May, Mrs. Taylor. For services to the community in Plumpton Green, East Sussex. * Mary, Mrs. Thirlwell. For voluntary service to Young People in Lanarkshire. * Ms Melanie Anne Thody, Head of Outreach, Imperial College London. For services to Science Communication. * Margaret Jean, Mrs. Thomas, J.P., D.L. For services to the community in Bristol. * Peter Thomas, lately Project Director Devonport, Interserve plc. For services to the Defence Industry. * Jonathan Bryan Thornes. For services to the Voluntary Sector in the East Midlands. * Gordon Owen Thornhill. For services to the community in Foston and Scropton, Derbyshire. * Angus Tilston. For services to the Historical Film Industry in the North West. * Thomas Todd. For services to the community in Northern Ireland. * Pamela, Mrs. Towning, Assistant Officer, Customer Contact, Shipley, West Yorkshire, H.M. Revenue and Customs. * Maureen Ivy, Mrs. Townley. For charitable services in Southend\-on\-Sea, Essex. * Van Cuong Truong. For services to the Indo\-Chinese community in South East London. * Evelyn Roberta, Mrs. Turkington. For voluntary service to The Duke of Edinburgh's Award Scheme in Northern Ireland. * [Mary Josephine, Mrs. Turner](/wiki/Mary_Turner_%28trade_unionist%29 "Mary Turner (trade unionist)"), President, GMB. For services to Trade Unions. * [Edward Jonathan Turpie](/wiki/Jonnie_Turpie "Jonnie Turpie"), Director, Maverick Television. * Dr. Alan Manson Turtle. For voluntary service to the community in Richhill, County Armagh. * Miss [Elizabeth Kimberley Tweddle](/wiki/Beth_Tweddle "Beth Tweddle"). For services to Gymnastics. * John Christopher Tyzack, Chairman of Governors, Enborne Church of England Primary School and Willow Primary School, Newbury, Berkshire. For voluntary service to Education. * Wendy Margaret, Mrs. Vaughan. For services to the community in South East Surrey. * Ronald Derek Vaulter. For services to the community in South Devon. * Christine, Mrs. Ruston\-Wadsworth, Superintendent, Warwickshire Police. For services to the Police. * Julian Wadsworth. For services to Young People in Portsmouth. * Janice Irene, Mrs. Walker, Officer, H.M. Prison Wormwood Scrubs, London, H.M. Prison Service, Ministry of Justice. * Pamela, Mrs. Walker, Chair of Governors, Cambo First School, Morpeth, Northumberland. For voluntary service to Education. * Gillian Karen, Mrs. Walnes (formerly Mrs. Bogush). For services to the Anne Frank Trust UK. * Joan Patricia, Mrs. Warwick. For charitable services to Darent Valley Hospital, Dartford, Kent. * Amir Waseem, Officer, Customer Contact, Brierley Hill, West Midlands, H.M. Revenue and Customs. * Shirley Irene, Mrs. Watson. For services to the Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura Support Association. * The Reverend Canon Michael John Wedgeworth, lately Chairman of Governors, Blackburn College. For voluntary service to Further Education and to the communityin Lancashire. * Michael Edwin Weeding, Senior Officer, Customs and International, London, H.M. Revenue and Customs. * James Weir, Lecturer, Forth Valley College. For services to Further Education in Clackmannanshire. * David Anthony Westcott, J.P. For services to the community in Essex. * Audrey, Mrs. Wheeler. For voluntary service to Oxfam in St. Albans, Hertfordshire. * Norman Edward Whereat. For services to the community in Cirencester, Gloucestershire. * Hilary John White, Chairman of Governors, Willingdon Community School, Eastbourne, East Sussex. For voluntary service to Education. * John Samuel Byard White, J.P., D.L. For services to the community in Somerset. * Nicholas Stephen Whitehouse. For services to the Building Industry. * David Widdowson. For services to Young People with Learning Disabilities in Chesterfield, Derbyshire. * Alan Bertram Wiggins. For services to the community in Clacton\-on\-Sea, Essex. * Philip Julian Wilde. For voluntary service to Young People in Lytham St Anne's, Lancashire. * Dr. Henry Austin Will. For voluntary service to Ford Park Cemetery Trust in Plymouth, Devon. * Doreen, Mrs. Willcocks. For services to Netball and to the community in Pinehurst, Swindon, Wiltshire. * Paul Willgoss, Band 3, Chief Scientists' Advisory Group and Chairman, Disability Network, Health and Safety Executive, Department for Work and Pensions. * Christopher Mark Williams, Director, Heart n Soul. For services to Disability Arts. * David Michael Williams. For services to the community in Flintshire. * Gwilym Alun Williams. For services to Sport for Young People in Wales. * Professor Robert Joseph Paton Williams. For services to the community in North Oxford. * Gerald Willmott, Constable, Metropolitan Police Service. For services to the Police and to Boxing in the London Borough of Haringey. * Albert Leslie Wills, Q.F.S.M. For services to the community in the West Midlands. * Patrick Andrew John Wilson, Grade C1, Ministry of Defence. * Sydney Wiltshire. For services to the community in Petersfield, Hampshire. * Andrew Nicholas Wood, Manager and Head Coach, Ipswich Gymnastics Centre. For services to Sport. * Maureen, Mrs. Woodcock, lately Non\-Executive Director, Walsall Hospitals NHS Trust. For services to Healthcare. * Agnes Brown Marchbank, Mrs. Wright. For voluntary service to the Royal National Lifeboat Institution, Stewartry of Kirkcudbright. * Clare Margaret, Mrs. Wright, Personal Assistant, Warwickshire College. For services to Further Education. * Richard Kelsey Wright, Chief Executive Officer, Intertius Ltd. For services to the Manufacturing Industry. * Beryl Joan, Mrs. Wyatt, Gardening Assistant, Writtle College, Chelmsford. For services to Higher Education. * Claire Judith, Mrs. Wylot, Grade C1, Ministry of Defence. * Councillor Yogan Mylvaganam Yoganathan. For services to Local Government and to Community Relations in North Surrey. * Jeannie, Mrs. Young, For voluntary service to St. Richard's Hospice, Worcester. * Pauline Margaret, Mrs. Young. For voluntary service to disabled people in Wales. * Mavis, Mrs. Yuill, Classroom Assistant, Kilmartin Primary School, Argyll and Bute. For services to Education. Diplomatic and Overseas List * [Christopher Barr](/wiki/Christopher_Barr "Christopher Barr") – First Secretary, Foreign and Commonwealth Office. * [Paul William Bellamy](/wiki/Paul_William_Bellamy "Paul William Bellamy") – lately Entrance Clearance Manager, British Embassy, Iran. * [Steve Chandler](/wiki/Steve_Chandler "Steve Chandler") – lately Third Secretary, Counter\-Narcotics, UK Provincial Reconstruction Team, Lashkar Gah. * [Jeanette Anne Coogan](/wiki/Jeanette_Coogan "Jeanette Coogan") – Manager, British Council English Training Centre, Al Azhar University in Cairo. For services to UK\-Egypt intercultural relations. * [Rossalyn Demelza Crotty](/wiki/Rossalyn_Crotty "Rossalyn Crotty") – Vice\-Consul/Deputy Head, British Consulate, Málaga, Spain. * [Dr. Margaret Cumberland](/wiki/Margaret_Cumberland "Margaret Cumberland") – Co\-ordinator, Community Health. For services to community health care in Mozambique. * [Elyse Anne Dodgson](/wiki/Elyse_Dodgson "Elyse Dodgson") – Head, International Department, Royal Court Theatre, London. For services to international theatre, and to young writers overseas. * [Dr. Alexander Charles Weeks Duncan](/wiki/Alexander_Charles_Weeks_Duncan "Alexander Charles Weeks Duncan") – Health worker. For services to primary health care in north Afghanistan. * [Eleanor Frances Duncan](/wiki/Eleanor_Duncan "Eleanor Duncan") – Health worker. For services to primary health care in north Afghanistan. * [Michael Feeney](/wiki/Michael_Feeney%2C_MBE "Michael Feeney, MBE") – Founder, County Mayo Peace Park. For services to UK\-Ireland relations. * [Anne Ferguson](/wiki/Anne_Ferguson_OBE "Anne Ferguson OBE") For services to older people in Scotland * [Judith Anne Ferris](/wiki/Judith_Ferris "Judith Ferris") – lately President, Age Concern, Costa Blanca. For services to the British elderly community in Alicante, Spain. * [Wendi Nixon Fiedler](/wiki/Wendi_Fiedler "Wendi Fiedler") – Founder and Manager, Panatel Production Company. For services to heritage conservation in Bermuda. * [Norman Keith Goodall](/wiki/Norman_Goodall "Norman Goodall") – For charitable activities and services to the community in Tenerife, Spain. * [Nicholas John Hancocks](/wiki/Nicholas_Hancocks "Nicholas Hancocks") – First Secretary, Foreign and Commonwealth Office. * [Peter Anthony Hibbard](/wiki/Peter_Hibbard "Peter Hibbard") – President, Royal Asiatic Society. For services to heritage conservation in Shanghai, China. * [Garry Horlacher](/wiki/Garry_Horlacher "Garry Horlacher") – Security Co\-ordinator and Adviser to the Government of Sierra Leone. For services to international policing, and promoting democracy in Sierra Leone. * [Victor Malvern Jackopson](/wiki/Victor_Jackopson "Victor Jackopson") – Founder and Head, Hope Now. For charitable activities, and services to orphans and other young people in Cherkassy, Ukraine. * [Renee Jacqueline Jordan](/wiki/Renee_Jordan "Renee Jordan") – Head of Registry, British Embassy Office, Basra. * [Mairwen Karydis](/wiki/Mairwen_Karydis "Mairwen Karydis") – British Consular Correspondent, Lesvos. For services to consular work in Greece. * [Nigel Jeffery Randle Kay](/wiki/Nigel_Kay "Nigel Kay") – Founder and Head, Homes in Zimbabwe. For services to the elderly in Zimbabwe. * [Christopher Kealey](/wiki/Christopher_Kealey "Christopher Kealey") – lately First Secretary Political, British Embassy, Afghanistan. * [Paul Lawrence](/wiki/Paul_David_Lawrence "Paul David Lawrence") – lately British Vice Consul, Thailand. * [Cynthia Albrecht\-Lelliott](/wiki/Cynthia_Albrecht-Lelliott "Cynthia Albrecht-Lelliott") – Honorary Vice\-President, British Ladies Club. For services to the British community in Luxembourg and UK\-Luxembourg relations. * [Dr. Raymond George\-MacKay](/wiki/Raymond_George-MacKay "Raymond George-MacKay") – Educational Consultant. For services to English teaching, especially in West Bengal, India. * Bryan Andrew Morgan – Second Secretary, Foreign and Commonwealth Office. * [Hazel Jane Nelder](/wiki/Hazel_Nelder "Hazel Nelder") – First Secretary, Foreign and Commonwealth Office. * [Anthony John Nott](/wiki/Anthony_Nott "Anthony Nott") – UK Policing Adviser, Office of the United States Co\-ordinator, Palestine. For services to international policing, more recently in Iraq and Palestine. * [Jean Catherine Pickering](/wiki/Jean_Desforges "Jean Desforges") – For services to athletics and to the Ron Pickering Memorial Fund. * [Stephen Peter John Schembri](/wiki/Stephen_Schembri "Stephen Schembri") – First Secretary, Foreign and Commonwealth Office. * [Joanna Wright\-Serra](/wiki/Joanna_Wright-Serra "Joanna Wright-Serra") – Founding member, JUCONI (Juntos con los Ninos—Together with Children). For services to street children and other charitable activities in Mexico. * [Keith Shonfeld](/wiki/Keith_Nigel_Shonfeld "Keith Nigel Shonfeld") – Cemetery Administrator, British Cemetery Committee – For services to the British community in Cyprus. * [Dr. Malcolm Swann](/wiki/Malcolm_Swann "Malcolm Swann") – Medical Director, [Beit Cure International Hospital](/wiki/CURE_International "CURE International"), Lusaka. For medical services in Zambia. * [Peter Dyce Tear](/wiki/Peter_Tear "Peter Tear") – Executive Producer, 59E59 Theatres in New York. For services to UK/USA cultural relations. * [David Richard Vaughan Thomas](/wiki/David_Richard_Vaughan_Thomas "David Richard Vaughan Thomas") – Chairman, British\-Polish Chamber of Commerce. For services to British business interests and charitable activities in Poland. * [Iwona Thomas](/wiki/Iwona_Thomas "Iwona Thomas") – Founder and Manager, The British School, Warsaw. For services to education. * [Sally Thompson](/wiki/Sally_Thompson "Sally Thompson") – Deputy Executive Director, Thailand\-Burma Border Consortium. For services to Burmese refugees in Thailand. * [Kedell Melody Worboys](/wiki/Kedell_Worboys "Kedell Worboys") – St. Helena Government Representative in the UK. For services to St. Helena. ### Royal Red Cross #### Royal Red Cross (Second Class) Army * Major John Clark ### Queen's Police Medal (QPM) England and Wales * Christopher Adams, Constable, Avon and Somerset Constabulary. * Andrew Bliss, Deputy Chief Constable, Essex Police. * David Keith Cook, Acting Detective Chief Inspector, West Midlands Police. * Ms [Cressida Rose Dick](/wiki/Cressida_Dick "Cressida Dick"), Assistant Commissioner, Metropolitan Police Service. * Robert Arthur Evans, Assistant Chief Constable, South Wales Police (Home Office Seconded). * Michael Field, Detective Superintendent, British Transport Police. * Kevin Trevor Flint, Detective Superintendent, Nottinghamshire Police. * Christopher David Lee, Deputy Chief Constable, Dorset Police. * Paul O'Connor, Inspector, Hertfordshire Police. * Sir [Hugh Stephen Roden Orde](/wiki/Hugh_Orde "Hugh Orde"), O.B.E., President, Association of Chief Police Officers. * Geoffrey William Owen, lately Constable, Metropolitan Police Service. * Gary Richardson, Detective Superintendent, Metropolitan Police Service. * Ms Susan Karen Sim, Deputy Chief Constable, Northumbria Police. * Julie Anne, Mrs. Spence, O.B.E., Chief Constable, Cambridgeshire Police. * Stephen John Thomas, Assistant Chief Constable, British Transport Police. * Malcolm Philip Tillyer, lately Chief Superintendent, Metropolitan Police Service. * Ms Wendy Ann Walker, Assistant Chief Constable, Lancashire Constabulary. * David John Whatton, Chief Constable, Cheshire Police. Scotland * Ms Maureen Brown, lately Assistant Chief Constable, Central Scotland Police. * Iain Clark Howie, Constable, Dumfries and Galloway Constabulary. * Gordon Meldrum, Director General, Scottish Crime and Drug Enforcement Agency. Northern Ireland * Robert Lindsay Ellison, Sergeant, Police Service of Northern Ireland. * Mark William James McDowell, Detective Chief Superintendent, Police Service of Northern Ireland. * David Robert Adams McFall, Sergeant, Police Service of Northern Ireland. ### Queen's Volunteer Reserves Medal (QVRM) Army * Major Mark Brotherston Royal Air Force * Sergeant Terence Morton	[ "United Kingdom\n--------------", "### Knights Bachelor", "* [Professor Mansel Aylward, CB](/wiki/Mansel_Aylward \"Mansel Aylward\"), Chairman, Wales Centre for Health. For services to Healthcare.\n* [Paul John James Britton](/wiki/Paul_Britton \"Paul Britton\"), CB, lately Director\\-General and Head, Economic and Domestic Affairs Secretariat, Cabinet Office.\n* [Professor Robert George Burgess](/wiki/Robert_Burgess_%28sociologist%29 \"Robert Burgess (sociologist)\"), Vice\\-Chancellor, [University of Leicester](/wiki/University_of_Leicester \"University of Leicester\"). For services to local and national Higher Education.\n* [Professor John Burn](/wiki/John_Burn_%28geneticist%29 \"John Burn (geneticist)\"), Professor of Clinical Genetics, [Newcastle University](/wiki/Newcastle_University \"Newcastle University\"). For services to Medicine.\n* [Professor David Alan Chipperfield, CBE](/wiki/David_Chipperfield \"David Chipperfield\"), Architect and CEO, [David Chipperfield Architects](/wiki/David_Chipperfield_Architects \"David Chipperfield Architects\"). For services to architecture in the UK and Germany.\n* [Jonathan Stephen Cunliffe, CB](/wiki/Jon_Cunliffe \"Jon Cunliffe\"), Second Permanent Secretary and Head of International Economic Affairs, Europe and G8 Sherpa, Prime Minister's Office.\n* [Andrew Patrick Dillon, CBE](/wiki/Andrew_Dillon \"Andrew Dillon\"), Chief Executive, [National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence](/wiki/National_Institute_for_Health_and_Clinical_Excellence \"National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence\"). For services to Healthcare.\n* [Ian David Grant, CBE](/wiki/Ian_David_Grant \"Ian David Grant\"), lately Chairman, The [Crown Estate](/wiki/Crown_Estate \"Crown Estate\").\n* [Professor John Stranger Holman](/wiki/John_Holman_%28chemist%29 \"John Holman (chemist)\"), National Director, Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics Programme. For services to Education.\n* [Nicholas Hytner](/wiki/Nicholas_Hytner \"Nicholas Hytner\"), Director, [National Theatre](/wiki/Royal_National_Theatre \"Royal National Theatre\"). For services to Drama.\n* [Mark Ellis Powell Jones](/wiki/Mark_Jones_%28museum_director%29 \"Mark Jones (museum director)\"), Director, [Victoria and Albert Museum](/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum \"Victoria and Albert Museum\"). For services to the Arts.\n* [Dr. Ralph Kohn, FRS](/wiki/Ralph_Kohn \"Ralph Kohn\"). For services to Science, Music and to Charity.\n* [Richard Douglas Lapthorne, CBE](/wiki/Richard_Lapthorne \"Richard Lapthorne\"), Chairman, [Cable \\& Wireless plc](/wiki/Cable_%26_Wireless_plc \"Cable & Wireless plc\"). For services to telecommunications.\n* [Michael John Marshall](/wiki/Michael_John_Marshall \"Michael John Marshall\"), CBE, Chairman, [Marshall of Cambridge](/wiki/Marshall_of_Cambridge \"Marshall of Cambridge\") (Holdings) Ltd. For services to Business, Charity and to the community in Cambridgeshire.\n* [Ian Robert McGeechan, OBE](/wiki/Ian_McGeechan \"Ian McGeechan\"). For services to Rugby.\n* [Professor Paul Anthony Mellars, FBA](/wiki/Paul_Mellars \"Paul Mellars\"), Professor of Prehistory and Human Evolution, [University of Cambridge](/wiki/University_of_Cambridge \"University of Cambridge\"). For services to Scholarship.\n* [Professor Salvador Moncada](/wiki/Salvador_Moncada \"Salvador Moncada\"), Director, Wolfson Institute of Biomedical Research, [University College London](/wiki/University_College_London \"University College London\"). For services to Science.\n* [Erich Arieh Reich](/wiki/Erich_Reich \"Erich Reich\"), Chairman, Kindertransport Group, [Association of Jewish Refugees](/wiki/Association_of_Jewish_Refugees \"Association of Jewish Refugees\"). For charitable services.\n* [Professor Michael Adrian Richards, CBE](/wiki/Michael_Adrian_Richards \"Michael Adrian Richards\"), National Cancer Director. For services to Medicine.\n* [His Honour Mota Singh](/wiki/Mota_Singh \"Mota Singh\"). For services to the Administration of Justice, Community Relations and to the Voluntary Sector.\n* [Patrick Stewart, OBE](/wiki/Patrick_Stewart \"Patrick Stewart\"), Actor. For services to Drama.\n* [Graham Robert Wynne](/wiki/Graham_Wynne \"Graham Wynne\"), CBE, Chief Executive, [Royal Society for the Protection of Birds](/wiki/Royal_Society_for_the_Protection_of_Birds \"Royal Society for the Protection of Birds\"). For services to Nature Conservation.", "### Order of the Bath", "#### Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath (KCB)", "Military Division\n Army\n* [Lieutenant General William Raoul Rollo, CBE](/wiki/Bill_Rollo \"Bill Rollo\"), late The Blues and Royals (Royal Horse Guards and 1st Dragoons)\n* [Lieutenant General Alexander Richard David Shirreff, CBE](/wiki/Richard_Shirreff \"Richard Shirreff\"), late The King's Royal Hussars", "Civil Division\n* [David Nicholson](/wiki/David_Nicholson_%28civil_servant%29 \"David Nicholson (civil servant)\") CBE", "#### Companions of the Order of the Bath (CB)", "Military Division\n Royal Navy\n* [The Venerable John Green, QHC](/wiki/John_Green_%28chaplain%29 \"John Green (chaplain)\")\n* [Rear Admiral Richard Derek Leaman, OBE](/wiki/Richard_Leaman \"Richard Leaman\")", "Army\n* [Major General Simon Francis Neil Lalor, TD](/wiki/Simon_Lalor \"Simon Lalor\"), late The Honourable Artillery Company, Territorial Army\n* [Lieutenant General Simon Vincent Mayall](/wiki/Simon_Mayall \"Simon Mayall\"), late 1st The Queen's Dragoon Guards\n* [Lieutenant General Peter Thomas Clayton Pearson, CBE](/wiki/Peter_Pearson_%28British_Army_officer%29 \"Peter Pearson (British Army officer)\"), late The Royal Gurkha Rifles", "Royal Air Force\n* [The Reverend (Air Vice\\-Marshal) Peter Watson Mills](/wiki/Peter_Watson_Mills \"Peter Watson Mills\")", "Civil Division\n* [Christopher Bolt](/wiki/Chris_Bolt \"Chris Bolt\"), Arbiter, London Underground Public Private Partnership Agreements and lately chairman, Office of Rail Regulation, Department for Transport\n* [Lawrence Conway](/wiki/Lawrence_Conway \"Lawrence Conway\"), lately Director, Department of the First Minister, Welsh Assembly Government\n* [Gloria Linda Craig](/wiki/Gloria_Craig \"Gloria Craig\"), director, International Security Policy, Ministry of Defence\n* [Elizabeth Anne Jackson](/wiki/Elizabeth_Anne_Jackson \"Elizabeth Anne Jackson\"), director, Child Wellbeing, Children and Families Directorate, Department for Children, Schools and Families\n* [Helen Kilpatrick](/wiki/Helen_Kilpatrick \"Helen Kilpatrick\"), Director\\-General, Financial and Commercial, Home Office\n* [William Francis Sebastian Rickett](/wiki/William_Francis_Sebastian_Rickett \"William Francis Sebastian Rickett\"), Director\\-General of Energy, Department for Energy and Climate Change.", "### Order of Saint Michael and Saint George", "#### Knights / Dames Commander of the Order of St. Michael and St. George (KCMG / DCMG)", "Civil Division\n* [Dr. Fazle Hasan Abed](/wiki/Fazle_Hasan_Abed \"Fazle Hasan Abed\"), Founder and Chairman, [Building Resources Across Communities (BRAC)](/wiki/BRAC_%28organization%29 \"BRAC (organization)\"). For services to tackling poverty and empowering the poor in Bangladesh and more globally.\n* [Dr. Rosalind Mary Marsden, CMG](/wiki/Rosalind_Marsden \"Rosalind Marsden\"), [H.M. Ambassador, Sudan](/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_Kingdom_to_Sudan \"List of ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Sudan\").\n* [Anne Fyfe Pringle, CMG](/wiki/Anne_Pringle \"Anne Pringle\"), [H.M. Ambassador, Russia](/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_Kingdom_to_Russia \"List of ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Russia\").", "#### Companions of the Order of St. Michael and St. George (CMG)", "Military Division\n Army\n* Brigadier Stephen Frederick Sherry, OBE, late [Corps of Royal Engineers](/wiki/Corps_of_Royal_Engineers \"Corps of Royal Engineers\")", "Civil Division\n* Timothy Michael Everton Dowse, lately Chief of Assessments Staff, [Joint Intelligence Organisation](/wiki/Joint_Intelligence_Organisation_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"Joint Intelligence Organisation (United Kingdom)\"), [Cabinet Office](/wiki/Cabinet_Office \"Cabinet Office\")\n* Dr. Silvia Suzen Giovanna Casale, lately Chairperson, UN Sub\\-Committee on the Prevention of Torture, Geneva. Lately Member, [European Committee for the Prevention of Torture](/wiki/European_Committee_for_the_Prevention_of_Torture \"European Committee for the Prevention of Torture\"), Strasbourg. For services to the prevention of torture, and prison reform\n* [Susan le Jeune d'Allegeershecque](/wiki/Susan_le_Jeune_d%27Allegeershecque \"Susan le Jeune d'Allegeershecque\"), Counsellor, [Foreign and Commonwealth Office](/wiki/Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Office \"Foreign and Commonwealth Office\")\n* [The Rt Hon. Terence Davis, PC](/wiki/Terry_Davis_%28politician%29 \"Terry Davis (politician)\"), lately [Secretary General, Council of Europe](/wiki/Secretary_General_of_the_Council_of_Europe \"Secretary General of the Council of Europe\"), Strasbourg. For services to institutional reform\n* [Charles Blandford Farr, OBE](/wiki/Charles_Farr_%28civil_servant%29 \"Charles Farr (civil servant)\"), Counsellor, Foreign and Commonwealth Office\n* [William Boyd McCleary, CVO](/wiki/William_Boyd_McCleary \"William Boyd McCleary\"), [British High Commissioner, Malaysia](/wiki/List_of_High_Commissioners_of_the_United_Kingdom_to_Malaysia \"List of High Commissioners of the United Kingdom to Malaysia\")\n* [Edward Mortimer](/wiki/Edward_Mortimer \"Edward Mortimer\"), Senior Vice\\-President and Chief Program Officer, The [Salzburg Global Seminar](/wiki/Salzburg_Global_Seminar \"Salzburg Global Seminar\"), Austria. For services to international communications and journalism\n* Hugh Powell, lately UK Senior Representative in Helmand, Afghanistan\n* Michael Peter Wareing, International CEO, [KPMG](/wiki/KPMG \"KPMG\"), and lately co\\-Chair, Basra Development Commission. For services to the [economic reconstruction](/wiki/Economic_reconstruction \"Economic reconstruction\") and redevelopment of Basra, and Iraq more generally", "### Royal Victorian Order", "#### Knights Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (KCVO)", "* [The Right Reverend David John Conner](/wiki/David_Conner_%28bishop%29 \"David Conner (bishop)\") – Dean of Windsor\n* [William Arthur Bromley\\-Davenport](/wiki/William_Bromley-Davenport_%28Lord_Lieutenant%29 \"William Bromley-Davenport (Lord Lieutenant)\") – Lord\\-Lieutenant of Cheshire\n* [Angus Durie Miller Farquharson](/wiki/Angus_Durie_Miller_Farquharson \"Angus Durie Miller Farquharson\"), OBE, – Lord\\-Lieutenant of Aberdeenshire\n* [Robin Denys Gill](/wiki/Robin_Denys_Gill \"Robin Denys Gill\"), CVO – Chairman, The [Royal Anniversary Trust](/wiki/Royal_Anniversary_Trust \"Royal Anniversary Trust\")\n* [Peter Gwynn\\-Jones](/wiki/Peter_Gwynn-Jones \"Peter Gwynn-Jones\"), CVO – Garter Principal King of Arms", "#### Commanders of the Royal Victorian Order (CVO)", "* Gregory Scott Belton – Chairman, The Duke of Edinburgh's International Award Association\n* Robin Shedden Broadhurst, CBE – formerly Member of Council, Duchy of Cornwall\n* [Romayne Winifred, Lady Carswell](/wiki/Robert_Carswell%2C_Baron_Carswell \"Robert Carswell, Baron Carswell\"), OBE – formerly Lord\\-Lieutenant of the County Borough of Belfast\n* Alexander Pieter van Heeren, MBE – Chairman, The World Fellowship of The Duke of Edinburgh's International Award Association\n* [John Henry Pascoe, AO](/wiki/John_Pascoe \"John Pascoe\") – formerly Trustee, The Duke of Edinburgh's International Award Association", "#### Lieutenants of the Royal Victorian Order (LVO)", "* Major Charles Samuel Enderby – formerly Lieutenant, The Queen's Body Guard of the Yeomen of the Guard\n* Patrick Gregory Birch Harrison – Press Secretary, Household of The Prince of Wales and The Duchess of Cornwall\n* Charles Benedict Morris – Architectural Designer\n* Dr. [Kirsten Aschengreen Piacenti](/wiki/Kirsten_Aschengreen_Piacenti \"Kirsten Aschengreen Piacenti\") – for services to the Royal Collection (Honorary)\n* [Brigadier John Edward Bruce Smedley](/wiki/John_Smedley_%28British_Army_officer%29 \"John Smedley (British Army officer)\") – Private Secretary to The Earl and Countess of Wessex\n* Dr. [Anthony Douglas Toft](/wiki/Anthony_Douglas_Toft \"Anthony Douglas Toft\"), CBE – formerly Physician to The Queen in Scotland\n* Richard John Verrall – Aviation Consultant", "#### Members of the Royal Victorian Order (MVO)", "* David Anderson, MBE – formerly Hospitality Manager, Hillsborough Castle, Northern Ireland Office\n* Inspector Mark Peter Andrews – Metropolitan Police, for services to Royalty Protection\n* Catherine Carruthers – Membership Development Director, Business in the Community\n* Julian Charles George Clare, RVM – Drawings Conservator, Royal Collection\n* Kenneth Brendan Eccles – for services to the Police Service of Northern Ireland\n* Patricia Ann Lawrence – Personal Assistant to The Duke of Kent\n* Paul Alexander Miller – IT Projects and Business Manager\n* Roger Peter Smith – formerly Clerk of Works, Crown Estate, Windsor\n* Peter Charles Taylor – Fire Safety Manager, Windsor Castle\n* Christopher Robin Weatherley – Fire Safety Manager, Buckingham Palace\n* Andrew James Wilson, DL – Under Sheriff, The Bailiwick of Lancashire", "### Royal Victorian Medal", "#### Bar to the Royal Victorian Medal (Silver)", "* Anthony John Hardingham, RVM – Tractor Driver, Sandringham Estate", "#### Royal Victorian Medal (Silver)", "* Glen Andrew Beveridge – Executive Butler, Government House, Melbourne\n* Patricia Joyce Earl – Housekeeper, Sandringham House\n* Constable Kevin Gande – Metropolitan Police, for services to Royalty Protection\n* Andrea Elizabeth Hudson – Cook, Royal Lodge\n* Beverley Jones – Assistant Dresser to The Queen\n* George David Main – Gamekeeper, Balmoral Estate\n* David James McIntosh – Security Office Team Leader, Palace of Holyroodhouse\n* Vivienne Oates – Linen Room Assistant, Buckingham Palace\n* Richard Sands – Yeoman Warder, HM Tower of London", "### Order of the British Empire", "#### Knights / Dames Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE / DBE)", "Civil Division\n* [Professor Valerie Beral](/wiki/Val_Beral \"Val Beral\"). For services to Science\n* [Dr. Claire Bertschinger](/wiki/Claire_Bertschinger \"Claire Bertschinger\"). For services to Nursing and to International Humanitarian Aid\n* [Councillor Ellen Margaret Eaton, OBE](/wiki/Ellen_Margaret_Eaton \"Ellen Margaret Eaton\"), Chair, Local Government Association. For services to Local Government\n* [Dr. Susan Elizabeth Ion, OBE](/wiki/Sue_Ion \"Sue Ion\"), Visiting Professor, Imperial College, London and Chair, UK Fusion Advisory Board. For services to Science and Engineering\n* [Clare Oriana Tickell](/wiki/Clare_Tickell \"Clare Tickell\"), Chief Executive, Action for Children. For services to Young People\n* [Marcia Twelftree](/wiki/Marcia_Twelftree \"Marcia Twelftree\"), lately Headteacher, Charters School, Windsor and Maidenhead, Berkshire. For services to local and national Education", "#### Commanders of the Order of the British Empire (CBE)", "Military Division\n Royal Navy\n* Commodore Stephen Redvers Kirby\n* Commodore Christopher Laurence Palmer", "Army\n* Colonel Mark Cuthbert\\-Brown – late [Adjutant General's Corps](/wiki/Adjutant_General%27s_Corps \"Adjutant General's Corps\") ([Royal Military Police](/wiki/Royal_Military_Police \"Royal Military Police\"))\n* Colonel David James Eadie – late The [Queen's Royal Lancers](/wiki/Queen%27s_Royal_Lancers \"Queen's Royal Lancers\")\n* Colonel Christopher William Manning – late [Army Air Corps](/wiki/Army_Air_Corps_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"Army Air Corps (United Kingdom)\")\n* Brigadier Simon John Marriner, MBE – late Adjutant General's Corps (Staff and Personnel Support Branch)\n* Colonel Michael Peter Macgregor Stewart, QHS – late [Royal Army Medical Corps](/wiki/Royal_Army_Medical_Corps \"Royal Army Medical Corps\")", "Royal Air Force\n* [Air Commodore Clive Arthur Bairsto](/wiki/Clive_Bairsto \"Clive Bairsto\")\n* Group Captain Keith Ronald Dipper\n* Group Captain Alistair Monkman\n* [Group Captain Andrew Mark Turner, OBE](/wiki/Andrew_Turner_%28RAF_officer%29 \"Andrew Turner (RAF officer)\")", "Civil Division\n* [James Christopher Armfield, OBE](/wiki/Jimmy_Armfield \"Jimmy Armfield\"). For services to the community in Lancashire.\n* [David Ogilvy Barrie](/wiki/David_Ogilvy_Barrie \"David Ogilvy Barrie\"), lately Director, [Art Fund](/wiki/Art_Fund \"Art Fund\"). For services to the Visual Arts.\n* Parmajit Paul Singh Bassi, DL, Chairman, Bond Wolfe. For services to Business and to the community in the West Midlands.\n* [William Robert Baxter](/wiki/William_Robert_Baxter \"William Robert Baxter\"), Deputy chief executive, Baxter Storey. For services to the Catering Industry.\n* Ann Beasley, Director of Finance and Performance, [National Offender Management Service](/wiki/National_Offender_Management_Service \"National Offender Management Service\"), Ministry of Justice.\n* Edward Farquharson Bowen, [Sheriff Principal of Lothian and Borders](/wiki/Sheriff_Principal_of_Lothian_and_Borders \"Sheriff Principal of Lothian and Borders\"). For services to the Administration of Justice in Scotland.\n* Councillor Peter Box, Leader, [Wakefield Metropolitan District Council](/wiki/Wakefield_Metropolitan_District_Council \"Wakefield Metropolitan District Council\") and chairman, [Yorkshire and Humber Assembly](/wiki/Yorkshire_and_Humber_Assembly \"Yorkshire and Humber Assembly\"). For services to Local Government.\n* [Professor Donal Donat Conor Bradley, FRS](/wiki/Donal_Bradley \"Donal Bradley\"), Lee\\-Lucas Professor of Experimental Physics and Deputy Principal, Faculty of Natural Sciences, [Imperial College London](/wiki/Imperial_College_London \"Imperial College London\"). For services to Science.\n* [Professor Alice Brown](/wiki/Alice_Brown_%28ombudsman%29 \"Alice Brown (ombudsman)\"), lately [Scottish Public Services Ombudsman](/wiki/Scottish_Public_Services_Ombudsman \"Scottish Public Services Ombudsman\"). For public service.\n* [Natalie Ceeney](/wiki/Natalie_Ceeney \"Natalie Ceeney\"), chief executive, National Archives, [Ministry of Justice](/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice \"Ministry of Justice\").\n* Lauran Margaret Chatburn, Principal and chief executive, [Bury College](/wiki/Bury_College \"Bury College\"). For services to Further Education.\n* Professor David Martin Chiddick, lately Vice\\-Chancellor, [University of Lincoln](/wiki/University_of_Lincoln \"University of Lincoln\"). For services to local and national Higher Education.\n* Lawrence Churchill, Chairman, [Pension Protection Fund](/wiki/Pension_Protection_Fund \"Pension Protection Fund\"). For public service.\n* [Robert Brodie Clark](/wiki/Brodie_Clark \"Brodie Clark\"), Head of Border Force, [UK Border Agency](/wiki/UK_Border_Agency \"UK Border Agency\"), Home Office.\n* [Barry Michael Cockcroft](/wiki/Barry_Cockcroft_%28dentist%29 \"Barry Cockcroft (dentist)\"), [Chief Dental Officer](/wiki/Chief_Dental_Officer_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"Chief Dental Officer (United Kingdom)\"), Department of Health.\n* Christopher Cohen, lately chairman, Athletics Sports Assembly Executive Committee, [International Paralympic Committee](/wiki/International_Paralympic_Committee \"International Paralympic Committee\"). For services to Sport.\n* [Sarah Patricia Connolly](/wiki/Sarah_Connolly \"Sarah Connolly\"), Opera Singer. For services to Classical Music.\n* Rodney Cousens, chief executive officer, [Codemasters](/wiki/Codemasters \"Codemasters\"). For services to the Computer Games Industry.\n* Dr. Michael John Cresswell, Director\\-General, [Assessment and Qualifications Alliance](/wiki/Assessment_and_Qualifications_Alliance \"Assessment and Qualifications Alliance\"). For services to Education.\n* Professor Ian Richard Crute, lately Director, [Rothamsted Research](/wiki/Rothamsted_Research \"Rothamsted Research\"). For services to Plant Science.\n* [His Honour Judge Keith Charles Cutler](/wiki/Keith_Cutler \"Keith Cutler\"), Circuit Judge. For services to the Administration of Justice.\n* [Dr. George Daniels, MBE](/wiki/George_Daniels_%28watchmaker%29 \"George Daniels (watchmaker)\"), Master Watchmaker. For services to Horology.\n* [Professor Janet Howard Darbyshire, OBE](/wiki/Janet_Darbyshire \"Janet Darbyshire\"), Director, Clinical Trials Unit, [Medical Research Council](/wiki/Medical_Research_Council_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"Medical Research Council (United Kingdom)\"). For services to Clinical Science.\n* Helen Anne Dent, chief executive, [Family Action](/wiki/Family_Action \"Family Action\"). For services to Children and Families.\n* Graham Thomas Devlin. For services to the Arts.\n* Professor Carol Dezateux, Professor of Paediatric Epidemiology, [UCL Institute of Child Health](/wiki/UCL_Institute_of_Child_Health \"UCL Institute of Child Health\"). For services to Science.\n* Mary Elizabeth Dodd, lately Consultant Physiotherapist, Cystic Fibrosis, [South Manchester University Hospital NHS Trust](/wiki/South_Manchester_University_Hospital_NHS_Trust \"South Manchester University Hospital NHS Trust\"). For services to Healthcare.\n* [Peter Donohoe](/wiki/Peter_Donohoe_%28pianist%29 \"Peter Donohoe (pianist)\"), pianist, for services to Classical Music.\n* Trudi Margaret Elliott, Regional Director, Government Office for the West Midlands, [Department for Communities and Local Government](/wiki/Department_for_Communities_and_Local_Government \"Department for Communities and Local Government\").\n* Margaret Fay, OBE. For services to the Regional Development Agency, [One North East](/wiki/One_NorthEast \"One NorthEast\").\n* [George Ferguson](/wiki/George_Ferguson_%28architect%29 \"George Ferguson (architect)\"). For services to Architecture and to the community in the South West.\n* [Professor Stephen John Field](/wiki/Steve_Field_%28medical_doctor%29 \"Steve Field (medical doctor)\"), Head of Workforce and Regional Postgraduate Dean, NHS West Midlands and Chairman of College Council, [Royal College of General Practitioners](/wiki/Royal_College_of_General_Practitioners \"Royal College of General Practitioners\"). For services to Medicine.\n* Christopher Mark Fisher, Director, Jobseekers and Skills, Employment Group, [Department for Work and Pensions](/wiki/Department_for_Work_and_Pensions \"Department for Work and Pensions\").\n* [Professor Alastair Hugh Fitter, FRS](/wiki/Alastair_Fitter \"Alastair Fitter\"), Pro\\-Vice\\-Chancellor for Research, [University of York](/wiki/University_of_York \"University of York\"). For services to Environmental Science.\n* Brian Roy Fleet, MBE, Senior [Airbus UK](/wiki/Airbus_UK \"Airbus UK\") Vice\\-President. For services to the Aerospace Industry.\n* His Honour Judge David Robert Fletcher, Circuit Judge. For services to the Administration of Justice in Merseyside.\n* Winston Fletcher, lately chairman, Advertising Standards Board of Finance. For services to the Creative Industries.\n* Neil Raymond Flint, Deputy Director, New Academies Division, [Department for Children, Schools and Families](/wiki/Department_for_Children%2C_Schools_and_Families \"Department for Children, Schools and Families\").\n* [Helen Fraser](/wiki/Helen_Fraser_%28executive%29 \"Helen Fraser (executive)\"), lately managing director, [Penguin UK](/wiki/Penguin_UK \"Penguin UK\"). For services to the Publishing Industry.\n* Professor John Fyfe. For services to Partnership Working and to Regeneration Worldwide, particularly in West Cumbria.\n* David Goldstone. For public service.\n* Anthony Simonds\\-Gooding, Chairman, [D\\&AD](/wiki/D%26AD \"D&AD\"). For services to the Creative Industries.\n* Professor Sean Patrick Gorman, Dean, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences and Professor of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, [Queen's University Belfast](/wiki/Queen%27s_University_Belfast \"Queen's University Belfast\"). For services to Healthcare.\n* [Lucian Charles Grainge](/wiki/Lucian_Grainge \"Lucian Grainge\"), Chairman and chief executive officer, [Universal Music Group International](/wiki/Universal_Music_Group_International \"Universal Music Group International\"). For services to the Creative Industries.\n* Robert Douglas Greig, chief executive, National Development Team for Inclusion. For services to People with Special Needs.\n* Bethan Haulwen Guilfoyle, Headteacher, [Treorchy Comprehensive School](/wiki/Treorchy_Comprehensive_School \"Treorchy Comprehensive School\"). For services to Education in Wales.\n* [Maggi Hambling, OBE](/wiki/Maggi_Hambling \"Maggi Hambling\"), Painter and Sculptor. For services to Art.\n* Ian Hardie, Deputy Director, Corporation Tax and VAT, Business Tax, [H.M. Revenue and Customs](/wiki/H.M._Revenue_and_Customs \"H.M. Revenue and Customs\").\n* Dr. Christopher Charles Harling, Director, [NHS Plus](/wiki/NHS_Plus \"NHS Plus\"). For services to Occupational Health.\n* Martin Harman. For services to International Trade and to the Legal Profession.\n* Dr. Colin Robert Harrison, Chairman, Chemistry Innovation Knowledge Transfer Network. For services to Technology.\n* [Emma Harrison](/wiki/Emma_Harrison_%28entrepreneur%29 \"Emma Harrison (entrepreneur)\"), Chair, [A4e](/wiki/A4e \"A4e\"). For services to Unemployed People and to the Voluntary Sector.\n* Frances Hartley, lately Headteacher, Deans Primary School, Salford. For services to Education.\n* Sally Lorinda Hobbs, HM Deputy Chief Inspector, [Crown Prosecution Service](/wiki/Crown_Prosecution_Service \"Crown Prosecution Service\") Inspectorate.\n* Peter Michael Holland, QFSM, Chief Fire Officer, [Lancashire Fire and Rescue Service](/wiki/Lancashire_Fire_and_Rescue_Service \"Lancashire Fire and Rescue Service\"). For services to Local Government.\n* Timothy Stancliffe Hollis, QPM, Chief Constable, [Humberside Police](/wiki/Humberside_Police \"Humberside Police\"). For services to the Police.\n* [Helen Jackson](/wiki/Helen_Jackson_%28politician%29 \"Helen Jackson (politician)\"). For services to the Women and Pensions Network and to the community in South Yorkshire.\n* Dyfrig Dafydd Joseff John, lately Deputy chairman and chief executive, [HSBC Bank](/wiki/HSBC_Bank \"HSBC Bank\"). For services to the Financial Services Industry.\n* [Penny Johnson](/wiki/Penny_Johnson \"Penny Johnson\"), Director, Government Art Collection, [Department for Culture, Media and Sport](/wiki/Department_for_Culture%2C_Media_and_Sport \"Department for Culture, Media and Sport\").\n* Julie Jones, OBE, chief executive, [Social Care Institute for Excellence](/wiki/Social_Care_Institute_for_Excellence \"Social Care Institute for Excellence\"). For services to Local Government.\n* Robert Jones, lately chairman, Association of Police Authorities. For services to the Police.\n* Professor Peter Graham Edward Kennedy, Burton Professor of Neurology, [University of Glasgow](/wiki/University_of_Glasgow \"University of Glasgow\"). For services to Clinical Science.\n* Lowri Alice Khan, Team Leader, Intervention, Strategy and Markets Team, [H.M. Treasury](/wiki/H.M._Treasury \"H.M. Treasury\").\n* Paul Leighton, QPM, lately Deputy Chief Constable, [Police Service of Northern Ireland](/wiki/Police_Service_of_Northern_Ireland \"Police Service of Northern Ireland\"). For services to the Police.\n* Rosa Lady Lipworth. For charitable services.\n* [Phyllida Lloyd](/wiki/Phyllida_Lloyd \"Phyllida Lloyd\"), Theatre Director. For services to Drama.\n* [James Loughran](/wiki/James_Loughran \"James Loughran\"), Conductor. For services to Classical Music.\n* David Clifford Loughton, chief executive, [Royal Wolverhampton Hospitals NHS Trust](/wiki/Royal_Wolverhampton_Hospitals_NHS_Trust \"Royal Wolverhampton Hospitals NHS Trust\"). For services to Healthcare.\n* [Ian David Luder](/wiki/Ian_Luder \"Ian Luder\"), lately [Lord Mayor of the City of London](/wiki/Lord_Mayor_of_London \"Lord Mayor of London\"). For public service.\n* Mary Elizabeth Madden. For public service.\n* [Professor Robert James Mair, FREng FICE FRS](/wiki/Robert_James_Mair \"Robert James Mair\"), Master of [Jesus College](/wiki/Jesus_College%2C_Cambridge \"Jesus College, Cambridge\") and Professor of Geotechnical Engineering, [University of Cambridge](/wiki/University_of_Cambridge \"University of Cambridge\"). For services to Engineering.\n* Hew Mathewson, President, [General Dental Council](/wiki/General_Dental_Council \"General Dental Council\"). For services to Healthcare.\n* Professor Denise Angela McAlister, Pro\\-Vice\\-Chancellor, Teaching and Learning, [University of Ulster](/wiki/University_of_Ulster \"University of Ulster\"). For services to Higher Education in Northern Ireland.\n* William David McWilliam, Superintendent, [Merseyside Police](/wiki/Merseyside_Police \"Merseyside Police\"). For services to the Police and to Young People.\n* David Leonard Moore, lately Her Majesty's Inspector of Education and Assistant Divisional Manager, [Ofsted](/wiki/Ofsted \"Ofsted\").\n* Candy Morris, chief executive, NHS South East Coast [Strategic Health Authority](/wiki/Strategic_health_authority \"Strategic health authority\"). For services to Healthcare.\n* Diana Lesley Morrison, Headteacher, St. Martin\\-in\\-the\\-Fields High School for Girls, Lambeth, London. For services to local and national Education.\n* Stephen Thurston Munby, chief executive, National College for Leadership of Schools and Children's Services. For services to Education.\n* [Professor Adrian Charles Newland](/wiki/Adrian_Charles_Newland \"Adrian Charles Newland\"), Professor of Haematology and director, Pathology Clinical Academic Unit, [Barts and the London NHS Trust](/wiki/Barts_and_the_London_NHS_Trust \"Barts and the London NHS Trust\"). For services to Medicine.\n* Dr. William Gerard O'Hare, Chairman, [University of Ulster](/wiki/University_of_Ulster \"University of Ulster\") Foundation. For services to Higher Education and to Regeneration in Northern Ireland.\n* [David Malcolm Orr](/wiki/David_Malcolm_Orr \"David Malcolm Orr\"), Director Corporate Services, Department of Finance and Personnel, [Northern Ireland Executive](/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Executive \"Northern Ireland Executive\").\n* John Scott Perry, chief executive, [Scottish Enterprise](/wiki/Scottish_Enterprise \"Scottish Enterprise\"). For services to Business.\n* Dr. David Price, chief executive, [Chemring Group](/wiki/Chemring_Group \"Chemring Group\") plc. For services to the Defence Industry.\n* Imelda Redmond, chief executive, [Carers UK](/wiki/Carers_UK \"Carers UK\"). For services to Disadvantaged People.\n* Dr. Sian Eluned Rees, Inspector of Ancient Monuments, [Cadw](/wiki/Cadw \"Cadw\"), Welsh Assembly Government.\n* Caroline Mary Rookes, Director, Planning for Retirement and Older People, [Department for Work and Pensions](/wiki/Department_for_Work_and_Pensions \"Department for Work and Pensions\").\n* [Tessa Sarah Ross (Mrs. Scantlebury)](/wiki/Tessa_Ross \"Tessa Ross\"), Controller of Film and Drama, [Channel 4](/wiki/Channel_4 \"Channel 4\"). For services to Broadcasting.\n* [Alastair Eric Hotson Salvesen](/wiki/Alastair_Salvesen \"Alastair Salvesen\"). For services to the Arts and to Charity in Scotland.\n* [Graham Edward Sheffield](/wiki/Graham_Sheffield \"Graham Sheffield\"), Artistic Director, [Barbican Centre](/wiki/Barbican_Centre \"Barbican Centre\"), London. For services to the Arts.\n* [Adrian Shooter](/wiki/Adrian_Shooter \"Adrian Shooter\"), Chairman, [Chiltern Railway Company Ltd](/wiki/Chiltern_Railways \"Chiltern Railways\"). For services to the Rail Industry.\n* Ruth Sims, OBE. For voluntary service to Palliative Care in [Uganda](/wiki/Uganda \"Uganda\").\n* John Brian Sinnott, chief executive, [Leicestershire County Council](/wiki/Leicestershire_County_Council \"Leicestershire County Council\"). For services to Local Government.\n* Professor [Christopher John Skinner](/wiki/Chris_Skinner_%28statistician%29 \"Chris Skinner (statistician)\"), FBA, Professor, Southampton Statistical Sciences Research Institute, [University of Southampton](/wiki/University_of_Southampton \"University of Southampton\"). For services to Social Science.\n* Paul Spencer, lately chairman, [National Savings and Investments](/wiki/National_Savings_and_Investments \"National Savings and Investments\"). For services to the Financial Services Industry.\n* Janice Stevens, National Director, Healthcare Associated Infections Programme, Department of Health. For services to Nursing.\n* Professor William James Swindall, OBE, Consulting Director, QUILL Centre, [Queen's University Belfast](/wiki/Queen%27s_University_Belfast \"Queen's University Belfast\"). For services to Environmental Science.\n* Kathleen Thomas, Principal, [Oldham College](/wiki/Oldham_College \"Oldham College\"), Manchester. For services to Further Education.\n* [Margaret Maud Tyzack, OBE](/wiki/Margaret_Tyzack \"Margaret Tyzack\"), actress. For services to Drama.\n* [Professor Karen Vousden, FRS FRSE FMedSci](/wiki/Karen_Vousden \"Karen Vousden\"), Director, [Beatson Institute for Cancer Research](/wiki/Beatson_Institute_for_Cancer_Research \"Beatson Institute for Cancer Research\"). For services to Clinical Science.\n* Susan Toni Wardell, Director, Middle East, Caribbean, Asia (East, Central) and British Overseas Territories, [Department for International Development](/wiki/Department_for_International_Development \"Department for International Development\").\n* John David Whittaker, Deputy Director, Employment Policy, [Cabinet Office](/wiki/Cabinet_Office \"Cabinet Office\").\n* Vanessa Wiseman, lately Headteacher, Langdon School and Sports College, Newham, London. For services to Education.\n* John Briscoe Wright. For services to the [Federation of Small Businesses](/wiki/Federation_of_Small_Businesses \"Federation of Small Businesses\").\n* Professor Michael Wright, DL, Vice\\-Chancellor, [Canterbury Christ Church University](/wiki/Canterbury_Christ_Church_University \"Canterbury Christ Church University\"). For services to Higher Education and to the community in Kent.", "Diplomatic and Overseas List\n* Larry Thomas Dennis, lately Auditor General of Bermuda. For services to good governance in Bermuda.\n* Rabbi [David Shlomo Rosen](/wiki/David_Shlomo_Rosen \"David Shlomo Rosen\"), Honorary Adviser on Interfaith relations to the Chief Rabbinate of Israel. For services to interfaith relations in the Middle East, and between the UK and Israel.", "#### Officers of the Order of the British Empire (OBE)", "Military Division\n Royal Navy\n* [Commander Nicholas Trevor Blackman](/wiki/Nicholas_Trevor_Blackman \"Nicholas Trevor Blackman\")\n* [Commander Richard George Fox](/wiki/Richard_George_Fox \"Richard George Fox\")\n* [Commander David John Hunkin](/wiki/David_John_Hunkin \"David John Hunkin\")\n* [Commander Charles David Lightfoot](/wiki/Charles_David_Lightfoot \"Charles David Lightfoot\")\n* [Commander Peter Moss](/wiki/Peter_Moss_%28Royal_Navy_officer%29 \"Peter Moss (Royal Navy officer)\")\n* [Commander Gerard Rodney Northwood](/wiki/Gerard_Rodney_Northwood \"Gerard Rodney Northwood\")", "Army\n* [Lieutenant Colonel Allan Barnes](/wiki/Allan_Barnes_%28British_Army_officer%29 \"Allan Barnes (British Army officer)\") – Coldstream Guards\n* [Colonel John Etherington](/wiki/John_Etherington \"John Etherington\") – late Royal Army Medical Corps\n* [Lieutenant Colonel Alexander Gilbert Carew Hatherley](/wiki/Alexander_Gilbert_Carew_Hatherley \"Alexander Gilbert Carew Hatherley\") – Grenadier Guards\n* [Colonel Ian David MacLeod](/wiki/Ian_David_MacLeod \"Ian David MacLeod\") – Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire Army Cadet Force\n* [Colonel Iain George David Moles, QVRM TD](/wiki/Iain_George_David_Moles \"Iain George David Moles\") – late Royal Army Medical Corps, Territorial Army\n* [Lieutenant Colonel Leanda Jane Pitt, TD DL](/wiki/Leanda_Jane_Pitt \"Leanda Jane Pitt\") – The Royal Logistic Corps, Territorial Army\n* [Lieutenant Colonel John Richard James Powell](/wiki/John_Richard_James_Powell \"John Richard James Powell\") – The Princess of Wales's Royal Regiment\n* [Lieutenant Colonel Mark Reginald Rusby](/wiki/Mark_Reginald_Rusby \"Mark Reginald Rusby\") – The Mercian Regiment\n* [Lieutenant Colonel Andrew John Teskey](/wiki/Andrew_John_Teskey \"Andrew John Teskey\") – Corps of Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers", "Royal Air Force\n* [Wing Commander Stephen Robert Chaskin](/wiki/Stephen_Robert_Chaskin \"Stephen Robert Chaskin\")\n* [Wing Commander Mark Nicholas Day](/wiki/Mark_Nicholas_Day \"Mark Nicholas Day\")\n* [Wing Commander Simon Andrew Harper](/wiki/Simon_Andrew_Harper \"Simon Andrew Harper\")\n* [Wing Commander Jonathan Peter Quentin Reid](/wiki/Jonathan_Peter_Quentin_Reid \"Jonathan Peter Quentin Reid\")\n* [Wing Commander Malcolm Leslie Symonds](/wiki/Malcolm_Leslie_Symonds \"Malcolm Leslie Symonds\")\n* [Wing Commander Andrew David Wallis](/wiki/Andrew_David_Wallis \"Andrew David Wallis\")\n* [Wing Commander Robert Alan Woods](/wiki/Robert_Alan_Woods \"Robert Alan Woods\")", "Civil Division\n* William Abbott, National Security Adviser, Secure Mental Health Services, Department of Health. For services to Healthcare.\n* [Victor Akers](/wiki/Victor_Akers \"Victor Akers\"), lately Manager, [Arsenal Ladies' Football Team](/wiki/Arsenal_W.F.C. \"Arsenal W.F.C.\"). For services to Sport.\n* Professor [Alan Alexander](/wiki/Alan_Alexander_%28academic%29 \"Alan Alexander (academic)\"), Emeritus Professor of Local and Public Management, [University of Strathclyde](/wiki/University_of_Strathclyde \"University of Strathclyde\"). For services to Social Science.\n* Alexander Beveridge Anderson, D.L., Chairman of Governors, University of Teesside. For services to the community in the North East.\n* Deirdre Anne, Mrs. Kinloch Anderson, Director, Kinloch Anderson. For services to the Textile Industry.\n* John Huxley Fordyce Anderson. For services to St. Martin\\-in\\-the\\-Fields, London and to the Construction Industry.\n* [Craig Armstrong](/wiki/Craig_Armstrong_%28composer%29 \"Craig Armstrong (composer)\"). For services to Music.\n* Anthony John William Attard, Chief Executive, Panaz Ltd. For services to the Textile Industry and to International Trade.\n* [Sir Nicholas Hickman Ponsonby Bacon, Bt., D.L](/wiki/Sir_Nicholas_Bacon%2C_14th_Baronet \"Sir Nicholas Bacon, 14th Baronet\"). For services to the community in Norfolk.\n* Linda Margaret, Mrs. Costelloe Baker. For public service.\n* Stuart Kemp Baker, Deputy Director, National Projects, Rail and National Networks, Department for Transport.\n* Dr. Michael Thomas Barlow. For services to Intellectual Property Law.\n* Professor [Ann Barrett](/wiki/Ann_Barrett \"Ann Barrett\"), Professor of [Oncology](/wiki/Oncology \"Oncology\") and lately Deputy Head of School, [University of East Anglia](/wiki/University_of_East_Anglia \"University of East Anglia\"). For services to Healthcare.\n* Ms Hillary Anna Bauer, Head, International and Cultural Property Unit, Department for Culture, Media and Sport.\n* Ms Margaret Baxter. For services to the Voluntary Sector.\n* Miss Ailsa Elizabeth Beaton, Director of Information, Metropolitan Police Service. For services to the Police.\n* Alan Kenneth Bowers Beavis. For services to the Scouts.\n* Dr. John William Beer, lately Executive Director of Social Services, Southampton City Council. For services to Local Government.\n* Ms [Anthea Bell](/wiki/Anthea_Bell \"Anthea Bell\"). For services to Literature and to Literary Translations.\n* Arlene, Mrs. Bell, Headteacher, Beechdale Nursery School, Durham. For services to local and national Early Years Education.\n* Thomas Bell. For services to the Wooden Spoon Children's Charity.\n* [Madeleine Ponsonby, Countess of Bessborough](/wiki/Madeleine_Ponsonby%2C_Countess_of_Bessborough \"Madeleine Ponsonby, Countess of Bessborough\"). For services to the Visual Arts.\n* Dr. Anthony Bernard Best. For services to the Education of Deafblind Children.\n* Kay, Mrs. Bews, Chief Executive, Home\\-Start UK. For services to Children and Families.\n* Professor Alison Blenkinsopp, Professor of the Practice of Pharmacy, Keele University. For services to Healthcare.\n* Ronald John Bowers, Grade B2, Ministry of Defence.\n* Paul Vincent Boyle, lately Chief Executive, Financial Reporting Council. For services to the Financial Services Industry and Accountancy.\n* Ms Anne Elizabeth Brannagan, Complex Trauma Manager, Defence Medical Rehabilitation Centre, Headley Court, Surrey, Ministry of Defence.\n* [Ross Brawn](/wiki/Ross_Brawn \"Ross Brawn\"), Team Principal, [Brawn GP](/wiki/Brawn_GP \"Brawn GP\"). For services to Motorsport.\n* [Dr. Michael Peter Briggs](/wiki/Peter_Briggs_%28scientist%29 \"Peter Briggs (scientist)\"), lately [Pro\\-Vice\\-Chancellor](/wiki/Pro-Vice-Chancellor \"Pro-Vice-Chancellor\"), [Roehampton University](/wiki/Roehampton_University \"Roehampton University\"). For services to Higher Education.\n* Dr. Alison Fiona Campbell, Managing Director, King's College London Business Ltd. For services to Knowledge Transfer.\n* Peter Carne, lately National Champion, Learning Outside the Classroom and Programme Manager, Growing Schools Programme. For services to Education.\n* David Brian Cassells. For services to the Inland Waterways Association of Ireland.\n* Eileen, Mrs. Cavalier (Mrs. Schatunowski), Founder, London College of Beauty Therapy. For services to Further Education.\n* Pamela, Mrs. Challis, Leader, Castle Point Borough Council. For services to Local Government in South East Essex.\n* [Mavis Lurline, Mrs. Champagnie](/wiki/Lurline_Champagnie \"Lurline Champagnie\"), Councillor, [London Borough of Harrow](/wiki/London_Borough_of_Harrow \"London Borough of Harrow\"). For services to Local Government and to Diversity.\n* Captain Kandiah Chandran, M.B.E., Chief Executive, Preset Charitable Trust. For services to Young People in London.\n* Gillian, Mrs. Coffey, Headteacher, Lynch Hill Foundation Primary School, Slough. For services to Education.\n* Yvonne, Mrs. Coghill, National Lead, Breaking Through Programme, NHS Institute for Innovation and Improvement. For services to Healthcare.\n* Maureen, Mrs. Cooke, Head of Capability and First Line Service Management, Customer Service Delivery, Corporate IT, Department for Work and Pensions.\n* Gordon Raymond Couch. For services to disabled people.\n* David John Cowie, lately District Manager, Jobcentre Plus, Forth Valley, Fife and Tayside, Department for Work and Pensions.\n* John Andrew Craig, Chairman, British Record Industry Trust. For services to Music and to Charity.\n* Mary Elizabeth, Mrs. Craig, Chief Executive, Lloyds TSB Foundation for Scotland. For services to the Voluntary Sector.\n* Bruce Millson Crook, Grade B1, Ministry of Defence.\n* Ms [Frances Crook](/wiki/Frances_Crook \"Frances Crook\"), Director, [Howard League for Penal Reform](/wiki/Howard_League_for_Penal_Reform \"Howard League for Penal Reform\"). For services to Youth Justice.\n* Neil Philip Cunliffe, Group Manager, Road Safety Group, Lancashire County Council. For services to Road Safety.\n* Phillip Leyland Darnton, Chairman, Cycling England. For services to Transport.\n* Frederick Geoffrey Davies, lately Chairman, Gwent Magistrates Bench and Wales Bench Chairmen's Forum. For services to the Administration of Justice.\n* Derek John Davis, lately Chairman, Stoke\\-on\\-Trent and Staffordshire Combined Fire Authority. For services to Local Government.\n* Amanda, Mrs. Deeks, Chief Executive Officer, South Gloucestershire Council and Founder, West of England Partnership for Bristol. For services to Local Government.\n* Paul Deneen, J.P., D.L. For services to the community in Herefordshire and Worcestershire.\n* John Henry Derbyshire, Sailing Coach and Manager. For services to Sport.\n* Professor [Fiona Devine](/wiki/Fiona_Devine \"Fiona Devine\"), Professor of Sociology, [University of Manchester](/wiki/University_of_Manchester \"University of Manchester\"). For services to Social Science.\n* Ian Laidlaw\\-Dickson, Chairman, Hertfordshire Police Authority. For services to the Police.\n* Michael Donnelly, Chief Executive Officer, Habinteg Housing Association. For services to the Housing Sector.\n* Jacqueline Ann, Mrs. Dowell, Customer Operations Business Design Manager, H.M. Revenue and Customs.\n* Professor [Marcus Peter Francis du Sautoy](/wiki/Marcus_du_Sautoy \"Marcus du Sautoy\"), Professor of Mathematics, [University of Oxford](/wiki/University_of_Oxford \"University of Oxford\"). For services to Science.\n* Brigadier Hedley Dennis Cardew Duncan, M.B.E., lately Yeoman Usher of the Black Rod, House of Lords.\n* Martin Donald Dunford, Chairman, Association of Learning Providers and Chief Executive, Skills Training UK. For services to Skills.\n* Antony Dunne, Grade B1, Ministry of Defence.\n* Dr. Linda Ebbatson, Leader, Chester\\-le\\-Street District Council. For services to Local Government.\n* Ms Janette Morag Faherty, Chief Executive, TNG/ Avanta. For services to Unemployed People and to Entrepreneurship.\n* Ms Julia Fawcett, Chief Executive, Lowry Centre, Salford Quays. For services to the Arts in the North West.\n* Derek Forest, Detective Superintendent, West Midlands Police. For services to the Police.\n* Diana, Mrs. Fulbrook, Chief Officer, Wiltshire Probation Area, Ministry of Justice.\n* Elizabeth Laureen, Mrs. Fullerton, lately Chair, NHS Shetland. For services to Healthcare.\n* Ms Lucy Diana Gampell (Mrs. Itkin), lately Director, Action for Prisoners' Families. For services to Disadvantaged People.\n* Professor Mary Gibby, Director of Science, Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh. For services to Botany.\n* Captain Duncan Colin Glass, lately Director of Navigation Requirements, Trinity House, Department for Transport.\n* Celia Jane, Mrs. Godsall. For services to Sport.\n* Dr. James Desmond Hall, General Medical Practitioner, Belfast. For services to Healthcare.\n* Ms Susan Elizabeth Hall, Chief Officer, West Yorkshire Probation Area, Ministry of Justice.\n* Ms Catherine Graham\\-Harrison. For services to Heritage.\n* David James Harrison. For services to Golf.\n* Michael Clifford Hart, Director, Ffestinog Railway Company and Chairman, Welsh Highland Railway Construction Ltd. For services to the Rail Industry.\n* Maurice Adrian Sylvester Heaster, Deputy Leader, Wandsworth Council. For services to Local Government.\n* Elizabeth Irene, Mrs. Henderson, Network Nurse Director, Northern Ireland Cancer Network. For services to Healthcare.\n* Tom Henderson. For services to Humanitarian Aid.\n* Dr. Barbara Hendrie, lately Deputy Director, Iraq, Department for International Development.\n* David Henry, Chairman, National Association for Mental Health. For services to Healthcare.\n* Dr. [Andrew James Herbert](/wiki/Andrew_Herbert \"Andrew Herbert\"), Managing Director, [Microsoft Research](/wiki/Microsoft_Research \"Microsoft Research\"), Cambridge. For services to Computer Science.\n* [Donald Peter Herbert](/wiki/Peter_Herbert_%28lawyer%29 \"Peter Herbert (lawyer)\"), Barrister. For voluntary service to Equality, Diversity and Human Rights.\n* Ms Susan Ann Higham, Business Design Manager, Modernising Pay As You Earn, Telford, H.M. Revenue and Customs.\n* Ms Stephanie Hilborne, Chief Executive, The Wildlife Trusts. For services to Nature Conservation.\n* Professor Anthony Edward Hill, Director, National Oceanography Centre, Southampton. For services to Environmental Science.\n* Professor William Stewart Hillis, Medical Adviser, Scottish Football Association. For services to Medicine and to Sport.\n* Helen Jane, Mrs. Clegg\\-Hood, Headteacher, Shiremoor Primary School, Newcastle upon Tyne. For services to Education.\n* Ms Katharine Sarah Julian Horner, lately Specialist Counsellor and Senior Analyst, Assessments Staff, Cabinet Office.\n* Peter John Hosker. For services to the community in Preston, Lancashire.\n* [Gareth Dale Hoskins](/wiki/Gareth_Hoskins \"Gareth Hoskins\"). For services to Architecture.\n* Kevin Houston, Managing Director, Anderson Manning Associates. For services to Business.\n* Nicholas Howard, Parliamentary Clerk, Prime Minister's Office.\n* Susan, Mrs. Huggins, Head of Network Development. For services to the Post Office.\n* Shirley, Mrs. Hughes, Chief Executive Officer, Cerebral Palsy Sport. For services to Disability Sport.\n* Robert Alfred Hutchings. For services to the Voluntary Sector in Wales.\n* William Anthony Hynett, Group Chief Executive Officer, [B\\-N Group Ltd](/wiki/Britten-Norman \"Britten-Norman\"). For services to the Defence Industry.\n* [Paul Stafford Jackson](/wiki/Paul_Jackson_%28game_producer%29 \"Paul Jackson (game producer)\"). For services to the Computer Games Industry.\n* Marc Jaffrey. For services to Music Education.\n* Anthony Paul Jakimciw, Principal and Chief Executive Officer, Dumfries and Galloway College. For services to Further Education in Scotland.\n* Professor Ian Miller Jamieson, lately Pro\\-Vice\\- Chancellor (Learning and Teaching), University of Bath. For services to local and national Education.\n* Ms Marion Juliette Janner. For services to Mental Healthcare.\n* Ms Deborah Jeffery, Grade B2, Ministry of Defence. Martin John Jenkins, Grade B1, Ministry of Defence.\n* Jane, Mrs. Johnson, Headteacher, St. Stephen's Primary School, Newham, London. For services to Education.\n* Glenys, Mrs. Johnston, Chair, Local Safeguarding Children Board, Leicestershire and Rutland. For services to Local Government.\n* Paul Lloyd Jones, Executive Headteacher, Blackpool and Chudleigh Knighton Lady Seaward's and Salcombe Primary Schools, Devon. For services to local and national Education.\n* [Stephen Jones](/wiki/Stephen_Jones_%28milliner%29 \"Stephen Jones (milliner)\"), Milliner. For services to the Fashion Industry.\n* Professor Vijay Vir Kakkar, Emeritus Professor, University of London. For services to Clinical Science.\n* Ms Jeanne Kaniuk, Head of Adoption Services, Thomas Coram Foundation for Children. For services to Children.\n* Professor Paul Keane, Dean, School of Health and Social Care, Teesside University. For services to Healthcare.\n* Anna, Mrs. Kendall, lately Headteacher, Christ Church Church of England Primary School, Kensington and Chelsea, London. For services to Education.\n* Nigel Kershaw, Chief Executive, Big Issue Invest and Chairman, The Big Issue. For services to Social Enterprise.\n* [Simon Henry King](/wiki/Simon_King_%28television%29 \"Simon King (television)\"). For services to Wildlife Photography and to Conservation.\n* John Gordon Kingston. For services to the Voluntary Sector.\n* Ms Anne Kirkham, Grade 5, Decent Homes and Housing Finance Division, Department for Communities and Local Government.\n* Richard Philip Kitson, lately Chief Executive, Aster Group. For services to the Housing Sector.\n* Susan, Mrs. Knox. For services to Food Safety.\n* Silas Krendel. For charitable services.\n* [Ram Parkash Lakha](/wiki/Ram_Parkash_Lakha \"Ram Parkash Lakha\"). For services to the Sikh community in Coventry, West Midlands.\n* Anthony Edward Langford, Non\\-Executive Director, John Smedley. For services to the Knitwear Industry.\n* Heather, Mrs. Lawrence, Chief Executive, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital NHS Foundation Trust. For services to Healthcare.\n* Jurat and Lieutenant Bailiff Sally Carolyn Ann Le Brocq. For services to the Administration of Justice and to the community in Jersey.\n* Andrew John Leigh. For public service.\n* Eva, Mrs. Loeffler, Vice\\-President, WheelPower. For services to Disability Sport.\n* Helen, Mrs. MacKenzie, Headteacher, Shevington High School, Wigan. For services to Education.\n* John Graham Marks. For charitable services.\n* Victor Alan Marshall, Detective Superintendent, Sussex Police and Adviser to the Home Office. For services to the Police.\n* Ms Wendy Martinson, Consultant Dietitian, British Olympic Association. For services to Sport and to Nutrition.\n* June Colette, Mrs. Mason, Grade 7, Cohesion and Migration Directorate, Department for Communities and Local Government.\n* Samuel Abraham McCrea, Principal, Ballyclare Secondary School. For services to Education in Northern Ireland.\n* Professor John Alexander McDermid. For services to the Defence Industry.\n* William John McGawley, Executive Vice\\-Chairman, TDR Group. For services to Business and to Skills Training in the North East.\n* The Very Reverend Dr. Robert Samuel James Houston McKelvey, Q.V.R.M., T.D., Dean, St. Anne's Cathedral, Belfast. For services to the community in Northern Ireland.\n* Ms Alison Mary McLean. For services to Rural Affairs in the West Midlands.\n* Bishop Louis Richard McLeod, For services to Southwark Credit Union.\n* Ronald McNab, lately Managing Director, Caledonian Alloys Ltd. For services to the Recycling Industry.\n* Ms [Loretta Minghella](/wiki/Loretta_Minghella \"Loretta Minghella\"), Chief Executive, [Financial Services Compensation Scheme](/wiki/Financial_Services_Compensation_Scheme \"Financial Services Compensation Scheme\"). For services to the Financial Services Industry.\n* [Michelle, Mrs. Mone](/wiki/Michelle_Mone%2C_Baroness_Mone \"Michelle Mone, Baroness Mone\"), Founder and Owner, MJM International Group. For services to the Lingerie Industry.\n* [Kenneth Montgomery](/wiki/Kenneth_Montgomery \"Kenneth Montgomery\"), Principal Conductor, [Ulster Orchestra](/wiki/Ulster_Orchestra \"Ulster Orchestra\"). For services to Music in Northern Ireland.\n* Ms [Debbie Moore](/wiki/Debbie_Moore \"Debbie Moore\"), Founder and Chair, [Pineapple Dance Studios](/wiki/Pineapple_Dance_Studios \"Pineapple Dance Studios\"). For services to Business.\n* [Heidi, Mrs. Mottram](/wiki/Heidi_Mottram \"Heidi Mottram\"), Managing Director, Northern Rail. For services to the Rail Industry.\n* Ms Diane Mulligan. For services to disabled people and to Equal Opportunities.\n* [Braham Sydney Murray](/wiki/Braham_Murray \"Braham Murray\"), [Artistic Director](/wiki/Artistic_Director \"Artistic Director\"), [Royal Exchange, Manchester](/wiki/Royal_Exchange%2C_Manchester \"Royal Exchange, Manchester\"). For services to Drama.\n* Peter Murray, Co\\-Founder, Ormiston Trust. For services to Children and Families.\n* Dr. Sydney Donnelly Neill, Director, Agriculture Food and Environmental Sciences Division, Agri\\-Food and Biosciences Institute, Northern Ireland Executive.\n* [David Nixon](/wiki/David_Nixon_%28choreographer%29 \"David Nixon (choreographer)\"), Artistic Director, [Northern Ballet](/wiki/Northern_Ballet \"Northern Ballet\") Theatre. For services to Dance.\n* Edward James O'Gorman. For charitable services to the Foundation for Children with Leukaemia.\n* Professor [Timothy O'Riordan](/wiki/Tim_O%27Riordan \"Tim O'Riordan\"), D.L., Emeritus Professor of Environmental Sciences, [University of East Anglia](/wiki/University_of_East_Anglia \"University of East Anglia\"). For services to Sustainable Development.\n* Gary Oldman. For public service.\n* Dr. Jane Overbury, Principal, Christ the King Sixth Form College, Lewisham, London. For services to Education.\n* [Richard Parfitt](/wiki/Rick_Parfitt \"Rick Parfitt\"), Co\\-Founder, Singer and Guitarist, [Status Quo](/wiki/Status_Quo_%28band%29 \"Status Quo (band)\"). For services to Music and to Charity.\n* Dr. Louise Mary Perrotta. For public service.\n* Peter Phillipson, Chairman, Merlin Entertainments Group. For services to the Leisure Industry.\n* Raymond Pollock, Principal, Banbridge Academy. For services to Education in Northern Ireland.\n* Diane, Mrs. Poole, General Manager, Passengers Norfolkline Irish Sea Ferry Services. For services to the Tourist Industry.\n* Melloney, Mrs. Poole, Deputy Director, Legal Services and Governance, Big Lottery Fund. For public service.\n* Andrew Richard Pope, J.P., National Business Crime Partnership Manager, Co\\-operative Group. For public service.\n* Ms [Rachel Portman](/wiki/Rachel_Portman \"Rachel Portman\"), Film Composer. For services to Music.\n* Colin Preece, lately Director, Social Services, Neath Port Talbot. For services to Local Government.\n* Professor [Michael Charles Prestwich](/wiki/Michael_Prestwich \"Michael Prestwich\"), Emeritus Professor of History, [Durham University](/wiki/Durham_University \"Durham University\"). For services to Scholarship.\n* Richard Edward Priest, Chief Executive, Riverside Centre. For services to the community in the Isle of Wight.\n* Walter Rader, Director, Big Lottery Fund. For services to the community in Northern Ireland.\n* Judith, Mrs. Ragan, Headteacher, Queensmill Special School for Autism, Hammersmith and Fulham, London. For services to Special Needs Education.\n* Bernardine, Mrs. Rees, lately Chief Executive, Ceredigion and Pembrokeshire Local Health Board. For services to the NHS in Wales.\n* Raymond Victor Refausse, lately Director and Chief Executive, South West College. For services to Further and Higher Education in Northern Ireland.\n* Professor Margaret Reid, Professor of Women's Health, University of Glasgow. For services to Healthcare and to Higher Education.\n* Ms Lyndy Reynolds, lately Deputy Head, Government Legal Service Secretariat, Treasury Solicitor's Department.\n* Ms [Menna Richards](/wiki/Menna_Richards \"Menna Richards\"), Director, [BBC Wales](/wiki/BBC_Wales \"BBC Wales\"). For services to Broadcasting.\n* Anne, Mrs. Roberts, Chief Executive, Crossroads Association. For services to Carers.\n* Edmund Caerwyn Roberts, M.B.E., Chairman, Snowdonia National Park Authority. For services to the community in Gwynedd.\n* Elizabeth Regina Oluyemika, Mrs. Atere\\-Roberts, Older People's Nurse Specialist. For services to Healthcare in London.\n* Brian Keith Rockliffe, Director, Voluntary Service Overseas. For services to International Development.\n* [Francis Dominic Nicholas Michael Rossi](/wiki/Francis_Rossi \"Francis Rossi\"), Co\\-Founder and Singer, Status Quo. For services to Music and to Charity.\n* John Kenneth Rostill, Chief Executive, Worcestershire Acute Hospitals NHS Trust. For services to Healthcare.\n* Henry James Griffin Russell, lately Chairman, National Association of General Commissioners. For public service.\n* Professor Edward Sallis, Principal and Chief Executive, Highlands College, Jersey. For services to Education.\n* Sujinder Singh Sangha, Principal, Stockton Riverside College, County Durham. For services to local and national Further Education.\n* Professor Danny Saunders, Professor and Head of the Centre for Lifelong Learning, University of Glamorgan. For services to Higher Education in Wales.\n* Professor Joseph Maurice Savage, Consultant Paediatric Nephrologist, Royal Belfast Hospital for Sick Children. For services to Medicine.\n* Dr. Caroline Ann Bodley\\-Scott, Civilian Medical Practitioner, British Forces Germany Health Service, Ministry of Defence.\n* Gordon Scott. For services to Regeneration in South Yorkshire.\n* [Jane Antoinette, Mrs. Scott](/wiki/Jane_Scott%2C_Baroness_Scott_of_Bybrook \"Jane Scott, Baroness Scott of Bybrook\"), Leader, [Wiltshire Council](/wiki/Wiltshire_Council \"Wiltshire Council\"). For services to Local Government.\n* Ahmad Shahzad. For services to Black and Minority Ethnic People.\n* Ghulam Rasul Shahzad. For services to Social Housing and to the community in Rochdale.\n* Peter Sheldon. For services to the Jewish Community.\n* Miss Julie May Shenton, Departmental Strategic Business Continuity Manager, Department for Work and Pensions.\n* Dr. David Sibbald, F.R.S.E., Chairman, Sumerian Networks. For charitable services in Scotland and Overseas.\n* [Alice, Mrs. Sluckin](/wiki/Alice_Sluckin \"Alice Sluckin\"), Chair, Selective Mutism Information and Research Association. For services to Children and Families.\n* [Ronald Gordon King\\-Smith](/wiki/Dick_King-Smith \"Dick King-Smith\"), Author. For services to Children's Literature.\n* John Thomas Smith, lately Principal, Burnley College. For services to Further Education.\n* Ms Laraine Smith, Principal, Uxbridge College. For services to Further Education.\n* Peter Arthur Smith. For services to the Optometric Profession.\n* Gerard Smyth. For services to the Police in the North East.\n* Margaret, Mrs. Snowdon, Chair, Pensions Advisory Service. For services to Pensioners.\n* The Honourable [Rupert Christopher Soames](/wiki/Rupert_Soames \"Rupert Soames\"), Chief Executive Officer, [Aggreko](/wiki/Aggreko \"Aggreko\") plc. For services to the Power Industry.\n* Pauline Joan, Mrs. Spencer, lately Head, Victim and Witness Care Delivery Unit, Crown Prosecution Service.\n* Eric Spicer. For services to the Telecommunications Industry.\n* The Right Reverend James Theophilus Stapleton. For services to Inter\\-Faith and Community Relations in Nottingham.\n* Dr. [Miriam Stoppard](/wiki/Miriam_Stoppard \"Miriam Stoppard\"). For services to Healthcare and to Charity.\n* Professor David Storey, lately Director, Centre for Small and Medium Enterprise, Warwick Business School. For services to Business.\n* Stephen Szemerenyi, Pay and Conditions Specialist, Association of School and College Leaders. For services to Education.\n* Alexander Tait, lately Governing Governor, H.M. Young Offenders' Institution Castington, Northumberland, H.M. Prison Service, Ministry of Justice.\n* Jeremy James Taylor. For services to Young People and to Musical Theatre.\n* David Ralph Thompson, Governor H.M. Prison Frankland, Durham, H.M. Prison Service, Ministry of Justice.\n* Ms Gillian Jane Thompson, lately Chief Executive, Accountant in Bankruptcy, Scottish Executive.\n* [Cyrus Todiwala](/wiki/Cyrus_Todiwala \"Cyrus Todiwala\"), M.B.E., Proprietor and Executive Chef, Cafe ́ Spice Namaste ́ Restaurant Group. For services to the Hospitality Industry.\n* Iqbal Wahhab, Chairman, Department for Work and Pensions, Ethnic Minority Advisory Group. For public service and for services to the Hospitality Industry.\n* Ms [Amanda Jane Wakeley](/wiki/Amanda_Wakeley \"Amanda Wakeley\"), Designer. For services to the Fashion Industry.\n* Professor Janet Anne Walker, Deputy Chair, Social Security Advisory Committee. For public service.\n* James Arneil Wardrop. For services to the community in Renfrewshire.\n* Caroline, Mrs. Waters, Director, People and Policy for BT Group. For services to Diversity and to Equal Opportunities.\n* Norma Anne, Mrs. Watson. For services to Education in Scotland.\n* Dr. John Alexander Watt, Director of Strengthening Communities, Highlands and Islands Enterprise. For services to Community Development.\n* Professor Maureen Wayman, lately Pro\\-Vice\\-Chancellor and Dean, Art and Design, Manchester Metropolitan University. For services to local and national Higher Education.\n* John Wilkinson, Chief Executive, Ecuomed. For services to the Healthcare Industry.\n* [Mark Roger Wilkinson](/wiki/Mark_Wilkinson_%28designer%29 \"Mark Wilkinson (designer)\"). For services to the Furniture Industry and to Charity.\n* Susan Jean, Mrs. Willan, lately Inspector, Her Majesty's Inspectorate for Education and Training in Wales. For services to Education.\n* Professor Richard James Willson Williams, T.D., Consultant Child and Adolescent Psychiatrist, Aneurin Bevan Health Board. For services to Medicine.\n* Jessie, Mrs. Wojciechowski, Headteacher, Borestone Primary School, Stirling. For services to Education.\n* Professor Charles Roland Wolf, Director, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Dundee. For services to Science.\n* David Mark Wood, Chief Executive, ATTEND. For services to the Voluntary Sector.\n* Dr. Eric Wood, D.L. For services to Education and to the community in Warwickshire.\n* Thomas Greenaway Woods. For public service.\n* Ms Louise Wright, Fraud and Error Consultant, Department for Work and Pensions.\n* Stephen Frederick Wright, Head, Business, Improvement and Support Team, London, Valuation Office Agency, H.M. Revenue and Customs.\n* Woon Wing Yip, Chairman, Wing Yip plc. For services to the Oriental Food Industry.", "Diplomatic and Overseas List\n* [Mockbul Ali](/wiki/Mockbul_Ali \"Mockbul Ali\") \\- Adviser to the then [Foreign \\& Commonwealth Office](/wiki/Foreign_%26_Commonwealth_Office \"Foreign & Commonwealth Office\"). For services to British foreign policy.\n* David Belgrove – lately Head, Counter Narcotics Team, British Embassy, Afghanistan.\n* [Thomas Yates Benyon](/wiki/Thomas_Benyon \"Thomas Benyon\") – Founder and director, ZANE (Zimbabwe A National Emergency). For services to vulnerable people in Zimbabwe.\n* James Gordon Davidson Blakely – Director Youth (Education, Science and Society), British Council.\n* The Right Reverend Leroy Errol Brooks – For services to the community in Anguilla.\n* Norma Po Yee Chan – lately Chief, Security Council Secretariat, United Nations. For services to the United Nations in New York.\n* John Joseph\\-Devine, LVO – First Secretary, Foreign and Commonwealth Office.\n* Dr. Roderic William Dutton – Adviser on the Middle East, International Office, Durham University. For services to higher education and research links between the UK and the Middle East, especially Jordan.\n* Simon John Gillham – President, Franco\\-British Chamber of Commerce. For services to Franco\\-British business interests in France.\n* Richard Wingfield Hyde, MBE – British Honorary Consul, Madagascar. For services to the British community in Madagascar.\n* [Graham King](/wiki/Graham_King \"Graham King\") – Film Producer. For services to the British film industry in the US and UK.\n* Beverley Elizabeth Lewis – First Secretary, Foreign and Commonwealth Office.\n* Nicholas Roy Mason – First Secretary, Foreign and Commonwealth Office.\n* [Margaret Marian McPartland](/wiki/Marian_McPartland \"Marian McPartland\") – Pianist and Radio Show Host, National Public Radio, USA. For services to jazz and to aspiring young musicians in the USA.\n* [Diane Mulligan](/wiki/Diane_Mulligan \"Diane Mulligan\") – for services to disabled people and to equal opportunities.\n* William Smith MacDonald Murray – Economic and Financial Attaché, British Embassy, Spain.\n* Brian David Outlaw – Director, China\\-Britain Business Council. For services to British business interests in China.\n* Mehr Tahir Kamran – British Foreign Officer, Ambassador to Russia. For services towards a better mutual co\\-ordination in trade with Russia.\n* Ian George Purves – lately Stabilisation Adviser, Civil Military Mission in Helmand. For services to security and stabilisation in Afghanistan.\n* Michael Charles Ramscar – First Secretary, Foreign and Commonwealth Office.\n* [Jane Antoinette Scott](/wiki/Jane_Scott%2C_Baroness_Scott_of_Bybrook \"Jane Scott, Baroness Scott of Bybrook\") – For services to local government in Wiltshire.\n* Olga May Scott – For services to the health, education and development of Bermuda's youth.\n* Stephen Rowland Thomas – Founder and former Chairman of OPAL, Oman. For services to British business interests and to the community in Oman.\n* Paul Williams – Offsets Adviser, UK Trade and Investment, South Africa. For services to British business interests.", "#### Members of the Order of the British Empire (MBE)", "Military Division\n Royal Navy\n* [Warrant Officer Class 1 Warfare Specialist (Abovewater Warfare Tactical) Russell Graham Billings](/wiki/Russell_Graham_Billings \"Russell Graham Billings\")\n* [Logistician (Catering Services) Class 1 Rosemary Anne Brodrick](/wiki/Rosemary_Anne_Brodrick \"Rosemary Anne Brodrick\")\n* [Warrant Officer Class 1 Air Engineering Technician Kenneth Michael Davidson](/wiki/Kenneth_Michael_Davidson \"Kenneth Michael Davidson\")\n* [Warrant Officer Class 1 Barry Dawe](/wiki/Barry_Dawe \"Barry Dawe\")\n* [Warrant Officer Class 1 Robert John Ewen](/wiki/Robert_John_Ewen \"Robert John Ewen\")\n* [Warrant Officer Class 1 Coxswain (Submarines) John Ronald Hendren](/wiki/John_Ronald_Hendren \"John Ronald Hendren\")\n* [Lieutenant Commander Steven David Hopkins](/wiki/Steven_David_Hopkins \"Steven David Hopkins\")\n* [Lieutenant Anthony Jackson](/wiki/Anthony_Jackson_%28Royal_Navy_officer%29 \"Anthony Jackson (Royal Navy officer)\")\n* [Lieutenant Commander Bryan John Nicholas](/wiki/Bryan_John_Nicholas \"Bryan John Nicholas\")\n* [Chief Petty Officer Engineering Technician (Marine Engineering) David Parker](/wiki/David_Parker_%28Royal_Navy_officer%29 \"David Parker (Royal Navy officer)\")\n* [Warrant Officer Class 1 Coxswain (Submarines) Andrew Mark Rainey](/wiki/Andrew_Mark_Rainey \"Andrew Mark Rainey\")\n* [Warrant Officer Class 1 Philip David Slocombe](/wiki/Philip_David_Slocombe \"Philip David Slocombe\")\n* [Lieutenant Commander Graham Gilbey Trewhella](/wiki/Graham_Gilbey_Trewhella \"Graham Gilbey Trewhella\")\n* [Warrant Officer Class 1 (Bugler) James Whitwham](/wiki/James_Whitwham \"James Whitwham\")", "Army\n* [Warrant Officer Class 2 Justin Mark Brooks](/wiki/Justin_Mark_Brooks \"Justin Mark Brooks\") – Corps of Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers\n* [Major Neil James Mark Budd](/wiki/Neil_James_Mark_Budd \"Neil James Mark Budd\") – Royal Regiment of Artillery\n* [Major Richard Ronald Coomber](/wiki/Richard_Ronald_Coomber \"Richard Ronald Coomber\") – Corps of Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers\n* [Major Jonathan Edward Cunningham](/wiki/Jonathan_Edward_Cunningham \"Jonathan Edward Cunningham\") – The Yorkshire Regiment\n* [Major Robert Anthony Davies](/wiki/Robert_Anthony_Davies \"Robert Anthony Davies\") – The Duke of Lancaster's Regiment\n* [Major Mark Christopher Preston Ellwood](/wiki/Mark_Christopher_Preston_Ellwood \"Mark Christopher Preston Ellwood\") – The Mercian Regiment\n* [Lieutenant Colonel Michael Richard Elviss](/wiki/Mike_Elviss \"Mike Elviss\") – Royal Regiment of Artillery\n* [Major Graham Roy Emond](/wiki/Graham_Roy_Emond \"Graham Roy Emond\") – Devon Army Cadet Force\n* [Major Christopher Gill](/wiki/Christopher_Gill_%28British_Army_officer%29 \"Christopher Gill (British Army officer)\") – Army Air Corps, Territorial Army\n* [Major Paul Harrison](/wiki/Paul_Harrison_%28British_Army_officer%29 \"Paul Harrison (British Army officer)\") – Royal Regiment of Artillery\n* [Captain Philip John Hawkins](/wiki/Philip_John_Hawkins \"Philip John Hawkins\") – The Royal Logistic Corps\n* [Warrant Officer Class 1 Anthony Mark Hobbins](/wiki/Anthony_Mark_Hobbins \"Anthony Mark Hobbins\") – The Parachute Regiment\n* [Staff Sergeant Gary Holdham](/wiki/Gary_Holdham \"Gary Holdham\") – Corps of Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers\n* [Warrant Officer Class 1 Charles Henry James Holdsworth](/wiki/Charles_Henry_James_Holdsworth \"Charles Henry James Holdsworth\") – The Royal Logistic Corps\n* [Sergeant Barry John](/wiki/Barry_John_%28British_Army_officer%29 \"Barry John (British Army officer)\") – The Royal Welsh\n* Captain Susan King – Royal Corps of Signals\n* [Major Joanna Catherine Maynard](/wiki/Joanna_Catherine_Maynard \"Joanna Catherine Maynard\") – Royal Corps of Signals\n* [Captain Richard Andrew Peters](/wiki/Richard_Andrew_Peters \"Richard Andrew Peters\") – Corps of Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers\n* [Warrant Officer Class 2 Damien Daniel Place](/wiki/Damien_Daniel_Place \"Damien Daniel Place\") – The Royal Irish Regiment\n* [Warrant Officer Class 2 Iestyn David Plummer](/wiki/Iestyn_David_Plummer \"Iestyn David Plummer\") – The Parachute Regiment\n* [Major James Samuel Robert Priest](/wiki/James_Samuel_Robert_Priest \"James Samuel Robert Priest\") – The Royal Logistic Corps\n* [Major Jonathan Howard Scott](/wiki/Jonathan_Howard_Scott \"Jonathan Howard Scott\") – Corps of Royal Engineers\n* [Major Jeremy Edward Gavin Sharpe](/wiki/Jeremy_Edward_Gavin_Sharpe \"Jeremy Edward Gavin Sharpe\") – Royal Regiment of Artillery\n* [Warrant Officer Class 2 Paul Philip Shipley](/wiki/Paul_Philip_Shipley \"Paul Philip Shipley\") – Royal Regiment of Artillery\n* [Lieutenant Colonel Hugh Campbell\\-Smith](/wiki/Hugh_Campbell-Smith \"Hugh Campbell-Smith\") – The Royal Dragoon Guards\n* [Major Oliver William Stokes](/wiki/Oliver_William_Stokes \"Oliver William Stokes\") – The Princess of Wales's Royal Regiment\n* [Major Sonya Adams Summersgill](/wiki/Sonya_Adams_Summersgill \"Sonya Adams Summersgill\") – The Royal Logistic Corps, Territorial Army\n* [Major Alasdair James Eli Truett](/wiki/Alasdair_James_Eli_Truett \"Alasdair James Eli Truett\") – The Parachute Regiment\n* [Captain Thomas Georg John Tugendhat](/wiki/Thomas_Tugendhat \"Thomas Tugendhat\") – Intelligence Corps, Territorial Army\n* [Lieutenant Colonel Colin Richard James Weir](/wiki/Colin_Weir \"Colin Weir\") – The Royal Irish Regiment\n* [Major Robert John Wells](/wiki/Robert_John_Wells \"Robert John Wells\") – The Princess of Wales's Royal Regiment\n* [Major Christopher James White](/wiki/Christopher_James_White \"Christopher James White\") – Surrey Army Cadet Force\n* Lieutenant Colonel John Wilson – Cumbria Army Cadet Force", "Royal Air Force\n* [Warrant Officer Peter Allen Akers](/wiki/Peter_Allen_Akers \"Peter Allen Akers\")\n* [Chief Technician Paul Andrew Blackah](/wiki/Paul_Andrew_Blackah \"Paul Andrew Blackah\")\n* [Squadron Leader Ian Bryant](/wiki/Ian_Bryant_%28Royal_Air_Force_officer%29 \"Ian Bryant (Royal Air Force officer)\")\n* [Squadron Leader John Cairns](/wiki/John_Cairns_%28Royal_Air_Force_officer%29 \"John Cairns (Royal Air Force officer)\")\n* [Warrant Officer Alexander Michael Dykes](/wiki/Alexander_Michael_Dykes \"Alexander Michael Dykes\")\n* [Flight Sergeant Douglas Stuart Law](/wiki/Douglas_Stuart_Law \"Douglas Stuart Law\")\n* [Warrant Officer Rachel MacKenzie](/wiki/Rachel_MacKenzie \"Rachel MacKenzie\")\n* [Flying Officer Leslie Edward Wall McCammont](/wiki/Leslie_Edward_Wall_McCammont \"Leslie Edward Wall McCammont\")\n* [Sergeant Rodney Christian Munday](/wiki/Rodney_Christian_Munday \"Rodney Christian Munday\")\n* [Squadron Leader John Nelson](/wiki/John_Nelson_%28Royal_Air_Force_officer%29 \"John Nelson (Royal Air Force officer)\")\n* [Squadron Leader Gordon William Henry Parry](/wiki/Gordon_William_Henry_Parry \"Gordon William Henry Parry\")\n* [Flight Sergeant Christopher Edward Read](/wiki/Christopher_Edward_Read \"Christopher Edward Read\")\n* [Warrant Officer Stephen Kenneth Roberts](/wiki/Stephen_Kenneth_Roberts \"Stephen Kenneth Roberts\")\n* [Squadron Leader Colin Terence Sullivan](/wiki/Colin_Terence_Sullivan \"Colin Terence Sullivan\")\n* [Senior Aircraftman Darren Mark Swift](/wiki/Darren_Mark_Swift \"Darren Mark Swift\")", "Civil Division\n* Gwendolen June, Mrs. Abraham. For services to the community in Braunstone, Leicestershire.\n* Hemant Acharya, Policy Adviser, Office of the Third Sector, Cabinet Office.\n* Samuel Adair, Director, Waterside Credit Union Ltd. For services to the Financial Services Industry in Northern Ireland.\n* Valerie Edith, Mrs. Adams, Principal, Lisbellaw Primary School. For services to Education in Northern Ireland.\n* Manus Blake Adamson, Chairman, Adamson Group and Executive Chairman, Construction Confederation. For services to the Construction Industry.\n* Robin Agascar. For voluntary service to the Police in Gloucester.\n* Matilda, Mrs. Akhigbe, Communications Officer, Local Compliance, London, H.M. Revenue and Customs.\n* Ms Foluke Akinlose, Founder and Editor, Precious Online. For services to the Creative Industries.\n* Gerald Akroyd. For voluntary service to Mountain Rescue in Scotland.\n* Anthony John Alderman, Special Constable, Avon and Somerset Constabulary. For voluntary service to the Police.\n* Ms Angela Cecile Alessendre, Founder, Alessendre Special Needs Dance School and the Larondina Dance Company. For services to Dance.\n* Anne Maria Palma, Mrs. Allan, Deputy Head Teacher, inverclyde Academy, Greenock. For services to Education.\n* Dr. Geoffrey Walter Allan. For services to the community in Kirkintilloch, Dunbartonshire.\n* Shulah, Mrs. Allan, lately Director, Edinburgh Voluntary Organisations Council. For services to the Voluntary Sector.\n* Lynda, Mrs. Allen, Chair of Governors, Sir John Deane's Sixth Form College, Northwich, Cheshire. For voluntary service to Education.\n* Andrew Paul Andrews. For voluntary service to St. John Ambulance Brigade.\n* John Charles Ankcorn, President, Birmingham Crisis Centre. For voluntary service to Victims of Domestic Violence.\n* Linda Joyce, Mrs. Ansell. For charitable services in Southend\\-on\\-Sea, Essex.\n* Miss Kerry Anthony, Chief Executive, DePaul Northern Ireland. For services to Social Housing.\n* David Archbold. For services to the Water Industry in the North East.\n* James Armitage. For services to the Royal Mail and to the community in the West Midlands.\n* Carol, Mrs. Armstrong, Claims Receipts Manager, Benefits and Credits Operations, Washington, Tyne and Wear, H.M. Revenue and Customs.\n* Mohammed Aslam, Executive Chef and Managing Director, Aagrah Group Restaurants. For services to the Hospitality Industry.\n* Jean, Mrs. Atkinson, lately Staff Side Chair, UNISON, Mersey Care NHS Trust. For services to the NHS.\n* Barbara May, Mrs. Austin. For services to the community in Lyme Regis, Dorset.\n* Kenneth Edwin Ayers. For services to the City of London Corporation.\n* Gloria, Mrs. Bailey. For services to the community in Lambeth, South London.\n* Joan Debra, Mrs. Bailey. For services to Youth Justice in Luton, Bedfordshire.\n* Sharon Gail, Mrs. Bailey, J.P., Head of Service Learning Disabilities, Birmingham City Council. For services to Local Government.\n* Lilian, Mrs. Baker. For services to Mental Healthcare in the Wirral.\n* Warner James Baker, Special Constable, Hampshire Constabulary. For voluntary service to the Police.\n* Robert Henry Ball. For services to Young People in Exeter, Devon.\n* Susan, Mrs. Banton, Director, Steps Charity Worldwide. For services to People with Skeletal Disabilities.\n* Ramanbhai Barber. For services to the Asian community in Leicester.\n* Grace, Mrs. Barnett. For services to the community in Failsworth, Oldham.\n* [Norman Barrett](/wiki/Norman_Barrett_%28ringmaster%29 \"Norman Barrett (ringmaster)\"), Circus Ringmaster. For services to Entertainment.\n* Derek Anthony Bartley. For services to the Midland Association of Mountaineering and to Rhyl Music Club, Denbighshire.\n* Miss [Luella Dayrell Bartley](/wiki/Luella_Bartley \"Luella Bartley\"), Designer. For services to the Fashion Industry.\n* Patricia, Mrs. Bate. For services to the community in Warrington, Cheshire.\n* Thomas Frederick Beesley. For services to the community in Halewood, Liverpool.\n* Antony Romer Beevor. For voluntary service to Fairbridge youth organisation.\n* Gulrook, Mrs. Begum. For services to Disabled Bangladeshi People in Tower Hamlets, London.\n* Stephen Avery Bell, Managing Director, Davy Roll Company. For services to Business in the North East.\n* Mavis, Mrs. Bent. For voluntary service to Swimming and Water Polo in Greater Manchester.\n* John Alfred Bigny. For services to Edenbridge and District Rail Travellers' Association Kent.\n* Helen, Mrs. Bird. For services to the community in Hastings, East Sussex.\n* Dr. [Charles William Handley Bird](/wiki/William_Bird_%28doctor%29 \"William Bird (doctor)\"), General Medical Practitioner and Strategic Health Adviser to Natural England. For services to Healthcare and to Physical Activity.\n* Arthur Birkby. For services to the community in Runnymede, Surrey.\n* Paul Blakey. For services to Community Safety in Halifax.\n* Alan Blocksidge, Officer, H.M. Prison Manchester, H.M. Prison Service, Ministry of Justice.\n* June, Mrs. Bloom. For services to the community in Treeton, South Yorkshire.\n* Roy Bloom. For services to the community in Treeton, South Yorkshire.\n* Elizabeth Ann, Mrs. Boswell. For services to the community in Sheerness, Kent.\n* John Stephen Morton Bower. For services to the British Veterinary Association Animal Welfare Foundation.\n* Miss Jennifer Boyd, Principal, Enniskillen Nursery School. For services to Education in Northern Ireland.\n* Scott Michael Bradbury. For services to the community in Tamworth, Staffordshire.\n* Barbara Evelyn Turner, Mrs. Braithwaite. For voluntary service to the community in Linlithgow, West Lothian.\n* [Rosa, Mrs. Branson](/wiki/Rosa_Branson \"Rosa Branson\"), Painter. For services to Art and to Charity.\n* Richard Oliver Brantingham, Grade C1, Ministry of Defence.\n* David Keith Bray. For services to the community in Lincolnshire.\n* Valerie, Mrs. Braybrooks, Dean and Associate Professor, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Animal Sciences, University of Lincoln. For services to Education and to the Food Industry.\n* John Frederick Brignall. For services to the community in the East Riding of Yorkshire.\n* Philip Britton, Headmaster, Boys' Division, Bolton School. For services to Physics.\n* Mary Elizabeth, Mrs. Bromley. For charitable services in Oswestry, Shropshire.\n* Robert Patrick Brooks. For voluntary service to the Soldiers', Sailors', Airmen and Families Association in Clwyd.\n* Felicity, Mrs. Brown, Foster Carer, Hampshire. For services to Children and Families.\n* Ms Marie Therese Brown. For services to the Victims of Domestic Violence in Northern Ireland.\n* Norman Henry Parson Brown. For voluntary service to the Royal British Legion in Hampshire.\n* Robert Brown. For services to the community in Lower Bevendean, Brighton.\n* David Buchanan. For voluntary service to the Environment and to Heritage in Northern Ireland.\n* Diana Hill, Mrs. Bucknall. For voluntary service to the community in Dorset.\n* Lieutenant Commander James Frederic Budgen, R.N.R. For voluntary service to the Sea Cadet Corps in Ruislip, London Borough of Hillingdon.\n* Frederick Henry Ernest Buller. For services to Angling.\n* Yvonne, Mrs. Burdge. For services to the Trust for Chernobyl Children.\n* Kenneth Burgin. For voluntary service to the Casualties Union.\n* Richard John Burningham, Manager, Devon and Cornwall Rail Partnership. For services to the Rail Industry in the South West.\n* Dr. Stephen Brian Burns. For services to Healthcare and to the community in Rotherham, South Yorkshire.\n* William Henry Burt. For voluntary service to Education in Bridgend, South Wales.\n* David John Butler, Chairman, British Motorsport Association for the Disabled. For services to Disability Sport.\n* [Jenson Alexander Lyons Button](/wiki/Jenson_Button \"Jenson Button\"). For services to Motorsport.\n* Ian Caddy. For services to the community in Birtley, County Durham.\n* Dr. Timothy Alan Carney, General Medical Practitioner, Hexham and Tynedale, Northumberland. For services to Healthcare.\n* The Reverend Barry Edward Carter. For services to the community in Brockley, South East London.\n* Colin Richard Carter. For services to the Road Haulage Industry and to Charity.\n* Rosalind Ella, Mrs. Carter, EAL Education Adviser, Language Service, London Borough of Hounslow. For services to Education.\n* Dr. Susan Carver, Senior Programme Manager, Arts and Humanities Research Council. For services to the Research Councils.\n* Wing Commander Alan Charles Cassidy RAF (Ret'd). For services to Aerobatics and to Charity.\n* Robin William Castle. For voluntary service to the Royal National Lifeboat Institution, Sheerness, Kent.\n* Judith Evelyn, Mrs. Catterick. For services to Music in Ashwell, Hertfordshire.\n* James Joseph Caulfield. For voluntary service to Disadvantaged People in Kenya.\n* Miss Susan Caulfield, Assistant Director, Immigration Fingerprint Bureau, UK Border Agency, Home Office.\n* Peter Geoffrey Challinor, Curator and Manager, Anson Engine Museum. For services to Industrial Heritage.\n* Harry Chambers. For services to Poetry.\n* Patricia, Mrs. Chapman. For services to Young People and to the community in Ealing, West London.\n* Glendon Austin Chappelle, Project Manager, Global Combat Systems—Munitions, BAE Systems. For services to the Defence Industry and to Industrial Heritage.\n* Deborah Ann, Mrs. Chedgey. For services to Disadvantaged People in Norwich, Norfolk.\n* Rex Chester. For services to Young People through the Explore Charity.\n* Ms [Lauren Child](/wiki/Lauren_Child \"Lauren Child\"), Author and Illustrator. For services to Literature.\n* Stanley Charles Church. For voluntary service to Conservation in Essex.\n* Donna, Mrs. Clark, Assistant Practitioner, Podiatry Service, Sefton Primary Care Trust. For services to Healthcare.\n* Leonard Durbin Clark. For services to Young People in Westminster and to the community in North West London.\n* Peter Mansfield\\-Clark, Director, Crawley Open House. For services to Disadvantaged People in West Sussex.\n* Dr. Janet Ruth Clarke, Chair, Central Committee for Community and Public Health Dentistry, British Dental Association. For services to Healthcare.\n* Susan, Mrs. Clarke. For voluntary service to Disability Swimming in Stockton\\-on\\-Tees.\n* Dr. Peter David Clarkson, Emeritus Associate, Scott Polar Research Institute. For services to Science.\n* Professor Timothy Charles Claypole, Director, Welsh Centre for Printing and Coating, Swansea University. For services to Graphic Arts Research.\n* Barry Clewer. For voluntary service to Birmingham Advisory Council of Older People.\n* [Oliver Charles Collyer](/wiki/Collyer_brothers_%28game_designers%29 \"Collyer brothers (game designers)\"), Co Founder, Sports Interactive. For services to Computer Games Industry.\n* [Paul Edward Collyer](/wiki/Collyer_brothers_%28game_designers%29 \"Collyer brothers (game designers)\"), Co Founder, Sports Interactive. For services to the Computer Game Industry.\n* David Constantine, Co\\-Founder and Executive Officer Motivation. For services to disabled people.\n* Teresa Mary, Mrs. Copp, Higher Executive Officer, Jobcentre Plus, Department for Work and Pensions.\n* David John Couch. For charitable services in Fife.\n* Thelma Selina, Mrs. Couch. For charitable services in Fife.\n* Ms Margaret Joan Coulter. For services to Social Care in Northern Ireland.\n* [The Reverend Dr. Robert James Coulter](/wiki/Robert_Coulter_%28Northern_Ireland_politician%29 \"Robert Coulter (Northern Ireland politician)\"), Member, Northern Ireland Assembly Commission. For public service.\n* David Robert Coulthard, Senior Technician, University of York. For services to Science Communication.\n* Beryl, Mrs. Cox, Administrator, Children and Family Court Advisory and Support Service, York. For services to the Administration of Justice.\n* Theresa, Mrs. Coyle. For voluntary service to the community in Islington, London.\n* Dorothy Dawn, Mrs. Cragg, Medical Tattooist. For services to Healthcare.\n* Heather, Mrs. Crawford. For services to Speech and Language Therapy in Northern Ireland.\n* Arthur Graves Credland. For services to Maritime History.\n* Margaret, Mrs. Crennell, Senior Assistant Headteacher and Head of Learning Support Faculty, Marriotts School, Stevenage. For services to Special Needs Education.\n* Ms Heather Alice Crouch, Chair, Netball South West. For voluntary service to Sport.\n* John Cunningham. For charitable services in County Durham.\n* Gordon Curry. For public service.\n* Leonard James Curtis. For services to the community in Lancashire.\n* Ms Nicola Kim Dale, Chief Inspector, Metropolitan Police Service. For services to the Police.\n* David Dallison. For public service.\n* Ashish Dasgupta, Non\\-Executive Director, Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust. For services to Healthcare.\n* John Kenneth Davies. For charitable services in Rochdale.\n* Patricia Ann, Mrs. Davies. For voluntary service to Young People in Brownhills, Walsall, West Midlands.\n* Sandra Irwin, Mrs. Davies. For services to the community in Craven Arms, Shropshire.\n* Vanessa Marion, Mrs. Davies, Physiotherapist, Artificial Limb and Appliance Centre, Morriston Hospital, Swansea. For services to Healthcare.\n* Barbara Jane, Mrs. Davis. For services to Young People in Buckinghamshire.\n* Ian Davis. For services to the House of Commons.\n* Eric George Dawkins. For services to the community in Penryn and Falmouth, Cornwall.\n* Terence Day, Foster Carer, Bedfordshire. For services to Children and Families.\n* Victoria, Mrs. Day, Foster Carer, Bedfordshire. For services to Children and Families.\n* Ms Ilene Daisy Ming\\-Deans. For services to Clapham Youth Centre, Lambeth, London.\n* Sister Lynda Dearlove. For services to Vulnerable Women.\n* Sarinder Kaur, Mrs. Dev, Constable, South Yorkshire Police. For services to the Police.\n* Achhar Paul Dharni. For services to Business and to the community in Bradford, West Yorkshire.\n* Gwyneth Muriel, Mrs. Dickinson, President, Macular Disease Society. For services to Visually Impaired People.\n* Valerie Anne, Mrs. Dilcock. For services to the North York Moors National Park Authority.\n* Ronald Dodd, Chairman, Training and Development Resource Ltd, Tyneside. For services to Skills.\n* Ian Henry Donaghey. For services to Regeneration in Coleraine, Northern Ireland.\n* Mary Maya, Mrs. Donelan. For services to the community in Hammersmith and Fulham, London.\n* Ms Norah Donnelly. For public service.\n* Jennifer, Mrs. Doolan. Harpist. For services to Music.\n* Muriel Margaret, Mrs. Douglas, Manager, Scottish NHS Central Register, General Register Office for Scotland, Scottish Executive.\n* Dr. Andrew Frank Dove. For services to St. John Ambulance Brigade in Nottinghamshire.\n* Carol Ann, Mrs. Downes, Divisional Officer, Derbyshire Special Constabulary. For voluntary service to the Police.\n* Ray Downey. For charitable services to Sunderland Kidney Patient Group.\n* John Ernest Drake, lately Chief Executive, YMCA Norfolk. For services to Young People.\n* Alan Gordon Drinkall. For services to the community In North Yorkshire.\n* Councillor Elizabeth Ann Ducker, Leader, South Oxfordshire District Council. For services to Local Government.\n* David John Duke, Principal Technician, Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge. For services to Science.\n* Karen, Mrs. Duncan, Senior Executive Officer, Student Finance Policy, Department for Business, Innovation and Skills.\n* William Duncan. For services to Horticulture in Scotland.\n* Miss Elizabeth Dunlop. For services to the Voluntary Sector in Scotland.\n* Terrance Dunne. For voluntary service to St. Andrew's Hospice, Airdrie, Lanarkshire.\n* Elizabeth, Mrs. Dupres. For services to St. Cuthbert's Catholic Primary School, Egham, Surrey.\n* Sheila, Mrs. Eaglefield. For charitable services in Derbyshire.\n* Eric James Eames. For services to the community in Birmingham.\n* Ewan Easton. For voluntary service to H.M. Young Offenders' Institution, Thorn Cross, Warrington, Cheshire.\n* The Reverend Mark Antony Edwards. For services to the Voluntary Sector in the North East.\n* Gillian, Mrs. Elkins. For services to the community in Clacton\\-on\\-Sea, Essex.\n* Miss Susan Ellis, lately Principal Officer, South East Area, National Offender Management Service, Ministry of Justice.\n* Miss Cathryn Ellsmore, Grade C1, Ministry of Defence. Dr. John Richard England. For services to Retail Planning.\n* Eileen, Mrs. Entwistle. For services to Local Government and to the community in Darwen and Blackburn, Lancashire.\n* Geraint Evans. For voluntary service to Education in the Vale of Glamorgan.\n* Sheila, Mrs. Evans, lately Administrative Officer, Jobcentre Plus, Department for Work and Pensions.\n* Thomas Eurfyl Evans, Councillor, Ceredigion County Council. For services to Local Government in West Wales.\n* [Timothy Everest](/wiki/Timothy_Everest \"Timothy Everest\"), Tailor. For services to the Fashion Industry.\n* Margaret, Mrs. Fairbrother, Senior Probation Officer, Sussex Probation Area. For services to the Administration of Justice.\n* Kelly, Mrs. Fairman. For services to the Fire and Rescue Service.\n* Donald Fava, lately Business and Performance Reporting Manager, Finance and Operations Directorate, Department of Health.\n* Janis Elizabeth, Mrs. Feely, Founder and Project Director, Living Room, Stevenage, Hertfordshire. For services to Disadvantaged People.\n* Ms Ann Ferguson. For services to Older People in Scotland.\n* Ms Margaret Hilary Ferriman, Chair, Banbury District Racial Equality Council. For services to Community Relations.\n* Ms Deirdre Figueiredo, Director of Craftspace. For services to the Visual Arts in the West Midlands.\n* Lyndon Filer, Chief Executive, Police Rehabilitation Centre, Goring\\-on\\-Thames. For services to the Police.\n* Michael Peter Findley. For charitable services in Redcar, Cleveland.\n* Dr. Doreen Elizabeth Finneron. For services to Inter\\-Faith Relations.\n* Peggy Rita, Mrs. Finnie. For services to the community in Aberdeen.\n* Peter James Fisher, Policy Adviser, Office of the Judge Advocate\\-General, Ministry of Justice.\n* Ms Honor Wilson\\-Fletcher, lately Director, National Year of Reading. For services to Education.\n* Anthony Fowler. For services to the community in Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire.\n* Dereck Fowles, lately Chairman, Forth Valley and Lomond Local Action Group. For services to Rural Communities in Scotland.\n* Kathleen, Mrs. Fox. For voluntary service to Deeside Community Hospital League of Friends, North Wales.\n* Jennifer Lesley, Mrs. Foxon, Senior Technician, Department of Genetics, University of Leicester. For services to Science.\n* David Victor Freeborn. For services to the Patterdale Mountain Rescue Team in the Lake District.\n* Peter French, Deputy Chairman, London Board of Crimestoppers. For services to the Police.\n* Timothy Enis French. For services to the community in Haywards Heath, West Sussex.\n* Pino Frumiento, Singer and Songwriter, Heart n Soul. For services to Disability Arts.\n* Dr. Ian David Robert Fry, Director, Partnership Pathology, Frimley Park Hospital NHS Trust. For services to Healthcare in the South East.\n* Michael Fuller. For services to the NHS and to the Unite Trade Union in Scotland.\n* Richard Gagan, Grade C1, Ministry of Defence.\n* Irene Lorraine, Mrs. Galloway, lately Caseworker, Customer Operation, Lisburn, H.M. Revenue and Customs.\n* Sarah Elizabeth, Mrs. Gamble. For services to the community in County Antrim.\n* Stuart Mitchell Gay, J.P. For services to the community in Lancashire and Overseas.\n* Mary Helen, Mrs. George, Catering Supervisor, Crossroads Primary School, Keith. For services to Education.\n* Asquith Gibbes. For voluntary service to the Police in South East London.\n* Henry Atherton Derek Gibson. For services to the community in Bridgwater, Somerset.\n* Mary, Mrs. Gibson. For services to Education and to the community in North London.\n* Robert Stewart Gibson, Officer, H.M. Prison Gartree, Leicestershire, H.M. Prison Service, Ministry of Justice.\n* Margaret Helen, Mrs. Gilbert. For services to Older People in County Tyrone.\n* Atma Singh Gill. For services to the community in the North East.\n* Joy, Mrs. Gillies. For voluntary service to the Children's Panel in Scotland.\n* Bernard John Godding. For voluntary service to Adult Learning and the Educational Centres Association.\n* Alan John Godfrey, Publisher of Historic Ordnance Survey Maps. For services to Heritage.\n* Professor [Michael Goodfellow](/wiki/Michael_Goodfellow \"Michael Goodfellow\"), Chairman of Governors, Gosforth High School, Newcastle upon Tyne. For voluntary service to Education.\n* Sheila, Mrs. Gow. For services to Regional Journalism.\n* Ms Agnes Graham. For services to the Soldiers', Sailors', Airmen and Families Association in Western Scotland.\n* Dr. Maria Jadwiga Dlugolecka\\-Graham. For services to Polish\\-Scottish Relations and to Medicine.\n* Robert Oliver David Graham, lately Grade C1, Ministry of Defence.\n* Barbara, Mrs. Grant, Clinical Nurse Manager, NHS Fife. For services to Ophthalmology.\n* [Clemency Anne Rose, Mrs. Gray](/wiki/Rose_Gray \"Rose Gray\"), Co\\-Founder, River Cafe ́. For services to the Hospitality Industry.\n* William Gray. For services to Diversity and to Disability Training in Scotland.\n* Angela Margaret, Mrs. Green. For charitable services Overseas and in Malvern, Worcestershire.\n* Charles Anthony Green. For voluntary service to Industrial Heritage in the Staffordshire Potteries.\n* Susan, Mrs. Greenwood, Specialist Community Public Health Nurse, Cornwall and Isles of Scilly. For services to Healthcare.\n* David Grey, Group Managing Director, OSL Group Holdings Ltd. For services to Business and to Regeneration in Sheffield.\n* Pauline, Mrs. Grice, Chief Executive, South Yorkshire Community Foundation. For services to Flood Relief.\n* Joan, Mrs. Griffiths. For services to People with Learning Disabilities in Scotland.\n* Mary Beatrice, Mrs. Guest. For services to People with Sensory Impairment.\n* Mavis Ann, Mrs. Gunning. For voluntary service to Victims of Sexual Assault.\n* Gordon William Guthrie. For services to Derby County Football Club.\n* Ms Anna\\-Marie Hale (Mrs. Byrne), Matron, Division One Trauma and Orthopaedics, Selly Oak Hospital, Birmingham. For services to Healthcare.\n* Colonel Alan Edmund Hall, T.D., D.L. For services to the community in the London Borough of Redbridge.\n* Iain Murray Halliday. For services to the Arts in Perth.\n* David Halpin. For services to disabled people in the North West.\n* Pauline Jane, Mrs. Handy, Clinical Lead Nurse, Genito\\-Urinary Medicine, Newcastle General Hospital. For services to Healthcare.\n* Frank Hannah, President, Manchester County Football Association. For services to Sport.\n* Ms Belinda Harding, Constable, City of London Police. For services to the Police.\n* Gillian Carol, Mrs. Hardy, Higher Executive Officer, Jobcentre Plus, Department for Work and Pensions.\n* [Terence Harris](/wiki/Jet_Harris \"Jet Harris\"). For services to Music.\n* Ms Karen Harrison, Head, Business Crime Preventions Team, Wakefield Partnership. For services to the Police.\n* Peter Brantford Hartland. For services to the community in Ashton Keynes, Swindon, Wiltshire.\n* Colin Hartley. For services to the community in Halifax, West Yorkshire.\n* Faith Ingrid Evelyn, Mrs. Harvey. For voluntary service to the Royal National Lifeboat Institution, Cheltenham, Gloucestershire.\n* Ms Susan Harvey. For services to Orienteering and to the community in Doune and Deanston, Perth and Kinross.\n* Margaret Lynne, Mrs. Harwood, Executive Officer, Pension, Disability and Carers' Service, Department for Work and Pensions.\n* Margaret Vine, Mrs. Haugh, Adviser for Creative and Expressive Studies, Southern Education and Library Board. For services to Education in Northern Ireland.\n* Jean, Mrs. Hayley. Foster Carer. For services to Children and Families in Northern Ireland.\n* Rodney James Hayley, Foster Carer. For services to Children and Families in Northern Ireland.\n* Lewis Charles Haywood. For services to the Energy Learning Centre, Elliot Durham School, Nottingham.\n* Professor John William Stanley Hearle. For services to Archaeology in Mellor, Stockport, Greater Manchester.\n* Jean, Mrs. Heath. For services to Chadlington Primary School, Oxfordshire.\n* Roberta, Mrs. Heavens. For services to the Tourism Industry.\n* Jean Marion Anne, Mrs. Hedley. For voluntary service to Nature Conservation in Hampshire and the Isle of Wight.\n* Elizabeth Ann, Mrs. Heeley. For voluntary service to Somerset Rural Life Museum.\n* Ms [Anna Hemmings](/wiki/Anna_Hemmings \"Anna Hemmings\"), Canoeist. For services to Sport.\n* John Graham Hemmings, Chairman, Blurton Ladsandads, Stoke\\-on\\-Trent. For services to Grass Roots Football.\n* John Patrick Hennigan, Superintendent, British Transport Police. For services to the Police.\n* Miss Sylvia Jean Herbert, Chaplain, H.M. Prison Leicester. For services to Prisoners.\n* John Coleman Hick, Vice\\-President, British Holiday and Home Parks Association. For services to the Tourist Industry.\n* Major Antony Stanley Hill. For services to Military Heritage in Essex.\n* Lyn Joy, Mrs. Hill, Band 5, Health and Safety Executive, Department for Work and Pensions.\n* Richard Wendle Hill, Branch Manager, Ulster Bank. For services to the Financial Services Industry.\n* Margaret, Mrs. Hillman. For services to Girlguiding Cymru and to the Community of Hope.\n* Christopher Hilton, lately General Manager, Odeon Leicester Square Cinema. For services to the Film Industry.\n* Barry Hitchcock, Director of Sport, University of Surrey. For services to Sport and to Higher Education.\n* Raymond Hodgkinson, Director\\-General, British Healthcare Trades Association. For services to the Healthcare Industry.\n* Linda Mary, Mrs. Hoggarth. For services to disabled people in Suffolk.\n* Ms Jean Florence Holder. For voluntary service to the Women's Library.\n* Miss Rhiannon Sarah Holder. For services to Young People's Healthcare.\n* Valerie Lois, Mrs. Holt. For services to Fisheries Management and to Conservation.\n* Lady Lavinia Caroline Douglas\\-Home, D.L. For voluntary service to the British Red Cross and Macmillan Cancer Support in the Scottish Borders.\n* Michael John Hopper, lately Higher Executive Officer, Jobcentre Plus, Department for Work and Pensions.\n* Douglas Horrill. For voluntary service to Age Concern, New Forest East, Hampshire.\n* Doreen Grace, Mrs. Hosey. For services to the community in Fawley, Southampton.\n* Ms Rebecca Ann Hosking. For services to the Environment in Modbury, Dorset.\n* Donna Maria, Mrs. Hough, Dental Workforce Development Lead for Dental Care Professionals, North Western and Mersey Postgraduate Deaneries. For services to Healthcare.\n* Edward Howes. For services to the community in Prestatyn and Rhyl, Denbighshire.\n* Winifred, Mrs. Howes. For services to the community in Prestatyn and Rhyl, Denbighshire.\n* Ms Sheila Hudson. For services to Disadvantaged Young People in Hartlepool.\n* Joe Human. For services to Oxfam and to Fair Trade in Cumbria.\n* Brenda, Mrs. Hunt. For services to Older People in East Manchester.\n* Carl Peter Hunt, Watch Manager, Humberside Fire and Rescue Service. For services to Local Government.\n* Alderman Edna, Lady Hunter. For services to the community in County Durham.\n* The Reverend Canon Michael Oram Hunter. For services to the Church of England and to the community in Grimsby.\n* Professor John Margarson Huthnance, Deputy Director, Proudman Oceanographic Laboratory. For services to Marine Science.\n* Dr. Thomas George Hyde. For services to the community in Repton, Derbyshire.\n* Brian Ibell, lately Assistant Chief Executive, Derby Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust. For services to Healthcare.\n* Andrew Ingram, Executive Officer, Output Services Group, Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency, Swansea, Department for Transport.\n* Peter David John Ingram. For services to Paper Making Industrial Heritage.\n* James John Jack. For services to Children and Young People at Kibble Education and Care Centre.\n* Mona, Mrs. Jack. For services to the community in Dumfries.\n* Florence, Mrs. Jackson. For voluntary service to Hatton Hill Primary School, Sefton, Merseyside.\n* Valerie, Mrs. Jackson, Founder and Principal, Stage 84\\. For services to the Performing Arts in the North.\n* Valerie Hazel, Mrs. Jackson. For services to the community in Newcastle Emlyn, Carmarthenshire.\n* [John Alexander Jameson](/wiki/John_Jameson_%28cricketer%29 \"John Jameson (cricketer)\"). For services to cricket.\n* Waltraud Anna Luise, Mrs. Jarrold. For services to the community in Norwich.\n* Susan Kay, Mrs. Jay, Area Manager, West Suffolk MIND. For services to Mental Healthcare.\n* Helen Adair, Mrs. Jenkins. For services to the community in Durrington, Wiltshire.\n* Kathleen, Mrs. Jenkins, Senior Case Adviser, Freedom of Information Team, H.M. Treasury.\n* Sidney Johnson. For services to the community in Helston, Cornwall.\n* John Johnstone, Administrative Officer, Child Support Agency, Department for Work and Pensions.\n* Henry Jones, Project Manager, ISIS Second Target Station, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Oxfordshire. For services to Science.\n* Jane Eryl, Mrs. Jones, lately Senior Nurse, Eryri Hospital, Caernarfon. For services to Healthcare for Older People.\n* Penelope, Mrs. Jones, Foster Carer, Surrey. For services to Children and Families.\n* Ronald Jones, Foster Carer, Surrey. For services to Children and Families.\n* Charles Ernest Jukes. For services to the community in Dursley, Gloucestershire.\n* Ms Maureen Kavanagh, Messenger, Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs.\n* Elizabeth, Mrs. Kay, Co\\-Founder and Project Leader, Bolton University of the Third Age. For voluntary service to Adult Education.\n* Bernard John Keay, Chairman, Health and Social Security Recreational Association, Department for Work and Pensions.\n* Virginia Anne Pickering, Mrs. Keen. For services to the community in Wiltshire.\n* Victor Walter Keene. For services to the community in Coventry.\n* William Ernest James Kelley. For voluntary service to the RAF Halton Apprentices' Association.\n* Patricia Alexandra, Mrs. Kelly. Foster Carer, Cornwall. For services to Children and Families.\n* Graham Kennedy. For charitable services to People with [Friedreich's ataxia](/wiki/Friedreich%27s_ataxia \"Friedreich's ataxia\").\n* Miss Linda Margaret Kennedy, Manager, Banqueting House, Whitehall. For services to the Hospitality Industry.\n* Anne, Mrs. Kenyon, Administrative Officer, Pension, Disability and Carers' Service, Department for Work and Pensions.\n* Hilary, Mrs. Kerr. For services to Children and Young People with Special Needs in Warrington, Cheshire.\n* Dr. David John Kerridge, Head of Science, Earth Hazards and Earth Systems Science, British Geological Survey. For services to Geophysics.\n* Ms Imtaz Khaliq, Designer and Master Tailor. For services to the Fashion Industry.\n* Ms Shahda Khan, Principal Community Cohesion Officer, Middlesbrough Council. For services to Local Government and to Diversity.\n* Ms [Catherine Isabel Audrey Kidston](/wiki/Cath_Kidston \"Cath Kidston\"), Founder and Creative Director, Cath Kidston. For services to Business.\n* Patrick Kieran, Senior Design Engineer. For services to Science.\n* Anne Elizabeth, Mrs. King, Director, Building Services Research and Information Association. For services to Industry.\n* Debra Ann, Mrs. King, Chair, Thornhill New Deal for Communities. For services to the community in Southampton, Hampshire.\n* Jacqueline, Mrs. Upton\\-King, Chair, Management Team, SturQuest Community Partnership. For services to the community in Sturminster Newton, Dorset.\n* Brenda Patricia, Mrs. Kirby. For services to the community in Croydon.\n* Ms Marjorie Kirk. For voluntary service to H.M. Prison Nottingham.\n* Elizabeth Ann, Mrs. Kirkwood. For services to the Soldiers', Sailors', Airmen and Families Association in Northern Ireland.\n* Ms Anna Kucewicz (Mrs. Lee\\-Potter). For voluntary service to the Polish Scouting Association, Girl Scouts Division (UK).\n* Paul Lambert, Chairman, Derbyshire Family Association. For services to Maritime Safety.\n* John Lewis George Lamotte. For voluntary service to Animal Welfare in Scotland.\n* Gabriel Lancaster. For services to the community in Medway, Kent.\n* Miss Irene Langlands. For services to Dance in Central Scotland.\n* Huw John Launder, Senior Executive Officer, Pension, Disability and Carers' Service, Department for Work and Pensions.\n* Derek Law, Corporate Director, Adult and Community Services, North Yorkshire County Council. For services to Local Government.\n* Ronald Lawrence. For services to the Police and to the community in Nottinghamshire.\n* Miss Kathleen Lawrenson, Diagnostic Audiologist, St. Helens and Knowsley Hospitals NHS Trust. For services to Healthcare.\n* Sheila Irene, Mrs. Layton, Founder, Contessa Riding Centre, Hertfordshire. For services to Equestrian Sport.\n* Margaret, Mrs. Lee, Chief Executive, Cresco Trust. For services to Social Enterprise in Northern Ireland.\n* Bryan Lewin, lately Head of Trading Standards, Northamptonshire County Council. For services to Consumers and to Business.\n* Miss Judith Anne Lewis. For services to the Environment in the North East.\n* Councillor Leonard Lewis. For services to Local Government and to the community in Caerphilly, South Wales.\n* Neil Lewis. For services to Industrial Heritage and to the community in Blaenavon, Torfaen.\n* David Robin Littlewood. For voluntary service to Athletics.\n* Dr. Stephen Nicholas Liversedge, General Medical Practitioner, Bolton. For services to Healthcare.\n* Wesley Courtney Livingstone, President, Newry Musical and Orchestral Society. For services to Music and to the community in County Down.\n* Mary Constance, Mrs. Lloyd. For services to the community in Rutland.\n* Pauline, Mrs. Lockett. For services to the community of Ackworth, West Yorkshire.\n* Arthur Clifford Lockyear. For services to the community in Sunderland.\n* Ian Douglas Loe, Wildlife Stamp Designer. For services to Art.\n* Jeffrey Long. For voluntary service to the Royal British Legion.\n* Ronald Hedley Longford, Chiropractor and Physiotherapist. For services to Animal Welfare.\n* Carmel, Mrs. Lyddall, Executive Assistant, Local Government and Regional Policy Team, Department of Health.\n* Alexander McKay Lynch. Group Finance Director, David MacBrayne Ltd, Gourock. For services to Transport and Charity in Scotland.\n* Ms Ann MacKay, Policy Adviser, English Community Care Association. For services to Social Care.\n* Professor [Margaret MacLean](/wiki/Margaret_MacLean \"Margaret MacLean\"), Professor of Pulmonary Pharmacology. For services to Science.\n* Geraldine, Mrs. MacPhee, Principal Teacher in Home Economics, Clyde Valley High School. For services to Education and to the community in North Lanarkshire.\n* Sydney Mair. For services to Local Government and to the community in Macduff, Aberdeenshire.\n* Jean Isabella, Mrs. Malkin. For services to Young People in the Cartmel Peninsula, Cumbria.\n* Edna, Mrs. March. For services to the community in Crook, County Durham.\n* Kenneth Marsh, Constable, Metropolitan Police Service. For services to the Police and to Boxing in the London Borough of Haringey.\n* Michael Thomas Martin. For services to the Voluntary Sector in Reading, Berkshire.\n* Stuart Andrew Martin. For services to the community in Ripon, North Yorkshire.\n* William Martin, Chairman, H. and J. Martin Ltd. For services to the Construction Industry in Northern Ireland.\n* Philip Mason. For services to disabled people in Hampshire.\n* Ms Valerie Mason (Mrs. Hendry). For services to the British Heart Foundation.\n* Hilary, Mrs. Massarella. For voluntary service to Disadvantaged Young People in South Yorkshire.\n* George Lewis Mathias. For services to Agriculture.\n* [Catriona, Mrs. Matthew](/wiki/Catriona_Matthew \"Catriona Matthew\"). For services to Golf.\n* Edwin Alexander Maxwell. For services to the New Art Exchange and to the community in Nottingham.\n* Denise Jane, Mrs. May, Director of Sport and Assistant Headteacher, Budehaven Community School, Cornwall. For services to Education.\n* Leslie Holden McAdoo, Chairman, Ballyclare Committee, Macmillan Cancer Support. For charitable services in Northern Ireland.\n* Margaret Mary, Mrs. McCluskie, Manager, Major Investigation Team, Identity and Passport Service, Home Office.\n* William McCrory. For services to Children with Cancer in Northern Ireland.\n* Helen Muir, Mrs. McDonald. For services to the community in Crieff, Perthshire.\n* Ken McElroy. For services to the Tourist Industry in Northern Ireland.\n* Jean, Mrs. McEwen. For services to the community in Norwich.\n* Peter McFall, Janitor, St. Peter 's Primary School, Dumbarton, West Dunbartonshire. For services to Education.\n* Dr. David Douglas Murray McGavin, Ophthalmologist. For services to Eye Care in Developing Countries.\n* Andrew Fraser McKay, Detective Superintendent, Strathclyde Police Force. For services to the Police.\n* Ms Annie McKean, Senior Lecturer in Drama, University of Winchester. For services to Higher Education.\n* Fiona Mary, Mrs. McLean, Grade C2, Ministry of Defence.\n* Terrence McLernon. For services to Table Tennis and to the community in Drumchapel, Glasgow.\n* Ms Melanie Justine McLoughlin. For services to the Devon Community Foundation.\n* Ivan Lewis McMichael. For services to Journalism in Northern Ireland.\n* Dr. Mary Brigeen McNee, General Medical Practitioner, Glasgow. For voluntary service to Cancer Research and to Healthcare in Lourdes.\n* Alexander Ian McNeill, Administration Officer, Customer Operations, Thornaby, Cleveland, H.M. Revenue and Customs.\n* Marian, Mrs. McNeir. For services to the community In Bath.\n* Marjory, Mrs. McQueen. For services to the community In Lockerbie, Dumfries and Galloway.\n* Dr. Noel Henri Joseph Meeke. For voluntary service to Herefordshire Waterworks Museum.\n* David Melrose, Chairman, Scottish Prison Officers' Association, Scottish Executive.\n* Jean, Mrs. Messenger. For services to the After School Club, Bude, Cornwall.\n* Faruk Miah, Programme Manager, Leeds City College. For services to Further Education and to the community in Leeds.\n* Moira Sheelagh, Mrs. Michelmore. For services to the community in Sidmouth, Devon.\n* Elizabeth, Mrs. Milburn, Chair, West Suffolk College Corporation. For services to Further Education and to the community in Suffolk.\n* [Frederick Roy Millar](/wiki/Roy_Millar \"Roy Millar\"), Director of Coaching, Irish Football Association. For services to Youth Football in Northern Ireland.\n* Ian Duncan Millar. For services to Agriculture in Scotland.\n* Patrick Millard. For services to the charity Taxhelp for Older People.\n* Katherine, Mrs. Miller, Administrative Officer, Child Support Agency, Department for Work and Pensions.\n* Marcia Anne, Mrs. Miller. For voluntary service to the British Red Cross Society in Cambridgeshire.\n* Gerald David Mills. For services to School Sport in Nottinghamshire.\n* Laura, Mrs. Mitchell, Consultant Orthodontist and Clinical Lead, St Luke's Hospital Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust. For services to Healthcare.\n* Nasrullah Khan Moghal. For services to Community Relations in Manchester.\n* Michael Monaghan. For charitable services to Ex\\- Service Men and Women.\n* Elizabeth, Mrs. Montgomery. For charitable services in Northern Ireland and Overseas.\n* Roger Ivan Moore. For services to the community in Potters Bar, Hertfordshire.\n* Christopher Morgan, Security Manager, Aberafan Shopping Centre. For services to the community in Neath Port Talbot.\n* Daphne, Mrs. Morgan. For voluntary service to Hertfordshire Constabulary and to Feltham Young Offenders' Institution.\n* John Francis Morgan. For voluntary service to the Royal National Lifeboat Institution, Newcastle, County Down.\n* Alderman Peter James Morgan. For services to the community in Sittingbourne, Kent.\n* Heather Dalton, Mrs. Morris, School Crossing Warden, Sale, Cheshire. For services to Education.\n* Helen Elizabeth, Mrs. Morris. Crown Advocate, Merseyside and Cheshire Group, Crown Prosecution Service.\n* John Harold Morris. For services to the Post Office.\n* Thomas Geraint Morris. For services to the NHS and to the community in Dersingham, Norfolk.\n* Nigel Peter Morse, Grade C1, Ministry of Defence.\n* Keith Hedley Moss, President, Bradford Cricket League and Pudsey St. Lawrence Cricket Club. For voluntary service to Sport.\n* Maureen Anne, Mrs. Muckle, Chair, Batchley First School, Redditch. For services to Education and to the community in North Worcestershire.\n* [Maurice Harrison Murphy](/wiki/Maurice_Murphy_%28musician%29 \"Maurice Murphy (musician)\"). Trumpeter. For services to Music.\n* Janice Elizabeth, Mrs. Naylor. For services to Swimming.\n* Peter David Needham, Grade B2, Ministry of Defence.\n* Terence Charles Nelson, Security Officer, Leeds City College. For services to Further Education.\n* Harold Newman. For services to the community in Mill Hill, London.\n* Gilda, Mrs. Newsham. For voluntary service to the Alzheimer's Society, New Forest, Hampshire.\n* Fionnuala Eileen, Mrs. Newton, Executive Administrative Assistant, Queen's University Belfast. For services to Higher Education.\n* Vicky, Mrs. Norman, Senior Executive Officer, Child Support Agency, Department for Work and Pensions.\n* Sheila Maureen, Mrs. O'Neill. For services to Music in Ackworth, West Yorkshire.\n* Valerie Ann, Mrs. O'Riordan. For services to the community in Berkshire.\n* Barbara, Mrs. Oakes, Manager, High Street Library. For services to Local Government in Bolton.\n* Marjorie Frances, Mrs. Oaten. For voluntary service to People with Eating Disorders.\n* Margaret May, Mrs. Oatey. For services to the community in East Anglia.\n* Stella, Mrs. Okeahialam, Programme Director, Croydon Enterprise. For service to Business.\n* Michael Joseph Rolfe Orbell. For services to the Scouts in Wimbledon and Merton, London.\n* Noel George Ormrod, lately Chairman, Wallasey Arts Council. For services to the Arts in Merseyside.\n* Alexander Orr, Craftsman, Commonwealth War Graves Commission, Scotland.\n* Arnold Jenkin Owen. For services to the community in Blackmill, Bridgend and to Welsh International Brigaders.\n* Margaret Mcalister, Mrs. Owen. For services to the community in Shrewsbury, Shropshire.\n* Ms Margaret Paisley, College Manager, Elmwood College, Residence and Student Union. For services to Further Education in Fife.\n* Margaret Frances Elizabeth, Mrs. Palmer. For public service.\n* Ms Lydia Joy Parbury. For services to People with Special Needs and Disabilities.\n* Dorothy Mary, Mrs. Parker, Community Support Worker, West Wirral Community Mental Health Team. For services to Healthcare.\n* John Bywell Parker. For voluntary service to the Hadrian Trust in the North East.\n* Ann Rosemary, Mrs. Parr, Community Care Development Manager, Age Concern, Woodley. For services to Older People in Berkshire.\n* Rabindara Nath Pathak, Chairman of Governors, Featherstone High School, Ealing, London. For voluntary service to Education.\n* Trevor James Patton, Principal Nursing Officer, Northern Ireland Prison Service.\n* Margaret Elsie, Mrs. Perfect. For voluntary service to the Boys' Brigade in Watford, Hertfordshire.\n* Alderman Fred Perry. For services to the community in Tipton, West Midlands.\n* Joan, Mrs. Phillips. For voluntary service to the Museum of Science and Industry in Manchester.\n* [Roger Phillips](/wiki/Roger_Phillips_%28photographer%29 \"Roger Phillips (photographer)\"). For services to London Garden Squares.\n* [Jean Catherine, Mrs. Pickering](/wiki/Jean_Pickering \"Jean Pickering\"). For services to Athletics and to the Ron Pickering Memorial Fund.\n* Alice Kirsty, Lady Pilkington. For voluntary service to Willowbrook Hospice, St. Helens and Knowsley, Merseyside.\n* Pauline, Mrs. Pilkington, Director, Children's Services, Walsall Council. For services to Local Government.\n* Professor [Robert Michael Pittilo](/wiki/Mike_Pittilo \"Mike Pittilo\"), Principal and Vice\\-Chancellor, Robert Gordon University of Aberdeen. For services to Healthcare.\n* Dr. Jaswant Kaur Jutley\\-Plested, Manager, Sydenham Children's Centre, Bridgwater, Somerset. For services to Children.\n* Peter Pocock. For services to Workplace First Aid Training.\n* Miss Rashmi Amritlal Popat, Executive Officer, Work Welfare and Equality Group, Department for Work and Pensions.\n* Ms Prudence Alexine Regina Porretta. For services to Community Cohesion and to the Tourist Industry in Coventry.\n* Iain David Russell Prain, Vice\\-Principal, Royal Blind School, Craigmillar Park, Edinburgh. For services to Education.\n* [Stephen Prescott](/wiki/Steve_Prescott \"Steve Prescott\"). For services to Rugby League and to Charity.\n* Gres, Mrs. Pritchard, Peripatetic Music Teacher, Ynys Mon. For services to Education.\n* The Reverend Dr. Jean Prosser. For services to Conservation and to the community in Monmouthshire.\n* Isabel, Mrs. Quinliven, Founder, Caring Canines. For services to Older People in Northern Ireland.\n* Brenda, Mrs. Quinn, Service Manager, Recovery Services, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust. For services to Mental Healthcare.\n* Toaha Bashir Zulqarnain Qureshi. For services to Community Relations in Stockwell, South West London.\n* Maureen, Mrs. Raine, Office Manager, English Language Teaching Unit, University of Leicester. For services to Higher Education.\n* Dr. Kathleen Rankin. For voluntary service to the Living Linen Project in Northern Ireland.\n* Mohamad Rashied, President, Caribbean Islamic Cultural Society. For services to Community Relations in London.\n* Robert David Richard Ray. For services to Rugby Union and to Young People in Rugby, Warwickshire.\n* Ms Janet Mary Reed, Senior Social Worker, Defence Medical Rehabilitation Centre, Headley Court, Surrey, Ministry of Defence.\n* Angela Mary, Mrs. Rees, Assistant Head, Debt Management and Banking, H.M. Revenue and Customs.\n* Abdul Rehman. For services to the community in Derby.\n* Miss Marion Reynolds. For services to Vulnerable Children in Northern Ireland.\n* Alan Ribchester. For charitable services in the City of Durham.\n* The Reverend James Manson Richards. For services to Children and Families.\n* George Edmund Richardson, lately Chairman, Calderdale College and Chairman, Association of Colleges, Yorkshire and the Humber Region. For voluntary service to Further Education.\n* Miss Rosalyn Elizabeth Richardson, lately Deputy Director of Health Informatics, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust. For services to the NHS.\n* [Andrew William Ritchie](/wiki/Andrew_Ritchie_%28Brompton%29 \"Andrew Ritchie (Brompton)\"), Technical Director, Brompton Bicycle Ltd. For services to Business and to International Trade.\n* Christopher David Medwyn Roberts. For services to the community in Merseyside.\n* Clarissa Elizabeth, Mrs. Roberts. For services to Older People in Stratford\\-upon\\-Avon, Warwickshire.\n* Jean Sylvia, Mrs. Roberts, Ministerial Messenger, Department for Transport.\n* Peter Adrian Roberts, Chairman, Association of Community Rail Partnerships. For services to Rural Transport.\n* Angus John Robertson, Principal Fellow in Clinical Illustration, Leeds Dental Institute. For services to Healthcare.\n* Matthew Robertson, Sergeant, Ministry of Defence Police.\n* Norman Robertson, lately Curriculum Leader in Hospitality, Ayr College. For services to Further Education.\n* Margaret, Mrs. Robinson. For services to the community in Trimdon, County Durham.\n* The Reverend Father George Edward Robson, Chairman, North Huyton New Deal for Communities Board. For services to the community in Merseyside.\n* Ms Jennifer Van Krieken Robson, Head of Minority Achievement Service, Kent County Council. For services to Education.\n* Sheila Ruth, Mrs. Rodmell. For services to the community in Elvington, Kent.\n* Ms Susan Rogers. For services to Trade Unions.\n* [Ruth Lady Rogers of Riverside](/wiki/Ruth_Rogers \"Ruth Rogers\"), Chef and Co\\-Founder, River Cafe ́. For services to the Hospitality Industry.\n* William Andrew Taylor Roulston. For services to Equestrian Sport in Northern Ireland.\n* Beryl Lillian, Mrs. Rowe. For services to the community in Lilley, Bedfordshire.\n* Dr. Christopher Giles Rowland. For services to the Friends of the Oncology and Radiotherapy Centre, Exeter.\n* John Rowlands, Economics Teacher, John Ruskin Sixth Form College, Croydon, London. For services to Education.\n* Marion, Mrs. Roy, lately Headteacher, Auchenback Primary School, East Renfrewshire. For services to Education.\n* Colonel John Anthony Nutter Read Royle. For services to the Soldiers', Sailors', Airmen and Families Association in Northamptonshire.\n* [Chrissie, Mrs. Rucker](/wiki/Chrissie_Rucker \"Chrissie Rucker\"), Founder and Creative Director, White Company. For services to the Retail Industry.\n* Anthony Michael Hurst Rumsey, Collections Manager, National Monuments Record. For services to Photography.\n* Annette, Mrs. Rushton, lately Matron, Severn Hospice, Shrewsbury. For services to Healthcare.\n* Dr. Andrew Oldrey Russell, lately Chairman, League of Friends, Edenbridge and District War Memorial Hospital. For services to Healthcare.\n* Ezriel Salomon. For services to the community in Gateshead, Tyne and Wear.\n* Ahmed Ali Sasso, Constable, Hampshire Constabulary. For services to the Police.\n* Mary Ann Landsborough, Mrs. Saunders. For services to the Diocese of Oxford and to the Church of England.\n* Ms Susan Saunders, Co\\-Ordinator, Disability Support Network, Home Office.\n* Keith Savage. For voluntary service to the Air Training Corps in Rutland.\n* Lynn, Mrs. Savill. For services to People with Epilepsy in Gravesend, Kent.\n* Ms Cherryl Lynn Sawyer, Business and Development Director, Threshold Housing Link. For services to Homeless People in Swindon, Wiltshire.\n* Callie, Mrs. Saxty, lately Head of Visitor Operations for Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly, English Heritage. For services to Heritage.\n* Nora Gladys Elsie, Mrs. Schneider. For services to the community in Newbury, Berkshire.\n* Robert Sinclair Scott. For voluntary service to the community in County Armagh.\n* The Reverend Christopher John Sears. For services to Disadvantaged People in Hastings, East Sussex.\n* Dr. Claude Doumet Serhal, Special Assistant, British Museum. For services to Archaeology.\n* Thomas Richard Sermon, Chairman, London Youth. For services to Young People.\n* Terence Brian Shead. For services to the community in East Peckham, Kent.\n* Alan William Sherriff. For services to the community in South Yorkshire.\n* Ann, Mrs. Shreeve, Senior Executive Officer, Jobcentre Plus, Department for Work and Pensions.\n* Jasvinder Singh Sidhu. For services to Social Housing.\n* Phillip Edward Sillick, J.P. For services to the community in Gorseinon, Swansea.\n* Benjamin David Simpson, J.P. For services to the community in Oxford.\n* Kathleen, Mrs. Simpson. For services to the community in Moston, Manchester.\n* [Lemn Sissay](/wiki/Lemn_Sissay \"Lemn Sissay\"), Poet and Performer. For services to Literature.\n* John William Skinner, Director of Music, Haberdashers' Aske's Hatcham College, Lewisham, London. For services to Education.\n* Catherine, Mrs. Slow. For services to West Exmoor Federation of Schools, Devon.\n* Alison Mary, Mrs. Smedley. For services to Inland Waterways.\n* Amanda Jane, Mrs. Smith, Executive Assistant, Youth Task Force Strategy, Department for Children, Schools and Families.\n* Dr. Angela Owen\\-Smith. For services to Medicine and to the community in Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire.\n* Miss Charlotte Lilian Smith. For services to the community in Porthyrhyd, Carmarthenshire.\n* Colin Smith, Retained Crew Manager, West Yorkshire Fire and Rescue Service. For services to Local Government.\n* Elizabeth, Mrs. Smith, Vice\\-Chair and Board Member, Colchester Institute. For voluntary service to Further and Higher Education.\n* Ian Graham Smith. For services to the community in Ramsbury, Wiltshire.\n* James Smith. For voluntary service to Youth Football in Glasgow.\n* Eric Snook, Foster Carer, Hampshire. For services to Children and Families.\n* Mary, Mrs. Snook, Foster Carer, Hampshire. For services to Children and Families.\n* Dr. Richard Alfred Sparks, lately Consultant in Genito\\-Urinary Medicine, Cardiff and Vale NHS Trust. For services to Medicine.\n* Councillor Josephine Elizabeth Spencer. For services to the community in Christchurch, Dorset.\n* Dr. Richard Anthony Spencer, Biology Subject Leader, SRC Bede Sixth Form, Billingham, Teesside. For services to Science Communication.\n* Sally Louise, Mrs. Hughes\\-Stanton, Executive Secretary, Prime Minister's Office.\n* Roger Carlton Steele. For services to Young People in Sheffield.\n* Cheryl, Mrs. Stevens, Principal Practitioner, Benefits and Credits, Preston, H.M. Revenue and Customs.\n* Mary, Mrs. Stevens. For services to the community in Swindon, Wiltshire.\n* Edward Craig Stevenson, lately Engineer of Medical Physics, University of Aberdeen. For services to Healthcare and to Charity.\n* Karen, Mrs. Stock, Extended Schools Co\\-ordinator, Shoeburyness and Chair of Governors, Shoeburyness High School, Essex. For services to Education.\n* Rodney Ernest Stoddart. For voluntary service to Mountain Rescue in Tayside.\n* Eric Arthur Stott. For services to the community in the West Midlands.\n* Janet, Mrs. Stoyel. For services to the Textile Industry.\n* Miss Judith Anne Strange, Higher Executive Officer, Jobcentre Plus, Department for Work and Pensions.\n* Councillor Phyllis Zaphne Stretton. For services to the community in Cannock, Staffordshire.\n* Ivy Alberta, Mrs. Sturgeon, Personal Secretary, H.M. Prison Littlehey, Huntingdon, H.M. Prison Service, Ministry of Justice.\n* Rozelle Elizabeth, Mrs. Sutherland. For voluntary service to Victims of Domestic Violence in Jersey.\n* Roderick John Symonds. For services to the community in Reading, Berkshire.\n* Ranjula, Mrs. Takodra. For services to the community in Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire.\n* Gwynneth Mary, Mrs. Tame. For services to Heritage and to the community of Dorchester\\-on\\-Thames in Oxfordshire.\n* Susan, Mrs. Tamlyn. For services to Heritage in Suffolk.\n* Miss [Samantha Claire Taylor](/wiki/Claire_Taylor \"Claire Taylor\"), Cricketer. For services to Sport.\n* James Graham Taylor, Music Director, City of Glasgow Chorus. For services to Music.\n* Josephine May, Mrs. Taylor. For services to the community in Plumpton Green, East Sussex.\n* Mary, Mrs. Thirlwell. For voluntary service to Young People in Lanarkshire.\n* Ms Melanie Anne Thody, Head of Outreach, Imperial College London. For services to Science Communication.\n* Margaret Jean, Mrs. Thomas, J.P., D.L. For services to the community in Bristol.\n* Peter Thomas, lately Project Director Devonport, Interserve plc. For services to the Defence Industry.\n* Jonathan Bryan Thornes. For services to the Voluntary Sector in the East Midlands.\n* Gordon Owen Thornhill. For services to the community in Foston and Scropton, Derbyshire.\n* Angus Tilston. For services to the Historical Film Industry in the North West.\n* Thomas Todd. For services to the community in Northern Ireland.\n* Pamela, Mrs. Towning, Assistant Officer, Customer Contact, Shipley, West Yorkshire, H.M. Revenue and Customs.\n* Maureen Ivy, Mrs. Townley. For charitable services in Southend\\-on\\-Sea, Essex.\n* Van Cuong Truong. For services to the Indo\\-Chinese community in South East London.\n* Evelyn Roberta, Mrs. Turkington. For voluntary service to The Duke of Edinburgh's Award Scheme in Northern Ireland.\n* [Mary Josephine, Mrs. Turner](/wiki/Mary_Turner_%28trade_unionist%29 \"Mary Turner (trade unionist)\"), President, GMB. For services to Trade Unions.\n* [Edward Jonathan Turpie](/wiki/Jonnie_Turpie \"Jonnie Turpie\"), Director, Maverick Television.\n* Dr. Alan Manson Turtle. For voluntary service to the community in Richhill, County Armagh.\n* Miss [Elizabeth Kimberley Tweddle](/wiki/Beth_Tweddle \"Beth Tweddle\"). For services to Gymnastics.\n* John Christopher Tyzack, Chairman of Governors, Enborne Church of England Primary School and Willow Primary School, Newbury, Berkshire. For voluntary service to Education.\n* Wendy Margaret, Mrs. Vaughan. For services to the community in South East Surrey.\n* Ronald Derek Vaulter. For services to the community in South Devon.\n* Christine, Mrs. Ruston\\-Wadsworth, Superintendent, Warwickshire Police. For services to the Police.\n* Julian Wadsworth. For services to Young People in Portsmouth.\n* Janice Irene, Mrs. Walker, Officer, H.M. Prison Wormwood Scrubs, London, H.M. Prison Service, Ministry of Justice.\n* Pamela, Mrs. Walker, Chair of Governors, Cambo First School, Morpeth, Northumberland. For voluntary service to Education.\n* Gillian Karen, Mrs. Walnes (formerly Mrs. Bogush). For services to the Anne Frank Trust UK.\n* Joan Patricia, Mrs. Warwick. For charitable services to Darent Valley Hospital, Dartford, Kent.\n* Amir Waseem, Officer, Customer Contact, Brierley Hill, West Midlands, H.M. Revenue and Customs.\n* Shirley Irene, Mrs. Watson. For services to the Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura Support Association.\n* The Reverend Canon Michael John Wedgeworth, lately Chairman of Governors, Blackburn College. For voluntary service to Further Education and to the communityin Lancashire.\n* Michael Edwin Weeding, Senior Officer, Customs and International, London, H.M. Revenue and Customs.\n* James Weir, Lecturer, Forth Valley College. For services to Further Education in Clackmannanshire.\n* David Anthony Westcott, J.P. For services to the community in Essex.\n* Audrey, Mrs. Wheeler. For voluntary service to Oxfam in St. Albans, Hertfordshire.\n* Norman Edward Whereat. For services to the community in Cirencester, Gloucestershire.\n* Hilary John White, Chairman of Governors, Willingdon Community School, Eastbourne, East Sussex. For voluntary service to Education.\n* John Samuel Byard White, J.P., D.L. For services to the community in Somerset.\n* Nicholas Stephen Whitehouse. For services to the Building Industry.\n* David Widdowson. For services to Young People with Learning Disabilities in Chesterfield, Derbyshire.\n* Alan Bertram Wiggins. For services to the community in Clacton\\-on\\-Sea, Essex.\n* Philip Julian Wilde. For voluntary service to Young People in Lytham St Anne's, Lancashire.\n* Dr. Henry Austin Will. For voluntary service to Ford Park Cemetery Trust in Plymouth, Devon.\n* Doreen, Mrs. Willcocks. For services to Netball and to the community in Pinehurst, Swindon, Wiltshire.\n* Paul Willgoss, Band 3, Chief Scientists' Advisory Group and Chairman, Disability Network, Health and Safety Executive, Department for Work and Pensions.\n* Christopher Mark Williams, Director, Heart n Soul. For services to Disability Arts.\n* David Michael Williams. For services to the community in Flintshire.\n* Gwilym Alun Williams. For services to Sport for Young People in Wales.\n* Professor Robert Joseph Paton Williams. For services to the community in North Oxford.\n* Gerald Willmott, Constable, Metropolitan Police Service. For services to the Police and to Boxing in the London Borough of Haringey.\n* Albert Leslie Wills, Q.F.S.M. For services to the community in the West Midlands.\n* Patrick Andrew John Wilson, Grade C1, Ministry of Defence.\n* Sydney Wiltshire. For services to the community in Petersfield, Hampshire.\n* Andrew Nicholas Wood, Manager and Head Coach, Ipswich Gymnastics Centre. For services to Sport.\n* Maureen, Mrs. Woodcock, lately Non\\-Executive Director, Walsall Hospitals NHS Trust. For services to Healthcare.\n* Agnes Brown Marchbank, Mrs. Wright. For voluntary service to the Royal National Lifeboat Institution, Stewartry of Kirkcudbright.\n* Clare Margaret, Mrs. Wright, Personal Assistant, Warwickshire College. For services to Further Education.\n* Richard Kelsey Wright, Chief Executive Officer, Intertius Ltd. For services to the Manufacturing Industry.\n* Beryl Joan, Mrs. Wyatt, Gardening Assistant, Writtle College, Chelmsford. For services to Higher Education.\n* Claire Judith, Mrs. Wylot, Grade C1, Ministry of Defence.\n* Councillor Yogan Mylvaganam Yoganathan. For services to Local Government and to Community Relations in North Surrey.\n* Jeannie, Mrs. Young, For voluntary service to St. Richard's Hospice, Worcester.\n* Pauline Margaret, Mrs. Young. For voluntary service to disabled people in Wales.\n* Mavis, Mrs. Yuill, Classroom Assistant, Kilmartin Primary School, Argyll and Bute. For services to Education.", "Diplomatic and Overseas List\n* [Christopher Barr](/wiki/Christopher_Barr \"Christopher Barr\") – First Secretary, Foreign and Commonwealth Office.\n* [Paul William Bellamy](/wiki/Paul_William_Bellamy \"Paul William Bellamy\") – lately Entrance Clearance Manager, British Embassy, Iran.\n* [Steve Chandler](/wiki/Steve_Chandler \"Steve Chandler\") – lately Third Secretary, Counter\\-Narcotics, UK Provincial Reconstruction Team, Lashkar Gah.\n* [Jeanette Anne Coogan](/wiki/Jeanette_Coogan \"Jeanette Coogan\") – Manager, British Council English Training Centre, Al Azhar University in Cairo. For services to UK\\-Egypt intercultural relations.\n* [Rossalyn Demelza Crotty](/wiki/Rossalyn_Crotty \"Rossalyn Crotty\") – Vice\\-Consul/Deputy Head, British Consulate, Málaga, Spain.\n* [Dr. Margaret Cumberland](/wiki/Margaret_Cumberland \"Margaret Cumberland\") – Co\\-ordinator, Community Health. For services to community health care in Mozambique.\n* [Elyse Anne Dodgson](/wiki/Elyse_Dodgson \"Elyse Dodgson\") – Head, International Department, Royal Court Theatre, London. For services to international theatre, and to young writers overseas.\n* [Dr. Alexander Charles Weeks Duncan](/wiki/Alexander_Charles_Weeks_Duncan \"Alexander Charles Weeks Duncan\") – Health worker. For services to primary health care in north Afghanistan.\n* [Eleanor Frances Duncan](/wiki/Eleanor_Duncan \"Eleanor Duncan\") – Health worker. For services to primary health care in north Afghanistan.\n* [Michael Feeney](/wiki/Michael_Feeney%2C_MBE \"Michael Feeney, MBE\") – Founder, County Mayo Peace Park. For services to UK\\-Ireland relations.\n* [Anne Ferguson](/wiki/Anne_Ferguson_OBE \"Anne Ferguson OBE\") For services to older people in Scotland\n* [Judith Anne Ferris](/wiki/Judith_Ferris \"Judith Ferris\") – lately President, Age Concern, Costa Blanca. For services to the British elderly community in Alicante, Spain.\n* [Wendi Nixon Fiedler](/wiki/Wendi_Fiedler \"Wendi Fiedler\") – Founder and Manager, Panatel Production Company. For services to heritage conservation in Bermuda.\n* [Norman Keith Goodall](/wiki/Norman_Goodall \"Norman Goodall\") – For charitable activities and services to the community in Tenerife, Spain.\n* [Nicholas John Hancocks](/wiki/Nicholas_Hancocks \"Nicholas Hancocks\") – First Secretary, Foreign and Commonwealth Office.\n* [Peter Anthony Hibbard](/wiki/Peter_Hibbard \"Peter Hibbard\") – President, Royal Asiatic Society. For services to heritage conservation in Shanghai, China.\n* [Garry Horlacher](/wiki/Garry_Horlacher \"Garry Horlacher\") – Security Co\\-ordinator and Adviser to the Government of Sierra Leone. For services to international policing, and promoting democracy in Sierra Leone.\n* [Victor Malvern Jackopson](/wiki/Victor_Jackopson \"Victor Jackopson\") – Founder and Head, Hope Now. For charitable activities, and services to orphans and other young people in Cherkassy, Ukraine.\n* [Renee Jacqueline Jordan](/wiki/Renee_Jordan \"Renee Jordan\") – Head of Registry, British Embassy Office, Basra.\n* [Mairwen Karydis](/wiki/Mairwen_Karydis \"Mairwen Karydis\") – British Consular Correspondent, Lesvos. For services to consular work in Greece.\n* [Nigel Jeffery Randle Kay](/wiki/Nigel_Kay \"Nigel Kay\") – Founder and Head, Homes in Zimbabwe. For services to the elderly in Zimbabwe.\n* [Christopher Kealey](/wiki/Christopher_Kealey \"Christopher Kealey\") – lately First Secretary Political, British Embassy, Afghanistan.\n* [Paul Lawrence](/wiki/Paul_David_Lawrence \"Paul David Lawrence\") – lately British Vice Consul, Thailand.\n* [Cynthia Albrecht\\-Lelliott](/wiki/Cynthia_Albrecht-Lelliott \"Cynthia Albrecht-Lelliott\") – Honorary Vice\\-President, British Ladies Club. For services to the British community in Luxembourg and UK\\-Luxembourg relations.\n* [Dr. Raymond George\\-MacKay](/wiki/Raymond_George-MacKay \"Raymond George-MacKay\") – Educational Consultant. For services to English teaching, especially in West Bengal, India.\n* Bryan Andrew Morgan – Second Secretary, Foreign and Commonwealth Office.\n* [Hazel Jane Nelder](/wiki/Hazel_Nelder \"Hazel Nelder\") – First Secretary, Foreign and Commonwealth Office.\n* [Anthony John Nott](/wiki/Anthony_Nott \"Anthony Nott\") – UK Policing Adviser, Office of the United States Co\\-ordinator, Palestine. For services to international policing, more recently in Iraq and Palestine.\n* [Jean Catherine Pickering](/wiki/Jean_Desforges \"Jean Desforges\") – For services to athletics and to the Ron Pickering Memorial Fund.\n* [Stephen Peter John Schembri](/wiki/Stephen_Schembri \"Stephen Schembri\") – First Secretary, Foreign and Commonwealth Office.\n* [Joanna Wright\\-Serra](/wiki/Joanna_Wright-Serra \"Joanna Wright-Serra\") – Founding member, JUCONI (Juntos con los Ninos—Together with Children). For services to street children and other charitable activities in Mexico.\n* [Keith Shonfeld](/wiki/Keith_Nigel_Shonfeld \"Keith Nigel Shonfeld\") – Cemetery Administrator, British Cemetery Committee – For services to the British community in Cyprus.\n* [Dr. Malcolm Swann](/wiki/Malcolm_Swann \"Malcolm Swann\") – Medical Director, [Beit Cure International Hospital](/wiki/CURE_International \"CURE International\"), Lusaka. For medical services in Zambia.\n* [Peter Dyce Tear](/wiki/Peter_Tear \"Peter Tear\") – Executive Producer, 59E59 Theatres in New York. For services to UK/USA cultural relations.\n* [David Richard Vaughan Thomas](/wiki/David_Richard_Vaughan_Thomas \"David Richard Vaughan Thomas\") – Chairman, British\\-Polish Chamber of Commerce. For services to British business interests and charitable activities in Poland.\n* [Iwona Thomas](/wiki/Iwona_Thomas \"Iwona Thomas\") – Founder and Manager, The British School, Warsaw. For services to education.\n* [Sally Thompson](/wiki/Sally_Thompson \"Sally Thompson\") – Deputy Executive Director, Thailand\\-Burma Border Consortium. For services to Burmese refugees in Thailand.\n* [Kedell Melody Worboys](/wiki/Kedell_Worboys \"Kedell Worboys\") – St. Helena Government Representative in the UK. For services to St. Helena.", "### Royal Red Cross", "#### Royal Red Cross (Second Class)", "Army\n* Major John Clark", "### Queen's Police Medal (QPM)", "England and Wales\n* Christopher Adams, Constable, Avon and Somerset Constabulary.\n* Andrew Bliss, Deputy Chief Constable, Essex Police.\n* David Keith Cook, Acting Detective Chief Inspector, West Midlands Police.\n* Ms [Cressida Rose Dick](/wiki/Cressida_Dick \"Cressida Dick\"), Assistant Commissioner, Metropolitan Police Service.\n* Robert Arthur Evans, Assistant Chief Constable, South Wales Police (Home Office Seconded).\n* Michael Field, Detective Superintendent, British Transport Police.\n* Kevin Trevor Flint, Detective Superintendent, Nottinghamshire Police.\n* Christopher David Lee, Deputy Chief Constable, Dorset Police.\n* Paul O'Connor, Inspector, Hertfordshire Police.\n* Sir [Hugh Stephen Roden Orde](/wiki/Hugh_Orde \"Hugh Orde\"), O.B.E., President, Association of Chief Police Officers.\n* Geoffrey William Owen, lately Constable, Metropolitan Police Service.\n* Gary Richardson, Detective Superintendent, Metropolitan Police Service.\n* Ms Susan Karen Sim, Deputy Chief Constable, Northumbria Police.\n* Julie Anne, Mrs. Spence, O.B.E., Chief Constable, Cambridgeshire Police.\n* Stephen John Thomas, Assistant Chief Constable, British Transport Police.\n* Malcolm Philip Tillyer, lately Chief Superintendent, Metropolitan Police Service.\n* Ms Wendy Ann Walker, Assistant Chief Constable, Lancashire Constabulary.\n* David John Whatton, Chief Constable, Cheshire Police.", "Scotland\n* Ms Maureen Brown, lately Assistant Chief Constable, Central Scotland Police.\n* Iain Clark Howie, Constable, Dumfries and Galloway Constabulary.\n* Gordon Meldrum, Director General, Scottish Crime and Drug Enforcement Agency.", "Northern Ireland\n* Robert Lindsay Ellison, Sergeant, Police Service of Northern Ireland.\n* Mark William James McDowell, Detective Chief Superintendent, Police Service of Northern Ireland.\n* David Robert Adams McFall, Sergeant, Police Service of Northern Ireland.", "### Queen's Volunteer Reserves Medal (QVRM)", "Army\n* Major Mark Brotherston", "Royal Air Force\n* Sergeant Terence Morton" ]
### Order of the British Empire #### Knights / Dames Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE / DBE) Civil Division * [Professor Valerie Beral](/wiki/Val_Beral "Val Beral"). For services to Science * [Dr. Claire Bertschinger](/wiki/Claire_Bertschinger "Claire Bertschinger"). For services to Nursing and to International Humanitarian Aid * [Councillor Ellen Margaret Eaton, OBE](/wiki/Ellen_Margaret_Eaton "Ellen Margaret Eaton"), Chair, Local Government Association. For services to Local Government * [Dr. Susan Elizabeth Ion, OBE](/wiki/Sue_Ion "Sue Ion"), Visiting Professor, Imperial College, London and Chair, UK Fusion Advisory Board. For services to Science and Engineering * [Clare Oriana Tickell](/wiki/Clare_Tickell "Clare Tickell"), Chief Executive, Action for Children. For services to Young People * [Marcia Twelftree](/wiki/Marcia_Twelftree "Marcia Twelftree"), lately Headteacher, Charters School, Windsor and Maidenhead, Berkshire. For services to local and national Education #### Commanders of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) Military Division Royal Navy * Commodore Stephen Redvers Kirby * Commodore Christopher Laurence Palmer Army * Colonel Mark Cuthbert\-Brown – late [Adjutant General's Corps](/wiki/Adjutant_General%27s_Corps "Adjutant General's Corps") ([Royal Military Police](/wiki/Royal_Military_Police "Royal Military Police")) * Colonel David James Eadie – late The [Queen's Royal Lancers](/wiki/Queen%27s_Royal_Lancers "Queen's Royal Lancers") * Colonel Christopher William Manning – late [Army Air Corps](/wiki/Army_Air_Corps_%28United_Kingdom%29 "Army Air Corps (United Kingdom)") * Brigadier Simon John Marriner, MBE – late Adjutant General's Corps (Staff and Personnel Support Branch) * Colonel Michael Peter Macgregor Stewart, QHS – late [Royal Army Medical Corps](/wiki/Royal_Army_Medical_Corps "Royal Army Medical Corps") Royal Air Force * [Air Commodore Clive Arthur Bairsto](/wiki/Clive_Bairsto "Clive Bairsto") * Group Captain Keith Ronald Dipper * Group Captain Alistair Monkman * [Group Captain Andrew Mark Turner, OBE](/wiki/Andrew_Turner_%28RAF_officer%29 "Andrew Turner (RAF officer)") Civil Division * [James Christopher Armfield, OBE](/wiki/Jimmy_Armfield "Jimmy Armfield"). For services to the community in Lancashire. * [David Ogilvy Barrie](/wiki/David_Ogilvy_Barrie "David Ogilvy Barrie"), lately Director, [Art Fund](/wiki/Art_Fund "Art Fund"). For services to the Visual Arts. * Parmajit Paul Singh Bassi, DL, Chairman, Bond Wolfe. For services to Business and to the community in the West Midlands. * [William Robert Baxter](/wiki/William_Robert_Baxter "William Robert Baxter"), Deputy chief executive, Baxter Storey. For services to the Catering Industry. * Ann Beasley, Director of Finance and Performance, [National Offender Management Service](/wiki/National_Offender_Management_Service "National Offender Management Service"), Ministry of Justice. * Edward Farquharson Bowen, [Sheriff Principal of Lothian and Borders](/wiki/Sheriff_Principal_of_Lothian_and_Borders "Sheriff Principal of Lothian and Borders"). For services to the Administration of Justice in Scotland. * Councillor Peter Box, Leader, [Wakefield Metropolitan District Council](/wiki/Wakefield_Metropolitan_District_Council "Wakefield Metropolitan District Council") and chairman, [Yorkshire and Humber Assembly](/wiki/Yorkshire_and_Humber_Assembly "Yorkshire and Humber Assembly"). For services to Local Government. * [Professor Donal Donat Conor Bradley, FRS](/wiki/Donal_Bradley "Donal Bradley"), Lee\-Lucas Professor of Experimental Physics and Deputy Principal, Faculty of Natural Sciences, [Imperial College London](/wiki/Imperial_College_London "Imperial College London"). For services to Science. * [Professor Alice Brown](/wiki/Alice_Brown_%28ombudsman%29 "Alice Brown (ombudsman)"), lately [Scottish Public Services Ombudsman](/wiki/Scottish_Public_Services_Ombudsman "Scottish Public Services Ombudsman"). For public service. * [Natalie Ceeney](/wiki/Natalie_Ceeney "Natalie Ceeney"), chief executive, National Archives, [Ministry of Justice](/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice "Ministry of Justice"). * Lauran Margaret Chatburn, Principal and chief executive, [Bury College](/wiki/Bury_College "Bury College"). For services to Further Education. * Professor David Martin Chiddick, lately Vice\-Chancellor, [University of Lincoln](/wiki/University_of_Lincoln "University of Lincoln"). For services to local and national Higher Education. * Lawrence Churchill, Chairman, [Pension Protection Fund](/wiki/Pension_Protection_Fund "Pension Protection Fund"). For public service. * [Robert Brodie Clark](/wiki/Brodie_Clark "Brodie Clark"), Head of Border Force, [UK Border Agency](/wiki/UK_Border_Agency "UK Border Agency"), Home Office. * [Barry Michael Cockcroft](/wiki/Barry_Cockcroft_%28dentist%29 "Barry Cockcroft (dentist)"), [Chief Dental Officer](/wiki/Chief_Dental_Officer_%28United_Kingdom%29 "Chief Dental Officer (United Kingdom)"), Department of Health. * Christopher Cohen, lately chairman, Athletics Sports Assembly Executive Committee, [International Paralympic Committee](/wiki/International_Paralympic_Committee "International Paralympic Committee"). For services to Sport. * [Sarah Patricia Connolly](/wiki/Sarah_Connolly "Sarah Connolly"), Opera Singer. For services to Classical Music. * Rodney Cousens, chief executive officer, [Codemasters](/wiki/Codemasters "Codemasters"). For services to the Computer Games Industry. * Dr. Michael John Cresswell, Director\-General, [Assessment and Qualifications Alliance](/wiki/Assessment_and_Qualifications_Alliance "Assessment and Qualifications Alliance"). For services to Education. * Professor Ian Richard Crute, lately Director, [Rothamsted Research](/wiki/Rothamsted_Research "Rothamsted Research"). For services to Plant Science. * [His Honour Judge Keith Charles Cutler](/wiki/Keith_Cutler "Keith Cutler"), Circuit Judge. For services to the Administration of Justice. * [Dr. George Daniels, MBE](/wiki/George_Daniels_%28watchmaker%29 "George Daniels (watchmaker)"), Master Watchmaker. For services to Horology. * [Professor Janet Howard Darbyshire, OBE](/wiki/Janet_Darbyshire "Janet Darbyshire"), Director, Clinical Trials Unit, [Medical Research Council](/wiki/Medical_Research_Council_%28United_Kingdom%29 "Medical Research Council (United Kingdom)"). For services to Clinical Science. * Helen Anne Dent, chief executive, [Family Action](/wiki/Family_Action "Family Action"). For services to Children and Families. * Graham Thomas Devlin. For services to the Arts. * Professor Carol Dezateux, Professor of Paediatric Epidemiology, [UCL Institute of Child Health](/wiki/UCL_Institute_of_Child_Health "UCL Institute of Child Health"). For services to Science. * Mary Elizabeth Dodd, lately Consultant Physiotherapist, Cystic Fibrosis, [South Manchester University Hospital NHS Trust](/wiki/South_Manchester_University_Hospital_NHS_Trust "South Manchester University Hospital NHS Trust"). For services to Healthcare. * [Peter Donohoe](/wiki/Peter_Donohoe_%28pianist%29 "Peter Donohoe (pianist)"), pianist, for services to Classical Music. * Trudi Margaret Elliott, Regional Director, Government Office for the West Midlands, [Department for Communities and Local Government](/wiki/Department_for_Communities_and_Local_Government "Department for Communities and Local Government"). * Margaret Fay, OBE. For services to the Regional Development Agency, [One North East](/wiki/One_NorthEast "One NorthEast"). * [George Ferguson](/wiki/George_Ferguson_%28architect%29 "George Ferguson (architect)"). For services to Architecture and to the community in the South West. * [Professor Stephen John Field](/wiki/Steve_Field_%28medical_doctor%29 "Steve Field (medical doctor)"), Head of Workforce and Regional Postgraduate Dean, NHS West Midlands and Chairman of College Council, [Royal College of General Practitioners](/wiki/Royal_College_of_General_Practitioners "Royal College of General Practitioners"). For services to Medicine. * Christopher Mark Fisher, Director, Jobseekers and Skills, Employment Group, [Department for Work and Pensions](/wiki/Department_for_Work_and_Pensions "Department for Work and Pensions"). * [Professor Alastair Hugh Fitter, FRS](/wiki/Alastair_Fitter "Alastair Fitter"), Pro\-Vice\-Chancellor for Research, [University of York](/wiki/University_of_York "University of York"). For services to Environmental Science. * Brian Roy Fleet, MBE, Senior [Airbus UK](/wiki/Airbus_UK "Airbus UK") Vice\-President. For services to the Aerospace Industry. * His Honour Judge David Robert Fletcher, Circuit Judge. For services to the Administration of Justice in Merseyside. * Winston Fletcher, lately chairman, Advertising Standards Board of Finance. For services to the Creative Industries. * Neil Raymond Flint, Deputy Director, New Academies Division, [Department for Children, Schools and Families](/wiki/Department_for_Children%2C_Schools_and_Families "Department for Children, Schools and Families"). * [Helen Fraser](/wiki/Helen_Fraser_%28executive%29 "Helen Fraser (executive)"), lately managing director, [Penguin UK](/wiki/Penguin_UK "Penguin UK"). For services to the Publishing Industry. * Professor John Fyfe. For services to Partnership Working and to Regeneration Worldwide, particularly in West Cumbria. * David Goldstone. For public service. * Anthony Simonds\-Gooding, Chairman, [D\&AD](/wiki/D%26AD "D&AD"). For services to the Creative Industries. * Professor Sean Patrick Gorman, Dean, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences and Professor of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, [Queen's University Belfast](/wiki/Queen%27s_University_Belfast "Queen's University Belfast"). For services to Healthcare. * [Lucian Charles Grainge](/wiki/Lucian_Grainge "Lucian Grainge"), Chairman and chief executive officer, [Universal Music Group International](/wiki/Universal_Music_Group_International "Universal Music Group International"). For services to the Creative Industries. * Robert Douglas Greig, chief executive, National Development Team for Inclusion. For services to People with Special Needs. * Bethan Haulwen Guilfoyle, Headteacher, [Treorchy Comprehensive School](/wiki/Treorchy_Comprehensive_School "Treorchy Comprehensive School"). For services to Education in Wales. * [Maggi Hambling, OBE](/wiki/Maggi_Hambling "Maggi Hambling"), Painter and Sculptor. For services to Art. * Ian Hardie, Deputy Director, Corporation Tax and VAT, Business Tax, [H.M. Revenue and Customs](/wiki/H.M._Revenue_and_Customs "H.M. Revenue and Customs"). * Dr. Christopher Charles Harling, Director, [NHS Plus](/wiki/NHS_Plus "NHS Plus"). For services to Occupational Health. * Martin Harman. For services to International Trade and to the Legal Profession. * Dr. Colin Robert Harrison, Chairman, Chemistry Innovation Knowledge Transfer Network. For services to Technology. * [Emma Harrison](/wiki/Emma_Harrison_%28entrepreneur%29 "Emma Harrison (entrepreneur)"), Chair, [A4e](/wiki/A4e "A4e"). For services to Unemployed People and to the Voluntary Sector. * Frances Hartley, lately Headteacher, Deans Primary School, Salford. For services to Education. * Sally Lorinda Hobbs, HM Deputy Chief Inspector, [Crown Prosecution Service](/wiki/Crown_Prosecution_Service "Crown Prosecution Service") Inspectorate. * Peter Michael Holland, QFSM, Chief Fire Officer, [Lancashire Fire and Rescue Service](/wiki/Lancashire_Fire_and_Rescue_Service "Lancashire Fire and Rescue Service"). For services to Local Government. * Timothy Stancliffe Hollis, QPM, Chief Constable, [Humberside Police](/wiki/Humberside_Police "Humberside Police"). For services to the Police. * [Helen Jackson](/wiki/Helen_Jackson_%28politician%29 "Helen Jackson (politician)"). For services to the Women and Pensions Network and to the community in South Yorkshire. * Dyfrig Dafydd Joseff John, lately Deputy chairman and chief executive, [HSBC Bank](/wiki/HSBC_Bank "HSBC Bank"). For services to the Financial Services Industry. * [Penny Johnson](/wiki/Penny_Johnson "Penny Johnson"), Director, Government Art Collection, [Department for Culture, Media and Sport](/wiki/Department_for_Culture%2C_Media_and_Sport "Department for Culture, Media and Sport"). * Julie Jones, OBE, chief executive, [Social Care Institute for Excellence](/wiki/Social_Care_Institute_for_Excellence "Social Care Institute for Excellence"). For services to Local Government. * Robert Jones, lately chairman, Association of Police Authorities. For services to the Police. * Professor Peter Graham Edward Kennedy, Burton Professor of Neurology, [University of Glasgow](/wiki/University_of_Glasgow "University of Glasgow"). For services to Clinical Science. * Lowri Alice Khan, Team Leader, Intervention, Strategy and Markets Team, [H.M. Treasury](/wiki/H.M._Treasury "H.M. Treasury"). * Paul Leighton, QPM, lately Deputy Chief Constable, [Police Service of Northern Ireland](/wiki/Police_Service_of_Northern_Ireland "Police Service of Northern Ireland"). For services to the Police. * Rosa Lady Lipworth. For charitable services. * [Phyllida Lloyd](/wiki/Phyllida_Lloyd "Phyllida Lloyd"), Theatre Director. For services to Drama. * [James Loughran](/wiki/James_Loughran "James Loughran"), Conductor. For services to Classical Music. * David Clifford Loughton, chief executive, [Royal Wolverhampton Hospitals NHS Trust](/wiki/Royal_Wolverhampton_Hospitals_NHS_Trust "Royal Wolverhampton Hospitals NHS Trust"). For services to Healthcare. * [Ian David Luder](/wiki/Ian_Luder "Ian Luder"), lately [Lord Mayor of the City of London](/wiki/Lord_Mayor_of_London "Lord Mayor of London"). For public service. * Mary Elizabeth Madden. For public service. * [Professor Robert James Mair, FREng FICE FRS](/wiki/Robert_James_Mair "Robert James Mair"), Master of [Jesus College](/wiki/Jesus_College%2C_Cambridge "Jesus College, Cambridge") and Professor of Geotechnical Engineering, [University of Cambridge](/wiki/University_of_Cambridge "University of Cambridge"). For services to Engineering. * Hew Mathewson, President, [General Dental Council](/wiki/General_Dental_Council "General Dental Council"). For services to Healthcare. * Professor Denise Angela McAlister, Pro\-Vice\-Chancellor, Teaching and Learning, [University of Ulster](/wiki/University_of_Ulster "University of Ulster"). For services to Higher Education in Northern Ireland. * William David McWilliam, Superintendent, [Merseyside Police](/wiki/Merseyside_Police "Merseyside Police"). For services to the Police and to Young People. * David Leonard Moore, lately Her Majesty's Inspector of Education and Assistant Divisional Manager, [Ofsted](/wiki/Ofsted "Ofsted"). * Candy Morris, chief executive, NHS South East Coast [Strategic Health Authority](/wiki/Strategic_health_authority "Strategic health authority"). For services to Healthcare. * Diana Lesley Morrison, Headteacher, St. Martin\-in\-the\-Fields High School for Girls, Lambeth, London. For services to local and national Education. * Stephen Thurston Munby, chief executive, National College for Leadership of Schools and Children's Services. For services to Education. * [Professor Adrian Charles Newland](/wiki/Adrian_Charles_Newland "Adrian Charles Newland"), Professor of Haematology and director, Pathology Clinical Academic Unit, [Barts and the London NHS Trust](/wiki/Barts_and_the_London_NHS_Trust "Barts and the London NHS Trust"). For services to Medicine. * Dr. William Gerard O'Hare, Chairman, [University of Ulster](/wiki/University_of_Ulster "University of Ulster") Foundation. For services to Higher Education and to Regeneration in Northern Ireland. * [David Malcolm Orr](/wiki/David_Malcolm_Orr "David Malcolm Orr"), Director Corporate Services, Department of Finance and Personnel, [Northern Ireland Executive](/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Executive "Northern Ireland Executive"). * John Scott Perry, chief executive, [Scottish Enterprise](/wiki/Scottish_Enterprise "Scottish Enterprise"). For services to Business. * Dr. David Price, chief executive, [Chemring Group](/wiki/Chemring_Group "Chemring Group") plc. For services to the Defence Industry. * Imelda Redmond, chief executive, [Carers UK](/wiki/Carers_UK "Carers UK"). For services to Disadvantaged People. * Dr. Sian Eluned Rees, Inspector of Ancient Monuments, [Cadw](/wiki/Cadw "Cadw"), Welsh Assembly Government. * Caroline Mary Rookes, Director, Planning for Retirement and Older People, [Department for Work and Pensions](/wiki/Department_for_Work_and_Pensions "Department for Work and Pensions"). * [Tessa Sarah Ross (Mrs. Scantlebury)](/wiki/Tessa_Ross "Tessa Ross"), Controller of Film and Drama, [Channel 4](/wiki/Channel_4 "Channel 4"). For services to Broadcasting. * [Alastair Eric Hotson Salvesen](/wiki/Alastair_Salvesen "Alastair Salvesen"). For services to the Arts and to Charity in Scotland. * [Graham Edward Sheffield](/wiki/Graham_Sheffield "Graham Sheffield"), Artistic Director, [Barbican Centre](/wiki/Barbican_Centre "Barbican Centre"), London. For services to the Arts. * [Adrian Shooter](/wiki/Adrian_Shooter "Adrian Shooter"), Chairman, [Chiltern Railway Company Ltd](/wiki/Chiltern_Railways "Chiltern Railways"). For services to the Rail Industry. * Ruth Sims, OBE. For voluntary service to Palliative Care in [Uganda](/wiki/Uganda "Uganda"). * John Brian Sinnott, chief executive, [Leicestershire County Council](/wiki/Leicestershire_County_Council "Leicestershire County Council"). For services to Local Government. * Professor [Christopher John Skinner](/wiki/Chris_Skinner_%28statistician%29 "Chris Skinner (statistician)"), FBA, Professor, Southampton Statistical Sciences Research Institute, [University of Southampton](/wiki/University_of_Southampton "University of Southampton"). For services to Social Science. * Paul Spencer, lately chairman, [National Savings and Investments](/wiki/National_Savings_and_Investments "National Savings and Investments"). For services to the Financial Services Industry. * Janice Stevens, National Director, Healthcare Associated Infections Programme, Department of Health. For services to Nursing. * Professor William James Swindall, OBE, Consulting Director, QUILL Centre, [Queen's University Belfast](/wiki/Queen%27s_University_Belfast "Queen's University Belfast"). For services to Environmental Science. * Kathleen Thomas, Principal, [Oldham College](/wiki/Oldham_College "Oldham College"), Manchester. For services to Further Education. * [Margaret Maud Tyzack, OBE](/wiki/Margaret_Tyzack "Margaret Tyzack"), actress. For services to Drama. * [Professor Karen Vousden, FRS FRSE FMedSci](/wiki/Karen_Vousden "Karen Vousden"), Director, [Beatson Institute for Cancer Research](/wiki/Beatson_Institute_for_Cancer_Research "Beatson Institute for Cancer Research"). For services to Clinical Science. * Susan Toni Wardell, Director, Middle East, Caribbean, Asia (East, Central) and British Overseas Territories, [Department for International Development](/wiki/Department_for_International_Development "Department for International Development"). * John David Whittaker, Deputy Director, Employment Policy, [Cabinet Office](/wiki/Cabinet_Office "Cabinet Office"). * Vanessa Wiseman, lately Headteacher, Langdon School and Sports College, Newham, London. For services to Education. * John Briscoe Wright. For services to the [Federation of Small Businesses](/wiki/Federation_of_Small_Businesses "Federation of Small Businesses"). * Professor Michael Wright, DL, Vice\-Chancellor, [Canterbury Christ Church University](/wiki/Canterbury_Christ_Church_University "Canterbury Christ Church University"). For services to Higher Education and to the community in Kent. Diplomatic and Overseas List * Larry Thomas Dennis, lately Auditor General of Bermuda. For services to good governance in Bermuda. * Rabbi [David Shlomo Rosen](/wiki/David_Shlomo_Rosen "David Shlomo Rosen"), Honorary Adviser on Interfaith relations to the Chief Rabbinate of Israel. For services to interfaith relations in the Middle East, and between the UK and Israel. #### Officers of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) Military Division Royal Navy * [Commander Nicholas Trevor Blackman](/wiki/Nicholas_Trevor_Blackman "Nicholas Trevor Blackman") * [Commander Richard George Fox](/wiki/Richard_George_Fox "Richard George Fox") * [Commander David John Hunkin](/wiki/David_John_Hunkin "David John Hunkin") * [Commander Charles David Lightfoot](/wiki/Charles_David_Lightfoot "Charles David Lightfoot") * [Commander Peter Moss](/wiki/Peter_Moss_%28Royal_Navy_officer%29 "Peter Moss (Royal Navy officer)") * [Commander Gerard Rodney Northwood](/wiki/Gerard_Rodney_Northwood "Gerard Rodney Northwood") Army * [Lieutenant Colonel Allan Barnes](/wiki/Allan_Barnes_%28British_Army_officer%29 "Allan Barnes (British Army officer)") – Coldstream Guards * [Colonel John Etherington](/wiki/John_Etherington "John Etherington") – late Royal Army Medical Corps * [Lieutenant Colonel Alexander Gilbert Carew Hatherley](/wiki/Alexander_Gilbert_Carew_Hatherley "Alexander Gilbert Carew Hatherley") – Grenadier Guards * [Colonel Ian David MacLeod](/wiki/Ian_David_MacLeod "Ian David MacLeod") – Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire Army Cadet Force * [Colonel Iain George David Moles, QVRM TD](/wiki/Iain_George_David_Moles "Iain George David Moles") – late Royal Army Medical Corps, Territorial Army * [Lieutenant Colonel Leanda Jane Pitt, TD DL](/wiki/Leanda_Jane_Pitt "Leanda Jane Pitt") – The Royal Logistic Corps, Territorial Army * [Lieutenant Colonel John Richard James Powell](/wiki/John_Richard_James_Powell "John Richard James Powell") – The Princess of Wales's Royal Regiment * [Lieutenant Colonel Mark Reginald Rusby](/wiki/Mark_Reginald_Rusby "Mark Reginald Rusby") – The Mercian Regiment * [Lieutenant Colonel Andrew John Teskey](/wiki/Andrew_John_Teskey "Andrew John Teskey") – Corps of Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers Royal Air Force * [Wing Commander Stephen Robert Chaskin](/wiki/Stephen_Robert_Chaskin "Stephen Robert Chaskin") * [Wing Commander Mark Nicholas Day](/wiki/Mark_Nicholas_Day "Mark Nicholas Day") * [Wing Commander Simon Andrew Harper](/wiki/Simon_Andrew_Harper "Simon Andrew Harper") * [Wing Commander Jonathan Peter Quentin Reid](/wiki/Jonathan_Peter_Quentin_Reid "Jonathan Peter Quentin Reid") * [Wing Commander Malcolm Leslie Symonds](/wiki/Malcolm_Leslie_Symonds "Malcolm Leslie Symonds") * [Wing Commander Andrew David Wallis](/wiki/Andrew_David_Wallis "Andrew David Wallis") * [Wing Commander Robert Alan Woods](/wiki/Robert_Alan_Woods "Robert Alan Woods") Civil Division * William Abbott, National Security Adviser, Secure Mental Health Services, Department of Health. For services to Healthcare. * [Victor Akers](/wiki/Victor_Akers "Victor Akers"), lately Manager, [Arsenal Ladies' Football Team](/wiki/Arsenal_W.F.C. "Arsenal W.F.C."). For services to Sport. * Professor [Alan Alexander](/wiki/Alan_Alexander_%28academic%29 "Alan Alexander (academic)"), Emeritus Professor of Local and Public Management, [University of Strathclyde](/wiki/University_of_Strathclyde "University of Strathclyde"). For services to Social Science. * Alexander Beveridge Anderson, D.L., Chairman of Governors, University of Teesside. For services to the community in the North East. * Deirdre Anne, Mrs. Kinloch Anderson, Director, Kinloch Anderson. For services to the Textile Industry. * John Huxley Fordyce Anderson. For services to St. Martin\-in\-the\-Fields, London and to the Construction Industry. * [Craig Armstrong](/wiki/Craig_Armstrong_%28composer%29 "Craig Armstrong (composer)"). For services to Music. * Anthony John William Attard, Chief Executive, Panaz Ltd. For services to the Textile Industry and to International Trade. * [Sir Nicholas Hickman Ponsonby Bacon, Bt., D.L](/wiki/Sir_Nicholas_Bacon%2C_14th_Baronet "Sir Nicholas Bacon, 14th Baronet"). For services to the community in Norfolk. * Linda Margaret, Mrs. Costelloe Baker. For public service. * Stuart Kemp Baker, Deputy Director, National Projects, Rail and National Networks, Department for Transport. * Dr. Michael Thomas Barlow. For services to Intellectual Property Law. * Professor [Ann Barrett](/wiki/Ann_Barrett "Ann Barrett"), Professor of [Oncology](/wiki/Oncology "Oncology") and lately Deputy Head of School, [University of East Anglia](/wiki/University_of_East_Anglia "University of East Anglia"). For services to Healthcare. * Ms Hillary Anna Bauer, Head, International and Cultural Property Unit, Department for Culture, Media and Sport. * Ms Margaret Baxter. For services to the Voluntary Sector. * Miss Ailsa Elizabeth Beaton, Director of Information, Metropolitan Police Service. For services to the Police. * Alan Kenneth Bowers Beavis. For services to the Scouts. * Dr. John William Beer, lately Executive Director of Social Services, Southampton City Council. For services to Local Government. * Ms [Anthea Bell](/wiki/Anthea_Bell "Anthea Bell"). For services to Literature and to Literary Translations. * Arlene, Mrs. Bell, Headteacher, Beechdale Nursery School, Durham. For services to local and national Early Years Education. * Thomas Bell. For services to the Wooden Spoon Children's Charity. * [Madeleine Ponsonby, Countess of Bessborough](/wiki/Madeleine_Ponsonby%2C_Countess_of_Bessborough "Madeleine Ponsonby, Countess of Bessborough"). For services to the Visual Arts. * Dr. Anthony Bernard Best. For services to the Education of Deafblind Children. * Kay, Mrs. Bews, Chief Executive, Home\-Start UK. For services to Children and Families. * Professor Alison Blenkinsopp, Professor of the Practice of Pharmacy, Keele University. For services to Healthcare. * Ronald John Bowers, Grade B2, Ministry of Defence. * Paul Vincent Boyle, lately Chief Executive, Financial Reporting Council. For services to the Financial Services Industry and Accountancy. * Ms Anne Elizabeth Brannagan, Complex Trauma Manager, Defence Medical Rehabilitation Centre, Headley Court, Surrey, Ministry of Defence. * [Ross Brawn](/wiki/Ross_Brawn "Ross Brawn"), Team Principal, [Brawn GP](/wiki/Brawn_GP "Brawn GP"). For services to Motorsport. * [Dr. Michael Peter Briggs](/wiki/Peter_Briggs_%28scientist%29 "Peter Briggs (scientist)"), lately [Pro\-Vice\-Chancellor](/wiki/Pro-Vice-Chancellor "Pro-Vice-Chancellor"), [Roehampton University](/wiki/Roehampton_University "Roehampton University"). For services to Higher Education. * Dr. Alison Fiona Campbell, Managing Director, King's College London Business Ltd. For services to Knowledge Transfer. * Peter Carne, lately National Champion, Learning Outside the Classroom and Programme Manager, Growing Schools Programme. For services to Education. * David Brian Cassells. For services to the Inland Waterways Association of Ireland. * Eileen, Mrs. Cavalier (Mrs. Schatunowski), Founder, London College of Beauty Therapy. For services to Further Education. * Pamela, Mrs. Challis, Leader, Castle Point Borough Council. For services to Local Government in South East Essex. * [Mavis Lurline, Mrs. Champagnie](/wiki/Lurline_Champagnie "Lurline Champagnie"), Councillor, [London Borough of Harrow](/wiki/London_Borough_of_Harrow "London Borough of Harrow"). For services to Local Government and to Diversity. * Captain Kandiah Chandran, M.B.E., Chief Executive, Preset Charitable Trust. For services to Young People in London. * Gillian, Mrs. Coffey, Headteacher, Lynch Hill Foundation Primary School, Slough. For services to Education. * Yvonne, Mrs. Coghill, National Lead, Breaking Through Programme, NHS Institute for Innovation and Improvement. For services to Healthcare. * Maureen, Mrs. Cooke, Head of Capability and First Line Service Management, Customer Service Delivery, Corporate IT, Department for Work and Pensions. * Gordon Raymond Couch. For services to disabled people. * David John Cowie, lately District Manager, Jobcentre Plus, Forth Valley, Fife and Tayside, Department for Work and Pensions. * John Andrew Craig, Chairman, British Record Industry Trust. For services to Music and to Charity. * Mary Elizabeth, Mrs. Craig, Chief Executive, Lloyds TSB Foundation for Scotland. For services to the Voluntary Sector. * Bruce Millson Crook, Grade B1, Ministry of Defence. * Ms [Frances Crook](/wiki/Frances_Crook "Frances Crook"), Director, [Howard League for Penal Reform](/wiki/Howard_League_for_Penal_Reform "Howard League for Penal Reform"). For services to Youth Justice. * Neil Philip Cunliffe, Group Manager, Road Safety Group, Lancashire County Council. For services to Road Safety. * Phillip Leyland Darnton, Chairman, Cycling England. For services to Transport. * Frederick Geoffrey Davies, lately Chairman, Gwent Magistrates Bench and Wales Bench Chairmen's Forum. For services to the Administration of Justice. * Derek John Davis, lately Chairman, Stoke\-on\-Trent and Staffordshire Combined Fire Authority. For services to Local Government. * Amanda, Mrs. Deeks, Chief Executive Officer, South Gloucestershire Council and Founder, West of England Partnership for Bristol. For services to Local Government. * Paul Deneen, J.P., D.L. For services to the community in Herefordshire and Worcestershire. * John Henry Derbyshire, Sailing Coach and Manager. For services to Sport. * Professor [Fiona Devine](/wiki/Fiona_Devine "Fiona Devine"), Professor of Sociology, [University of Manchester](/wiki/University_of_Manchester "University of Manchester"). For services to Social Science. * Ian Laidlaw\-Dickson, Chairman, Hertfordshire Police Authority. For services to the Police. * Michael Donnelly, Chief Executive Officer, Habinteg Housing Association. For services to the Housing Sector. * Jacqueline Ann, Mrs. Dowell, Customer Operations Business Design Manager, H.M. Revenue and Customs. * Professor [Marcus Peter Francis du Sautoy](/wiki/Marcus_du_Sautoy "Marcus du Sautoy"), Professor of Mathematics, [University of Oxford](/wiki/University_of_Oxford "University of Oxford"). For services to Science. * Brigadier Hedley Dennis Cardew Duncan, M.B.E., lately Yeoman Usher of the Black Rod, House of Lords. * Martin Donald Dunford, Chairman, Association of Learning Providers and Chief Executive, Skills Training UK. For services to Skills. * Antony Dunne, Grade B1, Ministry of Defence. * Dr. Linda Ebbatson, Leader, Chester\-le\-Street District Council. For services to Local Government. * Ms Janette Morag Faherty, Chief Executive, TNG/ Avanta. For services to Unemployed People and to Entrepreneurship. * Ms Julia Fawcett, Chief Executive, Lowry Centre, Salford Quays. For services to the Arts in the North West. * Derek Forest, Detective Superintendent, West Midlands Police. For services to the Police. * Diana, Mrs. Fulbrook, Chief Officer, Wiltshire Probation Area, Ministry of Justice. * Elizabeth Laureen, Mrs. Fullerton, lately Chair, NHS Shetland. For services to Healthcare. * Ms Lucy Diana Gampell (Mrs. Itkin), lately Director, Action for Prisoners' Families. For services to Disadvantaged People. * Professor Mary Gibby, Director of Science, Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh. For services to Botany. * Captain Duncan Colin Glass, lately Director of Navigation Requirements, Trinity House, Department for Transport. * Celia Jane, Mrs. Godsall. For services to Sport. * Dr. James Desmond Hall, General Medical Practitioner, Belfast. For services to Healthcare. * Ms Susan Elizabeth Hall, Chief Officer, West Yorkshire Probation Area, Ministry of Justice. * Ms Catherine Graham\-Harrison. For services to Heritage. * David James Harrison. For services to Golf. * Michael Clifford Hart, Director, Ffestinog Railway Company and Chairman, Welsh Highland Railway Construction Ltd. For services to the Rail Industry. * Maurice Adrian Sylvester Heaster, Deputy Leader, Wandsworth Council. For services to Local Government. * Elizabeth Irene, Mrs. Henderson, Network Nurse Director, Northern Ireland Cancer Network. For services to Healthcare. * Tom Henderson. For services to Humanitarian Aid. * Dr. Barbara Hendrie, lately Deputy Director, Iraq, Department for International Development. * David Henry, Chairman, National Association for Mental Health. For services to Healthcare. * Dr. [Andrew James Herbert](/wiki/Andrew_Herbert "Andrew Herbert"), Managing Director, [Microsoft Research](/wiki/Microsoft_Research "Microsoft Research"), Cambridge. For services to Computer Science. * [Donald Peter Herbert](/wiki/Peter_Herbert_%28lawyer%29 "Peter Herbert (lawyer)"), Barrister. For voluntary service to Equality, Diversity and Human Rights. * Ms Susan Ann Higham, Business Design Manager, Modernising Pay As You Earn, Telford, H.M. Revenue and Customs. * Ms Stephanie Hilborne, Chief Executive, The Wildlife Trusts. For services to Nature Conservation. * Professor Anthony Edward Hill, Director, National Oceanography Centre, Southampton. For services to Environmental Science. * Professor William Stewart Hillis, Medical Adviser, Scottish Football Association. For services to Medicine and to Sport. * Helen Jane, Mrs. Clegg\-Hood, Headteacher, Shiremoor Primary School, Newcastle upon Tyne. For services to Education. * Ms Katharine Sarah Julian Horner, lately Specialist Counsellor and Senior Analyst, Assessments Staff, Cabinet Office. * Peter John Hosker. For services to the community in Preston, Lancashire. * [Gareth Dale Hoskins](/wiki/Gareth_Hoskins "Gareth Hoskins"). For services to Architecture. * Kevin Houston, Managing Director, Anderson Manning Associates. For services to Business. * Nicholas Howard, Parliamentary Clerk, Prime Minister's Office. * Susan, Mrs. Huggins, Head of Network Development. For services to the Post Office. * Shirley, Mrs. Hughes, Chief Executive Officer, Cerebral Palsy Sport. For services to Disability Sport. * Robert Alfred Hutchings. For services to the Voluntary Sector in Wales. * William Anthony Hynett, Group Chief Executive Officer, [B\-N Group Ltd](/wiki/Britten-Norman "Britten-Norman"). For services to the Defence Industry. * [Paul Stafford Jackson](/wiki/Paul_Jackson_%28game_producer%29 "Paul Jackson (game producer)"). For services to the Computer Games Industry. * Marc Jaffrey. For services to Music Education. * Anthony Paul Jakimciw, Principal and Chief Executive Officer, Dumfries and Galloway College. For services to Further Education in Scotland. * Professor Ian Miller Jamieson, lately Pro\-Vice\- Chancellor (Learning and Teaching), University of Bath. For services to local and national Education. * Ms Marion Juliette Janner. For services to Mental Healthcare. * Ms Deborah Jeffery, Grade B2, Ministry of Defence. Martin John Jenkins, Grade B1, Ministry of Defence. * Jane, Mrs. Johnson, Headteacher, St. Stephen's Primary School, Newham, London. For services to Education. * Glenys, Mrs. Johnston, Chair, Local Safeguarding Children Board, Leicestershire and Rutland. For services to Local Government. * Paul Lloyd Jones, Executive Headteacher, Blackpool and Chudleigh Knighton Lady Seaward's and Salcombe Primary Schools, Devon. For services to local and national Education. * [Stephen Jones](/wiki/Stephen_Jones_%28milliner%29 "Stephen Jones (milliner)"), Milliner. For services to the Fashion Industry. * Professor Vijay Vir Kakkar, Emeritus Professor, University of London. For services to Clinical Science. * Ms Jeanne Kaniuk, Head of Adoption Services, Thomas Coram Foundation for Children. For services to Children. * Professor Paul Keane, Dean, School of Health and Social Care, Teesside University. For services to Healthcare. * Anna, Mrs. Kendall, lately Headteacher, Christ Church Church of England Primary School, Kensington and Chelsea, London. For services to Education. * Nigel Kershaw, Chief Executive, Big Issue Invest and Chairman, The Big Issue. For services to Social Enterprise. * [Simon Henry King](/wiki/Simon_King_%28television%29 "Simon King (television)"). For services to Wildlife Photography and to Conservation. * John Gordon Kingston. For services to the Voluntary Sector. * Ms Anne Kirkham, Grade 5, Decent Homes and Housing Finance Division, Department for Communities and Local Government. * Richard Philip Kitson, lately Chief Executive, Aster Group. For services to the Housing Sector. * Susan, Mrs. Knox. For services to Food Safety. * Silas Krendel. For charitable services. * [Ram Parkash Lakha](/wiki/Ram_Parkash_Lakha "Ram Parkash Lakha"). For services to the Sikh community in Coventry, West Midlands. * Anthony Edward Langford, Non\-Executive Director, John Smedley. For services to the Knitwear Industry. * Heather, Mrs. Lawrence, Chief Executive, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital NHS Foundation Trust. For services to Healthcare. * Jurat and Lieutenant Bailiff Sally Carolyn Ann Le Brocq. For services to the Administration of Justice and to the community in Jersey. * Andrew John Leigh. For public service. * Eva, Mrs. Loeffler, Vice\-President, WheelPower. For services to Disability Sport. * Helen, Mrs. MacKenzie, Headteacher, Shevington High School, Wigan. For services to Education. * John Graham Marks. For charitable services. * Victor Alan Marshall, Detective Superintendent, Sussex Police and Adviser to the Home Office. For services to the Police. * Ms Wendy Martinson, Consultant Dietitian, British Olympic Association. For services to Sport and to Nutrition. * June Colette, Mrs. Mason, Grade 7, Cohesion and Migration Directorate, Department for Communities and Local Government. * Samuel Abraham McCrea, Principal, Ballyclare Secondary School. For services to Education in Northern Ireland. * Professor John Alexander McDermid. For services to the Defence Industry. * William John McGawley, Executive Vice\-Chairman, TDR Group. For services to Business and to Skills Training in the North East. * The Very Reverend Dr. Robert Samuel James Houston McKelvey, Q.V.R.M., T.D., Dean, St. Anne's Cathedral, Belfast. For services to the community in Northern Ireland. * Ms Alison Mary McLean. For services to Rural Affairs in the West Midlands. * Bishop Louis Richard McLeod, For services to Southwark Credit Union. * Ronald McNab, lately Managing Director, Caledonian Alloys Ltd. For services to the Recycling Industry. * Ms [Loretta Minghella](/wiki/Loretta_Minghella "Loretta Minghella"), Chief Executive, [Financial Services Compensation Scheme](/wiki/Financial_Services_Compensation_Scheme "Financial Services Compensation Scheme"). For services to the Financial Services Industry. * [Michelle, Mrs. Mone](/wiki/Michelle_Mone%2C_Baroness_Mone "Michelle Mone, Baroness Mone"), Founder and Owner, MJM International Group. For services to the Lingerie Industry. * [Kenneth Montgomery](/wiki/Kenneth_Montgomery "Kenneth Montgomery"), Principal Conductor, [Ulster Orchestra](/wiki/Ulster_Orchestra "Ulster Orchestra"). For services to Music in Northern Ireland. * Ms [Debbie Moore](/wiki/Debbie_Moore "Debbie Moore"), Founder and Chair, [Pineapple Dance Studios](/wiki/Pineapple_Dance_Studios "Pineapple Dance Studios"). For services to Business. * [Heidi, Mrs. Mottram](/wiki/Heidi_Mottram "Heidi Mottram"), Managing Director, Northern Rail. For services to the Rail Industry. * Ms Diane Mulligan. For services to disabled people and to Equal Opportunities. * [Braham Sydney Murray](/wiki/Braham_Murray "Braham Murray"), [Artistic Director](/wiki/Artistic_Director "Artistic Director"), [Royal Exchange, Manchester](/wiki/Royal_Exchange%2C_Manchester "Royal Exchange, Manchester"). For services to Drama. * Peter Murray, Co\-Founder, Ormiston Trust. For services to Children and Families. * Dr. Sydney Donnelly Neill, Director, Agriculture Food and Environmental Sciences Division, Agri\-Food and Biosciences Institute, Northern Ireland Executive. * [David Nixon](/wiki/David_Nixon_%28choreographer%29 "David Nixon (choreographer)"), Artistic Director, [Northern Ballet](/wiki/Northern_Ballet "Northern Ballet") Theatre. For services to Dance. * Edward James O'Gorman. For charitable services to the Foundation for Children with Leukaemia. * Professor [Timothy O'Riordan](/wiki/Tim_O%27Riordan "Tim O'Riordan"), D.L., Emeritus Professor of Environmental Sciences, [University of East Anglia](/wiki/University_of_East_Anglia "University of East Anglia"). For services to Sustainable Development. * Gary Oldman. For public service. * Dr. Jane Overbury, Principal, Christ the King Sixth Form College, Lewisham, London. For services to Education. * [Richard Parfitt](/wiki/Rick_Parfitt "Rick Parfitt"), Co\-Founder, Singer and Guitarist, [Status Quo](/wiki/Status_Quo_%28band%29 "Status Quo (band)"). For services to Music and to Charity. * Dr. Louise Mary Perrotta. For public service. * Peter Phillipson, Chairman, Merlin Entertainments Group. For services to the Leisure Industry. * Raymond Pollock, Principal, Banbridge Academy. For services to Education in Northern Ireland. * Diane, Mrs. Poole, General Manager, Passengers Norfolkline Irish Sea Ferry Services. For services to the Tourist Industry. * Melloney, Mrs. Poole, Deputy Director, Legal Services and Governance, Big Lottery Fund. For public service. * Andrew Richard Pope, J.P., National Business Crime Partnership Manager, Co\-operative Group. For public service. * Ms [Rachel Portman](/wiki/Rachel_Portman "Rachel Portman"), Film Composer. For services to Music. * Colin Preece, lately Director, Social Services, Neath Port Talbot. For services to Local Government. * Professor [Michael Charles Prestwich](/wiki/Michael_Prestwich "Michael Prestwich"), Emeritus Professor of History, [Durham University](/wiki/Durham_University "Durham University"). For services to Scholarship. * Richard Edward Priest, Chief Executive, Riverside Centre. For services to the community in the Isle of Wight. * Walter Rader, Director, Big Lottery Fund. For services to the community in Northern Ireland. * Judith, Mrs. Ragan, Headteacher, Queensmill Special School for Autism, Hammersmith and Fulham, London. For services to Special Needs Education. * Bernardine, Mrs. Rees, lately Chief Executive, Ceredigion and Pembrokeshire Local Health Board. For services to the NHS in Wales. * Raymond Victor Refausse, lately Director and Chief Executive, South West College. For services to Further and Higher Education in Northern Ireland. * Professor Margaret Reid, Professor of Women's Health, University of Glasgow. For services to Healthcare and to Higher Education. * Ms Lyndy Reynolds, lately Deputy Head, Government Legal Service Secretariat, Treasury Solicitor's Department. * Ms [Menna Richards](/wiki/Menna_Richards "Menna Richards"), Director, [BBC Wales](/wiki/BBC_Wales "BBC Wales"). For services to Broadcasting. * Anne, Mrs. Roberts, Chief Executive, Crossroads Association. For services to Carers. * Edmund Caerwyn Roberts, M.B.E., Chairman, Snowdonia National Park Authority. For services to the community in Gwynedd. * Elizabeth Regina Oluyemika, Mrs. Atere\-Roberts, Older People's Nurse Specialist. For services to Healthcare in London. * Brian Keith Rockliffe, Director, Voluntary Service Overseas. For services to International Development. * [Francis Dominic Nicholas Michael Rossi](/wiki/Francis_Rossi "Francis Rossi"), Co\-Founder and Singer, Status Quo. For services to Music and to Charity. * John Kenneth Rostill, Chief Executive, Worcestershire Acute Hospitals NHS Trust. For services to Healthcare. * Henry James Griffin Russell, lately Chairman, National Association of General Commissioners. For public service. * Professor Edward Sallis, Principal and Chief Executive, Highlands College, Jersey. For services to Education. * Sujinder Singh Sangha, Principal, Stockton Riverside College, County Durham. For services to local and national Further Education. * Professor Danny Saunders, Professor and Head of the Centre for Lifelong Learning, University of Glamorgan. For services to Higher Education in Wales. * Professor Joseph Maurice Savage, Consultant Paediatric Nephrologist, Royal Belfast Hospital for Sick Children. For services to Medicine. * Dr. Caroline Ann Bodley\-Scott, Civilian Medical Practitioner, British Forces Germany Health Service, Ministry of Defence. * Gordon Scott. For services to Regeneration in South Yorkshire. * [Jane Antoinette, Mrs. Scott](/wiki/Jane_Scott%2C_Baroness_Scott_of_Bybrook "Jane Scott, Baroness Scott of Bybrook"), Leader, [Wiltshire Council](/wiki/Wiltshire_Council "Wiltshire Council"). For services to Local Government. * Ahmad Shahzad. For services to Black and Minority Ethnic People. * Ghulam Rasul Shahzad. For services to Social Housing and to the community in Rochdale. * Peter Sheldon. For services to the Jewish Community. * Miss Julie May Shenton, Departmental Strategic Business Continuity Manager, Department for Work and Pensions. * Dr. David Sibbald, F.R.S.E., Chairman, Sumerian Networks. For charitable services in Scotland and Overseas. * [Alice, Mrs. Sluckin](/wiki/Alice_Sluckin "Alice Sluckin"), Chair, Selective Mutism Information and Research Association. For services to Children and Families. * [Ronald Gordon King\-Smith](/wiki/Dick_King-Smith "Dick King-Smith"), Author. For services to Children's Literature. * John Thomas Smith, lately Principal, Burnley College. For services to Further Education. * Ms Laraine Smith, Principal, Uxbridge College. For services to Further Education. * Peter Arthur Smith. For services to the Optometric Profession. * Gerard Smyth. For services to the Police in the North East. * Margaret, Mrs. Snowdon, Chair, Pensions Advisory Service. For services to Pensioners. * The Honourable [Rupert Christopher Soames](/wiki/Rupert_Soames "Rupert Soames"), Chief Executive Officer, [Aggreko](/wiki/Aggreko "Aggreko") plc. For services to the Power Industry. * Pauline Joan, Mrs. Spencer, lately Head, Victim and Witness Care Delivery Unit, Crown Prosecution Service. * Eric Spicer. For services to the Telecommunications Industry. * The Right Reverend James Theophilus Stapleton. For services to Inter\-Faith and Community Relations in Nottingham. * Dr. [Miriam Stoppard](/wiki/Miriam_Stoppard "Miriam Stoppard"). For services to Healthcare and to Charity. * Professor David Storey, lately Director, Centre for Small and Medium Enterprise, Warwick Business School. For services to Business. * Stephen Szemerenyi, Pay and Conditions Specialist, Association of School and College Leaders. For services to Education. * Alexander Tait, lately Governing Governor, H.M. Young Offenders' Institution Castington, Northumberland, H.M. Prison Service, Ministry of Justice. * Jeremy James Taylor. For services to Young People and to Musical Theatre. * David Ralph Thompson, Governor H.M. Prison Frankland, Durham, H.M. Prison Service, Ministry of Justice. * Ms Gillian Jane Thompson, lately Chief Executive, Accountant in Bankruptcy, Scottish Executive. * [Cyrus Todiwala](/wiki/Cyrus_Todiwala "Cyrus Todiwala"), M.B.E., Proprietor and Executive Chef, Cafe ́ Spice Namaste ́ Restaurant Group. For services to the Hospitality Industry. * Iqbal Wahhab, Chairman, Department for Work and Pensions, Ethnic Minority Advisory Group. For public service and for services to the Hospitality Industry. * Ms [Amanda Jane Wakeley](/wiki/Amanda_Wakeley "Amanda Wakeley"), Designer. For services to the Fashion Industry. * Professor Janet Anne Walker, Deputy Chair, Social Security Advisory Committee. For public service. * James Arneil Wardrop. For services to the community in Renfrewshire. * Caroline, Mrs. Waters, Director, People and Policy for BT Group. For services to Diversity and to Equal Opportunities. * Norma Anne, Mrs. Watson. For services to Education in Scotland. * Dr. John Alexander Watt, Director of Strengthening Communities, Highlands and Islands Enterprise. For services to Community Development. * Professor Maureen Wayman, lately Pro\-Vice\-Chancellor and Dean, Art and Design, Manchester Metropolitan University. For services to local and national Higher Education. * John Wilkinson, Chief Executive, Ecuomed. For services to the Healthcare Industry. * [Mark Roger Wilkinson](/wiki/Mark_Wilkinson_%28designer%29 "Mark Wilkinson (designer)"). For services to the Furniture Industry and to Charity. * Susan Jean, Mrs. Willan, lately Inspector, Her Majesty's Inspectorate for Education and Training in Wales. For services to Education. * Professor Richard James Willson Williams, T.D., Consultant Child and Adolescent Psychiatrist, Aneurin Bevan Health Board. For services to Medicine. * Jessie, Mrs. Wojciechowski, Headteacher, Borestone Primary School, Stirling. For services to Education. * Professor Charles Roland Wolf, Director, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Dundee. For services to Science. * David Mark Wood, Chief Executive, ATTEND. For services to the Voluntary Sector. * Dr. Eric Wood, D.L. For services to Education and to the community in Warwickshire. * Thomas Greenaway Woods. For public service. * Ms Louise Wright, Fraud and Error Consultant, Department for Work and Pensions. * Stephen Frederick Wright, Head, Business, Improvement and Support Team, London, Valuation Office Agency, H.M. Revenue and Customs. * Woon Wing Yip, Chairman, Wing Yip plc. For services to the Oriental Food Industry. Diplomatic and Overseas List * [Mockbul Ali](/wiki/Mockbul_Ali "Mockbul Ali") \- Adviser to the then [Foreign \& Commonwealth Office](/wiki/Foreign_%26_Commonwealth_Office "Foreign & Commonwealth Office"). For services to British foreign policy. * David Belgrove – lately Head, Counter Narcotics Team, British Embassy, Afghanistan. * [Thomas Yates Benyon](/wiki/Thomas_Benyon "Thomas Benyon") – Founder and director, ZANE (Zimbabwe A National Emergency). For services to vulnerable people in Zimbabwe. * James Gordon Davidson Blakely – Director Youth (Education, Science and Society), British Council. * The Right Reverend Leroy Errol Brooks – For services to the community in Anguilla. * Norma Po Yee Chan – lately Chief, Security Council Secretariat, United Nations. For services to the United Nations in New York. * John Joseph\-Devine, LVO – First Secretary, Foreign and Commonwealth Office. * Dr. Roderic William Dutton – Adviser on the Middle East, International Office, Durham University. For services to higher education and research links between the UK and the Middle East, especially Jordan. * Simon John Gillham – President, Franco\-British Chamber of Commerce. For services to Franco\-British business interests in France. * Richard Wingfield Hyde, MBE – British Honorary Consul, Madagascar. For services to the British community in Madagascar. * [Graham King](/wiki/Graham_King "Graham King") – Film Producer. For services to the British film industry in the US and UK. * Beverley Elizabeth Lewis – First Secretary, Foreign and Commonwealth Office. * Nicholas Roy Mason – First Secretary, Foreign and Commonwealth Office. * [Margaret Marian McPartland](/wiki/Marian_McPartland "Marian McPartland") – Pianist and Radio Show Host, National Public Radio, USA. For services to jazz and to aspiring young musicians in the USA. * [Diane Mulligan](/wiki/Diane_Mulligan "Diane Mulligan") – for services to disabled people and to equal opportunities. * William Smith MacDonald Murray – Economic and Financial Attaché, British Embassy, Spain. * Brian David Outlaw – Director, China\-Britain Business Council. For services to British business interests in China. * Mehr Tahir Kamran – British Foreign Officer, Ambassador to Russia. For services towards a better mutual co\-ordination in trade with Russia. * Ian George Purves – lately Stabilisation Adviser, Civil Military Mission in Helmand. For services to security and stabilisation in Afghanistan. * Michael Charles Ramscar – First Secretary, Foreign and Commonwealth Office. * [Jane Antoinette Scott](/wiki/Jane_Scott%2C_Baroness_Scott_of_Bybrook "Jane Scott, Baroness Scott of Bybrook") – For services to local government in Wiltshire. * Olga May Scott – For services to the health, education and development of Bermuda's youth. * Stephen Rowland Thomas – Founder and former Chairman of OPAL, Oman. For services to British business interests and to the community in Oman. * Paul Williams – Offsets Adviser, UK Trade and Investment, South Africa. For services to British business interests. #### Members of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) Military Division Royal Navy * [Warrant Officer Class 1 Warfare Specialist (Abovewater Warfare Tactical) Russell Graham Billings](/wiki/Russell_Graham_Billings "Russell Graham Billings") * [Logistician (Catering Services) Class 1 Rosemary Anne Brodrick](/wiki/Rosemary_Anne_Brodrick "Rosemary Anne Brodrick") * [Warrant Officer Class 1 Air Engineering Technician Kenneth Michael Davidson](/wiki/Kenneth_Michael_Davidson "Kenneth Michael Davidson") * [Warrant Officer Class 1 Barry Dawe](/wiki/Barry_Dawe "Barry Dawe") * [Warrant Officer Class 1 Robert John Ewen](/wiki/Robert_John_Ewen "Robert John Ewen") * [Warrant Officer Class 1 Coxswain (Submarines) John Ronald Hendren](/wiki/John_Ronald_Hendren "John Ronald Hendren") * [Lieutenant Commander Steven David Hopkins](/wiki/Steven_David_Hopkins "Steven David Hopkins") * [Lieutenant Anthony Jackson](/wiki/Anthony_Jackson_%28Royal_Navy_officer%29 "Anthony Jackson (Royal Navy officer)") * [Lieutenant Commander Bryan John Nicholas](/wiki/Bryan_John_Nicholas "Bryan John Nicholas") * [Chief Petty Officer Engineering Technician (Marine Engineering) David Parker](/wiki/David_Parker_%28Royal_Navy_officer%29 "David Parker (Royal Navy officer)") * [Warrant Officer Class 1 Coxswain (Submarines) Andrew Mark Rainey](/wiki/Andrew_Mark_Rainey "Andrew Mark Rainey") * [Warrant Officer Class 1 Philip David Slocombe](/wiki/Philip_David_Slocombe "Philip David Slocombe") * [Lieutenant Commander Graham Gilbey Trewhella](/wiki/Graham_Gilbey_Trewhella "Graham Gilbey Trewhella") * [Warrant Officer Class 1 (Bugler) James Whitwham](/wiki/James_Whitwham "James Whitwham") Army * [Warrant Officer Class 2 Justin Mark Brooks](/wiki/Justin_Mark_Brooks "Justin Mark Brooks") – Corps of Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers * [Major Neil James Mark Budd](/wiki/Neil_James_Mark_Budd "Neil James Mark Budd") – Royal Regiment of Artillery * [Major Richard Ronald Coomber](/wiki/Richard_Ronald_Coomber "Richard Ronald Coomber") – Corps of Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers * [Major Jonathan Edward Cunningham](/wiki/Jonathan_Edward_Cunningham "Jonathan Edward Cunningham") – The Yorkshire Regiment * [Major Robert Anthony Davies](/wiki/Robert_Anthony_Davies "Robert Anthony Davies") – The Duke of Lancaster's Regiment * [Major Mark Christopher Preston Ellwood](/wiki/Mark_Christopher_Preston_Ellwood "Mark Christopher Preston Ellwood") – The Mercian Regiment * [Lieutenant Colonel Michael Richard Elviss](/wiki/Mike_Elviss "Mike Elviss") – Royal Regiment of Artillery * [Major Graham Roy Emond](/wiki/Graham_Roy_Emond "Graham Roy Emond") – Devon Army Cadet Force * [Major Christopher Gill](/wiki/Christopher_Gill_%28British_Army_officer%29 "Christopher Gill (British Army officer)") – Army Air Corps, Territorial Army * [Major Paul Harrison](/wiki/Paul_Harrison_%28British_Army_officer%29 "Paul Harrison (British Army officer)") – Royal Regiment of Artillery * [Captain Philip John Hawkins](/wiki/Philip_John_Hawkins "Philip John Hawkins") – The Royal Logistic Corps * [Warrant Officer Class 1 Anthony Mark Hobbins](/wiki/Anthony_Mark_Hobbins "Anthony Mark Hobbins") – The Parachute Regiment * [Staff Sergeant Gary Holdham](/wiki/Gary_Holdham "Gary Holdham") – Corps of Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers * [Warrant Officer Class 1 Charles Henry James Holdsworth](/wiki/Charles_Henry_James_Holdsworth "Charles Henry James Holdsworth") – The Royal Logistic Corps * [Sergeant Barry John](/wiki/Barry_John_%28British_Army_officer%29 "Barry John (British Army officer)") – The Royal Welsh * Captain Susan King – Royal Corps of Signals * [Major Joanna Catherine Maynard](/wiki/Joanna_Catherine_Maynard "Joanna Catherine Maynard") – Royal Corps of Signals * [Captain Richard Andrew Peters](/wiki/Richard_Andrew_Peters "Richard Andrew Peters") – Corps of Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers * [Warrant Officer Class 2 Damien Daniel Place](/wiki/Damien_Daniel_Place "Damien Daniel Place") – The Royal Irish Regiment * [Warrant Officer Class 2 Iestyn David Plummer](/wiki/Iestyn_David_Plummer "Iestyn David Plummer") – The Parachute Regiment * [Major James Samuel Robert Priest](/wiki/James_Samuel_Robert_Priest "James Samuel Robert Priest") – The Royal Logistic Corps * [Major Jonathan Howard Scott](/wiki/Jonathan_Howard_Scott "Jonathan Howard Scott") – Corps of Royal Engineers * [Major Jeremy Edward Gavin Sharpe](/wiki/Jeremy_Edward_Gavin_Sharpe "Jeremy Edward Gavin Sharpe") – Royal Regiment of Artillery * [Warrant Officer Class 2 Paul Philip Shipley](/wiki/Paul_Philip_Shipley "Paul Philip Shipley") – Royal Regiment of Artillery * [Lieutenant Colonel Hugh Campbell\-Smith](/wiki/Hugh_Campbell-Smith "Hugh Campbell-Smith") – The Royal Dragoon Guards * [Major Oliver William Stokes](/wiki/Oliver_William_Stokes "Oliver William Stokes") – The Princess of Wales's Royal Regiment * [Major Sonya Adams Summersgill](/wiki/Sonya_Adams_Summersgill "Sonya Adams Summersgill") – The Royal Logistic Corps, Territorial Army * [Major Alasdair James Eli Truett](/wiki/Alasdair_James_Eli_Truett "Alasdair James Eli Truett") – The Parachute Regiment * [Captain Thomas Georg John Tugendhat](/wiki/Thomas_Tugendhat "Thomas Tugendhat") – Intelligence Corps, Territorial Army * [Lieutenant Colonel Colin Richard James Weir](/wiki/Colin_Weir "Colin Weir") – The Royal Irish Regiment * [Major Robert John Wells](/wiki/Robert_John_Wells "Robert John Wells") – The Princess of Wales's Royal Regiment * [Major Christopher James White](/wiki/Christopher_James_White "Christopher James White") – Surrey Army Cadet Force * Lieutenant Colonel John Wilson – Cumbria Army Cadet Force Royal Air Force * [Warrant Officer Peter Allen Akers](/wiki/Peter_Allen_Akers "Peter Allen Akers") * [Chief Technician Paul Andrew Blackah](/wiki/Paul_Andrew_Blackah "Paul Andrew Blackah") * [Squadron Leader Ian Bryant](/wiki/Ian_Bryant_%28Royal_Air_Force_officer%29 "Ian Bryant (Royal Air Force officer)") * [Squadron Leader John Cairns](/wiki/John_Cairns_%28Royal_Air_Force_officer%29 "John Cairns (Royal Air Force officer)") * [Warrant Officer Alexander Michael Dykes](/wiki/Alexander_Michael_Dykes "Alexander Michael Dykes") * [Flight Sergeant Douglas Stuart Law](/wiki/Douglas_Stuart_Law "Douglas Stuart Law") * [Warrant Officer Rachel MacKenzie](/wiki/Rachel_MacKenzie "Rachel MacKenzie") * [Flying Officer Leslie Edward Wall McCammont](/wiki/Leslie_Edward_Wall_McCammont "Leslie Edward Wall McCammont") * [Sergeant Rodney Christian Munday](/wiki/Rodney_Christian_Munday "Rodney Christian Munday") * [Squadron Leader John Nelson](/wiki/John_Nelson_%28Royal_Air_Force_officer%29 "John Nelson (Royal Air Force officer)") * [Squadron Leader Gordon William Henry Parry](/wiki/Gordon_William_Henry_Parry "Gordon William Henry Parry") * [Flight Sergeant Christopher Edward Read](/wiki/Christopher_Edward_Read "Christopher Edward Read") * [Warrant Officer Stephen Kenneth Roberts](/wiki/Stephen_Kenneth_Roberts "Stephen Kenneth Roberts") * [Squadron Leader Colin Terence Sullivan](/wiki/Colin_Terence_Sullivan "Colin Terence Sullivan") * [Senior Aircraftman Darren Mark Swift](/wiki/Darren_Mark_Swift "Darren Mark Swift") Civil Division * Gwendolen June, Mrs. Abraham. For services to the community in Braunstone, Leicestershire. * Hemant Acharya, Policy Adviser, Office of the Third Sector, Cabinet Office. * Samuel Adair, Director, Waterside Credit Union Ltd. For services to the Financial Services Industry in Northern Ireland. * Valerie Edith, Mrs. Adams, Principal, Lisbellaw Primary School. For services to Education in Northern Ireland. * Manus Blake Adamson, Chairman, Adamson Group and Executive Chairman, Construction Confederation. For services to the Construction Industry. * Robin Agascar. For voluntary service to the Police in Gloucester. * Matilda, Mrs. Akhigbe, Communications Officer, Local Compliance, London, H.M. Revenue and Customs. * Ms Foluke Akinlose, Founder and Editor, Precious Online. For services to the Creative Industries. * Gerald Akroyd. For voluntary service to Mountain Rescue in Scotland. * Anthony John Alderman, Special Constable, Avon and Somerset Constabulary. For voluntary service to the Police. * Ms Angela Cecile Alessendre, Founder, Alessendre Special Needs Dance School and the Larondina Dance Company. For services to Dance. * Anne Maria Palma, Mrs. Allan, Deputy Head Teacher, inverclyde Academy, Greenock. For services to Education. * Dr. Geoffrey Walter Allan. For services to the community in Kirkintilloch, Dunbartonshire. * Shulah, Mrs. Allan, lately Director, Edinburgh Voluntary Organisations Council. For services to the Voluntary Sector. * Lynda, Mrs. Allen, Chair of Governors, Sir John Deane's Sixth Form College, Northwich, Cheshire. For voluntary service to Education. * Andrew Paul Andrews. For voluntary service to St. John Ambulance Brigade. * John Charles Ankcorn, President, Birmingham Crisis Centre. For voluntary service to Victims of Domestic Violence. * Linda Joyce, Mrs. Ansell. For charitable services in Southend\-on\-Sea, Essex. * Miss Kerry Anthony, Chief Executive, DePaul Northern Ireland. For services to Social Housing. * David Archbold. For services to the Water Industry in the North East. * James Armitage. For services to the Royal Mail and to the community in the West Midlands. * Carol, Mrs. Armstrong, Claims Receipts Manager, Benefits and Credits Operations, Washington, Tyne and Wear, H.M. Revenue and Customs. * Mohammed Aslam, Executive Chef and Managing Director, Aagrah Group Restaurants. For services to the Hospitality Industry. * Jean, Mrs. Atkinson, lately Staff Side Chair, UNISON, Mersey Care NHS Trust. For services to the NHS. * Barbara May, Mrs. Austin. For services to the community in Lyme Regis, Dorset. * Kenneth Edwin Ayers. For services to the City of London Corporation. * Gloria, Mrs. Bailey. For services to the community in Lambeth, South London. * Joan Debra, Mrs. Bailey. For services to Youth Justice in Luton, Bedfordshire. * Sharon Gail, Mrs. Bailey, J.P., Head of Service Learning Disabilities, Birmingham City Council. For services to Local Government. * Lilian, Mrs. Baker. For services to Mental Healthcare in the Wirral. * Warner James Baker, Special Constable, Hampshire Constabulary. For voluntary service to the Police. * Robert Henry Ball. For services to Young People in Exeter, Devon. * Susan, Mrs. Banton, Director, Steps Charity Worldwide. For services to People with Skeletal Disabilities. * Ramanbhai Barber. For services to the Asian community in Leicester. * Grace, Mrs. Barnett. For services to the community in Failsworth, Oldham. * [Norman Barrett](/wiki/Norman_Barrett_%28ringmaster%29 "Norman Barrett (ringmaster)"), Circus Ringmaster. For services to Entertainment. * Derek Anthony Bartley. For services to the Midland Association of Mountaineering and to Rhyl Music Club, Denbighshire. * Miss [Luella Dayrell Bartley](/wiki/Luella_Bartley "Luella Bartley"), Designer. For services to the Fashion Industry. * Patricia, Mrs. Bate. For services to the community in Warrington, Cheshire. * Thomas Frederick Beesley. For services to the community in Halewood, Liverpool. * Antony Romer Beevor. For voluntary service to Fairbridge youth organisation. * Gulrook, Mrs. Begum. For services to Disabled Bangladeshi People in Tower Hamlets, London. * Stephen Avery Bell, Managing Director, Davy Roll Company. For services to Business in the North East. * Mavis, Mrs. Bent. For voluntary service to Swimming and Water Polo in Greater Manchester. * John Alfred Bigny. For services to Edenbridge and District Rail Travellers' Association Kent. * Helen, Mrs. Bird. For services to the community in Hastings, East Sussex. * Dr. [Charles William Handley Bird](/wiki/William_Bird_%28doctor%29 "William Bird (doctor)"), General Medical Practitioner and Strategic Health Adviser to Natural England. For services to Healthcare and to Physical Activity. * Arthur Birkby. For services to the community in Runnymede, Surrey. * Paul Blakey. For services to Community Safety in Halifax. * Alan Blocksidge, Officer, H.M. Prison Manchester, H.M. Prison Service, Ministry of Justice. * June, Mrs. Bloom. For services to the community in Treeton, South Yorkshire. * Roy Bloom. For services to the community in Treeton, South Yorkshire. * Elizabeth Ann, Mrs. Boswell. For services to the community in Sheerness, Kent. * John Stephen Morton Bower. For services to the British Veterinary Association Animal Welfare Foundation. * Miss Jennifer Boyd, Principal, Enniskillen Nursery School. For services to Education in Northern Ireland. * Scott Michael Bradbury. For services to the community in Tamworth, Staffordshire. * Barbara Evelyn Turner, Mrs. Braithwaite. For voluntary service to the community in Linlithgow, West Lothian. * [Rosa, Mrs. Branson](/wiki/Rosa_Branson "Rosa Branson"), Painter. For services to Art and to Charity. * Richard Oliver Brantingham, Grade C1, Ministry of Defence. * David Keith Bray. For services to the community in Lincolnshire. * Valerie, Mrs. Braybrooks, Dean and Associate Professor, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Animal Sciences, University of Lincoln. For services to Education and to the Food Industry. * John Frederick Brignall. For services to the community in the East Riding of Yorkshire. * Philip Britton, Headmaster, Boys' Division, Bolton School. For services to Physics. * Mary Elizabeth, Mrs. Bromley. For charitable services in Oswestry, Shropshire. * Robert Patrick Brooks. For voluntary service to the Soldiers', Sailors', Airmen and Families Association in Clwyd. * Felicity, Mrs. Brown, Foster Carer, Hampshire. For services to Children and Families. * Ms Marie Therese Brown. For services to the Victims of Domestic Violence in Northern Ireland. * Norman Henry Parson Brown. For voluntary service to the Royal British Legion in Hampshire. * Robert Brown. For services to the community in Lower Bevendean, Brighton. * David Buchanan. For voluntary service to the Environment and to Heritage in Northern Ireland. * Diana Hill, Mrs. Bucknall. For voluntary service to the community in Dorset. * Lieutenant Commander James Frederic Budgen, R.N.R. For voluntary service to the Sea Cadet Corps in Ruislip, London Borough of Hillingdon. * Frederick Henry Ernest Buller. For services to Angling. * Yvonne, Mrs. Burdge. For services to the Trust for Chernobyl Children. * Kenneth Burgin. For voluntary service to the Casualties Union. * Richard John Burningham, Manager, Devon and Cornwall Rail Partnership. For services to the Rail Industry in the South West. * Dr. Stephen Brian Burns. For services to Healthcare and to the community in Rotherham, South Yorkshire. * William Henry Burt. For voluntary service to Education in Bridgend, South Wales. * David John Butler, Chairman, British Motorsport Association for the Disabled. For services to Disability Sport. * [Jenson Alexander Lyons Button](/wiki/Jenson_Button "Jenson Button"). For services to Motorsport. * Ian Caddy. For services to the community in Birtley, County Durham. * Dr. Timothy Alan Carney, General Medical Practitioner, Hexham and Tynedale, Northumberland. For services to Healthcare. * The Reverend Barry Edward Carter. For services to the community in Brockley, South East London. * Colin Richard Carter. For services to the Road Haulage Industry and to Charity. * Rosalind Ella, Mrs. Carter, EAL Education Adviser, Language Service, London Borough of Hounslow. For services to Education. * Dr. Susan Carver, Senior Programme Manager, Arts and Humanities Research Council. For services to the Research Councils. * Wing Commander Alan Charles Cassidy RAF (Ret'd). For services to Aerobatics and to Charity. * Robin William Castle. For voluntary service to the Royal National Lifeboat Institution, Sheerness, Kent. * Judith Evelyn, Mrs. Catterick. For services to Music in Ashwell, Hertfordshire. * James Joseph Caulfield. For voluntary service to Disadvantaged People in Kenya. * Miss Susan Caulfield, Assistant Director, Immigration Fingerprint Bureau, UK Border Agency, Home Office. * Peter Geoffrey Challinor, Curator and Manager, Anson Engine Museum. For services to Industrial Heritage. * Harry Chambers. For services to Poetry. * Patricia, Mrs. Chapman. For services to Young People and to the community in Ealing, West London. * Glendon Austin Chappelle, Project Manager, Global Combat Systems—Munitions, BAE Systems. For services to the Defence Industry and to Industrial Heritage. * Deborah Ann, Mrs. Chedgey. For services to Disadvantaged People in Norwich, Norfolk. * Rex Chester. For services to Young People through the Explore Charity. * Ms [Lauren Child](/wiki/Lauren_Child "Lauren Child"), Author and Illustrator. For services to Literature. * Stanley Charles Church. For voluntary service to Conservation in Essex. * Donna, Mrs. Clark, Assistant Practitioner, Podiatry Service, Sefton Primary Care Trust. For services to Healthcare. * Leonard Durbin Clark. For services to Young People in Westminster and to the community in North West London. * Peter Mansfield\-Clark, Director, Crawley Open House. For services to Disadvantaged People in West Sussex. * Dr. Janet Ruth Clarke, Chair, Central Committee for Community and Public Health Dentistry, British Dental Association. For services to Healthcare. * Susan, Mrs. Clarke. For voluntary service to Disability Swimming in Stockton\-on\-Tees. * Dr. Peter David Clarkson, Emeritus Associate, Scott Polar Research Institute. For services to Science. * Professor Timothy Charles Claypole, Director, Welsh Centre for Printing and Coating, Swansea University. For services to Graphic Arts Research. * Barry Clewer. For voluntary service to Birmingham Advisory Council of Older People. * [Oliver Charles Collyer](/wiki/Collyer_brothers_%28game_designers%29 "Collyer brothers (game designers)"), Co Founder, Sports Interactive. For services to Computer Games Industry. * [Paul Edward Collyer](/wiki/Collyer_brothers_%28game_designers%29 "Collyer brothers (game designers)"), Co Founder, Sports Interactive. For services to the Computer Game Industry. * David Constantine, Co\-Founder and Executive Officer Motivation. For services to disabled people. * Teresa Mary, Mrs. Copp, Higher Executive Officer, Jobcentre Plus, Department for Work and Pensions. * David John Couch. For charitable services in Fife. * Thelma Selina, Mrs. Couch. For charitable services in Fife. * Ms Margaret Joan Coulter. For services to Social Care in Northern Ireland. * [The Reverend Dr. Robert James Coulter](/wiki/Robert_Coulter_%28Northern_Ireland_politician%29 "Robert Coulter (Northern Ireland politician)"), Member, Northern Ireland Assembly Commission. For public service. * David Robert Coulthard, Senior Technician, University of York. For services to Science Communication. * Beryl, Mrs. Cox, Administrator, Children and Family Court Advisory and Support Service, York. For services to the Administration of Justice. * Theresa, Mrs. Coyle. For voluntary service to the community in Islington, London. * Dorothy Dawn, Mrs. Cragg, Medical Tattooist. For services to Healthcare. * Heather, Mrs. Crawford. For services to Speech and Language Therapy in Northern Ireland. * Arthur Graves Credland. For services to Maritime History. * Margaret, Mrs. Crennell, Senior Assistant Headteacher and Head of Learning Support Faculty, Marriotts School, Stevenage. For services to Special Needs Education. * Ms Heather Alice Crouch, Chair, Netball South West. For voluntary service to Sport. * John Cunningham. For charitable services in County Durham. * Gordon Curry. For public service. * Leonard James Curtis. For services to the community in Lancashire. * Ms Nicola Kim Dale, Chief Inspector, Metropolitan Police Service. For services to the Police. * David Dallison. For public service. * Ashish Dasgupta, Non\-Executive Director, Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust. For services to Healthcare. * John Kenneth Davies. For charitable services in Rochdale. * Patricia Ann, Mrs. Davies. For voluntary service to Young People in Brownhills, Walsall, West Midlands. * Sandra Irwin, Mrs. Davies. For services to the community in Craven Arms, Shropshire. * Vanessa Marion, Mrs. Davies, Physiotherapist, Artificial Limb and Appliance Centre, Morriston Hospital, Swansea. For services to Healthcare. * Barbara Jane, Mrs. Davis. For services to Young People in Buckinghamshire. * Ian Davis. For services to the House of Commons. * Eric George Dawkins. For services to the community in Penryn and Falmouth, Cornwall. * Terence Day, Foster Carer, Bedfordshire. For services to Children and Families. * Victoria, Mrs. Day, Foster Carer, Bedfordshire. For services to Children and Families. * Ms Ilene Daisy Ming\-Deans. For services to Clapham Youth Centre, Lambeth, London. * Sister Lynda Dearlove. For services to Vulnerable Women. * Sarinder Kaur, Mrs. Dev, Constable, South Yorkshire Police. For services to the Police. * Achhar Paul Dharni. For services to Business and to the community in Bradford, West Yorkshire. * Gwyneth Muriel, Mrs. Dickinson, President, Macular Disease Society. For services to Visually Impaired People. * Valerie Anne, Mrs. Dilcock. For services to the North York Moors National Park Authority. * Ronald Dodd, Chairman, Training and Development Resource Ltd, Tyneside. For services to Skills. * Ian Henry Donaghey. For services to Regeneration in Coleraine, Northern Ireland. * Mary Maya, Mrs. Donelan. For services to the community in Hammersmith and Fulham, London. * Ms Norah Donnelly. For public service. * Jennifer, Mrs. Doolan. Harpist. For services to Music. * Muriel Margaret, Mrs. Douglas, Manager, Scottish NHS Central Register, General Register Office for Scotland, Scottish Executive. * Dr. Andrew Frank Dove. For services to St. John Ambulance Brigade in Nottinghamshire. * Carol Ann, Mrs. Downes, Divisional Officer, Derbyshire Special Constabulary. For voluntary service to the Police. * Ray Downey. For charitable services to Sunderland Kidney Patient Group. * John Ernest Drake, lately Chief Executive, YMCA Norfolk. For services to Young People. * Alan Gordon Drinkall. For services to the community In North Yorkshire. * Councillor Elizabeth Ann Ducker, Leader, South Oxfordshire District Council. For services to Local Government. * David John Duke, Principal Technician, Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge. For services to Science. * Karen, Mrs. Duncan, Senior Executive Officer, Student Finance Policy, Department for Business, Innovation and Skills. * William Duncan. For services to Horticulture in Scotland. * Miss Elizabeth Dunlop. For services to the Voluntary Sector in Scotland. * Terrance Dunne. For voluntary service to St. Andrew's Hospice, Airdrie, Lanarkshire. * Elizabeth, Mrs. Dupres. For services to St. Cuthbert's Catholic Primary School, Egham, Surrey. * Sheila, Mrs. Eaglefield. For charitable services in Derbyshire. * Eric James Eames. For services to the community in Birmingham. * Ewan Easton. For voluntary service to H.M. Young Offenders' Institution, Thorn Cross, Warrington, Cheshire. * The Reverend Mark Antony Edwards. For services to the Voluntary Sector in the North East. * Gillian, Mrs. Elkins. For services to the community in Clacton\-on\-Sea, Essex. * Miss Susan Ellis, lately Principal Officer, South East Area, National Offender Management Service, Ministry of Justice. * Miss Cathryn Ellsmore, Grade C1, Ministry of Defence. Dr. John Richard England. For services to Retail Planning. * Eileen, Mrs. Entwistle. For services to Local Government and to the community in Darwen and Blackburn, Lancashire. * Geraint Evans. For voluntary service to Education in the Vale of Glamorgan. * Sheila, Mrs. Evans, lately Administrative Officer, Jobcentre Plus, Department for Work and Pensions. * Thomas Eurfyl Evans, Councillor, Ceredigion County Council. For services to Local Government in West Wales. * [Timothy Everest](/wiki/Timothy_Everest "Timothy Everest"), Tailor. For services to the Fashion Industry. * Margaret, Mrs. Fairbrother, Senior Probation Officer, Sussex Probation Area. For services to the Administration of Justice. * Kelly, Mrs. Fairman. For services to the Fire and Rescue Service. * Donald Fava, lately Business and Performance Reporting Manager, Finance and Operations Directorate, Department of Health. * Janis Elizabeth, Mrs. Feely, Founder and Project Director, Living Room, Stevenage, Hertfordshire. For services to Disadvantaged People. * Ms Ann Ferguson. For services to Older People in Scotland. * Ms Margaret Hilary Ferriman, Chair, Banbury District Racial Equality Council. For services to Community Relations. * Ms Deirdre Figueiredo, Director of Craftspace. For services to the Visual Arts in the West Midlands. * Lyndon Filer, Chief Executive, Police Rehabilitation Centre, Goring\-on\-Thames. For services to the Police. * Michael Peter Findley. For charitable services in Redcar, Cleveland. * Dr. Doreen Elizabeth Finneron. For services to Inter\-Faith Relations. * Peggy Rita, Mrs. Finnie. For services to the community in Aberdeen. * Peter James Fisher, Policy Adviser, Office of the Judge Advocate\-General, Ministry of Justice. * Ms Honor Wilson\-Fletcher, lately Director, National Year of Reading. For services to Education. * Anthony Fowler. For services to the community in Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire. * Dereck Fowles, lately Chairman, Forth Valley and Lomond Local Action Group. For services to Rural Communities in Scotland. * Kathleen, Mrs. Fox. For voluntary service to Deeside Community Hospital League of Friends, North Wales. * Jennifer Lesley, Mrs. Foxon, Senior Technician, Department of Genetics, University of Leicester. For services to Science. * David Victor Freeborn. For services to the Patterdale Mountain Rescue Team in the Lake District. * Peter French, Deputy Chairman, London Board of Crimestoppers. For services to the Police. * Timothy Enis French. For services to the community in Haywards Heath, West Sussex. * Pino Frumiento, Singer and Songwriter, Heart n Soul. For services to Disability Arts. * Dr. Ian David Robert Fry, Director, Partnership Pathology, Frimley Park Hospital NHS Trust. For services to Healthcare in the South East. * Michael Fuller. For services to the NHS and to the Unite Trade Union in Scotland. * Richard Gagan, Grade C1, Ministry of Defence. * Irene Lorraine, Mrs. Galloway, lately Caseworker, Customer Operation, Lisburn, H.M. Revenue and Customs. * Sarah Elizabeth, Mrs. Gamble. For services to the community in County Antrim. * Stuart Mitchell Gay, J.P. For services to the community in Lancashire and Overseas. * Mary Helen, Mrs. George, Catering Supervisor, Crossroads Primary School, Keith. For services to Education. * Asquith Gibbes. For voluntary service to the Police in South East London. * Henry Atherton Derek Gibson. For services to the community in Bridgwater, Somerset. * Mary, Mrs. Gibson. For services to Education and to the community in North London. * Robert Stewart Gibson, Officer, H.M. Prison Gartree, Leicestershire, H.M. Prison Service, Ministry of Justice. * Margaret Helen, Mrs. Gilbert. For services to Older People in County Tyrone. * Atma Singh Gill. For services to the community in the North East. * Joy, Mrs. Gillies. For voluntary service to the Children's Panel in Scotland. * Bernard John Godding. For voluntary service to Adult Learning and the Educational Centres Association. * Alan John Godfrey, Publisher of Historic Ordnance Survey Maps. For services to Heritage. * Professor [Michael Goodfellow](/wiki/Michael_Goodfellow "Michael Goodfellow"), Chairman of Governors, Gosforth High School, Newcastle upon Tyne. For voluntary service to Education. * Sheila, Mrs. Gow. For services to Regional Journalism. * Ms Agnes Graham. For services to the Soldiers', Sailors', Airmen and Families Association in Western Scotland. * Dr. Maria Jadwiga Dlugolecka\-Graham. For services to Polish\-Scottish Relations and to Medicine. * Robert Oliver David Graham, lately Grade C1, Ministry of Defence. * Barbara, Mrs. Grant, Clinical Nurse Manager, NHS Fife. For services to Ophthalmology. * [Clemency Anne Rose, Mrs. Gray](/wiki/Rose_Gray "Rose Gray"), Co\-Founder, River Cafe ́. For services to the Hospitality Industry. * William Gray. For services to Diversity and to Disability Training in Scotland. * Angela Margaret, Mrs. Green. For charitable services Overseas and in Malvern, Worcestershire. * Charles Anthony Green. For voluntary service to Industrial Heritage in the Staffordshire Potteries. * Susan, Mrs. Greenwood, Specialist Community Public Health Nurse, Cornwall and Isles of Scilly. For services to Healthcare. * David Grey, Group Managing Director, OSL Group Holdings Ltd. For services to Business and to Regeneration in Sheffield. * Pauline, Mrs. Grice, Chief Executive, South Yorkshire Community Foundation. For services to Flood Relief. * Joan, Mrs. Griffiths. For services to People with Learning Disabilities in Scotland. * Mary Beatrice, Mrs. Guest. For services to People with Sensory Impairment. * Mavis Ann, Mrs. Gunning. For voluntary service to Victims of Sexual Assault. * Gordon William Guthrie. For services to Derby County Football Club. * Ms Anna\-Marie Hale (Mrs. Byrne), Matron, Division One Trauma and Orthopaedics, Selly Oak Hospital, Birmingham. For services to Healthcare. * Colonel Alan Edmund Hall, T.D., D.L. For services to the community in the London Borough of Redbridge. * Iain Murray Halliday. For services to the Arts in Perth. * David Halpin. For services to disabled people in the North West. * Pauline Jane, Mrs. Handy, Clinical Lead Nurse, Genito\-Urinary Medicine, Newcastle General Hospital. For services to Healthcare. * Frank Hannah, President, Manchester County Football Association. For services to Sport. * Ms Belinda Harding, Constable, City of London Police. For services to the Police. * Gillian Carol, Mrs. Hardy, Higher Executive Officer, Jobcentre Plus, Department for Work and Pensions. * [Terence Harris](/wiki/Jet_Harris "Jet Harris"). For services to Music. * Ms Karen Harrison, Head, Business Crime Preventions Team, Wakefield Partnership. For services to the Police. * Peter Brantford Hartland. For services to the community in Ashton Keynes, Swindon, Wiltshire. * Colin Hartley. For services to the community in Halifax, West Yorkshire. * Faith Ingrid Evelyn, Mrs. Harvey. For voluntary service to the Royal National Lifeboat Institution, Cheltenham, Gloucestershire. * Ms Susan Harvey. For services to Orienteering and to the community in Doune and Deanston, Perth and Kinross. * Margaret Lynne, Mrs. Harwood, Executive Officer, Pension, Disability and Carers' Service, Department for Work and Pensions. * Margaret Vine, Mrs. Haugh, Adviser for Creative and Expressive Studies, Southern Education and Library Board. For services to Education in Northern Ireland. * Jean, Mrs. Hayley. Foster Carer. For services to Children and Families in Northern Ireland. * Rodney James Hayley, Foster Carer. For services to Children and Families in Northern Ireland. * Lewis Charles Haywood. For services to the Energy Learning Centre, Elliot Durham School, Nottingham. * Professor John William Stanley Hearle. For services to Archaeology in Mellor, Stockport, Greater Manchester. * Jean, Mrs. Heath. For services to Chadlington Primary School, Oxfordshire. * Roberta, Mrs. Heavens. For services to the Tourism Industry. * Jean Marion Anne, Mrs. Hedley. For voluntary service to Nature Conservation in Hampshire and the Isle of Wight. * Elizabeth Ann, Mrs. Heeley. For voluntary service to Somerset Rural Life Museum. * Ms [Anna Hemmings](/wiki/Anna_Hemmings "Anna Hemmings"), Canoeist. For services to Sport. * John Graham Hemmings, Chairman, Blurton Ladsandads, Stoke\-on\-Trent. For services to Grass Roots Football. * John Patrick Hennigan, Superintendent, British Transport Police. For services to the Police. * Miss Sylvia Jean Herbert, Chaplain, H.M. Prison Leicester. For services to Prisoners. * John Coleman Hick, Vice\-President, British Holiday and Home Parks Association. For services to the Tourist Industry. * Major Antony Stanley Hill. For services to Military Heritage in Essex. * Lyn Joy, Mrs. Hill, Band 5, Health and Safety Executive, Department for Work and Pensions. * Richard Wendle Hill, Branch Manager, Ulster Bank. For services to the Financial Services Industry. * Margaret, Mrs. Hillman. For services to Girlguiding Cymru and to the Community of Hope. * Christopher Hilton, lately General Manager, Odeon Leicester Square Cinema. For services to the Film Industry. * Barry Hitchcock, Director of Sport, University of Surrey. For services to Sport and to Higher Education. * Raymond Hodgkinson, Director\-General, British Healthcare Trades Association. For services to the Healthcare Industry. * Linda Mary, Mrs. Hoggarth. For services to disabled people in Suffolk. * Ms Jean Florence Holder. For voluntary service to the Women's Library. * Miss Rhiannon Sarah Holder. For services to Young People's Healthcare. * Valerie Lois, Mrs. Holt. For services to Fisheries Management and to Conservation. * Lady Lavinia Caroline Douglas\-Home, D.L. For voluntary service to the British Red Cross and Macmillan Cancer Support in the Scottish Borders. * Michael John Hopper, lately Higher Executive Officer, Jobcentre Plus, Department for Work and Pensions. * Douglas Horrill. For voluntary service to Age Concern, New Forest East, Hampshire. * Doreen Grace, Mrs. Hosey. For services to the community in Fawley, Southampton. * Ms Rebecca Ann Hosking. For services to the Environment in Modbury, Dorset. * Donna Maria, Mrs. Hough, Dental Workforce Development Lead for Dental Care Professionals, North Western and Mersey Postgraduate Deaneries. For services to Healthcare. * Edward Howes. For services to the community in Prestatyn and Rhyl, Denbighshire. * Winifred, Mrs. Howes. For services to the community in Prestatyn and Rhyl, Denbighshire. * Ms Sheila Hudson. For services to Disadvantaged Young People in Hartlepool. * Joe Human. For services to Oxfam and to Fair Trade in Cumbria. * Brenda, Mrs. Hunt. For services to Older People in East Manchester. * Carl Peter Hunt, Watch Manager, Humberside Fire and Rescue Service. For services to Local Government. * Alderman Edna, Lady Hunter. For services to the community in County Durham. * The Reverend Canon Michael Oram Hunter. For services to the Church of England and to the community in Grimsby. * Professor John Margarson Huthnance, Deputy Director, Proudman Oceanographic Laboratory. For services to Marine Science. * Dr. Thomas George Hyde. For services to the community in Repton, Derbyshire. * Brian Ibell, lately Assistant Chief Executive, Derby Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust. For services to Healthcare. * Andrew Ingram, Executive Officer, Output Services Group, Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency, Swansea, Department for Transport. * Peter David John Ingram. For services to Paper Making Industrial Heritage. * James John Jack. For services to Children and Young People at Kibble Education and Care Centre. * Mona, Mrs. Jack. For services to the community in Dumfries. * Florence, Mrs. Jackson. For voluntary service to Hatton Hill Primary School, Sefton, Merseyside. * Valerie, Mrs. Jackson, Founder and Principal, Stage 84\. For services to the Performing Arts in the North. * Valerie Hazel, Mrs. Jackson. For services to the community in Newcastle Emlyn, Carmarthenshire. * [John Alexander Jameson](/wiki/John_Jameson_%28cricketer%29 "John Jameson (cricketer)"). For services to cricket. * Waltraud Anna Luise, Mrs. Jarrold. For services to the community in Norwich. * Susan Kay, Mrs. Jay, Area Manager, West Suffolk MIND. For services to Mental Healthcare. * Helen Adair, Mrs. Jenkins. For services to the community in Durrington, Wiltshire. * Kathleen, Mrs. Jenkins, Senior Case Adviser, Freedom of Information Team, H.M. Treasury. * Sidney Johnson. For services to the community in Helston, Cornwall. * John Johnstone, Administrative Officer, Child Support Agency, Department for Work and Pensions. * Henry Jones, Project Manager, ISIS Second Target Station, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Oxfordshire. For services to Science. * Jane Eryl, Mrs. Jones, lately Senior Nurse, Eryri Hospital, Caernarfon. For services to Healthcare for Older People. * Penelope, Mrs. Jones, Foster Carer, Surrey. For services to Children and Families. * Ronald Jones, Foster Carer, Surrey. For services to Children and Families. * Charles Ernest Jukes. For services to the community in Dursley, Gloucestershire. * Ms Maureen Kavanagh, Messenger, Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. * Elizabeth, Mrs. Kay, Co\-Founder and Project Leader, Bolton University of the Third Age. For voluntary service to Adult Education. * Bernard John Keay, Chairman, Health and Social Security Recreational Association, Department for Work and Pensions. * Virginia Anne Pickering, Mrs. Keen. For services to the community in Wiltshire. * Victor Walter Keene. For services to the community in Coventry. * William Ernest James Kelley. For voluntary service to the RAF Halton Apprentices' Association. * Patricia Alexandra, Mrs. Kelly. Foster Carer, Cornwall. For services to Children and Families. * Graham Kennedy. For charitable services to People with [Friedreich's ataxia](/wiki/Friedreich%27s_ataxia "Friedreich's ataxia"). * Miss Linda Margaret Kennedy, Manager, Banqueting House, Whitehall. For services to the Hospitality Industry. * Anne, Mrs. Kenyon, Administrative Officer, Pension, Disability and Carers' Service, Department for Work and Pensions. * Hilary, Mrs. Kerr. For services to Children and Young People with Special Needs in Warrington, Cheshire. * Dr. David John Kerridge, Head of Science, Earth Hazards and Earth Systems Science, British Geological Survey. For services to Geophysics. * Ms Imtaz Khaliq, Designer and Master Tailor. For services to the Fashion Industry. * Ms Shahda Khan, Principal Community Cohesion Officer, Middlesbrough Council. For services to Local Government and to Diversity. * Ms [Catherine Isabel Audrey Kidston](/wiki/Cath_Kidston "Cath Kidston"), Founder and Creative Director, Cath Kidston. For services to Business. * Patrick Kieran, Senior Design Engineer. For services to Science. * Anne Elizabeth, Mrs. King, Director, Building Services Research and Information Association. For services to Industry. * Debra Ann, Mrs. King, Chair, Thornhill New Deal for Communities. For services to the community in Southampton, Hampshire. * Jacqueline, Mrs. Upton\-King, Chair, Management Team, SturQuest Community Partnership. For services to the community in Sturminster Newton, Dorset. * Brenda Patricia, Mrs. Kirby. For services to the community in Croydon. * Ms Marjorie Kirk. For voluntary service to H.M. Prison Nottingham. * Elizabeth Ann, Mrs. Kirkwood. For services to the Soldiers', Sailors', Airmen and Families Association in Northern Ireland. * Ms Anna Kucewicz (Mrs. Lee\-Potter). For voluntary service to the Polish Scouting Association, Girl Scouts Division (UK). * Paul Lambert, Chairman, Derbyshire Family Association. For services to Maritime Safety. * John Lewis George Lamotte. For voluntary service to Animal Welfare in Scotland. * Gabriel Lancaster. For services to the community in Medway, Kent. * Miss Irene Langlands. For services to Dance in Central Scotland. * Huw John Launder, Senior Executive Officer, Pension, Disability and Carers' Service, Department for Work and Pensions. * Derek Law, Corporate Director, Adult and Community Services, North Yorkshire County Council. For services to Local Government. * Ronald Lawrence. For services to the Police and to the community in Nottinghamshire. * Miss Kathleen Lawrenson, Diagnostic Audiologist, St. Helens and Knowsley Hospitals NHS Trust. For services to Healthcare. * Sheila Irene, Mrs. Layton, Founder, Contessa Riding Centre, Hertfordshire. For services to Equestrian Sport. * Margaret, Mrs. Lee, Chief Executive, Cresco Trust. For services to Social Enterprise in Northern Ireland. * Bryan Lewin, lately Head of Trading Standards, Northamptonshire County Council. For services to Consumers and to Business. * Miss Judith Anne Lewis. For services to the Environment in the North East. * Councillor Leonard Lewis. For services to Local Government and to the community in Caerphilly, South Wales. * Neil Lewis. For services to Industrial Heritage and to the community in Blaenavon, Torfaen. * David Robin Littlewood. For voluntary service to Athletics. * Dr. Stephen Nicholas Liversedge, General Medical Practitioner, Bolton. For services to Healthcare. * Wesley Courtney Livingstone, President, Newry Musical and Orchestral Society. For services to Music and to the community in County Down. * Mary Constance, Mrs. Lloyd. For services to the community in Rutland. * Pauline, Mrs. Lockett. For services to the community of Ackworth, West Yorkshire. * Arthur Clifford Lockyear. For services to the community in Sunderland. * Ian Douglas Loe, Wildlife Stamp Designer. For services to Art. * Jeffrey Long. For voluntary service to the Royal British Legion. * Ronald Hedley Longford, Chiropractor and Physiotherapist. For services to Animal Welfare. * Carmel, Mrs. Lyddall, Executive Assistant, Local Government and Regional Policy Team, Department of Health. * Alexander McKay Lynch. Group Finance Director, David MacBrayne Ltd, Gourock. For services to Transport and Charity in Scotland. * Ms Ann MacKay, Policy Adviser, English Community Care Association. For services to Social Care. * Professor [Margaret MacLean](/wiki/Margaret_MacLean "Margaret MacLean"), Professor of Pulmonary Pharmacology. For services to Science. * Geraldine, Mrs. MacPhee, Principal Teacher in Home Economics, Clyde Valley High School. For services to Education and to the community in North Lanarkshire. * Sydney Mair. For services to Local Government and to the community in Macduff, Aberdeenshire. * Jean Isabella, Mrs. Malkin. For services to Young People in the Cartmel Peninsula, Cumbria. * Edna, Mrs. March. For services to the community in Crook, County Durham. * Kenneth Marsh, Constable, Metropolitan Police Service. For services to the Police and to Boxing in the London Borough of Haringey. * Michael Thomas Martin. For services to the Voluntary Sector in Reading, Berkshire. * Stuart Andrew Martin. For services to the community in Ripon, North Yorkshire. * William Martin, Chairman, H. and J. Martin Ltd. For services to the Construction Industry in Northern Ireland. * Philip Mason. For services to disabled people in Hampshire. * Ms Valerie Mason (Mrs. Hendry). For services to the British Heart Foundation. * Hilary, Mrs. Massarella. For voluntary service to Disadvantaged Young People in South Yorkshire. * George Lewis Mathias. For services to Agriculture. * [Catriona, Mrs. Matthew](/wiki/Catriona_Matthew "Catriona Matthew"). For services to Golf. * Edwin Alexander Maxwell. For services to the New Art Exchange and to the community in Nottingham. * Denise Jane, Mrs. May, Director of Sport and Assistant Headteacher, Budehaven Community School, Cornwall. For services to Education. * Leslie Holden McAdoo, Chairman, Ballyclare Committee, Macmillan Cancer Support. For charitable services in Northern Ireland. * Margaret Mary, Mrs. McCluskie, Manager, Major Investigation Team, Identity and Passport Service, Home Office. * William McCrory. For services to Children with Cancer in Northern Ireland. * Helen Muir, Mrs. McDonald. For services to the community in Crieff, Perthshire. * Ken McElroy. For services to the Tourist Industry in Northern Ireland. * Jean, Mrs. McEwen. For services to the community in Norwich. * Peter McFall, Janitor, St. Peter 's Primary School, Dumbarton, West Dunbartonshire. For services to Education. * Dr. David Douglas Murray McGavin, Ophthalmologist. For services to Eye Care in Developing Countries. * Andrew Fraser McKay, Detective Superintendent, Strathclyde Police Force. For services to the Police. * Ms Annie McKean, Senior Lecturer in Drama, University of Winchester. For services to Higher Education. * Fiona Mary, Mrs. McLean, Grade C2, Ministry of Defence. * Terrence McLernon. For services to Table Tennis and to the community in Drumchapel, Glasgow. * Ms Melanie Justine McLoughlin. For services to the Devon Community Foundation. * Ivan Lewis McMichael. For services to Journalism in Northern Ireland. * Dr. Mary Brigeen McNee, General Medical Practitioner, Glasgow. For voluntary service to Cancer Research and to Healthcare in Lourdes. * Alexander Ian McNeill, Administration Officer, Customer Operations, Thornaby, Cleveland, H.M. Revenue and Customs. * Marian, Mrs. McNeir. For services to the community In Bath. * Marjory, Mrs. McQueen. For services to the community In Lockerbie, Dumfries and Galloway. * Dr. Noel Henri Joseph Meeke. For voluntary service to Herefordshire Waterworks Museum. * David Melrose, Chairman, Scottish Prison Officers' Association, Scottish Executive. * Jean, Mrs. Messenger. For services to the After School Club, Bude, Cornwall. * Faruk Miah, Programme Manager, Leeds City College. For services to Further Education and to the community in Leeds. * Moira Sheelagh, Mrs. Michelmore. For services to the community in Sidmouth, Devon. * Elizabeth, Mrs. Milburn, Chair, West Suffolk College Corporation. For services to Further Education and to the community in Suffolk. * [Frederick Roy Millar](/wiki/Roy_Millar "Roy Millar"), Director of Coaching, Irish Football Association. For services to Youth Football in Northern Ireland. * Ian Duncan Millar. For services to Agriculture in Scotland. * Patrick Millard. For services to the charity Taxhelp for Older People. * Katherine, Mrs. Miller, Administrative Officer, Child Support Agency, Department for Work and Pensions. * Marcia Anne, Mrs. Miller. For voluntary service to the British Red Cross Society in Cambridgeshire. * Gerald David Mills. For services to School Sport in Nottinghamshire. * Laura, Mrs. Mitchell, Consultant Orthodontist and Clinical Lead, St Luke's Hospital Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust. For services to Healthcare. * Nasrullah Khan Moghal. For services to Community Relations in Manchester. * Michael Monaghan. For charitable services to Ex\- Service Men and Women. * Elizabeth, Mrs. Montgomery. For charitable services in Northern Ireland and Overseas. * Roger Ivan Moore. For services to the community in Potters Bar, Hertfordshire. * Christopher Morgan, Security Manager, Aberafan Shopping Centre. For services to the community in Neath Port Talbot. * Daphne, Mrs. Morgan. For voluntary service to Hertfordshire Constabulary and to Feltham Young Offenders' Institution. * John Francis Morgan. For voluntary service to the Royal National Lifeboat Institution, Newcastle, County Down. * Alderman Peter James Morgan. For services to the community in Sittingbourne, Kent. * Heather Dalton, Mrs. Morris, School Crossing Warden, Sale, Cheshire. For services to Education. * Helen Elizabeth, Mrs. Morris. Crown Advocate, Merseyside and Cheshire Group, Crown Prosecution Service. * John Harold Morris. For services to the Post Office. * Thomas Geraint Morris. For services to the NHS and to the community in Dersingham, Norfolk. * Nigel Peter Morse, Grade C1, Ministry of Defence. * Keith Hedley Moss, President, Bradford Cricket League and Pudsey St. Lawrence Cricket Club. For voluntary service to Sport. * Maureen Anne, Mrs. Muckle, Chair, Batchley First School, Redditch. For services to Education and to the community in North Worcestershire. * [Maurice Harrison Murphy](/wiki/Maurice_Murphy_%28musician%29 "Maurice Murphy (musician)"). Trumpeter. For services to Music. * Janice Elizabeth, Mrs. Naylor. For services to Swimming. * Peter David Needham, Grade B2, Ministry of Defence. * Terence Charles Nelson, Security Officer, Leeds City College. For services to Further Education. * Harold Newman. For services to the community in Mill Hill, London. * Gilda, Mrs. Newsham. For voluntary service to the Alzheimer's Society, New Forest, Hampshire. * Fionnuala Eileen, Mrs. Newton, Executive Administrative Assistant, Queen's University Belfast. For services to Higher Education. * Vicky, Mrs. Norman, Senior Executive Officer, Child Support Agency, Department for Work and Pensions. * Sheila Maureen, Mrs. O'Neill. For services to Music in Ackworth, West Yorkshire. * Valerie Ann, Mrs. O'Riordan. For services to the community in Berkshire. * Barbara, Mrs. Oakes, Manager, High Street Library. For services to Local Government in Bolton. * Marjorie Frances, Mrs. Oaten. For voluntary service to People with Eating Disorders. * Margaret May, Mrs. Oatey. For services to the community in East Anglia. * Stella, Mrs. Okeahialam, Programme Director, Croydon Enterprise. For service to Business. * Michael Joseph Rolfe Orbell. For services to the Scouts in Wimbledon and Merton, London. * Noel George Ormrod, lately Chairman, Wallasey Arts Council. For services to the Arts in Merseyside. * Alexander Orr, Craftsman, Commonwealth War Graves Commission, Scotland. * Arnold Jenkin Owen. For services to the community in Blackmill, Bridgend and to Welsh International Brigaders. * Margaret Mcalister, Mrs. Owen. For services to the community in Shrewsbury, Shropshire. * Ms Margaret Paisley, College Manager, Elmwood College, Residence and Student Union. For services to Further Education in Fife. * Margaret Frances Elizabeth, Mrs. Palmer. For public service. * Ms Lydia Joy Parbury. For services to People with Special Needs and Disabilities. * Dorothy Mary, Mrs. Parker, Community Support Worker, West Wirral Community Mental Health Team. For services to Healthcare. * John Bywell Parker. For voluntary service to the Hadrian Trust in the North East. * Ann Rosemary, Mrs. Parr, Community Care Development Manager, Age Concern, Woodley. For services to Older People in Berkshire. * Rabindara Nath Pathak, Chairman of Governors, Featherstone High School, Ealing, London. For voluntary service to Education. * Trevor James Patton, Principal Nursing Officer, Northern Ireland Prison Service. * Margaret Elsie, Mrs. Perfect. For voluntary service to the Boys' Brigade in Watford, Hertfordshire. * Alderman Fred Perry. For services to the community in Tipton, West Midlands. * Joan, Mrs. Phillips. For voluntary service to the Museum of Science and Industry in Manchester. * [Roger Phillips](/wiki/Roger_Phillips_%28photographer%29 "Roger Phillips (photographer)"). For services to London Garden Squares. * [Jean Catherine, Mrs. Pickering](/wiki/Jean_Pickering "Jean Pickering"). For services to Athletics and to the Ron Pickering Memorial Fund. * Alice Kirsty, Lady Pilkington. For voluntary service to Willowbrook Hospice, St. Helens and Knowsley, Merseyside. * Pauline, Mrs. Pilkington, Director, Children's Services, Walsall Council. For services to Local Government. * Professor [Robert Michael Pittilo](/wiki/Mike_Pittilo "Mike Pittilo"), Principal and Vice\-Chancellor, Robert Gordon University of Aberdeen. For services to Healthcare. * Dr. Jaswant Kaur Jutley\-Plested, Manager, Sydenham Children's Centre, Bridgwater, Somerset. For services to Children. * Peter Pocock. For services to Workplace First Aid Training. * Miss Rashmi Amritlal Popat, Executive Officer, Work Welfare and Equality Group, Department for Work and Pensions. * Ms Prudence Alexine Regina Porretta. For services to Community Cohesion and to the Tourist Industry in Coventry. * Iain David Russell Prain, Vice\-Principal, Royal Blind School, Craigmillar Park, Edinburgh. For services to Education. * [Stephen Prescott](/wiki/Steve_Prescott "Steve Prescott"). For services to Rugby League and to Charity. * Gres, Mrs. Pritchard, Peripatetic Music Teacher, Ynys Mon. For services to Education. * The Reverend Dr. Jean Prosser. For services to Conservation and to the community in Monmouthshire. * Isabel, Mrs. Quinliven, Founder, Caring Canines. For services to Older People in Northern Ireland. * Brenda, Mrs. Quinn, Service Manager, Recovery Services, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust. For services to Mental Healthcare. * Toaha Bashir Zulqarnain Qureshi. For services to Community Relations in Stockwell, South West London. * Maureen, Mrs. Raine, Office Manager, English Language Teaching Unit, University of Leicester. For services to Higher Education. * Dr. Kathleen Rankin. For voluntary service to the Living Linen Project in Northern Ireland. * Mohamad Rashied, President, Caribbean Islamic Cultural Society. For services to Community Relations in London. * Robert David Richard Ray. For services to Rugby Union and to Young People in Rugby, Warwickshire. * Ms Janet Mary Reed, Senior Social Worker, Defence Medical Rehabilitation Centre, Headley Court, Surrey, Ministry of Defence. * Angela Mary, Mrs. Rees, Assistant Head, Debt Management and Banking, H.M. Revenue and Customs. * Abdul Rehman. For services to the community in Derby. * Miss Marion Reynolds. For services to Vulnerable Children in Northern Ireland. * Alan Ribchester. For charitable services in the City of Durham. * The Reverend James Manson Richards. For services to Children and Families. * George Edmund Richardson, lately Chairman, Calderdale College and Chairman, Association of Colleges, Yorkshire and the Humber Region. For voluntary service to Further Education. * Miss Rosalyn Elizabeth Richardson, lately Deputy Director of Health Informatics, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust. For services to the NHS. * [Andrew William Ritchie](/wiki/Andrew_Ritchie_%28Brompton%29 "Andrew Ritchie (Brompton)"), Technical Director, Brompton Bicycle Ltd. For services to Business and to International Trade. * Christopher David Medwyn Roberts. For services to the community in Merseyside. * Clarissa Elizabeth, Mrs. Roberts. For services to Older People in Stratford\-upon\-Avon, Warwickshire. * Jean Sylvia, Mrs. Roberts, Ministerial Messenger, Department for Transport. * Peter Adrian Roberts, Chairman, Association of Community Rail Partnerships. For services to Rural Transport. * Angus John Robertson, Principal Fellow in Clinical Illustration, Leeds Dental Institute. For services to Healthcare. * Matthew Robertson, Sergeant, Ministry of Defence Police. * Norman Robertson, lately Curriculum Leader in Hospitality, Ayr College. For services to Further Education. * Margaret, Mrs. Robinson. For services to the community in Trimdon, County Durham. * The Reverend Father George Edward Robson, Chairman, North Huyton New Deal for Communities Board. For services to the community in Merseyside. * Ms Jennifer Van Krieken Robson, Head of Minority Achievement Service, Kent County Council. For services to Education. * Sheila Ruth, Mrs. Rodmell. For services to the community in Elvington, Kent. * Ms Susan Rogers. For services to Trade Unions. * [Ruth Lady Rogers of Riverside](/wiki/Ruth_Rogers "Ruth Rogers"), Chef and Co\-Founder, River Cafe ́. For services to the Hospitality Industry. * William Andrew Taylor Roulston. For services to Equestrian Sport in Northern Ireland. * Beryl Lillian, Mrs. Rowe. For services to the community in Lilley, Bedfordshire. * Dr. Christopher Giles Rowland. For services to the Friends of the Oncology and Radiotherapy Centre, Exeter. * John Rowlands, Economics Teacher, John Ruskin Sixth Form College, Croydon, London. For services to Education. * Marion, Mrs. Roy, lately Headteacher, Auchenback Primary School, East Renfrewshire. For services to Education. * Colonel John Anthony Nutter Read Royle. For services to the Soldiers', Sailors', Airmen and Families Association in Northamptonshire. * [Chrissie, Mrs. Rucker](/wiki/Chrissie_Rucker "Chrissie Rucker"), Founder and Creative Director, White Company. For services to the Retail Industry. * Anthony Michael Hurst Rumsey, Collections Manager, National Monuments Record. For services to Photography. * Annette, Mrs. Rushton, lately Matron, Severn Hospice, Shrewsbury. For services to Healthcare. * Dr. Andrew Oldrey Russell, lately Chairman, League of Friends, Edenbridge and District War Memorial Hospital. For services to Healthcare. * Ezriel Salomon. For services to the community in Gateshead, Tyne and Wear. * Ahmed Ali Sasso, Constable, Hampshire Constabulary. For services to the Police. * Mary Ann Landsborough, Mrs. Saunders. For services to the Diocese of Oxford and to the Church of England. * Ms Susan Saunders, Co\-Ordinator, Disability Support Network, Home Office. * Keith Savage. For voluntary service to the Air Training Corps in Rutland. * Lynn, Mrs. Savill. For services to People with Epilepsy in Gravesend, Kent. * Ms Cherryl Lynn Sawyer, Business and Development Director, Threshold Housing Link. For services to Homeless People in Swindon, Wiltshire. * Callie, Mrs. Saxty, lately Head of Visitor Operations for Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly, English Heritage. For services to Heritage. * Nora Gladys Elsie, Mrs. Schneider. For services to the community in Newbury, Berkshire. * Robert Sinclair Scott. For voluntary service to the community in County Armagh. * The Reverend Christopher John Sears. For services to Disadvantaged People in Hastings, East Sussex. * Dr. Claude Doumet Serhal, Special Assistant, British Museum. For services to Archaeology. * Thomas Richard Sermon, Chairman, London Youth. For services to Young People. * Terence Brian Shead. For services to the community in East Peckham, Kent. * Alan William Sherriff. For services to the community in South Yorkshire. * Ann, Mrs. Shreeve, Senior Executive Officer, Jobcentre Plus, Department for Work and Pensions. * Jasvinder Singh Sidhu. For services to Social Housing. * Phillip Edward Sillick, J.P. For services to the community in Gorseinon, Swansea. * Benjamin David Simpson, J.P. For services to the community in Oxford. * Kathleen, Mrs. Simpson. For services to the community in Moston, Manchester. * [Lemn Sissay](/wiki/Lemn_Sissay "Lemn Sissay"), Poet and Performer. For services to Literature. * John William Skinner, Director of Music, Haberdashers' Aske's Hatcham College, Lewisham, London. For services to Education. * Catherine, Mrs. Slow. For services to West Exmoor Federation of Schools, Devon. * Alison Mary, Mrs. Smedley. For services to Inland Waterways. * Amanda Jane, Mrs. Smith, Executive Assistant, Youth Task Force Strategy, Department for Children, Schools and Families. * Dr. Angela Owen\-Smith. For services to Medicine and to the community in Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire. * Miss Charlotte Lilian Smith. For services to the community in Porthyrhyd, Carmarthenshire. * Colin Smith, Retained Crew Manager, West Yorkshire Fire and Rescue Service. For services to Local Government. * Elizabeth, Mrs. Smith, Vice\-Chair and Board Member, Colchester Institute. For voluntary service to Further and Higher Education. * Ian Graham Smith. For services to the community in Ramsbury, Wiltshire. * James Smith. For voluntary service to Youth Football in Glasgow. * Eric Snook, Foster Carer, Hampshire. For services to Children and Families. * Mary, Mrs. Snook, Foster Carer, Hampshire. For services to Children and Families. * Dr. Richard Alfred Sparks, lately Consultant in Genito\-Urinary Medicine, Cardiff and Vale NHS Trust. For services to Medicine. * Councillor Josephine Elizabeth Spencer. For services to the community in Christchurch, Dorset. * Dr. Richard Anthony Spencer, Biology Subject Leader, SRC Bede Sixth Form, Billingham, Teesside. For services to Science Communication. * Sally Louise, Mrs. Hughes\-Stanton, Executive Secretary, Prime Minister's Office. * Roger Carlton Steele. For services to Young People in Sheffield. * Cheryl, Mrs. Stevens, Principal Practitioner, Benefits and Credits, Preston, H.M. Revenue and Customs. * Mary, Mrs. Stevens. For services to the community in Swindon, Wiltshire. * Edward Craig Stevenson, lately Engineer of Medical Physics, University of Aberdeen. For services to Healthcare and to Charity. * Karen, Mrs. Stock, Extended Schools Co\-ordinator, Shoeburyness and Chair of Governors, Shoeburyness High School, Essex. For services to Education. * Rodney Ernest Stoddart. For voluntary service to Mountain Rescue in Tayside. * Eric Arthur Stott. For services to the community in the West Midlands. * Janet, Mrs. Stoyel. For services to the Textile Industry. * Miss Judith Anne Strange, Higher Executive Officer, Jobcentre Plus, Department for Work and Pensions. * Councillor Phyllis Zaphne Stretton. For services to the community in Cannock, Staffordshire. * Ivy Alberta, Mrs. Sturgeon, Personal Secretary, H.M. Prison Littlehey, Huntingdon, H.M. Prison Service, Ministry of Justice. * Rozelle Elizabeth, Mrs. Sutherland. For voluntary service to Victims of Domestic Violence in Jersey. * Roderick John Symonds. For services to the community in Reading, Berkshire. * Ranjula, Mrs. Takodra. For services to the community in Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire. * Gwynneth Mary, Mrs. Tame. For services to Heritage and to the community of Dorchester\-on\-Thames in Oxfordshire. * Susan, Mrs. Tamlyn. For services to Heritage in Suffolk. * Miss [Samantha Claire Taylor](/wiki/Claire_Taylor "Claire Taylor"), Cricketer. For services to Sport. * James Graham Taylor, Music Director, City of Glasgow Chorus. For services to Music. * Josephine May, Mrs. Taylor. For services to the community in Plumpton Green, East Sussex. * Mary, Mrs. Thirlwell. For voluntary service to Young People in Lanarkshire. * Ms Melanie Anne Thody, Head of Outreach, Imperial College London. For services to Science Communication. * Margaret Jean, Mrs. Thomas, J.P., D.L. For services to the community in Bristol. * Peter Thomas, lately Project Director Devonport, Interserve plc. For services to the Defence Industry. * Jonathan Bryan Thornes. For services to the Voluntary Sector in the East Midlands. * Gordon Owen Thornhill. For services to the community in Foston and Scropton, Derbyshire. * Angus Tilston. For services to the Historical Film Industry in the North West. * Thomas Todd. For services to the community in Northern Ireland. * Pamela, Mrs. Towning, Assistant Officer, Customer Contact, Shipley, West Yorkshire, H.M. Revenue and Customs. * Maureen Ivy, Mrs. Townley. For charitable services in Southend\-on\-Sea, Essex. * Van Cuong Truong. For services to the Indo\-Chinese community in South East London. * Evelyn Roberta, Mrs. Turkington. For voluntary service to The Duke of Edinburgh's Award Scheme in Northern Ireland. * [Mary Josephine, Mrs. Turner](/wiki/Mary_Turner_%28trade_unionist%29 "Mary Turner (trade unionist)"), President, GMB. For services to Trade Unions. * [Edward Jonathan Turpie](/wiki/Jonnie_Turpie "Jonnie Turpie"), Director, Maverick Television. * Dr. Alan Manson Turtle. For voluntary service to the community in Richhill, County Armagh. * Miss [Elizabeth Kimberley Tweddle](/wiki/Beth_Tweddle "Beth Tweddle"). For services to Gymnastics. * John Christopher Tyzack, Chairman of Governors, Enborne Church of England Primary School and Willow Primary School, Newbury, Berkshire. For voluntary service to Education. * Wendy Margaret, Mrs. Vaughan. For services to the community in South East Surrey. * Ronald Derek Vaulter. For services to the community in South Devon. * Christine, Mrs. Ruston\-Wadsworth, Superintendent, Warwickshire Police. For services to the Police. * Julian Wadsworth. For services to Young People in Portsmouth. * Janice Irene, Mrs. Walker, Officer, H.M. Prison Wormwood Scrubs, London, H.M. Prison Service, Ministry of Justice. * Pamela, Mrs. Walker, Chair of Governors, Cambo First School, Morpeth, Northumberland. For voluntary service to Education. * Gillian Karen, Mrs. Walnes (formerly Mrs. Bogush). For services to the Anne Frank Trust UK. * Joan Patricia, Mrs. Warwick. For charitable services to Darent Valley Hospital, Dartford, Kent. * Amir Waseem, Officer, Customer Contact, Brierley Hill, West Midlands, H.M. Revenue and Customs. * Shirley Irene, Mrs. Watson. For services to the Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura Support Association. * The Reverend Canon Michael John Wedgeworth, lately Chairman of Governors, Blackburn College. For voluntary service to Further Education and to the communityin Lancashire. * Michael Edwin Weeding, Senior Officer, Customs and International, London, H.M. Revenue and Customs. * James Weir, Lecturer, Forth Valley College. For services to Further Education in Clackmannanshire. * David Anthony Westcott, J.P. For services to the community in Essex. * Audrey, Mrs. Wheeler. For voluntary service to Oxfam in St. Albans, Hertfordshire. * Norman Edward Whereat. For services to the community in Cirencester, Gloucestershire. * Hilary John White, Chairman of Governors, Willingdon Community School, Eastbourne, East Sussex. For voluntary service to Education. * John Samuel Byard White, J.P., D.L. For services to the community in Somerset. * Nicholas Stephen Whitehouse. For services to the Building Industry. * David Widdowson. For services to Young People with Learning Disabilities in Chesterfield, Derbyshire. * Alan Bertram Wiggins. For services to the community in Clacton\-on\-Sea, Essex. * Philip Julian Wilde. For voluntary service to Young People in Lytham St Anne's, Lancashire. * Dr. Henry Austin Will. For voluntary service to Ford Park Cemetery Trust in Plymouth, Devon. * Doreen, Mrs. Willcocks. For services to Netball and to the community in Pinehurst, Swindon, Wiltshire. * Paul Willgoss, Band 3, Chief Scientists' Advisory Group and Chairman, Disability Network, Health and Safety Executive, Department for Work and Pensions. * Christopher Mark Williams, Director, Heart n Soul. For services to Disability Arts. * David Michael Williams. For services to the community in Flintshire. * Gwilym Alun Williams. For services to Sport for Young People in Wales. * Professor Robert Joseph Paton Williams. For services to the community in North Oxford. * Gerald Willmott, Constable, Metropolitan Police Service. For services to the Police and to Boxing in the London Borough of Haringey. * Albert Leslie Wills, Q.F.S.M. For services to the community in the West Midlands. * Patrick Andrew John Wilson, Grade C1, Ministry of Defence. * Sydney Wiltshire. For services to the community in Petersfield, Hampshire. * Andrew Nicholas Wood, Manager and Head Coach, Ipswich Gymnastics Centre. For services to Sport. * Maureen, Mrs. Woodcock, lately Non\-Executive Director, Walsall Hospitals NHS Trust. For services to Healthcare. * Agnes Brown Marchbank, Mrs. Wright. For voluntary service to the Royal National Lifeboat Institution, Stewartry of Kirkcudbright. * Clare Margaret, Mrs. Wright, Personal Assistant, Warwickshire College. For services to Further Education. * Richard Kelsey Wright, Chief Executive Officer, Intertius Ltd. For services to the Manufacturing Industry. * Beryl Joan, Mrs. Wyatt, Gardening Assistant, Writtle College, Chelmsford. For services to Higher Education. * Claire Judith, Mrs. Wylot, Grade C1, Ministry of Defence. * Councillor Yogan Mylvaganam Yoganathan. For services to Local Government and to Community Relations in North Surrey. * Jeannie, Mrs. Young, For voluntary service to St. Richard's Hospice, Worcester. * Pauline Margaret, Mrs. Young. For voluntary service to disabled people in Wales. * Mavis, Mrs. Yuill, Classroom Assistant, Kilmartin Primary School, Argyll and Bute. For services to Education. Diplomatic and Overseas List * [Christopher Barr](/wiki/Christopher_Barr "Christopher Barr") – First Secretary, Foreign and Commonwealth Office. * [Paul William Bellamy](/wiki/Paul_William_Bellamy "Paul William Bellamy") – lately Entrance Clearance Manager, British Embassy, Iran. * [Steve Chandler](/wiki/Steve_Chandler "Steve Chandler") – lately Third Secretary, Counter\-Narcotics, UK Provincial Reconstruction Team, Lashkar Gah. * [Jeanette Anne Coogan](/wiki/Jeanette_Coogan "Jeanette Coogan") – Manager, British Council English Training Centre, Al Azhar University in Cairo. For services to UK\-Egypt intercultural relations. * [Rossalyn Demelza Crotty](/wiki/Rossalyn_Crotty "Rossalyn Crotty") – Vice\-Consul/Deputy Head, British Consulate, Málaga, Spain. * [Dr. Margaret Cumberland](/wiki/Margaret_Cumberland "Margaret Cumberland") – Co\-ordinator, Community Health. For services to community health care in Mozambique. * [Elyse Anne Dodgson](/wiki/Elyse_Dodgson "Elyse Dodgson") – Head, International Department, Royal Court Theatre, London. For services to international theatre, and to young writers overseas. * [Dr. Alexander Charles Weeks Duncan](/wiki/Alexander_Charles_Weeks_Duncan "Alexander Charles Weeks Duncan") – Health worker. For services to primary health care in north Afghanistan. * [Eleanor Frances Duncan](/wiki/Eleanor_Duncan "Eleanor Duncan") – Health worker. For services to primary health care in north Afghanistan. * [Michael Feeney](/wiki/Michael_Feeney%2C_MBE "Michael Feeney, MBE") – Founder, County Mayo Peace Park. For services to UK\-Ireland relations. * [Anne Ferguson](/wiki/Anne_Ferguson_OBE "Anne Ferguson OBE") For services to older people in Scotland * [Judith Anne Ferris](/wiki/Judith_Ferris "Judith Ferris") – lately President, Age Concern, Costa Blanca. For services to the British elderly community in Alicante, Spain. * [Wendi Nixon Fiedler](/wiki/Wendi_Fiedler "Wendi Fiedler") – Founder and Manager, Panatel Production Company. For services to heritage conservation in Bermuda. * [Norman Keith Goodall](/wiki/Norman_Goodall "Norman Goodall") – For charitable activities and services to the community in Tenerife, Spain. * [Nicholas John Hancocks](/wiki/Nicholas_Hancocks "Nicholas Hancocks") – First Secretary, Foreign and Commonwealth Office. * [Peter Anthony Hibbard](/wiki/Peter_Hibbard "Peter Hibbard") – President, Royal Asiatic Society. For services to heritage conservation in Shanghai, China. * [Garry Horlacher](/wiki/Garry_Horlacher "Garry Horlacher") – Security Co\-ordinator and Adviser to the Government of Sierra Leone. For services to international policing, and promoting democracy in Sierra Leone. * [Victor Malvern Jackopson](/wiki/Victor_Jackopson "Victor Jackopson") – Founder and Head, Hope Now. For charitable activities, and services to orphans and other young people in Cherkassy, Ukraine. * [Renee Jacqueline Jordan](/wiki/Renee_Jordan "Renee Jordan") – Head of Registry, British Embassy Office, Basra. * [Mairwen Karydis](/wiki/Mairwen_Karydis "Mairwen Karydis") – British Consular Correspondent, Lesvos. For services to consular work in Greece. * [Nigel Jeffery Randle Kay](/wiki/Nigel_Kay "Nigel Kay") – Founder and Head, Homes in Zimbabwe. For services to the elderly in Zimbabwe. * [Christopher Kealey](/wiki/Christopher_Kealey "Christopher Kealey") – lately First Secretary Political, British Embassy, Afghanistan. * [Paul Lawrence](/wiki/Paul_David_Lawrence "Paul David Lawrence") – lately British Vice Consul, Thailand. * [Cynthia Albrecht\-Lelliott](/wiki/Cynthia_Albrecht-Lelliott "Cynthia Albrecht-Lelliott") – Honorary Vice\-President, British Ladies Club. For services to the British community in Luxembourg and UK\-Luxembourg relations. * [Dr. Raymond George\-MacKay](/wiki/Raymond_George-MacKay "Raymond George-MacKay") – Educational Consultant. For services to English teaching, especially in West Bengal, India. * Bryan Andrew Morgan – Second Secretary, Foreign and Commonwealth Office. * [Hazel Jane Nelder](/wiki/Hazel_Nelder "Hazel Nelder") – First Secretary, Foreign and Commonwealth Office. * [Anthony John Nott](/wiki/Anthony_Nott "Anthony Nott") – UK Policing Adviser, Office of the United States Co\-ordinator, Palestine. For services to international policing, more recently in Iraq and Palestine. * [Jean Catherine Pickering](/wiki/Jean_Desforges "Jean Desforges") – For services to athletics and to the Ron Pickering Memorial Fund. * [Stephen Peter John Schembri](/wiki/Stephen_Schembri "Stephen Schembri") – First Secretary, Foreign and Commonwealth Office. * [Joanna Wright\-Serra](/wiki/Joanna_Wright-Serra "Joanna Wright-Serra") – Founding member, JUCONI (Juntos con los Ninos—Together with Children). For services to street children and other charitable activities in Mexico. * [Keith Shonfeld](/wiki/Keith_Nigel_Shonfeld "Keith Nigel Shonfeld") – Cemetery Administrator, British Cemetery Committee – For services to the British community in Cyprus. * [Dr. Malcolm Swann](/wiki/Malcolm_Swann "Malcolm Swann") – Medical Director, [Beit Cure International Hospital](/wiki/CURE_International "CURE International"), Lusaka. For medical services in Zambia. * [Peter Dyce Tear](/wiki/Peter_Tear "Peter Tear") – Executive Producer, 59E59 Theatres in New York. For services to UK/USA cultural relations. * [David Richard Vaughan Thomas](/wiki/David_Richard_Vaughan_Thomas "David Richard Vaughan Thomas") – Chairman, British\-Polish Chamber of Commerce. For services to British business interests and charitable activities in Poland. * [Iwona Thomas](/wiki/Iwona_Thomas "Iwona Thomas") – Founder and Manager, The British School, Warsaw. For services to education. * [Sally Thompson](/wiki/Sally_Thompson "Sally Thompson") – Deputy Executive Director, Thailand\-Burma Border Consortium. For services to Burmese refugees in Thailand. * [Kedell Melody Worboys](/wiki/Kedell_Worboys "Kedell Worboys") – St. Helena Government Representative in the UK. For services to St. Helena.	[ "### Order of the British Empire", "#### Knights / Dames Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE / DBE)", "Civil Division\n* [Professor Valerie Beral](/wiki/Val_Beral \"Val Beral\"). For services to Science\n* [Dr. Claire Bertschinger](/wiki/Claire_Bertschinger \"Claire Bertschinger\"). For services to Nursing and to International Humanitarian Aid\n* [Councillor Ellen Margaret Eaton, OBE](/wiki/Ellen_Margaret_Eaton \"Ellen Margaret Eaton\"), Chair, Local Government Association. For services to Local Government\n* [Dr. Susan Elizabeth Ion, OBE](/wiki/Sue_Ion \"Sue Ion\"), Visiting Professor, Imperial College, London and Chair, UK Fusion Advisory Board. For services to Science and Engineering\n* [Clare Oriana Tickell](/wiki/Clare_Tickell \"Clare Tickell\"), Chief Executive, Action for Children. For services to Young People\n* [Marcia Twelftree](/wiki/Marcia_Twelftree \"Marcia Twelftree\"), lately Headteacher, Charters School, Windsor and Maidenhead, Berkshire. For services to local and national Education", "#### Commanders of the Order of the British Empire (CBE)", "Military Division\n Royal Navy\n* Commodore Stephen Redvers Kirby\n* Commodore Christopher Laurence Palmer", "Army\n* Colonel Mark Cuthbert\\-Brown – late [Adjutant General's Corps](/wiki/Adjutant_General%27s_Corps \"Adjutant General's Corps\") ([Royal Military Police](/wiki/Royal_Military_Police \"Royal Military Police\"))\n* Colonel David James Eadie – late The [Queen's Royal Lancers](/wiki/Queen%27s_Royal_Lancers \"Queen's Royal Lancers\")\n* Colonel Christopher William Manning – late [Army Air Corps](/wiki/Army_Air_Corps_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"Army Air Corps (United Kingdom)\")\n* Brigadier Simon John Marriner, MBE – late Adjutant General's Corps (Staff and Personnel Support Branch)\n* Colonel Michael Peter Macgregor Stewart, QHS – late [Royal Army Medical Corps](/wiki/Royal_Army_Medical_Corps \"Royal Army Medical Corps\")", "Royal Air Force\n* [Air Commodore Clive Arthur Bairsto](/wiki/Clive_Bairsto \"Clive Bairsto\")\n* Group Captain Keith Ronald Dipper\n* Group Captain Alistair Monkman\n* [Group Captain Andrew Mark Turner, OBE](/wiki/Andrew_Turner_%28RAF_officer%29 \"Andrew Turner (RAF officer)\")", "Civil Division\n* [James Christopher Armfield, OBE](/wiki/Jimmy_Armfield \"Jimmy Armfield\"). For services to the community in Lancashire.\n* [David Ogilvy Barrie](/wiki/David_Ogilvy_Barrie \"David Ogilvy Barrie\"), lately Director, [Art Fund](/wiki/Art_Fund \"Art Fund\"). For services to the Visual Arts.\n* Parmajit Paul Singh Bassi, DL, Chairman, Bond Wolfe. For services to Business and to the community in the West Midlands.\n* [William Robert Baxter](/wiki/William_Robert_Baxter \"William Robert Baxter\"), Deputy chief executive, Baxter Storey. For services to the Catering Industry.\n* Ann Beasley, Director of Finance and Performance, [National Offender Management Service](/wiki/National_Offender_Management_Service \"National Offender Management Service\"), Ministry of Justice.\n* Edward Farquharson Bowen, [Sheriff Principal of Lothian and Borders](/wiki/Sheriff_Principal_of_Lothian_and_Borders \"Sheriff Principal of Lothian and Borders\"). For services to the Administration of Justice in Scotland.\n* Councillor Peter Box, Leader, [Wakefield Metropolitan District Council](/wiki/Wakefield_Metropolitan_District_Council \"Wakefield Metropolitan District Council\") and chairman, [Yorkshire and Humber Assembly](/wiki/Yorkshire_and_Humber_Assembly \"Yorkshire and Humber Assembly\"). For services to Local Government.\n* [Professor Donal Donat Conor Bradley, FRS](/wiki/Donal_Bradley \"Donal Bradley\"), Lee\\-Lucas Professor of Experimental Physics and Deputy Principal, Faculty of Natural Sciences, [Imperial College London](/wiki/Imperial_College_London \"Imperial College London\"). For services to Science.\n* [Professor Alice Brown](/wiki/Alice_Brown_%28ombudsman%29 \"Alice Brown (ombudsman)\"), lately [Scottish Public Services Ombudsman](/wiki/Scottish_Public_Services_Ombudsman \"Scottish Public Services Ombudsman\"). For public service.\n* [Natalie Ceeney](/wiki/Natalie_Ceeney \"Natalie Ceeney\"), chief executive, National Archives, [Ministry of Justice](/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice \"Ministry of Justice\").\n* Lauran Margaret Chatburn, Principal and chief executive, [Bury College](/wiki/Bury_College \"Bury College\"). For services to Further Education.\n* Professor David Martin Chiddick, lately Vice\\-Chancellor, [University of Lincoln](/wiki/University_of_Lincoln \"University of Lincoln\"). For services to local and national Higher Education.\n* Lawrence Churchill, Chairman, [Pension Protection Fund](/wiki/Pension_Protection_Fund \"Pension Protection Fund\"). For public service.\n* [Robert Brodie Clark](/wiki/Brodie_Clark \"Brodie Clark\"), Head of Border Force, [UK Border Agency](/wiki/UK_Border_Agency \"UK Border Agency\"), Home Office.\n* [Barry Michael Cockcroft](/wiki/Barry_Cockcroft_%28dentist%29 \"Barry Cockcroft (dentist)\"), [Chief Dental Officer](/wiki/Chief_Dental_Officer_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"Chief Dental Officer (United Kingdom)\"), Department of Health.\n* Christopher Cohen, lately chairman, Athletics Sports Assembly Executive Committee, [International Paralympic Committee](/wiki/International_Paralympic_Committee \"International Paralympic Committee\"). For services to Sport.\n* [Sarah Patricia Connolly](/wiki/Sarah_Connolly \"Sarah Connolly\"), Opera Singer. For services to Classical Music.\n* Rodney Cousens, chief executive officer, [Codemasters](/wiki/Codemasters \"Codemasters\"). For services to the Computer Games Industry.\n* Dr. Michael John Cresswell, Director\\-General, [Assessment and Qualifications Alliance](/wiki/Assessment_and_Qualifications_Alliance \"Assessment and Qualifications Alliance\"). For services to Education.\n* Professor Ian Richard Crute, lately Director, [Rothamsted Research](/wiki/Rothamsted_Research \"Rothamsted Research\"). For services to Plant Science.\n* [His Honour Judge Keith Charles Cutler](/wiki/Keith_Cutler \"Keith Cutler\"), Circuit Judge. For services to the Administration of Justice.\n* [Dr. George Daniels, MBE](/wiki/George_Daniels_%28watchmaker%29 \"George Daniels (watchmaker)\"), Master Watchmaker. For services to Horology.\n* [Professor Janet Howard Darbyshire, OBE](/wiki/Janet_Darbyshire \"Janet Darbyshire\"), Director, Clinical Trials Unit, [Medical Research Council](/wiki/Medical_Research_Council_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"Medical Research Council (United Kingdom)\"). For services to Clinical Science.\n* Helen Anne Dent, chief executive, [Family Action](/wiki/Family_Action \"Family Action\"). For services to Children and Families.\n* Graham Thomas Devlin. For services to the Arts.\n* Professor Carol Dezateux, Professor of Paediatric Epidemiology, [UCL Institute of Child Health](/wiki/UCL_Institute_of_Child_Health \"UCL Institute of Child Health\"). For services to Science.\n* Mary Elizabeth Dodd, lately Consultant Physiotherapist, Cystic Fibrosis, [South Manchester University Hospital NHS Trust](/wiki/South_Manchester_University_Hospital_NHS_Trust \"South Manchester University Hospital NHS Trust\"). For services to Healthcare.\n* [Peter Donohoe](/wiki/Peter_Donohoe_%28pianist%29 \"Peter Donohoe (pianist)\"), pianist, for services to Classical Music.\n* Trudi Margaret Elliott, Regional Director, Government Office for the West Midlands, [Department for Communities and Local Government](/wiki/Department_for_Communities_and_Local_Government \"Department for Communities and Local Government\").\n* Margaret Fay, OBE. For services to the Regional Development Agency, [One North East](/wiki/One_NorthEast \"One NorthEast\").\n* [George Ferguson](/wiki/George_Ferguson_%28architect%29 \"George Ferguson (architect)\"). For services to Architecture and to the community in the South West.\n* [Professor Stephen John Field](/wiki/Steve_Field_%28medical_doctor%29 \"Steve Field (medical doctor)\"), Head of Workforce and Regional Postgraduate Dean, NHS West Midlands and Chairman of College Council, [Royal College of General Practitioners](/wiki/Royal_College_of_General_Practitioners \"Royal College of General Practitioners\"). For services to Medicine.\n* Christopher Mark Fisher, Director, Jobseekers and Skills, Employment Group, [Department for Work and Pensions](/wiki/Department_for_Work_and_Pensions \"Department for Work and Pensions\").\n* [Professor Alastair Hugh Fitter, FRS](/wiki/Alastair_Fitter \"Alastair Fitter\"), Pro\\-Vice\\-Chancellor for Research, [University of York](/wiki/University_of_York \"University of York\"). For services to Environmental Science.\n* Brian Roy Fleet, MBE, Senior [Airbus UK](/wiki/Airbus_UK \"Airbus UK\") Vice\\-President. For services to the Aerospace Industry.\n* His Honour Judge David Robert Fletcher, Circuit Judge. For services to the Administration of Justice in Merseyside.\n* Winston Fletcher, lately chairman, Advertising Standards Board of Finance. For services to the Creative Industries.\n* Neil Raymond Flint, Deputy Director, New Academies Division, [Department for Children, Schools and Families](/wiki/Department_for_Children%2C_Schools_and_Families \"Department for Children, Schools and Families\").\n* [Helen Fraser](/wiki/Helen_Fraser_%28executive%29 \"Helen Fraser (executive)\"), lately managing director, [Penguin UK](/wiki/Penguin_UK \"Penguin UK\"). For services to the Publishing Industry.\n* Professor John Fyfe. For services to Partnership Working and to Regeneration Worldwide, particularly in West Cumbria.\n* David Goldstone. For public service.\n* Anthony Simonds\\-Gooding, Chairman, [D\\&AD](/wiki/D%26AD \"D&AD\"). For services to the Creative Industries.\n* Professor Sean Patrick Gorman, Dean, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences and Professor of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, [Queen's University Belfast](/wiki/Queen%27s_University_Belfast \"Queen's University Belfast\"). For services to Healthcare.\n* [Lucian Charles Grainge](/wiki/Lucian_Grainge \"Lucian Grainge\"), Chairman and chief executive officer, [Universal Music Group International](/wiki/Universal_Music_Group_International \"Universal Music Group International\"). For services to the Creative Industries.\n* Robert Douglas Greig, chief executive, National Development Team for Inclusion. For services to People with Special Needs.\n* Bethan Haulwen Guilfoyle, Headteacher, [Treorchy Comprehensive School](/wiki/Treorchy_Comprehensive_School \"Treorchy Comprehensive School\"). For services to Education in Wales.\n* [Maggi Hambling, OBE](/wiki/Maggi_Hambling \"Maggi Hambling\"), Painter and Sculptor. For services to Art.\n* Ian Hardie, Deputy Director, Corporation Tax and VAT, Business Tax, [H.M. Revenue and Customs](/wiki/H.M._Revenue_and_Customs \"H.M. Revenue and Customs\").\n* Dr. Christopher Charles Harling, Director, [NHS Plus](/wiki/NHS_Plus \"NHS Plus\"). For services to Occupational Health.\n* Martin Harman. For services to International Trade and to the Legal Profession.\n* Dr. Colin Robert Harrison, Chairman, Chemistry Innovation Knowledge Transfer Network. For services to Technology.\n* [Emma Harrison](/wiki/Emma_Harrison_%28entrepreneur%29 \"Emma Harrison (entrepreneur)\"), Chair, [A4e](/wiki/A4e \"A4e\"). For services to Unemployed People and to the Voluntary Sector.\n* Frances Hartley, lately Headteacher, Deans Primary School, Salford. For services to Education.\n* Sally Lorinda Hobbs, HM Deputy Chief Inspector, [Crown Prosecution Service](/wiki/Crown_Prosecution_Service \"Crown Prosecution Service\") Inspectorate.\n* Peter Michael Holland, QFSM, Chief Fire Officer, [Lancashire Fire and Rescue Service](/wiki/Lancashire_Fire_and_Rescue_Service \"Lancashire Fire and Rescue Service\"). For services to Local Government.\n* Timothy Stancliffe Hollis, QPM, Chief Constable, [Humberside Police](/wiki/Humberside_Police \"Humberside Police\"). For services to the Police.\n* [Helen Jackson](/wiki/Helen_Jackson_%28politician%29 \"Helen Jackson (politician)\"). For services to the Women and Pensions Network and to the community in South Yorkshire.\n* Dyfrig Dafydd Joseff John, lately Deputy chairman and chief executive, [HSBC Bank](/wiki/HSBC_Bank \"HSBC Bank\"). For services to the Financial Services Industry.\n* [Penny Johnson](/wiki/Penny_Johnson \"Penny Johnson\"), Director, Government Art Collection, [Department for Culture, Media and Sport](/wiki/Department_for_Culture%2C_Media_and_Sport \"Department for Culture, Media and Sport\").\n* Julie Jones, OBE, chief executive, [Social Care Institute for Excellence](/wiki/Social_Care_Institute_for_Excellence \"Social Care Institute for Excellence\"). For services to Local Government.\n* Robert Jones, lately chairman, Association of Police Authorities. For services to the Police.\n* Professor Peter Graham Edward Kennedy, Burton Professor of Neurology, [University of Glasgow](/wiki/University_of_Glasgow \"University of Glasgow\"). For services to Clinical Science.\n* Lowri Alice Khan, Team Leader, Intervention, Strategy and Markets Team, [H.M. Treasury](/wiki/H.M._Treasury \"H.M. Treasury\").\n* Paul Leighton, QPM, lately Deputy Chief Constable, [Police Service of Northern Ireland](/wiki/Police_Service_of_Northern_Ireland \"Police Service of Northern Ireland\"). For services to the Police.\n* Rosa Lady Lipworth. For charitable services.\n* [Phyllida Lloyd](/wiki/Phyllida_Lloyd \"Phyllida Lloyd\"), Theatre Director. For services to Drama.\n* [James Loughran](/wiki/James_Loughran \"James Loughran\"), Conductor. For services to Classical Music.\n* David Clifford Loughton, chief executive, [Royal Wolverhampton Hospitals NHS Trust](/wiki/Royal_Wolverhampton_Hospitals_NHS_Trust \"Royal Wolverhampton Hospitals NHS Trust\"). For services to Healthcare.\n* [Ian David Luder](/wiki/Ian_Luder \"Ian Luder\"), lately [Lord Mayor of the City of London](/wiki/Lord_Mayor_of_London \"Lord Mayor of London\"). For public service.\n* Mary Elizabeth Madden. For public service.\n* [Professor Robert James Mair, FREng FICE FRS](/wiki/Robert_James_Mair \"Robert James Mair\"), Master of [Jesus College](/wiki/Jesus_College%2C_Cambridge \"Jesus College, Cambridge\") and Professor of Geotechnical Engineering, [University of Cambridge](/wiki/University_of_Cambridge \"University of Cambridge\"). For services to Engineering.\n* Hew Mathewson, President, [General Dental Council](/wiki/General_Dental_Council \"General Dental Council\"). For services to Healthcare.\n* Professor Denise Angela McAlister, Pro\\-Vice\\-Chancellor, Teaching and Learning, [University of Ulster](/wiki/University_of_Ulster \"University of Ulster\"). For services to Higher Education in Northern Ireland.\n* William David McWilliam, Superintendent, [Merseyside Police](/wiki/Merseyside_Police \"Merseyside Police\"). For services to the Police and to Young People.\n* David Leonard Moore, lately Her Majesty's Inspector of Education and Assistant Divisional Manager, [Ofsted](/wiki/Ofsted \"Ofsted\").\n* Candy Morris, chief executive, NHS South East Coast [Strategic Health Authority](/wiki/Strategic_health_authority \"Strategic health authority\"). For services to Healthcare.\n* Diana Lesley Morrison, Headteacher, St. Martin\\-in\\-the\\-Fields High School for Girls, Lambeth, London. For services to local and national Education.\n* Stephen Thurston Munby, chief executive, National College for Leadership of Schools and Children's Services. For services to Education.\n* [Professor Adrian Charles Newland](/wiki/Adrian_Charles_Newland \"Adrian Charles Newland\"), Professor of Haematology and director, Pathology Clinical Academic Unit, [Barts and the London NHS Trust](/wiki/Barts_and_the_London_NHS_Trust \"Barts and the London NHS Trust\"). For services to Medicine.\n* Dr. William Gerard O'Hare, Chairman, [University of Ulster](/wiki/University_of_Ulster \"University of Ulster\") Foundation. For services to Higher Education and to Regeneration in Northern Ireland.\n* [David Malcolm Orr](/wiki/David_Malcolm_Orr \"David Malcolm Orr\"), Director Corporate Services, Department of Finance and Personnel, [Northern Ireland Executive](/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Executive \"Northern Ireland Executive\").\n* John Scott Perry, chief executive, [Scottish Enterprise](/wiki/Scottish_Enterprise \"Scottish Enterprise\"). For services to Business.\n* Dr. David Price, chief executive, [Chemring Group](/wiki/Chemring_Group \"Chemring Group\") plc. For services to the Defence Industry.\n* Imelda Redmond, chief executive, [Carers UK](/wiki/Carers_UK \"Carers UK\"). For services to Disadvantaged People.\n* Dr. Sian Eluned Rees, Inspector of Ancient Monuments, [Cadw](/wiki/Cadw \"Cadw\"), Welsh Assembly Government.\n* Caroline Mary Rookes, Director, Planning for Retirement and Older People, [Department for Work and Pensions](/wiki/Department_for_Work_and_Pensions \"Department for Work and Pensions\").\n* [Tessa Sarah Ross (Mrs. Scantlebury)](/wiki/Tessa_Ross \"Tessa Ross\"), Controller of Film and Drama, [Channel 4](/wiki/Channel_4 \"Channel 4\"). For services to Broadcasting.\n* [Alastair Eric Hotson Salvesen](/wiki/Alastair_Salvesen \"Alastair Salvesen\"). For services to the Arts and to Charity in Scotland.\n* [Graham Edward Sheffield](/wiki/Graham_Sheffield \"Graham Sheffield\"), Artistic Director, [Barbican Centre](/wiki/Barbican_Centre \"Barbican Centre\"), London. For services to the Arts.\n* [Adrian Shooter](/wiki/Adrian_Shooter \"Adrian Shooter\"), Chairman, [Chiltern Railway Company Ltd](/wiki/Chiltern_Railways \"Chiltern Railways\"). For services to the Rail Industry.\n* Ruth Sims, OBE. For voluntary service to Palliative Care in [Uganda](/wiki/Uganda \"Uganda\").\n* John Brian Sinnott, chief executive, [Leicestershire County Council](/wiki/Leicestershire_County_Council \"Leicestershire County Council\"). For services to Local Government.\n* Professor [Christopher John Skinner](/wiki/Chris_Skinner_%28statistician%29 \"Chris Skinner (statistician)\"), FBA, Professor, Southampton Statistical Sciences Research Institute, [University of Southampton](/wiki/University_of_Southampton \"University of Southampton\"). For services to Social Science.\n* Paul Spencer, lately chairman, [National Savings and Investments](/wiki/National_Savings_and_Investments \"National Savings and Investments\"). For services to the Financial Services Industry.\n* Janice Stevens, National Director, Healthcare Associated Infections Programme, Department of Health. For services to Nursing.\n* Professor William James Swindall, OBE, Consulting Director, QUILL Centre, [Queen's University Belfast](/wiki/Queen%27s_University_Belfast \"Queen's University Belfast\"). For services to Environmental Science.\n* Kathleen Thomas, Principal, [Oldham College](/wiki/Oldham_College \"Oldham College\"), Manchester. For services to Further Education.\n* [Margaret Maud Tyzack, OBE](/wiki/Margaret_Tyzack \"Margaret Tyzack\"), actress. For services to Drama.\n* [Professor Karen Vousden, FRS FRSE FMedSci](/wiki/Karen_Vousden \"Karen Vousden\"), Director, [Beatson Institute for Cancer Research](/wiki/Beatson_Institute_for_Cancer_Research \"Beatson Institute for Cancer Research\"). For services to Clinical Science.\n* Susan Toni Wardell, Director, Middle East, Caribbean, Asia (East, Central) and British Overseas Territories, [Department for International Development](/wiki/Department_for_International_Development \"Department for International Development\").\n* John David Whittaker, Deputy Director, Employment Policy, [Cabinet Office](/wiki/Cabinet_Office \"Cabinet Office\").\n* Vanessa Wiseman, lately Headteacher, Langdon School and Sports College, Newham, London. For services to Education.\n* John Briscoe Wright. For services to the [Federation of Small Businesses](/wiki/Federation_of_Small_Businesses \"Federation of Small Businesses\").\n* Professor Michael Wright, DL, Vice\\-Chancellor, [Canterbury Christ Church University](/wiki/Canterbury_Christ_Church_University \"Canterbury Christ Church University\"). For services to Higher Education and to the community in Kent.", "Diplomatic and Overseas List\n* Larry Thomas Dennis, lately Auditor General of Bermuda. For services to good governance in Bermuda.\n* Rabbi [David Shlomo Rosen](/wiki/David_Shlomo_Rosen \"David Shlomo Rosen\"), Honorary Adviser on Interfaith relations to the Chief Rabbinate of Israel. For services to interfaith relations in the Middle East, and between the UK and Israel.", "#### Officers of the Order of the British Empire (OBE)", "Military Division\n Royal Navy\n* [Commander Nicholas Trevor Blackman](/wiki/Nicholas_Trevor_Blackman \"Nicholas Trevor Blackman\")\n* [Commander Richard George Fox](/wiki/Richard_George_Fox \"Richard George Fox\")\n* [Commander David John Hunkin](/wiki/David_John_Hunkin \"David John Hunkin\")\n* [Commander Charles David Lightfoot](/wiki/Charles_David_Lightfoot \"Charles David Lightfoot\")\n* [Commander Peter Moss](/wiki/Peter_Moss_%28Royal_Navy_officer%29 \"Peter Moss (Royal Navy officer)\")\n* [Commander Gerard Rodney Northwood](/wiki/Gerard_Rodney_Northwood \"Gerard Rodney Northwood\")", "Army\n* [Lieutenant Colonel Allan Barnes](/wiki/Allan_Barnes_%28British_Army_officer%29 \"Allan Barnes (British Army officer)\") – Coldstream Guards\n* [Colonel John Etherington](/wiki/John_Etherington \"John Etherington\") – late Royal Army Medical Corps\n* [Lieutenant Colonel Alexander Gilbert Carew Hatherley](/wiki/Alexander_Gilbert_Carew_Hatherley \"Alexander Gilbert Carew Hatherley\") – Grenadier Guards\n* [Colonel Ian David MacLeod](/wiki/Ian_David_MacLeod \"Ian David MacLeod\") – Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire Army Cadet Force\n* [Colonel Iain George David Moles, QVRM TD](/wiki/Iain_George_David_Moles \"Iain George David Moles\") – late Royal Army Medical Corps, Territorial Army\n* [Lieutenant Colonel Leanda Jane Pitt, TD DL](/wiki/Leanda_Jane_Pitt \"Leanda Jane Pitt\") – The Royal Logistic Corps, Territorial Army\n* [Lieutenant Colonel John Richard James Powell](/wiki/John_Richard_James_Powell \"John Richard James Powell\") – The Princess of Wales's Royal Regiment\n* [Lieutenant Colonel Mark Reginald Rusby](/wiki/Mark_Reginald_Rusby \"Mark Reginald Rusby\") – The Mercian Regiment\n* [Lieutenant Colonel Andrew John Teskey](/wiki/Andrew_John_Teskey \"Andrew John Teskey\") – Corps of Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers", "Royal Air Force\n* [Wing Commander Stephen Robert Chaskin](/wiki/Stephen_Robert_Chaskin \"Stephen Robert Chaskin\")\n* [Wing Commander Mark Nicholas Day](/wiki/Mark_Nicholas_Day \"Mark Nicholas Day\")\n* [Wing Commander Simon Andrew Harper](/wiki/Simon_Andrew_Harper \"Simon Andrew Harper\")\n* [Wing Commander Jonathan Peter Quentin Reid](/wiki/Jonathan_Peter_Quentin_Reid \"Jonathan Peter Quentin Reid\")\n* [Wing Commander Malcolm Leslie Symonds](/wiki/Malcolm_Leslie_Symonds \"Malcolm Leslie Symonds\")\n* [Wing Commander Andrew David Wallis](/wiki/Andrew_David_Wallis \"Andrew David Wallis\")\n* [Wing Commander Robert Alan Woods](/wiki/Robert_Alan_Woods \"Robert Alan Woods\")", "Civil Division\n* William Abbott, National Security Adviser, Secure Mental Health Services, Department of Health. For services to Healthcare.\n* [Victor Akers](/wiki/Victor_Akers \"Victor Akers\"), lately Manager, [Arsenal Ladies' Football Team](/wiki/Arsenal_W.F.C. \"Arsenal W.F.C.\"). For services to Sport.\n* Professor [Alan Alexander](/wiki/Alan_Alexander_%28academic%29 \"Alan Alexander (academic)\"), Emeritus Professor of Local and Public Management, [University of Strathclyde](/wiki/University_of_Strathclyde \"University of Strathclyde\"). For services to Social Science.\n* Alexander Beveridge Anderson, D.L., Chairman of Governors, University of Teesside. For services to the community in the North East.\n* Deirdre Anne, Mrs. Kinloch Anderson, Director, Kinloch Anderson. For services to the Textile Industry.\n* John Huxley Fordyce Anderson. For services to St. Martin\\-in\\-the\\-Fields, London and to the Construction Industry.\n* [Craig Armstrong](/wiki/Craig_Armstrong_%28composer%29 \"Craig Armstrong (composer)\"). For services to Music.\n* Anthony John William Attard, Chief Executive, Panaz Ltd. For services to the Textile Industry and to International Trade.\n* [Sir Nicholas Hickman Ponsonby Bacon, Bt., D.L](/wiki/Sir_Nicholas_Bacon%2C_14th_Baronet \"Sir Nicholas Bacon, 14th Baronet\"). For services to the community in Norfolk.\n* Linda Margaret, Mrs. Costelloe Baker. For public service.\n* Stuart Kemp Baker, Deputy Director, National Projects, Rail and National Networks, Department for Transport.\n* Dr. Michael Thomas Barlow. For services to Intellectual Property Law.\n* Professor [Ann Barrett](/wiki/Ann_Barrett \"Ann Barrett\"), Professor of [Oncology](/wiki/Oncology \"Oncology\") and lately Deputy Head of School, [University of East Anglia](/wiki/University_of_East_Anglia \"University of East Anglia\"). For services to Healthcare.\n* Ms Hillary Anna Bauer, Head, International and Cultural Property Unit, Department for Culture, Media and Sport.\n* Ms Margaret Baxter. For services to the Voluntary Sector.\n* Miss Ailsa Elizabeth Beaton, Director of Information, Metropolitan Police Service. For services to the Police.\n* Alan Kenneth Bowers Beavis. For services to the Scouts.\n* Dr. John William Beer, lately Executive Director of Social Services, Southampton City Council. For services to Local Government.\n* Ms [Anthea Bell](/wiki/Anthea_Bell \"Anthea Bell\"). For services to Literature and to Literary Translations.\n* Arlene, Mrs. Bell, Headteacher, Beechdale Nursery School, Durham. For services to local and national Early Years Education.\n* Thomas Bell. For services to the Wooden Spoon Children's Charity.\n* [Madeleine Ponsonby, Countess of Bessborough](/wiki/Madeleine_Ponsonby%2C_Countess_of_Bessborough \"Madeleine Ponsonby, Countess of Bessborough\"). For services to the Visual Arts.\n* Dr. Anthony Bernard Best. For services to the Education of Deafblind Children.\n* Kay, Mrs. Bews, Chief Executive, Home\\-Start UK. For services to Children and Families.\n* Professor Alison Blenkinsopp, Professor of the Practice of Pharmacy, Keele University. For services to Healthcare.\n* Ronald John Bowers, Grade B2, Ministry of Defence.\n* Paul Vincent Boyle, lately Chief Executive, Financial Reporting Council. For services to the Financial Services Industry and Accountancy.\n* Ms Anne Elizabeth Brannagan, Complex Trauma Manager, Defence Medical Rehabilitation Centre, Headley Court, Surrey, Ministry of Defence.\n* [Ross Brawn](/wiki/Ross_Brawn \"Ross Brawn\"), Team Principal, [Brawn GP](/wiki/Brawn_GP \"Brawn GP\"). For services to Motorsport.\n* [Dr. Michael Peter Briggs](/wiki/Peter_Briggs_%28scientist%29 \"Peter Briggs (scientist)\"), lately [Pro\\-Vice\\-Chancellor](/wiki/Pro-Vice-Chancellor \"Pro-Vice-Chancellor\"), [Roehampton University](/wiki/Roehampton_University \"Roehampton University\"). For services to Higher Education.\n* Dr. Alison Fiona Campbell, Managing Director, King's College London Business Ltd. For services to Knowledge Transfer.\n* Peter Carne, lately National Champion, Learning Outside the Classroom and Programme Manager, Growing Schools Programme. For services to Education.\n* David Brian Cassells. For services to the Inland Waterways Association of Ireland.\n* Eileen, Mrs. Cavalier (Mrs. Schatunowski), Founder, London College of Beauty Therapy. For services to Further Education.\n* Pamela, Mrs. Challis, Leader, Castle Point Borough Council. For services to Local Government in South East Essex.\n* [Mavis Lurline, Mrs. Champagnie](/wiki/Lurline_Champagnie \"Lurline Champagnie\"), Councillor, [London Borough of Harrow](/wiki/London_Borough_of_Harrow \"London Borough of Harrow\"). For services to Local Government and to Diversity.\n* Captain Kandiah Chandran, M.B.E., Chief Executive, Preset Charitable Trust. For services to Young People in London.\n* Gillian, Mrs. Coffey, Headteacher, Lynch Hill Foundation Primary School, Slough. For services to Education.\n* Yvonne, Mrs. Coghill, National Lead, Breaking Through Programme, NHS Institute for Innovation and Improvement. For services to Healthcare.\n* Maureen, Mrs. Cooke, Head of Capability and First Line Service Management, Customer Service Delivery, Corporate IT, Department for Work and Pensions.\n* Gordon Raymond Couch. For services to disabled people.\n* David John Cowie, lately District Manager, Jobcentre Plus, Forth Valley, Fife and Tayside, Department for Work and Pensions.\n* John Andrew Craig, Chairman, British Record Industry Trust. For services to Music and to Charity.\n* Mary Elizabeth, Mrs. Craig, Chief Executive, Lloyds TSB Foundation for Scotland. For services to the Voluntary Sector.\n* Bruce Millson Crook, Grade B1, Ministry of Defence.\n* Ms [Frances Crook](/wiki/Frances_Crook \"Frances Crook\"), Director, [Howard League for Penal Reform](/wiki/Howard_League_for_Penal_Reform \"Howard League for Penal Reform\"). For services to Youth Justice.\n* Neil Philip Cunliffe, Group Manager, Road Safety Group, Lancashire County Council. For services to Road Safety.\n* Phillip Leyland Darnton, Chairman, Cycling England. For services to Transport.\n* Frederick Geoffrey Davies, lately Chairman, Gwent Magistrates Bench and Wales Bench Chairmen's Forum. For services to the Administration of Justice.\n* Derek John Davis, lately Chairman, Stoke\\-on\\-Trent and Staffordshire Combined Fire Authority. For services to Local Government.\n* Amanda, Mrs. Deeks, Chief Executive Officer, South Gloucestershire Council and Founder, West of England Partnership for Bristol. For services to Local Government.\n* Paul Deneen, J.P., D.L. For services to the community in Herefordshire and Worcestershire.\n* John Henry Derbyshire, Sailing Coach and Manager. For services to Sport.\n* Professor [Fiona Devine](/wiki/Fiona_Devine \"Fiona Devine\"), Professor of Sociology, [University of Manchester](/wiki/University_of_Manchester \"University of Manchester\"). For services to Social Science.\n* Ian Laidlaw\\-Dickson, Chairman, Hertfordshire Police Authority. For services to the Police.\n* Michael Donnelly, Chief Executive Officer, Habinteg Housing Association. For services to the Housing Sector.\n* Jacqueline Ann, Mrs. Dowell, Customer Operations Business Design Manager, H.M. Revenue and Customs.\n* Professor [Marcus Peter Francis du Sautoy](/wiki/Marcus_du_Sautoy \"Marcus du Sautoy\"), Professor of Mathematics, [University of Oxford](/wiki/University_of_Oxford \"University of Oxford\"). For services to Science.\n* Brigadier Hedley Dennis Cardew Duncan, M.B.E., lately Yeoman Usher of the Black Rod, House of Lords.\n* Martin Donald Dunford, Chairman, Association of Learning Providers and Chief Executive, Skills Training UK. For services to Skills.\n* Antony Dunne, Grade B1, Ministry of Defence.\n* Dr. Linda Ebbatson, Leader, Chester\\-le\\-Street District Council. For services to Local Government.\n* Ms Janette Morag Faherty, Chief Executive, TNG/ Avanta. For services to Unemployed People and to Entrepreneurship.\n* Ms Julia Fawcett, Chief Executive, Lowry Centre, Salford Quays. For services to the Arts in the North West.\n* Derek Forest, Detective Superintendent, West Midlands Police. For services to the Police.\n* Diana, Mrs. Fulbrook, Chief Officer, Wiltshire Probation Area, Ministry of Justice.\n* Elizabeth Laureen, Mrs. Fullerton, lately Chair, NHS Shetland. For services to Healthcare.\n* Ms Lucy Diana Gampell (Mrs. Itkin), lately Director, Action for Prisoners' Families. For services to Disadvantaged People.\n* Professor Mary Gibby, Director of Science, Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh. For services to Botany.\n* Captain Duncan Colin Glass, lately Director of Navigation Requirements, Trinity House, Department for Transport.\n* Celia Jane, Mrs. Godsall. For services to Sport.\n* Dr. James Desmond Hall, General Medical Practitioner, Belfast. For services to Healthcare.\n* Ms Susan Elizabeth Hall, Chief Officer, West Yorkshire Probation Area, Ministry of Justice.\n* Ms Catherine Graham\\-Harrison. For services to Heritage.\n* David James Harrison. For services to Golf.\n* Michael Clifford Hart, Director, Ffestinog Railway Company and Chairman, Welsh Highland Railway Construction Ltd. For services to the Rail Industry.\n* Maurice Adrian Sylvester Heaster, Deputy Leader, Wandsworth Council. For services to Local Government.\n* Elizabeth Irene, Mrs. Henderson, Network Nurse Director, Northern Ireland Cancer Network. For services to Healthcare.\n* Tom Henderson. For services to Humanitarian Aid.\n* Dr. Barbara Hendrie, lately Deputy Director, Iraq, Department for International Development.\n* David Henry, Chairman, National Association for Mental Health. For services to Healthcare.\n* Dr. [Andrew James Herbert](/wiki/Andrew_Herbert \"Andrew Herbert\"), Managing Director, [Microsoft Research](/wiki/Microsoft_Research \"Microsoft Research\"), Cambridge. For services to Computer Science.\n* [Donald Peter Herbert](/wiki/Peter_Herbert_%28lawyer%29 \"Peter Herbert (lawyer)\"), Barrister. For voluntary service to Equality, Diversity and Human Rights.\n* Ms Susan Ann Higham, Business Design Manager, Modernising Pay As You Earn, Telford, H.M. Revenue and Customs.\n* Ms Stephanie Hilborne, Chief Executive, The Wildlife Trusts. For services to Nature Conservation.\n* Professor Anthony Edward Hill, Director, National Oceanography Centre, Southampton. For services to Environmental Science.\n* Professor William Stewart Hillis, Medical Adviser, Scottish Football Association. For services to Medicine and to Sport.\n* Helen Jane, Mrs. Clegg\\-Hood, Headteacher, Shiremoor Primary School, Newcastle upon Tyne. For services to Education.\n* Ms Katharine Sarah Julian Horner, lately Specialist Counsellor and Senior Analyst, Assessments Staff, Cabinet Office.\n* Peter John Hosker. For services to the community in Preston, Lancashire.\n* [Gareth Dale Hoskins](/wiki/Gareth_Hoskins \"Gareth Hoskins\"). For services to Architecture.\n* Kevin Houston, Managing Director, Anderson Manning Associates. For services to Business.\n* Nicholas Howard, Parliamentary Clerk, Prime Minister's Office.\n* Susan, Mrs. Huggins, Head of Network Development. For services to the Post Office.\n* Shirley, Mrs. Hughes, Chief Executive Officer, Cerebral Palsy Sport. For services to Disability Sport.\n* Robert Alfred Hutchings. For services to the Voluntary Sector in Wales.\n* William Anthony Hynett, Group Chief Executive Officer, [B\\-N Group Ltd](/wiki/Britten-Norman \"Britten-Norman\"). For services to the Defence Industry.\n* [Paul Stafford Jackson](/wiki/Paul_Jackson_%28game_producer%29 \"Paul Jackson (game producer)\"). For services to the Computer Games Industry.\n* Marc Jaffrey. For services to Music Education.\n* Anthony Paul Jakimciw, Principal and Chief Executive Officer, Dumfries and Galloway College. For services to Further Education in Scotland.\n* Professor Ian Miller Jamieson, lately Pro\\-Vice\\- Chancellor (Learning and Teaching), University of Bath. For services to local and national Education.\n* Ms Marion Juliette Janner. For services to Mental Healthcare.\n* Ms Deborah Jeffery, Grade B2, Ministry of Defence. Martin John Jenkins, Grade B1, Ministry of Defence.\n* Jane, Mrs. Johnson, Headteacher, St. Stephen's Primary School, Newham, London. For services to Education.\n* Glenys, Mrs. Johnston, Chair, Local Safeguarding Children Board, Leicestershire and Rutland. For services to Local Government.\n* Paul Lloyd Jones, Executive Headteacher, Blackpool and Chudleigh Knighton Lady Seaward's and Salcombe Primary Schools, Devon. For services to local and national Education.\n* [Stephen Jones](/wiki/Stephen_Jones_%28milliner%29 \"Stephen Jones (milliner)\"), Milliner. For services to the Fashion Industry.\n* Professor Vijay Vir Kakkar, Emeritus Professor, University of London. For services to Clinical Science.\n* Ms Jeanne Kaniuk, Head of Adoption Services, Thomas Coram Foundation for Children. For services to Children.\n* Professor Paul Keane, Dean, School of Health and Social Care, Teesside University. For services to Healthcare.\n* Anna, Mrs. Kendall, lately Headteacher, Christ Church Church of England Primary School, Kensington and Chelsea, London. For services to Education.\n* Nigel Kershaw, Chief Executive, Big Issue Invest and Chairman, The Big Issue. For services to Social Enterprise.\n* [Simon Henry King](/wiki/Simon_King_%28television%29 \"Simon King (television)\"). For services to Wildlife Photography and to Conservation.\n* John Gordon Kingston. For services to the Voluntary Sector.\n* Ms Anne Kirkham, Grade 5, Decent Homes and Housing Finance Division, Department for Communities and Local Government.\n* Richard Philip Kitson, lately Chief Executive, Aster Group. For services to the Housing Sector.\n* Susan, Mrs. Knox. For services to Food Safety.\n* Silas Krendel. For charitable services.\n* [Ram Parkash Lakha](/wiki/Ram_Parkash_Lakha \"Ram Parkash Lakha\"). For services to the Sikh community in Coventry, West Midlands.\n* Anthony Edward Langford, Non\\-Executive Director, John Smedley. For services to the Knitwear Industry.\n* Heather, Mrs. Lawrence, Chief Executive, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital NHS Foundation Trust. For services to Healthcare.\n* Jurat and Lieutenant Bailiff Sally Carolyn Ann Le Brocq. For services to the Administration of Justice and to the community in Jersey.\n* Andrew John Leigh. For public service.\n* Eva, Mrs. Loeffler, Vice\\-President, WheelPower. For services to Disability Sport.\n* Helen, Mrs. MacKenzie, Headteacher, Shevington High School, Wigan. For services to Education.\n* John Graham Marks. For charitable services.\n* Victor Alan Marshall, Detective Superintendent, Sussex Police and Adviser to the Home Office. For services to the Police.\n* Ms Wendy Martinson, Consultant Dietitian, British Olympic Association. For services to Sport and to Nutrition.\n* June Colette, Mrs. Mason, Grade 7, Cohesion and Migration Directorate, Department for Communities and Local Government.\n* Samuel Abraham McCrea, Principal, Ballyclare Secondary School. For services to Education in Northern Ireland.\n* Professor John Alexander McDermid. For services to the Defence Industry.\n* William John McGawley, Executive Vice\\-Chairman, TDR Group. For services to Business and to Skills Training in the North East.\n* The Very Reverend Dr. Robert Samuel James Houston McKelvey, Q.V.R.M., T.D., Dean, St. Anne's Cathedral, Belfast. For services to the community in Northern Ireland.\n* Ms Alison Mary McLean. For services to Rural Affairs in the West Midlands.\n* Bishop Louis Richard McLeod, For services to Southwark Credit Union.\n* Ronald McNab, lately Managing Director, Caledonian Alloys Ltd. For services to the Recycling Industry.\n* Ms [Loretta Minghella](/wiki/Loretta_Minghella \"Loretta Minghella\"), Chief Executive, [Financial Services Compensation Scheme](/wiki/Financial_Services_Compensation_Scheme \"Financial Services Compensation Scheme\"). For services to the Financial Services Industry.\n* [Michelle, Mrs. Mone](/wiki/Michelle_Mone%2C_Baroness_Mone \"Michelle Mone, Baroness Mone\"), Founder and Owner, MJM International Group. For services to the Lingerie Industry.\n* [Kenneth Montgomery](/wiki/Kenneth_Montgomery \"Kenneth Montgomery\"), Principal Conductor, [Ulster Orchestra](/wiki/Ulster_Orchestra \"Ulster Orchestra\"). For services to Music in Northern Ireland.\n* Ms [Debbie Moore](/wiki/Debbie_Moore \"Debbie Moore\"), Founder and Chair, [Pineapple Dance Studios](/wiki/Pineapple_Dance_Studios \"Pineapple Dance Studios\"). For services to Business.\n* [Heidi, Mrs. Mottram](/wiki/Heidi_Mottram \"Heidi Mottram\"), Managing Director, Northern Rail. For services to the Rail Industry.\n* Ms Diane Mulligan. For services to disabled people and to Equal Opportunities.\n* [Braham Sydney Murray](/wiki/Braham_Murray \"Braham Murray\"), [Artistic Director](/wiki/Artistic_Director \"Artistic Director\"), [Royal Exchange, Manchester](/wiki/Royal_Exchange%2C_Manchester \"Royal Exchange, Manchester\"). For services to Drama.\n* Peter Murray, Co\\-Founder, Ormiston Trust. For services to Children and Families.\n* Dr. Sydney Donnelly Neill, Director, Agriculture Food and Environmental Sciences Division, Agri\\-Food and Biosciences Institute, Northern Ireland Executive.\n* [David Nixon](/wiki/David_Nixon_%28choreographer%29 \"David Nixon (choreographer)\"), Artistic Director, [Northern Ballet](/wiki/Northern_Ballet \"Northern Ballet\") Theatre. For services to Dance.\n* Edward James O'Gorman. For charitable services to the Foundation for Children with Leukaemia.\n* Professor [Timothy O'Riordan](/wiki/Tim_O%27Riordan \"Tim O'Riordan\"), D.L., Emeritus Professor of Environmental Sciences, [University of East Anglia](/wiki/University_of_East_Anglia \"University of East Anglia\"). For services to Sustainable Development.\n* Gary Oldman. For public service.\n* Dr. Jane Overbury, Principal, Christ the King Sixth Form College, Lewisham, London. For services to Education.\n* [Richard Parfitt](/wiki/Rick_Parfitt \"Rick Parfitt\"), Co\\-Founder, Singer and Guitarist, [Status Quo](/wiki/Status_Quo_%28band%29 \"Status Quo (band)\"). For services to Music and to Charity.\n* Dr. Louise Mary Perrotta. For public service.\n* Peter Phillipson, Chairman, Merlin Entertainments Group. For services to the Leisure Industry.\n* Raymond Pollock, Principal, Banbridge Academy. For services to Education in Northern Ireland.\n* Diane, Mrs. Poole, General Manager, Passengers Norfolkline Irish Sea Ferry Services. For services to the Tourist Industry.\n* Melloney, Mrs. Poole, Deputy Director, Legal Services and Governance, Big Lottery Fund. For public service.\n* Andrew Richard Pope, J.P., National Business Crime Partnership Manager, Co\\-operative Group. For public service.\n* Ms [Rachel Portman](/wiki/Rachel_Portman \"Rachel Portman\"), Film Composer. For services to Music.\n* Colin Preece, lately Director, Social Services, Neath Port Talbot. For services to Local Government.\n* Professor [Michael Charles Prestwich](/wiki/Michael_Prestwich \"Michael Prestwich\"), Emeritus Professor of History, [Durham University](/wiki/Durham_University \"Durham University\"). For services to Scholarship.\n* Richard Edward Priest, Chief Executive, Riverside Centre. For services to the community in the Isle of Wight.\n* Walter Rader, Director, Big Lottery Fund. For services to the community in Northern Ireland.\n* Judith, Mrs. Ragan, Headteacher, Queensmill Special School for Autism, Hammersmith and Fulham, London. For services to Special Needs Education.\n* Bernardine, Mrs. Rees, lately Chief Executive, Ceredigion and Pembrokeshire Local Health Board. For services to the NHS in Wales.\n* Raymond Victor Refausse, lately Director and Chief Executive, South West College. For services to Further and Higher Education in Northern Ireland.\n* Professor Margaret Reid, Professor of Women's Health, University of Glasgow. For services to Healthcare and to Higher Education.\n* Ms Lyndy Reynolds, lately Deputy Head, Government Legal Service Secretariat, Treasury Solicitor's Department.\n* Ms [Menna Richards](/wiki/Menna_Richards \"Menna Richards\"), Director, [BBC Wales](/wiki/BBC_Wales \"BBC Wales\"). For services to Broadcasting.\n* Anne, Mrs. Roberts, Chief Executive, Crossroads Association. For services to Carers.\n* Edmund Caerwyn Roberts, M.B.E., Chairman, Snowdonia National Park Authority. For services to the community in Gwynedd.\n* Elizabeth Regina Oluyemika, Mrs. Atere\\-Roberts, Older People's Nurse Specialist. For services to Healthcare in London.\n* Brian Keith Rockliffe, Director, Voluntary Service Overseas. For services to International Development.\n* [Francis Dominic Nicholas Michael Rossi](/wiki/Francis_Rossi \"Francis Rossi\"), Co\\-Founder and Singer, Status Quo. For services to Music and to Charity.\n* John Kenneth Rostill, Chief Executive, Worcestershire Acute Hospitals NHS Trust. For services to Healthcare.\n* Henry James Griffin Russell, lately Chairman, National Association of General Commissioners. For public service.\n* Professor Edward Sallis, Principal and Chief Executive, Highlands College, Jersey. For services to Education.\n* Sujinder Singh Sangha, Principal, Stockton Riverside College, County Durham. For services to local and national Further Education.\n* Professor Danny Saunders, Professor and Head of the Centre for Lifelong Learning, University of Glamorgan. For services to Higher Education in Wales.\n* Professor Joseph Maurice Savage, Consultant Paediatric Nephrologist, Royal Belfast Hospital for Sick Children. For services to Medicine.\n* Dr. Caroline Ann Bodley\\-Scott, Civilian Medical Practitioner, British Forces Germany Health Service, Ministry of Defence.\n* Gordon Scott. For services to Regeneration in South Yorkshire.\n* [Jane Antoinette, Mrs. Scott](/wiki/Jane_Scott%2C_Baroness_Scott_of_Bybrook \"Jane Scott, Baroness Scott of Bybrook\"), Leader, [Wiltshire Council](/wiki/Wiltshire_Council \"Wiltshire Council\"). For services to Local Government.\n* Ahmad Shahzad. For services to Black and Minority Ethnic People.\n* Ghulam Rasul Shahzad. For services to Social Housing and to the community in Rochdale.\n* Peter Sheldon. For services to the Jewish Community.\n* Miss Julie May Shenton, Departmental Strategic Business Continuity Manager, Department for Work and Pensions.\n* Dr. David Sibbald, F.R.S.E., Chairman, Sumerian Networks. For charitable services in Scotland and Overseas.\n* [Alice, Mrs. Sluckin](/wiki/Alice_Sluckin \"Alice Sluckin\"), Chair, Selective Mutism Information and Research Association. For services to Children and Families.\n* [Ronald Gordon King\\-Smith](/wiki/Dick_King-Smith \"Dick King-Smith\"), Author. For services to Children's Literature.\n* John Thomas Smith, lately Principal, Burnley College. For services to Further Education.\n* Ms Laraine Smith, Principal, Uxbridge College. For services to Further Education.\n* Peter Arthur Smith. For services to the Optometric Profession.\n* Gerard Smyth. For services to the Police in the North East.\n* Margaret, Mrs. Snowdon, Chair, Pensions Advisory Service. For services to Pensioners.\n* The Honourable [Rupert Christopher Soames](/wiki/Rupert_Soames \"Rupert Soames\"), Chief Executive Officer, [Aggreko](/wiki/Aggreko \"Aggreko\") plc. For services to the Power Industry.\n* Pauline Joan, Mrs. Spencer, lately Head, Victim and Witness Care Delivery Unit, Crown Prosecution Service.\n* Eric Spicer. For services to the Telecommunications Industry.\n* The Right Reverend James Theophilus Stapleton. For services to Inter\\-Faith and Community Relations in Nottingham.\n* Dr. [Miriam Stoppard](/wiki/Miriam_Stoppard \"Miriam Stoppard\"). For services to Healthcare and to Charity.\n* Professor David Storey, lately Director, Centre for Small and Medium Enterprise, Warwick Business School. For services to Business.\n* Stephen Szemerenyi, Pay and Conditions Specialist, Association of School and College Leaders. For services to Education.\n* Alexander Tait, lately Governing Governor, H.M. Young Offenders' Institution Castington, Northumberland, H.M. Prison Service, Ministry of Justice.\n* Jeremy James Taylor. For services to Young People and to Musical Theatre.\n* David Ralph Thompson, Governor H.M. Prison Frankland, Durham, H.M. Prison Service, Ministry of Justice.\n* Ms Gillian Jane Thompson, lately Chief Executive, Accountant in Bankruptcy, Scottish Executive.\n* [Cyrus Todiwala](/wiki/Cyrus_Todiwala \"Cyrus Todiwala\"), M.B.E., Proprietor and Executive Chef, Cafe ́ Spice Namaste ́ Restaurant Group. For services to the Hospitality Industry.\n* Iqbal Wahhab, Chairman, Department for Work and Pensions, Ethnic Minority Advisory Group. For public service and for services to the Hospitality Industry.\n* Ms [Amanda Jane Wakeley](/wiki/Amanda_Wakeley \"Amanda Wakeley\"), Designer. For services to the Fashion Industry.\n* Professor Janet Anne Walker, Deputy Chair, Social Security Advisory Committee. For public service.\n* James Arneil Wardrop. For services to the community in Renfrewshire.\n* Caroline, Mrs. Waters, Director, People and Policy for BT Group. For services to Diversity and to Equal Opportunities.\n* Norma Anne, Mrs. Watson. For services to Education in Scotland.\n* Dr. John Alexander Watt, Director of Strengthening Communities, Highlands and Islands Enterprise. For services to Community Development.\n* Professor Maureen Wayman, lately Pro\\-Vice\\-Chancellor and Dean, Art and Design, Manchester Metropolitan University. For services to local and national Higher Education.\n* John Wilkinson, Chief Executive, Ecuomed. For services to the Healthcare Industry.\n* [Mark Roger Wilkinson](/wiki/Mark_Wilkinson_%28designer%29 \"Mark Wilkinson (designer)\"). For services to the Furniture Industry and to Charity.\n* Susan Jean, Mrs. Willan, lately Inspector, Her Majesty's Inspectorate for Education and Training in Wales. For services to Education.\n* Professor Richard James Willson Williams, T.D., Consultant Child and Adolescent Psychiatrist, Aneurin Bevan Health Board. For services to Medicine.\n* Jessie, Mrs. Wojciechowski, Headteacher, Borestone Primary School, Stirling. For services to Education.\n* Professor Charles Roland Wolf, Director, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Dundee. For services to Science.\n* David Mark Wood, Chief Executive, ATTEND. For services to the Voluntary Sector.\n* Dr. Eric Wood, D.L. For services to Education and to the community in Warwickshire.\n* Thomas Greenaway Woods. For public service.\n* Ms Louise Wright, Fraud and Error Consultant, Department for Work and Pensions.\n* Stephen Frederick Wright, Head, Business, Improvement and Support Team, London, Valuation Office Agency, H.M. Revenue and Customs.\n* Woon Wing Yip, Chairman, Wing Yip plc. For services to the Oriental Food Industry.", "Diplomatic and Overseas List\n* [Mockbul Ali](/wiki/Mockbul_Ali \"Mockbul Ali\") \\- Adviser to the then [Foreign \\& Commonwealth Office](/wiki/Foreign_%26_Commonwealth_Office \"Foreign & Commonwealth Office\"). For services to British foreign policy.\n* David Belgrove – lately Head, Counter Narcotics Team, British Embassy, Afghanistan.\n* [Thomas Yates Benyon](/wiki/Thomas_Benyon \"Thomas Benyon\") – Founder and director, ZANE (Zimbabwe A National Emergency). For services to vulnerable people in Zimbabwe.\n* James Gordon Davidson Blakely – Director Youth (Education, Science and Society), British Council.\n* The Right Reverend Leroy Errol Brooks – For services to the community in Anguilla.\n* Norma Po Yee Chan – lately Chief, Security Council Secretariat, United Nations. For services to the United Nations in New York.\n* John Joseph\\-Devine, LVO – First Secretary, Foreign and Commonwealth Office.\n* Dr. Roderic William Dutton – Adviser on the Middle East, International Office, Durham University. For services to higher education and research links between the UK and the Middle East, especially Jordan.\n* Simon John Gillham – President, Franco\\-British Chamber of Commerce. For services to Franco\\-British business interests in France.\n* Richard Wingfield Hyde, MBE – British Honorary Consul, Madagascar. For services to the British community in Madagascar.\n* [Graham King](/wiki/Graham_King \"Graham King\") – Film Producer. For services to the British film industry in the US and UK.\n* Beverley Elizabeth Lewis – First Secretary, Foreign and Commonwealth Office.\n* Nicholas Roy Mason – First Secretary, Foreign and Commonwealth Office.\n* [Margaret Marian McPartland](/wiki/Marian_McPartland \"Marian McPartland\") – Pianist and Radio Show Host, National Public Radio, USA. For services to jazz and to aspiring young musicians in the USA.\n* [Diane Mulligan](/wiki/Diane_Mulligan \"Diane Mulligan\") – for services to disabled people and to equal opportunities.\n* William Smith MacDonald Murray – Economic and Financial Attaché, British Embassy, Spain.\n* Brian David Outlaw – Director, China\\-Britain Business Council. For services to British business interests in China.\n* Mehr Tahir Kamran – British Foreign Officer, Ambassador to Russia. For services towards a better mutual co\\-ordination in trade with Russia.\n* Ian George Purves – lately Stabilisation Adviser, Civil Military Mission in Helmand. For services to security and stabilisation in Afghanistan.\n* Michael Charles Ramscar – First Secretary, Foreign and Commonwealth Office.\n* [Jane Antoinette Scott](/wiki/Jane_Scott%2C_Baroness_Scott_of_Bybrook \"Jane Scott, Baroness Scott of Bybrook\") – For services to local government in Wiltshire.\n* Olga May Scott – For services to the health, education and development of Bermuda's youth.\n* Stephen Rowland Thomas – Founder and former Chairman of OPAL, Oman. For services to British business interests and to the community in Oman.\n* Paul Williams – Offsets Adviser, UK Trade and Investment, South Africa. For services to British business interests.", "#### Members of the Order of the British Empire (MBE)", "Military Division\n Royal Navy\n* [Warrant Officer Class 1 Warfare Specialist (Abovewater Warfare Tactical) Russell Graham Billings](/wiki/Russell_Graham_Billings \"Russell Graham Billings\")\n* [Logistician (Catering Services) Class 1 Rosemary Anne Brodrick](/wiki/Rosemary_Anne_Brodrick \"Rosemary Anne Brodrick\")\n* [Warrant Officer Class 1 Air Engineering Technician Kenneth Michael Davidson](/wiki/Kenneth_Michael_Davidson \"Kenneth Michael Davidson\")\n* [Warrant Officer Class 1 Barry Dawe](/wiki/Barry_Dawe \"Barry Dawe\")\n* [Warrant Officer Class 1 Robert John Ewen](/wiki/Robert_John_Ewen \"Robert John Ewen\")\n* [Warrant Officer Class 1 Coxswain (Submarines) John Ronald Hendren](/wiki/John_Ronald_Hendren \"John Ronald Hendren\")\n* [Lieutenant Commander Steven David Hopkins](/wiki/Steven_David_Hopkins \"Steven David Hopkins\")\n* [Lieutenant Anthony Jackson](/wiki/Anthony_Jackson_%28Royal_Navy_officer%29 \"Anthony Jackson (Royal Navy officer)\")\n* [Lieutenant Commander Bryan John Nicholas](/wiki/Bryan_John_Nicholas \"Bryan John Nicholas\")\n* [Chief Petty Officer Engineering Technician (Marine Engineering) David Parker](/wiki/David_Parker_%28Royal_Navy_officer%29 \"David Parker (Royal Navy officer)\")\n* [Warrant Officer Class 1 Coxswain (Submarines) Andrew Mark Rainey](/wiki/Andrew_Mark_Rainey \"Andrew Mark Rainey\")\n* [Warrant Officer Class 1 Philip David Slocombe](/wiki/Philip_David_Slocombe \"Philip David Slocombe\")\n* [Lieutenant Commander Graham Gilbey Trewhella](/wiki/Graham_Gilbey_Trewhella \"Graham Gilbey Trewhella\")\n* [Warrant Officer Class 1 (Bugler) James Whitwham](/wiki/James_Whitwham \"James Whitwham\")", "Army\n* [Warrant Officer Class 2 Justin Mark Brooks](/wiki/Justin_Mark_Brooks \"Justin Mark Brooks\") – Corps of Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers\n* [Major Neil James Mark Budd](/wiki/Neil_James_Mark_Budd \"Neil James Mark Budd\") – Royal Regiment of Artillery\n* [Major Richard Ronald Coomber](/wiki/Richard_Ronald_Coomber \"Richard Ronald Coomber\") – Corps of Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers\n* [Major Jonathan Edward Cunningham](/wiki/Jonathan_Edward_Cunningham \"Jonathan Edward Cunningham\") – The Yorkshire Regiment\n* [Major Robert Anthony Davies](/wiki/Robert_Anthony_Davies \"Robert Anthony Davies\") – The Duke of Lancaster's Regiment\n* [Major Mark Christopher Preston Ellwood](/wiki/Mark_Christopher_Preston_Ellwood \"Mark Christopher Preston Ellwood\") – The Mercian Regiment\n* [Lieutenant Colonel Michael Richard Elviss](/wiki/Mike_Elviss \"Mike Elviss\") – Royal Regiment of Artillery\n* [Major Graham Roy Emond](/wiki/Graham_Roy_Emond \"Graham Roy Emond\") – Devon Army Cadet Force\n* [Major Christopher Gill](/wiki/Christopher_Gill_%28British_Army_officer%29 \"Christopher Gill (British Army officer)\") – Army Air Corps, Territorial Army\n* [Major Paul Harrison](/wiki/Paul_Harrison_%28British_Army_officer%29 \"Paul Harrison (British Army officer)\") – Royal Regiment of Artillery\n* [Captain Philip John Hawkins](/wiki/Philip_John_Hawkins \"Philip John Hawkins\") – The Royal Logistic Corps\n* [Warrant Officer Class 1 Anthony Mark Hobbins](/wiki/Anthony_Mark_Hobbins \"Anthony Mark Hobbins\") – The Parachute Regiment\n* [Staff Sergeant Gary Holdham](/wiki/Gary_Holdham \"Gary Holdham\") – Corps of Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers\n* [Warrant Officer Class 1 Charles Henry James Holdsworth](/wiki/Charles_Henry_James_Holdsworth \"Charles Henry James Holdsworth\") – The Royal Logistic Corps\n* [Sergeant Barry John](/wiki/Barry_John_%28British_Army_officer%29 \"Barry John (British Army officer)\") – The Royal Welsh\n* Captain Susan King – Royal Corps of Signals\n* [Major Joanna Catherine Maynard](/wiki/Joanna_Catherine_Maynard \"Joanna Catherine Maynard\") – Royal Corps of Signals\n* [Captain Richard Andrew Peters](/wiki/Richard_Andrew_Peters \"Richard Andrew Peters\") – Corps of Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers\n* [Warrant Officer Class 2 Damien Daniel Place](/wiki/Damien_Daniel_Place \"Damien Daniel Place\") – The Royal Irish Regiment\n* [Warrant Officer Class 2 Iestyn David Plummer](/wiki/Iestyn_David_Plummer \"Iestyn David Plummer\") – The Parachute Regiment\n* [Major James Samuel Robert Priest](/wiki/James_Samuel_Robert_Priest \"James Samuel Robert Priest\") – The Royal Logistic Corps\n* [Major Jonathan Howard Scott](/wiki/Jonathan_Howard_Scott \"Jonathan Howard Scott\") – Corps of Royal Engineers\n* [Major Jeremy Edward Gavin Sharpe](/wiki/Jeremy_Edward_Gavin_Sharpe \"Jeremy Edward Gavin Sharpe\") – Royal Regiment of Artillery\n* [Warrant Officer Class 2 Paul Philip Shipley](/wiki/Paul_Philip_Shipley \"Paul Philip Shipley\") – Royal Regiment of Artillery\n* [Lieutenant Colonel Hugh Campbell\\-Smith](/wiki/Hugh_Campbell-Smith \"Hugh Campbell-Smith\") – The Royal Dragoon Guards\n* [Major Oliver William Stokes](/wiki/Oliver_William_Stokes \"Oliver William Stokes\") – The Princess of Wales's Royal Regiment\n* [Major Sonya Adams Summersgill](/wiki/Sonya_Adams_Summersgill \"Sonya Adams Summersgill\") – The Royal Logistic Corps, Territorial Army\n* [Major Alasdair James Eli Truett](/wiki/Alasdair_James_Eli_Truett \"Alasdair James Eli Truett\") – The Parachute Regiment\n* [Captain Thomas Georg John Tugendhat](/wiki/Thomas_Tugendhat \"Thomas Tugendhat\") – Intelligence Corps, Territorial Army\n* [Lieutenant Colonel Colin Richard James Weir](/wiki/Colin_Weir \"Colin Weir\") – The Royal Irish Regiment\n* [Major Robert John Wells](/wiki/Robert_John_Wells \"Robert John Wells\") – The Princess of Wales's Royal Regiment\n* [Major Christopher James White](/wiki/Christopher_James_White \"Christopher James White\") – Surrey Army Cadet Force\n* Lieutenant Colonel John Wilson – Cumbria Army Cadet Force", "Royal Air Force\n* [Warrant Officer Peter Allen Akers](/wiki/Peter_Allen_Akers \"Peter Allen Akers\")\n* [Chief Technician Paul Andrew Blackah](/wiki/Paul_Andrew_Blackah \"Paul Andrew Blackah\")\n* [Squadron Leader Ian Bryant](/wiki/Ian_Bryant_%28Royal_Air_Force_officer%29 \"Ian Bryant (Royal Air Force officer)\")\n* [Squadron Leader John Cairns](/wiki/John_Cairns_%28Royal_Air_Force_officer%29 \"John Cairns (Royal Air Force officer)\")\n* [Warrant Officer Alexander Michael Dykes](/wiki/Alexander_Michael_Dykes \"Alexander Michael Dykes\")\n* [Flight Sergeant Douglas Stuart Law](/wiki/Douglas_Stuart_Law \"Douglas Stuart Law\")\n* [Warrant Officer Rachel MacKenzie](/wiki/Rachel_MacKenzie \"Rachel MacKenzie\")\n* [Flying Officer Leslie Edward Wall McCammont](/wiki/Leslie_Edward_Wall_McCammont \"Leslie Edward Wall McCammont\")\n* [Sergeant Rodney Christian Munday](/wiki/Rodney_Christian_Munday \"Rodney Christian Munday\")\n* [Squadron Leader John Nelson](/wiki/John_Nelson_%28Royal_Air_Force_officer%29 \"John Nelson (Royal Air Force officer)\")\n* [Squadron Leader Gordon William Henry Parry](/wiki/Gordon_William_Henry_Parry \"Gordon William Henry Parry\")\n* [Flight Sergeant Christopher Edward Read](/wiki/Christopher_Edward_Read \"Christopher Edward Read\")\n* [Warrant Officer Stephen Kenneth Roberts](/wiki/Stephen_Kenneth_Roberts \"Stephen Kenneth Roberts\")\n* [Squadron Leader Colin Terence Sullivan](/wiki/Colin_Terence_Sullivan \"Colin Terence Sullivan\")\n* [Senior Aircraftman Darren Mark Swift](/wiki/Darren_Mark_Swift \"Darren Mark Swift\")", "Civil Division\n* Gwendolen June, Mrs. Abraham. For services to the community in Braunstone, Leicestershire.\n* Hemant Acharya, Policy Adviser, Office of the Third Sector, Cabinet Office.\n* Samuel Adair, Director, Waterside Credit Union Ltd. For services to the Financial Services Industry in Northern Ireland.\n* Valerie Edith, Mrs. Adams, Principal, Lisbellaw Primary School. For services to Education in Northern Ireland.\n* Manus Blake Adamson, Chairman, Adamson Group and Executive Chairman, Construction Confederation. For services to the Construction Industry.\n* Robin Agascar. For voluntary service to the Police in Gloucester.\n* Matilda, Mrs. Akhigbe, Communications Officer, Local Compliance, London, H.M. Revenue and Customs.\n* Ms Foluke Akinlose, Founder and Editor, Precious Online. For services to the Creative Industries.\n* Gerald Akroyd. For voluntary service to Mountain Rescue in Scotland.\n* Anthony John Alderman, Special Constable, Avon and Somerset Constabulary. For voluntary service to the Police.\n* Ms Angela Cecile Alessendre, Founder, Alessendre Special Needs Dance School and the Larondina Dance Company. For services to Dance.\n* Anne Maria Palma, Mrs. Allan, Deputy Head Teacher, inverclyde Academy, Greenock. For services to Education.\n* Dr. Geoffrey Walter Allan. For services to the community in Kirkintilloch, Dunbartonshire.\n* Shulah, Mrs. Allan, lately Director, Edinburgh Voluntary Organisations Council. For services to the Voluntary Sector.\n* Lynda, Mrs. Allen, Chair of Governors, Sir John Deane's Sixth Form College, Northwich, Cheshire. For voluntary service to Education.\n* Andrew Paul Andrews. For voluntary service to St. John Ambulance Brigade.\n* John Charles Ankcorn, President, Birmingham Crisis Centre. For voluntary service to Victims of Domestic Violence.\n* Linda Joyce, Mrs. Ansell. For charitable services in Southend\\-on\\-Sea, Essex.\n* Miss Kerry Anthony, Chief Executive, DePaul Northern Ireland. For services to Social Housing.\n* David Archbold. For services to the Water Industry in the North East.\n* James Armitage. For services to the Royal Mail and to the community in the West Midlands.\n* Carol, Mrs. Armstrong, Claims Receipts Manager, Benefits and Credits Operations, Washington, Tyne and Wear, H.M. Revenue and Customs.\n* Mohammed Aslam, Executive Chef and Managing Director, Aagrah Group Restaurants. For services to the Hospitality Industry.\n* Jean, Mrs. Atkinson, lately Staff Side Chair, UNISON, Mersey Care NHS Trust. For services to the NHS.\n* Barbara May, Mrs. Austin. For services to the community in Lyme Regis, Dorset.\n* Kenneth Edwin Ayers. For services to the City of London Corporation.\n* Gloria, Mrs. Bailey. For services to the community in Lambeth, South London.\n* Joan Debra, Mrs. Bailey. For services to Youth Justice in Luton, Bedfordshire.\n* Sharon Gail, Mrs. Bailey, J.P., Head of Service Learning Disabilities, Birmingham City Council. For services to Local Government.\n* Lilian, Mrs. Baker. For services to Mental Healthcare in the Wirral.\n* Warner James Baker, Special Constable, Hampshire Constabulary. For voluntary service to the Police.\n* Robert Henry Ball. For services to Young People in Exeter, Devon.\n* Susan, Mrs. Banton, Director, Steps Charity Worldwide. For services to People with Skeletal Disabilities.\n* Ramanbhai Barber. For services to the Asian community in Leicester.\n* Grace, Mrs. Barnett. For services to the community in Failsworth, Oldham.\n* [Norman Barrett](/wiki/Norman_Barrett_%28ringmaster%29 \"Norman Barrett (ringmaster)\"), Circus Ringmaster. For services to Entertainment.\n* Derek Anthony Bartley. For services to the Midland Association of Mountaineering and to Rhyl Music Club, Denbighshire.\n* Miss [Luella Dayrell Bartley](/wiki/Luella_Bartley \"Luella Bartley\"), Designer. For services to the Fashion Industry.\n* Patricia, Mrs. Bate. For services to the community in Warrington, Cheshire.\n* Thomas Frederick Beesley. For services to the community in Halewood, Liverpool.\n* Antony Romer Beevor. For voluntary service to Fairbridge youth organisation.\n* Gulrook, Mrs. Begum. For services to Disabled Bangladeshi People in Tower Hamlets, London.\n* Stephen Avery Bell, Managing Director, Davy Roll Company. For services to Business in the North East.\n* Mavis, Mrs. Bent. For voluntary service to Swimming and Water Polo in Greater Manchester.\n* John Alfred Bigny. For services to Edenbridge and District Rail Travellers' Association Kent.\n* Helen, Mrs. Bird. For services to the community in Hastings, East Sussex.\n* Dr. [Charles William Handley Bird](/wiki/William_Bird_%28doctor%29 \"William Bird (doctor)\"), General Medical Practitioner and Strategic Health Adviser to Natural England. For services to Healthcare and to Physical Activity.\n* Arthur Birkby. For services to the community in Runnymede, Surrey.\n* Paul Blakey. For services to Community Safety in Halifax.\n* Alan Blocksidge, Officer, H.M. Prison Manchester, H.M. Prison Service, Ministry of Justice.\n* June, Mrs. Bloom. For services to the community in Treeton, South Yorkshire.\n* Roy Bloom. For services to the community in Treeton, South Yorkshire.\n* Elizabeth Ann, Mrs. Boswell. For services to the community in Sheerness, Kent.\n* John Stephen Morton Bower. For services to the British Veterinary Association Animal Welfare Foundation.\n* Miss Jennifer Boyd, Principal, Enniskillen Nursery School. For services to Education in Northern Ireland.\n* Scott Michael Bradbury. For services to the community in Tamworth, Staffordshire.\n* Barbara Evelyn Turner, Mrs. Braithwaite. For voluntary service to the community in Linlithgow, West Lothian.\n* [Rosa, Mrs. Branson](/wiki/Rosa_Branson \"Rosa Branson\"), Painter. For services to Art and to Charity.\n* Richard Oliver Brantingham, Grade C1, Ministry of Defence.\n* David Keith Bray. For services to the community in Lincolnshire.\n* Valerie, Mrs. Braybrooks, Dean and Associate Professor, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Animal Sciences, University of Lincoln. For services to Education and to the Food Industry.\n* John Frederick Brignall. For services to the community in the East Riding of Yorkshire.\n* Philip Britton, Headmaster, Boys' Division, Bolton School. For services to Physics.\n* Mary Elizabeth, Mrs. Bromley. For charitable services in Oswestry, Shropshire.\n* Robert Patrick Brooks. For voluntary service to the Soldiers', Sailors', Airmen and Families Association in Clwyd.\n* Felicity, Mrs. Brown, Foster Carer, Hampshire. For services to Children and Families.\n* Ms Marie Therese Brown. For services to the Victims of Domestic Violence in Northern Ireland.\n* Norman Henry Parson Brown. For voluntary service to the Royal British Legion in Hampshire.\n* Robert Brown. For services to the community in Lower Bevendean, Brighton.\n* David Buchanan. For voluntary service to the Environment and to Heritage in Northern Ireland.\n* Diana Hill, Mrs. Bucknall. For voluntary service to the community in Dorset.\n* Lieutenant Commander James Frederic Budgen, R.N.R. For voluntary service to the Sea Cadet Corps in Ruislip, London Borough of Hillingdon.\n* Frederick Henry Ernest Buller. For services to Angling.\n* Yvonne, Mrs. Burdge. For services to the Trust for Chernobyl Children.\n* Kenneth Burgin. For voluntary service to the Casualties Union.\n* Richard John Burningham, Manager, Devon and Cornwall Rail Partnership. For services to the Rail Industry in the South West.\n* Dr. Stephen Brian Burns. For services to Healthcare and to the community in Rotherham, South Yorkshire.\n* William Henry Burt. For voluntary service to Education in Bridgend, South Wales.\n* David John Butler, Chairman, British Motorsport Association for the Disabled. For services to Disability Sport.\n* [Jenson Alexander Lyons Button](/wiki/Jenson_Button \"Jenson Button\"). For services to Motorsport.\n* Ian Caddy. For services to the community in Birtley, County Durham.\n* Dr. Timothy Alan Carney, General Medical Practitioner, Hexham and Tynedale, Northumberland. For services to Healthcare.\n* The Reverend Barry Edward Carter. For services to the community in Brockley, South East London.\n* Colin Richard Carter. For services to the Road Haulage Industry and to Charity.\n* Rosalind Ella, Mrs. Carter, EAL Education Adviser, Language Service, London Borough of Hounslow. For services to Education.\n* Dr. Susan Carver, Senior Programme Manager, Arts and Humanities Research Council. For services to the Research Councils.\n* Wing Commander Alan Charles Cassidy RAF (Ret'd). For services to Aerobatics and to Charity.\n* Robin William Castle. For voluntary service to the Royal National Lifeboat Institution, Sheerness, Kent.\n* Judith Evelyn, Mrs. Catterick. For services to Music in Ashwell, Hertfordshire.\n* James Joseph Caulfield. For voluntary service to Disadvantaged People in Kenya.\n* Miss Susan Caulfield, Assistant Director, Immigration Fingerprint Bureau, UK Border Agency, Home Office.\n* Peter Geoffrey Challinor, Curator and Manager, Anson Engine Museum. For services to Industrial Heritage.\n* Harry Chambers. For services to Poetry.\n* Patricia, Mrs. Chapman. For services to Young People and to the community in Ealing, West London.\n* Glendon Austin Chappelle, Project Manager, Global Combat Systems—Munitions, BAE Systems. For services to the Defence Industry and to Industrial Heritage.\n* Deborah Ann, Mrs. Chedgey. For services to Disadvantaged People in Norwich, Norfolk.\n* Rex Chester. For services to Young People through the Explore Charity.\n* Ms [Lauren Child](/wiki/Lauren_Child \"Lauren Child\"), Author and Illustrator. For services to Literature.\n* Stanley Charles Church. For voluntary service to Conservation in Essex.\n* Donna, Mrs. Clark, Assistant Practitioner, Podiatry Service, Sefton Primary Care Trust. For services to Healthcare.\n* Leonard Durbin Clark. For services to Young People in Westminster and to the community in North West London.\n* Peter Mansfield\\-Clark, Director, Crawley Open House. For services to Disadvantaged People in West Sussex.\n* Dr. Janet Ruth Clarke, Chair, Central Committee for Community and Public Health Dentistry, British Dental Association. For services to Healthcare.\n* Susan, Mrs. Clarke. For voluntary service to Disability Swimming in Stockton\\-on\\-Tees.\n* Dr. Peter David Clarkson, Emeritus Associate, Scott Polar Research Institute. For services to Science.\n* Professor Timothy Charles Claypole, Director, Welsh Centre for Printing and Coating, Swansea University. For services to Graphic Arts Research.\n* Barry Clewer. For voluntary service to Birmingham Advisory Council of Older People.\n* [Oliver Charles Collyer](/wiki/Collyer_brothers_%28game_designers%29 \"Collyer brothers (game designers)\"), Co Founder, Sports Interactive. For services to Computer Games Industry.\n* [Paul Edward Collyer](/wiki/Collyer_brothers_%28game_designers%29 \"Collyer brothers (game designers)\"), Co Founder, Sports Interactive. For services to the Computer Game Industry.\n* David Constantine, Co\\-Founder and Executive Officer Motivation. For services to disabled people.\n* Teresa Mary, Mrs. Copp, Higher Executive Officer, Jobcentre Plus, Department for Work and Pensions.\n* David John Couch. For charitable services in Fife.\n* Thelma Selina, Mrs. Couch. For charitable services in Fife.\n* Ms Margaret Joan Coulter. For services to Social Care in Northern Ireland.\n* [The Reverend Dr. Robert James Coulter](/wiki/Robert_Coulter_%28Northern_Ireland_politician%29 \"Robert Coulter (Northern Ireland politician)\"), Member, Northern Ireland Assembly Commission. For public service.\n* David Robert Coulthard, Senior Technician, University of York. For services to Science Communication.\n* Beryl, Mrs. Cox, Administrator, Children and Family Court Advisory and Support Service, York. For services to the Administration of Justice.\n* Theresa, Mrs. Coyle. For voluntary service to the community in Islington, London.\n* Dorothy Dawn, Mrs. Cragg, Medical Tattooist. For services to Healthcare.\n* Heather, Mrs. Crawford. For services to Speech and Language Therapy in Northern Ireland.\n* Arthur Graves Credland. For services to Maritime History.\n* Margaret, Mrs. Crennell, Senior Assistant Headteacher and Head of Learning Support Faculty, Marriotts School, Stevenage. For services to Special Needs Education.\n* Ms Heather Alice Crouch, Chair, Netball South West. For voluntary service to Sport.\n* John Cunningham. For charitable services in County Durham.\n* Gordon Curry. For public service.\n* Leonard James Curtis. For services to the community in Lancashire.\n* Ms Nicola Kim Dale, Chief Inspector, Metropolitan Police Service. For services to the Police.\n* David Dallison. For public service.\n* Ashish Dasgupta, Non\\-Executive Director, Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust. For services to Healthcare.\n* John Kenneth Davies. For charitable services in Rochdale.\n* Patricia Ann, Mrs. Davies. For voluntary service to Young People in Brownhills, Walsall, West Midlands.\n* Sandra Irwin, Mrs. Davies. For services to the community in Craven Arms, Shropshire.\n* Vanessa Marion, Mrs. Davies, Physiotherapist, Artificial Limb and Appliance Centre, Morriston Hospital, Swansea. For services to Healthcare.\n* Barbara Jane, Mrs. Davis. For services to Young People in Buckinghamshire.\n* Ian Davis. For services to the House of Commons.\n* Eric George Dawkins. For services to the community in Penryn and Falmouth, Cornwall.\n* Terence Day, Foster Carer, Bedfordshire. For services to Children and Families.\n* Victoria, Mrs. Day, Foster Carer, Bedfordshire. For services to Children and Families.\n* Ms Ilene Daisy Ming\\-Deans. For services to Clapham Youth Centre, Lambeth, London.\n* Sister Lynda Dearlove. For services to Vulnerable Women.\n* Sarinder Kaur, Mrs. Dev, Constable, South Yorkshire Police. For services to the Police.\n* Achhar Paul Dharni. For services to Business and to the community in Bradford, West Yorkshire.\n* Gwyneth Muriel, Mrs. Dickinson, President, Macular Disease Society. For services to Visually Impaired People.\n* Valerie Anne, Mrs. Dilcock. For services to the North York Moors National Park Authority.\n* Ronald Dodd, Chairman, Training and Development Resource Ltd, Tyneside. For services to Skills.\n* Ian Henry Donaghey. For services to Regeneration in Coleraine, Northern Ireland.\n* Mary Maya, Mrs. Donelan. For services to the community in Hammersmith and Fulham, London.\n* Ms Norah Donnelly. For public service.\n* Jennifer, Mrs. Doolan. Harpist. For services to Music.\n* Muriel Margaret, Mrs. Douglas, Manager, Scottish NHS Central Register, General Register Office for Scotland, Scottish Executive.\n* Dr. Andrew Frank Dove. For services to St. John Ambulance Brigade in Nottinghamshire.\n* Carol Ann, Mrs. Downes, Divisional Officer, Derbyshire Special Constabulary. For voluntary service to the Police.\n* Ray Downey. For charitable services to Sunderland Kidney Patient Group.\n* John Ernest Drake, lately Chief Executive, YMCA Norfolk. For services to Young People.\n* Alan Gordon Drinkall. For services to the community In North Yorkshire.\n* Councillor Elizabeth Ann Ducker, Leader, South Oxfordshire District Council. For services to Local Government.\n* David John Duke, Principal Technician, Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge. For services to Science.\n* Karen, Mrs. Duncan, Senior Executive Officer, Student Finance Policy, Department for Business, Innovation and Skills.\n* William Duncan. For services to Horticulture in Scotland.\n* Miss Elizabeth Dunlop. For services to the Voluntary Sector in Scotland.\n* Terrance Dunne. For voluntary service to St. Andrew's Hospice, Airdrie, Lanarkshire.\n* Elizabeth, Mrs. Dupres. For services to St. Cuthbert's Catholic Primary School, Egham, Surrey.\n* Sheila, Mrs. Eaglefield. For charitable services in Derbyshire.\n* Eric James Eames. For services to the community in Birmingham.\n* Ewan Easton. For voluntary service to H.M. Young Offenders' Institution, Thorn Cross, Warrington, Cheshire.\n* The Reverend Mark Antony Edwards. For services to the Voluntary Sector in the North East.\n* Gillian, Mrs. Elkins. For services to the community in Clacton\\-on\\-Sea, Essex.\n* Miss Susan Ellis, lately Principal Officer, South East Area, National Offender Management Service, Ministry of Justice.\n* Miss Cathryn Ellsmore, Grade C1, Ministry of Defence. Dr. John Richard England. For services to Retail Planning.\n* Eileen, Mrs. Entwistle. For services to Local Government and to the community in Darwen and Blackburn, Lancashire.\n* Geraint Evans. For voluntary service to Education in the Vale of Glamorgan.\n* Sheila, Mrs. Evans, lately Administrative Officer, Jobcentre Plus, Department for Work and Pensions.\n* Thomas Eurfyl Evans, Councillor, Ceredigion County Council. For services to Local Government in West Wales.\n* [Timothy Everest](/wiki/Timothy_Everest \"Timothy Everest\"), Tailor. For services to the Fashion Industry.\n* Margaret, Mrs. Fairbrother, Senior Probation Officer, Sussex Probation Area. For services to the Administration of Justice.\n* Kelly, Mrs. Fairman. For services to the Fire and Rescue Service.\n* Donald Fava, lately Business and Performance Reporting Manager, Finance and Operations Directorate, Department of Health.\n* Janis Elizabeth, Mrs. Feely, Founder and Project Director, Living Room, Stevenage, Hertfordshire. For services to Disadvantaged People.\n* Ms Ann Ferguson. For services to Older People in Scotland.\n* Ms Margaret Hilary Ferriman, Chair, Banbury District Racial Equality Council. For services to Community Relations.\n* Ms Deirdre Figueiredo, Director of Craftspace. For services to the Visual Arts in the West Midlands.\n* Lyndon Filer, Chief Executive, Police Rehabilitation Centre, Goring\\-on\\-Thames. For services to the Police.\n* Michael Peter Findley. For charitable services in Redcar, Cleveland.\n* Dr. Doreen Elizabeth Finneron. For services to Inter\\-Faith Relations.\n* Peggy Rita, Mrs. Finnie. For services to the community in Aberdeen.\n* Peter James Fisher, Policy Adviser, Office of the Judge Advocate\\-General, Ministry of Justice.\n* Ms Honor Wilson\\-Fletcher, lately Director, National Year of Reading. For services to Education.\n* Anthony Fowler. For services to the community in Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire.\n* Dereck Fowles, lately Chairman, Forth Valley and Lomond Local Action Group. For services to Rural Communities in Scotland.\n* Kathleen, Mrs. Fox. For voluntary service to Deeside Community Hospital League of Friends, North Wales.\n* Jennifer Lesley, Mrs. Foxon, Senior Technician, Department of Genetics, University of Leicester. For services to Science.\n* David Victor Freeborn. For services to the Patterdale Mountain Rescue Team in the Lake District.\n* Peter French, Deputy Chairman, London Board of Crimestoppers. For services to the Police.\n* Timothy Enis French. For services to the community in Haywards Heath, West Sussex.\n* Pino Frumiento, Singer and Songwriter, Heart n Soul. For services to Disability Arts.\n* Dr. Ian David Robert Fry, Director, Partnership Pathology, Frimley Park Hospital NHS Trust. For services to Healthcare in the South East.\n* Michael Fuller. For services to the NHS and to the Unite Trade Union in Scotland.\n* Richard Gagan, Grade C1, Ministry of Defence.\n* Irene Lorraine, Mrs. Galloway, lately Caseworker, Customer Operation, Lisburn, H.M. Revenue and Customs.\n* Sarah Elizabeth, Mrs. Gamble. For services to the community in County Antrim.\n* Stuart Mitchell Gay, J.P. For services to the community in Lancashire and Overseas.\n* Mary Helen, Mrs. George, Catering Supervisor, Crossroads Primary School, Keith. For services to Education.\n* Asquith Gibbes. For voluntary service to the Police in South East London.\n* Henry Atherton Derek Gibson. For services to the community in Bridgwater, Somerset.\n* Mary, Mrs. Gibson. For services to Education and to the community in North London.\n* Robert Stewart Gibson, Officer, H.M. Prison Gartree, Leicestershire, H.M. Prison Service, Ministry of Justice.\n* Margaret Helen, Mrs. Gilbert. For services to Older People in County Tyrone.\n* Atma Singh Gill. For services to the community in the North East.\n* Joy, Mrs. Gillies. For voluntary service to the Children's Panel in Scotland.\n* Bernard John Godding. For voluntary service to Adult Learning and the Educational Centres Association.\n* Alan John Godfrey, Publisher of Historic Ordnance Survey Maps. For services to Heritage.\n* Professor [Michael Goodfellow](/wiki/Michael_Goodfellow \"Michael Goodfellow\"), Chairman of Governors, Gosforth High School, Newcastle upon Tyne. For voluntary service to Education.\n* Sheila, Mrs. Gow. For services to Regional Journalism.\n* Ms Agnes Graham. For services to the Soldiers', Sailors', Airmen and Families Association in Western Scotland.\n* Dr. Maria Jadwiga Dlugolecka\\-Graham. For services to Polish\\-Scottish Relations and to Medicine.\n* Robert Oliver David Graham, lately Grade C1, Ministry of Defence.\n* Barbara, Mrs. Grant, Clinical Nurse Manager, NHS Fife. For services to Ophthalmology.\n* [Clemency Anne Rose, Mrs. Gray](/wiki/Rose_Gray \"Rose Gray\"), Co\\-Founder, River Cafe ́. For services to the Hospitality Industry.\n* William Gray. For services to Diversity and to Disability Training in Scotland.\n* Angela Margaret, Mrs. Green. For charitable services Overseas and in Malvern, Worcestershire.\n* Charles Anthony Green. For voluntary service to Industrial Heritage in the Staffordshire Potteries.\n* Susan, Mrs. Greenwood, Specialist Community Public Health Nurse, Cornwall and Isles of Scilly. For services to Healthcare.\n* David Grey, Group Managing Director, OSL Group Holdings Ltd. For services to Business and to Regeneration in Sheffield.\n* Pauline, Mrs. Grice, Chief Executive, South Yorkshire Community Foundation. For services to Flood Relief.\n* Joan, Mrs. Griffiths. For services to People with Learning Disabilities in Scotland.\n* Mary Beatrice, Mrs. Guest. For services to People with Sensory Impairment.\n* Mavis Ann, Mrs. Gunning. For voluntary service to Victims of Sexual Assault.\n* Gordon William Guthrie. For services to Derby County Football Club.\n* Ms Anna\\-Marie Hale (Mrs. Byrne), Matron, Division One Trauma and Orthopaedics, Selly Oak Hospital, Birmingham. For services to Healthcare.\n* Colonel Alan Edmund Hall, T.D., D.L. For services to the community in the London Borough of Redbridge.\n* Iain Murray Halliday. For services to the Arts in Perth.\n* David Halpin. For services to disabled people in the North West.\n* Pauline Jane, Mrs. Handy, Clinical Lead Nurse, Genito\\-Urinary Medicine, Newcastle General Hospital. For services to Healthcare.\n* Frank Hannah, President, Manchester County Football Association. For services to Sport.\n* Ms Belinda Harding, Constable, City of London Police. For services to the Police.\n* Gillian Carol, Mrs. Hardy, Higher Executive Officer, Jobcentre Plus, Department for Work and Pensions.\n* [Terence Harris](/wiki/Jet_Harris \"Jet Harris\"). For services to Music.\n* Ms Karen Harrison, Head, Business Crime Preventions Team, Wakefield Partnership. For services to the Police.\n* Peter Brantford Hartland. For services to the community in Ashton Keynes, Swindon, Wiltshire.\n* Colin Hartley. For services to the community in Halifax, West Yorkshire.\n* Faith Ingrid Evelyn, Mrs. Harvey. For voluntary service to the Royal National Lifeboat Institution, Cheltenham, Gloucestershire.\n* Ms Susan Harvey. For services to Orienteering and to the community in Doune and Deanston, Perth and Kinross.\n* Margaret Lynne, Mrs. Harwood, Executive Officer, Pension, Disability and Carers' Service, Department for Work and Pensions.\n* Margaret Vine, Mrs. Haugh, Adviser for Creative and Expressive Studies, Southern Education and Library Board. For services to Education in Northern Ireland.\n* Jean, Mrs. Hayley. Foster Carer. For services to Children and Families in Northern Ireland.\n* Rodney James Hayley, Foster Carer. For services to Children and Families in Northern Ireland.\n* Lewis Charles Haywood. For services to the Energy Learning Centre, Elliot Durham School, Nottingham.\n* Professor John William Stanley Hearle. For services to Archaeology in Mellor, Stockport, Greater Manchester.\n* Jean, Mrs. Heath. For services to Chadlington Primary School, Oxfordshire.\n* Roberta, Mrs. Heavens. For services to the Tourism Industry.\n* Jean Marion Anne, Mrs. Hedley. For voluntary service to Nature Conservation in Hampshire and the Isle of Wight.\n* Elizabeth Ann, Mrs. Heeley. For voluntary service to Somerset Rural Life Museum.\n* Ms [Anna Hemmings](/wiki/Anna_Hemmings \"Anna Hemmings\"), Canoeist. For services to Sport.\n* John Graham Hemmings, Chairman, Blurton Ladsandads, Stoke\\-on\\-Trent. For services to Grass Roots Football.\n* John Patrick Hennigan, Superintendent, British Transport Police. For services to the Police.\n* Miss Sylvia Jean Herbert, Chaplain, H.M. Prison Leicester. For services to Prisoners.\n* John Coleman Hick, Vice\\-President, British Holiday and Home Parks Association. For services to the Tourist Industry.\n* Major Antony Stanley Hill. For services to Military Heritage in Essex.\n* Lyn Joy, Mrs. Hill, Band 5, Health and Safety Executive, Department for Work and Pensions.\n* Richard Wendle Hill, Branch Manager, Ulster Bank. For services to the Financial Services Industry.\n* Margaret, Mrs. Hillman. For services to Girlguiding Cymru and to the Community of Hope.\n* Christopher Hilton, lately General Manager, Odeon Leicester Square Cinema. For services to the Film Industry.\n* Barry Hitchcock, Director of Sport, University of Surrey. For services to Sport and to Higher Education.\n* Raymond Hodgkinson, Director\\-General, British Healthcare Trades Association. For services to the Healthcare Industry.\n* Linda Mary, Mrs. Hoggarth. For services to disabled people in Suffolk.\n* Ms Jean Florence Holder. For voluntary service to the Women's Library.\n* Miss Rhiannon Sarah Holder. For services to Young People's Healthcare.\n* Valerie Lois, Mrs. Holt. For services to Fisheries Management and to Conservation.\n* Lady Lavinia Caroline Douglas\\-Home, D.L. For voluntary service to the British Red Cross and Macmillan Cancer Support in the Scottish Borders.\n* Michael John Hopper, lately Higher Executive Officer, Jobcentre Plus, Department for Work and Pensions.\n* Douglas Horrill. For voluntary service to Age Concern, New Forest East, Hampshire.\n* Doreen Grace, Mrs. Hosey. For services to the community in Fawley, Southampton.\n* Ms Rebecca Ann Hosking. For services to the Environment in Modbury, Dorset.\n* Donna Maria, Mrs. Hough, Dental Workforce Development Lead for Dental Care Professionals, North Western and Mersey Postgraduate Deaneries. For services to Healthcare.\n* Edward Howes. For services to the community in Prestatyn and Rhyl, Denbighshire.\n* Winifred, Mrs. Howes. For services to the community in Prestatyn and Rhyl, Denbighshire.\n* Ms Sheila Hudson. For services to Disadvantaged Young People in Hartlepool.\n* Joe Human. For services to Oxfam and to Fair Trade in Cumbria.\n* Brenda, Mrs. Hunt. For services to Older People in East Manchester.\n* Carl Peter Hunt, Watch Manager, Humberside Fire and Rescue Service. For services to Local Government.\n* Alderman Edna, Lady Hunter. For services to the community in County Durham.\n* The Reverend Canon Michael Oram Hunter. For services to the Church of England and to the community in Grimsby.\n* Professor John Margarson Huthnance, Deputy Director, Proudman Oceanographic Laboratory. For services to Marine Science.\n* Dr. Thomas George Hyde. For services to the community in Repton, Derbyshire.\n* Brian Ibell, lately Assistant Chief Executive, Derby Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust. For services to Healthcare.\n* Andrew Ingram, Executive Officer, Output Services Group, Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency, Swansea, Department for Transport.\n* Peter David John Ingram. For services to Paper Making Industrial Heritage.\n* James John Jack. For services to Children and Young People at Kibble Education and Care Centre.\n* Mona, Mrs. Jack. For services to the community in Dumfries.\n* Florence, Mrs. Jackson. For voluntary service to Hatton Hill Primary School, Sefton, Merseyside.\n* Valerie, Mrs. Jackson, Founder and Principal, Stage 84\\. For services to the Performing Arts in the North.\n* Valerie Hazel, Mrs. Jackson. For services to the community in Newcastle Emlyn, Carmarthenshire.\n* [John Alexander Jameson](/wiki/John_Jameson_%28cricketer%29 \"John Jameson (cricketer)\"). For services to cricket.\n* Waltraud Anna Luise, Mrs. Jarrold. For services to the community in Norwich.\n* Susan Kay, Mrs. Jay, Area Manager, West Suffolk MIND. For services to Mental Healthcare.\n* Helen Adair, Mrs. Jenkins. For services to the community in Durrington, Wiltshire.\n* Kathleen, Mrs. Jenkins, Senior Case Adviser, Freedom of Information Team, H.M. Treasury.\n* Sidney Johnson. For services to the community in Helston, Cornwall.\n* John Johnstone, Administrative Officer, Child Support Agency, Department for Work and Pensions.\n* Henry Jones, Project Manager, ISIS Second Target Station, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Oxfordshire. For services to Science.\n* Jane Eryl, Mrs. Jones, lately Senior Nurse, Eryri Hospital, Caernarfon. For services to Healthcare for Older People.\n* Penelope, Mrs. Jones, Foster Carer, Surrey. For services to Children and Families.\n* Ronald Jones, Foster Carer, Surrey. For services to Children and Families.\n* Charles Ernest Jukes. For services to the community in Dursley, Gloucestershire.\n* Ms Maureen Kavanagh, Messenger, Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs.\n* Elizabeth, Mrs. Kay, Co\\-Founder and Project Leader, Bolton University of the Third Age. For voluntary service to Adult Education.\n* Bernard John Keay, Chairman, Health and Social Security Recreational Association, Department for Work and Pensions.\n* Virginia Anne Pickering, Mrs. Keen. For services to the community in Wiltshire.\n* Victor Walter Keene. For services to the community in Coventry.\n* William Ernest James Kelley. For voluntary service to the RAF Halton Apprentices' Association.\n* Patricia Alexandra, Mrs. Kelly. Foster Carer, Cornwall. For services to Children and Families.\n* Graham Kennedy. For charitable services to People with [Friedreich's ataxia](/wiki/Friedreich%27s_ataxia \"Friedreich's ataxia\").\n* Miss Linda Margaret Kennedy, Manager, Banqueting House, Whitehall. For services to the Hospitality Industry.\n* Anne, Mrs. Kenyon, Administrative Officer, Pension, Disability and Carers' Service, Department for Work and Pensions.\n* Hilary, Mrs. Kerr. For services to Children and Young People with Special Needs in Warrington, Cheshire.\n* Dr. David John Kerridge, Head of Science, Earth Hazards and Earth Systems Science, British Geological Survey. For services to Geophysics.\n* Ms Imtaz Khaliq, Designer and Master Tailor. For services to the Fashion Industry.\n* Ms Shahda Khan, Principal Community Cohesion Officer, Middlesbrough Council. For services to Local Government and to Diversity.\n* Ms [Catherine Isabel Audrey Kidston](/wiki/Cath_Kidston \"Cath Kidston\"), Founder and Creative Director, Cath Kidston. For services to Business.\n* Patrick Kieran, Senior Design Engineer. For services to Science.\n* Anne Elizabeth, Mrs. King, Director, Building Services Research and Information Association. For services to Industry.\n* Debra Ann, Mrs. King, Chair, Thornhill New Deal for Communities. For services to the community in Southampton, Hampshire.\n* Jacqueline, Mrs. Upton\\-King, Chair, Management Team, SturQuest Community Partnership. For services to the community in Sturminster Newton, Dorset.\n* Brenda Patricia, Mrs. Kirby. For services to the community in Croydon.\n* Ms Marjorie Kirk. For voluntary service to H.M. Prison Nottingham.\n* Elizabeth Ann, Mrs. Kirkwood. For services to the Soldiers', Sailors', Airmen and Families Association in Northern Ireland.\n* Ms Anna Kucewicz (Mrs. Lee\\-Potter). For voluntary service to the Polish Scouting Association, Girl Scouts Division (UK).\n* Paul Lambert, Chairman, Derbyshire Family Association. For services to Maritime Safety.\n* John Lewis George Lamotte. For voluntary service to Animal Welfare in Scotland.\n* Gabriel Lancaster. For services to the community in Medway, Kent.\n* Miss Irene Langlands. For services to Dance in Central Scotland.\n* Huw John Launder, Senior Executive Officer, Pension, Disability and Carers' Service, Department for Work and Pensions.\n* Derek Law, Corporate Director, Adult and Community Services, North Yorkshire County Council. For services to Local Government.\n* Ronald Lawrence. For services to the Police and to the community in Nottinghamshire.\n* Miss Kathleen Lawrenson, Diagnostic Audiologist, St. Helens and Knowsley Hospitals NHS Trust. For services to Healthcare.\n* Sheila Irene, Mrs. Layton, Founder, Contessa Riding Centre, Hertfordshire. For services to Equestrian Sport.\n* Margaret, Mrs. Lee, Chief Executive, Cresco Trust. For services to Social Enterprise in Northern Ireland.\n* Bryan Lewin, lately Head of Trading Standards, Northamptonshire County Council. For services to Consumers and to Business.\n* Miss Judith Anne Lewis. For services to the Environment in the North East.\n* Councillor Leonard Lewis. For services to Local Government and to the community in Caerphilly, South Wales.\n* Neil Lewis. For services to Industrial Heritage and to the community in Blaenavon, Torfaen.\n* David Robin Littlewood. For voluntary service to Athletics.\n* Dr. Stephen Nicholas Liversedge, General Medical Practitioner, Bolton. For services to Healthcare.\n* Wesley Courtney Livingstone, President, Newry Musical and Orchestral Society. For services to Music and to the community in County Down.\n* Mary Constance, Mrs. Lloyd. For services to the community in Rutland.\n* Pauline, Mrs. Lockett. For services to the community of Ackworth, West Yorkshire.\n* Arthur Clifford Lockyear. For services to the community in Sunderland.\n* Ian Douglas Loe, Wildlife Stamp Designer. For services to Art.\n* Jeffrey Long. For voluntary service to the Royal British Legion.\n* Ronald Hedley Longford, Chiropractor and Physiotherapist. For services to Animal Welfare.\n* Carmel, Mrs. Lyddall, Executive Assistant, Local Government and Regional Policy Team, Department of Health.\n* Alexander McKay Lynch. Group Finance Director, David MacBrayne Ltd, Gourock. For services to Transport and Charity in Scotland.\n* Ms Ann MacKay, Policy Adviser, English Community Care Association. For services to Social Care.\n* Professor [Margaret MacLean](/wiki/Margaret_MacLean \"Margaret MacLean\"), Professor of Pulmonary Pharmacology. For services to Science.\n* Geraldine, Mrs. MacPhee, Principal Teacher in Home Economics, Clyde Valley High School. For services to Education and to the community in North Lanarkshire.\n* Sydney Mair. For services to Local Government and to the community in Macduff, Aberdeenshire.\n* Jean Isabella, Mrs. Malkin. For services to Young People in the Cartmel Peninsula, Cumbria.\n* Edna, Mrs. March. For services to the community in Crook, County Durham.\n* Kenneth Marsh, Constable, Metropolitan Police Service. For services to the Police and to Boxing in the London Borough of Haringey.\n* Michael Thomas Martin. For services to the Voluntary Sector in Reading, Berkshire.\n* Stuart Andrew Martin. For services to the community in Ripon, North Yorkshire.\n* William Martin, Chairman, H. and J. Martin Ltd. For services to the Construction Industry in Northern Ireland.\n* Philip Mason. For services to disabled people in Hampshire.\n* Ms Valerie Mason (Mrs. Hendry). For services to the British Heart Foundation.\n* Hilary, Mrs. Massarella. For voluntary service to Disadvantaged Young People in South Yorkshire.\n* George Lewis Mathias. For services to Agriculture.\n* [Catriona, Mrs. Matthew](/wiki/Catriona_Matthew \"Catriona Matthew\"). For services to Golf.\n* Edwin Alexander Maxwell. For services to the New Art Exchange and to the community in Nottingham.\n* Denise Jane, Mrs. May, Director of Sport and Assistant Headteacher, Budehaven Community School, Cornwall. For services to Education.\n* Leslie Holden McAdoo, Chairman, Ballyclare Committee, Macmillan Cancer Support. For charitable services in Northern Ireland.\n* Margaret Mary, Mrs. McCluskie, Manager, Major Investigation Team, Identity and Passport Service, Home Office.\n* William McCrory. For services to Children with Cancer in Northern Ireland.\n* Helen Muir, Mrs. McDonald. For services to the community in Crieff, Perthshire.\n* Ken McElroy. For services to the Tourist Industry in Northern Ireland.\n* Jean, Mrs. McEwen. For services to the community in Norwich.\n* Peter McFall, Janitor, St. Peter 's Primary School, Dumbarton, West Dunbartonshire. For services to Education.\n* Dr. David Douglas Murray McGavin, Ophthalmologist. For services to Eye Care in Developing Countries.\n* Andrew Fraser McKay, Detective Superintendent, Strathclyde Police Force. For services to the Police.\n* Ms Annie McKean, Senior Lecturer in Drama, University of Winchester. For services to Higher Education.\n* Fiona Mary, Mrs. McLean, Grade C2, Ministry of Defence.\n* Terrence McLernon. For services to Table Tennis and to the community in Drumchapel, Glasgow.\n* Ms Melanie Justine McLoughlin. For services to the Devon Community Foundation.\n* Ivan Lewis McMichael. For services to Journalism in Northern Ireland.\n* Dr. Mary Brigeen McNee, General Medical Practitioner, Glasgow. For voluntary service to Cancer Research and to Healthcare in Lourdes.\n* Alexander Ian McNeill, Administration Officer, Customer Operations, Thornaby, Cleveland, H.M. Revenue and Customs.\n* Marian, Mrs. McNeir. For services to the community In Bath.\n* Marjory, Mrs. McQueen. For services to the community In Lockerbie, Dumfries and Galloway.\n* Dr. Noel Henri Joseph Meeke. For voluntary service to Herefordshire Waterworks Museum.\n* David Melrose, Chairman, Scottish Prison Officers' Association, Scottish Executive.\n* Jean, Mrs. Messenger. For services to the After School Club, Bude, Cornwall.\n* Faruk Miah, Programme Manager, Leeds City College. For services to Further Education and to the community in Leeds.\n* Moira Sheelagh, Mrs. Michelmore. For services to the community in Sidmouth, Devon.\n* Elizabeth, Mrs. Milburn, Chair, West Suffolk College Corporation. For services to Further Education and to the community in Suffolk.\n* [Frederick Roy Millar](/wiki/Roy_Millar \"Roy Millar\"), Director of Coaching, Irish Football Association. For services to Youth Football in Northern Ireland.\n* Ian Duncan Millar. For services to Agriculture in Scotland.\n* Patrick Millard. For services to the charity Taxhelp for Older People.\n* Katherine, Mrs. Miller, Administrative Officer, Child Support Agency, Department for Work and Pensions.\n* Marcia Anne, Mrs. Miller. For voluntary service to the British Red Cross Society in Cambridgeshire.\n* Gerald David Mills. For services to School Sport in Nottinghamshire.\n* Laura, Mrs. Mitchell, Consultant Orthodontist and Clinical Lead, St Luke's Hospital Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust. For services to Healthcare.\n* Nasrullah Khan Moghal. For services to Community Relations in Manchester.\n* Michael Monaghan. For charitable services to Ex\\- Service Men and Women.\n* Elizabeth, Mrs. Montgomery. For charitable services in Northern Ireland and Overseas.\n* Roger Ivan Moore. For services to the community in Potters Bar, Hertfordshire.\n* Christopher Morgan, Security Manager, Aberafan Shopping Centre. For services to the community in Neath Port Talbot.\n* Daphne, Mrs. Morgan. For voluntary service to Hertfordshire Constabulary and to Feltham Young Offenders' Institution.\n* John Francis Morgan. For voluntary service to the Royal National Lifeboat Institution, Newcastle, County Down.\n* Alderman Peter James Morgan. For services to the community in Sittingbourne, Kent.\n* Heather Dalton, Mrs. Morris, School Crossing Warden, Sale, Cheshire. For services to Education.\n* Helen Elizabeth, Mrs. Morris. Crown Advocate, Merseyside and Cheshire Group, Crown Prosecution Service.\n* John Harold Morris. For services to the Post Office.\n* Thomas Geraint Morris. For services to the NHS and to the community in Dersingham, Norfolk.\n* Nigel Peter Morse, Grade C1, Ministry of Defence.\n* Keith Hedley Moss, President, Bradford Cricket League and Pudsey St. Lawrence Cricket Club. For voluntary service to Sport.\n* Maureen Anne, Mrs. Muckle, Chair, Batchley First School, Redditch. For services to Education and to the community in North Worcestershire.\n* [Maurice Harrison Murphy](/wiki/Maurice_Murphy_%28musician%29 \"Maurice Murphy (musician)\"). Trumpeter. For services to Music.\n* Janice Elizabeth, Mrs. Naylor. For services to Swimming.\n* Peter David Needham, Grade B2, Ministry of Defence.\n* Terence Charles Nelson, Security Officer, Leeds City College. For services to Further Education.\n* Harold Newman. For services to the community in Mill Hill, London.\n* Gilda, Mrs. Newsham. For voluntary service to the Alzheimer's Society, New Forest, Hampshire.\n* Fionnuala Eileen, Mrs. Newton, Executive Administrative Assistant, Queen's University Belfast. For services to Higher Education.\n* Vicky, Mrs. Norman, Senior Executive Officer, Child Support Agency, Department for Work and Pensions.\n* Sheila Maureen, Mrs. O'Neill. For services to Music in Ackworth, West Yorkshire.\n* Valerie Ann, Mrs. O'Riordan. For services to the community in Berkshire.\n* Barbara, Mrs. Oakes, Manager, High Street Library. For services to Local Government in Bolton.\n* Marjorie Frances, Mrs. Oaten. For voluntary service to People with Eating Disorders.\n* Margaret May, Mrs. Oatey. For services to the community in East Anglia.\n* Stella, Mrs. Okeahialam, Programme Director, Croydon Enterprise. For service to Business.\n* Michael Joseph Rolfe Orbell. For services to the Scouts in Wimbledon and Merton, London.\n* Noel George Ormrod, lately Chairman, Wallasey Arts Council. For services to the Arts in Merseyside.\n* Alexander Orr, Craftsman, Commonwealth War Graves Commission, Scotland.\n* Arnold Jenkin Owen. For services to the community in Blackmill, Bridgend and to Welsh International Brigaders.\n* Margaret Mcalister, Mrs. Owen. For services to the community in Shrewsbury, Shropshire.\n* Ms Margaret Paisley, College Manager, Elmwood College, Residence and Student Union. For services to Further Education in Fife.\n* Margaret Frances Elizabeth, Mrs. Palmer. For public service.\n* Ms Lydia Joy Parbury. For services to People with Special Needs and Disabilities.\n* Dorothy Mary, Mrs. Parker, Community Support Worker, West Wirral Community Mental Health Team. For services to Healthcare.\n* John Bywell Parker. For voluntary service to the Hadrian Trust in the North East.\n* Ann Rosemary, Mrs. Parr, Community Care Development Manager, Age Concern, Woodley. For services to Older People in Berkshire.\n* Rabindara Nath Pathak, Chairman of Governors, Featherstone High School, Ealing, London. For voluntary service to Education.\n* Trevor James Patton, Principal Nursing Officer, Northern Ireland Prison Service.\n* Margaret Elsie, Mrs. Perfect. For voluntary service to the Boys' Brigade in Watford, Hertfordshire.\n* Alderman Fred Perry. For services to the community in Tipton, West Midlands.\n* Joan, Mrs. Phillips. For voluntary service to the Museum of Science and Industry in Manchester.\n* [Roger Phillips](/wiki/Roger_Phillips_%28photographer%29 \"Roger Phillips (photographer)\"). For services to London Garden Squares.\n* [Jean Catherine, Mrs. Pickering](/wiki/Jean_Pickering \"Jean Pickering\"). For services to Athletics and to the Ron Pickering Memorial Fund.\n* Alice Kirsty, Lady Pilkington. For voluntary service to Willowbrook Hospice, St. Helens and Knowsley, Merseyside.\n* Pauline, Mrs. Pilkington, Director, Children's Services, Walsall Council. For services to Local Government.\n* Professor [Robert Michael Pittilo](/wiki/Mike_Pittilo \"Mike Pittilo\"), Principal and Vice\\-Chancellor, Robert Gordon University of Aberdeen. For services to Healthcare.\n* Dr. Jaswant Kaur Jutley\\-Plested, Manager, Sydenham Children's Centre, Bridgwater, Somerset. For services to Children.\n* Peter Pocock. For services to Workplace First Aid Training.\n* Miss Rashmi Amritlal Popat, Executive Officer, Work Welfare and Equality Group, Department for Work and Pensions.\n* Ms Prudence Alexine Regina Porretta. For services to Community Cohesion and to the Tourist Industry in Coventry.\n* Iain David Russell Prain, Vice\\-Principal, Royal Blind School, Craigmillar Park, Edinburgh. For services to Education.\n* [Stephen Prescott](/wiki/Steve_Prescott \"Steve Prescott\"). For services to Rugby League and to Charity.\n* Gres, Mrs. Pritchard, Peripatetic Music Teacher, Ynys Mon. For services to Education.\n* The Reverend Dr. Jean Prosser. For services to Conservation and to the community in Monmouthshire.\n* Isabel, Mrs. Quinliven, Founder, Caring Canines. For services to Older People in Northern Ireland.\n* Brenda, Mrs. Quinn, Service Manager, Recovery Services, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust. For services to Mental Healthcare.\n* Toaha Bashir Zulqarnain Qureshi. For services to Community Relations in Stockwell, South West London.\n* Maureen, Mrs. Raine, Office Manager, English Language Teaching Unit, University of Leicester. For services to Higher Education.\n* Dr. Kathleen Rankin. For voluntary service to the Living Linen Project in Northern Ireland.\n* Mohamad Rashied, President, Caribbean Islamic Cultural Society. For services to Community Relations in London.\n* Robert David Richard Ray. For services to Rugby Union and to Young People in Rugby, Warwickshire.\n* Ms Janet Mary Reed, Senior Social Worker, Defence Medical Rehabilitation Centre, Headley Court, Surrey, Ministry of Defence.\n* Angela Mary, Mrs. Rees, Assistant Head, Debt Management and Banking, H.M. Revenue and Customs.\n* Abdul Rehman. For services to the community in Derby.\n* Miss Marion Reynolds. For services to Vulnerable Children in Northern Ireland.\n* Alan Ribchester. For charitable services in the City of Durham.\n* The Reverend James Manson Richards. For services to Children and Families.\n* George Edmund Richardson, lately Chairman, Calderdale College and Chairman, Association of Colleges, Yorkshire and the Humber Region. For voluntary service to Further Education.\n* Miss Rosalyn Elizabeth Richardson, lately Deputy Director of Health Informatics, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust. For services to the NHS.\n* [Andrew William Ritchie](/wiki/Andrew_Ritchie_%28Brompton%29 \"Andrew Ritchie (Brompton)\"), Technical Director, Brompton Bicycle Ltd. For services to Business and to International Trade.\n* Christopher David Medwyn Roberts. For services to the community in Merseyside.\n* Clarissa Elizabeth, Mrs. Roberts. For services to Older People in Stratford\\-upon\\-Avon, Warwickshire.\n* Jean Sylvia, Mrs. Roberts, Ministerial Messenger, Department for Transport.\n* Peter Adrian Roberts, Chairman, Association of Community Rail Partnerships. For services to Rural Transport.\n* Angus John Robertson, Principal Fellow in Clinical Illustration, Leeds Dental Institute. For services to Healthcare.\n* Matthew Robertson, Sergeant, Ministry of Defence Police.\n* Norman Robertson, lately Curriculum Leader in Hospitality, Ayr College. For services to Further Education.\n* Margaret, Mrs. Robinson. For services to the community in Trimdon, County Durham.\n* The Reverend Father George Edward Robson, Chairman, North Huyton New Deal for Communities Board. For services to the community in Merseyside.\n* Ms Jennifer Van Krieken Robson, Head of Minority Achievement Service, Kent County Council. For services to Education.\n* Sheila Ruth, Mrs. Rodmell. For services to the community in Elvington, Kent.\n* Ms Susan Rogers. For services to Trade Unions.\n* [Ruth Lady Rogers of Riverside](/wiki/Ruth_Rogers \"Ruth Rogers\"), Chef and Co\\-Founder, River Cafe ́. For services to the Hospitality Industry.\n* William Andrew Taylor Roulston. For services to Equestrian Sport in Northern Ireland.\n* Beryl Lillian, Mrs. Rowe. For services to the community in Lilley, Bedfordshire.\n* Dr. Christopher Giles Rowland. For services to the Friends of the Oncology and Radiotherapy Centre, Exeter.\n* John Rowlands, Economics Teacher, John Ruskin Sixth Form College, Croydon, London. For services to Education.\n* Marion, Mrs. Roy, lately Headteacher, Auchenback Primary School, East Renfrewshire. For services to Education.\n* Colonel John Anthony Nutter Read Royle. For services to the Soldiers', Sailors', Airmen and Families Association in Northamptonshire.\n* [Chrissie, Mrs. Rucker](/wiki/Chrissie_Rucker \"Chrissie Rucker\"), Founder and Creative Director, White Company. For services to the Retail Industry.\n* Anthony Michael Hurst Rumsey, Collections Manager, National Monuments Record. For services to Photography.\n* Annette, Mrs. Rushton, lately Matron, Severn Hospice, Shrewsbury. For services to Healthcare.\n* Dr. Andrew Oldrey Russell, lately Chairman, League of Friends, Edenbridge and District War Memorial Hospital. For services to Healthcare.\n* Ezriel Salomon. For services to the community in Gateshead, Tyne and Wear.\n* Ahmed Ali Sasso, Constable, Hampshire Constabulary. For services to the Police.\n* Mary Ann Landsborough, Mrs. Saunders. For services to the Diocese of Oxford and to the Church of England.\n* Ms Susan Saunders, Co\\-Ordinator, Disability Support Network, Home Office.\n* Keith Savage. For voluntary service to the Air Training Corps in Rutland.\n* Lynn, Mrs. Savill. For services to People with Epilepsy in Gravesend, Kent.\n* Ms Cherryl Lynn Sawyer, Business and Development Director, Threshold Housing Link. For services to Homeless People in Swindon, Wiltshire.\n* Callie, Mrs. Saxty, lately Head of Visitor Operations for Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly, English Heritage. For services to Heritage.\n* Nora Gladys Elsie, Mrs. Schneider. For services to the community in Newbury, Berkshire.\n* Robert Sinclair Scott. For voluntary service to the community in County Armagh.\n* The Reverend Christopher John Sears. For services to Disadvantaged People in Hastings, East Sussex.\n* Dr. Claude Doumet Serhal, Special Assistant, British Museum. For services to Archaeology.\n* Thomas Richard Sermon, Chairman, London Youth. For services to Young People.\n* Terence Brian Shead. For services to the community in East Peckham, Kent.\n* Alan William Sherriff. For services to the community in South Yorkshire.\n* Ann, Mrs. Shreeve, Senior Executive Officer, Jobcentre Plus, Department for Work and Pensions.\n* Jasvinder Singh Sidhu. For services to Social Housing.\n* Phillip Edward Sillick, J.P. For services to the community in Gorseinon, Swansea.\n* Benjamin David Simpson, J.P. For services to the community in Oxford.\n* Kathleen, Mrs. Simpson. For services to the community in Moston, Manchester.\n* [Lemn Sissay](/wiki/Lemn_Sissay \"Lemn Sissay\"), Poet and Performer. For services to Literature.\n* John William Skinner, Director of Music, Haberdashers' Aske's Hatcham College, Lewisham, London. For services to Education.\n* Catherine, Mrs. Slow. For services to West Exmoor Federation of Schools, Devon.\n* Alison Mary, Mrs. Smedley. For services to Inland Waterways.\n* Amanda Jane, Mrs. Smith, Executive Assistant, Youth Task Force Strategy, Department for Children, Schools and Families.\n* Dr. Angela Owen\\-Smith. For services to Medicine and to the community in Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire.\n* Miss Charlotte Lilian Smith. For services to the community in Porthyrhyd, Carmarthenshire.\n* Colin Smith, Retained Crew Manager, West Yorkshire Fire and Rescue Service. For services to Local Government.\n* Elizabeth, Mrs. Smith, Vice\\-Chair and Board Member, Colchester Institute. For voluntary service to Further and Higher Education.\n* Ian Graham Smith. For services to the community in Ramsbury, Wiltshire.\n* James Smith. For voluntary service to Youth Football in Glasgow.\n* Eric Snook, Foster Carer, Hampshire. For services to Children and Families.\n* Mary, Mrs. Snook, Foster Carer, Hampshire. For services to Children and Families.\n* Dr. Richard Alfred Sparks, lately Consultant in Genito\\-Urinary Medicine, Cardiff and Vale NHS Trust. For services to Medicine.\n* Councillor Josephine Elizabeth Spencer. For services to the community in Christchurch, Dorset.\n* Dr. Richard Anthony Spencer, Biology Subject Leader, SRC Bede Sixth Form, Billingham, Teesside. For services to Science Communication.\n* Sally Louise, Mrs. Hughes\\-Stanton, Executive Secretary, Prime Minister's Office.\n* Roger Carlton Steele. For services to Young People in Sheffield.\n* Cheryl, Mrs. Stevens, Principal Practitioner, Benefits and Credits, Preston, H.M. Revenue and Customs.\n* Mary, Mrs. Stevens. For services to the community in Swindon, Wiltshire.\n* Edward Craig Stevenson, lately Engineer of Medical Physics, University of Aberdeen. For services to Healthcare and to Charity.\n* Karen, Mrs. Stock, Extended Schools Co\\-ordinator, Shoeburyness and Chair of Governors, Shoeburyness High School, Essex. For services to Education.\n* Rodney Ernest Stoddart. For voluntary service to Mountain Rescue in Tayside.\n* Eric Arthur Stott. For services to the community in the West Midlands.\n* Janet, Mrs. Stoyel. For services to the Textile Industry.\n* Miss Judith Anne Strange, Higher Executive Officer, Jobcentre Plus, Department for Work and Pensions.\n* Councillor Phyllis Zaphne Stretton. For services to the community in Cannock, Staffordshire.\n* Ivy Alberta, Mrs. Sturgeon, Personal Secretary, H.M. Prison Littlehey, Huntingdon, H.M. Prison Service, Ministry of Justice.\n* Rozelle Elizabeth, Mrs. Sutherland. For voluntary service to Victims of Domestic Violence in Jersey.\n* Roderick John Symonds. For services to the community in Reading, Berkshire.\n* Ranjula, Mrs. Takodra. For services to the community in Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire.\n* Gwynneth Mary, Mrs. Tame. For services to Heritage and to the community of Dorchester\\-on\\-Thames in Oxfordshire.\n* Susan, Mrs. Tamlyn. For services to Heritage in Suffolk.\n* Miss [Samantha Claire Taylor](/wiki/Claire_Taylor \"Claire Taylor\"), Cricketer. For services to Sport.\n* James Graham Taylor, Music Director, City of Glasgow Chorus. For services to Music.\n* Josephine May, Mrs. Taylor. For services to the community in Plumpton Green, East Sussex.\n* Mary, Mrs. Thirlwell. For voluntary service to Young People in Lanarkshire.\n* Ms Melanie Anne Thody, Head of Outreach, Imperial College London. For services to Science Communication.\n* Margaret Jean, Mrs. Thomas, J.P., D.L. For services to the community in Bristol.\n* Peter Thomas, lately Project Director Devonport, Interserve plc. For services to the Defence Industry.\n* Jonathan Bryan Thornes. For services to the Voluntary Sector in the East Midlands.\n* Gordon Owen Thornhill. For services to the community in Foston and Scropton, Derbyshire.\n* Angus Tilston. For services to the Historical Film Industry in the North West.\n* Thomas Todd. For services to the community in Northern Ireland.\n* Pamela, Mrs. Towning, Assistant Officer, Customer Contact, Shipley, West Yorkshire, H.M. Revenue and Customs.\n* Maureen Ivy, Mrs. Townley. For charitable services in Southend\\-on\\-Sea, Essex.\n* Van Cuong Truong. For services to the Indo\\-Chinese community in South East London.\n* Evelyn Roberta, Mrs. Turkington. For voluntary service to The Duke of Edinburgh's Award Scheme in Northern Ireland.\n* [Mary Josephine, Mrs. Turner](/wiki/Mary_Turner_%28trade_unionist%29 \"Mary Turner (trade unionist)\"), President, GMB. For services to Trade Unions.\n* [Edward Jonathan Turpie](/wiki/Jonnie_Turpie \"Jonnie Turpie\"), Director, Maverick Television.\n* Dr. Alan Manson Turtle. For voluntary service to the community in Richhill, County Armagh.\n* Miss [Elizabeth Kimberley Tweddle](/wiki/Beth_Tweddle \"Beth Tweddle\"). For services to Gymnastics.\n* John Christopher Tyzack, Chairman of Governors, Enborne Church of England Primary School and Willow Primary School, Newbury, Berkshire. For voluntary service to Education.\n* Wendy Margaret, Mrs. Vaughan. For services to the community in South East Surrey.\n* Ronald Derek Vaulter. For services to the community in South Devon.\n* Christine, Mrs. Ruston\\-Wadsworth, Superintendent, Warwickshire Police. For services to the Police.\n* Julian Wadsworth. For services to Young People in Portsmouth.\n* Janice Irene, Mrs. Walker, Officer, H.M. Prison Wormwood Scrubs, London, H.M. Prison Service, Ministry of Justice.\n* Pamela, Mrs. Walker, Chair of Governors, Cambo First School, Morpeth, Northumberland. For voluntary service to Education.\n* Gillian Karen, Mrs. Walnes (formerly Mrs. Bogush). For services to the Anne Frank Trust UK.\n* Joan Patricia, Mrs. Warwick. For charitable services to Darent Valley Hospital, Dartford, Kent.\n* Amir Waseem, Officer, Customer Contact, Brierley Hill, West Midlands, H.M. Revenue and Customs.\n* Shirley Irene, Mrs. Watson. For services to the Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura Support Association.\n* The Reverend Canon Michael John Wedgeworth, lately Chairman of Governors, Blackburn College. For voluntary service to Further Education and to the communityin Lancashire.\n* Michael Edwin Weeding, Senior Officer, Customs and International, London, H.M. Revenue and Customs.\n* James Weir, Lecturer, Forth Valley College. For services to Further Education in Clackmannanshire.\n* David Anthony Westcott, J.P. For services to the community in Essex.\n* Audrey, Mrs. Wheeler. For voluntary service to Oxfam in St. Albans, Hertfordshire.\n* Norman Edward Whereat. For services to the community in Cirencester, Gloucestershire.\n* Hilary John White, Chairman of Governors, Willingdon Community School, Eastbourne, East Sussex. For voluntary service to Education.\n* John Samuel Byard White, J.P., D.L. For services to the community in Somerset.\n* Nicholas Stephen Whitehouse. For services to the Building Industry.\n* David Widdowson. For services to Young People with Learning Disabilities in Chesterfield, Derbyshire.\n* Alan Bertram Wiggins. For services to the community in Clacton\\-on\\-Sea, Essex.\n* Philip Julian Wilde. For voluntary service to Young People in Lytham St Anne's, Lancashire.\n* Dr. Henry Austin Will. For voluntary service to Ford Park Cemetery Trust in Plymouth, Devon.\n* Doreen, Mrs. Willcocks. For services to Netball and to the community in Pinehurst, Swindon, Wiltshire.\n* Paul Willgoss, Band 3, Chief Scientists' Advisory Group and Chairman, Disability Network, Health and Safety Executive, Department for Work and Pensions.\n* Christopher Mark Williams, Director, Heart n Soul. For services to Disability Arts.\n* David Michael Williams. For services to the community in Flintshire.\n* Gwilym Alun Williams. For services to Sport for Young People in Wales.\n* Professor Robert Joseph Paton Williams. For services to the community in North Oxford.\n* Gerald Willmott, Constable, Metropolitan Police Service. For services to the Police and to Boxing in the London Borough of Haringey.\n* Albert Leslie Wills, Q.F.S.M. For services to the community in the West Midlands.\n* Patrick Andrew John Wilson, Grade C1, Ministry of Defence.\n* Sydney Wiltshire. For services to the community in Petersfield, Hampshire.\n* Andrew Nicholas Wood, Manager and Head Coach, Ipswich Gymnastics Centre. For services to Sport.\n* Maureen, Mrs. Woodcock, lately Non\\-Executive Director, Walsall Hospitals NHS Trust. For services to Healthcare.\n* Agnes Brown Marchbank, Mrs. Wright. For voluntary service to the Royal National Lifeboat Institution, Stewartry of Kirkcudbright.\n* Clare Margaret, Mrs. Wright, Personal Assistant, Warwickshire College. For services to Further Education.\n* Richard Kelsey Wright, Chief Executive Officer, Intertius Ltd. For services to the Manufacturing Industry.\n* Beryl Joan, Mrs. Wyatt, Gardening Assistant, Writtle College, Chelmsford. For services to Higher Education.\n* Claire Judith, Mrs. Wylot, Grade C1, Ministry of Defence.\n* Councillor Yogan Mylvaganam Yoganathan. For services to Local Government and to Community Relations in North Surrey.\n* Jeannie, Mrs. Young, For voluntary service to St. Richard's Hospice, Worcester.\n* Pauline Margaret, Mrs. Young. For voluntary service to disabled people in Wales.\n* Mavis, Mrs. Yuill, Classroom Assistant, Kilmartin Primary School, Argyll and Bute. For services to Education.", "Diplomatic and Overseas List\n* [Christopher Barr](/wiki/Christopher_Barr \"Christopher Barr\") – First Secretary, Foreign and Commonwealth Office.\n* [Paul William Bellamy](/wiki/Paul_William_Bellamy \"Paul William Bellamy\") – lately Entrance Clearance Manager, British Embassy, Iran.\n* [Steve Chandler](/wiki/Steve_Chandler \"Steve Chandler\") – lately Third Secretary, Counter\\-Narcotics, UK Provincial Reconstruction Team, Lashkar Gah.\n* [Jeanette Anne Coogan](/wiki/Jeanette_Coogan \"Jeanette Coogan\") – Manager, British Council English Training Centre, Al Azhar University in Cairo. For services to UK\\-Egypt intercultural relations.\n* [Rossalyn Demelza Crotty](/wiki/Rossalyn_Crotty \"Rossalyn Crotty\") – Vice\\-Consul/Deputy Head, British Consulate, Málaga, Spain.\n* [Dr. Margaret Cumberland](/wiki/Margaret_Cumberland \"Margaret Cumberland\") – Co\\-ordinator, Community Health. For services to community health care in Mozambique.\n* [Elyse Anne Dodgson](/wiki/Elyse_Dodgson \"Elyse Dodgson\") – Head, International Department, Royal Court Theatre, London. For services to international theatre, and to young writers overseas.\n* [Dr. Alexander Charles Weeks Duncan](/wiki/Alexander_Charles_Weeks_Duncan \"Alexander Charles Weeks Duncan\") – Health worker. For services to primary health care in north Afghanistan.\n* [Eleanor Frances Duncan](/wiki/Eleanor_Duncan \"Eleanor Duncan\") – Health worker. For services to primary health care in north Afghanistan.\n* [Michael Feeney](/wiki/Michael_Feeney%2C_MBE \"Michael Feeney, MBE\") – Founder, County Mayo Peace Park. For services to UK\\-Ireland relations.\n* [Anne Ferguson](/wiki/Anne_Ferguson_OBE \"Anne Ferguson OBE\") For services to older people in Scotland\n* [Judith Anne Ferris](/wiki/Judith_Ferris \"Judith Ferris\") – lately President, Age Concern, Costa Blanca. For services to the British elderly community in Alicante, Spain.\n* [Wendi Nixon Fiedler](/wiki/Wendi_Fiedler \"Wendi Fiedler\") – Founder and Manager, Panatel Production Company. For services to heritage conservation in Bermuda.\n* [Norman Keith Goodall](/wiki/Norman_Goodall \"Norman Goodall\") – For charitable activities and services to the community in Tenerife, Spain.\n* [Nicholas John Hancocks](/wiki/Nicholas_Hancocks \"Nicholas Hancocks\") – First Secretary, Foreign and Commonwealth Office.\n* [Peter Anthony Hibbard](/wiki/Peter_Hibbard \"Peter Hibbard\") – President, Royal Asiatic Society. For services to heritage conservation in Shanghai, China.\n* [Garry Horlacher](/wiki/Garry_Horlacher \"Garry Horlacher\") – Security Co\\-ordinator and Adviser to the Government of Sierra Leone. For services to international policing, and promoting democracy in Sierra Leone.\n* [Victor Malvern Jackopson](/wiki/Victor_Jackopson \"Victor Jackopson\") – Founder and Head, Hope Now. For charitable activities, and services to orphans and other young people in Cherkassy, Ukraine.\n* [Renee Jacqueline Jordan](/wiki/Renee_Jordan \"Renee Jordan\") – Head of Registry, British Embassy Office, Basra.\n* [Mairwen Karydis](/wiki/Mairwen_Karydis \"Mairwen Karydis\") – British Consular Correspondent, Lesvos. For services to consular work in Greece.\n* [Nigel Jeffery Randle Kay](/wiki/Nigel_Kay \"Nigel Kay\") – Founder and Head, Homes in Zimbabwe. For services to the elderly in Zimbabwe.\n* [Christopher Kealey](/wiki/Christopher_Kealey \"Christopher Kealey\") – lately First Secretary Political, British Embassy, Afghanistan.\n* [Paul Lawrence](/wiki/Paul_David_Lawrence \"Paul David Lawrence\") – lately British Vice Consul, Thailand.\n* [Cynthia Albrecht\\-Lelliott](/wiki/Cynthia_Albrecht-Lelliott \"Cynthia Albrecht-Lelliott\") – Honorary Vice\\-President, British Ladies Club. For services to the British community in Luxembourg and UK\\-Luxembourg relations.\n* [Dr. Raymond George\\-MacKay](/wiki/Raymond_George-MacKay \"Raymond George-MacKay\") – Educational Consultant. For services to English teaching, especially in West Bengal, India.\n* Bryan Andrew Morgan – Second Secretary, Foreign and Commonwealth Office.\n* [Hazel Jane Nelder](/wiki/Hazel_Nelder \"Hazel Nelder\") – First Secretary, Foreign and Commonwealth Office.\n* [Anthony John Nott](/wiki/Anthony_Nott \"Anthony Nott\") – UK Policing Adviser, Office of the United States Co\\-ordinator, Palestine. For services to international policing, more recently in Iraq and Palestine.\n* [Jean Catherine Pickering](/wiki/Jean_Desforges \"Jean Desforges\") – For services to athletics and to the Ron Pickering Memorial Fund.\n* [Stephen Peter John Schembri](/wiki/Stephen_Schembri \"Stephen Schembri\") – First Secretary, Foreign and Commonwealth Office.\n* [Joanna Wright\\-Serra](/wiki/Joanna_Wright-Serra \"Joanna Wright-Serra\") – Founding member, JUCONI (Juntos con los Ninos—Together with Children). For services to street children and other charitable activities in Mexico.\n* [Keith Shonfeld](/wiki/Keith_Nigel_Shonfeld \"Keith Nigel Shonfeld\") – Cemetery Administrator, British Cemetery Committee – For services to the British community in Cyprus.\n* [Dr. Malcolm Swann](/wiki/Malcolm_Swann \"Malcolm Swann\") – Medical Director, [Beit Cure International Hospital](/wiki/CURE_International \"CURE International\"), Lusaka. For medical services in Zambia.\n* [Peter Dyce Tear](/wiki/Peter_Tear \"Peter Tear\") – Executive Producer, 59E59 Theatres in New York. For services to UK/USA cultural relations.\n* [David Richard Vaughan Thomas](/wiki/David_Richard_Vaughan_Thomas \"David Richard Vaughan Thomas\") – Chairman, British\\-Polish Chamber of Commerce. For services to British business interests and charitable activities in Poland.\n* [Iwona Thomas](/wiki/Iwona_Thomas \"Iwona Thomas\") – Founder and Manager, The British School, Warsaw. For services to education.\n* [Sally Thompson](/wiki/Sally_Thompson \"Sally Thompson\") – Deputy Executive Director, Thailand\\-Burma Border Consortium. For services to Burmese refugees in Thailand.\n* [Kedell Melody Worboys](/wiki/Kedell_Worboys \"Kedell Worboys\") – St. Helena Government Representative in the UK. For services to St. Helena." ]
Stratigraphy ------------ Since 1935, the Westphalian has been split into four substages, from oldest to youngest: Langsettian (Westphalian A), Duckmantian (Westphalian B), Bolsovian (Westphalian C), and "Asturian" (Westphalian D). These substages are defined by [guide fossils, or "index fossils](/wiki/Index_fossils "Index fossils")," particularly [plant macrofossils](/wiki/Macrofossil "Macrofossil"), [miospores](/wiki/Miospore "Miospore"), and [ammonoids](/wiki/Ammonoidea "Ammonoidea").{{Citation \\|last\=Waters \\|first\=C.N. \\|title\=Definitions of chronostratigraphic subdivisions: geochronology and event stratigraphy \\|date\=2011\-07\-13 \\|url\=https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/1774/chapter/107660806 \\|work\=A Revised Correlation of Carboniferous Rocks in the British Isles \\|pages\=3–10 \\|editor\-last\=Waters \\|editor\-first\=C.N. \\|access\-date\=2023\-10\-09 \\|edition\=First \\|publisher\=The Geological Society of London \\|language\=en \\|doi\=10\.1144/sr26\.2 \\|isbn\=978\-1\-86239\-694\-4 \\|editor2\-last\=Somerville \\|editor2\-first\=I.D. \\|editor3\-last\=Jones \\|editor3\-first\=N.S. \\|editor4\-last\=Cleal \\|editor4\-first\=C.J.}}{{Citation \\|last1\=Waters \\|first1\=C.N. \\|title\=Biostratigraphy \\|date\=2011\-07\-13 \\|url\=https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/1774/chapter/107660861 \\|work\=A Revised Correlation of Carboniferous Rocks in the British Isles \\|pages\=11–22 \\|editor\-last\=Waters \\|editor\-first\=C.N. \\|access\-date\=2023\-10\-09 \\|edition\=First \\|publisher\=The Geological Society of London \\|language\=en \\|doi\=10\.1144/sr26\.3 \\|isbn\=978\-1\-86239\-694\-4 \\|last2\=Somerville \\|first2\=I.D. \\|last3\=Stephenson \\|first3\=M.H. \\|last4\=Cleal \\|first4\=C.J. \\|last5\=Long \\|first5\=S.L. \\|editor2\-last\=Somerville \\|editor2\-first\=I.D. \\|editor3\-last\=Jones \\|editor3\-first\=N.S. \\|editor4\-last\=Cleal \\|editor4\-first\=C.J.}}{{Citation \\|last1\=Aretz \\|first1\=M. \\|title\=The Carboniferous Period \\|date\=2020 \\|url\=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/B9780128243602000231 \\|work\=Geologic Time Scale 2020 \\|pages\=811–874 \\|access\-date\=2023\-10\-09 \\|publisher\=Elsevier \\|language\=en \\|doi\=10\.1016/b978\-0\-12\-824360\-2\.00023\-1 \\|isbn\=978\-0\-12\-824360\-2 \\|last2\=Herbig \\|first2\=H.G. \\|last3\=Wang \\|first3\=X.D. \\|last4\=Gradstein \\|first4\=F.M. \\|last5\=Agterberg \\|first5\=F.P. \\|last6\=Ogg \\|first6\=J.G.}} The Westphalian exhibits distinctive changes in plant diversity, and many plant macrofossil [assemblage zones](/wiki/Assemblage_Zone "Assemblage Zone") have been defined across an area encompassing Europe, [Turkey](/wiki/Turkey "Turkey"), and the [Maritime Provinces](/wiki/The_Maritimes "The Maritimes") of Canada.{{Cite journal \\|last1\=Opluštil \\|first1\=Stanislav \\|last2\=Cleal \\|first2\=Christopher J. \\|last3\=Wang \\|first3\=Jun \\|last4\=Wan \\|first4\=Mingli \\|date\=2022 \\|title\=Carboniferous macrofloral biostratigraphy: an overview \\|url\=https://www.lyellcollection.org/doi/10\.1144/SP512\-2020\-97 \\|journal\=Geological Society, London, Special Publications \\|language\=en \\|volume\=512 \\|issue\=1 \\|pages\=813–863 \\|doi\=10\.1144/SP512\-2020\-97 \\|bibcode\=2022GSLSP.512\..813O \\|issn\=0305\-8719}} ### Langsettian The Langsettian, previously known as Westphalian A, is named after the village of [Langsett](/wiki/Langsett "Langsett") in [South Yorkshire](/wiki/South_Yorkshire "South Yorkshire"), England. It marks the base of the Westphalian regional stage, as defined by the ammonoid [Gastrioceras subcrenatum](/wiki/Gastrioceras "Gastrioceras"). The base of the Langsettian (and the Westphalian as a whole) has been dated to around 319\.9{{Cite journal \\|last1\=Pointon \\|first1\=Michael A. \\|last2\=Chew \\|first2\=David M. \\|last3\=Ovtcharova \\|first3\=Maria \\|last4\=Sevastopulo \\|first4\=George D. \\|last5\=Crowley \\|first5\=Quentin G. \\|date\=2012 \\|title\=New high\-precision U–Pb dates from western European Carboniferous tuffs; implications for time scale calibration, the periodicity of late Carboniferous cycles and stratigraphical correlation \\|url\=https://www.lyellcollection.org/doi/10\.1144/jgs2011\-092 \\|journal\=Journal of the Geological Society \\|language\=en \\|volume\=169 \\|issue\=6 \\|pages\=713–721 \\|doi\=10\.1144/jgs2011\-092 \\|bibcode\=2012JGSoc.169\..713P \\|issn\=0016\-7649\\|hdl\=2262/79149 \\|hdl\-access\=free }} or 319\.2 Ma. The Langsettian corresponds to the [Calymmotheca ("Lyginopteris") hoeninghausii](/wiki/Calymmotheca "Calymmotheca") assemblage zone. Many widespread plant species first appear near the base of the Langsettian, indicating a spike of diversification in tropical [coal swamp](/wiki/Coal_forest "Coal forest") habitats.{{Cite journal \\|last1\=Molina\-Solís \\|first1\=Azucena \\|last2\=Cleal \\|first2\=Christopher J. \\|last3\=Capel \\|first3\=Eliott \\|last4\=Cascales\-Miñana \\|first4\=Borja \\|date\=2023 \\|title\=Vegetation dynamics in the Early–Middle Pennsylvanian coal swamps of the Nord\-Pas\-de\-Calais Coalfield, France \\|url\=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1871174X2300046X \\|journal\=Palaeoworld \\|volume\=33 \\|issue\=2 \\|pages\=328–340 \\|language\=en \\|doi\=10\.1016/j.palwor.2023\.04\.005}} Plant diversity steadily increases through the entire Langsettian, though this may be a result of ecological factors such as the receding coastline. ### Duckmantian The Duckmantian, previously known as Westphalian B, is named after the village of [Duckmanton](/wiki/Duckmanton "Duckmanton") in [Derbyshire](/wiki/Derbyshire "Derbyshire"), England. The base of the Duckmantian is defined by the ammonoid [Anthracoceratites vaderbeckei](/wiki/Anthracoceratites "Anthracoceratites"). The boundary between the global Bashkirian and Moscovian stages (\~315\.2 Ma) corresponds to the mid\-late part of the Duckmantian. The lower\-middle part of the Duckmantian corresponds to the [Lonchopteris rugosa](/wiki/Lonchopteris "Lonchopteris") Assemblage\-zone, the most diverse plant biozone in the Carboniferous coalfields of Europe. The rising diversity trend of the Langsettian continues into this biozone, with few notable changes in species composition. In the majority of European coalfields, plant diversity reached a plateau around halfway through the Duckmantian. Coal swamps became increasingly unstable in the [Paripteris linguaefolia](/wiki/Paripteris_linguaefolia "Paripteris linguaefolia") assemblage zone, which begins in the upper part of the Duckmantian. ### Bolsovian The Bolsovian, previously known as Westphalian C, is named after the town of [Bolsover](/wiki/Bolsover "Bolsover") in Derbyshire. The base of the Bolsovian is defined by the ammonoid [Donetzoceras aegiranum](/wiki/Donetzoceras "Donetzoceras"), and has an estimated age of around 313\.8 or 313\.7{{Cite journal \\|last1\=Opluštil \\|first1\=Stanislav \\|last2\=Schmitz \\|first2\=Mark \\|last3\=Cleal \\|first3\=Christopher J. \\|last4\=Martínek \\|first4\=Karel \\|date\=2016 \\|title\=A review of the Middle–Late Pennsylvanian west European regional substages and floral biozones, and their correlation to the Geological Time Scale based on new U–Pb ages \\|url\=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0012825216300046 \\|journal\=Earth\-Science Reviews \\|language\=en \\|volume\=154 \\|pages\=301–335 \\|doi\=10\.1016/j.earscirev.2016\.01\.004\\|bibcode\=2016ESRv..154\..301O }} Ma. The Paripteris linguaefolia assemblage zone continues into the Bolsovian, and a decline in plant diversity is apparent across the entirety of Europe. In a few coalfields, such as the [Nord\-Pas\-des\-Calais basin](/wiki/Nord-Pas_de_Calais_Mining_Basin "Nord-Pas de Calais Mining Basin") of northern France, the decline is delayed until the mid\-Bolsovian, while in other areas it may begin as early as the late Duckmantian. The overall downward diversity trend is slight, but several notable [lycopsid](/wiki/Lycopsid "Lycopsid") and [sphenopsid](/wiki/Equisetidae "Equisetidae") species disappear from European coal swamps at this time. ### Westphalian D Westphalian D is often referred to as the Asturian, named after the [Asturias](/wiki/Asturias "Asturias") region of northwest [Spain](/wiki/Spain "Spain").{{Cite journal \\|last1\=Wagner \\|first1\=R.H. \\|last2\=Sánchez de Posada \\|first2\=L.C. \\|last3\=Martínez Chacón \\|first3\=M.L. \\|last4\=Fernández \\|first4\=L.P. \\|last5\=Villa \\|first5\=E. \\|last6\=Winkler Prins \\|first6\=C.F. \\|date\=2002 \\|title\=The Asturian Stage: a preliminary proposal for the definition of a substitute for Westphalian D \\|journal\=Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists, Memoir \\|volume\=19 \\|pages\=832–850}} In most of Europe, Westphalian D is distinguished by plant fossils. Asturias is one of the few European regions with enough late Westphalian marine fossils to allow for precise correlations with other marine strata. The proposal to fully implement the name "Asturian" has yet to be ratified, as some stratigraphic difficulties in Spain are not fully resolved.{{Cite journal \\|last1\=Knight \\|first1\=John A. \\|last2\=Cleal \\|first2\=Christopher J. \\|last3\=Álvarez\-Vázquez \\|first3\=Carmen \\|date\=2023\-06\-14 \\|title\=The challenge of relating the Kasimovian to west European chronostratigraphy: a critical review of the Cantabrian and Barruelian substages of the Stephanian Stage \\|journal\=Geological Society, London, Special Publications \\|language\=en \\|volume\=535 \\|issue\=1 \\|pages\=31–71 \\|doi\=10\.1144/SP535\-2022\-189 \\|issn\=0305\-8719\\|doi\-access\=free \\|bibcode\=2023GSLSP.535\..189K }} The lower part of the Asturian belongs to the [Linopteris obliqua](/wiki/Linopteris "Linopteris") assemblage zone (sometimes termed the [Linopteris bunburii](/wiki/Linopteris "Linopteris") zone). This biozone is notably lower in diversity than previous Westphalian biozones. Plant fossils are still common over much of Europe, with [Neuropteris ovata](/wiki/Neuropteris "Neuropteris") as a particularly abundant species. An important ecological turnover occurs about halfway through the Asturian (\~309 Ma), with the arrival of the [Crenulopteris acadica](/wiki/Crenulopteris "Crenulopteris") assemblage zone{{Cite journal \\|last1\=Wittry \\|first1\=Jack \\|last2\=Glasspool \\|first2\=Ian J. \\|last3\=Béthoux \\|first3\=Olivier \\|last4\=Koll \\|first4\=Rebecca \\|last5\=Cleal \\|first5\=Christopher J. \\|date\=2015\-08\-03 \\|title\=A revision of the Pennsylvanian marattialean fern Lobatopteris vestita auct . and related species \\|url\=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10\.1080/14772019\.2014\.936915 \\|journal\=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology \\|language\=en \\|volume\=13 \\|issue\=8 \\|pages\=615–643 \\|doi\=10\.1080/14772019\.2014\.936915 \\|bibcode\=2015JSPal..13\..615W \\|issn\=1477\-2019}} (previously known as the [Lobatopteris vestita](/wiki/Lobatopteris "Lobatopteris") zone). Lycopsid fossils become very rare, while [marattialean](/wiki/Marattiaceae "Marattiaceae") ferns become abundant in coal swamp deposits. Many European coalfields were positioned in a [foreland basin](/wiki/Foreland_basin "Foreland basin") north of the [Variscan orogeny](/wiki/Variscan_orogeny "Variscan orogeny"). As mountain\-building continued, uplift accelerated in the basin, endangering the survival of coal swamp environments. Plant fossils (and coal deposits as a whole) are uncommon in the following "Cantabrian" substage of the Stephanian Stage. The end of the Asturian is a topic of strong debate; most estimates place the Westphalian\-Stephanian boundary before the start of the Kasimovian global stage (\~307 Ma), whereas a few place the boundary within the Kasimovian. U\-Pb radiometric dating of [tonstein](/wiki/Tonstein "Tonstein") beds in Spain estimate that the Asturian lasted from 310\.7 to 307\.5 Ma, ending just prior to the Kasimovian.	[ "Stratigraphy\n------------", "Since 1935, the Westphalian has been split into four substages, from oldest to youngest: Langsettian (Westphalian A), Duckmantian (Westphalian B), Bolsovian (Westphalian C), and \"Asturian\" (Westphalian D). These substages are defined by [guide fossils, or \"index fossils](/wiki/Index_fossils \"Index fossils\"),\" particularly [plant macrofossils](/wiki/Macrofossil \"Macrofossil\"), [miospores](/wiki/Miospore \"Miospore\"), and [ammonoids](/wiki/Ammonoidea \"Ammonoidea\").{{Citation \\\|last\\=Waters \\\|first\\=C.N. \\\|title\\=Definitions of chronostratigraphic subdivisions: geochronology and event stratigraphy \\\|date\\=2011\\-07\\-13 \\\|url\\=https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/1774/chapter/107660806 \\\|work\\=A Revised Correlation of Carboniferous Rocks in the British Isles \\\|pages\\=3–10 \\\|editor\\-last\\=Waters \\\|editor\\-first\\=C.N. \\\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-10\\-09 \\\|edition\\=First \\\|publisher\\=The Geological Society of London \\\|language\\=en \\\|doi\\=10\\.1144/sr26\\.2 \\\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-86239\\-694\\-4 \\\|editor2\\-last\\=Somerville \\\|editor2\\-first\\=I.D. \\\|editor3\\-last\\=Jones \\\|editor3\\-first\\=N.S. \\\|editor4\\-last\\=Cleal \\\|editor4\\-first\\=C.J.}}{{Citation \\\|last1\\=Waters \\\|first1\\=C.N. \\\|title\\=Biostratigraphy \\\|date\\=2011\\-07\\-13 \\\|url\\=https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/1774/chapter/107660861 \\\|work\\=A Revised Correlation of Carboniferous Rocks in the British Isles \\\|pages\\=11–22 \\\|editor\\-last\\=Waters \\\|editor\\-first\\=C.N. \\\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-10\\-09 \\\|edition\\=First \\\|publisher\\=The Geological Society of London \\\|language\\=en \\\|doi\\=10\\.1144/sr26\\.3 \\\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-86239\\-694\\-4 \\\|last2\\=Somerville \\\|first2\\=I.D. \\\|last3\\=Stephenson \\\|first3\\=M.H. \\\|last4\\=Cleal \\\|first4\\=C.J. \\\|last5\\=Long \\\|first5\\=S.L. \\\|editor2\\-last\\=Somerville \\\|editor2\\-first\\=I.D. \\\|editor3\\-last\\=Jones \\\|editor3\\-first\\=N.S. \\\|editor4\\-last\\=Cleal \\\|editor4\\-first\\=C.J.}}{{Citation \\\|last1\\=Aretz \\\|first1\\=M. \\\|title\\=The Carboniferous Period \\\|date\\=2020 \\\|url\\=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/B9780128243602000231 \\\|work\\=Geologic Time Scale 2020 \\\|pages\\=811–874 \\\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-10\\-09 \\\|publisher\\=Elsevier \\\|language\\=en \\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/b978\\-0\\-12\\-824360\\-2\\.00023\\-1 \\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-12\\-824360\\-2 \\\|last2\\=Herbig \\\|first2\\=H.G. \\\|last3\\=Wang \\\|first3\\=X.D. \\\|last4\\=Gradstein \\\|first4\\=F.M. \\\|last5\\=Agterberg \\\|first5\\=F.P. \\\|last6\\=Ogg \\\|first6\\=J.G.}} The Westphalian exhibits distinctive changes in plant diversity, and many plant macrofossil [assemblage zones](/wiki/Assemblage_Zone \"Assemblage Zone\") have been defined across an area encompassing Europe, [Turkey](/wiki/Turkey \"Turkey\"), and the [Maritime Provinces](/wiki/The_Maritimes \"The Maritimes\") of Canada.{{Cite journal \\\|last1\\=Opluštil \\\|first1\\=Stanislav \\\|last2\\=Cleal \\\|first2\\=Christopher J. \\\|last3\\=Wang \\\|first3\\=Jun \\\|last4\\=Wan \\\|first4\\=Mingli \\\|date\\=2022 \\\|title\\=Carboniferous macrofloral biostratigraphy: an overview \\\|url\\=https://www.lyellcollection.org/doi/10\\.1144/SP512\\-2020\\-97 \\\|journal\\=Geological Society, London, Special Publications \\\|language\\=en \\\|volume\\=512 \\\|issue\\=1 \\\|pages\\=813–863 \\\|doi\\=10\\.1144/SP512\\-2020\\-97 \\\|bibcode\\=2022GSLSP.512\\..813O \\\|issn\\=0305\\-8719}}", "### Langsettian", "The Langsettian, previously known as Westphalian A, is named after the village of [Langsett](/wiki/Langsett \"Langsett\") in [South Yorkshire](/wiki/South_Yorkshire \"South Yorkshire\"), England. It marks the base of the Westphalian regional stage, as defined by the ammonoid [Gastrioceras subcrenatum](/wiki/Gastrioceras \"Gastrioceras\"). The base of the Langsettian (and the Westphalian as a whole) has been dated to around 319\\.9{{Cite journal \\\|last1\\=Pointon \\\|first1\\=Michael A. \\\|last2\\=Chew \\\|first2\\=David M. \\\|last3\\=Ovtcharova \\\|first3\\=Maria \\\|last4\\=Sevastopulo \\\|first4\\=George D. \\\|last5\\=Crowley \\\|first5\\=Quentin G. \\\|date\\=2012 \\\|title\\=New high\\-precision U–Pb dates from western European Carboniferous tuffs; implications for time scale calibration, the periodicity of late Carboniferous cycles and stratigraphical correlation \\\|url\\=https://www.lyellcollection.org/doi/10\\.1144/jgs2011\\-092 \\\|journal\\=Journal of the Geological Society \\\|language\\=en \\\|volume\\=169 \\\|issue\\=6 \\\|pages\\=713–721 \\\|doi\\=10\\.1144/jgs2011\\-092 \\\|bibcode\\=2012JGSoc.169\\..713P \\\|issn\\=0016\\-7649\\\|hdl\\=2262/79149 \\\|hdl\\-access\\=free }} or 319\\.2 Ma.", "The Langsettian corresponds to the [Calymmotheca (\"Lyginopteris\") hoeninghausii](/wiki/Calymmotheca \"Calymmotheca\") assemblage zone. Many widespread plant species first appear near the base of the Langsettian, indicating a spike of diversification in tropical [coal swamp](/wiki/Coal_forest \"Coal forest\") habitats.{{Cite journal \\\|last1\\=Molina\\-Solís \\\|first1\\=Azucena \\\|last2\\=Cleal \\\|first2\\=Christopher J. \\\|last3\\=Capel \\\|first3\\=Eliott \\\|last4\\=Cascales\\-Miñana \\\|first4\\=Borja \\\|date\\=2023 \\\|title\\=Vegetation dynamics in the Early–Middle Pennsylvanian coal swamps of the Nord\\-Pas\\-de\\-Calais Coalfield, France \\\|url\\=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1871174X2300046X \\\|journal\\=Palaeoworld \\\|volume\\=33 \\\|issue\\=2 \\\|pages\\=328–340 \\\|language\\=en \\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.palwor.2023\\.04\\.005}} Plant diversity steadily increases through the entire Langsettian, though this may be a result of ecological factors such as the receding coastline.", "### Duckmantian", "The Duckmantian, previously known as Westphalian B, is named after the village of [Duckmanton](/wiki/Duckmanton \"Duckmanton\") in [Derbyshire](/wiki/Derbyshire \"Derbyshire\"), England. The base of the Duckmantian is defined by the ammonoid [Anthracoceratites vaderbeckei](/wiki/Anthracoceratites \"Anthracoceratites\"). The boundary between the global Bashkirian and Moscovian stages (\\~315\\.2 Ma) corresponds to the mid\\-late part of the Duckmantian.", "The lower\\-middle part of the Duckmantian corresponds to the [Lonchopteris rugosa](/wiki/Lonchopteris \"Lonchopteris\") Assemblage\\-zone, the most diverse plant biozone in the Carboniferous coalfields of Europe. The rising diversity trend of the Langsettian continues into this biozone, with few notable changes in species composition. In the majority of European coalfields, plant diversity reached a plateau around halfway through the Duckmantian. Coal swamps became increasingly unstable in the [Paripteris linguaefolia](/wiki/Paripteris_linguaefolia \"Paripteris linguaefolia\") assemblage zone, which begins in the upper part of the Duckmantian.", "### Bolsovian", "The Bolsovian, previously known as Westphalian C, is named after the town of [Bolsover](/wiki/Bolsover \"Bolsover\") in Derbyshire. The base of the Bolsovian is defined by the ammonoid [Donetzoceras aegiranum](/wiki/Donetzoceras \"Donetzoceras\"), and has an estimated age of around 313\\.8 or 313\\.7{{Cite journal \\\|last1\\=Opluštil \\\|first1\\=Stanislav \\\|last2\\=Schmitz \\\|first2\\=Mark \\\|last3\\=Cleal \\\|first3\\=Christopher J. \\\|last4\\=Martínek \\\|first4\\=Karel \\\|date\\=2016 \\\|title\\=A review of the Middle–Late Pennsylvanian west European regional substages and floral biozones, and their correlation to the Geological Time Scale based on new U–Pb ages \\\|url\\=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0012825216300046 \\\|journal\\=Earth\\-Science Reviews \\\|language\\=en \\\|volume\\=154 \\\|pages\\=301–335 \\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.earscirev.2016\\.01\\.004\\\|bibcode\\=2016ESRv..154\\..301O }} Ma.", "The Paripteris linguaefolia assemblage zone continues into the Bolsovian, and a decline in plant diversity is apparent across the entirety of Europe. In a few coalfields, such as the [Nord\\-Pas\\-des\\-Calais basin](/wiki/Nord-Pas_de_Calais_Mining_Basin \"Nord-Pas de Calais Mining Basin\") of northern France, the decline is delayed until the mid\\-Bolsovian, while in other areas it may begin as early as the late Duckmantian. The overall downward diversity trend is slight, but several notable [lycopsid](/wiki/Lycopsid \"Lycopsid\") and [sphenopsid](/wiki/Equisetidae \"Equisetidae\") species disappear from European coal swamps at this time.", "### Westphalian D", "Westphalian D is often referred to as the Asturian, named after the [Asturias](/wiki/Asturias \"Asturias\") region of northwest [Spain](/wiki/Spain \"Spain\").{{Cite journal \\\|last1\\=Wagner \\\|first1\\=R.H. \\\|last2\\=Sánchez de Posada \\\|first2\\=L.C. \\\|last3\\=Martínez Chacón \\\|first3\\=M.L. \\\|last4\\=Fernández \\\|first4\\=L.P. \\\|last5\\=Villa \\\|first5\\=E. \\\|last6\\=Winkler Prins \\\|first6\\=C.F. \\\|date\\=2002 \\\|title\\=The Asturian Stage: a preliminary proposal for the definition of a substitute for Westphalian D \\\|journal\\=Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists, Memoir \\\|volume\\=19 \\\|pages\\=832–850}} In most of Europe, Westphalian D is distinguished by plant fossils. Asturias is one of the few European regions with enough late Westphalian marine fossils to allow for precise correlations with other marine strata. The proposal to fully implement the name \"Asturian\" has yet to be ratified, as some stratigraphic difficulties in Spain are not fully resolved.{{Cite journal \\\|last1\\=Knight \\\|first1\\=John A. \\\|last2\\=Cleal \\\|first2\\=Christopher J. \\\|last3\\=Álvarez\\-Vázquez \\\|first3\\=Carmen \\\|date\\=2023\\-06\\-14 \\\|title\\=The challenge of relating the Kasimovian to west European chronostratigraphy: a critical review of the Cantabrian and Barruelian substages of the Stephanian Stage \\\|journal\\=Geological Society, London, Special Publications \\\|language\\=en \\\|volume\\=535 \\\|issue\\=1 \\\|pages\\=31–71 \\\|doi\\=10\\.1144/SP535\\-2022\\-189 \\\|issn\\=0305\\-8719\\\|doi\\-access\\=free \\\|bibcode\\=2023GSLSP.535\\..189K }}", "The lower part of the Asturian belongs to the [Linopteris obliqua](/wiki/Linopteris \"Linopteris\") assemblage zone (sometimes termed the [Linopteris bunburii](/wiki/Linopteris \"Linopteris\") zone). This biozone is notably lower in diversity than previous Westphalian biozones. Plant fossils are still common over much of Europe, with [Neuropteris ovata](/wiki/Neuropteris \"Neuropteris\") as a particularly abundant species. An important ecological turnover occurs about halfway through the Asturian (\\~309 Ma), with the arrival of the [Crenulopteris acadica](/wiki/Crenulopteris \"Crenulopteris\") assemblage zone{{Cite journal \\\|last1\\=Wittry \\\|first1\\=Jack \\\|last2\\=Glasspool \\\|first2\\=Ian J. \\\|last3\\=Béthoux \\\|first3\\=Olivier \\\|last4\\=Koll \\\|first4\\=Rebecca \\\|last5\\=Cleal \\\|first5\\=Christopher J. \\\|date\\=2015\\-08\\-03 \\\|title\\=A revision of the Pennsylvanian marattialean fern Lobatopteris vestita auct . and related species \\\|url\\=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10\\.1080/14772019\\.2014\\.936915 \\\|journal\\=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology \\\|language\\=en \\\|volume\\=13 \\\|issue\\=8 \\\|pages\\=615–643 \\\|doi\\=10\\.1080/14772019\\.2014\\.936915 \\\|bibcode\\=2015JSPal..13\\..615W \\\|issn\\=1477\\-2019}} (previously known as the [Lobatopteris vestita](/wiki/Lobatopteris \"Lobatopteris\") zone). Lycopsid fossils become very rare, while [marattialean](/wiki/Marattiaceae \"Marattiaceae\") ferns become abundant in coal swamp deposits. Many European coalfields were positioned in a [foreland basin](/wiki/Foreland_basin \"Foreland basin\") north of the [Variscan orogeny](/wiki/Variscan_orogeny \"Variscan orogeny\"). As mountain\\-building continued, uplift accelerated in the basin, endangering the survival of coal swamp environments.", "Plant fossils (and coal deposits as a whole) are uncommon in the following \"Cantabrian\" substage of the Stephanian Stage. The end of the Asturian is a topic of strong debate; most estimates place the Westphalian\\-Stephanian boundary before the start of the Kasimovian global stage (\\~307 Ma), whereas a few place the boundary within the Kasimovian. U\\-Pb radiometric dating of [tonstein](/wiki/Tonstein \"Tonstein\") beds in Spain estimate that the Asturian lasted from 310\\.7 to 307\\.5 Ma, ending just prior to the Kasimovian.", "" ]
History ------- Medieval [alchemists](/wiki/Alchemy "Alchemy") in the [Czech lands](/wiki/Czech_lands "Czech lands") used obscure and inconsistent terminology to describe their experiments. [Edward Kelley](/wiki/Edward_Kelley "Edward Kelley"), an alchemist at the [court](/wiki/Noble_court "Noble court") of [Rudolf II](/wiki/Rudolf%C2%A0II "Rudolf II"), even invented his own secret language. Growth of the industry in the region during the 19th century, and the nationalistic fervour of the [Czech National Revival](/wiki/Czech_National_Revival "Czech National Revival"), led to the development of Czech terminologies for [natural](/wiki/Natural_science "Natural science") and [applied sciences](/wiki/Applied_science "Applied science"). Jan Svatopluk Presl (1791–1849\), an all\-round natural scientist, proposed a new Czech nomenclature and terminology in the books Lučba čili chemie zkusná (1828–1835\) and Nerostopis (1837\). Presl had invented Czech neologisms for most of the then known [chemical elements](/wiki/Chemical_element "Chemical element"); ten of these, including {{lang\\|cs\\|vodík}} {{gloss\\|\[\[hydrogen]]}}, {{lang\\|cs\\|kyslík}} {{gloss\\|\[\[oxygen]]}}, {{lang\\|cs\\|uhlík}} {{gloss\\|\[\[carbon]]}}, {{lang\\|cs\\|dusík}} {{gloss\\|\[\[nitrogen]]}} and {{lang\\|cs\\|křemík}} {{gloss\\|\[\[silicon]]}}, have entered the language.{{cite web\\|url\=http://canov.jergym.cz/objevite/objevite/tabulka.html\\|title\=Czech names for chemical elements by Presl and Amerling\\|language\=Czech\\|accessdate\=2007\-12\-08}} Presl also created naming conventions for [oxides](/wiki/Oxides "Oxides"), in which the electronegative component of the compound became the [noun](/wiki/Noun "Noun") and the electropositive component became an [adjective](/wiki/Adjective "Adjective"). The adjectives were associated with a suffix, according to the [valence number](/wiki/Valence_%28chemistry%29 "Valence (chemistry)") of the component they represented. Originally there were five suffixes: {{nowrap\\|{{lang\\|cs\\|\-ný}}}}, {{nowrap\\|{{lang\\|cs\\|\-natý}}}}, {{nowrap\\|{{lang\\|cs\\|\-itý}}}}, {{nowrap\\|{{lang\\|cs\\|\-ový}}}}, and {{nowrap\\|{{lang\\|cs\\|\-elý}}}}. These were later expanded to eight by [Vojtěch Šafařík](/wiki/Vojt%C4%9Bch_%C5%A0afa%C5%99%C3%ADk "Vojtěch Šafařík"): {{nowrap\\|{{lang\\|cs\\|\-ný}}}}, {{nowrap\\|{{lang\\|cs\\|\-natý}}}}, {{nowrap\\|{{lang\\|cs\\|\-itý}}}}, {{nowrap\\|{{lang\\|cs\\|\-ičitý}}}}, {{nowrap\\|{{lang\\|cs\\|\-ičný}}}} and {{nowrap\\|{{lang\\|cs\\|\-ečný}}}}, {{nowrap\\|{{lang\\|cs\\|\-ový}}}}, {{nowrap\\|{{lang\\|cs\\|\-istý}}}}, and {{nowrap\\|{{lang\\|cs\\|\-ičelý}}}}, representing oxidation numbers from 1 to 8\. For example, {{lang\\|cs\\|železnatý}} corresponds to {{gloss\\|ferrous}} and {{lang\\|cs\\|železitý}} to {{gloss\\|ferric}}. [Salts](/wiki/Salt_%28chemistry%29 "Salt (chemistry)") were identified by the suffix {{nowrap\\|{{lang\\|cs\\|\-an}}}} added to the noun. Many of the terms created by Presl derive from [Latin](/wiki/Latin "Latin"), [German](/wiki/German_language "German language") or [Russian](/wiki/Russian_language "Russian language"); only some were retained in use. A similar attempt published in Orbis pictus (1852\) by [Karel Slavoj Amerling](/wiki/Karel_Slavoj_Amerling "Karel Slavoj Amerling") (1807–1884\) to create Czech names for the chemical elements (and to order the elements into a structure, similar to the work of Russian chemist [Nikolay Beketov](/wiki/Nikolay_Beketov "Nikolay Beketov")) was not successful.{{cite web\\|url\=http://canov.jergym.cz/objevite/objevite/mluna.html\\|title\=Amerling's line of elements\\|language\=Czech}} Later work on the nomenclature was performed by [Vojtěch Šafařík](/wiki/Vojt%C4%9Bch_%C5%A0afa%C5%99%C3%ADk "Vojtěch Šafařík") (1829–1902\). In 1876 Šafařík started to publish the journal Listy chemické, the first chemistry journal in [Austria\-Hungary](/wiki/Austria-Hungary "Austria-Hungary") (today issued under the name [Chemické Listy](/wiki/Chemick%C3%A9_Listy "Chemické Listy")), and this journal has played an important role in the codification of the nomenclature and terminology. During a congress of Czech chemists in 1914, the nomenclature was reworked, and the new system became normative in 1918\. [Alexandr Sommer\-Batěk](/wiki/Alexandr_Sommer-Bat%C4%9Bk "Alexandr Sommer-Batěk") (1874–1944\) and [Emil Votoček](/wiki/Emil_Voto%C4%8Dek "Emil Votoček") (1872–1950\) were the major proponents of this change. Presl's original conventions remained in use, but formed only a small part of the naming system. Several changes were applied to the basic terminology during the second half of the 20th century, usually moving closer to the international nomenclature. For example, the former term {{lang\\|cs\\|kysličník}} {{gloss\\|\[\[oxide]]}} was officially replaced by {{lang\\|cs\\|oxid}}, {{lang\\|cs\\|uhlovodan}} {{gloss\\|\[\[carbohydrate]]}} by {{lang\\|cs\\|sacharid}} and later even {{lang\\|cs\\|karbohydrát}}.{{Citation needed\\|date\=November 2014}} The spelling of some chemical elements also changed: {{lang\\|cs\\|berylium}} {{gloss\\|\[\[beryllium]]}} should now be written {{lang\\|cs\\|beryllium}}.{{cite web\\|url\=http://canov.jergym.cz/objevite/objevite/tabulka3\.html\\|title\=Comparison between the names of chemical elements in 1946 and today\\|language\=Czech}} Adoption of these changes by the Czech public has been quite slow, and the older terms are still used decades later. The [Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences](/wiki/Czechoslovak_Academy_of_Sciences "Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences"), founded in 1953, took over responsibility for maintenance of the nomenclature and proper implementation of the IUPAC recommendations. Since the [Velvet Revolution](/wiki/Velvet_Revolution "Velvet Revolution") (1989\) this activity has slowed down considerably.	[ "History\n-------", "Medieval [alchemists](/wiki/Alchemy \"Alchemy\") in the [Czech lands](/wiki/Czech_lands \"Czech lands\") used obscure and inconsistent terminology to describe their experiments. [Edward Kelley](/wiki/Edward_Kelley \"Edward Kelley\"), an alchemist at the [court](/wiki/Noble_court \"Noble court\") of [Rudolf II](/wiki/Rudolf%C2%A0II \"Rudolf II\"), even invented his own secret language. Growth of the industry in the region during the 19th century, and the nationalistic fervour of the [Czech National Revival](/wiki/Czech_National_Revival \"Czech National Revival\"), led to the development of Czech terminologies for [natural](/wiki/Natural_science \"Natural science\") and [applied sciences](/wiki/Applied_science \"Applied science\").", "Jan Svatopluk Presl (1791–1849\\), an all\\-round natural scientist, proposed a new Czech nomenclature and terminology in the books Lučba čili chemie zkusná (1828–1835\\) and Nerostopis (1837\\). Presl had invented Czech neologisms for most of the then known [chemical elements](/wiki/Chemical_element \"Chemical element\"); ten of these, including {{lang\\\|cs\\\|vodík}} {{gloss\\\|\\[\\[hydrogen]]}}, {{lang\\\|cs\\\|kyslík}} {{gloss\\\|\\[\\[oxygen]]}}, {{lang\\\|cs\\\|uhlík}} {{gloss\\\|\\[\\[carbon]]}}, {{lang\\\|cs\\\|dusík}} {{gloss\\\|\\[\\[nitrogen]]}} and {{lang\\\|cs\\\|křemík}} {{gloss\\\|\\[\\[silicon]]}}, have entered the language.{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://canov.jergym.cz/objevite/objevite/tabulka.html\\\|title\\=Czech names for chemical elements by Presl and Amerling\\\|language\\=Czech\\\|accessdate\\=2007\\-12\\-08}} Presl also created naming conventions for [oxides](/wiki/Oxides \"Oxides\"), in which the electronegative component of the compound became the [noun](/wiki/Noun \"Noun\") and the electropositive component became an [adjective](/wiki/Adjective \"Adjective\"). The adjectives were associated with a suffix, according to the [valence number](/wiki/Valence_%28chemistry%29 \"Valence (chemistry)\") of the component they represented. Originally there were five suffixes: {{nowrap\\\|{{lang\\\|cs\\\|\\-ný}}}}, {{nowrap\\\|{{lang\\\|cs\\\|\\-natý}}}}, {{nowrap\\\|{{lang\\\|cs\\\|\\-itý}}}}, {{nowrap\\\|{{lang\\\|cs\\\|\\-ový}}}}, and {{nowrap\\\|{{lang\\\|cs\\\|\\-elý}}}}. These were later expanded to eight by [Vojtěch Šafařík](/wiki/Vojt%C4%9Bch_%C5%A0afa%C5%99%C3%ADk \"Vojtěch Šafařík\"): {{nowrap\\\|{{lang\\\|cs\\\|\\-ný}}}}, {{nowrap\\\|{{lang\\\|cs\\\|\\-natý}}}}, {{nowrap\\\|{{lang\\\|cs\\\|\\-itý}}}}, {{nowrap\\\|{{lang\\\|cs\\\|\\-ičitý}}}}, {{nowrap\\\|{{lang\\\|cs\\\|\\-ičný}}}} and {{nowrap\\\|{{lang\\\|cs\\\|\\-ečný}}}}, {{nowrap\\\|{{lang\\\|cs\\\|\\-ový}}}}, {{nowrap\\\|{{lang\\\|cs\\\|\\-istý}}}}, and {{nowrap\\\|{{lang\\\|cs\\\|\\-ičelý}}}}, representing oxidation numbers from 1 to 8\\. For example, {{lang\\\|cs\\\|železnatý}} corresponds to {{gloss\\\|ferrous}} and {{lang\\\|cs\\\|železitý}} to {{gloss\\\|ferric}}.", "[Salts](/wiki/Salt_%28chemistry%29 \"Salt (chemistry)\") were identified by the suffix {{nowrap\\\|{{lang\\\|cs\\\|\\-an}}}} added to the noun. Many of the terms created by Presl derive from [Latin](/wiki/Latin \"Latin\"), [German](/wiki/German_language \"German language\") or [Russian](/wiki/Russian_language \"Russian language\"); only some were retained in use.", "A similar attempt published in Orbis pictus (1852\\) by [Karel Slavoj Amerling](/wiki/Karel_Slavoj_Amerling \"Karel Slavoj Amerling\") (1807–1884\\) to create Czech names for the chemical elements (and to order the elements into a structure, similar to the work of Russian chemist [Nikolay Beketov](/wiki/Nikolay_Beketov \"Nikolay Beketov\")) was not successful.{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://canov.jergym.cz/objevite/objevite/mluna.html\\\|title\\=Amerling's line of elements\\\|language\\=Czech}}", "Later work on the nomenclature was performed by [Vojtěch Šafařík](/wiki/Vojt%C4%9Bch_%C5%A0afa%C5%99%C3%ADk \"Vojtěch Šafařík\") (1829–1902\\). In 1876 Šafařík started to publish the journal Listy chemické, the first chemistry journal in [Austria\\-Hungary](/wiki/Austria-Hungary \"Austria-Hungary\") (today issued under the name [Chemické Listy](/wiki/Chemick%C3%A9_Listy \"Chemické Listy\")), and this journal has played an important role in the codification of the nomenclature and terminology. During a congress of Czech chemists in 1914, the nomenclature was reworked, and the new system became normative in 1918\\. [Alexandr Sommer\\-Batěk](/wiki/Alexandr_Sommer-Bat%C4%9Bk \"Alexandr Sommer-Batěk\") (1874–1944\\) and [Emil Votoček](/wiki/Emil_Voto%C4%8Dek \"Emil Votoček\") (1872–1950\\) were the major proponents of this change. Presl's original conventions remained in use, but formed only a small part of the naming system.", "Several changes were applied to the basic terminology during the second half of the 20th century, usually moving closer to the international nomenclature. For example, the former term {{lang\\\|cs\\\|kysličník}} {{gloss\\\|\\[\\[oxide]]}} was officially replaced by {{lang\\\|cs\\\|oxid}}, {{lang\\\|cs\\\|uhlovodan}} {{gloss\\\|\\[\\[carbohydrate]]}} by {{lang\\\|cs\\\|sacharid}} and later even {{lang\\\|cs\\\|karbohydrát}}.{{Citation needed\\\|date\\=November 2014}} The spelling of some chemical elements also changed: {{lang\\\|cs\\\|berylium}} {{gloss\\\|\\[\\[beryllium]]}} should now be written {{lang\\\|cs\\\|beryllium}}.{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://canov.jergym.cz/objevite/objevite/tabulka3\\.html\\\|title\\=Comparison between the names of chemical elements in 1946 and today\\\|language\\=Czech}} Adoption of these changes by the Czech public has been quite slow, and the older terms are still used decades later.", "The [Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences](/wiki/Czechoslovak_Academy_of_Sciences \"Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences\"), founded in 1953, took over responsibility for maintenance of the nomenclature and proper implementation of the IUPAC recommendations. Since the [Velvet Revolution](/wiki/Velvet_Revolution \"Velvet Revolution\") (1989\\) this activity has slowed down considerably.", "" ]
Professional career ------------------- ### Chicago Cubs Godley attended [Bamberg\-Ehrhardt High School](/wiki/Bamberg-Ehrhardt_High_School "Bamberg-Ehrhardt High School"). In 2009, as a senior, he went 9–3 with a 2\.24 ERA.{{Cite web\\|url\=https://thetandd.com/sports/b\-es\-godley\-sandifer\-share\-t\-ds\-2009\-baseball\-player\-of\-the\-year\-honor/article\_ae25e98b\-019f\-5c7e\-8bb9\-beee80cd87a6\.html\\|title\=B\-E's Godley, Sandifer share T\&D's 2009 Baseball Player of the Year honor\\|first\=EMERY GLOVER, T\&D Sports\\|last\=Writer\\|website\=The Times and Democrat\\|date\=10 July 2009 }} He was drafted by the [New York Mets](/wiki/New_York_Mets "New York Mets") in the 50th round of the [2009 MLB draft](/wiki/2009_MLB_draft "2009 MLB draft") but did not sign and instead enrolled at [Spartanburg Methodist College](/wiki/Spartanburg_Methodist_College "Spartanburg Methodist College") where he played [college baseball](/wiki/College_baseball "College baseball"). After his freshman season, he transferred to the [University of Tennessee](/wiki/University_of_Tennessee "University of Tennessee").{{Cite web\\|url\=https://thetandd.com/sports/b\-e\-star\-godley\-selected\-by\-mets/article\_ad3dd0e0\-cfed\-50a4\-8baf\-284c813d699f.html\\|title\=B\-E star Godley selected by Mets\\|first\=THOMAS GRANT JR T\&D Senior Sports\\|last\=Writer\\|website\=The Times and Democrat\\|date\=12 June 2009 }} In 2013, his senior year, he went 5–7 with a 3\.49 ERA in 16 games (14 starts). After the season, he was then drafted by the [Chicago Cubs](/wiki/Chicago_Cubs "Chicago Cubs") in the 10th round of the [2013 MLB draft](/wiki/2013_MLB_draft "2013 MLB draft") and signed.{{Cite web\\|url\=http://www.knoxnews.com/govolsxtra/other\-sports/tennessee\-pitcher\-zack\-goldey\-drafted\-chicago\-cubs\\|title\=Chicago Cubs draft Tennessee pitcher Zack Godley in 10th round}} Godley signed and made his professional debut that season with the [AZL Cubs](/wiki/AZL_Cubs "AZL Cubs") and was promoted to the [Boise Hawks](/wiki/Boise_Hawks "Boise Hawks") after one game. In 13 relief appearances for Boise he compiled a 2–0 record and 2\.03 ERA. Godley spent 2014 with the [Kane County Cougars](/wiki/Kane_County_Cougars "Kane County Cougars") and [Daytona Cubs](/wiki/Daytona_Cubs "Daytona Cubs"), pitching to a combined 4–3 record and 3\.09 ERA in 55\.1 relief innings pitched. ### Arizona Diamondbacks On December 9, 2014, Godley, along with Jeferson Mejia, was traded to the [Arizona Diamondbacks](/wiki/Arizona_Diamondbacks "Arizona Diamondbacks") for [Miguel Montero](/wiki/Miguel_Montero "Miguel Montero").{{Cite web\\|url\=https://www.mlb.com/news/d\-backs\-get\-pair\-of\-cubs\-pitching\-prospects\-for\-miguel\-montero/c\-103577034\\|title\=D\-backs get 2 pitching prospects for Montero\\|website\=MLB.com\\|date\=9 December 2014 }} He began 2015 with [Visalia Rawhide](/wiki/Visalia_Rawhide "Visalia Rawhide") and was promoted to the [Mobile BayBears](/wiki/Mobile_BayBears "Mobile BayBears") in June. Godley made his MLB debut on July 23, 2015, against the [Milwaukee Brewers](/wiki/Milwaukee_Brewers "Milwaukee Brewers").{{Cite web\\|url\=http://arizonasports.com/42/1851898/Dbacks\-CBO\-Tony\-La\-Russa\-announces\-Zack\-Godley\-will\-get\-start\-Thursday\-vs\-Milwaukee\\|title\=D\-backs' CBO Tony La Russa announces Zack Godley will get start Thursday vs. Milwaukee}} He threw six scoreless innings, striking out seven and walking none as he earned the win as Arizona defeated Milwaukee, 8–3\. He became the first pitcher since 1900 with 6\-plus scoreless innings, no walks and 7 or more strikeouts in his MLB debut.{{Cite web\\|url\=https://www.azcentral.com/story/sports/mlb/diamondbacks/2015/07/24/arizona\-diamondbacks\-zack\-godley\-stymies\-brewers\-mlb/30606971/\\|title\=Arizona Diamondbacks rookie pitcher Zack Godley impresses in MLB debut\\|first\=Zach\\|last\=Buchanan\\|website\=The Arizona Republic}} Godley was recalled and demoted multiple times during the 2015 season after his debut. In nine games (six starts) for Arizona he was 5–1 with a 3\.19 ERA, and in 21 games (17 starts) between Visalia and Mobile, he was 10–4 with a 2\.71 ERA. Godley began 2016 with Mobile and was promoted to the [Reno Aces](/wiki/Reno_Aces "Reno Aces") in May. He was recalled and demoted twice before being called up for the remainder of the season in July. In 15 games (14 starts) between Mobile and Reno he pitched to a 4–6 record and 3\.62 ERA, and in 27 games for Arizona, he compiled a 5–4 record and 6\.39 ERA.{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.milb.com/player/index.jsp?player\_id\=643327\#/career/R/pitching/2018/ALL\\|title\=Zack Godley Stats, Highlights, Bio – MiLB.com Stats – The Official Site of Minor League Baseball\\|publisher\=MiLB.com\\|access\-date\=January 28, 2018}} In 2017, Godley began the season back with Reno. He was recalled in June and spent the rest of 2017 with Arizona. In 26 games (25 starts) for the Diamondbacks he was 8–9 with a 3\.37 ERA. Godley began the 2018 season with Arizona as a member of the starting rotation. He finished the season with a 15–11 record in 33 games (32 starts), with a 4\.74 ERA. He struck out 185 batters in {{frac\\|178\\|1\\|3}} innings. He led the major leagues in [wild pitches](/wiki/Wild_pitch "Wild pitch"), with 17\.{{Cite web\\|url\=https://www.fangraphs.com/leaders.aspx?pos\=all\&stats\=pit≶\=all\&qual\=10\&type\=0\&season\=2018\&month\=0\&season1\=2018\&ind\=0\&team\=0\&rost\=0\&age\=0\&filter\=\&players\=0\&sort\=22,d\\|title\=Major League Leaderboards » 2018 » Pitchers » Standard Statistics \\| FanGraphs Baseball\\|website\=www.fangraphs.com}} He also led all major league pitchers in [curveball](/wiki/Curveball "Curveball") percentage (40\.3%).{{Cite web\\|url\=https://www.fangraphs.com/leaders.aspx?pos\=all\&stats\=pit≶\=all\&qual\=y\&type\=4\&season\=2018\&month\=0\&season1\=2018\&ind\=0\&team\=0\&rost\=0\&age\=0\&filter\=\&players\=0\&sort\=9,d\\|title\=Major League Leaderboards » 2018 » Pitchers » Pitch Type Statistics \\| FanGraphs Baseball\\|website\=www.fangraphs.com}} During the 2019 season, Godley appeared in 27 games for Arizona (nine starts), compiling a 3–5 record with 6\.39 ERA in 76 innings pitched. On August 5, Godley was [designated for assignment](/wiki/Designated_for_assignment "Designated for assignment").{{cite web\\|url\=https://www.mlb.com/news/zack\-godley\-dfa\-d\-backs\-call\-up\-kevin\-ginkel\\|title\=D\-backs DFA Godley, call up Ginkel\\|author\=Steve Gilbert\\|work\=\[\[MLB.com]]\\|date\=August 5, 2019\\|access\-date\=August 5, 2019}}{{cite news \\|first\=Hunter \\|last\=Hippel \\|title\= Derrick Hall says Godley DFA sends a message to D\-backs \\|url\= https://arizonasports.com/story/2038529/hall\-discusses\-godleys\-dfa\-impact\-on\-dbacks/ \\|publisher\= Arizona Sports 98\.7FM \\|date\= 8 August 2019 \\|access\-date\=19 January 2021}} ### Toronto Blue Jays The [Toronto Blue Jays](/wiki/Toronto_Blue_Jays "Toronto Blue Jays") claimed Godley off waivers on August 7, 2019\.{{cite web\\|url\=https://www.sportsnet.ca/baseball/mlb/report\-blue\-jays\-claim\-pitcher\-zack\-godley\-off\-waivers\-diamondbacks/ \\|title\=Blue Jays claim pitcher Zack Godley off waivers from Diamondbacks \\|date\=August 7, 2019 \\|access\-date\=August 7, 2019 \\|work\=sportsnet.ca}} He appeared in six games for the Blue Jays, recording one win and registering a 3\.94 ERA in 16 innings pitched. On September 3, Godley was designated for assignment. He elected free agency on September 8\. ### Detroit Tigers On December 20, 2019, the [Detroit Tigers](/wiki/Detroit_Tigers "Detroit Tigers") signed Godley to a minor league contract with an invitation to spring training.{{Cite web\\|url\=https://www.espn.com/mlb/story/\_/id/28342103/zack\-godley\-tigers\-agree\-minor\-league\-deal\\|title\=Godley, Tigers agree to minor league deal\\|date\=2019\-12\-20\\|website\=ESPN.com\\|language\=en\\|access\-date\=2019\-12\-21}} In March 2020, Godley was released, then re\-signed by the Tigers on a minor league pact. On July 13, 2020, Godley was again released by the Tigers.{{cite web\\|url\=https://www.freep.com/story/sports/mlb/tigers/2020/07/13/detroit\-tigers\-release\-zack\-godley/5430052002/ \\|title\=Detroit Tigers release right\-hander Zack Godley, give him time to find new team \\|newspaper\=\[\[Detroit Free Press]] \\|first\=Evan \\|last\=Petzold \\|date\=July 13, 2020 \\|access\-date\=July 13, 2020}} ### Boston Red Sox On July 17, 2020, Godley signed a minor league deal with the [Boston Red Sox](/wiki/Boston_Red_Sox "Boston Red Sox").{{cite news \\|url\=https://www.bostonglobe.com/2020/07/17/sports/chaim\-bloom\-navigating\-uncharted\-waters\-while\-evaluating\-unsettled\-red\-sox\-pitching\-situation/ \\|title\=Chaim Bloom navigating uncharted waters while evaluating 'unsettled' Red Sox pitching situation \\|first\=Alex \\|last\=Speier \\|quote\=On Friday, the team announced the signing of righthander Zack Godley — recently released by the Tigers — to a minor league deal. \\|website\=\[\[The Boston Globe]] \\|url\-access\=limited \\|date\=July 17, 2020 \\|access\-date\=July 17, 2020}} He was added to the team's active roster on July 26,{{cite web \\|url\=https://www.mlb.com/redsox/roster/transactions/2020/07 \\|title\=Red Sox Roster \& Staff – Transactions \\|website\=\[\[MLB.com]] \\|date\=July 2020 \\|access\-date\=July 26, 2020}} and made his first appearance with Boston the next day, pitching four innings of scoreless relief in a 7–4 loss to the [New York Mets](/wiki/New_York_Mets "New York Mets").{{cite web \\|url\=https://www.espn.com/mlb/boxscore?gameId\=401225719 \\|title\=Mets vs. Red Sox \\|website\=ESPN.com \\|date\=July 27, 2020 \\|access\-date\=July 27, 2020}} He was placed on the 10\-day [injured list](/wiki/Injured_list "Injured list") on September 10, and moved to the 45\-day injured list on September 19\.{{cite web \\|url\=https://www.mlb.com/redsox/roster/transactions/2020/09 \\|title\=Red Sox Roster \& Staff – Transactions \\|website\=\[\[MLB.com]] \\|date\=September 2020 \\|access\-date\=September 19, 2020}} Overall with the [2020 Red Sox](/wiki/2020_Boston_Red_Sox_season "2020 Boston Red Sox season"), Godley appeared in eight games (seven starts), compiling an 0–4 record with 8\.16 ERA and 28 strikeouts in {{frac\\|28\\|2\\|3}} innings.{{cite web \\|url\=https://www.baseball\-reference.com/players/g/godleza01\.shtml \\|title\=Zack Godley Stats \\|website\=\[\[Baseball\-Reference.com]] \\|access\-date\=September 19, 2020}} On October 26, Godley was outrighted off of the 40\-man roster and elected free agency.{{cite news \\|url\=https://www.mlbtraderumors.com/2020/10/red\-sox\-outright\-5\-players.html \\|title\=Red Sox Outright 5 Players \\|first\=Connor \\|last\=Byrne \\|website\=mlbtraderumors.com \\|date\=October 26, 2020 \\|access\-date\=October 26, 2020}} ### Milwaukee Brewers On March 19, 2021, Godley signed a minor league contract with the [Milwaukee Brewers](/wiki/Milwaukee_Brewers "Milwaukee Brewers") organization.{{Cite web\\|url\=https://www.mlbtraderumors.com/2021/03/brewers\-sign\-zack\-godley\-to\-minor\-league\-deal.html\\|title\=Brewers Sign Zack Godley To Minor League Deal\\|website\=MLB Trade Rumors\\|date\=19 March 2021 }} On April 28, 2021, Godley was selected to the active roster to be the starting pitcher in the Brewers’ game against the [Miami Marlins](/wiki/Miami_Marlins "Miami Marlins") and allowed 3 earned runs in 3\.0 innings, taking the loss.{{Cite web\\|url\=https://www.mlbtraderumors.com/2021/04/brewers\-designate\-phil\-bickford\-for\-assignment.html\\|title\=Brewers Designate Phil Bickford For Assignment\\|website\=MLB Trade Rumors\\|date\=28 April 2021 }}{{Cite web\\|url\=https://www.mlbtraderumors.com/2021/04/brewers\-to\-select\-zack\-godley.html\\|title\=Brewers To Select Zack Godley\\|website\=MLB Trade Rumors\\|date\=27 April 2021 }} The next day, he was placed on the injured list with a right index finger contusion. On May 10, Godley was activated from the injured list and designated for assignment.{{Cite web\\|url\=https://www.mlbtraderumors.com/2021/05/brewers\-designate\-zack\-godley\-for\-assignment.html\\|title\=Zack Godley Accepts Outright Assignment With Brewers\\|website\=MLB Trade Rumors\\|date\=14 May 2021 }} He cleared outright waivers on May 12 and was assigned outright to Triple\-A.{{Cite web\\|url\=https://www.mlbtraderumors.com/2021/05/brewers\-notes\-burnes\-yelich\-godley.html\\|title\=Brewers Notes: Burnes, Yelich, Godley\\|website\=MLB Trade Rumors\\|date\=12 May 2021 }} On June 18, Godley was re\-selected to the active roster.{{Cite web\\|url\=https://www.mlbtraderumors.com/2021/06/brewers\-activate\-kolten\-wong\-select\-zack\-godley.html\\|title \= Brewers Activate Kolten Wong, Select Zack Godley\\| date\=18 June 2021 }} After allowing 3 earned runs in a third of an inning, Godley was again designated for assignment on June 21\.{{Cite web\\|url\=https://www.mlbtraderumors.com/2021/06/brewers\-dfa\-zack\-godley.html\\|title \= Brewers DFA Zack Godley\\| date\=21 June 2021 }} He was outrighted to the Triple\-A [Nashville Sounds](/wiki/Nashville_Sounds "Nashville Sounds") on June 24\.{{cite web\\| url \= http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/transactions/\#month\=6\&year\=2021\\| title \= Major League Baseball Transactions {{!}} MLB.com}} However, Godley rejected the outright assignment and elected free agency the next day.{{Cite web\\|url\=https://www.mlbtraderumors.com/2021/06/zack\-godley\-elects\-free\-agency\-brewers.html\\|title \= Zack Godley Elects Free Agency\\| date\=25 June 2021 }} ### Cleveland Indians On June 28, 2021, Godley signed a minor league contract with the [Cleveland Indians](/wiki/Cleveland_Indians "Cleveland Indians") organization and was assigned to the [Columbus Clippers](/wiki/Columbus_Clippers "Columbus Clippers") of the [Triple\-A East](/wiki/Triple-A_East "Triple-A East").{{Cite web\\|url\=https://www.mlbtraderumors.com/2021/06/indians\-to\-sign\-zack\-godley.html\\|title \= Indians to Sign Zack Godley\\| date\=28 June 2021 }} Godley was released by the Indians on August 2, 2021\. ### New York Mets On August 7, 2021, Godley signed a minor league deal with the [New York Mets](/wiki/New_York_Mets "New York Mets").{{Cite web\\|url\=https://www.mlbtraderumors.com/2021/08/mets\-sign\-zack\-godley\-to\-minors\-deal.html\\|title \= Mets Sign Zack Godley to Minors Deal\\| date\=7 August 2021 }} Godley made 4 starts for the Triple\-A [Syracuse Mets](/wiki/Syracuse_Mets "Syracuse Mets"), going 2–0 with a 2\.33 ERA and 17 strikeouts. On August 30, Godley was granted his release by the Mets.{{Cite web\\|url\=https://www.mlbtraderumors.com/2021/08/mets\-release\-zack\-godley.html\\|title \= Mets Release Zack Godley\\| date\=30 August 2021 }} ### Cincinnati Reds On February 21, 2022, Godley signed a minor league contract with the [Cincinnati Reds](/wiki/Cincinnati_Reds "Cincinnati Reds").{{Cite web\\|url\=https://www.mlbtraderumors.com/2022/02/reds\-sign\-zack\-godley.html\\|title \= Reds Sign Zack Godley to Minor League Deal\\| date\=21 February 2022 }} In 14 games for the Triple–A [Louisville Bats](/wiki/Louisville_Bats "Louisville Bats"), he struggled to an 8\.06 ERA with 29 strikeouts across {{fraction\\|22\\|1\\|3}} innings pitched. On May 26, Godley was released by the Reds organization.{{cite web \\| url\=https://www.milb.com/player/zack\-godley\-643327 \\| title\=Zack Godley Stats, Fantasy \& News }} ### Gastonia Honey Hunters On June 7, 2022, Godley signed with the [Gastonia Honey Hunters](/wiki/Gastonia_Honey_Hunters "Gastonia Honey Hunters") of the [Atlantic League of Professional Baseball](/wiki/Atlantic_League_of_Professional_Baseball "Atlantic League of Professional Baseball"). In 15 games (11 starts) for Gastonia, he recorded a 4\.64 ERA with 64 strikeouts in {{fraction\\|54\\|1\\|3}} innings. Godley became a free agent following the season. On April 19, 2023, Godley re\-signed with the Honey Hunters for the 2023 season. In 13 starts for Gastonia, he registered a 5–3 record and 4\.79 ERA with 86 strikeouts in {{fraction\\|71\\|1\\|3}} innings pitched. ### Oakland Athletics On July 18, 2023, Godley signed a minor league contract with the [Oakland Athletics](/wiki/Oakland_Athletics "Oakland Athletics") organization.{{Cite web\\|title\=Athletics' Zack Godley: Gets minors deal from A's\\|url\=https://www.cbssports.com/fantasy/baseball/news/athletics\-zack\-godley\-gets\-minors\-deal\-from\-as/\\|access\-date\=July 19, 2023\\|website\=cbssports.com\\|language\=en}} He made 12 appearances (10 starts) for the Triple–A [Las Vegas Aviators](/wiki/Las_Vegas_Aviators "Las Vegas Aviators"), registering a 5\.21 ERA with 57 strikeouts across 57 innings of work. Godley elected free agency following the season on November 6\.{{Cite web\\|title\=2023 MiLB Free Agents\\|url\=https://www.baseballamerica.com/stories/2023\-milb\-free\-agents/\\|access\-date\=May 23, 2024\\|website\=baseballamerica.com\\|language\=en}}	[ "Professional career\n-------------------", "### Chicago Cubs", "Godley attended [Bamberg\\-Ehrhardt High School](/wiki/Bamberg-Ehrhardt_High_School \"Bamberg-Ehrhardt High School\"). In 2009, as a senior, he went 9–3 with a 2\\.24 ERA.{{Cite web\\\|url\\=https://thetandd.com/sports/b\\-es\\-godley\\-sandifer\\-share\\-t\\-ds\\-2009\\-baseball\\-player\\-of\\-the\\-year\\-honor/article\\_ae25e98b\\-019f\\-5c7e\\-8bb9\\-beee80cd87a6\\.html\\\|title\\=B\\-E's Godley, Sandifer share T\\&D's 2009 Baseball Player of the Year honor\\\|first\\=EMERY GLOVER, T\\&D Sports\\\|last\\=Writer\\\|website\\=The Times and Democrat\\\|date\\=10 July 2009 }} He was drafted by the [New York Mets](/wiki/New_York_Mets \"New York Mets\") in the 50th round of the [2009 MLB draft](/wiki/2009_MLB_draft \"2009 MLB draft\") but did not sign and instead enrolled at [Spartanburg Methodist College](/wiki/Spartanburg_Methodist_College \"Spartanburg Methodist College\") where he played [college baseball](/wiki/College_baseball \"College baseball\"). After his freshman season, he transferred to the [University of Tennessee](/wiki/University_of_Tennessee \"University of Tennessee\").{{Cite web\\\|url\\=https://thetandd.com/sports/b\\-e\\-star\\-godley\\-selected\\-by\\-mets/article\\_ad3dd0e0\\-cfed\\-50a4\\-8baf\\-284c813d699f.html\\\|title\\=B\\-E star Godley selected by Mets\\\|first\\=THOMAS GRANT JR T\\&D Senior Sports\\\|last\\=Writer\\\|website\\=The Times and Democrat\\\|date\\=12 June 2009 }} In 2013, his senior year, he went 5–7 with a 3\\.49 ERA in 16 games (14 starts). After the season, he was then drafted by the [Chicago Cubs](/wiki/Chicago_Cubs \"Chicago Cubs\") in the 10th round of the [2013 MLB draft](/wiki/2013_MLB_draft \"2013 MLB draft\") and signed.{{Cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.knoxnews.com/govolsxtra/other\\-sports/tennessee\\-pitcher\\-zack\\-goldey\\-drafted\\-chicago\\-cubs\\\|title\\=Chicago Cubs draft Tennessee pitcher Zack Godley in 10th round}}", "Godley signed and made his professional debut that season with the [AZL Cubs](/wiki/AZL_Cubs \"AZL Cubs\") and was promoted to the [Boise Hawks](/wiki/Boise_Hawks \"Boise Hawks\") after one game. In 13 relief appearances for Boise he compiled a 2–0 record and 2\\.03 ERA. Godley spent 2014 with the [Kane County Cougars](/wiki/Kane_County_Cougars \"Kane County Cougars\") and [Daytona Cubs](/wiki/Daytona_Cubs \"Daytona Cubs\"), pitching to a combined 4–3 record and 3\\.09 ERA in 55\\.1 relief innings pitched.", "### Arizona Diamondbacks", "On December 9, 2014, Godley, along with Jeferson Mejia, was traded to the [Arizona Diamondbacks](/wiki/Arizona_Diamondbacks \"Arizona Diamondbacks\") for [Miguel Montero](/wiki/Miguel_Montero \"Miguel Montero\").{{Cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.mlb.com/news/d\\-backs\\-get\\-pair\\-of\\-cubs\\-pitching\\-prospects\\-for\\-miguel\\-montero/c\\-103577034\\\|title\\=D\\-backs get 2 pitching prospects for Montero\\\|website\\=MLB.com\\\|date\\=9 December 2014 }} He began 2015 with [Visalia Rawhide](/wiki/Visalia_Rawhide \"Visalia Rawhide\") and was promoted to the [Mobile BayBears](/wiki/Mobile_BayBears \"Mobile BayBears\") in June.", "Godley made his MLB debut on July 23, 2015, against the [Milwaukee Brewers](/wiki/Milwaukee_Brewers \"Milwaukee Brewers\").{{Cite web\\\|url\\=http://arizonasports.com/42/1851898/Dbacks\\-CBO\\-Tony\\-La\\-Russa\\-announces\\-Zack\\-Godley\\-will\\-get\\-start\\-Thursday\\-vs\\-Milwaukee\\\|title\\=D\\-backs' CBO Tony La Russa announces Zack Godley will get start Thursday vs. Milwaukee}} He threw six scoreless innings, striking out seven and walking none as he earned the win as Arizona defeated Milwaukee, 8–3\\. He became the first pitcher since 1900 with 6\\-plus scoreless innings, no walks and 7 or more strikeouts in his MLB debut.{{Cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.azcentral.com/story/sports/mlb/diamondbacks/2015/07/24/arizona\\-diamondbacks\\-zack\\-godley\\-stymies\\-brewers\\-mlb/30606971/\\\|title\\=Arizona Diamondbacks rookie pitcher Zack Godley impresses in MLB debut\\\|first\\=Zach\\\|last\\=Buchanan\\\|website\\=The Arizona Republic}} Godley was recalled and demoted multiple times during the 2015 season after his debut. In nine games (six starts) for Arizona he was 5–1 with a 3\\.19 ERA, and in 21 games (17 starts) between Visalia and Mobile, he was 10–4 with a 2\\.71 ERA.", "Godley began 2016 with Mobile and was promoted to the [Reno Aces](/wiki/Reno_Aces \"Reno Aces\") in May. He was recalled and demoted twice before being called up for the remainder of the season in July. In 15 games (14 starts) between Mobile and Reno he pitched to a 4–6 record and 3\\.62 ERA, and in 27 games for Arizona, he compiled a 5–4 record and 6\\.39 ERA.{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.milb.com/player/index.jsp?player\\_id\\=643327\\#/career/R/pitching/2018/ALL\\\|title\\=Zack Godley Stats, Highlights, Bio – MiLB.com Stats – The Official Site of Minor League Baseball\\\|publisher\\=MiLB.com\\\|access\\-date\\=January 28, 2018}}", "In 2017, Godley began the season back with Reno. He was recalled in June and spent the rest of 2017 with Arizona. In 26 games (25 starts) for the Diamondbacks he was 8–9 with a 3\\.37 ERA.", "Godley began the 2018 season with Arizona as a member of the starting rotation. He finished the season with a 15–11 record in 33 games (32 starts), with a 4\\.74 ERA. He struck out 185 batters in {{frac\\\|178\\\|1\\\|3}} innings. He led the major leagues in [wild pitches](/wiki/Wild_pitch \"Wild pitch\"), with 17\\.{{Cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.fangraphs.com/leaders.aspx?pos\\=all\\&stats\\=pit≶\\=all\\&qual\\=10\\&type\\=0\\&season\\=2018\\&month\\=0\\&season1\\=2018\\&ind\\=0\\&team\\=0\\&rost\\=0\\&age\\=0\\&filter\\=\\&players\\=0\\&sort\\=22,d\\\|title\\=Major League Leaderboards » 2018 » Pitchers » Standard Statistics \\\| FanGraphs Baseball\\\|website\\=www.fangraphs.com}} He also led all major league pitchers in [curveball](/wiki/Curveball \"Curveball\") percentage (40\\.3%).{{Cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.fangraphs.com/leaders.aspx?pos\\=all\\&stats\\=pit≶\\=all\\&qual\\=y\\&type\\=4\\&season\\=2018\\&month\\=0\\&season1\\=2018\\&ind\\=0\\&team\\=0\\&rost\\=0\\&age\\=0\\&filter\\=\\&players\\=0\\&sort\\=9,d\\\|title\\=Major League Leaderboards » 2018 » Pitchers » Pitch Type Statistics \\\| FanGraphs Baseball\\\|website\\=www.fangraphs.com}}", "During the 2019 season, Godley appeared in 27 games for Arizona (nine starts), compiling a 3–5 record with 6\\.39 ERA in 76 innings pitched. On August 5, Godley was [designated for assignment](/wiki/Designated_for_assignment \"Designated for assignment\").{{cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.mlb.com/news/zack\\-godley\\-dfa\\-d\\-backs\\-call\\-up\\-kevin\\-ginkel\\\|title\\=D\\-backs DFA Godley, call up Ginkel\\\|author\\=Steve Gilbert\\\|work\\=\\[\\[MLB.com]]\\\|date\\=August 5, 2019\\\|access\\-date\\=August 5, 2019}}{{cite news \\\|first\\=Hunter \\\|last\\=Hippel \\\|title\\= Derrick Hall says Godley DFA sends a message to D\\-backs \\\|url\\= https://arizonasports.com/story/2038529/hall\\-discusses\\-godleys\\-dfa\\-impact\\-on\\-dbacks/ \\\|publisher\\= Arizona Sports 98\\.7FM \\\|date\\= 8 August 2019 \\\|access\\-date\\=19 January 2021}}", "### Toronto Blue Jays", "The [Toronto Blue Jays](/wiki/Toronto_Blue_Jays \"Toronto Blue Jays\") claimed Godley off waivers on August 7, 2019\\.{{cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.sportsnet.ca/baseball/mlb/report\\-blue\\-jays\\-claim\\-pitcher\\-zack\\-godley\\-off\\-waivers\\-diamondbacks/ \\\|title\\=Blue Jays claim pitcher Zack Godley off waivers from Diamondbacks \\\|date\\=August 7, 2019 \\\|access\\-date\\=August 7, 2019 \\\|work\\=sportsnet.ca}} He appeared in six games for the Blue Jays, recording one win and registering a 3\\.94 ERA in 16 innings pitched. On September 3, Godley was designated for assignment. He elected free agency on September 8\\.", "### Detroit Tigers", "On December 20, 2019, the [Detroit Tigers](/wiki/Detroit_Tigers \"Detroit Tigers\") signed Godley to a minor league contract with an invitation to spring training.{{Cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.espn.com/mlb/story/\\_/id/28342103/zack\\-godley\\-tigers\\-agree\\-minor\\-league\\-deal\\\|title\\=Godley, Tigers agree to minor league deal\\\|date\\=2019\\-12\\-20\\\|website\\=ESPN.com\\\|language\\=en\\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-12\\-21}} In March 2020, Godley was released, then re\\-signed by the Tigers on a minor league pact. On July 13, 2020, Godley was again released by the Tigers.{{cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.freep.com/story/sports/mlb/tigers/2020/07/13/detroit\\-tigers\\-release\\-zack\\-godley/5430052002/ \\\|title\\=Detroit Tigers release right\\-hander Zack Godley, give him time to find new team \\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Detroit Free Press]] \\\|first\\=Evan \\\|last\\=Petzold \\\|date\\=July 13, 2020 \\\|access\\-date\\=July 13, 2020}}", "### Boston Red Sox", "On July 17, 2020, Godley signed a minor league deal with the [Boston Red Sox](/wiki/Boston_Red_Sox \"Boston Red Sox\").{{cite news \\\|url\\=https://www.bostonglobe.com/2020/07/17/sports/chaim\\-bloom\\-navigating\\-uncharted\\-waters\\-while\\-evaluating\\-unsettled\\-red\\-sox\\-pitching\\-situation/ \\\|title\\=Chaim Bloom navigating uncharted waters while evaluating 'unsettled' Red Sox pitching situation \\\|first\\=Alex \\\|last\\=Speier \\\|quote\\=On Friday, the team announced the signing of righthander Zack Godley — recently released by the Tigers — to a minor league deal. \\\|website\\=\\[\\[The Boston Globe]] \\\|url\\-access\\=limited \\\|date\\=July 17, 2020 \\\|access\\-date\\=July 17, 2020}} He was added to the team's active roster on July 26,{{cite web \\\|url\\=https://www.mlb.com/redsox/roster/transactions/2020/07 \\\|title\\=Red Sox Roster \\& Staff – Transactions \\\|website\\=\\[\\[MLB.com]] \\\|date\\=July 2020 \\\|access\\-date\\=July 26, 2020}} and made his first appearance with Boston the next day, pitching four innings of scoreless relief in a 7–4 loss to the [New York Mets](/wiki/New_York_Mets \"New York Mets\").{{cite web \\\|url\\=https://www.espn.com/mlb/boxscore?gameId\\=401225719 \\\|title\\=Mets vs. Red Sox \\\|website\\=ESPN.com \\\|date\\=July 27, 2020 \\\|access\\-date\\=July 27, 2020}} He was placed on the 10\\-day [injured list](/wiki/Injured_list \"Injured list\") on September 10, and moved to the 45\\-day injured list on September 19\\.{{cite web \\\|url\\=https://www.mlb.com/redsox/roster/transactions/2020/09 \\\|title\\=Red Sox Roster \\& Staff – Transactions \\\|website\\=\\[\\[MLB.com]] \\\|date\\=September 2020 \\\|access\\-date\\=September 19, 2020}} Overall with the [2020 Red Sox](/wiki/2020_Boston_Red_Sox_season \"2020 Boston Red Sox season\"), Godley appeared in eight games (seven starts), compiling an 0–4 record with 8\\.16 ERA and 28 strikeouts in {{frac\\\|28\\\|2\\\|3}} innings.{{cite web \\\|url\\=https://www.baseball\\-reference.com/players/g/godleza01\\.shtml \\\|title\\=Zack Godley Stats \\\|website\\=\\[\\[Baseball\\-Reference.com]] \\\|access\\-date\\=September 19, 2020}} On October 26, Godley was outrighted off of the 40\\-man roster and elected free agency.{{cite news \\\|url\\=https://www.mlbtraderumors.com/2020/10/red\\-sox\\-outright\\-5\\-players.html \\\|title\\=Red Sox Outright 5 Players \\\|first\\=Connor \\\|last\\=Byrne \\\|website\\=mlbtraderumors.com \\\|date\\=October 26, 2020 \\\|access\\-date\\=October 26, 2020}}", "### Milwaukee Brewers", "On March 19, 2021, Godley signed a minor league contract with the [Milwaukee Brewers](/wiki/Milwaukee_Brewers \"Milwaukee Brewers\") organization.{{Cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.mlbtraderumors.com/2021/03/brewers\\-sign\\-zack\\-godley\\-to\\-minor\\-league\\-deal.html\\\|title\\=Brewers Sign Zack Godley To Minor League Deal\\\|website\\=MLB Trade Rumors\\\|date\\=19 March 2021 }} On April 28, 2021, Godley was selected to the active roster to be the starting pitcher in the Brewers’ game against the [Miami Marlins](/wiki/Miami_Marlins \"Miami Marlins\") and allowed 3 earned runs in 3\\.0 innings, taking the loss.{{Cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.mlbtraderumors.com/2021/04/brewers\\-designate\\-phil\\-bickford\\-for\\-assignment.html\\\|title\\=Brewers Designate Phil Bickford For Assignment\\\|website\\=MLB Trade Rumors\\\|date\\=28 April 2021 }}{{Cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.mlbtraderumors.com/2021/04/brewers\\-to\\-select\\-zack\\-godley.html\\\|title\\=Brewers To Select Zack Godley\\\|website\\=MLB Trade Rumors\\\|date\\=27 April 2021 }} The next day, he was placed on the injured list with a right index finger contusion. On May 10, Godley was activated from the injured list and designated for assignment.{{Cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.mlbtraderumors.com/2021/05/brewers\\-designate\\-zack\\-godley\\-for\\-assignment.html\\\|title\\=Zack Godley Accepts Outright Assignment With Brewers\\\|website\\=MLB Trade Rumors\\\|date\\=14 May 2021 }} He cleared outright waivers on May 12 and was assigned outright to Triple\\-A.{{Cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.mlbtraderumors.com/2021/05/brewers\\-notes\\-burnes\\-yelich\\-godley.html\\\|title\\=Brewers Notes: Burnes, Yelich, Godley\\\|website\\=MLB Trade Rumors\\\|date\\=12 May 2021 }} On June 18, Godley was re\\-selected to the active roster.{{Cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.mlbtraderumors.com/2021/06/brewers\\-activate\\-kolten\\-wong\\-select\\-zack\\-godley.html\\\|title \\= Brewers Activate Kolten Wong, Select Zack Godley\\\| date\\=18 June 2021 }} After allowing 3 earned runs in a third of an inning, Godley was again designated for assignment on June 21\\.{{Cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.mlbtraderumors.com/2021/06/brewers\\-dfa\\-zack\\-godley.html\\\|title \\= Brewers DFA Zack Godley\\\| date\\=21 June 2021 }} He was outrighted to the Triple\\-A [Nashville Sounds](/wiki/Nashville_Sounds \"Nashville Sounds\") on June 24\\.{{cite web\\\| url \\= http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/transactions/\\#month\\=6\\&year\\=2021\\\| title \\= Major League Baseball Transactions {{!}} MLB.com}} However, Godley rejected the outright assignment and elected free agency the next day.{{Cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.mlbtraderumors.com/2021/06/zack\\-godley\\-elects\\-free\\-agency\\-brewers.html\\\|title \\= Zack Godley Elects Free Agency\\\| date\\=25 June 2021 }}", "### Cleveland Indians", "On June 28, 2021, Godley signed a minor league contract with the [Cleveland Indians](/wiki/Cleveland_Indians \"Cleveland Indians\") organization and was assigned to the [Columbus Clippers](/wiki/Columbus_Clippers \"Columbus Clippers\") of the [Triple\\-A East](/wiki/Triple-A_East \"Triple-A East\").{{Cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.mlbtraderumors.com/2021/06/indians\\-to\\-sign\\-zack\\-godley.html\\\|title \\= Indians to Sign Zack Godley\\\| date\\=28 June 2021 }} Godley was released by the Indians on August 2, 2021\\.", "### New York Mets", "On August 7, 2021, Godley signed a minor league deal with the [New York Mets](/wiki/New_York_Mets \"New York Mets\").{{Cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.mlbtraderumors.com/2021/08/mets\\-sign\\-zack\\-godley\\-to\\-minors\\-deal.html\\\|title \\= Mets Sign Zack Godley to Minors Deal\\\| date\\=7 August 2021 }} Godley made 4 starts for the Triple\\-A [Syracuse Mets](/wiki/Syracuse_Mets \"Syracuse Mets\"), going 2–0 with a 2\\.33 ERA and 17 strikeouts. On August 30, Godley was granted his release by the Mets.{{Cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.mlbtraderumors.com/2021/08/mets\\-release\\-zack\\-godley.html\\\|title \\= Mets Release Zack Godley\\\| date\\=30 August 2021 }}", "### Cincinnati Reds", "On February 21, 2022, Godley signed a minor league contract with the [Cincinnati Reds](/wiki/Cincinnati_Reds \"Cincinnati Reds\").{{Cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.mlbtraderumors.com/2022/02/reds\\-sign\\-zack\\-godley.html\\\|title \\= Reds Sign Zack Godley to Minor League Deal\\\| date\\=21 February 2022 }} In 14 games for the Triple–A [Louisville Bats](/wiki/Louisville_Bats \"Louisville Bats\"), he struggled to an 8\\.06 ERA with 29 strikeouts across {{fraction\\\|22\\\|1\\\|3}} innings pitched. On May 26, Godley was released by the Reds organization.{{cite web \\\| url\\=https://www.milb.com/player/zack\\-godley\\-643327 \\\| title\\=Zack Godley Stats, Fantasy \\& News }}", "### Gastonia Honey Hunters", "On June 7, 2022, Godley signed with the [Gastonia Honey Hunters](/wiki/Gastonia_Honey_Hunters \"Gastonia Honey Hunters\") of the [Atlantic League of Professional Baseball](/wiki/Atlantic_League_of_Professional_Baseball \"Atlantic League of Professional Baseball\"). In 15 games (11 starts) for Gastonia, he recorded a 4\\.64 ERA with 64 strikeouts in {{fraction\\\|54\\\|1\\\|3}} innings. Godley became a free agent following the season.", "On April 19, 2023, Godley re\\-signed with the Honey Hunters for the 2023 season. In 13 starts for Gastonia, he registered a 5–3 record and 4\\.79 ERA with 86 strikeouts in {{fraction\\\|71\\\|1\\\|3}} innings pitched.", "### Oakland Athletics", "On July 18, 2023, Godley signed a minor league contract with the [Oakland Athletics](/wiki/Oakland_Athletics \"Oakland Athletics\") organization.{{Cite web\\\|title\\=Athletics' Zack Godley: Gets minors deal from A's\\\|url\\=https://www.cbssports.com/fantasy/baseball/news/athletics\\-zack\\-godley\\-gets\\-minors\\-deal\\-from\\-as/\\\|access\\-date\\=July 19, 2023\\\|website\\=cbssports.com\\\|language\\=en}} He made 12 appearances (10 starts) for the Triple–A [Las Vegas Aviators](/wiki/Las_Vegas_Aviators \"Las Vegas Aviators\"), registering a 5\\.21 ERA with 57 strikeouts across 57 innings of work. Godley elected free agency following the season on November 6\\.{{Cite web\\\|title\\=2023 MiLB Free Agents\\\|url\\=https://www.baseballamerica.com/stories/2023\\-milb\\-free\\-agents/\\\|access\\-date\\=May 23, 2024\\\|website\\=baseballamerica.com\\\|language\\=en}}", "" ]
Naive fermion discretization ---------------------------- For simplicity we will consider a four\-dimensional theory of a free fermion, although the fermion doubling problem remains in arbitrary dimensions and even if [interactions](/wiki/Lattice_gauge_theory "Lattice gauge theory") are included. Lattice field theory is usually carried out in Euclidean spacetime arrived at from [Minkowski spacetime](/wiki/Minkowski_space "Minkowski space") after a [Wick rotation](/wiki/Wick_rotation "Wick rotation"), where the continuum [Dirac](/wiki/Dirac_equation "Dirac equation") [action](/wiki/Action_%28physics%29 "Action (physics)") takes the form S\_F\[\\psi, \\bar \\psi] \= \\int d^4x\\bar \\psi(x)(\\gamma^\\mu \\partial\_\\mu \+ m)\\psi(x). This is discretized by introducing a lattice with lattice spacing a and points indexed by a vector of integers n \= (n\_1,n\_2,n\_3,n\_4\). The integral becomes a sum over all lattice points, while the fermionic fields are replaced by four\-component [Grassmann variables](/wiki/Grassmann_number "Grassmann number") at each lattice site denoted by \\psi\_n and \\bar \\psi\_n. The [derivative](/wiki/Derivative "Derivative") discretization used is the symmetric [derivative discretization](/wiki/Finite_difference "Finite difference"), with the vectors \\hat \\mu being unit vectors in the \\mu direction. These steps give the naive free fermion action{{cite journal\\|last1\=Gupta\\|first1\=R.\\|authorlink1\=\\|date\=1997\\|title\=Introduction to lattice QCD: Course\\|url\=\\|journal\=Les Houches Summer School in Theoretical Physics, Session 68: Probing the Standard Model of Particle Interactions\\|volume\=\\|issue\=\\|pages\=83–219\\|doi\=\\|pmid\=\\|arxiv\=hep\-lat/9807028\\|s2cid\=\\|access\-date\=}} S\_F^L\[\\psi, \\bar \\psi] \= a^4 \\sum\_n \\bar \\psi\_n \\bigg(\\sum^4\_{\\mu\=1} \\gamma\_\\mu \\frac{\\psi\_{n\+\\hat \\mu}\-\\psi\_{n\-\\hat \\mu}}{2a}\+m\\psi\_n\\bigg). This action reduces down to the continuum Dirac action in the continuum limit, so is expect to be a theory of a single fermion. However, it instead describes sixteen identical fermions, with each fermion said to have a different taste, analogously to how particles have different [flavours](/wiki/Flavour_%28particle_physics%29 "Flavour (particle physics)") in [particle physics](/wiki/Particle_physics "Particle physics"). The fifteen additional fermions are often referred to as doublers. This extended [particle](/wiki/Particle "Particle") content can be seen by analyzing the [symmetries](/wiki/Symmetry_%28physics%29 "Symmetry (physics)") or the [correlation functions](/wiki/Correlation_function_%28quantum_field_theory%29 "Correlation function (quantum field theory)") of the lattice theory. ### Doubling symmetry The naive fermion action possesses a new taste\-exchange symmetry not found in the continuum theory acting on the fermion fields as{{cite journal\\|last1\=Follana\\|first1\=E.\\|authorlink1\=\\|collaboration\=HPQCD,UKQCD\\|year\=2007\\|title\=Highly Improved Staggered Quarks on the Lattice, with Applications to Charm Physics\\|url\=\\|journal\=Phys. Rev. D\\|volume\=75\\|issue\=5\\|page\=054502 \\|doi\=10\.1103/PhysRevD.75\.054502\\|pmid\=\\|arxiv\=hep\-lat/0610092\\|bibcode\=2007PhRvD..75e4502F \\|s2cid\=119506250\\|access\-date\=}} \\psi\_n \\rightarrow e^{\-in\\cdot \\pi\_A}S\_A \\psi\_n, \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\bar \\psi\_n \\rightarrow \\bar \\psi\_n S\_A^\\dagger e^{in\\cdot \\pi\_A}, where the vectors \\pi\_A are the sixteen vectors with non\-zero entries of \\pi specified by A. For example, \\pi\_0 \= (0,0,0,0\), \\pi\_{2} \= (0,\\pi,0,0\), \\pi\_{14} \= (\\pi,0,0,\\pi), and \\pi\_{1234} \= (\\pi,\\pi,\\pi,\\pi). The [Dirac structure](/wiki/Gamma_matrices "Gamma matrices") in the symmetry is similarly defined by the indices of A as S\_A \= S\_{\\nu\_1}S\_{\\nu\_2}S\_{\\nu\_3}S\_{\\nu\_4} where S\_0 \= I and S\_\\nu \= i\\gamma\_5 \\gamma\_\\nu; for example with S\_{14} \= (i\\gamma\_5 \\gamma\_1\)(i\\gamma\_5\\gamma\_4\). The presence of these sixteen symmetry transformations implies the existence of sixteen identical fermion states rather than just one. Starting with a fermion field \\psi\_n, the symmetry maps it to another field \\psi'\_n \= e^{\-in\\cdot \\pi\_A}S\_A\\psi\_n. [Fourier transforming](/wiki/Fourier_transform "Fourier transform") this shows that its [momentum](/wiki/Momentum "Momentum") has been shifted as p^\\mu \\rightarrow p^\\mu \+ \\pi\_A^\\mu. Therefore, a fermion with momentum near the center of the [Brillouin zone](/wiki/Brillouin_zone "Brillouin zone") is mapped to one of its corners while one of the corner fermions comes in to replace the center fermion, showing that the transformation acts to exchange the tastes of the fermions. Since this is a symmetry of the action, the different tastes must be physically indistinguishable from each other. Here the Brillouin momentum k^\\mu \= p^\\mu\+ \\pi\_A^\\mu for small p^\\mu is not the physical momentum of the particle, rather that is p^\\mu. Instead \\pi\_A^\\mu acts more as an additional [quantum number](/wiki/Quantum_number "Quantum number") specifying the taste of a fermion. The S\_A term is responsible for changing the [representation](/wiki/Group_representation "Group representation") of the \\gamma\-matrices of the doublers to \\gamma\_\\mu^{(A)} \= S\_A^\\dagger \\gamma\_\\mu S\_A, which has the effect of changing the signs of the matrices as (\\gamma\_1, \\gamma\_2, \\gamma\_3, \\gamma\_4\) \\rightarrow (\\pm \\gamma\_1, \\pm \\gamma\_2, \\pm \\gamma\_3, \\pm \\gamma\_4\). Since any such sign change results in a set of matrices still satisfying the [Dirac algebra](/wiki/Dirac_algebra "Dirac algebra"), the resulting matrices form a valid representation. It is also the term that enters the [wave function](/wiki/Wave_function "Wave function") of the doublers given by S\_A^\\dagger u(\\boldsymbol p) and S^\\dagger\_A v(\\boldsymbol p), where u(\\boldsymbol p) and v(\\boldsymbol p) are the usual Dirac equation solutions with momentum \\boldsymbol p.{{cite book\\|last1\=DeGrand\\|first1\=T.\\|last2\=DeTar\\|first2\=C.\\|date\=2006\\|title\=Lattice Methods for Quantum Chromodynamics\\|series\=\\|url\=\\|doi\=10\.1142/6065\\|location\=\\|publisher\=World Scientific Publishing\\|chapter\=6\\|page\=103\\|bibcode\=2006lmqc.book.....D \\|isbn\=978\-9812567277}} ### Propagator and dispersion relation In the continuum theory, the Dirac [propagator](/wiki/Propagator "Propagator") has a single [pole](/wiki/Zeros_and_poles "Zeros and poles") as the theory describes only a single particle. However, calculating the propagator from the naive action yields S(p) \= \\frac{m \- ia^{\-1}\\sum\_\\mu \\gamma\_\\mu \\sin(p^\\mu a)}{m^2\+a^{\-2}\\sum\_\\mu \\sin(p^\\mu a)^2}, for a fermion with momentum p^\\mu.{{cite book\\|last1\=Gattringer\\|first1\=C.\\|last2\=Lang\\|first2\=C.B.\\|date\=2009\\|title\=Quantum Chromodynamics on the Lattice: An Introductory Presentation\\|series\=Lecture Notes in Physics 788\\|url\=\\|doi\=10\.1007/978\-3\-642\-01850\-3\\|location\=\\|publisher\=Springer\\|chapter\=5\\|pages\=111–112\\|isbn\=978\-3642018497}} For low momenta \\sin(p^\\mu a)\\approx p^\\mu a this still has the expected pole at ap^\\mu \= (am,0,0,0\), but there are fifteen additional poles when ap^\\mu \= (am,0,0,0\)\+\\pi\_A^\\mu. Each of these is a new fermion species with doubling arising because the \\sin(p^\\mu a) function has two poles over the range p^\\mu \\in \[\-\\pi/a,\\pi/a]. This is in contrast to what happens when particles of different [spins](/wiki/Spin_%28physics%29 "Spin (physics)") are discretized. For example, [scalars](/wiki/Scalar_boson "Scalar boson") acquire propagators taking a similar form except with \\sin(p^\\mu a/2\), which only has a single pole over the momentum range and so the theory does not suffer from a doubling problem.{{cite book\\|last\=Rothe\\|first\=H.J.\\|author\-link\=\\|date\=2005\\|title\=Lattice Gauge Theories: An Introduction\\|series\=World Scientific Lecture Notes in Physics: Volume 43\\|url\=https://library.oapen.org/handle/20\.500\.12657/50492\\|doi\=10\.1142/8229\\|location\=\\|publisher\=World Scientific Publishing\\|chapter\=3\\|volume\=82 \\|pages\=39–40\\|hdl\=20\.500\.12657/50492 \\|isbn\=978\-9814365857}} [270px\\|thumb\\|right\\|alt\=Comparison of the free continuum fermion dispersion relation which is linear, versus the lattice fermion dispersion relation which is sinusoidal, crossing the x\-axis at the Brillouin zone boundary, corresponding to a fermion doubler state.\\|Comparison between the continuum and lattice dispersion relations of a free fermion, with the latter having a doubler at the Brillouin zone boundary.](/wiki/File:Fermion_doubling_dispersion_relation.svg "Fermion doubling dispersion relation.svg") The necessity of fermion doubling can be deduced from the fact that the [massless](/wiki/Massless_particle "Massless particle") fermion propagator is [odd](/wiki/Even_and_odd_functions "Even and odd functions") around the [origin](/wiki/Origin_%28mathematics%29 "Origin (mathematics)").{{cite book\\|last\=Makeenko\\|first\=Y.\\|date\=2002\\|title\=Methods of Contemporary Gauge Theory\\|series\=Cambridge Monographs on Mathematical Physics\\|url\=\\|doi\=10\.1017/CBO9780511535147\\|location\=Cambridge\\|publisher\=Cambridge University Press\\|chapter\=8\\|pages\=149–150\\|hdl\=20\.500\.12657/64018 \\|isbn\=978\-0521809115}} That is, in the continuum limit it is proportional to \\gamma\_\\mu p^\\mu, which must still be the case on the lattice in the small momentum limit. But since any [local](/wiki/Principle_of_locality "Principle of locality") lattice theory that can be constructed must have a propagator that is [continuous](/wiki/Continuous_function "Continuous function") and [periodic](/wiki/Periodic_function "Periodic function"), it must cross the zero axis at least once more, which is exactly what occurs on the Brillouin zone corners where ap\_\\mu \= \\pi\_A^\\mu for the naive fermion propagator. This is in contrast to the [bosonic](/wiki/Boson "Boson") propagator which is [quadratic](/wiki/Quadratic_function "Quadratic function") around the origin and so does not have such problem. Doubling can be avoided if a discontinuous propagator is used, but this results in a non\-local theory. The presence of doublers is also reflected in the fermion [dispersion relation](/wiki/Dispersion_relation "Dispersion relation"). Since this is a relation between the [energy](/wiki/Energy "Energy") \\omega of the fermion and its momentum, it requires performing an inverse Wick transformation p\_4 \= \\pm i \\omega, with the dispersion relation arising from the pole of the propagator{{cite book\\|last1\=Montvay\\|first1\=I.\\|last2\=Munster\\|first2\=G.\\|date\=1994\\|title\=Quantum Fields on a Lattice\\|series\=Cambridge Monographs on Mathematical Physics\\|url\=\\|doi\=10\.1017/CBO9780511470783\\|location\=Cambridge\\|publisher\=Cambridge University Press\\|chapter\=4\\|pages\=116–117\\|isbn\=9780511470783\\|s2cid\=118339104 }} \\sinh \\omega(\\boldsymbol p) \= \\sqrt{m^2 \+ \\sum^3\_{j\=1}\\sin^2 p\_j}. The zeros of this dispersion relation are local energy [minima](/wiki/Maxima_and_minima "Maxima and minima") around which excitations correspond to different particle species. The above has eight different species arising due to doubling in the three spatial directions. The remaining eight doublers occur due to another doubling in the Euclidean temporal direction, which seems to have been lost. But this is due to a naive application of the inverse Wick transformation. The theory has an obstruction that does not allow for the simple replacement of p\_4 \= \\pm i \\omega and instead requires performing the full [contour integration](/wiki/Contour_integration "Contour integration"). Doing this for the [position space](/wiki/Position_and_momentum_spaces "Position and momentum spaces") propagator results in two separate terms, each of which has the same dispersion relation of eight fermion species, giving a total of sixteen.{{cite book\\|last\=Smit\\|first\=Jan\\|author\-link\=Jan Smit (physicist)\\|date\=2002\\|title\=Introduction to Quantum Fields on a Lattice\\|series\=Cambridge Lecture Notes in Physics\\|url\=\\|doi\=10\.1017/CBO9780511583971\\|location\=Cambridge\\|publisher\=Cambridge University Press\\|chapter\=6\\|pages\=153–156\\|hdl\=20\.500\.12657/64022 \\|isbn\=9780511583971}} The obstruction between the Minkowski and Euclidean naive fermion lattice theories occurs because doubling does not occur in the Minkowski temporal direction, so the two theories differ in their particle content.	[ "Naive fermion discretization\n----------------------------", "For simplicity we will consider a four\\-dimensional theory of a free fermion, although the fermion doubling problem remains in arbitrary dimensions and even if [interactions](/wiki/Lattice_gauge_theory \"Lattice gauge theory\") are included. Lattice field theory is usually carried out in Euclidean spacetime arrived at from [Minkowski spacetime](/wiki/Minkowski_space \"Minkowski space\") after a [Wick rotation](/wiki/Wick_rotation \"Wick rotation\"), where the continuum [Dirac](/wiki/Dirac_equation \"Dirac equation\") [action](/wiki/Action_%28physics%29 \"Action (physics)\") takes the form", "", "S\\_F\\[\\\\psi, \\\\bar \\\\psi] \\= \\\\int d^4x\\\\bar \\\\psi(x)(\\\\gamma^\\\\mu \\\\partial\\_\\\\mu \\+ m)\\\\psi(x).", "This is discretized by introducing a lattice with lattice spacing a and points indexed by a vector of integers n \\= (n\\_1,n\\_2,n\\_3,n\\_4\\). The integral becomes a sum over all lattice points, while the fermionic fields are replaced by four\\-component [Grassmann variables](/wiki/Grassmann_number \"Grassmann number\") at each lattice site denoted by \\\\psi\\_n and \\\\bar \\\\psi\\_n. The [derivative](/wiki/Derivative \"Derivative\") discretization used is the symmetric [derivative discretization](/wiki/Finite_difference \"Finite difference\"), with the vectors \\\\hat \\\\mu being unit vectors in the \\\\mu direction. These steps give the naive free fermion action{{cite journal\\\|last1\\=Gupta\\\|first1\\=R.\\\|authorlink1\\=\\\|date\\=1997\\\|title\\=Introduction to lattice QCD: Course\\\|url\\=\\\|journal\\=Les Houches Summer School in Theoretical Physics, Session 68: Probing the Standard Model of Particle Interactions\\\|volume\\=\\\|issue\\=\\\|pages\\=83–219\\\|doi\\=\\\|pmid\\=\\\|arxiv\\=hep\\-lat/9807028\\\|s2cid\\=\\\|access\\-date\\=}}", "", "S\\_F^L\\[\\\\psi, \\\\bar \\\\psi] \\= a^4 \\\\sum\\_n \\\\bar \\\\psi\\_n \\\\bigg(\\\\sum^4\\_{\\\\mu\\=1} \\\\gamma\\_\\\\mu \\\\frac{\\\\psi\\_{n\\+\\\\hat \\\\mu}\\-\\\\psi\\_{n\\-\\\\hat \\\\mu}}{2a}\\+m\\\\psi\\_n\\\\bigg).", "This action reduces down to the continuum Dirac action in the continuum limit, so is expect to be a theory of a single fermion. However, it instead describes sixteen identical fermions, with each fermion said to have a different taste, analogously to how particles have different [flavours](/wiki/Flavour_%28particle_physics%29 \"Flavour (particle physics)\") in [particle physics](/wiki/Particle_physics \"Particle physics\"). The fifteen additional fermions are often referred to as doublers. This extended [particle](/wiki/Particle \"Particle\") content can be seen by analyzing the [symmetries](/wiki/Symmetry_%28physics%29 \"Symmetry (physics)\") or the [correlation functions](/wiki/Correlation_function_%28quantum_field_theory%29 \"Correlation function (quantum field theory)\") of the lattice theory.", "### Doubling symmetry", "The naive fermion action possesses a new taste\\-exchange symmetry not found in the continuum theory acting on the fermion fields as{{cite journal\\\|last1\\=Follana\\\|first1\\=E.\\\|authorlink1\\=\\\|collaboration\\=HPQCD,UKQCD\\\|year\\=2007\\\|title\\=Highly Improved Staggered Quarks on the Lattice, with Applications to Charm Physics\\\|url\\=\\\|journal\\=Phys. Rev. D\\\|volume\\=75\\\|issue\\=5\\\|page\\=054502 \\\|doi\\=10\\.1103/PhysRevD.75\\.054502\\\|pmid\\=\\\|arxiv\\=hep\\-lat/0610092\\\|bibcode\\=2007PhRvD..75e4502F \\\|s2cid\\=119506250\\\|access\\-date\\=}}", "", "\\\\psi\\_n \\\\rightarrow e^{\\-in\\\\cdot \\\\pi\\_A}S\\_A \\\\psi\\_n, \\\\ \\\\ \\\\ \\\\ \\\\ \\\\ \\\\bar \\\\psi\\_n \\\\rightarrow \\\\bar \\\\psi\\_n S\\_A^\\\\dagger e^{in\\\\cdot \\\\pi\\_A},", "where the vectors \\\\pi\\_A are the sixteen vectors with non\\-zero entries of \\\\pi specified by A. For example, \\\\pi\\_0 \\= (0,0,0,0\\), \\\\pi\\_{2} \\= (0,\\\\pi,0,0\\), \\\\pi\\_{14} \\= (\\\\pi,0,0,\\\\pi), and \\\\pi\\_{1234} \\= (\\\\pi,\\\\pi,\\\\pi,\\\\pi). The [Dirac structure](/wiki/Gamma_matrices \"Gamma matrices\") in the symmetry is similarly defined by the indices of A as S\\_A \\= S\\_{\\\\nu\\_1}S\\_{\\\\nu\\_2}S\\_{\\\\nu\\_3}S\\_{\\\\nu\\_4} where S\\_0 \\= I and S\\_\\\\nu \\= i\\\\gamma\\_5 \\\\gamma\\_\\\\nu; for example with S\\_{14} \\= (i\\\\gamma\\_5 \\\\gamma\\_1\\)(i\\\\gamma\\_5\\\\gamma\\_4\\).", "The presence of these sixteen symmetry transformations implies the existence of sixteen identical fermion states rather than just one. Starting with a fermion field \\\\psi\\_n, the symmetry maps it to another field \\\\psi'\\_n \\= e^{\\-in\\\\cdot \\\\pi\\_A}S\\_A\\\\psi\\_n. [Fourier transforming](/wiki/Fourier_transform \"Fourier transform\") this shows that its [momentum](/wiki/Momentum \"Momentum\") has been shifted as p^\\\\mu \\\\rightarrow p^\\\\mu \\+ \\\\pi\\_A^\\\\mu. Therefore, a fermion with momentum near the center of the [Brillouin zone](/wiki/Brillouin_zone \"Brillouin zone\") is mapped to one of its corners while one of the corner fermions comes in to replace the center fermion, showing that the transformation acts to exchange the tastes of the fermions. Since this is a symmetry of the action, the different tastes must be physically indistinguishable from each other. Here the Brillouin momentum k^\\\\mu \\= p^\\\\mu\\+ \\\\pi\\_A^\\\\mu for small p^\\\\mu is not the physical momentum of the particle, rather that is p^\\\\mu. Instead \\\\pi\\_A^\\\\mu acts more as an additional [quantum number](/wiki/Quantum_number \"Quantum number\") specifying the taste of a fermion.", "The S\\_A term is responsible for changing the [representation](/wiki/Group_representation \"Group representation\") of the \\\\gamma\\-matrices of the doublers to \\\\gamma\\_\\\\mu^{(A)} \\= S\\_A^\\\\dagger \\\\gamma\\_\\\\mu S\\_A, which has the effect of changing the signs of the matrices as (\\\\gamma\\_1, \\\\gamma\\_2, \\\\gamma\\_3, \\\\gamma\\_4\\) \\\\rightarrow (\\\\pm \\\\gamma\\_1, \\\\pm \\\\gamma\\_2, \\\\pm \\\\gamma\\_3, \\\\pm \\\\gamma\\_4\\). Since any such sign change results in a set of matrices still satisfying the [Dirac algebra](/wiki/Dirac_algebra \"Dirac algebra\"), the resulting matrices form a valid representation. It is also the term that enters the [wave function](/wiki/Wave_function \"Wave function\") of the doublers given by S\\_A^\\\\dagger u(\\\\boldsymbol p) and S^\\\\dagger\\_A v(\\\\boldsymbol p), where u(\\\\boldsymbol p) and v(\\\\boldsymbol p) are the usual Dirac equation solutions with momentum \\\\boldsymbol p.{{cite book\\\|last1\\=DeGrand\\\|first1\\=T.\\\|last2\\=DeTar\\\|first2\\=C.\\\|date\\=2006\\\|title\\=Lattice Methods for Quantum Chromodynamics\\\|series\\=\\\|url\\=\\\|doi\\=10\\.1142/6065\\\|location\\=\\\|publisher\\=World Scientific Publishing\\\|chapter\\=6\\\|page\\=103\\\|bibcode\\=2006lmqc.book.....D \\\|isbn\\=978\\-9812567277}}", "### Propagator and dispersion relation", "In the continuum theory, the Dirac [propagator](/wiki/Propagator \"Propagator\") has a single [pole](/wiki/Zeros_and_poles \"Zeros and poles\") as the theory describes only a single particle. However, calculating the propagator from the naive action yields", "", "S(p) \\= \\\\frac{m \\- ia^{\\-1}\\\\sum\\_\\\\mu \\\\gamma\\_\\\\mu \\\\sin(p^\\\\mu a)}{m^2\\+a^{\\-2}\\\\sum\\_\\\\mu \\\\sin(p^\\\\mu a)^2},", "for a fermion with momentum p^\\\\mu.{{cite book\\\|last1\\=Gattringer\\\|first1\\=C.\\\|last2\\=Lang\\\|first2\\=C.B.\\\|date\\=2009\\\|title\\=Quantum Chromodynamics on the Lattice: An Introductory Presentation\\\|series\\=Lecture Notes in Physics 788\\\|url\\=\\\|doi\\=10\\.1007/978\\-3\\-642\\-01850\\-3\\\|location\\=\\\|publisher\\=Springer\\\|chapter\\=5\\\|pages\\=111–112\\\|isbn\\=978\\-3642018497}} For low momenta \\\\sin(p^\\\\mu a)\\\\approx p^\\\\mu a this still has the expected pole at ap^\\\\mu \\= (am,0,0,0\\), but there are fifteen additional poles when ap^\\\\mu \\= (am,0,0,0\\)\\+\\\\pi\\_A^\\\\mu. Each of these is a new fermion species with doubling arising because the \\\\sin(p^\\\\mu a) function has two poles over the range p^\\\\mu \\\\in \\[\\-\\\\pi/a,\\\\pi/a]. This is in contrast to what happens when particles of different [spins](/wiki/Spin_%28physics%29 \"Spin (physics)\") are discretized. For example, [scalars](/wiki/Scalar_boson \"Scalar boson\") acquire propagators taking a similar form except with \\\\sin(p^\\\\mu a/2\\), which only has a single pole over the momentum range and so the theory does not suffer from a doubling problem.{{cite book\\\|last\\=Rothe\\\|first\\=H.J.\\\|author\\-link\\=\\\|date\\=2005\\\|title\\=Lattice Gauge Theories: An Introduction\\\|series\\=World Scientific Lecture Notes in Physics: Volume 43\\\|url\\=https://library.oapen.org/handle/20\\.500\\.12657/50492\\\|doi\\=10\\.1142/8229\\\|location\\=\\\|publisher\\=World Scientific Publishing\\\|chapter\\=3\\\|volume\\=82 \\\|pages\\=39–40\\\|hdl\\=20\\.500\\.12657/50492 \\\|isbn\\=978\\-9814365857}}", "[270px\\\|thumb\\\|right\\\|alt\\=Comparison of the free continuum fermion dispersion relation which is linear, versus the lattice fermion dispersion relation which is sinusoidal, crossing the x\\-axis at the Brillouin zone boundary, corresponding to a fermion doubler state.\\\|Comparison between the continuum and lattice dispersion relations of a free fermion, with the latter having a doubler at the Brillouin zone boundary.](/wiki/File:Fermion_doubling_dispersion_relation.svg \"Fermion doubling dispersion relation.svg\")", "The necessity of fermion doubling can be deduced from the fact that the [massless](/wiki/Massless_particle \"Massless particle\") fermion propagator is [odd](/wiki/Even_and_odd_functions \"Even and odd functions\") around the [origin](/wiki/Origin_%28mathematics%29 \"Origin (mathematics)\").{{cite book\\\|last\\=Makeenko\\\|first\\=Y.\\\|date\\=2002\\\|title\\=Methods of Contemporary Gauge Theory\\\|series\\=Cambridge Monographs on Mathematical Physics\\\|url\\=\\\|doi\\=10\\.1017/CBO9780511535147\\\|location\\=Cambridge\\\|publisher\\=Cambridge University Press\\\|chapter\\=8\\\|pages\\=149–150\\\|hdl\\=20\\.500\\.12657/64018 \\\|isbn\\=978\\-0521809115}} That is, in the continuum limit it is proportional to \\\\gamma\\_\\\\mu p^\\\\mu, which must still be the case on the lattice in the small momentum limit. But since any [local](/wiki/Principle_of_locality \"Principle of locality\") lattice theory that can be constructed must have a propagator that is [continuous](/wiki/Continuous_function \"Continuous function\") and [periodic](/wiki/Periodic_function \"Periodic function\"), it must cross the zero axis at least once more, which is exactly what occurs on the Brillouin zone corners where ap\\_\\\\mu \\= \\\\pi\\_A^\\\\mu for the naive fermion propagator. This is in contrast to the [bosonic](/wiki/Boson \"Boson\") propagator which is [quadratic](/wiki/Quadratic_function \"Quadratic function\") around the origin and so does not have such problem. Doubling can be avoided if a discontinuous propagator is used, but this results in a non\\-local theory.", "The presence of doublers is also reflected in the fermion [dispersion relation](/wiki/Dispersion_relation \"Dispersion relation\"). Since this is a relation between the [energy](/wiki/Energy \"Energy\") \\\\omega of the fermion and its momentum, it requires performing an inverse Wick transformation p\\_4 \\= \\\\pm i \\\\omega, with the dispersion relation arising from the pole of the propagator{{cite book\\\|last1\\=Montvay\\\|first1\\=I.\\\|last2\\=Munster\\\|first2\\=G.\\\|date\\=1994\\\|title\\=Quantum Fields on a Lattice\\\|series\\=Cambridge Monographs on Mathematical Physics\\\|url\\=\\\|doi\\=10\\.1017/CBO9780511470783\\\|location\\=Cambridge\\\|publisher\\=Cambridge University Press\\\|chapter\\=4\\\|pages\\=116–117\\\|isbn\\=9780511470783\\\|s2cid\\=118339104 }}", "", "\\\\sinh \\\\omega(\\\\boldsymbol p) \\= \\\\sqrt{m^2 \\+ \\\\sum^3\\_{j\\=1}\\\\sin^2 p\\_j}.", "The zeros of this dispersion relation are local energy [minima](/wiki/Maxima_and_minima \"Maxima and minima\") around which excitations correspond to different particle species. The above has eight different species arising due to doubling in the three spatial directions. The remaining eight doublers occur due to another doubling in the Euclidean temporal direction, which seems to have been lost. But this is due to a naive application of the inverse Wick transformation. The theory has an obstruction that does not allow for the simple replacement of p\\_4 \\= \\\\pm i \\\\omega and instead requires performing the full [contour integration](/wiki/Contour_integration \"Contour integration\"). Doing this for the [position space](/wiki/Position_and_momentum_spaces \"Position and momentum spaces\") propagator results in two separate terms, each of which has the same dispersion relation of eight fermion species, giving a total of sixteen.{{cite book\\\|last\\=Smit\\\|first\\=Jan\\\|author\\-link\\=Jan Smit (physicist)\\\|date\\=2002\\\|title\\=Introduction to Quantum Fields on a Lattice\\\|series\\=Cambridge Lecture Notes in Physics\\\|url\\=\\\|doi\\=10\\.1017/CBO9780511583971\\\|location\\=Cambridge\\\|publisher\\=Cambridge University Press\\\|chapter\\=6\\\|pages\\=153–156\\\|hdl\\=20\\.500\\.12657/64022 \\\|isbn\\=9780511583971}} The obstruction between the Minkowski and Euclidean naive fermion lattice theories occurs because doubling does not occur in the Minkowski temporal direction, so the two theories differ in their particle content.", "" ]
Work undertaken --------------- ### Repair and rebuilding Initially, the work supervised by Millholland at the Mt. Savage Shops was limited to repairing and rebuilding the Winans Camels and other early C\&P locomotives. The shop force gained much hands\-on experience during the first twenty years; at least 15 of the C\&P's camel\-backed locos were rebuilt at Mt. Savage (some twice). Typical of the rebuilds was the engine Highlander, a Winans Camel inherited from the [Mount Savage Railroad](/wiki/Mount_Savage_Railroad "Mount Savage Railroad"). It was a modernization project in which, among other things, the cab was relocated from on top of the boiler to the rear position. The C\&P shops also provided repair services to its rivals in the [Georges Creek](/wiki/Georges_Creek_%28Potomac_River%29 "Georges Creek (Potomac River)") coal region. ### New build Initially, the Winans Camels and other early locomotives were extensively rebuilt, and much hands\-on experience was gained during the period from 1866 to 1888\. The first recorded engine 'build' was a [0\-10\-0](/wiki/0-10-0 "0-10-0") unit in 1868\. This could have been a modification to a Winans Camel. By the 1880s, the shops that Millholland had set up apparently had built quite an extensive operation, able to offer custom built locomotives for sale in addition to meeting the requirements of the parent C\&P. The period beginning in 1883 was an exciting one for heavy manufacturing in Mount Savage. A locomotive catalog was issued for the Works by their agent, Thomas B. Inness \& Co. of Broadway, [New York](/wiki/New_York_City "New York City"). The catalog listed five types of engines for sale, and their specifications. Evidence was that the catalog was successful, and numerous sales to other roads resulted. This helped finance production for the home road, spurred development, and helped employment. [Narrow gauge](/wiki/Narrow_gauge "Narrow gauge") engines proved so popular a product that the works installed a [third rail](/wiki/Dual_gauge "Dual gauge") up the main line from Mount Savage for customer acceptance testing. Engine production was active between 1885 and 1917\. Engines were produced for other roads as well. The production figures for 1882 list 19 passenger and freight engines outshopped, with 16 more in 1883\. One particularly good customer was T. H. Paul \& Sons of [Frostburg](/wiki/Frostburg "Frostburg"). A former C\&P master mechanic himself (1854–1855\), Paul established shops in Cumberland and Frostburg. He built mine engines and smaller narrow gauge locomotives at his shops, but contracted with Mount Savage for his larger orders. His Frostburg works were located near the existing C\&P Passenger station, and some of the buildings still stand in 1999\.	[ "Work undertaken\n---------------", "### Repair and rebuilding", "Initially, the work supervised by Millholland at the Mt. Savage Shops was limited to repairing and rebuilding the Winans Camels and other early C\\&P locomotives. The shop force gained much hands\\-on experience during the first twenty years; at least 15 of the C\\&P's camel\\-backed locos were rebuilt at Mt. Savage (some twice). Typical of the rebuilds was the engine Highlander, a Winans Camel inherited from the [Mount Savage Railroad](/wiki/Mount_Savage_Railroad \"Mount Savage Railroad\"). It was a modernization project in which, among other things, the cab was relocated from on top of the boiler to the rear position. The C\\&P shops also provided repair services to its rivals in the [Georges Creek](/wiki/Georges_Creek_%28Potomac_River%29 \"Georges Creek (Potomac River)\") coal region.", "### New build", "Initially, the Winans Camels and other early locomotives were extensively rebuilt, and much hands\\-on experience was gained during the period from 1866 to 1888\\. The first recorded engine 'build' was a [0\\-10\\-0](/wiki/0-10-0 \"0-10-0\") unit in 1868\\. This could have been a modification to a Winans Camel. By the 1880s, the shops that Millholland had set up apparently had built quite an extensive operation, able to offer custom built locomotives for sale in addition to meeting the requirements of the parent C\\&P.", "The period beginning in 1883 was an exciting one for heavy manufacturing in Mount Savage. A locomotive catalog was issued for the Works by their agent, Thomas B. Inness \\& Co. of Broadway, [New York](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\"). The catalog listed five types of engines for sale, and their specifications. Evidence was that the catalog was successful, and numerous sales to other roads resulted. This helped finance production for the home road, spurred development, and helped employment. [Narrow gauge](/wiki/Narrow_gauge \"Narrow gauge\") engines proved so popular a product that the works installed a [third rail](/wiki/Dual_gauge \"Dual gauge\") up the main line from Mount Savage for customer acceptance testing.", "Engine production was active between 1885 and 1917\\. Engines were produced for other roads as well. The production figures for 1882 list 19 passenger and freight engines outshopped, with 16 more in 1883\\.", "One particularly good customer was T. H. Paul \\& Sons of [Frostburg](/wiki/Frostburg \"Frostburg\"). A former C\\&P master mechanic himself (1854–1855\\), Paul established shops in Cumberland and Frostburg. He built mine engines and smaller narrow gauge locomotives at his shops, but contracted with Mount Savage for his larger orders. His Frostburg works were located near the existing C\\&P Passenger station, and some of the buildings still stand in 1999\\.", "" ]
Manufacturing procedures ------------------------ Locomotive manufacturing during this period was hard, heavy, dangerous work. It proceeded according to numerous 'rules of thumb' developed by the master mechanic over the years. Innovations were introduced slowly. There were continuous efforts to reduce costs, and increase performance. Weight reduction was not desirable, as weight\-on\-drivers contributed directly to tractive effort. Locomotive frames were usually riveted, built\-up construction, of [wrought iron](/wiki/Wrought_iron "Wrought iron") and later, [steel](/wiki/Steel "Steel"). According to White, experience at the [Norris Locomotive Works](/wiki/Norris_Locomotive_Works "Norris Locomotive Works") showed that a team of 14 men could build a locomotive in 15 days. This was assuming the parts were on hand. A locomotive is a carefully integrated collection of a large number of specialty parts. ### Boilers The typical [boiler](/wiki/Boiler "Boiler") was constructed of 5/16\-inch wrought iron, starting as plate, and rolled to shape. The lap joints were single [riveted](/wiki/Rivet "Rivet"). There is a long way between watertight and steam tight. Later, double riveting, and reinforced butt joints were used. [Welding](/wiki/Welding "Welding") was not yet a developed technology, particularly for a pressure vessel. Boiler tubes were typically iron tubing of 2 inches diameter. They were lap welded, and reportedly difficult to flange. #### Lagging Boilers were covered, or [lagged](/wiki/Thermal_insulation "Thermal insulation"), to reduce heat loss, and increase efficiency. Wood slats were used originally. After 1900, [asbestos](/wiki/Asbestos "Asbestos") was a favored lagging material. It was common for the slabs of the mineral to be machined to fit. This produced large clouds of asbestos dust that is now known to be a major carcinogen, a significant cause of lung cancer. The use of dust masks, hearing protection, and safety glasses was unknown at the time. The boiler shops were a haze of asbestos dust. #### Water feed Millholland favored [Giffard's](/wiki/Henri_Giffard "Henri Giffard") water [injectors](/wiki/Injector "Injector"), based on the favorable experience with them on the Reading line. He was also an early advocate of [feedwater heaters](/wiki/Feedwater_heater "Feedwater heater"), using them as early as 1855\. His designs have them on the right side, under the engine running board. They are about 10 feet long, and 8 inches in diameter. These are a visible clue to engines produced in Mount Savage. Millholland is also responsible for the development of the poppet throttle, originally retrofitted on Camel engines in Pennsylvania. ### Cylinders The [cylinders](/wiki/Cylinder_%28engine%29 "Cylinder (engine)") were usually cast in halves, assembled, and bored to size. This represented the most complex and expensive operation of the whole locomotive assembly. In 1856, it was common for the boring operation to consume 2 days. The [pistons](/wiki/Piston "Piston") were [cast iron](/wiki/Cast_iron "Cast iron"), with fitted [brass](/wiki/Brass "Brass") [piston rings](/wiki/Piston_ring "Piston ring"). ### Driving wheels The [driving wheels](/wiki/Driving_wheel "Driving wheel") were typically cast iron, and [axles](/wiki/Axle "Axle") were usually 6\-inch\-diameter wrought iron. Driving wheels were fitted with replaceable [tires](/wiki/Railway_tires "Railway tires"). On the basis of his previous experience, Millholland favored cast\-iron tires, shrunk onto the wheels. His father had experimented with steel tires around 1851–52, and they became standard later. Some early accidents on the C\&P involved wheel failures. In 1872, Engine No. 11 broke a wheel below Frostburg, requiring the assistance of the work train, and delaying the pay car, according to the Frostburg Mining Journal. ### Connecting rods Connecting rods were [cast](/wiki/Casting "Casting"), and [bearings](/wiki/Bearing_%28mechanical%29 "Bearing (mechanical)") were brass and/or [Babbitt metal](/wiki/Babbitt_%28metal%29 "Babbitt (metal)"). The early [lubricants](/wiki/Lubricant "Lubricant") were all animal fat based, and only suitable for low temperature applications. Later, [petroleum](/wiki/Petroleum "Petroleum") based lubricants provided much better performance. ### Gauges Engine safety appliances were sparse. The [Bourdon gauge](/wiki/Bourdon_gauge "Bourdon gauge") for pressure readings was patented in 1849\. A rival gauge was developed in 1857 by Wooten. Glass [sight gauges](/wiki/Sight_glass "Sight glass") for boiler water level were not popular until the 1890s. Part of the problem was production of the proper glass, and the sealing of the gauge. ### Lamps Head lights were originally oil lamps. These units were box\-shaped, and had an 18\- to 22\-inch parabolic reflector. They could cast a 1000\-foot beam, sufficient for low\-speed operation in darkness. An important improvement was introduced with the advent of lamps powered by carbide. Similar to the lamps used by miners, these lamps used the reaction of water and the mineral [calcium carbide](/wiki/Calcium_carbide "Calcium carbide") to produce [acetylene gas](/wiki/Acetylene_gas "Acetylene gas"), which burned with a bright light. Later, electric lamps and generators were fitted. C\&P tenders were also fitted with lamps on the rear, since the engines frequently operated in reverse on the various coal branches where they could not be turned.	[ "Manufacturing procedures\n------------------------", "Locomotive manufacturing during this period was hard, heavy, dangerous work. It proceeded according to numerous 'rules of thumb' developed by the master mechanic over the years. Innovations were introduced slowly. There were continuous efforts to reduce costs, and increase performance. Weight reduction was not desirable, as weight\\-on\\-drivers contributed directly to tractive effort. Locomotive frames were usually riveted, built\\-up construction, of [wrought iron](/wiki/Wrought_iron \"Wrought iron\") and later, [steel](/wiki/Steel \"Steel\").", "According to White, experience at the [Norris Locomotive Works](/wiki/Norris_Locomotive_Works \"Norris Locomotive Works\") showed that a team of 14 men could build a locomotive in 15 days. This was assuming the parts were on hand. A locomotive is a carefully integrated collection of a large number of specialty parts.", "### Boilers", "The typical [boiler](/wiki/Boiler \"Boiler\") was constructed of 5/16\\-inch wrought iron, starting as plate, and rolled to shape. The lap joints were single [riveted](/wiki/Rivet \"Rivet\"). There is a long way between watertight and steam tight. Later, double riveting, and reinforced butt joints were used. [Welding](/wiki/Welding \"Welding\") was not yet a developed technology, particularly for a pressure vessel. Boiler tubes were typically iron tubing of 2 inches diameter. They were lap welded, and reportedly difficult to flange.", "#### Lagging", "Boilers were covered, or [lagged](/wiki/Thermal_insulation \"Thermal insulation\"), to reduce heat loss, and increase efficiency. Wood slats were used originally. After 1900, [asbestos](/wiki/Asbestos \"Asbestos\") was a favored lagging material. It was common for the slabs of the mineral to be machined to fit. This produced large clouds of asbestos dust that is now known to be a major carcinogen, a significant cause of lung cancer. The use of dust masks, hearing protection, and safety glasses was unknown at the time. The boiler shops were a haze of asbestos dust.", "#### Water feed", "Millholland favored [Giffard's](/wiki/Henri_Giffard \"Henri Giffard\") water [injectors](/wiki/Injector \"Injector\"), based on the favorable experience with them on the Reading line. He was also an early advocate of [feedwater heaters](/wiki/Feedwater_heater \"Feedwater heater\"), using them as early as 1855\\. His designs have them on the right side, under the engine running board. They are about 10 feet long, and 8 inches in diameter. These are a visible clue to engines produced in Mount Savage. Millholland is also responsible for the development of the poppet throttle, originally retrofitted on Camel engines in Pennsylvania.", "### Cylinders", "The [cylinders](/wiki/Cylinder_%28engine%29 \"Cylinder (engine)\") were usually cast in halves, assembled, and bored to size. This represented the most complex and expensive operation of the whole locomotive assembly. In 1856, it was common for the boring operation to consume 2 days. The [pistons](/wiki/Piston \"Piston\") were [cast iron](/wiki/Cast_iron \"Cast iron\"), with fitted [brass](/wiki/Brass \"Brass\") [piston rings](/wiki/Piston_ring \"Piston ring\").", "### Driving wheels", "The [driving wheels](/wiki/Driving_wheel \"Driving wheel\") were typically cast iron, and [axles](/wiki/Axle \"Axle\") were usually 6\\-inch\\-diameter wrought iron. Driving wheels were fitted with replaceable [tires](/wiki/Railway_tires \"Railway tires\"). On the basis of his previous experience, Millholland favored cast\\-iron tires, shrunk onto the wheels. His father had experimented with steel tires around 1851–52, and they became standard later. Some early accidents on the C\\&P involved wheel failures. In 1872, Engine No. 11 broke a wheel below Frostburg, requiring the assistance of the work train, and delaying the pay car, according to the Frostburg Mining Journal.", "### Connecting rods", "Connecting rods were [cast](/wiki/Casting \"Casting\"), and [bearings](/wiki/Bearing_%28mechanical%29 \"Bearing (mechanical)\") were brass and/or [Babbitt metal](/wiki/Babbitt_%28metal%29 \"Babbitt (metal)\"). The early [lubricants](/wiki/Lubricant \"Lubricant\") were all animal fat based, and only suitable for low temperature applications. Later, [petroleum](/wiki/Petroleum \"Petroleum\") based lubricants provided much better performance.", "### Gauges", "Engine safety appliances were sparse. The [Bourdon gauge](/wiki/Bourdon_gauge \"Bourdon gauge\") for pressure readings was patented in 1849\\. A rival gauge was developed in 1857 by Wooten. Glass [sight gauges](/wiki/Sight_glass \"Sight glass\") for boiler water level were not popular until the 1890s. Part of the problem was production of the proper glass, and the sealing of the gauge.", "### Lamps", "Head lights were originally oil lamps. These units were box\\-shaped, and had an 18\\- to 22\\-inch parabolic reflector. They could cast a 1000\\-foot beam, sufficient for low\\-speed operation in darkness. An important improvement was introduced with the advent of lamps powered by carbide. Similar to the lamps used by miners, these lamps used the reaction of water and the mineral [calcium carbide](/wiki/Calcium_carbide \"Calcium carbide\") to produce [acetylene gas](/wiki/Acetylene_gas \"Acetylene gas\"), which burned with a bright light. Later, electric lamps and generators were fitted. C\\&P tenders were also fitted with lamps on the rear, since the engines frequently operated in reverse on the various coal branches where they could not be turned.", "" ]
Background ---------- ### Multiple entries One\-hundred and eleven singles charted in the top 10 in 1968, with one\-hundred and three singles reaching their peak this year. Nineteen artists scored multiple entries in the top 10 in 1968\. [The Beatles](/wiki/The_Beatles "The Beatles") secured the record for most top 10 hits in 1968 with four hit singles. [Manfred Mann](/wiki/Manfred_Mann "Manfred Mann") was one of a number of artists with two top\-ten entries, including the number\-one single "[The Mighty Quinn (Quinn the Eskimo)](/wiki/Quinn_the_Eskimo_%28Mighty_Quinn%29 "Quinn the Eskimo (Mighty Quinn)")". [Amen Corner](/wiki/Amen_Corner_%28band%29 "Amen Corner (band)"), [Bee Gees](/wiki/Bee_Gees "Bee Gees"), [Donovan](/wiki/Donovan "Donovan"), [Lulu](/wiki/Lulu_%28singer%29 "Lulu (singer)") and [Status Quo](/wiki/Status_Quo_%28band%29 "Status Quo (band)") were among the other artists who had multiple top 10 entries in 1968\. ### Chart debuts Forty\-nine artists achieved their first top 10 single in 1968, either as a lead or featured artist. Of these, four went on to record another hit single that year: [Amen Corner](/wiki/Amen_Corner_%28band%29 "Amen Corner (band)"), [Don Partridge](/wiki/Don_Partridge "Don Partridge"), [Marmalade](/wiki/Marmalade_%28band%29 "Marmalade (band)") and [Status Quo](/wiki/Status_Quo_%28band%29 "Status Quo (band)"). [Love Affair](/wiki/Love_Affair_%28band%29 "Love Affair (band)") had two other entries in their breakthrough year. The following table (collapsed on desktop site) does not include acts who had previously charted as part of a group and secured their first top 10 solo single. \| Artist \| Number of top 10s \| First entry \| Chart position \| Other entries \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| [Simon Dupree and the Big Sound](/wiki/Simon_Dupree_and_the_Big_Sound "Simon Dupree and the Big Sound") \| 1 \| "[Kites](/wiki/Kites_%28song%29 "Kites (song)")" \| 9 \| — \| \| [Love Affair](/wiki/Love_Affair_%28band%29 "Love Affair (band)") \| 3 \| "[Everlasting Love](/wiki/Everlasting_Love "Everlasting Love")" \| 1 \| "[Rainbow Valley](/wiki/My_Rainbow_Valley "My Rainbow Valley")" (5\), "[A Day Without Love](/wiki/A_Day_Without_Love "A Day Without Love")" (6\) \| \| [John Fred \& His Playboy Band](/wiki/John_Fred "John Fred") \| 1 \| "[Judy in Disguise (With Glasses)](/wiki/Judy_in_Disguise_%28With_Glasses%29 "Judy in Disguise (With Glasses)")" \| 3 \| — \| \| [Plastic Penny](/wiki/Plastic_Penny "Plastic Penny") \| 1 \| "Everything I Am" \| 6 \| — \| \| [Amen Corner](/wiki/Amen_Corner_%28band%29 "Amen Corner (band)") \| 2 \| "[Bend Me, Shape Me](/wiki/Bend_Me%2C_Shape_Me "Bend Me, Shape Me")" \| 3 \| "High in the Sky" (6\) \| \| [Solomon King](/wiki/Solomon_King "Solomon King") \| 1 \| "[She Wears My Ring](/wiki/La_golondrina "La golondrina")" \| 3 \| — \| \| [Brenton Wood](/wiki/Brenton_Wood "Brenton Wood") \| 1 \| "[Gimme Little Sign](/wiki/Gimme_Little_Sign "Gimme Little Sign")" \| 8 \| — \| \| [Status Quo](/wiki/Status_Quo_%28band%29 "Status Quo (band)") \| 2 \| "[Pictures of Matchstick Men](/wiki/Pictures_of_Matchstick_Men "Pictures of Matchstick Men")" \| 7 \| "[Ice in the Sun](/wiki/Ice_in_the_Sun "Ice in the Sun")" (8\) \| \| [Esther \& Abi Ofarim](/wiki/Esther_%26_Abi_Ofarim "Esther & Abi Ofarim") \| 1 \| "[Cinderella Rockefella](/wiki/Cinderella_Rockefella "Cinderella Rockefella")" \| 1 \| — \| \| [Don Partridge](/wiki/Don_Partridge "Don Partridge") \| 2 \| "Rosie" \| 4 \| "Blue Eyes" (3\) \| \| {{sortname\\|The\\|Lemon Pipers}} \| 1 \| "[Green Tambourine](/wiki/Green_Tambourine "Green Tambourine")" \| 7 \| — \| \| [Otis Redding](/wiki/Otis_Redding "Otis Redding") \| 1 \| "[(Sittin' On) The Dock of the Bay](/wiki/%28Sittin%27_On%29_The_Dock_of_the_Bay "(Sittin' On) The Dock of the Bay")" \| 3 \| — \| \| [John Rowles](/wiki/John_Rowles "John Rowles") \| 1 \| "[If I Only Had Time](/wiki/If_I_Only_Had_Time "If I Only Had Time")" \| 3 \| — \| \| [1910 Fruitgum Company](/wiki/1910_Fruitgum_Company "1910 Fruitgum Company") \| 1 \| "[Simon Says](/wiki/Simon_Says_%281910_Fruitgum_Company_song%29 "Simon Says (1910 Fruitgum Company song)")" \| 2 \| — \| \| [Honeybus](/wiki/Honeybus "Honeybus") \| 1 \| "[I Can't Let Maggie Go](/wiki/I_Can%27t_Let_Maggie_Go "I Can't Let Maggie Go")" \| 8 \| — \| \| [Gary Puckett \& The Union Gap](/wiki/Gary_Puckett_%26_The_Union_Gap "Gary Puckett & The Union Gap") \| 1 \| "[Young Girl](/wiki/Young_Girl_%28song%29 "Young Girl (song)")" \| 1 \| "[Lady Willpower](/wiki/Lady_Willpower "Lady Willpower")" (5\) \| \| [Bobby Goldsboro](/wiki/Bobby_Goldsboro "Bobby Goldsboro") \| 1 \| "[Honey](/wiki/Honey_%28Bobby_Goldsboro_song%29 "Honey (Bobby Goldsboro song)")" \| 2 \| — \| \| [Jacky](/wiki/Jackie_Lee_%28Irish_singer%29 "Jackie Lee (Irish singer)") \| 1 \| "[White Horses](/wiki/The_White_Horses%23Theme_song "The White Horses#Theme song")" \| 10 \| — \| \| [Julie Driscoll](/wiki/Julie_Driscoll_Tippetts "Julie Driscoll Tippetts") \|1 "[This Wheel's on Fire](/wiki/This_Wheel%27s_on_Fire "This Wheel's on Fire")" 5 — \| [Brian Auger and the Trinity](/wiki/Brian_Auger_and_the_Trinity "Brian Auger and the Trinity") \| \| {{sortname\\|The\\|Equals}} \| 1 \| "[Baby, Come Back](/wiki/Baby%2C_Come_Back_%28The_Equals_song%29 "Baby, Come Back (The Equals song)")" \| 1 \| — \| \| [O. C. Smith](/wiki/O._C._Smith "O. C. Smith") \| 1 \| "[The Son of Hickory Holler's Tramp](/wiki/The_Son_of_Hickory_Holler%27s_Tramp "The Son of Hickory Holler's Tramp")" \| 2 \| — \| \| [Marmalade](/wiki/Marmalade_%28band%29 "Marmalade (band)") \| 2 \| "[Lovin' Things](/wiki/Lovin%27_Things_%28song%29 "Lovin' Things (song)")" \| 6 \| "[Ob\-La\-Di, Ob\-La\-Da](/wiki/Ob-La-Di%2C_Ob-La-Da%23Marmalade "Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da#Marmalade")" (1\) {{ref label\\|Ob\-La\-Di\\|A\\|a}} \| \| [Cupid's Inspiration](/wiki/Cupid%27s_Inspiration "Cupid's Inspiration") \| 1 \| "Yesterday Has Gone" \| 4 \| — \| \| [Ohio Express](/wiki/Ohio_Express "Ohio Express") \| 1 \| "[Yummy Yummy Yummy](/wiki/Yummy_Yummy_Yummy "Yummy Yummy Yummy")" \| 5 \| — \| \| [Tommy James and the Shondells](/wiki/Tommy_James_and_the_Shondells "Tommy James and the Shondells") \| 1 \| "[Mony Mony](/wiki/Mony_Mony "Mony Mony")" \| 1 \| — \| \| [Richard Harris](/wiki/Richard_Harris "Richard Harris") \| 1 \| "[MacArthur Park](/wiki/MacArthur_Park_%28song%29 "MacArthur Park (song)")" \| 4 \| — \| \| {{sortname\\|The\\|Crazy World of Arthur Brown}} \| 1 \| "[Fire](/wiki/Fire_%28Arthur_Brown_song%29 "Fire (Arthur Brown song)")" \| 1 \| — \| \| [Sly and the Family Stone](/wiki/Sly_and_the_Family_Stone "Sly and the Family Stone") \| 1 \| "[Dance to the Music](/wiki/Dance_to_the_Music_%28song%29 "Dance to the Music (song)")" \| 7 \| — \| \| [Johnny Nash](/wiki/Johnny_Nash "Johnny Nash") \| 1 \| "Hold Me Tight" \| 5 \| — \| \| [Canned Heat](/wiki/Canned_Heat "Canned Heat") \| 1 \| "[On the Road Again](/wiki/On_the_Road_Again_%28Canned_Heat_song%29 "On the Road Again (Canned Heat song)")" \| 8 \| — \| \| [Mary Hopkin](/wiki/Mary_Hopkin "Mary Hopkin") \| 1 \| "[Those Were the Days](/wiki/Those_Were_the_Days_%28song%29 "Those Were the Days (song)")" \| 1 \| — \| \| {{sortname\\|The\\|Casuals}} \| 1 \| "Jesamine" \| 2 \| — \| \| [Leapy Lee](/wiki/Leapy_Lee "Leapy Lee") \| 1 \| "[Little Arrows](/wiki/Little_Arrows "Little Arrows")" \| 2 \| — \| \| [Mason Williams](/wiki/Mason_Williams "Mason Williams") \| 1 \| "[Classical Gas](/wiki/Classical_Gas "Classical Gas")" \| 9 \| — \| \| [José Feliciano](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Feliciano "José Feliciano") \| 1 \| "[Light My Fire](/wiki/Light_My_Fire "Light My Fire")" \| 6 \| — \| \| [Hugo Montenegro](/wiki/Hugo_Montenegro "Hugo Montenegro") \| 1 \| "[The Good, the Bad and the Ugly](/wiki/The_Good%2C_the_Bad_and_the_Ugly_%28theme%29 "The Good, the Bad and the Ugly (theme)")" \| 1 \| — \| \| [Joe Cocker](/wiki/Joe_Cocker "Joe Cocker") \| 1 \| "[With a Little Help from My Friends](/wiki/With_a_Little_Help_from_My_Friends%23Joe_Cocker_version "With a Little Help from My Friends#Joe Cocker version")" \| 1 \| — \| \| [Barry Ryan](/wiki/Barry_Ryan_%28singer%29 "Barry Ryan (singer)") \| 1 \| "[Eloise](/wiki/Eloise_%28Paul_Ryan_song%29 "Eloise (Paul Ryan song)")" \| 2 \| — \| \| {{sortname\\|The\\|Marbles\\|The Marbles (duo)}} \| 1 \| "[Only One Woman](/wiki/Only_One_Woman "Only One Woman")" \| 5 \| — \| \| {{sortname\\|The\\|Isley Brothers}} \| 1 \| "[This Old Heart of Mine (Is Weak for You)](/wiki/This_Old_Heart_of_Mine_%28Is_Weak_for_You%29 "This Old Heart of Mine (Is Weak for You)")" \| 3 \| — \| \| [The Bandwagon](/wiki/Johnny_Johnson_and_the_Bandwagon "Johnny Johnson and the Bandwagon") \| 1 \| "[Breakin' Down the Walls of Heartache](/wiki/Breakin%27_Down_the_Walls_of_Heartache "Breakin' Down the Walls of Heartache")" \| 4 \| — \| \| [Nina Simone](/wiki/Nina_Simone "Nina Simone") \| 1 \| "[Ain't Got No, I Got Life](/wiki/Ain%27t_Got_No%2C_I_Got_Life "Ain't Got No, I Got Life")"/"Do What You Gotta Do" \| 2 \| — \| \| [Malcolm Roberts](/wiki/Malcolm_Roberts_%28singer%29 "Malcolm Roberts (singer)") \| 1 \| "May I Have the Next Dream with You" \| 8 \| — \| \| [Bonzo Dog Doo\-Dah Band](/wiki/Bonzo_Dog_Doo-Dah_Band "Bonzo Dog Doo-Dah Band") \| 1 \| "[I'm the Urban Spaceman](/wiki/I%27m_the_Urban_Spaceman "I'm the Urban Spaceman")" \| 5 \| — \| \| [Love Sculpture](/wiki/Love_Sculpture "Love Sculpture") \| 1 \| "[Sabre Dance](/wiki/Sabre_Dance "Sabre Dance")" \| 5 \| — \| \| {{sortname\\|The\\|Gun\\|The Gun (band)}} \| 1 \| "Race with the Devil" \| 8 \| — \| \| [Fleetwood Mac](/wiki/Fleetwood_Mac "Fleetwood Mac") \| 1 \| "[Albatross](/wiki/Albatross_%28instrumental%29 "Albatross (instrumental)")" {{ref label\\|Albatross\\|B\\|b}} \| 1 \| — \| ### Songs from films Original songs from various films entered the top 10 throughout the year. These included "[Mrs. Robinson](/wiki/Mrs._Robinson "Mrs. Robinson")" (from [The Graduate](/wiki/The_Graduate "The Graduate")) and "[Les Bicyclettes de Belsize](/wiki/Les_Bicyclettes_de_Belsize_%28song%29 "Les Bicyclettes de Belsize (song)")" ([Les Bicyclettes de Belsize](/wiki/Les_Bicyclettes_de_Belsize "Les Bicyclettes de Belsize")). Additionally, "[The Good, the Bad and the Ugly (Il buono, il brutto, il cattivo)](/wiki/The_Good%2C_the_Bad_and_the_Ugly_%28theme%29 "The Good, the Bad and the Ugly (theme)")" from the [film of the same name](/wiki/The_Good%2C_the_Bad_and_the_Ugly "The Good, the Bad and the Ugly"), originally recorded by [Ennio Morricone](/wiki/Ennio_Morricone "Ennio Morricone"), topped the chart when it was covered by [Hugo Montenegro](/wiki/Hugo_Montenegro "Hugo Montenegro"). ### Best\-selling singles Until 1970 there was no universally recognised year\-end best\-sellers list. However, in 2011 the Official Charts Company released a list of the best\-selling single of each year in chart history from 1952 to date. According to the list, "[Hey Jude](/wiki/Hey_Jude "Hey Jude")" by [The Beatles](/wiki/The_Beatles "The Beatles") is officially recorded as the [biggest\-selling single](/wiki/List_of_best-selling_singles_by_year_in_the_United_Kingdom "List of best-selling singles by year in the United Kingdom") of 1968\.	[ "Background\n----------", "### Multiple entries", "One\\-hundred and eleven singles charted in the top 10 in 1968, with one\\-hundred and three singles reaching their peak this year.", "Nineteen artists scored multiple entries in the top 10 in 1968\\. [The Beatles](/wiki/The_Beatles \"The Beatles\") secured the record for most top 10 hits in 1968 with four hit singles.", "[Manfred Mann](/wiki/Manfred_Mann \"Manfred Mann\") was one of a number of artists with two top\\-ten entries, including the number\\-one single \"[The Mighty Quinn (Quinn the Eskimo)](/wiki/Quinn_the_Eskimo_%28Mighty_Quinn%29 \"Quinn the Eskimo (Mighty Quinn)\")\". [Amen Corner](/wiki/Amen_Corner_%28band%29 \"Amen Corner (band)\"), [Bee Gees](/wiki/Bee_Gees \"Bee Gees\"), [Donovan](/wiki/Donovan \"Donovan\"), [Lulu](/wiki/Lulu_%28singer%29 \"Lulu (singer)\") and [Status Quo](/wiki/Status_Quo_%28band%29 \"Status Quo (band)\") were among the other artists who had multiple top 10 entries in 1968\\.", "### Chart debuts", "Forty\\-nine artists achieved their first top 10 single in 1968, either as a lead or featured artist. Of these, four went on to record another hit single that year: [Amen Corner](/wiki/Amen_Corner_%28band%29 \"Amen Corner (band)\"), [Don Partridge](/wiki/Don_Partridge \"Don Partridge\"), [Marmalade](/wiki/Marmalade_%28band%29 \"Marmalade (band)\") and [Status Quo](/wiki/Status_Quo_%28band%29 \"Status Quo (band)\"). [Love Affair](/wiki/Love_Affair_%28band%29 \"Love Affair (band)\") had two other entries in their breakthrough year.", "The following table (collapsed on desktop site) does not include acts who had previously charted as part of a group and secured their first top 10 solo single.", "", "\| Artist \| Number of top 10s \| First entry \| Chart position \| Other entries \|\n\| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \|\n\| [Simon Dupree and the Big Sound](/wiki/Simon_Dupree_and_the_Big_Sound \"Simon Dupree and the Big Sound\") \| 1 \| \"[Kites](/wiki/Kites_%28song%29 \"Kites (song)\")\" \| 9 \| — \|\n\| [Love Affair](/wiki/Love_Affair_%28band%29 \"Love Affair (band)\") \| 3 \| \"[Everlasting Love](/wiki/Everlasting_Love \"Everlasting Love\")\" \| 1 \| \"[Rainbow Valley](/wiki/My_Rainbow_Valley \"My Rainbow Valley\")\" (5\\), \"[A Day Without Love](/wiki/A_Day_Without_Love \"A Day Without Love\")\" (6\\) \|\n\| [John Fred \\& His Playboy Band](/wiki/John_Fred \"John Fred\") \| 1 \| \"[Judy in Disguise (With Glasses)](/wiki/Judy_in_Disguise_%28With_Glasses%29 \"Judy in Disguise (With Glasses)\")\" \| 3 \| — \|\n\| [Plastic Penny](/wiki/Plastic_Penny \"Plastic Penny\") \| 1 \| \"Everything I Am\" \| 6 \| — \|\n\| [Amen Corner](/wiki/Amen_Corner_%28band%29 \"Amen Corner (band)\") \| 2 \| \"[Bend Me, Shape Me](/wiki/Bend_Me%2C_Shape_Me \"Bend Me, Shape Me\")\" \| 3 \| \"High in the Sky\" (6\\) \|\n\| [Solomon King](/wiki/Solomon_King \"Solomon King\") \| 1 \| \"[She Wears My Ring](/wiki/La_golondrina \"La golondrina\")\" \| 3 \| — \|\n\| [Brenton Wood](/wiki/Brenton_Wood \"Brenton Wood\") \| 1 \| \"[Gimme Little Sign](/wiki/Gimme_Little_Sign \"Gimme Little Sign\")\" \| 8 \| — \|\n\| [Status Quo](/wiki/Status_Quo_%28band%29 \"Status Quo (band)\") \| 2 \| \"[Pictures of Matchstick Men](/wiki/Pictures_of_Matchstick_Men \"Pictures of Matchstick Men\")\" \| 7 \| \"[Ice in the Sun](/wiki/Ice_in_the_Sun \"Ice in the Sun\")\" (8\\) \|\n\| [Esther \\& Abi Ofarim](/wiki/Esther_%26_Abi_Ofarim \"Esther & Abi Ofarim\") \| 1 \| \"[Cinderella Rockefella](/wiki/Cinderella_Rockefella \"Cinderella Rockefella\")\" \| 1 \| — \|\n\| [Don Partridge](/wiki/Don_Partridge \"Don Partridge\") \| 2 \| \"Rosie\" \| 4 \| \"Blue Eyes\" (3\\) \|\n\| {{sortname\\\|The\\\|Lemon Pipers}} \| 1 \| \"[Green Tambourine](/wiki/Green_Tambourine \"Green Tambourine\")\" \| 7 \| — \|\n\| [Otis Redding](/wiki/Otis_Redding \"Otis Redding\") \| 1 \| \"[(Sittin' On) The Dock of the Bay](/wiki/%28Sittin%27_On%29_The_Dock_of_the_Bay \"(Sittin' On) The Dock of the Bay\")\" \| 3 \| — \|\n\| [John Rowles](/wiki/John_Rowles \"John Rowles\") \| 1 \| \"[If I Only Had Time](/wiki/If_I_Only_Had_Time \"If I Only Had Time\")\" \| 3 \| — \|\n\| [1910 Fruitgum Company](/wiki/1910_Fruitgum_Company \"1910 Fruitgum Company\") \| 1 \| \"[Simon Says](/wiki/Simon_Says_%281910_Fruitgum_Company_song%29 \"Simon Says (1910 Fruitgum Company song)\")\" \| 2 \| — \|\n\| [Honeybus](/wiki/Honeybus \"Honeybus\") \| 1 \| \"[I Can't Let Maggie Go](/wiki/I_Can%27t_Let_Maggie_Go \"I Can't Let Maggie Go\")\" \| 8 \| — \|\n\| [Gary Puckett \\& The Union Gap](/wiki/Gary_Puckett_%26_The_Union_Gap \"Gary Puckett & The Union Gap\") \| 1 \| \"[Young Girl](/wiki/Young_Girl_%28song%29 \"Young Girl (song)\")\" \| 1 \| \"[Lady Willpower](/wiki/Lady_Willpower \"Lady Willpower\")\" (5\\) \|\n\| [Bobby Goldsboro](/wiki/Bobby_Goldsboro \"Bobby Goldsboro\") \| 1 \| \"[Honey](/wiki/Honey_%28Bobby_Goldsboro_song%29 \"Honey (Bobby Goldsboro song)\")\" \| 2 \| — \|\n\| [Jacky](/wiki/Jackie_Lee_%28Irish_singer%29 \"Jackie Lee (Irish singer)\") \| 1 \| \"[White Horses](/wiki/The_White_Horses%23Theme_song \"The White Horses#Theme song\")\" \| 10 \| — \|\n\| [Julie Driscoll](/wiki/Julie_Driscoll_Tippetts \"Julie Driscoll Tippetts\") \|1", "\"[This Wheel's on Fire](/wiki/This_Wheel%27s_on_Fire \"This Wheel's on Fire\")\"", "5", "—", "\| [Brian Auger and the Trinity](/wiki/Brian_Auger_and_the_Trinity \"Brian Auger and the Trinity\") \|\n\| {{sortname\\\|The\\\|Equals}} \| 1 \| \"[Baby, Come Back](/wiki/Baby%2C_Come_Back_%28The_Equals_song%29 \"Baby, Come Back (The Equals song)\")\" \| 1 \| — \|\n\| [O. C. Smith](/wiki/O._C._Smith \"O. C. Smith\") \| 1 \| \"[The Son of Hickory Holler's Tramp](/wiki/The_Son_of_Hickory_Holler%27s_Tramp \"The Son of Hickory Holler's Tramp\")\" \| 2 \| — \|\n\| [Marmalade](/wiki/Marmalade_%28band%29 \"Marmalade (band)\") \| 2 \| \"[Lovin' Things](/wiki/Lovin%27_Things_%28song%29 \"Lovin' Things (song)\")\" \| 6 \| \"[Ob\\-La\\-Di, Ob\\-La\\-Da](/wiki/Ob-La-Di%2C_Ob-La-Da%23Marmalade \"Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da#Marmalade\")\" (1\\) {{ref label\\\|Ob\\-La\\-Di\\\|A\\\|a}} \|\n\| [Cupid's Inspiration](/wiki/Cupid%27s_Inspiration \"Cupid's Inspiration\") \| 1 \| \"Yesterday Has Gone\" \| 4 \| — \|\n\| [Ohio Express](/wiki/Ohio_Express \"Ohio Express\") \| 1 \| \"[Yummy Yummy Yummy](/wiki/Yummy_Yummy_Yummy \"Yummy Yummy Yummy\")\" \| 5 \| — \|\n\| [Tommy James and the Shondells](/wiki/Tommy_James_and_the_Shondells \"Tommy James and the Shondells\") \| 1 \| \"[Mony Mony](/wiki/Mony_Mony \"Mony Mony\")\" \| 1 \| — \|\n\| [Richard Harris](/wiki/Richard_Harris \"Richard Harris\") \| 1 \| \"[MacArthur Park](/wiki/MacArthur_Park_%28song%29 \"MacArthur Park (song)\")\" \| 4 \| — \|\n\| {{sortname\\\|The\\\|Crazy World of Arthur Brown}} \| 1 \| \"[Fire](/wiki/Fire_%28Arthur_Brown_song%29 \"Fire (Arthur Brown song)\")\" \| 1 \| — \|\n\| [Sly and the Family Stone](/wiki/Sly_and_the_Family_Stone \"Sly and the Family Stone\") \| 1 \| \"[Dance to the Music](/wiki/Dance_to_the_Music_%28song%29 \"Dance to the Music (song)\")\" \| 7 \| — \|\n\| [Johnny Nash](/wiki/Johnny_Nash \"Johnny Nash\") \| 1 \| \"Hold Me Tight\" \| 5 \| — \|\n\| [Canned Heat](/wiki/Canned_Heat \"Canned Heat\") \| 1 \| \"[On the Road Again](/wiki/On_the_Road_Again_%28Canned_Heat_song%29 \"On the Road Again (Canned Heat song)\")\" \| 8 \| — \|\n\| [Mary Hopkin](/wiki/Mary_Hopkin \"Mary Hopkin\") \| 1 \| \"[Those Were the Days](/wiki/Those_Were_the_Days_%28song%29 \"Those Were the Days (song)\")\" \| 1 \| — \|\n\| {{sortname\\\|The\\\|Casuals}} \| 1 \| \"Jesamine\" \| 2 \| — \|\n\| [Leapy Lee](/wiki/Leapy_Lee \"Leapy Lee\") \| 1 \| \"[Little Arrows](/wiki/Little_Arrows \"Little Arrows\")\" \| 2 \| — \|\n\| [Mason Williams](/wiki/Mason_Williams \"Mason Williams\") \| 1 \| \"[Classical Gas](/wiki/Classical_Gas \"Classical Gas\")\" \| 9 \| — \|\n\| [José Feliciano](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Feliciano \"José Feliciano\") \| 1 \| \"[Light My Fire](/wiki/Light_My_Fire \"Light My Fire\")\" \| 6 \| — \|\n\| [Hugo Montenegro](/wiki/Hugo_Montenegro \"Hugo Montenegro\") \| 1 \| \"[The Good, the Bad and the Ugly](/wiki/The_Good%2C_the_Bad_and_the_Ugly_%28theme%29 \"The Good, the Bad and the Ugly (theme)\")\" \| 1 \| — \|\n\| [Joe Cocker](/wiki/Joe_Cocker \"Joe Cocker\") \| 1 \| \"[With a Little Help from My Friends](/wiki/With_a_Little_Help_from_My_Friends%23Joe_Cocker_version \"With a Little Help from My Friends#Joe Cocker version\")\" \| 1 \| — \|\n\| [Barry Ryan](/wiki/Barry_Ryan_%28singer%29 \"Barry Ryan (singer)\") \| 1 \| \"[Eloise](/wiki/Eloise_%28Paul_Ryan_song%29 \"Eloise (Paul Ryan song)\")\" \| 2 \| — \|\n\| {{sortname\\\|The\\\|Marbles\\\|The Marbles (duo)}} \| 1 \| \"[Only One Woman](/wiki/Only_One_Woman \"Only One Woman\")\" \| 5 \| — \|\n\| {{sortname\\\|The\\\|Isley Brothers}} \| 1 \| \"[This Old Heart of Mine (Is Weak for You)](/wiki/This_Old_Heart_of_Mine_%28Is_Weak_for_You%29 \"This Old Heart of Mine (Is Weak for You)\")\" \| 3 \| — \|\n\| [The Bandwagon](/wiki/Johnny_Johnson_and_the_Bandwagon \"Johnny Johnson and the Bandwagon\") \| 1 \| \"[Breakin' Down the Walls of Heartache](/wiki/Breakin%27_Down_the_Walls_of_Heartache \"Breakin' Down the Walls of Heartache\")\" \| 4 \| — \|\n\| [Nina Simone](/wiki/Nina_Simone \"Nina Simone\") \| 1 \| \"[Ain't Got No, I Got Life](/wiki/Ain%27t_Got_No%2C_I_Got_Life \"Ain't Got No, I Got Life\")\"/\"Do What You Gotta Do\" \| 2 \| — \|\n\| [Malcolm Roberts](/wiki/Malcolm_Roberts_%28singer%29 \"Malcolm Roberts (singer)\") \| 1 \| \"May I Have the Next Dream with You\" \| 8 \| — \|\n\| [Bonzo Dog Doo\\-Dah Band](/wiki/Bonzo_Dog_Doo-Dah_Band \"Bonzo Dog Doo-Dah Band\") \| 1 \| \"[I'm the Urban Spaceman](/wiki/I%27m_the_Urban_Spaceman \"I'm the Urban Spaceman\")\" \| 5 \| — \|\n\| [Love Sculpture](/wiki/Love_Sculpture \"Love Sculpture\") \| 1 \| \"[Sabre Dance](/wiki/Sabre_Dance \"Sabre Dance\")\" \| 5 \| — \|\n\| {{sortname\\\|The\\\|Gun\\\|The Gun (band)}} \| 1 \| \"Race with the Devil\" \| 8 \| — \|\n\| [Fleetwood Mac](/wiki/Fleetwood_Mac \"Fleetwood Mac\") \| 1 \| \"[Albatross](/wiki/Albatross_%28instrumental%29 \"Albatross (instrumental)\")\" {{ref label\\\|Albatross\\\|B\\\|b}} \| 1 \| — \|", "### Songs from films", "Original songs from various films entered the top 10 throughout the year. These included \"[Mrs. Robinson](/wiki/Mrs._Robinson \"Mrs. Robinson\")\" (from [The Graduate](/wiki/The_Graduate \"The Graduate\")) and \"[Les Bicyclettes de Belsize](/wiki/Les_Bicyclettes_de_Belsize_%28song%29 \"Les Bicyclettes de Belsize (song)\")\" ([Les Bicyclettes de Belsize](/wiki/Les_Bicyclettes_de_Belsize \"Les Bicyclettes de Belsize\")).", "Additionally, \"[The Good, the Bad and the Ugly (Il buono, il brutto, il cattivo)](/wiki/The_Good%2C_the_Bad_and_the_Ugly_%28theme%29 \"The Good, the Bad and the Ugly (theme)\")\" from the [film of the same name](/wiki/The_Good%2C_the_Bad_and_the_Ugly \"The Good, the Bad and the Ugly\"), originally recorded by [Ennio Morricone](/wiki/Ennio_Morricone \"Ennio Morricone\"), topped the chart when it was covered by [Hugo Montenegro](/wiki/Hugo_Montenegro \"Hugo Montenegro\").", "### Best\\-selling singles", "Until 1970 there was no universally recognised year\\-end best\\-sellers list. However, in 2011 the Official Charts Company released a list of the best\\-selling single of each year in chart history from 1952 to date. According to the list, \"[Hey Jude](/wiki/Hey_Jude \"Hey Jude\")\" by [The Beatles](/wiki/The_Beatles \"The Beatles\") is officially recorded as the [biggest\\-selling single](/wiki/List_of_best-selling_singles_by_year_in_the_United_Kingdom \"List of best-selling singles by year in the United Kingdom\") of 1968\\.", "" ]
Geographic characteristics and early history -------------------------------------------- [thumb\\|upright\=1\.2\\|A dust storm approaches [Stratford, Texas](/wiki/Stratford%2C_Texas "Stratford, Texas"), in 1935\.](/wiki/File:Dust_storm_approaching_Stratford%2C_Texas.jpg "Dust storm approaching Stratford, Texas.jpg") The Dust Bowl area lies principally west of the [100th meridian](/wiki/100th_meridian_west "100th meridian west") on the [High Plains](/wiki/High_Plains_%28United_States%29 "High Plains (United States)"), characterized by plains that vary from rolling in the north to flat in the [Llano Estacado](/wiki/Llano_Estacado "Llano Estacado"). Elevation ranges from {{cvt\\|2500\\|ft\\|m}} in the east to {{cvt\\|6000\\|ft\\|m}} at the base of the [Rocky Mountains](/wiki/Rocky_Mountains "Rocky Mountains"). The area is [semiarid](/wiki/Semiarid "Semiarid"), receiving less than {{cvt\\|20\\|in\\|mm}} of rain annually; this rainfall supports the [shortgrass prairie](/wiki/Shortgrass_prairie "Shortgrass prairie") biome originally present in the area. The region is also prone to extended drought, alternating with unusual wetness of equivalent duration.{{cite web \\|date\=February 2000 \\|url\=http://ccc.atmos.colostate.edu/pdfs/ahistoryofdrought.pdf \\|title\=A History of Drought in Colorado: lessons learned and what lies ahead \\|publisher\=Colorado Water Resources Research Institute \\|access\-date\=December 6, 2007 \\|archive\-date\=August 21, 2011 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110821222601/http://ccc.atmos.colostate.edu/pdfs/ahistoryofdrought.pdf \\|url\-status\=live }} During wet years, the rich soil provides bountiful agricultural output, but crops fail during dry years. The region is also subject to high winds.{{cite web \\|date\=August 27, 1936 \\|url\=http://newdeal.feri.org/hopkins/hop27\.htm \\|title\=A Report of the Great Plains Area Drought Committee \\|publisher\=Hopkins Papers, Franklin D. Roosevelt Library \\|access\-date\=December 6, 2007 \\|archive\-date\=November 11, 2007 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071111012245/http://newdeal.feri.org/hopkins/hop27\.htm \\|url\-status\=live }} During early European and American exploration of the [Great Plains](/wiki/Great_Plains "Great Plains"), this region was thought unsuitable for European\-style agriculture; explorers called it the [Great American Desert](/wiki/Great_American_Desert "Great American Desert"). The lack of surface water and timber made the region less attractive than other areas for [pioneer settlement](/wiki/Plantation_%28settlement_or_colony%29 "Plantation (settlement or colony)") and agriculture. The federal government encouraged settlement and development of the Plains for agriculture via the [Homestead Act of 1862](/wiki/Homestead_Act_of_1862 "Homestead Act of 1862"), offering settlers "[quarter section](/wiki/Section_%28United_States_land_surveying%29 "Section (United States land surveying)")" {{cvt\\|160\\|acre\\|adj\=on}} plots. With the end of the [Civil War](/wiki/American_Civil_War "American Civil War") in 1865 and the completion of the [first transcontinental railroad](/wiki/First_transcontinental_railroad "First transcontinental railroad") in 1869, waves of new migrants and immigrants reached the Great Plains and greatly increased the acreage under cultivation.{{cite web \\|url\=http://www.planning.org/25anniversary/planning/1987dec.htm \\|title\=The Great Plains: from dust to dust \\|publisher\=Planning Magazine \\|date\=December 1987\\| access\-date \= December 6, 2007 \\|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20071006015832/http://www.planning.org/25anniversary/planning/1987dec.htm \\|archive\-date \= October 6, 2007}}{{cite book \\|year\=1995 \\|url\=http://www.unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/uu14re/uu14re00\.htm \\|title\=Regions at Risk: a comparison of threatened environments \\|publisher\=United Nations University Press \\|access\-date\=December 6, 2007 \\|archive\-date\=December 16, 2007 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071216233621/http://www.unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/uu14re/uu14re00\.htm \\|url\-status\=live }} An unusually wet period in the Great Plains [mistakenly led](/wiki/Correlation_does_not_imply_causation "Correlation does not imply causation") settlers and the federal government to believe that "[rain follows the plow](/wiki/Rain_follows_the_plow "Rain follows the plow")" (a popular phrase among real estate promoters) and that the region's climate had permanently changed.{{cite book \\|year\=2006 \\|url\=http://drought.unl.edu/DroughtBasics/DustBowl/DroughtintheDustBowlYears.aspx \\|title\=Drought in the Dust Bowl Years \\|publisher\=National Drought Mitigation Center \\|location\=US \\|access\-date\=December 6, 2007 \\|archive\-date\=January 24, 2016 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160124105928/http://drought.unl.edu/DroughtBasics/DustBowl/DroughtintheDustBowlYears.aspx \\|url\-status\=live }} While initial agricultural endeavors were primarily [cattle ranching](/wiki/Cattle_ranch "Cattle ranch"), the harsh winters' adverse effect on the cattle, beginning in 1886, a short drought in 1890, and general [overgrazing](/wiki/Overgrazing "Overgrazing"), led many landowners to increase the amount of land under cultivation. Recognizing the challenge of cultivating marginal arid land, the U.S. government expanded on the {{cvt\\|160\\|acre}} offered under the Homestead Act, granting {{cvt\\|640\\|acre}} to homesteaders in western Nebraska under the [Kinkaid Act](/wiki/Kinkaid_Act "Kinkaid Act") (1904\) and {{cvt\\|320\\|acres}} elsewhere in the Great Plains under the [Enlarged Homestead Act of 1909](/wiki/Enlarged_Homestead_Act_of_1909 "Enlarged Homestead Act of 1909"). Waves of European settlers arrived in the plains at the beginning of the 20th century. A return of unusually wet weather seemingly confirmed a previously held opinion that the "formerly" semiarid area could support large\-scale agriculture. At the same time, technological improvements such as mechanized plowing and mechanized harvesting made it possible to operate larger properties without increasing labor costs. With insufficient understanding of the ecology of the plains, farmers had conducted extensive [deep plowing](/wiki/Deep_plowing "Deep plowing") of the [Great Plains](/wiki/Great_Plains "Great Plains")' virgin [topsoil](/wiki/Topsoil "Topsoil") during the previous decade; this displaced the native, deep\-rooted [grasses](/wiki/Grass "Grass") that normally trapped soil and moisture even during periods of [drought](/wiki/Drought "Drought") and high winds. The rapid mechanization of farm equipment, especially small gasoline tractors, and widespread use of the [combine harvester](/wiki/Combine_harvester "Combine harvester") contributed to farmers' decisions to convert arid grassland (much of which received no more than {{convert\\|10\\|in\\|mm}} of precipitation per year) to cultivated cropland.{{cite web \\|url\=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/general\-article/dustbowl\-drought/ \\|title\=The American Experience: Drought \\|publisher\=PBS \\|access\-date\=March 15, 2015 \\|archive\-date\=March 10, 2015 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150310174144/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/general\-article/dustbowl\-drought/ \\|url\-status\=live }} During the drought of the 1930s, the unanchored soil turned to [dust](/wiki/Dust "Dust"), which prevailing winds blew away in huge clouds that sometimes blackened the sky. These choking billows of dust{{snd}}named "black blizzards" or "black rollers"{{snd}}traveled cross\-country, reaching as far as the [East Coast](/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States "East Coast of the United States") and striking such cities as [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City "New York City") and [Washington, D.C.](/wiki/Washington%2C_D.C. "Washington, D.C.") On the plains, they often reduced visibility to {{convert\\|3\\|ft\\|m\\|0\\|spell\=in}} or less. [Associated Press](/wiki/Associated_Press "Associated Press") reporter Robert E. Geiger happened to be in [Boise City, Oklahoma](/wiki/Boise_City%2C_Oklahoma "Boise City, Oklahoma"), to witness the "[Black Sunday](/wiki/Black_Sunday_%28storm%29 "Black Sunday (storm)")" black blizzards of April 14, 1935; Edward Stanley, the Kansas City news editor of the Associated Press, coined the term "Dust Bowl" while rewriting Geiger's news story.{{cite web \\|url\=http://www.srh.noaa.gov/oun/?n\=blacksunday \\|title\=The Black Sunday Dust Storm of 14 April 1935 \\|publisher\=\[\[National Weather Service]] \\|location\=\[\[Norman, Oklahoma]] \\|date\=August 24, 2010 \\|access\-date\=November 23, 2012 \\|archive\-date\=November 25, 2012 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121125235449/http://www.srh.noaa.gov/oun/?n\=blacksunday \\|url\-status\=live }}{{cite book \\|last\=Mencken \\|first\=H. L. \\|title\=The American Language \\|year\=1979 \\|publisher\=Alfred A. Knopf \\|location\=New York \\|isbn\=978\-0\-394\-40075\-4 \\|edition\=One\-Volume Abridged \\|editor\=Raven I. McDavid Jr. \\|page\=206}} The term "the Dust Bowl" originally referred to the geographical area affected by the dust, but today it usually refers to the event itself (the term "Dirty Thirties" is also sometimes used). The drought and erosion of the Dust Bowl affected {{convert\\|100\\|e6acre\\|km2\\|abbr\=unit}} that centered on the [Texas Panhandle](/wiki/Texas_Panhandle "Texas Panhandle") and [Oklahoma Panhandle](/wiki/Oklahoma_Panhandle "Oklahoma Panhandle") and touched adjacent sections of New Mexico, Colorado, and Kansas.{{cite book \\|last\=Hakim \\|first\=Joy \\|title\=A History of Us: War, Peace and all that Jazz \\|publisher\=Oxford University Press \\|year\=1995 \\|location\=New York \\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=kwke\_hhx8Z8C\&pg\=PP1 \\|isbn\=978\-0\-19\-509514\-2 \\|access\-date\=December 22, 2018 \\|archive\-date\=April 29, 2021 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429050637/https://books.google.com/books?id\=kwke\_hhx8Z8C\&pg\=PP1 \\|url\-status\=live }}{{Page needed\\|date\=February 2011}} The Dust Bowl forced tens of thousands of poverty\-stricken families, who were unable to pay mortgages or grow crops, to abandon their farms, and losses reached $25 million per day by 1936 (equivalent to ${{inflation\\|US\\|25\\|1936\\|r\=\-1}} million in {{Inflation/year\\|US}}).{{Inflation\-fn\\|US}}{{Cite AV media \\|title\=Bust: America – The Story of Us \\|year\=2010 \\|oclc\=783245601 \\|publisher\=A\&E Television Networks}} Many of these families, often called "[Okies](/wiki/Okie "Okie")" because many of them came from Oklahoma, migrated to [California](/wiki/California "California") and other states to find that the [Great Depression](/wiki/Great_Depression "Great Depression") had rendered economic conditions there little better than those they had left. The combined effects of [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I "World War I") and the disruption of the [Russian Revolution](/wiki/Russian_Revolution "Russian Revolution"), which decreased the supply of wheat and other commodity crops, increased agricultural prices; this demand encouraged farmers to dramatically increase cultivation. For example, in the [Llano Estacado](/wiki/Llano_Estacado "Llano Estacado") of [eastern New Mexico](/wiki/Eastern_New_Mexico "Eastern New Mexico") and northwestern [Texas](/wiki/Texas "Texas"), the area of farmland doubled between 1900 and 1920, then tripled between 1925 and 1930\. The agricultural methods farmers favored during this period created the conditions for large\-scale [erosion](/wiki/Erosion "Erosion") under certain environmental conditions. The widespread conversion of the land by deep plowing and other soil preparation methods to enable agriculture eliminated the native grasses that held the soil in place and helped retain moisture during dry periods. Furthermore, [cotton](/wiki/Cotton "Cotton") farmers left fields bare during the winter, when winds in the High Plains are highest, and [burned](/wiki/Stubble_burning "Stubble burning") the [stubble](/wiki/Crop_residue "Crop residue") as a means to control weeds before planting, thereby depriving the soil of organic nutrients and surface vegetation.	[ "Geographic characteristics and early history\n--------------------------------------------", "[thumb\\\|upright\\=1\\.2\\\|A dust storm approaches [Stratford, Texas](/wiki/Stratford%2C_Texas \"Stratford, Texas\"), in 1935\\.](/wiki/File:Dust_storm_approaching_Stratford%2C_Texas.jpg \"Dust storm approaching Stratford, Texas.jpg\")", "The Dust Bowl area lies principally west of the [100th meridian](/wiki/100th_meridian_west \"100th meridian west\") on the [High Plains](/wiki/High_Plains_%28United_States%29 \"High Plains (United States)\"), characterized by plains that vary from rolling in the north to flat in the [Llano Estacado](/wiki/Llano_Estacado \"Llano Estacado\"). Elevation ranges from {{cvt\\\|2500\\\|ft\\\|m}} in the east to {{cvt\\\|6000\\\|ft\\\|m}} at the base of the [Rocky Mountains](/wiki/Rocky_Mountains \"Rocky Mountains\"). The area is [semiarid](/wiki/Semiarid \"Semiarid\"), receiving less than {{cvt\\\|20\\\|in\\\|mm}} of rain annually; this rainfall supports the [shortgrass prairie](/wiki/Shortgrass_prairie \"Shortgrass prairie\") biome originally present in the area. The region is also prone to extended drought, alternating with unusual wetness of equivalent duration.{{cite web \\\|date\\=February 2000 \\\|url\\=http://ccc.atmos.colostate.edu/pdfs/ahistoryofdrought.pdf \\\|title\\=A History of Drought in Colorado: lessons learned and what lies ahead \\\|publisher\\=Colorado Water Resources Research Institute \\\|access\\-date\\=December 6, 2007 \\\|archive\\-date\\=August 21, 2011 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110821222601/http://ccc.atmos.colostate.edu/pdfs/ahistoryofdrought.pdf \\\|url\\-status\\=live }} During wet years, the rich soil provides bountiful agricultural output, but crops fail during dry years. The region is also subject to high winds.{{cite web \\\|date\\=August 27, 1936 \\\|url\\=http://newdeal.feri.org/hopkins/hop27\\.htm \\\|title\\=A Report of the Great Plains Area Drought Committee \\\|publisher\\=Hopkins Papers, Franklin D. Roosevelt Library \\\|access\\-date\\=December 6, 2007 \\\|archive\\-date\\=November 11, 2007 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071111012245/http://newdeal.feri.org/hopkins/hop27\\.htm \\\|url\\-status\\=live }} During early European and American exploration of the [Great Plains](/wiki/Great_Plains \"Great Plains\"), this region was thought unsuitable for European\\-style agriculture; explorers called it the [Great American Desert](/wiki/Great_American_Desert \"Great American Desert\"). The lack of surface water and timber made the region less attractive than other areas for [pioneer settlement](/wiki/Plantation_%28settlement_or_colony%29 \"Plantation (settlement or colony)\") and agriculture.", "The federal government encouraged settlement and development of the Plains for agriculture via the [Homestead Act of 1862](/wiki/Homestead_Act_of_1862 \"Homestead Act of 1862\"), offering settlers \"[quarter section](/wiki/Section_%28United_States_land_surveying%29 \"Section (United States land surveying)\")\" {{cvt\\\|160\\\|acre\\\|adj\\=on}} plots. With the end of the [Civil War](/wiki/American_Civil_War \"American Civil War\") in 1865 and the completion of the [first transcontinental railroad](/wiki/First_transcontinental_railroad \"First transcontinental railroad\") in 1869, waves of new migrants and immigrants reached the Great Plains and greatly increased the acreage under cultivation.{{cite web \\\|url\\=http://www.planning.org/25anniversary/planning/1987dec.htm \\\|title\\=The Great Plains: from dust to dust \\\|publisher\\=Planning Magazine \\\|date\\=December 1987\\\| access\\-date \\= December 6, 2007 \\\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20071006015832/http://www.planning.org/25anniversary/planning/1987dec.htm \\\|archive\\-date \\= October 6, 2007}}{{cite book \\\|year\\=1995 \\\|url\\=http://www.unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/uu14re/uu14re00\\.htm \\\|title\\=Regions at Risk: a comparison of threatened environments \\\|publisher\\=United Nations University Press \\\|access\\-date\\=December 6, 2007 \\\|archive\\-date\\=December 16, 2007 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071216233621/http://www.unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/uu14re/uu14re00\\.htm \\\|url\\-status\\=live }} An unusually wet period in the Great Plains [mistakenly led](/wiki/Correlation_does_not_imply_causation \"Correlation does not imply causation\") settlers and the federal government to believe that \"[rain follows the plow](/wiki/Rain_follows_the_plow \"Rain follows the plow\")\" (a popular phrase among real estate promoters) and that the region's climate had permanently changed.{{cite book \\\|year\\=2006 \\\|url\\=http://drought.unl.edu/DroughtBasics/DustBowl/DroughtintheDustBowlYears.aspx \\\|title\\=Drought in the Dust Bowl Years \\\|publisher\\=National Drought Mitigation Center \\\|location\\=US \\\|access\\-date\\=December 6, 2007 \\\|archive\\-date\\=January 24, 2016 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160124105928/http://drought.unl.edu/DroughtBasics/DustBowl/DroughtintheDustBowlYears.aspx \\\|url\\-status\\=live }} While initial agricultural endeavors were primarily [cattle ranching](/wiki/Cattle_ranch \"Cattle ranch\"), the harsh winters' adverse effect on the cattle, beginning in 1886, a short drought in 1890, and general [overgrazing](/wiki/Overgrazing \"Overgrazing\"), led many landowners to increase the amount of land under cultivation.", "Recognizing the challenge of cultivating marginal arid land, the U.S. government expanded on the {{cvt\\\|160\\\|acre}} offered under the Homestead Act, granting {{cvt\\\|640\\\|acre}} to homesteaders in western Nebraska under the [Kinkaid Act](/wiki/Kinkaid_Act \"Kinkaid Act\") (1904\\) and {{cvt\\\|320\\\|acres}} elsewhere in the Great Plains under the [Enlarged Homestead Act of 1909](/wiki/Enlarged_Homestead_Act_of_1909 \"Enlarged Homestead Act of 1909\"). Waves of European settlers arrived in the plains at the beginning of the 20th century. A return of unusually wet weather seemingly confirmed a previously held opinion that the \"formerly\" semiarid area could support large\\-scale agriculture. At the same time, technological improvements such as mechanized plowing and mechanized harvesting made it possible to operate larger properties without increasing labor costs.", "With insufficient understanding of the ecology of the plains, farmers had conducted extensive [deep plowing](/wiki/Deep_plowing \"Deep plowing\") of the [Great Plains](/wiki/Great_Plains \"Great Plains\")' virgin [topsoil](/wiki/Topsoil \"Topsoil\") during the previous decade; this displaced the native, deep\\-rooted [grasses](/wiki/Grass \"Grass\") that normally trapped soil and moisture even during periods of [drought](/wiki/Drought \"Drought\") and high winds. The rapid mechanization of farm equipment, especially small gasoline tractors, and widespread use of the [combine harvester](/wiki/Combine_harvester \"Combine harvester\") contributed to farmers' decisions to convert arid grassland (much of which received no more than {{convert\\\|10\\\|in\\\|mm}} of precipitation per year) to cultivated cropland.{{cite web \\\|url\\=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/general\\-article/dustbowl\\-drought/ \\\|title\\=The American Experience: Drought \\\|publisher\\=PBS \\\|access\\-date\\=March 15, 2015 \\\|archive\\-date\\=March 10, 2015 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150310174144/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/general\\-article/dustbowl\\-drought/ \\\|url\\-status\\=live }} During the drought of the 1930s, the unanchored soil turned to [dust](/wiki/Dust \"Dust\"), which prevailing winds blew away in huge clouds that sometimes blackened the sky. These choking billows of dust{{snd}}named \"black blizzards\" or \"black rollers\"{{snd}}traveled cross\\-country, reaching as far as the [East Coast](/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States \"East Coast of the United States\") and striking such cities as [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\") and [Washington, D.C.](/wiki/Washington%2C_D.C. \"Washington, D.C.\") On the plains, they often reduced visibility to {{convert\\\|3\\\|ft\\\|m\\\|0\\\|spell\\=in}} or less. [Associated Press](/wiki/Associated_Press \"Associated Press\") reporter Robert E. Geiger happened to be in [Boise City, Oklahoma](/wiki/Boise_City%2C_Oklahoma \"Boise City, Oklahoma\"), to witness the \"[Black Sunday](/wiki/Black_Sunday_%28storm%29 \"Black Sunday (storm)\")\" black blizzards of April 14, 1935; Edward Stanley, the Kansas City news editor of the Associated Press, coined the term \"Dust Bowl\" while rewriting Geiger's news story.{{cite web \\\|url\\=http://www.srh.noaa.gov/oun/?n\\=blacksunday \\\|title\\=The Black Sunday Dust Storm of 14 April 1935 \\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[National Weather Service]] \\\|location\\=\\[\\[Norman, Oklahoma]] \\\|date\\=August 24, 2010 \\\|access\\-date\\=November 23, 2012 \\\|archive\\-date\\=November 25, 2012 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121125235449/http://www.srh.noaa.gov/oun/?n\\=blacksunday \\\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{cite book \\\|last\\=Mencken \\\|first\\=H. L. \\\|title\\=The American Language \\\|year\\=1979 \\\|publisher\\=Alfred A. Knopf \\\|location\\=New York \\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-394\\-40075\\-4 \\\|edition\\=One\\-Volume Abridged \\\|editor\\=Raven I. McDavid Jr. \\\|page\\=206}}", "The term \"the Dust Bowl\" originally referred to the geographical area affected by the dust, but today it usually refers to the event itself (the term \"Dirty Thirties\" is also sometimes used). The drought and erosion of the Dust Bowl affected {{convert\\\|100\\\|e6acre\\\|km2\\\|abbr\\=unit}} that centered on the [Texas Panhandle](/wiki/Texas_Panhandle \"Texas Panhandle\") and [Oklahoma Panhandle](/wiki/Oklahoma_Panhandle \"Oklahoma Panhandle\") and touched adjacent sections of New Mexico, Colorado, and Kansas.{{cite book \\\|last\\=Hakim \\\|first\\=Joy \\\|title\\=A History of Us: War, Peace and all that Jazz \\\|publisher\\=Oxford University Press \\\|year\\=1995 \\\|location\\=New York \\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=kwke\\_hhx8Z8C\\&pg\\=PP1 \\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-19\\-509514\\-2 \\\|access\\-date\\=December 22, 2018 \\\|archive\\-date\\=April 29, 2021 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429050637/https://books.google.com/books?id\\=kwke\\_hhx8Z8C\\&pg\\=PP1 \\\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{Page needed\\\|date\\=February 2011}} The Dust Bowl forced tens of thousands of poverty\\-stricken families, who were unable to pay mortgages or grow crops, to abandon their farms, and losses reached $25 million per day by 1936 (equivalent to ${{inflation\\\|US\\\|25\\\|1936\\\|r\\=\\-1}} million in {{Inflation/year\\\|US}}).{{Inflation\\-fn\\\|US}}{{Cite AV media \\\|title\\=Bust: America – The Story of Us \\\|year\\=2010 \\\|oclc\\=783245601 \\\|publisher\\=A\\&E Television Networks}} Many of these families, often called \"[Okies](/wiki/Okie \"Okie\")\" because many of them came from Oklahoma, migrated to [California](/wiki/California \"California\") and other states to find that the [Great Depression](/wiki/Great_Depression \"Great Depression\") had rendered economic conditions there little better than those they had left.", "The combined effects of [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I \"World War I\") and the disruption of the [Russian Revolution](/wiki/Russian_Revolution \"Russian Revolution\"), which decreased the supply of wheat and other commodity crops, increased agricultural prices; this demand encouraged farmers to dramatically increase cultivation. For example, in the [Llano Estacado](/wiki/Llano_Estacado \"Llano Estacado\") of [eastern New Mexico](/wiki/Eastern_New_Mexico \"Eastern New Mexico\") and northwestern [Texas](/wiki/Texas \"Texas\"), the area of farmland doubled between 1900 and 1920, then tripled between 1925 and 1930\\. The agricultural methods farmers favored during this period created the conditions for large\\-scale [erosion](/wiki/Erosion \"Erosion\") under certain environmental conditions. The widespread conversion of the land by deep plowing and other soil preparation methods to enable agriculture eliminated the native grasses that held the soil in place and helped retain moisture during dry periods. Furthermore, [cotton](/wiki/Cotton \"Cotton\") farmers left fields bare during the winter, when winds in the High Plains are highest, and [burned](/wiki/Stubble_burning \"Stubble burning\") the [stubble](/wiki/Crop_residue \"Crop residue\") as a means to control weeds before planting, thereby depriving the soil of organic nutrients and surface vegetation.", "" ]
Life and work ------------- Houben Tcherkelov was born on January 23, 1970, in [Kardzhali](/wiki/Kardzhali "Kardzhali"), a town in southeastern Bulgaria. Tcherkelov studied painting at the [National Academy of Arts](/wiki/National_Academy_of_Arts "National Academy of Arts") in [Sofia](/wiki/Sofia "Sofia"), Bulgaria's capital, and was associated with the radical movement around the XXL Gallery.Phillips, Christopher. "Report From Sofia: The View from Europe's Lower East Side." Art in America. October, 1997\. pg. 49\. Tcherkelov's early works in Sofia analyze space and life structures in a society transitioning at once to a new social system and acclimating to the rapid pace of globalization. Freezing, a 1994 exhibit of frozen animals in Sofia's [National Museum of Natural History (Bulgaria)](/wiki/National_Museum_of_Natural_History_%28Bulgaria%29 "National Museum of Natural History (Bulgaria)") pointed to the moribund state of museums in Bulgaria, grossly out\-of\-sync with the normal pace of events.Balkanski, Kamen. "Houben Tcherkelov: Interventions in various fields of life". Siksi. Winter, 1997\. 81\. Perhaps Tcherkelov's most well\-known work from his series of interventions is Suitable Suit, a video still from which served as the cover of Menschenbilder: Foto\- und Videokunst aus Bulgarien.Menschenbilder: Foto\- und Videokunst aus Bulgarien. Institut für Auslandsbeziehungen. Berlin, Germany. 1997\. In this video the artist lumbers through a field in a suit many sizes too large. Tcherkelov's analysis of Bulgarian society culminated in Reality Show (1998\), a video that, with numerous art historical references, satirizes the affluence and decadence of the international film and music industry transferred to Sofia.Seidl, Walter. "Reality Show." ROTOR. Graz, Austria. In 1995, Tcherkelov studied impasto painting with [Jörg Immendorff](/wiki/J%C3%B6rg_Immendorff "Jörg Immendorff") in Amsterdam with a grant from the Felix Meritis Foundation.Houben R. T.: $ Paintings, 30\. Not until he arrived in New York City in 2000, however, did he begin to work exclusively using this technique.Henry, 2\. Art critic [Eleanor Heartney](/wiki/Eleanor_Heartney "Eleanor Heartney"), in an introduction to Tcherkelov's series of impasto paintings based on images from currency, writes that they present "symbols mined from American currency as keys to understand national dreams and fantasies."Heartney, Eleanor. Houben R. T.: Recent Paintings. Introduction. DTR Modern Galleries. Boston/Palm Beach. 2\. Concentrating on details in both new and old forms of money, Tcherkelov "exhumes their meanings and contradictions, revealing the subliminal power that currency images have."Heartney, 1\. Artist, musician, and performer [Genesis P\-Orridge](/wiki/Genesis_P-Orridge "Genesis P-Orridge") writes of one of Tcherkelov's paintings that "it seemed to explode with sheer exuberance." He continues: "We wonder how the artist trapped a living spirit inside the painting and yet maintained its happiness!".Russeth, Andrew. "Genesis Breyer P\-Orridge in New York." Artinfo. [http://www.artinfo.com/news/story/32578/genesis\-breyer\-p\-orridge\-in\-new\-york/?page\=3](http://www.artinfo.com/news/story/32578/genesis-breyer-p-orridge-in-new-york/?page=3). 18 September 2009\. Tcherkelov cites the panic in the Bulgarian banking sector in the 1990s, which forced the government to devaluate the national currency, the Lev, by removing three zeroes, as the initial impetus that drove his consideration, from an aesthetic perspective, of the symbolic power of money.Karadzhova, Lilyana. "I paint money, I do not print banknotes." Europost. [http://www.europost.bg/bin/marticle?id\=11280](http://www.europost.bg/bin/marticle?id=11280). 25 July 2014\. He also points to his arrival in New York as an immigrant, and his reliance on coins to make calls from payphones, as having "left \[him] with the feeling of communication," and that money is a component of expression."I am not an elitist artist." Europost. [http://www.europost.eu/article?id\=4585](http://www.europost.eu/article?id=4585). 12 May 2012\. Cultural critic Georgette Gouveia notes that Houben's aesthetic "is related to 20th\-century Pop Art, but rather than focus on manufactured Pepsi\-Cola or Brillo boxes as Warhol famously did, he focuses on the financial instruments that are engines of wealth.""Show me the Money, the New Art of the Deal/the Art of the New Deal: Art and Money in Contemporary Culture." Lehman College Art Gallery. Exhibition Catalogue. June 3, 2019\. In 2011, Houben was selected to represent Bulgaria in the 54th Venice Biennale.Bergamin, Luca. "L'Uomo Vogue." May–June 2011 (n. 421\), p. 209\. In February and March 2018, Houben held solo shows at the [National Art Gallery (Bulgaria)](/wiki/National_Art_Gallery_%28Bulgaria%29 "National Art Gallery (Bulgaria)"), Sofia Arsenal and the [National Archaeological Museum (Bulgaria)](/wiki/National_Archaeological_Museum_%28Bulgaria%29 "National Archaeological Museum (Bulgaria)"), both in Sofia."What's On: Exhibitions Tcherkelov's '120 Bills' and Ushev's 'In the mirror, dimly.'" The Sofia Globe. [https://sofiaglobe.com/2018/02/21/whats\-on\-exhibitions\-tcherkelovs\-120\-bills\-and\-ushevs\-in\-the\-mirror\-dimly](https://sofiaglobe.com/2018/02/21/whats-on-exhibitions-tcherkelovs-120-bills-and-ushevs-in-the-mirror-dimly)"Worth \- An Exhibition of Houben Tcherkelov in Sofia." Diplomatic Spectrum. [http://diplomaticspectrum.com/en/bulgaria/culture/1030\-worth\-%E2%80%93\-an\-exhibition\-of\-houben\-tcherkelov\-in\-sofia.html](http://diplomaticspectrum.com/en/bulgaria/culture/1030-worth-%E2%80%93-an-exhibition-of-houben-tcherkelov-in-sofia.html) In interviews, Houben was asked to talk about the role of art in the age of digitalization and bitcoin. The mission of art "is in the statics \- to stop the flying time, to talk with the past, and with the future," Tcherkelov stated. "To not turn into ephemera, unlike the built\-in interchangeability of almost everything that surrounds us. In 25 years, artificial intelligence will make many professions redundant, but there will be room for traditional human activity that cannot be multiplied or created by robots."Mircheva, Nevena. "Houben Tcherkelov: My art is not a provocation but an invitation for dialogue." Economic.bg. [http://www.economic.bg/bg/news/9/houben\-tcherkelov\-my\-art\-is\-not\-a\-provocation\-but\-an\-invitation\-for\-dialogue.html](http://www.economic.bg/bg/news/9/houben-tcherkelov-my-art-is-not-a-provocation-but-an-invitation-for-dialogue.html) From November 2020 through March 2021, Houben held a solo show at the Museum of Humour and Satire in Gabrovo, Bulgaria. The museum director, Margarita Dorovska, described Houben's works as "beyond generous to the viewer" who is "compelled to move around and is yet never certain to have seen it all." In order to experience Houben's works, "\[o]ne has to move, to change their stance, to exhaust the spatial relations, and there will still be an elusive remainder."Dorovska, Margarita. Forward and Acknowledgements. Houben Tcherkelov: Why So Serious? Museum of Humour and Satire. 2020\. During a solo show in Taiwan at InSian Gallery, Houben explained the inspiration for his work: "Now I am in New York, where nothing is produced anymore. Only financial services remain. This is why I want to reflect this in my art. In a way, I am a traditional painter painting everything around me. This is the influence of global finance."Chen, Xi. The Invisible Hand and its Handprint: The Substitution, Appropriation, and Encoding of Imagery in Houben Tcherkelov's "Currency". InSian Gallery. 2024\. As art critic Xi Chen, in an introduction to the catalogue for this exhibit, states, "The artist, through the financial symbols inherent in currency—and the collective memory such symbols reflect—references the fluid exchange and translation between art and finance."Xi, 1 For the same exhibit, [Christian Viveros\-Fauné](/wiki/Christian_Viveros-Faun%C3%A9 "Christian Viveros-Fauné") described Houben's oeuvre as a "global treasury" of images that "depict\[s] money as a phenomenon that is . . . reflective" requiring that the viewer "look beneath the surface of a thing."Viveros\-Fauné, Christiane. The (Cultural) Currency Trader: The Art of Houben R. Tcherkelov. InSian Gallery. 2024\.	[ "Life and work\n-------------", "Houben Tcherkelov was born on January 23, 1970, in [Kardzhali](/wiki/Kardzhali \"Kardzhali\"), a town in southeastern Bulgaria. Tcherkelov studied painting at the [National Academy of Arts](/wiki/National_Academy_of_Arts \"National Academy of Arts\") in [Sofia](/wiki/Sofia \"Sofia\"), Bulgaria's capital, and was associated with the radical movement around the XXL Gallery.Phillips, Christopher. \"Report From Sofia: The View from Europe's Lower East Side.\" Art in America. October, 1997\\. pg. 49\\.\nTcherkelov's early works in Sofia analyze space and life structures in a society transitioning at once to a new social system and acclimating to the rapid pace of globalization. Freezing, a 1994 exhibit of frozen animals in Sofia's [National Museum of Natural History (Bulgaria)](/wiki/National_Museum_of_Natural_History_%28Bulgaria%29 \"National Museum of Natural History (Bulgaria)\") pointed to the moribund state of museums in Bulgaria, grossly out\\-of\\-sync with the normal pace of events.Balkanski, Kamen. \"Houben Tcherkelov: Interventions in various fields of life\". Siksi. Winter, 1997\\. 81\\. Perhaps Tcherkelov's most well\\-known work from his series of interventions is Suitable Suit, a video still from which served as the cover of Menschenbilder: Foto\\- und Videokunst aus Bulgarien.Menschenbilder: Foto\\- und Videokunst aus Bulgarien. Institut für Auslandsbeziehungen. Berlin, Germany. 1997\\. In this video the artist lumbers through a field in a suit many sizes too large. Tcherkelov's analysis of Bulgarian society culminated in Reality Show (1998\\), a video that, with numerous art historical references, satirizes the affluence and decadence of the international film and music industry transferred to Sofia.Seidl, Walter. \"Reality Show.\" ROTOR. Graz, Austria.", "In 1995, Tcherkelov studied impasto painting with [Jörg Immendorff](/wiki/J%C3%B6rg_Immendorff \"Jörg Immendorff\") in Amsterdam with a grant from the Felix Meritis Foundation.Houben R. T.: $ Paintings, 30\\. Not until he arrived in New York City in 2000, however, did he begin to work exclusively using this technique.Henry, 2\\. Art critic [Eleanor Heartney](/wiki/Eleanor_Heartney \"Eleanor Heartney\"), in an introduction to Tcherkelov's series of impasto paintings based on images from currency, writes that they present \"symbols mined from American currency as keys to understand national dreams and fantasies.\"Heartney, Eleanor. Houben R. T.: Recent Paintings. Introduction. DTR Modern Galleries. Boston/Palm Beach. 2\\. Concentrating on details in both new and old forms of money, Tcherkelov \"exhumes their meanings and contradictions, revealing the subliminal power that currency images have.\"Heartney, 1\\. Artist, musician, and performer [Genesis P\\-Orridge](/wiki/Genesis_P-Orridge \"Genesis P-Orridge\") writes of one of Tcherkelov's paintings that \"it seemed to explode with sheer exuberance.\" He continues: \"We wonder how the artist trapped a living spirit inside the painting and yet maintained its happiness!\".Russeth, Andrew. \"Genesis Breyer P\\-Orridge in New York.\" Artinfo. [http://www.artinfo.com/news/story/32578/genesis\\-breyer\\-p\\-orridge\\-in\\-new\\-york/?page\\=3](http://www.artinfo.com/news/story/32578/genesis-breyer-p-orridge-in-new-york/?page=3). 18 September 2009\\.", "Tcherkelov cites the panic in the Bulgarian banking sector in the 1990s, which forced the government to devaluate the national currency, the Lev, by removing three zeroes, as the initial impetus that drove his consideration, from an aesthetic perspective, of the symbolic power of money.Karadzhova, Lilyana. \"I paint money, I do not print banknotes.\" Europost. [http://www.europost.bg/bin/marticle?id\\=11280](http://www.europost.bg/bin/marticle?id=11280). 25 July 2014\\. He also points to his arrival in New York as an immigrant, and his reliance on coins to make calls from payphones, as having \"left \\[him] with the feeling of communication,\" and that money is a component of expression.\"I am not an elitist artist.\" Europost. [http://www.europost.eu/article?id\\=4585](http://www.europost.eu/article?id=4585). 12 May 2012\\. Cultural critic Georgette Gouveia notes that Houben's aesthetic \"is related to 20th\\-century Pop Art, but rather than focus on manufactured Pepsi\\-Cola or Brillo boxes as Warhol famously did, he focuses on the financial instruments that are engines of wealth.\"\"Show me the Money, the New Art of the Deal/the Art of the New Deal: Art and Money in Contemporary Culture.\" Lehman College Art Gallery. Exhibition Catalogue. June 3, 2019\\.", "In 2011, Houben was selected to represent Bulgaria in the 54th Venice Biennale.Bergamin, Luca. \"L'Uomo Vogue.\" May–June 2011 (n. 421\\), p. 209\\.", "In February and March 2018, Houben held solo shows at the [National Art Gallery (Bulgaria)](/wiki/National_Art_Gallery_%28Bulgaria%29 \"National Art Gallery (Bulgaria)\"), Sofia Arsenal and the [National Archaeological Museum (Bulgaria)](/wiki/National_Archaeological_Museum_%28Bulgaria%29 \"National Archaeological Museum (Bulgaria)\"), both in Sofia.\"What's On: Exhibitions Tcherkelov's '120 Bills' and Ushev's 'In the mirror, dimly.'\" The Sofia Globe. [https://sofiaglobe.com/2018/02/21/whats\\-on\\-exhibitions\\-tcherkelovs\\-120\\-bills\\-and\\-ushevs\\-in\\-the\\-mirror\\-dimly](https://sofiaglobe.com/2018/02/21/whats-on-exhibitions-tcherkelovs-120-bills-and-ushevs-in-the-mirror-dimly)\"Worth \\- An Exhibition of Houben Tcherkelov in Sofia.\" Diplomatic Spectrum. [http://diplomaticspectrum.com/en/bulgaria/culture/1030\\-worth\\-%E2%80%93\\-an\\-exhibition\\-of\\-houben\\-tcherkelov\\-in\\-sofia.html](http://diplomaticspectrum.com/en/bulgaria/culture/1030-worth-%E2%80%93-an-exhibition-of-houben-tcherkelov-in-sofia.html) In interviews, Houben was asked to talk about the role of art in the age of digitalization and bitcoin. The mission of art \"is in the statics \\- to stop the flying time, to talk with the past, and with the future,\" Tcherkelov stated. \"To not turn into ephemera, unlike the built\\-in interchangeability of almost everything that surrounds us. In 25 years, artificial intelligence will make many professions redundant, but there will be room for traditional human activity that cannot be multiplied or created by robots.\"Mircheva, Nevena. \"Houben Tcherkelov: My art is not a provocation but an invitation for dialogue.\" Economic.bg. [http://www.economic.bg/bg/news/9/houben\\-tcherkelov\\-my\\-art\\-is\\-not\\-a\\-provocation\\-but\\-an\\-invitation\\-for\\-dialogue.html](http://www.economic.bg/bg/news/9/houben-tcherkelov-my-art-is-not-a-provocation-but-an-invitation-for-dialogue.html)", "From November 2020 through March 2021, Houben held a solo show at the Museum of Humour and Satire in Gabrovo, Bulgaria. The museum director, Margarita Dorovska, described Houben's works as \"beyond generous to the viewer\" who is \"compelled to move around and is yet never certain to have seen it all.\" In order to experience Houben's works, \"\\[o]ne has to move, to change their stance, to exhaust the spatial relations, and there will still be an elusive remainder.\"Dorovska, Margarita. Forward and Acknowledgements. Houben Tcherkelov: Why So Serious? Museum of Humour and Satire. 2020\\.", "During a solo show in Taiwan at InSian Gallery, Houben explained the inspiration for his work: \"Now I am in New York, where nothing is produced anymore. Only financial services remain. This is why I want to reflect this in my art. In a way, I am a traditional painter painting everything around me. This is the influence of global finance.\"Chen, Xi. The Invisible Hand and its Handprint: The Substitution, Appropriation, and Encoding of Imagery in Houben Tcherkelov's \"Currency\". InSian Gallery. 2024\\.", "As art critic Xi Chen, in an introduction to the catalogue for this exhibit, states, \"The artist, through the financial symbols inherent in currency—and the collective memory such symbols reflect—references the fluid exchange and translation between art and finance.\"Xi, 1 For the same exhibit, [Christian Viveros\\-Fauné](/wiki/Christian_Viveros-Faun%C3%A9 \"Christian Viveros-Fauné\") described Houben's oeuvre as a \"global treasury\" of images that \"depict\\[s] money as a phenomenon that is . . . reflective\" requiring that the viewer \"look beneath the surface of a thing.\"Viveros\\-Fauné, Christiane. The (Cultural) Currency Trader: The Art of Houben R. Tcherkelov. InSian Gallery. 2024\\.", "" ]
History ------- ### Industrial Revolution [thumb\\|[British industrial architecture](/wiki/British_industrial_architecture "British industrial architecture"): Murrays' Mills (for cotton) on the [Rochdale Canal](/wiki/Rochdale_Canal "Rochdale Canal"), Manchester, begun in 1797, and then forming the longest mill range in the world](/wiki/File:Rochdale_Canal_5268.JPG "Rochdale Canal 5268.JPG") Britain played an important role in the [Industrial Revolution](/wiki/Industrial_Revolution "Industrial Revolution"), which stimulated the expansion of trade and distribution of goods amongst Europe and the Atlantic Ocean. The technological advances from Europe were later spread to the United States in the late 1700s. [Samuel Slater](/wiki/Samuel_Slater "Samuel Slater") fled to the United States and later opened a textile mill in Rhode Island; shortly after that the cotton gin was invented by [Eli Whitney](/wiki/Eli_Whitney "Eli Whitney").{{Cite web \\|last\=Yuko \\|first\=Elizabeth \\|date\=November 18, 2021 \\|title\=How the Industrial Revolution fueled the Growth of Cities? \\|url\=https://www.history.com/news/industrial\-revolution\-cities \\|access\-date\=March 17, 2023 \\|website\=History}} One of the first industrial buildings were built in [Britain](/wiki/Britain_%28country%29 "Britain (country)") in the 1700s during the First [Industrial Revolution](/wiki/Industrial_Revolution "Industrial Revolution"), which later inspired other industrial architecture to arise throughout the world. The First Industrial Revolution lasted from mid\-1700s to the mid\-1800s and then later the [Second Industrial Revolution](/wiki/Second_Industrial_Revolution "Second Industrial Revolution") came about which mainly focused on the use of new materials and production of goods. #### 1700s One of the earliest industrial buildings were relativity built at a domestic scale, for instance workshops for local craftsmen. #### 1700s–1850s This time period was the transformation of the British economy. The population in England had increased to 16 million people around 1841, with the majority moving to Northern Europe. Factories had been built and production in the factories had become dominant; production was not on a large\-scale. ### Post\-Industrial Revolution [thumb\\|The Moulin Saulnier, originally a watermill, now part of the Menier chocolate factory in [Noisiel](/wiki/Noisiel "Noisiel"), France. Built in 1872, it was the first building in the world with a visible metallic structure.](/wiki/File:Moulin_Saulnier.jpg "Moulin Saulnier.jpg") The birth of all industrial architecture stemmed from [England](/wiki/England "England") and the continuing expansions of the architecture was a product of the Industrial Revolution.{{Cite web \\|date\=May 7, 2020 \\|title\=Victorian Industrial Structure \\|url\=https://victorian\-era.org/victorian\-industrial\-architecture.html \\|access\-date\=March 20, 2023 \\|website\=Victorian Era}} The usage and production of [iron](/wiki/Iron "Iron") and [steel](/wiki/Steel "Steel") became more prominent since they were used as the foundation for the industrial buildings. Steel is a durable material and was also used in other parts of the industry such as [infrastructure](/wiki/Infrastructure "Infrastructure"), but it was difficult to make because it required high temperature to melt the metal. #### 1850s–1914 Britain saw a increase in production during this time period. Railways played an important role in transportation and distribution of resources throughout Europe and the United States. Industrial buildings were built at a larger scale to accommodate large machinery used in food production such as flour mills and [breweries](/wiki/Brewery "Brewery"). With the implementation of the [Planning Act of 1909](/wiki/Housing%2C_Town_Planning%2C_%26c._Act_1909 "Housing, Town Planning, &c. Act 1909"), the industry had a significant impact on the siting and layout of industrial facilities as it continued to progress throughout the years. #### 1914 to present As architecture became modernized throughout the years, the more traditional industrial sites throughout Europe and the United States continued to decrease. For instance, [coal](/wiki/Coal "Coal") is a raw material that was heavily used throughout the industrial revolution, so there were coal mines. Buildings continued to increase in size to accommodate mass production. The overall design of modern\-day buildings is sleeker and more spacious. ### Some key elements to industrial buildings * High ceilings * Functionality and design * Large windows * Large, open floor plans * Built to safety standards	[ "History\n-------", "### Industrial Revolution", "[thumb\\\|[British industrial architecture](/wiki/British_industrial_architecture \"British industrial architecture\"): Murrays' Mills (for cotton) on the [Rochdale Canal](/wiki/Rochdale_Canal \"Rochdale Canal\"), Manchester, begun in 1797, and then forming the longest mill range in the world](/wiki/File:Rochdale_Canal_5268.JPG \"Rochdale Canal 5268.JPG\")\nBritain played an important role in the [Industrial Revolution](/wiki/Industrial_Revolution \"Industrial Revolution\"), which stimulated the expansion of trade and distribution of goods amongst Europe and the Atlantic Ocean. The technological advances from Europe were later spread to the United States in the late 1700s. [Samuel Slater](/wiki/Samuel_Slater \"Samuel Slater\") fled to the United States and later opened a textile mill in Rhode Island; shortly after that the cotton gin was invented by [Eli Whitney](/wiki/Eli_Whitney \"Eli Whitney\").{{Cite web \\\|last\\=Yuko \\\|first\\=Elizabeth \\\|date\\=November 18, 2021 \\\|title\\=How the Industrial Revolution fueled the Growth of Cities? \\\|url\\=https://www.history.com/news/industrial\\-revolution\\-cities \\\|access\\-date\\=March 17, 2023 \\\|website\\=History}}", "One of the first industrial buildings were built in [Britain](/wiki/Britain_%28country%29 \"Britain (country)\") in the 1700s during the First [Industrial Revolution](/wiki/Industrial_Revolution \"Industrial Revolution\"), which later inspired other industrial architecture to arise throughout the world. The First Industrial Revolution lasted from mid\\-1700s to the mid\\-1800s and then later the [Second Industrial Revolution](/wiki/Second_Industrial_Revolution \"Second Industrial Revolution\") came about which mainly focused on the use of new materials and production of goods.", "#### 1700s", "One of the earliest industrial buildings were relativity built at a domestic scale, for instance workshops for local craftsmen.", "#### 1700s–1850s", "This time period was the transformation of the British economy. The population in England had increased to 16 million people around 1841, with the majority moving to Northern Europe. Factories had been built and production in the factories had become dominant; production was not on a large\\-scale.", "### Post\\-Industrial Revolution", "[thumb\\\|The Moulin Saulnier, originally a watermill, now part of the Menier chocolate factory in [Noisiel](/wiki/Noisiel \"Noisiel\"), France. Built in 1872, it was the first building in the world with a visible metallic structure.](/wiki/File:Moulin_Saulnier.jpg \"Moulin Saulnier.jpg\")\nThe birth of all industrial architecture stemmed from [England](/wiki/England \"England\") and the continuing expansions of the architecture was a product of the Industrial Revolution.{{Cite web \\\|date\\=May 7, 2020 \\\|title\\=Victorian Industrial Structure \\\|url\\=https://victorian\\-era.org/victorian\\-industrial\\-architecture.html \\\|access\\-date\\=March 20, 2023 \\\|website\\=Victorian Era}} The usage and production of [iron](/wiki/Iron \"Iron\") and [steel](/wiki/Steel \"Steel\") became more prominent since they were used as the foundation for the industrial buildings. Steel is a durable material and was also used in other parts of the industry such as [infrastructure](/wiki/Infrastructure \"Infrastructure\"), but it was difficult to make because it required high temperature to melt the metal.", "#### 1850s–1914", "Britain saw a increase in production during this time period. Railways played an important role in transportation and distribution of resources throughout Europe and the United States. Industrial buildings were built at a larger scale to accommodate large machinery used in food production such as flour mills and [breweries](/wiki/Brewery \"Brewery\"). With the implementation of the [Planning Act of 1909](/wiki/Housing%2C_Town_Planning%2C_%26c._Act_1909 \"Housing, Town Planning, &c. Act 1909\"), the industry had a significant impact on the siting and layout of industrial facilities as it continued to progress throughout the years.", "#### 1914 to present", "As architecture became modernized throughout the years, the more traditional industrial sites throughout Europe and the United States continued to decrease. For instance, [coal](/wiki/Coal \"Coal\") is a raw material that was heavily used throughout the industrial revolution, so there were coal mines. Buildings continued to increase in size to accommodate mass production. The overall design of modern\\-day buildings is sleeker and more spacious.", "### Some key elements to industrial buildings", "* High ceilings\n* Functionality and design\n* Large windows\n* Large, open floor plans\n* Built to safety standards" ]
Description ----------- The "original construction program for the Permanent System" was completed in May 1952,{{r\\|VIchapterII}}{{rp\\|61}} [USAF AC\&W squadrons](/wiki/List_of_United_States_Air_Force_aircraft_control_and_warning_squadrons "List of United States Air Force aircraft control and warning squadrons") were established (renamed Radar Squadrons in the mid\-1950s), and the [Ground Observation Corps](/wiki/Ground_Observation_Corps "Ground Observation Corps") was expanded in 1952 ([Operation Skywatch](/wiki/Operation_Skywatch "Operation Skywatch")) with over 750,000 volunteers at over 16 thousand posts (98 per post in shifts) and 75 centers. \| \+ Air Defense Command MCCs \| \| --- \| \| Air Division \| {{align\\|left\\|\# }} {{align\\|right\\| Coordinates}} \| {{align\\|left\\| AFB, etc. }} {{align\\|right\\| DC }} \| ST \| Years \| \| n/a \| \[command center at HQ ADC/NORAD/CONAC] \| [Ent](/wiki/Ent_Air_Force_Base "Ent Air Force Base") \| CO \| 1951\-63 \| \| {{Specify\\|date\=February 2013}} \| MCC\-01 \| \| \| \| [29th](/wiki/29th_Air_Division "29th Air Division") \| MCC\-02 {{align\\|right\\| {{Coord\\|38\\|50\\|48\\|N\\|094\\|22\\|50\\|W\\|display\=inline\\|name\=ADC MCC\-02 (Kansas City sector)}} }} \| [Richards\-Gebaur](/wiki/Richards-Gebaur_Air_Force_Base "Richards-Gebaur Air Force Base") {{align\\|right\\| DC\-08 }} \| MO \| 1957\-69 \| \| \| MCC\-03 \| {{Specify\\|date\=February 2013}} \| \| \| [28th](/wiki/28th_Air_Division "28th Air Division") \| MCC\-06 \| [Hamilton](/wiki/Hamilton_Air_Force_Base "Hamilton Air Force Base") \| CA \| \| \| MCC\-07 \| \| {{Specify\\|date\=February 2013}} \| \| ([Oklahoma City](/wiki/Oklahoma_City_Air_Defense_Sector "Oklahoma City Air Defense Sector")) \| MCC\-11 {{align\\|right\\| {{Coord\\|35\\|24\\|13\\|N\\|097\\|21\\|27\\|W\\|display\=inline\\|name\=ADC MCC\-11 (Oklahoma City sector)}} }} \| [Oklahoma City AFS](/wiki/Oklahoma_City_Air_Force_Station "Oklahoma City Air Force Station") \| OK \| \| \| MCC\-16 \| \| \| \| \| MCC\-17 \| \| \| ### Manual Air Defense Control Centers Manual Air Defense Control Centers (ADCC, MCC) of the Permanent System were [USAF](/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_command_posts "United States Air Force command posts") command posts for [command, control, and coordination](/wiki/Command%2C_control%2C_and_coordination_system "Command, control, and coordination system") by [Air Defense Command](/wiki/Air_Defense_Command "Air Defense Command"), including early [Cold War](/wiki/Cold_War "Cold War") [ground\-controlled interception](/wiki/Ground-controlled_interception "Ground-controlled interception") of enemy aircraft. Each MCC networked radar stations of the sector, plotted radar tracks \& visual observations, and forwarded information to ADC command center at [Mitchel Field](/wiki/Mitchel_Field "Mitchel Field"), [Ent Air Force Base](/wiki/Ent_Air_Force_Base "Ent Air Force Base") in 1951, and the new 1954 Ent blockhouse subsequently used by the 1954 [CONAD](/wiki/CONAD "CONAD") and the 1957 [NORAD](/wiki/NORAD "NORAD"). MCCs were generally located at or near a radar station, e.g., [Andrews Air Force Base](/wiki/Andrews_Air_Force_Base "Andrews Air Force Base") MCC in Maryland (at/near radar station SM\-171\), [Dobbins AFB](/wiki/Dobbins_AFB "Dobbins AFB") GA (M\-87\), [Geiger Field](/wiki/Geiger_Field "Geiger Field") WA (SM\-172\), [Kirtland AFB](/wiki/Kirtland_AFB "Kirtland AFB") NM (P\-41\), [Norton AFB](/wiki/Norton_AFB "Norton AFB") CA (P\-84\), [Oklahoma City AFS](/wiki/Oklahoma_City_AFS "Oklahoma City AFS") OK (P\-52\), [Roslyn AFS](/wiki/Roslyn_Air_Force_Station "Roslyn Air Force Station") NY (P\-3\), [Snelling AFS](/wiki/Snelling_AFS "Snelling AFS") MN (P\-36\), [Willow Run AFS](/wiki/Willow_Run_AFS "Willow Run AFS") MI (P\-23\), and [Wright\-Patterson AFB](/wiki/Wright-Patterson_AFB "Wright-Patterson AFB") OH (SM\-170\). Some MCCs were replaced by Direction Centers of the subsequent [SAGE Radar Network](/wiki/Semi_Automatic_Ground_Environment "Semi Automatic Ground Environment"), e.g., when [McGuire DC\-01](/wiki/McGuire_Air_Force_Base "McGuire Air Force Base") was established, the [Roslyn Air Force Station](/wiki/Roslyn_Air_Force_Station "Roslyn Air Force Station") MCC became the "Combat Alert Center (Manual)". MCCs continued at several sites where DCs were planned but never built for sectors at [Albuquerque](/wiki/Albuquerque_Air_Defense_Sector "Albuquerque Air Defense Sector"), [Fort Knox](/wiki/Fort_Knox_Air_Defense_Sector "Fort Knox Air Defense Sector"), [Kansas City](/wiki/Kansas_City_Air_Defense_Sector "Kansas City Air Defense Sector"), [Miami](/wiki/Miami_Air_Defense_Sector "Miami Air Defense Sector"), [Raleigh](/wiki/Raleigh_Air_Defense_Sector "Raleigh Air Defense Sector"), [San Antonio](/wiki/San_Antonio_Air_Defense_Sector "San Antonio Air Defense Sector"), [Shreveport](/wiki/Shreveport_Air_Defense_Sector "Shreveport Air Defense Sector"), and [St Louis](/wiki/St_Louis_Air_Defense_Sector "St Louis Air Defense Sector"). Filter Centers Filter Centers of the [Ground Observation Corps](/wiki/Ground_Observation_Corps "Ground Observation Corps") (e.g., in [New Haven, Connecticut](https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=B6NHAAAAIBAJ&sjid=-v4MAAAAIBAJ&pg=1160,4794388&dq=observation-corps&hl=en) and [Baltimore, Maryland](/wiki/Baltimore%2C_Maryland "Baltimore, Maryland")).{{Cite news \\|date\=5 April 1954 \\|title\=Less Than Half Spotter Time Filled In Week \\|url\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\=riYmAAAAIBAJ\&sjid\=Bf4FAAAAIBAJ\&dq\=round\-hill%20gettysburg\&pg\=2238%2C4455496 \\|format\=Google News Archive \\|publisher\=Times and News Publishing Company \\|newspaper\=\[\[The Gettysburg Times]] \\|accessdate\=2012\-01\-04}} processed reports from \~8,000 CONUS watch posts. As with ranger stations for forest fires, watch posts measured the azimuth of a target aircraft or formation, and Filter Centers triangulated azimuth observations from 2 or more stations, assessed the reliability of observations, and provided visual track information to MCCs. ### Radar stations Five radar stations of the [Lashup Radar Network](/wiki/Lashup_Radar_Network "Lashup Radar Network") were redesignated as Permanent System stations (3 later upgraded{{When\\|date\=February 2013}} with newer radars developed for the Permanent System): [Montauk L\-10/LP\-45/P\-45](/wiki/Montauk_Air_Force_Station "Montauk Air Force Station"), [Fort Custis L\-15/LP\-56](/wiki/Cape_Charles_Air_Force_Station "Cape Charles Air Force Station"), [Palermo L\-13/LP\-54/P\-54](/wiki/Palermo_Air_Force_Station "Palermo Air Force Station"), Sault Sainte Marie L\-17/LP\-20, and [Highlands L\-12/LP\-9/P\-9](/wiki/Highlands_Air_Force_Station "Highlands Air Force Station"). From March to November 1951, the "LP" designation was also used for 23 new stations for the Permanent System that were outfitted, instead of with radars developed for the Permanent System, with older radars such as the January 1945 General Electric [AN/CPS\-5](/wiki/AN/CPS-5 "AN/CPS-5") radar, 1948 [Western Electric AN/TPS\-1B Radar](/wiki/Western_Electric_AN/TPS-1B_Radar "Western Electric AN/TPS-1B Radar"), and Bendix [AN/TPS\-1C](/wiki/AN/TPS-1C "AN/TPS-1C") radar.[MX\-1000 to MX\-1499 Listing](http://www.designation-systems.net/usmilav/mx/1000-1499.html). Designation\-systems.net (2005\-11\-20\). Retrieved on 2013\-09\-18\. The LP designator was also used for 1 station opened with [AN/FPS\-3](/wiki/AN/FPS-3 "AN/FPS-3") and [AN/FPS\-5](/wiki/AN/FPS-5 "AN/FPS-5") radars in 1950 ([Tierra Amarilla LP\-8](/wiki/Tierra_Amarilla_Air_Force_Station "Tierra Amarilla Air Force Station")). More than 15 of the new LP stations were subsequently upgraded and designated P\-xx stations, and some of the squadrons at LP stations that closed moved to new P stations. New LP sites not previously designated L sites: * [Bellefontaine LP\-73/P\-73](/wiki/Bellefontaine_Air_Force_Station "Bellefontaine Air Force Station") (TPS\-1B in November 1951\), * Blue Knob LP\-63 (TPS\-1C 30 November 1951—station moved to Gibbsboro RP\-63 in 1961\), * [Cambria LP\-2/P\-2](/wiki/Cambria_Air_Force_Station "Cambria Air Force Station") (TPS\-1C November 1951\) * [Caswell LP\-80/P\-80](/wiki/Caswell_Air_Force_Station "Caswell Air Force Station") (TPS\-1B March 1951\), * [Colville LP\-60/P\-60](/wiki/Colville_Air_Force_Station "Colville Air Force Station") (TPS\-1B March 1951, TPS\-1C November 1951\), * [Condon LP\-32/P\-32](/wiki/Condon_Air_Force_Station "Condon Air Force Station") (TPS\-1C November 1951\), * [Curlew LP\-6/P\-6](/wiki/Curlew_Air_Force_Station "Curlew Air Force Station") Mt Bonaparte TPS\-1B 1950 * [Del Bonita LP\-24](/wiki/Cut_Bank_Air_Force_Station "Cut Bank Air Force Station") (TPS\-1B November 1951\) (P\-24 is Cut Bank AFS), * [Williams Bay AFS](/wiki/Williams_Bay_Air_Force_Station "Williams Bay Air Force Station") Elkhorn LP\-31 (moved to RP\-31 at [Arlington Heights AFS](/wiki/Arlington_Heights_Air_Force_Station "Arlington Heights Air Force Station")), * [Finland LP\-69/P\-69](/wiki/Finland_Air_Force_Station "Finland Air Force Station") (CPS\-5 30 November 1951\), * [Fort Custer LP\-67/P\-67](/wiki/Custer_Air_Force_Station "Custer Air Force Station") (TPS\-1B 30 November 1951\), * [Godman Field LP\-82](/wiki/Godman_Army_Airfield "Godman Army Airfield") (TPS\-1C 30 April 1952\) (P\-82 [Snow Mountain AFS](/wiki/Snow_Mountain_Air_Force_Station "Snow Mountain Air Force Station")), * Gonzales LP\-7 (P\-7 [Continental Divide AFS](/wiki/Continental_Divide_Air_Force_Station "Continental Divide Air Force Station")), * Hill Peak Road LP\-37 (P\-37 [Point Arena AFS](/wiki/Point_Arena_Air_Force_Station "Point Arena Air Force Station")), * Keweenaw LP\-16 (P\-16 [Calumet AFS](/wiki/Calumet_Air_Force_Station "Calumet Air Force Station")), * [Klamath LP\-33/P\-33](/wiki/Klamath_Air_Force_Station "Klamath Air Force Station") TPS\-1B (Apr 51\) * [Madera LP\-74/P\-74](/wiki/Madera_Air_Force_Station "Madera Air Force Station") (TPS\-1B in March 51\), * [Moriarty LP\-51/P\-51](/wiki/Moriarty_Air_Force_Station "Moriarty Air Force Station") CPS\-5 (30 Nov 51\) * [Port Austin LP\-61/P\-61](/wiki/Port_Austin_Air_Force_Station "Port Austin Air Force Station") TPS\-1C 30\-Nov\-51 * [Rockville LP\-53/P\-53](/wiki/Rockville_Air_Force_Station "Rockville Air Force Station") TPS\-1B (30 Nov 51\) * Saddle Mountain/[Othello LP\-40/P\-40](/wiki/Othello_Air_Force_Station "Othello Air Force Station") TPS\-1B * [San Clemente Island LP\-39/P\-39](/wiki/San_Clemente_Island_AFS "San Clemente Island AFS") TPS\-1C Nov\-51 * [Tierra Amarilla LP\-8/P\-8](/wiki/Tierra_Amarilla_Air_Force_Station "Tierra Amarilla Air Force Station") FPS\-3; FPS\-5; 1950 Permanent System radars were developed in various programs such as the [AN/FPS\-6](/wiki/AN/FPS-6 "AN/FPS-6") (in program MX\-1353 \- "Long range S\-band height finder") and [AN/MPS\-10](/wiki/AN/MPS-10 "AN/MPS-10") (MX\-1354 \- "Mobile long range search radar set"). Priority Permanent System The "Priority Permanent System" with the initial (priority) radar stations having new radar systems included "[ADC](/wiki/Air_Defense_Command "Air Defense Command") radar site" P\-1 at [McChord AFB](/wiki/Joint_Base_Lewis-McChord "Joint Base Lewis-McChord") on 1 June 1950\. Completed in May 1952 to replace the 1950 [Lashup Radar Network](/wiki/Lashup_Radar_Network "Lashup Radar Network"),{{r\\|VIchapterII}}{{rp\\|61}} the Priority Permanent System had 5 redesignated LASHUP stations, 23 new stations in 1951 with older radars, 62 stations in 1951 with new equipment, and several of the 10 newly equipped 1952 stations (including [Manassas RP\-55](/wiki/Manassas_Air_Force_Station "Manassas Air Force Station")). The Priority Permanent System used Manual ADCCs, e.g., with [Plexiglas](/wiki/Plexiglas "Plexiglas") plotting boards as at the 1954 [Ent Air Force Base](/wiki/Ent_Air_Force_Base "Ent Air Force Base") command center for ADC.{{r\\|Schaffel}}{{rp\\|151}} P system extension The "first extension of the P system into Canada" ("Canadian extensions") for the [Pinetree Line](/wiki/Pinetree_Line "Pinetree Line"){{r\\|VolumeI}}{{rp\\|134}} was planned by the "Radar Extension Program" for 33 stations and was agreed by the US and Canada in November 1950\. The plan "was submitted to the Permanent Joint Board on Defense on February 6, 1951, and" was subsequently approved by both nations,{{r\\|Schaffel}}{{rp\\|159}} but by "April 1951 the United States still had not contributed to the Radar Extension Program".{{r\\|Schaffel}}{{rp\\|160}} On 13 June 1951, the US released $20 million for the stations and by June 1952, the joint Canadian\-American committee on the Radar Extension Program was replaced with the "Project Pinetree Office" in [Ottawa, Ontario](/wiki/Ottawa%2C_Ontario "Ottawa, Ontario").{{r\\|Schaffel}}{{rp\\|160}} Gap\-filler and semi\-mobile radar stations On 18 January 1952, ADC proposed the construction of small, unmanned stations with gap filler radars.{{r\\|VolumeI}}{{rp\\|227}} The USAF [Directorate of Plans](/wiki/Directorate_of_Plans "Directorate of Plans") (War Plans Division) "prepared the proposal … to add 29 mobile and 135 low\-altitude stations to ADC's radar system" for completion by the end of 1955\.{{r\\|Schaffel}}{{rp\\|187}} The first phase began with three 1953 stations at [Walker M\-90](/wiki/Walker_Air_Force_Base "Walker Air Force Base"), [Ellsworth M\-97](/wiki/Ellsworth_Air_Force_Base "Ellsworth Air Force Base"), and [Houma M\-126 (Z\-126\)](/wiki/Houma_Air_Force_Station "Houma Air Force Station"); and was completed with 1957 stations at [Almaden M\-96 (Z\-96\)](/wiki/Almaden_Air_Force_Station "Almaden Air Force Station"), [Mount Hebo M\-100](/wiki/Mount_Hebo_Air_Force_Station "Mount Hebo Air Force Station"), [Jacksonville M\-114 (Z\-114\)](/wiki/Jacksonville_Naval_Air_Station "Jacksonville Naval Air Station"), and [Cherry Point M\-116](/wiki/Cherry_Point_MCAS "Cherry Point MCAS"). The "second\-phase mobile radar program" was requested by the [ADC commander](/wiki/Benjamin_W._Chidlaw "Benjamin W. Chidlaw") in October 1952{{r\\|Schaffel}} and was completed from 1954 starting with [Geiger Field](/wiki/Geiger_Field "Geiger Field") SM\-172 through 1962 with [Hastings SM\-133 (Z\-133\)](/wiki/Hastings_Air_Force_Station "Hastings Air Force Station"). The Planning Guide for the Third Phase Augmentation Radar Program' was issued 5 April 1954, and the 3rd phase was for 29 stations, many for coverage along the U.S.\-Mexican border and the Gulf of Mexico (the [Air Force Council](/wiki/Air_Force_Council "Air Force Council") had agreed with ADC's request for the third phase on 28 October 1953\.){{r\\|Schaffel}} The "resulting 104 stations were all to be operational by 1956",{{r\\|Schaffel}}{{rp\\|154}} and a mock 1956 attack blinded ground defense radars.{{r\\|Winkler}} The third phase of 29 stations{{r\\|VolumeI}}{{rp\\|137}} was deployed beginning with 5 1957 stations and ended with the 1960 [Sundance TM\-201 (Z\-201\)](/wiki/Sundance_Air_Force_Station "Sundance Air Force Station"). Gap\-filler annexes of [Mather P\-58](/wiki/Mather_Air_Force_Base "Mather Air Force Base") (P\-58A at [Modesto](/wiki/Modesto%2C_California "Modesto, California") \& P\-58B at [Oroville](/wiki/Oroville%2C_California "Oroville, California")) were some of the Permanent System stations planned, but never built. Texas Towers were approved on 11 January 1954,{{r\\|VolumeI}} and despite 11 Permanent System radar stations closing in 1957 ([N\-28 Pinetree station](/wiki/Hopedale_Air_Station "Hopedale Air Station") and the [M\-87](/wiki/Dobbins_Air_Force_Base "Dobbins Air Force Base"), [M\-101](/wiki/Rochester_Air_Force_Station "Rochester Air Force Station"), [M\-104](/wiki/Rye_Air_Force_Station "Rye Air Force Station"), [M\-105](/wiki/Alpena_Air_Force_Station "Alpena Air Force Station"), [M\-106](/wiki/Two_Creeks_Air_Force_Station "Two Creeks Air Force Station"), [M\-109](/wiki/Grand_Marais_Air_Force_Station "Grand Marais Air Force Station"), [M\-122](/wiki/Dallas_Center_Air_Force_Station "Dallas Center Air Force Station"), [M\-128](/wiki/Kingman_Air_Force_Station "Kingman Air Force Station"), [M\-131](/wiki/Owingsville_Air_Force_Station "Owingsville Air Force Station"), \& [SM\-137](/wiki/Carmi_Air_Force_Station "Carmi Air Force Station") stations), at "the end of 1957, ADC operated 182 radar stations…32 had been added during the last half of the year as low\-altitude, unmanned gap\-filler radars. The total consisted of 47 gap\-filler stations, 75 Permanent System radars, 39 semimobile radars, 19 Pinetree stations,…1 Lashup\[\-era radar and a] single [Texas Tower](/wiki/Texas_Tower "Texas Tower")".{{r\\|Schaffel}}{{rp\\|223}} Relocated stations When radar stations began converting to SAGE, 8 Permanent stations that closed from 1959\-1964 had their squadrons relocated to stations with "RP" designations, including the radar squadrons from the last 2 remaining "LP" stations: ([Elkhorn/Williams Bay LP\-31](/wiki/Williams_Bay_Air_Force_Station "Williams Bay Air Force Station") and [Blue Knob/Claysburg LP\-63](/wiki/Claysburg_Air_Force_Station "Claysburg Air Force Station")). All but 1 of the relocating squadrons went to new sites (the [770th](/wiki/770th_Radar_Squadron "770th Radar Squadron") moved{{When\\|date\=February 2013}} to a [1955 Army radar station](/wiki/Fort_Meade_radar_station "Fort Meade radar station") designated USAF RP\-54 in 1961\), and 5 of the units co\-located with [Project Nike](/wiki/Project_Nike "Project Nike") [Missile Master](/wiki/Missile_Master "Missile Master") units. A 1959\-1961 USAF radar squadron was at the [Fort Heath](/wiki/Fort_Heath "Fort Heath") radar station of the [joint\-use site system (JUSS)](/wiki/List_of_USAF_Aerospace_Defense_Command_General_Surveillance_Radar_Stations%23Joint-use_site_system "List of USAF Aerospace Defense Command General Surveillance Radar Stations#Joint-use site system").	[ "Description\n-----------", "The \"original construction program for the Permanent System\" was completed in May 1952,{{r\\\|VIchapterII}}{{rp\\\|61}} [USAF AC\\&W squadrons](/wiki/List_of_United_States_Air_Force_aircraft_control_and_warning_squadrons \"List of United States Air Force aircraft control and warning squadrons\") were established (renamed Radar Squadrons in the mid\\-1950s), and the [Ground Observation Corps](/wiki/Ground_Observation_Corps \"Ground Observation Corps\") was expanded in 1952 ([Operation Skywatch](/wiki/Operation_Skywatch \"Operation Skywatch\")) with over 750,000 volunteers at over 16 thousand posts (98 per post in shifts) and 75 centers.", "", "\| \\+ Air Defense Command MCCs \|\n\| --- \|\n\| Air Division \| {{align\\\|left\\\|\\# }} {{align\\\|right\\\| Coordinates}} \| {{align\\\|left\\\| AFB, etc. }} {{align\\\|right\\\| DC }} \| ST \| Years \|\n\| n/a \| \\[command center at HQ ADC/NORAD/CONAC] \| [Ent](/wiki/Ent_Air_Force_Base \"Ent Air Force Base\") \| CO \| 1951\\-63 \|\n\| {{Specify\\\|date\\=February 2013}} \| MCC\\-01 \| \| \|\n\| [29th](/wiki/29th_Air_Division \"29th Air Division\") \| MCC\\-02 {{align\\\|right\\\| {{Coord\\\|38\\\|50\\\|48\\\|N\\\|094\\\|22\\\|50\\\|W\\\|display\\=inline\\\|name\\=ADC MCC\\-02 (Kansas City sector)}} }} \| [Richards\\-Gebaur](/wiki/Richards-Gebaur_Air_Force_Base \"Richards-Gebaur Air Force Base\") {{align\\\|right\\\| DC\\-08 }} \| MO \| 1957\\-69 \|\n\| \| MCC\\-03 \| {{Specify\\\|date\\=February 2013}} \| \|\n\| [28th](/wiki/28th_Air_Division \"28th Air Division\") \| MCC\\-06 \| [Hamilton](/wiki/Hamilton_Air_Force_Base \"Hamilton Air Force Base\") \| CA \|\n\| \| MCC\\-07 \| \| {{Specify\\\|date\\=February 2013}} \|\n\| ([Oklahoma City](/wiki/Oklahoma_City_Air_Defense_Sector \"Oklahoma City Air Defense Sector\")) \| MCC\\-11 {{align\\\|right\\\| {{Coord\\\|35\\\|24\\\|13\\\|N\\\|097\\\|21\\\|27\\\|W\\\|display\\=inline\\\|name\\=ADC MCC\\-11 (Oklahoma City sector)}} }} \| [Oklahoma City AFS](/wiki/Oklahoma_City_Air_Force_Station \"Oklahoma City Air Force Station\") \| OK \|\n\| \| MCC\\-16 \| \| \|\n\| \| MCC\\-17 \| \| \|", "### Manual Air Defense Control Centers", "Manual Air Defense Control Centers (ADCC, MCC) of the Permanent System were [USAF](/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_command_posts \"United States Air Force command posts\") command posts for [command, control, and coordination](/wiki/Command%2C_control%2C_and_coordination_system \"Command, control, and coordination system\") by [Air Defense Command](/wiki/Air_Defense_Command \"Air Defense Command\"), including early [Cold War](/wiki/Cold_War \"Cold War\") [ground\\-controlled interception](/wiki/Ground-controlled_interception \"Ground-controlled interception\") of enemy aircraft. Each MCC networked radar stations of the sector, plotted radar tracks \\& visual observations, and forwarded information to ADC command center at [Mitchel Field](/wiki/Mitchel_Field \"Mitchel Field\"), [Ent Air Force Base](/wiki/Ent_Air_Force_Base \"Ent Air Force Base\") in 1951, and the new 1954 Ent blockhouse subsequently used by the 1954 [CONAD](/wiki/CONAD \"CONAD\") and the 1957 [NORAD](/wiki/NORAD \"NORAD\").", "MCCs were generally located at or near a radar station, e.g., [Andrews Air Force Base](/wiki/Andrews_Air_Force_Base \"Andrews Air Force Base\") MCC in Maryland (at/near radar station SM\\-171\\), [Dobbins AFB](/wiki/Dobbins_AFB \"Dobbins AFB\") GA (M\\-87\\), [Geiger Field](/wiki/Geiger_Field \"Geiger Field\") WA (SM\\-172\\), [Kirtland AFB](/wiki/Kirtland_AFB \"Kirtland AFB\") NM (P\\-41\\), [Norton AFB](/wiki/Norton_AFB \"Norton AFB\") CA (P\\-84\\), [Oklahoma City AFS](/wiki/Oklahoma_City_AFS \"Oklahoma City AFS\") OK (P\\-52\\), [Roslyn AFS](/wiki/Roslyn_Air_Force_Station \"Roslyn Air Force Station\") NY (P\\-3\\), [Snelling AFS](/wiki/Snelling_AFS \"Snelling AFS\") MN (P\\-36\\), [Willow Run AFS](/wiki/Willow_Run_AFS \"Willow Run AFS\") MI (P\\-23\\), and [Wright\\-Patterson AFB](/wiki/Wright-Patterson_AFB \"Wright-Patterson AFB\") OH (SM\\-170\\).", "Some MCCs were replaced by Direction Centers of the subsequent [SAGE Radar Network](/wiki/Semi_Automatic_Ground_Environment \"Semi Automatic Ground Environment\"), e.g., when [McGuire DC\\-01](/wiki/McGuire_Air_Force_Base \"McGuire Air Force Base\") was established, the [Roslyn Air Force Station](/wiki/Roslyn_Air_Force_Station \"Roslyn Air Force Station\") MCC became the \"Combat Alert Center (Manual)\". MCCs continued at several sites where DCs were planned but never built for sectors at [Albuquerque](/wiki/Albuquerque_Air_Defense_Sector \"Albuquerque Air Defense Sector\"), [Fort Knox](/wiki/Fort_Knox_Air_Defense_Sector \"Fort Knox Air Defense Sector\"), [Kansas City](/wiki/Kansas_City_Air_Defense_Sector \"Kansas City Air Defense Sector\"), [Miami](/wiki/Miami_Air_Defense_Sector \"Miami Air Defense Sector\"), [Raleigh](/wiki/Raleigh_Air_Defense_Sector \"Raleigh Air Defense Sector\"), [San Antonio](/wiki/San_Antonio_Air_Defense_Sector \"San Antonio Air Defense Sector\"), [Shreveport](/wiki/Shreveport_Air_Defense_Sector \"Shreveport Air Defense Sector\"), and [St Louis](/wiki/St_Louis_Air_Defense_Sector \"St Louis Air Defense Sector\").", "Filter Centers Filter Centers of the [Ground Observation Corps](/wiki/Ground_Observation_Corps \"Ground Observation Corps\") (e.g., in [New Haven, Connecticut](https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=B6NHAAAAIBAJ&sjid=-v4MAAAAIBAJ&pg=1160,4794388&dq=observation-corps&hl=en) and [Baltimore, Maryland](/wiki/Baltimore%2C_Maryland \"Baltimore, Maryland\")).{{Cite news \\\|date\\=5 April 1954 \\\|title\\=Less Than Half Spotter Time Filled In Week \\\|url\\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\\=riYmAAAAIBAJ\\&sjid\\=Bf4FAAAAIBAJ\\&dq\\=round\\-hill%20gettysburg\\&pg\\=2238%2C4455496 \\\|format\\=Google News Archive \\\|publisher\\=Times and News Publishing Company \\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Gettysburg Times]] \\\|accessdate\\=2012\\-01\\-04}} processed reports from \\~8,000 CONUS watch posts. As with ranger stations for forest fires, watch posts measured the azimuth of a target aircraft or formation, and Filter Centers triangulated azimuth observations from 2 or more stations, assessed the reliability of observations, and provided visual track information to MCCs.\n### Radar stations", "Five radar stations of the [Lashup Radar Network](/wiki/Lashup_Radar_Network \"Lashup Radar Network\") were redesignated as Permanent System stations (3 later upgraded{{When\\\|date\\=February 2013}} with newer radars developed for the Permanent System): [Montauk L\\-10/LP\\-45/P\\-45](/wiki/Montauk_Air_Force_Station \"Montauk Air Force Station\"), [Fort Custis L\\-15/LP\\-56](/wiki/Cape_Charles_Air_Force_Station \"Cape Charles Air Force Station\"), [Palermo L\\-13/LP\\-54/P\\-54](/wiki/Palermo_Air_Force_Station \"Palermo Air Force Station\"), Sault Sainte Marie L\\-17/LP\\-20, and [Highlands L\\-12/LP\\-9/P\\-9](/wiki/Highlands_Air_Force_Station \"Highlands Air Force Station\"). From March to November 1951, the \"LP\" designation was also used for 23 new stations for the Permanent System that were outfitted, instead of with radars developed for the Permanent System, with older radars such as the January 1945 General Electric [AN/CPS\\-5](/wiki/AN/CPS-5 \"AN/CPS-5\") radar, 1948 [Western Electric AN/TPS\\-1B Radar](/wiki/Western_Electric_AN/TPS-1B_Radar \"Western Electric AN/TPS-1B Radar\"), and Bendix [AN/TPS\\-1C](/wiki/AN/TPS-1C \"AN/TPS-1C\") radar.[MX\\-1000 to MX\\-1499 Listing](http://www.designation-systems.net/usmilav/mx/1000-1499.html). Designation\\-systems.net (2005\\-11\\-20\\). Retrieved on 2013\\-09\\-18\\.", "The LP designator was also used for 1 station opened with [AN/FPS\\-3](/wiki/AN/FPS-3 \"AN/FPS-3\") and [AN/FPS\\-5](/wiki/AN/FPS-5 \"AN/FPS-5\") radars in 1950 ([Tierra Amarilla LP\\-8](/wiki/Tierra_Amarilla_Air_Force_Station \"Tierra Amarilla Air Force Station\")). More than 15 of the new LP stations were subsequently upgraded and designated P\\-xx stations, and some of the squadrons at LP stations that closed moved to new P stations.", "New LP sites not previously designated L sites: \n* [Bellefontaine LP\\-73/P\\-73](/wiki/Bellefontaine_Air_Force_Station \"Bellefontaine Air Force Station\") (TPS\\-1B in November 1951\\),\n* Blue Knob LP\\-63 (TPS\\-1C 30 November 1951—station moved to Gibbsboro RP\\-63 in 1961\\),\n* [Cambria LP\\-2/P\\-2](/wiki/Cambria_Air_Force_Station \"Cambria Air Force Station\") (TPS\\-1C November 1951\\)\n* [Caswell LP\\-80/P\\-80](/wiki/Caswell_Air_Force_Station \"Caswell Air Force Station\") (TPS\\-1B March 1951\\),\n* [Colville LP\\-60/P\\-60](/wiki/Colville_Air_Force_Station \"Colville Air Force Station\") (TPS\\-1B March 1951, TPS\\-1C November 1951\\),\n* [Condon LP\\-32/P\\-32](/wiki/Condon_Air_Force_Station \"Condon Air Force Station\") (TPS\\-1C November 1951\\),\n* [Curlew LP\\-6/P\\-6](/wiki/Curlew_Air_Force_Station \"Curlew Air Force Station\") Mt Bonaparte TPS\\-1B 1950\n* [Del Bonita LP\\-24](/wiki/Cut_Bank_Air_Force_Station \"Cut Bank Air Force Station\") (TPS\\-1B November 1951\\) (P\\-24 is Cut Bank AFS),\n* [Williams Bay AFS](/wiki/Williams_Bay_Air_Force_Station \"Williams Bay Air Force Station\") Elkhorn LP\\-31 (moved to RP\\-31 at [Arlington Heights AFS](/wiki/Arlington_Heights_Air_Force_Station \"Arlington Heights Air Force Station\")),\n* [Finland LP\\-69/P\\-69](/wiki/Finland_Air_Force_Station \"Finland Air Force Station\") (CPS\\-5 30 November 1951\\),\n* [Fort Custer LP\\-67/P\\-67](/wiki/Custer_Air_Force_Station \"Custer Air Force Station\") (TPS\\-1B 30 November 1951\\),\n* [Godman Field LP\\-82](/wiki/Godman_Army_Airfield \"Godman Army Airfield\") (TPS\\-1C 30 April 1952\\) (P\\-82 [Snow Mountain AFS](/wiki/Snow_Mountain_Air_Force_Station \"Snow Mountain Air Force Station\")),\n* Gonzales LP\\-7 (P\\-7 [Continental Divide AFS](/wiki/Continental_Divide_Air_Force_Station \"Continental Divide Air Force Station\")),\n* Hill Peak Road LP\\-37 (P\\-37 [Point Arena AFS](/wiki/Point_Arena_Air_Force_Station \"Point Arena Air Force Station\")),\n* Keweenaw LP\\-16 (P\\-16 [Calumet AFS](/wiki/Calumet_Air_Force_Station \"Calumet Air Force Station\")),\n* [Klamath LP\\-33/P\\-33](/wiki/Klamath_Air_Force_Station \"Klamath Air Force Station\") TPS\\-1B (Apr 51\\)\n* [Madera LP\\-74/P\\-74](/wiki/Madera_Air_Force_Station \"Madera Air Force Station\") (TPS\\-1B in March 51\\),\n* [Moriarty LP\\-51/P\\-51](/wiki/Moriarty_Air_Force_Station \"Moriarty Air Force Station\") CPS\\-5 (30 Nov 51\\)\n* [Port Austin LP\\-61/P\\-61](/wiki/Port_Austin_Air_Force_Station \"Port Austin Air Force Station\") TPS\\-1C 30\\-Nov\\-51\n* [Rockville LP\\-53/P\\-53](/wiki/Rockville_Air_Force_Station \"Rockville Air Force Station\") TPS\\-1B (30 Nov 51\\)\n* Saddle Mountain/[Othello LP\\-40/P\\-40](/wiki/Othello_Air_Force_Station \"Othello Air Force Station\") TPS\\-1B\n* [San Clemente Island LP\\-39/P\\-39](/wiki/San_Clemente_Island_AFS \"San Clemente Island AFS\") TPS\\-1C Nov\\-51\n* [Tierra Amarilla LP\\-8/P\\-8](/wiki/Tierra_Amarilla_Air_Force_Station \"Tierra Amarilla Air Force Station\") FPS\\-3; FPS\\-5; 1950", "Permanent System radars were developed in various programs such as the [AN/FPS\\-6](/wiki/AN/FPS-6 \"AN/FPS-6\") (in program MX\\-1353 \\- \"Long range S\\-band height finder\") and [AN/MPS\\-10](/wiki/AN/MPS-10 \"AN/MPS-10\") (MX\\-1354 \\- \"Mobile long range search radar set\").", "Priority Permanent System The \"Priority Permanent System\" with the initial (priority) radar stations having new radar systems included \"[ADC](/wiki/Air_Defense_Command \"Air Defense Command\") radar site\" P\\-1 at [McChord AFB](/wiki/Joint_Base_Lewis-McChord \"Joint Base Lewis-McChord\") on 1 June 1950\\. Completed in May 1952 to replace the 1950 [Lashup Radar Network](/wiki/Lashup_Radar_Network \"Lashup Radar Network\"),{{r\\\|VIchapterII}}{{rp\\\|61}} the Priority Permanent System had 5 redesignated LASHUP stations, 23 new stations in 1951 with older radars, 62 stations in 1951 with new equipment, and several of the 10 newly equipped 1952 stations (including [Manassas RP\\-55](/wiki/Manassas_Air_Force_Station \"Manassas Air Force Station\")). The Priority Permanent System used Manual ADCCs, e.g., with [Plexiglas](/wiki/Plexiglas \"Plexiglas\") plotting boards as at the 1954 [Ent Air Force Base](/wiki/Ent_Air_Force_Base \"Ent Air Force Base\") command center for ADC.{{r\\\|Schaffel}}{{rp\\\|151}}\nP system extension The \"first extension of the P system into Canada\" (\"Canadian extensions\") for the [Pinetree Line](/wiki/Pinetree_Line \"Pinetree Line\"){{r\\\|VolumeI}}{{rp\\\|134}} was planned by the \"Radar Extension Program\" for 33 stations and was agreed by the US and Canada in November 1950\\. The plan \"was submitted to the Permanent Joint Board on Defense on February 6, 1951, and\" was subsequently approved by both nations,{{r\\\|Schaffel}}{{rp\\\|159}} but by \"April 1951 the United States still had not contributed to the Radar Extension Program\".{{r\\\|Schaffel}}{{rp\\\|160}} On 13 June 1951, the US released $20 million for the stations and by June 1952, the joint Canadian\\-American committee on the Radar Extension Program was replaced with the \"Project Pinetree Office\" in [Ottawa, Ontario](/wiki/Ottawa%2C_Ontario \"Ottawa, Ontario\").{{r\\\|Schaffel}}{{rp\\\|160}}\nGap\\-filler and semi\\-mobile radar stations On 18 January 1952, ADC proposed the construction of small, unmanned stations with gap filler radars.{{r\\\|VolumeI}}{{rp\\\|227}} The USAF [Directorate of Plans](/wiki/Directorate_of_Plans \"Directorate of Plans\") (War Plans Division) \"prepared the proposal … to add 29 mobile and 135 low\\-altitude stations to ADC's radar system\" for completion by the end of 1955\\.{{r\\\|Schaffel}}{{rp\\\|187}} The first phase began with three 1953 stations at [Walker M\\-90](/wiki/Walker_Air_Force_Base \"Walker Air Force Base\"), [Ellsworth M\\-97](/wiki/Ellsworth_Air_Force_Base \"Ellsworth Air Force Base\"), and [Houma M\\-126 (Z\\-126\\)](/wiki/Houma_Air_Force_Station \"Houma Air Force Station\"); and was completed with 1957 stations at [Almaden M\\-96 (Z\\-96\\)](/wiki/Almaden_Air_Force_Station \"Almaden Air Force Station\"), [Mount Hebo M\\-100](/wiki/Mount_Hebo_Air_Force_Station \"Mount Hebo Air Force Station\"), [Jacksonville M\\-114 (Z\\-114\\)](/wiki/Jacksonville_Naval_Air_Station \"Jacksonville Naval Air Station\"), and [Cherry Point M\\-116](/wiki/Cherry_Point_MCAS \"Cherry Point MCAS\"). \n The \"second\\-phase mobile radar program\" was requested by the [ADC commander](/wiki/Benjamin_W._Chidlaw \"Benjamin W. Chidlaw\") in October 1952{{r\\\|Schaffel}} and was completed from 1954 starting with [Geiger Field](/wiki/Geiger_Field \"Geiger Field\") SM\\-172 through 1962 with [Hastings SM\\-133 (Z\\-133\\)](/wiki/Hastings_Air_Force_Station \"Hastings Air Force Station\"). The Planning Guide for the Third Phase Augmentation Radar Program' was issued 5 April 1954, and the 3rd phase was for 29 stations, many for coverage along the U.S.\\-Mexican border and the Gulf of Mexico (the [Air Force Council](/wiki/Air_Force_Council \"Air Force Council\") had agreed with ADC's request for the third phase on 28 October 1953\\.){{r\\\|Schaffel}} The \"resulting 104 stations were all to be operational by 1956\",{{r\\\|Schaffel}}{{rp\\\|154}} and a mock 1956 attack blinded ground defense radars.{{r\\\|Winkler}} The third phase of 29 stations{{r\\\|VolumeI}}{{rp\\\|137}} was deployed beginning with 5 1957 stations and ended with the 1960 [Sundance TM\\-201 (Z\\-201\\)](/wiki/Sundance_Air_Force_Station \"Sundance Air Force Station\"). Gap\\-filler annexes of [Mather P\\-58](/wiki/Mather_Air_Force_Base \"Mather Air Force Base\") (P\\-58A at [Modesto](/wiki/Modesto%2C_California \"Modesto, California\") \\& P\\-58B at [Oroville](/wiki/Oroville%2C_California \"Oroville, California\")) were some of the Permanent System stations planned, but never built.\nTexas Towers were approved on 11 January 1954,{{r\\\|VolumeI}} and despite 11 Permanent System radar stations closing in 1957 ([N\\-28 Pinetree station](/wiki/Hopedale_Air_Station \"Hopedale Air Station\") and the [M\\-87](/wiki/Dobbins_Air_Force_Base \"Dobbins Air Force Base\"), [M\\-101](/wiki/Rochester_Air_Force_Station \"Rochester Air Force Station\"), [M\\-104](/wiki/Rye_Air_Force_Station \"Rye Air Force Station\"), [M\\-105](/wiki/Alpena_Air_Force_Station \"Alpena Air Force Station\"), [M\\-106](/wiki/Two_Creeks_Air_Force_Station \"Two Creeks Air Force Station\"), [M\\-109](/wiki/Grand_Marais_Air_Force_Station \"Grand Marais Air Force Station\"), [M\\-122](/wiki/Dallas_Center_Air_Force_Station \"Dallas Center Air Force Station\"), [M\\-128](/wiki/Kingman_Air_Force_Station \"Kingman Air Force Station\"), [M\\-131](/wiki/Owingsville_Air_Force_Station \"Owingsville Air Force Station\"), \\& [SM\\-137](/wiki/Carmi_Air_Force_Station \"Carmi Air Force Station\") stations), at \"the end of 1957, ADC operated 182 radar stations…32 had been added during the last half of the year as low\\-altitude, unmanned gap\\-filler radars. The total consisted of 47 gap\\-filler stations, 75 Permanent System radars, 39 semimobile radars, 19 Pinetree stations,…1 Lashup\\[\\-era radar and a] single [Texas Tower](/wiki/Texas_Tower \"Texas Tower\")\".{{r\\\|Schaffel}}{{rp\\\|223}}", "Relocated stations When radar stations began converting to SAGE, 8 Permanent stations that closed from 1959\\-1964 had their squadrons relocated to stations with \"RP\" designations, including the radar squadrons from the last 2 remaining \"LP\" stations: ([Elkhorn/Williams Bay LP\\-31](/wiki/Williams_Bay_Air_Force_Station \"Williams Bay Air Force Station\") and [Blue Knob/Claysburg LP\\-63](/wiki/Claysburg_Air_Force_Station \"Claysburg Air Force Station\")). All but 1 of the relocating squadrons went to new sites (the [770th](/wiki/770th_Radar_Squadron \"770th Radar Squadron\") moved{{When\\\|date\\=February 2013}} to a [1955 Army radar station](/wiki/Fort_Meade_radar_station \"Fort Meade radar station\") designated USAF RP\\-54 in 1961\\), and 5 of the units co\\-located with [Project Nike](/wiki/Project_Nike \"Project Nike\") [Missile Master](/wiki/Missile_Master \"Missile Master\") units. A 1959\\-1961 USAF radar squadron was at the [Fort Heath](/wiki/Fort_Heath \"Fort Heath\") radar station of the [joint\\-use site system (JUSS)](/wiki/List_of_USAF_Aerospace_Defense_Command_General_Surveillance_Radar_Stations%23Joint-use_site_system \"List of USAF Aerospace Defense Command General Surveillance Radar Stations#Joint-use site system\")." ]
Lens designations ----------------- [thumb\\|right\\|Pentax smc M 50mm f2](/wiki/File:Pentax_SMC_M_50mm_f2.jpg "Pentax SMC M 50mm f2.jpg") Below is a list of K\-Mount Lens Lines produced by Pentax.{{Cite web \\| url\=http://www.mosphotos.com/PentaxLensesExplained.html \\| title\=Pentax K\-Mount Lenses Explained: The differences between various Pentax lens series}} ### K lenses The first generation of Pentax K\-mount lenses. Officially not referred to as K series lenses, they usually are given this designation to distinguish them from later K\-mount lenses (such as the M, A, F, FA and DA series). These were exclusively manual focus lenses with no electronic features. The name of each lens started with an upper case "SMC" for the earlier versions and the lower case "smc" for the later versions. For example SMC/smc Pentax 28mm F3\.5, where SMC/smc stands for Super\-Multi\-Coated, the lens coating introduced in the early 1970s at the end of the M42\-mount era. ### M lenses The M series of lenses followed on from the earlier K series lenses. As with the earlier lenses, these were manual K\-mount lenses without any electronic features. They behave just like the K series but are generally smaller in size, to match the more compact bodies of the same era, e.g. the [Pentax MX](/wiki/Pentax_MX "Pentax MX") and the [Pentax ME Super](/wiki/Pentax_ME_Super "Pentax ME Super"). ### A lenses Another K\-mount lens, the A series of lenses saw the introduction of "automatic" aperture settings. The lenses had an aperture ring (unlike the later DA series), and thus the aperture could be set manually, but they also had an "A" mode, which allowed the camera to control the aperture automatically. ### F lenses [thumb\\|right\\|SMC Pentax\-F 50mm F1\.7 K\-mount prime lens](/wiki/File:SMC_Pentax-F_50mm_F1.7_side.jpg "SMC Pentax-F 50mm F1.7 side.jpg") The F series were the first autofocus lenses (excluding the rare smc Pentax\-AF 35\-70mm F2\.8, made only for the ME\-F camera). The autofocus is of screw\-drive type, still supported by all Pentax DSLRs. They featured an aperture ring, which allowed the aperture to be controlled manually. Thus F lenses are able to be used on older cameras which do not support automatic setting of the aperture, such as the [Pentax K1000](/wiki/Pentax_K1000 "Pentax K1000"). ### FA lenses These lenses are designed with use for full\-frame film SLR cameras. As with the F series, they feature an aperture ring providing compatibility with older camera bodies. Autofocus is like the F series of screw\-drive type. The FA\* lenses are professional grade lenses and the FA Limited lenses are all metal high quality primes. The FA series has been superseded by the DA and D FA series optimized for digital cameras, but as of March 2017 the three FA limited as well as the FA 35 mm f2 and 50 mm f1\.4 are still in production.{{cite web \\|url\=http://www.ricoh\-imaging.co.jp/japan/products/lens/images/K\_Mount\_Lens.pdf \\|title\=Pentax K\-Mount Lens Line Up \\|date\=February 2017 \\|website\=ricoh\-imaging.co.jp \\|publisher\=\[\[Ricoh\\|Ricoh imaging]]\\|access\-date\=27 March 2017}} #### FA\-J lenses The FA\-J series consisted of three lower\-priced zoom lenses, that were largely identical to the FA series of lenses, but like later DA series lenses lacked the aperture ring. As a result, they are not fully compatible with some older manual film cameras, as there was no method of setting the aperture other than through the camera body. ### D FA lenses [thumb\\|smc Pentax\-D FA 100mm F2\.8 Macro WR](/wiki/File:PentaxMacroLens100WR.jpg "PentaxMacroLens100WR.jpg") These lenses are coated with glazes that make the lenses more suitable for digital cameras. However, they also support older 35mm camera formats, as they provide [full frame](/wiki/Full-frame_digital_SLR "Full-frame digital SLR") coverage. The series originally consisted only of two macro lenses – a 50mm and a 100mm – which both featured an aperture ring. In 2009 the 100mm was replaced by [a weather resistant (WR) version](/wiki/Pentax_D_FA_100mm_WR_lens "Pentax D FA 100mm WR lens") without an aperture ring,{{cite web \\|url\=http://www.dpreview.com/articles/8214311760/pentax100mm \\|title\=Press Release: The smc Pentax\-D FA Macro 100mm F2\.8 WR\\|author\= \\|date\=9 December 2009 \\|publisher\=\[\[Hoya Corporation]]\\| via\=\[\[dpreview]] \\|access\-date\=16 March 2015}} that was co\-developed with [Tokina](/wiki/Tokina "Tokina").[Tokina\#History](/wiki/Tokina%23History "Tokina#History") The series was revived in February 2015 when the [D FA\* 70\-200mm f2\.8](/wiki/Pentax_D_FA%2A_70-200mm_lens "Pentax D FA* 70-200mm lens") and [D FA 150\-450mm f4\.5\-5\.6](/wiki/Pentax_D_FA_150-450mm_lens "Pentax D FA 150-450mm lens") telephoto zoom lenses were announced{{cite web \\|url\=http://www.dpreview.com/articles/5760258369/ricoh\-introduces\-hd\-pentax\-d\-fa\-70\-200mm\-f2\-8\-and\-hd\-pentax\-d\-fa\-150\-450mm\-f4\-5\-5\-6\-zooms \\|title\=Press Release: The smc Pentax\-D FA Macro 100mm F2\.8 WR\\|author\= \\|date\=4 February 2015 \\|publisher\=\[\[Ricoh\\|Pentax Ricoh Imaging Company]]\\| via\=\[\[dpreview]] \\|access\-date\=16 March 2015}} along with first pictures of a (then unnamed) [K\-1](/wiki/Pentax_K-1 "Pentax K-1") mock\-up.{{cite web \\|url\=http://www.dpreview.com/articles/3071796575/ricoh\-announces\-development\-of\-long\-awaited\-full\-frame\-pentax\-dslr \\|title\=Ricoh announces development of long\-awaited full\-frame Pentax DSLR\\|date\=4 February 2015 \\|website\=\[\[dpreview]] \\|access\-date\=16 March 2015}} ### DA lenses The DA lenses were designed specifically for the Pentax digital cameras incorporating an [APS\-C](/wiki/APS-C "APS-C") digital sensor. As the APS\-C sensor has a smaller surface area than 35mm film, these lenses are not generally considered to be compatible with older cameras. They also lack an aperture ring, limiting their use on cameras that do not support automatic aperture settings. Most of the DA zoom lenses are available in weather resistant (WR) versions to match the weather sealed capabilities of the medium to upper level Pentax DSLR camera bodies. While older models still have the in\-body screw drive autofocus system, newer designs marked "DC", "SDM" or "PLM" feature silent, in\-lens autofocus motors. Some lenses of this product line such as the DA 10\-17 Fisheye were co\-developed with [Tokina](/wiki/Tokina "Tokina").{{Cite journal\\|last\=Keppler\\|first\=Herbert\\|year\=2007\\|title\=The Name Game – Just who made your favourite lens?\\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=If3xcPm2ZqYC\&dq\=pentax\+tokina\+cooperation\&pg\=PA46\\|journal\=\[\[Popular Photography]]\\|issue\=January 2007\\|pages\=46\\|via\=Google Books}} #### DA\-L lenses These are lighter and cheaper versions of DA series zoom lenses. They have a plastic (as opposed to steel) mount and lack the quick\-shift focusing system of their heavier siblings. They are only sold in kits with entry\-level bodies. #### DA\* lenses [thumb\\|right\\|Pentax DA\* 16\-50mm f2\.8 alongside the smaller Pentax DA 18\-55mm f3\.5\-5\.6 lens](/wiki/File:Pentax16-50_Pentax18-55.jpg "Pentax16-50 Pentax18-55.jpg") The DA\* lenses are designed for use with Pentax digital SLR cameras. DA\* lenses have higher quality optics and feature a higher level of weather sealing (AW) than most DA lenses (WR). The DA\* lenses are more expensive and generally feature improved light transmission and larger aperture openings for better low light performance. Some DA\* lenses also feature both body driven screw drive focusing and the Pentax SDM (Supersonic Drive Motor) lens based focus mechanism. Some lenses of this product line were co\-developed with [Tokina](/wiki/Tokina "Tokina"). Examples include the DA\* 16\-50 and DA\* 50\-135\. #### DA Limited lenses These are high quality (mostly prime) lenses with the lens housing made of metal. They usually have a wider maximum aperture compared to zooms but narrower as compared to other prime lenses. This is a compromise as DA Limited lenses are usually made to be much more compact than other primes lenses. In August 2013 the DA Limited lenses were upgraded with Pentax new HD coating, replacing the previous smc coating.{{Cite web \\| url\=http://www.dpreview.com/news/2013/08/27/ricoh\-announces\-hd\-update\-to\-pentax\-limited\-primes\-15mm\-f4\-21mm\-f32\-35mm\-f28\-macro\-40mm\-f28\-70mm\-f24 \\| title\=Ricoh announces 'HD' update to Pentax DA Limited primes}} The new HD lenses are also available in both silver and black, as opposed to only black. The DA 35/2\.8 Macro was co\-developed with [Tokina](/wiki/Tokina "Tokina"). As of February 2015, the DA 20\-40mm F2\.8\-4 Limited DC WR announced in November 2013{{cite web \\|url\=http://www.dpreview.com/articles/1853330480/weather\-resistant\-pentax\-limited\-20\-40mm\-f2\-8\-4\-zoom\-lens\-announced \\|title\=Press Release: HD Pentax\-DA 20\-40mm F2\.8\-4ED Limited DC WR \\|author\= \\|date\=6 November 2013 \\|publisher\=\[\[Ricoh\\|Pentax Ricoh Imaging Company]]\\| via\=\[\[dpreview]] \\|access\-date\=12 February 2015}} stands out for being both the only zoom as well as the only weather resistant lens of the series.	[ "Lens designations\n-----------------", "[thumb\\\|right\\\|Pentax smc M 50mm f2](/wiki/File:Pentax_SMC_M_50mm_f2.jpg \"Pentax SMC M 50mm f2.jpg\")", "Below is a list of K\\-Mount Lens Lines produced by Pentax.{{Cite web \\\| url\\=http://www.mosphotos.com/PentaxLensesExplained.html \\\| title\\=Pentax K\\-Mount Lenses Explained: The differences between various Pentax lens series}}", "### K lenses", "The first generation of Pentax K\\-mount lenses. Officially not referred to as K series lenses, they usually are given this designation to distinguish them from later K\\-mount lenses (such as the M, A, F, FA and DA series). These were exclusively manual focus lenses with no electronic features. The name of each lens started with an upper case \"SMC\" for the earlier versions and the lower case \"smc\" for the later versions. For example SMC/smc Pentax 28mm F3\\.5, where SMC/smc stands for Super\\-Multi\\-Coated, the lens coating introduced in the early 1970s at the end of the M42\\-mount era.", "### M lenses", "The M series of lenses followed on from the earlier K series lenses. As with the earlier lenses, these were manual K\\-mount lenses without any electronic features. They behave just like the K series but are generally smaller in size, to match the more compact bodies of the same era, e.g. the [Pentax MX](/wiki/Pentax_MX \"Pentax MX\") and the [Pentax ME Super](/wiki/Pentax_ME_Super \"Pentax ME Super\").", "### A lenses", "Another K\\-mount lens, the A series of lenses saw the introduction of \"automatic\" aperture settings. The lenses had an aperture ring (unlike the later DA series), and thus the aperture could be set manually, but they also had an \"A\" mode, which allowed the camera to control the aperture automatically.", "### F lenses", "[thumb\\\|right\\\|SMC Pentax\\-F 50mm F1\\.7 K\\-mount prime lens](/wiki/File:SMC_Pentax-F_50mm_F1.7_side.jpg \"SMC Pentax-F 50mm F1.7 side.jpg\")\nThe F series were the first autofocus lenses (excluding the rare smc Pentax\\-AF 35\\-70mm F2\\.8, made only for the ME\\-F camera). The autofocus is of screw\\-drive type, still supported by all Pentax DSLRs. They featured an aperture ring, which allowed the aperture to be controlled manually. Thus F lenses are able to be used on older cameras which do not support automatic setting of the aperture, such as the [Pentax K1000](/wiki/Pentax_K1000 \"Pentax K1000\").", "### FA lenses", "These lenses are designed with use for full\\-frame film SLR cameras. As with the F series, they feature an aperture ring providing compatibility with older camera bodies. Autofocus is like the F series of screw\\-drive type. The FA\\* lenses are professional grade lenses and the FA Limited lenses are all metal high quality primes. The FA series has been superseded by the DA and D FA series optimized for digital cameras, but as of March 2017 the three FA limited as well as the FA 35 mm f2 and 50 mm f1\\.4 are still in production.{{cite web \\\|url\\=http://www.ricoh\\-imaging.co.jp/japan/products/lens/images/K\\_Mount\\_Lens.pdf \\\|title\\=Pentax K\\-Mount Lens Line Up \\\|date\\=February 2017 \\\|website\\=ricoh\\-imaging.co.jp \\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Ricoh\\\|Ricoh imaging]]\\\|access\\-date\\=27 March 2017}}", "#### FA\\-J lenses", "The FA\\-J series consisted of three lower\\-priced zoom lenses, that were largely identical to the FA series of lenses, but like later DA series lenses lacked the aperture ring. As a result, they are not fully compatible with some older manual film cameras, as there was no method of setting the aperture other than through the camera body.", "### D FA lenses", "[thumb\\\|smc Pentax\\-D FA 100mm F2\\.8 Macro WR](/wiki/File:PentaxMacroLens100WR.jpg \"PentaxMacroLens100WR.jpg\")\nThese lenses are coated with glazes that make the lenses more suitable for digital cameras. However, they also support older 35mm camera formats, as they provide [full frame](/wiki/Full-frame_digital_SLR \"Full-frame digital SLR\") coverage. The series originally consisted only of two macro lenses – a 50mm and a 100mm – which both featured an aperture ring. In 2009 the 100mm was replaced by [a weather resistant (WR) version](/wiki/Pentax_D_FA_100mm_WR_lens \"Pentax D FA 100mm WR lens\") without an aperture ring,{{cite web \\\|url\\=http://www.dpreview.com/articles/8214311760/pentax100mm \\\|title\\=Press Release: The smc Pentax\\-D FA Macro 100mm F2\\.8 WR\\\|author\\= \\\|date\\=9 December 2009 \\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Hoya Corporation]]\\\| via\\=\\[\\[dpreview]] \\\|access\\-date\\=16 March 2015}} that was co\\-developed with [Tokina](/wiki/Tokina \"Tokina\").[Tokina\\#History](/wiki/Tokina%23History \"Tokina#History\") The series was revived in February 2015 when the [D FA\\* 70\\-200mm f2\\.8](/wiki/Pentax_D_FA%2A_70-200mm_lens \"Pentax D FA* 70-200mm lens\") and [D FA 150\\-450mm f4\\.5\\-5\\.6](/wiki/Pentax_D_FA_150-450mm_lens \"Pentax D FA 150-450mm lens\") telephoto zoom lenses were announced{{cite web \\\|url\\=http://www.dpreview.com/articles/5760258369/ricoh\\-introduces\\-hd\\-pentax\\-d\\-fa\\-70\\-200mm\\-f2\\-8\\-and\\-hd\\-pentax\\-d\\-fa\\-150\\-450mm\\-f4\\-5\\-5\\-6\\-zooms \\\|title\\=Press Release: The smc Pentax\\-D FA Macro 100mm F2\\.8 WR\\\|author\\= \\\|date\\=4 February 2015 \\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Ricoh\\\|Pentax Ricoh Imaging Company]]\\\| via\\=\\[\\[dpreview]] \\\|access\\-date\\=16 March 2015}} along with first pictures of a (then unnamed) [K\\-1](/wiki/Pentax_K-1 \"Pentax K-1\") mock\\-up.{{cite web \\\|url\\=http://www.dpreview.com/articles/3071796575/ricoh\\-announces\\-development\\-of\\-long\\-awaited\\-full\\-frame\\-pentax\\-dslr \\\|title\\=Ricoh announces development of long\\-awaited full\\-frame Pentax DSLR\\\|date\\=4 February 2015 \\\|website\\=\\[\\[dpreview]] \\\|access\\-date\\=16 March 2015}}", "### DA lenses", "The DA lenses were designed specifically for the Pentax digital cameras incorporating an [APS\\-C](/wiki/APS-C \"APS-C\") digital sensor. As the APS\\-C sensor has a smaller surface area than 35mm film, these lenses are not generally considered to be compatible with older cameras. They also lack an aperture ring, limiting their use on cameras that do not support automatic aperture settings. Most of the DA zoom lenses are available in weather resistant (WR) versions to match the weather sealed capabilities of the medium to upper level Pentax DSLR camera bodies. While older models still have the in\\-body screw drive autofocus system, newer designs marked \"DC\", \"SDM\" or \"PLM\" feature silent, in\\-lens autofocus motors.", "Some lenses of this product line such as the DA 10\\-17 Fisheye were co\\-developed with [Tokina](/wiki/Tokina \"Tokina\").{{Cite journal\\\|last\\=Keppler\\\|first\\=Herbert\\\|year\\=2007\\\|title\\=The Name Game – Just who made your favourite lens?\\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=If3xcPm2ZqYC\\&dq\\=pentax\\+tokina\\+cooperation\\&pg\\=PA46\\\|journal\\=\\[\\[Popular Photography]]\\\|issue\\=January 2007\\\|pages\\=46\\\|via\\=Google Books}}", "#### DA\\-L lenses", "These are lighter and cheaper versions of DA series zoom lenses. They have a plastic (as opposed to steel) mount and lack the quick\\-shift focusing system of their heavier siblings. They are only sold in kits with entry\\-level bodies.", "#### DA\\* lenses", "[thumb\\\|right\\\|Pentax DA\\* 16\\-50mm f2\\.8 alongside the smaller Pentax DA 18\\-55mm f3\\.5\\-5\\.6 lens](/wiki/File:Pentax16-50_Pentax18-55.jpg \"Pentax16-50 Pentax18-55.jpg\")\nThe DA\\* lenses are designed for use with Pentax digital SLR cameras. DA\\* lenses have higher quality optics and feature a higher level of weather sealing (AW) than most DA lenses (WR). The DA\\* lenses are more expensive and generally feature improved light transmission and larger aperture openings for better low light performance. Some DA\\* lenses also feature both body driven screw drive focusing and the Pentax SDM (Supersonic Drive Motor) lens based focus mechanism.", "Some lenses of this product line were co\\-developed with [Tokina](/wiki/Tokina \"Tokina\"). Examples include the DA\\* 16\\-50 and DA\\* 50\\-135\\.", "#### DA Limited lenses", "These are high quality (mostly prime) lenses with the lens housing made of metal. They usually have a wider maximum aperture compared to zooms but narrower as compared to other prime lenses. This is a compromise as DA Limited lenses are usually made to be much more compact than other primes lenses. In August 2013 the DA Limited lenses were upgraded with Pentax new HD coating, replacing the previous smc coating.{{Cite web \\\| url\\=http://www.dpreview.com/news/2013/08/27/ricoh\\-announces\\-hd\\-update\\-to\\-pentax\\-limited\\-primes\\-15mm\\-f4\\-21mm\\-f32\\-35mm\\-f28\\-macro\\-40mm\\-f28\\-70mm\\-f24 \\\| title\\=Ricoh announces 'HD' update to Pentax DA Limited primes}} The new HD lenses are also available in both silver and black, as opposed to only black.", "The DA 35/2\\.8 Macro was co\\-developed with [Tokina](/wiki/Tokina \"Tokina\"). As of February 2015, the DA 20\\-40mm F2\\.8\\-4 Limited DC WR announced in November 2013{{cite web \\\|url\\=http://www.dpreview.com/articles/1853330480/weather\\-resistant\\-pentax\\-limited\\-20\\-40mm\\-f2\\-8\\-4\\-zoom\\-lens\\-announced \\\|title\\=Press Release: HD Pentax\\-DA 20\\-40mm F2\\.8\\-4ED Limited DC WR \\\|author\\= \\\|date\\=6 November 2013 \\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Ricoh\\\|Pentax Ricoh Imaging Company]]\\\| via\\=\\[\\[dpreview]] \\\|access\\-date\\=12 February 2015}} stands out for being both the only zoom as well as the only weather resistant lens of the series.", "" ]
### DA lenses The DA lenses were designed specifically for the Pentax digital cameras incorporating an [APS\-C](/wiki/APS-C "APS-C") digital sensor. As the APS\-C sensor has a smaller surface area than 35mm film, these lenses are not generally considered to be compatible with older cameras. They also lack an aperture ring, limiting their use on cameras that do not support automatic aperture settings. Most of the DA zoom lenses are available in weather resistant (WR) versions to match the weather sealed capabilities of the medium to upper level Pentax DSLR camera bodies. While older models still have the in\-body screw drive autofocus system, newer designs marked "DC", "SDM" or "PLM" feature silent, in\-lens autofocus motors. Some lenses of this product line such as the DA 10\-17 Fisheye were co\-developed with [Tokina](/wiki/Tokina "Tokina").{{Cite journal\\|last\=Keppler\\|first\=Herbert\\|year\=2007\\|title\=The Name Game – Just who made your favourite lens?\\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=If3xcPm2ZqYC\&dq\=pentax\+tokina\+cooperation\&pg\=PA46\\|journal\=\[\[Popular Photography]]\\|issue\=January 2007\\|pages\=46\\|via\=Google Books}} #### DA\-L lenses These are lighter and cheaper versions of DA series zoom lenses. They have a plastic (as opposed to steel) mount and lack the quick\-shift focusing system of their heavier siblings. They are only sold in kits with entry\-level bodies. #### DA\* lenses [thumb\\|right\\|Pentax DA\* 16\-50mm f2\.8 alongside the smaller Pentax DA 18\-55mm f3\.5\-5\.6 lens](/wiki/File:Pentax16-50_Pentax18-55.jpg "Pentax16-50 Pentax18-55.jpg") The DA\* lenses are designed for use with Pentax digital SLR cameras. DA\* lenses have higher quality optics and feature a higher level of weather sealing (AW) than most DA lenses (WR). The DA\* lenses are more expensive and generally feature improved light transmission and larger aperture openings for better low light performance. Some DA\* lenses also feature both body driven screw drive focusing and the Pentax SDM (Supersonic Drive Motor) lens based focus mechanism. Some lenses of this product line were co\-developed with [Tokina](/wiki/Tokina "Tokina"). Examples include the DA\* 16\-50 and DA\* 50\-135\. #### DA Limited lenses These are high quality (mostly prime) lenses with the lens housing made of metal. They usually have a wider maximum aperture compared to zooms but narrower as compared to other prime lenses. This is a compromise as DA Limited lenses are usually made to be much more compact than other primes lenses. In August 2013 the DA Limited lenses were upgraded with Pentax new HD coating, replacing the previous smc coating.{{Cite web \\| url\=http://www.dpreview.com/news/2013/08/27/ricoh\-announces\-hd\-update\-to\-pentax\-limited\-primes\-15mm\-f4\-21mm\-f32\-35mm\-f28\-macro\-40mm\-f28\-70mm\-f24 \\| title\=Ricoh announces 'HD' update to Pentax DA Limited primes}} The new HD lenses are also available in both silver and black, as opposed to only black. The DA 35/2\.8 Macro was co\-developed with [Tokina](/wiki/Tokina "Tokina"). As of February 2015, the DA 20\-40mm F2\.8\-4 Limited DC WR announced in November 2013{{cite web \\|url\=http://www.dpreview.com/articles/1853330480/weather\-resistant\-pentax\-limited\-20\-40mm\-f2\-8\-4\-zoom\-lens\-announced \\|title\=Press Release: HD Pentax\-DA 20\-40mm F2\.8\-4ED Limited DC WR \\|author\= \\|date\=6 November 2013 \\|publisher\=\[\[Ricoh\\|Pentax Ricoh Imaging Company]]\\| via\=\[\[dpreview]] \\|access\-date\=12 February 2015}} stands out for being both the only zoom as well as the only weather resistant lens of the series.	[ "### DA lenses", "The DA lenses were designed specifically for the Pentax digital cameras incorporating an [APS\\-C](/wiki/APS-C \"APS-C\") digital sensor. As the APS\\-C sensor has a smaller surface area than 35mm film, these lenses are not generally considered to be compatible with older cameras. They also lack an aperture ring, limiting their use on cameras that do not support automatic aperture settings. Most of the DA zoom lenses are available in weather resistant (WR) versions to match the weather sealed capabilities of the medium to upper level Pentax DSLR camera bodies. While older models still have the in\\-body screw drive autofocus system, newer designs marked \"DC\", \"SDM\" or \"PLM\" feature silent, in\\-lens autofocus motors.", "Some lenses of this product line such as the DA 10\\-17 Fisheye were co\\-developed with [Tokina](/wiki/Tokina \"Tokina\").{{Cite journal\\\|last\\=Keppler\\\|first\\=Herbert\\\|year\\=2007\\\|title\\=The Name Game – Just who made your favourite lens?\\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=If3xcPm2ZqYC\\&dq\\=pentax\\+tokina\\+cooperation\\&pg\\=PA46\\\|journal\\=\\[\\[Popular Photography]]\\\|issue\\=January 2007\\\|pages\\=46\\\|via\\=Google Books}}", "#### DA\\-L lenses", "These are lighter and cheaper versions of DA series zoom lenses. They have a plastic (as opposed to steel) mount and lack the quick\\-shift focusing system of their heavier siblings. They are only sold in kits with entry\\-level bodies.", "#### DA\\* lenses", "[thumb\\\|right\\\|Pentax DA\\* 16\\-50mm f2\\.8 alongside the smaller Pentax DA 18\\-55mm f3\\.5\\-5\\.6 lens](/wiki/File:Pentax16-50_Pentax18-55.jpg \"Pentax16-50 Pentax18-55.jpg\")\nThe DA\\* lenses are designed for use with Pentax digital SLR cameras. DA\\* lenses have higher quality optics and feature a higher level of weather sealing (AW) than most DA lenses (WR). The DA\\* lenses are more expensive and generally feature improved light transmission and larger aperture openings for better low light performance. Some DA\\* lenses also feature both body driven screw drive focusing and the Pentax SDM (Supersonic Drive Motor) lens based focus mechanism.", "Some lenses of this product line were co\\-developed with [Tokina](/wiki/Tokina \"Tokina\"). Examples include the DA\\* 16\\-50 and DA\\* 50\\-135\\.", "#### DA Limited lenses", "These are high quality (mostly prime) lenses with the lens housing made of metal. They usually have a wider maximum aperture compared to zooms but narrower as compared to other prime lenses. This is a compromise as DA Limited lenses are usually made to be much more compact than other primes lenses. In August 2013 the DA Limited lenses were upgraded with Pentax new HD coating, replacing the previous smc coating.{{Cite web \\\| url\\=http://www.dpreview.com/news/2013/08/27/ricoh\\-announces\\-hd\\-update\\-to\\-pentax\\-limited\\-primes\\-15mm\\-f4\\-21mm\\-f32\\-35mm\\-f28\\-macro\\-40mm\\-f28\\-70mm\\-f24 \\\| title\\=Ricoh announces 'HD' update to Pentax DA Limited primes}} The new HD lenses are also available in both silver and black, as opposed to only black.", "The DA 35/2\\.8 Macro was co\\-developed with [Tokina](/wiki/Tokina \"Tokina\"). As of February 2015, the DA 20\\-40mm F2\\.8\\-4 Limited DC WR announced in November 2013{{cite web \\\|url\\=http://www.dpreview.com/articles/1853330480/weather\\-resistant\\-pentax\\-limited\\-20\\-40mm\\-f2\\-8\\-4\\-zoom\\-lens\\-announced \\\|title\\=Press Release: HD Pentax\\-DA 20\\-40mm F2\\.8\\-4ED Limited DC WR \\\|author\\= \\\|date\\=6 November 2013 \\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Ricoh\\\|Pentax Ricoh Imaging Company]]\\\| via\\=\\[\\[dpreview]] \\\|access\\-date\\=12 February 2015}} stands out for being both the only zoom as well as the only weather resistant lens of the series.", "" ]
Violins ------- Deconet was often traveling outside of Venice, and therefore it is not plausible that he ever held an [apprenticeship](/wiki/Apprentice "Apprentice"). Apprenticeships required regular attendance and would not have paid enough to support his family. All documents in reference to Deconet list him as a sonadore, which means "player". Deconet most likely took previously bought violins with him on his travels and resold them at fairs and markets, where he would play and showcase his talent. This theory could explain the varying labels, some handwritten, that he or his buyers would place upon the instruments to remember its origins and garner publicity. Analysis of instruments attributed to Deconet seem to confirm this theory. All of "his" instruments are obviously of Venetian making, but there are huge differences in style, form, and workmanship. Limited instruments with his label between 1750 and 1760 reveal a probable privileged source of violins from some Venetian maker who was interested in profit. The changes of style of the instruments can be explained by changes of sources for the instruments, as they are seemingly incoherent for the usual artisan development changes. His instruments have features that are typical of Venetian violin makers of the time, such as Pietro Guarnieri and Giorgio Serafin. Violins made in workshops were rarely the work of the maestro (means master), but usually made by the many workers. Instruments made by the workers were generally of the same quality, but much cheaper. Cheaper instruments led to Deconet making a profit. While Deconet lived in Bragara, he lived next to Domenico Garlato, "a violin maker with a workshop in his home and three sons," and Giacomo Codeghin, "a violin maker without a family living in Calle della Morte." It is extremely likely that Deconet bought instruments for resale from these violin makers.	[ "Violins\n-------", "Deconet was often traveling outside of Venice, and therefore it is not plausible that he ever held an [apprenticeship](/wiki/Apprentice \"Apprentice\"). Apprenticeships required regular attendance and would not have paid enough to support his family. All documents in reference to Deconet list him as a sonadore, which means \"player\".", "Deconet most likely took previously bought violins with him on his travels and resold them at fairs and markets, where he would play and showcase his talent. This theory could explain the varying labels, some handwritten, that he or his buyers would place upon the instruments to remember its origins and garner publicity.", "Analysis of instruments attributed to Deconet seem to confirm this theory. All of \"his\" instruments are obviously of Venetian making, but there are huge differences in style, form, and workmanship. Limited instruments with his label between 1750 and 1760 reveal a probable privileged source of violins from some Venetian maker who was interested in profit. The changes of style of the instruments can be explained by changes of sources for the instruments, as they are seemingly incoherent for the usual artisan development changes.", "His instruments have features that are typical of Venetian violin makers of the time, such as Pietro Guarnieri and Giorgio Serafin. Violins made in workshops were rarely the work of the maestro (means master), but usually made by the many workers. Instruments made by the workers were generally of the same quality, but much cheaper. Cheaper instruments led to Deconet making a profit.", "While Deconet lived in Bragara, he lived next to Domenico Garlato, \"a violin maker with a workshop in his home and three sons,\" and Giacomo Codeghin, \"a violin maker without a family living in Calle della Morte.\" It is extremely likely that Deconet bought instruments for resale from these violin makers.", "" ]
Phonology --------- ### Vowels T.Givon (2011\) gives the following orthography and phonetic information for Southern Ute. Northern Ute differs from Southern and Central in some lexical and phonological areas. Southern Ute has five vowels, as well as several allophones, which are not shown in the orthography. Each vowel can be short or long, and vowel length is marked orthographically by doubling the vowel. In Ute, the length of a vowel is often phonemic, and relevant for determining meaning. For example, whca\-y, meaning 'wrapping,' versus whcáa\-y, meaning 'swirling'. In some cases, however, the difference between a long and a short vowel is purely phonetic, and does not change word meaning. Ute devoices vowels in certain phonological or grammatical environments, as described in later sections. Devoiced vowels are marked in the orthography by underlining them, or, when the identity of the underlying vowel has been lost, with the letter \[h]. Here bold text indicates a practical orthographic representation, while the [IPA](/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet "International Phonetic Alphabet") representation is included in brackets. \| \| [Front](/wiki/Front_vowel "Front vowel") \| \| [Central](/wiki/Central_vowel "Central vowel") \| [Back](/wiki/Back_vowel "Back vowel") \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| unrounded \| rounded \| unrounded \| rounded \| \| [High](/wiki/Close_vowel "Close vowel") \| i {{IPAblink\\|i}} \| \| \| ʉ {{IPAblink\\|ɯ}} \| u {{IPAblink\\|u}} \| \| [Mid](/wiki/Mid_vowel "Mid vowel") \| \| ɵ {{IPAblink\\|œ}} \| \| \| \| \| [Low](/wiki/Open_vowel "Open vowel") \| \| \| a {{IPAblink\\|ä}} \| \| \| #### Allophones * {{IPAblink\\|ɨ}} is an allophone of ʉ * {{IPAblink\\|e}} and {{IPAblink\\|æ}} are both allophones of a; the former is used more often by younger speakers, while older speakers use the latter * {{IPAblink\\|o}} is an allophone of ɵ. ### Consonants Southern Ute consonants are given in the table below. As above, orthographic representations are bold and the IPA representations are in brackets. All stops in Ute are voiceless. Thus, g here does not indicate a [voiced velar stop](/wiki/Voiced_velar_stop "Voiced velar stop") but rather a [voiced velar fricative](/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative "Voiced velar fricative"), similar to luego in Spanish. Also similar to Spanish is the [voiced bilabial fricative](/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_fricative "Voiced bilabial fricative") v, as in the Spanish phrase la verdad, in contrast with the voiced labiodental fricative {{IPA\\|\[v]}} which does not appear in Ute. The velar sounds k and g have [uvular](/wiki/Uvular_consonant "Uvular consonant") [allophones](/wiki/Allophones "Allophones"): k becomes either a [voiceless uvular stop](/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_stop "Voiceless uvular stop") {{IPA\\|\[q]}} or a [voiceless uvular fricative](/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative "Voiceless uvular fricative") {{IPA\\|\[χ]}} when either between two vowels or adjacent to the vowel {{IPA\\|\[o]}};{{clarify\\|date\=April 2013}} likewise g becomes a voiced uvular fricative {{IPA\\|\[ʁ]}} under the same conditions. Either k or g can become a [voiceless velar fricative](/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative "Voiceless velar fricative") {{IPA\\|\[x]}} when before a de\-voiced word ending. Note here that [coronals](/wiki/Coronal_consonant "Coronal consonant") are produced as dental sounds rather than the [alveolar](/wiki/Alveolar_consonant "Alveolar consonant") sounds used in English. \| \| [Labial](/wiki/Labial_consonant "Labial consonant") \| [Dental](/wiki/Dental_consonant "Dental consonant") \| [Palatal](/wiki/Palatal_consonant "Palatal consonant") \| [Velar](/wiki/Velar_consonant "Velar consonant") \| [Glottal](/wiki/Glottal_consonant "Glottal consonant") \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| [Stop](/wiki/Stop_consonant "Stop consonant") \| p {{IPAblink\\|p}} \| t {{IPAblink\\|t}} \| ch {{IPAblink\\|tʃ}} \| k {{IPAblink\\|k}} \| ' {{IPAblink\\|ʔ}} \| \| [Fricative](/wiki/Fricative_consonant "Fricative consonant") \| v {{IPAblink\\|β}} \| s {{IPAblink\\|s}} \| \| g {{IPAblink\\|ɣ}} \| \| \| [Nasal](/wiki/Nasal_consonant "Nasal consonant") \| m {{IPAblink\\|m}} \| n {{IPAblink\\|n}} \| \| \| \| \| [Semivowel](/wiki/Semivowel "Semivowel") \| w {{IPAblink\\|w}} \| \| y {{IPAblink\\|j}} \| \| \| \| [Flap](/wiki/Flap_consonant "Flap consonant") \| \| r {{IPAblink\\|ɾ}} \| \| \| \| #### Allophones * {{IPAblink\\|q}}, and qh (or {{IPAblink\\|χ}}), are allophones of k * kh (or {{IPAblink\\|x}}), is an allophone of k or g * gh, or {{IPAblink\\|ʁ}}, is an allophone of g ### Syllable structure [Syllables](/wiki/Syllable "Syllable") usually follow the CVCV pattern. All words must begin with a consonant, but other syllables may or may not include an onset. When an onset is present, it is usually composed of only one consonant. Words with suffixes like \-'ni, \-'na, and 'wa, can have a two\-consonant onset, though they were historically \-ni\-'i, \-na\-'a, and \-wa\-'a respectively. These earlier suffix forms did have single\-consonant onsets. Most syllables do not have codas, but some codas do appear at word\-end, such as in pʉi\-n, 'I'm sleeping'. ### Stress Each Southern Ute word must have one [stressed](/wiki/Stress_%28linguistics%29 "Stress (linguistics)") vowel. Either the first or second vowel of a word in Ute may be stressed, with the latter situation being the most common. Stress is orthographically marked when it occurs on the first vowel. In compound words, the primary stress is applied to the first stem, and a secondary stress may also occur on a later stem. Vowel stress is contrastive in pairs such as, suwá, meaning 'almost', and súwa, meaning 'straight out'. Note that the [high back unrounded vowel](/wiki/Close_back_unrounded_vowel "Close back unrounded vowel") ʉ often is pronounced as a high central {{IPA\\|\[ɨ]}} when unstressed. Though this change produces some [minimal pairs](/wiki/Minimal_pair "Minimal pair"), it is the destressing, rather than the vowel change, that produces the change in meaning and thus {{IPA\\|\[ɨ]}} is excluded from the orthography. ### Phonological processes Ute has several phonological processes that affect the realization of underlying phonemes. Below is a representative sample. * a changes to \[e] or \[æ] (usually for younger and older speakers respectively) when near y, i, or ɵ, such as in ɵæ\-qar~~u~~, 'yellow', or 'ura\-'æy, 'is'. Although a often makes the alternation when directly preceding or following y, i, or ɵ, it does not have to be directly next to one of those phonemes, such as in sinaævi, 'wolf' * ɵ becomes \[o] when directly preceding or following \[ʁ], \[q], or \[χ]—however, k becomes \[q] and \[qh] between two as or directly preceding or following \[o], so the precise mechanism is unknown. qhoqh, 'bull\-snake', is one word where this process occurs * g becomes \[ʁ] when between two as or directly preceding or following \[o], such as in pagha\-'ni, 'walking about' * w is inserted after g and k if the g or k directly follow u, \[o], or ɵ, such as in tagu\-kwa, 's/he was thirsty' + y is also inserted if directly follow i, such as in ini\-kya 's/he did' * vowels are sometimes devoiced in unstressed word\-initial or word\-final syllables, or unstressed syllables that begin with a voiceless consonant, nasal consonant, or glide, such as in whcaay, 'swirl'. In marginal pairs, they may be considered distinct, such as in tʉkápi 'food (nominative)' and tʉkápi̱ 'food (accusative)'.	[ "Phonology\n---------", "### Vowels", "T.Givon (2011\\) gives the following orthography and phonetic information for Southern Ute. Northern Ute differs from Southern and Central in some lexical and phonological areas.", "Southern Ute has five vowels, as well as several allophones, which are not shown in the orthography. Each vowel can be short or long, and vowel length is marked orthographically by doubling the vowel. In Ute, the length of a vowel is often phonemic, and relevant for determining meaning. For example, whca\\-y, meaning 'wrapping,' versus whcáa\\-y, meaning 'swirling'. In some cases, however, the difference between a long and a short vowel is purely phonetic, and does not change word meaning. Ute devoices vowels in certain phonological or grammatical environments, as described in later sections. Devoiced vowels are marked in the orthography by underlining them, or, when the identity of the underlying vowel has been lost, with the letter \\[h].", "Here bold text indicates a practical orthographic representation, while the [IPA](/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet \"International Phonetic Alphabet\") representation is included in brackets.", "\| \| [Front](/wiki/Front_vowel \"Front vowel\") \| \| [Central](/wiki/Central_vowel \"Central vowel\") \| [Back](/wiki/Back_vowel \"Back vowel\") \| \|\n\| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \|\n\| unrounded \| rounded \| unrounded \| rounded \|\n\| [High](/wiki/Close_vowel \"Close vowel\") \| i {{IPAblink\\\|i}} \| \| \| ʉ {{IPAblink\\\|ɯ}} \| u {{IPAblink\\\|u}} \|\n\| [Mid](/wiki/Mid_vowel \"Mid vowel\") \| \| ɵ {{IPAblink\\\|œ}} \| \| \| \|\n\| [Low](/wiki/Open_vowel \"Open vowel\") \| \| \| a {{IPAblink\\\|ä}} \| \| \|", "", "#### Allophones", "* {{IPAblink\\\|ɨ}} is an allophone of ʉ\n* {{IPAblink\\\|e}} and {{IPAblink\\\|æ}} are both allophones of a; the former is used more often by younger speakers, while older speakers use the latter\n* {{IPAblink\\\|o}} is an allophone of ɵ.", "### Consonants", "Southern Ute consonants are given in the table below. As above, orthographic representations are bold and the IPA representations are in brackets. All stops in Ute are voiceless. Thus, g here does not indicate a [voiced velar stop](/wiki/Voiced_velar_stop \"Voiced velar stop\") but rather a [voiced velar fricative](/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative \"Voiced velar fricative\"), similar to luego in Spanish. Also similar to Spanish is the [voiced bilabial fricative](/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_fricative \"Voiced bilabial fricative\") v, as in the Spanish phrase la verdad, in contrast with the voiced labiodental fricative {{IPA\\\|\\[v]}} which does not appear in Ute. The velar sounds k and g have [uvular](/wiki/Uvular_consonant \"Uvular consonant\") [allophones](/wiki/Allophones \"Allophones\"): k becomes either a [voiceless uvular stop](/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_stop \"Voiceless uvular stop\") {{IPA\\\|\\[q]}} or a [voiceless uvular fricative](/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative \"Voiceless uvular fricative\") {{IPA\\\|\\[χ]}} when either between two vowels or adjacent to the vowel {{IPA\\\|\\[o]}};{{clarify\\\|date\\=April 2013}} likewise g becomes a voiced uvular fricative {{IPA\\\|\\[ʁ]}} under the same conditions. Either k or g can become a [voiceless velar fricative](/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative \"Voiceless velar fricative\") {{IPA\\\|\\[x]}} when before a de\\-voiced word ending.", "Note here that [coronals](/wiki/Coronal_consonant \"Coronal consonant\") are produced as dental sounds rather than the [alveolar](/wiki/Alveolar_consonant \"Alveolar consonant\") sounds used in English.", "\| \| [Labial](/wiki/Labial_consonant \"Labial consonant\") \| [Dental](/wiki/Dental_consonant \"Dental consonant\") \| [Palatal](/wiki/Palatal_consonant \"Palatal consonant\") \| [Velar](/wiki/Velar_consonant \"Velar consonant\") \| [Glottal](/wiki/Glottal_consonant \"Glottal consonant\") \|\n\| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \|\n\| [Stop](/wiki/Stop_consonant \"Stop consonant\") \| p {{IPAblink\\\|p}} \| t {{IPAblink\\\|t}} \| ch {{IPAblink\\\|tʃ}} \| k {{IPAblink\\\|k}} \| ' {{IPAblink\\\|ʔ}} \|\n\| [Fricative](/wiki/Fricative_consonant \"Fricative consonant\") \| v {{IPAblink\\\|β}} \| s {{IPAblink\\\|s}} \| \| g {{IPAblink\\\|ɣ}} \| \|\n\| [Nasal](/wiki/Nasal_consonant \"Nasal consonant\") \| m {{IPAblink\\\|m}} \| n {{IPAblink\\\|n}} \| \| \| \|\n\| [Semivowel](/wiki/Semivowel \"Semivowel\") \| w {{IPAblink\\\|w}} \| \| y {{IPAblink\\\|j}} \| \| \|\n\| [Flap](/wiki/Flap_consonant \"Flap consonant\") \| \| r {{IPAblink\\\|ɾ}} \| \| \| \|", "", "#### Allophones", "* {{IPAblink\\\|q}}, and qh (or {{IPAblink\\\|χ}}), are allophones of k\n* kh (or {{IPAblink\\\|x}}), is an allophone of k or g\n* gh, or {{IPAblink\\\|ʁ}}, is an allophone of g", "### Syllable structure", "[Syllables](/wiki/Syllable \"Syllable\") usually follow the CVCV pattern. All words must begin with a consonant, but other syllables may or may not include an onset. When an onset is present, it is usually composed of only one consonant. Words with suffixes like \\-'ni, \\-'na, and 'wa, can have a two\\-consonant onset, though they were historically \\-ni\\-'i, \\-na\\-'a, and \\-wa\\-'a respectively. These earlier suffix forms did have single\\-consonant onsets. Most syllables do not have codas, but some codas do appear at word\\-end, such as in pʉi\\-n, 'I'm sleeping'.", "### Stress", "Each Southern Ute word must have one [stressed](/wiki/Stress_%28linguistics%29 \"Stress (linguistics)\") vowel. Either the first or second vowel of a word in Ute may be stressed, with the latter situation being the most common. Stress is orthographically marked when it occurs on the first vowel. In compound words, the primary stress is applied to the first stem, and a secondary stress may also occur on a later stem.", "Vowel stress is contrastive in pairs such as, suwá, meaning 'almost', and súwa, meaning 'straight out'. Note that the [high back unrounded vowel](/wiki/Close_back_unrounded_vowel \"Close back unrounded vowel\") ʉ often is pronounced as a high central {{IPA\\\|\\[ɨ]}} when unstressed. Though this change produces some [minimal pairs](/wiki/Minimal_pair \"Minimal pair\"), it is the destressing, rather than the vowel change, that produces the change in meaning and thus {{IPA\\\|\\[ɨ]}} is excluded from the orthography.", "### Phonological processes", "Ute has several phonological processes that affect the realization of underlying phonemes. Below is a representative sample.\n* a changes to \\[e] or \\[æ] (usually for younger and older speakers respectively) when near y, i, or ɵ, such as in ɵæ\\-qar~~u~~, 'yellow', or 'ura\\-'æy, 'is'. Although a often makes the alternation when directly preceding or following y, i, or ɵ, it does not have to be directly next to one of those phonemes, such as in sinaævi, 'wolf'\n* ɵ becomes \\[o] when directly preceding or following \\[ʁ], \\[q], or \\[χ]—however, k becomes \\[q] and \\[qh] between two as or directly preceding or following \\[o], so the precise mechanism is unknown. qhoqh, 'bull\\-snake', is one word where this process occurs\n* g becomes \\[ʁ] when between two as or directly preceding or following \\[o], such as in pagha\\-'ni, 'walking about'\n* w is inserted after g and k if the g or k directly follow u, \\[o], or ɵ, such as in tagu\\-kwa, 's/he was thirsty'\n\t+ y is also inserted if directly follow i, such as in ini\\-kya 's/he did'\n* vowels are sometimes devoiced in unstressed word\\-initial or word\\-final syllables, or unstressed syllables that begin with a voiceless consonant, nasal consonant, or glide, such as in whcaay, 'swirl'. In marginal pairs, they may be considered distinct, such as in tʉkápi 'food (nominative)' and tʉkápi̱ 'food (accusative)'.", "" ]