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K\&N Pro Series --------------- ### Car No. 18 history #### 2013 In 2013 [Sam Hunt](/wiki/Sam_Hunt_%28racing%29 "Sam Hunt (racing)") along with former\-driver turned crew chief [Shayne Lockhart](/wiki/Shayne_Lockhart "Shayne Lockhart") formed **DRIVE Technology** after they had acquired assets from [Joe Gibbs Racing](/wiki/Joe_Gibbs_Racing "Joe Gibbs Racing")'s [NASCAR K\&N Pro Series East](/wiki/NASCAR_K%26N_Pro_Series_East "NASCAR K&N Pro Series East") No. 18 team, which was closing down after the 2012 season. Sam Hunt, ran the full season, moving over from [Precision Performance Motorsports](/wiki/Precision_Performance_Motorsports "Precision Performance Motorsports"). They kept using the No. 18\. The team picked up sponsorship from the [Denny Hamlin](/wiki/Denny_Hamlin "Denny Hamlin") Foundation for most of the races. The team later ended up running only part\-time, skipping the races at [Five Flags](/wiki/Five_Flags_Speedway "Five Flags Speedway"), [Winston\-Salem](/wiki/Bowman_Gray_Stadium "Bowman Gray Stadium"), both [Iowa](/wiki/Iowa_Speedway "Iowa Speedway") races, and [New Hampshire](/wiki/New_Hampshire_Motor_Speedway "New Hampshire Motor Speedway"). Also, [Sergio Peña](/wiki/Sergio_Pe%C3%B1a_%28racing_driver%29 "Sergio Peña (racing driver)") drove the car at the season\-finale at [Road Atlanta](/wiki/Road_Atlanta "Road Atlanta") instead of Hunt. #### 2014 In [2014](/wiki/2014_NASCAR_K%26N_Pro_Series_East "2014 NASCAR K&N Pro Series East"), Hunt ran another part\-time schedule. One of his races was set to be [Daytona](/wiki/Daytona_International_Speedway "Daytona International Speedway"), but after full\-time driver [Brandon Jones](/wiki/Brandon_Jones_%28racing_driver%29 "Brandon Jones (racing driver)") failed to qualify in his own No. 33 car for [Turner Scott Motorsports](/wiki/Turner_Scott_Motorsports "Turner Scott Motorsports"), he replaced Hunt in the No. 18\. Other drivers for the team that year were [Mason Massey](/wiki/Mason_Massey "Mason Massey") in two races at the [Langley](/wiki/Langley_Speedway_%28Virginia%29 "Langley Speedway (Virginia)") and [Columbus](/wiki/Columbus_Motor_Speedway "Columbus Motor Speedway") Speedways. Venezuelan female driver [Milka Duno](/wiki/Milka_Duno "Milka Duno") drove the No. 18 at the season\-finale, now at [Dover](/wiki/Dover_International_Speedway "Dover International Speedway") as a result of Road Atlanta being taken off the schedule. #### 2015 The team attempted fewer races in [2015](/wiki/2015_NASCAR_K%26N_Pro_Series_East "2015 NASCAR K&N Pro Series East"). [Peyton Sellers](/wiki/Peyton_Sellers "Peyton Sellers") drove two races at [Greenville\-Pickens Speedway](/wiki/Greenville-Pickens_Speedway "Greenville-Pickens Speedway") and at Dover. Full\-time ARCA Series driver [Sarah Cornett\-Ching](/wiki/Sarah_Cornett-Ching "Sarah Cornett-Ching") drove the car at Bristol in a partnership between DRIVE Technology and her ARCA team, RACE 101\.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.racechaseronline.com/featured/knpse\-sarah\-cornett\-ching\-kn\-pro\-series\-east\-debut\-bristol\-weekend/ \|title\=KNPSE: Sarah Cornett\-Ching Set to Make Her K\&N Pro Series Debut at Bristol This Weekend \|website\=Race Chaser Online \|date\=April 13, 2015 \|access\-date\=January 6, 2020 \|archive\-date\=September 30, 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930135921/http://www.racechaseronline.com/featured/knpse\-sarah\-cornett\-ching\-kn\-pro\-series\-east\-debut\-bristol\-weekend/ \|url\-status\=dead }}{{cite web \|first\=Doug \|last\=Donnelly \|url\=https://www.arcaracing.com/articles/1994470\-on\-off\-arca\-weekend\-cornett\-ching\-others\-take\-talents\-to\-bristol \|title\=On off ARCA weekend, Cornett\-Ching, others take talents to Bristol \|website\=ARCARacing.com \|date\=April 17, 2015 \|access\-date\=January 15, 2020}} Justin LaDuke made his only start of the year and to\-date of his career at Winston\-Salem. Hunt returned for two races at tracks in his home state of Virginia: Langley and [Richmond](/wiki/Richmond_Raceway "Richmond Raceway"). #### 2016 The team continued to scale back in [2016](/wiki/2016_NASCAR_K%26N_Pro_Series_East "2016 NASCAR K&N Pro Series East"), with Peña returning to the team for the first time in three years after he was released from [Rev Racing](/wiki/Rev_Racing "Rev Racing"). He ran the road course race at [Virginia International Raceway](/wiki/Virginia_International_Raceway "Virginia International Raceway"), and it is his last NASCAR start to date. The team withdrew with Hunt at the next race at [Dominion Raceway](/wiki/Dominion_Raceway "Dominion Raceway"), another track in Virginia. Lockhart left the team in the end of the 2015 and [Peyton Sellers](/wiki/Peyton_Sellers "Peyton Sellers") become the new co\-owner, the new team name became **Hunt\-Sellers Racing**. #### 2017 Sam Hunt and Peyton Sellers ran two races apiece that year. #### 2018 HSR ran nearly the full season in [2018](/wiki/2018_NASCAR_K%26N_Pro_Series_East "2018 NASCAR K&N Pro Series East"), with yet another driver from Virginia, rookie [Colin Garrett](/wiki/Colin_Garrett "Colin Garrett"), running all but the first two races of the season. Garrett originally signed on for four races but extended it to the remainder of the schedule after strong initial runs.{{cite web \|last1\=Segal \|first1\=Davey \|title\=Behind Sam Hunt's resilient NASCAR journey to stay on track \|url\=https://www.autoweek.com/racing/nascar/a2149121/behind\-sam\-hunts\-resilient\-nascar\-journey\-stay\-track/ \|website\=Autoweek \|access\-date\=May 11, 2020 \|date\=September 6, 2019}} He finished tenth in points. His best finish was a third at the first of the doubleheader races at [South Boston](/wiki/South_Boston_Speedway "South Boston Speedway"), his only top\-5 of the year. Garrett did score four top\-10's as well. [Clinton Cram](/wiki/Clinton_Cram "Clinton Cram") served as crew chief in 2018\. #### 2019 The team announced on January 17, 2019, that Garrett would return to the team, (now renamed as **Sam Hunt Racing** after Sellers departure) to run the full season with them in [2019](/wiki/2019_NASCAR_K%26N_Pro_Series_East "2019 NASCAR K&N Pro Series East"). In addition, the team switched from Toyota to [Chevrolet](/wiki/Chevrolet "Chevrolet") that year.{{cite web \|url\=https://speed51\.com/sam\-hunt\-racing\-names\-driver\-for\-kn\-east\-season/ \|title\=Speed51\.com \|date\=January 17, 2019 \|access\-date\=January 14, 2020}}
[ "K\\&N Pro Series\n---------------", "### Car No. 18 history", "#### 2013", "In 2013 [Sam Hunt](/wiki/Sam_Hunt_%28racing%29 \"Sam Hunt (racing)\") along with former\\-driver turned crew chief [Shayne Lockhart](/wiki/Shayne_Lockhart \"Shayne Lockhart\") formed **DRIVE Technology** after they had acquired assets from [Joe Gibbs Racing](/wiki/Joe_Gibbs_Racing \"Joe Gibbs Racing\")'s [NASCAR K\\&N Pro Series East](/wiki/NASCAR_K%26N_Pro_Series_East \"NASCAR K&N Pro Series East\") No. 18 team, which was closing down after the 2012 season. Sam Hunt, ran the full season, moving over from [Precision Performance Motorsports](/wiki/Precision_Performance_Motorsports \"Precision Performance Motorsports\"). They kept using the No. 18\\. The team picked up sponsorship from the [Denny Hamlin](/wiki/Denny_Hamlin \"Denny Hamlin\") Foundation for most of the races. The team later ended up running only part\\-time, skipping the races at [Five Flags](/wiki/Five_Flags_Speedway \"Five Flags Speedway\"), [Winston\\-Salem](/wiki/Bowman_Gray_Stadium \"Bowman Gray Stadium\"), both [Iowa](/wiki/Iowa_Speedway \"Iowa Speedway\") races, and [New Hampshire](/wiki/New_Hampshire_Motor_Speedway \"New Hampshire Motor Speedway\"). Also, [Sergio Peña](/wiki/Sergio_Pe%C3%B1a_%28racing_driver%29 \"Sergio Peña (racing driver)\") drove the car at the season\\-finale at [Road Atlanta](/wiki/Road_Atlanta \"Road Atlanta\") instead of Hunt.", "#### 2014", "In [2014](/wiki/2014_NASCAR_K%26N_Pro_Series_East \"2014 NASCAR K&N Pro Series East\"), Hunt ran another part\\-time schedule. One of his races was set to be [Daytona](/wiki/Daytona_International_Speedway \"Daytona International Speedway\"), but after full\\-time driver [Brandon Jones](/wiki/Brandon_Jones_%28racing_driver%29 \"Brandon Jones (racing driver)\") failed to qualify in his own No. 33 car for [Turner Scott Motorsports](/wiki/Turner_Scott_Motorsports \"Turner Scott Motorsports\"), he replaced Hunt in the No. 18\\. Other drivers for the team that year were [Mason Massey](/wiki/Mason_Massey \"Mason Massey\") in two races at the [Langley](/wiki/Langley_Speedway_%28Virginia%29 \"Langley Speedway (Virginia)\") and [Columbus](/wiki/Columbus_Motor_Speedway \"Columbus Motor Speedway\") Speedways. Venezuelan female driver [Milka Duno](/wiki/Milka_Duno \"Milka Duno\") drove the No. 18 at the season\\-finale, now at [Dover](/wiki/Dover_International_Speedway \"Dover International Speedway\") as a result of Road Atlanta being taken off the schedule.", "#### 2015", "The team attempted fewer races in [2015](/wiki/2015_NASCAR_K%26N_Pro_Series_East \"2015 NASCAR K&N Pro Series East\"). [Peyton Sellers](/wiki/Peyton_Sellers \"Peyton Sellers\") drove two races at [Greenville\\-Pickens Speedway](/wiki/Greenville-Pickens_Speedway \"Greenville-Pickens Speedway\") and at Dover. Full\\-time ARCA Series driver [Sarah Cornett\\-Ching](/wiki/Sarah_Cornett-Ching \"Sarah Cornett-Ching\") drove the car at Bristol in a partnership between DRIVE Technology and her ARCA team, RACE 101\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.racechaseronline.com/featured/knpse\\-sarah\\-cornett\\-ching\\-kn\\-pro\\-series\\-east\\-debut\\-bristol\\-weekend/ \\|title\\=KNPSE: Sarah Cornett\\-Ching Set to Make Her K\\&N Pro Series Debut at Bristol This Weekend \\|website\\=Race Chaser Online \\|date\\=April 13, 2015 \\|access\\-date\\=January 6, 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=September 30, 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930135921/http://www.racechaseronline.com/featured/knpse\\-sarah\\-cornett\\-ching\\-kn\\-pro\\-series\\-east\\-debut\\-bristol\\-weekend/ \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}{{cite web \\|first\\=Doug \\|last\\=Donnelly \\|url\\=https://www.arcaracing.com/articles/1994470\\-on\\-off\\-arca\\-weekend\\-cornett\\-ching\\-others\\-take\\-talents\\-to\\-bristol \\|title\\=On off ARCA weekend, Cornett\\-Ching, others take talents to Bristol \\|website\\=ARCARacing.com \\|date\\=April 17, 2015 \\|access\\-date\\=January 15, 2020}} Justin LaDuke made his only start of the year and to\\-date of his career at Winston\\-Salem. Hunt returned for two races at tracks in his home state of Virginia: Langley and [Richmond](/wiki/Richmond_Raceway \"Richmond Raceway\").", "#### 2016", "The team continued to scale back in [2016](/wiki/2016_NASCAR_K%26N_Pro_Series_East \"2016 NASCAR K&N Pro Series East\"), with Peña returning to the team for the first time in three years after he was released from [Rev Racing](/wiki/Rev_Racing \"Rev Racing\"). He ran the road course race at [Virginia International Raceway](/wiki/Virginia_International_Raceway \"Virginia International Raceway\"), and it is his last NASCAR start to date. The team withdrew with Hunt at the next race at [Dominion Raceway](/wiki/Dominion_Raceway \"Dominion Raceway\"), another track in Virginia. Lockhart left the team in the end of the 2015 and [Peyton Sellers](/wiki/Peyton_Sellers \"Peyton Sellers\") become the new co\\-owner, the new team name became **Hunt\\-Sellers Racing**.", "#### 2017", "Sam Hunt and Peyton Sellers ran two races apiece that year.", "#### 2018", "HSR ran nearly the full season in [2018](/wiki/2018_NASCAR_K%26N_Pro_Series_East \"2018 NASCAR K&N Pro Series East\"), with yet another driver from Virginia, rookie [Colin Garrett](/wiki/Colin_Garrett \"Colin Garrett\"), running all but the first two races of the season. Garrett originally signed on for four races but extended it to the remainder of the schedule after strong initial runs.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Segal \\|first1\\=Davey \\|title\\=Behind Sam Hunt's resilient NASCAR journey to stay on track \\|url\\=https://www.autoweek.com/racing/nascar/a2149121/behind\\-sam\\-hunts\\-resilient\\-nascar\\-journey\\-stay\\-track/ \\|website\\=Autoweek \\|access\\-date\\=May 11, 2020 \\|date\\=September 6, 2019}} He finished tenth in points. His best finish was a third at the first of the doubleheader races at [South Boston](/wiki/South_Boston_Speedway \"South Boston Speedway\"), his only top\\-5 of the year. Garrett did score four top\\-10's as well. [Clinton Cram](/wiki/Clinton_Cram \"Clinton Cram\") served as crew chief in 2018\\.", "#### 2019", "The team announced on January 17, 2019, that Garrett would return to the team, (now renamed as **Sam Hunt Racing** after Sellers departure) to run the full season with them in [2019](/wiki/2019_NASCAR_K%26N_Pro_Series_East \"2019 NASCAR K&N Pro Series East\"). In addition, the team switched from Toyota to [Chevrolet](/wiki/Chevrolet \"Chevrolet\") that year.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://speed51\\.com/sam\\-hunt\\-racing\\-names\\-driver\\-for\\-kn\\-east\\-season/ \\|title\\=Speed51\\.com \\|date\\=January 17, 2019 \\|access\\-date\\=January 14, 2020}}", "" ]
### Car No. 18 history #### 2013 In 2013 [Sam Hunt](/wiki/Sam_Hunt_%28racing%29 "Sam Hunt (racing)") along with former\-driver turned crew chief [Shayne Lockhart](/wiki/Shayne_Lockhart "Shayne Lockhart") formed **DRIVE Technology** after they had acquired assets from [Joe Gibbs Racing](/wiki/Joe_Gibbs_Racing "Joe Gibbs Racing")'s [NASCAR K\&N Pro Series East](/wiki/NASCAR_K%26N_Pro_Series_East "NASCAR K&N Pro Series East") No. 18 team, which was closing down after the 2012 season. Sam Hunt, ran the full season, moving over from [Precision Performance Motorsports](/wiki/Precision_Performance_Motorsports "Precision Performance Motorsports"). They kept using the No. 18\. The team picked up sponsorship from the [Denny Hamlin](/wiki/Denny_Hamlin "Denny Hamlin") Foundation for most of the races. The team later ended up running only part\-time, skipping the races at [Five Flags](/wiki/Five_Flags_Speedway "Five Flags Speedway"), [Winston\-Salem](/wiki/Bowman_Gray_Stadium "Bowman Gray Stadium"), both [Iowa](/wiki/Iowa_Speedway "Iowa Speedway") races, and [New Hampshire](/wiki/New_Hampshire_Motor_Speedway "New Hampshire Motor Speedway"). Also, [Sergio Peña](/wiki/Sergio_Pe%C3%B1a_%28racing_driver%29 "Sergio Peña (racing driver)") drove the car at the season\-finale at [Road Atlanta](/wiki/Road_Atlanta "Road Atlanta") instead of Hunt. #### 2014 In [2014](/wiki/2014_NASCAR_K%26N_Pro_Series_East "2014 NASCAR K&N Pro Series East"), Hunt ran another part\-time schedule. One of his races was set to be [Daytona](/wiki/Daytona_International_Speedway "Daytona International Speedway"), but after full\-time driver [Brandon Jones](/wiki/Brandon_Jones_%28racing_driver%29 "Brandon Jones (racing driver)") failed to qualify in his own No. 33 car for [Turner Scott Motorsports](/wiki/Turner_Scott_Motorsports "Turner Scott Motorsports"), he replaced Hunt in the No. 18\. Other drivers for the team that year were [Mason Massey](/wiki/Mason_Massey "Mason Massey") in two races at the [Langley](/wiki/Langley_Speedway_%28Virginia%29 "Langley Speedway (Virginia)") and [Columbus](/wiki/Columbus_Motor_Speedway "Columbus Motor Speedway") Speedways. Venezuelan female driver [Milka Duno](/wiki/Milka_Duno "Milka Duno") drove the No. 18 at the season\-finale, now at [Dover](/wiki/Dover_International_Speedway "Dover International Speedway") as a result of Road Atlanta being taken off the schedule. #### 2015 The team attempted fewer races in [2015](/wiki/2015_NASCAR_K%26N_Pro_Series_East "2015 NASCAR K&N Pro Series East"). [Peyton Sellers](/wiki/Peyton_Sellers "Peyton Sellers") drove two races at [Greenville\-Pickens Speedway](/wiki/Greenville-Pickens_Speedway "Greenville-Pickens Speedway") and at Dover. Full\-time ARCA Series driver [Sarah Cornett\-Ching](/wiki/Sarah_Cornett-Ching "Sarah Cornett-Ching") drove the car at Bristol in a partnership between DRIVE Technology and her ARCA team, RACE 101\.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.racechaseronline.com/featured/knpse\-sarah\-cornett\-ching\-kn\-pro\-series\-east\-debut\-bristol\-weekend/ \|title\=KNPSE: Sarah Cornett\-Ching Set to Make Her K\&N Pro Series Debut at Bristol This Weekend \|website\=Race Chaser Online \|date\=April 13, 2015 \|access\-date\=January 6, 2020 \|archive\-date\=September 30, 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930135921/http://www.racechaseronline.com/featured/knpse\-sarah\-cornett\-ching\-kn\-pro\-series\-east\-debut\-bristol\-weekend/ \|url\-status\=dead }}{{cite web \|first\=Doug \|last\=Donnelly \|url\=https://www.arcaracing.com/articles/1994470\-on\-off\-arca\-weekend\-cornett\-ching\-others\-take\-talents\-to\-bristol \|title\=On off ARCA weekend, Cornett\-Ching, others take talents to Bristol \|website\=ARCARacing.com \|date\=April 17, 2015 \|access\-date\=January 15, 2020}} Justin LaDuke made his only start of the year and to\-date of his career at Winston\-Salem. Hunt returned for two races at tracks in his home state of Virginia: Langley and [Richmond](/wiki/Richmond_Raceway "Richmond Raceway"). #### 2016 The team continued to scale back in [2016](/wiki/2016_NASCAR_K%26N_Pro_Series_East "2016 NASCAR K&N Pro Series East"), with Peña returning to the team for the first time in three years after he was released from [Rev Racing](/wiki/Rev_Racing "Rev Racing"). He ran the road course race at [Virginia International Raceway](/wiki/Virginia_International_Raceway "Virginia International Raceway"), and it is his last NASCAR start to date. The team withdrew with Hunt at the next race at [Dominion Raceway](/wiki/Dominion_Raceway "Dominion Raceway"), another track in Virginia. Lockhart left the team in the end of the 2015 and [Peyton Sellers](/wiki/Peyton_Sellers "Peyton Sellers") become the new co\-owner, the new team name became **Hunt\-Sellers Racing**. #### 2017 Sam Hunt and Peyton Sellers ran two races apiece that year. #### 2018 HSR ran nearly the full season in [2018](/wiki/2018_NASCAR_K%26N_Pro_Series_East "2018 NASCAR K&N Pro Series East"), with yet another driver from Virginia, rookie [Colin Garrett](/wiki/Colin_Garrett "Colin Garrett"), running all but the first two races of the season. Garrett originally signed on for four races but extended it to the remainder of the schedule after strong initial runs.{{cite web \|last1\=Segal \|first1\=Davey \|title\=Behind Sam Hunt's resilient NASCAR journey to stay on track \|url\=https://www.autoweek.com/racing/nascar/a2149121/behind\-sam\-hunts\-resilient\-nascar\-journey\-stay\-track/ \|website\=Autoweek \|access\-date\=May 11, 2020 \|date\=September 6, 2019}} He finished tenth in points. His best finish was a third at the first of the doubleheader races at [South Boston](/wiki/South_Boston_Speedway "South Boston Speedway"), his only top\-5 of the year. Garrett did score four top\-10's as well. [Clinton Cram](/wiki/Clinton_Cram "Clinton Cram") served as crew chief in 2018\. #### 2019 The team announced on January 17, 2019, that Garrett would return to the team, (now renamed as **Sam Hunt Racing** after Sellers departure) to run the full season with them in [2019](/wiki/2019_NASCAR_K%26N_Pro_Series_East "2019 NASCAR K&N Pro Series East"). In addition, the team switched from Toyota to [Chevrolet](/wiki/Chevrolet "Chevrolet") that year.{{cite web \|url\=https://speed51\.com/sam\-hunt\-racing\-names\-driver\-for\-kn\-east\-season/ \|title\=Speed51\.com \|date\=January 17, 2019 \|access\-date\=January 14, 2020}}
[ "### Car No. 18 history", "#### 2013", "In 2013 [Sam Hunt](/wiki/Sam_Hunt_%28racing%29 \"Sam Hunt (racing)\") along with former\\-driver turned crew chief [Shayne Lockhart](/wiki/Shayne_Lockhart \"Shayne Lockhart\") formed **DRIVE Technology** after they had acquired assets from [Joe Gibbs Racing](/wiki/Joe_Gibbs_Racing \"Joe Gibbs Racing\")'s [NASCAR K\\&N Pro Series East](/wiki/NASCAR_K%26N_Pro_Series_East \"NASCAR K&N Pro Series East\") No. 18 team, which was closing down after the 2012 season. Sam Hunt, ran the full season, moving over from [Precision Performance Motorsports](/wiki/Precision_Performance_Motorsports \"Precision Performance Motorsports\"). They kept using the No. 18\\. The team picked up sponsorship from the [Denny Hamlin](/wiki/Denny_Hamlin \"Denny Hamlin\") Foundation for most of the races. The team later ended up running only part\\-time, skipping the races at [Five Flags](/wiki/Five_Flags_Speedway \"Five Flags Speedway\"), [Winston\\-Salem](/wiki/Bowman_Gray_Stadium \"Bowman Gray Stadium\"), both [Iowa](/wiki/Iowa_Speedway \"Iowa Speedway\") races, and [New Hampshire](/wiki/New_Hampshire_Motor_Speedway \"New Hampshire Motor Speedway\"). Also, [Sergio Peña](/wiki/Sergio_Pe%C3%B1a_%28racing_driver%29 \"Sergio Peña (racing driver)\") drove the car at the season\\-finale at [Road Atlanta](/wiki/Road_Atlanta \"Road Atlanta\") instead of Hunt.", "#### 2014", "In [2014](/wiki/2014_NASCAR_K%26N_Pro_Series_East \"2014 NASCAR K&N Pro Series East\"), Hunt ran another part\\-time schedule. One of his races was set to be [Daytona](/wiki/Daytona_International_Speedway \"Daytona International Speedway\"), but after full\\-time driver [Brandon Jones](/wiki/Brandon_Jones_%28racing_driver%29 \"Brandon Jones (racing driver)\") failed to qualify in his own No. 33 car for [Turner Scott Motorsports](/wiki/Turner_Scott_Motorsports \"Turner Scott Motorsports\"), he replaced Hunt in the No. 18\\. Other drivers for the team that year were [Mason Massey](/wiki/Mason_Massey \"Mason Massey\") in two races at the [Langley](/wiki/Langley_Speedway_%28Virginia%29 \"Langley Speedway (Virginia)\") and [Columbus](/wiki/Columbus_Motor_Speedway \"Columbus Motor Speedway\") Speedways. Venezuelan female driver [Milka Duno](/wiki/Milka_Duno \"Milka Duno\") drove the No. 18 at the season\\-finale, now at [Dover](/wiki/Dover_International_Speedway \"Dover International Speedway\") as a result of Road Atlanta being taken off the schedule.", "#### 2015", "The team attempted fewer races in [2015](/wiki/2015_NASCAR_K%26N_Pro_Series_East \"2015 NASCAR K&N Pro Series East\"). [Peyton Sellers](/wiki/Peyton_Sellers \"Peyton Sellers\") drove two races at [Greenville\\-Pickens Speedway](/wiki/Greenville-Pickens_Speedway \"Greenville-Pickens Speedway\") and at Dover. Full\\-time ARCA Series driver [Sarah Cornett\\-Ching](/wiki/Sarah_Cornett-Ching \"Sarah Cornett-Ching\") drove the car at Bristol in a partnership between DRIVE Technology and her ARCA team, RACE 101\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.racechaseronline.com/featured/knpse\\-sarah\\-cornett\\-ching\\-kn\\-pro\\-series\\-east\\-debut\\-bristol\\-weekend/ \\|title\\=KNPSE: Sarah Cornett\\-Ching Set to Make Her K\\&N Pro Series Debut at Bristol This Weekend \\|website\\=Race Chaser Online \\|date\\=April 13, 2015 \\|access\\-date\\=January 6, 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=September 30, 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930135921/http://www.racechaseronline.com/featured/knpse\\-sarah\\-cornett\\-ching\\-kn\\-pro\\-series\\-east\\-debut\\-bristol\\-weekend/ \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}{{cite web \\|first\\=Doug \\|last\\=Donnelly \\|url\\=https://www.arcaracing.com/articles/1994470\\-on\\-off\\-arca\\-weekend\\-cornett\\-ching\\-others\\-take\\-talents\\-to\\-bristol \\|title\\=On off ARCA weekend, Cornett\\-Ching, others take talents to Bristol \\|website\\=ARCARacing.com \\|date\\=April 17, 2015 \\|access\\-date\\=January 15, 2020}} Justin LaDuke made his only start of the year and to\\-date of his career at Winston\\-Salem. Hunt returned for two races at tracks in his home state of Virginia: Langley and [Richmond](/wiki/Richmond_Raceway \"Richmond Raceway\").", "#### 2016", "The team continued to scale back in [2016](/wiki/2016_NASCAR_K%26N_Pro_Series_East \"2016 NASCAR K&N Pro Series East\"), with Peña returning to the team for the first time in three years after he was released from [Rev Racing](/wiki/Rev_Racing \"Rev Racing\"). He ran the road course race at [Virginia International Raceway](/wiki/Virginia_International_Raceway \"Virginia International Raceway\"), and it is his last NASCAR start to date. The team withdrew with Hunt at the next race at [Dominion Raceway](/wiki/Dominion_Raceway \"Dominion Raceway\"), another track in Virginia. Lockhart left the team in the end of the 2015 and [Peyton Sellers](/wiki/Peyton_Sellers \"Peyton Sellers\") become the new co\\-owner, the new team name became **Hunt\\-Sellers Racing**.", "#### 2017", "Sam Hunt and Peyton Sellers ran two races apiece that year.", "#### 2018", "HSR ran nearly the full season in [2018](/wiki/2018_NASCAR_K%26N_Pro_Series_East \"2018 NASCAR K&N Pro Series East\"), with yet another driver from Virginia, rookie [Colin Garrett](/wiki/Colin_Garrett \"Colin Garrett\"), running all but the first two races of the season. Garrett originally signed on for four races but extended it to the remainder of the schedule after strong initial runs.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Segal \\|first1\\=Davey \\|title\\=Behind Sam Hunt's resilient NASCAR journey to stay on track \\|url\\=https://www.autoweek.com/racing/nascar/a2149121/behind\\-sam\\-hunts\\-resilient\\-nascar\\-journey\\-stay\\-track/ \\|website\\=Autoweek \\|access\\-date\\=May 11, 2020 \\|date\\=September 6, 2019}} He finished tenth in points. His best finish was a third at the first of the doubleheader races at [South Boston](/wiki/South_Boston_Speedway \"South Boston Speedway\"), his only top\\-5 of the year. Garrett did score four top\\-10's as well. [Clinton Cram](/wiki/Clinton_Cram \"Clinton Cram\") served as crew chief in 2018\\.", "#### 2019", "The team announced on January 17, 2019, that Garrett would return to the team, (now renamed as **Sam Hunt Racing** after Sellers departure) to run the full season with them in [2019](/wiki/2019_NASCAR_K%26N_Pro_Series_East \"2019 NASCAR K&N Pro Series East\"). In addition, the team switched from Toyota to [Chevrolet](/wiki/Chevrolet \"Chevrolet\") that year.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://speed51\\.com/sam\\-hunt\\-racing\\-names\\-driver\\-for\\-kn\\-east\\-season/ \\|title\\=Speed51\\.com \\|date\\=January 17, 2019 \\|access\\-date\\=January 14, 2020}}", "" ]
Composition ----------- The commission consists of a chief commissioner; a senior commissioner; and other commissioners as required. Each is appointed by the [Governor of Western Australia](/wiki/Governor_of_Western_Australia "Governor of Western Australia"). Prior to 2019 a commissioned role of President heard appeals made disputing any tribunal orders\\decisions. The bulk of the work is carried out in the commission by commissioners. However, some work must be dealt in separate divisions of the commission. The Registrar of the courts along with the Deputy Registrars operations internally, executives to the state department hosting multiple tribunal (or quasi\-judicial) proceedings before Industrial Magistrates (State justice), Public Appeal Board members (varies), Road Freight Transport Industry Tribunal, Employment Dispute Resolution, Occupational Safety and Health Tribunal.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.wairc.wa.gov.au/ \|title\=Home \|website\=wairc.wa.gov.au}} In 2018 amendments to the states Industrial Relations Act 1979 removed requirements for the Presidents role, the president was abolished with all role duties transferred to the chief commissioner. The president at that time; her honour J.H Smith, was dual appointed and a sworn Judge to the Supreme Court. Notably former W.A.I.R.C. president Jennifer H. Smith will forever be the first, last and only female ever appointed president. Circa both roles J.H. Smith became the first female senior commissioner appointed in W.A.I.R.C. The first female appointed a chief Commissioner was (and is currently) Chief Commissioner P.E. Scott. A trifecta occurring when Susan Bastian became the first female Registrar as successor to John Spurling (JP.) as the dual appointed CEO and Registrar of the courts; heading the Department of the Registrar. This department provides the Registry handling applications from public, state\\local agencies, Inquiry or even private hosted administration disputes of and provides preliminary conference conciliation aiming to mediation matter resolutions and saving formal court proceeds. [Western Australian Industrial Appeal Court](/wiki/Western_Australian_Industrial_Appeal_Court "Western Australian Industrial Appeal Court"), which hears appeals from decisions of the president (former appeals heard from 2016 or prior), the full bench, and the commission in court session. The [Full Bench of the Western Australian Industrial Relations Commission](/wiki/Full_Bench_of_the_Western_Australian_Industrial_Relations_Commission "Full Bench of the Western Australian Industrial Relations Commission") hears appeals from the decisions of industrial magistrates and commissioners. The Full Bench was constituted by the President and at least two other Commissioners prior to 2019\. In the future, it will consist of the Chief Commissioner and two suitable commission members. The [Western Australian Industrial Relations Commission in Court Session](/wiki/Western_Australian_Industrial_Relations_Commission_in_Court_Session "Western Australian Industrial Relations Commission in Court Session") deals with the State Wage Case and other cases of importance that are referred to it. In 2006 the State Wage Case held by WAIRC was the first Australian court to webcast proceedings live to the public. All wage case since and up until 2018 are direct feeds from internal digital court recordings; further to this WAIRC was the first Australian courts to implement Audia digital signal processors from BiAMP.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.biamp.com/company/2016/09/06/Biamp\-Systems\-Tesira\-Platform\-Transforms\-WAIRC\-Into\-e\-Court\-Environment\|title \= Well that's disappointing}} Prior to federal formation of the Australian Fair Work Commission the then A.I.R.C. co\-located admin services within the Registry to WAIRC.
[ "Composition\n-----------", "The commission consists of a chief commissioner; a senior commissioner; and other commissioners as required. Each is appointed by the [Governor of Western Australia](/wiki/Governor_of_Western_Australia \"Governor of Western Australia\").\nPrior to 2019 a commissioned role of President heard appeals made disputing any tribunal orders\\\\decisions.", "The bulk of the work is carried out in the commission by commissioners. However, some work must be dealt in separate divisions of the commission.\nThe Registrar of the courts along with the Deputy Registrars operations internally, executives to the state department hosting multiple tribunal (or quasi\\-judicial) proceedings before Industrial Magistrates (State justice), Public Appeal Board members (varies), Road Freight Transport Industry Tribunal, Employment Dispute Resolution, Occupational Safety and Health Tribunal.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.wairc.wa.gov.au/ \\|title\\=Home \\|website\\=wairc.wa.gov.au}}", "In 2018 amendments to the states Industrial Relations Act 1979 removed requirements for the Presidents role, the president was abolished with all role duties transferred to the chief commissioner. The president at that time; her honour J.H Smith, was dual appointed and a sworn Judge to the Supreme Court. Notably former W.A.I.R.C. president Jennifer H. Smith will forever be the first, last and only female ever appointed president. Circa both roles J.H. Smith became the first female senior commissioner appointed in W.A.I.R.C. The first female appointed a chief Commissioner was (and is currently) Chief Commissioner P.E. Scott.", "A trifecta occurring when Susan Bastian became the first female Registrar as successor to John Spurling (JP.) as the dual appointed CEO and Registrar of the courts; heading the Department of the Registrar. This department provides the Registry handling applications from public, state\\\\local agencies, Inquiry or even private hosted administration disputes of and provides preliminary conference conciliation aiming to mediation matter resolutions and saving formal court proceeds.", "[Western Australian Industrial Appeal Court](/wiki/Western_Australian_Industrial_Appeal_Court \"Western Australian Industrial Appeal Court\"), which hears appeals from decisions of the president (former appeals heard from 2016 or prior), the full bench, and the commission in court session.", "The [Full Bench of the Western Australian Industrial Relations Commission](/wiki/Full_Bench_of_the_Western_Australian_Industrial_Relations_Commission \"Full Bench of the Western Australian Industrial Relations Commission\") hears appeals from the decisions of industrial magistrates and commissioners. The Full Bench was constituted by the President and at least two other Commissioners prior to 2019\\. In the future, it will consist of the Chief Commissioner and two suitable commission members.", "The [Western Australian Industrial Relations Commission in Court Session](/wiki/Western_Australian_Industrial_Relations_Commission_in_Court_Session \"Western Australian Industrial Relations Commission in Court Session\") deals with the State Wage Case and other cases of importance that are referred to it. \nIn 2006 the State Wage Case held by WAIRC was the first Australian court to webcast proceedings live to the public. All wage case since and up until 2018 are direct feeds from internal digital court recordings; further to this WAIRC was the first Australian courts to implement Audia digital signal processors from BiAMP.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.biamp.com/company/2016/09/06/Biamp\\-Systems\\-Tesira\\-Platform\\-Transforms\\-WAIRC\\-Into\\-e\\-Court\\-Environment\\|title \\= Well that's disappointing}} \nPrior to federal formation of the Australian Fair Work Commission the then A.I.R.C. co\\-located admin services within the Registry to WAIRC.", "" ]
Economic effects ---------------- {{quote box \| quote \= The owner, the employees, and the buying public are all one and the same, and unless an industry can so manage itself as to keep wages high and prices low it destroys itself, for otherwise it limits the number of its customers. One's own employees ought to be one's own best customers. \| source \= — \[\[Henry Ford\#Labor philosophy\|Henry Ford]], 1926{{Cite news \|date\=2018\-02\-21 \|title\=The U.S. Economy Is Suffering from Low Demand. Higher Wages Would Help \|work\=Harvard Business Review \|url\=https://hbr.org/2018/02/the\-u\-s\-economy\-is\-suffering\-from\-low\-demand\-higher\-wages\-would\-help \|access\-date\=2018\-02\-26}}{{Cite book \|last1\=Hsu \|first1\=Chang Samuel \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=mgxEDwAAQBAJ\&pg\=PA552 \|title\=Springer Handbook of Petroleum Technology \|last2\=Robinson \|first2\=Paul R. \|date\=2017\-12\-20 \|publisher\=Springer \|isbn\=978\-3\-319\-49347\-3 \|page\=552}} \| width \= 260px }} The economic effects of raising the minimum wage are unclear. Adjusting the minimum wage may affect current and future levels of employment, prices of goods and services, economic growth, income inequality, and poverty. The interconnection of price levels, central bank policy, wage agreements, and total aggregate demand creates a situation in which conclusions drawn from macroeconomic analysis are highly influenced by the underlying assumptions of the interpreter.For a review article that analyzes the classical, Keynesian, and underconsumptionist approaches to wages, see {{Cite journal \|last\=Weintraub \|first\=Sidney \|date\=December 1956 \|title\=A Macroeconomic Approach to the Theory of Wages \|journal\=The American Economic Review \|volume\=46 \|issue\=5 \|pages\=835–56 \|jstor\=1811907}} ### Employment In [neoclassical economics](/wiki/Neoclassical_economics "Neoclassical economics"), the [law of demand](/wiki/Law_of_demand "Law of demand") states that—all else being equal—raising the price of any particular good or service reduces the quantity demanded.{{Cite book \|last1\=Nicholson \|first1\=Walter \|title\=Microeconomic Theory: Basic Principles and Extensions \|last2\=Snyder \|first2\=Christopher \|publisher\=South\-Western \|year\=2012 \|isbn\=978\-1\-111\-52553\-8 \|edition\=11 \|location\=Mason, OH \|pages\=27,154}} Therefore, neoclassical economists argue that—all else being equal—raising the minimum wage will have adverse effects on employment. Conceptually, if an employer does not believe a worker generates value equal to or in excess of the minimum wage, they do not hire or retain that worker.{{Cite book \|last\=Hazlitt \|first\=Henry \|title\=Economics in One Lesson \|title\-link\=Economics in One Lesson \|publisher\=Three Rivers Press \|year\=1979 \|isbn\=0\-517\-54823\-2 \|author\-link\=Henry Hazlitt}} Other economists of different schools of thought argue that a limited increase in the minimum wage does not affect or increase the number of jobs available. Economist David Cooper for instance estimates that a higher minimum wage would support the creation of at least 85,000 new jobs in the United States.{{Cite news \|last1\=Konczal \|first1\=Mike \|last2\=Covert \|first2\=Bryce \|date\=2014\-10\-08 \|title\=The Score: Does the Minimum Wage Kill Jobs? \|work\=The Nation \|url\=https://www.thenation.com/article/score\-does\-minimum\-wage\-kill\-jobs/ \|access\-date\=2017\-12\-12 \|issn\=0027\-8378 \|archive\-date\=December 12, 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171212085033/https://www.thenation.com/article/score\-does\-minimum\-wage\-kill\-jobs/ \|url\-status\=dead }} This divergence of thought began with empirical work on fast food workers in the 1990s which challenged the neoclassical model. In 1994, economists [David Card](/wiki/David_Card "David Card") and [Alan Krueger](/wiki/Alan_Krueger "Alan Krueger") studied employment trends among 410 restaurants in New Jersey and eastern Pennsylvania following New Jersey's minimum wage hike (from $4\.25 to $5\.05\) in April 1992\. They found "no indication that the rise in the minimum wage reduced employment."{{cite web \|title\=Minimum Wages and Employment: A Case Study of the Fast\-Food Industry in New Jersey and Pennsylvania \|url\=http://davidcard.berkeley.edu/papers/njmin\-aer.pdf \|access\-date\=2017\-10\-18 \|website\=Davidcard.berkeley.edu}} Similarly, a Morgan Study concluded that a national $15 minimum wage would have minimal to no positive or negative effect on employment levels.12 Mar. 2021 ["A $15 Minimum Wage Would Lift Millions out of Poverty with 'Limited Negative Effects' on Aggregate Income, Morgan Stanley Says"](https://www.businessinsider.com/15-minimum-wage-lift-millions-out-of-poverty-morgan-stanley-2021-3) In contrast, a 1995 analysis of the evidence by [David Neumark](/wiki/David_Neumark "David Neumark") found that the increase in New Jersey's minimum wage resulted in a 4\.6% decrease in employment. Neumark's study relied on payroll records from a sample of large fast\-food restaurant chains, whereas the Card\-Krueger study relied on business surveys.{{Cite journal \|last1\=Neumark \|first1\=David \|last2\=Wascher \|first2\=William \|year\=2000 \|title\=Minimum Wages and Employment: A Case Study of the Fast\-Food Industry in New Jersey and Pennsylvania: Comment \|journal\=American Economic Review \|volume\=90 \|issue\=5 \|pages\=1362–1396 \|doi\=10\.1257/aer.90\.5\.1362}} A [literature review](/wiki/Literature_review "Literature review") conducted by David Neumark and William Wascher in 2007 (which surveyed 101 studies related to the employment effects of minimum wages) found that about two\-thirds of peer\-reviewed economic research showed a positive correlation between minimum wage hikes and increased unemployment—especially for young and unskilled workers. Neumark's review further found that, when looking at only the most credible research, 85% of studies showed a positive correlation between minimum wage hikes and increased unemployment.Neumark, Wascher (2007\). [Minimum Wages and Employment.](http://www.nowpublishers.com/article/Details/MIC-015) *Foundations and Trends in Microeconomics*. [Statistical meta\-analysis](/wiki/Meta-analysis "Meta-analysis") conducted by Tom Stanley in 2005 in contrast found that there is evidence of [publication bias](/wiki/Publication_bias "Publication bias") in minimum wage literature, and that correction of this bias shows no relationship between the minimum wage and unemployment.{{Cite journal \|last\=Stanley \|first\=T. D. \|year\=2005 \|title\=Beyond Publication Bias \|journal\=Journal of Economic Surveys \|volume\=19 \|issue\=3 \|page\=309 \|doi\=10\.1111/j.0950\-0804\.2005\.00250\.x \|s2cid\=153607754}} In 2008 Hristos Doucouliagos and Tom Stanley conducted a similar meta\-analysis of 64 U.S. studies on disemployment effects and concluded that Card and Krueger's initial claim of publication bias was correct. Moreover, they concluded, "Once this publication selection is corrected, little or no evidence of a negative association between minimum wages and employment remains."{{Cite journal \|last1\=Doucouliagos \|first1\=Hristos \|last2\=Stanley \|first2\=T. D. \|year\=2009 \|title\=Publication Selection Bias in Minimum\-Wage Research? A Meta\-Regression Analysis \|journal\=British Journal of Industrial Relations \|volume\=47 \|issue\=2 \|pages\=406–28 \|doi\=10\.1111/j.1467\-8543\.2009\.00723\.x \|s2cid\=153464294}} [thumb\|upright\=1\.1\|Estimated minimum wage effects on employment from a meta\-study of 64 other studies showed insignificant employment effect (both practically and statistically) from minimum\-wage raises. The most precise estimates were heavily clustered at or near zero employment effects (elasticity \= 0\).{{cite web \|last\=Schmitt \|first\=John \|date\=February 2013 \|title\=Why Does the Minimum Wage Have No Discernible Effect on Employment? \|url\=http://www.cepr.net/documents/publications/min\-wage\-2013\-02\.pdf \|access\-date\=2013\-12\-05 \|website\=Center for Economic and Policy Research}} {{cite news \|author\=Brad Plumer \|date\=2013\-02\-14 \|title\=Economists disagree on whether the minimum wage kills jobs. Why? \|url\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2013/02/14/why\-economists\-are\-so\-puzzled\-by\-the\-minimum\-wage/ \|newspaper\=\[\[The Washington Post]]}}](/wiki/File:Funnel_Graph_of_Estimated_Minimum_Wage_Effects.jpg "Funnel Graph of Estimated Minimum Wage Effects.jpg") * A 2012 study led by Joseph Sabia estimated that the 2004–6 New York State minimum wage increase (from $5\.15 to $6\.75\) resulted in a 20\.2% to 21\.8% reduction in employment for less\-skilled, less\-educated workers.Sabia, Burkhauser, Hansen (2012\). [Are the Effects of Minimum Wage Increases Always Small? New Evidence From a Case Study of New York State](https://www.jstor.org/stable/24368388). *Industrial and Labor Relations Review*. Similarly, a study led by Richard Burkhauser in 2000 concluded that minimum wage increases "significantly reduce the employment of the most vulnerable groups in the working\-age population—young adults without a high school degree (aged 20\-24\), young black adults and teenagers (aged 16\-24\), and teenagers (aged 16\-19\)."Burkhauser, Couch, Wittenburg (2000\). [Who Minimum Wage Increases Bite: An Analysis Using Monthly Data from the SIPP and the CPS.](https://www.jstor.org/stable/1061611) *South Economic Journal* *[The Economist](/wiki/The_Economist "The Economist")* wrote in December 2013 in sum that: "A minimum wage, providing it is not set too high, could thus boost pay with no ill effects on jobs...Some studies find no harm to employment from federal or state minimum wages, others see a small one, but none finds any serious damage...High minimum wages, however, particularly in rigid labour markets, do appear to hit employment. France has the rich world's highest wage floor, at more than 60% of the median for adults and a far bigger fraction of the typical wage for the young. This helps explain why France also has shockingly high rates of youth unemployment: 26% for 15\- to 24\-year\-olds."{{Cite news \|date\=2013\-12\-14 \|title\=The Logical Floor \|newspaper\=\[\[The Economist]] \|url\=https://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21591593\-moderate\-minimum\-wages\-do\-more\-good\-harm\-they\-should\-be\-set\-technocrats\-not}} In 2014 the state with the highest minimum wage in the nation, Washington, exceeded the national average for job growth in the United States.{{Cite news \|last\=Stilwell \|first\=Victoria \|date\=2014\-03\-08 \|title\=Highest Minimum\-Wage State Washington Beats U.S. in Job Creation \|work\=\[\[Bloomberg News\|Bloomberg]] \|url\=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014\-03\-05/washington\-shows\-highest\-minimum\-wage\-state\-beats\-u\-s\-with\-jobs.html}} Washington had a job growth rate 0\.3% faster than the national average job growth rate. A 2018 [University of Washington](/wiki/University_of_Washington "University of Washington") study which investigated the effects of [Seattle](/wiki/Seattle "Seattle")'s minimum wage increases (from $9\.50 to $11 in 2015 and then to $13 in 2016\) found that while the second wage increase caused hourly wages to grow by 3%, it also caused employers to cut employee hours by 6%, yielding an average decrease of $74 earned per month per job in 2016\.{{Cite journal \|last1\=Jardim \|first1\=Ekaterina \|last2\=Long \|first2\=Mark C. \|last3\=Plotnick \|first3\=Robert \|date\=May 2018 \|title\=Minimum Wage Increases, Wages, and Low\-Wage Employment: Evidence from Seattle \|url\=https://www.nber.org/papers/w23532\.pdf \|journal\=\[\[National Bureau of Economic Research]] \|doi\=10\.3386/w23532 \|access\-date\=2020\-05\-04 \|quote\=This paper evaluates the wage, employment, and hours effects of the first and second phase\-in of the Seattle Minimum Wage Ordinance, which raised the minimum wage from $9\.47 to as much as $11 in 2015 and to as much as $13 in 2016\. Using a variety of methods to analyze employment in all sectors paying below a specified real hourly wage rate, we conclude that the second wage increase to $13 reduced hours worked in low\-wage jobs by 6\-7 percent, while hourly wages in such jobs increased by 3 percent. Consequently, total payroll for such jobs decreased, implying that the Ordinance lowered the amount paid to workers in low\-wage jobs by an average of $74 per month per job in 2016\. \|s2cid\=22245787\|doi\-access\=free }}{{Cite news \|last\=Ehrenfreund \|first\=Max \|date\=2016\-07\-29 \|title\=Why raising the minimum wage in Seattle did little to help workers, according to a new study \|newspaper\=\[\[The Washington Post]] \|url\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2016/07/29/study\-raising\-the\-minimum\-wage\-did\-little\-for\-workers\-earnings\-in\-seattle \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917102928/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2016/07/29/study\-raising\-the\-minimum\-wage\-did\-little\-for\-workers\-earnings\-in\-seattle/ \|archive\-date\=2016\-09\-17 \|quote\=The average hourly wage for workers affected by the increase jumped from $9\.96 to $11\.14, but wages likely would have increased some anyway due to Seattle's overall economy. Meanwhile, although workers were earning more, fewer of them had a job than would have without an increase. Those who did work had fewer hours than they would have without the wage hike.}} In a follow\-up study, the researchers found that workers already employed at the time of the wage increase and with above\-median experience saw their earnings go up by an average of $8–$12 per week, (with one\-quarter of the earnings gains attributed to experienced workers making up for lost hours in Seattle with work outside the city limits) while the earnings of less\-experienced workers saw no significant change. Additionally, the study associated the minimum wage increase with an 8% reduction in employee turnover, and a significant reduction of new workers joining the workforce.{{Cite journal \|last1\=Jardim \|first1\=Ekaterina \|last2\=Long \|first2\=Mark C. \|last3\=Plotnick \|first3\=Robert \|date\=October 2018 \|title\=Minimum Wage Increases And Individual Employment Trajectories \|url\=https://www.nber.org/papers/w25182\.pdf \|journal\=\[\[National Bureau of Economic Research]] \|doi\=10\.3386/w25182 \|s2cid\=158881066 \|access\-date\=2020\-05\-05 \|quote\=Using administrative employment data from the state of Washington, we use short\-duration longitudinal panels to study the impact of Seattle's minimum wage ordinance on individuals employed in low\-wage jobs immediately before a wage increase. We draw counterfactual observations using nearest\-neighbor matching and derive effect estimates by comparing the "treated" cohort to a placebo cohort drawn from earlier data. We attribute significant hourly wage increases and hours reductions to the policy. On net, the minimum wage increase from $9\.47 to as much as $13 per hour raised earnings by an average of $8\-$12 per week. The entirety of these gains accrued to workers with above\-median experience at baseline; less\-experienced workers saw no significant change to weekly pay. Approximately one\-quarter of the earnings gains can be attributed to experienced workers making up for lost hours in Seattle with work outside the city limits. We associate the minimum wage ordinance with an 8% reduction in job turnover rates as well as a significant reduction in the rate of new entries into the workforce.\|doi\-access\=free }}{{cite web \|last\=Zeitlin \|first\=Matthew \|date\=2019\-07\-22 \|title\=Laboratories of Democracy: What Seattle Learned from Having the Highest Minimum Wage in the Nation \|url\=https://www.vox.com/the\-highlight/2019/7/13/20690266/seattle\-minimum\-wage\-15\-dollars \|access\-date\=2020\-05\-05 \|website\=\[\[Vox (website)\|Vox]] \|publisher\=\[\[Vox Media]]}} A 2019 study in the *Quarterly Journal of Economics* on state changes in minimum wage levels between 1979 and 2016 had no impact on the overall number of low\-wage jobs.{{Cite journal \|last1\=Cengiz \|first1\=Doruk \|last2\=Dube \|first2\=Arindrajit \|last3\=Lindner \|first3\=Attila \|last4\=Zipperer \|first4\=Ben \|date\=2019 \|title\=The Effect of Minimum Wages on Low\-Wage Jobs: Evidence from the United States Using a Bunching Estimator \|journal\=The Quarterly Journal of Economics \|doi\=10\.3386/w25434 \|doi\-access\=free \|s2cid\=158942640}} A 2021 study on the effects in the late 1960s and early 1970s of the 1966 extension of the [Fair Labor Standards Act](/wiki/Fair_Labor_Standards_Act_of_1938 "Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938"), which extended the minimum wage to cover several economic sectors where nearly a third of all black workers were employed, found that the new minimum wages led to a sharp increase in earnings for the newly covered workers without any adverse aggregate effects on employment and also substantially reduced the racial wage gap.{{Cite journal \|last1\=Derenoncourt \|first1\=Ellora \|last2\=Montialoux \|first2\=Claire \|date\=2020\-12\-22 \|title\=Minimum Wages and Racial Inequality \|url\=https://academic.oup.com/qje/article/136/1/169/5905427 \|journal\=The Quarterly Journal of Economics \|language\=en \|volume\=136 \|issue\=1 \|pages\=169–228 \|doi\=10\.1093/qje/qjaa031 \|issn\=0033\-5533 \|quote\=The earnings difference between white and black workers fell dramatically in the United States in the late 1960s and early 1970s. This article shows that the expansion of the minimum wage played a critical role in this decline. The 1966 Fair Labor Standards Act extended federal minimum wage coverage to agriculture, restaurants, nursing homes, and other services that were previously uncovered and where nearly a third of black workers were employed. We digitize over 1,000 hourly wage distributions from Bureau of Labor Statistics industry wage reports and use CPS microdata to investigate the effects of this reform on wages, employment, and racial inequality. Using a cross\-industry difference\-in\-differences design, we show that earnings rose sharply for workers in the newly covered industries. The impact was nearly twice as large for black workers as for white workers. Within treated industries, the racial gap adjusted for observables fell from 25 log points prereform to 0 afterward. We can rule out significant disemployment effects for black workers. Using a bunching design, we find no aggregate effect of the reform on employment. The 1967 extension of the minimum wage can explain more than 20% of the reduction in the racial earnings and income gap during the civil rights era. Our findings shed new light on the dynamics of labor market inequality in the United States and suggest that minimum wage policy can play a critical role in reducing racial economic disparities.}} One reason why the minimum wage may increase employment or have no impact on employment is that if [monopsony](/wiki/Monopsony "Monopsony") power is present within a labour market.{{Cite journal\|last\=Stigler\|first\=George J.\|date\=1946\|title\=The Economics of Minimum Wage Legislation\|url\=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1801842\|journal\=The American Economic Review\|volume\=36\|issue\=3\|pages\=358–365\|issn\=0002\-8282\|jstor\=1801842}}{{Cite journal\|last1\=Strobl\|first1\=Eric\|last2\=Walsh\|first2\=Frank\|date\=2016\-10\-01\|title\=Monopsony, minimum wages and migration\|url\=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0927537116301178\|journal\=Labour Economics\|language\=en\|volume\=42\|pages\=221–237\|doi\=10\.1016/j.labeco.2016\.09\.004\|issn\=0927\-5371}} #### Congressional Budget Office's estimates of federal minimum wage increases The [Congressional Budget Office](/wiki/Congressional_Budget_Office "Congressional Budget Office") (CBO) in 2014 estimated the theoretical effects of a federal minimum wage increase under two scenarios: an increase to $9\.00 and an increase to $10\.10\. According to the report, approximately 100,000 jobs would be lost under the $9\.00 option, whereas 500,000 jobs would be lost under the $10\.10 option (with a wide range of possible outcomes).{{Cite web \|publisher\=\[\[Congressional Budget Office]] \|date\=February 2014 \|title\=The Effects of a Minimum Wage Increase on Employment and Family Income \|url\=https://www.cbo.gov/publication/44995 \|access\-date\=2014\-11\-16}} The CBO in 2019 estimated the theoretical effects of a federal minimum wage increase under three scenarios: increases per hour to $10, $12 and $15 by 2025\. Under the $15 scenario, in 2025 up to 27 million workers could see increases to their average weekly earnings while 3\.7 million workers could lose employment. The latter statistic, in CBO's estimation would rise over time in any wage increase scenario as capital allocation replaces some workers. Wage increases would be heavily skewed (40%) towards those already earning above the minimum wage with more than 80% of benefits accruing to more educated workers living above the poverty line (Table 5\). The number of persons in poverty would be reduced by 1\.3 million (assuming no tax implications from increased income). The CBO notes that it does not consider the inflationary effects of these policies when estimating the change in poverty level as these estimates, while increasing inflation, are uncertain. Additionally, the CBO assumed that the weight of benefits would accrue to those below the poverty level based on historical wage increase levels. They noted that data on the minimum wage tends to assume the opposite (that benefits accrue to those above the poverty level), but that that data was not definitive enough to allow for estimation in their work. Some aspects of the CBO study are summarized in the table below.{{cite web \|date\=2019\-07\-08 \|title\=The Effects on Employment and Family Income of Increasing the Federal Minimum Wage \|url\=https://www.cbo.gov/publication/55410 \|access\-date\=2020\-04\-28 \|publisher\=\[\[Congressional Budget Office]]}} | Policy | $10 | $12 | $15 | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Workers below new Minimum Wage that could see wage increase (millions) | 1\.5 | 5 | 17 | | Workers above new Minimum Wage that could see wage increase (millions) | 2 | 6 | 10 | | Change in employment in an average week (millions) | −0\.05 | −0\.3 Median / 0 to −0\.8 range | −1\.3 Median / 0 to −3\.7 range | | Change in the number of people in poverty (millions) | −0\.05 | −0\.4 | −1\.3 | | Change in Real Annual Income: Families below poverty threshold (billions of 2018 dollars) | 0\.4 | 2\.3 | 7\.7 | | Change in Real Annual Income: Families between one and three times the poverty threshold (billions of 2018 dollars) | 0\.3 | 2\.3 | 14\.2 | | Change in Real Annual Income: Families between three and six times the poverty threshold (billions of 2018 dollars) | −0\.05 | −0\.3 | −2\.1 | | Change in Real Annual Income: Families with more than six times the poverty threshold (billions of 2018 dollars) | −0\.6 | −5\.1 | −28\.4 | | Change in Real Annual Income: All families (billions of 2018 dollars) | −0\.1 | −0\.8 | −8\.7 | ### Prices Conceptually, raising the minimum wage increases the cost of labor, with all other things being equal. Thus, employers may accept some combination of lower profits, higher prices, or increased automation. If prices increase, consumers may demand a lesser quantity of the product, [substitute other products](/wiki/Substitute_good "Substitute good"), or switch to imported products, due to the effects of [price elasticity of demand](/wiki/Price_elasticity_of_demand "Price elasticity of demand"). Marginal producers (those who are barely profitable enough to survive) may be forced out of business if they cannot raise their prices sufficiently to offset the higher cost of labor. Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago research from 2007 has shown that restaurant prices rise in response to minimum wage increases.{{cite web \|date\=August 2007 \|title\=Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago \|url\=http://www.chicagofed.org/digital\_assets/publications/working\_papers/2004/wp2004\_21\.pdf \|access\-date\=2020\-04\-28 \|website\=The Minimum Wage, Restaurant Prices, and Labor Market Structure}} However, there are studies that show that higher prices for products due to increased labor cost are usually only by about 0\.4% of the original price. According to a 2020 study, a 10% minimum wage increase for grocery store workers translates into 0\.36% higher grocery prices which is consistent with full [cost pass\-through](/wiki/Cost_pass-through "Cost pass-through").{{Cite journal \|last1\=Renkin \|first1\=Tobias \|last2\=Montialoux \|first2\=Claire \|last3\=Siegenthaler \|first3\=Michael \|date\=2020\-10\-30 \|title\=The Pass\-Through of Minimum Wages into US Retail Prices: Evidence from Supermarket Scanner Data \|url\=https://doi.org/10\.1162/rest\_a\_00981 \|journal\=The Review of Economics and Statistics \|volume\=104 \|issue\=5 \|pages\=890–908 \|doi\=10\.1162/rest\_a\_00981 \|issn\=0034\-6535 \|quote\=This paper estimates the pass\-through of minimum wage increases into the prices of US grocery and drug stores. We use high\-frequency scanner data and leverage a large number of state\-level increases in minimum wages between 2001 and 2012\. We find that a 10% minimum wage hike translates into a 0\.36% increase in the prices of grocery products. This magnitude is consistent with a full pass\-through of cost increases into consumer prices. We show that price adjustments occur mostly in the three months following the passage of minimum wage legislation rather than after implementation, suggesting that pricing of groceries is forward\-looking. \|hdl\-access\=free \|hdl\=20\.500\.11850/448658 \|s2cid\=202621766}} Similarly, a 2021 study which covered 10,000 [McDonald's](/wiki/McDonald%27s "McDonald's") restaurants in the US found that between 2016 and 2020, the cost of 10% minimum wage increases for McDonald's workers were passed through to customers as 1\.4% increases in the price of a Big Mac.{{cite web \|last1\=Ashenfelter \|first1\=Orley \|last2\=Jurajda \|first2\=Štěpán \|date\=2021\-01\-01 \|title\=Wages, Minimum Wages, and Price Pass\-Through: The Case of McDonald's Restaurants \|url\=https://dataspace.princeton.edu/bitstream/88435/dsp01sb397c318/4/646\.pdf \|access\-date\=2021\-02\-03 \|quote\=We use highly consistent national\-coverage price and wage data to provide evidence on wage increases, labor\-saving technology introduction, and price pass\-through by a large low\-wage employer facing minimum wage hikes. Based on 2016–2020 hourly wage rates of McDonald's Basic Crew and prices of the Big Mac sandwich collected simultaneously from almost all US McDonald's restaurants, we find that in about 25% of instances of minimum wage increases, restaurants display a tendency to keep constant their wage 'premium' above the increasing minimum wage. Higher minimum wages are not associated with faster adoption of touch\-screen ordering, and there is near\-full price pass\-through of minimum wages, with little heterogeneity related to how binding minimum wage increases are for restaurants. Minimum wage hikes lead to increases in real wages (expressed in Big Macs an hour of Basic Crew work can buy) that are one fifth lower than the corresponding increases in nominal wages.}}{{Cite news \|last\=Buchwald \|first\=Elisabeth \|date\=2021\-01\-30 \|title\=What minimum\-wage increases did to McDonald's restaurants — and their employees \|work\=\[\[MarketWatch]] \|url\=https://www.marketwatch.com/story/what\-minimum\-wage\-increases\-did\-to\-mcdonalds\-restaurants\-and\-their\-employees\-11611862080 \|quote\=They found that the higher cost of labor that results from increasing minimum wages gets passed on to consumers in the form of more expensive Big Macs. More specifically, they estimated that a 10% minimum\-wage increase leads to a 1\.4% increase in the price of a Big Mac.}} This results in minimum wage workers getting a lesser increase in their "real wage" than in their nominal wage, because any goods and services they purchase made with minimum\-wage labor have now increased in cost, analogous to an increase in the sales tax.{{ cite news \| url\=https://www.npr.org/sections/money/2021/02/16/967333964/what\-mcdonalds\-shows\-about\-the\-minimum\-wage \| title\=What McDonald's Shows About The Minimum Wage \| last\=Rosalsky \| first\=Greg \| newspaper\=\[\[NPR]] \| date\=2021\-02\-16 \| quote\=Ashenfelter says the evidence from increased food prices suggests that basically all of the "increase of labor costs gets passed right on to the customers." But because low\-wage workers are also usually customers at low\-wage establishments, this suggests that any pay raise resulting from a minimum wage increase might not be as great in reality as it looks on paper. In econospeak, the increase in their "real wage" — that is, their wage after accounting for the price of the stuff they buy — is not as high, because the cost of some of the stuff they buy, such as fast food, goes up too. ... "They still get a raise. They just don't get as big a raise as it may seem," he says. In effect, a minimum wage increase appears to be a redistribution of wealth from customers to low\-wage workers. Ashenfelter says he thinks of it like a kind of sales tax. }} ### Effect on suicides Researchers found in 2019 that, "Between 1990 and 2015, raising the minimum wage by $1 in each state might have saved more than 27,000 lives, according to a report published this week in the *Journal of Epidemiology \& Community Health.* An increase of $2 in each state's minimum wage could have prevented more than 57,000 suicides."{{cite web \|title\=Raising the Minimum Wage by $1 May Prevent Thousands of Suicides, Study Shows \|url\=https://www.npr.org/sections/health\-shots/2020/01/08/794568118/raising\-the\-minimum\-wage\-by\-1\-may\-prevent\-thousands\-of\-suicides\-study\-shows \|access\-date\=2020\-01\-10 \|website\=NPR.org \|date\=2020\-01\-08 \|language\=en\|last1\=Dangor \|first1\=Graison }} The researchers stated, "The effect of a US$1 increase in the minimum wage ranged from a 3\.4% decrease (95% CI 0\.4 to 6\.4\) to a 5\.9% decrease (95% CI 1\.4 to 10\.2\) in the suicide rate among adults aged 18–64 years with a high school education or less. We detected significant effect modification by unemployment rate, with the largest effects of minimum wage on reducing suicides observed at higher unemployment levels."{{Cite journal \|last1\=Kaufman \|first1\=John A. \|last2\=Salas\-Hernández \|first2\=Leslie K. \|last3\=Komro \|first3\=Kelli A. \|last4\=Livingston \|first4\=Melvin D. \|date\=2020\-01\-03 \|title\=Effects of Increased Minimum Wages by Unemployment Rate on Suicide in the USA \|url\= \|journal\=J Epidemiol Community Health \|language\=en \|volume\=74 \|issue\=3 \|pages\=219–224 \|doi\=10\.1136/jech\-2019\-212981 \|issn\=0143\-005X \|pmc\=7549077 \|pmid\=31911542 \|s2cid\=210087516 }} They concluded, "Minimum wage increases appear to reduce the suicide rate among those with a high school education or less, and may reduce disparities between socioeconomic groups. Effects appear greatest during periods of high unemployment." ### Effects on crime A 2016 White House report argued that higher hourly wages led to less crime.{{Citation \|title\=Raise the Minimum Wage, Reduce Crime? A New White House Report Links Higher Hourly Incomes to Lower Rates of Law\-breaking. \|date\=2017\-03\-03 \|url\=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/page/files/20160423\_cea\_incarceration\_criminal\_justice.pdf \|work\=COEA \|access\-date\=2017\-03\-03}} The study by the [Council of Economic Advisers](/wiki/Council_of_Economic_Advisers "Council of Economic Advisers") calculated that "raising the minimum wage reduces crime by 3 to 5 percent." To get those numbers, the study assumed that "such a minimum wage increase would have no employment impacts, with an employment elasticity of 0\.1 the benefits would be somewhat lower." By contrast, in a 1987 journal article, economist Masanori Hashimoto noted that minimum wage hikes lead to increased levels of property crime in areas affected by the minimum wage after its increase.{{Cite journal \|last\=Hashimoto \|first\=Masanori \|date\=1987\-10\-18 \|title\=The Minimum Wage Law and Youth Crimes: Time\-Series Evidence \|journal\=The Journal of Law \& Economics \|volume\=30 \|issue\=2 \|pages\=443–64 \|doi\=10\.1086/467144 \|jstor\=725504 \|s2cid\=153649565}} According to the article, by decreasing employment in poor communities, total legal trade and production are curtailed. The report also argued that to compensate for the decrease in legal avenues for production and consumption, poor communities increasingly turn to illegal trade and activity. ### Economic growth Whether growth (GDP, a measure of both income and production) increases or decreases depends significantly on whether the income shifted from owners to workers results in an overall higher level of spending. The tendency of a consumer to spend their next dollar is referred to as the [marginal propensity to consume](/wiki/Marginal_propensity_to_consume "Marginal propensity to consume") or MPC. The transfer of income from higher income owners (who tend to save more, meaning a lower MPC) to lower income workers (who tend to save less, with a higher MPC) can actually lead to an increase in total consumption and higher demand for goods, leading to increased employment. The CBO reported in February 2014 that income (GDP) overall would be marginally higher after raising the minimum wage, indicating a small net positive increase in growth. Raising the minimum wage to $10\.10 and indexing it to inflation would result in a net $2 billion increase in income during the second half of 2016, while raising it to $9\.00 and not indexing it would result in a net $1 billion increase in income. Additionally, a study by Overstreet in 2019 examined increases to the minimum wage in Arizona. Utilizing data spanning from 1976 to 2017, Overstreet found that a 1% increase in the minimum wage was significantly correlated with a 1\.13% increase in per capita income in Arizona. This study could show that smaller increases in minimum wage may not distort labor market as significantly as larger increases experienced in other cities and states. Thus, the small increases experienced in Arizona may have actually led to a slight increase in economic growth.Overstreet, Dallin. "The Effect of Minimum Wage on Per Capita Income in Arizona: Empirical Analysis." Poverty \& Public Policy 11\.1\-2 (2019\): 156\-168\.[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10\.1002/pop4\.249](https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/pop4.249) ### Income inequality {{Further\|Income inequality in the United States}} [upright\=1\.0\|thumb\|Minimum wage levels in developed economies as a share of median full\-time wage. The relative minimum wage ratio in the U.S. is shown in red.{{cite web \|title\=OECD Statistics \|url\=https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode\=MIN2AVE\# \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090611034108/http://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode\=MIN2AVE \|archive\-date\=2009\-06\-11 \|access\-date\=2018\-01\-23 \|publisher\=Stats.oecd.org}}](/wiki/File:Minimum_to_Median_Wage_OECD_2016.png "Minimum to Median Wage OECD 2016.png") An increase in the minimum wage is a form of redistribution from higher\-income persons (business owners or "capital") to lower income persons (workers or "labor") and therefore should reduce income inequality. The CBO estimated in February 2014 that raising the minimum wage under either scenario described above would improve income inequality. Families with income more than 6 times the poverty threshold would see their incomes fall (due in part to their business profits declining with higher employee costs), while families with incomes below that threshold would rise. Writing in *The Atlantic*, journalist Derek Thompson summarized several studies which indicate that both state\-level minimum wage increases and tighter labor markets caused wages to grow faster for lower income workers than higher income workers during the 2018–2019 time period.{{cite web \|date\=2019\-10\-04 \|url\=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2019/10/labor\-departments\-new\-report\-isnt\-so\-gloomy/599491/? \|title\=The Best Economic News No One Wants to Talk About \|publisher\=\[\[The Atlantic]] \|quote\=What's happening here? ... Rather, a tight labor market and state\-by\-state minimum wage hikes have combined to push up wage growth for the poorest workers. The sluggishness of overall wage growth is concealing the fact that the labor market has done wonderful things for wages at the low end.}} ### Poverty Among hourly\-paid workers in 2016, 701,000 earned the federal minimum wage and about 1\.5 million earned wages below the minimum. Together, these 2\.2 million workers represented 2\.7% of all hourly\-paid workers.{{cite web \|title\=Characteristics of Minimum Wage Workers, 2016 \|url\=https://www.bls.gov/opub/reports/minimum\-wage/2016/home.htm \|access\-date\=2019\-04\-13 \|website\=BLS Reports \|publisher\=U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics}} The CBO estimated in February 2014 that raising the minimum wage would reduce the number of persons below the poverty income threshold by 900,000 under the $10\.10 option versus 300,000 under the $9\.00 option. Similarly, [Arindrajit Dube](/wiki/Arindrajit_Dube "Arindrajit Dube"), professor of economics at University of Massachusetts Amherst, found in a 2017 study "robust evidence that higher minimum wages lead to increases in incomes among families at the bottom of the income distribution and that these wages reduce the poverty rate." According to the study "a 10 percent increase in the minimum wage reduces the nonelderly poverty rate by about 5 percent."{{Cite journal \|last\=Dube \|first\=Arindrajit \|date\=February 2017 \|title\=Minimum Wages and the Distribution of Family Incomes \|journal\=IZA Discussion Paper No. 10572 \|ssrn\=2923658}}{{Cite news \|date\=2017\-04\-26 \|title\=Minimum Wages and the Distribution of Family Incomes in the United States {{!}} Equitable Growth \|work\=Equitable Growth \|url\=http://equitablegrowth.org/research\-analysis/minimum\-wages\-and\-the\-distribution\-of\-family\-incomes\-in\-the\-us/ \|access\-date\=2018\-01\-25}} Similarly, a Morgan Study concluded that a national $15 minimum wage would lift tens of millions of Americans, potentially 32 million Americans, out of poverty, and would also improve [racial wage gaps](/wiki/Racial_wage_gap_in_the_United_States "Racial wage gap in the United States"). In contrast, research conducted by [David Neumark](/wiki/David_Neumark "David Neumark") and colleagues in 2004 found that minimum wages are associated with reductions in the hours and employment of low\-wage workers.Neumark, Shweitzer, Wascher (2004\). [The Effects of Minimum Wages Throughout the Wage Distribution.](https://www.jstor.org/stable/3559021) *Journal of Human Resources.* A separate study by the same researchers found that minimum wages tend to increase the proportion of families with incomes below or near the poverty line.Neumark, Shweitzer, Wascher (2005\). [The Effects of Minimum Wages on the Distribution of Family Incomes: A Non\-Parametric Analysis.](https://www.jstor.org/stable/4129543) *Journal of Human Resources.* Similarly, a 2002 study led by [Richard Vedder](/wiki/Richard_Vedder "Richard Vedder"), professor of economics at [Ohio University](/wiki/Ohio_University "Ohio University"), concluded that "The empirical evidence is strong that minimum wages have had little or no effect on poverty in the U.S. Indeed, the evidence is stronger that minimum wages occasionally increase poverty…"{{Cite journal \|last1\=Vedder \|first1\=Richard \|last2\=Gallaway \|first2\=Lowell \|year\=2002 \|title\=The minimum wage and poverty among full\-time workers \|journal\=Journal of Labor Research \|volume\=23 \|pages\=41–49 \|doi\=10\.1007/s12122\-002\-1016\-4 \|s2cid\=153839645}} According to some economists, minimum wage increases result in a variety of negative effects for lower\-skilled workers including reduced employment, reduced hours, reduced benefits, and less safe working conditions.{{cite web \|last\=Sherk \|first\=James \|title\=$15 Minimum Wages Will Substantially Raise Prices \|url\=https://www.heritage.org/jobs\-and\-labor/report/15\-minimum\-wages\-will\-substantially\-raise\-prices \|access\-date\=2018\-11\-11 \|website\=The Heritage Foundation}} ### Federal budget deficit In 2021, the Congressional Budget Office released a report which estimated that incrementally raising the federal minimum wage to $15 an hour by 2025 would increase the federal budget deficit by $54 billion over ten years by increasing the cost of goods and services paid for by the federal government.{{ r \| CBO\_2021\_Min\_wage }}
[ "Economic effects\n----------------", "{{quote box\n\\| quote \\= The owner, the employees, and the buying public are all one and the same, and unless an industry can so manage itself as to keep wages high and prices low it destroys itself, for otherwise it limits the number of its customers. One's own employees ought to be one's own best customers.\n\\| source \\= — \\[\\[Henry Ford\\#Labor philosophy\\|Henry Ford]], 1926{{Cite news \\|date\\=2018\\-02\\-21 \\|title\\=The U.S. Economy Is Suffering from Low Demand. Higher Wages Would Help \\|work\\=Harvard Business Review \\|url\\=https://hbr.org/2018/02/the\\-u\\-s\\-economy\\-is\\-suffering\\-from\\-low\\-demand\\-higher\\-wages\\-would\\-help \\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-02\\-26}}{{Cite book \\|last1\\=Hsu \\|first1\\=Chang Samuel \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=mgxEDwAAQBAJ\\&pg\\=PA552 \\|title\\=Springer Handbook of Petroleum Technology \\|last2\\=Robinson \\|first2\\=Paul R. \\|date\\=2017\\-12\\-20 \\|publisher\\=Springer \\|isbn\\=978\\-3\\-319\\-49347\\-3 \\|page\\=552}}\n\\| width \\= 260px\n}}", "The economic effects of raising the minimum wage are unclear. Adjusting the minimum wage may affect current and future levels of employment, prices of goods and services, economic growth, income inequality, and poverty. The interconnection of price levels, central bank policy, wage agreements, and total aggregate demand creates a situation in which conclusions drawn from macroeconomic analysis are highly influenced by the underlying assumptions of the interpreter.For a review article that analyzes the classical, Keynesian, and underconsumptionist approaches to wages, see {{Cite journal \\|last\\=Weintraub \\|first\\=Sidney \\|date\\=December 1956 \\|title\\=A Macroeconomic Approach to the Theory of Wages \\|journal\\=The American Economic Review \\|volume\\=46 \\|issue\\=5 \\|pages\\=835–56 \\|jstor\\=1811907}}", "### Employment", "In [neoclassical economics](/wiki/Neoclassical_economics \"Neoclassical economics\"), the [law of demand](/wiki/Law_of_demand \"Law of demand\") states that—all else being equal—raising the price of any particular good or service reduces the quantity demanded.{{Cite book \\|last1\\=Nicholson \\|first1\\=Walter \\|title\\=Microeconomic Theory: Basic Principles and Extensions \\|last2\\=Snyder \\|first2\\=Christopher \\|publisher\\=South\\-Western \\|year\\=2012 \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-111\\-52553\\-8 \\|edition\\=11 \\|location\\=Mason, OH \\|pages\\=27,154}} Therefore, neoclassical economists argue that—all else being equal—raising the minimum wage will have adverse effects on employment. Conceptually, if an employer does not believe a worker generates value equal to or in excess of the minimum wage, they do not hire or retain that worker.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Hazlitt \\|first\\=Henry \\|title\\=Economics in One Lesson \\|title\\-link\\=Economics in One Lesson \\|publisher\\=Three Rivers Press \\|year\\=1979 \\|isbn\\=0\\-517\\-54823\\-2 \\|author\\-link\\=Henry Hazlitt}}", "Other economists of different schools of thought argue that a limited increase in the minimum wage does not affect or increase the number of jobs available. Economist David Cooper for instance estimates that a higher minimum wage would support the creation of at least 85,000 new jobs in the United States.{{Cite news \\|last1\\=Konczal \\|first1\\=Mike \\|last2\\=Covert \\|first2\\=Bryce \\|date\\=2014\\-10\\-08 \\|title\\=The Score: Does the Minimum Wage Kill Jobs? \\|work\\=The Nation \\|url\\=https://www.thenation.com/article/score\\-does\\-minimum\\-wage\\-kill\\-jobs/ \\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-12\\-12 \\|issn\\=0027\\-8378 \\|archive\\-date\\=December 12, 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171212085033/https://www.thenation.com/article/score\\-does\\-minimum\\-wage\\-kill\\-jobs/ \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} This divergence of thought began with empirical work on fast food workers in the 1990s which challenged the neoclassical model. In 1994, economists [David Card](/wiki/David_Card \"David Card\") and [Alan Krueger](/wiki/Alan_Krueger \"Alan Krueger\") studied employment trends among 410 restaurants in New Jersey and eastern Pennsylvania following New Jersey's minimum wage hike (from $4\\.25 to $5\\.05\\) in April 1992\\. They found \"no indication that the rise in the minimum wage reduced employment.\"{{cite web \\|title\\=Minimum Wages and Employment: A Case Study of the Fast\\-Food Industry in New Jersey and Pennsylvania \\|url\\=http://davidcard.berkeley.edu/papers/njmin\\-aer.pdf \\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-10\\-18 \\|website\\=Davidcard.berkeley.edu}} Similarly, a Morgan Study concluded that a national $15 minimum wage would have minimal to no positive or negative effect on employment levels.12 Mar. 2021 [\"A $15 Minimum Wage Would Lift Millions out of Poverty with 'Limited Negative Effects' on Aggregate Income, Morgan Stanley Says\"](https://www.businessinsider.com/15-minimum-wage-lift-millions-out-of-poverty-morgan-stanley-2021-3) In contrast, a 1995 analysis of the evidence by [David Neumark](/wiki/David_Neumark \"David Neumark\") found that the increase in New Jersey's minimum wage resulted in a 4\\.6% decrease in employment. Neumark's study relied on payroll records from a sample of large fast\\-food restaurant chains, whereas the Card\\-Krueger study relied on business surveys.{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Neumark \\|first1\\=David \\|last2\\=Wascher \\|first2\\=William \\|year\\=2000 \\|title\\=Minimum Wages and Employment: A Case Study of the Fast\\-Food Industry in New Jersey and Pennsylvania: Comment \\|journal\\=American Economic Review \\|volume\\=90 \\|issue\\=5 \\|pages\\=1362–1396 \\|doi\\=10\\.1257/aer.90\\.5\\.1362}}", "A [literature review](/wiki/Literature_review \"Literature review\") conducted by David Neumark and William Wascher in 2007 (which surveyed 101 studies related to the employment effects of minimum wages) found that about two\\-thirds of peer\\-reviewed economic research showed a positive correlation between minimum wage hikes and increased unemployment—especially for young and unskilled workers. Neumark's review further found that, when looking at only the most credible research, 85% of studies showed a positive correlation between minimum wage hikes and increased unemployment.Neumark, Wascher (2007\\). [Minimum Wages and Employment.](http://www.nowpublishers.com/article/Details/MIC-015) *Foundations and Trends in Microeconomics*.", "[Statistical meta\\-analysis](/wiki/Meta-analysis \"Meta-analysis\") conducted by Tom Stanley in 2005 in contrast found that there is evidence of [publication bias](/wiki/Publication_bias \"Publication bias\") in minimum wage literature, and that correction of this bias shows no relationship between the minimum wage and unemployment.{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Stanley \\|first\\=T. D. \\|year\\=2005 \\|title\\=Beyond Publication Bias \\|journal\\=Journal of Economic Surveys \\|volume\\=19 \\|issue\\=3 \\|page\\=309 \\|doi\\=10\\.1111/j.0950\\-0804\\.2005\\.00250\\.x \\|s2cid\\=153607754}} In 2008 Hristos Doucouliagos and Tom Stanley conducted a similar meta\\-analysis of 64 U.S. studies on disemployment effects and concluded that Card and Krueger's initial claim of publication bias was correct. Moreover, they concluded, \"Once this publication selection is corrected, little or no evidence of a negative association between minimum wages and employment remains.\"{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Doucouliagos \\|first1\\=Hristos \\|last2\\=Stanley \\|first2\\=T. D. \\|year\\=2009 \\|title\\=Publication Selection Bias in Minimum\\-Wage Research? A Meta\\-Regression Analysis \\|journal\\=British Journal of Industrial Relations \\|volume\\=47 \\|issue\\=2 \\|pages\\=406–28 \\|doi\\=10\\.1111/j.1467\\-8543\\.2009\\.00723\\.x \\|s2cid\\=153464294}}", "[thumb\\|upright\\=1\\.1\\|Estimated minimum wage effects on employment from a meta\\-study of 64 other studies showed insignificant employment effect (both practically and statistically) from minimum\\-wage raises. The most precise estimates were heavily clustered at or near zero employment effects (elasticity \\= 0\\).{{cite web \\|last\\=Schmitt \\|first\\=John \\|date\\=February 2013 \\|title\\=Why Does the Minimum Wage Have No Discernible Effect on Employment? \\|url\\=http://www.cepr.net/documents/publications/min\\-wage\\-2013\\-02\\.pdf \\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-12\\-05 \\|website\\=Center for Economic and Policy Research}}\n{{cite news \\|author\\=Brad Plumer \\|date\\=2013\\-02\\-14 \\|title\\=Economists disagree on whether the minimum wage kills jobs. Why? \\|url\\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2013/02/14/why\\-economists\\-are\\-so\\-puzzled\\-by\\-the\\-minimum\\-wage/ \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Washington Post]]}}](/wiki/File:Funnel_Graph_of_Estimated_Minimum_Wage_Effects.jpg \"Funnel Graph of Estimated Minimum Wage Effects.jpg\")", "* A 2012 study led by Joseph Sabia estimated that the 2004–6 New York State minimum wage increase (from $5\\.15 to $6\\.75\\) resulted in a 20\\.2% to 21\\.8% reduction in employment for less\\-skilled, less\\-educated workers.Sabia, Burkhauser, Hansen (2012\\). [Are the Effects of Minimum Wage Increases Always Small? New Evidence From a Case Study of New York State](https://www.jstor.org/stable/24368388). *Industrial and Labor Relations Review*. Similarly, a study led by Richard Burkhauser in 2000 concluded that minimum wage increases \"significantly reduce the employment of the most vulnerable groups in the working\\-age population—young adults without a high school degree (aged 20\\-24\\), young black adults and teenagers (aged 16\\-24\\), and teenagers (aged 16\\-19\\).\"Burkhauser, Couch, Wittenburg (2000\\). [Who Minimum Wage Increases Bite: An Analysis Using Monthly Data from the SIPP and the CPS.](https://www.jstor.org/stable/1061611) *South Economic Journal*", "*[The Economist](/wiki/The_Economist \"The Economist\")* wrote in December 2013 in sum that: \"A minimum wage, providing it is not set too high, could thus boost pay with no ill effects on jobs...Some studies find no harm to employment from federal or state minimum wages, others see a small one, but none finds any serious damage...High minimum wages, however, particularly in rigid labour markets, do appear to hit employment. France has the rich world's highest wage floor, at more than 60% of the median for adults and a far bigger fraction of the typical wage for the young. This helps explain why France also has shockingly high rates of youth unemployment: 26% for 15\\- to 24\\-year\\-olds.\"{{Cite news \\|date\\=2013\\-12\\-14 \\|title\\=The Logical Floor \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Economist]] \\|url\\=https://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21591593\\-moderate\\-minimum\\-wages\\-do\\-more\\-good\\-harm\\-they\\-should\\-be\\-set\\-technocrats\\-not}}", "In 2014 the state with the highest minimum wage in the nation, Washington, exceeded the national average for job growth in the United States.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Stilwell \\|first\\=Victoria \\|date\\=2014\\-03\\-08 \\|title\\=Highest Minimum\\-Wage State Washington Beats U.S. in Job Creation \\|work\\=\\[\\[Bloomberg News\\|Bloomberg]] \\|url\\=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014\\-03\\-05/washington\\-shows\\-highest\\-minimum\\-wage\\-state\\-beats\\-u\\-s\\-with\\-jobs.html}} Washington had a job growth rate 0\\.3% faster than the national average job growth rate.", "A 2018 [University of Washington](/wiki/University_of_Washington \"University of Washington\") study which investigated the effects of [Seattle](/wiki/Seattle \"Seattle\")'s minimum wage increases (from $9\\.50 to $11 in 2015 and then to $13 in 2016\\) found that while the second wage increase caused hourly wages to grow by 3%, it also caused employers to cut employee hours by 6%, yielding an average decrease of $74 earned per month per job in 2016\\.{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Jardim \\|first1\\=Ekaterina \\|last2\\=Long \\|first2\\=Mark C. \\|last3\\=Plotnick \\|first3\\=Robert \\|date\\=May 2018 \\|title\\=Minimum Wage Increases, Wages, and Low\\-Wage Employment: Evidence from Seattle \\|url\\=https://www.nber.org/papers/w23532\\.pdf \\|journal\\=\\[\\[National Bureau of Economic Research]] \\|doi\\=10\\.3386/w23532 \\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-05\\-04 \\|quote\\=This paper evaluates the wage, employment, and hours effects of the first and second phase\\-in of the Seattle Minimum Wage Ordinance, which raised the minimum wage from $9\\.47 to as much as $11 in 2015 and to as much as $13 in 2016\\. Using a variety of methods to analyze employment in all sectors paying below a specified real hourly wage rate, we conclude that the second wage increase to $13 reduced hours worked in low\\-wage jobs by 6\\-7 percent, while hourly wages in such jobs increased by 3 percent. Consequently, total payroll for such jobs decreased, implying that the Ordinance lowered the amount paid to workers in low\\-wage jobs by an average of $74 per month per job in 2016\\. \\|s2cid\\=22245787\\|doi\\-access\\=free }}{{Cite news \\|last\\=Ehrenfreund \\|first\\=Max \\|date\\=2016\\-07\\-29 \\|title\\=Why raising the minimum wage in Seattle did little to help workers, according to a new study \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Washington Post]] \\|url\\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2016/07/29/study\\-raising\\-the\\-minimum\\-wage\\-did\\-little\\-for\\-workers\\-earnings\\-in\\-seattle \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917102928/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2016/07/29/study\\-raising\\-the\\-minimum\\-wage\\-did\\-little\\-for\\-workers\\-earnings\\-in\\-seattle/ \\|archive\\-date\\=2016\\-09\\-17 \\|quote\\=The average hourly wage for workers affected by the increase jumped from $9\\.96 to $11\\.14, but wages likely would have increased some anyway due to Seattle's overall economy. Meanwhile, although workers were earning more, fewer of them had a job than would have without an increase. Those who did work had fewer hours than they would have without the wage hike.}} In a follow\\-up study, the researchers found that workers already employed at the time of the wage increase and with above\\-median experience saw their earnings go up by an average of $8–$12 per week, (with one\\-quarter of the earnings gains attributed to experienced workers making up for lost hours in Seattle with work outside the city limits) while the earnings of less\\-experienced workers saw no significant change. Additionally, the study associated the minimum wage increase with an 8% reduction in employee turnover, and a significant reduction of new workers joining the workforce.{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Jardim \\|first1\\=Ekaterina \\|last2\\=Long \\|first2\\=Mark C. \\|last3\\=Plotnick \\|first3\\=Robert \\|date\\=October 2018 \\|title\\=Minimum Wage Increases And Individual Employment Trajectories \\|url\\=https://www.nber.org/papers/w25182\\.pdf \\|journal\\=\\[\\[National Bureau of Economic Research]] \\|doi\\=10\\.3386/w25182 \\|s2cid\\=158881066 \\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-05\\-05 \\|quote\\=Using administrative employment data from the state of Washington, we use short\\-duration longitudinal panels to study the impact of Seattle's minimum wage ordinance on individuals employed in low\\-wage jobs immediately before a wage increase. We draw counterfactual observations using nearest\\-neighbor matching and derive effect estimates by comparing the \"treated\" cohort to a placebo cohort drawn from earlier data. We attribute significant hourly wage increases and hours reductions to the policy. On net, the minimum wage increase from $9\\.47 to as much as $13 per hour raised earnings by an average of $8\\-$12 per week. The entirety of these gains accrued to workers with above\\-median experience at baseline; less\\-experienced workers saw no significant change to weekly pay. Approximately one\\-quarter of the earnings gains can be attributed to experienced workers making up for lost hours in Seattle with work outside the city limits. We associate the minimum wage ordinance with an 8% reduction in job turnover rates as well as a significant reduction in the rate of new entries into the workforce.\\|doi\\-access\\=free }}{{cite web \\|last\\=Zeitlin \\|first\\=Matthew \\|date\\=2019\\-07\\-22 \\|title\\=Laboratories of Democracy: What Seattle Learned from Having the Highest Minimum Wage in the Nation \\|url\\=https://www.vox.com/the\\-highlight/2019/7/13/20690266/seattle\\-minimum\\-wage\\-15\\-dollars \\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-05\\-05 \\|website\\=\\[\\[Vox (website)\\|Vox]] \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Vox Media]]}}", "A 2019 study in the *Quarterly Journal of Economics* on state changes in minimum wage levels between 1979 and 2016 had no impact on the overall number of low\\-wage jobs.{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Cengiz \\|first1\\=Doruk \\|last2\\=Dube \\|first2\\=Arindrajit \\|last3\\=Lindner \\|first3\\=Attila \\|last4\\=Zipperer \\|first4\\=Ben \\|date\\=2019 \\|title\\=The Effect of Minimum Wages on Low\\-Wage Jobs: Evidence from the United States Using a Bunching Estimator \\|journal\\=The Quarterly Journal of Economics \\|doi\\=10\\.3386/w25434 \\|doi\\-access\\=free \\|s2cid\\=158942640}} A 2021 study on the effects in the late 1960s and early 1970s of the 1966 extension of the [Fair Labor Standards Act](/wiki/Fair_Labor_Standards_Act_of_1938 \"Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938\"), which extended the minimum wage to cover several economic sectors where nearly a third of all black workers were employed, found that the new minimum wages led to a sharp increase in earnings for the newly covered workers without any adverse aggregate effects on employment and also substantially reduced the racial wage gap.{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Derenoncourt \\|first1\\=Ellora \\|last2\\=Montialoux \\|first2\\=Claire \\|date\\=2020\\-12\\-22 \\|title\\=Minimum Wages and Racial Inequality \\|url\\=https://academic.oup.com/qje/article/136/1/169/5905427 \\|journal\\=The Quarterly Journal of Economics \\|language\\=en \\|volume\\=136 \\|issue\\=1 \\|pages\\=169–228 \\|doi\\=10\\.1093/qje/qjaa031 \\|issn\\=0033\\-5533 \\|quote\\=The earnings difference between white and black workers fell dramatically in the United States in the late 1960s and early 1970s. This article shows that the expansion of the minimum wage played a critical role in this decline. The 1966 Fair Labor Standards Act extended federal minimum wage coverage to agriculture, restaurants, nursing homes, and other services that were previously uncovered and where nearly a third of black workers were employed. We digitize over 1,000 hourly wage distributions from Bureau of Labor Statistics industry wage reports and use CPS microdata to investigate the effects of this reform on wages, employment, and racial inequality. Using a cross\\-industry difference\\-in\\-differences design, we show that earnings rose sharply for workers in the newly covered industries. The impact was nearly twice as large for black workers as for white workers. Within treated industries, the racial gap adjusted for observables fell from 25 log points prereform to 0 afterward. We can rule out significant disemployment effects for black workers. Using a bunching design, we find no aggregate effect of the reform on employment. The 1967 extension of the minimum wage can explain more than 20% of the reduction in the racial earnings and income gap during the civil rights era. Our findings shed new light on the dynamics of labor market inequality in the United States and suggest that minimum wage policy can play a critical role in reducing racial economic disparities.}}", "One reason why the minimum wage may increase employment or have no impact on employment is that if [monopsony](/wiki/Monopsony \"Monopsony\") power is present within a labour market.{{Cite journal\\|last\\=Stigler\\|first\\=George J.\\|date\\=1946\\|title\\=The Economics of Minimum Wage Legislation\\|url\\=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1801842\\|journal\\=The American Economic Review\\|volume\\=36\\|issue\\=3\\|pages\\=358–365\\|issn\\=0002\\-8282\\|jstor\\=1801842}}{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Strobl\\|first1\\=Eric\\|last2\\=Walsh\\|first2\\=Frank\\|date\\=2016\\-10\\-01\\|title\\=Monopsony, minimum wages and migration\\|url\\=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0927537116301178\\|journal\\=Labour Economics\\|language\\=en\\|volume\\=42\\|pages\\=221–237\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.labeco.2016\\.09\\.004\\|issn\\=0927\\-5371}}", "#### Congressional Budget Office's estimates of federal minimum wage increases", "The [Congressional Budget Office](/wiki/Congressional_Budget_Office \"Congressional Budget Office\") (CBO) in 2014 estimated the theoretical effects of a federal minimum wage increase under two scenarios: an increase to $9\\.00 and an increase to $10\\.10\\. According to the report, approximately 100,000 jobs would be lost under the $9\\.00 option, whereas 500,000 jobs would be lost under the $10\\.10 option (with a wide range of possible outcomes).{{Cite web \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Congressional Budget Office]] \\|date\\=February 2014 \\|title\\=The Effects of a Minimum Wage Increase on Employment and Family Income \\|url\\=https://www.cbo.gov/publication/44995 \\|access\\-date\\=2014\\-11\\-16}}", "The CBO in 2019 estimated the theoretical effects of a federal minimum wage increase under three scenarios: increases per hour to $10, $12 and $15 by 2025\\. Under the $15 scenario, in 2025 up to 27 million workers could see increases to their average weekly earnings while 3\\.7 million workers could lose employment. The latter statistic, in CBO's estimation would rise over time in any wage increase scenario as capital allocation replaces some workers. Wage increases would be heavily skewed (40%) towards those already earning above the minimum wage with more than 80% of benefits accruing to more educated workers living above the poverty line (Table 5\\). The number of persons in poverty would be reduced by 1\\.3 million (assuming no tax implications from increased income). The CBO notes that it does not consider the inflationary effects of these policies when estimating the change in poverty level as these estimates, while increasing inflation, are uncertain. Additionally, the CBO assumed that the weight of benefits would accrue to those below the poverty level based on historical wage increase levels. They noted that data on the minimum wage tends to assume the opposite (that benefits accrue to those above the poverty level), but that that data was not definitive enough to allow for estimation in their work. Some aspects of the CBO study are summarized in the table below.{{cite web \\|date\\=2019\\-07\\-08 \\|title\\=The Effects on Employment and Family Income of Increasing the Federal Minimum Wage \\|url\\=https://www.cbo.gov/publication/55410 \\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-04\\-28 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Congressional Budget Office]]}}", "", "| Policy | $10 | $12 | $15 |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Workers below new Minimum Wage that could see wage increase (millions) | 1\\.5 | 5 | 17 |\n| Workers above new Minimum Wage that could see wage increase (millions) | 2 | 6 | 10 |\n| Change in employment in an average week (millions) | −0\\.05 | −0\\.3 Median / 0 to −0\\.8 range | −1\\.3 Median / 0 to −3\\.7 range |\n| Change in the number of people in poverty (millions) | −0\\.05 | −0\\.4 | −1\\.3 |\n| Change in Real Annual Income: Families below poverty threshold (billions of 2018 dollars) | 0\\.4 | 2\\.3 | 7\\.7 |\n| Change in Real Annual Income: Families between one and three times the poverty threshold (billions of 2018 dollars) | 0\\.3 | 2\\.3 | 14\\.2 |\n| Change in Real Annual Income: Families between three and six times the poverty threshold (billions of 2018 dollars) | −0\\.05 | −0\\.3 | −2\\.1 |\n| Change in Real Annual Income: Families with more than six times the poverty threshold (billions of 2018 dollars) | −0\\.6 | −5\\.1 | −28\\.4 |\n| Change in Real Annual Income: All families (billions of 2018 dollars) | −0\\.1 | −0\\.8 | −8\\.7 |", "### Prices", "Conceptually, raising the minimum wage increases the cost of labor, with all other things being equal. Thus, employers may accept some combination of lower profits, higher prices, or increased automation. If prices increase, consumers may demand a lesser quantity of the product, [substitute other products](/wiki/Substitute_good \"Substitute good\"), or switch to imported products, due to the effects of [price elasticity of demand](/wiki/Price_elasticity_of_demand \"Price elasticity of demand\"). Marginal producers (those who are barely profitable enough to survive) may be forced out of business if they cannot raise their prices sufficiently to offset the higher cost of labor. Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago research from 2007 has shown that restaurant prices rise in response to minimum wage increases.{{cite web \\|date\\=August 2007 \\|title\\=Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago \\|url\\=http://www.chicagofed.org/digital\\_assets/publications/working\\_papers/2004/wp2004\\_21\\.pdf \\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-04\\-28 \\|website\\=The Minimum Wage, Restaurant Prices, and Labor Market Structure}} However, there are studies that show that higher prices for products due to increased labor cost are usually only by about 0\\.4% of the original price.", "According to a 2020 study, a 10% minimum wage increase for grocery store workers translates into 0\\.36% higher grocery prices which is consistent with full [cost pass\\-through](/wiki/Cost_pass-through \"Cost pass-through\").{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Renkin \\|first1\\=Tobias \\|last2\\=Montialoux \\|first2\\=Claire \\|last3\\=Siegenthaler \\|first3\\=Michael \\|date\\=2020\\-10\\-30 \\|title\\=The Pass\\-Through of Minimum Wages into US Retail Prices: Evidence from Supermarket Scanner Data \\|url\\=https://doi.org/10\\.1162/rest\\_a\\_00981 \\|journal\\=The Review of Economics and Statistics \\|volume\\=104 \\|issue\\=5 \\|pages\\=890–908 \\|doi\\=10\\.1162/rest\\_a\\_00981 \\|issn\\=0034\\-6535 \\|quote\\=This paper estimates the pass\\-through of minimum wage increases into the prices of US grocery and drug stores. We use high\\-frequency scanner data and leverage a large number of state\\-level increases in minimum wages between 2001 and 2012\\. We find that a 10% minimum wage hike translates into a 0\\.36% increase in the prices of grocery products. This magnitude is consistent with a full pass\\-through of cost increases into consumer prices. We show that price adjustments occur mostly in the three months following the passage of minimum wage legislation rather than after implementation, suggesting that pricing of groceries is forward\\-looking. \\|hdl\\-access\\=free \\|hdl\\=20\\.500\\.11850/448658 \\|s2cid\\=202621766}} Similarly, a 2021 study which covered 10,000 [McDonald's](/wiki/McDonald%27s \"McDonald's\") restaurants in the US found that between 2016 and 2020, the cost of 10% minimum wage increases for McDonald's workers were passed through to customers as 1\\.4% increases in the price of a Big Mac.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Ashenfelter \\|first1\\=Orley \\|last2\\=Jurajda \\|first2\\=Štěpán \\|date\\=2021\\-01\\-01 \\|title\\=Wages, Minimum Wages, and Price Pass\\-Through: The Case of McDonald's Restaurants \\|url\\=https://dataspace.princeton.edu/bitstream/88435/dsp01sb397c318/4/646\\.pdf \\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-02\\-03 \\|quote\\=We use highly consistent national\\-coverage price and wage data to provide evidence on wage increases, labor\\-saving technology introduction, and price pass\\-through by a large low\\-wage employer facing minimum wage hikes. Based on 2016–2020 hourly wage rates of McDonald's Basic Crew and prices of the Big Mac sandwich collected simultaneously from almost all US McDonald's restaurants, we find that in about 25% of instances of minimum wage increases, restaurants display a tendency to keep constant their wage 'premium' above the increasing minimum wage. Higher minimum wages are not associated with faster adoption of touch\\-screen ordering, and there is near\\-full price pass\\-through of minimum wages, with little heterogeneity related to how binding minimum wage increases are for restaurants. Minimum wage hikes lead to increases in real wages (expressed in Big Macs an hour of Basic Crew work can buy) that are one fifth lower than the corresponding increases in nominal wages.}}{{Cite news \\|last\\=Buchwald \\|first\\=Elisabeth \\|date\\=2021\\-01\\-30 \\|title\\=What minimum\\-wage increases did to McDonald's restaurants — and their employees \\|work\\=\\[\\[MarketWatch]] \\|url\\=https://www.marketwatch.com/story/what\\-minimum\\-wage\\-increases\\-did\\-to\\-mcdonalds\\-restaurants\\-and\\-their\\-employees\\-11611862080 \\|quote\\=They found that the higher cost of labor that results from increasing minimum wages gets passed on to consumers in the form of more expensive Big Macs. More specifically, they estimated that a 10% minimum\\-wage increase leads to a 1\\.4% increase in the price of a Big Mac.}} This results in minimum wage workers getting a lesser increase in their \"real wage\" than in their nominal wage, because any goods and services they purchase made with minimum\\-wage labor have now increased in cost, analogous to an increase in the sales tax.{{ cite news \\| url\\=https://www.npr.org/sections/money/2021/02/16/967333964/what\\-mcdonalds\\-shows\\-about\\-the\\-minimum\\-wage \\| title\\=What McDonald's Shows About The Minimum Wage \\| last\\=Rosalsky \\| first\\=Greg \\| newspaper\\=\\[\\[NPR]] \\| date\\=2021\\-02\\-16 \\| quote\\=Ashenfelter says the evidence from increased food prices suggests that basically all of the \"increase of labor costs gets passed right on to the customers.\" But because low\\-wage workers are also usually customers at low\\-wage establishments, this suggests that any pay raise resulting from a minimum wage increase might not be as great in reality as it looks on paper. In econospeak, the increase in their \"real wage\" — that is, their wage after accounting for the price of the stuff they buy — is not as high, because the cost of some of the stuff they buy, such as fast food, goes up too. ... \"They still get a raise. They just don't get as big a raise as it may seem,\" he says. In effect, a minimum wage increase appears to be a redistribution of wealth from customers to low\\-wage workers. Ashenfelter says he thinks of it like a kind of sales tax. }}", "### Effect on suicides", "Researchers found in 2019 that, \"Between 1990 and 2015, raising the minimum wage by $1 in each state might have saved more than 27,000 lives, according to a report published this week in the *Journal of Epidemiology \\& Community Health.* An increase of $2 in each state's minimum wage could have prevented more than 57,000 suicides.\"{{cite web \\|title\\=Raising the Minimum Wage by $1 May Prevent Thousands of Suicides, Study Shows \\|url\\=https://www.npr.org/sections/health\\-shots/2020/01/08/794568118/raising\\-the\\-minimum\\-wage\\-by\\-1\\-may\\-prevent\\-thousands\\-of\\-suicides\\-study\\-shows \\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-01\\-10 \\|website\\=NPR.org \\|date\\=2020\\-01\\-08 \\|language\\=en\\|last1\\=Dangor \\|first1\\=Graison }} The researchers stated, \"The effect of a US$1 increase in the minimum wage ranged from a 3\\.4% decrease (95% CI 0\\.4 to 6\\.4\\) to a 5\\.9% decrease (95% CI 1\\.4 to 10\\.2\\) in the suicide rate among adults aged 18–64 years with a high school education or less. We detected significant effect modification by unemployment rate, with the largest effects of minimum wage on reducing suicides observed at higher unemployment levels.\"{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Kaufman \\|first1\\=John A. \\|last2\\=Salas\\-Hernández \\|first2\\=Leslie K. \\|last3\\=Komro \\|first3\\=Kelli A. \\|last4\\=Livingston \\|first4\\=Melvin D. \\|date\\=2020\\-01\\-03 \\|title\\=Effects of Increased Minimum Wages by Unemployment Rate on Suicide in the USA \\|url\\= \\|journal\\=J Epidemiol Community Health \\|language\\=en \\|volume\\=74 \\|issue\\=3 \\|pages\\=219–224 \\|doi\\=10\\.1136/jech\\-2019\\-212981 \\|issn\\=0143\\-005X \\|pmc\\=7549077 \\|pmid\\=31911542 \\|s2cid\\=210087516 }} They concluded, \"Minimum wage increases appear to reduce the suicide rate among those with a high school education or less, and may reduce disparities between socioeconomic groups. Effects appear greatest during periods of high unemployment.\"", "### Effects on crime", "A 2016 White House report argued that higher hourly wages led to less crime.{{Citation \\|title\\=Raise the Minimum Wage, Reduce Crime? A New White House Report Links Higher Hourly Incomes to Lower Rates of Law\\-breaking. \\|date\\=2017\\-03\\-03 \\|url\\=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/page/files/20160423\\_cea\\_incarceration\\_criminal\\_justice.pdf \\|work\\=COEA \\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-03\\-03}} The study by the [Council of Economic Advisers](/wiki/Council_of_Economic_Advisers \"Council of Economic Advisers\") calculated that \"raising the minimum wage reduces crime by 3 to 5 percent.\" To get those numbers, the study assumed that \"such a minimum wage increase would have no employment impacts, with an employment elasticity of 0\\.1 the benefits would be somewhat lower.\"", "By contrast, in a 1987 journal article, economist Masanori Hashimoto noted that minimum wage hikes lead to increased levels of property crime in areas affected by the minimum wage after its increase.{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Hashimoto \\|first\\=Masanori \\|date\\=1987\\-10\\-18 \\|title\\=The Minimum Wage Law and Youth Crimes: Time\\-Series Evidence \\|journal\\=The Journal of Law \\& Economics \\|volume\\=30 \\|issue\\=2 \\|pages\\=443–64 \\|doi\\=10\\.1086/467144 \\|jstor\\=725504 \\|s2cid\\=153649565}} According to the article, by decreasing employment in poor communities, total legal trade and production are curtailed. The report also argued that to compensate for the decrease in legal avenues for production and consumption, poor communities increasingly turn to illegal trade and activity.", "### Economic growth", "Whether growth (GDP, a measure of both income and production) increases or decreases depends significantly on whether the income shifted from owners to workers results in an overall higher level of spending. The tendency of a consumer to spend their next dollar is referred to as the [marginal propensity to consume](/wiki/Marginal_propensity_to_consume \"Marginal propensity to consume\") or MPC. The transfer of income from higher income owners (who tend to save more, meaning a lower MPC) to lower income workers (who tend to save less, with a higher MPC) can actually lead to an increase in total consumption and higher demand for goods, leading to increased employment.", "The CBO reported in February 2014 that income (GDP) overall would be marginally higher after raising the minimum wage, indicating a small net positive increase in growth. Raising the minimum wage to $10\\.10 and indexing it to inflation would result in a net $2 billion increase in income during the second half of 2016, while raising it to $9\\.00 and not indexing it would result in a net $1 billion increase in income.", "Additionally, a study by Overstreet in 2019 examined increases to the minimum wage in Arizona. Utilizing data spanning from 1976 to 2017, Overstreet found that a 1% increase in the minimum wage was significantly correlated with a 1\\.13% increase in per capita income in Arizona. This study could show that smaller increases in minimum wage may not distort labor market as significantly as larger increases experienced in other cities and states. Thus, the small increases experienced in Arizona may have actually led to a slight increase in economic growth.Overstreet, Dallin. \"The Effect of Minimum Wage on Per Capita Income in Arizona: Empirical Analysis.\" Poverty \\& Public Policy 11\\.1\\-2 (2019\\): 156\\-168\\.[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10\\.1002/pop4\\.249](https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/pop4.249)", "### Income inequality", "{{Further\\|Income inequality in the United States}}\n[upright\\=1\\.0\\|thumb\\|Minimum wage levels in developed economies as a share of median full\\-time wage. The relative minimum wage ratio in the U.S. is shown in red.{{cite web \\|title\\=OECD Statistics \\|url\\=https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode\\=MIN2AVE\\# \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090611034108/http://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode\\=MIN2AVE \\|archive\\-date\\=2009\\-06\\-11 \\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-01\\-23 \\|publisher\\=Stats.oecd.org}}](/wiki/File:Minimum_to_Median_Wage_OECD_2016.png \"Minimum to Median Wage OECD 2016.png\")\nAn increase in the minimum wage is a form of redistribution from higher\\-income persons (business owners or \"capital\") to lower income persons (workers or \"labor\") and therefore should reduce income inequality. The CBO estimated in February 2014 that raising the minimum wage under either scenario described above would improve income inequality. Families with income more than 6 times the poverty threshold would see their incomes fall (due in part to their business profits declining with higher employee costs), while families with incomes below that threshold would rise. Writing in *The Atlantic*, journalist Derek Thompson summarized several studies which indicate that both state\\-level minimum wage increases and tighter labor markets caused wages to grow faster for lower income workers than higher income workers during the 2018–2019 time period.{{cite web \\|date\\=2019\\-10\\-04 \\|url\\=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2019/10/labor\\-departments\\-new\\-report\\-isnt\\-so\\-gloomy/599491/? \\|title\\=The Best Economic News No One Wants to Talk About \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[The Atlantic]] \\|quote\\=What's happening here? ... Rather, a tight labor market and state\\-by\\-state minimum wage hikes have combined to push up wage growth for the poorest workers. The sluggishness of overall wage growth is concealing the fact that the labor market has done wonderful things for wages at the low end.}}", "### Poverty", "Among hourly\\-paid workers in 2016, 701,000 earned the federal minimum wage and about 1\\.5 million earned wages below the minimum. Together, these 2\\.2 million workers represented 2\\.7% of all hourly\\-paid workers.{{cite web \\|title\\=Characteristics of Minimum Wage Workers, 2016 \\|url\\=https://www.bls.gov/opub/reports/minimum\\-wage/2016/home.htm \\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-04\\-13 \\|website\\=BLS Reports \\|publisher\\=U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics}}", "The CBO estimated in February 2014 that raising the minimum wage would reduce the number of persons below the poverty income threshold by 900,000 under the $10\\.10 option versus 300,000 under the $9\\.00 option. Similarly, [Arindrajit Dube](/wiki/Arindrajit_Dube \"Arindrajit Dube\"), professor of economics at University of Massachusetts Amherst, found in a 2017 study \"robust evidence that higher minimum wages lead to increases in incomes among families at the bottom of the income distribution and that these wages reduce the poverty rate.\" According to the study \"a 10 percent increase in the minimum wage reduces the nonelderly poverty rate by about 5 percent.\"{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Dube \\|first\\=Arindrajit \\|date\\=February 2017 \\|title\\=Minimum Wages and the Distribution of Family Incomes \\|journal\\=IZA Discussion Paper No. 10572 \\|ssrn\\=2923658}}{{Cite news \\|date\\=2017\\-04\\-26 \\|title\\=Minimum Wages and the Distribution of Family Incomes in the United States {{!}} Equitable Growth \\|work\\=Equitable Growth \\|url\\=http://equitablegrowth.org/research\\-analysis/minimum\\-wages\\-and\\-the\\-distribution\\-of\\-family\\-incomes\\-in\\-the\\-us/ \\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-01\\-25}} Similarly, a Morgan Study concluded that a national $15 minimum wage would lift tens of millions of Americans, potentially 32 million Americans, out of poverty, and would also improve [racial wage gaps](/wiki/Racial_wage_gap_in_the_United_States \"Racial wage gap in the United States\").", "In contrast, research conducted by [David Neumark](/wiki/David_Neumark \"David Neumark\") and colleagues in 2004 found that minimum wages are associated with reductions in the hours and employment of low\\-wage workers.Neumark, Shweitzer, Wascher (2004\\). [The Effects of Minimum Wages Throughout the Wage Distribution.](https://www.jstor.org/stable/3559021) *Journal of Human Resources.* A separate study by the same researchers found that minimum wages tend to increase the proportion of families with incomes below or near the poverty line.Neumark, Shweitzer, Wascher (2005\\). [The Effects of Minimum Wages on the Distribution of Family Incomes: A Non\\-Parametric Analysis.](https://www.jstor.org/stable/4129543) *Journal of Human Resources.* Similarly, a 2002 study led by [Richard Vedder](/wiki/Richard_Vedder \"Richard Vedder\"), professor of economics at [Ohio University](/wiki/Ohio_University \"Ohio University\"), concluded that \"The empirical evidence is strong that minimum wages have had little or no effect on poverty in the U.S. Indeed, the evidence is stronger that minimum wages occasionally increase poverty…\"{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Vedder \\|first1\\=Richard \\|last2\\=Gallaway \\|first2\\=Lowell \\|year\\=2002 \\|title\\=The minimum wage and poverty among full\\-time workers \\|journal\\=Journal of Labor Research \\|volume\\=23 \\|pages\\=41–49 \\|doi\\=10\\.1007/s12122\\-002\\-1016\\-4 \\|s2cid\\=153839645}}", "According to some economists, minimum wage increases result in a variety of negative effects for lower\\-skilled workers including reduced employment, reduced hours, reduced benefits, and less safe working conditions.{{cite web \\|last\\=Sherk \\|first\\=James \\|title\\=$15 Minimum Wages Will Substantially Raise Prices \\|url\\=https://www.heritage.org/jobs\\-and\\-labor/report/15\\-minimum\\-wages\\-will\\-substantially\\-raise\\-prices \\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-11\\-11 \\|website\\=The Heritage Foundation}}", "### Federal budget deficit", "In 2021, the Congressional Budget Office released a report which estimated that incrementally raising the federal minimum wage to $15 an hour by 2025 would increase the federal budget deficit by $54 billion over ten years by increasing the cost of goods and services paid for by the federal government.{{ r \\| CBO\\_2021\\_Min\\_wage }}", "" ]
Life ---- Anna Wahlenberg was born on 23 May 1858 in [Stockholm](/wiki/Stockholm "Stockholm").{{SKBL\|name\=Anna Maria Lovisa Wahlenberg}}, retrieved 2020\-09\-11 For nine years, she lived on the old farm in [Kungsholmen](/wiki/Kungsholmen "Kungsholmen") where her father had a candle factory.{{Cite web\|title\=Atrium Förlag \- Anna Wahlenberg\|url\=http://www.atriumforlag.se/forfattare/wahlenberg.htm\|access\-date\=2020\-09\-11\|website\=www.atriumforlag.se}} Wahlenberg attended Pauli girls’ school and the Wallin school. In 1882, she debuted with her first collection of short stories {{Lang\|sv\|Teckningar i sanden}} (Drawings in the Sand) under the pseudonym Rien (from Swedish 'nothing').{{Cite web\|title\=Wahlenberg, Anna\|url\=https://nordicwomensliterature.net/writers/wahlenberg\-anna/\|access\-date\=2020\-09\-11\|website\=Nordic Women's Literature\|language\=en\-GB}} In 1886, Wahlenberg wrote her second book and a first novel {{Lang\|sv\|Små själar}} (Small Souls).{{Cite web\|title\=Litteraturbanken {{!}} Svenska klassiker som e\-bok och epub\|url\=https://litteraturbanken.se/f%C3%B6rfattare/WahlenbergA\|access\-date\=2020\-09\-11\|website\=litteraturbanken.se}} The novel deals with failings in women's education and promotes financial independence for women. She wrote two more collections of short stories, {{Lang\|sv\|Hos grannas}} (1887\) and {{Lang\|sv\|I hvardagslag}} (1889\), dedicated to a young woman's fight for financial independence. In 1888, Wahlenberg married Fritz Kjerrman, editor of the newspaper *[Dagens Nyheter](/wiki/Dagens_Nyheter "Dagens Nyheter")*, with whom she had two sons.{{Cite book\|url\=https://runeberg.org/sfl/1/0851\.html\|title\=SVENSKT FÖRFATTARLEXIKON 1900—1940\|publisher\=\[\[Svenskt författarlexikon\|SVENSKT FÖRFATTARLEXIKONS]] FÖRLAG \[\[Rabén \& Sjögren\|RABÉN \& SJÖGREN]]\|year\=1942\|pages\=851}} In 1890, she deputed as a playwright with a comedy called {{Lang\|sv\|På vakt}} followed by a prolific output of plays for amateurs and children as well as for professional actors that were frequently staged at the [Kungliga Dramatiska Teatern](/wiki/Royal_Dramatic_Theatre "Royal Dramatic Theatre") (the Royal Dramatic Theatre) in Stockholm. In 1895, Wahlenberg wrote her first art fairy tale collection *Bengt's tales* about kings, elves, trolls and princesses. She wrote over 200 fairy tales, dedicating some of them to her sons. In her fairy tales, Wahlenberg combined traditional fairy tale enchantment and magic with everyday problems and events. In 1899, she became the first to translate [A Thousand and One Nights](/wiki/One_Thousand_and_One_Nights "One Thousand and One Nights") into Swedish. Wahlenberg lived all her life in Stockholm and moved in with her sister after her husband's death in 1896\. Anna Wahlenberg died on 29 November 1933 and is buried at Norra cemetery in [Solna](/wiki/Solna_Municipality "Solna Municipality").
[ "Life\n----", "Anna Wahlenberg was born on 23 May 1858 in [Stockholm](/wiki/Stockholm \"Stockholm\").{{SKBL\\|name\\=Anna Maria Lovisa Wahlenberg}}, retrieved 2020\\-09\\-11 For nine years, she lived on the old farm in [Kungsholmen](/wiki/Kungsholmen \"Kungsholmen\") where her father had a candle factory.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Atrium Förlag \\- Anna Wahlenberg\\|url\\=http://www.atriumforlag.se/forfattare/wahlenberg.htm\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-09\\-11\\|website\\=www.atriumforlag.se}} Wahlenberg attended Pauli girls’ school and the Wallin school.", "In 1882, she debuted with her first collection of short stories {{Lang\\|sv\\|Teckningar i sanden}} (Drawings in the Sand) under the pseudonym Rien (from Swedish 'nothing').{{Cite web\\|title\\=Wahlenberg, Anna\\|url\\=https://nordicwomensliterature.net/writers/wahlenberg\\-anna/\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-09\\-11\\|website\\=Nordic Women's Literature\\|language\\=en\\-GB}} In 1886, Wahlenberg wrote her second book and a first novel {{Lang\\|sv\\|Små själar}} (Small Souls).{{Cite web\\|title\\=Litteraturbanken {{!}} Svenska klassiker som e\\-bok och epub\\|url\\=https://litteraturbanken.se/f%C3%B6rfattare/WahlenbergA\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-09\\-11\\|website\\=litteraturbanken.se}} The novel deals with failings in women's education and promotes financial independence for women. She wrote two more collections of short stories, {{Lang\\|sv\\|Hos grannas}} (1887\\) and {{Lang\\|sv\\|I hvardagslag}} (1889\\), dedicated to a young woman's fight for financial independence.", "In 1888, Wahlenberg married Fritz Kjerrman, editor of the newspaper *[Dagens Nyheter](/wiki/Dagens_Nyheter \"Dagens Nyheter\")*, with whom she had two sons.{{Cite book\\|url\\=https://runeberg.org/sfl/1/0851\\.html\\|title\\=SVENSKT FÖRFATTARLEXIKON 1900—1940\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Svenskt författarlexikon\\|SVENSKT FÖRFATTARLEXIKONS]] FÖRLAG \\[\\[Rabén \\& Sjögren\\|RABÉN \\& SJÖGREN]]\\|year\\=1942\\|pages\\=851}}", "In 1890, she deputed as a playwright with a comedy called {{Lang\\|sv\\|På vakt}} followed by a prolific output of plays for amateurs and children as well as for professional actors that were frequently staged at the [Kungliga Dramatiska Teatern](/wiki/Royal_Dramatic_Theatre \"Royal Dramatic Theatre\") (the Royal Dramatic Theatre) in Stockholm.", "In 1895, Wahlenberg wrote her first art fairy tale collection *Bengt's tales* about kings, elves, trolls and princesses. She wrote over 200 fairy tales, dedicating some of them to her sons. In her fairy tales, Wahlenberg combined traditional fairy tale enchantment and magic with everyday problems and events. In 1899, she became the first to translate [A Thousand and One Nights](/wiki/One_Thousand_and_One_Nights \"One Thousand and One Nights\") into Swedish.", "Wahlenberg lived all her life in Stockholm and moved in with her sister after her husband's death in 1896\\.", "Anna Wahlenberg died on 29 November 1933 and is buried at Norra cemetery in [Solna](/wiki/Solna_Municipality \"Solna Municipality\").", "" ]
Career ------ ### Early career At age 20, Havens left his hometown of Brooklyn, seeking artistic stimulation in [Greenwich Village](/wiki/Greenwich_Village "Greenwich Village") in [Manhattan](/wiki/Manhattan "Manhattan"). "I saw the Village as a place to escape to, in order to express yourself," he recalled. "I had first gone there during the [beatnik](/wiki/Beatnik "Beatnik") days of the 1950s to perform poetry, then I drew portraits for two years and stayed up all night listening to folk music in the clubs. It took a while before I thought of picking up a guitar."{{cite web \|url\=http://www.carnegiehall.org/Calendar/2010/2/19/0830/PM/Richie\-Havens/ \|title\= Richie Havens \|website\=CarnegieHall.org \|publisher\=Carnegie Hall Corporation \|access\-date\=February 11, 2016 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20160807100928/http://www.carnegiehall.org/Calendar/2010/2/19/0830/PM/Richie\-Havens/ \|archive\-date\=August 7, 2016 }} [thumb\|150px\|Publicity photo released in 1974 by his management at the [William Morris Agency](/wiki/William_Morris_Agency "William Morris Agency")](/wiki/File:Richie_Havens_-_1974-agency.jpg "Richie Havens - 1974-agency.jpg") Havens's solo performances quickly spread beyond the Village folk music circles. After cutting two records for [Douglas Records](/wiki/Alan_Douglas_%28record_producer%29 "Alan Douglas (record producer)"), he signed on with [Bob Dylan](/wiki/Bob_Dylan "Bob Dylan")'s manager, [Albert Grossman](/wiki/Albert_Grossman "Albert Grossman"), and landed a record deal with the [Verve Folkways (later Verve Forecast)](/wiki/Verve_Records "Verve Records") label. Verve released *[Mixed Bag](/wiki/Mixed_Bag "Mixed Bag")* in late 1966, which featured tracks such as "Handsome Johnny" (co\-written by Havens and actor [Louis Gossett Jr.](/wiki/Louis_Gossett_Jr. "Louis Gossett Jr.")), "Follow," and a cover{{Cite web \|url\= https://theimmortaljukebox.com/2016/03/09/richie\-havens\-roots\-freedom\-bob\-dylan\-the\-beatles/\|title\=Richie Havens: Roots, Freedom, Bob Dylan \& The Beatles!\|first\=Thom\|last\=Hickey\|website\=Theimmortaljukebox.com\|date\=March 9, 2016}} of Bob Dylan's "[Just Like a Woman](/wiki/Just_Like_a_Woman "Just Like a Woman")".{{cite web\| first\= Jim \|last\= Newsome\| url\= {{AllMusic\|class\=album\|id\=r40081\|pure\_url\=yes}} \|title\= Mixed Bag: Review\| work\= \[\[AllMusic]].com}} Havens released his first single, "No Opportunity Necessary", in 1967\. *[Something Else Again](/wiki/Something_Else_Again "Something Else Again")* (1968\) became his first album to hit the [*Billboard* charts](/wiki/Billboard_charts "Billboard charts"), and it pulled *Mixed Bag* back onto the charts. By 1969, he had released five albums. Two of those albums were unauthorized and were released by Douglas Records (or Douglas International{{cite web \|title \= Richie Havens \|website\= Verve Records \|access\-date \= April 22, 2013 \|url\= http://www.vervemusicgroup.com/richiehavens \|url\-status \= dead \|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20160809210057/http://www.vervemusicgroup.com/richiehavens \|archive\-date \= August 9, 2016 \|df \= mdy\-all}}): *Electric Havens* (released June 1, 1968\){{cite web\| title \= Music\| website \= RichieHavens.com\| access\-date \=April 22, 2003\| url \= http://www.richiehavens.com/official\_site/music.html}}{{cite web\| title \= Richie Havens: Electric Havens\| website \= MTV.com \| access\-date \=April 22, 2013\| url \= http://www.mtv.com/artists/richie\-havens/discography/391073/\| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20130513092231/http://www.mtv.com/artists/richie\-havens/discography/391073/\| url\-status \= dead\| archive\-date \= May 13, 2013}} and *Richie Havens Record* (1969\).{{cite web\| title \= Richie Havens: Electric Havens\| website \= AllMusic.com\| access\-date \=April 22, 2013 \| url \= http://www.allmusic.com/album/electric\-havens\-mw0000846626}} ### Woodstock and rise in fame [thumbnail\|left\|Havens, playing at Woodstock Music Festival 1969](/wiki/File:Woodstock_redmond_havens.JPG "Woodstock redmond havens.JPG") Havens's live performances earned widespread notice. His opening 1969 appearance at [Woodstock](/wiki/Woodstock "Woodstock") in a trio with Paul "Deano" Williams on guitar and singing backing vocals and Daniel Ben Zebulon on percussion catapulted him into stardom and was a major turning point in his career. Despite Havens's recollection that he performed for nearly three hours, the actual recording and setlist reflect that he played about fifty minutes.{{Cite web\|url\=https://wimwords.com/2019/08/09/from\-the\-stacks\-woodstock\-back\-to\-the\-garden\-the\-definitive\-50th\-anniversary\-archive/\|title\=From The Stacks: 'Woodstock – Back To The Garden: The Definitive 50th Anniversary Archive'\|first\=James\|last\=Stafford \|website\= Wimwords.com\|date\=August 9, 2019\|access\-date\=November 10, 2020}}{{original research\|date\=July 2022}} Havens continued playing because the musicians after him were delayed by traffic, including the originally scheduled opening act, [Sweetwater](/wiki/Sweetwater_%28band%29 "Sweetwater (band)").{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.cnn.com/2013/04/23/opinion/havens\-his\-own\-words/index.html\|title\=On Woodstock: Richie Havens in his own words\| first\= Richie \|last\= Havens \|website\= CNN.com \|date\=April 23, 2013 \|access\-date\=November 10, 2020}} Havens concluded his set by riffing off the old spiritual "[Motherless Child](/wiki/Motherless_Child "Motherless Child")". In an interview with Cliff Smith, for Music\-Room, Havens explained: > I'd already played every song I knew and I was stalling, asking for more guitar and mic, trying to think of something else to play – and then it just came to me ... The establishment was foolish enough to give us all this freedom and we used it in every way we could.{{cn\|date\=July 2022}} The subsequent Woodstock movie release helped Havens reach a worldwide audience. He also appeared two weeks later at the [Isle of Wight Festival](/wiki/Isle_of_Wight_Festival_1969 "Isle of Wight Festival 1969"), in late August 1969\.{{cite book\| first\= John\| last\= Tobler\| author\-link \= John Tobler\| year\= 1992\| title\= NME Rock 'N' Roll Years\| edition\= 1st\| publisher\= \[\[Reed International Books Ltd]] \| location\= London \| id\= CN 5585}}{{rp\|202, 215}} [thumb\|left\|220px\|Havens performing in [Hamburg](/wiki/Hamburg "Hamburg"), Germany, May 1972](/wiki/File:Richie_Havens_1972_Hamburg.jpg "Richie Havens 1972 Hamburg.jpg") Havens also began acting during the 1970s. He was featured in the original 1972 stage presentation of The Who's *[Tommy](/wiki/Tommy_%28London_Symphony_Orchestra_album%29 "Tommy (London Symphony Orchestra album)")*,{{rp\|244}} as Othello in the 1974 film *[Catch My Soul](/wiki/Catch_My_Soul "Catch My Soul")*, in *[Greased Lightning](/wiki/Greased_Lightning_%281977_film%29 "Greased Lightning (1977 film)")* alongside [Richard Pryor](/wiki/Richard_Pryor "Richard Pryor"), and in Bob Dylan's *[Hearts of Fire](/wiki/Hearts_of_Fire "Hearts of Fire")*. In July 1978, he was a featured performer at the Benefit Concert for [The Longest Walk](/wiki/The_Longest_Walk "The Longest Walk"), an American Indian spiritual walk from [Alcatraz](/wiki/Alcatraz "Alcatraz") to Washington, D.C. affirming treaty rights, as a result of legislation that had been introduced to abrogate Indian treaties.{{Cite web \|url\=https://www.si.edu/newsdesk/photos/longest\-walk\|title\=The Longest Walk \|website\= si.edu\| publisher\= \[\[Smithsonian Institution]]\| date\= June 22, 2011\| access\-date\= January 4, 2021}} ### Branching into other media Havens continued to release music and tour during the 1980s and 90s. He made advertisements for [NBC](/wiki/NBC "NBC"), [CBS](/wiki/CBS "CBS") and [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company "American Broadcasting Company"),{{cite web \|url\=http://www.80stvthemes.com/promos/ \|title\=The '80s TV Theme SuperSite: Promos (NBC) \|website\=80stvthemes.com \|access\-date\=November 4, 2011 \|archive\-date\=September 27, 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927072400/http://www.80stvthemes.com/promos/ \|url\-status\=dead }}{{better source needed\|date\=July 2022}} and commercials for [Amtrak](/wiki/Amtrak "Amtrak") and for [Coca\-Cola](/wiki/Coca-Cola "Coca-Cola"). Havens also did corporate commercial work for [Maxwell House Coffee](/wiki/Maxwell_House "Maxwell House") and [Folgers](/wiki/Folgers "Folgers") as well as sang "The Fabric of Our Lives" theme for the cotton industry. In 1982, he appeared at the UK's [Glastonbury Festival](/wiki/Glastonbury_Festival "Glastonbury Festival"), closing the show on the Sunday night.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.ukrockfestivals.com/glastonbury\-festival\-1982\.html\| title\= Glastonbury CND festival 1982\|website\=UKrockfestivals.com}} He has also made guest appearances on *[Sesame Street](/wiki/Sesame_Street "Sesame Street")* from 1974 to 1975\. On June 22, 1990, Richie Havens played at a packed Yankee Stadium concert in honor of Nelson Mandela who had come to New York for three days after Mandela’s release from the South African prison, Robben Island. Other performers at the concert were [Judy Collins](/wiki/Judy_Collins "Judy Collins"), [Tracy Chapman](/wiki/Tracy_Chapman "Tracy Chapman") and [Mighty Sparrow](/wiki/Mighty_Sparrow "Mighty Sparrow"). In 1993, Havens performed at the [inauguration](/wiki/Inauguration "Inauguration") of President [Bill Clinton](/wiki/Bill_Clinton "Bill Clinton"). Among the selections was the "Cotton" song, made famous by a series of television commercials from the early 1990s.{{cite web \|url\=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi\_qn4158/is\_20070110/ai\_n17110649 \|title\= Richie Havens \|last\= Walsh\| first\= Ben \|website\= findarticles.com \|access\-date\=October 16, 2007 \|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20071025024501/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi\_qn4158/is\_20070110/ai\_n17110649 \|archive\-date\=October 25, 2007}} In 1999, Havens played at the [Tibetan Freedom Concert](/wiki/Tibetan_Freedom_Concert "Tibetan Freedom Concert") for an audience of more than 100,000\.{{cite web \| first\= Raul \|last\= Pollicino \|url\=http://beastiemania.com/gigog/show.php?g\=19960616 \|title\=Gigography \|website\=Beastiemania.com \|access\-date\= November 4, 2011}} The release of 1993's *Resume, The Best of Richie Havens*, on [Rhino Records](/wiki/Rhino_Records "Rhino Records"), collected his late 1960s and early 1970s recordings. Havens played a small role, as a character named Daze, in the film *Street Hunter* (1990\), starring [John Leguizamo](/wiki/John_Leguizamo "John Leguizamo"). He played himself in "Rock of Ages", an episode of the TV sitcom *[Married... with Children](/wiki/Married..._with_Children "Married... with Children")* (Season 7, Episode 9\). Havens was the 20th living recipient of the Peace Abbey Courage of Conscience Award, presented in [Sherborn](/wiki/Sherborn%2C_Massachusetts "Sherborn, Massachusetts"), [Massachusetts](/wiki/Massachusetts "Massachusetts"),{{cite web\| url\= http://www.peaceabbey.org/cofc\-award/award\-recipients/ \|title\= The Peace Abbey Courage of Conscience Recipients List\| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20140610041225/http://www.peaceabbey.org/cofc\-award/award\-recipients/ \|archive\-date\= June 10, 2014 \| website\= peaceabbey.org\| access\-date\= April 22, 2013}} on April 12, 1991\. ### Final years In 2000, Havens teamed with the [electronic music](/wiki/Electronic_music "Electronic music") duo [Groove Armada](/wiki/Groove_Armada "Groove Armada") for the retro 1970s\-style song "Hands of Time". The song was featured on the soundtrack of the film *[Collateral](/wiki/Collateral_%28film%29 "Collateral (film)")*; that song was also used in the films *[Domino](/wiki/Domino_%282005_film%29 "Domino (2005 film)")*, *[A Lot Like Love](/wiki/A_Lot_Like_Love "A Lot Like Love")*, *[Tell No One](/wiki/Tell_No_One "Tell No One")* and in the [Cold Case](/wiki/Cold_Case "Cold Case") episodes [The Badlands](/wiki/The_Badlands "The Badlands") \& [Street Money](/wiki/Street_Money "Street Money"). Havens was also featured on "Little By Little" and "Healing" on the band's third album, *[Goodbye Country](/wiki/Goodbye_Country_%28Hello_Nightclub%29 "Goodbye Country (Hello Nightclub)")*.{{cite web\| url\= http://www.richiehavens.com/official\_site/music.html \|title\= Guest Appearances \& Collaborations\| website\= RichieHavens.com\| publisher\= Richie Havens\| access\-date\= April 22, 2014}} In 2000, he published *They Can't Hide Us Anymore,* an autobiography co\-written with Steve Davidowitz. Havens maintained his status as a folk icon and continued to tour. In 2002 he sang, uncredited, Dylan's "The Times They Are a Changin'" in the TV series *[The West Wing](/wiki/The_West_Wing "The West Wing")* (Season 4, Episode 7\).{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0745613/soundtrack\|title\= 'The West Wing' Election Night (TV Episode 2002\) \|website\= IMDb.com\|access\-date\=November 10, 2020}} Also in 2002, he released *Wishing Well*, followed by the 2004 album *Grace of the Sun.* On February 15, 2003, Havens opened the unprecedented "The World Says No To War" in Iraq demonstration in New York City with his iconic "Freedom." As the U.S. stood on the precipice of a "Shock \& Awe" attack on Iraq, tens of millions in more than 800 cities around the world marched against war, leading the New York Times to call these millions the "world's new superpower." [thumb\|left\|220px\|Havens playing at The Turning Point in [Piermont, New York](/wiki/Piermont%2C_New_York "Piermont, New York"), January 4, 2009](/wiki/File:Richie_havens_at_the_turning_point.JPG "Richie havens at the turning point.JPG") On October 15, 2006, Havens was inducted into the [Long Island Music Hall of Fame](/wiki/Long_Island_Music_Hall_of_Fame "Long Island Music Hall of Fame").{{cite web\| url\= http://www.limusichalloffame.org/project/richie\-havens/ \|title\=Richie Havens \|publisher\=Long Island Music Hall of Fame \| website\= limusichalloffame.org}}{{cite magazine \|url\= http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/1559103/richie\-havens\-folk\-and\-woodstock\-legend\-dead\-at\-72\|title\=Richie Havens, Folk and Woodstock Legend, Dead at 72\|date\=April 22, 2013\|magazine\=Billboard\|access\-date\=April 22, 2013}} In 2007, Havens appeared as Old Man Arvin in the [Todd Haynes](/wiki/Todd_Haynes "Todd Haynes") film *[I'm Not There](/wiki/I%27m_Not_There "I'm Not There")*. In a front\-porch jam scene, he is shown singing the Bob Dylan song "[Tombstone Blues](/wiki/Tombstone_Blues "Tombstone Blues")" with [Marcus Carl Franklin](/wiki/Marcus_Carl_Franklin "Marcus Carl Franklin") and [Tyrone Benskin](/wiki/Tyrone_Benskin "Tyrone Benskin"). Havens's version of the song also appears on the *I'm Not There* soundtrack. On August 17, 2007, Richie Havens played Bethel Woods Center for the Arts, returning on the 38th Anniversary of Woodstock with Arlo Guthrie.[Times Herald\-Record \- http://www.recordonline.com](/wiki/Times_Herald-Record_-_http://www.recordonline.com "//www.recordonline.com") In February 2008, Havens performed at [The Jazz Café](/wiki/The_Jazz_Caf%C3%A9 "The Jazz Café") in London. Havens was invited to perform at the 2008 [Cannes Film Festival](/wiki/Cannes_Film_Festival "Cannes Film Festival") opening ceremony. He played "Freedom" at the request of the jury president [Sean Penn](/wiki/Sean_Penn "Sean Penn"). Havens also performed at the [London, Ontario](/wiki/London%2C_Ontario "London, Ontario"), Blues Festival in July 2008\.{{cite web \|url\= http://www.thebluesfest.com/bluesfest\_london/london\_artist\_bios.htm \|title\=London Artist Bios \|website\=Thebluesfest.com \|access\-date\=November 4, 2011 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20111005114932/http://www.thebluesfest.com/bluesfest\_london/london\_artist\_bios.htm \|archive\-date\=October 5, 2011 }} In March 2008, Havens released a new studio album, *Nobody Left To Crown*.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.amazon.com/Nobody\-Left\-Crown\-Richie\-Havens/dp/B001B2KUCO\|title\=Nobody Left to Crown: Richie Havens: Music\| publisher\= Amazon\|access\-date\=October 11, 2009\| last\= Havens\| first\= Richie}} The first single release was the country\-tinged "The Key".{{Citation needed\|date\=October 2009}} On August 14, 2009, Richie returned for the 40th Anniversary of Woodstock to play the Bethel Woods Festival. [Times Herald\-Record \- http://www.recordonline.com](/wiki/Times_Herald-Record_-_http://www.recordonline.com "//www.recordonline.com") Havens appeared in the acclaimed 2009 film *[Soundtrack for a Revolution](/wiki/Soundtrack_for_a_Revolution "Soundtrack for a Revolution")*, which provided a general history of the modern [Civil Rights Movement](/wiki/Civil_Rights_Movement "Civil Rights Movement") and featured modern artists performing many of the era's musical classics. In the film, Havens performed a haunting rendition of "[Will the Circle Be Unbroken?](/wiki/Will_the_Circle_Be_Unbroken%3F "Will the Circle Be Unbroken?")"{{cite web\|url\=http://www.soundtrackforarevolutionfilm.com/Home.html \|title\=Soundtrack for a Revolution \|website\=Soundtrackforarevolutionfilm.com \|access\-date\=March 28, 2012}} [thumb\|220px\|Havens with journalist Phil Konstantin, on January 25, 2010](/wiki/File:RichieHavensWithPhilKonstantin.jpg "RichieHavensWithPhilKonstantin.jpg") On May 3, 2009, Havens performed at the fundraising concert in honor of [Pete Seeger](/wiki/Pete_Seeger "Pete Seeger")'s 90th birthday. In June 2009, he performed at the fifth annual [Mountain Jam Festival](/wiki/Mountain_Jam_%28festival%29 "Mountain Jam (festival)"). The event, hosted by [The Allman Brothers Band](/wiki/The_Allman_Brothers_Band "The Allman Brothers Band") and [Gov't Mule](/wiki/Gov%27t_Mule "Gov't Mule") guitarist [Warren Haynes](/wiki/Warren_Haynes "Warren Haynes"), was held at the [Hunter Mountain Ski Resort](/wiki/Hunter_Mountain_%28ski_area%29 "Hunter Mountain (ski area)") in [Hunter, New York](/wiki/Hunter%2C_New_York "Hunter, New York"). As is the tradition, the festival took place on the weekend following [Memorial Day](/wiki/Memorial_Day "Memorial Day"). On June 20, 2009, Havens performed at the [Clearwater Festival](/wiki/Clearwater_Festival "Clearwater Festival"). On July 4, 2009, he performed at the Woodstock Tribute festival in [Ramsey, New Jersey](/wiki/Ramsey%2C_New_Jersey "Ramsey, New Jersey"). On August 8, 2010, he performed at [Musikfest](/wiki/Musikfest "Musikfest") 2010, at Foy Hall at [Moravian College](/wiki/Moravian_College "Moravian College") in [Bethlehem](/wiki/Bethlehem%2C_Pennsylvania "Bethlehem, Pennsylvania"), [Pennsylvania](/wiki/Pennsylvania "Pennsylvania").
[ "Career\n------", "### Early career", "At age 20, Havens left his hometown of Brooklyn, seeking artistic stimulation in [Greenwich Village](/wiki/Greenwich_Village \"Greenwich Village\") in [Manhattan](/wiki/Manhattan \"Manhattan\"). \"I saw the Village as a place to escape to, in order to express yourself,\" he recalled. \"I had first gone there during the [beatnik](/wiki/Beatnik \"Beatnik\") days of the 1950s to perform poetry, then I drew portraits for two years and stayed up all night listening to folk music in the clubs. It took a while before I thought of picking up a guitar.\"{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.carnegiehall.org/Calendar/2010/2/19/0830/PM/Richie\\-Havens/ \\|title\\= Richie Havens \\|website\\=CarnegieHall.org \\|publisher\\=Carnegie Hall Corporation \\|access\\-date\\=February 11, 2016 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20160807100928/http://www.carnegiehall.org/Calendar/2010/2/19/0830/PM/Richie\\-Havens/ \\|archive\\-date\\=August 7, 2016 }}", "[thumb\\|150px\\|Publicity photo released in 1974 by his management at the [William Morris Agency](/wiki/William_Morris_Agency \"William Morris Agency\")](/wiki/File:Richie_Havens_-_1974-agency.jpg \"Richie Havens - 1974-agency.jpg\")\nHavens's solo performances quickly spread beyond the Village folk music circles. After cutting two records for [Douglas Records](/wiki/Alan_Douglas_%28record_producer%29 \"Alan Douglas (record producer)\"), he signed on with [Bob Dylan](/wiki/Bob_Dylan \"Bob Dylan\")'s manager, [Albert Grossman](/wiki/Albert_Grossman \"Albert Grossman\"), and landed a record deal with the [Verve Folkways (later Verve Forecast)](/wiki/Verve_Records \"Verve Records\") label. Verve released *[Mixed Bag](/wiki/Mixed_Bag \"Mixed Bag\")* in late 1966, which featured tracks such as \"Handsome Johnny\" (co\\-written by Havens and actor [Louis Gossett Jr.](/wiki/Louis_Gossett_Jr. \"Louis Gossett Jr.\")), \"Follow,\" and a cover{{Cite web \\|url\\= https://theimmortaljukebox.com/2016/03/09/richie\\-havens\\-roots\\-freedom\\-bob\\-dylan\\-the\\-beatles/\\|title\\=Richie Havens: Roots, Freedom, Bob Dylan \\& The Beatles!\\|first\\=Thom\\|last\\=Hickey\\|website\\=Theimmortaljukebox.com\\|date\\=March 9, 2016}} of Bob Dylan's \"[Just Like a Woman](/wiki/Just_Like_a_Woman \"Just Like a Woman\")\".{{cite web\\| first\\= Jim \\|last\\= Newsome\\| url\\= {{AllMusic\\|class\\=album\\|id\\=r40081\\|pure\\_url\\=yes}} \\|title\\= Mixed Bag: Review\\| work\\= \\[\\[AllMusic]].com}} Havens released his first single, \"No Opportunity Necessary\", in 1967\\.", "*[Something Else Again](/wiki/Something_Else_Again \"Something Else Again\")* (1968\\) became his first album to hit the [*Billboard* charts](/wiki/Billboard_charts \"Billboard charts\"), and it pulled *Mixed Bag* back onto the charts. By 1969, he had released five albums. Two of those albums were unauthorized and were released by Douglas Records (or Douglas International{{cite web \\|title \\= Richie Havens \\|website\\= Verve Records \\|access\\-date \\= April 22, 2013 \\|url\\= http://www.vervemusicgroup.com/richiehavens \\|url\\-status \\= dead \\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20160809210057/http://www.vervemusicgroup.com/richiehavens \\|archive\\-date \\= August 9, 2016 \\|df \\= mdy\\-all}}): *Electric Havens* (released June 1, 1968\\){{cite web\\| title \\= Music\\| website \\= RichieHavens.com\\| access\\-date \\=April 22, 2003\\| url \\= http://www.richiehavens.com/official\\_site/music.html}}{{cite web\\| title \\= Richie Havens: Electric Havens\\| website \\= MTV.com \\| access\\-date \\=April 22, 2013\\| url \\= http://www.mtv.com/artists/richie\\-havens/discography/391073/\\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20130513092231/http://www.mtv.com/artists/richie\\-havens/discography/391073/\\| url\\-status \\= dead\\| archive\\-date \\= May 13, 2013}} and *Richie Havens Record* (1969\\).{{cite web\\| title \\= Richie Havens: Electric Havens\\| website \\= AllMusic.com\\| access\\-date \\=April 22, 2013\n\\| url \\= http://www.allmusic.com/album/electric\\-havens\\-mw0000846626}}", "### Woodstock and rise in fame", "[thumbnail\\|left\\|Havens, playing at Woodstock Music Festival 1969](/wiki/File:Woodstock_redmond_havens.JPG \"Woodstock redmond havens.JPG\")\nHavens's live performances earned widespread notice. His opening 1969 appearance at [Woodstock](/wiki/Woodstock \"Woodstock\") in a trio with Paul \"Deano\" Williams on guitar and singing backing vocals and Daniel Ben Zebulon on percussion catapulted him into stardom and was a major turning point in his career. Despite Havens's recollection that he performed for nearly three hours, the actual recording and setlist reflect that he played about fifty minutes.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://wimwords.com/2019/08/09/from\\-the\\-stacks\\-woodstock\\-back\\-to\\-the\\-garden\\-the\\-definitive\\-50th\\-anniversary\\-archive/\\|title\\=From The Stacks: 'Woodstock – Back To The Garden: The Definitive 50th Anniversary Archive'\\|first\\=James\\|last\\=Stafford \\|website\\= Wimwords.com\\|date\\=August 9, 2019\\|access\\-date\\=November 10, 2020}}{{original research\\|date\\=July 2022}} Havens continued playing because the musicians after him were delayed by traffic, including the originally scheduled opening act, [Sweetwater](/wiki/Sweetwater_%28band%29 \"Sweetwater (band)\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.cnn.com/2013/04/23/opinion/havens\\-his\\-own\\-words/index.html\\|title\\=On Woodstock: Richie Havens in his own words\\| first\\= Richie \\|last\\= Havens \\|website\\= CNN.com \\|date\\=April 23, 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=November 10, 2020}} Havens concluded his set by riffing off the old spiritual \"[Motherless Child](/wiki/Motherless_Child \"Motherless Child\")\". In an interview with Cliff Smith, for Music\\-Room, Havens explained:", "", "> I'd already played every song I knew and I was stalling, asking for more guitar and mic, trying to think of something else to play – and then it just came to me ... The establishment was foolish enough to give us all this freedom and we used it in every way we could.{{cn\\|date\\=July 2022}}", "The subsequent Woodstock movie release helped Havens reach a worldwide audience. He also appeared two weeks later at the [Isle of Wight Festival](/wiki/Isle_of_Wight_Festival_1969 \"Isle of Wight Festival 1969\"), in late August 1969\\.{{cite book\\| first\\= John\\| last\\= Tobler\\| author\\-link \\= John Tobler\\| year\\= 1992\\| title\\= NME Rock 'N' Roll Years\\| edition\\= 1st\\| publisher\\= \\[\\[Reed International Books Ltd]] \\| location\\= London\n\\| id\\= CN 5585}}{{rp\\|202, 215}}\n[thumb\\|left\\|220px\\|Havens performing in [Hamburg](/wiki/Hamburg \"Hamburg\"), Germany, May 1972](/wiki/File:Richie_Havens_1972_Hamburg.jpg \"Richie Havens 1972 Hamburg.jpg\")", "Havens also began acting during the 1970s. He was featured in the original 1972 stage presentation of The Who's *[Tommy](/wiki/Tommy_%28London_Symphony_Orchestra_album%29 \"Tommy (London Symphony Orchestra album)\")*,{{rp\\|244}} as Othello in the 1974 film *[Catch My Soul](/wiki/Catch_My_Soul \"Catch My Soul\")*, in *[Greased Lightning](/wiki/Greased_Lightning_%281977_film%29 \"Greased Lightning (1977 film)\")* alongside [Richard Pryor](/wiki/Richard_Pryor \"Richard Pryor\"), and in Bob Dylan's *[Hearts of Fire](/wiki/Hearts_of_Fire \"Hearts of Fire\")*.", "In July 1978, he was a featured performer at the Benefit Concert for [The Longest Walk](/wiki/The_Longest_Walk \"The Longest Walk\"), an American Indian spiritual walk from [Alcatraz](/wiki/Alcatraz \"Alcatraz\") to Washington, D.C. affirming treaty rights, as a result of legislation that had been introduced to abrogate Indian treaties.{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://www.si.edu/newsdesk/photos/longest\\-walk\\|title\\=The Longest Walk \\|website\\= si.edu\\| publisher\\= \\[\\[Smithsonian Institution]]\\| date\\= June 22, 2011\\| access\\-date\\= January 4, 2021}}", "### Branching into other media", "Havens continued to release music and tour during the 1980s and 90s. He made advertisements for [NBC](/wiki/NBC \"NBC\"), [CBS](/wiki/CBS \"CBS\") and [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company \"American Broadcasting Company\"),{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.80stvthemes.com/promos/ \\|title\\=The '80s TV Theme SuperSite: Promos (NBC) \\|website\\=80stvthemes.com \\|access\\-date\\=November 4, 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\=September 27, 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927072400/http://www.80stvthemes.com/promos/ \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}{{better source needed\\|date\\=July 2022}} and commercials for [Amtrak](/wiki/Amtrak \"Amtrak\") and for [Coca\\-Cola](/wiki/Coca-Cola \"Coca-Cola\"). Havens also did corporate commercial work for [Maxwell House Coffee](/wiki/Maxwell_House \"Maxwell House\") and [Folgers](/wiki/Folgers \"Folgers\") as well as sang \"The Fabric of Our Lives\" theme for the cotton industry. In 1982, he appeared at the UK's [Glastonbury Festival](/wiki/Glastonbury_Festival \"Glastonbury Festival\"), closing the show on the Sunday night.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ukrockfestivals.com/glastonbury\\-festival\\-1982\\.html\\| title\\= Glastonbury CND festival 1982\\|website\\=UKrockfestivals.com}} He has also made guest appearances on *[Sesame Street](/wiki/Sesame_Street \"Sesame Street\")* from 1974 to 1975\\.", "On June 22, 1990, Richie Havens played at a packed Yankee Stadium concert in honor of Nelson Mandela who had come to New York for three days after Mandela’s release from the South African prison, Robben Island. Other performers at the concert were [Judy Collins](/wiki/Judy_Collins \"Judy Collins\"), [Tracy Chapman](/wiki/Tracy_Chapman \"Tracy Chapman\") and [Mighty Sparrow](/wiki/Mighty_Sparrow \"Mighty Sparrow\").", "In 1993, Havens performed at the [inauguration](/wiki/Inauguration \"Inauguration\") of President [Bill Clinton](/wiki/Bill_Clinton \"Bill Clinton\"). Among the selections was the \"Cotton\" song, made famous by a series of television commercials from the early 1990s.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi\\_qn4158/is\\_20070110/ai\\_n17110649 \\|title\\= Richie Havens \\|last\\= Walsh\\| first\\= Ben \\|website\\= findarticles.com \\|access\\-date\\=October 16, 2007 \\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20071025024501/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi\\_qn4158/is\\_20070110/ai\\_n17110649 \\|archive\\-date\\=October 25, 2007}} In 1999, Havens played at the [Tibetan Freedom Concert](/wiki/Tibetan_Freedom_Concert \"Tibetan Freedom Concert\") for an audience of more than 100,000\\.{{cite web \\| first\\= Raul \\|last\\= Pollicino \\|url\\=http://beastiemania.com/gigog/show.php?g\\=19960616 \\|title\\=Gigography \\|website\\=Beastiemania.com \\|access\\-date\\= November 4, 2011}}", "The release of 1993's *Resume, The Best of Richie Havens*, on [Rhino Records](/wiki/Rhino_Records \"Rhino Records\"), collected his late 1960s and early 1970s recordings.", "Havens played a small role, as a character named Daze, in the film *Street Hunter* (1990\\), starring [John Leguizamo](/wiki/John_Leguizamo \"John Leguizamo\"). He played himself in \"Rock of Ages\", an episode of the TV sitcom *[Married... with Children](/wiki/Married..._with_Children \"Married... with Children\")* (Season 7, Episode 9\\).", "Havens was the 20th living recipient of the Peace Abbey Courage of Conscience Award, presented in [Sherborn](/wiki/Sherborn%2C_Massachusetts \"Sherborn, Massachusetts\"), [Massachusetts](/wiki/Massachusetts \"Massachusetts\"),{{cite web\\| url\\= http://www.peaceabbey.org/cofc\\-award/award\\-recipients/ \\|title\\= The Peace Abbey Courage of Conscience Recipients List\\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20140610041225/http://www.peaceabbey.org/cofc\\-award/award\\-recipients/ \\|archive\\-date\\= June 10, 2014 \\| website\\= peaceabbey.org\\| access\\-date\\= April 22, 2013}} on April 12, 1991\\.", "### Final years", "In 2000, Havens teamed with the [electronic music](/wiki/Electronic_music \"Electronic music\") duo [Groove Armada](/wiki/Groove_Armada \"Groove Armada\") for the retro 1970s\\-style song \"Hands of Time\". The song was featured on the soundtrack of the film *[Collateral](/wiki/Collateral_%28film%29 \"Collateral (film)\")*; that song was also used in the films *[Domino](/wiki/Domino_%282005_film%29 \"Domino (2005 film)\")*, *[A Lot Like Love](/wiki/A_Lot_Like_Love \"A Lot Like Love\")*, *[Tell No One](/wiki/Tell_No_One \"Tell No One\")* and in the [Cold Case](/wiki/Cold_Case \"Cold Case\") episodes [The Badlands](/wiki/The_Badlands \"The Badlands\") \\& [Street Money](/wiki/Street_Money \"Street Money\"). Havens was also featured on \"Little By Little\" and \"Healing\" on the band's third album, *[Goodbye Country](/wiki/Goodbye_Country_%28Hello_Nightclub%29 \"Goodbye Country (Hello Nightclub)\")*.{{cite web\\| url\\= http://www.richiehavens.com/official\\_site/music.html \\|title\\= Guest Appearances \\& Collaborations\\| website\\= RichieHavens.com\\| publisher\\= Richie Havens\\| access\\-date\\= April 22, 2014}}", "In 2000, he published *They Can't Hide Us Anymore,* an autobiography co\\-written with Steve Davidowitz. Havens maintained his status as a folk icon and continued to tour. In 2002 he sang, uncredited, Dylan's \"The Times They Are a Changin'\" in the TV series *[The West Wing](/wiki/The_West_Wing \"The West Wing\")* (Season 4, Episode 7\\).{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0745613/soundtrack\\|title\\= 'The West Wing' Election Night (TV Episode 2002\\) \\|website\\= IMDb.com\\|access\\-date\\=November 10, 2020}} Also in 2002, he released *Wishing Well*, followed by the 2004 album *Grace of the Sun.*", "On February 15, 2003, Havens opened the unprecedented \"The World Says No To War\" in Iraq demonstration in New York City with his iconic \"Freedom.\" As the U.S. stood on the precipice of a \"Shock \\& Awe\" attack on Iraq, tens of millions in more than 800 cities around the world marched against war, leading the New York Times to call these millions the \"world's new superpower.\"", "[thumb\\|left\\|220px\\|Havens playing at The Turning Point in [Piermont, New York](/wiki/Piermont%2C_New_York \"Piermont, New York\"), January 4, 2009](/wiki/File:Richie_havens_at_the_turning_point.JPG \"Richie havens at the turning point.JPG\")", "On October 15, 2006, Havens was inducted into the [Long Island Music Hall of Fame](/wiki/Long_Island_Music_Hall_of_Fame \"Long Island Music Hall of Fame\").{{cite web\\| url\\= http://www.limusichalloffame.org/project/richie\\-havens/ \\|title\\=Richie Havens \\|publisher\\=Long Island Music Hall of Fame \\| website\\= limusichalloffame.org}}{{cite magazine \\|url\\= http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/1559103/richie\\-havens\\-folk\\-and\\-woodstock\\-legend\\-dead\\-at\\-72\\|title\\=Richie Havens, Folk and Woodstock Legend, Dead at 72\\|date\\=April 22, 2013\\|magazine\\=Billboard\\|access\\-date\\=April 22, 2013}}", "In 2007, Havens appeared as Old Man Arvin in the [Todd Haynes](/wiki/Todd_Haynes \"Todd Haynes\") film *[I'm Not There](/wiki/I%27m_Not_There \"I'm Not There\")*. In a front\\-porch jam scene, he is shown singing the Bob Dylan song \"[Tombstone Blues](/wiki/Tombstone_Blues \"Tombstone Blues\")\" with [Marcus Carl Franklin](/wiki/Marcus_Carl_Franklin \"Marcus Carl Franklin\") and [Tyrone Benskin](/wiki/Tyrone_Benskin \"Tyrone Benskin\"). Havens's version of the song also appears on the *I'm Not There* soundtrack. On August 17, 2007, Richie Havens played Bethel Woods Center for the Arts, returning on the 38th Anniversary of Woodstock with Arlo Guthrie.[Times Herald\\-Record \\- http://www.recordonline.com](/wiki/Times_Herald-Record_-_http://www.recordonline.com \"//www.recordonline.com\") In February 2008, Havens performed at [The Jazz Café](/wiki/The_Jazz_Caf%C3%A9 \"The Jazz Café\") in London.", "Havens was invited to perform at the 2008 [Cannes Film Festival](/wiki/Cannes_Film_Festival \"Cannes Film Festival\") opening ceremony. He played \"Freedom\" at the request of the jury president [Sean Penn](/wiki/Sean_Penn \"Sean Penn\"). Havens also performed at the [London, Ontario](/wiki/London%2C_Ontario \"London, Ontario\"), Blues Festival in July 2008\\.{{cite web \\|url\\= http://www.thebluesfest.com/bluesfest\\_london/london\\_artist\\_bios.htm \\|title\\=London Artist Bios \\|website\\=Thebluesfest.com \\|access\\-date\\=November 4, 2011 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20111005114932/http://www.thebluesfest.com/bluesfest\\_london/london\\_artist\\_bios.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=October 5, 2011 }}", "In March 2008, Havens released a new studio album, *Nobody Left To Crown*.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.amazon.com/Nobody\\-Left\\-Crown\\-Richie\\-Havens/dp/B001B2KUCO\\|title\\=Nobody Left to Crown: Richie Havens: Music\\| publisher\\= Amazon\\|access\\-date\\=October 11, 2009\\| last\\= Havens\\| first\\= Richie}} The first single release was the country\\-tinged \"The Key\".{{Citation needed\\|date\\=October 2009}} On August 14, 2009, Richie returned for the 40th Anniversary of Woodstock to play the Bethel Woods Festival. [Times Herald\\-Record \\- http://www.recordonline.com](/wiki/Times_Herald-Record_-_http://www.recordonline.com \"//www.recordonline.com\")", "Havens appeared in the acclaimed 2009 film *[Soundtrack for a Revolution](/wiki/Soundtrack_for_a_Revolution \"Soundtrack for a Revolution\")*, which provided a general history of the modern [Civil Rights Movement](/wiki/Civil_Rights_Movement \"Civil Rights Movement\") and featured modern artists performing many of the era's musical classics. In the film, Havens performed a haunting rendition of \"[Will the Circle Be Unbroken?](/wiki/Will_the_Circle_Be_Unbroken%3F \"Will the Circle Be Unbroken?\")\"{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.soundtrackforarevolutionfilm.com/Home.html \\|title\\=Soundtrack for a Revolution \\|website\\=Soundtrackforarevolutionfilm.com \\|access\\-date\\=March 28, 2012}}", "[thumb\\|220px\\|Havens with journalist Phil Konstantin, on January 25, 2010](/wiki/File:RichieHavensWithPhilKonstantin.jpg \"RichieHavensWithPhilKonstantin.jpg\")\nOn May 3, 2009, Havens performed at the fundraising concert in honor of [Pete Seeger](/wiki/Pete_Seeger \"Pete Seeger\")'s 90th birthday. In June 2009, he performed at the fifth annual [Mountain Jam Festival](/wiki/Mountain_Jam_%28festival%29 \"Mountain Jam (festival)\"). The event, hosted by [The Allman Brothers Band](/wiki/The_Allman_Brothers_Band \"The Allman Brothers Band\") and [Gov't Mule](/wiki/Gov%27t_Mule \"Gov't Mule\") guitarist [Warren Haynes](/wiki/Warren_Haynes \"Warren Haynes\"), was held at the [Hunter Mountain Ski Resort](/wiki/Hunter_Mountain_%28ski_area%29 \"Hunter Mountain (ski area)\") in [Hunter, New York](/wiki/Hunter%2C_New_York \"Hunter, New York\"). As is the tradition, the festival took place on the weekend following [Memorial Day](/wiki/Memorial_Day \"Memorial Day\").", "On June 20, 2009, Havens performed at the [Clearwater Festival](/wiki/Clearwater_Festival \"Clearwater Festival\"). On July 4, 2009, he performed at the Woodstock Tribute festival in [Ramsey, New Jersey](/wiki/Ramsey%2C_New_Jersey \"Ramsey, New Jersey\"). On August 8, 2010, he performed at [Musikfest](/wiki/Musikfest \"Musikfest\") 2010, at Foy Hall at [Moravian College](/wiki/Moravian_College \"Moravian College\") in [Bethlehem](/wiki/Bethlehem%2C_Pennsylvania \"Bethlehem, Pennsylvania\"), [Pennsylvania](/wiki/Pennsylvania \"Pennsylvania\").", "" ]
### Branching into other media Havens continued to release music and tour during the 1980s and 90s. He made advertisements for [NBC](/wiki/NBC "NBC"), [CBS](/wiki/CBS "CBS") and [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company "American Broadcasting Company"),{{cite web \|url\=http://www.80stvthemes.com/promos/ \|title\=The '80s TV Theme SuperSite: Promos (NBC) \|website\=80stvthemes.com \|access\-date\=November 4, 2011 \|archive\-date\=September 27, 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927072400/http://www.80stvthemes.com/promos/ \|url\-status\=dead }}{{better source needed\|date\=July 2022}} and commercials for [Amtrak](/wiki/Amtrak "Amtrak") and for [Coca\-Cola](/wiki/Coca-Cola "Coca-Cola"). Havens also did corporate commercial work for [Maxwell House Coffee](/wiki/Maxwell_House "Maxwell House") and [Folgers](/wiki/Folgers "Folgers") as well as sang "The Fabric of Our Lives" theme for the cotton industry. In 1982, he appeared at the UK's [Glastonbury Festival](/wiki/Glastonbury_Festival "Glastonbury Festival"), closing the show on the Sunday night.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.ukrockfestivals.com/glastonbury\-festival\-1982\.html\| title\= Glastonbury CND festival 1982\|website\=UKrockfestivals.com}} He has also made guest appearances on *[Sesame Street](/wiki/Sesame_Street "Sesame Street")* from 1974 to 1975\. On June 22, 1990, Richie Havens played at a packed Yankee Stadium concert in honor of Nelson Mandela who had come to New York for three days after Mandela’s release from the South African prison, Robben Island. Other performers at the concert were [Judy Collins](/wiki/Judy_Collins "Judy Collins"), [Tracy Chapman](/wiki/Tracy_Chapman "Tracy Chapman") and [Mighty Sparrow](/wiki/Mighty_Sparrow "Mighty Sparrow"). In 1993, Havens performed at the [inauguration](/wiki/Inauguration "Inauguration") of President [Bill Clinton](/wiki/Bill_Clinton "Bill Clinton"). Among the selections was the "Cotton" song, made famous by a series of television commercials from the early 1990s.{{cite web \|url\=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi\_qn4158/is\_20070110/ai\_n17110649 \|title\= Richie Havens \|last\= Walsh\| first\= Ben \|website\= findarticles.com \|access\-date\=October 16, 2007 \|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20071025024501/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi\_qn4158/is\_20070110/ai\_n17110649 \|archive\-date\=October 25, 2007}} In 1999, Havens played at the [Tibetan Freedom Concert](/wiki/Tibetan_Freedom_Concert "Tibetan Freedom Concert") for an audience of more than 100,000\.{{cite web \| first\= Raul \|last\= Pollicino \|url\=http://beastiemania.com/gigog/show.php?g\=19960616 \|title\=Gigography \|website\=Beastiemania.com \|access\-date\= November 4, 2011}} The release of 1993's *Resume, The Best of Richie Havens*, on [Rhino Records](/wiki/Rhino_Records "Rhino Records"), collected his late 1960s and early 1970s recordings. Havens played a small role, as a character named Daze, in the film *Street Hunter* (1990\), starring [John Leguizamo](/wiki/John_Leguizamo "John Leguizamo"). He played himself in "Rock of Ages", an episode of the TV sitcom *[Married... with Children](/wiki/Married..._with_Children "Married... with Children")* (Season 7, Episode 9\). Havens was the 20th living recipient of the Peace Abbey Courage of Conscience Award, presented in [Sherborn](/wiki/Sherborn%2C_Massachusetts "Sherborn, Massachusetts"), [Massachusetts](/wiki/Massachusetts "Massachusetts"),{{cite web\| url\= http://www.peaceabbey.org/cofc\-award/award\-recipients/ \|title\= The Peace Abbey Courage of Conscience Recipients List\| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20140610041225/http://www.peaceabbey.org/cofc\-award/award\-recipients/ \|archive\-date\= June 10, 2014 \| website\= peaceabbey.org\| access\-date\= April 22, 2013}} on April 12, 1991\.
[ "### Branching into other media", "Havens continued to release music and tour during the 1980s and 90s. He made advertisements for [NBC](/wiki/NBC \"NBC\"), [CBS](/wiki/CBS \"CBS\") and [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company \"American Broadcasting Company\"),{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.80stvthemes.com/promos/ \\|title\\=The '80s TV Theme SuperSite: Promos (NBC) \\|website\\=80stvthemes.com \\|access\\-date\\=November 4, 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\=September 27, 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927072400/http://www.80stvthemes.com/promos/ \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}{{better source needed\\|date\\=July 2022}} and commercials for [Amtrak](/wiki/Amtrak \"Amtrak\") and for [Coca\\-Cola](/wiki/Coca-Cola \"Coca-Cola\"). Havens also did corporate commercial work for [Maxwell House Coffee](/wiki/Maxwell_House \"Maxwell House\") and [Folgers](/wiki/Folgers \"Folgers\") as well as sang \"The Fabric of Our Lives\" theme for the cotton industry. In 1982, he appeared at the UK's [Glastonbury Festival](/wiki/Glastonbury_Festival \"Glastonbury Festival\"), closing the show on the Sunday night.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ukrockfestivals.com/glastonbury\\-festival\\-1982\\.html\\| title\\= Glastonbury CND festival 1982\\|website\\=UKrockfestivals.com}} He has also made guest appearances on *[Sesame Street](/wiki/Sesame_Street \"Sesame Street\")* from 1974 to 1975\\.", "On June 22, 1990, Richie Havens played at a packed Yankee Stadium concert in honor of Nelson Mandela who had come to New York for three days after Mandela’s release from the South African prison, Robben Island. Other performers at the concert were [Judy Collins](/wiki/Judy_Collins \"Judy Collins\"), [Tracy Chapman](/wiki/Tracy_Chapman \"Tracy Chapman\") and [Mighty Sparrow](/wiki/Mighty_Sparrow \"Mighty Sparrow\").", "In 1993, Havens performed at the [inauguration](/wiki/Inauguration \"Inauguration\") of President [Bill Clinton](/wiki/Bill_Clinton \"Bill Clinton\"). Among the selections was the \"Cotton\" song, made famous by a series of television commercials from the early 1990s.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi\\_qn4158/is\\_20070110/ai\\_n17110649 \\|title\\= Richie Havens \\|last\\= Walsh\\| first\\= Ben \\|website\\= findarticles.com \\|access\\-date\\=October 16, 2007 \\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20071025024501/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi\\_qn4158/is\\_20070110/ai\\_n17110649 \\|archive\\-date\\=October 25, 2007}} In 1999, Havens played at the [Tibetan Freedom Concert](/wiki/Tibetan_Freedom_Concert \"Tibetan Freedom Concert\") for an audience of more than 100,000\\.{{cite web \\| first\\= Raul \\|last\\= Pollicino \\|url\\=http://beastiemania.com/gigog/show.php?g\\=19960616 \\|title\\=Gigography \\|website\\=Beastiemania.com \\|access\\-date\\= November 4, 2011}}", "The release of 1993's *Resume, The Best of Richie Havens*, on [Rhino Records](/wiki/Rhino_Records \"Rhino Records\"), collected his late 1960s and early 1970s recordings.", "Havens played a small role, as a character named Daze, in the film *Street Hunter* (1990\\), starring [John Leguizamo](/wiki/John_Leguizamo \"John Leguizamo\"). He played himself in \"Rock of Ages\", an episode of the TV sitcom *[Married... with Children](/wiki/Married..._with_Children \"Married... with Children\")* (Season 7, Episode 9\\).", "Havens was the 20th living recipient of the Peace Abbey Courage of Conscience Award, presented in [Sherborn](/wiki/Sherborn%2C_Massachusetts \"Sherborn, Massachusetts\"), [Massachusetts](/wiki/Massachusetts \"Massachusetts\"),{{cite web\\| url\\= http://www.peaceabbey.org/cofc\\-award/award\\-recipients/ \\|title\\= The Peace Abbey Courage of Conscience Recipients List\\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20140610041225/http://www.peaceabbey.org/cofc\\-award/award\\-recipients/ \\|archive\\-date\\= June 10, 2014 \\| website\\= peaceabbey.org\\| access\\-date\\= April 22, 2013}} on April 12, 1991\\.", "" ]
Chronology ---------- ### Prelude #### 3 July military coup On 3 July, General [Abdel Fattah el\-Sisi](/wiki/Abdel_Fattah_el-Sisi "Abdel Fattah el-Sisi"), head of the Egyptian Armed Forces, announced that he there would be calling new presidential and Shura Council elections. The coalition appointed Chief Justice [Adly Mansour](/wiki/Adli_Mansour "Adli Mansour") as the interim president and charged him with forming a transitional [technocratic](/wiki/Technocracy "Technocracy") government.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world\-middle\-east\-23173794 \|title\=Egypt's Shura Council dissolved: Judicial source \|publisher\=Bbc.co.uk \|date\=4 July 2013\|access\-date\=6 July 2013}} Military vehicles drove throughout Cairo. Morsi was put under house arrest, and was believed to be at the [Republican Guard](/wiki/Republican_Guard_%28Egypt%29 "Republican Guard (Egypt)") barracks.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/07/20137319828176718\.html \|title\=President Morsi overthrown in Egypt \|publisher\=Al Jazeera \|access\-date\=3 July 2013}} According to other sources he was taken to a military base and his travel was restricted.{{cite news\|title\=Morsi taken from presidential palace to military base \|url\=http://www.upi.com/Top\_News/World\-News/2013/07/03/Report\-Morsi\-taken\-from\-presidential\-palace\-to\-military\-base/UPI\-43551372830618/?spt\=hs∨\=tn\|work\=United Press International\|access\-date\=3 July 2013}} Army troops and tanks were reported to have surrounded key facilities and installations.{{cite web \|author\=HAMZA HENDAWI and MAGGIE MICHAEL \|url\=http://talkingpointsmemo.com/news/egyptian\-troops\-surround\-pro\-morsi\-ralliers\-key\-facilities.php \|title\=Egyptian Troops Surround Pro\-Morsi Ralliers, Key Facilities \|publisher\=Talkingpointsmemo.com \|date\=3 July 2013 \|access\-date\=3 July 2013 \|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20130703190702/http://talkingpointsmemo.com/news/egyptian\-troops\-surround\-pro\-morsi\-ralliers\-key\-facilities.php \|archive\-date\=3 July 2013 \|url\-status\=dead }} At noon, the Republican Guard, who had Morsi in their care, left his side to allow Army commandos to take him to an undisclosed Ministry of Defence building. He offered no resistance. General al\-Sisi said: "The president's speech last night failed to meet and conform with the demands \[of the people, prompting the armed forces to consult] with some of the symbols of the national forces and the youths without excluding anyone. \[They agreed on a road map] that includes initial steps that realize the building of a strong and coherent Egyptian society that does not exclude any of its sons and currents and that end the state of conflict and division."{{cite news\|last\=El \|first\=Tarek \|url\=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013\-07\-03/mursi\-proposes\-power\-sharing\-as\-egypt\-army\-deadline\-approaches.html \|title\=Mursi Ousted as Egypt's President; Constitution Suspended \|publisher\=Bloomberg \|access\-date\=3 July 2013}} He added the army was standing apart from the political process but was using its vision as the Egyptian people were calling for help and discharged its responsibility.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/07/201373203740167797\.html \|title\=Transcript: Egypt's army statement \|publisher\=Al Jazeera \|access\-date\=3 July 2013}} Al\-Sisi named former Chief Justice [Adli Mansour](/wiki/Adli_Mansour "Adli Mansour") as the interim president and added that he would be sworn in on 4 July. The [Shura Council](/wiki/Shura_Council "Shura Council") was also dissolved.{{cite web\|url\=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/75668/Egypt/Politics\-/Egypts\-Shura\-Council\-dissolved\-Judicial\-source.aspx \|title\=Egypt's Shura Council dissolved: Judicial source – Politics – Egypt – Ahram Online \|publisher\=English.ahram.org.eg \|date\=23 April 2013 \|access\-date\=6 July 2013}} Morsi condemned his removal as a "full coup" by the general. He also urged everyone to "adhere to peacefulness and avoid shedding blood of fellow countrymen."{{cite news\|title\=Egypt's Army Ousts Morsi, Who Calls It A 'Coup' \|url\=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId\=198226951 \|newspaper\=NPR \|date\=4 July 2013 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130707163525/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId\=198226951 \|archive\-date\=7 July 2013 }} The Office of Assistant to President of Egypt on Foreign Relations called Morsi's removal a "military coup",{{cite web\|title\=Morsi advisor: Military coup is under way in Egypt\|url\=http://www.itv.com/news/update/2013\-07\-03/morsi\-advisor\-military\-coup\-is\-under\-way\-in\-egypt/\|publisher\=ITV\|access\-date\=3 July 2013}}{{cite web\|title\=Supporters of Egyptian president say military coup is underway\|url\=http://worldnews.nbcnews.com/\_news/2013/07/03/19261466\-supporters\-of\-egyptian\-president\-say\-military\-coup\-is\-underway?lite?ocid\=twitter\|publisher\=NBC News\|access\-date\=3 July 2013}} and said "there is no democracy without the ballot box".Murphy, Dan. "[Egypt's Muslim Brotherhood and Morsi have their backs to the wall,"](http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Backchannels/2013/0703/Egypt-s-Muslim-Brotherhood-and-Morsi-have-their-backs-to-the-wall) *[Christian Science Monitor](/wiki/Christian_Science_Monitor "Christian Science Monitor")*, 3 July 2013 The announcement of the removal of Morsi was met with cheers in Tahrir Square.{{cite news\|last\=Bradley \|first\=Matt \|url\=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887323899704578583191518313964 \|title\=Morsi Ousted By Egypt Military \|work\=The Wall Street Journal \|access\-date\=3 July 2013 \|date\=4 July 2013}} Anti\-Morsi protesters shouted "[Allahu akbar](/wiki/Allahu_akbar "Allahu akbar")" and "Long live Egypt" and launched fireworks as green laser lights held by those in the crowd lit the sky.{{cite news\|title\=Army tightens grip as Egypt awaits final move\|url\=https://news.yahoo.com/army\-tightens\-grip\-egypt\-awaits\-final\-move\-180230573\.html;\_ylt\=AwrNUbH0PtVRUQIAwTHQtDMD\|access\-date\=4 July 2013\|work\=Yahoo News\|date\=4 July 2013}} Mohamed el\-Baradei says the coup was to rectify the issues of the revolution. The [Coptic Pope](/wiki/Pope_of_the_Coptic_Orthodox_Church_of_Alexandria "Pope of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria") [Tawadros II](/wiki/Tawadros_II "Tawadros II"), [Grand Imam of al\-Azhar](/wiki/Grand_Imam_of_al-Azhar "Grand Imam of al-Azhar") [Ahmed el\-Tayeb](/wiki/Ahmed_el-Tayeb "Ahmed el-Tayeb"), [Mohamed ElBaradei](/wiki/Mohamed_ElBaradei "Mohamed ElBaradei"){{cite news\|title\=Egypt military unveils transitional roadmap\|url\=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/75631/Egypt/Politics\-/Egypt\-military\-unveils\-transitional\-roadmap.aspx\|access\-date\=3 July 2013\|work\=Ahram Online\|date\=3 July 2013}} and some of the youth leaders of [Tamarod](/wiki/Tamarod "Tamarod"), [Mahmoud Badr](/wiki/Mahmoud_Badr "Mahmoud Badr") and Mohamed Abdelaziz, spoke in support of the military intervention. The [al\-Nour party](/wiki/Al-Nour_party "Al-Nour party") also commented in saying that the events occurred as they were not heard in their call for dialogue. Party Secretary\-General [Galal Murra](/wiki/Galal_Murra "Galal Murra") commented that: "we took this position (on agreeing to the army political road map) and we took these decisions only so we stop the bloodshed of our people."{{cite web\|url\=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/07/201373193715857906\.html \|title\=Egyptians react to Morsi's removal \|publisher\=Al Jazeera English \|access\-date\=6 July 2013}} Pro\-Morsi protesters heard a statement from Morsi, which was published on his Facebook page. He called the move a "coup" and rejected the Armed Forces' statement. The Freedom and Justice Party's Gamal Heshmat said: "There is absolutely no direction towards violence. The Brotherhood are not raised on violence. Their cause is a peaceful one, defending their rights, which is stronger than a "military coup". The army has perpetrated a "shameful coup". We are still in the street, we still don't know if all of the armed forces will accept what Sisi has done."{{cite news\|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\-egypt\-protests\-reaction\-idUSBRE9621F720130703?feedType\=RSSM \|title\=Egypt's Brotherhood will not use violence: senior leader \|publisher\=Reuters \|date\=3 July 2013\|access\-date\=6 July 2013 \|first\=Tom \|last\=Perry}} A party spokesman said that what started as a military coup was "turning into something much more."{{cite news\|url\=http://edition.cnn.com/2013/07/05/world/meast/egypt\-coup/index.html \|title\=26 dead, more than 850 wounded as post\-coup violence hits Egypt\|work\=CNN\|date\=5 July 2013\|access\-date\=29 July 2013}} The [National Salvation Front](/wiki/National_Salvation_Front_%28Egypt%29 "National Salvation Front (Egypt)"), an alliance of multiple political parties, stated on 4 July that "what Egypt is witnessing now is not a military coup by any standards. It was a necessary decision that the Armed Forces' leadership took to protect democracy, maintain the country's unity and integrity, restore stability and get back on track towards achieving the goals of the January 25 Revolution."{{cite news\|title\=Egypt's National Salvation Front: It is not a coup\|url\=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/75683/Egypt/Politics\-/Egypts\-National\-Salvation\-Front\-It\-is\-not\-a\-coup.aspx\|access\-date\=6 July 2013\|newspaper\=Ahram Online\|date\=4 July 2013}} #### 4 July [Adly Mansour](/wiki/Adly_Mansour "Adly Mansour"), Chief Justice of the [Supreme Constitutional Court of Egypt](/wiki/Supreme_Constitutional_Court_of_Egypt "Supreme Constitutional Court of Egypt"), was sworn in as interim president. Mansour gave a speech in which he praised demonstrators for toppling the government, saying, "I offer my greetings to the revolutionary people of Egypt."{{cite news \|url\=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013\-07\-04/middle\-east/40370508\_1\_tahrir\-square\-supreme\-constitutional\-court\-egypt\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130707090741/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013\-07\-04/middle\-east/40370508\_1\_tahrir\-square\-supreme\-constitutional\-court\-egypt\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=7 July 2013\|title\=Egypt: Chief justice Adly Mansour sworn in as interim president\|agency\=Associated Press\|date\=4 July 2013\|work\=\[\[The Times of India]]\|access\-date\=6 July 2013}} Violence continued with over 100 people wounded and at least two deaths, believed to be that of children.{{cite news\|url\=http://edition.cnn.com/2013/07/05/world/meast/egypt\-coup/index.html \|title\=26 dead, more than 850 wounded as post\-coup violence hits Egypt\|publisher\=CNN\|date\=5 July 2013\|access\-date\=29 July 2013}} The Muslim Brotherhood's spokesman called for "strictly peaceful" protests to defy (according to his description) the military coup.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.voanews.com/content/article/1695591\.html\|title\=Egypt Braces for New Round of Protests\|publisher\=VOA\|access\-date\=6 July 2013\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130706001520/http://www.voanews.com/content/article/1695591\.html\|archive\-date\=6 July 2013\|url\-status\=dead}} #### 5 July: "Friday of Rejection" [thumb\|Supporters of the ousted President Morsi demonstrate in [Damietta](/wiki/Damietta "Damietta") on 5 July](/wiki/File:Damietta_protests.jpg "Damietta protests.jpg") [Muslim Brotherhood](/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood_in_Egypt "Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt") members and sympathizers rallied across Egypt for what they dubbed a "Friday of Rejection" on 5 July, demanding the reinstatement of Morsi as president. Clashes with police and soldiers turned deadly in some areas, with reported instances of troops firing live ammunition into crowds of protesters. At least 36 were killed and more than 1,000 were injured.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle\-east/mohamed\-elbaradei\-to\-become\-egyptian\-pm\-as\-36\-killed\-after\-muslim\-brotherhoods\-day\-of\-rage\-ends\-in\-bloodshed\-in\-cairo\-8690873\.html\|title\=Mohamed ElBaradei to become Egyptian PM as 37 killed after Muslim Brotherhood's 'Day of Rage' ends in bloodshed in Cairo\|work\=The Independent\|date\=6 July 2013\|access\-date\=6 July 2013\|location\=London\|first\=Kim\|last\=Sengupta}} [Protesters](/wiki/Protesters "Protesters") reportedly attacked a police station and military airbase in the [North Sinai Governorate](/wiki/North_Sinai_Governorate "North Sinai Governorate"), as well as the governorate headquarters, resulting in casualties on both sides.{{cite news\|url\=http://allafrica.com/stories/201307060189\.html\|title\=Egypt: 16 Protesters Injured in Attempt to Storm North Sinai Governorate Hq\|date\=5 July 2013\|access\-date\=6 July 2013\|work\=allAfrica}} Palestinian officials in Gaza also said that the Egyptian Armed Forces had shut the [Rafah border crossing](/wiki/Rafah_border_crossing "Rafah border crossing") and that only certain people, such as patients and students, would be allowed through. Egyptian Intelligence Service official Nader al\-Asar telephoned Palestinian Prime Minister in Gaza [Ismail Haniyeh](/wiki/Ismail_Haniyeh "Ismail Haniyeh") on the afternoon of 5 July and Haniyeh briefed him about the humanitarian crisis in Gaza as a result of the restrictions on tunnels and the Rafah crossing.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.middleeastmonitor.com/news/middle\-east/6478\-egyptian\-army\-demands\-closure\-of\-rafah\-crossing\#sthash.4gBn1njS.dpuf \|title\=Egyptian army demands closure of Rafah Crossing \|work\=Middle East Monitor \|access\-date\=6 July 2013 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927151622/http://www.middleeastmonitor.com/news/middle\-east/6478\-egyptian\-army\-demands\-closure\-of\-rafah\-crossing\#sthash.4gBn1njS.dpuf \|archive\-date\=27 September 2013 \|url\-status\=dead }} Leaders from the protest movement [Tamarod](/wiki/Tamarod "Tamarod") and the [National Salvation Front](/wiki/National_Salvation_Front_%28Egypt%29 "National Salvation Front (Egypt)") urged demonstrators to "protect their revolutionary legitimacy" and resist unnamed "foreign forces" and supporters of Morsi who might stage a "counter\-revolution" in Egypt.{{cite news \|url\=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/75806/Egypt/Politics\-/Egypts\-Rebel,\-NSF\-urge\-protesters\-to\-protect\-revol.aspx\|work\=Al\-Ahram \|title\=Egypt's Rebel, NSF urge protesters to protect revolution as clashes erupt near Cairo's Tahrir\|access\-date\=6 July 2013\|date\=5 July 2013}} Police also announced the arrest of [Khairat El\-Shater](/wiki/Khairat_El-Shater "Khairat El-Shater"), a figure in the Muslim Brotherhood.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/egypt\-brotherhood\-deputy\-leader\-khairat\-al\-shater\-arrested.aspx?pageID\=238\&nID\=50151\&NewsCatID\=352\|title\=Egypt Brotherhood deputy leader Khairat al\-Shater arrested\|work\=Hurriyet Daily News\|date\=6 July 2013 \|access\-date\=6 July 2013}} #### 6 July [Mohamed ElBaradei](/wiki/Mohamed_ElBaradei "Mohamed ElBaradei") was reportedly appointed prime minister by [acting President Mansour](/wiki/Adly_Mansour "Adly Mansour"), over the objections of Islamists.{{cite news \|url\=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/07/201376165715352978\.html\|title\=Elbaradei appointed as Egypt's interim PM\|publisher\=Al Jazeera\|date\=6 July 2013 \|access\-date\=6 July 2013}} The announcement of ElBaradei's appointment was later retracted, with a spokesman for the president saying no decision had been made on whether ElBaradei or somebody else would be named prime minister.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo\-way/2013/07/06/199405086/reports\-elbaradei\-to\-be\-egypts\-prime\-minister\|title\=ElBaradei Appointment As Egypt's Prime Minister Uncertain\|date\=6 July 2013\|access\-date\=7 July 2013\|publisher\=National Public Radio}} Ahmed Douma, a dissident jailed for "insulting" [President Morsi](/wiki/Mohamed_Morsi "Mohamed Morsi") and inciting violence against the [Muslim Brotherhood](/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood "Muslim Brotherhood") during protests earlier in the year, was released from custody pending a court verdict.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2013/07/06/doma\-released\-from\-custody/\|title\=Doma released from custody\|date\=6 July 2013\|access\-date\=6 July 2013\|work\=Daily News Egypt}} Meanwhile, clashes continued on the [Sinai Peninsula](/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula "Sinai Peninsula"), with a Coptic Christian priest shot to death by masked gunmen. Pro\-Morsi supporters continued their sit\-in in front of the [Rabia Al\-Adawiya Mosque](/wiki/Rabia_Al-Adawiya_Mosque "Rabia Al-Adawiya Mosque") in [Nasr City](/wiki/Nasr_City "Nasr City"), a suburb of [Cairo](/wiki/Cairo "Cairo"), demanding the reinstatement of the former president.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/07/20137614383778288\.html \|publisher\=Al Jazeera\|title\=Morsi supporters mass in Cairo's Nasr City\|date\=6 July 2013\|access\-date\=6 July 2013}} #### 7 July Negotiations continued over the prime ministerial appointment, with reports suggesting the [Al\-Nour Party](/wiki/Al-Nour_Party "Al-Nour Party") had objected to ElBaradei's appointment and representatives of the Tamarod movement continuing to push for it. Meanwhile, a message from [Mohammed Badie](/wiki/Mohammed_Badie "Mohammed Badie") appeared on the Muslim Brotherhood's [Facebook](/wiki/Facebook "Facebook") page accusing coup leaders of "flagrant violations against the Egyptian people", those opposed to the rule of Morsi mobilized for another day of rallying in [Tahrir Square](/wiki/Tahrir_Square "Tahrir Square").{{cite news\|url\=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId\=199644718\|title\=Egypt Mobilizes For More Street Protests\|agency\=Associated Press\|date\=7 July 2013\|access\-date\=7 July 2013}} Huge demonstrations against the military coup, also occurred in manned makeshift roadblocks in Cairo and the Nasr City suburb in Cairo.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.foxnews.com/world/2013/07/07/supporters\-opponents\-egypt\-ousted\-president\-mobilize\-for\-more\-protests/\|title\=Thousands gather as Muslim Brotherhood, opponents call for rallies in Egypt\|date\=7 July 2013\|access\-date\=7 July 2013\|publisher\=Fox News}} ### July 2013 #### 8 July {{main\|Republican Guard headquarters clashes}} [thumb\|Major mass protester killings in Cairo during pro\-Morsi\-protests, raided or dispersed by security forces after the military coup of July 2013:*[Egypt: No Acknowledgment or Justice for Mass Protester Killings Set Up a Fact\-Finding Committee as a First Step](https://web.archive.org/web/20131225211942/http://www.cihrs.org/?p=7670&lang=en)*. Cairo Institute for Human Rights Studies, 10 December 2013, archived from the [original](http://www.cihrs.org/?p=7670&lang=en) on 25 December 2013\.*[Egypt: No Acknowledgment or Justice for Mass Protester Killings](https://web.archive.org/web/20131213084329/http://www.hrw.org/news/2013/12/10/egypt-no-acknowledgment-or-justice-mass-protester-killings)*. Human Rights Watch, 10 December 2013, archived from the [original](https://www.hrw.org/news/2013/12/10/egypt-no-acknowledgment-or-justice-mass-protester-killings) on 25 December 2013\. **8 July**: outside the Republican Guard Club headquarters **27 July**: Nasr Street and sit\-in at Rabaa Al\-Adawiya Mosque **14 August**: sit\-ins at Rabaa Al\-Adawiya Mosque and Nahda Square **16 August**: Ramsis Square and marches en route (including 15 May Bridge) **6 October**: marches headed from Dokki and Ramsis towards Tahrir Square](/wiki/File:Cairo-pro-Mursi-protests_July-August_2013.jpg "Cairo-pro-Mursi-protests July-August 2013.jpg") According to the Forensic Medical Authority, at least 61 protesters were killed and more than 435 injured, in what was deemed a massacre by the [Muslim Brotherhood](/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood_in_Egypt "Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt") and those opposed to the [coup](/wiki/2013_Egyptian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat "2013 Egyptian coup d'état") when police fired on their sit\-in during dawn prayers.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.hrw.org/news/2014/08/12/egypt\-raba\-killings\-likely\-crimes\-against\-humanity\|title\=Egypt: Rab'a Killings Likely Crimes against Humanity\|date\=12 August 2014\|website\=Human Rights Watch}}{{cite news\|url\=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/07/20137821320932698\.html\|title\=Egypt's Brotherhood alleges Cairo massacre\|date\=8 July 2013\|access\-date\=7 July 2013\|publisher\=Al Jazeera}} According to the army, "terrorists" tried to storm the compound, leading to the death of an officer.{{cite news\|title\=At least 42 killed in Egypt, Islamists call for uprising\|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\-egypt\-protests\-idUSBRE95Q0NO20130708\|access\-date\=8 July 2013 \|publisher\=Reuters\|date\=8 July 2013}} MP [Mohamed Beltagy](/wiki/Mohamed_Beltagy "Mohamed Beltagy") described the incident as a "massacre" during dawn prayers. After the incident, the Freedom and Justice Party, called for "the international community and international groups and all the free people of the world \[to] intervene to stop further massacres \[...] and prevent a new Syria in the Arab world."{{cite web\|url\=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/07/20137872812532255\.html\|title\=Muslim Brotherhood calls for Egypt uprising\|publisher\=Al Jazeera\|date\=8 July 2013\|access\-date\=28 July 2013}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/07/20137884857657920\.html\|title\=Reactions to Cairo shootings\|publisher\=Al Jazeera\|date\=8 July 2013\|access\-date\=28 July 2013}} At the same time, Morsi supporters were said by the military of having forced two soldiers, Samir Abdallah Ali and Azzam Hazem Ali, to make pro\-Morsi statements on a loudspeaker and that one of them was "severely beaten up" and filmed while making the statements. However, an army official later said that they had "managed to escape their captors."{{cite web \|url\=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/07/20137891839289850\.html\|title\=Seized Egyptian soldiers escape\|publisher\=Al Jazeera\|date\=8 July 2013\|access\-date\=28 July 2013}} The Nour Party announced it would not participate in the political transition due to the "massacre", and former Muslim Brotherhood member, moderate Islamist, and 2012 presidential candidate [Abdel Moneim Aboul Fotouh](/wiki/Abdel_Moneim_Aboul_Fotouh "Abdel Moneim Aboul Fotouh") called for Mansour to resign. Meanwhile, Mansour issued a proposed timetable for elections to occur within six months.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/08/egypt\-braced\-violence\-morsi\-supporters\|title\='Massacre' of Morsi supporters leaves Egypt braced for new violence\|work\=The Guardian\|date\=8 July 2013\|access\-date\=11 July 2013\|location\=London\|first1\=Ian\|last1\=Black\|first2\=Patrick\|last2\=Kingsley}} Following reports that many [fighters in Syria](/wiki/Foreign_rebel_fighters_in_the_Syrian_civil_war "Foreign rebel fighters in the Syrian civil war") were returning in support of the Muslim Brotherhood, Egypt placed restrictions on Syrians entering the country and required them to obtain visas before entering the country.[Syria's ruling party elects new command](https://archive.today/20130710024646/http://www.sfgate.com/news/world/article/Syria-s-ruling-party-elects-new-command-amid-war-4651842.php) #### 9 July [Amnesty International](/wiki/Amnesty_International "Amnesty International") urged the Egyptian government to probe the "massacre" of the previous day. The army continued to deny it used excessive force, claiming police and troops responded to aggression by armed protesters.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/middle\-east\-live/2013/jul/09/egypt\-urged\-to\-investigate\-death\-morsi\-supporters\-live\|work\=The Guardian\|date\=9 July 2013\|access\-date\=11 July 2013\|title\=Egypt urged to investigate deaths of Morsi supporters \|location\=London}} Tamarod posted on [Twitter](/wiki/Twitter "Twitter") that "Mansour's maneuvers will create a new dictatorship", rejecting the proposed election timetable.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L\-4402895,00\.html\|title\=Egyptian Tamarod movement rejects interim president's timetable\|publisher\=Agence France\-Presse \|date\=9 July 2013\|access\-date\=11 July 2013}} Mohamed ElBaradei and [Hazem Al Beblawi](/wiki/Hazem_Al_Beblawi "Hazem Al Beblawi") were named vice president and prime minister for the interim government respectively by Mansour.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/07/09/mohamed\-el\-baradei\-vice\-president\_n\_3567139\.html\|agency\=Associated Press \|title\=Mohamed El Baradei Appointed as Egypt's Vice President, Hazem Al Bablawi Becomes Prime Minister\|date\=9 July 2013\|access\-date\=11 July 2013\|work\=Huffington Post}} #### 10 July [Ramadan](/wiki/Ramadan "Ramadan") began in Egypt. The Muslim Brotherhood again rejected overtures to participate in the transitional government. Arrest warrants were issued for [Mohammed Badie](/wiki/Mohammed_Badie "Mohammed Badie") and other top Muslim Brotherhood officials.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.cnn.com/2013/07/10/world/meast/egypt\-coup\|publisher\=CNN\|title\=Egypt unrest: Ramadan begins and the military asks for trust\|date\=10 July 2013\|access\-date\=11 July 2013}} The Investigative Reporting Program at the [University of California at Berkeley](/wiki/University_of_California_at_Berkeley "University of California at Berkeley") reported that a State Department programme ostensibly to support democracy provided funds to activists and politicians for fomenting unrest in Egypt after the ouster of President Hosni Mubarak in February 2011\.{{cite web\|author\=Emad Mekay \|url\=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2013/07/2013710113522489801\.html \|title\=Exclusive: US bankrolled anti\-Morsi activists \|publisher\=Al Jazeera\|date\=10 July 2013\|access\-date\=28 July 2013}} #### 11 July The [United States](/wiki/United_States "United States") formally placed financial aid to Egypt under review.{{cite news\|url\=http://worldnews.nbcnews.com/\_news/2013/07/11/19411926\-us\-reviews\-egypt\-aid\-as\-arab\-nations\-pour\-12\-billion\-into\-post\-morsi\-regime?lite\|publisher\=NBC News\|title\=US reviews Egypt aid as Arab nations pour $12 billion into post\-Morsi regime\|date\=11 July 2013\|access\-date\=11 July 2013}} The Muslim Brotherhood vowed to continue its resistance to the military's ouster of Morsi. In a statement it disavowed itself from an assassination attempt against a senior army commander in the Sinai Peninsula on 10 July and said it adheres to peaceful measures. The statement also read: "We will continue our peaceful resistance to the bloody military coup against constitutional legitimacy. We trust that the peaceful and popular will of the people shall triumph over force and oppression."{{cite web\|url\=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/07/201371113239887638\.html\|title\=Egypt's Brotherhood vows to keep defying coup\|publisher\=Al Jazeera\|date\=11 July 2013\|access\-date\=28 July 2013}} Public prosecutor Hisham Barakat issued a temporary freeze on the assets of senior leaders of the Muslim Brotherhood,{{cite news\|title\=Egypt 'freezes assets' of Muslim Brotherhood leaders\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world\-middle\-east\-23308838\|access\-date\=28 July 2013\|publisher\=BBC News\|date\=14 July 2013}} as well as senior members of the [National Coalition for Supporting Legitimacy](/wiki/National_Coalition_for_Supporting_Legitimacy "National Coalition for Supporting Legitimacy"), pending investigations in ongoing cases related to events in al\-Mokatam, al\-Nahda square and the Republican Guards Club. The freeze affects the senior Muslim Brotherhood leaders [Mohammed Badie](/wiki/Mohammed_Badie "Mohammed Badie"), [Khairat el\-Shater](/wiki/Khairat_el-Shater "Khairat el-Shater"), Mohamed Ezat, Mahi Ekef, [Saad El\-Katatni](/wiki/Saad_El-Katatni "Saad El-Katatni"), [Essam el\-Erian](/wiki/Essam_el-Erian "Essam el-Erian") and [Mohamed Beltagy](/wiki/Mohamed_Beltagy "Mohamed Beltagy"), as well as the politicians Essam Sultan, Assem Abdul Majed, Safwat Hegazy and [Hazem Abu Ismail](/wiki/Hazem_Salah_Abu_Ismail "Hazem Salah Abu Ismail").{{cite web\|title\=Egypt freezes Muslim Brotherhood funds\|url\=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/07/2013714145744713127\.html\|access\-date\=28 July 2013\|publisher\=Al Jazeera \|date\=14 July 2013}} #### 12–23 July On 13 July, Egyptian prosecutors announced a criminal investigation of Morsi for "spying, inciting violence and ruining the economy".{{cite news \|url\=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/egypt\-announces\-criminal\-investigation\-of\-morsi.aspx?pageID\=517\&nID\=50637\&NewsCatID\=352\|title\=Egypt announces criminal investigation of Morsi\|publisher\=Reuters\|date\=13 July 2013\|access\-date\=15 July 2013}} Two days later, General [Abdul Fattah al\-Sisi](/wiki/Abdul_Fattah_al-Sisi "Abdul Fattah al-Sisi") spoke on state television for the first time since the coup to defend the army's actions. [Mohamed ElBaradei](/wiki/Mohamed_ElBaradei "Mohamed ElBaradei") was also sworn in as interim vice president the same day, while the assets of 14 prominent Islamists,{{who\|date\=July 2013}} including [Mohammed Badie](/wiki/Mohammed_Badie "Mohammed Badie"), were frozen.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.voanews.com/content/calm\-on\-streets\-as\-egypt\-assembles\-cabinet/1701431\.html\|title\=Egypt's Top General Defends Removal of Morsi\|publisher\=Voice of America\|date\=14 July 2013\|access\-date\=15 July 2013}} At least three were also killed and 17 others were wounded in North Sinai when suspected militants fired [rocket\-propelled grenades](/wiki/Rocket-propelled_grenade "Rocket-propelled grenade") at a worker bus.{{cite news\|url\=http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle\-east/2013/07/15/Egypt\-militants\-kill\-three\-factory\-workers\-in\-Sinai\-bus\-attack.html\|title\=Egypt 'militants' kill three factory workers in Sinai bus attack\|date\=15 July 2013\|access\-date\=15 July 2013\|publisher\=Al Arabiya}} The Muslim Brotherhood continued its call for more protests after Friday prayers.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/07/201371817824261205\.html\|title\=Egypt's Brotherhood promises more protests\|publisher\=Al Jazeera\|date\=18 July 2013\|access\-date\=28 July 2013}} The protests were held in Cairo and Alexandria with two formations of fighter jets flying over both cities after noon prayers ended as well as military helicopters that flew low over roof tops in the city. Amongst the tens of thousands of protesters present, they chanted "Islamic, Islamic" in calling for an Islamic state.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/07/2013719105846819271\.html \|title\=Egypt's deadly political stalemate drags on\|publisher\=Al Jazeera\|date\=19 July 2013\|access\-date\=28 July 2013}} On 22 July, protests in Cairo led to two deaths at a pro\-Morsi rally as unknown gunmen opened fire on demonstrators. A bomb also killed a conscript and injured 15 at a police station in [Mansoura](/wiki/Mansoura%2C_Egypt "Mansoura, Egypt").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/07/201372216452414482\.html\|title\=Attacks in Egypt lift death toll amid turmoil\|publisher\=Al Jazeera\|date\=22 July 2013\|access\-date\=28 July 2013}} Morsi's family also accused the military of kidnapping him.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/07/2013722113223508246\.html \|title\=Family accuses Egypt army of kidnapping Morsi\|publisher\=Al Jazeera \|date\=22 July 2013\|access\-date\=28 July 2013}} The United States called on Egypt's army to free deposed President [Mohamed Morsi](/wiki/Mohamed_Morsi "Mohamed Morsi"), amid ongoing protests on the first Friday of Ramadan.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world\-middle\-east\-23296463\|title\=US seeks end to ex\-president's detention\|publisher\=BBC News\|date\=12 July 2013\|access\-date\=13 July 2013}} U.S. Deputy Secretary of State [William J. Burns](/wiki/William_J._Burns_%28diplomat%29 "William J. Burns (diplomat)"), the highest\-ranking U.S. official to visit Egypt since Morsi's ouster, visited Cairo to meet with representatives of the interim government.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.turkishweekly.net/news/153119/senior\-u\-s\-official\-visits\-egypt.html\|work\=The Journal of Turkish Weekly\|title\=Senior U.S. official visits Egypt\|date\=15 July 2013\|access\-date\=15 July 2013\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130731054938/http://www.turkishweekly.net/news/153119/senior\-u\-s\-official\-visits\-egypt.html\|archive\-date\=31 July 2013\|url\-status\=dead}} Representatives from both Tamarod and the Nour Party refused to meet with Burns, with Tamarod accusing the U.S. of interfering with Egyptian internal affairs.{{cite news\|url\=http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle\-east/2013/07/15/Egypt\-s\-Tamarod\-and\-Salafist\-party\-decline\-talks\-with\-U\-S\-official\-.html\|agency\=Al Arabiya\|title\=Egypt's Tamarod and Salafist party decline talks with U.S. official\|date\=15 July 2013\|access\-date\=15 July 2013}} The U.S. also delayed the delivery of [F\-16 Fighting Falcons](/wiki/F-16_Fighting_Falcon "F-16 Fighting Falcon") from [Fort Worth](/wiki/Fort_Worth%2C_Texas "Fort Worth, Texas"), [Texas](/wiki/Texas "Texas"), to Egypt due to "political reasons."{{cite news\|url\=http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2013/07/23/us\-shipment\-f\-16s\-to\-post\-morsi\-egypt\-hits\-delay/ \|publisher\=Fox News\|date\=23 July 2013\|title\=US shipment of F\-16s to post\-Morsi Egypt hits delay\|access\-date\=27 July 2013}} #### 24 July A bomb exploded at a police station in the Egyptian city of [Mansoura](/wiki/Mansoura%2C_Egypt "Mansoura, Egypt"), the capital of the [Dakahlia Governorate](/wiki/Dakahlia_Governorate "Dakahlia Governorate"), killing at least one person and injuring 17\.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.hindustantimes.com/world\-news/Africa/Bomb\-at\-Egypt\-police\-station\-kills\-one\-injures\-17/Article1\-1097414\.aspx\|title\=Bomb at Egypt police station kills one, injures 17\|date\=24 July 2013\|work\=Hindustan Times\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130726005117/http://www.hindustantimes.com/world\-news/Africa/Bomb\-at\-Egypt\-police\-station\-kills\-one\-injures\-17/Article1\-1097414\.aspx\|archive\-date\=26 July 2013}} During a speech at a military parade, [General Al\-Sisi](/wiki/Abdul_Fattah_al-Sisi "Abdul Fattah al-Sisi") called for mass demonstrations on 26 July to grant his forces a "mandate" to crack down on "terrorism",{{cite news\|title\=Showdown in Cairo: Egyptian general demands permission to take on the 'terrorists'\|url\=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/showdown\-in\-cairo\-egyptian\-general\-demands\-permission\-to\-take\-on\-the\-terrorists\-8729903\.html\|access\-date\=26 July 2013\|newspaper\=\[\[The Independent]]\|date\=24 July 2013\|location\=London\|first\=Alastair\|last\=Beach}} an apparent reference to the bombing at Mansoura and to restive Islamists continuing to oppose the overthrow of Mohamed Morsi.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.dw.de/egyptian\-army\-chief\-al\-sissi\-calls\-for\-public\-rallies\-against\-terrorism/a\-16973625\|publisher\=Deutsche Welle\|title\=Egyptian army chief al\-Sissi calls for public rallies against 'terrorism'\|date\=24 July 2013\|access\-date\=24 July 2013}} This was seen as contradicting the military's pledges to hand over power to civilians after removing Dr. Morsi and as an indication for an imminent crackdown against Islamists.{{cite news\|title\=Egyptian General Calls for Mass Protests\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/25/world/middleeast/egypt.html\|access\-date\=26 July 2013\|newspaper\=\[\[The New York Times\|New York Times]]\|date\=24 July 2013\|first1\=Kareem\|last1\=Fahim}} The reactions to Al\-Sisi's announcement ranged from open support by the Egyptian presidency{{cite news\|title\=Egypt's presidency calls for protests against 'terrorism'\|url\=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/0/77314/Egypt/0/Egypts\-presidency\-calls\-for\-protests\-against\-terro.aspx\|access\-date\=26 July 2013\|work\=Al\-Ahram \|date\=24 July 2013}} and the [Tamarod movement](/wiki/Tamarod "Tamarod"){{cite news\|title\='Rebel' endorses El\-Sisi's call for Friday demos \|url\=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/77348/Egypt/Politics\-/Rebel\-endorses\-ElSisis\-call\-for\-Friday\-demos.aspx\|access\-date\=26 July 2013\|work\=Al\-Ahram \|date\=25 July 2013}} to rejection, not only by the [Muslim Brotherhood](/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood "Muslim Brotherhood"), who called the announcement "an invitation to civil war",{{cite news\|url\=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle\-East/2013/Jul\-24/224903\-egypt\-islamists\-say\-army\-rally\-call\-announces\-civil\-war.ashx\#axzz2ZyhwE300\|work\=The Daily Star\|title\=Egypt Islamists say army rally call 'announces civil war'\|date\=24 July 2013\|access\-date\=24 July 2013\|archive\-date\=18 November 2018\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118154715/http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle\-East/2013/Jul\-24/224903\-egypt\-islamists\-say\-army\-rally\-call\-announces\-civil\-war.ashx\#axzz2ZyhwE300\|url\-status\=dead}} but also by the Salafi [Al\-Nour Party](/wiki/Al-Nour_Party "Al-Nour Party"),{{cite news\|title\=Egypt's Nour Party and 6 April reject El\-Sisi's call for Friday rallies\|url\=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/0/77309/Egypt/0/Egypts\-Nour\-Party\-and\-\-April\-reject\-ElSisis\-call\-f.aspx\|access\-date\=26 July 2013\|newspaper\=\[\[Al\-Ahram\|ahram online]]\|date\=24 July 2013}} the [Strong Egypt Party](/wiki/Strong_Egypt_Party "Strong Egypt Party"),{{cite news\|title\=Egypt's Abol Fotouh warns against army\-called rally\|url\=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/sns\-rt\-us\-egypt\-protests\-abolfotouh\-20130724,0,7656397\.story\|access\-date\=26 July 2013\|newspaper\=\[\[Chicago Tribune]]\|date\=24 July 2013\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730072312/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/sns\-rt\-us\-egypt\-protests\-abolfotouh\-20130724,0,7656397\.story\|archive\-date\=30 July 2013\|df\=dmy\-all}} the revolutionary [April 6 Youth Movement](/wiki/April_6_Youth_Movement "April 6 Youth Movement"){{cite news\|title\=6 April Youth Movement to stay off the streets on Friday\|url\=http://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2013/07/26/6\-april\-youth\-movement\-to\-stay\-off\-the\-streets\-on\-friday/\|access\-date\=26 July 2013\|newspaper\=\[\[Daily News Egypt]]\|date\=26 July 2013}} and the Egyptian [Human Rights](/wiki/Human_Rights "Human Rights") groups.{{cite news \|title\=Egypt rights groups voice misgiving about army's call for rallies\|url\=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/77394/Egypt/Politics\-/Egypt\-rights\-groups\-voice\-misgiving\-about\-armys\-ca.aspx\|access\-date\=26 July 2013\|work\=Al\-Ahram \|date\=26 July 2013}} #### 26 July In response to [General Al\-Sisi](/wiki/Abdul_Fattah_al-Sisi "Abdul Fattah al-Sisi")'s call, millions of protesters took part in demonstrations across the country in support of the army including tens of thousands in [Cairo](/wiki/Cairo "Cairo")'s [Tahrir Square](/wiki/Tahrir_Square "Tahrir Square") and at the Presidential Palace. At the same time, smaller demonstrations (thousands of protestors) rallied in [Nasr City](/wiki/Nasr_City "Nasr City") and at [Cairo University](/wiki/Cairo_University "Cairo University") in protest at the military coup.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.egyptindependent.com/news/capmas\-estimates\-35\-million\-participated\-26\-july\-demonstrations\|title\=CAPMAS estimates 35 million participated in 26 July demonstrations\|date\=27 July 2013\|work\=Egypt Independent}}{{cite news\|url\=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/millions\-rally\-in\-egypt\-responding\-to\-army\-call/\|title\=Millions rally in Egypt, responding to army call\|date\=26 July 2013\|publisher\=CBS News}}{{cite news\|title\=Protesters flood Cairo in competing rallies\|url\=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/07/2013726164710914498\.html\|access\-date\=26 July 2013\|work\=\[\[Al Jazeera English]]\|date\=26 July 2013}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.egyptindependent.com/news/security\-source\-29\-million\-egyptians\-rallied\-friday\-against\-terrorism\|title\=Security Source: 29 million Egyptians rallied on Friday 'against terrorism'\|date\=27 July 2013\|work\=Egypt Independent}} While the demonstrations in [Cairo](/wiki/Cairo "Cairo") were largely peaceful, five people including a 14\-year\-old boy were killed and at least 146 injured in [Alexandria](/wiki/Alexandria "Alexandria"), when a pro\-army march passed near a demonstration of Morsi supporters at Al\-Qaed Ibrahim Mosque.{{cite news\|title\=Five killed, more than 100 injured in clashes in Egypt's Alexandria\|url\=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/77472/Egypt/Politics\-/Five\-killed,\-more\-than\-\-injured\-in\-clashes\-in\-Egyp.aspx\|access\-date\=26 July 2013\|work\=Al\-Ahram \|date\=26 July 2013}} The Health Ministry confirmed a total of nine people killed during protests in Alexandria.{{cite web\|url\=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/77600/Egypt/Politics\-/Human\-Rights\-Watch\-slams\-Egypt\-over\-protest\-deaths.aspx \|title\=Human Rights Watch slams Egypt over protest deaths\|work\=Al\-Ahram \|access\-date\=29 July 2013}} In Sphinx Square in [Mohandessin](/wiki/Mohandessin "Mohandessin"), a group of activists called [The Third Square](/wiki/The_Third_Square "The Third Square"), who mistrust both the military and the Islamists, held their own protest. In a leaflet, they declared their opposition to "the defense minister calling for an authorization to kill Egyptians on the pretext of fighting terrorism".{{cite news \|url\=http://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/07/26/tahrir\-taken\-some\-egyptians\-look\-for\-a\-third\-square\-to\-resist\-islamists\-and\-army/\|title\=Tahrir Taken, Some Egyptians Look for 'Third Square' to Resist Islamists and Army\|date\=26 July 2013\|work\=The New York Times\|first\=Robert\|last\=Mackey}} In a separate development, Egyptian state media announced that deposed [President Morsi](/wiki/Mohamed_Morsi "Mohamed Morsi") was being investigated for conspiring with the Palestinian group [Hamas](/wiki/Hamas "Hamas") in relation to a prison breakout in 2011\.{{cite news\|title\=Morsi's Friends and Foes Stage Mass Rallies Across Egypt\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/27/world/middleeast/egypt.html\|access\-date\=26 July 2013\|newspaper\=\[\[The New York Times]]\|date\=26 July 2013\|first1\=Robert F.\|last1\=Worth\|first2\=Kareem \|last2\=Fahim}} #### 27 July At least 82 were killed early in the morning after security forces opened fire on pro\-Morsi demonstrators on a road near the [Rabaa Al\-Adawiya Mosque](/wiki/Rabaa_Al-Adawiya_Mosque "Rabaa Al-Adawiya Mosque"), a centre of resistance to the military coup. The health ministry said 82 were confirmed dead and 299 injured, while doctors at the field hospital said at least 200 protesters had been killed and 4,500 injured.[Egypt crisis: 'we didn't have space in the fridges for all the bodies](https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/28/egypt-crisis-cairo-massacre-morsi). *The Guardian*. Retrieved 14 August 2013{{cite web\|url\=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/77675/Egypt/Politics\-/\-killed,\-\-injured\-in\-Cairo%E2%80%99s\-Nasr\-City\-violence\-He.aspx\|title\=80 killed, 299 injured in Cairo's Nasr City violence: Health Ministry\|work\=Al\-Ahram \|access\-date\=29 July 2013}} A Brotherhood spokesman said police used live ammunition and shot to kill.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/27/morsi\-supporters\-killed\-egypt\-cairo\|work\=The Guardian\|date\=27 July 2013\|access\-date\=27 July 2013\|title\=More than 130 Morsi supporters killed in Egypt clashes\|location\=London\|first\=Patrick\|last\=Kingsley}} Interior Minister [Mohamed Ibrahim](/wiki/Mohamed_Ibrahim_Moustafa "Mohamed Ibrahim Moustafa") said police had been forced to intervene after demonstrators clashed with locals while trying to block a major bridge. He claimed that police did not use live ammunition and attempted to disperse protesters with tear gas. However, multiple photos on the internet show clearly the police and army forces using live ammunition and automatic guns.[Protests in Egypt](https://web.archive.org/web/20131224114251/http://i.telegraph.co.uk/multimedia/archive/02628/EGYPT-PROTESTS-1_2628780a.jpg) *The Telegraph* Meanwhile, Al\-Nour Party leader [Younis Makhyoun](/wiki/Younis_Makhyoun "Younis Makhyoun") called for a full investigation into the incident, which the Brotherhood described as a "massacre", and angry activists chanted violent slogans calling for Sisi to be executed during pro\-Morsi protests during the day.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\-egypt\-protests\-idUSBRE96O11Z20130727\|publisher\=Reuters\|date\=27 July 2013\|access\-date\=27 July 2013\|title\=Brotherhood accuses Egyptian security forces of shooting dead dozens}} Two days later, the United States [White House](/wiki/White_House "White House") released a statement that read it "strongly condemns the bloodshed and violence" in Cairo and Alexandria, while calling on the military\-backed interim government to respect the rights of demonstrators.[US condemns bloodshed and violence in Egypt](http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/07/2013729182144348945.html). Al Jazeera. Retrieved 14 August 2013\. #### 30–31 July On 30 July, a member of the Palestinian movement [Hamas](/wiki/Hamas "Hamas")' named Salah al\-Bardaweel said that it had documentary proof that the interim government was colluding with its Palestinian rivals, [Fatah](/wiki/Fatah "Fatah") and the [Palestinian National Authority](/wiki/Palestinian_National_Authority "Palestinian National Authority"), in pushing forward a malicious agenda to tarnish the group, while it also denied involvement in the Egypt protests following the coup.[Hamas accuses rivals of malicious campaign](http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/07/201373013511788664.html). Al Jazeera. Retrieved 14 August 2013\. Fatah termed the documents as "fabrications" in rejecting the allegations.[Fatah dismisses Hamas papers as fabrications](http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/07/2013730165625320927.html). Al Jazeera. Retrieved 14 August 2013\. The next day, the interim cabinet warned that it would use any measures to deal with the pro\-Morsi protesters' sit\-in in dispersing them.[Egypt cabinet orders end to sit\-in protest](http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/07/2013731144419285305.html). Al Jazeera. Retrieved 14 August 2013\. ### August 2013 On 11 August, efforts by the international community to end the standoff and find a peaceful resolution to the crisis failed. Egypt's prime minister warned just ahead of the Muslim Eid al\-Fitr holiday that ends Sunday that the government's decision to clear the sit\-ins was "irreversible."[Egypt police to break up sit\-in protests within 24 hours](https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/egypt-police-to-break-up-sit-in-protests-within-24-hours-1.1372985), CBC, 11 August 2013 On 12 August, supporters of toppled president Mohamed Morsi increased the pressure on Egypt's interim leadership by defiantly flooding into two protest camps Monday, prompting police to postpone moving against the 6\-week\-old sit\-ins to "avoid bloodshed" and delayed taking any action.[Pro\-Morsi sit\-ins gain strength, prompt Egypt to postpone dispersal to avoid bloodshed](https://web.archive.org/web/20130825221538/http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2013-08-12/world/41299580_1_security-forces-anti-morsi-protesters-cairo), Washington Post, 12 August 2013 The Interior Ministry has depicted the encampments as a public danger, saying 11 bodies bearing signs of torture were found near both sites. Amnesty International has also reported that anti\-Morsi protesters have been captured, beaten, subjected to electric shocks or stabbed. At least eight bodies have arrived at a morgue in Cairo bearing signs of torture, the human rights group said. #### 13–14 August {{main\|August 2013 Rabaa massacre}} On 13 August, Egyptian interim President [Adly Mansour](/wiki/Adly_Mansour "Adly Mansour") appointed 18 new provincial governors, many of them former military officers, removing all [Muslim Brotherhood](/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood "Muslim Brotherhood") members who had been in office, triggering a wave of criticism from groups and activists who decried the appointments of mainly former security officials to the posts.{{cite web\|url\=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/78974/Egypt/Politics\-/Egypts\-new\-governor\-appointments\-draw\-criticism.aspx \|title\=Egypt's new governor appointments draw criticism\|work\=Al\-Ahram \|date\=13 August 2013\|access\-date\=18 August 2013}} According to *[The Economist](/wiki/The_Economist "The Economist")* a number of those newly appointed governors "had glaring records of hostility to the 2011 revolution."[Egypt's crisis: The storm before the storm](https://www.economist.com/news/briefing/21583718-bloody-confrontation-streets-cairo-damaging-development-and-could-be) *The Economist*. [thumb\|Map showing areas in Egypt affected by curfew after 14 August](/wiki/File:Curfew08142013.png "Curfew08142013.png") Shortly after dawn on 14 August, Egyptian police raided two large encampments by supporters of ousted president Mohamed Morsi in Cairo to forcibly disperse them, after six weeks of unauthorized sit\-in, sparking deadly clashes that drew global condemnation from world states.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/08/201381505130985967\.html\|title\=Global condemnation of Egypt crackdown\|publisher\=Al Jazeera\|date\=15 August 2013\|access\-date\=17 August 2013}}{{cite web\|url\=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/79105/Egypt/Politics\-/Most\-world\-states\-condemn\-Egypts\-violence\-.aspx \|title\=Most world states condemn Egypt's violence\|work\=Al\-Ahram \|access\-date\=18 August 2013}} The Egyptian government announced a one\-month [state of emergency](/wiki/State_of_emergency "State of emergency") as a result of the deadly clashes. A spokesman for Egypt's health ministry said the death toll has reached 638 of which 595 are civilians and 43 police officers with at least 3,994 injured.{{cite web\|url\=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/79160/Egypt/Politics\-/Death\-toll\-from\-Egypt\-violence\-rises\-to\-\-Health\-mi.aspx \|title\=Death toll from Egypt violence rises to 638: Health ministry\|work\=Al\-Ahram \|access\-date\=18 August 2013}} Additionally according to workers at the Al Iman mosque, over 200 bodies, which had been moved from a protest camp nearby, are not included in the official Health Ministry tally.{{cite web\|url\=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/79158/Egypt/Politics\-/Charred\-bodies\-lie\-in\-Cairo\-mosque,\-unrecognised\-b.aspx \|title\=Charred bodies lie in Cairo mosque, unrecognised by Egyptian state\|work\=Al\-Ahram \|access\-date\=18 August 2013}} The Muslim Brotherhood has said the true death toll was far higher, with a spokesman saying 2,000 people had been killed in the "massacre".{{cite web\|url\=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/08/201381563920647305\.html \|title\=Brotherhood plans Cairo march after crackdown\|publisher\=Al Jazeera\|date\=15 August 2013\|access\-date\=17 August 2013}} Among the dead was the daughter of [Mohamed el\-Beltagy](/wiki/Mohamed_el-Beltagy "Mohamed el-Beltagy"), a prominent lawmaker.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.madamasr.com/content/beltagys\-daughter\-killed\-rabea\-protesters\-hold\-their\-ground\|title\=Beltagy's daughter killed as Rabea protesters hold their ground\|work\=Mada Masr\|access\-date\=17 August 2013\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130816134524/http://www.madamasr.com/content/beltagys\-daughter\-killed\-rabea\-protesters\-hold\-their\-ground\|archive\-date\=16 August 2013}} Four journalists were killed and several others were injured or arrested.{{cite web\|url\=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/79055/Egypt/Politics\-/Four\-journalists\-killed,\-others\-injured,\-detained\-.aspx \|title\=Four journalists killed, others injured, detained in Cairo clashes\|work\=Al\-Ahram \|access\-date\=18 August 2013}}{{cite news\|last\=Mirkinson\|first\=Jack\|title\=Habiba Ahmed Abd Elaziz, Journalist Killed in Egypt, Wrote To Her Mother Just Before Her Death\|url\=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/08/14/habiba\-ahmed\-abd\-elaziz\-killed\-egypt\-mother\_n\_3756638\.html\|work\=Huffington Post\|date\=14 August 2013}}{{cite web\|title\=Sky News Cameraman Killed in Egypt\|url\=http://news.sky.com/story/1128530/sky\-news\-cameraman\-killed\-in\-egypt\|publisher\=Sky News\|access\-date\=14 August 2013}} Egyptian Vice President [Mohamed ElBaradei](/wiki/Mohamed_ElBaradei "Mohamed ElBaradei") resigned on the same day following the violent actions by security forces against the protesters.[Egypt: VP Mohamed ElBaradei resigns to protest violent crackdown on pro\-Morsi sit\-in camps](https://web.archive.org/web/20181211075256/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/egypt-vp-mohamed-elbaradei-resigns-to-protest-violent-crackdown-on-pro-morsi-sit-in-camps/2013/08/14/45dc5f16-04fc-11e3-bfc5-406b928603b2_story.html). *The Washington Post*. Retrieved 14 August 2013\. #### 15–16 August On 15 August, following the security forces raids on Cairo protest camps held by supporters of deposed president Mohamed Morsi, churches across Egypt came under frenzied attack Thursday as Morsi loyalists allegedly orchestrated nationwide assaults on Christian targets throughout the country. It's estimated that as many as 36 churches were "completely" devastated by fire across nine Egyptian governorates and many other churches were looted or stormed. Egypt's army chief Gen. [Abdel\-Fattah el\-Sissi](/wiki/Abdel-Fattah_el-Sissi "Abdel-Fattah el-Sissi") pledged the military would cover the costs of restoration for all damaged churches. Morsi's Islamist backers also set dozens of police stations ablaze across Egypt and attempted to storm provincial governor offices following Wednesday's bloody crackdown. A group of Morsi supporters also set fire to the finance ministry building in Cairo's Nasr City district.{{cite web\|url\=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/79124/Egypt/Politics\-/Churches\-torched\-across\-Egypt\-in\-antiCoptic\-violen.aspx \|title\=Churches torched across Egypt in anti\-Coptic violence by Morsi loyalists\|work\=Al\-Ahram \|access\-date\=18 August 2013}} The unrest led the interim government to declare a month\-long state of emergency, with a daily curfew between 7:00pm and 6:00am in Cairo and 12 other governorates.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/sns\-rt\-us\-egypt\-curfew\-20130815,0,3188258\.story\|title\=Egypt cancels decision to shorten curfew hours: statement\|work\=Chicago Tribune\|date\=15 August 2013\|access\-date\=17 August 2013\|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20130817074035/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/sns\-rt\-us\-egypt\-curfew\-20130815,0,3188258\.story\|archive\-date\=17 August 2013\|url\-status\=dead}} Several episodes of clashes are reported in Cairo, Alexandria and other major cities.[Live blog: Egypt's day of rage—the roundup](http://www.vocativ.com/08-2013/live-blog-egypts-day-of-rage/) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140205174956/http://www.vocativ.com/08\-2013/live\-blog\-egypts\-day\-of\-rage/ \|date\=5 February 2014 }}. Vocativ (16 August 2013\). Retrieved 6 September 2013\. The interim Interior Minister authorized the police agents and the military to shoot on sight anyone who is involved in unrests. All touristic attractions and antiquities museums are closed all over the country, many suffering looting episodes.{{Cite news\|url\=https://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2013/08/pictures/130823\-museum\-mallawi\-egypt\-looting\-artifacts\-archaeology\-science\-antiquities/\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130823135613/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2013/08/pictures/130823\-museum\-mallawi\-egypt\-looting\-artifacts\-archaeology\-science\-antiquities/\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=23 August 2013\|title\=Pictures: Looters Shatter Museum of Ancient Egyptian Treasures\|date\=2013\-08\-23\|access\-date\=2018\-05\-29}} The army blocked all major streets and squares, among which, Tahrir Square. The early clashes caused many deaths, at least 80 in Cairo, 5 in [Fayoum](/wiki/Fayoum "Fayoum"), 10 in [Ismailia](/wiki/Ismailia "Ismailia"), 8 in [Damietta](/wiki/Damietta "Damietta") and at least 1 in [Al Arish](/wiki/Al_Arish "Al Arish").{{cite web\|url\=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/79207/Egypt/Politics\-/Clashes\-erupting\-in\-Egypt\-start\-death\-toll\-countin.aspx \|title\=Clashes erupting in Egypt start death toll counting\|work\=Al\-Ahram \|access\-date\=18 August 2013}} On 16 August Ammar Badie, the son of [Mohammed Badie](/wiki/Mohammed_Badie "Mohammed Badie"), was among the 173 killed in clashes that were part of a Muslim Brotherhood orchestrated "Day of Rage".{{cite news\|url\=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/765636070/Egypt\-Son\-of\-top\-Muslim\-Brotherhood\-leader\-killed.html\|title\=Egypt: Son of top Muslim Brotherhood leader killed\|agency\=Associated Press\|date\=17 August 2013\|access\-date\=17 August 2013}} #### 17–18 August On 17 August, security forces cleared a Cairo mosque after a standoff with anti\-government protesters barricaded inside. The confrontation at the al\-Fath mosque continued for most of Saturday—with exchanges of gunfire between security forces and protesters.Hauslohner, Abigail. (17 August 2013\) [Security forces clear Cairo mosque after standoff with anti\-government protesters](https://web.archive.org/web/20130822195003/http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2013-08-17/world/41419634_1_muslim-brotherhood-security-forces-brotherhood-members). *Washington Post*. Retrieved 6 September 2013\. On 18 August, a convoy carrying about 600 detainees to [Abu Zaabal](/wiki/Abu_Zaabal "Abu Zaabal") Prison near Cairo resulted in at least 35 deaths. The interior ministry said that the detainees tried to escape from the convoy and took an officer hostage. They then said that police fired tear gas back at them and the detainees died as a result of suffocation. However, the Muslim Brotherhood disputed the claim and said that its supporters were killed in cold blood and called for an international inquiry into the incident.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/08/2013818175824286257\.html\|title\=Dozens of protest detainees killed in Egypt\|publisher\=Al Jazeera \|date\=19 August 2013\|access\-date\=19 August 2013\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130820001247/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/08/2013818175824286257\.html\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-date\=20 August 2013}} 25 Egyptian policemen died on 19 August in an attack in Egypt's Sinai Peninsula by militant Islamists.[Egypt bloodletting rages with Islamic militants killing 25 police in Sinai Peninsula](https://www.cbsnews.com/news/egypt-bloodletting-rages-with-islamic-militants-killing-25-police-in-sinai-peninsula/). CBS News (19 August 2013\). Retrieved 6 September 2013\. In all, nearly 1,000 people have been killed in clashes between security forces and supporters of ousted President Mohamed Morsi during 14–18 August. On 19 August, the government banned vigilante groups known as "people's committees" that are armed with clubs, sticks and guns and have appeared on Egyptian streets as of mid\-August 2013\.[Egypt bans vigilantes, protests go on](https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/egypt-bans-vigilantes-protests-go-on/2013/08/18/21e8244e-0841-11e3-b87c-476db8ac34cd_story.html). *The Washington Post*. Retrieved 6 September 2013\. ### September 2013 #### 5 September On 5 September 2013, interior minister [Mohamed Ibrahim Moustafa](/wiki/Mohamed_Ibrahim_Moustafa "Mohamed Ibrahim Moustafa") was the target of an assassination attempt; the attempt failed, though 21 people were injured and one person died.{{cite web\|title\=One dead after Thursday's bomb attack in Cairo\|url\=http://english.ahram.org.eg/News/80943\.aspx\|work\=Al\-Ahram \|access\-date\=6 September 2013}} #### 19 September One police officer was killed in [Giza](/wiki/Giza "Giza") in an Islamist dominated town, more than 50 Islamists were arrested on the crackdown.{{cite web\|title\=51 arrested in raid on Islamist\-dominated district near Cairo\|url\=http://english.ahram.org.eg/News/81969\.aspx\|work\=Al\-Ahram \|access\-date\=7 October 2013}} ### October 2013 On 6 October 2013, at least 57 were killed and 393 injured across the country when anti\-coup protesters and security forces clashed amid celebrations of the 40th anniversary of the start of the [1973 Mideast war](/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War "Yom Kippur War") with [Israel](/wiki/Israel "Israel"). Pitched battles were fought for hours in some Cairo neighborhoods, where 48 of the 57 fatalities occurred. Residents reported areas of the city looked like combat zones, with tires burning and thick black smoke rising over the streets.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L\-4438217,00\.html\|title\=Death toll from Egypt clashes rises to 57\|newspaper\=Ynetnews\|date\=8 October 2013 \|agency\=Reuters}} Violence continued on 7 October, as unidentified gunmen attacked an Army convoy west of [Ismailiya](/wiki/Ismailiya "Ismailiya"), near the [Suez Canal](/wiki/Suez_Canal "Suez Canal"), killing all six passengers, including an officer and a lieutenant. Shortly before that a suicide bomber attacked the security headquarters in the [Southern Sinai](/wiki/South_Sinai_Governorate "South Sinai Governorate") capital of [El\-Tor](/wiki/El-Tor "El-Tor"), killing three and injuring at least 55\. In addition, two rocket\-propelled grenades hit a major satellite station in the affluent Cairo suburb of [Maadi](/wiki/Maadi "Maadi"), causing some damage, but no casualties.{{cite news\|url\=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/egypt\-turmoil\-street\-clashes\-leave\-51\-dead \|title\=WAVE OF DEADLY ATTACKS IN EGYPT KILLS 8\|date\=7 October 2013\|publisher\=Associated Press}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/10/egypt\-unrest\-continues\-with\-series\-attacks\-201310716028596332\.html\|title\=Egypt multiple attacks target state security\|date\=7 October 2013\|publisher\=Al Jazeera}} ### November 2013 On 15 November, two teenagers were killed in Friday clashes as the curfew was removed.{{cite news\|title\=Tunisia's 'Jasmine Revolution' jolts Arab world \|url\=http://english.ahram.org.eg/\~/NewsContent/2/8/3955/World/Region/Tunisias\-Jasmine\-Revolution\-jolts\-Arab\-world.aspx\|agency\=\[\[Agence France\-Presse]]\|work\=Al\-Ahram\|access\-date\=15 January 2011}}{{cite web\|url\=http://english.ahram.org.eg/\~/NewsContent/1/64/86552/Egypt/Politics\-/Health\-Ministry\-confirms\-yearold\-killed\-in\-Friday\-.aspx\|title\=Health Ministry confirms a 15\-year\-old killed\|date\=16 November 2013\|work\=Al\-Ahram}} On 19 November, revolutionaries clashed with military supporters in the second anniversary of the Mohamed Mahmoud massacre that killed 61 in three days. The clashes left two people dead, both men aged 20 and 25, the deaths were caused by [birdshot](/wiki/Birdshot "Birdshot") wounds.{{cite web\|url\=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/87023/Egypt/Politics\-/Death\-toll\-from\-Tuesdays\-violence\-in\-Cairo\-climbs\-.aspx\|title\=Death toll from Tuesday's violence in Cairo climbs to two \- Politics\|work\=Al\-Ahram\|access\-date\=26 November 2013}} On 21 November, Islamist students from [Azhar University](/wiki/Azhar_University "Azhar University") clashed with police forces, Islamist students have been protesting since the beginning of the studying year in universities, one Islamist student was killed by a birdshot wound in the head, students after that protested against the violence.{{cite web\|url\=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/0/87095/Egypt/0/Student\-killed\-at\-AlAzhar\-University\-protest.aspx\|title\=Student killed at Al\-Azhar University protest\|work\=Al\-Ahram\|access\-date\=26 November 2013}} On 22 November, Friday Clashes left three people killed, one child was killed as well, 15 others were injured nationwide. Friday is usually a day of clashes and protests. In [Minya](/wiki/Minya%2C_Egypt "Minya, Egypt") in Upper Egypt one was killed, 21\-year\-old Salah Adel died because of a gunshot wound in the chest. The Friday marked 100 days passed since the 14 August raids.{{cite web\|url\=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/87217/Egypt/Politics\-/UPDATE\-\-Death\-toll\-rises\-to\-\-at\-\-days\-proMorsi\-pro.aspx\|title\=Death toll rises to 3 at '100 days' pro\-Morsi protests\|work\=Al\-Ahram\|date\=22 November 2013\|access\-date\=26 November 2013}} On 28 November, clashes between Islamist students and police left one student killed by a gunshot wound to the neck, the protest was organized without following the protest law, another student was injured and in critical condition.{{cite web\|url\=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/87750/Egypt/Politics\-/UPDATE\-\-Student\-killed\-in\-clashes\-with\-police\-at\-C.aspx\|title\=Student killed in clashes with police at Cairo University\|work\=Al\-Ahram\|access\-date\=18 December 2013}} ### December 2013 On 13 December, two people were killed on Friday clashes, 14 others were injured and 54 were arrested, the numbers were lower due to low temperature.{{cite web\|url\=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/89051/Egypt/Politics\-/Two\-killed,\-dozens\-arrested\-as\-security\-forces\-dis.aspx \|title\=Two killed, dozens arrested as security forces disperse pro\-Morsi rallies\|work\=Al\-Ahram\|date\=13 December 2013\|access\-date\=18 December 2013}} On 16 December, a taxi driver was lynched to death by an Islamist mob, the taxi driver went through the crowd and accidentally ran over a female protester, the 24\-year\-old Mohamed Othman had his taxi torched after his death, and Islamists spraypainted 'killer' on his cab.{{cite web\|url\=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/89286/Egypt/Politics\-/Taxi\-driver\-killed\-by\-lynch\-mob\-after\-running\-over.aspx \|title\=Taxi driver killed by lynch mob after running over pro\-Morsi protester\|work\=Al\-Ahram\|access\-date\=18 December 2013}} On 24 December, a [car bomb went off](/wiki/December_2013_Mansoura_bombing "December 2013 Mansoura bombing") in [Mansoura](/wiki/Mansoura "Mansoura") and left 16 people dead, the bomb was at a security headquarters and killed 14 officers and 2 civilians, the [Muslim Brotherhood](/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood "Muslim Brotherhood") was declared a terror group and accused of carrying out the attacks, but [Ansar Bait Al\-Maqdis](/wiki/Ansar_Bait_Al-Maqdis "Ansar Bait Al-Maqdis") claims it did it, The group carries out regular attacks in the [Sinai Insurgency](/wiki/Sinai_Insurgency "Sinai Insurgency").{{cite web\|url\=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/90009/Egypt/Politics\-/Mansoura\-death\-toll\-rises\-to\-,\-mostly\-policemen.aspx \|title\=Mansoura death toll rises to 16, mostly policemen \|work\=Al\-Ahram \|date\=25 December 2013 \|access\-date\=2014\-01\-24}} On 27 December, Friday clashes left 5 people dead, and 265 arrested, the protest were sparked when the [Muslim Brotherhood](/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood "Muslim Brotherhood") was officially banned, police apparently fired bullets.{{cite web\|url\=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/90212/Egypt/Politics\-/Egypt\-death\-toll\-from\-Friday\-clashes\-rises\-to\-five.aspx \|title\=Egypt death toll from Friday clashes rises to five \|work\=Al\-Ahram \|date\=28 December 2013 \|access\-date\=2014\-01\-24}} ### January 2014 On 3 January 2014, six months after Morsi's ouster, 13 people were killed in clashes between Islamists, their opponents, and the police. On 10 January, 4 people were killed in Friday clashes, as soldiers opened fire in Suez and killed 3 people from Youth Against Coup group, 1 other was killed in Alexandria. On 14 January, 11 people were killed in clashes on the [2014 Egyptian constitutional referendum](/wiki/2014_Egyptian_constitutional_referendum "2014 Egyptian constitutional referendum"), the clashes were between supporters and opponents of the constitution.{{cite news \|agency\=AP \|url\=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2014\-01\-15/middle\-east/46223333\_1\_clashes\-cairo\-new\-constitution \|title\=Egypt says 11 dead in clashes on first day of voting \|date\=2014\-01\-15 \|access\-date\=2014\-01\-24 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140118115231/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2014\-01\-15/middle\-east/46223333\_1\_clashes\-cairo\-new\-constitution \|archive\-date\=18 January 2014 \|url\-status\=dead \|work\=\[\[The Times of India]] }} On 16 January, 1 student named Omar was killed in clashes between students and police officers, more than 10 others were injured and 23 were arrested, the university president's son was injured.{{cite web\|url\=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/91747/Egypt/Politics\-/At\-least\-one\-student\-killed\-at\-Cairo\-University\-cl.aspx \|title\=At least one student killed at Cairo University clashes \|work\=Al\-Ahram \|date\=2014\-01\-16 \|access\-date\=2014\-01\-24}} On 24 January, [four bomb blasts hit Cairo](/wiki/January_2014_Cairo_bombings "January 2014 Cairo bombings"); the blasts killed 6 and also blew up the Cairo police headquarters and a nearby Islamic museum;{{cite web\|url\=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/92374/Egypt/Politics\-/UPDATE\-\-Cairo\-hit\-by\-three\-bomb\-blasts\-on\-Friday,\-.aspx \|title\=UPDATE 9: Cairo hit by four bomb blasts on Friday, killing 6 \|work\=Al\-Ahram \|date\=24 January 2014\|access\-date\=2014\-01\-24}} [Ansar Bait al\-Maqdis](/wiki/Ansar_Bait_al-Maqdis "Ansar Bait al-Maqdis") took responsibility for all four of the blasts;{{cite web\|url\=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/01/deadly\-explosions\-target\-police\-egypt\-2014124231145815191\.html\|title\=Deadly explosions target police in Egypt\|publisher\=Al Jazeera English\|date\=24 January 2014 \|access\-date\=24 January 2014}} though a group called Egypt's Soldiers took responsibility for the blast near the metro station.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.egyptindependent.com//news/ansar\-bayt\-al\-maqdis\-claims\-responsibility\-military\-helicopter\-crash\-and\-attacks\|title\=Ansar Bayt al\-Maqdis claims responsibility for military helicopter crash and attacks \|work\=Egypt Independent\|date\=26 January 2014\|access\-date\=26 January 2014}} 15 others were killed in clashes; a total of 21 were killed that day.{{cite web\|url\=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/92423/Egypt/Politics\-/UPDATE\-\-killed\-in\-clashes\-between\-Brotherhood\-and\-.aspx \|title\=UPDATE: 15 killed in clashes between Brotherhood and opponents Friday \|work\=Al\-Ahram \|date\=25 January 2014 \|access\-date\=26 January 2014}} On 25 January, 64 people were killed on the third anniversary of the [Egyptian Revolution of 2011](/wiki/Egyptian_Revolution_of_2011 "Egyptian Revolution of 2011"), mostly by gunshot wounds; tens of thousands protested against the military and the ministry of interior, while protestors in favor of the Egyptian military celebrated in [Tahrir Square](/wiki/Tahrir_Square "Tahrir Square"). Clashes took place between anti\-military and police forces; some clashes occurred between pro\- and anti\-military forces, the anti\-military crowd was made up of the [Muslim Brotherhood](/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood_in_Egypt "Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt") and the [Way of the Revolution Front](/wiki/Way_of_the_Revolution_Front "Way of the Revolution Front"); there were also other movements and unaffiliated protesters, there were reports of police using live ammunition in 2 areas.{{cite web\|url\=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/92710/Egypt/Politics\-/Death\-toll\-from\-uprising\-anniversary\-climbs\-to\-,\-m.aspx \|title\=Death toll from uprising anniversary climbs to 64, mostly by gunshot: Forensics \|work\=Al\-Ahram \|date\=2014\-01\-25 \|access\-date\=2014\-01\-29}} On 31 January, 1 person was killed and 35 were injured in Friday clashes.["1 killed, 35 injured in Egypt's pro\-Brotherhood Friday clashes: Health ministry"](http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/93161/Egypt/Politics-/-killed,--injured-in-Egypt’s-proBrotherhood-Friday.aspx), *Al\-Ahram*. ### February 2014 [thumb\|Anti\-coup protesters march in Cairo, 14 February 2014](/wiki/File:Anti-coup_protesters_march_in_Maadi-Cairo_on_the_six_month_anniversary_of_the_violent_crackdown_against_supporters_of_ousted_President_Mohamed_Morsi_14-Feb-2014.jpg "Anti-coup protesters march in Maadi-Cairo on the six month anniversary of the violent crackdown against supporters of ousted President Mohamed Morsi 14-Feb-2014.jpg") On 7 February, 3 people were killed in Friday clashes including a teenager, 4 security personnel were injured in Friday clashes.["Three killed in clashes as Morsi loyalists keep protesting"](http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/93676/Egypt/Politics-/Three-killed-in-clashes-as-Morsi-loyalists-keep-pr.aspx), *Al\-Ahram*. On 14 February, 2 people were killed in Friday clashes with Morsi\-loyalists, including a 12\-year\-old boy. ["Egypt's Friday clashes leave 12\-year\-old boy dead"](http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/94254/Egypt/Politics-/Egypts-Friday-clashes-leave-yearold-boy-dead.aspx), *Al\-Ahram*. On 16 February, 4 people, 3 South Koreans and a bus driver, were killed after a terrorist bomb exploded on a tourist bus on the border crossing with Israel at Taba. The perpetrators are believed to be Ansar Bait al\-Maqdis which are allied with Morsi\-loyalists. ### March 2014 On 19 March, five people were killed in a day where the [Anti\-Coup Alliance](/wiki/Anti-Coup_Alliance "Anti-Coup Alliance") called for protests, protests were held beside universities; a 14 year old was also killed in the clashes. On 21 March, Friday clashes left two killed by birdshot wounds. On 24 March, a court in Minya, south of the capital, Cairo, convicted 529{{cite web\|url\=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/03/24/muslim\-brotherhood\-trial\-egypt\_n\_5019909\.html\|title\=Muslim Brotherhood Trial: Egypt Court Sentences 529 Morsi Supporters To Death\|work\=Huffington Post\|agency\=Reuters\|date\=24 March 2014 \|access\-date\=1 May 2014}} (some sources say 528) persons accused with many charges including murdering a policeman and attacks on people and property and sentenced all convicted to death. They are convicted for killing of a police officer and attacking on people and property. A spokesman of [Muslim Brotherhood](/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood "Muslim Brotherhood") questioned the unprecedented speedy trial and said the verdict came from a Kangaroo court. The spokesman also pointed that the sentences showed a comeback of dictatorship to Egypt. The interim government launched a severe crackdown on Muslim Brotherhood following the [2013 coup](/wiki/2013_Egyptian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat "2013 Egyptian coup d'état"). All the sentenced persons are supporters of Muslim Brotherhood and ousted Egyptian President Mohamed Morsi.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.bbc.com/news/world\-middle\-east\-26712124\|title\=Egypt court sentences 528 Morsi supporters to death\|date\=24 March 2014\|publisher\=BBC\|access\-date\=1 May 2014}} After a compulsory review by the [Grand Mufti](/wiki/Grand_Mufti "Grand Mufti"), on 28 April the court changed the sentences to life imprisonment for all but 37 of them, but sentenced to death another 683 people.["Egypt Mass Trial: Judge Sentences 683 To Death In Single Mass Trial"](http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/04/28/egypt-mass-trial_n_5224509.html), *The Huffington Post*, 28 April 2014\.["Egypt sentences 683 to death in latest mass trial of dissidents"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/egypt-sentences-683-to-death-in-latest-mass-trial-of-dissidents/2014/04/28/34e0ca2c-e8eb-4a85-8fa8-a7300ab11687_story.html), *The Washington Post*, 28 April 2014\. ### April 2014 On 9 April, Egyptian security forces attacked a large number of student protesters across the country.{{citation needed\|date\=July 2021}} On 25 April, Friday protests erupted throughout the country, resulting in at least 2 deaths during clashes with security forces.{{citation needed\|date\=July 2021}} ### May 2014 On 23 May, protests broke out in several provinces of Egypt, resulting 2 deaths in al\-Fayyoum and 1 death in Cairo during clashes with security forces. Twenty\-three people were injured. ### Subsequent clashes #### June 2014 On 20 June, Friday protests against the new president set off in most provinces of Egypt, resulting in 2 deaths in [Cairo](/wiki/Cairo "Cairo") and dozens of injured protesters.{{cite web\|title\=2 killed in Egypt clashes during Islamist protests\|url\=https://uk.news.yahoo.com/2\-killed\-egypt\-clashes\-during\-islamist\-protests\-145926691\.html\#I35upu0\|publisher\=AP\|date\=11 July 2014\|access\-date\=7 November 2014\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107225019/https://uk.news.yahoo.com/2\-killed\-egypt\-clashes\-during\-islamist\-protests\-145926691\.html\#I35upu0\|archive\-date\=7 November 2014\|url\-status\=dead}} #### July 2014 On the occasion of the anniversary of Morsi's overthrow, protests broke out. During clashes with security forces at least 3 protesters died and more than hundred Morsi supporters had been arrested. #### November 2014 On 17 November, minor protests against the president broke out in several provinces of Egypt. During clashes with security forces at least two protesters were killed in the province of Al\-Fayyoum and in Ain Shams in the vicinity of Cairo. Thirteen protesters had been arrested. On 28 November, more small protests against the Sisi government broke out in response to opposition groups' call for an "Islamic revolution" in Egypt. At least four protesters and two policemen were killed during clashes.{{cite news\|title\=Man shot dead in East Cairo amid protests\|url\=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/116664/Egypt/Politics\-/Man\-shot\-dead\-in\-East\-Cairo\-amid\-protests.aspx\|access\-date\=28 November 2014\|date\=28 November 2014\|work\=Al\-Ahram}}{{cite news\|title\=UPDATED: Few Egyptians heed calls for 'Islamic revolution'; minor clashes\|url\=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/116653/Egypt/Politics\-/UPDATED\-Few\-Egyptians\-heed\-calls\-for\-Islamic\-revol.aspx\|access\-date\=28 November 2014\|date\=28 November 2014\|work\=Al\-Ahram}} #### January 2015 On Friday 23 January 2015, a 17\-year\-old girl, Sondos Abu Bakr, was killed during protests in Alexandria against the coup which deposed Mohamed Morsi.{{cite news\|title\=Clashes in Alexandria leave minor killed\|url\=http://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2015/01/23/clashes\-alexandria\-leave\-minor\-killed/\|access\-date\=30 January 2015\|work\=Daily News Egypt\|date\=23 January 2015}} On Saturday 24 January 2015, police fired at a handful of activists of the [Socialist Popular Alliance Party](/wiki/Socialist_Popular_Alliance_Party "Socialist Popular Alliance Party") marching to Tahrir Square in Cairo with flowers to commemorate the demonstrators killed there during the [2011 Egyptian revolution](/wiki/2011_Egyptian_revolution "2011 Egyptian revolution"). A 32\-year\-old woman, [Shaimaa al\-Sabbagh](/wiki/Shaimaa_al-Sabbagh "Shaimaa al-Sabbagh"), was shot at close range and died shortly afterwards. Videos of her death were posted on YouTube, drawing widespread condemnation and comparisons to the death of [Neda Agha Soltan](/wiki/Neda_Agha_Soltan "Neda Agha Soltan") in Iran in 2009\.{{cite news\|title\=Egyptian Police Attack Marchers Carrying Flowers to Tahrir Square, Killing Protester\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/25/world/middleeast/egypt\-woman\-is\-killed\-in\-peaceful\-cairo\-protest.html\|access\-date\=30 January 2015\|work\=The New York Times\|date\=24 January 2015}} Authorities initially denied that police officers were responsible for her death, and prosecutors opened an investigation.{{cite news\|title\=Egypt Condemns Western Outrage at Fatal Shooting of Protester\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/28/world/middleeast/egypt\-condemns\-western\-outrage\-at\-fatal\-shooting\-of\-protester.html\|access\-date\=30 January 2015\|work\=The New York Times\|date\=27 January 2015}} [Human Rights Watch](/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch "Human Rights Watch") claimed that video and photographic evidence as well as witnesses pointed to a member of Egypt's security forces being responsible for al\-Sabbagh's death, and demanded accountability.{{cite news\|title\=Egypt: Video Shows Police Shot Woman at Protest\|url\=https://www.hrw.org/news/2015/02/01/egypt\-video\-shows\-police\-shot\-woman\-protest\|access\-date\=3 February 2015\|publisher\=Human Rights Watch\|date\=1 February 2015}} On Sunday 25 January 2015, on the fourth anniversary of the [2011 Egyptian revolution](/wiki/2011_Egyptian_revolution "2011 Egyptian revolution"), at least 18 people were killed in protests in Cairo and across Egypt. According to authorities, two or three of those killed were militants trying to plant a bomb, and three others were policemen. At least 12 others were civilians killed by security forces. Dozens of protesters were injured and hundreds were arrested.{{cite news\|title\=Egypt: Protests marking uprising leave 18 dead\|url\=https://www.bbc.com/news/world\-middle\-east\-30974291\|access\-date\=30 January 2015\|publisher\=BBC News\|date\=26 January 2015}}{{cite news\|title\=At Least 18 Die in Egyptian Violence\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/26/world/middleeast/at\-least\-18\-die\-in\-egypt\-in\-violence.html\|access\-date\=30 January 2015\|work\=The New York Times\|date\=25 January 2015}}
[ "Chronology\n----------", "### Prelude", "#### 3 July military coup", "On 3 July, General [Abdel Fattah el\\-Sisi](/wiki/Abdel_Fattah_el-Sisi \"Abdel Fattah el-Sisi\"), head of the Egyptian Armed Forces, announced that he there would be calling new presidential and Shura Council elections. The coalition appointed Chief Justice [Adly Mansour](/wiki/Adli_Mansour \"Adli Mansour\") as the interim president and charged him with forming a transitional [technocratic](/wiki/Technocracy \"Technocracy\") government.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world\\-middle\\-east\\-23173794 \\|title\\=Egypt's Shura Council dissolved: Judicial source \\|publisher\\=Bbc.co.uk \\|date\\=4 July 2013\\|access\\-date\\=6 July 2013}} Military vehicles drove throughout Cairo. Morsi was put under house arrest, and was believed to be at the [Republican Guard](/wiki/Republican_Guard_%28Egypt%29 \"Republican Guard (Egypt)\") barracks.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/07/20137319828176718\\.html \\|title\\=President Morsi overthrown in Egypt \\|publisher\\=Al Jazeera \\|access\\-date\\=3 July 2013}} According to other sources he was taken to a military base and his travel was restricted.{{cite news\\|title\\=Morsi taken from presidential palace to military base \\|url\\=http://www.upi.com/Top\\_News/World\\-News/2013/07/03/Report\\-Morsi\\-taken\\-from\\-presidential\\-palace\\-to\\-military\\-base/UPI\\-43551372830618/?spt\\=hs∨\\=tn\\|work\\=United Press International\\|access\\-date\\=3 July 2013}} Army troops and tanks were reported to have surrounded key facilities and installations.{{cite web \\|author\\=HAMZA HENDAWI and MAGGIE MICHAEL \\|url\\=http://talkingpointsmemo.com/news/egyptian\\-troops\\-surround\\-pro\\-morsi\\-ralliers\\-key\\-facilities.php \\|title\\=Egyptian Troops Surround Pro\\-Morsi Ralliers, Key Facilities \\|publisher\\=Talkingpointsmemo.com \\|date\\=3 July 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=3 July 2013 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20130703190702/http://talkingpointsmemo.com/news/egyptian\\-troops\\-surround\\-pro\\-morsi\\-ralliers\\-key\\-facilities.php \\|archive\\-date\\=3 July 2013 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} At noon, the Republican Guard, who had Morsi in their care, left his side to allow Army commandos to take him to an undisclosed Ministry of Defence building. He offered no resistance.", "General al\\-Sisi said: \"The president's speech last night failed to meet and conform with the demands \\[of the people, prompting the armed forces to consult] with some of the symbols of the national forces and the youths without excluding anyone. \\[They agreed on a road map] that includes initial steps that realize the building of a strong and coherent Egyptian society that does not exclude any of its sons and currents and that end the state of conflict and division.\"{{cite news\\|last\\=El \\|first\\=Tarek \\|url\\=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013\\-07\\-03/mursi\\-proposes\\-power\\-sharing\\-as\\-egypt\\-army\\-deadline\\-approaches.html \\|title\\=Mursi Ousted as Egypt's President; Constitution Suspended \\|publisher\\=Bloomberg \\|access\\-date\\=3 July 2013}} He added the army was standing apart from the political process but was using its vision as the Egyptian people were calling for help and discharged its responsibility.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/07/201373203740167797\\.html \\|title\\=Transcript: Egypt's army statement \\|publisher\\=Al Jazeera \\|access\\-date\\=3 July 2013}} Al\\-Sisi named former Chief Justice [Adli Mansour](/wiki/Adli_Mansour \"Adli Mansour\") as the interim president and added that he would be sworn in on 4 July. The [Shura Council](/wiki/Shura_Council \"Shura Council\") was also dissolved.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/75668/Egypt/Politics\\-/Egypts\\-Shura\\-Council\\-dissolved\\-Judicial\\-source.aspx \\|title\\=Egypt's Shura Council dissolved: Judicial source – Politics – Egypt – Ahram Online \\|publisher\\=English.ahram.org.eg \\|date\\=23 April 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=6 July 2013}}\nMorsi condemned his removal as a \"full coup\" by the general. He also urged everyone to \"adhere to peacefulness and avoid shedding blood of fellow countrymen.\"{{cite news\\|title\\=Egypt's Army Ousts Morsi, Who Calls It A 'Coup' \\|url\\=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId\\=198226951 \\|newspaper\\=NPR \\|date\\=4 July 2013 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130707163525/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId\\=198226951 \\|archive\\-date\\=7 July 2013 }}\nThe Office of Assistant to President of Egypt on Foreign Relations called Morsi's removal a \"military coup\",{{cite web\\|title\\=Morsi advisor: Military coup is under way in Egypt\\|url\\=http://www.itv.com/news/update/2013\\-07\\-03/morsi\\-advisor\\-military\\-coup\\-is\\-under\\-way\\-in\\-egypt/\\|publisher\\=ITV\\|access\\-date\\=3 July 2013}}{{cite web\\|title\\=Supporters of Egyptian president say military coup is underway\\|url\\=http://worldnews.nbcnews.com/\\_news/2013/07/03/19261466\\-supporters\\-of\\-egyptian\\-president\\-say\\-military\\-coup\\-is\\-underway?lite?ocid\\=twitter\\|publisher\\=NBC News\\|access\\-date\\=3 July 2013}} and said \"there is no democracy without the ballot box\".Murphy, Dan. \"[Egypt's Muslim Brotherhood and Morsi have their backs to the wall,\"](http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Backchannels/2013/0703/Egypt-s-Muslim-Brotherhood-and-Morsi-have-their-backs-to-the-wall) *[Christian Science Monitor](/wiki/Christian_Science_Monitor \"Christian Science Monitor\")*, 3 July 2013", "The announcement of the removal of Morsi was met with cheers in Tahrir Square.{{cite news\\|last\\=Bradley \\|first\\=Matt \\|url\\=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887323899704578583191518313964 \\|title\\=Morsi Ousted By Egypt Military \\|work\\=The Wall Street Journal \\|access\\-date\\=3 July 2013 \\|date\\=4 July 2013}} Anti\\-Morsi protesters shouted \"[Allahu akbar](/wiki/Allahu_akbar \"Allahu akbar\")\" and \"Long live Egypt\" and launched fireworks as green laser lights held by those in the crowd lit the sky.{{cite news\\|title\\=Army tightens grip as Egypt awaits final move\\|url\\=https://news.yahoo.com/army\\-tightens\\-grip\\-egypt\\-awaits\\-final\\-move\\-180230573\\.html;\\_ylt\\=AwrNUbH0PtVRUQIAwTHQtDMD\\|access\\-date\\=4 July 2013\\|work\\=Yahoo News\\|date\\=4 July 2013}} Mohamed el\\-Baradei says the coup was to rectify the issues of the revolution. The [Coptic Pope](/wiki/Pope_of_the_Coptic_Orthodox_Church_of_Alexandria \"Pope of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria\") [Tawadros II](/wiki/Tawadros_II \"Tawadros II\"), [Grand Imam of al\\-Azhar](/wiki/Grand_Imam_of_al-Azhar \"Grand Imam of al-Azhar\") [Ahmed el\\-Tayeb](/wiki/Ahmed_el-Tayeb \"Ahmed el-Tayeb\"), [Mohamed ElBaradei](/wiki/Mohamed_ElBaradei \"Mohamed ElBaradei\"){{cite news\\|title\\=Egypt military unveils transitional roadmap\\|url\\=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/75631/Egypt/Politics\\-/Egypt\\-military\\-unveils\\-transitional\\-roadmap.aspx\\|access\\-date\\=3 July 2013\\|work\\=Ahram Online\\|date\\=3 July 2013}} and some of the youth leaders of [Tamarod](/wiki/Tamarod \"Tamarod\"), [Mahmoud Badr](/wiki/Mahmoud_Badr \"Mahmoud Badr\") and Mohamed Abdelaziz, spoke in support of the military intervention. The [al\\-Nour party](/wiki/Al-Nour_party \"Al-Nour party\") also commented in saying that the events occurred as they were not heard in their call for dialogue. Party Secretary\\-General [Galal Murra](/wiki/Galal_Murra \"Galal Murra\") commented that: \"we took this position (on agreeing to the army political road map) and we took these decisions only so we stop the bloodshed of our people.\"{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/07/201373193715857906\\.html \\|title\\=Egyptians react to Morsi's removal \\|publisher\\=Al Jazeera English \\|access\\-date\\=6 July 2013}} Pro\\-Morsi protesters heard a statement from Morsi, which was published on his Facebook page. He called the move a \"coup\" and rejected the Armed Forces' statement.", "The Freedom and Justice Party's Gamal Heshmat said: \"There is absolutely no direction towards violence. The Brotherhood are not raised on violence. Their cause is a peaceful one, defending their rights, which is stronger than a \"military coup\". The army has perpetrated a \"shameful coup\". We are still in the street, we still don't know if all of the armed forces will accept what Sisi has done.\"{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\\-egypt\\-protests\\-reaction\\-idUSBRE9621F720130703?feedType\\=RSSM \\|title\\=Egypt's Brotherhood will not use violence: senior leader \\|publisher\\=Reuters \\|date\\=3 July 2013\\|access\\-date\\=6 July 2013 \\|first\\=Tom \\|last\\=Perry}} A party spokesman said that what started as a military coup was \"turning into something much more.\"{{cite news\\|url\\=http://edition.cnn.com/2013/07/05/world/meast/egypt\\-coup/index.html \\|title\\=26 dead, more than 850 wounded as post\\-coup violence hits Egypt\\|work\\=CNN\\|date\\=5 July 2013\\|access\\-date\\=29 July 2013}} The [National Salvation Front](/wiki/National_Salvation_Front_%28Egypt%29 \"National Salvation Front (Egypt)\"), an alliance of multiple political parties, stated on 4 July that \"what Egypt is witnessing now is not a military coup by any standards. It was a necessary decision that the Armed Forces' leadership took to protect democracy, maintain the country's unity and integrity, restore stability and get back on track towards achieving the goals of the January 25 Revolution.\"{{cite news\\|title\\=Egypt's National Salvation Front: It is not a coup\\|url\\=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/75683/Egypt/Politics\\-/Egypts\\-National\\-Salvation\\-Front\\-It\\-is\\-not\\-a\\-coup.aspx\\|access\\-date\\=6 July 2013\\|newspaper\\=Ahram Online\\|date\\=4 July 2013}}", "#### 4 July", "[Adly Mansour](/wiki/Adly_Mansour \"Adly Mansour\"), Chief Justice of the [Supreme Constitutional Court of Egypt](/wiki/Supreme_Constitutional_Court_of_Egypt \"Supreme Constitutional Court of Egypt\"), was sworn in as interim president. Mansour gave a speech in which he praised demonstrators for toppling the government, saying, \"I offer my greetings to the revolutionary people of Egypt.\"{{cite news \\|url\\=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013\\-07\\-04/middle\\-east/40370508\\_1\\_tahrir\\-square\\-supreme\\-constitutional\\-court\\-egypt\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130707090741/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013\\-07\\-04/middle\\-east/40370508\\_1\\_tahrir\\-square\\-supreme\\-constitutional\\-court\\-egypt\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=7 July 2013\\|title\\=Egypt: Chief justice Adly Mansour sworn in as interim president\\|agency\\=Associated Press\\|date\\=4 July 2013\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Times of India]]\\|access\\-date\\=6 July 2013}}", "Violence continued with over 100 people wounded and at least two deaths, believed to be that of children.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://edition.cnn.com/2013/07/05/world/meast/egypt\\-coup/index.html \\|title\\=26 dead, more than 850 wounded as post\\-coup violence hits Egypt\\|publisher\\=CNN\\|date\\=5 July 2013\\|access\\-date\\=29 July 2013}} The Muslim Brotherhood's spokesman called for \"strictly peaceful\" protests to defy (according to his description) the military coup.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.voanews.com/content/article/1695591\\.html\\|title\\=Egypt Braces for New Round of Protests\\|publisher\\=VOA\\|access\\-date\\=6 July 2013\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130706001520/http://www.voanews.com/content/article/1695591\\.html\\|archive\\-date\\=6 July 2013\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}", "#### 5 July: \"Friday of Rejection\"", "[thumb\\|Supporters of the ousted President Morsi demonstrate in [Damietta](/wiki/Damietta \"Damietta\") on 5 July](/wiki/File:Damietta_protests.jpg \"Damietta protests.jpg\")\n[Muslim Brotherhood](/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood_in_Egypt \"Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt\") members and sympathizers rallied across Egypt for what they dubbed a \"Friday of Rejection\" on 5 July, demanding the reinstatement of Morsi as president. Clashes with police and soldiers turned deadly in some areas, with reported instances of troops firing live ammunition into crowds of protesters. At least 36 were killed and more than 1,000 were injured.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle\\-east/mohamed\\-elbaradei\\-to\\-become\\-egyptian\\-pm\\-as\\-36\\-killed\\-after\\-muslim\\-brotherhoods\\-day\\-of\\-rage\\-ends\\-in\\-bloodshed\\-in\\-cairo\\-8690873\\.html\\|title\\=Mohamed ElBaradei to become Egyptian PM as 37 killed after Muslim Brotherhood's 'Day of Rage' ends in bloodshed in Cairo\\|work\\=The Independent\\|date\\=6 July 2013\\|access\\-date\\=6 July 2013\\|location\\=London\\|first\\=Kim\\|last\\=Sengupta}} [Protesters](/wiki/Protesters \"Protesters\") reportedly attacked a police station and military airbase in the [North Sinai Governorate](/wiki/North_Sinai_Governorate \"North Sinai Governorate\"), as well as the governorate headquarters, resulting in casualties on both sides.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://allafrica.com/stories/201307060189\\.html\\|title\\=Egypt: 16 Protesters Injured in Attempt to Storm North Sinai Governorate Hq\\|date\\=5 July 2013\\|access\\-date\\=6 July 2013\\|work\\=allAfrica}}", "Palestinian officials in Gaza also said that the Egyptian Armed Forces had shut the [Rafah border crossing](/wiki/Rafah_border_crossing \"Rafah border crossing\") and that only certain people, such as patients and students, would be allowed through. Egyptian Intelligence Service official Nader al\\-Asar telephoned Palestinian Prime Minister in Gaza [Ismail Haniyeh](/wiki/Ismail_Haniyeh \"Ismail Haniyeh\") on the afternoon of 5 July and Haniyeh briefed him about the humanitarian crisis in Gaza as a result of the restrictions on tunnels and the Rafah crossing.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.middleeastmonitor.com/news/middle\\-east/6478\\-egyptian\\-army\\-demands\\-closure\\-of\\-rafah\\-crossing\\#sthash.4gBn1njS.dpuf \\|title\\=Egyptian army demands closure of Rafah Crossing \\|work\\=Middle East Monitor \\|access\\-date\\=6 July 2013 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927151622/http://www.middleeastmonitor.com/news/middle\\-east/6478\\-egyptian\\-army\\-demands\\-closure\\-of\\-rafah\\-crossing\\#sthash.4gBn1njS.dpuf \\|archive\\-date\\=27 September 2013 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}", "Leaders from the protest movement [Tamarod](/wiki/Tamarod \"Tamarod\") and the [National Salvation Front](/wiki/National_Salvation_Front_%28Egypt%29 \"National Salvation Front (Egypt)\") urged demonstrators to \"protect their revolutionary legitimacy\" and resist unnamed \"foreign forces\" and supporters of Morsi who might stage a \"counter\\-revolution\" in Egypt.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/75806/Egypt/Politics\\-/Egypts\\-Rebel,\\-NSF\\-urge\\-protesters\\-to\\-protect\\-revol.aspx\\|work\\=Al\\-Ahram \\|title\\=Egypt's Rebel, NSF urge protesters to protect revolution as clashes erupt near Cairo's Tahrir\\|access\\-date\\=6 July 2013\\|date\\=5 July 2013}} Police also announced the arrest of [Khairat El\\-Shater](/wiki/Khairat_El-Shater \"Khairat El-Shater\"), a figure in the Muslim Brotherhood.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/egypt\\-brotherhood\\-deputy\\-leader\\-khairat\\-al\\-shater\\-arrested.aspx?pageID\\=238\\&nID\\=50151\\&NewsCatID\\=352\\|title\\=Egypt Brotherhood deputy leader Khairat al\\-Shater arrested\\|work\\=Hurriyet Daily News\\|date\\=6 July 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=6 July 2013}}", "#### 6 July", "[Mohamed ElBaradei](/wiki/Mohamed_ElBaradei \"Mohamed ElBaradei\") was reportedly appointed prime minister by [acting President Mansour](/wiki/Adly_Mansour \"Adly Mansour\"), over the objections of Islamists.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/07/201376165715352978\\.html\\|title\\=Elbaradei appointed as Egypt's interim PM\\|publisher\\=Al Jazeera\\|date\\=6 July 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=6 July 2013}} The announcement of ElBaradei's appointment was later retracted, with a spokesman for the president saying no decision had been made on whether ElBaradei or somebody else would be named prime minister.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo\\-way/2013/07/06/199405086/reports\\-elbaradei\\-to\\-be\\-egypts\\-prime\\-minister\\|title\\=ElBaradei Appointment As Egypt's Prime Minister Uncertain\\|date\\=6 July 2013\\|access\\-date\\=7 July 2013\\|publisher\\=National Public Radio}} Ahmed Douma, a dissident jailed for \"insulting\" [President Morsi](/wiki/Mohamed_Morsi \"Mohamed Morsi\") and inciting violence against the [Muslim Brotherhood](/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood \"Muslim Brotherhood\") during protests earlier in the year, was released from custody pending a court verdict.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2013/07/06/doma\\-released\\-from\\-custody/\\|title\\=Doma released from custody\\|date\\=6 July 2013\\|access\\-date\\=6 July 2013\\|work\\=Daily News Egypt}} Meanwhile, clashes continued on the [Sinai Peninsula](/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula \"Sinai Peninsula\"), with a Coptic Christian priest shot to death by masked gunmen. Pro\\-Morsi supporters continued their sit\\-in in front of the [Rabia Al\\-Adawiya Mosque](/wiki/Rabia_Al-Adawiya_Mosque \"Rabia Al-Adawiya Mosque\") in [Nasr City](/wiki/Nasr_City \"Nasr City\"), a suburb of [Cairo](/wiki/Cairo \"Cairo\"), demanding the reinstatement of the former president.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/07/20137614383778288\\.html \\|publisher\\=Al Jazeera\\|title\\=Morsi supporters mass in Cairo's Nasr City\\|date\\=6 July 2013\\|access\\-date\\=6 July 2013}}", "#### 7 July", "Negotiations continued over the prime ministerial appointment, with reports suggesting the [Al\\-Nour Party](/wiki/Al-Nour_Party \"Al-Nour Party\") had objected to ElBaradei's appointment and representatives of the Tamarod movement continuing to push for it. Meanwhile, a message from [Mohammed Badie](/wiki/Mohammed_Badie \"Mohammed Badie\") appeared on the Muslim Brotherhood's [Facebook](/wiki/Facebook \"Facebook\") page accusing coup leaders of \"flagrant violations against the Egyptian people\", those opposed to the rule of Morsi mobilized for another day of rallying in [Tahrir Square](/wiki/Tahrir_Square \"Tahrir Square\").{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId\\=199644718\\|title\\=Egypt Mobilizes For More Street Protests\\|agency\\=Associated Press\\|date\\=7 July 2013\\|access\\-date\\=7 July 2013}} Huge demonstrations against the military coup, also occurred in manned makeshift roadblocks in Cairo and the Nasr City suburb in Cairo.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.foxnews.com/world/2013/07/07/supporters\\-opponents\\-egypt\\-ousted\\-president\\-mobilize\\-for\\-more\\-protests/\\|title\\=Thousands gather as Muslim Brotherhood, opponents call for rallies in Egypt\\|date\\=7 July 2013\\|access\\-date\\=7 July 2013\\|publisher\\=Fox News}}", "### July 2013", "#### 8 July", "{{main\\|Republican Guard headquarters clashes}}\n[thumb\\|Major mass protester killings in Cairo during pro\\-Morsi\\-protests, raided or dispersed by security forces after the military coup of July 2013:*[Egypt: No Acknowledgment or Justice for Mass Protester Killings Set Up a Fact\\-Finding Committee as a First Step](https://web.archive.org/web/20131225211942/http://www.cihrs.org/?p=7670&lang=en)*. Cairo Institute for Human Rights Studies, 10 December 2013, archived from the [original](http://www.cihrs.org/?p=7670&lang=en) on 25 December 2013\\.*[Egypt: No Acknowledgment or Justice for Mass Protester Killings](https://web.archive.org/web/20131213084329/http://www.hrw.org/news/2013/12/10/egypt-no-acknowledgment-or-justice-mass-protester-killings)*. Human Rights Watch, 10 December 2013, archived from the [original](https://www.hrw.org/news/2013/12/10/egypt-no-acknowledgment-or-justice-mass-protester-killings) on 25 December 2013\\. \n**8 July**: outside the Republican Guard Club headquarters \n**27 July**: Nasr Street and sit\\-in at Rabaa Al\\-Adawiya Mosque \n**14 August**: sit\\-ins at Rabaa Al\\-Adawiya Mosque and Nahda Square \n**16 August**: Ramsis Square and marches en route (including 15 May Bridge) \n**6 October**: marches headed from Dokki and Ramsis towards Tahrir Square](/wiki/File:Cairo-pro-Mursi-protests_July-August_2013.jpg \"Cairo-pro-Mursi-protests July-August 2013.jpg\")\nAccording to the Forensic Medical Authority, at least 61 protesters were killed and more than 435 injured, in what was deemed a massacre by the [Muslim Brotherhood](/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood_in_Egypt \"Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt\") and those opposed to the [coup](/wiki/2013_Egyptian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat \"2013 Egyptian coup d'état\") when police fired on their sit\\-in during dawn prayers.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.hrw.org/news/2014/08/12/egypt\\-raba\\-killings\\-likely\\-crimes\\-against\\-humanity\\|title\\=Egypt: Rab'a Killings Likely Crimes against Humanity\\|date\\=12 August 2014\\|website\\=Human Rights Watch}}{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/07/20137821320932698\\.html\\|title\\=Egypt's Brotherhood alleges Cairo massacre\\|date\\=8 July 2013\\|access\\-date\\=7 July 2013\\|publisher\\=Al Jazeera}} According to the army, \"terrorists\" tried to storm the compound, leading to the death of an officer.{{cite news\\|title\\=At least 42 killed in Egypt, Islamists call for uprising\\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\\-egypt\\-protests\\-idUSBRE95Q0NO20130708\\|access\\-date\\=8 July 2013 \\|publisher\\=Reuters\\|date\\=8 July 2013}} MP [Mohamed Beltagy](/wiki/Mohamed_Beltagy \"Mohamed Beltagy\") described the incident as a \"massacre\" during dawn prayers. After the incident, the Freedom and Justice Party, called for \"the international community and international groups and all the free people of the world \\[to] intervene to stop further massacres \\[...] and prevent a new Syria in the Arab world.\"{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/07/20137872812532255\\.html\\|title\\=Muslim Brotherhood calls for Egypt uprising\\|publisher\\=Al Jazeera\\|date\\=8 July 2013\\|access\\-date\\=28 July 2013}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/07/20137884857657920\\.html\\|title\\=Reactions to Cairo shootings\\|publisher\\=Al Jazeera\\|date\\=8 July 2013\\|access\\-date\\=28 July 2013}} At the same time, Morsi supporters were said by the military of having forced two soldiers, Samir Abdallah Ali and Azzam Hazem Ali, to make pro\\-Morsi statements on a loudspeaker and that one of them was \"severely beaten up\" and filmed while making the statements. However, an army official later said that they had \"managed to escape their captors.\"{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/07/20137891839289850\\.html\\|title\\=Seized Egyptian soldiers escape\\|publisher\\=Al Jazeera\\|date\\=8 July 2013\\|access\\-date\\=28 July 2013}}", "The Nour Party announced it would not participate in the political transition due to the \"massacre\", and former Muslim Brotherhood member, moderate Islamist, and 2012 presidential candidate [Abdel Moneim Aboul Fotouh](/wiki/Abdel_Moneim_Aboul_Fotouh \"Abdel Moneim Aboul Fotouh\") called for Mansour to resign. Meanwhile, Mansour issued a proposed timetable for elections to occur within six months.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/08/egypt\\-braced\\-violence\\-morsi\\-supporters\\|title\\='Massacre' of Morsi supporters leaves Egypt braced for new violence\\|work\\=The Guardian\\|date\\=8 July 2013\\|access\\-date\\=11 July 2013\\|location\\=London\\|first1\\=Ian\\|last1\\=Black\\|first2\\=Patrick\\|last2\\=Kingsley}}", "Following reports that many [fighters in Syria](/wiki/Foreign_rebel_fighters_in_the_Syrian_civil_war \"Foreign rebel fighters in the Syrian civil war\") were returning in support of the Muslim Brotherhood, Egypt placed restrictions on Syrians entering the country and required them to obtain visas before entering the country.[Syria's ruling party elects new command](https://archive.today/20130710024646/http://www.sfgate.com/news/world/article/Syria-s-ruling-party-elects-new-command-amid-war-4651842.php)", "#### 9 July", "[Amnesty International](/wiki/Amnesty_International \"Amnesty International\") urged the Egyptian government to probe the \"massacre\" of the previous day. The army continued to deny it used excessive force, claiming police and troops responded to aggression by armed protesters.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/middle\\-east\\-live/2013/jul/09/egypt\\-urged\\-to\\-investigate\\-death\\-morsi\\-supporters\\-live\\|work\\=The Guardian\\|date\\=9 July 2013\\|access\\-date\\=11 July 2013\\|title\\=Egypt urged to investigate deaths of Morsi supporters \\|location\\=London}} Tamarod posted on [Twitter](/wiki/Twitter \"Twitter\") that \"Mansour's maneuvers will create a new dictatorship\", rejecting the proposed election timetable.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L\\-4402895,00\\.html\\|title\\=Egyptian Tamarod movement rejects interim president's timetable\\|publisher\\=Agence France\\-Presse \\|date\\=9 July 2013\\|access\\-date\\=11 July 2013}} Mohamed ElBaradei and [Hazem Al Beblawi](/wiki/Hazem_Al_Beblawi \"Hazem Al Beblawi\") were named vice president and prime minister for the interim government respectively by Mansour.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/07/09/mohamed\\-el\\-baradei\\-vice\\-president\\_n\\_3567139\\.html\\|agency\\=Associated Press \\|title\\=Mohamed El Baradei Appointed as Egypt's Vice President, Hazem Al Bablawi Becomes Prime Minister\\|date\\=9 July 2013\\|access\\-date\\=11 July 2013\\|work\\=Huffington Post}}", "#### 10 July", "[Ramadan](/wiki/Ramadan \"Ramadan\") began in Egypt. The Muslim Brotherhood again rejected overtures to participate in the transitional government. Arrest warrants were issued for [Mohammed Badie](/wiki/Mohammed_Badie \"Mohammed Badie\") and other top Muslim Brotherhood officials.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.cnn.com/2013/07/10/world/meast/egypt\\-coup\\|publisher\\=CNN\\|title\\=Egypt unrest: Ramadan begins and the military asks for trust\\|date\\=10 July 2013\\|access\\-date\\=11 July 2013}} The Investigative Reporting Program at the [University of California at Berkeley](/wiki/University_of_California_at_Berkeley \"University of California at Berkeley\") reported that a State Department programme ostensibly to support democracy provided funds to activists and politicians for fomenting unrest in Egypt after the ouster of President Hosni Mubarak in February 2011\\.{{cite web\\|author\\=Emad Mekay \\|url\\=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2013/07/2013710113522489801\\.html \\|title\\=Exclusive: US bankrolled anti\\-Morsi activists \\|publisher\\=Al Jazeera\\|date\\=10 July 2013\\|access\\-date\\=28 July 2013}}", "#### 11 July", "The [United States](/wiki/United_States \"United States\") formally placed financial aid to Egypt under review.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://worldnews.nbcnews.com/\\_news/2013/07/11/19411926\\-us\\-reviews\\-egypt\\-aid\\-as\\-arab\\-nations\\-pour\\-12\\-billion\\-into\\-post\\-morsi\\-regime?lite\\|publisher\\=NBC News\\|title\\=US reviews Egypt aid as Arab nations pour $12 billion into post\\-Morsi regime\\|date\\=11 July 2013\\|access\\-date\\=11 July 2013}}", "The Muslim Brotherhood vowed to continue its resistance to the military's ouster of Morsi. In a statement it disavowed itself from an assassination attempt against a senior army commander in the Sinai Peninsula on 10 July and said it adheres to peaceful measures. The statement also read: \"We will continue our peaceful resistance to the bloody military coup against constitutional legitimacy. We trust that the peaceful and popular will of the people shall triumph over force and oppression.\"{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/07/201371113239887638\\.html\\|title\\=Egypt's Brotherhood vows to keep defying coup\\|publisher\\=Al Jazeera\\|date\\=11 July 2013\\|access\\-date\\=28 July 2013}}", "Public prosecutor Hisham Barakat issued a temporary freeze on the assets of senior leaders of the Muslim Brotherhood,{{cite news\\|title\\=Egypt 'freezes assets' of Muslim Brotherhood leaders\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world\\-middle\\-east\\-23308838\\|access\\-date\\=28 July 2013\\|publisher\\=BBC News\\|date\\=14 July 2013}} as well as senior members of the [National Coalition for Supporting Legitimacy](/wiki/National_Coalition_for_Supporting_Legitimacy \"National Coalition for Supporting Legitimacy\"), pending investigations in ongoing cases related to events in al\\-Mokatam, al\\-Nahda square and the Republican Guards Club. The freeze affects the senior Muslim Brotherhood leaders [Mohammed Badie](/wiki/Mohammed_Badie \"Mohammed Badie\"), [Khairat el\\-Shater](/wiki/Khairat_el-Shater \"Khairat el-Shater\"), Mohamed Ezat, Mahi Ekef, [Saad El\\-Katatni](/wiki/Saad_El-Katatni \"Saad El-Katatni\"), [Essam el\\-Erian](/wiki/Essam_el-Erian \"Essam el-Erian\") and [Mohamed Beltagy](/wiki/Mohamed_Beltagy \"Mohamed Beltagy\"), as well as the politicians Essam Sultan, Assem Abdul Majed, Safwat Hegazy and [Hazem Abu Ismail](/wiki/Hazem_Salah_Abu_Ismail \"Hazem Salah Abu Ismail\").{{cite web\\|title\\=Egypt freezes Muslim Brotherhood funds\\|url\\=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/07/2013714145744713127\\.html\\|access\\-date\\=28 July 2013\\|publisher\\=Al Jazeera \\|date\\=14 July 2013}}", "#### 12–23 July", "On 13 July, Egyptian prosecutors announced a criminal investigation of Morsi for \"spying, inciting violence and ruining the economy\".{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/egypt\\-announces\\-criminal\\-investigation\\-of\\-morsi.aspx?pageID\\=517\\&nID\\=50637\\&NewsCatID\\=352\\|title\\=Egypt announces criminal investigation of Morsi\\|publisher\\=Reuters\\|date\\=13 July 2013\\|access\\-date\\=15 July 2013}} Two days later, General [Abdul Fattah al\\-Sisi](/wiki/Abdul_Fattah_al-Sisi \"Abdul Fattah al-Sisi\") spoke on state television for the first time since the coup to defend the army's actions. [Mohamed ElBaradei](/wiki/Mohamed_ElBaradei \"Mohamed ElBaradei\") was also sworn in as interim vice president the same day, while the assets of 14 prominent Islamists,{{who\\|date\\=July 2013}} including [Mohammed Badie](/wiki/Mohammed_Badie \"Mohammed Badie\"), were frozen.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.voanews.com/content/calm\\-on\\-streets\\-as\\-egypt\\-assembles\\-cabinet/1701431\\.html\\|title\\=Egypt's Top General Defends Removal of Morsi\\|publisher\\=Voice of America\\|date\\=14 July 2013\\|access\\-date\\=15 July 2013}} At least three were also killed and 17 others were wounded in North Sinai when suspected militants fired [rocket\\-propelled grenades](/wiki/Rocket-propelled_grenade \"Rocket-propelled grenade\") at a worker bus.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle\\-east/2013/07/15/Egypt\\-militants\\-kill\\-three\\-factory\\-workers\\-in\\-Sinai\\-bus\\-attack.html\\|title\\=Egypt 'militants' kill three factory workers in Sinai bus attack\\|date\\=15 July 2013\\|access\\-date\\=15 July 2013\\|publisher\\=Al Arabiya}}", "The Muslim Brotherhood continued its call for more protests after Friday prayers.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/07/201371817824261205\\.html\\|title\\=Egypt's Brotherhood promises more protests\\|publisher\\=Al Jazeera\\|date\\=18 July 2013\\|access\\-date\\=28 July 2013}} The protests were held in Cairo and Alexandria with two formations of fighter jets flying over both cities after noon prayers ended as well as military helicopters that flew low over roof tops in the city. Amongst the tens of thousands of protesters present, they chanted \"Islamic, Islamic\" in calling for an Islamic state.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/07/2013719105846819271\\.html \\|title\\=Egypt's deadly political stalemate drags on\\|publisher\\=Al Jazeera\\|date\\=19 July 2013\\|access\\-date\\=28 July 2013}}", "On 22 July, protests in Cairo led to two deaths at a pro\\-Morsi rally as unknown gunmen opened fire on demonstrators. A bomb also killed a conscript and injured 15 at a police station in [Mansoura](/wiki/Mansoura%2C_Egypt \"Mansoura, Egypt\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/07/201372216452414482\\.html\\|title\\=Attacks in Egypt lift death toll amid turmoil\\|publisher\\=Al Jazeera\\|date\\=22 July 2013\\|access\\-date\\=28 July 2013}} Morsi's family also accused the military of kidnapping him.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/07/2013722113223508246\\.html \\|title\\=Family accuses Egypt army of kidnapping Morsi\\|publisher\\=Al Jazeera \\|date\\=22 July 2013\\|access\\-date\\=28 July 2013}}", "The United States called on Egypt's army to free deposed President [Mohamed Morsi](/wiki/Mohamed_Morsi \"Mohamed Morsi\"), amid ongoing protests on the first Friday of Ramadan.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world\\-middle\\-east\\-23296463\\|title\\=US seeks end to ex\\-president's detention\\|publisher\\=BBC News\\|date\\=12 July 2013\\|access\\-date\\=13 July 2013}} U.S. Deputy Secretary of State [William J. Burns](/wiki/William_J._Burns_%28diplomat%29 \"William J. Burns (diplomat)\"), the highest\\-ranking U.S. official to visit Egypt since Morsi's ouster, visited Cairo to meet with representatives of the interim government.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.turkishweekly.net/news/153119/senior\\-u\\-s\\-official\\-visits\\-egypt.html\\|work\\=The Journal of Turkish Weekly\\|title\\=Senior U.S. official visits Egypt\\|date\\=15 July 2013\\|access\\-date\\=15 July 2013\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130731054938/http://www.turkishweekly.net/news/153119/senior\\-u\\-s\\-official\\-visits\\-egypt.html\\|archive\\-date\\=31 July 2013\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} Representatives from both Tamarod and the Nour Party refused to meet with Burns, with Tamarod accusing the U.S. of interfering with Egyptian internal affairs.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle\\-east/2013/07/15/Egypt\\-s\\-Tamarod\\-and\\-Salafist\\-party\\-decline\\-talks\\-with\\-U\\-S\\-official\\-.html\\|agency\\=Al Arabiya\\|title\\=Egypt's Tamarod and Salafist party decline talks with U.S. official\\|date\\=15 July 2013\\|access\\-date\\=15 July 2013}} The U.S. also delayed the delivery of [F\\-16 Fighting Falcons](/wiki/F-16_Fighting_Falcon \"F-16 Fighting Falcon\") from [Fort Worth](/wiki/Fort_Worth%2C_Texas \"Fort Worth, Texas\"), [Texas](/wiki/Texas \"Texas\"), to Egypt due to \"political reasons.\"{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2013/07/23/us\\-shipment\\-f\\-16s\\-to\\-post\\-morsi\\-egypt\\-hits\\-delay/ \\|publisher\\=Fox News\\|date\\=23 July 2013\\|title\\=US shipment of F\\-16s to post\\-Morsi Egypt hits delay\\|access\\-date\\=27 July 2013}}", "#### 24 July", "A bomb exploded at a police station in the Egyptian city of [Mansoura](/wiki/Mansoura%2C_Egypt \"Mansoura, Egypt\"), the capital of the [Dakahlia Governorate](/wiki/Dakahlia_Governorate \"Dakahlia Governorate\"), killing at least one person and injuring 17\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.hindustantimes.com/world\\-news/Africa/Bomb\\-at\\-Egypt\\-police\\-station\\-kills\\-one\\-injures\\-17/Article1\\-1097414\\.aspx\\|title\\=Bomb at Egypt police station kills one, injures 17\\|date\\=24 July 2013\\|work\\=Hindustan Times\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130726005117/http://www.hindustantimes.com/world\\-news/Africa/Bomb\\-at\\-Egypt\\-police\\-station\\-kills\\-one\\-injures\\-17/Article1\\-1097414\\.aspx\\|archive\\-date\\=26 July 2013}}", "During a speech at a military parade, [General Al\\-Sisi](/wiki/Abdul_Fattah_al-Sisi \"Abdul Fattah al-Sisi\") called for mass demonstrations on 26 July to grant his forces a \"mandate\" to crack down on \"terrorism\",{{cite news\\|title\\=Showdown in Cairo: Egyptian general demands permission to take on the 'terrorists'\\|url\\=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/showdown\\-in\\-cairo\\-egyptian\\-general\\-demands\\-permission\\-to\\-take\\-on\\-the\\-terrorists\\-8729903\\.html\\|access\\-date\\=26 July 2013\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Independent]]\\|date\\=24 July 2013\\|location\\=London\\|first\\=Alastair\\|last\\=Beach}} an apparent reference to the bombing at Mansoura and to restive Islamists continuing to oppose the overthrow of Mohamed Morsi.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.dw.de/egyptian\\-army\\-chief\\-al\\-sissi\\-calls\\-for\\-public\\-rallies\\-against\\-terrorism/a\\-16973625\\|publisher\\=Deutsche Welle\\|title\\=Egyptian army chief al\\-Sissi calls for public rallies against 'terrorism'\\|date\\=24 July 2013\\|access\\-date\\=24 July 2013}} This was seen as contradicting the military's pledges to hand over power to civilians after removing Dr. Morsi and as an indication for an imminent crackdown against Islamists.{{cite news\\|title\\=Egyptian General Calls for Mass Protests\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/25/world/middleeast/egypt.html\\|access\\-date\\=26 July 2013\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The New York Times\\|New York Times]]\\|date\\=24 July 2013\\|first1\\=Kareem\\|last1\\=Fahim}}", "The reactions to Al\\-Sisi's announcement ranged from open support by the Egyptian presidency{{cite news\\|title\\=Egypt's presidency calls for protests against 'terrorism'\\|url\\=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/0/77314/Egypt/0/Egypts\\-presidency\\-calls\\-for\\-protests\\-against\\-terro.aspx\\|access\\-date\\=26 July 2013\\|work\\=Al\\-Ahram \\|date\\=24 July 2013}} and the [Tamarod movement](/wiki/Tamarod \"Tamarod\"){{cite news\\|title\\='Rebel' endorses El\\-Sisi's call for Friday demos \\|url\\=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/77348/Egypt/Politics\\-/Rebel\\-endorses\\-ElSisis\\-call\\-for\\-Friday\\-demos.aspx\\|access\\-date\\=26 July 2013\\|work\\=Al\\-Ahram \\|date\\=25 July 2013}} to rejection, not only by the [Muslim Brotherhood](/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood \"Muslim Brotherhood\"), who called the announcement \"an invitation to civil war\",{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle\\-East/2013/Jul\\-24/224903\\-egypt\\-islamists\\-say\\-army\\-rally\\-call\\-announces\\-civil\\-war.ashx\\#axzz2ZyhwE300\\|work\\=The Daily Star\\|title\\=Egypt Islamists say army rally call 'announces civil war'\\|date\\=24 July 2013\\|access\\-date\\=24 July 2013\\|archive\\-date\\=18 November 2018\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118154715/http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle\\-East/2013/Jul\\-24/224903\\-egypt\\-islamists\\-say\\-army\\-rally\\-call\\-announces\\-civil\\-war.ashx\\#axzz2ZyhwE300\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} but also by the Salafi [Al\\-Nour Party](/wiki/Al-Nour_Party \"Al-Nour Party\"),{{cite news\\|title\\=Egypt's Nour Party and 6 April reject El\\-Sisi's call for Friday rallies\\|url\\=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/0/77309/Egypt/0/Egypts\\-Nour\\-Party\\-and\\-\\-April\\-reject\\-ElSisis\\-call\\-f.aspx\\|access\\-date\\=26 July 2013\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Al\\-Ahram\\|ahram online]]\\|date\\=24 July 2013}} the [Strong Egypt Party](/wiki/Strong_Egypt_Party \"Strong Egypt Party\"),{{cite news\\|title\\=Egypt's Abol Fotouh warns against army\\-called rally\\|url\\=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/sns\\-rt\\-us\\-egypt\\-protests\\-abolfotouh\\-20130724,0,7656397\\.story\\|access\\-date\\=26 July 2013\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Chicago Tribune]]\\|date\\=24 July 2013\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730072312/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/sns\\-rt\\-us\\-egypt\\-protests\\-abolfotouh\\-20130724,0,7656397\\.story\\|archive\\-date\\=30 July 2013\\|df\\=dmy\\-all}} the revolutionary [April 6 Youth Movement](/wiki/April_6_Youth_Movement \"April 6 Youth Movement\"){{cite news\\|title\\=6 April Youth Movement to stay off the streets on Friday\\|url\\=http://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2013/07/26/6\\-april\\-youth\\-movement\\-to\\-stay\\-off\\-the\\-streets\\-on\\-friday/\\|access\\-date\\=26 July 2013\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Daily News Egypt]]\\|date\\=26 July 2013}} and the Egyptian [Human Rights](/wiki/Human_Rights \"Human Rights\") groups.{{cite news \\|title\\=Egypt rights groups voice misgiving about army's call for rallies\\|url\\=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/77394/Egypt/Politics\\-/Egypt\\-rights\\-groups\\-voice\\-misgiving\\-about\\-armys\\-ca.aspx\\|access\\-date\\=26 July 2013\\|work\\=Al\\-Ahram \\|date\\=26 July 2013}}", "#### 26 July", "In response to [General Al\\-Sisi](/wiki/Abdul_Fattah_al-Sisi \"Abdul Fattah al-Sisi\")'s call, millions of protesters took part in demonstrations across the country in support of the army including tens of thousands in [Cairo](/wiki/Cairo \"Cairo\")'s [Tahrir Square](/wiki/Tahrir_Square \"Tahrir Square\") and at the Presidential Palace. At the same time, smaller demonstrations (thousands of protestors) rallied in [Nasr City](/wiki/Nasr_City \"Nasr City\") and at [Cairo University](/wiki/Cairo_University \"Cairo University\") in protest at the military coup.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.egyptindependent.com/news/capmas\\-estimates\\-35\\-million\\-participated\\-26\\-july\\-demonstrations\\|title\\=CAPMAS estimates 35 million participated in 26 July demonstrations\\|date\\=27 July 2013\\|work\\=Egypt Independent}}{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/millions\\-rally\\-in\\-egypt\\-responding\\-to\\-army\\-call/\\|title\\=Millions rally in Egypt, responding to army call\\|date\\=26 July 2013\\|publisher\\=CBS News}}{{cite news\\|title\\=Protesters flood Cairo in competing rallies\\|url\\=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/07/2013726164710914498\\.html\\|access\\-date\\=26 July 2013\\|work\\=\\[\\[Al Jazeera English]]\\|date\\=26 July 2013}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.egyptindependent.com/news/security\\-source\\-29\\-million\\-egyptians\\-rallied\\-friday\\-against\\-terrorism\\|title\\=Security Source: 29 million Egyptians rallied on Friday 'against terrorism'\\|date\\=27 July 2013\\|work\\=Egypt Independent}} While the demonstrations in [Cairo](/wiki/Cairo \"Cairo\") were largely peaceful, five people including a 14\\-year\\-old boy were killed and at least 146 injured in [Alexandria](/wiki/Alexandria \"Alexandria\"), when a pro\\-army march passed near a demonstration of Morsi supporters at Al\\-Qaed Ibrahim Mosque.{{cite news\\|title\\=Five killed, more than 100 injured in clashes in Egypt's Alexandria\\|url\\=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/77472/Egypt/Politics\\-/Five\\-killed,\\-more\\-than\\-\\-injured\\-in\\-clashes\\-in\\-Egyp.aspx\\|access\\-date\\=26 July 2013\\|work\\=Al\\-Ahram \\|date\\=26 July 2013}} The Health Ministry confirmed a total of nine people killed during protests in Alexandria.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/77600/Egypt/Politics\\-/Human\\-Rights\\-Watch\\-slams\\-Egypt\\-over\\-protest\\-deaths.aspx \\|title\\=Human Rights Watch slams Egypt over protest deaths\\|work\\=Al\\-Ahram \\|access\\-date\\=29 July 2013}}", "In Sphinx Square in [Mohandessin](/wiki/Mohandessin \"Mohandessin\"), a group of activists called [The Third Square](/wiki/The_Third_Square \"The Third Square\"), who mistrust both the military and the Islamists, held their own protest. In a leaflet, they declared their opposition to \"the defense minister calling for an authorization to kill Egyptians on the pretext of fighting terrorism\".{{cite news \\|url\\=http://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/07/26/tahrir\\-taken\\-some\\-egyptians\\-look\\-for\\-a\\-third\\-square\\-to\\-resist\\-islamists\\-and\\-army/\\|title\\=Tahrir Taken, Some Egyptians Look for 'Third Square' to Resist Islamists and Army\\|date\\=26 July 2013\\|work\\=The New York Times\\|first\\=Robert\\|last\\=Mackey}}", "In a separate development, Egyptian state media announced that deposed [President Morsi](/wiki/Mohamed_Morsi \"Mohamed Morsi\") was being investigated for conspiring with the Palestinian group [Hamas](/wiki/Hamas \"Hamas\") in relation to a prison breakout in 2011\\.{{cite news\\|title\\=Morsi's Friends and Foes Stage Mass Rallies Across Egypt\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/27/world/middleeast/egypt.html\\|access\\-date\\=26 July 2013\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]]\\|date\\=26 July 2013\\|first1\\=Robert F.\\|last1\\=Worth\\|first2\\=Kareem \\|last2\\=Fahim}}", "#### 27 July", "At least 82 were killed early in the morning after security forces opened fire on pro\\-Morsi demonstrators on a road near the [Rabaa Al\\-Adawiya Mosque](/wiki/Rabaa_Al-Adawiya_Mosque \"Rabaa Al-Adawiya Mosque\"), a centre of resistance to the military coup. The health ministry said 82 were confirmed dead and 299 injured, while doctors at the field hospital said at least 200 protesters had been killed and 4,500 injured.[Egypt crisis: 'we didn't have space in the fridges for all the bodies](https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/28/egypt-crisis-cairo-massacre-morsi). *The Guardian*. Retrieved 14 August 2013{{cite web\\|url\\=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/77675/Egypt/Politics\\-/\\-killed,\\-\\-injured\\-in\\-Cairo%E2%80%99s\\-Nasr\\-City\\-violence\\-He.aspx\\|title\\=80 killed, 299 injured in Cairo's Nasr City violence: Health Ministry\\|work\\=Al\\-Ahram \\|access\\-date\\=29 July 2013}} A Brotherhood spokesman said police used live ammunition and shot to kill.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/27/morsi\\-supporters\\-killed\\-egypt\\-cairo\\|work\\=The Guardian\\|date\\=27 July 2013\\|access\\-date\\=27 July 2013\\|title\\=More than 130 Morsi supporters killed in Egypt clashes\\|location\\=London\\|first\\=Patrick\\|last\\=Kingsley}}", "Interior Minister [Mohamed Ibrahim](/wiki/Mohamed_Ibrahim_Moustafa \"Mohamed Ibrahim Moustafa\") said police had been forced to intervene after demonstrators clashed with locals while trying to block a major bridge. He claimed that police did not use live ammunition and attempted to disperse protesters with tear gas. However, multiple photos on the internet show clearly the police and army forces using live ammunition and automatic guns.[Protests in Egypt](https://web.archive.org/web/20131224114251/http://i.telegraph.co.uk/multimedia/archive/02628/EGYPT-PROTESTS-1_2628780a.jpg) *The Telegraph* Meanwhile, Al\\-Nour Party leader [Younis Makhyoun](/wiki/Younis_Makhyoun \"Younis Makhyoun\") called for a full investigation into the incident, which the Brotherhood described as a \"massacre\", and angry activists chanted violent slogans calling for Sisi to be executed during pro\\-Morsi protests during the day.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\\-egypt\\-protests\\-idUSBRE96O11Z20130727\\|publisher\\=Reuters\\|date\\=27 July 2013\\|access\\-date\\=27 July 2013\\|title\\=Brotherhood accuses Egyptian security forces of shooting dead dozens}}", "Two days later, the United States [White House](/wiki/White_House \"White House\") released a statement that read it \"strongly condemns the bloodshed and violence\" in Cairo and Alexandria, while calling on the military\\-backed interim government to respect the rights of demonstrators.[US condemns bloodshed and violence in Egypt](http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/07/2013729182144348945.html). Al Jazeera. Retrieved 14 August 2013\\.", "#### 30–31 July", "On 30 July, a member of the Palestinian movement [Hamas](/wiki/Hamas \"Hamas\")' named Salah al\\-Bardaweel said that it had documentary proof that the interim government was colluding with its Palestinian rivals, [Fatah](/wiki/Fatah \"Fatah\") and the [Palestinian National Authority](/wiki/Palestinian_National_Authority \"Palestinian National Authority\"), in pushing forward a malicious agenda to tarnish the group, while it also denied involvement in the Egypt protests following the coup.[Hamas accuses rivals of malicious campaign](http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/07/201373013511788664.html). Al Jazeera. Retrieved 14 August 2013\\. Fatah termed the documents as \"fabrications\" in rejecting the allegations.[Fatah dismisses Hamas papers as fabrications](http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/07/2013730165625320927.html). Al Jazeera. Retrieved 14 August 2013\\.", "The next day, the interim cabinet warned that it would use any measures to deal with the pro\\-Morsi protesters' sit\\-in in dispersing them.[Egypt cabinet orders end to sit\\-in protest](http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/07/2013731144419285305.html). Al Jazeera. Retrieved 14 August 2013\\.", "### August 2013", "On 11 August, efforts by the international community to end the standoff and find a peaceful resolution to the crisis failed. Egypt's prime minister warned just ahead of the Muslim Eid al\\-Fitr holiday that ends Sunday that the government's decision to clear the sit\\-ins was \"irreversible.\"[Egypt police to break up sit\\-in protests within 24 hours](https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/egypt-police-to-break-up-sit-in-protests-within-24-hours-1.1372985), CBC, 11 August 2013", "On 12 August, supporters of toppled president Mohamed Morsi increased the pressure on Egypt's interim leadership by defiantly flooding into two protest camps Monday, prompting police to postpone moving against the 6\\-week\\-old sit\\-ins to \"avoid bloodshed\" and delayed taking any action.[Pro\\-Morsi sit\\-ins gain strength, prompt Egypt to postpone dispersal to avoid bloodshed](https://web.archive.org/web/20130825221538/http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2013-08-12/world/41299580_1_security-forces-anti-morsi-protesters-cairo), Washington Post, 12 August 2013 The Interior Ministry has depicted the encampments as a public danger, saying 11 bodies bearing signs of torture were found near both sites. Amnesty International has also reported that anti\\-Morsi protesters have been captured, beaten, subjected to electric shocks or stabbed. At least eight bodies have arrived at a morgue in Cairo bearing signs of torture, the human rights group said.", "#### 13–14 August", "{{main\\|August 2013 Rabaa massacre}}\nOn 13 August, Egyptian interim President [Adly Mansour](/wiki/Adly_Mansour \"Adly Mansour\") appointed 18 new provincial governors, many of them former military officers, removing all [Muslim Brotherhood](/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood \"Muslim Brotherhood\") members who had been in office, triggering a wave of criticism from groups and activists who decried the appointments of mainly former security officials to the posts.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/78974/Egypt/Politics\\-/Egypts\\-new\\-governor\\-appointments\\-draw\\-criticism.aspx \\|title\\=Egypt's new governor appointments draw criticism\\|work\\=Al\\-Ahram \\|date\\=13 August 2013\\|access\\-date\\=18 August 2013}} According to *[The Economist](/wiki/The_Economist \"The Economist\")* a number of those newly appointed governors \"had glaring records of hostility to the 2011 revolution.\"[Egypt's crisis: The storm before the storm](https://www.economist.com/news/briefing/21583718-bloody-confrontation-streets-cairo-damaging-development-and-could-be) *The Economist*.", "[thumb\\|Map showing areas in Egypt affected by curfew after 14 August](/wiki/File:Curfew08142013.png \"Curfew08142013.png\")\nShortly after dawn on 14 August, Egyptian police raided two large encampments by supporters of ousted president Mohamed Morsi in Cairo to forcibly disperse them, after six weeks of unauthorized sit\\-in, sparking deadly clashes that drew global condemnation from world states.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/08/201381505130985967\\.html\\|title\\=Global condemnation of Egypt crackdown\\|publisher\\=Al Jazeera\\|date\\=15 August 2013\\|access\\-date\\=17 August 2013}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/79105/Egypt/Politics\\-/Most\\-world\\-states\\-condemn\\-Egypts\\-violence\\-.aspx \\|title\\=Most world states condemn Egypt's violence\\|work\\=Al\\-Ahram \\|access\\-date\\=18 August 2013}} The Egyptian government announced a one\\-month [state of emergency](/wiki/State_of_emergency \"State of emergency\") as a result of the deadly clashes. A spokesman for Egypt's health ministry said the death toll has reached 638 of which 595 are civilians and 43 police officers with at least 3,994 injured.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/79160/Egypt/Politics\\-/Death\\-toll\\-from\\-Egypt\\-violence\\-rises\\-to\\-\\-Health\\-mi.aspx \\|title\\=Death toll from Egypt violence rises to 638: Health ministry\\|work\\=Al\\-Ahram \\|access\\-date\\=18 August 2013}} Additionally according to workers at the Al Iman mosque, over 200 bodies, which had been moved from a protest camp nearby, are not included in the official Health Ministry tally.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/79158/Egypt/Politics\\-/Charred\\-bodies\\-lie\\-in\\-Cairo\\-mosque,\\-unrecognised\\-b.aspx \\|title\\=Charred bodies lie in Cairo mosque, unrecognised by Egyptian state\\|work\\=Al\\-Ahram \\|access\\-date\\=18 August 2013}} The Muslim Brotherhood has said the true death toll was far higher, with a spokesman saying 2,000 people had been killed in the \"massacre\".{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/08/201381563920647305\\.html \\|title\\=Brotherhood plans Cairo march after crackdown\\|publisher\\=Al Jazeera\\|date\\=15 August 2013\\|access\\-date\\=17 August 2013}} Among the dead was the daughter of [Mohamed el\\-Beltagy](/wiki/Mohamed_el-Beltagy \"Mohamed el-Beltagy\"), a prominent lawmaker.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.madamasr.com/content/beltagys\\-daughter\\-killed\\-rabea\\-protesters\\-hold\\-their\\-ground\\|title\\=Beltagy's daughter killed as Rabea protesters hold their ground\\|work\\=Mada Masr\\|access\\-date\\=17 August 2013\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130816134524/http://www.madamasr.com/content/beltagys\\-daughter\\-killed\\-rabea\\-protesters\\-hold\\-their\\-ground\\|archive\\-date\\=16 August 2013}} Four journalists were killed and several others were injured or arrested.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/79055/Egypt/Politics\\-/Four\\-journalists\\-killed,\\-others\\-injured,\\-detained\\-.aspx \\|title\\=Four journalists killed, others injured, detained in Cairo clashes\\|work\\=Al\\-Ahram \\|access\\-date\\=18 August 2013}}{{cite news\\|last\\=Mirkinson\\|first\\=Jack\\|title\\=Habiba Ahmed Abd Elaziz, Journalist Killed in Egypt, Wrote To Her Mother Just Before Her Death\\|url\\=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/08/14/habiba\\-ahmed\\-abd\\-elaziz\\-killed\\-egypt\\-mother\\_n\\_3756638\\.html\\|work\\=Huffington Post\\|date\\=14 August 2013}}{{cite web\\|title\\=Sky News Cameraman Killed in Egypt\\|url\\=http://news.sky.com/story/1128530/sky\\-news\\-cameraman\\-killed\\-in\\-egypt\\|publisher\\=Sky News\\|access\\-date\\=14 August 2013}} Egyptian Vice President [Mohamed ElBaradei](/wiki/Mohamed_ElBaradei \"Mohamed ElBaradei\") resigned on the same day following the violent actions by security forces against the protesters.[Egypt: VP Mohamed ElBaradei resigns to protest violent crackdown on pro\\-Morsi sit\\-in camps](https://web.archive.org/web/20181211075256/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/egypt-vp-mohamed-elbaradei-resigns-to-protest-violent-crackdown-on-pro-morsi-sit-in-camps/2013/08/14/45dc5f16-04fc-11e3-bfc5-406b928603b2_story.html). *The Washington Post*. Retrieved 14 August 2013\\.", "#### 15–16 August", "On 15 August, following the security forces raids on Cairo protest camps held by supporters of deposed president Mohamed Morsi, churches across Egypt came under frenzied attack Thursday as Morsi loyalists allegedly orchestrated nationwide assaults on Christian targets throughout the country. It's estimated that as many as 36 churches were \"completely\" devastated by fire across nine Egyptian governorates and many other churches were looted or stormed. Egypt's army chief Gen. [Abdel\\-Fattah el\\-Sissi](/wiki/Abdel-Fattah_el-Sissi \"Abdel-Fattah el-Sissi\") pledged the military would cover the costs of restoration for all damaged churches. Morsi's Islamist backers also set dozens of police stations ablaze across Egypt and attempted to storm provincial governor offices following Wednesday's bloody crackdown. A group of Morsi supporters also set fire to the finance ministry building in Cairo's Nasr City district.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/79124/Egypt/Politics\\-/Churches\\-torched\\-across\\-Egypt\\-in\\-antiCoptic\\-violen.aspx \\|title\\=Churches torched across Egypt in anti\\-Coptic violence by Morsi loyalists\\|work\\=Al\\-Ahram \\|access\\-date\\=18 August 2013}}", "The unrest led the interim government to declare a month\\-long state of emergency, with a daily curfew between 7:00pm and 6:00am in Cairo and 12 other governorates.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/sns\\-rt\\-us\\-egypt\\-curfew\\-20130815,0,3188258\\.story\\|title\\=Egypt cancels decision to shorten curfew hours: statement\\|work\\=Chicago Tribune\\|date\\=15 August 2013\\|access\\-date\\=17 August 2013\\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20130817074035/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/sns\\-rt\\-us\\-egypt\\-curfew\\-20130815,0,3188258\\.story\\|archive\\-date\\=17 August 2013\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}", "Several episodes of clashes are reported in Cairo, Alexandria and other major cities.[Live blog: Egypt's day of rage—the roundup](http://www.vocativ.com/08-2013/live-blog-egypts-day-of-rage/) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140205174956/http://www.vocativ.com/08\\-2013/live\\-blog\\-egypts\\-day\\-of\\-rage/ \\|date\\=5 February 2014 }}. Vocativ (16 August 2013\\). Retrieved 6 September 2013\\. The interim Interior Minister authorized the police agents and the military to shoot on sight anyone who is involved in unrests. All touristic attractions and antiquities museums are closed all over the country, many suffering looting episodes.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2013/08/pictures/130823\\-museum\\-mallawi\\-egypt\\-looting\\-artifacts\\-archaeology\\-science\\-antiquities/\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130823135613/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2013/08/pictures/130823\\-museum\\-mallawi\\-egypt\\-looting\\-artifacts\\-archaeology\\-science\\-antiquities/\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=23 August 2013\\|title\\=Pictures: Looters Shatter Museum of Ancient Egyptian Treasures\\|date\\=2013\\-08\\-23\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-05\\-29}}", "The army blocked all major streets and squares, among which, Tahrir Square. The early clashes caused many deaths, at least 80 in Cairo, 5 in [Fayoum](/wiki/Fayoum \"Fayoum\"), 10 in [Ismailia](/wiki/Ismailia \"Ismailia\"), 8 in [Damietta](/wiki/Damietta \"Damietta\") and at least 1 in [Al Arish](/wiki/Al_Arish \"Al Arish\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/79207/Egypt/Politics\\-/Clashes\\-erupting\\-in\\-Egypt\\-start\\-death\\-toll\\-countin.aspx \\|title\\=Clashes erupting in Egypt start death toll counting\\|work\\=Al\\-Ahram \\|access\\-date\\=18 August 2013}}", "On 16 August Ammar Badie, the son of [Mohammed Badie](/wiki/Mohammed_Badie \"Mohammed Badie\"), was among the 173 killed in clashes that were part of a Muslim Brotherhood orchestrated \"Day of Rage\".{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/765636070/Egypt\\-Son\\-of\\-top\\-Muslim\\-Brotherhood\\-leader\\-killed.html\\|title\\=Egypt: Son of top Muslim Brotherhood leader killed\\|agency\\=Associated Press\\|date\\=17 August 2013\\|access\\-date\\=17 August 2013}}", "#### 17–18 August", "On 17 August, security forces cleared a Cairo mosque after a standoff with anti\\-government protesters barricaded inside. The confrontation at the al\\-Fath mosque continued for most of Saturday—with exchanges of gunfire between security forces and protesters.Hauslohner, Abigail. (17 August 2013\\) [Security forces clear Cairo mosque after standoff with anti\\-government protesters](https://web.archive.org/web/20130822195003/http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2013-08-17/world/41419634_1_muslim-brotherhood-security-forces-brotherhood-members). *Washington Post*. Retrieved 6 September 2013\\.", "On 18 August, a convoy carrying about 600 detainees to [Abu Zaabal](/wiki/Abu_Zaabal \"Abu Zaabal\") Prison near Cairo resulted in at least 35 deaths. The interior ministry said that the detainees tried to escape from the convoy and took an officer hostage. They then said that police fired tear gas back at them and the detainees died as a result of suffocation. However, the Muslim Brotherhood disputed the claim and said that its supporters were killed in cold blood and called for an international inquiry into the incident.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/08/2013818175824286257\\.html\\|title\\=Dozens of protest detainees killed in Egypt\\|publisher\\=Al Jazeera \\|date\\=19 August 2013\\|access\\-date\\=19 August 2013\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130820001247/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/08/2013818175824286257\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-date\\=20 August 2013}}", "25 Egyptian policemen died on 19 August in an attack in Egypt's Sinai Peninsula by militant Islamists.[Egypt bloodletting rages with Islamic militants killing 25 police in Sinai Peninsula](https://www.cbsnews.com/news/egypt-bloodletting-rages-with-islamic-militants-killing-25-police-in-sinai-peninsula/). CBS News (19 August 2013\\). Retrieved 6 September 2013\\.", "In all, nearly 1,000 people have been killed in clashes between security forces and supporters of ousted President Mohamed Morsi during 14–18 August.", "On 19 August, the government banned vigilante groups known as \"people's committees\" that are armed with clubs, sticks and guns and have appeared on Egyptian streets as of mid\\-August 2013\\.[Egypt bans vigilantes, protests go on](https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/egypt-bans-vigilantes-protests-go-on/2013/08/18/21e8244e-0841-11e3-b87c-476db8ac34cd_story.html). *The Washington Post*. Retrieved 6 September 2013\\.", "### September 2013", "#### 5 September", "On 5 September 2013, interior minister [Mohamed Ibrahim Moustafa](/wiki/Mohamed_Ibrahim_Moustafa \"Mohamed Ibrahim Moustafa\") was the target of an assassination attempt; the attempt failed, though 21 people were injured and one person died.{{cite web\\|title\\=One dead after Thursday's bomb attack in Cairo\\|url\\=http://english.ahram.org.eg/News/80943\\.aspx\\|work\\=Al\\-Ahram \\|access\\-date\\=6 September 2013}}", "#### 19 September", "One police officer was killed in [Giza](/wiki/Giza \"Giza\") in an Islamist dominated town, more than 50 Islamists were arrested on the crackdown.{{cite web\\|title\\=51 arrested in raid on Islamist\\-dominated district near Cairo\\|url\\=http://english.ahram.org.eg/News/81969\\.aspx\\|work\\=Al\\-Ahram \\|access\\-date\\=7 October 2013}}", "### October 2013", "On 6 October 2013, at least 57 were killed and 393 injured across the country when anti\\-coup protesters and security forces clashed amid celebrations of the 40th anniversary of the start of the [1973 Mideast war](/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War \"Yom Kippur War\") with [Israel](/wiki/Israel \"Israel\"). Pitched battles were fought for hours in some Cairo neighborhoods, where 48 of the 57 fatalities occurred. Residents reported areas of the city looked like combat zones, with tires burning and thick black smoke rising over the streets.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L\\-4438217,00\\.html\\|title\\=Death toll from Egypt clashes rises to 57\\|newspaper\\=Ynetnews\\|date\\=8 October 2013 \\|agency\\=Reuters}}", "Violence continued on 7 October, as unidentified gunmen attacked an Army convoy west of [Ismailiya](/wiki/Ismailiya \"Ismailiya\"), near the [Suez Canal](/wiki/Suez_Canal \"Suez Canal\"), killing all six passengers, including an officer and a lieutenant. Shortly before that a suicide bomber attacked the security headquarters in the [Southern Sinai](/wiki/South_Sinai_Governorate \"South Sinai Governorate\") capital of [El\\-Tor](/wiki/El-Tor \"El-Tor\"), killing three and injuring at least 55\\. In addition, two rocket\\-propelled grenades hit a major satellite station in the affluent Cairo suburb of [Maadi](/wiki/Maadi \"Maadi\"), causing some damage, but no casualties.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/egypt\\-turmoil\\-street\\-clashes\\-leave\\-51\\-dead \\|title\\=WAVE OF DEADLY ATTACKS IN EGYPT KILLS 8\\|date\\=7 October 2013\\|publisher\\=Associated Press}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/10/egypt\\-unrest\\-continues\\-with\\-series\\-attacks\\-201310716028596332\\.html\\|title\\=Egypt multiple attacks target state security\\|date\\=7 October 2013\\|publisher\\=Al Jazeera}}", "### November 2013", "On 15 November, two teenagers were killed in Friday clashes as the curfew was removed.{{cite news\\|title\\=Tunisia's 'Jasmine Revolution' jolts Arab world \\|url\\=http://english.ahram.org.eg/\\~/NewsContent/2/8/3955/World/Region/Tunisias\\-Jasmine\\-Revolution\\-jolts\\-Arab\\-world.aspx\\|agency\\=\\[\\[Agence France\\-Presse]]\\|work\\=Al\\-Ahram\\|access\\-date\\=15 January 2011}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://english.ahram.org.eg/\\~/NewsContent/1/64/86552/Egypt/Politics\\-/Health\\-Ministry\\-confirms\\-yearold\\-killed\\-in\\-Friday\\-.aspx\\|title\\=Health Ministry confirms a 15\\-year\\-old killed\\|date\\=16 November 2013\\|work\\=Al\\-Ahram}}", "On 19 November, revolutionaries clashed with military supporters in the second anniversary of the Mohamed Mahmoud massacre that killed 61 in three days. The clashes left two people dead, both men aged 20 and 25, the deaths were caused by [birdshot](/wiki/Birdshot \"Birdshot\") wounds.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/87023/Egypt/Politics\\-/Death\\-toll\\-from\\-Tuesdays\\-violence\\-in\\-Cairo\\-climbs\\-.aspx\\|title\\=Death toll from Tuesday's violence in Cairo climbs to two \\- Politics\\|work\\=Al\\-Ahram\\|access\\-date\\=26 November 2013}}", "On 21 November, Islamist students from [Azhar University](/wiki/Azhar_University \"Azhar University\") clashed with police forces, Islamist students have been protesting since the beginning of the studying year in universities, one Islamist student was killed by a birdshot wound in the head, students after that protested against the violence.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/0/87095/Egypt/0/Student\\-killed\\-at\\-AlAzhar\\-University\\-protest.aspx\\|title\\=Student killed at Al\\-Azhar University protest\\|work\\=Al\\-Ahram\\|access\\-date\\=26 November 2013}}", "On 22 November, Friday Clashes left three people killed, one child was killed as well, 15 others were injured nationwide. Friday is usually a day of clashes and protests. In [Minya](/wiki/Minya%2C_Egypt \"Minya, Egypt\") in Upper Egypt one was killed, 21\\-year\\-old Salah Adel died because of a gunshot wound in the chest. The Friday marked 100 days passed since the 14 August raids.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/87217/Egypt/Politics\\-/UPDATE\\-\\-Death\\-toll\\-rises\\-to\\-\\-at\\-\\-days\\-proMorsi\\-pro.aspx\\|title\\=Death toll rises to 3 at '100 days' pro\\-Morsi protests\\|work\\=Al\\-Ahram\\|date\\=22 November 2013\\|access\\-date\\=26 November 2013}}", "On 28 November, clashes between Islamist students and police left one student killed by a gunshot wound to the neck, the protest was organized without following the protest law, another student was injured and in critical condition.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/87750/Egypt/Politics\\-/UPDATE\\-\\-Student\\-killed\\-in\\-clashes\\-with\\-police\\-at\\-C.aspx\\|title\\=Student killed in clashes with police at Cairo University\\|work\\=Al\\-Ahram\\|access\\-date\\=18 December 2013}}", "### December 2013", "On 13 December, two people were killed on Friday clashes, 14 others were injured and 54 were arrested, the numbers were lower due to low temperature.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/89051/Egypt/Politics\\-/Two\\-killed,\\-dozens\\-arrested\\-as\\-security\\-forces\\-dis.aspx \\|title\\=Two killed, dozens arrested as security forces disperse pro\\-Morsi rallies\\|work\\=Al\\-Ahram\\|date\\=13 December 2013\\|access\\-date\\=18 December 2013}}", "On 16 December, a taxi driver was lynched to death by an Islamist mob, the taxi driver went through the crowd and accidentally ran over a female protester, the 24\\-year\\-old Mohamed Othman had his taxi torched after his death, and Islamists spraypainted 'killer' on his cab.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/89286/Egypt/Politics\\-/Taxi\\-driver\\-killed\\-by\\-lynch\\-mob\\-after\\-running\\-over.aspx \\|title\\=Taxi driver killed by lynch mob after running over pro\\-Morsi protester\\|work\\=Al\\-Ahram\\|access\\-date\\=18 December 2013}}", "On 24 December, a [car bomb went off](/wiki/December_2013_Mansoura_bombing \"December 2013 Mansoura bombing\") in [Mansoura](/wiki/Mansoura \"Mansoura\") and left 16 people dead, the bomb was at a security headquarters and killed 14 officers and 2 civilians, the [Muslim Brotherhood](/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood \"Muslim Brotherhood\") was declared a terror group and accused of carrying out the attacks, but [Ansar Bait Al\\-Maqdis](/wiki/Ansar_Bait_Al-Maqdis \"Ansar Bait Al-Maqdis\") claims it did it, The group carries out regular attacks in the [Sinai Insurgency](/wiki/Sinai_Insurgency \"Sinai Insurgency\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/90009/Egypt/Politics\\-/Mansoura\\-death\\-toll\\-rises\\-to\\-,\\-mostly\\-policemen.aspx \\|title\\=Mansoura death toll rises to 16, mostly policemen \\|work\\=Al\\-Ahram \\|date\\=25 December 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=2014\\-01\\-24}}", "On 27 December, Friday clashes left 5 people dead, and 265 arrested, the protest were sparked when the [Muslim Brotherhood](/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood \"Muslim Brotherhood\") was officially banned, police apparently fired bullets.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/90212/Egypt/Politics\\-/Egypt\\-death\\-toll\\-from\\-Friday\\-clashes\\-rises\\-to\\-five.aspx \\|title\\=Egypt death toll from Friday clashes rises to five \\|work\\=Al\\-Ahram \\|date\\=28 December 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=2014\\-01\\-24}}", "### January 2014", "On 3 January 2014, six months after Morsi's ouster, 13 people were killed in clashes between Islamists, their opponents, and the police.", "On 10 January, 4 people were killed in Friday clashes, as soldiers opened fire in Suez and killed 3 people from Youth Against Coup group, 1 other was killed in Alexandria.", "On 14 January, 11 people were killed in clashes on the [2014 Egyptian constitutional referendum](/wiki/2014_Egyptian_constitutional_referendum \"2014 Egyptian constitutional referendum\"), the clashes were between supporters and opponents of the constitution.{{cite news \\|agency\\=AP \\|url\\=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2014\\-01\\-15/middle\\-east/46223333\\_1\\_clashes\\-cairo\\-new\\-constitution \\|title\\=Egypt says 11 dead in clashes on first day of voting \\|date\\=2014\\-01\\-15 \\|access\\-date\\=2014\\-01\\-24 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140118115231/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2014\\-01\\-15/middle\\-east/46223333\\_1\\_clashes\\-cairo\\-new\\-constitution \\|archive\\-date\\=18 January 2014 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Times of India]] }}", "On 16 January, 1 student named Omar was killed in clashes between students and police officers, more than 10 others were injured and 23 were arrested, the university president's son was injured.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/91747/Egypt/Politics\\-/At\\-least\\-one\\-student\\-killed\\-at\\-Cairo\\-University\\-cl.aspx \\|title\\=At least one student killed at Cairo University clashes \\|work\\=Al\\-Ahram \\|date\\=2014\\-01\\-16 \\|access\\-date\\=2014\\-01\\-24}}", "On 24 January, [four bomb blasts hit Cairo](/wiki/January_2014_Cairo_bombings \"January 2014 Cairo bombings\"); the blasts killed 6 and also blew up the Cairo police headquarters and a nearby Islamic museum;{{cite web\\|url\\=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/92374/Egypt/Politics\\-/UPDATE\\-\\-Cairo\\-hit\\-by\\-three\\-bomb\\-blasts\\-on\\-Friday,\\-.aspx \\|title\\=UPDATE 9: Cairo hit by four bomb blasts on Friday, killing 6 \\|work\\=Al\\-Ahram \\|date\\=24 January 2014\\|access\\-date\\=2014\\-01\\-24}} [Ansar Bait al\\-Maqdis](/wiki/Ansar_Bait_al-Maqdis \"Ansar Bait al-Maqdis\") took responsibility for all four of the blasts;{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/01/deadly\\-explosions\\-target\\-police\\-egypt\\-2014124231145815191\\.html\\|title\\=Deadly explosions target police in Egypt\\|publisher\\=Al Jazeera English\\|date\\=24 January 2014 \\|access\\-date\\=24 January 2014}} though a group called Egypt's Soldiers took responsibility for the blast near the metro station.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.egyptindependent.com//news/ansar\\-bayt\\-al\\-maqdis\\-claims\\-responsibility\\-military\\-helicopter\\-crash\\-and\\-attacks\\|title\\=Ansar Bayt al\\-Maqdis claims responsibility for military helicopter crash and attacks \\|work\\=Egypt Independent\\|date\\=26 January 2014\\|access\\-date\\=26 January 2014}} 15 others were killed in clashes; a total of 21 were killed that day.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/92423/Egypt/Politics\\-/UPDATE\\-\\-killed\\-in\\-clashes\\-between\\-Brotherhood\\-and\\-.aspx \\|title\\=UPDATE: 15 killed in clashes between Brotherhood and opponents Friday \\|work\\=Al\\-Ahram \\|date\\=25 January 2014 \\|access\\-date\\=26 January 2014}}", "On 25 January, 64 people were killed on the third anniversary of the [Egyptian Revolution of 2011](/wiki/Egyptian_Revolution_of_2011 \"Egyptian Revolution of 2011\"), mostly by gunshot wounds; tens of thousands protested against the military and the ministry of interior, while protestors in favor of the Egyptian military celebrated in [Tahrir Square](/wiki/Tahrir_Square \"Tahrir Square\"). Clashes took place between anti\\-military and police forces; some clashes occurred between pro\\- and anti\\-military forces, the anti\\-military crowd was made up of the [Muslim Brotherhood](/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood_in_Egypt \"Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt\") and the [Way of the Revolution Front](/wiki/Way_of_the_Revolution_Front \"Way of the Revolution Front\"); there were also other movements and unaffiliated protesters, there were reports of police using live ammunition in 2 areas.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/92710/Egypt/Politics\\-/Death\\-toll\\-from\\-uprising\\-anniversary\\-climbs\\-to\\-,\\-m.aspx \\|title\\=Death toll from uprising anniversary climbs to 64, mostly by gunshot: Forensics \\|work\\=Al\\-Ahram \\|date\\=2014\\-01\\-25 \\|access\\-date\\=2014\\-01\\-29}}", "On 31 January, 1 person was killed and 35 were injured in Friday clashes.[\"1 killed, 35 injured in Egypt's pro\\-Brotherhood Friday clashes: Health ministry\"](http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/93161/Egypt/Politics-/-killed,--injured-in-Egypt’s-proBrotherhood-Friday.aspx), *Al\\-Ahram*.", "### February 2014", "[thumb\\|Anti\\-coup protesters march in Cairo, 14 February 2014](/wiki/File:Anti-coup_protesters_march_in_Maadi-Cairo_on_the_six_month_anniversary_of_the_violent_crackdown_against_supporters_of_ousted_President_Mohamed_Morsi_14-Feb-2014.jpg \"Anti-coup protesters march in Maadi-Cairo on the six month anniversary of the violent crackdown against supporters of ousted President Mohamed Morsi 14-Feb-2014.jpg\")\nOn 7 February, 3 people were killed in Friday clashes including a teenager, 4 security personnel were injured in Friday clashes.[\"Three killed in clashes as Morsi loyalists keep protesting\"](http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/93676/Egypt/Politics-/Three-killed-in-clashes-as-Morsi-loyalists-keep-pr.aspx), *Al\\-Ahram*.", "On 14 February, 2 people were killed in Friday clashes with Morsi\\-loyalists, including a 12\\-year\\-old boy.\n[\"Egypt's Friday clashes leave 12\\-year\\-old boy dead\"](http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/94254/Egypt/Politics-/Egypts-Friday-clashes-leave-yearold-boy-dead.aspx), *Al\\-Ahram*.", "On 16 February, 4 people, 3 South Koreans and a bus driver, were killed after a terrorist bomb exploded on a tourist bus on the border crossing with Israel at Taba. The perpetrators are believed to be Ansar Bait al\\-Maqdis which are allied with Morsi\\-loyalists.", "### March 2014", "On 19 March, five people were killed in a day where the [Anti\\-Coup Alliance](/wiki/Anti-Coup_Alliance \"Anti-Coup Alliance\") called for protests, protests were held beside universities; a 14 year old was also killed in the clashes.", "On 21 March, Friday clashes left two killed by birdshot wounds.", "On 24 March, a court in Minya, south of the capital, Cairo, convicted 529{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/03/24/muslim\\-brotherhood\\-trial\\-egypt\\_n\\_5019909\\.html\\|title\\=Muslim Brotherhood Trial: Egypt Court Sentences 529 Morsi Supporters To Death\\|work\\=Huffington Post\\|agency\\=Reuters\\|date\\=24 March 2014 \\|access\\-date\\=1 May 2014}} (some sources say 528) persons accused with many charges including murdering a policeman and attacks on people and property and sentenced all convicted to death. They are convicted for killing of a police officer and attacking on people and property. A spokesman of [Muslim Brotherhood](/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood \"Muslim Brotherhood\") questioned the unprecedented speedy trial and said the verdict came from a Kangaroo court. The spokesman also pointed that the sentences showed a comeback of dictatorship to Egypt. The interim government launched a severe crackdown on Muslim Brotherhood following the [2013 coup](/wiki/2013_Egyptian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat \"2013 Egyptian coup d'état\"). All the sentenced persons are supporters of Muslim Brotherhood and ousted Egyptian President Mohamed Morsi.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.com/news/world\\-middle\\-east\\-26712124\\|title\\=Egypt court sentences 528 Morsi supporters to death\\|date\\=24 March 2014\\|publisher\\=BBC\\|access\\-date\\=1 May 2014}} After a compulsory review by the [Grand Mufti](/wiki/Grand_Mufti \"Grand Mufti\"), on 28 April the court changed the sentences to life imprisonment for all but 37 of them, but sentenced to death another 683 people.[\"Egypt Mass Trial: Judge Sentences 683 To Death In Single Mass Trial\"](http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/04/28/egypt-mass-trial_n_5224509.html), *The Huffington Post*, 28 April 2014\\.[\"Egypt sentences 683 to death in latest mass trial of dissidents\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/egypt-sentences-683-to-death-in-latest-mass-trial-of-dissidents/2014/04/28/34e0ca2c-e8eb-4a85-8fa8-a7300ab11687_story.html), *The Washington Post*, 28 April 2014\\.", "### April 2014", "On 9 April, Egyptian security forces attacked a large number of student protesters across the country.{{citation needed\\|date\\=July 2021}}", "On 25 April, Friday protests erupted throughout the country, resulting in at least 2 deaths during clashes with security forces.{{citation needed\\|date\\=July 2021}}", "### May 2014", "On 23 May, protests broke out in several provinces of Egypt, resulting 2 deaths in al\\-Fayyoum and 1 death in Cairo during clashes with security forces. Twenty\\-three people were injured.", "### Subsequent clashes", "#### June 2014", "On 20 June, Friday protests against the new president set off in most provinces of Egypt, resulting in 2 deaths in [Cairo](/wiki/Cairo \"Cairo\") and dozens of injured protesters.{{cite web\\|title\\=2 killed in Egypt clashes during Islamist protests\\|url\\=https://uk.news.yahoo.com/2\\-killed\\-egypt\\-clashes\\-during\\-islamist\\-protests\\-145926691\\.html\\#I35upu0\\|publisher\\=AP\\|date\\=11 July 2014\\|access\\-date\\=7 November 2014\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107225019/https://uk.news.yahoo.com/2\\-killed\\-egypt\\-clashes\\-during\\-islamist\\-protests\\-145926691\\.html\\#I35upu0\\|archive\\-date\\=7 November 2014\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}", "#### July 2014", "On the occasion of the anniversary of Morsi's overthrow, protests broke out. During clashes with security forces at least 3 protesters died and more than hundred Morsi supporters had been arrested.", "#### November 2014", "On 17 November, minor protests against the president broke out in several provinces of Egypt. During clashes with security forces at least two protesters were killed in the province of Al\\-Fayyoum and in Ain Shams in the vicinity of Cairo. Thirteen protesters had been arrested.", "On 28 November, more small protests against the Sisi government broke out in response to opposition groups' call for an \"Islamic revolution\" in Egypt. At least four protesters and two policemen were killed during clashes.{{cite news\\|title\\=Man shot dead in East Cairo amid protests\\|url\\=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/116664/Egypt/Politics\\-/Man\\-shot\\-dead\\-in\\-East\\-Cairo\\-amid\\-protests.aspx\\|access\\-date\\=28 November 2014\\|date\\=28 November 2014\\|work\\=Al\\-Ahram}}{{cite news\\|title\\=UPDATED: Few Egyptians heed calls for 'Islamic revolution'; minor clashes\\|url\\=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/116653/Egypt/Politics\\-/UPDATED\\-Few\\-Egyptians\\-heed\\-calls\\-for\\-Islamic\\-revol.aspx\\|access\\-date\\=28 November 2014\\|date\\=28 November 2014\\|work\\=Al\\-Ahram}}", "#### January 2015", "On Friday 23 January 2015, a 17\\-year\\-old girl, Sondos Abu Bakr, was killed during protests in Alexandria against the coup which deposed Mohamed Morsi.{{cite news\\|title\\=Clashes in Alexandria leave minor killed\\|url\\=http://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2015/01/23/clashes\\-alexandria\\-leave\\-minor\\-killed/\\|access\\-date\\=30 January 2015\\|work\\=Daily News Egypt\\|date\\=23 January 2015}}", "On Saturday 24 January 2015, police fired at a handful of activists of the [Socialist Popular Alliance Party](/wiki/Socialist_Popular_Alliance_Party \"Socialist Popular Alliance Party\") marching to Tahrir Square in Cairo with flowers to commemorate the demonstrators killed there during the [2011 Egyptian revolution](/wiki/2011_Egyptian_revolution \"2011 Egyptian revolution\"). A 32\\-year\\-old woman, [Shaimaa al\\-Sabbagh](/wiki/Shaimaa_al-Sabbagh \"Shaimaa al-Sabbagh\"), was shot at close range and died shortly afterwards. Videos of her death were posted on YouTube, drawing widespread condemnation and comparisons to the death of [Neda Agha Soltan](/wiki/Neda_Agha_Soltan \"Neda Agha Soltan\") in Iran in 2009\\.{{cite news\\|title\\=Egyptian Police Attack Marchers Carrying Flowers to Tahrir Square, Killing Protester\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/25/world/middleeast/egypt\\-woman\\-is\\-killed\\-in\\-peaceful\\-cairo\\-protest.html\\|access\\-date\\=30 January 2015\\|work\\=The New York Times\\|date\\=24 January 2015}} Authorities initially denied that police officers were responsible for her death, and prosecutors opened an investigation.{{cite news\\|title\\=Egypt Condemns Western Outrage at Fatal Shooting of Protester\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/28/world/middleeast/egypt\\-condemns\\-western\\-outrage\\-at\\-fatal\\-shooting\\-of\\-protester.html\\|access\\-date\\=30 January 2015\\|work\\=The New York Times\\|date\\=27 January 2015}} [Human Rights Watch](/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch \"Human Rights Watch\") claimed that video and photographic evidence as well as witnesses pointed to a member of Egypt's security forces being responsible for al\\-Sabbagh's death, and demanded accountability.{{cite news\\|title\\=Egypt: Video Shows Police Shot Woman at Protest\\|url\\=https://www.hrw.org/news/2015/02/01/egypt\\-video\\-shows\\-police\\-shot\\-woman\\-protest\\|access\\-date\\=3 February 2015\\|publisher\\=Human Rights Watch\\|date\\=1 February 2015}}", "On Sunday 25 January 2015, on the fourth anniversary of the [2011 Egyptian revolution](/wiki/2011_Egyptian_revolution \"2011 Egyptian revolution\"), at least 18 people were killed in protests in Cairo and across Egypt. According to authorities, two or three of those killed were militants trying to plant a bomb, and three others were policemen. At least 12 others were civilians killed by security forces. Dozens of protesters were injured and hundreds were arrested.{{cite news\\|title\\=Egypt: Protests marking uprising leave 18 dead\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.com/news/world\\-middle\\-east\\-30974291\\|access\\-date\\=30 January 2015\\|publisher\\=BBC News\\|date\\=26 January 2015}}{{cite news\\|title\\=At Least 18 Die in Egyptian Violence\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/26/world/middleeast/at\\-least\\-18\\-die\\-in\\-egypt\\-in\\-violence.html\\|access\\-date\\=30 January 2015\\|work\\=The New York Times\\|date\\=25 January 2015}}", "" ]
Biography --------- Mark Warshawsky was born in [Odessa](/wiki/Odessa "Odessa") into an [Ashkenazi Jewish](/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews "Ashkenazi Jews") family. He moved with his family as a child to [Zhitomir](/wiki/Zhytomyr "Zhytomyr"), where he later attended the four\-year state rabbinical high school. He then went on to study law at [Odessa University](/wiki/Odessa_University "Odessa University") for one year, and completed his studies at [Kiev University](/wiki/Kiev_University "Kiev University") and upon completion of his studies, began to practice law in Kiev. He practiced law throughout his life, barely managing to make a living. In 1903 he moved to Belgium to work as a legal adviser for a firm there; upon falling ill in 1905, he returned to Kiev, where he died two years later. According to Prilutsky, Warshawsky spoke in the [Yiddish](/wiki/Yiddish_Language "Yiddish Language") dialect of the [Volyn](/wiki/Volhynia "Volhynia") region. Under the influence of [Abraham Goldfaden](/wiki/Abraham_Goldfaden "Abraham Goldfaden"), Warshawsky started to write songs and sing them in his circle of friends accompanied by a [fortepiano](/wiki/Fortepiano "Fortepiano"). He did not take his musical work seriously and never recorded those songs, relying only on his memory. Many of his works spread throughout the Jewish community of the Ukrainian region of the Russian Empire simply through repeated performance and most were adopted as folk songs. In 1890 Warshawsky met with [Sholem Aleichem](/wiki/Sholem_Aleichem "Sholem Aleichem"). After listening to his songs, Sholem Aleichem wrote "I simply hugged him and kissed him!" And then, {{cquote\|Villain! Why do not you print such songs? If I would not know that those are your own songs, I would swear that I heard them sometime performed by my mother!}} Later, with Aleichem's full cooperation, Warshawsky published his first collection, *Yiddishe Volkslider* (*Jewish People's songs*, Kiev, 1900\) with a hearty foreword from the great writer, Aleichem. The book was republished not only in Russia, but abroad as well. The collection included such songs as *Der Alef\-Beis* (commonly known as [Oyfn Pripetshik](/wiki/Oyfn_Pripetshik "Oyfn Pripetshik")), *A Brif fun Amerike*, and *Der Zeide mit der Babe*. The songs described the everyday life of [Jews in the Russian Empire](/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Russian_Empire "History of the Jews in the Russian Empire"). Together Sholem Aleichem and Warshawsky started to tour Russia performing their own repertoires. They also planned to travel to the [United States](/wiki/United_States "United States"); however, those plans were unfulfilled when Warshawsky suddenly became ill and died on November 26, 1907\. The second edition of the Warshawsky's songs was published in [Odessa](/wiki/Odessa "Odessa") in 1914, and then in New York (1948\) and Buenos\-Aires (1958\).
[ "Biography\n---------", "Mark Warshawsky was born in [Odessa](/wiki/Odessa \"Odessa\") into an [Ashkenazi Jewish](/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews \"Ashkenazi Jews\") family. He moved with his family as a child to [Zhitomir](/wiki/Zhytomyr \"Zhytomyr\"), where he later attended the four\\-year state rabbinical high school. He then went on to study law at [Odessa University](/wiki/Odessa_University \"Odessa University\") for one year, and completed his studies at [Kiev University](/wiki/Kiev_University \"Kiev University\") and upon completion of his studies, began to practice law in Kiev. He practiced law throughout his life, barely managing to make a living. In 1903 he moved to Belgium to work as a legal adviser for a firm there; upon falling ill in 1905, he returned to Kiev, where he died two years later.", "According to Prilutsky, Warshawsky spoke in the [Yiddish](/wiki/Yiddish_Language \"Yiddish Language\") dialect of the [Volyn](/wiki/Volhynia \"Volhynia\") region.", "Under the influence of [Abraham Goldfaden](/wiki/Abraham_Goldfaden \"Abraham Goldfaden\"), Warshawsky started to write songs and sing them in his circle of friends accompanied by a [fortepiano](/wiki/Fortepiano \"Fortepiano\"). He did not take his musical work seriously and never recorded those songs, relying only on his memory. Many of his works spread throughout the Jewish community of the Ukrainian region of the Russian Empire simply through repeated performance and most were adopted as folk songs.", "In 1890 Warshawsky met with [Sholem Aleichem](/wiki/Sholem_Aleichem \"Sholem Aleichem\"). After listening to his songs, Sholem Aleichem wrote \"I simply hugged him and kissed him!\" And then, {{cquote\\|Villain! Why do not you print such songs? If I would not know that those are your own songs, I would swear that I heard them sometime performed by my mother!}}", "Later, with Aleichem's full cooperation, Warshawsky published his first collection, *Yiddishe Volkslider* (*Jewish People's songs*, Kiev, 1900\\) with a hearty foreword from the great writer, Aleichem. The book was republished not only in Russia, but abroad as well. The collection included such songs as *Der Alef\\-Beis* (commonly known as [Oyfn Pripetshik](/wiki/Oyfn_Pripetshik \"Oyfn Pripetshik\")), *A Brif fun Amerike*, and *Der Zeide mit der Babe*. The songs described the everyday life of [Jews in the Russian Empire](/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Russian_Empire \"History of the Jews in the Russian Empire\").", "Together Sholem Aleichem and Warshawsky started to tour Russia performing their own repertoires. They also planned to travel to the [United States](/wiki/United_States \"United States\"); however, those plans were unfulfilled when Warshawsky suddenly became ill and died on November 26, 1907\\.", "The second edition of the Warshawsky's songs was published in [Odessa](/wiki/Odessa \"Odessa\") in 1914, and then in New York (1948\\) and Buenos\\-Aires (1958\\).", "" ]
Issues ------ **Partha Chatterjee Arrest and Teacher Recruitment Scam:** In July 2022, Partha Chatterjee, a senior Trinamool Congress (TMC) leader and then West Bengal Minister of Industries, was arrested by the Enforcement Directorate (ED) in connection with a multi\-crore teacher recruitment scam. The scam revolved around irregularities in the hiring of teachers and non\-teaching staff in government schools between 2014 and 2021, during Chatterjee’s tenure as Education Minister. The investigation revealed that jobs were allegedly sold in exchange for bribes, depriving deserving candidates of their rightful positions. Chatterjee's arrest shocked the political landscape, as he was considered a close aide to Chief Minister Mamata Banerjee. The ED also arrested Arpita Mukherjee, an associate of Chatterjee, and seized large amounts of cash (reportedly over ₹50 crore) from her properties, further fueling the controversy. The opposition Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) used the arrest to attack the TMC, accusing the party of systemic corruption. Under pressure, the TMC distanced itself from Chatterjee, removing him from ministerial posts and party positions. This high\-profile arrest tarnished the TMC’s image and sparked widespread protests across the state, making it one of the biggest political scandals in West Bengal in 2022\. The case continues to be a major focus of investigations. **Civic Polls and Allegations of Rigging:** In 2022, the civic polls in West Bengal, particularly in Kolkata, were marred by widespread allegations of rigging, voter intimidation, and violence. The elections, which were crucial for both the ruling Trinamool Congress (TMC) and the opposition Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), saw heightened political tensions. Opposition parties, including the BJP, the Communist Party of India (Marxist), and the Congress, accused the TMC of manipulating the election process by deploying muscle power, capturing booths, and intimidating voters. Violence was reported from several wards, with clashes between rival party workers, and there were claims of ballot box tampering. The opposition also raised concerns about the role of the State Election Commission, alleging its failure to ensure free and fair elections. Despite these accusations, the TMC registered sweeping victories across many municipalities, including Kolkata, cementing its dominance in local governance. The BJP and other opposition parties staged protests against the alleged irregularities, demanding re\-elections in several wards. However, the TMC leadership dismissed these claims, stating that the opposition’s accusations were baseless and a reflection of their inability to win electoral support. The controversy surrounding the civic polls added to the already charged political atmosphere in West Bengal. **Birbhum Violence:** In March 2022, West Bengal's Birbhum district witnessed a gruesome incident of violence that shocked the nation. Following the murder of Bhadu Sheikh, a local Trinamool Congress (TMC) leader, on March 21, eight people were killed in an act of retaliation in the Rampurhat area. The victims, including women and children, were locked inside their homes, which were set ablaze, resulting in their horrific deaths. This mass killing led to widespread outrage, with political parties blaming each other for the deteriorating law and order situation. The opposition, particularly the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), accused the TMC of fostering a culture of political violence in the state. The BJP demanded President’s Rule in West Bengal, citing this incident as a stark example of the state's inability to maintain peace. In response, Chief Minister Mamata Banerjee condemned the violence and ordered a special investigation. Several arrests were made, including local TMC members accused of orchestrating the attack. The incident not only highlighted the deep political divisions in the state but also brought attention to the recurring issue of retaliatory violence in West Bengal's rural areas, adding to the state's troubled political climate. **Cattle smuggling case:** The cattle smuggling case in West Bengal involves the illegal transportation of cattle from India to Bangladesh. This racket has been active along the Indo\-Bangladesh border, particularly in districts like Murshidabad and Malda. The cattle, sourced from states like Uttar Pradesh and Haryana, are smuggled through West Bengal, fetching high prices in Bangladesh. Key figures in this case include Anubrata Mondal, a prominent Trinamool Congress leader, and several Border Security Force (BSF) officials. Mondal and his associates are accused of facilitating the smuggling operations. The Enforcement Directorate (ED) and the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) have been actively investigating the case, leading to multiple arrests, including that of a former BSF commandant. Recently, the Delhi High Court granted bail to Sehgal Hossain, Mondal's bodyguard, amidst ongoing investigations. The Supreme Court also granted bail to Mondal in related cases. The case highlights the deep\-rooted corruption and the challenges faced by law enforcement in curbing such illegal activities. This case has significant political implications in West Bengal, drawing attention to the nexus between politicians and illegal trade networks. It underscores the need for stringent measures to secure borders and prevent smuggling activities. **2023 Panchayat Polls :** The 2023 panchayat elections in West Bengal were notably marked by widespread violence, resulting in over 40 deaths. This violence underscored the persistent issues with law and order during elections in the state. The clashes were reported across various districts, with incidents of ballot box snatching, booth capturing, and attacks on candidates and voters. The violence was not limited to election day; it began during the nomination process and continued through the counting of votes. The ruling Trinamool Congress (TMC) and opposition parties, including the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and the Left Front, accused each other of instigating the violence. The TMC was particularly criticized for allegedly using muscle power to intimidate opposition candidates and supporters. The opposition claimed that many of their candidates were prevented from filing nominations due to threats and physical assaults. The Calcutta High Court intervened, ordering the deployment of central forces to ensure a free and fair election. Despite these measures, the violence persisted, raising questions about the effectiveness of the security arrangements. The election violence in 2023 highlighted the deep\-rooted political rivalries and the challenges of conducting peaceful elections in West Bengal. This incident remains a significant blot on the state's democratic process. **Akhil Giri :** Akhil Giri, a Trinamool Congress (TMC) minister, has faced significant backlash for his misogynistic remarks. Recently, he verbally abused a female forest officer, Manisha Shaw, during an anti\-encroachment drive. This incident led to his resignation after the TMC demanded accountability. Giri's behavior is not an isolated case; he previously made derogatory comments about President Droupadi Murmu. While the party has taken steps to address such issues, including demanding resignations and public apologies, critics argue that these actions are often reactive rather than proactive. The party's response to Giri's actions, for instance, came only after public outrage and media coverage. **Narada and Saradha Scams (Ongoing Developments):** The Narada sting operation and Saradha chit fund scam have remained prominent political issues in West Bengal, with ongoing investigations and legal developments affecting the ruling Trinamool Congress (TMC). The Narada sting case emerged in 2016 when videos surfaced showing several TMC leaders allegedly accepting cash bribes from a journalist posing as a businessman. The sting operation was conducted in 2014, but its release just before the 2016 state elections caused a political uproar. Several senior TMC leaders, including MPs and ministers, were implicated. The Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) and Enforcement Directorate (ED) continue to investigate the case, with periodic questioning and arrests of key figures. The Saradha chit fund scam broke out in 2013, where the Saradha Group was accused of running a Ponzi scheme that defrauded thousands of investors, particularly in Bengal. The scam led to the financial ruin of many, and some TMC leaders were alleged to have had connections with the group. The CBI has arrested and questioned several TMC members over the years. These cases have kept the TMC under scrutiny, with opposition parties accusing it of widespread corruption. The state government, however, calls these investigations politically motivated by the BJP\-led central government.
[ "Issues\n------", "**Partha Chatterjee Arrest and Teacher Recruitment Scam:** In July 2022, Partha Chatterjee, a senior Trinamool Congress (TMC) leader and then West Bengal Minister of Industries, was arrested by the Enforcement Directorate (ED) in connection with a multi\\-crore teacher recruitment scam. The scam revolved around irregularities in the hiring of teachers and non\\-teaching staff in government schools between 2014 and 2021, during Chatterjee’s tenure as Education Minister. The investigation revealed that jobs were allegedly sold in exchange for bribes, depriving deserving candidates of their rightful positions.", "Chatterjee's arrest shocked the political landscape, as he was considered a close aide to Chief Minister Mamata Banerjee. The ED also arrested Arpita Mukherjee, an associate of Chatterjee, and seized large amounts of cash (reportedly over ₹50 crore) from her properties, further fueling the controversy.", "The opposition Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) used the arrest to attack the TMC, accusing the party of systemic corruption. Under pressure, the TMC distanced itself from Chatterjee, removing him from ministerial posts and party positions. This high\\-profile arrest tarnished the TMC’s image and sparked widespread protests across the state, making it one of the biggest political scandals in West Bengal in 2022\\. The case continues to be a major focus of investigations.", "", "", "**Civic Polls and Allegations of Rigging:** In 2022, the civic polls in West Bengal, particularly in Kolkata, were marred by widespread allegations of rigging, voter intimidation, and violence. The elections, which were crucial for both the ruling Trinamool Congress (TMC) and the opposition Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), saw heightened political tensions. Opposition parties, including the BJP, the Communist Party of India (Marxist), and the Congress, accused the TMC of manipulating the election process by deploying muscle power, capturing booths, and intimidating voters.", "Violence was reported from several wards, with clashes between rival party workers, and there were claims of ballot box tampering. The opposition also raised concerns about the role of the State Election Commission, alleging its failure to ensure free and fair elections. Despite these accusations, the TMC registered sweeping victories across many municipalities, including Kolkata, cementing its dominance in local governance.", "The BJP and other opposition parties staged protests against the alleged irregularities, demanding re\\-elections in several wards. However, the TMC leadership dismissed these claims, stating that the opposition’s accusations were baseless and a reflection of their inability to win electoral support. The controversy surrounding the civic polls added to the already charged political atmosphere in West Bengal.", "", "", "**Birbhum Violence:** In March 2022, West Bengal's Birbhum district witnessed a gruesome incident of violence that shocked the nation. Following the murder of Bhadu Sheikh, a local Trinamool Congress (TMC) leader, on March 21, eight people were killed in an act of retaliation in the Rampurhat area. The victims, including women and children, were locked inside their homes, which were set ablaze, resulting in their horrific deaths.", "This mass killing led to widespread outrage, with political parties blaming each other for the deteriorating law and order situation. The opposition, particularly the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), accused the TMC of fostering a culture of political violence in the state. The BJP demanded President’s Rule in West Bengal, citing this incident as a stark example of the state's inability to maintain peace.", "In response, Chief Minister Mamata Banerjee condemned the violence and ordered a special investigation. Several arrests were made, including local TMC members accused of orchestrating the attack. The incident not only highlighted the deep political divisions in the state but also brought attention to the recurring issue of retaliatory violence in West Bengal's rural areas, adding to the state's troubled political climate.", "", "", "**Cattle smuggling case:** The cattle smuggling case in West Bengal involves the illegal transportation of cattle from India to Bangladesh. This racket has been active along the Indo\\-Bangladesh border, particularly in districts like Murshidabad and Malda. The cattle, sourced from states like Uttar Pradesh and Haryana, are smuggled through West Bengal, fetching high prices in Bangladesh.", "Key figures in this case include Anubrata Mondal, a prominent Trinamool Congress leader, and several Border Security Force (BSF) officials. Mondal and his associates are accused of facilitating the smuggling operations. The Enforcement Directorate (ED) and the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) have been actively investigating the case, leading to multiple arrests, including that of a former BSF commandant.", "Recently, the Delhi High Court granted bail to Sehgal Hossain, Mondal's bodyguard, amidst ongoing investigations. The Supreme Court also granted bail to Mondal in related cases. The case highlights the deep\\-rooted corruption and the challenges faced by law enforcement in curbing such illegal activities.", "This case has significant political implications in West Bengal, drawing attention to the nexus between politicians and illegal trade networks. It underscores the need for stringent measures to secure borders and prevent smuggling activities.", "", "", "**2023 Panchayat Polls :** The 2023 panchayat elections in West Bengal were notably marked by widespread violence, resulting in over 40 deaths. This violence underscored the persistent issues with law and order during elections in the state. The clashes were reported across various districts, with incidents of ballot box snatching, booth capturing, and attacks on candidates and voters. The violence was not limited to election day; it began during the nomination process and continued through the counting of votes.", "The ruling Trinamool Congress (TMC) and opposition parties, including the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and the Left Front, accused each other of instigating the violence. The TMC was particularly criticized for allegedly using muscle power to intimidate opposition candidates and supporters. The opposition claimed that many of their candidates were prevented from filing nominations due to threats and physical assaults.", "The Calcutta High Court intervened, ordering the deployment of central forces to ensure a free and fair election. Despite these measures, the violence persisted, raising questions about the effectiveness of the security arrangements. The election violence in 2023 highlighted the deep\\-rooted political rivalries and the challenges of conducting peaceful elections in West Bengal. This incident remains a significant blot on the state's democratic process.", "", "", "**Akhil Giri :** Akhil Giri, a Trinamool Congress (TMC) minister, has faced significant backlash for his misogynistic remarks. Recently, he verbally abused a female forest officer, Manisha Shaw, during an anti\\-encroachment drive. This incident led to his resignation after the TMC demanded accountability. Giri's behavior is not an isolated case; he previously made derogatory comments about President Droupadi Murmu.", "While the party has taken steps to address such issues, including demanding resignations and public apologies, critics argue that these actions are often reactive rather than proactive. The party's response to Giri's actions, for instance, came only after public outrage and media coverage.", "", "", "**Narada and Saradha Scams (Ongoing Developments):** The Narada sting operation and Saradha chit fund scam have remained prominent political issues in West Bengal, with ongoing investigations and legal developments affecting the ruling Trinamool Congress (TMC).", "The Narada sting case emerged in 2016 when videos surfaced showing several TMC leaders allegedly accepting cash bribes from a journalist posing as a businessman. The sting operation was conducted in 2014, but its release just before the 2016 state elections caused a political uproar. Several senior TMC leaders, including MPs and ministers, were implicated. The Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) and Enforcement Directorate (ED) continue to investigate the case, with periodic questioning and arrests of key figures.", "The Saradha chit fund scam broke out in 2013, where the Saradha Group was accused of running a Ponzi scheme that defrauded thousands of investors, particularly in Bengal. The scam led to the financial ruin of many, and some TMC leaders were alleged to have had connections with the group. The CBI has arrested and questioned several TMC members over the years.", "These cases have kept the TMC under scrutiny, with opposition parties accusing it of widespread corruption. The state government, however, calls these investigations politically motivated by the BJP\\-led central government.", "", "", "" ]
Career ------ [thumb\|left\|Belle Wood\-Comstock](/wiki/File:Belle_Wood-Comstock_and_her_sons.jpg "Belle Wood-Comstock and her sons.jpg") For seven years Belle Wood\-Comstock was the head woman physician at the [Glendale Sanitarium and Hospital](/wiki/Glendale_Adventist_Medical_Center "Glendale Adventist Medical Center"). She organized the visiting nurse organization and conducted health institutes. She had a private practice in Pasadena and Los Angeles for twelve years. Her specialty was Diseases of Nutrition. For many years she was a writer and lecturer on health topics. She was also a columnist on health for the *[Los Angeles Times](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times "Los Angeles Times")*. She was the chairman of Public Health at the [Los Angeles District of California Federation of Women's Clubs](/wiki/General_Federation_of_Women%27s_Clubs "General Federation of Women's Clubs"). She was on the staff of the White Memorial Hospital and in charge of the White Memorial Dispensary Nutrition Clinic. She was on the advisory board of Health Department of the Los Angeles City Schools. She was a member of the Medical Women's Society of Los Angeles County, the [American Medical Association](/wiki/American_Medical_Association "American Medical Association"), the Los Angeles County Medical Society, the Los Angeles Obstetrical Society and the [Professional Woman's Club of Los Angeles](/wiki/Business_and_Professional_Women%27s_Foundation "Business and Professional Women's Foundation"). She was professor emeritus at the [College of Medical Evangelists](/wiki/Loma_Linda_University "Loma Linda University"). [thumb\|Author with her family, frontispiece in Belle Wood Comstock's book The Home Dietitian](/wiki/File:Belle_Wood-Comstock%2C_1919.jpg "Belle Wood-Comstock, 1919.jpg")
[ "Career\n------", "[thumb\\|left\\|Belle Wood\\-Comstock](/wiki/File:Belle_Wood-Comstock_and_her_sons.jpg \"Belle Wood-Comstock and her sons.jpg\")", "For seven years Belle Wood\\-Comstock was the head woman physician at the [Glendale Sanitarium and Hospital](/wiki/Glendale_Adventist_Medical_Center \"Glendale Adventist Medical Center\"). She organized the visiting nurse organization and conducted health institutes. She had a private practice in Pasadena and Los Angeles for twelve years. Her specialty was Diseases of Nutrition.", "For many years she was a writer and lecturer on health topics. She was also a columnist on health for the *[Los Angeles Times](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times \"Los Angeles Times\")*.", "She was the chairman of Public Health at the [Los Angeles District of California Federation of Women's Clubs](/wiki/General_Federation_of_Women%27s_Clubs \"General Federation of Women's Clubs\"). She was on the staff of the White Memorial Hospital and in charge of the White Memorial Dispensary Nutrition Clinic. She was on the advisory board of Health Department of the Los Angeles City Schools.", "She was a member of the Medical Women's Society of Los Angeles County, the [American Medical Association](/wiki/American_Medical_Association \"American Medical Association\"), the Los Angeles County Medical Society, the Los Angeles Obstetrical Society and the [Professional Woman's Club of Los Angeles](/wiki/Business_and_Professional_Women%27s_Foundation \"Business and Professional Women's Foundation\").", "She was professor emeritus at the [College of Medical Evangelists](/wiki/Loma_Linda_University \"Loma Linda University\").", "[thumb\\|Author with her family, frontispiece in Belle Wood Comstock's book The Home Dietitian](/wiki/File:Belle_Wood-Comstock%2C_1919.jpg \"Belle Wood-Comstock, 1919.jpg\")", "" ]
Professional career ------------------- ### Washington Nationals #### 2010–2015 The [Washington Nationals](/wiki/Washington_Nationals "Washington Nationals") signed Suero as a non\-drafted free agent in May 2010\. He spent three seasons in Washington's player development system in the [Dominican Republic](/wiki/Dominican_Republic "Dominican Republic"), pitching for the [Dominican Summer League Nationals](/wiki/Dominican_Summer_League_Nationals "Dominican Summer League Nationals") from 2010 through 2012\.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.baseball\-reference.com/register/player.fcgi?id\=suero\-001wan\|title\=Wander Suero Minor, Winter \& Mexican Leagues Statistics\|website\=Baseball\-Reference.com}} In 2010, he started four games and appeared in relief 11 times, finishing the season with a record of 2–3, an [earned run average (ERA)](/wiki/Earned_run_average "Earned run average") of 4\.72, and 39 strikeouts and 23 walks in 34{{frac\|1\|3}} innings. In 2011, he posted a record of 3–2 and an ERA of 5\.49 with 41 strikeouts and 26 walks, pitching 39{{frac\|1\|3}} innings in two starts and 14 relief appearances, while in 2012 he appeared in nine games, starting eight of them, and pitched 37 innings, with a record of 4–2 and an ERA of 3\.41, striking out 34 batters and walking 12\. Suero moved up to the [Rookie](/wiki/Rookie_League "Rookie League")\-level [Gulf Coast League](/wiki/Gulf_Coast_League "Gulf Coast League"), playing for the [Gulf Coast League Nationals](/wiki/Gulf_Coast_League_Nationals "Gulf Coast League Nationals"), then based at the Nationals' spring training home at [Space Coast Stadium](/wiki/Space_Coast_Stadium "Space Coast Stadium") in [Viera, Florida](/wiki/Viera%2C_Florida "Viera, Florida"), in 2013\.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.masnsports.com/byron\-kerr/2013/10/suero\-a\-part\-of\-new\-wave\-of\-dominican\-pitchers\-making\-impact\-in\-nationals\-system.html\|agency\=MASN Sports\|first\=Byron\|last\=Kerr\|date\=October 18, 2013\|access\-date\=June 16, 2017\|title\=Suero a part of new wave of Dominican pitchers making impact in Nationals system}} That season, the Gulf Coast League Nationals finished their regular season with a record of 49–9, and their .845 [winning percentage](/wiki/Winning_percentage "Winning percentage") was the highest winning percentage for a full regular season ever achieved by a minor\-league baseball team based in the [United States](/wiki/United_States "United States").[Wagner, James, "Nationals GCL Team Sets a Minor League Record," washingtonpost.com, August 29, 2013\.](https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/nationals-journal/wp/2013/08/29/nationals-gcl-team-sets-a-minor-league-record/) The Nationals then won all three of their playoff games, defeating the [Gulf Coast League Pirates](/wiki/Gulf_Coast_League_Pirates "Gulf Coast League Pirates") in a single\-game semifinal playoff and sweeping the [Gulf Coast League Red Sox](/wiki/Gulf_Coast_League_Red_Sox "Gulf Coast League Red Sox") in the best\-of\-three league championship series, to become the 2013 Gulf Coast League champions.{{Cite web\|url\=http://web.yesnetwork.com/news/article.jsp?ymd\=20130830\&content\_id\=59028904\&oid\=36019\|title\=YES Network\|website\=yesnetwork.com}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.milb.com/news/gcs\-59228558\|title\=Nationals capture GCL championship\|website\=MiLB.com}} During the championship season, Suero appeared in 13 games, starting three of them, and posted an 8–1 record, with an ERA of 1\.65, 46 strikeouts, and 13 walks in 49 innings of work. Suero was promoted to the Class A Advanced [Potomac Nationals](/wiki/Potomac_Nationals "Potomac Nationals") in the [Carolina League](/wiki/Carolina_League "Carolina League") to begin the 2014 season and struck out 21 batters, but walked 10 and pitched to an ERA of 7\.57 in 27{{frac\|1\|3}} innings of relief. Demoted to the Class A [Hagerstown Suns](/wiki/Hagerstown_Suns "Hagerstown Suns") in the [South Atlantic League](/wiki/South_Atlantic_League "South Atlantic League"), he finished the season there, pitching 72 innings, striking out 62 batters, walking only 11, and posting an ERA of 2\.13 in six starts and 11 relief appearances, giving him an overall ERA of 3\.62 for the year with 83 strikeouts and 21 walks. Promoted to the Class AA [Harrisburg Senators](/wiki/Harrisburg_Senators "Harrisburg Senators") of the [Eastern League](/wiki/Eastern_League_%281938%E2%80%932020%29 "Eastern League (1938–2020)") to begin the 2015 season, he again struggled, striking out 29 but walking 14, with a 6\.35 ERA over 34 innings of relief in his first taste of the high [minor leagues](/wiki/Minor_league_baseball "Minor league baseball").{{cite news\|url\=http://districtondeck.com/2016/02/23/washington\-nationals\-player\-profile\-wander\-suero/\|agency\=District on Deck\|title\=Washington Nationals Player Profile: Wander Suero\|first\=Ricky\|last\=Keeler\|date\=February 23, 2016\|access\-date\=June 16, 2017}} Demoted to Potomac, he pitched 56 innings there in five starts and 11 relief appearances with 39 strikeouts, 18 walks, and an ERA of 2\.41, and his ERA for the 2015 season as a whole was 3\.90 with an overall total of 68 strikeouts and 32 walks. During the 2015–16 offseason, Suero played in the [Dominican Winter League](/wiki/Dominican_Winter_League "Dominican Winter League"), making two relief appearances for the [Tigres del Licey](/wiki/Tigres_del_Licey "Tigres del Licey").{{cite news\|url\=http://www.masnsports.com/byron\-kerr/2017/10/nats\-prospects\-head\-for\-winter\-league\-play.html\|agency\=MASN Sports\|first\=Byron\|last\=Kerr\|title\=Nats prospects head for winter league play\|date\=October 27, 2017\|access\-date\=December 14, 2017}} He pitched 1{{frac\|2\|3}} innings and had an ERA of 5\.40 with a strikeout and no walks. #### 2016–2017 Suero was a non\-roster invitee to major league [spring training](/wiki/Spring_training "Spring training") before the [2016 season](/wiki/2016_Washington_Nationals_season "2016 Washington Nationals season").{{cite news\|url\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/nationals\-journal/wp/2016/03/11/a\-j\-cole\-wander\-suero\-among\-those\-sent\-to\-minor\-league\-camp\-friday/\|newspaper\=The Washington Post\|title\=A.J. Cole, Wander Suero among those sent to minor league camp Friday\|date\=March 11, 2016\|access\-date\=June 16, 2017\|first\=Chelsea\|last\=Janes}} He spent the entire 2016 season with Class AA Harrisburg, his performance much improved from his time there the previous year; he posted a 2\.44 ERA on the season, pitching 55{{frac\|1\|3}} innings in 39 relief appearances with 48 strikeouts and 21 walks. He pitched for Tigres del Licey in the Dominican Winter League again during the 2016\-2017 offseason, and his performance improved there as well: In 13 relief appearances, he pitched 14{{frac\|1\|3}} scoreless innings, with 10 strikeouts and only four walks. He was again invited to major league spring training as a non\-roster pitcher before the [2017 season](/wiki/2017_Washington_Nationals_season "2017 Washington Nationals season").{{cite news\|url\=http://www.talknats.com/2017/02/12/heck\-guy\-field\-guide\-non\-roster\-invitees\-part/\|agency\=TalkNats\|title\=Who the heck is that guy? A field guide to non\-roster invitees Part I\|date\=February 12, 2017\|access\-date\=June 16, 2017}} Returning to Harrisburg as the 2017 season began, Suero had a 1\.96 ERA and 10 [saves](/wiki/Save_%28baseball%29 "Save (baseball)") in 23 innings of relief, and he quickly earned a promotion to the Class AAA [Syracuse Chiefs](/wiki/Syracuse_Chiefs "Syracuse Chiefs") of the [International League](/wiki/International_League "International League") for the first time on June 2, 2017\.{{cite news\|url\=https://districtondeck.com/2017/06/11/washington\-nationals\-wander\-suero\-reliever\-watch\-syracuse/\|agency\=District on Deck\|title\=Washington Nationals: Wander Suero a reliever to watch at Syracuse\|first\=Ricky\|last\=Keeler\|date\=June 11, 2017\|access\-date\=June 16, 2017}} He collected his first Triple\-A save on June 14, 2017, against the [Pawtucket Red Sox](/wiki/Pawtucket_Red_Sox "Pawtucket Red Sox").{{cite news\|url\=http://www.abc6\.com/story/35668818/syracuse\-rallies\-to\-beat\-pawsox\-for\-first\-time\-in\-11\-games\|title\=Syracuse Rallies to Beat PawSox for First time in 11\-games\|agency\=ABC 6 News\|date\=June 14, 2017\|access\-date\=June 16, 2017}} *[The Washington Post](/wiki/The_Washington_Post "The Washington Post")* described Suero among the bright spots of an 87\-loss season for the Chiefs in 2017, as he put up a 1\.70 ERA across 36 games with the Chiefs after his promotion.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/nationals\-journal/wp/2017/09/06/minor\-league\-wednesday\-a\-look\-at\-how\-the\-nationals\-affiliates\-performed\-in\-2017/\|newspaper\=The Washington Post\|title\=Minor League Wednesday: A look at how the Nationals' prospects performed in 2017\|date\=September 6, 2017\|access\-date\=September 7, 2017}} The Nationals awarded Suero as their Minor League Pitcher of the Year. He told a [Mid\-Atlantic Sports Network](/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_Sports_Network "Mid-Atlantic Sports Network") reporter that his goal was to work hard over the winter to prove to the organization his readiness to pitch in the major leagues.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.masnsports.com/byron\-kerr/2017/10/johnson\-suero\-and\-read\-appreciative\-of\-organizational\-honors.html\|agency\=MASN Sports\|title\=Johnson, Suero and Read appreciative of organizational honors\|first\=Byron\|last\=Kerr\|date\=October 1, 2017\|access\-date\=October 2, 2017}} The Nationals added Suero to their 40\-man roster after the 2017 season.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.federalbaseball.com/2017/11/3/16603594/washington\-nationals\-add\-wander\-suero\-40\-man\-roster\|title\=Washington Nationals add Wander Suero to 40\-Man roster...\|first\=Patrick\|last\=Reddington\|agency\=Federal Baseball\|date\=November 3, 2017\|access\-date\=December 14, 2017}} His addition protected him in advance of the [Rule 5 draft](/wiki/Rule_5_draft "Rule 5 draft") that December.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.masnsports.com/nationals\-pastime/2017/12/previewing\-the\-rule\-5\-draft.html\|agency\=MASN Sports\|title\=Previewing the Rule 5 draft\|first\=Pete\|last\=Kerzel\|date\=December 14, 2017\|access\-date\=December 14, 2017}} It also placed him in contention for a spot on the Nationals' major league roster in the [2018 season](/wiki/2018_Washington_Nationals_season "2018 Washington Nationals season").{{cite news\|url\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/nationals\-journal/wp/2017/12/14/nationals\-re\-sign\-brandon\-kintzler\-to\-bolster\-right\-handed\-relief\-corps/\|newspaper\=The Washington Post\|first\=Chelsea\|last\=Janes\|title\=Nationals re\-sign Brandon Kintzler to bolster right\-handed relief corps\|date\=December 14, 2017\|access\-date\=December 14, 2017}} He pitched for Tigres del Licey in the Dominican Winter League again during the 2017\-2018 offseason, but with less success, with five strikeouts, six walks, and an ERA of 7\.56 in 8{{frac\|1\|3}} innings of work over nine relief appearances. #### 2018 [thumb\|Suero in 2019](/wiki/File:Wander_Suero_%2840616780723%29_%28cropped%29.jpg "Wander Suero (40616780723) (cropped).jpg") Suero began [spring training](/wiki/Spring_training "Spring training") in 2018 by pitching four scoreless innings with seven strikeouts and no walks, but he suffered an [oblique strain](/wiki/Oblique_strain "Oblique strain") during a [Grapefruit League](/wiki/Grapefruit_League "Grapefruit League") game on March 9\.[Castillo, Jorge, "Nationals recall Wander Suero, option Austin Voth a day after call\-up," washingtonpost.com, April 30, 2018, 6:06 p.m. EDT.](https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/nationals-journal/wp/2018/04/30/nationals-recall-wander-suero-option-austin-voth-a-day-after-call-up/) He was shut down for three weeks before he resumed throwing at the Nationals′ spring training complex at [FITTEAM Ballpark of the Palm Beaches](/wiki/FITTEAM_Ballpark_of_the_Palm_Beaches "FITTEAM Ballpark of the Palm Beaches") in [West Palm Beach](/wiki/West_Palm_Beach%2C_Florida "West Palm Beach, Florida"), [Florida](/wiki/Florida "Florida"), and he did not make his debut with Syracuse until April 21, issuing no walks but allowing three runs on five hits in one inning of work. He improved rapidly after that: In his next three appearances with the Chiefs, he pitched a combined three innings, giving up no runs or walks, dropping his ERA for the season from 27\.00 after his first appearance to 6\.75\. On April 30, the Nationals called Suero up to the major leagues for the first time to reinforce Washington's bullpen with middle\-relief strength. He had played in 212 minor\-league games over eight seasons before his first major\-league call\-up. He made his major\-league debut on May 1 in a game against the [Pittsburgh Pirates](/wiki/2018_Pittsburgh_Pirates_season "2018 Pittsburgh Pirates season") at [Nationals Park](/wiki/Nationals_Park "Nationals Park") in [Washington, D.C.](/wiki/Washington%2C_D.C. "Washington, D.C."), entering the game in relief of starter [Max Scherzer](/wiki/Max_Scherzer "Max Scherzer") with one out in the seventh inning and Washington leading 12–2\. He threw 15 pitches and gave up two singles to the first two batters he faced, third baseman [Colin Moran](/wiki/Colin_Moran "Colin Moran") and shortstop [Jordy Mercer](/wiki/Jordy_Mercer "Jordy Mercer"), but then got second baseman [Max Moroff](/wiki/Max_Moroff "Max Moroff") to pop out to the shortstop and right fielder [Adam Frazier](/wiki/Adam_Frazier "Adam Frazier") to fly out to center field to complete both the inning and his first major league appearance without surrendering any runs.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.espn.com/mlb/boxscore/\_/gameId/380501120\|title\=Pirates 4\-12 Nationals (May 1, 2018\) Box Score\|website\=ESPN}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.espn.com/mlb/playbyplay/\_/gameId/380501120\|title\=Pirates 4\-12 Nationals (May 1, 2018\) Play\-by\-Play\|website\=ESPN}} He notched his first major\-league strikeout in his second major\-league appearance on May 4, fanning pinch\-hitter [Jesmuel Valentín](/wiki/Jesmuel_Valent%C3%ADn "Jesmuel Valentín") as part of a 1{{frac\|2\|3}}\-inning performance in which he did not allow a base runner during a 7–3 Nationals victory over the [Philadelphia Phillies](/wiki/2018_Philadelphia_Phillies_season "2018 Philadelphia Phillies season").{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.espn.com/mlb/boxscore/\_/gameId/380504120\|title\=Phillies 3\-7 Nationals (May 4, 2018\) Box Score\|website\=ESPN}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.espn.com/mlb/playbyplay/\_/gameId/380504120\|title\=Phillies 3\-7 Nationals (May 4, 2018\) Play\-by\-Play\|website\=ESPN}} Suero had appeared in 12 games for Washington, posting an ERA of 4\.15 with 11 strikeouts and five walks in 13 innings of work,[MiLB.com Wander Suero Stats, Highlights, Bio Retrieved June 9, 2018\.](http://www.milb.com/player/index.jsp?player_id=593833#/career/R/pitching/2018/ALL) when the Nationals [optioned](/wiki/Option_%28baseball%29 "Option (baseball)") him to Syracuse on June 9,{{cite web\|url\=https://www.mlbtraderumors.com/2018/06/nationals\-activate\-adam\-eaton\-release\-rafael\-bautista.html\|title\=Nationals Activate Adam Eaton, Release Rafael Bautista\|last\=Byrne\|first\=Connor\|work\=mlbtraderumors.com\|date\=June 9, 2018\|access\-date\=June 9, 2018}} but they recalled him to the major leagues on June 10\.[espn.com Washington Nationals Transactions \- 2018 Retrieved June 19, 2018\.](http://www.espn.com/mlb/team/transactions/_/name/wsh/washington-nationals) On the afternoon of June 18, 2018, the Nationals resumed a game at Nationals Park against the [New York Yankees](/wiki/2018_New_York_Yankees_season "2018 New York Yankees season") that had been suspended due to rain on May 15 after {{frac\|5\|1\|2}} innings with the score tied 3–3\. Suero pitched the top of the sixth inning on May 15 and thus was the pitcher of record when, in the bottom of the sixth on June 18, the Nationals took the lead for good on a two\-run homer by [Juan Soto](/wiki/Juan_Soto "Juan Soto"). He also pitched the first third of an inning in the top of the seventh, giving up a hit and striking out two in {{frac\|1\|1\|3}} innings of work spread across five weeks, and he came away from the game with his first major\-league decision, a win retroactively credited to him as of May 15\.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.federalbaseball.com/2018/6/19/17480052/washington\-nationals\-jefry\-rodriguez\-add\-kelvin\-herrera\-option\-wander\-suero\-matt\-adams\-10\-day\-dl\|title\=Washington Nationals call up Jefry Rodriguez; add Kelvin Herrera; option Wander Suero; Matt Adams to 10\-Day DL...\|first\=Patrick\|last\=Reddington\|date\=June 19, 2018\|website\=Federal Baseball}}{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.espn.com/mlb/boxscore?gameId\=380515120\|title\=Yankees vs. Nationals – Box Score – May 15, 2018 – ESPN}} Suero also appeared in a full game against the Yankees on the evening of June 18—a makeup game for a rainout on May 16—pitching an inning and walking a batter who later scored.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.espn.com/mlb/boxscore?gameId\=380618120\|title\=Yankees vs. Nationals – Box Score – June 18, 2018 – ESPN}} He had pitched {{frac\|17\|1\|3}} innings in 15 major\-league appearances on the season, posting a 3\.63 ERA, striking out 16, and walking six, when the Nationals optioned him to Syracuse on June 19 to make room on their roster for newly acquired reliever [Kelvin Herrera](/wiki/Kelvin_Herrera "Kelvin Herrera"). #### 2019–2020 Suero was Washington's most used reliever during the 2019 season; he led the team in games pitched and relief innings.{{cite web \|title\=2019 Washington Nationals Statistics \|url\=https://www.baseball\-reference.com/teams/WSN/2019\.shtml\#team\_pitching \|website\=\[\[Baseball\-Reference.com]] \|publisher\=\[\[Sports Reference]] \|access\-date\=3 February 2021 \|language\=en}} He recorded his first Major League save on June 21, 2019 at Nationals Park.{{cite news \|last1\=Reddington \|first1\=Patrick \|title\=Wander Suero survives ninth to earn first MLB save in Nationals' 4\-3 win over the Braves \|url\=https://www.federalbaseball.com/2019/6/22/18713095/wander\-suero\-survives\-ninth\-earns\-first\-mlb\-save\-washington\-nationals\-4\-3\-win\-over\-atlanta\-braves \|access\-date\=3 February 2021 \|work\=Federal Baseball \|publisher\=\[\[SB Nation]] \|date\=22 June 2019 \|language\=en}} Suero was left off Washington's roster to start the [2019 National League Championship Series](/wiki/2019_National_League_Championship_Series "2019 National League Championship Series"), placed on the roster when [Daniel Hudson](/wiki/Daniel_Hudson "Daniel Hudson") went on [paternity leave](/wiki/Paternity_leave "Paternity leave") and then removed again when Hudson returned.{{cite news \|title\=Nationals' Wander Suero: Removed from NLCS roster \|url\=https://www.cbssports.com/fantasy/baseball/news/nationals\-wander\-suero\-removed\-from\-nlcs\-roster/ \|access\-date\=3 February 2021 \|work\=\[\[CBSSports.com]] \|agency\=RotoWire \|publisher\=\[\[CBS Sports]] \|date\=October 12, 2019 \|language\=en}}{{cite news \|title\=NLCS Rosters for Cards and Nats—No Changes for Cards, Nats Make Changes and Use Post\-Season Paternity Leave List \|url\=https://www.vivaelbirdos.com/2019/10/11/20910154/nlcs\-rosters\-for\-cards\-and\-nats\-no\-changes\-no\-wacha \|access\-date\=3 February 2021 \|work\=Viva El Birdos \|publisher\=\[\[SB Nation]] \|date\=11 October 2019 \|language\=en}} Suero appeared in the [2019 World Series](/wiki/2019_World_Series "2019 World Series") in three different games and retired all five batters he faced. He was the only pitcher to appear in the series and not allow any baserunners.{{cite web \|title\=2019 World Series \- Washington Nationals over Houston Astros (4\-3\) \|url\=https://www.baseball\-reference.com/postseason/2019\_WS.shtml \|website\=\[\[Baseball\-Reference.com]] \|publisher\=\[\[Sports Reference]] \|access\-date\=3 February 2021 \|language\=en}} In the pandemic\-shortened 2020 season, Suero posted a 2–0 record with a 3\.80 ERA while recording 28 strikeouts in {{frac\|23\|2\|3}} innings over 22 games. On November 30, 2021, Suero was non\-tendered by the Nationals, making him a free agent.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.mlbtraderumors.com/2021/11/national\-league\-non\-tenders\-11\-30\-21\.html\|title\=National League Non\-Tenders 11/30/21\|website\=MLB Trade Rumors\|date\=30 November 2021 }} ### Los Angeles Angels On March 31, 2022, Suero signed a minor league contract with the [Los Angeles Angels](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Angels "Los Angeles Angels").{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.mlbtraderumors.com/2022/03/angels\-sign\-wander\-suero\-to\-minor\-league\-deal.html\|title\=Angels Sign Wander Suero To Minor League Deal\|website\=MLB Trade Rumors\|date\=31 March 2022 }} In 20 relief appearances for the Triple–A [Salt Lake Bees](/wiki/Salt_Lake_Bees "Salt Lake Bees"), he struggled to a 6\.08 ERA with 15 strikeouts and 2 saves in {{fraction\|23\|2\|3}} innings pitched. Suero was released by the Angels organization on July 8\.{{cite web \| url\=https://www.milb.com/transactions/2022\-07\-08/p\-1 \| title\=Transactions }} ### Sultanes de Monterrey On July 14, 2022, Suero signed with the [Sultanes de Monterrey](/wiki/Sultanes_de_Monterrey "Sultanes de Monterrey") of the [Mexican League](/wiki/Mexican_League "Mexican League").{{cite web\|url\=https://www.sultanes.com.mx/noticias/wander\-suero\-refuerza\-el\-relevo\-de\-sultanes\|title\=WANDER SUERO REFUERZA EL RELEVO DE SULTANES\|website\=sultanes.com.mx\|language\=ES\|accessdate\=July 17, 2022}} He appeared in seven games for Monterrey, recording a 1\-1 record and 2\.84 ERA with eight strikeouts in {{fraction\|6\|1\|3}} innings pitched. Suero was released by the team on January 11, 2023\.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.milb.com/news/lmb\-movimientos\-en\-listas\-de\-reserva\-11\-de\-enero\-de\-2023\|title\=LMB: Movimientos en listas de reserva \- 11 de enero de 2023\|website\=MiLB.com}} ### Los Angeles Dodgers On January 23, 2023, Suero signed a minor league contract with the [Los Angeles Dodgers](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Dodgers "Los Angeles Dodgers").{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.mlb.com/dodgers/player/wander\-suero\-593833\|title\=Wander Suero Stats, Fantasy \& News\|website\=MLB.com}} He was assigned to the Triple\-A [Oklahoma City Dodgers](/wiki/Oklahoma_City_Dodgers "Oklahoma City Dodgers") to begin the year, making 47 appearances and logging a 3\.26 ERA with eight strikeouts and 17 saves in {{fraction\|49\|2\|3}} innings pitched.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.baseball\-reference.com/register/player.fcgi?id\=suero\-001wan\|title\=Wander Suero Minor, Winter \& Mexican League Stats\|work\=Baseball Reference\|accessdate\=October 2, 2023}} On May 5, he had his contract selected to the active roster.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.truebluela.com/2023/5/5/23713200/dodgers\-roster\-wander\-suero\-gavin\-stone\|title\=Dodgers add Wander Suero to bullpen, option Gavin Stone to Triple\-A\|work\=SB Nation\|first\=Eric\|last\=Stephen\|date\=May 5, 2023\|accessdate\=May 5, 2023}} He pitched {{fraction\|6\|2\|3}} innings for the Dodgers over four games and allowed six earned runs before he was designated for assignment on May 22\.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.mlbtraderumors.com/2023/05/dodgers\-designate\-wander\-suero\-select\-tayler\-scott.html\|title\=Dodgers Designate Wander Suero, Select Tayler Scott\|work\=MLB Trade Rumors\|first\=Darragh\|last\=McDonald\|date\=May 22, 2023\|accessdate\=May 22, 2023}} He cleared waivers and was sent outright to Triple\-A on May 25\.{{Cite web\|title\=Dodgers' Wander Suero: Outrighted to Triple\-A\|url\=https://www.cbssports.com/fantasy/baseball/news/dodgers\-wander\-suero\-outrighted\-to\-triple\-a/\|access\-date\=2023\-05\-27\|website\=cbssports.com\|date\=25 May 2023 \|language\=en}} Suero was added back to the major league roster on September 10{{cite web\|url\=https://www.mlbtraderumors.com/2023/09/dodgers\-select\-wander\-suero\-place\-gus\-varland\-on\-15\-day\-il.html\|title\=Dodgers Select Wander Suero, Place Gus Varland On 15\-Day IL\|work\=MLB Trade Rumors\|first\=Mark\|last\=Polishuk\|date\=September 10, 2023\|accessdate\=September 10, 2023}} where he made one more appearance, allowing one run in {{fraction\|1\|1\|3}} innings.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.baseball\-reference.com/players/gl.fcgi?id\=suerowa01\&t\=p\&year\=2023\|title\=Wander Suero 2023 Pitching Gamelogs\|work\=Baseball Reference\|accessdate\=October 2, 2023}} Following the season on October 19, Suero was removed from the 40–man roster and sent outright to Triple–A Oklahoma City. However, Suero subsequently rejected the assignment and elected free agency.{{Cite web\|title\=Wander Suero: Heads to free agency\|url\=https://www.cbssports.com/fantasy/baseball/news/wander\-suero\-heads\-to\-free\-agency/amp/\|access\-date\=October 20, 2023\|website\=cbssports.com\|language\=en}} ### Houston Astros On December 7, 2023, Suero signed a minor league contract with the [Houston Astros](/wiki/Houston_Astros "Houston Astros").{{cite web\|url\=https://www.mlbtraderumors.com/2023/12/astros\-wander\-suero\-agree\-to\-minor\-league\-deal.html\|title\=Astros, Wander Suero Agree To Minor League Deal\|work\=MLB Trade Rumors\|first\=Anthony\|last\=Franco\|date\=December 7, 2023\|accessdate\=December 7, 2023}} He began the 2024 season with the Triple–A [Sugar Land Space Cowboys](/wiki/Sugar_Land_Space_Cowboys "Sugar Land Space Cowboys"), and made four appearances for the affiliate prior to his promotion. On April 9, 2024, Suero had his contract selected to the major league roster.{{Cite web\|title\=Astros' Wander Suero: Selected from Triple\-A\|url\=https://www.cbssports.com/fantasy/baseball/news/astros\-wander\-suero\-selected\-from\-triple\-a/amp/\|access\-date\=April 10, 2024\|website\=cbssports.com\|language\=en}} He made one appearance for the Astros against the [Kansas City Royals](/wiki/Kansas_City_Royals "Kansas City Royals"), allowing an unearned run on walk–off hit by [Salvador Pérez](/wiki/Salvador_P%C3%A9rez "Salvador Pérez"). Suero was designated for assignment by Houston on April 12\.{{Cite web\|title\=Astros' Wander Suero: DFA'd by Houston\|url\=https://www.cbssports.com/fantasy/baseball/news/astros\-wander\-suero\-dfad\-by\-houston/amp/\|date\=April 13, 2024\|website\=cbssports.com\|language\=en}} He cleared waivers and was sent outright to Triple–A on April 15\.{{Cite web\|title\=Astros' Wander Suero: Outrighted to Triple\-A\|url\=https://www.cbssports.com/fantasy/baseball/news/astros\-wander\-suero\-outrighted\-to\-triple\-a/\|date\=April 16, 2024\|website\=cbssports.com\|language\=en}} He elected free agency on October 10\.[https://www.milb.com/transactions/2024\-10\-10](https://www.milb.com/transactions/2024-10-10)
[ "Professional career\n-------------------", "### Washington Nationals", "#### 2010–2015", "The [Washington Nationals](/wiki/Washington_Nationals \"Washington Nationals\") signed Suero as a non\\-drafted free agent in May 2010\\. He spent three seasons in Washington's player development system in the [Dominican Republic](/wiki/Dominican_Republic \"Dominican Republic\"), pitching for the [Dominican Summer League Nationals](/wiki/Dominican_Summer_League_Nationals \"Dominican Summer League Nationals\") from 2010 through 2012\\.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.baseball\\-reference.com/register/player.fcgi?id\\=suero\\-001wan\\|title\\=Wander Suero Minor, Winter \\& Mexican Leagues Statistics\\|website\\=Baseball\\-Reference.com}} In 2010, he started four games and appeared in relief 11 times, finishing the season with a record of 2–3, an [earned run average (ERA)](/wiki/Earned_run_average \"Earned run average\") of 4\\.72, and 39 strikeouts and 23 walks in 34{{frac\\|1\\|3}} innings. In 2011, he posted a record of 3–2 and an ERA of 5\\.49 with 41 strikeouts and 26 walks, pitching 39{{frac\\|1\\|3}} innings in two starts and 14 relief appearances, while in 2012 he appeared in nine games, starting eight of them, and pitched 37 innings, with a record of 4–2 and an ERA of 3\\.41, striking out 34 batters and walking 12\\.", "Suero moved up to the [Rookie](/wiki/Rookie_League \"Rookie League\")\\-level [Gulf Coast League](/wiki/Gulf_Coast_League \"Gulf Coast League\"), playing for the [Gulf Coast League Nationals](/wiki/Gulf_Coast_League_Nationals \"Gulf Coast League Nationals\"), then based at the Nationals' spring training home at [Space Coast Stadium](/wiki/Space_Coast_Stadium \"Space Coast Stadium\") in [Viera, Florida](/wiki/Viera%2C_Florida \"Viera, Florida\"), in 2013\\.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.masnsports.com/byron\\-kerr/2013/10/suero\\-a\\-part\\-of\\-new\\-wave\\-of\\-dominican\\-pitchers\\-making\\-impact\\-in\\-nationals\\-system.html\\|agency\\=MASN Sports\\|first\\=Byron\\|last\\=Kerr\\|date\\=October 18, 2013\\|access\\-date\\=June 16, 2017\\|title\\=Suero a part of new wave of Dominican pitchers making impact in Nationals system}} That season, the Gulf Coast League Nationals finished their regular season with a record of 49–9, and their .845 [winning percentage](/wiki/Winning_percentage \"Winning percentage\") was the highest winning percentage for a full regular season ever achieved by a minor\\-league baseball team based in the [United States](/wiki/United_States \"United States\").[Wagner, James, \"Nationals GCL Team Sets a Minor League Record,\" washingtonpost.com, August 29, 2013\\.](https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/nationals-journal/wp/2013/08/29/nationals-gcl-team-sets-a-minor-league-record/) The Nationals then won all three of their playoff games, defeating the [Gulf Coast League Pirates](/wiki/Gulf_Coast_League_Pirates \"Gulf Coast League Pirates\") in a single\\-game semifinal playoff and sweeping the [Gulf Coast League Red Sox](/wiki/Gulf_Coast_League_Red_Sox \"Gulf Coast League Red Sox\") in the best\\-of\\-three league championship series, to become the 2013 Gulf Coast League champions.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://web.yesnetwork.com/news/article.jsp?ymd\\=20130830\\&content\\_id\\=59028904\\&oid\\=36019\\|title\\=YES Network\\|website\\=yesnetwork.com}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.milb.com/news/gcs\\-59228558\\|title\\=Nationals capture GCL championship\\|website\\=MiLB.com}} During the championship season, Suero appeared in 13 games, starting three of them, and posted an 8–1 record, with an ERA of 1\\.65, 46 strikeouts, and 13 walks in 49 innings of work.", "Suero was promoted to the Class A Advanced [Potomac Nationals](/wiki/Potomac_Nationals \"Potomac Nationals\") in the [Carolina League](/wiki/Carolina_League \"Carolina League\") to begin the 2014 season and struck out 21 batters, but walked 10 and pitched to an ERA of 7\\.57 in 27{{frac\\|1\\|3}} innings of relief. Demoted to the Class A [Hagerstown Suns](/wiki/Hagerstown_Suns \"Hagerstown Suns\") in the [South Atlantic League](/wiki/South_Atlantic_League \"South Atlantic League\"), he finished the season there, pitching 72 innings, striking out 62 batters, walking only 11, and posting an ERA of 2\\.13 in six starts and 11 relief appearances, giving him an overall ERA of 3\\.62 for the year with 83 strikeouts and 21 walks. Promoted to the Class AA [Harrisburg Senators](/wiki/Harrisburg_Senators \"Harrisburg Senators\") of the [Eastern League](/wiki/Eastern_League_%281938%E2%80%932020%29 \"Eastern League (1938–2020)\") to begin the 2015 season, he again struggled, striking out 29 but walking 14, with a 6\\.35 ERA over 34 innings of relief in his first taste of the high [minor leagues](/wiki/Minor_league_baseball \"Minor league baseball\").{{cite news\\|url\\=http://districtondeck.com/2016/02/23/washington\\-nationals\\-player\\-profile\\-wander\\-suero/\\|agency\\=District on Deck\\|title\\=Washington Nationals Player Profile: Wander Suero\\|first\\=Ricky\\|last\\=Keeler\\|date\\=February 23, 2016\\|access\\-date\\=June 16, 2017}} Demoted to Potomac, he pitched 56 innings there in five starts and 11 relief appearances with 39 strikeouts, 18 walks, and an ERA of 2\\.41, and his ERA for the 2015 season as a whole was 3\\.90 with an overall total of 68 strikeouts and 32 walks.", "During the 2015–16 offseason, Suero played in the [Dominican Winter League](/wiki/Dominican_Winter_League \"Dominican Winter League\"), making two relief appearances for the [Tigres del Licey](/wiki/Tigres_del_Licey \"Tigres del Licey\").{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.masnsports.com/byron\\-kerr/2017/10/nats\\-prospects\\-head\\-for\\-winter\\-league\\-play.html\\|agency\\=MASN Sports\\|first\\=Byron\\|last\\=Kerr\\|title\\=Nats prospects head for winter league play\\|date\\=October 27, 2017\\|access\\-date\\=December 14, 2017}} He pitched 1{{frac\\|2\\|3}} innings and had an ERA of 5\\.40 with a strikeout and no walks.", "#### 2016–2017", "Suero was a non\\-roster invitee to major league [spring training](/wiki/Spring_training \"Spring training\") before the [2016 season](/wiki/2016_Washington_Nationals_season \"2016 Washington Nationals season\").{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/nationals\\-journal/wp/2016/03/11/a\\-j\\-cole\\-wander\\-suero\\-among\\-those\\-sent\\-to\\-minor\\-league\\-camp\\-friday/\\|newspaper\\=The Washington Post\\|title\\=A.J. Cole, Wander Suero among those sent to minor league camp Friday\\|date\\=March 11, 2016\\|access\\-date\\=June 16, 2017\\|first\\=Chelsea\\|last\\=Janes}} He spent the entire 2016 season with Class AA Harrisburg, his performance much improved from his time there the previous year; he posted a 2\\.44 ERA on the season, pitching 55{{frac\\|1\\|3}} innings in 39 relief appearances with 48 strikeouts and 21 walks. He pitched for Tigres del Licey in the Dominican Winter League again during the 2016\\-2017 offseason, and his performance improved there as well: In 13 relief appearances, he pitched 14{{frac\\|1\\|3}} scoreless innings, with 10 strikeouts and only four walks.", "He was again invited to major league spring training as a non\\-roster pitcher before the [2017 season](/wiki/2017_Washington_Nationals_season \"2017 Washington Nationals season\").{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.talknats.com/2017/02/12/heck\\-guy\\-field\\-guide\\-non\\-roster\\-invitees\\-part/\\|agency\\=TalkNats\\|title\\=Who the heck is that guy? A field guide to non\\-roster invitees Part I\\|date\\=February 12, 2017\\|access\\-date\\=June 16, 2017}} Returning to Harrisburg as the 2017 season began, Suero had a 1\\.96 ERA and 10 [saves](/wiki/Save_%28baseball%29 \"Save (baseball)\") in 23 innings of relief, and he quickly earned a promotion to the Class AAA [Syracuse Chiefs](/wiki/Syracuse_Chiefs \"Syracuse Chiefs\") of the [International League](/wiki/International_League \"International League\") for the first time on June 2, 2017\\.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://districtondeck.com/2017/06/11/washington\\-nationals\\-wander\\-suero\\-reliever\\-watch\\-syracuse/\\|agency\\=District on Deck\\|title\\=Washington Nationals: Wander Suero a reliever to watch at Syracuse\\|first\\=Ricky\\|last\\=Keeler\\|date\\=June 11, 2017\\|access\\-date\\=June 16, 2017}} He collected his first Triple\\-A save on June 14, 2017, against the [Pawtucket Red Sox](/wiki/Pawtucket_Red_Sox \"Pawtucket Red Sox\").{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.abc6\\.com/story/35668818/syracuse\\-rallies\\-to\\-beat\\-pawsox\\-for\\-first\\-time\\-in\\-11\\-games\\|title\\=Syracuse Rallies to Beat PawSox for First time in 11\\-games\\|agency\\=ABC 6 News\\|date\\=June 14, 2017\\|access\\-date\\=June 16, 2017}} *[The Washington Post](/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")* described Suero among the bright spots of an 87\\-loss season for the Chiefs in 2017, as he put up a 1\\.70 ERA across 36 games with the Chiefs after his promotion.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/nationals\\-journal/wp/2017/09/06/minor\\-league\\-wednesday\\-a\\-look\\-at\\-how\\-the\\-nationals\\-affiliates\\-performed\\-in\\-2017/\\|newspaper\\=The Washington Post\\|title\\=Minor League Wednesday: A look at how the Nationals' prospects performed in 2017\\|date\\=September 6, 2017\\|access\\-date\\=September 7, 2017}} The Nationals awarded Suero as their Minor League Pitcher of the Year. He told a [Mid\\-Atlantic Sports Network](/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_Sports_Network \"Mid-Atlantic Sports Network\") reporter that his goal was to work hard over the winter to prove to the organization his readiness to pitch in the major leagues.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.masnsports.com/byron\\-kerr/2017/10/johnson\\-suero\\-and\\-read\\-appreciative\\-of\\-organizational\\-honors.html\\|agency\\=MASN Sports\\|title\\=Johnson, Suero and Read appreciative of organizational honors\\|first\\=Byron\\|last\\=Kerr\\|date\\=October 1, 2017\\|access\\-date\\=October 2, 2017}}", "The Nationals added Suero to their 40\\-man roster after the 2017 season.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.federalbaseball.com/2017/11/3/16603594/washington\\-nationals\\-add\\-wander\\-suero\\-40\\-man\\-roster\\|title\\=Washington Nationals add Wander Suero to 40\\-Man roster...\\|first\\=Patrick\\|last\\=Reddington\\|agency\\=Federal Baseball\\|date\\=November 3, 2017\\|access\\-date\\=December 14, 2017}} His addition protected him in advance of the [Rule 5 draft](/wiki/Rule_5_draft \"Rule 5 draft\") that December.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.masnsports.com/nationals\\-pastime/2017/12/previewing\\-the\\-rule\\-5\\-draft.html\\|agency\\=MASN Sports\\|title\\=Previewing the Rule 5 draft\\|first\\=Pete\\|last\\=Kerzel\\|date\\=December 14, 2017\\|access\\-date\\=December 14, 2017}} It also placed him in contention for a spot on the Nationals' major league roster in the [2018 season](/wiki/2018_Washington_Nationals_season \"2018 Washington Nationals season\").{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/nationals\\-journal/wp/2017/12/14/nationals\\-re\\-sign\\-brandon\\-kintzler\\-to\\-bolster\\-right\\-handed\\-relief\\-corps/\\|newspaper\\=The Washington Post\\|first\\=Chelsea\\|last\\=Janes\\|title\\=Nationals re\\-sign Brandon Kintzler to bolster right\\-handed relief corps\\|date\\=December 14, 2017\\|access\\-date\\=December 14, 2017}} He pitched for Tigres del Licey in the Dominican Winter League again during the 2017\\-2018 offseason, but with less success, with five strikeouts, six walks, and an ERA of 7\\.56 in 8{{frac\\|1\\|3}} innings of work over nine relief appearances.", "#### 2018", "[thumb\\|Suero in 2019](/wiki/File:Wander_Suero_%2840616780723%29_%28cropped%29.jpg \"Wander Suero (40616780723) (cropped).jpg\")\nSuero began [spring training](/wiki/Spring_training \"Spring training\") in 2018 by pitching four scoreless innings with seven strikeouts and no walks, but he suffered an [oblique strain](/wiki/Oblique_strain \"Oblique strain\") during a [Grapefruit League](/wiki/Grapefruit_League \"Grapefruit League\") game on March 9\\.[Castillo, Jorge, \"Nationals recall Wander Suero, option Austin Voth a day after call\\-up,\" washingtonpost.com, April 30, 2018, 6:06 p.m. EDT.](https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/nationals-journal/wp/2018/04/30/nationals-recall-wander-suero-option-austin-voth-a-day-after-call-up/) He was shut down for three weeks before he resumed throwing at the Nationals′ spring training complex at [FITTEAM Ballpark of the Palm Beaches](/wiki/FITTEAM_Ballpark_of_the_Palm_Beaches \"FITTEAM Ballpark of the Palm Beaches\") in [West Palm Beach](/wiki/West_Palm_Beach%2C_Florida \"West Palm Beach, Florida\"), [Florida](/wiki/Florida \"Florida\"), and he did not make his debut with Syracuse until April 21, issuing no walks but allowing three runs on five hits in one inning of work. He improved rapidly after that: In his next three appearances with the Chiefs, he pitched a combined three innings, giving up no runs or walks, dropping his ERA for the season from 27\\.00 after his first appearance to 6\\.75\\.", "On April 30, the Nationals called Suero up to the major leagues for the first time to reinforce Washington's bullpen with middle\\-relief strength. He had played in 212 minor\\-league games over eight seasons before his first major\\-league call\\-up. He made his major\\-league debut on May 1 in a game against the [Pittsburgh Pirates](/wiki/2018_Pittsburgh_Pirates_season \"2018 Pittsburgh Pirates season\") at [Nationals Park](/wiki/Nationals_Park \"Nationals Park\") in [Washington, D.C.](/wiki/Washington%2C_D.C. \"Washington, D.C.\"), entering the game in relief of starter [Max Scherzer](/wiki/Max_Scherzer \"Max Scherzer\") with one out in the seventh inning and Washington leading 12–2\\. He threw 15 pitches and gave up two singles to the first two batters he faced, third baseman [Colin Moran](/wiki/Colin_Moran \"Colin Moran\") and shortstop [Jordy Mercer](/wiki/Jordy_Mercer \"Jordy Mercer\"), but then got second baseman [Max Moroff](/wiki/Max_Moroff \"Max Moroff\") to pop out to the shortstop and right fielder [Adam Frazier](/wiki/Adam_Frazier \"Adam Frazier\") to fly out to center field to complete both the inning and his first major league appearance without surrendering any runs.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.espn.com/mlb/boxscore/\\_/gameId/380501120\\|title\\=Pirates 4\\-12 Nationals (May 1, 2018\\) Box Score\\|website\\=ESPN}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.espn.com/mlb/playbyplay/\\_/gameId/380501120\\|title\\=Pirates 4\\-12 Nationals (May 1, 2018\\) Play\\-by\\-Play\\|website\\=ESPN}} He notched his first major\\-league strikeout in his second major\\-league appearance on May 4, fanning pinch\\-hitter [Jesmuel Valentín](/wiki/Jesmuel_Valent%C3%ADn \"Jesmuel Valentín\") as part of a 1{{frac\\|2\\|3}}\\-inning performance in which he did not allow a base runner during a 7–3 Nationals victory over the [Philadelphia Phillies](/wiki/2018_Philadelphia_Phillies_season \"2018 Philadelphia Phillies season\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.espn.com/mlb/boxscore/\\_/gameId/380504120\\|title\\=Phillies 3\\-7 Nationals (May 4, 2018\\) Box Score\\|website\\=ESPN}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.espn.com/mlb/playbyplay/\\_/gameId/380504120\\|title\\=Phillies 3\\-7 Nationals (May 4, 2018\\) Play\\-by\\-Play\\|website\\=ESPN}} Suero had appeared in 12 games for Washington, posting an ERA of 4\\.15 with 11 strikeouts and five walks in 13 innings of work,[MiLB.com Wander Suero Stats, Highlights, Bio Retrieved June 9, 2018\\.](http://www.milb.com/player/index.jsp?player_id=593833#/career/R/pitching/2018/ALL) when the Nationals [optioned](/wiki/Option_%28baseball%29 \"Option (baseball)\") him to Syracuse on June 9,{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.mlbtraderumors.com/2018/06/nationals\\-activate\\-adam\\-eaton\\-release\\-rafael\\-bautista.html\\|title\\=Nationals Activate Adam Eaton, Release Rafael Bautista\\|last\\=Byrne\\|first\\=Connor\\|work\\=mlbtraderumors.com\\|date\\=June 9, 2018\\|access\\-date\\=June 9, 2018}} but they recalled him to the major leagues on June 10\\.[espn.com Washington Nationals Transactions \\- 2018 Retrieved June 19, 2018\\.](http://www.espn.com/mlb/team/transactions/_/name/wsh/washington-nationals)", "On the afternoon of June 18, 2018, the Nationals resumed a game at Nationals Park against the [New York Yankees](/wiki/2018_New_York_Yankees_season \"2018 New York Yankees season\") that had been suspended due to rain on May 15 after {{frac\\|5\\|1\\|2}} innings with the score tied 3–3\\. Suero pitched the top of the sixth inning on May 15 and thus was the pitcher of record when, in the bottom of the sixth on June 18, the Nationals took the lead for good on a two\\-run homer by [Juan Soto](/wiki/Juan_Soto \"Juan Soto\"). He also pitched the first third of an inning in the top of the seventh, giving up a hit and striking out two in {{frac\\|1\\|1\\|3}} innings of work spread across five weeks, and he came away from the game with his first major\\-league decision, a win retroactively credited to him as of May 15\\.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.federalbaseball.com/2018/6/19/17480052/washington\\-nationals\\-jefry\\-rodriguez\\-add\\-kelvin\\-herrera\\-option\\-wander\\-suero\\-matt\\-adams\\-10\\-day\\-dl\\|title\\=Washington Nationals call up Jefry Rodriguez; add Kelvin Herrera; option Wander Suero; Matt Adams to 10\\-Day DL...\\|first\\=Patrick\\|last\\=Reddington\\|date\\=June 19, 2018\\|website\\=Federal Baseball}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.espn.com/mlb/boxscore?gameId\\=380515120\\|title\\=Yankees vs. Nationals – Box Score – May 15, 2018 – ESPN}} Suero also appeared in a full game against the Yankees on the evening of June 18—a makeup game for a rainout on May 16—pitching an inning and walking a batter who later scored.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.espn.com/mlb/boxscore?gameId\\=380618120\\|title\\=Yankees vs. Nationals – Box Score – June 18, 2018 – ESPN}} He had pitched {{frac\\|17\\|1\\|3}} innings in 15 major\\-league appearances on the season, posting a 3\\.63 ERA, striking out 16, and walking six, when the Nationals optioned him to Syracuse on June 19 to make room on their roster for newly acquired reliever [Kelvin Herrera](/wiki/Kelvin_Herrera \"Kelvin Herrera\").", "#### 2019–2020", "Suero was Washington's most used reliever during the 2019 season; he led the team in games pitched and relief innings.{{cite web \\|title\\=2019 Washington Nationals Statistics \\|url\\=https://www.baseball\\-reference.com/teams/WSN/2019\\.shtml\\#team\\_pitching \\|website\\=\\[\\[Baseball\\-Reference.com]] \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Sports Reference]] \\|access\\-date\\=3 February 2021 \\|language\\=en}} He recorded his first Major League save on June 21, 2019 at Nationals Park.{{cite news \\|last1\\=Reddington \\|first1\\=Patrick \\|title\\=Wander Suero survives ninth to earn first MLB save in Nationals' 4\\-3 win over the Braves \\|url\\=https://www.federalbaseball.com/2019/6/22/18713095/wander\\-suero\\-survives\\-ninth\\-earns\\-first\\-mlb\\-save\\-washington\\-nationals\\-4\\-3\\-win\\-over\\-atlanta\\-braves \\|access\\-date\\=3 February 2021 \\|work\\=Federal Baseball \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[SB Nation]] \\|date\\=22 June 2019 \\|language\\=en}} Suero was left off Washington's roster to start the [2019 National League Championship Series](/wiki/2019_National_League_Championship_Series \"2019 National League Championship Series\"), placed on the roster when [Daniel Hudson](/wiki/Daniel_Hudson \"Daniel Hudson\") went on [paternity leave](/wiki/Paternity_leave \"Paternity leave\") and then removed again when Hudson returned.{{cite news \\|title\\=Nationals' Wander Suero: Removed from NLCS roster \\|url\\=https://www.cbssports.com/fantasy/baseball/news/nationals\\-wander\\-suero\\-removed\\-from\\-nlcs\\-roster/ \\|access\\-date\\=3 February 2021 \\|work\\=\\[\\[CBSSports.com]] \\|agency\\=RotoWire \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[CBS Sports]] \\|date\\=October 12, 2019 \\|language\\=en}}{{cite news \\|title\\=NLCS Rosters for Cards and Nats—No Changes for Cards, Nats Make Changes and Use Post\\-Season Paternity Leave List \\|url\\=https://www.vivaelbirdos.com/2019/10/11/20910154/nlcs\\-rosters\\-for\\-cards\\-and\\-nats\\-no\\-changes\\-no\\-wacha \\|access\\-date\\=3 February 2021 \\|work\\=Viva El Birdos \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[SB Nation]] \\|date\\=11 October 2019 \\|language\\=en}} Suero appeared in the [2019 World Series](/wiki/2019_World_Series \"2019 World Series\") in three different games and retired all five batters he faced. He was the only pitcher to appear in the series and not allow any baserunners.{{cite web \\|title\\=2019 World Series \\- Washington Nationals over Houston Astros (4\\-3\\) \\|url\\=https://www.baseball\\-reference.com/postseason/2019\\_WS.shtml \\|website\\=\\[\\[Baseball\\-Reference.com]] \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Sports Reference]] \\|access\\-date\\=3 February 2021 \\|language\\=en}}", "In the pandemic\\-shortened 2020 season, Suero posted a 2–0 record with a 3\\.80 ERA while recording 28 strikeouts in {{frac\\|23\\|2\\|3}} innings over 22 games. On November 30, 2021, Suero was non\\-tendered by the Nationals, making him a free agent.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.mlbtraderumors.com/2021/11/national\\-league\\-non\\-tenders\\-11\\-30\\-21\\.html\\|title\\=National League Non\\-Tenders 11/30/21\\|website\\=MLB Trade Rumors\\|date\\=30 November 2021 }}", "### Los Angeles Angels", "On March 31, 2022, Suero signed a minor league contract with the [Los Angeles Angels](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Angels \"Los Angeles Angels\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.mlbtraderumors.com/2022/03/angels\\-sign\\-wander\\-suero\\-to\\-minor\\-league\\-deal.html\\|title\\=Angels Sign Wander Suero To Minor League Deal\\|website\\=MLB Trade Rumors\\|date\\=31 March 2022 }} In 20 relief appearances for the Triple–A [Salt Lake Bees](/wiki/Salt_Lake_Bees \"Salt Lake Bees\"), he struggled to a 6\\.08 ERA with 15 strikeouts and 2 saves in {{fraction\\|23\\|2\\|3}} innings pitched. Suero was released by the Angels organization on July 8\\.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.milb.com/transactions/2022\\-07\\-08/p\\-1 \\| title\\=Transactions }}", "### Sultanes de Monterrey", "On July 14, 2022, Suero signed with the [Sultanes de Monterrey](/wiki/Sultanes_de_Monterrey \"Sultanes de Monterrey\") of the [Mexican League](/wiki/Mexican_League \"Mexican League\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.sultanes.com.mx/noticias/wander\\-suero\\-refuerza\\-el\\-relevo\\-de\\-sultanes\\|title\\=WANDER SUERO REFUERZA EL RELEVO DE SULTANES\\|website\\=sultanes.com.mx\\|language\\=ES\\|accessdate\\=July 17, 2022}} He appeared in seven games for Monterrey, recording a 1\\-1 record and 2\\.84 ERA with eight strikeouts in {{fraction\\|6\\|1\\|3}} innings pitched. Suero was released by the team on January 11, 2023\\.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.milb.com/news/lmb\\-movimientos\\-en\\-listas\\-de\\-reserva\\-11\\-de\\-enero\\-de\\-2023\\|title\\=LMB: Movimientos en listas de reserva \\- 11 de enero de 2023\\|website\\=MiLB.com}}", "### Los Angeles Dodgers", "On January 23, 2023, Suero signed a minor league contract with the [Los Angeles Dodgers](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Dodgers \"Los Angeles Dodgers\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.mlb.com/dodgers/player/wander\\-suero\\-593833\\|title\\=Wander Suero Stats, Fantasy \\& News\\|website\\=MLB.com}} He was assigned to the Triple\\-A [Oklahoma City Dodgers](/wiki/Oklahoma_City_Dodgers \"Oklahoma City Dodgers\") to begin the year, making 47 appearances and logging a 3\\.26 ERA with eight strikeouts and 17 saves in {{fraction\\|49\\|2\\|3}} innings pitched.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.baseball\\-reference.com/register/player.fcgi?id\\=suero\\-001wan\\|title\\=Wander Suero Minor, Winter \\& Mexican League Stats\\|work\\=Baseball Reference\\|accessdate\\=October 2, 2023}} On May 5, he had his contract selected to the active roster.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.truebluela.com/2023/5/5/23713200/dodgers\\-roster\\-wander\\-suero\\-gavin\\-stone\\|title\\=Dodgers add Wander Suero to bullpen, option Gavin Stone to Triple\\-A\\|work\\=SB Nation\\|first\\=Eric\\|last\\=Stephen\\|date\\=May 5, 2023\\|accessdate\\=May 5, 2023}} He pitched {{fraction\\|6\\|2\\|3}} innings for the Dodgers over four games and allowed six earned runs before he was designated for assignment on May 22\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.mlbtraderumors.com/2023/05/dodgers\\-designate\\-wander\\-suero\\-select\\-tayler\\-scott.html\\|title\\=Dodgers Designate Wander Suero, Select Tayler Scott\\|work\\=MLB Trade Rumors\\|first\\=Darragh\\|last\\=McDonald\\|date\\=May 22, 2023\\|accessdate\\=May 22, 2023}} He cleared waivers and was sent outright to Triple\\-A on May 25\\.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Dodgers' Wander Suero: Outrighted to Triple\\-A\\|url\\=https://www.cbssports.com/fantasy/baseball/news/dodgers\\-wander\\-suero\\-outrighted\\-to\\-triple\\-a/\\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-05\\-27\\|website\\=cbssports.com\\|date\\=25 May 2023 \\|language\\=en}} Suero was added back to the major league roster on September 10{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.mlbtraderumors.com/2023/09/dodgers\\-select\\-wander\\-suero\\-place\\-gus\\-varland\\-on\\-15\\-day\\-il.html\\|title\\=Dodgers Select Wander Suero, Place Gus Varland On 15\\-Day IL\\|work\\=MLB Trade Rumors\\|first\\=Mark\\|last\\=Polishuk\\|date\\=September 10, 2023\\|accessdate\\=September 10, 2023}} where he made one more appearance, allowing one run in {{fraction\\|1\\|1\\|3}} innings.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.baseball\\-reference.com/players/gl.fcgi?id\\=suerowa01\\&t\\=p\\&year\\=2023\\|title\\=Wander Suero 2023 Pitching Gamelogs\\|work\\=Baseball Reference\\|accessdate\\=October 2, 2023}} Following the season on October 19, Suero was removed from the 40–man roster and sent outright to Triple–A Oklahoma City. However, Suero subsequently rejected the assignment and elected free agency.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Wander Suero: Heads to free agency\\|url\\=https://www.cbssports.com/fantasy/baseball/news/wander\\-suero\\-heads\\-to\\-free\\-agency/amp/\\|access\\-date\\=October 20, 2023\\|website\\=cbssports.com\\|language\\=en}}", "### Houston Astros", "On December 7, 2023, Suero signed a minor league contract with the [Houston Astros](/wiki/Houston_Astros \"Houston Astros\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.mlbtraderumors.com/2023/12/astros\\-wander\\-suero\\-agree\\-to\\-minor\\-league\\-deal.html\\|title\\=Astros, Wander Suero Agree To Minor League Deal\\|work\\=MLB Trade Rumors\\|first\\=Anthony\\|last\\=Franco\\|date\\=December 7, 2023\\|accessdate\\=December 7, 2023}} He began the 2024 season with the Triple–A [Sugar Land Space Cowboys](/wiki/Sugar_Land_Space_Cowboys \"Sugar Land Space Cowboys\"), and made four appearances for the affiliate prior to his promotion. On April 9, 2024, Suero had his contract selected to the major league roster.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Astros' Wander Suero: Selected from Triple\\-A\\|url\\=https://www.cbssports.com/fantasy/baseball/news/astros\\-wander\\-suero\\-selected\\-from\\-triple\\-a/amp/\\|access\\-date\\=April 10, 2024\\|website\\=cbssports.com\\|language\\=en}} He made one appearance for the Astros against the [Kansas City Royals](/wiki/Kansas_City_Royals \"Kansas City Royals\"), allowing an unearned run on walk–off hit by [Salvador Pérez](/wiki/Salvador_P%C3%A9rez \"Salvador Pérez\"). Suero was designated for assignment by Houston on April 12\\.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Astros' Wander Suero: DFA'd by Houston\\|url\\=https://www.cbssports.com/fantasy/baseball/news/astros\\-wander\\-suero\\-dfad\\-by\\-houston/amp/\\|date\\=April 13, 2024\\|website\\=cbssports.com\\|language\\=en}} He cleared waivers and was sent outright to Triple–A on April 15\\.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Astros' Wander Suero: Outrighted to Triple\\-A\\|url\\=https://www.cbssports.com/fantasy/baseball/news/astros\\-wander\\-suero\\-outrighted\\-to\\-triple\\-a/\\|date\\=April 16, 2024\\|website\\=cbssports.com\\|language\\=en}} He elected free agency on October 10\\.[https://www.milb.com/transactions/2024\\-10\\-10](https://www.milb.com/transactions/2024-10-10)", "" ]
### Washington Nationals #### 2010–2015 The [Washington Nationals](/wiki/Washington_Nationals "Washington Nationals") signed Suero as a non\-drafted free agent in May 2010\. He spent three seasons in Washington's player development system in the [Dominican Republic](/wiki/Dominican_Republic "Dominican Republic"), pitching for the [Dominican Summer League Nationals](/wiki/Dominican_Summer_League_Nationals "Dominican Summer League Nationals") from 2010 through 2012\.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.baseball\-reference.com/register/player.fcgi?id\=suero\-001wan\|title\=Wander Suero Minor, Winter \& Mexican Leagues Statistics\|website\=Baseball\-Reference.com}} In 2010, he started four games and appeared in relief 11 times, finishing the season with a record of 2–3, an [earned run average (ERA)](/wiki/Earned_run_average "Earned run average") of 4\.72, and 39 strikeouts and 23 walks in 34{{frac\|1\|3}} innings. In 2011, he posted a record of 3–2 and an ERA of 5\.49 with 41 strikeouts and 26 walks, pitching 39{{frac\|1\|3}} innings in two starts and 14 relief appearances, while in 2012 he appeared in nine games, starting eight of them, and pitched 37 innings, with a record of 4–2 and an ERA of 3\.41, striking out 34 batters and walking 12\. Suero moved up to the [Rookie](/wiki/Rookie_League "Rookie League")\-level [Gulf Coast League](/wiki/Gulf_Coast_League "Gulf Coast League"), playing for the [Gulf Coast League Nationals](/wiki/Gulf_Coast_League_Nationals "Gulf Coast League Nationals"), then based at the Nationals' spring training home at [Space Coast Stadium](/wiki/Space_Coast_Stadium "Space Coast Stadium") in [Viera, Florida](/wiki/Viera%2C_Florida "Viera, Florida"), in 2013\.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.masnsports.com/byron\-kerr/2013/10/suero\-a\-part\-of\-new\-wave\-of\-dominican\-pitchers\-making\-impact\-in\-nationals\-system.html\|agency\=MASN Sports\|first\=Byron\|last\=Kerr\|date\=October 18, 2013\|access\-date\=June 16, 2017\|title\=Suero a part of new wave of Dominican pitchers making impact in Nationals system}} That season, the Gulf Coast League Nationals finished their regular season with a record of 49–9, and their .845 [winning percentage](/wiki/Winning_percentage "Winning percentage") was the highest winning percentage for a full regular season ever achieved by a minor\-league baseball team based in the [United States](/wiki/United_States "United States").[Wagner, James, "Nationals GCL Team Sets a Minor League Record," washingtonpost.com, August 29, 2013\.](https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/nationals-journal/wp/2013/08/29/nationals-gcl-team-sets-a-minor-league-record/) The Nationals then won all three of their playoff games, defeating the [Gulf Coast League Pirates](/wiki/Gulf_Coast_League_Pirates "Gulf Coast League Pirates") in a single\-game semifinal playoff and sweeping the [Gulf Coast League Red Sox](/wiki/Gulf_Coast_League_Red_Sox "Gulf Coast League Red Sox") in the best\-of\-three league championship series, to become the 2013 Gulf Coast League champions.{{Cite web\|url\=http://web.yesnetwork.com/news/article.jsp?ymd\=20130830\&content\_id\=59028904\&oid\=36019\|title\=YES Network\|website\=yesnetwork.com}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.milb.com/news/gcs\-59228558\|title\=Nationals capture GCL championship\|website\=MiLB.com}} During the championship season, Suero appeared in 13 games, starting three of them, and posted an 8–1 record, with an ERA of 1\.65, 46 strikeouts, and 13 walks in 49 innings of work. Suero was promoted to the Class A Advanced [Potomac Nationals](/wiki/Potomac_Nationals "Potomac Nationals") in the [Carolina League](/wiki/Carolina_League "Carolina League") to begin the 2014 season and struck out 21 batters, but walked 10 and pitched to an ERA of 7\.57 in 27{{frac\|1\|3}} innings of relief. Demoted to the Class A [Hagerstown Suns](/wiki/Hagerstown_Suns "Hagerstown Suns") in the [South Atlantic League](/wiki/South_Atlantic_League "South Atlantic League"), he finished the season there, pitching 72 innings, striking out 62 batters, walking only 11, and posting an ERA of 2\.13 in six starts and 11 relief appearances, giving him an overall ERA of 3\.62 for the year with 83 strikeouts and 21 walks. Promoted to the Class AA [Harrisburg Senators](/wiki/Harrisburg_Senators "Harrisburg Senators") of the [Eastern League](/wiki/Eastern_League_%281938%E2%80%932020%29 "Eastern League (1938–2020)") to begin the 2015 season, he again struggled, striking out 29 but walking 14, with a 6\.35 ERA over 34 innings of relief in his first taste of the high [minor leagues](/wiki/Minor_league_baseball "Minor league baseball").{{cite news\|url\=http://districtondeck.com/2016/02/23/washington\-nationals\-player\-profile\-wander\-suero/\|agency\=District on Deck\|title\=Washington Nationals Player Profile: Wander Suero\|first\=Ricky\|last\=Keeler\|date\=February 23, 2016\|access\-date\=June 16, 2017}} Demoted to Potomac, he pitched 56 innings there in five starts and 11 relief appearances with 39 strikeouts, 18 walks, and an ERA of 2\.41, and his ERA for the 2015 season as a whole was 3\.90 with an overall total of 68 strikeouts and 32 walks. During the 2015–16 offseason, Suero played in the [Dominican Winter League](/wiki/Dominican_Winter_League "Dominican Winter League"), making two relief appearances for the [Tigres del Licey](/wiki/Tigres_del_Licey "Tigres del Licey").{{cite news\|url\=http://www.masnsports.com/byron\-kerr/2017/10/nats\-prospects\-head\-for\-winter\-league\-play.html\|agency\=MASN Sports\|first\=Byron\|last\=Kerr\|title\=Nats prospects head for winter league play\|date\=October 27, 2017\|access\-date\=December 14, 2017}} He pitched 1{{frac\|2\|3}} innings and had an ERA of 5\.40 with a strikeout and no walks. #### 2016–2017 Suero was a non\-roster invitee to major league [spring training](/wiki/Spring_training "Spring training") before the [2016 season](/wiki/2016_Washington_Nationals_season "2016 Washington Nationals season").{{cite news\|url\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/nationals\-journal/wp/2016/03/11/a\-j\-cole\-wander\-suero\-among\-those\-sent\-to\-minor\-league\-camp\-friday/\|newspaper\=The Washington Post\|title\=A.J. Cole, Wander Suero among those sent to minor league camp Friday\|date\=March 11, 2016\|access\-date\=June 16, 2017\|first\=Chelsea\|last\=Janes}} He spent the entire 2016 season with Class AA Harrisburg, his performance much improved from his time there the previous year; he posted a 2\.44 ERA on the season, pitching 55{{frac\|1\|3}} innings in 39 relief appearances with 48 strikeouts and 21 walks. He pitched for Tigres del Licey in the Dominican Winter League again during the 2016\-2017 offseason, and his performance improved there as well: In 13 relief appearances, he pitched 14{{frac\|1\|3}} scoreless innings, with 10 strikeouts and only four walks. He was again invited to major league spring training as a non\-roster pitcher before the [2017 season](/wiki/2017_Washington_Nationals_season "2017 Washington Nationals season").{{cite news\|url\=http://www.talknats.com/2017/02/12/heck\-guy\-field\-guide\-non\-roster\-invitees\-part/\|agency\=TalkNats\|title\=Who the heck is that guy? A field guide to non\-roster invitees Part I\|date\=February 12, 2017\|access\-date\=June 16, 2017}} Returning to Harrisburg as the 2017 season began, Suero had a 1\.96 ERA and 10 [saves](/wiki/Save_%28baseball%29 "Save (baseball)") in 23 innings of relief, and he quickly earned a promotion to the Class AAA [Syracuse Chiefs](/wiki/Syracuse_Chiefs "Syracuse Chiefs") of the [International League](/wiki/International_League "International League") for the first time on June 2, 2017\.{{cite news\|url\=https://districtondeck.com/2017/06/11/washington\-nationals\-wander\-suero\-reliever\-watch\-syracuse/\|agency\=District on Deck\|title\=Washington Nationals: Wander Suero a reliever to watch at Syracuse\|first\=Ricky\|last\=Keeler\|date\=June 11, 2017\|access\-date\=June 16, 2017}} He collected his first Triple\-A save on June 14, 2017, against the [Pawtucket Red Sox](/wiki/Pawtucket_Red_Sox "Pawtucket Red Sox").{{cite news\|url\=http://www.abc6\.com/story/35668818/syracuse\-rallies\-to\-beat\-pawsox\-for\-first\-time\-in\-11\-games\|title\=Syracuse Rallies to Beat PawSox for First time in 11\-games\|agency\=ABC 6 News\|date\=June 14, 2017\|access\-date\=June 16, 2017}} *[The Washington Post](/wiki/The_Washington_Post "The Washington Post")* described Suero among the bright spots of an 87\-loss season for the Chiefs in 2017, as he put up a 1\.70 ERA across 36 games with the Chiefs after his promotion.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/nationals\-journal/wp/2017/09/06/minor\-league\-wednesday\-a\-look\-at\-how\-the\-nationals\-affiliates\-performed\-in\-2017/\|newspaper\=The Washington Post\|title\=Minor League Wednesday: A look at how the Nationals' prospects performed in 2017\|date\=September 6, 2017\|access\-date\=September 7, 2017}} The Nationals awarded Suero as their Minor League Pitcher of the Year. He told a [Mid\-Atlantic Sports Network](/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_Sports_Network "Mid-Atlantic Sports Network") reporter that his goal was to work hard over the winter to prove to the organization his readiness to pitch in the major leagues.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.masnsports.com/byron\-kerr/2017/10/johnson\-suero\-and\-read\-appreciative\-of\-organizational\-honors.html\|agency\=MASN Sports\|title\=Johnson, Suero and Read appreciative of organizational honors\|first\=Byron\|last\=Kerr\|date\=October 1, 2017\|access\-date\=October 2, 2017}} The Nationals added Suero to their 40\-man roster after the 2017 season.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.federalbaseball.com/2017/11/3/16603594/washington\-nationals\-add\-wander\-suero\-40\-man\-roster\|title\=Washington Nationals add Wander Suero to 40\-Man roster...\|first\=Patrick\|last\=Reddington\|agency\=Federal Baseball\|date\=November 3, 2017\|access\-date\=December 14, 2017}} His addition protected him in advance of the [Rule 5 draft](/wiki/Rule_5_draft "Rule 5 draft") that December.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.masnsports.com/nationals\-pastime/2017/12/previewing\-the\-rule\-5\-draft.html\|agency\=MASN Sports\|title\=Previewing the Rule 5 draft\|first\=Pete\|last\=Kerzel\|date\=December 14, 2017\|access\-date\=December 14, 2017}} It also placed him in contention for a spot on the Nationals' major league roster in the [2018 season](/wiki/2018_Washington_Nationals_season "2018 Washington Nationals season").{{cite news\|url\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/nationals\-journal/wp/2017/12/14/nationals\-re\-sign\-brandon\-kintzler\-to\-bolster\-right\-handed\-relief\-corps/\|newspaper\=The Washington Post\|first\=Chelsea\|last\=Janes\|title\=Nationals re\-sign Brandon Kintzler to bolster right\-handed relief corps\|date\=December 14, 2017\|access\-date\=December 14, 2017}} He pitched for Tigres del Licey in the Dominican Winter League again during the 2017\-2018 offseason, but with less success, with five strikeouts, six walks, and an ERA of 7\.56 in 8{{frac\|1\|3}} innings of work over nine relief appearances. #### 2018 [thumb\|Suero in 2019](/wiki/File:Wander_Suero_%2840616780723%29_%28cropped%29.jpg "Wander Suero (40616780723) (cropped).jpg") Suero began [spring training](/wiki/Spring_training "Spring training") in 2018 by pitching four scoreless innings with seven strikeouts and no walks, but he suffered an [oblique strain](/wiki/Oblique_strain "Oblique strain") during a [Grapefruit League](/wiki/Grapefruit_League "Grapefruit League") game on March 9\.[Castillo, Jorge, "Nationals recall Wander Suero, option Austin Voth a day after call\-up," washingtonpost.com, April 30, 2018, 6:06 p.m. EDT.](https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/nationals-journal/wp/2018/04/30/nationals-recall-wander-suero-option-austin-voth-a-day-after-call-up/) He was shut down for three weeks before he resumed throwing at the Nationals′ spring training complex at [FITTEAM Ballpark of the Palm Beaches](/wiki/FITTEAM_Ballpark_of_the_Palm_Beaches "FITTEAM Ballpark of the Palm Beaches") in [West Palm Beach](/wiki/West_Palm_Beach%2C_Florida "West Palm Beach, Florida"), [Florida](/wiki/Florida "Florida"), and he did not make his debut with Syracuse until April 21, issuing no walks but allowing three runs on five hits in one inning of work. He improved rapidly after that: In his next three appearances with the Chiefs, he pitched a combined three innings, giving up no runs or walks, dropping his ERA for the season from 27\.00 after his first appearance to 6\.75\. On April 30, the Nationals called Suero up to the major leagues for the first time to reinforce Washington's bullpen with middle\-relief strength. He had played in 212 minor\-league games over eight seasons before his first major\-league call\-up. He made his major\-league debut on May 1 in a game against the [Pittsburgh Pirates](/wiki/2018_Pittsburgh_Pirates_season "2018 Pittsburgh Pirates season") at [Nationals Park](/wiki/Nationals_Park "Nationals Park") in [Washington, D.C.](/wiki/Washington%2C_D.C. "Washington, D.C."), entering the game in relief of starter [Max Scherzer](/wiki/Max_Scherzer "Max Scherzer") with one out in the seventh inning and Washington leading 12–2\. He threw 15 pitches and gave up two singles to the first two batters he faced, third baseman [Colin Moran](/wiki/Colin_Moran "Colin Moran") and shortstop [Jordy Mercer](/wiki/Jordy_Mercer "Jordy Mercer"), but then got second baseman [Max Moroff](/wiki/Max_Moroff "Max Moroff") to pop out to the shortstop and right fielder [Adam Frazier](/wiki/Adam_Frazier "Adam Frazier") to fly out to center field to complete both the inning and his first major league appearance without surrendering any runs.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.espn.com/mlb/boxscore/\_/gameId/380501120\|title\=Pirates 4\-12 Nationals (May 1, 2018\) Box Score\|website\=ESPN}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.espn.com/mlb/playbyplay/\_/gameId/380501120\|title\=Pirates 4\-12 Nationals (May 1, 2018\) Play\-by\-Play\|website\=ESPN}} He notched his first major\-league strikeout in his second major\-league appearance on May 4, fanning pinch\-hitter [Jesmuel Valentín](/wiki/Jesmuel_Valent%C3%ADn "Jesmuel Valentín") as part of a 1{{frac\|2\|3}}\-inning performance in which he did not allow a base runner during a 7–3 Nationals victory over the [Philadelphia Phillies](/wiki/2018_Philadelphia_Phillies_season "2018 Philadelphia Phillies season").{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.espn.com/mlb/boxscore/\_/gameId/380504120\|title\=Phillies 3\-7 Nationals (May 4, 2018\) Box Score\|website\=ESPN}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.espn.com/mlb/playbyplay/\_/gameId/380504120\|title\=Phillies 3\-7 Nationals (May 4, 2018\) Play\-by\-Play\|website\=ESPN}} Suero had appeared in 12 games for Washington, posting an ERA of 4\.15 with 11 strikeouts and five walks in 13 innings of work,[MiLB.com Wander Suero Stats, Highlights, Bio Retrieved June 9, 2018\.](http://www.milb.com/player/index.jsp?player_id=593833#/career/R/pitching/2018/ALL) when the Nationals [optioned](/wiki/Option_%28baseball%29 "Option (baseball)") him to Syracuse on June 9,{{cite web\|url\=https://www.mlbtraderumors.com/2018/06/nationals\-activate\-adam\-eaton\-release\-rafael\-bautista.html\|title\=Nationals Activate Adam Eaton, Release Rafael Bautista\|last\=Byrne\|first\=Connor\|work\=mlbtraderumors.com\|date\=June 9, 2018\|access\-date\=June 9, 2018}} but they recalled him to the major leagues on June 10\.[espn.com Washington Nationals Transactions \- 2018 Retrieved June 19, 2018\.](http://www.espn.com/mlb/team/transactions/_/name/wsh/washington-nationals) On the afternoon of June 18, 2018, the Nationals resumed a game at Nationals Park against the [New York Yankees](/wiki/2018_New_York_Yankees_season "2018 New York Yankees season") that had been suspended due to rain on May 15 after {{frac\|5\|1\|2}} innings with the score tied 3–3\. Suero pitched the top of the sixth inning on May 15 and thus was the pitcher of record when, in the bottom of the sixth on June 18, the Nationals took the lead for good on a two\-run homer by [Juan Soto](/wiki/Juan_Soto "Juan Soto"). He also pitched the first third of an inning in the top of the seventh, giving up a hit and striking out two in {{frac\|1\|1\|3}} innings of work spread across five weeks, and he came away from the game with his first major\-league decision, a win retroactively credited to him as of May 15\.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.federalbaseball.com/2018/6/19/17480052/washington\-nationals\-jefry\-rodriguez\-add\-kelvin\-herrera\-option\-wander\-suero\-matt\-adams\-10\-day\-dl\|title\=Washington Nationals call up Jefry Rodriguez; add Kelvin Herrera; option Wander Suero; Matt Adams to 10\-Day DL...\|first\=Patrick\|last\=Reddington\|date\=June 19, 2018\|website\=Federal Baseball}}{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.espn.com/mlb/boxscore?gameId\=380515120\|title\=Yankees vs. Nationals – Box Score – May 15, 2018 – ESPN}} Suero also appeared in a full game against the Yankees on the evening of June 18—a makeup game for a rainout on May 16—pitching an inning and walking a batter who later scored.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.espn.com/mlb/boxscore?gameId\=380618120\|title\=Yankees vs. Nationals – Box Score – June 18, 2018 – ESPN}} He had pitched {{frac\|17\|1\|3}} innings in 15 major\-league appearances on the season, posting a 3\.63 ERA, striking out 16, and walking six, when the Nationals optioned him to Syracuse on June 19 to make room on their roster for newly acquired reliever [Kelvin Herrera](/wiki/Kelvin_Herrera "Kelvin Herrera"). #### 2019–2020 Suero was Washington's most used reliever during the 2019 season; he led the team in games pitched and relief innings.{{cite web \|title\=2019 Washington Nationals Statistics \|url\=https://www.baseball\-reference.com/teams/WSN/2019\.shtml\#team\_pitching \|website\=\[\[Baseball\-Reference.com]] \|publisher\=\[\[Sports Reference]] \|access\-date\=3 February 2021 \|language\=en}} He recorded his first Major League save on June 21, 2019 at Nationals Park.{{cite news \|last1\=Reddington \|first1\=Patrick \|title\=Wander Suero survives ninth to earn first MLB save in Nationals' 4\-3 win over the Braves \|url\=https://www.federalbaseball.com/2019/6/22/18713095/wander\-suero\-survives\-ninth\-earns\-first\-mlb\-save\-washington\-nationals\-4\-3\-win\-over\-atlanta\-braves \|access\-date\=3 February 2021 \|work\=Federal Baseball \|publisher\=\[\[SB Nation]] \|date\=22 June 2019 \|language\=en}} Suero was left off Washington's roster to start the [2019 National League Championship Series](/wiki/2019_National_League_Championship_Series "2019 National League Championship Series"), placed on the roster when [Daniel Hudson](/wiki/Daniel_Hudson "Daniel Hudson") went on [paternity leave](/wiki/Paternity_leave "Paternity leave") and then removed again when Hudson returned.{{cite news \|title\=Nationals' Wander Suero: Removed from NLCS roster \|url\=https://www.cbssports.com/fantasy/baseball/news/nationals\-wander\-suero\-removed\-from\-nlcs\-roster/ \|access\-date\=3 February 2021 \|work\=\[\[CBSSports.com]] \|agency\=RotoWire \|publisher\=\[\[CBS Sports]] \|date\=October 12, 2019 \|language\=en}}{{cite news \|title\=NLCS Rosters for Cards and Nats—No Changes for Cards, Nats Make Changes and Use Post\-Season Paternity Leave List \|url\=https://www.vivaelbirdos.com/2019/10/11/20910154/nlcs\-rosters\-for\-cards\-and\-nats\-no\-changes\-no\-wacha \|access\-date\=3 February 2021 \|work\=Viva El Birdos \|publisher\=\[\[SB Nation]] \|date\=11 October 2019 \|language\=en}} Suero appeared in the [2019 World Series](/wiki/2019_World_Series "2019 World Series") in three different games and retired all five batters he faced. He was the only pitcher to appear in the series and not allow any baserunners.{{cite web \|title\=2019 World Series \- Washington Nationals over Houston Astros (4\-3\) \|url\=https://www.baseball\-reference.com/postseason/2019\_WS.shtml \|website\=\[\[Baseball\-Reference.com]] \|publisher\=\[\[Sports Reference]] \|access\-date\=3 February 2021 \|language\=en}} In the pandemic\-shortened 2020 season, Suero posted a 2–0 record with a 3\.80 ERA while recording 28 strikeouts in {{frac\|23\|2\|3}} innings over 22 games. On November 30, 2021, Suero was non\-tendered by the Nationals, making him a free agent.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.mlbtraderumors.com/2021/11/national\-league\-non\-tenders\-11\-30\-21\.html\|title\=National League Non\-Tenders 11/30/21\|website\=MLB Trade Rumors\|date\=30 November 2021 }}
[ "### Washington Nationals", "#### 2010–2015", "The [Washington Nationals](/wiki/Washington_Nationals \"Washington Nationals\") signed Suero as a non\\-drafted free agent in May 2010\\. He spent three seasons in Washington's player development system in the [Dominican Republic](/wiki/Dominican_Republic \"Dominican Republic\"), pitching for the [Dominican Summer League Nationals](/wiki/Dominican_Summer_League_Nationals \"Dominican Summer League Nationals\") from 2010 through 2012\\.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.baseball\\-reference.com/register/player.fcgi?id\\=suero\\-001wan\\|title\\=Wander Suero Minor, Winter \\& Mexican Leagues Statistics\\|website\\=Baseball\\-Reference.com}} In 2010, he started four games and appeared in relief 11 times, finishing the season with a record of 2–3, an [earned run average (ERA)](/wiki/Earned_run_average \"Earned run average\") of 4\\.72, and 39 strikeouts and 23 walks in 34{{frac\\|1\\|3}} innings. In 2011, he posted a record of 3–2 and an ERA of 5\\.49 with 41 strikeouts and 26 walks, pitching 39{{frac\\|1\\|3}} innings in two starts and 14 relief appearances, while in 2012 he appeared in nine games, starting eight of them, and pitched 37 innings, with a record of 4–2 and an ERA of 3\\.41, striking out 34 batters and walking 12\\.", "Suero moved up to the [Rookie](/wiki/Rookie_League \"Rookie League\")\\-level [Gulf Coast League](/wiki/Gulf_Coast_League \"Gulf Coast League\"), playing for the [Gulf Coast League Nationals](/wiki/Gulf_Coast_League_Nationals \"Gulf Coast League Nationals\"), then based at the Nationals' spring training home at [Space Coast Stadium](/wiki/Space_Coast_Stadium \"Space Coast Stadium\") in [Viera, Florida](/wiki/Viera%2C_Florida \"Viera, Florida\"), in 2013\\.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.masnsports.com/byron\\-kerr/2013/10/suero\\-a\\-part\\-of\\-new\\-wave\\-of\\-dominican\\-pitchers\\-making\\-impact\\-in\\-nationals\\-system.html\\|agency\\=MASN Sports\\|first\\=Byron\\|last\\=Kerr\\|date\\=October 18, 2013\\|access\\-date\\=June 16, 2017\\|title\\=Suero a part of new wave of Dominican pitchers making impact in Nationals system}} That season, the Gulf Coast League Nationals finished their regular season with a record of 49–9, and their .845 [winning percentage](/wiki/Winning_percentage \"Winning percentage\") was the highest winning percentage for a full regular season ever achieved by a minor\\-league baseball team based in the [United States](/wiki/United_States \"United States\").[Wagner, James, \"Nationals GCL Team Sets a Minor League Record,\" washingtonpost.com, August 29, 2013\\.](https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/nationals-journal/wp/2013/08/29/nationals-gcl-team-sets-a-minor-league-record/) The Nationals then won all three of their playoff games, defeating the [Gulf Coast League Pirates](/wiki/Gulf_Coast_League_Pirates \"Gulf Coast League Pirates\") in a single\\-game semifinal playoff and sweeping the [Gulf Coast League Red Sox](/wiki/Gulf_Coast_League_Red_Sox \"Gulf Coast League Red Sox\") in the best\\-of\\-three league championship series, to become the 2013 Gulf Coast League champions.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://web.yesnetwork.com/news/article.jsp?ymd\\=20130830\\&content\\_id\\=59028904\\&oid\\=36019\\|title\\=YES Network\\|website\\=yesnetwork.com}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.milb.com/news/gcs\\-59228558\\|title\\=Nationals capture GCL championship\\|website\\=MiLB.com}} During the championship season, Suero appeared in 13 games, starting three of them, and posted an 8–1 record, with an ERA of 1\\.65, 46 strikeouts, and 13 walks in 49 innings of work.", "Suero was promoted to the Class A Advanced [Potomac Nationals](/wiki/Potomac_Nationals \"Potomac Nationals\") in the [Carolina League](/wiki/Carolina_League \"Carolina League\") to begin the 2014 season and struck out 21 batters, but walked 10 and pitched to an ERA of 7\\.57 in 27{{frac\\|1\\|3}} innings of relief. Demoted to the Class A [Hagerstown Suns](/wiki/Hagerstown_Suns \"Hagerstown Suns\") in the [South Atlantic League](/wiki/South_Atlantic_League \"South Atlantic League\"), he finished the season there, pitching 72 innings, striking out 62 batters, walking only 11, and posting an ERA of 2\\.13 in six starts and 11 relief appearances, giving him an overall ERA of 3\\.62 for the year with 83 strikeouts and 21 walks. Promoted to the Class AA [Harrisburg Senators](/wiki/Harrisburg_Senators \"Harrisburg Senators\") of the [Eastern League](/wiki/Eastern_League_%281938%E2%80%932020%29 \"Eastern League (1938–2020)\") to begin the 2015 season, he again struggled, striking out 29 but walking 14, with a 6\\.35 ERA over 34 innings of relief in his first taste of the high [minor leagues](/wiki/Minor_league_baseball \"Minor league baseball\").{{cite news\\|url\\=http://districtondeck.com/2016/02/23/washington\\-nationals\\-player\\-profile\\-wander\\-suero/\\|agency\\=District on Deck\\|title\\=Washington Nationals Player Profile: Wander Suero\\|first\\=Ricky\\|last\\=Keeler\\|date\\=February 23, 2016\\|access\\-date\\=June 16, 2017}} Demoted to Potomac, he pitched 56 innings there in five starts and 11 relief appearances with 39 strikeouts, 18 walks, and an ERA of 2\\.41, and his ERA for the 2015 season as a whole was 3\\.90 with an overall total of 68 strikeouts and 32 walks.", "During the 2015–16 offseason, Suero played in the [Dominican Winter League](/wiki/Dominican_Winter_League \"Dominican Winter League\"), making two relief appearances for the [Tigres del Licey](/wiki/Tigres_del_Licey \"Tigres del Licey\").{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.masnsports.com/byron\\-kerr/2017/10/nats\\-prospects\\-head\\-for\\-winter\\-league\\-play.html\\|agency\\=MASN Sports\\|first\\=Byron\\|last\\=Kerr\\|title\\=Nats prospects head for winter league play\\|date\\=October 27, 2017\\|access\\-date\\=December 14, 2017}} He pitched 1{{frac\\|2\\|3}} innings and had an ERA of 5\\.40 with a strikeout and no walks.", "#### 2016–2017", "Suero was a non\\-roster invitee to major league [spring training](/wiki/Spring_training \"Spring training\") before the [2016 season](/wiki/2016_Washington_Nationals_season \"2016 Washington Nationals season\").{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/nationals\\-journal/wp/2016/03/11/a\\-j\\-cole\\-wander\\-suero\\-among\\-those\\-sent\\-to\\-minor\\-league\\-camp\\-friday/\\|newspaper\\=The Washington Post\\|title\\=A.J. Cole, Wander Suero among those sent to minor league camp Friday\\|date\\=March 11, 2016\\|access\\-date\\=June 16, 2017\\|first\\=Chelsea\\|last\\=Janes}} He spent the entire 2016 season with Class AA Harrisburg, his performance much improved from his time there the previous year; he posted a 2\\.44 ERA on the season, pitching 55{{frac\\|1\\|3}} innings in 39 relief appearances with 48 strikeouts and 21 walks. He pitched for Tigres del Licey in the Dominican Winter League again during the 2016\\-2017 offseason, and his performance improved there as well: In 13 relief appearances, he pitched 14{{frac\\|1\\|3}} scoreless innings, with 10 strikeouts and only four walks.", "He was again invited to major league spring training as a non\\-roster pitcher before the [2017 season](/wiki/2017_Washington_Nationals_season \"2017 Washington Nationals season\").{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.talknats.com/2017/02/12/heck\\-guy\\-field\\-guide\\-non\\-roster\\-invitees\\-part/\\|agency\\=TalkNats\\|title\\=Who the heck is that guy? A field guide to non\\-roster invitees Part I\\|date\\=February 12, 2017\\|access\\-date\\=June 16, 2017}} Returning to Harrisburg as the 2017 season began, Suero had a 1\\.96 ERA and 10 [saves](/wiki/Save_%28baseball%29 \"Save (baseball)\") in 23 innings of relief, and he quickly earned a promotion to the Class AAA [Syracuse Chiefs](/wiki/Syracuse_Chiefs \"Syracuse Chiefs\") of the [International League](/wiki/International_League \"International League\") for the first time on June 2, 2017\\.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://districtondeck.com/2017/06/11/washington\\-nationals\\-wander\\-suero\\-reliever\\-watch\\-syracuse/\\|agency\\=District on Deck\\|title\\=Washington Nationals: Wander Suero a reliever to watch at Syracuse\\|first\\=Ricky\\|last\\=Keeler\\|date\\=June 11, 2017\\|access\\-date\\=June 16, 2017}} He collected his first Triple\\-A save on June 14, 2017, against the [Pawtucket Red Sox](/wiki/Pawtucket_Red_Sox \"Pawtucket Red Sox\").{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.abc6\\.com/story/35668818/syracuse\\-rallies\\-to\\-beat\\-pawsox\\-for\\-first\\-time\\-in\\-11\\-games\\|title\\=Syracuse Rallies to Beat PawSox for First time in 11\\-games\\|agency\\=ABC 6 News\\|date\\=June 14, 2017\\|access\\-date\\=June 16, 2017}} *[The Washington Post](/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")* described Suero among the bright spots of an 87\\-loss season for the Chiefs in 2017, as he put up a 1\\.70 ERA across 36 games with the Chiefs after his promotion.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/nationals\\-journal/wp/2017/09/06/minor\\-league\\-wednesday\\-a\\-look\\-at\\-how\\-the\\-nationals\\-affiliates\\-performed\\-in\\-2017/\\|newspaper\\=The Washington Post\\|title\\=Minor League Wednesday: A look at how the Nationals' prospects performed in 2017\\|date\\=September 6, 2017\\|access\\-date\\=September 7, 2017}} The Nationals awarded Suero as their Minor League Pitcher of the Year. He told a [Mid\\-Atlantic Sports Network](/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_Sports_Network \"Mid-Atlantic Sports Network\") reporter that his goal was to work hard over the winter to prove to the organization his readiness to pitch in the major leagues.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.masnsports.com/byron\\-kerr/2017/10/johnson\\-suero\\-and\\-read\\-appreciative\\-of\\-organizational\\-honors.html\\|agency\\=MASN Sports\\|title\\=Johnson, Suero and Read appreciative of organizational honors\\|first\\=Byron\\|last\\=Kerr\\|date\\=October 1, 2017\\|access\\-date\\=October 2, 2017}}", "The Nationals added Suero to their 40\\-man roster after the 2017 season.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.federalbaseball.com/2017/11/3/16603594/washington\\-nationals\\-add\\-wander\\-suero\\-40\\-man\\-roster\\|title\\=Washington Nationals add Wander Suero to 40\\-Man roster...\\|first\\=Patrick\\|last\\=Reddington\\|agency\\=Federal Baseball\\|date\\=November 3, 2017\\|access\\-date\\=December 14, 2017}} His addition protected him in advance of the [Rule 5 draft](/wiki/Rule_5_draft \"Rule 5 draft\") that December.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.masnsports.com/nationals\\-pastime/2017/12/previewing\\-the\\-rule\\-5\\-draft.html\\|agency\\=MASN Sports\\|title\\=Previewing the Rule 5 draft\\|first\\=Pete\\|last\\=Kerzel\\|date\\=December 14, 2017\\|access\\-date\\=December 14, 2017}} It also placed him in contention for a spot on the Nationals' major league roster in the [2018 season](/wiki/2018_Washington_Nationals_season \"2018 Washington Nationals season\").{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/nationals\\-journal/wp/2017/12/14/nationals\\-re\\-sign\\-brandon\\-kintzler\\-to\\-bolster\\-right\\-handed\\-relief\\-corps/\\|newspaper\\=The Washington Post\\|first\\=Chelsea\\|last\\=Janes\\|title\\=Nationals re\\-sign Brandon Kintzler to bolster right\\-handed relief corps\\|date\\=December 14, 2017\\|access\\-date\\=December 14, 2017}} He pitched for Tigres del Licey in the Dominican Winter League again during the 2017\\-2018 offseason, but with less success, with five strikeouts, six walks, and an ERA of 7\\.56 in 8{{frac\\|1\\|3}} innings of work over nine relief appearances.", "#### 2018", "[thumb\\|Suero in 2019](/wiki/File:Wander_Suero_%2840616780723%29_%28cropped%29.jpg \"Wander Suero (40616780723) (cropped).jpg\")\nSuero began [spring training](/wiki/Spring_training \"Spring training\") in 2018 by pitching four scoreless innings with seven strikeouts and no walks, but he suffered an [oblique strain](/wiki/Oblique_strain \"Oblique strain\") during a [Grapefruit League](/wiki/Grapefruit_League \"Grapefruit League\") game on March 9\\.[Castillo, Jorge, \"Nationals recall Wander Suero, option Austin Voth a day after call\\-up,\" washingtonpost.com, April 30, 2018, 6:06 p.m. EDT.](https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/nationals-journal/wp/2018/04/30/nationals-recall-wander-suero-option-austin-voth-a-day-after-call-up/) He was shut down for three weeks before he resumed throwing at the Nationals′ spring training complex at [FITTEAM Ballpark of the Palm Beaches](/wiki/FITTEAM_Ballpark_of_the_Palm_Beaches \"FITTEAM Ballpark of the Palm Beaches\") in [West Palm Beach](/wiki/West_Palm_Beach%2C_Florida \"West Palm Beach, Florida\"), [Florida](/wiki/Florida \"Florida\"), and he did not make his debut with Syracuse until April 21, issuing no walks but allowing three runs on five hits in one inning of work. He improved rapidly after that: In his next three appearances with the Chiefs, he pitched a combined three innings, giving up no runs or walks, dropping his ERA for the season from 27\\.00 after his first appearance to 6\\.75\\.", "On April 30, the Nationals called Suero up to the major leagues for the first time to reinforce Washington's bullpen with middle\\-relief strength. He had played in 212 minor\\-league games over eight seasons before his first major\\-league call\\-up. He made his major\\-league debut on May 1 in a game against the [Pittsburgh Pirates](/wiki/2018_Pittsburgh_Pirates_season \"2018 Pittsburgh Pirates season\") at [Nationals Park](/wiki/Nationals_Park \"Nationals Park\") in [Washington, D.C.](/wiki/Washington%2C_D.C. \"Washington, D.C.\"), entering the game in relief of starter [Max Scherzer](/wiki/Max_Scherzer \"Max Scherzer\") with one out in the seventh inning and Washington leading 12–2\\. He threw 15 pitches and gave up two singles to the first two batters he faced, third baseman [Colin Moran](/wiki/Colin_Moran \"Colin Moran\") and shortstop [Jordy Mercer](/wiki/Jordy_Mercer \"Jordy Mercer\"), but then got second baseman [Max Moroff](/wiki/Max_Moroff \"Max Moroff\") to pop out to the shortstop and right fielder [Adam Frazier](/wiki/Adam_Frazier \"Adam Frazier\") to fly out to center field to complete both the inning and his first major league appearance without surrendering any runs.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.espn.com/mlb/boxscore/\\_/gameId/380501120\\|title\\=Pirates 4\\-12 Nationals (May 1, 2018\\) Box Score\\|website\\=ESPN}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.espn.com/mlb/playbyplay/\\_/gameId/380501120\\|title\\=Pirates 4\\-12 Nationals (May 1, 2018\\) Play\\-by\\-Play\\|website\\=ESPN}} He notched his first major\\-league strikeout in his second major\\-league appearance on May 4, fanning pinch\\-hitter [Jesmuel Valentín](/wiki/Jesmuel_Valent%C3%ADn \"Jesmuel Valentín\") as part of a 1{{frac\\|2\\|3}}\\-inning performance in which he did not allow a base runner during a 7–3 Nationals victory over the [Philadelphia Phillies](/wiki/2018_Philadelphia_Phillies_season \"2018 Philadelphia Phillies season\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.espn.com/mlb/boxscore/\\_/gameId/380504120\\|title\\=Phillies 3\\-7 Nationals (May 4, 2018\\) Box Score\\|website\\=ESPN}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.espn.com/mlb/playbyplay/\\_/gameId/380504120\\|title\\=Phillies 3\\-7 Nationals (May 4, 2018\\) Play\\-by\\-Play\\|website\\=ESPN}} Suero had appeared in 12 games for Washington, posting an ERA of 4\\.15 with 11 strikeouts and five walks in 13 innings of work,[MiLB.com Wander Suero Stats, Highlights, Bio Retrieved June 9, 2018\\.](http://www.milb.com/player/index.jsp?player_id=593833#/career/R/pitching/2018/ALL) when the Nationals [optioned](/wiki/Option_%28baseball%29 \"Option (baseball)\") him to Syracuse on June 9,{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.mlbtraderumors.com/2018/06/nationals\\-activate\\-adam\\-eaton\\-release\\-rafael\\-bautista.html\\|title\\=Nationals Activate Adam Eaton, Release Rafael Bautista\\|last\\=Byrne\\|first\\=Connor\\|work\\=mlbtraderumors.com\\|date\\=June 9, 2018\\|access\\-date\\=June 9, 2018}} but they recalled him to the major leagues on June 10\\.[espn.com Washington Nationals Transactions \\- 2018 Retrieved June 19, 2018\\.](http://www.espn.com/mlb/team/transactions/_/name/wsh/washington-nationals)", "On the afternoon of June 18, 2018, the Nationals resumed a game at Nationals Park against the [New York Yankees](/wiki/2018_New_York_Yankees_season \"2018 New York Yankees season\") that had been suspended due to rain on May 15 after {{frac\\|5\\|1\\|2}} innings with the score tied 3–3\\. Suero pitched the top of the sixth inning on May 15 and thus was the pitcher of record when, in the bottom of the sixth on June 18, the Nationals took the lead for good on a two\\-run homer by [Juan Soto](/wiki/Juan_Soto \"Juan Soto\"). He also pitched the first third of an inning in the top of the seventh, giving up a hit and striking out two in {{frac\\|1\\|1\\|3}} innings of work spread across five weeks, and he came away from the game with his first major\\-league decision, a win retroactively credited to him as of May 15\\.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.federalbaseball.com/2018/6/19/17480052/washington\\-nationals\\-jefry\\-rodriguez\\-add\\-kelvin\\-herrera\\-option\\-wander\\-suero\\-matt\\-adams\\-10\\-day\\-dl\\|title\\=Washington Nationals call up Jefry Rodriguez; add Kelvin Herrera; option Wander Suero; Matt Adams to 10\\-Day DL...\\|first\\=Patrick\\|last\\=Reddington\\|date\\=June 19, 2018\\|website\\=Federal Baseball}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.espn.com/mlb/boxscore?gameId\\=380515120\\|title\\=Yankees vs. Nationals – Box Score – May 15, 2018 – ESPN}} Suero also appeared in a full game against the Yankees on the evening of June 18—a makeup game for a rainout on May 16—pitching an inning and walking a batter who later scored.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.espn.com/mlb/boxscore?gameId\\=380618120\\|title\\=Yankees vs. Nationals – Box Score – June 18, 2018 – ESPN}} He had pitched {{frac\\|17\\|1\\|3}} innings in 15 major\\-league appearances on the season, posting a 3\\.63 ERA, striking out 16, and walking six, when the Nationals optioned him to Syracuse on June 19 to make room on their roster for newly acquired reliever [Kelvin Herrera](/wiki/Kelvin_Herrera \"Kelvin Herrera\").", "#### 2019–2020", "Suero was Washington's most used reliever during the 2019 season; he led the team in games pitched and relief innings.{{cite web \\|title\\=2019 Washington Nationals Statistics \\|url\\=https://www.baseball\\-reference.com/teams/WSN/2019\\.shtml\\#team\\_pitching \\|website\\=\\[\\[Baseball\\-Reference.com]] \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Sports Reference]] \\|access\\-date\\=3 February 2021 \\|language\\=en}} He recorded his first Major League save on June 21, 2019 at Nationals Park.{{cite news \\|last1\\=Reddington \\|first1\\=Patrick \\|title\\=Wander Suero survives ninth to earn first MLB save in Nationals' 4\\-3 win over the Braves \\|url\\=https://www.federalbaseball.com/2019/6/22/18713095/wander\\-suero\\-survives\\-ninth\\-earns\\-first\\-mlb\\-save\\-washington\\-nationals\\-4\\-3\\-win\\-over\\-atlanta\\-braves \\|access\\-date\\=3 February 2021 \\|work\\=Federal Baseball \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[SB Nation]] \\|date\\=22 June 2019 \\|language\\=en}} Suero was left off Washington's roster to start the [2019 National League Championship Series](/wiki/2019_National_League_Championship_Series \"2019 National League Championship Series\"), placed on the roster when [Daniel Hudson](/wiki/Daniel_Hudson \"Daniel Hudson\") went on [paternity leave](/wiki/Paternity_leave \"Paternity leave\") and then removed again when Hudson returned.{{cite news \\|title\\=Nationals' Wander Suero: Removed from NLCS roster \\|url\\=https://www.cbssports.com/fantasy/baseball/news/nationals\\-wander\\-suero\\-removed\\-from\\-nlcs\\-roster/ \\|access\\-date\\=3 February 2021 \\|work\\=\\[\\[CBSSports.com]] \\|agency\\=RotoWire \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[CBS Sports]] \\|date\\=October 12, 2019 \\|language\\=en}}{{cite news \\|title\\=NLCS Rosters for Cards and Nats—No Changes for Cards, Nats Make Changes and Use Post\\-Season Paternity Leave List \\|url\\=https://www.vivaelbirdos.com/2019/10/11/20910154/nlcs\\-rosters\\-for\\-cards\\-and\\-nats\\-no\\-changes\\-no\\-wacha \\|access\\-date\\=3 February 2021 \\|work\\=Viva El Birdos \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[SB Nation]] \\|date\\=11 October 2019 \\|language\\=en}} Suero appeared in the [2019 World Series](/wiki/2019_World_Series \"2019 World Series\") in three different games and retired all five batters he faced. He was the only pitcher to appear in the series and not allow any baserunners.{{cite web \\|title\\=2019 World Series \\- Washington Nationals over Houston Astros (4\\-3\\) \\|url\\=https://www.baseball\\-reference.com/postseason/2019\\_WS.shtml \\|website\\=\\[\\[Baseball\\-Reference.com]] \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Sports Reference]] \\|access\\-date\\=3 February 2021 \\|language\\=en}}", "In the pandemic\\-shortened 2020 season, Suero posted a 2–0 record with a 3\\.80 ERA while recording 28 strikeouts in {{frac\\|23\\|2\\|3}} innings over 22 games. On November 30, 2021, Suero was non\\-tendered by the Nationals, making him a free agent.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.mlbtraderumors.com/2021/11/national\\-league\\-non\\-tenders\\-11\\-30\\-21\\.html\\|title\\=National League Non\\-Tenders 11/30/21\\|website\\=MLB Trade Rumors\\|date\\=30 November 2021 }}", "" ]
Features -------- [thumb\|The floral garden, a part of the park's large botanical garden](/wiki/File:Jardin_botanique_lyon.JPG "Jardin botanique lyon.JPG") [thumb\|Sumac on a tiny island in the park](/wiki/File:Sumac%2C_Parc_de_la_t%C3%AAte_d%27or.jpg "Sumac, Parc de la tête d'or.jpg") [thumb\|upright\|A small wooden bridge](/wiki/File:Pont-Bois_parc-T%C3%AAte-d%27Or.jpg "Pont-Bois parc-Tête-d'Or.jpg") The park also contains four [rose gardens](/wiki/Rose_garden "Rose garden"), but also huge [greenhouses](/wiki/Greenhouses "Greenhouses"), a [botanical garden](/wiki/Botanical_garden "Botanical garden"), a [zoo](/wiki/Zoo "Zoo") and a [velodrome](/wiki/Velodrome "Velodrome"). The main entrance, at the southeast corner, is guarded by an enormous wrought iron gate known as the *Porte des enfants du Rhône* (Gate of the children of the Rhône). The gate, with its gilded features, was installed in 1901, when the park was fenced off for the first time. ### Zoo The zoo was created at the same time as the park. At first, it was scheduled to create only of a farm for educational purposes, with some local wild animals, but little by little, developments have been increased to accommodate new animals and the park progressively has been turning into a real zoo. The zoo now houses animals from around the world. It extends over six hectares and counts several hundred animals, including many large mammals, some are very rare, like the [Barbary lion](/wiki/Barbary_lion "Barbary lion"), extinct in the wild since 1922\. In October 2006, the park opened "La Plaine Africaine" ("The African plain"), an area where 130 different animals—some belonging to rare and protected species—live in freedom on {{convert\|2\.5\|acre\|m2}}. The African plain is divided into five parts. The [savannah](/wiki/Savanna "Savanna") part, where [Ankole\-Watusis](/wiki/Ankole-Watusi_%28cattle%29 "Ankole-Watusi (cattle)"), the [Nile lechwes](/wiki/Nile_lechwe "Nile lechwe"), [guineafowls](/wiki/Guineafowl "Guineafowl") and [black crowned cranes](/wiki/Black_crowned_crane "Black crowned crane") can be seen, is the largest. It communicates with the part reserved for [giraffes](/wiki/Giraffe "Giraffe"). A wet land houses many breeds of birds, including [pelicans](/wiki/Pelican "Pelican") and [flamingos](/wiki/Flamingo "Flamingo") and [lemurs](/wiki/Lemur "Lemur") on an island. An adjacent enclosure is reserved for [crocodiles](/wiki/Crocodile "Crocodile"), which are allowed to go out only escape during hot weather. At the east end of the plain a pavilion houses the boses for [antelopes](/wiki/Antelope "Antelope") and some sandy enclosures adorned with rocks and stumps, where live [yellow mongooses](/wiki/Yellow_mongoose "Yellow mongoose"), [porcupines](/wiki/Porcupine "Porcupine"), [sand cats](/wiki/Sand_cat "Sand cat") and [bat\-eared foxes](/wiki/Bat-eared_fox "Bat-eared fox") and [turtles](/wiki/Turtle "Turtle"). Other areas in reconstruction in 2010 spring, host [servals](/wiki/Serval "Serval"), [leopards](/wiki/Leopard "Leopard") and [lions](/wiki/Lion "Lion").
[ "Features\n--------", "[thumb\\|The floral garden, a part of the park's large botanical garden](/wiki/File:Jardin_botanique_lyon.JPG \"Jardin botanique lyon.JPG\")\n[thumb\\|Sumac on a tiny island in the park](/wiki/File:Sumac%2C_Parc_de_la_t%C3%AAte_d%27or.jpg \"Sumac, Parc de la tête d'or.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|upright\\|A small wooden bridge](/wiki/File:Pont-Bois_parc-T%C3%AAte-d%27Or.jpg \"Pont-Bois parc-Tête-d'Or.jpg\")", "The park also contains four [rose gardens](/wiki/Rose_garden \"Rose garden\"), but also huge [greenhouses](/wiki/Greenhouses \"Greenhouses\"), a [botanical garden](/wiki/Botanical_garden \"Botanical garden\"), a [zoo](/wiki/Zoo \"Zoo\") and a [velodrome](/wiki/Velodrome \"Velodrome\").", "The main entrance, at the southeast corner, is guarded by an enormous wrought iron gate known as the *Porte des enfants du Rhône* (Gate of the children of the Rhône). The gate, with its gilded features, was installed in 1901, when the park was fenced off for the first time.", "### Zoo", "The zoo was created at the same time as the park. At first, it was scheduled to create only of a farm for educational purposes, with some local wild animals, but little by little, developments have been increased to accommodate new animals and the park progressively has been turning into a real zoo.", "The zoo now houses animals from around the world. It extends over six hectares and counts several hundred animals, including many large mammals, some are very rare, like the [Barbary lion](/wiki/Barbary_lion \"Barbary lion\"), extinct in the wild since 1922\\.", "In October 2006, the park opened \"La Plaine Africaine\" (\"The African plain\"), an area where 130 different animals—some belonging to rare and protected species—live in freedom on {{convert\\|2\\.5\\|acre\\|m2}}. The African plain is divided into five parts. The [savannah](/wiki/Savanna \"Savanna\") part, where [Ankole\\-Watusis](/wiki/Ankole-Watusi_%28cattle%29 \"Ankole-Watusi (cattle)\"), the [Nile lechwes](/wiki/Nile_lechwe \"Nile lechwe\"), [guineafowls](/wiki/Guineafowl \"Guineafowl\") and [black crowned cranes](/wiki/Black_crowned_crane \"Black crowned crane\") can be seen, is the largest. It communicates with the part reserved for [giraffes](/wiki/Giraffe \"Giraffe\"). A wet land houses many breeds of birds, including [pelicans](/wiki/Pelican \"Pelican\") and [flamingos](/wiki/Flamingo \"Flamingo\") and [lemurs](/wiki/Lemur \"Lemur\") on an island. An adjacent enclosure is reserved for [crocodiles](/wiki/Crocodile \"Crocodile\"), which are allowed to go out only escape during hot weather. At the east end of the plain a pavilion houses the boses for [antelopes](/wiki/Antelope \"Antelope\") and some sandy enclosures adorned with rocks and stumps, where live [yellow mongooses](/wiki/Yellow_mongoose \"Yellow mongoose\"), [porcupines](/wiki/Porcupine \"Porcupine\"), [sand cats](/wiki/Sand_cat \"Sand cat\") and [bat\\-eared foxes](/wiki/Bat-eared_fox \"Bat-eared fox\") and [turtles](/wiki/Turtle \"Turtle\"). Other areas in reconstruction in 2010 spring, host [servals](/wiki/Serval \"Serval\"), [leopards](/wiki/Leopard \"Leopard\") and [lions](/wiki/Lion \"Lion\").", "" ]
Biography --------- Silverlight was born in [Newark, New Jersey](/wiki/Newark%2C_New_Jersey "Newark, New Jersey") and grew up in [North Plainfield, New Jersey](/wiki/North_Plainfield%2C_New_Jersey "North Plainfield, New Jersey"). He made his debut as a drummer on [Barry Miles](/wiki/Barry_Miles_%28musician%29 "Barry Miles (musician)")' {{cite web\|title \=Barry Miles interview \|publisher\=The Bottom End UK \|first\=Seymour\|last\=Nurse\| url \=http://www.thebottomend.co.uk/Barry\_Miles\_artists.php}}'s *White Heat* album, recorded in 1971 when Silverlight was fourteen years old.{{cite web\|title \=CD/LP Review: Terry Silverlight \|publisher\=All About Jazz \|first\=Douglas\|last\=Payne\| url \=http://www.allaboutjazz.com/php/article.php?id\=3131 \|date\=1998\-12\-01 \|accessdate \=2010\-06\-11}}{{cite news\|title \=John S. Wilson 14 year old drummer \|work\=New York Times \|first\=John S.\|last\=Wilson\| url \=https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res\=FB0612FA3A55127B93C1A81789D85F458785F9\&scp\=1\&sq\=John\+S.\+Wilson\+14\+year\+old\+drummer\&st\=p\|date\=1971\-02\-13}}{{cite news\|title \=A Jazzman Grows Up \|work\=New York Times \|first\=John S.\|last\=Wilson\| url \=https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res\=FB0C1EFF3F5F117B93C2AA178FD85F468785F9\&scp\=1\&sq\=A\+Jazzman\+Grows\+Up\&st\=p\|date\=1972\-04\-30}} That early jazz/fusion album {{cite web\|title \=Pioneer from fusion's heyday \|work\=JazzTimes \|first\=Bill\|last\=Milkowski\| url \=http://jazztimes.com/articles/15134\-wild\-terry\-silverlight}} featured Barry Miles's compositions along with performances by guitarists [Pat Martino](/wiki/Pat_Martino "Pat Martino"), [John Abercrombie](/wiki/John_Abercrombie_%28guitarist%29 "John Abercrombie (guitarist)"), and saxophonist/flutist [Lew Tabackin](/wiki/Lew_Tabackin "Lew Tabackin"). Silverlight drummed on several more Barry Miles recordings throughout the 1970s performing alongside [Al Di Meola](/wiki/Al_Di_Meola "Al Di Meola"), [Vic Juris](/wiki/Vic_Juris "Vic Juris"), [Eric Kloss](/wiki/Eric_Kloss "Eric Kloss") and [Richard Davis](/wiki/Richard_Davis_%28double_bassist%29 "Richard Davis (double bassist)"). After attending [Princeton University](/wiki/Princeton_University "Princeton University"), Silverlight moved to [Manhattan](/wiki/Manhattan "Manhattan") and embarked upon a studio session career, playing drums on recordings for artists including [Billy Ocean](/wiki/Billy_Ocean "Billy Ocean"), [George Benson](/wiki/George_Benson "George Benson"), [Laura Nyro](/wiki/Laura_Nyro "Laura Nyro"), [Stephanie Mills](/wiki/Stephanie_Mills "Stephanie Mills"), [Freddie Jackson](/wiki/Freddie_Jackson "Freddie Jackson"), [Anne Murray](/wiki/Anne_Murray "Anne Murray"), [Natalie Merchant](/wiki/Natalie_Merchant "Natalie Merchant"), [Jonathan Butler](/wiki/Jonathan_Butler "Jonathan Butler"), [Stephen Stills](/wiki/Stephen_Stills "Stephen Stills"), [Mel Tormé](/wiki/Mel_Torm%C3%A9 "Mel Tormé"), [Phil Woods](/wiki/Phil_Woods "Phil Woods"), [Tom Jones](/wiki/Tom_Jones_%28singer%29 "Tom Jones (singer)"), [Change](/wiki/Change_%28band%29 "Change (band)"), [Odyssey](/wiki/Odyssey_%28band%29 "Odyssey (band)"), jingles, and film scores including *[You've Got Mail](/wiki/You%27ve_Got_Mail "You've Got Mail")*, *[One Fine Day](/wiki/One_Fine_Day_%281996_film%29 "One Fine Day (1996 film)")*, *[My Blue Heaven](/wiki/My_Blue_Heaven_%281990_American_film%29 "My Blue Heaven (1990 American film)")*, *[Titus](/wiki/Titus_%28film%29 "Titus (film)")*, *[What Planet Are You From?](/wiki/What_Planet_Are_You_From%3F "What Planet Are You From?")* and *[Frida](/wiki/Frida_%282002_film%29 "Frida (2002 film)")*. Silverlight has authored three drum books; *The Featured Drummer*, *The Stick Bag of Jazz, Funk, Fusion* and *Gig Bag Series for Drummers: Rhythm \& Percussion*. All are published by [Music Sales Corporation](/wiki/Music_Sales_Corporation "Music Sales Corporation"). He has been an educator appearing at clinics including PASIC ([Percussive Arts Society](/wiki/Percussive_Arts_Society "Percussive Arts Society")), [Sam Ash Music](/wiki/Sam_Ash_Music "Sam Ash Music") and [Brooklyn College](/wiki/Brooklyn_College "Brooklyn College"). He taught drums at the Drummers Collective (DCI) in Manhattan from 1981\-1985\. Silverlight toured worldwide as a member of [Roberta Flack](/wiki/Roberta_Flack "Roberta Flack")'s band from 1986–1988, and has toured Japan yearly as a member of [David Matthews](/wiki/David_Matthews_%28keyboardist%29 "David Matthews (keyboardist)")'s Manhattan Jazz Orchestra (MJO) since 1996, having recorded several albums with that group. Simultaneous to his drumming career, Silverlight has written songs, composed, produced, and arranged music for network TV shows{{cite web\|title \=ASCAP \|publisher\=American Society of Composer, Authors, Publishers \| url \=http://www.ascap.com/ace/search.cfm?requesttimeout\=300\&mode\=results\&searchstr\=8576030\&search\_in\=c\&search\_type\=exact\&search\_det\=t,s,w,p,b,v\&results\_pp\=25\&start\=1}} including *[One Life to Live](/wiki/One_Life_to_Live "One Life to Live")*, *[The Young and the Restless](/wiki/The_Young_and_the_Restless "The Young and the Restless")*, *[The Sopranos](/wiki/The_Sopranos "The Sopranos")*, *[All My Children](/wiki/All_My_Children "All My Children")*, *[Beverly Hills, 90210](/wiki/Beverly_Hills%2C_90210 "Beverly Hills, 90210")*, *[Melrose Place](/wiki/Melrose_Place "Melrose Place")*, *[CSI: Crime Scene Investigation](/wiki/CSI:Crime_Scene_Investigation "Crime Scene Investigation")*, *[NCIS](/wiki/NCIS_%28TV_series%29 "NCIS (TV series)")*, *[Smallville](/wiki/Smallville "Smallville")*, *[Ghost Whisperer](/wiki/Ghost_Whisperer "Ghost Whisperer")*, *[Strong Medicine](/wiki/Strong_Medicine "Strong Medicine")*, *[The District](/wiki/The_District "The District")*, *[Las Vegas](/wiki/Las_Vegas_%28TV_series%29 "Las Vegas (TV series)")*, *[Sabrina, the Teenage Witch](/wiki/Sabrina%2C_the_Teenage_Witch_%281996_TV_series%29 "Sabrina, the Teenage Witch (1996 TV series)")*, *[7th Heaven](/wiki/7th_Heaven_%28TV_series%29 "7th Heaven (TV series)")*, *[The Shield](/wiki/The_Shield "The Shield")*, *[Burn Notice](/wiki/Burn_Notice "Burn Notice")*, *[South Beach](/wiki/South_Beach_%282006_TV_series%29 "South Beach (2006 TV series)")*, jingle products [Reebok](/wiki/Reebok "Reebok"), [Nicorette](/wiki/Nicorette "Nicorette"), [Pantene](/wiki/Pantene "Pantene"), [Crisco](/wiki/Crisco "Crisco"), the films *[Invincible](/wiki/Invincible_%282006_film%29 "Invincible (2006 film)")* with [Mark Wahlberg](/wiki/Mark_Wahlberg "Mark Wahlberg"), *[Head over Heels](/wiki/Head_over_Heels_%282001_film%29 "Head over Heels (2001 film)")* with [Monica Potter](/wiki/Monica_Potter "Monica Potter")/[Freddie Prinze, Jr.](/wiki/Freddie_Prinze%2C_Jr. "Freddie Prinze, Jr."), *[Marci X](/wiki/Marci_X "Marci X")* with [Lisa Kudrow](/wiki/Lisa_Kudrow "Lisa Kudrow"), *[Sunshine Cleaning](/wiki/Sunshine_Cleaning "Sunshine Cleaning")* with [Alan Arkin](/wiki/Alan_Arkin "Alan Arkin")/[Emily Blunt](/wiki/Emily_Blunt "Emily Blunt")/[Amy Adams](/wiki/Amy_Adams "Amy Adams"), *[Mad About Mambo](/wiki/Mad_About_Mambo "Mad About Mambo")* with [Keri Russell](/wiki/Keri_Russell "Keri Russell"), and songs recorded by [Nancy Wilson](/wiki/Nancy_Wilson_%28jazz_singer%29 "Nancy Wilson (jazz singer)"), [Les McCann](/wiki/Les_McCann "Les McCann"), [Carl Anderson](/wiki/Carl_Anderson_%28singer%29 "Carl Anderson (singer)"), [Phillip Ingram](/wiki/Phillip_Ingram "Phillip Ingram") ([Switch V](/wiki/Switch_V "Switch V")), [Louise Redknapp](/wiki/Louise_Redknapp "Louise Redknapp") and [Judy Torres](/wiki/Judy_Torres "Judy Torres"). Silverlight has seven solo artist recordings featuring his drumming and original compositions.{{cite web\|title \=Terry Silverlight \|publisher\=Allmusic \|first\=Glenn\|last\=Astarita \| url \={{Allmusic\|class\=album\|id\=r261728\|pure\_url\=yes}} \|accessdate \=2010\-06\-11}} Four are in the jazz genre: *Terry Silverlight*,{{cite web\|title\=Album review\|publisher\=JazzReview\|first\=John\|last\=Gilbert\|url\=http://www.jazzreview.com/cdreview.cfm?ID\=7278\|access\-date\=2010\-06\-13\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20050120013811/http://jazzreview.com/cdreview.cfm?ID\=7278\#\|archive\-date\=2005\-01\-20\|url\-status\=dead}} *[Wild!!](/wiki/Wild%21%21 "Wild!!")*,{{cite web\|title\=Wild!!\|publisher\=DRUM! Magazine\|first\=Phil\|last\=Hood\|url\=http://www.drummagazine.com/features/post/terry\-silverlight\-lighting\-the\-way/\|access\-date\=2010\-06\-13\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110109160633/http://www.drummagazine.com/features/post/terry\-silverlight\-lighting\-the\-way/\#\|archive\-date\=2011\-01\-09\|url\-status\=dead}} *[Diamond in the Riff](/wiki/Diamond_in_the_Riff "Diamond in the Riff")*,{{cite web\|title \=Diamond in the Riff \|publisher\=AllAboutJazz \|first\=Douglas\|last\=Payne\|date\=24 October 2008 \| url \=http://www.allaboutjazz.com/php/article.php?id\=30876}} and *Live!*, showcasing performances by [Barry Miles](/wiki/Barry_Miles_%28musician%29 "Barry Miles (musician)"), [Will Lee](/wiki/Will_Lee_%28bassist%29 "Will Lee (bassist)"), [Paul Shaffer](/wiki/Paul_Shaffer "Paul Shaffer"), [Edgar Winter](/wiki/Edgar_Winter "Edgar Winter"), [Hiram Bullock](/wiki/Hiram_Bullock "Hiram Bullock"), [Chuck Loeb](/wiki/Chuck_Loeb "Chuck Loeb"), [Lew Soloff](/wiki/Lew_Soloff "Lew Soloff"), and [Bill Evans](/wiki/Bill_Evans_%28saxophonist%29 "Bill Evans (saxophonist)"), among others. Three of the albums are in the pop genre featuring Silverlight's work as a songwriter, producer and arranger: *Songwriter Producer: Volumes I \& II*, *Collaborations: Volumes I \& II*, and *Music To Picture*.
[ "Biography\n---------", "Silverlight was born in [Newark, New Jersey](/wiki/Newark%2C_New_Jersey \"Newark, New Jersey\") and grew up in [North Plainfield, New Jersey](/wiki/North_Plainfield%2C_New_Jersey \"North Plainfield, New Jersey\"). He made his debut as a drummer on [Barry Miles](/wiki/Barry_Miles_%28musician%29 \"Barry Miles (musician)\")' {{cite web\\|title \\=Barry Miles interview \\|publisher\\=The Bottom End UK \\|first\\=Seymour\\|last\\=Nurse\\| url \\=http://www.thebottomend.co.uk/Barry\\_Miles\\_artists.php}}'s *White Heat* album, recorded in 1971 when Silverlight was fourteen years old.{{cite web\\|title \\=CD/LP Review: Terry Silverlight \\|publisher\\=All About Jazz \\|first\\=Douglas\\|last\\=Payne\\| url \\=http://www.allaboutjazz.com/php/article.php?id\\=3131 \\|date\\=1998\\-12\\-01 \\|accessdate \\=2010\\-06\\-11}}{{cite news\\|title \\=John S. Wilson 14 year old drummer \\|work\\=New York Times \\|first\\=John S.\\|last\\=Wilson\\| url \\=https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res\\=FB0612FA3A55127B93C1A81789D85F458785F9\\&scp\\=1\\&sq\\=John\\+S.\\+Wilson\\+14\\+year\\+old\\+drummer\\&st\\=p\\|date\\=1971\\-02\\-13}}{{cite news\\|title \\=A Jazzman Grows Up \\|work\\=New York Times \\|first\\=John S.\\|last\\=Wilson\\| url \\=https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res\\=FB0C1EFF3F5F117B93C2AA178FD85F468785F9\\&scp\\=1\\&sq\\=A\\+Jazzman\\+Grows\\+Up\\&st\\=p\\|date\\=1972\\-04\\-30}} That early jazz/fusion album {{cite web\\|title \\=Pioneer from fusion's heyday \\|work\\=JazzTimes \\|first\\=Bill\\|last\\=Milkowski\\| url \\=http://jazztimes.com/articles/15134\\-wild\\-terry\\-silverlight}} featured Barry Miles's compositions along with performances by guitarists [Pat Martino](/wiki/Pat_Martino \"Pat Martino\"), [John Abercrombie](/wiki/John_Abercrombie_%28guitarist%29 \"John Abercrombie (guitarist)\"), and saxophonist/flutist [Lew Tabackin](/wiki/Lew_Tabackin \"Lew Tabackin\"). Silverlight drummed on several more Barry Miles recordings throughout the 1970s performing alongside [Al Di Meola](/wiki/Al_Di_Meola \"Al Di Meola\"), [Vic Juris](/wiki/Vic_Juris \"Vic Juris\"), [Eric Kloss](/wiki/Eric_Kloss \"Eric Kloss\") and [Richard Davis](/wiki/Richard_Davis_%28double_bassist%29 \"Richard Davis (double bassist)\").", "After attending [Princeton University](/wiki/Princeton_University \"Princeton University\"), Silverlight moved to [Manhattan](/wiki/Manhattan \"Manhattan\") and embarked upon a studio session career, playing drums on recordings for artists including [Billy Ocean](/wiki/Billy_Ocean \"Billy Ocean\"), [George Benson](/wiki/George_Benson \"George Benson\"), [Laura Nyro](/wiki/Laura_Nyro \"Laura Nyro\"), [Stephanie Mills](/wiki/Stephanie_Mills \"Stephanie Mills\"), [Freddie Jackson](/wiki/Freddie_Jackson \"Freddie Jackson\"), [Anne Murray](/wiki/Anne_Murray \"Anne Murray\"), [Natalie Merchant](/wiki/Natalie_Merchant \"Natalie Merchant\"), [Jonathan Butler](/wiki/Jonathan_Butler \"Jonathan Butler\"), [Stephen Stills](/wiki/Stephen_Stills \"Stephen Stills\"), [Mel Tormé](/wiki/Mel_Torm%C3%A9 \"Mel Tormé\"), [Phil Woods](/wiki/Phil_Woods \"Phil Woods\"), [Tom Jones](/wiki/Tom_Jones_%28singer%29 \"Tom Jones (singer)\"), [Change](/wiki/Change_%28band%29 \"Change (band)\"), [Odyssey](/wiki/Odyssey_%28band%29 \"Odyssey (band)\"), jingles, and film scores including *[You've Got Mail](/wiki/You%27ve_Got_Mail \"You've Got Mail\")*, *[One Fine Day](/wiki/One_Fine_Day_%281996_film%29 \"One Fine Day (1996 film)\")*, *[My Blue Heaven](/wiki/My_Blue_Heaven_%281990_American_film%29 \"My Blue Heaven (1990 American film)\")*, *[Titus](/wiki/Titus_%28film%29 \"Titus (film)\")*, *[What Planet Are You From?](/wiki/What_Planet_Are_You_From%3F \"What Planet Are You From?\")* and *[Frida](/wiki/Frida_%282002_film%29 \"Frida (2002 film)\")*.", "Silverlight has authored three drum books; *The Featured Drummer*, *The Stick Bag of Jazz, Funk, Fusion* and *Gig Bag Series for Drummers: Rhythm \\& Percussion*. All are published by [Music Sales Corporation](/wiki/Music_Sales_Corporation \"Music Sales Corporation\"). He has been an educator appearing at clinics including PASIC ([Percussive Arts Society](/wiki/Percussive_Arts_Society \"Percussive Arts Society\")), [Sam Ash Music](/wiki/Sam_Ash_Music \"Sam Ash Music\") and [Brooklyn College](/wiki/Brooklyn_College \"Brooklyn College\"). He taught drums at the Drummers Collective (DCI) in Manhattan from 1981\\-1985\\.", "Silverlight toured worldwide as a member of [Roberta Flack](/wiki/Roberta_Flack \"Roberta Flack\")'s band from 1986–1988, and has toured Japan yearly as a member of [David Matthews](/wiki/David_Matthews_%28keyboardist%29 \"David Matthews (keyboardist)\")'s Manhattan Jazz Orchestra (MJO) since 1996, having recorded several albums with that group.", "Simultaneous to his drumming career, Silverlight has written songs, composed, produced, and arranged music for network TV shows{{cite web\\|title \\=ASCAP \\|publisher\\=American Society of Composer, Authors, Publishers \\| url \\=http://www.ascap.com/ace/search.cfm?requesttimeout\\=300\\&mode\\=results\\&searchstr\\=8576030\\&search\\_in\\=c\\&search\\_type\\=exact\\&search\\_det\\=t,s,w,p,b,v\\&results\\_pp\\=25\\&start\\=1}} including *[One Life to Live](/wiki/One_Life_to_Live \"One Life to Live\")*, *[The Young and the Restless](/wiki/The_Young_and_the_Restless \"The Young and the Restless\")*, *[The Sopranos](/wiki/The_Sopranos \"The Sopranos\")*, *[All My Children](/wiki/All_My_Children \"All My Children\")*, *[Beverly Hills, 90210](/wiki/Beverly_Hills%2C_90210 \"Beverly Hills, 90210\")*, *[Melrose Place](/wiki/Melrose_Place \"Melrose Place\")*, *[CSI: Crime Scene Investigation](/wiki/CSI:Crime_Scene_Investigation \"Crime Scene Investigation\")*, *[NCIS](/wiki/NCIS_%28TV_series%29 \"NCIS (TV series)\")*, *[Smallville](/wiki/Smallville \"Smallville\")*, *[Ghost Whisperer](/wiki/Ghost_Whisperer \"Ghost Whisperer\")*, *[Strong Medicine](/wiki/Strong_Medicine \"Strong Medicine\")*, *[The District](/wiki/The_District \"The District\")*, *[Las Vegas](/wiki/Las_Vegas_%28TV_series%29 \"Las Vegas (TV series)\")*, *[Sabrina, the Teenage Witch](/wiki/Sabrina%2C_the_Teenage_Witch_%281996_TV_series%29 \"Sabrina, the Teenage Witch (1996 TV series)\")*, *[7th Heaven](/wiki/7th_Heaven_%28TV_series%29 \"7th Heaven (TV series)\")*, *[The Shield](/wiki/The_Shield \"The Shield\")*, *[Burn Notice](/wiki/Burn_Notice \"Burn Notice\")*, *[South Beach](/wiki/South_Beach_%282006_TV_series%29 \"South Beach (2006 TV series)\")*, jingle products [Reebok](/wiki/Reebok \"Reebok\"), [Nicorette](/wiki/Nicorette \"Nicorette\"), [Pantene](/wiki/Pantene \"Pantene\"), [Crisco](/wiki/Crisco \"Crisco\"), the films *[Invincible](/wiki/Invincible_%282006_film%29 \"Invincible (2006 film)\")* with [Mark Wahlberg](/wiki/Mark_Wahlberg \"Mark Wahlberg\"), *[Head over Heels](/wiki/Head_over_Heels_%282001_film%29 \"Head over Heels (2001 film)\")* with [Monica Potter](/wiki/Monica_Potter \"Monica Potter\")/[Freddie Prinze, Jr.](/wiki/Freddie_Prinze%2C_Jr. \"Freddie Prinze, Jr.\"), *[Marci X](/wiki/Marci_X \"Marci X\")* with [Lisa Kudrow](/wiki/Lisa_Kudrow \"Lisa Kudrow\"), *[Sunshine Cleaning](/wiki/Sunshine_Cleaning \"Sunshine Cleaning\")* with [Alan Arkin](/wiki/Alan_Arkin \"Alan Arkin\")/[Emily Blunt](/wiki/Emily_Blunt \"Emily Blunt\")/[Amy Adams](/wiki/Amy_Adams \"Amy Adams\"), *[Mad About Mambo](/wiki/Mad_About_Mambo \"Mad About Mambo\")* with [Keri Russell](/wiki/Keri_Russell \"Keri Russell\"), and songs recorded by [Nancy Wilson](/wiki/Nancy_Wilson_%28jazz_singer%29 \"Nancy Wilson (jazz singer)\"), [Les McCann](/wiki/Les_McCann \"Les McCann\"), [Carl Anderson](/wiki/Carl_Anderson_%28singer%29 \"Carl Anderson (singer)\"), [Phillip Ingram](/wiki/Phillip_Ingram \"Phillip Ingram\") ([Switch V](/wiki/Switch_V \"Switch V\")), [Louise Redknapp](/wiki/Louise_Redknapp \"Louise Redknapp\") and [Judy Torres](/wiki/Judy_Torres \"Judy Torres\").", "Silverlight has seven solo artist recordings featuring his drumming and original compositions.{{cite web\\|title \\=Terry Silverlight \\|publisher\\=Allmusic \\|first\\=Glenn\\|last\\=Astarita \\| url \\={{Allmusic\\|class\\=album\\|id\\=r261728\\|pure\\_url\\=yes}} \\|accessdate \\=2010\\-06\\-11}} Four are in the jazz genre: *Terry Silverlight*,{{cite web\\|title\\=Album review\\|publisher\\=JazzReview\\|first\\=John\\|last\\=Gilbert\\|url\\=http://www.jazzreview.com/cdreview.cfm?ID\\=7278\\|access\\-date\\=2010\\-06\\-13\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20050120013811/http://jazzreview.com/cdreview.cfm?ID\\=7278\\#\\|archive\\-date\\=2005\\-01\\-20\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} *[Wild!!](/wiki/Wild%21%21 \"Wild!!\")*,{{cite web\\|title\\=Wild!!\\|publisher\\=DRUM! Magazine\\|first\\=Phil\\|last\\=Hood\\|url\\=http://www.drummagazine.com/features/post/terry\\-silverlight\\-lighting\\-the\\-way/\\|access\\-date\\=2010\\-06\\-13\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110109160633/http://www.drummagazine.com/features/post/terry\\-silverlight\\-lighting\\-the\\-way/\\#\\|archive\\-date\\=2011\\-01\\-09\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} *[Diamond in the Riff](/wiki/Diamond_in_the_Riff \"Diamond in the Riff\")*,{{cite web\\|title \\=Diamond in the Riff \\|publisher\\=AllAboutJazz \\|first\\=Douglas\\|last\\=Payne\\|date\\=24 October 2008 \\| url \\=http://www.allaboutjazz.com/php/article.php?id\\=30876}} and *Live!*, showcasing performances by [Barry Miles](/wiki/Barry_Miles_%28musician%29 \"Barry Miles (musician)\"), [Will Lee](/wiki/Will_Lee_%28bassist%29 \"Will Lee (bassist)\"), [Paul Shaffer](/wiki/Paul_Shaffer \"Paul Shaffer\"), [Edgar Winter](/wiki/Edgar_Winter \"Edgar Winter\"), [Hiram Bullock](/wiki/Hiram_Bullock \"Hiram Bullock\"), [Chuck Loeb](/wiki/Chuck_Loeb \"Chuck Loeb\"), [Lew Soloff](/wiki/Lew_Soloff \"Lew Soloff\"), and [Bill Evans](/wiki/Bill_Evans_%28saxophonist%29 \"Bill Evans (saxophonist)\"), among others. Three of the albums are in the pop genre featuring Silverlight's work as a songwriter, producer and arranger: *Songwriter Producer: Volumes I \\& II*, *Collaborations: Volumes I \\& II*, and *Music To Picture*.", "" ]
Plot ---- Margot is a successful, self\-absorbed writer; it is suggested that she has [borderline personality disorder](/wiki/Borderline_personality_disorder "Borderline personality disorder"). She brings her 11\-year\-old son Claude to spend a weekend visiting her free\-spirited sister Pauline on the eve of the latter's wedding to Malcolm at their home on [Long Island, New York](/wiki/Long_Island%2C_New_York "Long Island, New York"). Margot disapproves of Pauline's choice of fiancé: Malcolm is an unsuccessful musician whom Margot considers "completely unattractive". While in town, Margot is interviewed in public in a local bookstore by Dick Koosman, a successful author with whom she is collaborating on a screenplay. Dick's teenage daughter Maisy also visits the house. Margot and Pauline have an uneasy relationship. Margot disapproves of Pauline's life choices—besides marrying Malcolm, she is pregnant, a fact she has not shared with Malcolm or her pre\-teen daughter Ingrid. Pauline, meanwhile, resents Margot for writing and publishing thinly disguised stories about her life and blames her for the break\-up of Pauline's first marriage. She is also incensed when Margot shares secrets told to her in confidence, including that of her pregnancy. Rather than confront each other, Pauline and Margot take out their frustrations on Malcolm and Claude, respectively. Tensions come to a head twice. Firstly, Margot's interview goes disastrously wrong when Dick's questions become personal. Then, when Pauline interrogates Malcolm about emails he received from one of her 20\-year\-old students, he admits he kissed Maisy. Returning to the house, Pauline finds Maisy inside. Although she says nothing, it is obvious to Maisy that Pauline knows the truth. When Maisy forestalls exposure by telling her arriving father, he chases and beats Malcolm. Margot and Pauline get into a heated argument, unleashing years of resentment. Following a climactic moment, the women leave with their children, leaving Malcolm behind. After the car runs off the road due to malfunctioning brakes, Pauline defecates in her skirt and removes her soiled underwear. The next day, Pauline calls Malcolm, intent on breaking up with him. When he begs for forgiveness, she gives in and takes him back. Margot decides to stay with her sister and puts Claude on a bus to Vermont so he can live with his father. As the bus pulls away, she has a change of heart and chases after it, abandoning her handbag. Taking a seat next to a surprised Claude, Margot catches her breath.
[ "Plot\n----", "Margot is a successful, self\\-absorbed writer; it is suggested that she has [borderline personality disorder](/wiki/Borderline_personality_disorder \"Borderline personality disorder\"). She brings her 11\\-year\\-old son Claude to spend a weekend visiting her free\\-spirited sister Pauline on the eve of the latter's wedding to Malcolm at their home on [Long Island, New York](/wiki/Long_Island%2C_New_York \"Long Island, New York\").", "Margot disapproves of Pauline's choice of fiancé: Malcolm is an unsuccessful musician whom Margot considers \"completely unattractive\". While in town, Margot is interviewed in public in a local bookstore by Dick Koosman, a successful author with whom she is collaborating on a screenplay. Dick's teenage daughter Maisy also visits the house.", "Margot and Pauline have an uneasy relationship. Margot disapproves of Pauline's life choices—besides marrying Malcolm, she is pregnant, a fact she has not shared with Malcolm or her pre\\-teen daughter Ingrid. Pauline, meanwhile, resents Margot for writing and publishing thinly disguised stories about her life and blames her for the break\\-up of Pauline's first marriage. She is also incensed when Margot shares secrets told to her in confidence, including that of her pregnancy. Rather than confront each other, Pauline and Margot take out their frustrations on Malcolm and Claude, respectively.", "Tensions come to a head twice. Firstly, Margot's interview goes disastrously wrong when Dick's questions become personal. Then, when Pauline interrogates Malcolm about emails he received from one of her 20\\-year\\-old students, he admits he kissed Maisy. Returning to the house, Pauline finds Maisy inside. Although she says nothing, it is obvious to Maisy that Pauline knows the truth. When Maisy forestalls exposure by telling her arriving father, he chases and beats Malcolm.", "Margot and Pauline get into a heated argument, unleashing years of resentment. Following a climactic moment, the women leave with their children, leaving Malcolm behind. After the car runs off the road due to malfunctioning brakes, Pauline defecates in her skirt and removes her soiled underwear.", "The next day, Pauline calls Malcolm, intent on breaking up with him. When he begs for forgiveness, she gives in and takes him back. Margot decides to stay with her sister and puts Claude on a bus to Vermont so he can live with his father. As the bus pulls away, she has a change of heart and chases after it, abandoning her handbag. Taking a seat next to a surprised Claude, Margot catches her breath.", "" ]
Deaths ------ May * **2** – [Leo Watson](/wiki/Leo_Watson "Leo Watson"), American jazz vocalese singer, drummer, trombonist and tipple player (born 1898\). * **6** – [Chelsea Quealey](/wiki/Chelsea_Quealey "Chelsea Quealey"), American jazz trumpeter (died [1905](/wiki/1905_in_jazz "1905 in jazz")). July * **6** – [Fats Navarro](/wiki/Fats_Navarro "Fats Navarro"), American jazz trumpet player (born [1923](/wiki/1923_in_jazz "1923 in jazz")). * **26** – [Freddy Gardner](/wiki/Freddy_Gardner "Freddy Gardner"), British saxophonist (born [1910](/wiki/1910_in_jazz "1910 in jazz")). August * **1** – [Alvin Burroughs](/wiki/Alvin_Burroughs "Alvin Burroughs"), American swing jazz drummer (born [1911](/wiki/1911_in_jazz "1911 in jazz")). September * **5** – [Al Killian](/wiki/Al_Killian "Al Killian"), American jazz trumpeter and occasional bandleader (born [1916](/wiki/1916_in_jazz "1916 in jazz")). * **15** – [Dol Dauber](/wiki/Dol_Dauber "Dol Dauber"), Czech violinist, bandleader, composer, and music arranger (born 1894\). October * **23** – [Al Jolson](/wiki/Al_Jolson "Al Jolson"), American singer, comedian and actor (born 1886\). Unknown date * [Lou Gold](/wiki/Lou_Gold "Lou Gold"), Polish\-American composer, pianist and band leader (born 1885\). * [Ray Perry](/wiki/Ray_Perry "Ray Perry"), American jazz violinist and saxophonist (born [1915](/wiki/1915_in_jazz "1915 in jazz")).
[ "Deaths\n------", "May\n* **2** – [Leo Watson](/wiki/Leo_Watson \"Leo Watson\"), American jazz vocalese singer, drummer, trombonist and tipple player (born 1898\\).\n* **6** – [Chelsea Quealey](/wiki/Chelsea_Quealey \"Chelsea Quealey\"), American jazz trumpeter (died [1905](/wiki/1905_in_jazz \"1905 in jazz\")).", "July\n* **6** – [Fats Navarro](/wiki/Fats_Navarro \"Fats Navarro\"), American jazz trumpet player (born [1923](/wiki/1923_in_jazz \"1923 in jazz\")).\n* **26** – [Freddy Gardner](/wiki/Freddy_Gardner \"Freddy Gardner\"), British saxophonist (born [1910](/wiki/1910_in_jazz \"1910 in jazz\")).", "August\n* **1** – [Alvin Burroughs](/wiki/Alvin_Burroughs \"Alvin Burroughs\"), American swing jazz drummer (born [1911](/wiki/1911_in_jazz \"1911 in jazz\")).", "September\n* **5** – [Al Killian](/wiki/Al_Killian \"Al Killian\"), American jazz trumpeter and occasional bandleader (born [1916](/wiki/1916_in_jazz \"1916 in jazz\")).\n* **15** – [Dol Dauber](/wiki/Dol_Dauber \"Dol Dauber\"), Czech violinist, bandleader, composer, and music arranger (born 1894\\).", "October\n* **23** – [Al Jolson](/wiki/Al_Jolson \"Al Jolson\"), American singer, comedian and actor (born 1886\\).", "Unknown date\n* [Lou Gold](/wiki/Lou_Gold \"Lou Gold\"), Polish\\-American composer, pianist and band leader (born 1885\\).\n* [Ray Perry](/wiki/Ray_Perry \"Ray Perry\"), American jazz violinist and saxophonist (born [1915](/wiki/1915_in_jazz \"1915 in jazz\"))." ]
Births ------ January * **4** – [Robert Dick](/wiki/Robert_Dick_%28flutist%29 "Robert Dick (flutist)"), American flutist, composer, and author. * **5** – [Art Baron](/wiki/Art_Baron "Art Baron"), American trombonist. * **6** – [Safy Boutella](/wiki/Safy_Boutella "Safy Boutella"), American bass guitar and synthesizer player. February * **5** – [Natalie Cole](/wiki/Natalie_Cole "Natalie Cole"), American singer and songwriter (died [2015](/wiki/2015_in_jazz "2015 in jazz")). * **18** – [Cybill Shepherd](/wiki/Cybill_Shepherd "Cybill Shepherd"), American actress and singer. * **20** – [Walter Becker](/wiki/Walter_Becker "Walter Becker"), American musician, songwriter and record producer (died [2017](/wiki/2017_in_jazz "2017 in jazz")). * **23** – [John Greaves](/wiki/John_Greaves_%28musician%29 "John Greaves (musician)"), British bass guitarist and composer, [Henry Cow](/wiki/Henry_Cow "Henry Cow"). March * **11** – [Bobby McFerrin](/wiki/Bobby_McFerrin "Bobby McFerrin"), American vocalist and conductor. * **19** + [Curtis Fowlkes](/wiki/Curtis_Fowlkes "Curtis Fowlkes"), American trombonist and singer. + [Steve Houben](/wiki/Steve_Houben "Steve Houben"), Belgian saxophonist and flutist. * **20** – [Fapy Lafertin](/wiki/Fapy_Lafertin "Fapy Lafertin"), Belgian guitarist. * **25** – [Chuck Greenberg](/wiki/Chuck_Greenberg_%28musician%29 "Chuck Greenberg (musician)"), American musician, composer, and producer (died [1995](/wiki/1995_in_music "1995 in music")). * **30** – [John D'earth](/wiki/John_D%27earth "John D'earth"), American trumpeter. April * **4** + [Ndingo Johwa](/wiki/Ndingo_Johwa "Ndingo Johwa"), Botswanan trumpeter, flugelhornist, cornetist, guitarist, singer, and composer. + [Pip Pyle](/wiki/Pip_Pyle "Pip Pyle"), English\-born drummer (died [2006](/wiki/2006_in_jazz "2006 in jazz")). * **17** – [Jean\-Jacques Milteau](/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Milteau "Jean-Jacques Milteau"), French harmonica player, singer, and songwriter. * **19** – [Earl Gardner](/wiki/Earl_Gardner_%28musician%29 "Earl Gardner (musician)"), American trumpeter. * **23** – [Curtis Clark](/wiki/Curtis_Clark "Curtis Clark"), American pianist * **25** – [Bobbi Humphrey](/wiki/Bobbi_Humphrey "Bobbi Humphrey"), American flautist and singer. * **28** – [Willie Colón](/wiki/Willie_Col%C3%B3n "Willie Colón"), American salsa musician. May * **2** – [François Couturier](/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Couturier "François Couturier"), French pianist. * **3** – [Dag Arnesen](/wiki/Dag_Arnesen "Dag Arnesen"), Norwegian pianist and composer. * **12** – [Ronnie Foster](/wiki/Ronnie_Foster "Ronnie Foster"), American organist and record producer. * **16** – [Pete Jacobsen](/wiki/Pete_Jacobsen "Pete Jacobsen"), English pianist (died [2002](/wiki/2002_in_jazz "2002 in jazz")). * **20** – [Victor Lewis](/wiki/Victor_Lewis "Victor Lewis"), American drummer. * **27** – [Dee Dee Bridgewater](/wiki/Dee_Dee_Bridgewater "Dee Dee Bridgewater"), American singer. June * **4** – [Dagmar Krause](/wiki/Dagmar_Krause "Dagmar Krause"), German singer, [Henry Cow](/wiki/Henry_Cow "Henry Cow"). * **23** – [Luther Thomas](/wiki/Luther_Thomas "Luther Thomas"), American alto saxophonist and multi\-instrumentalist (died [2009](/wiki/2009_in_jazz "2009 in jazz")). * **27** – [Glenn Ferris](/wiki/Glenn_Ferris "Glenn Ferris"), American trombonist. * **28** + [David Lanz](/wiki/David_Lanz "David Lanz"), American pianist. + [Guttorm Guttormsen](/wiki/Guttorm_Guttormsen "Guttorm Guttormsen"), Norwegian flautist and orchestra leader. July * **4** – [Karl Ratzer](/wiki/Karl_Ratzer "Karl Ratzer"), Austrian guitarist. * **15** – [Tony Esposito](/wiki/Tony_Esposito_%28musician%29 "Tony Esposito (musician)"), Italian drummer and percussionist. * **16** – [Dee Bell](/wiki/Dee_Bell "Dee Bell"), American singer. * **17** – [Phoebe Snow](/wiki/Phoebe_Snow "Phoebe Snow"), American singer, songwriter, and guitarist (died [2011](/wiki/2011_in_jazz "2011 in jazz")). * **28** – [Hal Crook](/wiki/Hal_Crook "Hal Crook"), American trombonist. August * **6** – [John Pål Inderberg](/wiki/John_P%C3%A5l_Inderberg "John Pål Inderberg"), Norwegian saxophonist and composer. * **16** – [Alvin Queen](/wiki/Alvin_Queen "Alvin Queen"), American\-Swiss drummer. * **25** – [Charles Fambrough](/wiki/Charles_Fambrough "Charles Fambrough"), American bassist, composer, and record producer (died [2011](/wiki/2011_in_jazz "2011 in jazz")). * **26** – [Fred Lonzo](/wiki/Fred_Lonzo "Fred Lonzo"), American trombonist September * **14** + [Giacomo Gates](/wiki/Giacomo_Gates "Giacomo Gates"), American singer. + [Paul Kossoff](/wiki/Paul_Kossoff "Paul Kossoff"), English guitarist, [Free](/wiki/Free_%28band%29 "Free (band)") (died [1976](/wiki/1976_in_jazz "1976 in jazz")). * **15** – [Anthony Lacen](/wiki/Anthony_Lacen "Anthony Lacen"), American tubist and band leader (died [2004](/wiki/2004_in_jazz "2004 in jazz")). * **21** + [Gail Varina Gilmore](/wiki/Gail_Varina_Gilmore "Gail Varina Gilmore"), African\-American singer. * **23** – [George Garzone](/wiki/George_Garzone "George Garzone"), American saxophonist and jazz educator. * **27** – [Linda Lewis](/wiki/Linda_Lewis "Linda Lewis"), English vocalist, songwriter, and guitarist. October * **1** – [Mark Helias](/wiki/Mark_Helias "Mark Helias"), American upright bassist and composer. * **3** – [Ronnie Laws](/wiki/Ronnie_Laws "Ronnie Laws"), American saxophonist. * **8** – [Robert Bell](/wiki/Robert_Bell_%28musician%29 "Robert Bell (musician)"), American singer\-songwriter and musician. * **14** – [Charlie Kosei](/wiki/Charlie_Kosei "Charlie Kosei"), Japanese musician. November * **2** – [Stephen Nachmanovitch](/wiki/Stephen_Nachmanovitch "Stephen Nachmanovitch"), American violinist, author, computer artist, and educator. * **6** – [Gil Goldstein](/wiki/Gil_Goldstein "Gil Goldstein"), American pianist and synthesizer player. * **29** – [Pocho La Pantera](/wiki/Pocho_La_Pantera "Pocho La Pantera"), [Argentine cumbia](/wiki/Argentine_cumbia "Argentine cumbia") singer (died [2016](/wiki/2016_in_jazz "2016 in jazz")). December * **1** – [Armen Donelian](/wiki/Armen_Donelian "Armen Donelian"), American pianist, composer, educator and author. * **4** – [Bjørn Kjellemyr](/wiki/Bj%C3%B8rn_Kjellemyr "Bjørn Kjellemyr"), Norwegian upright bassist. * **5** – [Sveinung Hovensjø](/wiki/Sveinung_Hovensj%C3%B8 "Sveinung Hovensjø"), Norwegian bassist. * **12** – [Richard Galliano](/wiki/Richard_Galliano "Richard Galliano"), French accordionist. * **15** – [Stjepko Gut](/wiki/Stjepko_Gut "Stjepko Gut"), Serbian musician. * **23** – [Cyro Baptista](/wiki/Cyro_Baptista "Cyro Baptista"), Brazilian musician. * **29** – [Robert Popwell](/wiki/Robert_Popwell "Robert Popwell"), American bass guitarist (died [2017](/wiki/2017_in_jazz "2017 in jazz")). * **30** – [Mont Campbell](/wiki/Mont_Campbell "Mont Campbell"), British multi\-instrumentalist and composer. Unknown date * [Marvin Goldstein](/wiki/Marvin_Goldstein "Marvin Goldstein"), American pianist. * [Vincent Chancey](/wiki/Vincent_Chancey "Vincent Chancey"), American hornist.
[ "Births\n------", "January\n* **4** – [Robert Dick](/wiki/Robert_Dick_%28flutist%29 \"Robert Dick (flutist)\"), American flutist, composer, and author.\n* **5** – [Art Baron](/wiki/Art_Baron \"Art Baron\"), American trombonist.\n* **6** – [Safy Boutella](/wiki/Safy_Boutella \"Safy Boutella\"), American bass guitar and synthesizer player.", "February\n* **5** – [Natalie Cole](/wiki/Natalie_Cole \"Natalie Cole\"), American singer and songwriter (died [2015](/wiki/2015_in_jazz \"2015 in jazz\")).\n* **18** – [Cybill Shepherd](/wiki/Cybill_Shepherd \"Cybill Shepherd\"), American actress and singer.\n* **20** – [Walter Becker](/wiki/Walter_Becker \"Walter Becker\"), American musician, songwriter and record producer (died [2017](/wiki/2017_in_jazz \"2017 in jazz\")).\n* **23** – [John Greaves](/wiki/John_Greaves_%28musician%29 \"John Greaves (musician)\"), British bass guitarist and composer, [Henry Cow](/wiki/Henry_Cow \"Henry Cow\").", "March\n* **11** – [Bobby McFerrin](/wiki/Bobby_McFerrin \"Bobby McFerrin\"), American vocalist and conductor.\n* **19**\n\t+ [Curtis Fowlkes](/wiki/Curtis_Fowlkes \"Curtis Fowlkes\"), American trombonist and singer.\n\t+ [Steve Houben](/wiki/Steve_Houben \"Steve Houben\"), Belgian saxophonist and flutist.\n* **20** – [Fapy Lafertin](/wiki/Fapy_Lafertin \"Fapy Lafertin\"), Belgian guitarist.\n* **25** – [Chuck Greenberg](/wiki/Chuck_Greenberg_%28musician%29 \"Chuck Greenberg (musician)\"), American musician, composer, and producer (died [1995](/wiki/1995_in_music \"1995 in music\")).\n* **30** – [John D'earth](/wiki/John_D%27earth \"John D'earth\"), American trumpeter.", "April\n* **4**\n\t+ [Ndingo Johwa](/wiki/Ndingo_Johwa \"Ndingo Johwa\"), Botswanan trumpeter, flugelhornist, cornetist, guitarist, singer, and composer.\n\t+ [Pip Pyle](/wiki/Pip_Pyle \"Pip Pyle\"), English\\-born drummer (died [2006](/wiki/2006_in_jazz \"2006 in jazz\")).\n* **17** – [Jean\\-Jacques Milteau](/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Milteau \"Jean-Jacques Milteau\"), French harmonica player, singer, and songwriter.\n* **19** – [Earl Gardner](/wiki/Earl_Gardner_%28musician%29 \"Earl Gardner (musician)\"), American trumpeter.\n* **23** – [Curtis Clark](/wiki/Curtis_Clark \"Curtis Clark\"), American pianist\n* **25** – [Bobbi Humphrey](/wiki/Bobbi_Humphrey \"Bobbi Humphrey\"), American flautist and singer.\n* **28** – [Willie Colón](/wiki/Willie_Col%C3%B3n \"Willie Colón\"), American salsa musician.", "May\n* **2** – [François Couturier](/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Couturier \"François Couturier\"), French pianist.\n* **3** – [Dag Arnesen](/wiki/Dag_Arnesen \"Dag Arnesen\"), Norwegian pianist and composer.\n* **12** – [Ronnie Foster](/wiki/Ronnie_Foster \"Ronnie Foster\"), American organist and record producer.\n* **16** – [Pete Jacobsen](/wiki/Pete_Jacobsen \"Pete Jacobsen\"), English pianist (died [2002](/wiki/2002_in_jazz \"2002 in jazz\")).\n* **20** – [Victor Lewis](/wiki/Victor_Lewis \"Victor Lewis\"), American drummer.\n* **27** – [Dee Dee Bridgewater](/wiki/Dee_Dee_Bridgewater \"Dee Dee Bridgewater\"), American singer.", "June\n* **4** – [Dagmar Krause](/wiki/Dagmar_Krause \"Dagmar Krause\"), German singer, [Henry Cow](/wiki/Henry_Cow \"Henry Cow\").\n* **23** – [Luther Thomas](/wiki/Luther_Thomas \"Luther Thomas\"), American alto saxophonist and multi\\-instrumentalist (died [2009](/wiki/2009_in_jazz \"2009 in jazz\")).\n* **27** – [Glenn Ferris](/wiki/Glenn_Ferris \"Glenn Ferris\"), American trombonist.\n* **28**\n\t+ [David Lanz](/wiki/David_Lanz \"David Lanz\"), American pianist.\n\t+ [Guttorm Guttormsen](/wiki/Guttorm_Guttormsen \"Guttorm Guttormsen\"), Norwegian flautist and orchestra leader.", "July\n* **4** – [Karl Ratzer](/wiki/Karl_Ratzer \"Karl Ratzer\"), Austrian guitarist.\n* **15** – [Tony Esposito](/wiki/Tony_Esposito_%28musician%29 \"Tony Esposito (musician)\"), Italian drummer and percussionist.\n* **16** – [Dee Bell](/wiki/Dee_Bell \"Dee Bell\"), American singer.\n* **17** – [Phoebe Snow](/wiki/Phoebe_Snow \"Phoebe Snow\"), American singer, songwriter, and guitarist (died [2011](/wiki/2011_in_jazz \"2011 in jazz\")).\n* **28** – [Hal Crook](/wiki/Hal_Crook \"Hal Crook\"), American trombonist.", "August\n* **6** – [John Pål Inderberg](/wiki/John_P%C3%A5l_Inderberg \"John Pål Inderberg\"), Norwegian saxophonist and composer.\n* **16** – [Alvin Queen](/wiki/Alvin_Queen \"Alvin Queen\"), American\\-Swiss drummer.\n* **25** – [Charles Fambrough](/wiki/Charles_Fambrough \"Charles Fambrough\"), American bassist, composer, and record producer (died [2011](/wiki/2011_in_jazz \"2011 in jazz\")).\n* **26** – [Fred Lonzo](/wiki/Fred_Lonzo \"Fred Lonzo\"), American trombonist", "September\n* **14**\n\t+ [Giacomo Gates](/wiki/Giacomo_Gates \"Giacomo Gates\"), American singer.\n\t+ [Paul Kossoff](/wiki/Paul_Kossoff \"Paul Kossoff\"), English guitarist, [Free](/wiki/Free_%28band%29 \"Free (band)\") (died [1976](/wiki/1976_in_jazz \"1976 in jazz\")).\n* **15** – [Anthony Lacen](/wiki/Anthony_Lacen \"Anthony Lacen\"), American tubist and band leader (died [2004](/wiki/2004_in_jazz \"2004 in jazz\")).\n* **21**\n\t+ [Gail Varina Gilmore](/wiki/Gail_Varina_Gilmore \"Gail Varina Gilmore\"), African\\-American singer.\n* **23** – [George Garzone](/wiki/George_Garzone \"George Garzone\"), American saxophonist and jazz educator.\n* **27** – [Linda Lewis](/wiki/Linda_Lewis \"Linda Lewis\"), English vocalist, songwriter, and guitarist.", "October\n* **1** – [Mark Helias](/wiki/Mark_Helias \"Mark Helias\"), American upright bassist and composer.\n* **3** – [Ronnie Laws](/wiki/Ronnie_Laws \"Ronnie Laws\"), American saxophonist.\n* **8** – [Robert Bell](/wiki/Robert_Bell_%28musician%29 \"Robert Bell (musician)\"), American singer\\-songwriter and musician.\n* **14** – [Charlie Kosei](/wiki/Charlie_Kosei \"Charlie Kosei\"), Japanese musician.", "November\n* **2** – [Stephen Nachmanovitch](/wiki/Stephen_Nachmanovitch \"Stephen Nachmanovitch\"), American violinist, author, computer artist, and educator.\n* **6** – [Gil Goldstein](/wiki/Gil_Goldstein \"Gil Goldstein\"), American pianist and synthesizer player.\n* **29** – [Pocho La Pantera](/wiki/Pocho_La_Pantera \"Pocho La Pantera\"), [Argentine cumbia](/wiki/Argentine_cumbia \"Argentine cumbia\") singer (died [2016](/wiki/2016_in_jazz \"2016 in jazz\")).", "December\n* **1** – [Armen Donelian](/wiki/Armen_Donelian \"Armen Donelian\"), American pianist, composer, educator and author.\n* **4** – [Bjørn Kjellemyr](/wiki/Bj%C3%B8rn_Kjellemyr \"Bjørn Kjellemyr\"), Norwegian upright bassist.\n* **5** – [Sveinung Hovensjø](/wiki/Sveinung_Hovensj%C3%B8 \"Sveinung Hovensjø\"), Norwegian bassist.\n* **12** – [Richard Galliano](/wiki/Richard_Galliano \"Richard Galliano\"), French accordionist.\n* **15** – [Stjepko Gut](/wiki/Stjepko_Gut \"Stjepko Gut\"), Serbian musician.\n* **23** – [Cyro Baptista](/wiki/Cyro_Baptista \"Cyro Baptista\"), Brazilian musician.\n* **29** – [Robert Popwell](/wiki/Robert_Popwell \"Robert Popwell\"), American bass guitarist (died [2017](/wiki/2017_in_jazz \"2017 in jazz\")).\n* **30** – [Mont Campbell](/wiki/Mont_Campbell \"Mont Campbell\"), British multi\\-instrumentalist and composer.", "Unknown date\n* [Marvin Goldstein](/wiki/Marvin_Goldstein \"Marvin Goldstein\"), American pianist.\n* [Vincent Chancey](/wiki/Vincent_Chancey \"Vincent Chancey\"), American hornist." ]
Plot ---- The game is set in 1999 (three years into the future) on the *[Antares](/wiki/Antares "Antares")*, a futuristic nautical research lab which sails off from [Honolulu](/wiki/Honolulu "Honolulu"). The [player character](/wiki/Player_character "Player character") is Chris Young, a former [racecar](/wiki/Racecar "Racecar") driver and [Gulf War](/wiki/Gulf_War "Gulf War") pilot, who was hired by Cousteau because of his interest in marine technology, to pilot the *Antares* and find the ideal location to launch the *[Poseidon](/wiki/Poseidon "Poseidon")* research lab. Early in the game, the player receive a [videophone](/wiki/Videophone "Videophone") message from Steve Grant of the "Worldwide Heritage Foundation". Archeologist John Braddy was after a sacred [Japanese](/wiki/Japan "Japan") [mirror](/wiki/Mirror "Mirror") of the [Kofun period](/wiki/Kofun_period "Kofun period") which belonged to a Japanese [warlord](/wiki/Warlord "Warlord") Ishuta who led the [Yamato](/wiki/Yamato_people "Yamato people") armies to fend off invaders from the [Kinai plains](/wiki/Kansai_region "Kansai region"). The mirror was given to him as a [talisman](/wiki/Talisman "Talisman") by his wife, Maiko. It was said that its reflection helped him defeat his enemies and afterwards his victory was engraved on the mirror. After his death, it was buried in his [kofun](/wiki/Kofun "Kofun") (tomb). Fifty years after [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II"), an ancient document came to light which established the mirror's historicity. Grant had failed to find the mirror but Braddy found Ishuta's lost tomb. The player has to navigate the *Antares* to the wrecks and reefs of the West Pacific and the [Palau Archipelago](/wiki/Palau_Archipelago "Palau Archipelago"), explore islands, gather clues and combine them using the database of EDWARD to unfold more clues. The educational portion of the game includes [scuba diving](/wiki/Scuba_diving "Scuba diving") with the aid of the *Angel Shark* [diver propulsion vehicle](/wiki/Diver_propulsion_vehicle "Diver propulsion vehicle"), taking photographs of the [sea fauna](/wiki/Sea_fauna "Sea fauna") and then cataloguing them to EDWARD. The player is additionally tasked to locate Braddy. ### Characters There are several characters the player can interact with, mainly from the ship's [intercom](/wiki/Intercom "Intercom"). * **[Jean\-Michel Cousteau](/wiki/Jean-Michel_Cousteau "Jean-Michel Cousteau")** \- In the game, Cousteau was given the responsibility by the "International Scientific Committee" to produce several programs in order to evaluate the health of planet [Earth](/wiki/Earth "Earth"). * **Steve Grant** ([Nat Benchley](/wiki/Nat_Benchley "Nat Benchley")) \- The head of the "International Scientific Committee" and board member of the influential "Worldwide Heritage Foundation". With Cousteau he studies the global environmental trends and their effects on the [coral reefs](/wiki/Coral_reef "Coral reef"). He is also interested in finding Ishuta's mirror and after he failed, he sent Braddy after it. * **EDWARD** (Jon Radulovic) \- An [Artificial Intelligence](/wiki/Artificial_Intelligence "Artificial Intelligence") created by Dr. Paul Sinus, who runs the *Antares* and also the interface of its [mainframe](/wiki/Mainframe_computer "Mainframe computer"). EDWARD stands for the words *[Encyclopedia](/wiki/Encyclopedia "Encyclopedia")\-[Database](/wiki/Database "Database")\-[WorldNet](/wiki/Internet "Internet")\-Album\-Reports\-Disconnect*. EDWARD also contains Jean\-Michel Cousteau's *Encyclopedia of the Sea* built into, with information on underwater ecology, fauna, the geography and history of Micronesia, and the actual Japanese ships that sunk in the [Chuuk Lagoon](/wiki/Chuuk_Lagoon "Chuuk Lagoon"), including tonnage, dimensions and [blueprints](/wiki/Blueprints "Blueprints"). * **Luciana Capucci** ([Faby Schneider](https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0773803/)) \- An [Italian](/wiki/Italian_people "Italian people") specialist in underwater biology. She is on board the *Antares* to help the player locate the ideal spot for the *Poseidon*. * **Paul Sinus** (John Gallagher) \- A scientist introduced by Cousteau to the team, the inventor of the *Poseidon*, the *Antares*, the *Angel Shark* and EDWARD. His main duty is to keep the high tech equipment aboard the ship working * **Ann Fong** (Valentine Zhou) \- A Chinese historian, expert in ancient Japanese legends. She is the last to join the crew early in the game, as soon as the fate of Braddy is known. * **John Braddy** (Ian Marshall) \- The scientist who looked for the Sacred Mirror and was lost.
[ "Plot\n----", "The game is set in 1999 (three years into the future) on the *[Antares](/wiki/Antares \"Antares\")*, a futuristic nautical research lab which sails off from [Honolulu](/wiki/Honolulu \"Honolulu\").", "The [player character](/wiki/Player_character \"Player character\") is Chris Young, a former [racecar](/wiki/Racecar \"Racecar\") driver and [Gulf War](/wiki/Gulf_War \"Gulf War\") pilot, who was hired by Cousteau because of his interest in marine technology, to pilot the *Antares* and find the ideal location to launch the *[Poseidon](/wiki/Poseidon \"Poseidon\")* research lab.", "Early in the game, the player receive a [videophone](/wiki/Videophone \"Videophone\") message from Steve Grant of the \"Worldwide Heritage Foundation\". Archeologist John Braddy was after a sacred [Japanese](/wiki/Japan \"Japan\") [mirror](/wiki/Mirror \"Mirror\") of the [Kofun period](/wiki/Kofun_period \"Kofun period\") which belonged to a Japanese [warlord](/wiki/Warlord \"Warlord\") Ishuta who led the [Yamato](/wiki/Yamato_people \"Yamato people\") armies to fend off invaders from the [Kinai plains](/wiki/Kansai_region \"Kansai region\"). The mirror was given to him as a [talisman](/wiki/Talisman \"Talisman\") by his wife, Maiko. It was said that its reflection helped him defeat his enemies and afterwards his victory was engraved on the mirror. After his death, it was buried in his [kofun](/wiki/Kofun \"Kofun\") (tomb). Fifty years after [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\"), an ancient document came to light which established the mirror's historicity. Grant had failed to find the mirror but Braddy found Ishuta's lost tomb.", "The player has to navigate the *Antares* to the wrecks and reefs of the West Pacific and the [Palau Archipelago](/wiki/Palau_Archipelago \"Palau Archipelago\"), explore islands, gather clues and combine them using the database of EDWARD to unfold more clues. The educational portion of the game includes [scuba diving](/wiki/Scuba_diving \"Scuba diving\") with the aid of the *Angel Shark* [diver propulsion vehicle](/wiki/Diver_propulsion_vehicle \"Diver propulsion vehicle\"), taking photographs of the [sea fauna](/wiki/Sea_fauna \"Sea fauna\") and then cataloguing them to EDWARD. The player is additionally tasked to locate Braddy.", "### Characters", "There are several characters the player can interact with, mainly from the ship's [intercom](/wiki/Intercom \"Intercom\").\n* **[Jean\\-Michel Cousteau](/wiki/Jean-Michel_Cousteau \"Jean-Michel Cousteau\")** \\- In the game, Cousteau was given the responsibility by the \"International Scientific Committee\" to produce several programs in order to evaluate the health of planet [Earth](/wiki/Earth \"Earth\").\n* **Steve Grant** ([Nat Benchley](/wiki/Nat_Benchley \"Nat Benchley\")) \\- The head of the \"International Scientific Committee\" and board member of the influential \"Worldwide Heritage Foundation\". With Cousteau he studies the global environmental trends and their effects on the [coral reefs](/wiki/Coral_reef \"Coral reef\"). He is also interested in finding Ishuta's mirror and after he failed, he sent Braddy after it.\n* **EDWARD** (Jon Radulovic) \\- An [Artificial Intelligence](/wiki/Artificial_Intelligence \"Artificial Intelligence\") created by Dr. Paul Sinus, who runs the *Antares* and also the interface of its [mainframe](/wiki/Mainframe_computer \"Mainframe computer\"). EDWARD stands for the words *[Encyclopedia](/wiki/Encyclopedia \"Encyclopedia\")\\-[Database](/wiki/Database \"Database\")\\-[WorldNet](/wiki/Internet \"Internet\")\\-Album\\-Reports\\-Disconnect*. EDWARD also contains Jean\\-Michel Cousteau's *Encyclopedia of the Sea* built into, with information on underwater ecology, fauna, the geography and history of Micronesia, and the actual Japanese ships that sunk in the [Chuuk Lagoon](/wiki/Chuuk_Lagoon \"Chuuk Lagoon\"), including tonnage, dimensions and [blueprints](/wiki/Blueprints \"Blueprints\").\n* **Luciana Capucci** ([Faby Schneider](https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0773803/)) \\- An [Italian](/wiki/Italian_people \"Italian people\") specialist in underwater biology. She is on board the *Antares* to help the player locate the ideal spot for the *Poseidon*.\n* **Paul Sinus** (John Gallagher) \\- A scientist introduced by Cousteau to the team, the inventor of the *Poseidon*, the *Antares*, the *Angel Shark* and EDWARD. His main duty is to keep the high tech equipment aboard the ship working\n* **Ann Fong** (Valentine Zhou) \\- A Chinese historian, expert in ancient Japanese legends. She is the last to join the crew early in the game, as soon as the fate of Braddy is known.\n* **John Braddy** (Ian Marshall) \\- The scientist who looked for the Sacred Mirror and was lost.", "" ]
Production ---------- The game was produced by [Paris](/wiki/Paris "Paris")\-based [Future Concepts](/wiki/Future_Concepts "Future Concepts"), a subsidiary of IDP. It was envisioned as the first part of an [edutainment](/wiki/Edutainment "Edutainment") [multimedia title](/wiki/Multimedia_application_CD-ROM "Multimedia application CD-ROM") series under the name *The Interactive Adventures of Jean\-Michel Cousteau*.End credits of the game Cousteau was excited by the possibilities of interactive CD\-ROM technology which would not only help his work reach young people, but allow them to participate.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.divernet.com/other\_diving\_topics/160358/the\_sacred\_mirror\_of\_kofun\_by\_jeanmichel\_cousteau\_3disk\_cdrom.html \|title\=The Sacred Mirror of Kofun by Jean\-Michel Cousteau, 3\-disk CD\-Rom \- Divernet \|accessdate\=2012\-07\-25 \|url\-status\=dead \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102010542/http://divernet.com/other\_diving\_topics/160358/the\_sacred\_mirror\_of\_kofun\_by\_jeanmichel\_cousteau\_3disk\_cdrom.html \|archivedate\=2012\-11\-02 }} [Pre\-production](/wiki/Pre-production "Pre-production") begun in early 1995,{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.hujar.com/RHCareer/kofun%20the%20making%20of.htm \|title\=Enteractive \- the Making of Kofun \|access\-date\=2012\-07\-26 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413141952/http://www.hujar.com/RHCareer/kofun%20the%20making%20of.htm \|archive\-date\=2014\-04\-13 \|url\-status\=dead }} and [development](/wiki/Video_game_development "Video game development") and [design](/wiki/Video_game_design "Video game design") took place in Paris, simultaneously with filming. The project cost roughly 8 million [French francs](/wiki/French_franc "French franc"). The virtual setting of the ship *Antares* was designed with Cousteau's naval officer as a consultant. According to Cousteau, a ship like the *Antares* might become reality in the future. ### Filming and scripting In summer, a team consisting of [oceanographers](/wiki/Oceanography "Oceanography"), photographers and a scriptwriter, led by Cousteau, transported equipment from [Los Angeles](/wiki/Los_Angeles "Los Angeles") to [Chuuk Atoll](/wiki/Chuuk_Atoll "Chuuk Atoll"), [Micronesia](/wiki/Micronesia "Micronesia"). Production lasted several weeks (one in Chuuk and 2 in [Palau](/wiki/Palau "Palau")) during which they took several photographs and video footage around the island and the ocean; Cousteau and his team performed 4\-5 dives a day. A location featured prominently was the [Chuuk Lagoon](/wiki/Chuuk_Lagoon "Chuuk Lagoon"), famous for the more than 100 [shipwrecks](/wiki/Shipwrecks "Shipwrecks") that sunk during [Operation Hailstone](/wiki/Operation_Hailstone "Operation Hailstone") of the WWII. The project was marked when one [torpedo](/wiki/Torpedo "Torpedo"), whose compressed air container of its [propulsion system](/wiki/Propulsion_system "Propulsion system") had rusted away, and exploded while the team were down. The plot was written simultaneously with the brainstorming and the reviewing and selection of the footage. ### Marketing Since the game play was weak by gamers standards{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.hujar.com/RHCareer/kofun%20marketing%20campaign.htm \|title\=Enteractive \- the Kofun Marketing Campaign \|access\-date\=2012\-07\-26 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205114718/http://www.hujar.com/RHCareer/kofun%20marketing%20campaign.htm \|archive\-date\=2016\-02\-05 \|url\-status\=dead }} special care was given to advertising which encompassed several media and highlight Cousteau's name and participation. Development problems encountered in late testing resulted in release delays, so the game was released in late November, after the hype subsided.
[ "Production\n----------", "The game was produced by [Paris](/wiki/Paris \"Paris\")\\-based [Future Concepts](/wiki/Future_Concepts \"Future Concepts\"), a subsidiary of IDP. It was envisioned as the first part of an [edutainment](/wiki/Edutainment \"Edutainment\") [multimedia title](/wiki/Multimedia_application_CD-ROM \"Multimedia application CD-ROM\") series under the name *The Interactive Adventures of Jean\\-Michel Cousteau*.End credits of the game Cousteau was excited by the possibilities of interactive CD\\-ROM technology which would not only help his work reach young people, but allow them to participate.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.divernet.com/other\\_diving\\_topics/160358/the\\_sacred\\_mirror\\_of\\_kofun\\_by\\_jeanmichel\\_cousteau\\_3disk\\_cdrom.html \\|title\\=The Sacred Mirror of Kofun by Jean\\-Michel Cousteau, 3\\-disk CD\\-Rom \\- Divernet \\|accessdate\\=2012\\-07\\-25 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102010542/http://divernet.com/other\\_diving\\_topics/160358/the\\_sacred\\_mirror\\_of\\_kofun\\_by\\_jeanmichel\\_cousteau\\_3disk\\_cdrom.html \\|archivedate\\=2012\\-11\\-02 }}", "[Pre\\-production](/wiki/Pre-production \"Pre-production\") begun in early 1995,{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.hujar.com/RHCareer/kofun%20the%20making%20of.htm \\|title\\=Enteractive \\- the Making of Kofun \\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-07\\-26 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413141952/http://www.hujar.com/RHCareer/kofun%20the%20making%20of.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=2014\\-04\\-13 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} and [development](/wiki/Video_game_development \"Video game development\") and [design](/wiki/Video_game_design \"Video game design\") took place in Paris, simultaneously with filming. The project cost roughly 8 million [French francs](/wiki/French_franc \"French franc\").", "The virtual setting of the ship *Antares* was designed with Cousteau's naval officer as a consultant. According to Cousteau, a ship like the *Antares* might become reality in the future.", "### Filming and scripting", "In summer, a team consisting of [oceanographers](/wiki/Oceanography \"Oceanography\"), photographers and a scriptwriter, led by Cousteau, transported equipment from [Los Angeles](/wiki/Los_Angeles \"Los Angeles\") to [Chuuk Atoll](/wiki/Chuuk_Atoll \"Chuuk Atoll\"), [Micronesia](/wiki/Micronesia \"Micronesia\"). Production lasted several weeks (one in Chuuk and 2 in [Palau](/wiki/Palau \"Palau\")) during which they took several photographs and video footage around the island and the ocean; Cousteau and his team performed 4\\-5 dives a day.", "A location featured prominently was the [Chuuk Lagoon](/wiki/Chuuk_Lagoon \"Chuuk Lagoon\"), famous for the more than 100 [shipwrecks](/wiki/Shipwrecks \"Shipwrecks\") that sunk during [Operation Hailstone](/wiki/Operation_Hailstone \"Operation Hailstone\") of the WWII. The project was marked when one [torpedo](/wiki/Torpedo \"Torpedo\"), whose compressed air container of its [propulsion system](/wiki/Propulsion_system \"Propulsion system\") had rusted away, and exploded while the team were down.", "The plot was written simultaneously with the brainstorming and the reviewing and selection of the footage.", "### Marketing", "Since the game play was weak by gamers standards{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.hujar.com/RHCareer/kofun%20marketing%20campaign.htm \\|title\\=Enteractive \\- the Kofun Marketing Campaign \\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-07\\-26 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205114718/http://www.hujar.com/RHCareer/kofun%20marketing%20campaign.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=2016\\-02\\-05 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} special care was given to advertising which encompassed several media and highlight Cousteau's name and participation.", "Development problems encountered in late testing resulted in release delays, so the game was released in late November, after the hype subsided.", "" ]
Features -------- Prominent features of the system are: * It uses only unmodified letters from the [Latin alphabet](/wiki/Latin_alphabet "Latin alphabet") without [diacritics](/wiki/Diacritic "Diacritic"). * It spells all [vowels](/wiki/Vowel "Vowel") and [diphthongs](/wiki/Diphthong "Diphthong") with vowel letters: {{angbr\|a}}, {{angbr\|e}}, {{angbr\|i}}, {{angbr\|o}}, {{angbr\|u}}. + Single letters {{angbr\|a}}, {{angbr\|e}}, {{angbr\|i}}, {{angbr\|o}}, {{angbr\|u}} are [monophthongs](/wiki/Monophthongs "Monophthongs") (simple vowels), with the same value as in the [International Phonetic Alphabet](/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet "International Phonetic Alphabet") (IPA). + [Digraphs](/wiki/Digraph_%28orthography%29 "Digraph (orthography)") with trailing {{angbr\|e}} are monophthongs; {{angbr\|\[\[ae (digraph)\|ae]]}}, {{angbr\|\[\[oe (digraph)\|oe]]}}, {{angbr\|\[\[ue (digraph)\|ue]]}} sound like {{IPA\|/ɛ, ɤ, ɯ/}} respectively. + Digraphs and [trigraphs](/wiki/Trigraph_%28orthography%29 "Trigraph (orthography)") with trailing {{angbr\|a}}, {{angbr\|i}}, {{angbr\|o}} are [diphthongs](/wiki/Diphthongs "Diphthongs") and indicate IPA {{IPA\|/a, j, w/}} respectively. * It uses [consonants](/wiki/Consonant "Consonant") as in IPA except as follows: + Digraphs with {{angbr\|h}} ({{angbr\|\[\[ph (digraph)\|ph]]}}, {{angbr\|\[\[th (digraph)\|th]]}}, {{angbr\|\[\[kh (digraph)\|kh]]}}) are [aspirated](/wiki/Aspiration_%28phonetics%29 "Aspiration (phonetics)") {{IPA\|/pʰ, tʰ, kʰ/}} consonants to distinguish them from unaspirated {{angbr\|p}}, {{angbr\|t}}, {{angbr\|k}}. + It uses {{angbr\|\[\[ng (digraph)\|ng]]}} for {{IPA\|/ŋ/}}, as in English. + It uses {{angbr\|\[\[ch (digraph)\|ch]]}} for {{IPA\|/tɕʰ/}} and {{IPA\|/tɕ/}}, somewhat like English. + It uses {{angbr\|y}} for {{IPA\|/j/}}, as in English. Final consonants are transcribed according to pronunciation, not [Thai orthography](/wiki/Thai_orthography "Thai orthography"). Vowels are transcribed in the position in the word where they are pronounced, not as in Thai orthography. Implied vowels, which are not written in Thai orthography, are transcribed as pronounced. A hyphen is used to avoid ambiguity in syllable separation before a succeeding syllable that starts with a vowel and before {{angbr\|ng}} if the preceding syllable ends with a vowel. Transcribed words are written with spaces between them although there are [no spaces](/wiki/Scriptio_continua "Scriptio continua") in Thai. For example, "สถาบันไทยคดีศึกษา" *Institute of Thai Studies* is transcribed as "Sathaban Thai Khadi Sueksa". However, [compounds](/wiki/Compound_%28linguistics%29 "Compound (linguistics)") and names of persons are written without spaces between words. For example, "ลูกเสือ" (from "ลูก" \+ "เสือ", *scout*) is transcribed as "luksuea", not "luk suea", and "โชคชัย จิตงาม", the first and last names of a person, is transcribed as "Chokchai Chitngam", not "Chok Chai Chit Ngam".
[ "Features\n--------", "Prominent features of the system are:\n* It uses only unmodified letters from the [Latin alphabet](/wiki/Latin_alphabet \"Latin alphabet\") without [diacritics](/wiki/Diacritic \"Diacritic\").\n* It spells all [vowels](/wiki/Vowel \"Vowel\") and [diphthongs](/wiki/Diphthong \"Diphthong\") with vowel letters: {{angbr\\|a}}, {{angbr\\|e}}, {{angbr\\|i}}, {{angbr\\|o}}, {{angbr\\|u}}.\n\t+ Single letters {{angbr\\|a}}, {{angbr\\|e}}, {{angbr\\|i}}, {{angbr\\|o}}, {{angbr\\|u}} are [monophthongs](/wiki/Monophthongs \"Monophthongs\") (simple vowels), with the same value as in the [International Phonetic Alphabet](/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet \"International Phonetic Alphabet\") (IPA).\n\t+ [Digraphs](/wiki/Digraph_%28orthography%29 \"Digraph (orthography)\") with trailing {{angbr\\|e}} are monophthongs; {{angbr\\|\\[\\[ae (digraph)\\|ae]]}}, {{angbr\\|\\[\\[oe (digraph)\\|oe]]}}, {{angbr\\|\\[\\[ue (digraph)\\|ue]]}} sound like {{IPA\\|/ɛ, ɤ, ɯ/}} respectively.\n\t+ Digraphs and [trigraphs](/wiki/Trigraph_%28orthography%29 \"Trigraph (orthography)\") with trailing {{angbr\\|a}}, {{angbr\\|i}}, {{angbr\\|o}} are [diphthongs](/wiki/Diphthongs \"Diphthongs\") and indicate IPA {{IPA\\|/a, j, w/}} respectively.\n* It uses [consonants](/wiki/Consonant \"Consonant\") as in IPA except as follows:\n\t+ Digraphs with {{angbr\\|h}} ({{angbr\\|\\[\\[ph (digraph)\\|ph]]}}, {{angbr\\|\\[\\[th (digraph)\\|th]]}}, {{angbr\\|\\[\\[kh (digraph)\\|kh]]}}) are [aspirated](/wiki/Aspiration_%28phonetics%29 \"Aspiration (phonetics)\") {{IPA\\|/pʰ, tʰ, kʰ/}} consonants to distinguish them from unaspirated {{angbr\\|p}}, {{angbr\\|t}}, {{angbr\\|k}}.\n\t+ It uses {{angbr\\|\\[\\[ng (digraph)\\|ng]]}} for {{IPA\\|/ŋ/}}, as in English.\n\t+ It uses {{angbr\\|\\[\\[ch (digraph)\\|ch]]}} for {{IPA\\|/tɕʰ/}} and {{IPA\\|/tɕ/}}, somewhat like English.\n\t+ It uses {{angbr\\|y}} for {{IPA\\|/j/}}, as in English.", "Final consonants are transcribed according to pronunciation, not [Thai orthography](/wiki/Thai_orthography \"Thai orthography\").", "Vowels are transcribed in the position in the word where they are pronounced, not as in Thai orthography. Implied vowels, which are not written in Thai orthography, are transcribed as pronounced.", "A hyphen is used to avoid ambiguity in syllable separation before a succeeding syllable that starts with a vowel and before {{angbr\\|ng}} if the preceding syllable ends with a vowel.", "Transcribed words are written with spaces between them although there are [no spaces](/wiki/Scriptio_continua \"Scriptio continua\") in Thai. For example, \"สถาบันไทยคดีศึกษา\" *Institute of Thai Studies* is transcribed as \"Sathaban Thai Khadi Sueksa\". However, [compounds](/wiki/Compound_%28linguistics%29 \"Compound (linguistics)\") and names of persons are written without spaces between words. For example, \"ลูกเสือ\" (from \"ลูก\" \\+ \"เสือ\", *scout*) is transcribed as \"luksuea\", not \"luk suea\", and \"โชคชัย จิตงาม\", the first and last names of a person, is transcribed as \"Chokchai Chitngam\", not \"Chok Chai Chit Ngam\".", "" ]
History ------- There have been four versions of the RTGS, those promulgated in 1932, 1939, 1968 and 1999\. The general system was issued by the [Ministry of Public Instruction](/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_%28Thailand%29 "Ministry of Education (Thailand)") in 1932, and subsequent issues have been issued by the Royal Institute of Thailand. ### Table of changes | Letter | Initial position | | | | Final position | | | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1932 | 1939 | 1968 | 1999 | 1932 | 1939 | 1968 | 1999 | | จ | č | čh | ch | ch | t | | | | | ฤ | rư | rư | ru | rue | \- | | | | | ฤ | rơ | rœ | roe | roe | \- | | | | | ฤๅ | rư | rư | ru | rue | \- | | | | | ฦ | lư | lư | lu | lue | \- | | | | | ฦๅ | lư | lư | lu | lue | \- | | | | | Letter | Romanisation | | | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1932 | 1939 | 1968 | 1999 | | –ึ, –ื | ư | ư | u | ue | | แ–ะ, แ– | e̩ | æ | ae | ae | | เ–าะ, –อ | o̦ | ǫ | o | o | | เ–อะ, เ–ิ, เ–อ | ơ | œ | oe | oe | | เ–ือะ, เ–ือ | ưa | ưa | ua | uea | | –อย | o̦i | ǫi | oi | oi | | เ–ย | ơi | œi | oei | oei | | เ–ือย | ưai | ưai | uai | ueai | | –ิว | iu | iu | iu | io | | แ–็ว, แ–ว | e̩o | æo | aeo | aeo | | เ–ียว | iau | ieo | ieo | iao | ### 1932 version The general system was set up by a committee of the [Ministry of Public Instruction](/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_%28Thailand%29 "Ministry of Education (Thailand)") on the following principles:{{Citation\|date\=March 1941\|title \= A Notification of the Royal Institute concerning the Transcription of Thai Characters into the Roman\|journal \= The Journal of the Thailand Research Society\|volume \= XXXIII\|pages \= 49–65\|url\=http://www.siamese\-heritage.org/jsspdf/1941/JSS\_033\_1d\_RoyalInstituteTranscriptionOfThaiIntoRomanCharacters.pdf \| access\-date \= 20 September 2012 }} 1. The general system should be expandable to the precise system. 2. The general system should be based on pronunciation, and one sound should be represented by one symbol or letter. 3. The general system should be in consonance with the principles of Thai grammar, orthography, and pronunciation. 4. In selecting symbols or letters, account should be taken of existing types for printing and typewriting and of existing systems of transcription. The committee considered that for the general system, tone and quantity marks were unneeded. They would be provided for the precise system. The marks are accents above the vowels, one reason that the vowel symbols used to have no marks above them. ### 1939 version The 1939 issue allowed short vowels to be marked with a [breve](/wiki/Breve "Breve") (˘) where expedient. By contrast, the [ALA\-LC](/wiki/ALA-LC "ALA-LC") [transliteration](https://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/romanization/thai.pdf) uses the 1939 version with the addition of a [macron](/wiki/Macron_%28diacritic%29 "Macron (diacritic)") (¯) for long vowels and a [spiritus asper](/wiki/Rough_breathing "Rough breathing") (ʽ) to transliterate อ {{IPA\|/ʔ/}} as a consonant. The changes in vowel notation copied existing usage (æ, œ){{citation \| author \= Vajiravudh \| year \= 1913 \| title \= The Romanisation of Siamese Words. \| journal \= Journal of the Siam Society \| volume \= 9 \| issue \= 4 \| access\-date \= 2012\-07\-06 \| url \= http://www.siamese\-heritage.org/jsspdf/1911/JSS\_009\_4b\_KingVajiravudh\_RomanisationOfSiameseWords.pdf }} and [IPA notation](/wiki/History_of_the_IPA "History of the IPA") (æ, ǫ). ### Relationship to precise system The precise system was issued along with the general system in 1939\. A transliteration in the precise system could be converted to the general system by doing the following: 1. Removing parenthesised character 2. Replacing *ʽ* and *hʽ* by *h* 3. Removing length and tone markings 4. Removing *ḥ*, which corresponds to ะ {{IPA\|/ʔ/}}, which may be viewed as a length mark 5. Removing the character distinguishing dots below and primes 6. Changing *ay* and *aiy* to *ai* except before vowels 7. Changing *č* to *čh* 8. Changing *ie* to *ia*, *uo* to *ua* and *ưœ* to *ưa* The last set of changes removes a graphic distinction between vowels in closed syllables and vowels in open syllables. The *h* is added to *č* in the general system to make it easier to read. When the diacritic was subsequently removed, the *h* was justified as avoiding the misreading of the transliteration as {{IPA\|/k/}} or {{IPA\|/s/}} rather than the correct {{IPA\|/tɕ/}}. ### 1968 version The 1968 version removed diacritics, including the horn of *ư* and replaced the ligatures *æ* and *œ* by *ae* and *oe*. While that is more suitable as the standard transliteration for maps, it removed the contrast between the transcriptions of จ {{IPA\|/tɕ/}} and ช {{IPA\|/tɕʰ/}}, อึ {{IPA\|/ɯ/}} and อุ {{IPA\|/u/}}, เอือ {{IPA\|/ɯa/}} and อัว {{IPA\|/ua/}}, and โอ {{IPA\|/oː/}} and ออ {{IPA\|/ɔː/}}. ### 1999 version The 1999 version restored the distinction between the transcriptions of the pairs อึ {{IPA\|/ɯ/}} and อุ {{IPA\|/u/}} and เอือ {{IPA\|/ɯa/}} and อัว {{IPA\|/ua/}}. It also simplified the transliteration of final ว {{IPA\|/w/}}, which now is always transcribed \<o\>. ### Allowed variants The following variants have been allowed: | Preferred form | čh | æ | œ | ǫ | ơ | ư | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Alternative | ĉh | ae{{Citation\|date\=June 1960\|title \= Afterthoughts on the Romanization of Siamese\|journal \= \[\[Journal of the Siam Society]]\|volume \= XLVIII\|pages \= 29–68\|url\=http://www.siamese\-heritage.org/jsspdf/1951/JSS\_048\_1c\_Griswold\_AfterthoughtsOnRomanizationOfSiamese.pdf \| access\-date \= 24 September 2012 }} | oe | o̦ | oʼ | uʼ |
[ "History\n-------", "There have been four versions of the RTGS, those promulgated in 1932, 1939, 1968 and 1999\\. The general system was issued by the [Ministry of Public Instruction](/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_%28Thailand%29 \"Ministry of Education (Thailand)\") in 1932, and subsequent issues have been issued by the Royal Institute of Thailand.", "### Table of changes", "", "| Letter | Initial position | | | | Final position | | | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1932 | 1939 | 1968 | 1999 | 1932 | 1939 | 1968 | 1999 |\n| จ | č | čh | ch | ch | t | | | |\n| ฤ | rư | rư | ru | rue | \\- | | | |\n| ฤ | rơ | rœ | roe | roe | \\- | | | |\n| ฤๅ | rư | rư | ru | rue | \\- | | | |\n| ฦ | lư | lư | lu | lue | \\- | | | |\n| ฦๅ | lư | lư | lu | lue | \\- | | | |", "", "| Letter | Romanisation | | | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1932 | 1939 | 1968 | 1999 |\n| –ึ, –ื | ư | ư | u | ue |\n| แ–ะ, แ– | e̩ | æ | ae | ae |\n| เ–าะ, –อ | o̦ | ǫ | o | o |\n| เ–อะ, เ–ิ, เ–อ | ơ | œ | oe | oe |\n| เ–ือะ, เ–ือ | ưa | ưa | ua | uea |\n| –อย | o̦i | ǫi | oi | oi |\n| เ–ย | ơi | œi | oei | oei |\n| เ–ือย | ưai | ưai | uai | ueai |\n| –ิว | iu | iu | iu | io |\n| แ–็ว, แ–ว | e̩o | æo | aeo | aeo |\n| เ–ียว | iau | ieo | ieo | iao |", "### 1932 version", "The general system was set up by a committee of the [Ministry of Public Instruction](/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_%28Thailand%29 \"Ministry of Education (Thailand)\") on the following principles:{{Citation\\|date\\=March 1941\\|title \\= A Notification of the Royal Institute concerning the Transcription of Thai Characters into the Roman\\|journal \\= The Journal of the Thailand Research Society\\|volume \\= XXXIII\\|pages \\= 49–65\\|url\\=http://www.siamese\\-heritage.org/jsspdf/1941/JSS\\_033\\_1d\\_RoyalInstituteTranscriptionOfThaiIntoRomanCharacters.pdf\n\\| access\\-date \\= 20 September 2012\n}}\n1. The general system should be expandable to the precise system.\n2. The general system should be based on pronunciation, and one sound should be represented by one symbol or letter.\n3. The general system should be in consonance with the principles of Thai grammar, orthography, and pronunciation.\n4. In selecting symbols or letters, account should be taken of existing types for printing and typewriting and of existing systems of transcription.", "The committee considered that for the general system, tone and quantity marks were unneeded. They would be provided for the precise system. The marks are accents above the vowels, one reason that the vowel symbols used to have no marks above them.", "### 1939 version", "The 1939 issue allowed short vowels to be marked with a [breve](/wiki/Breve \"Breve\") (˘) where expedient. By contrast, the [ALA\\-LC](/wiki/ALA-LC \"ALA-LC\") [transliteration](https://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/romanization/thai.pdf) uses the 1939 version with the addition of a [macron](/wiki/Macron_%28diacritic%29 \"Macron (diacritic)\") (¯) for long vowels and a [spiritus asper](/wiki/Rough_breathing \"Rough breathing\") (ʽ) to transliterate อ {{IPA\\|/ʔ/}} as a consonant.", "The changes in vowel notation copied existing usage (æ, œ){{citation\n\\| author \\= Vajiravudh\n\\| year \\= 1913\n\\| title \\= The Romanisation of Siamese Words.\n\\| journal \\= Journal of the Siam Society\n\\| volume \\= 9\n\\| issue \\= 4\n\\| access\\-date \\= 2012\\-07\\-06\n\\| url \\= http://www.siamese\\-heritage.org/jsspdf/1911/JSS\\_009\\_4b\\_KingVajiravudh\\_RomanisationOfSiameseWords.pdf\n}}\nand [IPA notation](/wiki/History_of_the_IPA \"History of the IPA\") (æ, ǫ).", "### Relationship to precise system", "The precise system was issued along with the general system in 1939\\. A transliteration in the precise system could be converted to the general system by doing the following:\n1. Removing parenthesised character\n2. Replacing *ʽ* and *hʽ* by *h*\n3. Removing length and tone markings\n4. Removing *ḥ*, which corresponds to ะ {{IPA\\|/ʔ/}}, which may be viewed as a length mark\n5. Removing the character distinguishing dots below and primes\n6. Changing *ay* and *aiy* to *ai* except before vowels\n7. Changing *č* to *čh*\n8. Changing *ie* to *ia*, *uo* to *ua* and *ưœ* to *ưa*", "The last set of changes removes a graphic distinction between vowels in closed syllables and vowels in open syllables.", "The *h* is added to *č* in the general system to make it easier to read. When the diacritic was subsequently removed, the *h* was justified as avoiding the misreading of the transliteration as {{IPA\\|/k/}} or {{IPA\\|/s/}} rather than the correct {{IPA\\|/tɕ/}}.", "### 1968 version", "The 1968 version removed diacritics, including the horn of *ư* and replaced the ligatures *æ* and *œ* by *ae* and *oe*. While that is more suitable as the standard transliteration for maps, it removed the contrast between the transcriptions of จ {{IPA\\|/tɕ/}} and ช {{IPA\\|/tɕʰ/}}, อึ {{IPA\\|/ɯ/}} and อุ {{IPA\\|/u/}}, เอือ {{IPA\\|/ɯa/}} and อัว {{IPA\\|/ua/}}, and โอ {{IPA\\|/oː/}} and ออ {{IPA\\|/ɔː/}}.", "### 1999 version", "The 1999 version restored the distinction between the transcriptions of the pairs อึ {{IPA\\|/ɯ/}} and อุ {{IPA\\|/u/}} and เอือ {{IPA\\|/ɯa/}} and อัว {{IPA\\|/ua/}}. It also simplified the transliteration of final ว {{IPA\\|/w/}}, which now is always transcribed \\<o\\>.", "### Allowed variants", "The following variants have been allowed:", "| Preferred form | čh | æ | œ | ǫ | ơ | ư |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Alternative | ĉh | ae{{Citation\\|date\\=June 1960\\|title \\= Afterthoughts on the Romanization of Siamese\\|journal \\= \\[\\[Journal of the Siam Society]]\\|volume \\= XLVIII\\|pages \\= 29–68\\|url\\=http://www.siamese\\-heritage.org/jsspdf/1951/JSS\\_048\\_1c\\_Griswold\\_AfterthoughtsOnRomanizationOfSiamese.pdf \\| access\\-date \\= 24 September 2012 }} | oe | o̦ | oʼ | uʼ |", "", "" ]
Club history ------------ The [South London](/wiki/South_London "South London") area has a strong rugby league tradition, and many of [London](/wiki/London "London")’s most successful amateur clubs have come from this part of the capital. For nearly three decades clubs such as [Streatham Celtic](/wiki/Streatham_Celtic "Streatham Celtic"), [Peckham Pumas](/wiki/Peckham_Pumas "Peckham Pumas") and [South London Warriors](/wiki/South_London_Warriors "South London Warriors") dominated the London League, and between them they won the title over twenty times. The mid\-1990s heralded the demise of these once dominant clubs leaving the league without a club south of the Thames. To fill this void the current South London club was formed on 21 July 1997 by Jed Donnelly, Graeme Harker and Julian Critchley in a bar after [London Broncos](/wiki/London_Broncos%232006%E2%80%932011:Harlequins_Rugby_League "Harlequins Rugby League")' World Club Championship victory against Canberra Raiders on 21 July 1997\. Initially nicknamed 'the Saints', as one of the founder members was a supporter of St Helens, the fledgling club recruited many of its players from the recently defunct east London, [Bexleyheath](/wiki/Bexleyheath "Bexleyheath") and [Peckham](/wiki/Peckham "Peckham") outfits, and they approached the local rugby union club, Streatham\-Croydon, about basing themselves at their Frant Road ground. Storm's original colours were red and black. ### London League Saints were immediately accepted into the [London League](/wiki/London_League_%28rugby_league%29 "London League (rugby league)"), and in their debut season they finished third in the Second Division behind [Kingston](/wiki/Elmbridge_Eagles "Elmbridge Eagles") and [St Albans Centurions](/wiki/St_Albans_Centurions "St Albans Centurions"). That 1997/98 season culminated in an appearance in the [Gordon Anderton Memorial Trophy Final](/wiki/Gordon_Anderton_Memorial_Trophy_Final "Gordon Anderton Memorial Trophy Final") against [Reading Raiders](/wiki/Reading_Raiders "Reading Raiders") at the [New River Stadium](/wiki/White_Hart_Lane_Community_Sports_Centre "White Hart Lane Community Sports Centre"). The 24–28 was a cruel blow for a team that were considered to have enjoyed the better of the game, but two controversial Raiders’ tries in the closing two minutes sealed Saints’ fate. The 1998/99 season was one that promised much for Saints but, due to the near collapse of the league, that potential was largely unfulfilled, although South London did eventually emerge from the debris as runners\-up to the [London Colonials](/wiki/London_Colonials "London Colonials"). A second successive appearance in the Gordon Anderton Memorial Trophy Final again ended in defeat (28–32\), this time at the hands of a strong [Metropolitan Police](/wiki/Metropolitan_Police "Metropolitan Police") team. It was in February 1999 that the club launched its junior section, initially at U11 only. The bulk of the youngsters came from the neighbouring Whitehorse Manor School where Saints scrum\-half Lee Mason\-Ellis was a teacher. They made their competitive debut two months later against Kingston Warriors, at the time the only other junior club in the capital, losing narrowly in an exciting encounter. For the seniors, with the prospect of winter rugby league looking increasingly forlorn, South's thoughts turned to the new summer competition,Beyond the Heartlands – The History of the Rugby League Conference by Julian Harrison ({{ISBN\|9781903659175}} London League Publications Ltd) the [Rugby League Conference](/wiki/Rugby_League_Conference "Rugby League Conference"). The name of the club was changed to *South London Storm* as there were two other teams known as 'the Saints' in the Conference. Three months later the club was accepted into the Southern Division of the expanding competition. For the club's switch to summer in 2000 the colours were changed to maroon. ### 2000 It was a real baptism of fire for Storm in the RLC, as they managed only a single win – away at Kingston – to finish bottom of their group. The season opener at home to Oxford Cavaliers (4–62\) was covered by the Independent newspaper. Despite suffering a number of maulings (including a 2–100 loss at the hands of [Crawley Jets](/wiki/Crawley_Jets "Crawley Jets")), enthusiasm never waned and the club did much to raise the profile of the sport in this corner of the capital. Amazingly, Storm's season ended with an appearance in the [London League](/wiki/London_League_%28rugby_league%29 "London League (rugby league)") Final against [St Albans Centurions](/wiki/St_Albans_Centurions "St Albans Centurions"). But once again Storm were left frustrated as the [Hertfordshire](/wiki/Hertfordshire "Hertfordshire") side emerged victorious from a gripping encounter. A member of Storm's team that day, and Man of the Match, was [Ryan Jones](/wiki/Ryan_Jones "Ryan Jones") who went on the play for and captain the Welsh rugby union team, and who was a member of the [tour](/wiki/2005_British_%26_Irish_Lions_tour_to_New_Zealand "2005 British & Irish Lions tour to New Zealand") to New Zealand. The club made sporting history in October when the under\-11s played their counterparts from [Kingston Warriors](/wiki/Kingston_Warriors "Kingston Warriors") in the curtain raiser to the England vs Australia [Rugby League World Cup](/wiki/Rugby_League_World_Cup "Rugby League World Cup") clash at Twickenham. It was the first ever game of rugby league at union's headquarters and Storm's Mark Cole, cousin of England footballer [Joe Cole](/wiki/Joe_Cole "Joe Cole"), scored the first ever try at the stadium and Rob Harker scored the first ever hat\-trick of tries. South London Storm was still operating, albeit as a Masters XIII, as recently as 2014, playing 1/2 fixtures a year In 2017 they moved into Club Langley and played under the moniker of ‘Silverbacks’ for 3 seasons, during which a historic first ever Masters Tour to Canada was undertaken in June 2019 The first ever transatlantic Masters game between a UK Masters team against the Toronto Wolfpack Masters team at the Lamport stadium, followed by a further match against the Ontario Greybeards two days later As is the nomadic existence of Rugby League in south London, we move onto the next chapter of the South London Storm \- the South London Clippers Masters, playing out of Greenwich from 2020 #### Season's Record **First Grade** **Rugby League Conference South** * 06/05/2000 South London Storm 4 Oxford Cavaliers 62 * 13/05/2000 West London Sharks 60 South London Storm 6 * 20/05/2000 Crawley Jets 100 South London Storm 2 * 27/05/2000 South London Storm 24 Kingston Warriors 26 * 03/06/2000 South London Storm 8 St Albans Centurions 58 * 10/06/2000 South London Storm 8 North London Skolars 78 * 17/06/2000 Oxford Cavaliers 72 South London Storm 0 * 24/06/2000 South London Storm 0 West London Sharks 68 * 01/07/2000 South London Storm 6 Crawley Jets 90 * 08/07/2000 Kingston Warriors 16 South London Storm 24 * 15/07/2000 St Albans Centurions 50 South London Storm 10 * 22/07/2000 North London Skolars 70 South London Storm 14 | | Pld | W | D | L | F | A | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Home | 6 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 50 | 382 | | Away | 6 | 1 | 0 | 5 | 56 | 368 | ### 2001 2001 was a much improved year for the club and, although they won only three of their matches, Storm were a much more competitive outfit and got better as the year progressed, as narrow losses to the [West London Sharks](/wiki/West_London_Sharks "West London Sharks") and [North London Skolars](/wiki/London_Skolars "London Skolars") proved towards the end of the season. The trio of wins, against [Bedford Swifts](/wiki/Bedford_Swifts "Bedford Swifts") (22–6\), [Crewe Wolves](/wiki/Crewe_Wolves "Crewe Wolves") (20–16\) and [Kingston Warriors](/wiki/Kingston_Warriors "Kingston Warriors") (46–10\) all came in the second half of the season, after an opening sequence of six successive losses including a 6–100 drubbing at the hands of West London. The season was notable for scrum\-half Terry Reader's individual achievement of successfully kicking 29 successive conversions. #### Season's Record **First Grade** **Rugby League Conference South** * 05/05/2001 Bedford Swifts 38 South London Storm 10 * 12/05/2001 South London Storm 0 North London Skolars 90 * 19/05/2001 Crewe Wolves 36 South London Storm 25 * 26/05/2001 Crawley Jets 66 South London Storm 12 * 02/06/2001 South London Storm 26 Kingston Warriors 38 * 09/06/2001 West London Sharks 100 South London Storm 6 * 16/06/2001 South London Storm 22 Bedford Swifts 6 * 30/06/2001 North London Skolars 42 South London Storm 12 * 07/07/2001 South London Storm 20 Crewe Wolves 16 * 14/07/2001 South London Storm 12 Crawley Jets 72 * 21/07/2001 Kingston Warriors 10 South London Storm 46 * 04/08/2001 South London Storm 16 West London Sharks 41 | | Pld | W | D | L | F | A | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Home | 6 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 96 | 263 | | Away | 6 | 1 | 0 | 5 | 111 | 292 | ### 2002 2002 was the season when South London finally started to fulfil their potential. [New Zealander](/wiki/New_Zealand "New Zealand") [Anthony Lipscombe](/wiki/Anthony_Lipscombe "Anthony Lipscombe") took up the coaching reins, and brought about a steady improvement to the team's performances on the park. Storm's pre\-season preparation got off to a good start with a surprise success in the prestigious St Albans 9s Festival. Using a squad made up of mainly new players, they defeated their Centurion hosts quite comfortably in the Final. The regular season saw Storm suffer a succession of frustratingly narrow defeats – most by ten points or less – to finish bottom of the South Division, but it was in the end\-of\-season Shield Play Offs that saw the team hit form. Group wins over Kingston Warriors (28–22 and 36–4\) and [Oxford Cavaliers](/wiki/Oxford_Cavaliers "Oxford Cavaliers") (21–12 in both games), took South London to [Cheltenham](/wiki/Cheltenham "Cheltenham")’s [Prince of Wales Stadium](/wiki/Prince_of_Wales_Stadium "Prince of Wales Stadium") for a semi\-final clash with Crewe Wolves. It was a tough encounter that for long periods looked to be going Wolves’ way, but Storm dug in to prevail 21–14, courtesy of two late tries from Carl Zacharow and Keri Ryan. A fortnight later, also at the Prince of Wales Stadium, South London met [Bedford Swifts](/wiki/Bedford_Swifts "Bedford Swifts") in the [Rugby League Conference](/wiki/Rugby_League_Conference "Rugby League Conference") Shield Final, where they treated the large crowd, and the [Sky TV](/wiki/British_Sky_Broadcasting "British Sky Broadcasting") cameras, to an exhilarating display of running rugby. Storm ran in ten tries in a runaway 54–2 victory, Caro Wild led the way with a hat\-trick, Daniel Poireaudeau grabbed two, and Terry Reader, Keri Ryan, Nathan Price\-Saleh, Aaron Russell and Alun Watkins pitched in with one apiece. The final whistle sparked terrific celebrations both on the pitch and in the stand where Storm's large traveling support cheered Keri Ryan as he lifted the club's first ever major trophy. Once again Storm fielded a second team in the [London League](/wiki/London_League_%28rugby_league%29 "London League (rugby league)"), and although wins were hard to come by, only one all season, the players showed great enthusiasm with a number graduating to the first team. The season ended with the club's first overseas tour. A party of 24 travelled to the south of [France](/wiki/France "France") to play [French National One](/wiki/National_Division_1 "National Division 1") club [Realmont XIII](/wiki/Realmont_XIII "Realmont XIII"). In front of a crowd of 750 – a quarter of the town's population – Storm put up a brave performance, but were eventually downed 18–36\. To round off the club's most successful season ever, Captain Keri Ryan was named at stand\-off in the 2002 Rugby League Conference Dream Team, and full\-back Corey Simms was named the competition's Young Player Of The Year. Fittingly, the club was also presented with the award for Rugby League Conference Club of The Year 2002\. #### Season's Record **First Grade** **Rugby League Conference South** * 04/05/2002 Kingston Warriors 36 South London Storm 22 * 11/05/2002 South London Storm 20 West London Sharks 32 * 18/05/2002 North London Skolars 66 South London Storm 16 * 25/05/2002 Oxford Cavaliers 40 South London Storm 30 * 01/06/2002 South London Storm 16 Crawley Jets 48 * 08/06/2002 South London Storm 42 Kingston Warriors 18 * 22/06/2002 West London Sharks 32 South London Storm 18 * 29/06/2002 South London Storm 6 North London Skolars 50 * 06/07/2002 South London Storm 38 Oxford Cavaliers 50 * 13/07/2002 Crawley Jets 80 South London Storm 0 | | Pld | W | D | L | F | A | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Home | 5 | 1 | 0 | 4 | 122 | 198 | | Away | 5 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 86 | 254 | **RLC Shield Play Offs** * 27/07/2002 Kingston Warriors 22 South London Storm 28 (Group) * 03/08/2002 South London Storm 20 Oxford Cavaliers 12 (Group) * 10/08/2002 South London Storm 36 Kingston Warriors 4 (Group) * 17/08/2002 Oxford Cavaliers 12 South London Storm 20 (Group) * 24/08/2002 Crewe Wolves 14 South London Storm 21 (Semi\-Final) * 31/08/2002 South London Storm 54 Bedford Swifts 2 (Final) | | Pld | W | D | L | F | A | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Home | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 56 | 16 | | Away | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 48 | 34 | | Neutral | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 75 | 16 | ### 2003 Buoyed by their success in the RLC Shield, Storm were encouraged to apply for membership of the newly formed [National League Three](/wiki/National_League_Three "National League Three"). The application was successful, however, following a number of internal meetings the club reluctantly decided against taking the step up and instead remain in the RLC. However, only four weeks before the start of the season local rivals Crawley Jets folded, and Storm accepted the RFL's last minute invitation to participate in NL3\. The club also entered a second team in the RLC, and employed the first full\-time Rugby League Development Officer in the area, accelerating the junior development program started by volunteers in 2000\. Under the South London Storm “umbrella” are the three junior feeder clubs formed – the Croydon Hurricanes, Thornton Heath Tornadoes, and the Brixton Bulls. Coached by ex\-London Broncos player Darryl Pitt, the club opened their league campaign with an against\-the\-odds 24–16 victory over Huddersfield Underbank Rangers. It was a win that was all the more remarkable for the fact that they were down to 12 men after only 5 seconds; prop Mick Smith having been sent off in the first tackle. Storm registered a further five wins in the season but missed out on the end of season play\-offs. The club made a second tour to France in September, losing 22–48 against a [Salses XIII](/wiki/Salses_XIII "Salses XIII") line up containing three ex\-French internationals. In November Storm played a charity match against an Australian Legends of League side including the likes of [Jason Hetherington](/wiki/Jason_Hetherington "Jason Hetherington"), [Trevor Gillmeister](/wiki/Trevor_Gillmeister "Trevor Gillmeister"), [Craig Coleman](/wiki/Craig_Coleman "Craig Coleman"), [Andrew Farrar](/wiki/Andrew_Farrar "Andrew Farrar") and [Peter Tunks](/wiki/Peter_Tunks "Peter Tunks"). Both teams served the enthusiastic crowd of three or four hundred with an exciting end\-to\-end contest played in a manner befitting the occasion. The result was irrelevant; although for the record the score was 24–20 in favour of the Legends. That same month Storm played their first ever Rugby League [Challenge Cup](/wiki/Challenge_Cup "Challenge Cup") game when they hosted National Conference side West Bowling in the preliminary round, losing 4–36\. In 2003 Storm were represented at International level for the first time when U15 player [Adam Janowski](/wiki/Adam_Janowski "Adam Janowski") was selected to play for England U15s against their Welsh counterparts at Easter. #### Season's Record **Rugby League Conference Cup** * 03/03/2003 South London Storm 24 West London Sharks 24 * 09/03/2003 Greenwich Admirals 6 South London Storm 16 * 16/03/2003 North London Skolars 34 South London Storm 20 * 23/03/2003 South London Storm 14 North London Skolars 15 * 30/03/2003 West London Sharks 16 South London Storm 30 * 05/04/2003 South London Storm 62 Greenwich Admirals 20 * 13/04/2003 Aberavon Fighting Irish 10 South London Storm 44 (Quarter\-Final) * 18/04/2003 North London Skolars 28 South London Storm 19 (Semi\-Final) | | Pld | W | D | L | F | A | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Home | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 100 | 59 | | Away | 5 | 3 | 0 | 2 | 129 | 94 | **First Grade** **National League 3** * 03/05/2003 South London Storm 24 Huddersfield Underbank Rangers 16 * 10/05/2003 Dudley Hill 42 South London Storm 0 * 17/05/2003 Coventry Bears 20 South London Storm 14 * 31/05/2003 South London Storm 28 Sheffield Hillsborough Hawks 22 * 07/06/2003 Manchester Knights 2 South London Storm 42 * 14/06/2003 St Albans Centurions 38 South London Storm 18 * 21/06/2003 Sheffield Hillsborough Hawks 36 South London Storm 10 * 28/06/2003 South London Storm 26 Hemel Stags 8 * 05/07/2003 South London Storm 6 St Albans Centurions 28 * 12/06/2003 South London Storm 32 Teesside Steelers 36 * 19/07/2003 Hemel Stags 16 South London Storm 22 * 26/06/2003 South London Storm 4 [Woolston Rovers](/wiki/Woolston_Rovers "Woolston Rovers") ([Warrington](/wiki/Warrington "Warrington")) 32 * 02/08/2003 South London Storm 34 Coventry Bears 22 * 09/08/2003 [Woolston Rovers](/wiki/Woolston_Rovers "Woolston Rovers") ([Warrington](/wiki/Warrington "Warrington")) 44 South London Storm 14 | | Pld | W | D | L | F | A | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Home | 7 | 4 | 0 | 3 | 154 | 166 | | Away | 7 | 2 | 0 | 5 | 120 | 198 | **Second Grade** **Rugby League Conference South** * 03/05/2003 Gosport Vikings 80 South London Storm 4 * 10/05/2003 South London Storm 16 Greenwich Admirals 40 * 17/05/2003 South London Storm 18 Hemel Stags 12 * 31/05/2003 South London Storm 0 Crawley Jets 88 * 07/06/2003 South London Storm 14 Gosport Vikings 24 * 14/06/2003 West London Sharks 88 South London Storm 12 * 28/06/2003 Greenwich Admirals 62 South London Storm 8 * 05/07/2003 South London Storm 16 Kingston Warriors 26 * 12/07/2003 North London Skolars 82 South London Storm 8 * 19/07/2003 Crawley Jets 88 South London Storm 6 | | Pld | W | D | L | F | A | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Home | 5 | 1 | 0 | 4 | 64 | 190 | | Away | 5 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 36 | 406 | ### 2004 Storm again participated in National League Three and after victories in their opening three games, against Manchester, Bradford Dudley Hill and Birmingham, they topped the division for the one and only time. However, after the promising start, the season tailed off and once again Storm narrowly missed out on the play\-offs. During the year Storm were awarded the Active Sports Club of the Year award from 400 participating sports clubs signed up to the Active Sports program, the biggest sports development programme in London. The club also embarked on a historic tour to Australia – the first British Rugby League team to tour Australia since 1997 – with games against [Beerwah](/wiki/Beerwah%2C_Queensland "Beerwah, Queensland") Bulldogs and [Gympie](/wiki/Gympie "Gympie") Devils in [Sunshine Coast, Queensland](/wiki/Sunshine_Coast%2C_Queensland "Sunshine Coast, Queensland"). The season closed with a second tour of the year, this time to Toulouse, where they drew 22–22 against Villeneuve Tolosane. #### Season's Record **First Grade** **National League 3** * 01/05/2004 Manchester Knights 12 South London Storm 28 * 08/05/2004 South London Storm 18 Bradford Dudley Hill 15 * 22/05/2004 South London Storm 26 Birmingham Bulldogs 14 * 29/05/2004 St Albans Centurions 30 South London Storm 22 * 31/05/2004 South London Storm 54 Essex Eels 18 * 05/06/2004 Sheffield Hillsborough Hawks 26 South London Storm 18 * 12/06/2004 South London Storm 26 Bramley Buffaloes 20 * 26/06/2004 Coventry Bears 46 South London Storm 14 * 03/07/2004 Gateshead Storm 20 South London Storm 32 * 10/07/2004 South London Storm v [Woolston Rovers](/wiki/Woolston_Rovers "Woolston Rovers") ([Warrington](/wiki/Warrington "Warrington")) (Match abandoned) * 17/07/2004 Huddersfield Underbank Rangers 24 South London Storm 24 * 24/07/2004 South London Storm 36 Carlisle Centurions 16 * 31/07/2004 Birmingham Bulldogs 32 South London Storm 30 * 07/08/2004 South London Storm 20 St Albans Centurions 24 * 14/08/2004 Essex Eels 14 South London Storm 54 * 21/08/2004 South London Storm 34 Sheffield Hillsborough Hawks 35 * 28/08/2004 Bramley Buffaloes 32 South London Storm 18 * 30/08/2004 Hemel Stags 54 South London Storm 6 * 04/09/2004 South London Storm 12 Hemel Stags 38 * 11/09/2004 South London Storm 18 Coventry Bears 28 | | Pld | W | D | L | F | A | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Home | 9\* | 5 | 0 | 4 | 244 | 208 | | Away | 10 | 3 | 1 | 6 | 246 | 290 | * Home match versus [Woolston Rovers](/wiki/Woolston_Rovers "Woolston Rovers") ([Warrington](/wiki/Warrington "Warrington")) abandoned due to an injury. **Second Grade** **Rugby League Conference South** * 01/05/2004 Kingston Warriors 58 South London Storm 0 * 08/05/2004 South London Storm 20 Gosport \& Fareham Vikings 22 * 22/05/2004 West London Sharks 54 South London Storm 16 * 05/06/2004 Greenwich Admirals 46 South London Storm 6 * 12/06/2004 South London Storm 24 Kingston Warriors 42 * 19/06/2004 Gosport \& Fareham Vikings 46 South London Storm 12 * 26/06/2004 South London Storm 0 West London Sharks 88 * 03/07/2004 South London Storm 10 Greenwich Admirals 44 | | Pld | W | D | L | F | A | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Home | 4 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 54 | 196 | | Away | 4 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 34 | 194 | ### 2005 As the cost of travelling to places as far afield as Carlisle and Gateshead began to spiral, Storm took the decision to apply for, and were admitted to, the newly created [RLC South Premier](/wiki/Rugby_League_Conference_South_Premier "Rugby League Conference South Premier") for the 2005 season and appointed Rob Powell as Director of Coaching. The season proved to be a success with the club winning its first round Rugby League [Challenge Cup](/wiki/Challenge_Cup "Challenge Cup") match against [West London Sharks](/wiki/West_London_Sharks "West London Sharks") (24–20\) in front of a crowd of 1,000\. However, the Powergen Challenge Cup run came to an end in the second round when they were beaten 50–24 at Castleford Lock Lane, despite having surprising led at half\-time. During the RLC South Premier campaign the first team dominated the group and won all but one game during the season. The team lost in the national semi\-final against [Bridgend Blue Bulls](/wiki/Bridgend_Blue_Bulls "Bridgend Blue Bulls"), the competition's eventual winners, but the season ended on a high by beating the other 85 clubs to the RLC Club of the Year award for the 2nd time in 4 years. #### Season's Record **First Grade** **Rugby League Conference Premier South** * 07/05/2005 South London Storm 82 Ipswich Rhinos 6 * 14/05/2005 London Skolars A 0 South London Storm 64 * 21/05/2005 South London Storm 72 Sunderland Nissan 6 * 28/05/2005 South London Storm 46 Greenwich Admirals 0 * 04/06/2005 Luton Vipers 4 South London Storm 68 * 11/06/2005 South London Storm 52 West London Sharks 14 * 18/06/2005 Sunderland Nissan 4 South London Storm 76 * 25/06/2005 Ipswich Rhinos 16 South London Storm 24 * 02/07/2005 South London Storm 94 London Skolars A 4 * 09/07/2005 Greenwich Admirals 4 South London Storm 76 * 16/07/2005 South London Storm vs Luton Vipers – Won: Walkover * 23/07/2005 West London Sharks 46 South London Storm 10 | | Pld | W | D | L | F | A | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Home | 5\* | 5 | 0 | 0 | 346 | 30 | | Away | 6 | 5 | 0 | 1 | 318 | 74 | * Luton Vipers forfeit a fixture **RLC Premier Play Offs** * 30/07/2005 South London Storm 70 West London Sharks 6 (Divisional Play Off) * 13/08/2005 South London Storm 24 West London Sharks 8 (Divisional Final) * 21/08/2005 Bridgend Blue Bulls 34 South London Storm 18 (National Semi\-Final) | | Pld | W | D | L | F | A | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Home | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 94 | 14 | | Neutral | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 18 | 34 | **Second Grade** **Rugby League Conference South** * 07/05/2005 South London Storm 28 Hemel Stags 36 * 21/05/2005 South London Storm 38 West London 52 * 28/05/2005 [Haringey Hornets](/wiki/London_Skolars "London Skolars") 50 South London Storm 12 * 04/06/2005 Kingston Warriors 41 South London Storm 18 * 11/06/2005 Hemel Stags 42 South London Storm 18 * 25/06/2005 West London Sharks 46 South London Storm 16 * 02/07/2005 South London Storm 18 [Haringey Hornets](/wiki/London_Skolars "London Skolars") 48 * 09/07/2005 South London Storm 6 Kingston Warriors 100 | | Pld | W | D | L | F | A | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Home | 4 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 88 | 236 | | Away | 4 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 66 | 179 | ### 2006 The 2006 summer season was to be the most successful for South London Storm as a club, with both senior teams winning their leagues, successes for the 4 Storm youth clubs, and the first team being crowned RLC National Champions. Despite pressure from the [Ipswich Rhinos](/wiki/Ipswich_Rhinos "Ipswich Rhinos"), Storm once again won the South division of the RLC Premier. After disposing of the Bridgend team in the semi\-final, they crushed the East Lancashire Lions in the final at Broadstreet RUFC by 30 points to nil. This rounded off a successful season that included the [London League](/wiki/London_League_%28rugby_league%29 "London League (rugby league)") title for the second team who defeated Luton Vipers in the Final. #### Season's Record **First Grade** **Rugby League Conference Premier South** * 29/04/2006 South London Storm 54 West London Sharks 24 * 06/05/2006 South London Storm 30 Coventry Bears 18 * 13/05/2006 South London Storm 34 [Haringey Hornets](/wiki/London_Skolars "London Skolars") 28 * 20/05/2006 Essex Eels 6 South London Storm 68 * 27/05/2006 South London Storm 46 Kingston Warriors 18 * 10/06/2006 Ipswich Rhinos 32 South London Storm 14 * 17/06/2006 West London Sharks 34 South London Storm 24 * 24/06/2006 Coventry Bears 28 South London Storm 32 * 01/07/2006 [Haringey Hornets](/wiki/London_Skolars "London Skolars") 30 South London Storm 34 * 08/07/2006 South London Storm 80 Kingston Warriors 12 * 29/07/2006 South London Storm 46 Ipswich Rhinos 8 | | Pld | W | D | L | F | A | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Home | 6 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 290 | 108 | | Away | 5 | 3 | 0 | 2 | 172 | 130 | **RLC Premier Play Offs** * 12/08/2006 South London Storm 52 Ipswich Rhinos 10 (Divisional Final) * 20/08/2006 South London Storm 32 Bridgend Blue Bulls 12 (National Semi\-Final) * 03/09/2006 East Lancashire Lions 0 South London Storm 30 (Jepson Trophy Final) | | Pld | W | D | L | F | A | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Home | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 52 | 10 | | Neutral | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 62 | 12 | **Second Grade** **London League** * 29/04/2006 South London Storm 66 West London Sharks 22 * 06/05/2006 West London Sharks 36 South London Storm 20 * 13/05/2006 Bedford Tigers 16 South London Storm 32 * 20/05/2006 Southend Seaxes 14 South London Storm 40 * 27/05/2006 Kentish Tigers 24 South London Storm 33 * 17/06/2006 West London Sharks 38 South London Storm 38 * 24/06/2006 Luton Vipers 54 South London Storm 6 * 08/07/2006 Smallford Saints 40 South London Storm 38 * 22/07/2006 South London Storm 38 West London Sharks 26 | | Pld | W | D | L | F | A | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Home | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 104 | 48 | | Away | 7 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 197 | 222 | **London League Play Offs** * 06/08/2006 South London Storm 44 Bedford Tigers 14 (Semi\-Final) * 12/06/2006 South London Storm 52 Luton Vipers 20 (Final) | | Pld | W | D | L | F | A | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Home | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 96 | 34 | | ### 2007 After the success of the previous season, 2007 was always going to be a tough year. Coach Rob Powell moved on to Super League's Harlequins RL, and was replaced by Andy Gilvary and Dave Wilson. Meanwhile, ten of the Grand Final winning team moved on to pastures new. The season kicked off with a [Challenge Cup](/wiki/Challenge_Cup "Challenge Cup") First Round game away to [Thornhill Trojans](/wiki/Thornhill_Trojans "Thornhill Trojans"), but playing out of season the Londoners were no match for the [National Conference League](/wiki/National_Conference_League "National Conference League") Premier Division side and lost 18–58\. #### Season's Record **First Grade** **Rugby League Conference Premier South** * 14/04/2007 West London Sharks 16 South London Storm 56 * 28/04/2007 South London Storm 26 St Albans Centurions 22 * 12/05/2007 South London Storm 18 Ipswich Rhinos 4 * 19/05/2007 West London Sharks 28 South London Storm 32 * 26/05/2007 London Skolars A 26 South London Storm 42 * 02/06/2007 South London Storm 74 Kent Ravens 2 * 09/06/2007 South London Storm 22 London Skolars 22 * 16/06/2007 South London Storm vs Kingston Warriors – Won: Walkover * 30/06/2007 Ipswich Rhinos 25 South London Storm 24 * 07/07/2007 South London Storm 36 West London Sharks 18 * 15/07/2007 St Albans Centurions 32 South London Storm 16 * 21/07/2007 Kent Ravens 0 South London Storm 66 * 28/07/2007 South London Storm 32 London Skolars A 33 * 04/08/2007 South London Storm 56 Kingston Warriors 22 | | Pld | W | D | L | F | A | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Home | 7 | 5 | 1 | 1 | 264 | 123 | | Away | 6 | 4 | 0 | 2 | 236 | 127 | **RLC Premier Play Offs** * 11/08/2007 South London Storm 48 London Skolars 24 (Divisional Semi\-Final) * 18/08/2007 South London Storm 10 St Albans Centurions 18 (Divisional Final) | | Pld | W | D | L | F | A | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Home | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 48 | 24 | | Neutral | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 10 | 18 | **Second Grade** **London League** * 28/04/2007 South London Storm 22 London Griffins 38 * 12/05/2007 South London Storm 26 Southgate Skolars 29 * 19/05/2007 West London Sharks 56 South London Storm 14 * 02/06/2007 South London Storm 82 Kent Ravens 10 * 16/06/2007 South London Storm 42 Smallford Saints 18 * 23/06/2007 Farnborough Falcons 40 South London Storm 28 * 07/07/2007 South London Storm 18 West London Sharks 24 * 14/07/2007 Southgate Skolars 72 South London Storm 6 * 21/07/2007 Kent Ravens 18 South London Storm 30 | | Pld | W | D | L | F | A | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Home | 5 | 2 | 0 | 3 | 190 | 119 | | Away | 4 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 78 | 186 | **London League Play Offs** * 04/08/2007 St Albans Centurions 40 South London Storm 22 (Quarter\-Final) | | Pld | W | D | L | F | A | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Away | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 22 | 40 | ### 2008 Storm once again reached the RLC Premier South Grand Final but were defeated 20–24 by [West London Sharks](/wiki/West_London_Sharks "West London Sharks"), with the game\-breaking try coming two minutes from the end of the match. #### Season's Record **First Grade** **Rugby League Conference Premier South** * 19/04/2008 Ipswich Rhinos 32 South London Storm 12 * 03/05/2008 St Albans Centurions 32 South London Storm 12 * 10/05/2008 South London Storm 22 West London Sharks 48 * 17/05/2008 London Skolars 12 South London Storm 30 * 24/05/2008 US Portsmouth 22 South London Storm 16 * 07/06/2008 South London Storm 70 Elmbridge 8 * 14/06/2008 South London Storm 36 Ipswich Rhinos 16 * 21/06/2008 South London Storm 42 St Albans Centurions 10 * 28/06/2008 West London Sharks 38 South London Storm 10 * 05/07/2008 South London Storm 44 London Skolars 12 * 12/07/2008 South London Storm 58 US Portsmouth 14 * 26/07/2008 Elmbridge 22 South London Storm 58 | | Pld | W | D | L | F | A | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Home | 6 | 5 | 0 | 1 | 272 | 108 | | Away | 6 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 138 | 158 | **RLC Premier Play Offs** * 09/08/2008 South London Storm 20 Ipswich Rhinos 14 (Divisional Semi\-Final) * 16/08/2008 West London Sharks 24 South London Storm 20 (Divisional Final) | | Pld | W | D | L | F | A | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Home | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 20 | 14 | | Away | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 22 | 24 | **Second Grade** **London League** * 03/05/2008 St Albans Centurions 14 South London Storm 12 * 10/05/2008 South London Storm 24 West London Sharks 42 * 17/05/2008 Southgate Skolars 12 South London Storm 16 * 07/06/2008 Kent Ravens 54 South London Storm 42 * 28/06/2008 West London Sharks 62 South London Storm 14 * 14/07/2008 South London Storm 48 Southampton Spitfires 18 * 12/07/2008 Feltham YOI 52 South London Storm 64 * 23/07/2008 South London Storm 26 Metropolitan Police 34 * 26/07/2008 South London Storm 34 Kent Ravens 30 | | Pld | W | D | L | F | A | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Home | 4 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 132 | 124 | | Away | 5 | 2 | 0 | 3 | 148 | 194 | **London League Play Offs** * 02/08/2008 Southampton Spitfires 44 South London Storm 20 (Quarter\-Final) | | Pld | W | D | L | F | A | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Away | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 20 | 44 | ### 2009 Storm will again participate in the Premier South Division of the RLC. Their opposing teams will be Bedford Tigers, Elmbridge, Hainault Bulldogs, Ipswich Rhinos, London Skolars A, St Albans Centurions, Portsmouth Navy Seahawks and West London Sharks. #### Season's Record **First Grade** **Rugby League Conference Premier South** * 13/04/09 London Skolars 22 South London Storm 54 * 25/04/09 Elmbridge 10 South London Storm 54 * 02/05/09 Portsmouth Navy Seahawks 24 South London Storm 80 * 09/05/09 South London Storm 66 Hainault Bulldogs 4 * 16/05/09 South London Storm 102 Bedford Tigers 12 * 23/05/09 St Albans Centurions 20 South London Storm 48 * 30/05/09 South London Storm 56 London Skolars 18 * 06/06/09 West London Sharks 8 South London Storm 24 * 13/06/09 Ipswich Rhinos 14 South London Storm 26 * 27/06/09 South London Storm 73 Portsmouth Navy Seahawks 30 * 04/07/09 Bedford Tigers vs South London Storm – Won: Walkover * 11/07/09 South London Storm 40 St Albans Centurions 10 * 18/07/09 South London Storm 40 West London Sharks 30 * 25/07/09 South London Storm vs Ipswich Rhinos – Won: Walkover | | Pld | W | D | L | F | A | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Home | 6\* | 6 | 0 | 0 | 380 | 84 | | Away | 6\* | 6 | 0 | 0 | 286 | 114 | * Bedford Tigers and Ipswich Rhinos each forfeit a fixture. **RLC Premier Play Offs** * 15/08/09 South London Storm 58 Ipswich Rhinos 12 (Divisional Semi\-Final) * 22/08/09 South London Storm 16 West London Sharks 26 (Divisional Final) | | Pld | W | D | L | F | A | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Home | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 74 | 38 | | **Second Grade** **London League** * 25/04/09 Guildford Giants 20 South London Storm 28 * 16/05/09 South London Storm 6 Hammersmith Hills Hoists 54 * 23/05/09 St Albans Centurions 10 South London Storm 56 * 06/06/09 West London Sharks 34 South London Storm 36 * 24/06/09 Hammersmith Hills Hoists 64 South London Storm 14 * 27/06/09 South London Storm 48 Sussex Merlins 34 * 25/07/09 South London Storm 66 Hemel Stags 14 * 02/08/09 Sussex Merlins 40 South London Storm 34 | | Pld | W | D | L | F | A | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Home | 3 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 120 | 102 | | Away | 5 | 2 | 0 | 3 | 166 | 170 | **London League Play Offs** * 16/08/09 Hemel Stags 24 South London Storm 16 (Semi\-Final) | | Pld | W | D | L | F | A | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Away | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 16 | 24 | **Academy Grade** * 18/04/09 Kent Ravens 18 South London Storm 28 * 25/04/09 South London Storm 40 Medway Dragons 6 * 09/05/09 South London Storm 40 Greenwich Admirals 16 * 06/06/09 Medway Dragons 22 South London Storm 20 * 18/07/09 South London Storm 46 Greenwich Admirals 26 (Final at Staines RFC) | | Pld | W | D | L | F | A | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Home | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 80 | 22 | | Away | 3 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 94 | 66 | ### 2010 #### Season's Record **First Grade** **Rugby League Conference Premier South** * 01/05/10 West London Sharks 34 South London Storm 20 * 08/05/10 South London Storm vs Portsmouth Navy Seahawks – Won: Walkover * 15/05/10 Hainault Bulldogs 34 South London Storm 28 * 22/05/10 South London Storm 56 Eastern Rhinos 10 * 29/05/10 St Albans Centurions 36 South London Storm 4 * 05/06/10 Hammersmith Hillhoists 36 South London Storm 32 * 19/06/10 South London Storm 38 London Skolars 6 * 26/06/10 South London Storm 16 West London Sharks 58 * 03/07/10 South London Storm 48 Portsmouth Navy Seahawks 28 * 10/07/10 South London Storm 50 Hainaut Bulldogs 42 * 17/07/10 Eastern Rhinos 30 South London Storm 22 * 24/07/10 South London Storm 6 St Albans Centurions 60 * 31/07/10 South London Storm 18 Hammersmith Hillhoists 52 * 07/08/10 London Skolars vs South London Storm – Won: Walkover | | Pld | W | D | L | F | A | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Home | 7\* | 4 | 0 | 3 | 232 | 256 | | Away | 5\* | 0 | 0 | 5 | 108 | 170 | * Not including games forfeited by Portsmouth (h) and London Skolars (a). **Second Grade** **Rugby League Conference** * 01/05/10 South London Storm 40 Guildford Giants 22 * 08/05/10 South London Storm 40 Southampton Spitfires 14 * 15/05/10 South London Storm 54 Sussex Merlins 22 * 22/05/10 Elmbridge Eagles 90 South London Storm 4 * 05/06/09 South London Storm 98 Swindon St George 0 * 09/06/10 Greenwich Admirals 14 South London Storm 16 * 12/06/10 Oxford Cavaliers 24 South London Storm 40 * 19/06/10 Guildford Giants 62 South London Storm 12 * 26/06/10 Southampton Spitfires vs South London Storm – Lost: Walkover * 03/07/10 Sussex Merlins 50 South London Storm 20 * 10/07/10 South London Storm 4 Elmbridge Eagles 72 * 17/07/10 South London Storm 6 Greenwich Admirals 64 * 24/07/10 Swindon St George vs South London Storm – Lost: Walkover * 31/07/10 South London Storm vs Oxford Cavaliers – Won: Walkover | | Pld | W | D | L | F | A | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Home | 6 | 4 | 0 | 2 | 242 | 194 | | Away | 5 | 2 | 0 | 3 | 92 | 240 | ### 2011 #### Season's Record **First Grade** **Rugby League Conference Premier South** * 30/04/11 South London Storm 26 St Albans Centurions 32 * 07/05/11 Eastern Rhinos 46 South London Storm 14 * 14/05/11 West London Sharks 28 South London Storm 18 * 21/05/11 Hainault Bulldogs 14 South London Storm 40 * 04/06/11 Hammersmith Hills Hoists 30 South London Storm 6 * 11/06/11 St Albans Centurions 46 South London Storm 10 * 28/06/11 South London Storm 22 Eastern Rhinos 32 (@ St Albans) * 25/06/11 South London Storm 24 West London Sharks 22 * 02/07/11 South London Storm 32 London Skolars 18 * 09/07/11 South London Storm 18 Hammersmith Hills Hoists 62 * 16/07/11 South London Storm 24 Eastern Rhinos 42 * 23/07/11 South London Storm 20 West London Sharks 22 * 30/07/11 Hammersmith Hills Hoists vs South London Storm | | Pld | W | D | L | F | A | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Home | 6 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 144 | 196 | | Away | 5 | 1 | 0 | 4 | 88 | 164 | | Neutral | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 22 | 32 | **Second Grade** **London League** * 07/05/11 London Skolars 'A' 56 South London Storm 16 * 21/05/11 Phantoms RL 4 South London Storm 70 * 04/06/11 Hammersmith Hills Hoists 'A' 60 South London Storm 20 * 18/06/11 St Albans Centurions 'A' 24 South London Storm 10 * 18/06/11 Bedford Tigers 'A' 16 South London Storm 10 (@ St Albans) * 25/06/11 South London Storm 0 Mudchute Uncles 28 * 09/07/11 South London Storm 18 Hammersmith Hills Hoists 'A' 36 * 16/07/11 South London Storm vs Hemel Stags 'A' * 23/07/11 South London Storm vs Greenwich Admirals 'A' * 30/07/11 Hammersmith Hills Hoists 'A' vs South London Storm | | Pld | W | D | L | F | A | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Home | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 18 | 64 | | Away | 4 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 116 | 144 | | Neutral | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 10 | 16 | ### Challenge Cup Record * 29/11/2003 South London Storm 4 West Bowling 36 (1st Round) * 05/02/2005 South London Storm 24 West London Sharks 20 (1st Round) * 19/02/2005 Castleford Lock Lane 50 South London Storm 24 (2nd Round) * 03/02/2007 Thornhill Trojans 58 South London Storm 18 (1st Round)
[ "Club history\n------------", "The [South London](/wiki/South_London \"South London\") area has a strong rugby league tradition, and many of [London](/wiki/London \"London\")’s most successful amateur clubs have come from this part of the capital. For nearly three decades clubs such as [Streatham Celtic](/wiki/Streatham_Celtic \"Streatham Celtic\"), [Peckham Pumas](/wiki/Peckham_Pumas \"Peckham Pumas\") and [South London Warriors](/wiki/South_London_Warriors \"South London Warriors\") dominated the London League, and between them they won the title over twenty times. The mid\\-1990s heralded the demise of these once dominant clubs leaving the league without a club south of the Thames.", "To fill this void the current South London club was formed on 21 July 1997 by Jed Donnelly, Graeme Harker and Julian Critchley in a bar after [London Broncos](/wiki/London_Broncos%232006%E2%80%932011:Harlequins_Rugby_League \"Harlequins Rugby League\")' World Club Championship victory against Canberra Raiders on 21 July 1997\\. Initially nicknamed 'the Saints', as one of the founder members was a supporter of St Helens, the fledgling club recruited many of its players from the recently defunct east London, [Bexleyheath](/wiki/Bexleyheath \"Bexleyheath\") and [Peckham](/wiki/Peckham \"Peckham\") outfits, and they approached the local rugby union club, Streatham\\-Croydon, about basing themselves at their Frant Road ground. Storm's original colours were red and black.", "### London League", "Saints were immediately accepted into the [London League](/wiki/London_League_%28rugby_league%29 \"London League (rugby league)\"), and in their debut season they finished third in the Second Division behind [Kingston](/wiki/Elmbridge_Eagles \"Elmbridge Eagles\") and [St Albans Centurions](/wiki/St_Albans_Centurions \"St Albans Centurions\"). That 1997/98 season culminated in an appearance in the [Gordon Anderton Memorial Trophy Final](/wiki/Gordon_Anderton_Memorial_Trophy_Final \"Gordon Anderton Memorial Trophy Final\") against [Reading Raiders](/wiki/Reading_Raiders \"Reading Raiders\") at the [New River Stadium](/wiki/White_Hart_Lane_Community_Sports_Centre \"White Hart Lane Community Sports Centre\"). The 24–28 was a cruel blow for a team that were considered to have enjoyed the better of the game, but two controversial Raiders’ tries in the closing two minutes sealed Saints’ fate.", "The 1998/99 season was one that promised much for Saints but, due to the near collapse of the league, that potential was largely unfulfilled, although South London did eventually emerge from the debris as runners\\-up to the [London Colonials](/wiki/London_Colonials \"London Colonials\"). A second successive appearance in the Gordon Anderton Memorial Trophy Final again ended in defeat (28–32\\), this time at the hands of a strong [Metropolitan Police](/wiki/Metropolitan_Police \"Metropolitan Police\") team.", "It was in February 1999 that the club launched its junior section, initially at U11 only. The bulk of the youngsters came from the neighbouring Whitehorse Manor School where Saints scrum\\-half Lee Mason\\-Ellis was a teacher. They made their competitive debut two months later against Kingston Warriors, at the time the only other junior club in the capital, losing narrowly in an exciting encounter.", "For the seniors, with the prospect of winter rugby league looking increasingly forlorn, South's thoughts turned to the new summer competition,Beyond the Heartlands – The History of the Rugby League Conference by Julian Harrison ({{ISBN\\|9781903659175}} London League Publications Ltd)\n the [Rugby League Conference](/wiki/Rugby_League_Conference \"Rugby League Conference\"). The name of the club was changed to *South London Storm* as there were two other teams known as 'the Saints' in the Conference. Three months later the club was accepted into the Southern Division of the expanding competition. For the club's switch to summer in 2000 the colours were changed to maroon.", "### 2000", "It was a real baptism of fire for Storm in the RLC, as they managed only a single win – away at Kingston – to finish bottom of their group. The season opener at home to Oxford Cavaliers (4–62\\) was covered by the Independent newspaper. Despite suffering a number of maulings (including a 2–100 loss at the hands of [Crawley Jets](/wiki/Crawley_Jets \"Crawley Jets\")), enthusiasm never waned and the club did much to raise the profile of the sport in this corner of the capital. Amazingly, Storm's season ended with an appearance in the [London League](/wiki/London_League_%28rugby_league%29 \"London League (rugby league)\") Final against [St Albans Centurions](/wiki/St_Albans_Centurions \"St Albans Centurions\"). But once again Storm were left frustrated as the [Hertfordshire](/wiki/Hertfordshire \"Hertfordshire\") side emerged victorious from a gripping encounter. A member of Storm's team that day, and Man of the Match, was [Ryan Jones](/wiki/Ryan_Jones \"Ryan Jones\") who went on the play for and captain the Welsh rugby union team, and who was a member of the [tour](/wiki/2005_British_%26_Irish_Lions_tour_to_New_Zealand \"2005 British & Irish Lions tour to New Zealand\") to New Zealand.", "The club made sporting history in October when the under\\-11s played their counterparts from [Kingston Warriors](/wiki/Kingston_Warriors \"Kingston Warriors\") in the curtain raiser to the England vs Australia [Rugby League World Cup](/wiki/Rugby_League_World_Cup \"Rugby League World Cup\") clash at Twickenham. It was the first ever game of rugby league at union's headquarters and Storm's Mark Cole, cousin of England footballer [Joe Cole](/wiki/Joe_Cole \"Joe Cole\"), scored the first ever try at the stadium and Rob Harker scored the first ever hat\\-trick of tries.", "South London Storm was still operating, albeit as a Masters XIII, as recently as 2014, playing 1/2 fixtures a year", "In 2017 they moved into Club Langley and played under the moniker of ‘Silverbacks’ for 3 seasons, during which a historic first ever Masters Tour to Canada was undertaken in June 2019", "The first ever transatlantic Masters game between a UK Masters team against the Toronto Wolfpack Masters team at the Lamport stadium, followed by a further match against the Ontario Greybeards two days later", "As is the nomadic existence of Rugby League in south London, we move onto the next chapter of the South London Storm \\- the South London Clippers Masters, playing out of Greenwich from 2020", "#### Season's Record", "**First Grade**", "**Rugby League Conference South**", "* 06/05/2000 South London Storm 4 Oxford Cavaliers 62\n* 13/05/2000 West London Sharks 60 South London Storm 6\n* 20/05/2000 Crawley Jets 100 South London Storm 2\n* 27/05/2000 South London Storm 24 Kingston Warriors 26\n* 03/06/2000 South London Storm 8 St Albans Centurions 58\n* 10/06/2000 South London Storm 8 North London Skolars 78\n* 17/06/2000 Oxford Cavaliers 72 South London Storm 0\n* 24/06/2000 South London Storm 0 West London Sharks 68\n* 01/07/2000 South London Storm 6 Crawley Jets 90\n* 08/07/2000 Kingston Warriors 16 South London Storm 24\n* 15/07/2000 St Albans Centurions 50 South London Storm 10\n* 22/07/2000 North London Skolars 70 South London Storm 14", "", "| | Pld | W | D | L | F | A |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Home | 6 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 50 | 382 |\n| Away | 6 | 1 | 0 | 5 | 56 | 368 |", "### 2001", "2001 was a much improved year for the club and, although they won only three of their matches, Storm were a much more competitive outfit and got better as the year progressed, as narrow losses to the [West London Sharks](/wiki/West_London_Sharks \"West London Sharks\") and [North London Skolars](/wiki/London_Skolars \"London Skolars\") proved towards the end of the season. The trio of wins, against [Bedford Swifts](/wiki/Bedford_Swifts \"Bedford Swifts\") (22–6\\), [Crewe Wolves](/wiki/Crewe_Wolves \"Crewe Wolves\") (20–16\\) and [Kingston Warriors](/wiki/Kingston_Warriors \"Kingston Warriors\") (46–10\\) all came in the second half of the season, after an opening sequence of six successive losses including a 6–100 drubbing at the hands of West London.", "The season was notable for scrum\\-half Terry Reader's individual achievement of successfully kicking 29 successive conversions.", "#### Season's Record", "**First Grade**", "**Rugby League Conference South**", "* 05/05/2001 Bedford Swifts 38 South London Storm 10\n* 12/05/2001 South London Storm 0 North London Skolars 90\n* 19/05/2001 Crewe Wolves 36 South London Storm 25\n* 26/05/2001 Crawley Jets 66 South London Storm 12\n* 02/06/2001 South London Storm 26 Kingston Warriors 38\n* 09/06/2001 West London Sharks 100 South London Storm 6\n* 16/06/2001 South London Storm 22 Bedford Swifts 6\n* 30/06/2001 North London Skolars 42 South London Storm 12\n* 07/07/2001 South London Storm 20 Crewe Wolves 16\n* 14/07/2001 South London Storm 12 Crawley Jets 72\n* 21/07/2001 Kingston Warriors 10 South London Storm 46\n* 04/08/2001 South London Storm 16 West London Sharks 41", "", "| | Pld | W | D | L | F | A |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Home | 6 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 96 | 263 |\n| Away | 6 | 1 | 0 | 5 | 111 | 292 |", "### 2002", "2002 was the season when South London finally started to fulfil their potential. [New Zealander](/wiki/New_Zealand \"New Zealand\") [Anthony Lipscombe](/wiki/Anthony_Lipscombe \"Anthony Lipscombe\") took up the coaching reins, and brought about a steady improvement to the team's performances on the park.\nStorm's pre\\-season preparation got off to a good start with a surprise success in the prestigious St Albans 9s Festival. Using a squad made up of mainly new players, they defeated their Centurion hosts quite comfortably in the Final.\nThe regular season saw Storm suffer a succession of frustratingly narrow defeats – most by ten points or less – to finish bottom of the South Division, but it was in the end\\-of\\-season Shield Play Offs that saw the team hit form.\nGroup wins over Kingston Warriors (28–22 and 36–4\\) and [Oxford Cavaliers](/wiki/Oxford_Cavaliers \"Oxford Cavaliers\") (21–12 in both games), took South London to [Cheltenham](/wiki/Cheltenham \"Cheltenham\")’s [Prince of Wales Stadium](/wiki/Prince_of_Wales_Stadium \"Prince of Wales Stadium\") for a semi\\-final clash with Crewe Wolves. It was a tough encounter that for long periods looked to be going Wolves’ way, but Storm dug in to prevail 21–14, courtesy of two late tries from Carl Zacharow and Keri Ryan.", "A fortnight later, also at the Prince of Wales Stadium, South London met [Bedford Swifts](/wiki/Bedford_Swifts \"Bedford Swifts\") in the [Rugby League Conference](/wiki/Rugby_League_Conference \"Rugby League Conference\") Shield Final, where they treated the large crowd, and the [Sky TV](/wiki/British_Sky_Broadcasting \"British Sky Broadcasting\") cameras, to an exhilarating display of running rugby. Storm ran in ten tries in a runaway 54–2 victory, Caro Wild led the way with a hat\\-trick, Daniel Poireaudeau grabbed two, and Terry Reader, Keri Ryan, Nathan Price\\-Saleh, Aaron Russell and Alun Watkins pitched in with one apiece.", "The final whistle sparked terrific celebrations both on the pitch and in the stand where Storm's large traveling support cheered Keri Ryan as he lifted the club's first ever major trophy.", "Once again Storm fielded a second team in the [London League](/wiki/London_League_%28rugby_league%29 \"London League (rugby league)\"), and although wins were hard to come by, only one all season, the players showed great enthusiasm with a number graduating to the first team.\nThe season ended with the club's first overseas tour. A party of 24 travelled to the south of [France](/wiki/France \"France\") to play [French National One](/wiki/National_Division_1 \"National Division 1\") club [Realmont XIII](/wiki/Realmont_XIII \"Realmont XIII\"). In front of a crowd of 750 – a quarter of the town's population – Storm put up a brave performance, but were eventually downed 18–36\\.", "To round off the club's most successful season ever, Captain Keri Ryan was named at stand\\-off in the 2002 Rugby League Conference Dream Team, and full\\-back Corey Simms was named the competition's Young Player Of The Year.", "Fittingly, the club was also presented with the award for Rugby League Conference Club of The Year 2002\\.", "#### Season's Record", "**First Grade**", "**Rugby League Conference South**", "* 04/05/2002 Kingston Warriors 36 South London Storm 22\n* 11/05/2002 South London Storm 20 West London Sharks 32\n* 18/05/2002 North London Skolars 66 South London Storm 16\n* 25/05/2002 Oxford Cavaliers 40 South London Storm 30\n* 01/06/2002 South London Storm 16 Crawley Jets 48\n* 08/06/2002 South London Storm 42 Kingston Warriors 18\n* 22/06/2002 West London Sharks 32 South London Storm 18\n* 29/06/2002 South London Storm 6 North London Skolars 50\n* 06/07/2002 South London Storm 38 Oxford Cavaliers 50\n* 13/07/2002 Crawley Jets 80 South London Storm 0", "", "| | Pld | W | D | L | F | A |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Home | 5 | 1 | 0 | 4 | 122 | 198 |\n| Away | 5 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 86 | 254 |", "**RLC Shield Play Offs**", "* 27/07/2002 Kingston Warriors 22 South London Storm 28 (Group)\n* 03/08/2002 South London Storm 20 Oxford Cavaliers 12 (Group)\n* 10/08/2002 South London Storm 36 Kingston Warriors 4 (Group)\n* 17/08/2002 Oxford Cavaliers 12 South London Storm 20 (Group)\n* 24/08/2002 Crewe Wolves 14 South London Storm 21 (Semi\\-Final)\n* 31/08/2002 South London Storm 54 Bedford Swifts 2 (Final)", "", "| | Pld | W | D | L | F | A |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Home | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 56 | 16 |\n| Away | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 48 | 34 |\n| Neutral | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 75 | 16 |", "### 2003", "Buoyed by their success in the RLC Shield, Storm were encouraged to apply for membership of the newly formed [National League Three](/wiki/National_League_Three \"National League Three\"). The application was successful, however, following a number of internal meetings the club reluctantly decided against taking the step up and instead remain in the RLC. However, only four weeks before the start of the season local rivals Crawley Jets folded, and Storm accepted the RFL's last minute invitation to participate in NL3\\. The club also entered a second team in the RLC, and employed the first full\\-time Rugby League Development Officer in the area, accelerating the junior development program started by volunteers in 2000\\. Under the South London Storm “umbrella” are the three junior feeder clubs formed – the Croydon Hurricanes, Thornton Heath Tornadoes, and the Brixton Bulls.", "Coached by ex\\-London Broncos player Darryl Pitt, the club opened their league campaign with an against\\-the\\-odds 24–16 victory over Huddersfield Underbank Rangers. It was a win that was all the more remarkable for the fact that they were down to 12 men after only 5 seconds; prop Mick Smith having been sent off in the first tackle. Storm registered a further five wins in the season but missed out on the end of season play\\-offs.", "The club made a second tour to France in September, losing 22–48 against a [Salses XIII](/wiki/Salses_XIII \"Salses XIII\") line up containing three ex\\-French internationals.", "In November Storm played a charity match against an Australian Legends of League side including the likes of [Jason Hetherington](/wiki/Jason_Hetherington \"Jason Hetherington\"), [Trevor Gillmeister](/wiki/Trevor_Gillmeister \"Trevor Gillmeister\"), [Craig Coleman](/wiki/Craig_Coleman \"Craig Coleman\"), [Andrew Farrar](/wiki/Andrew_Farrar \"Andrew Farrar\") and [Peter Tunks](/wiki/Peter_Tunks \"Peter Tunks\"). Both teams served the enthusiastic crowd of three or four hundred with an exciting end\\-to\\-end contest played in a manner befitting the occasion. The result was irrelevant; although for the record the score was 24–20 in favour of the Legends.", "That same month Storm played their first ever Rugby League [Challenge Cup](/wiki/Challenge_Cup \"Challenge Cup\") game when they hosted National Conference side West Bowling in the preliminary round, losing 4–36\\.", "In 2003 Storm were represented at International level for the first time when U15 player [Adam Janowski](/wiki/Adam_Janowski \"Adam Janowski\") was selected to play for England U15s against their Welsh counterparts at Easter.", "#### Season's Record", "**Rugby League Conference Cup**", "* 03/03/2003 South London Storm 24 West London Sharks 24\n* 09/03/2003 Greenwich Admirals 6 South London Storm 16\n* 16/03/2003 North London Skolars 34 South London Storm 20\n* 23/03/2003 South London Storm 14 North London Skolars 15\n* 30/03/2003 West London Sharks 16 South London Storm 30\n* 05/04/2003 South London Storm 62 Greenwich Admirals 20\n* 13/04/2003 Aberavon Fighting Irish 10 South London Storm 44 (Quarter\\-Final)\n* 18/04/2003 North London Skolars 28 South London Storm 19 (Semi\\-Final)", "", "| | Pld | W | D | L | F | A |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Home | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 100 | 59 |\n| Away | 5 | 3 | 0 | 2 | 129 | 94 |", "**First Grade**", "**National League 3**", "* 03/05/2003 South London Storm 24 Huddersfield Underbank Rangers 16\n* 10/05/2003 Dudley Hill 42 South London Storm 0\n* 17/05/2003 Coventry Bears 20 South London Storm 14\n* 31/05/2003 South London Storm 28 Sheffield Hillsborough Hawks 22\n* 07/06/2003 Manchester Knights 2 South London Storm 42\n* 14/06/2003 St Albans Centurions 38 South London Storm 18\n* 21/06/2003 Sheffield Hillsborough Hawks 36 South London Storm 10\n* 28/06/2003 South London Storm 26 Hemel Stags 8\n* 05/07/2003 South London Storm 6 St Albans Centurions 28\n* 12/06/2003 South London Storm 32 Teesside Steelers 36\n* 19/07/2003 Hemel Stags 16 South London Storm 22\n* 26/06/2003 South London Storm 4 [Woolston Rovers](/wiki/Woolston_Rovers \"Woolston Rovers\") ([Warrington](/wiki/Warrington \"Warrington\")) 32\n* 02/08/2003 South London Storm 34 Coventry Bears 22\n* 09/08/2003 [Woolston Rovers](/wiki/Woolston_Rovers \"Woolston Rovers\") ([Warrington](/wiki/Warrington \"Warrington\")) 44 South London Storm 14", "", "| | Pld | W | D | L | F | A |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Home | 7 | 4 | 0 | 3 | 154 | 166 |\n| Away | 7 | 2 | 0 | 5 | 120 | 198 |", "**Second Grade**", "**Rugby League Conference South**", "* 03/05/2003 Gosport Vikings 80 South London Storm 4\n* 10/05/2003 South London Storm 16 Greenwich Admirals 40\n* 17/05/2003 South London Storm 18 Hemel Stags 12\n* 31/05/2003 South London Storm 0 Crawley Jets 88\n* 07/06/2003 South London Storm 14 Gosport Vikings 24\n* 14/06/2003 West London Sharks 88 South London Storm 12\n* 28/06/2003 Greenwich Admirals 62 South London Storm 8\n* 05/07/2003 South London Storm 16 Kingston Warriors 26\n* 12/07/2003 North London Skolars 82 South London Storm 8\n* 19/07/2003 Crawley Jets 88 South London Storm 6", "", "| | Pld | W | D | L | F | A |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Home | 5 | 1 | 0 | 4 | 64 | 190 |\n| Away | 5 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 36 | 406 |", "### 2004", "Storm again participated in National League Three and after victories in their opening three games, against Manchester, Bradford Dudley Hill and Birmingham, they topped the division for the one and only time. However, after the promising start, the season tailed off and once again Storm narrowly missed out on the play\\-offs. During the year Storm were awarded the Active Sports Club of the Year award from 400 participating sports clubs signed up to the Active Sports program, the biggest sports development programme in London. The club also embarked on a historic tour to Australia – the first British Rugby League team to tour Australia since 1997 – with games against [Beerwah](/wiki/Beerwah%2C_Queensland \"Beerwah, Queensland\") Bulldogs and [Gympie](/wiki/Gympie \"Gympie\") Devils in [Sunshine Coast, Queensland](/wiki/Sunshine_Coast%2C_Queensland \"Sunshine Coast, Queensland\").", "The season closed with a second tour of the year, this time to Toulouse, where they drew 22–22 against Villeneuve Tolosane.", "#### Season's Record", "**First Grade**", "**National League 3**", "* 01/05/2004 Manchester Knights 12 South London Storm 28\n* 08/05/2004 South London Storm 18 Bradford Dudley Hill 15\n* 22/05/2004 South London Storm 26 Birmingham Bulldogs 14\n* 29/05/2004 St Albans Centurions 30 South London Storm 22\n* 31/05/2004 South London Storm 54 Essex Eels 18\n* 05/06/2004 Sheffield Hillsborough Hawks 26 South London Storm 18\n* 12/06/2004 South London Storm 26 Bramley Buffaloes 20\n* 26/06/2004 Coventry Bears 46 South London Storm 14\n* 03/07/2004 Gateshead Storm 20 South London Storm 32\n* 10/07/2004 South London Storm v [Woolston Rovers](/wiki/Woolston_Rovers \"Woolston Rovers\") ([Warrington](/wiki/Warrington \"Warrington\")) (Match abandoned)\n* 17/07/2004 Huddersfield Underbank Rangers 24 South London Storm 24\n* 24/07/2004 South London Storm 36 Carlisle Centurions 16\n* 31/07/2004 Birmingham Bulldogs 32 South London Storm 30\n* 07/08/2004 South London Storm 20 St Albans Centurions 24\n* 14/08/2004 Essex Eels 14 South London Storm 54\n* 21/08/2004 South London Storm 34 Sheffield Hillsborough Hawks 35\n* 28/08/2004 Bramley Buffaloes 32 South London Storm 18\n* 30/08/2004 Hemel Stags 54 South London Storm 6\n* 04/09/2004 South London Storm 12 Hemel Stags 38\n* 11/09/2004 South London Storm 18 Coventry Bears 28", "", "| | Pld | W | D | L | F | A |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Home | 9\\* | 5 | 0 | 4 | 244 | 208 |\n| Away | 10 | 3 | 1 | 6 | 246 | 290 |", "* Home match versus [Woolston Rovers](/wiki/Woolston_Rovers \"Woolston Rovers\") ([Warrington](/wiki/Warrington \"Warrington\")) abandoned due to an injury.", "**Second Grade**", "**Rugby League Conference South**", "* 01/05/2004 Kingston Warriors 58 South London Storm 0\n* 08/05/2004 South London Storm 20 Gosport \\& Fareham Vikings 22\n* 22/05/2004 West London Sharks 54 South London Storm 16\n* 05/06/2004 Greenwich Admirals 46 South London Storm 6\n* 12/06/2004 South London Storm 24 Kingston Warriors 42\n* 19/06/2004 Gosport \\& Fareham Vikings 46 South London Storm 12\n* 26/06/2004 South London Storm 0 West London Sharks 88\n* 03/07/2004 South London Storm 10 Greenwich Admirals 44", "", "| | Pld | W | D | L | F | A |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Home | 4 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 54 | 196 |\n| Away | 4 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 34 | 194 |", "### 2005", "As the cost of travelling to places as far afield as Carlisle and Gateshead began to spiral, Storm took the decision to apply for, and were admitted to, the newly created [RLC South Premier](/wiki/Rugby_League_Conference_South_Premier \"Rugby League Conference South Premier\") for the 2005 season and appointed Rob Powell as Director of Coaching. The season proved to be a success with the club winning its first round Rugby League [Challenge Cup](/wiki/Challenge_Cup \"Challenge Cup\") match against [West London Sharks](/wiki/West_London_Sharks \"West London Sharks\") (24–20\\) in front of a crowd of 1,000\\. However, the Powergen Challenge Cup run came to an end in the second round when they were beaten 50–24 at Castleford Lock Lane, despite having surprising led at half\\-time.", "During the RLC South Premier campaign the first team dominated the group and won all but one game during the season. The team lost in the national semi\\-final against [Bridgend Blue Bulls](/wiki/Bridgend_Blue_Bulls \"Bridgend Blue Bulls\"), the competition's eventual winners, but the season ended on a high by beating the other 85 clubs to the RLC Club of the Year award for the 2nd time in 4 years.", "#### Season's Record", "**First Grade**", "**Rugby League Conference Premier South**", "* 07/05/2005 South London Storm 82 Ipswich Rhinos 6\n* 14/05/2005 London Skolars A 0 South London Storm 64\n* 21/05/2005 South London Storm 72 Sunderland Nissan 6\n* 28/05/2005 South London Storm 46 Greenwich Admirals 0\n* 04/06/2005 Luton Vipers 4 South London Storm 68\n* 11/06/2005 South London Storm 52 West London Sharks 14\n* 18/06/2005 Sunderland Nissan 4 South London Storm 76\n* 25/06/2005 Ipswich Rhinos 16 South London Storm 24\n* 02/07/2005 South London Storm 94 London Skolars A 4\n* 09/07/2005 Greenwich Admirals 4 South London Storm 76\n* 16/07/2005 South London Storm vs Luton Vipers – Won: Walkover\n* 23/07/2005 West London Sharks 46 South London Storm 10", "", "| | Pld | W | D | L | F | A |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Home | 5\\* | 5 | 0 | 0 | 346 | 30 |\n| Away | 6 | 5 | 0 | 1 | 318 | 74 |", "* Luton Vipers forfeit a fixture", "**RLC Premier Play Offs**", "* 30/07/2005 South London Storm 70 West London Sharks 6 (Divisional Play Off)\n* 13/08/2005 South London Storm 24 West London Sharks 8 (Divisional Final)\n* 21/08/2005 Bridgend Blue Bulls 34 South London Storm 18 (National Semi\\-Final)", "", "| | Pld | W | D | L | F | A |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Home | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 94 | 14 |\n| Neutral | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 18 | 34 |", "**Second Grade**", "**Rugby League Conference South**", "* 07/05/2005 South London Storm 28 Hemel Stags 36\n* 21/05/2005 South London Storm 38 West London 52\n* 28/05/2005 [Haringey Hornets](/wiki/London_Skolars \"London Skolars\") 50 South London Storm 12\n* 04/06/2005 Kingston Warriors 41 South London Storm 18\n* 11/06/2005 Hemel Stags 42 South London Storm 18\n* 25/06/2005 West London Sharks 46 South London Storm 16\n* 02/07/2005 South London Storm 18 [Haringey Hornets](/wiki/London_Skolars \"London Skolars\") 48\n* 09/07/2005 South London Storm 6 Kingston Warriors 100", "", "| | Pld | W | D | L | F | A |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Home | 4 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 88 | 236 |\n| Away | 4 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 66 | 179 |", "### 2006", "The 2006 summer season was to be the most successful for South London Storm as a club, with both senior teams winning their leagues, successes for the 4 Storm youth clubs, and the first team being crowned RLC National Champions.", "Despite pressure from the [Ipswich Rhinos](/wiki/Ipswich_Rhinos \"Ipswich Rhinos\"), Storm once again won the South division of the RLC Premier. After disposing of the Bridgend team in the semi\\-final, they crushed the East Lancashire Lions in the final at Broadstreet RUFC by 30 points to nil.", "This rounded off a successful season that included the [London League](/wiki/London_League_%28rugby_league%29 \"London League (rugby league)\") title for the second team who defeated Luton Vipers in the Final.", "#### Season's Record", "**First Grade**", "**Rugby League Conference Premier South**", "* 29/04/2006 South London Storm 54 West London Sharks 24\n* 06/05/2006 South London Storm 30 Coventry Bears 18\n* 13/05/2006 South London Storm 34 [Haringey Hornets](/wiki/London_Skolars \"London Skolars\") 28\n* 20/05/2006 Essex Eels 6 South London Storm 68\n* 27/05/2006 South London Storm 46 Kingston Warriors 18\n* 10/06/2006 Ipswich Rhinos 32 South London Storm 14\n* 17/06/2006 West London Sharks 34 South London Storm 24\n* 24/06/2006 Coventry Bears 28 South London Storm 32\n* 01/07/2006 [Haringey Hornets](/wiki/London_Skolars \"London Skolars\") 30 South London Storm 34\n* 08/07/2006 South London Storm 80 Kingston Warriors 12\n* 29/07/2006 South London Storm 46 Ipswich Rhinos 8", "", "| | Pld | W | D | L | F | A |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Home | 6 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 290 | 108 |\n| Away | 5 | 3 | 0 | 2 | 172 | 130 |", "**RLC Premier Play Offs**", "* 12/08/2006 South London Storm 52 Ipswich Rhinos 10 (Divisional Final)\n* 20/08/2006 South London Storm 32 Bridgend Blue Bulls 12 (National Semi\\-Final)\n* 03/09/2006 East Lancashire Lions 0 South London Storm 30 (Jepson Trophy Final)", "", "| | Pld | W | D | L | F | A |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Home | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 52 | 10 |\n| Neutral | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 62 | 12 |", "**Second Grade**", "**London League**", "* 29/04/2006 South London Storm 66 West London Sharks 22\n* 06/05/2006 West London Sharks 36 South London Storm 20\n* 13/05/2006 Bedford Tigers 16 South London Storm 32\n* 20/05/2006 Southend Seaxes 14 South London Storm 40\n* 27/05/2006 Kentish Tigers 24 South London Storm 33\n* 17/06/2006 West London Sharks 38 South London Storm 38\n* 24/06/2006 Luton Vipers 54 South London Storm 6\n* 08/07/2006 Smallford Saints 40 South London Storm 38\n* 22/07/2006 South London Storm 38 West London Sharks 26", "", "| | Pld | W | D | L | F | A |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Home | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 104 | 48 |\n| Away | 7 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 197 | 222 |", "**London League Play Offs**", "* 06/08/2006 South London Storm 44 Bedford Tigers 14 (Semi\\-Final)\n* 12/06/2006 South London Storm 52 Luton Vipers 20 (Final)", "", "| | Pld | W | D | L | F | A |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Home | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 96 | 34 |\n|", "### 2007", "After the success of the previous season, 2007 was always going to be a tough year. Coach Rob Powell moved on to Super League's Harlequins RL, and was replaced by Andy Gilvary and Dave Wilson. Meanwhile, ten of the Grand Final winning team moved on to pastures new.", "The season kicked off with a [Challenge Cup](/wiki/Challenge_Cup \"Challenge Cup\") First Round game away to [Thornhill Trojans](/wiki/Thornhill_Trojans \"Thornhill Trojans\"), but playing out of season the Londoners were no match for the [National Conference League](/wiki/National_Conference_League \"National Conference League\") Premier Division side and lost 18–58\\.", "#### Season's Record", "**First Grade**", "**Rugby League Conference Premier South**", "* 14/04/2007 West London Sharks 16 South London Storm 56\n* 28/04/2007 South London Storm 26 St Albans Centurions 22\n* 12/05/2007 South London Storm 18 Ipswich Rhinos 4\n* 19/05/2007 West London Sharks 28 South London Storm 32\n* 26/05/2007 London Skolars A 26 South London Storm 42\n* 02/06/2007 South London Storm 74 Kent Ravens 2\n* 09/06/2007 South London Storm 22 London Skolars 22\n* 16/06/2007 South London Storm vs Kingston Warriors – Won: Walkover\n* 30/06/2007 Ipswich Rhinos 25 South London Storm 24\n* 07/07/2007 South London Storm 36 West London Sharks 18\n* 15/07/2007 St Albans Centurions 32 South London Storm 16\n* 21/07/2007 Kent Ravens 0 South London Storm 66\n* 28/07/2007 South London Storm 32 London Skolars A 33\n* 04/08/2007 South London Storm 56 Kingston Warriors 22", "", "| | Pld | W | D | L | F | A |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Home | 7 | 5 | 1 | 1 | 264 | 123 |\n| Away | 6 | 4 | 0 | 2 | 236 | 127 |", "**RLC Premier Play Offs**", "* 11/08/2007 South London Storm 48 London Skolars 24 (Divisional Semi\\-Final)\n* 18/08/2007 South London Storm 10 St Albans Centurions 18 (Divisional Final)", "", "| | Pld | W | D | L | F | A |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Home | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 48 | 24 |\n| Neutral | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 10 | 18 |", "**Second Grade**", "**London League**", "* 28/04/2007 South London Storm 22 London Griffins 38\n* 12/05/2007 South London Storm 26 Southgate Skolars 29\n* 19/05/2007 West London Sharks 56 South London Storm 14\n* 02/06/2007 South London Storm 82 Kent Ravens 10\n* 16/06/2007 South London Storm 42 Smallford Saints 18\n* 23/06/2007 Farnborough Falcons 40 South London Storm 28\n* 07/07/2007 South London Storm 18 West London Sharks 24\n* 14/07/2007 Southgate Skolars 72 South London Storm 6\n* 21/07/2007 Kent Ravens 18 South London Storm 30", "", "| | Pld | W | D | L | F | A |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Home | 5 | 2 | 0 | 3 | 190 | 119 |\n| Away | 4 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 78 | 186 |", "**London League Play Offs**", "* 04/08/2007 St Albans Centurions 40 South London Storm 22 (Quarter\\-Final)", "", "| | Pld | W | D | L | F | A |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Away | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 22 | 40 |", "### 2008", "Storm once again reached the RLC Premier South Grand Final but were defeated 20–24 by [West London Sharks](/wiki/West_London_Sharks \"West London Sharks\"), with the game\\-breaking try coming two minutes from the end of the match.", "#### Season's Record", "**First Grade**", "**Rugby League Conference Premier South**", "* 19/04/2008 Ipswich Rhinos 32 South London Storm 12\n* 03/05/2008 St Albans Centurions 32 South London Storm 12\n* 10/05/2008 South London Storm 22 West London Sharks 48\n* 17/05/2008 London Skolars 12 South London Storm 30\n* 24/05/2008 US Portsmouth 22 South London Storm 16\n* 07/06/2008 South London Storm 70 Elmbridge 8\n* 14/06/2008 South London Storm 36 Ipswich Rhinos 16\n* 21/06/2008 South London Storm 42 St Albans Centurions 10\n* 28/06/2008 West London Sharks 38 South London Storm 10\n* 05/07/2008 South London Storm 44 London Skolars 12\n* 12/07/2008 South London Storm 58 US Portsmouth 14\n* 26/07/2008 Elmbridge 22 South London Storm 58", "", "| | Pld | W | D | L | F | A |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Home | 6 | 5 | 0 | 1 | 272 | 108 |\n| Away | 6 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 138 | 158 |", "**RLC Premier Play Offs**", "* 09/08/2008 South London Storm 20 Ipswich Rhinos 14 (Divisional Semi\\-Final)\n* 16/08/2008 West London Sharks 24 South London Storm 20 (Divisional Final)", "", "| | Pld | W | D | L | F | A |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Home | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 20 | 14 |\n| Away | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 22 | 24 |", "**Second Grade**", "**London League**", "* 03/05/2008 St Albans Centurions 14 South London Storm 12\n* 10/05/2008 South London Storm 24 West London Sharks 42\n* 17/05/2008 Southgate Skolars 12 South London Storm 16\n* 07/06/2008 Kent Ravens 54 South London Storm 42\n* 28/06/2008 West London Sharks 62 South London Storm 14\n* 14/07/2008 South London Storm 48 Southampton Spitfires 18\n* 12/07/2008 Feltham YOI 52 South London Storm 64\n* 23/07/2008 South London Storm 26 Metropolitan Police 34\n* 26/07/2008 South London Storm 34 Kent Ravens 30", "", "| | Pld | W | D | L | F | A |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Home | 4 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 132 | 124 |\n| Away | 5 | 2 | 0 | 3 | 148 | 194 |", "**London League Play Offs**", "* 02/08/2008 Southampton Spitfires 44 South London Storm 20 (Quarter\\-Final)", "", "| | Pld | W | D | L | F | A |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Away | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 20 | 44 |", "### 2009", "Storm will again participate in the Premier South Division of the RLC. Their opposing teams will be Bedford Tigers, Elmbridge, Hainault Bulldogs, Ipswich Rhinos, London Skolars A, St Albans Centurions, Portsmouth Navy Seahawks and West London Sharks.", "#### Season's Record", "**First Grade**", "**Rugby League Conference Premier South**", "* 13/04/09 London Skolars 22 South London Storm 54\n* 25/04/09 Elmbridge 10 South London Storm 54\n* 02/05/09 Portsmouth Navy Seahawks 24 South London Storm 80\n* 09/05/09 South London Storm 66 Hainault Bulldogs 4\n* 16/05/09 South London Storm 102 Bedford Tigers 12\n* 23/05/09 St Albans Centurions 20 South London Storm 48\n* 30/05/09 South London Storm 56 London Skolars 18\n* 06/06/09 West London Sharks 8 South London Storm 24\n* 13/06/09 Ipswich Rhinos 14 South London Storm 26\n* 27/06/09 South London Storm 73 Portsmouth Navy Seahawks 30\n* 04/07/09 Bedford Tigers vs South London Storm – Won: Walkover\n* 11/07/09 South London Storm 40 St Albans Centurions 10\n* 18/07/09 South London Storm 40 West London Sharks 30\n* 25/07/09 South London Storm vs Ipswich Rhinos – Won: Walkover", "", "| | Pld | W | D | L | F | A |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Home | 6\\* | 6 | 0 | 0 | 380 | 84 |\n| Away | 6\\* | 6 | 0 | 0 | 286 | 114 |", "* Bedford Tigers and Ipswich Rhinos each forfeit a fixture.", "**RLC Premier Play Offs**\n* 15/08/09 South London Storm 58 Ipswich Rhinos 12 (Divisional Semi\\-Final)\n* 22/08/09 South London Storm 16 West London Sharks 26 (Divisional Final)", "", "| | Pld | W | D | L | F | A |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Home | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 74 | 38 |\n|", "**Second Grade**", "**London League**\n* 25/04/09 Guildford Giants 20 South London Storm 28\n* 16/05/09 South London Storm 6 Hammersmith Hills Hoists 54\n* 23/05/09 St Albans Centurions 10 South London Storm 56\n* 06/06/09 West London Sharks 34 South London Storm 36\n* 24/06/09 Hammersmith Hills Hoists 64 South London Storm 14\n* 27/06/09 South London Storm 48 Sussex Merlins 34\n* 25/07/09 South London Storm 66 Hemel Stags 14\n* 02/08/09 Sussex Merlins 40 South London Storm 34", "", "| | Pld | W | D | L | F | A |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Home | 3 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 120 | 102 |\n| Away | 5 | 2 | 0 | 3 | 166 | 170 |", "**London League Play Offs**\n* 16/08/09 Hemel Stags 24 South London Storm 16 (Semi\\-Final)", "", "| | Pld | W | D | L | F | A |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Away | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 16 | 24 |", "**Academy Grade**", "* 18/04/09 Kent Ravens 18 South London Storm 28\n* 25/04/09 South London Storm 40 Medway Dragons 6\n* 09/05/09 South London Storm 40 Greenwich Admirals 16\n* 06/06/09 Medway Dragons 22 South London Storm 20\n* 18/07/09 South London Storm 46 Greenwich Admirals 26 (Final at Staines RFC)", "", "| | Pld | W | D | L | F | A |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Home | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 80 | 22 |\n| Away | 3 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 94 | 66 |", "### 2010", "#### Season's Record", "**First Grade**", "**Rugby League Conference Premier South**", "* 01/05/10 West London Sharks 34 South London Storm 20\n* 08/05/10 South London Storm vs Portsmouth Navy Seahawks – Won: Walkover\n* 15/05/10 Hainault Bulldogs 34 South London Storm 28\n* 22/05/10 South London Storm 56 Eastern Rhinos 10\n* 29/05/10 St Albans Centurions 36 South London Storm 4\n* 05/06/10 Hammersmith Hillhoists 36 South London Storm 32\n* 19/06/10 South London Storm 38 London Skolars 6\n* 26/06/10 South London Storm 16 West London Sharks 58\n* 03/07/10 South London Storm 48 Portsmouth Navy Seahawks 28\n* 10/07/10 South London Storm 50 Hainaut Bulldogs 42\n* 17/07/10 Eastern Rhinos 30 South London Storm 22\n* 24/07/10 South London Storm 6 St Albans Centurions 60\n* 31/07/10 South London Storm 18 Hammersmith Hillhoists 52\n* 07/08/10 London Skolars vs South London Storm – Won: Walkover", "", "| | Pld | W | D | L | F | A |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Home | 7\\* | 4 | 0 | 3 | 232 | 256 |\n| Away | 5\\* | 0 | 0 | 5 | 108 | 170 |", "* Not including games forfeited by Portsmouth (h) and London Skolars (a).", "**Second Grade**", "**Rugby League Conference**\n* 01/05/10 South London Storm 40 Guildford Giants 22\n* 08/05/10 South London Storm 40 Southampton Spitfires 14\n* 15/05/10 South London Storm 54 Sussex Merlins 22\n* 22/05/10 Elmbridge Eagles 90 South London Storm 4\n* 05/06/09 South London Storm 98 Swindon St George 0\n* 09/06/10 Greenwich Admirals 14 South London Storm 16\n* 12/06/10 Oxford Cavaliers 24 South London Storm 40\n* 19/06/10 Guildford Giants 62 South London Storm 12\n* 26/06/10 Southampton Spitfires vs South London Storm – Lost: Walkover\n* 03/07/10 Sussex Merlins 50 South London Storm 20\n* 10/07/10 South London Storm 4 Elmbridge Eagles 72\n* 17/07/10 South London Storm 6 Greenwich Admirals 64\n* 24/07/10 Swindon St George vs South London Storm – Lost: Walkover\n* 31/07/10 South London Storm vs Oxford Cavaliers – Won: Walkover", "", "| | Pld | W | D | L | F | A |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Home | 6 | 4 | 0 | 2 | 242 | 194 |\n| Away | 5 | 2 | 0 | 3 | 92 | 240 |", "### 2011", "#### Season's Record", "**First Grade**", "**Rugby League Conference Premier South**", "* 30/04/11 South London Storm 26 St Albans Centurions 32\n* 07/05/11 Eastern Rhinos 46 South London Storm 14\n* 14/05/11 West London Sharks 28 South London Storm 18\n* 21/05/11 Hainault Bulldogs 14 South London Storm 40\n* 04/06/11 Hammersmith Hills Hoists 30 South London Storm 6\n* 11/06/11 St Albans Centurions 46 South London Storm 10\n* 28/06/11 South London Storm 22 Eastern Rhinos 32 (@ St Albans)\n* 25/06/11 South London Storm 24 West London Sharks 22\n* 02/07/11 South London Storm 32 London Skolars 18\n* 09/07/11 South London Storm 18 Hammersmith Hills Hoists 62\n* 16/07/11 South London Storm 24 Eastern Rhinos 42\n* 23/07/11 South London Storm 20 West London Sharks 22\n* 30/07/11 Hammersmith Hills Hoists vs South London Storm", "", "| | Pld | W | D | L | F | A |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Home | 6 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 144 | 196 |\n| Away | 5 | 1 | 0 | 4 | 88 | 164 |\n| Neutral | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 22 | 32 |", "**Second Grade**", "**London League**\n* 07/05/11 London Skolars 'A' 56 South London Storm 16\n* 21/05/11 Phantoms RL 4 South London Storm 70\n* 04/06/11 Hammersmith Hills Hoists 'A' 60 South London Storm 20\n* 18/06/11 St Albans Centurions 'A' 24 South London Storm 10\n* 18/06/11 Bedford Tigers 'A' 16 South London Storm 10 (@ St Albans)\n* 25/06/11 South London Storm 0 Mudchute Uncles 28\n* 09/07/11 South London Storm 18 Hammersmith Hills Hoists 'A' 36\n* 16/07/11 South London Storm vs Hemel Stags 'A'\n* 23/07/11 South London Storm vs Greenwich Admirals 'A'\n* 30/07/11 Hammersmith Hills Hoists 'A' vs South London Storm", "", "| | Pld | W | D | L | F | A |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Home | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 18 | 64 |\n| Away | 4 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 116 | 144 |\n| Neutral | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 10 | 16 |", "### Challenge Cup Record", "* 29/11/2003 South London Storm 4 West Bowling 36 (1st Round)\n* 05/02/2005 South London Storm 24 West London Sharks 20 (1st Round)\n* 19/02/2005 Castleford Lock Lane 50 South London Storm 24 (2nd Round)\n* 03/02/2007 Thornhill Trojans 58 South London Storm 18 (1st Round)" ]
### 2002 2002 was the season when South London finally started to fulfil their potential. [New Zealander](/wiki/New_Zealand "New Zealand") [Anthony Lipscombe](/wiki/Anthony_Lipscombe "Anthony Lipscombe") took up the coaching reins, and brought about a steady improvement to the team's performances on the park. Storm's pre\-season preparation got off to a good start with a surprise success in the prestigious St Albans 9s Festival. Using a squad made up of mainly new players, they defeated their Centurion hosts quite comfortably in the Final. The regular season saw Storm suffer a succession of frustratingly narrow defeats – most by ten points or less – to finish bottom of the South Division, but it was in the end\-of\-season Shield Play Offs that saw the team hit form. Group wins over Kingston Warriors (28–22 and 36–4\) and [Oxford Cavaliers](/wiki/Oxford_Cavaliers "Oxford Cavaliers") (21–12 in both games), took South London to [Cheltenham](/wiki/Cheltenham "Cheltenham")’s [Prince of Wales Stadium](/wiki/Prince_of_Wales_Stadium "Prince of Wales Stadium") for a semi\-final clash with Crewe Wolves. It was a tough encounter that for long periods looked to be going Wolves’ way, but Storm dug in to prevail 21–14, courtesy of two late tries from Carl Zacharow and Keri Ryan. A fortnight later, also at the Prince of Wales Stadium, South London met [Bedford Swifts](/wiki/Bedford_Swifts "Bedford Swifts") in the [Rugby League Conference](/wiki/Rugby_League_Conference "Rugby League Conference") Shield Final, where they treated the large crowd, and the [Sky TV](/wiki/British_Sky_Broadcasting "British Sky Broadcasting") cameras, to an exhilarating display of running rugby. Storm ran in ten tries in a runaway 54–2 victory, Caro Wild led the way with a hat\-trick, Daniel Poireaudeau grabbed two, and Terry Reader, Keri Ryan, Nathan Price\-Saleh, Aaron Russell and Alun Watkins pitched in with one apiece. The final whistle sparked terrific celebrations both on the pitch and in the stand where Storm's large traveling support cheered Keri Ryan as he lifted the club's first ever major trophy. Once again Storm fielded a second team in the [London League](/wiki/London_League_%28rugby_league%29 "London League (rugby league)"), and although wins were hard to come by, only one all season, the players showed great enthusiasm with a number graduating to the first team. The season ended with the club's first overseas tour. A party of 24 travelled to the south of [France](/wiki/France "France") to play [French National One](/wiki/National_Division_1 "National Division 1") club [Realmont XIII](/wiki/Realmont_XIII "Realmont XIII"). In front of a crowd of 750 – a quarter of the town's population – Storm put up a brave performance, but were eventually downed 18–36\. To round off the club's most successful season ever, Captain Keri Ryan was named at stand\-off in the 2002 Rugby League Conference Dream Team, and full\-back Corey Simms was named the competition's Young Player Of The Year. Fittingly, the club was also presented with the award for Rugby League Conference Club of The Year 2002\. #### Season's Record **First Grade** **Rugby League Conference South** * 04/05/2002 Kingston Warriors 36 South London Storm 22 * 11/05/2002 South London Storm 20 West London Sharks 32 * 18/05/2002 North London Skolars 66 South London Storm 16 * 25/05/2002 Oxford Cavaliers 40 South London Storm 30 * 01/06/2002 South London Storm 16 Crawley Jets 48 * 08/06/2002 South London Storm 42 Kingston Warriors 18 * 22/06/2002 West London Sharks 32 South London Storm 18 * 29/06/2002 South London Storm 6 North London Skolars 50 * 06/07/2002 South London Storm 38 Oxford Cavaliers 50 * 13/07/2002 Crawley Jets 80 South London Storm 0 | | Pld | W | D | L | F | A | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Home | 5 | 1 | 0 | 4 | 122 | 198 | | Away | 5 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 86 | 254 | **RLC Shield Play Offs** * 27/07/2002 Kingston Warriors 22 South London Storm 28 (Group) * 03/08/2002 South London Storm 20 Oxford Cavaliers 12 (Group) * 10/08/2002 South London Storm 36 Kingston Warriors 4 (Group) * 17/08/2002 Oxford Cavaliers 12 South London Storm 20 (Group) * 24/08/2002 Crewe Wolves 14 South London Storm 21 (Semi\-Final) * 31/08/2002 South London Storm 54 Bedford Swifts 2 (Final) | | Pld | W | D | L | F | A | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Home | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 56 | 16 | | Away | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 48 | 34 | | Neutral | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 75 | 16 |
[ "### 2002", "2002 was the season when South London finally started to fulfil their potential. [New Zealander](/wiki/New_Zealand \"New Zealand\") [Anthony Lipscombe](/wiki/Anthony_Lipscombe \"Anthony Lipscombe\") took up the coaching reins, and brought about a steady improvement to the team's performances on the park.\nStorm's pre\\-season preparation got off to a good start with a surprise success in the prestigious St Albans 9s Festival. Using a squad made up of mainly new players, they defeated their Centurion hosts quite comfortably in the Final.\nThe regular season saw Storm suffer a succession of frustratingly narrow defeats – most by ten points or less – to finish bottom of the South Division, but it was in the end\\-of\\-season Shield Play Offs that saw the team hit form.\nGroup wins over Kingston Warriors (28–22 and 36–4\\) and [Oxford Cavaliers](/wiki/Oxford_Cavaliers \"Oxford Cavaliers\") (21–12 in both games), took South London to [Cheltenham](/wiki/Cheltenham \"Cheltenham\")’s [Prince of Wales Stadium](/wiki/Prince_of_Wales_Stadium \"Prince of Wales Stadium\") for a semi\\-final clash with Crewe Wolves. It was a tough encounter that for long periods looked to be going Wolves’ way, but Storm dug in to prevail 21–14, courtesy of two late tries from Carl Zacharow and Keri Ryan.", "A fortnight later, also at the Prince of Wales Stadium, South London met [Bedford Swifts](/wiki/Bedford_Swifts \"Bedford Swifts\") in the [Rugby League Conference](/wiki/Rugby_League_Conference \"Rugby League Conference\") Shield Final, where they treated the large crowd, and the [Sky TV](/wiki/British_Sky_Broadcasting \"British Sky Broadcasting\") cameras, to an exhilarating display of running rugby. Storm ran in ten tries in a runaway 54–2 victory, Caro Wild led the way with a hat\\-trick, Daniel Poireaudeau grabbed two, and Terry Reader, Keri Ryan, Nathan Price\\-Saleh, Aaron Russell and Alun Watkins pitched in with one apiece.", "The final whistle sparked terrific celebrations both on the pitch and in the stand where Storm's large traveling support cheered Keri Ryan as he lifted the club's first ever major trophy.", "Once again Storm fielded a second team in the [London League](/wiki/London_League_%28rugby_league%29 \"London League (rugby league)\"), and although wins were hard to come by, only one all season, the players showed great enthusiasm with a number graduating to the first team.\nThe season ended with the club's first overseas tour. A party of 24 travelled to the south of [France](/wiki/France \"France\") to play [French National One](/wiki/National_Division_1 \"National Division 1\") club [Realmont XIII](/wiki/Realmont_XIII \"Realmont XIII\"). In front of a crowd of 750 – a quarter of the town's population – Storm put up a brave performance, but were eventually downed 18–36\\.", "To round off the club's most successful season ever, Captain Keri Ryan was named at stand\\-off in the 2002 Rugby League Conference Dream Team, and full\\-back Corey Simms was named the competition's Young Player Of The Year.", "Fittingly, the club was also presented with the award for Rugby League Conference Club of The Year 2002\\.", "#### Season's Record", "**First Grade**", "**Rugby League Conference South**", "* 04/05/2002 Kingston Warriors 36 South London Storm 22\n* 11/05/2002 South London Storm 20 West London Sharks 32\n* 18/05/2002 North London Skolars 66 South London Storm 16\n* 25/05/2002 Oxford Cavaliers 40 South London Storm 30\n* 01/06/2002 South London Storm 16 Crawley Jets 48\n* 08/06/2002 South London Storm 42 Kingston Warriors 18\n* 22/06/2002 West London Sharks 32 South London Storm 18\n* 29/06/2002 South London Storm 6 North London Skolars 50\n* 06/07/2002 South London Storm 38 Oxford Cavaliers 50\n* 13/07/2002 Crawley Jets 80 South London Storm 0", "", "| | Pld | W | D | L | F | A |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Home | 5 | 1 | 0 | 4 | 122 | 198 |\n| Away | 5 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 86 | 254 |", "**RLC Shield Play Offs**", "* 27/07/2002 Kingston Warriors 22 South London Storm 28 (Group)\n* 03/08/2002 South London Storm 20 Oxford Cavaliers 12 (Group)\n* 10/08/2002 South London Storm 36 Kingston Warriors 4 (Group)\n* 17/08/2002 Oxford Cavaliers 12 South London Storm 20 (Group)\n* 24/08/2002 Crewe Wolves 14 South London Storm 21 (Semi\\-Final)\n* 31/08/2002 South London Storm 54 Bedford Swifts 2 (Final)", "", "| | Pld | W | D | L | F | A |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Home | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 56 | 16 |\n| Away | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 48 | 34 |\n| Neutral | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 75 | 16 |", "" ]
### 2003 Buoyed by their success in the RLC Shield, Storm were encouraged to apply for membership of the newly formed [National League Three](/wiki/National_League_Three "National League Three"). The application was successful, however, following a number of internal meetings the club reluctantly decided against taking the step up and instead remain in the RLC. However, only four weeks before the start of the season local rivals Crawley Jets folded, and Storm accepted the RFL's last minute invitation to participate in NL3\. The club also entered a second team in the RLC, and employed the first full\-time Rugby League Development Officer in the area, accelerating the junior development program started by volunteers in 2000\. Under the South London Storm “umbrella” are the three junior feeder clubs formed – the Croydon Hurricanes, Thornton Heath Tornadoes, and the Brixton Bulls. Coached by ex\-London Broncos player Darryl Pitt, the club opened their league campaign with an against\-the\-odds 24–16 victory over Huddersfield Underbank Rangers. It was a win that was all the more remarkable for the fact that they were down to 12 men after only 5 seconds; prop Mick Smith having been sent off in the first tackle. Storm registered a further five wins in the season but missed out on the end of season play\-offs. The club made a second tour to France in September, losing 22–48 against a [Salses XIII](/wiki/Salses_XIII "Salses XIII") line up containing three ex\-French internationals. In November Storm played a charity match against an Australian Legends of League side including the likes of [Jason Hetherington](/wiki/Jason_Hetherington "Jason Hetherington"), [Trevor Gillmeister](/wiki/Trevor_Gillmeister "Trevor Gillmeister"), [Craig Coleman](/wiki/Craig_Coleman "Craig Coleman"), [Andrew Farrar](/wiki/Andrew_Farrar "Andrew Farrar") and [Peter Tunks](/wiki/Peter_Tunks "Peter Tunks"). Both teams served the enthusiastic crowd of three or four hundred with an exciting end\-to\-end contest played in a manner befitting the occasion. The result was irrelevant; although for the record the score was 24–20 in favour of the Legends. That same month Storm played their first ever Rugby League [Challenge Cup](/wiki/Challenge_Cup "Challenge Cup") game when they hosted National Conference side West Bowling in the preliminary round, losing 4–36\. In 2003 Storm were represented at International level for the first time when U15 player [Adam Janowski](/wiki/Adam_Janowski "Adam Janowski") was selected to play for England U15s against their Welsh counterparts at Easter. #### Season's Record **Rugby League Conference Cup** * 03/03/2003 South London Storm 24 West London Sharks 24 * 09/03/2003 Greenwich Admirals 6 South London Storm 16 * 16/03/2003 North London Skolars 34 South London Storm 20 * 23/03/2003 South London Storm 14 North London Skolars 15 * 30/03/2003 West London Sharks 16 South London Storm 30 * 05/04/2003 South London Storm 62 Greenwich Admirals 20 * 13/04/2003 Aberavon Fighting Irish 10 South London Storm 44 (Quarter\-Final) * 18/04/2003 North London Skolars 28 South London Storm 19 (Semi\-Final) | | Pld | W | D | L | F | A | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Home | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 100 | 59 | | Away | 5 | 3 | 0 | 2 | 129 | 94 | **First Grade** **National League 3** * 03/05/2003 South London Storm 24 Huddersfield Underbank Rangers 16 * 10/05/2003 Dudley Hill 42 South London Storm 0 * 17/05/2003 Coventry Bears 20 South London Storm 14 * 31/05/2003 South London Storm 28 Sheffield Hillsborough Hawks 22 * 07/06/2003 Manchester Knights 2 South London Storm 42 * 14/06/2003 St Albans Centurions 38 South London Storm 18 * 21/06/2003 Sheffield Hillsborough Hawks 36 South London Storm 10 * 28/06/2003 South London Storm 26 Hemel Stags 8 * 05/07/2003 South London Storm 6 St Albans Centurions 28 * 12/06/2003 South London Storm 32 Teesside Steelers 36 * 19/07/2003 Hemel Stags 16 South London Storm 22 * 26/06/2003 South London Storm 4 [Woolston Rovers](/wiki/Woolston_Rovers "Woolston Rovers") ([Warrington](/wiki/Warrington "Warrington")) 32 * 02/08/2003 South London Storm 34 Coventry Bears 22 * 09/08/2003 [Woolston Rovers](/wiki/Woolston_Rovers "Woolston Rovers") ([Warrington](/wiki/Warrington "Warrington")) 44 South London Storm 14 | | Pld | W | D | L | F | A | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Home | 7 | 4 | 0 | 3 | 154 | 166 | | Away | 7 | 2 | 0 | 5 | 120 | 198 | **Second Grade** **Rugby League Conference South** * 03/05/2003 Gosport Vikings 80 South London Storm 4 * 10/05/2003 South London Storm 16 Greenwich Admirals 40 * 17/05/2003 South London Storm 18 Hemel Stags 12 * 31/05/2003 South London Storm 0 Crawley Jets 88 * 07/06/2003 South London Storm 14 Gosport Vikings 24 * 14/06/2003 West London Sharks 88 South London Storm 12 * 28/06/2003 Greenwich Admirals 62 South London Storm 8 * 05/07/2003 South London Storm 16 Kingston Warriors 26 * 12/07/2003 North London Skolars 82 South London Storm 8 * 19/07/2003 Crawley Jets 88 South London Storm 6 | | Pld | W | D | L | F | A | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Home | 5 | 1 | 0 | 4 | 64 | 190 | | Away | 5 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 36 | 406 |
[ "### 2003", "Buoyed by their success in the RLC Shield, Storm were encouraged to apply for membership of the newly formed [National League Three](/wiki/National_League_Three \"National League Three\"). The application was successful, however, following a number of internal meetings the club reluctantly decided against taking the step up and instead remain in the RLC. However, only four weeks before the start of the season local rivals Crawley Jets folded, and Storm accepted the RFL's last minute invitation to participate in NL3\\. The club also entered a second team in the RLC, and employed the first full\\-time Rugby League Development Officer in the area, accelerating the junior development program started by volunteers in 2000\\. Under the South London Storm “umbrella” are the three junior feeder clubs formed – the Croydon Hurricanes, Thornton Heath Tornadoes, and the Brixton Bulls.", "Coached by ex\\-London Broncos player Darryl Pitt, the club opened their league campaign with an against\\-the\\-odds 24–16 victory over Huddersfield Underbank Rangers. It was a win that was all the more remarkable for the fact that they were down to 12 men after only 5 seconds; prop Mick Smith having been sent off in the first tackle. Storm registered a further five wins in the season but missed out on the end of season play\\-offs.", "The club made a second tour to France in September, losing 22–48 against a [Salses XIII](/wiki/Salses_XIII \"Salses XIII\") line up containing three ex\\-French internationals.", "In November Storm played a charity match against an Australian Legends of League side including the likes of [Jason Hetherington](/wiki/Jason_Hetherington \"Jason Hetherington\"), [Trevor Gillmeister](/wiki/Trevor_Gillmeister \"Trevor Gillmeister\"), [Craig Coleman](/wiki/Craig_Coleman \"Craig Coleman\"), [Andrew Farrar](/wiki/Andrew_Farrar \"Andrew Farrar\") and [Peter Tunks](/wiki/Peter_Tunks \"Peter Tunks\"). Both teams served the enthusiastic crowd of three or four hundred with an exciting end\\-to\\-end contest played in a manner befitting the occasion. The result was irrelevant; although for the record the score was 24–20 in favour of the Legends.", "That same month Storm played their first ever Rugby League [Challenge Cup](/wiki/Challenge_Cup \"Challenge Cup\") game when they hosted National Conference side West Bowling in the preliminary round, losing 4–36\\.", "In 2003 Storm were represented at International level for the first time when U15 player [Adam Janowski](/wiki/Adam_Janowski \"Adam Janowski\") was selected to play for England U15s against their Welsh counterparts at Easter.", "#### Season's Record", "**Rugby League Conference Cup**", "* 03/03/2003 South London Storm 24 West London Sharks 24\n* 09/03/2003 Greenwich Admirals 6 South London Storm 16\n* 16/03/2003 North London Skolars 34 South London Storm 20\n* 23/03/2003 South London Storm 14 North London Skolars 15\n* 30/03/2003 West London Sharks 16 South London Storm 30\n* 05/04/2003 South London Storm 62 Greenwich Admirals 20\n* 13/04/2003 Aberavon Fighting Irish 10 South London Storm 44 (Quarter\\-Final)\n* 18/04/2003 North London Skolars 28 South London Storm 19 (Semi\\-Final)", "", "| | Pld | W | D | L | F | A |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Home | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 100 | 59 |\n| Away | 5 | 3 | 0 | 2 | 129 | 94 |", "**First Grade**", "**National League 3**", "* 03/05/2003 South London Storm 24 Huddersfield Underbank Rangers 16\n* 10/05/2003 Dudley Hill 42 South London Storm 0\n* 17/05/2003 Coventry Bears 20 South London Storm 14\n* 31/05/2003 South London Storm 28 Sheffield Hillsborough Hawks 22\n* 07/06/2003 Manchester Knights 2 South London Storm 42\n* 14/06/2003 St Albans Centurions 38 South London Storm 18\n* 21/06/2003 Sheffield Hillsborough Hawks 36 South London Storm 10\n* 28/06/2003 South London Storm 26 Hemel Stags 8\n* 05/07/2003 South London Storm 6 St Albans Centurions 28\n* 12/06/2003 South London Storm 32 Teesside Steelers 36\n* 19/07/2003 Hemel Stags 16 South London Storm 22\n* 26/06/2003 South London Storm 4 [Woolston Rovers](/wiki/Woolston_Rovers \"Woolston Rovers\") ([Warrington](/wiki/Warrington \"Warrington\")) 32\n* 02/08/2003 South London Storm 34 Coventry Bears 22\n* 09/08/2003 [Woolston Rovers](/wiki/Woolston_Rovers \"Woolston Rovers\") ([Warrington](/wiki/Warrington \"Warrington\")) 44 South London Storm 14", "", "| | Pld | W | D | L | F | A |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Home | 7 | 4 | 0 | 3 | 154 | 166 |\n| Away | 7 | 2 | 0 | 5 | 120 | 198 |", "**Second Grade**", "**Rugby League Conference South**", "* 03/05/2003 Gosport Vikings 80 South London Storm 4\n* 10/05/2003 South London Storm 16 Greenwich Admirals 40\n* 17/05/2003 South London Storm 18 Hemel Stags 12\n* 31/05/2003 South London Storm 0 Crawley Jets 88\n* 07/06/2003 South London Storm 14 Gosport Vikings 24\n* 14/06/2003 West London Sharks 88 South London Storm 12\n* 28/06/2003 Greenwich Admirals 62 South London Storm 8\n* 05/07/2003 South London Storm 16 Kingston Warriors 26\n* 12/07/2003 North London Skolars 82 South London Storm 8\n* 19/07/2003 Crawley Jets 88 South London Storm 6", "", "| | Pld | W | D | L | F | A |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Home | 5 | 1 | 0 | 4 | 64 | 190 |\n| Away | 5 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 36 | 406 |", "" ]
Derivations of the pdf ---------------------- ### Derivation of the pdf for one degree of freedom Let random variable *Y* be defined as *Y* \= *X*2 where *X* has [normal distribution](/wiki/Normal_distribution "Normal distribution") with mean 0 and variance 1 (that is *X* \~ *N*(0,1\)). Then, \\begin{alignat}{2} \\text{for} \~ y \< 0, \& \~\~ F\_Y(y) \= P(Y\<y) \= 0 \~\~ \\text{and} \\\\ \\text{for} \~ y \\geq 0, \& \~\~ F\_Y(y) \= P(Y\<y) \= P(X^2\<y) \= P(\|X\|\<\\sqrt{y}) \= P(\-\\sqrt{y} \< X \<\\sqrt{y})\\\\ \~\~ \& \= F\_X(\\sqrt{y})\-F\_X(\-\\sqrt{y})\= F\_X(\\sqrt{y})\-(1\-F\_X(\\sqrt{y}))\= 2 F\_X(\\sqrt{y})\-1 \\end{alignat} \\begin{align} f\_Y(y) \&\= \\tfrac{d}{dy} F\_Y(y) \= 2 \\tfrac{d}{dy} F\_X(\\sqrt{y}) \- 0 \= 2 \\frac{d}{dy} \\left( \\int\_{\-\\infty}^\\sqrt{y} \\frac{1}{\\sqrt{2\\pi}} e^{\\frac{\-t^2}{2}} dt \\right) \\\\ \& \= 2 \\frac{1}{\\sqrt{2 \\pi}} e^{\-\\frac{y}{2}} (\\sqrt{y})'\_y \= 2 \\frac{1}{\\sqrt{2}\\sqrt{\\pi}} e^{\-\\frac{y}{2}} \\left( \\frac{1}{2} y^{\-\\frac{1}{2}} \\right) \\\\ \& \= \\frac{1}{2^{\\frac{1}{2}} \\Gamma(\\frac{1}{2})}y^{\-\\frac{1}{2}}e^{\-\\frac{y}{2}} \\end{align} Where F and f are the cdf and pdf of the corresponding random variables. Then Y \= X^2 \\sim \\chi^2\_1\. #### Alternative proof directly using the change of variable formula The [change of variable formula](/wiki/Random_variable%23Functions_of_random_variables "Random variable#Functions of random variables") (implicitly derived above), for a [monotonic](/wiki/Monotonic "Monotonic") transformation y\=g(x), is: f\_Y(y) \= \\sum\_{i} f\_X(g\_{i}^{\-1}(y)) \\left\| \\frac{d g\_{i}^{\-1}(y)}{d y} \\right\|. In this case the change is not monotonic, because every value of \\scriptstyle Y has two corresponding values of \\scriptstyle X (one positive and negative). However, because of symmetry, both halves will transform identically, i.e. f\_Y(y) \= 2f\_X(g^{\-1}(y)) \\left\| \\frac{d g^{\-1}(y)}{d y} \\right\|. In this case, the transformation is: x \= g^{\-1}(y) \= \\sqrt{y}, and its derivative is \\frac{d g^{\-1}(y)}{d y} \= \\frac{1}{2\\sqrt{y}} . So here: f\_Y(y) \= 2\\frac{1}{\\sqrt{2\\pi}}e^{\-y/2} \\frac{1}{2\\sqrt{y}} \= \\frac{1}{\\sqrt{2\\pi y}}e^{\-y/2}. And one gets the chi\-squared distribution, noting the property of the [gamma function](/wiki/Gamma_function%23Particular_values "Gamma function#Particular values"): \\Gamma(1/2\)\=\\sqrt{\\pi}. ### Derivation of the pdf for two degrees of freedom There are several methods to derive chi\-squared distribution with 2 degrees of freedom. Here is one based on the distribution with 1 degree of freedom. Suppose that X and Y are two independent variables satisfying X\\sim\\chi^2\_1 and Y\\sim\\chi^2\_1, so that the probability density functions of X and Y are respectively: f\_X(x)\=\\frac{1}{2^{\\frac{1}{2}}\\Gamma(\\frac{1}{2})}x^{\-\\frac{1}{2}}e^{\-\\frac{x}{2}} and of course f\_Y(y) \= f\_X(y). Then, we can derive the joint distribution of (X,Y): f(x,y)\=f\_X(x)\\,f\_Y(y) \= \\frac{1}{2\\pi}(xy)^{\-\\frac{1}{2}}e^{\-\\frac{x\+y}{2}} where \\Gamma(\\tfrac{1}{2})^2 \= \\pi. Further{{Clarify\|reason\=Rationale would be helpful.\|date\=January 2024}}, let A\=xy and B\=x\+y, we can get that: x \= \\frac{B\+\\sqrt{B^2\-4A}}{2} and y \= \\frac{B\-\\sqrt{B^2\-4A}}{2} or, inversely x \= \\frac{B\-\\sqrt{B^2\-4A}}{2} and y \= \\frac{B\+\\sqrt{B^2\-4A}}{2} Since the two variable change policies are symmetric, we take the upper one and multiply the result by 2\. The Jacobian determinant can be calculated as{{Clarify\|reason\=Reasoning unclear, provide reference.\|date\=January 2024}}: \\operatorname{Jacobian}\\left( \\frac{x, y}{A, B} \\right) ``` =\begin{vmatrix} -(B^2-4A)^{-\frac{1}{2}} & \frac{1+B(B^2-4A)^{-\frac{1}{2}}}{2} \\ (B^2-4A)^{-\frac{1}{2}} & \frac{1-B(B^2-4A)^{-\frac{1}{2}}}{2} \\ \end{vmatrix} =-(B^2-4A)^{-\frac{1}{2}} ``` Now we can change f(x,y) to f(A,B){{Clarify\|reason\=The new function in (A,B) needs a new name because it is not the same function only differing in parameters.\|date\=January 2024}}: f(A,B)\=2\\times\\frac{1}{2\\pi}A^{\-\\frac{1}{2}}e^{\-\\frac{B}{2}}(B^2\-4A)^{\-\\frac{1}{2}} where the leading constant 2 is to take both the two variable change policies into account. Finally, we integrate out A{{Clarify\|reason\=Integration boundaries unclear.\|date\=January 2024}} to get the distribution of B, i.e. x\+y: f(B)\=2\\times\\frac{e^{\-\\frac{B}{2}}}{2\\pi}\\int\_0^{\\frac{B^2}{4}}A^{\-\\frac{1}{2}}(B^2\-4A)^{\-\\frac{1}{2}}dA Substituting A\=\\frac{B^2}{4}\\sin^2(t) gives: f(B)\=2\\times\\frac{e^{\-\\frac{B}{2}}}{2\\pi}\\int\_0^{\\frac{\\pi}{2}} \\, dt So, the result is: f(B)\=\\frac{e^{\-\\frac{B}{2}}}{2} ### Derivation of the pdf for *k* degrees of freedom Consider the *k* samples x\_i to represent a single point in a *k*\-dimensional space. The chi square distribution for *k* degrees of freedom will then be given by: P(Q) \\, dQ \= \\int\_\\mathcal{V} \\prod\_{i\=1}^k (N(x\_i)\\,dx\_i) \= \\int\_\\mathcal{V} \\frac{e^{\-(x\_1^2 \+ x\_2^2 \+ \\cdots \+x\_k^2\)/2}}{(2\\pi)^{k/2}}\\,dx\_1\\,dx\_2 \\cdots dx\_k where N(x) is the standard [normal distribution](/wiki/Normal_distribution "Normal distribution") and \\mathcal{V} is that elemental shell volume at *Q*(*x*), which is proportional to the (*k* − 1\)\-dimensional surface in *k*\-space for which Q\=\\sum\_{i\=1}^k x\_i^2 It can be seen that this surface is the surface of a *k*\-dimensional ball or, alternatively, an [n\-sphere](/wiki/N-sphere "N-sphere") where *n* \= *k* \- 1 with radius R\=\\sqrt{Q}, and that the term in the exponent is simply expressed in terms of *Q*. Since it is a constant, it may be removed from inside the integral. P(Q) \\, dQ \= \\frac{e^{\-Q/2}}{(2\\pi)^{k/2}} \\int\_\\mathcal{V} dx\_1\\,dx\_2\\cdots dx\_k The integral is now simply the surface area *A* of the (*k* − 1\)\-sphere times the infinitesimal thickness of the sphere which is dR\=\\frac{dQ}{2Q^{1/2}}. The area of a [(*k* − 1\)\-sphere](/wiki/N-sphere "N-sphere") is: A\=\\frac{2R^{k\-1}\\pi^{k/2}}{\\Gamma(k/2\)} Substituting, realizing that \\Gamma(z\+1\)\=z\\Gamma(z), and cancelling terms yields: P(Q) \\, dQ \= \\frac{e^{\-Q/2}}{(2\\pi)^{k/2}}A\\,dR\= \\frac{1}{2^{k/2}\\Gamma(k/2\)}Q^{k/2\-1}e^{\-Q/2}\\,dQ [Category:Article proofs](/wiki/Category:Article_proofs "Article proofs")
[ "Derivations of the pdf\n----------------------", "### Derivation of the pdf for one degree of freedom", "Let random variable *Y* be defined as *Y* \\= *X*2 where *X* has [normal distribution](/wiki/Normal_distribution \"Normal distribution\") with mean 0 and variance 1 (that is *X* \\~ *N*(0,1\\)).", "Then,", "\\\\begin{alignat}{2}\n\\\\text{for} \\~ y \\< 0, \\& \\~\\~ F\\_Y(y) \\= P(Y\\<y) \\= 0 \\~\\~ \\\\text{and} \\\\\\\\\n\\\\text{for} \\~ y \\\\geq 0, \\& \\~\\~ F\\_Y(y) \\= P(Y\\<y) \\= P(X^2\\<y) \\= P(\\|X\\|\\<\\\\sqrt{y}) \\= P(\\-\\\\sqrt{y} \\< X \\<\\\\sqrt{y})\\\\\\\\ \n\\~\\~ \\& \\= F\\_X(\\\\sqrt{y})\\-F\\_X(\\-\\\\sqrt{y})\\= F\\_X(\\\\sqrt{y})\\-(1\\-F\\_X(\\\\sqrt{y}))\\= 2 F\\_X(\\\\sqrt{y})\\-1\n\\\\end{alignat}", "", "\\\\begin{align}\nf\\_Y(y) \\&\\= \\\\tfrac{d}{dy} F\\_Y(y) \\= 2 \\\\tfrac{d}{dy} F\\_X(\\\\sqrt{y}) \\- 0 \\= 2 \\\\frac{d}{dy} \\\\left( \\\\int\\_{\\-\\\\infty}^\\\\sqrt{y} \\\\frac{1}{\\\\sqrt{2\\\\pi}} e^{\\\\frac{\\-t^2}{2}} dt \\\\right) \\\\\\\\\n\\& \\= 2 \\\\frac{1}{\\\\sqrt{2 \\\\pi}} e^{\\-\\\\frac{y}{2}} (\\\\sqrt{y})'\\_y \\= 2 \\\\frac{1}{\\\\sqrt{2}\\\\sqrt{\\\\pi}} e^{\\-\\\\frac{y}{2}} \\\\left( \\\\frac{1}{2} y^{\\-\\\\frac{1}{2}} \\\\right) \\\\\\\\\n\\& \\= \\\\frac{1}{2^{\\\\frac{1}{2}} \\\\Gamma(\\\\frac{1}{2})}y^{\\-\\\\frac{1}{2}}e^{\\-\\\\frac{y}{2}}\n\\\\end{align}", "Where F and f are the cdf and pdf of the corresponding random variables.", "Then Y \\= X^2 \\\\sim \\\\chi^2\\_1\\.", "#### Alternative proof directly using the change of variable formula", "The [change of variable formula](/wiki/Random_variable%23Functions_of_random_variables \"Random variable#Functions of random variables\") (implicitly derived above), for a [monotonic](/wiki/Monotonic \"Monotonic\") transformation y\\=g(x), is: \nf\\_Y(y) \\= \\\\sum\\_{i} f\\_X(g\\_{i}^{\\-1}(y)) \\\\left\\| \\\\frac{d g\\_{i}^{\\-1}(y)}{d y} \\\\right\\|.", "In this case the change is not monotonic, because every value of \\\\scriptstyle Y has two corresponding values of \\\\scriptstyle X (one positive and negative). However, because of symmetry, both halves will transform identically, i.e.", "f\\_Y(y) \\= 2f\\_X(g^{\\-1}(y)) \\\\left\\| \\\\frac{d g^{\\-1}(y)}{d y} \\\\right\\|.\nIn this case, the transformation is: x \\= g^{\\-1}(y) \\= \\\\sqrt{y}, and its derivative is\n\\\\frac{d g^{\\-1}(y)}{d y} \\= \\\\frac{1}{2\\\\sqrt{y}} .", "So here:", "f\\_Y(y) \\= 2\\\\frac{1}{\\\\sqrt{2\\\\pi}}e^{\\-y/2} \\\\frac{1}{2\\\\sqrt{y}} \\= \\\\frac{1}{\\\\sqrt{2\\\\pi y}}e^{\\-y/2}. \nAnd one gets the chi\\-squared distribution, noting the property of the [gamma function](/wiki/Gamma_function%23Particular_values \"Gamma function#Particular values\"): \\\\Gamma(1/2\\)\\=\\\\sqrt{\\\\pi}.", "### Derivation of the pdf for two degrees of freedom", "There are several methods to derive chi\\-squared distribution with 2 degrees of freedom. Here is one based on the distribution with 1 degree of freedom.", "Suppose that X and Y are two independent variables satisfying X\\\\sim\\\\chi^2\\_1 and Y\\\\sim\\\\chi^2\\_1, so that the probability density functions of X and Y are respectively:", "f\\_X(x)\\=\\\\frac{1}{2^{\\\\frac{1}{2}}\\\\Gamma(\\\\frac{1}{2})}x^{\\-\\\\frac{1}{2}}e^{\\-\\\\frac{x}{2}}", "and of course f\\_Y(y) \\= f\\_X(y). Then, we can derive the joint distribution of (X,Y):\n \nf(x,y)\\=f\\_X(x)\\\\,f\\_Y(y) \\= \\\\frac{1}{2\\\\pi}(xy)^{\\-\\\\frac{1}{2}}e^{\\-\\\\frac{x\\+y}{2}}", "where \\\\Gamma(\\\\tfrac{1}{2})^2 \\= \\\\pi. Further{{Clarify\\|reason\\=Rationale would be helpful.\\|date\\=January 2024}}, let A\\=xy and B\\=x\\+y, we can get that:", "x \\= \\\\frac{B\\+\\\\sqrt{B^2\\-4A}}{2}", "and\n \ny \\= \\\\frac{B\\-\\\\sqrt{B^2\\-4A}}{2}", "or, inversely", "x \\= \\\\frac{B\\-\\\\sqrt{B^2\\-4A}}{2}", "and\n \ny \\= \\\\frac{B\\+\\\\sqrt{B^2\\-4A}}{2}", "Since the two variable change policies are symmetric, we take the upper one and multiply the result by 2\\. The Jacobian determinant can be calculated as{{Clarify\\|reason\\=Reasoning unclear, provide reference.\\|date\\=January 2024}}:", "\\\\operatorname{Jacobian}\\\\left( \\\\frac{x, y}{A, B} \\\\right)", "```\n =\\begin{vmatrix}\n -(B^2-4A)^{-\\frac{1}{2}} & \\frac{1+B(B^2-4A)^{-\\frac{1}{2}}}{2} \\\\\n (B^2-4A)^{-\\frac{1}{2}} & \\frac{1-B(B^2-4A)^{-\\frac{1}{2}}}{2} \\\\\n \\end{vmatrix}\n =-(B^2-4A)^{-\\frac{1}{2}}", "```", "", "Now we can change f(x,y) to f(A,B){{Clarify\\|reason\\=The new function in (A,B) needs a new name because it is not the same function only differing in parameters.\\|date\\=January 2024}}:", "f(A,B)\\=2\\\\times\\\\frac{1}{2\\\\pi}A^{\\-\\\\frac{1}{2}}e^{\\-\\\\frac{B}{2}}(B^2\\-4A)^{\\-\\\\frac{1}{2}}", "where the leading constant 2 is to take both the two variable change policies into account. Finally, we integrate out A{{Clarify\\|reason\\=Integration boundaries unclear.\\|date\\=January 2024}} to get the distribution of B, i.e. x\\+y:", "f(B)\\=2\\\\times\\\\frac{e^{\\-\\\\frac{B}{2}}}{2\\\\pi}\\\\int\\_0^{\\\\frac{B^2}{4}}A^{\\-\\\\frac{1}{2}}(B^2\\-4A)^{\\-\\\\frac{1}{2}}dA", "Substituting A\\=\\\\frac{B^2}{4}\\\\sin^2(t) gives:", "f(B)\\=2\\\\times\\\\frac{e^{\\-\\\\frac{B}{2}}}{2\\\\pi}\\\\int\\_0^{\\\\frac{\\\\pi}{2}} \\\\, dt", "So, the result is:", "f(B)\\=\\\\frac{e^{\\-\\\\frac{B}{2}}}{2}", "### Derivation of the pdf for *k* degrees of freedom", "Consider the *k* samples x\\_i to represent a single point in a *k*\\-dimensional space. The chi square distribution for *k* degrees of freedom will then be given by:", "", "P(Q) \\\\, dQ \\= \\\\int\\_\\\\mathcal{V} \\\\prod\\_{i\\=1}^k (N(x\\_i)\\\\,dx\\_i) \\= \\\\int\\_\\\\mathcal{V} \\\\frac{e^{\\-(x\\_1^2 \\+ x\\_2^2 \\+ \\\\cdots \\+x\\_k^2\\)/2}}{(2\\\\pi)^{k/2}}\\\\,dx\\_1\\\\,dx\\_2 \\\\cdots dx\\_k", "where N(x) is the standard [normal distribution](/wiki/Normal_distribution \"Normal distribution\") and \\\\mathcal{V} is that elemental shell volume at *Q*(*x*), which is proportional to the (*k* − 1\\)\\-dimensional surface in *k*\\-space for which", "Q\\=\\\\sum\\_{i\\=1}^k x\\_i^2\nIt can be seen that this surface is the surface of a *k*\\-dimensional ball or, alternatively, an [n\\-sphere](/wiki/N-sphere \"N-sphere\") where *n* \\= *k* \\- 1 with radius R\\=\\\\sqrt{Q}, and that the term in the exponent is simply expressed in terms of *Q*. Since it is a constant, it may be removed from inside the integral.", "", "P(Q) \\\\, dQ \\= \\\\frac{e^{\\-Q/2}}{(2\\\\pi)^{k/2}} \\\\int\\_\\\\mathcal{V} dx\\_1\\\\,dx\\_2\\\\cdots dx\\_k", "The integral is now simply the surface area *A* of the (*k* − 1\\)\\-sphere times the infinitesimal thickness of the sphere which is", "dR\\=\\\\frac{dQ}{2Q^{1/2}}.\nThe area of a [(*k* − 1\\)\\-sphere](/wiki/N-sphere \"N-sphere\") is:", "", "A\\=\\\\frac{2R^{k\\-1}\\\\pi^{k/2}}{\\\\Gamma(k/2\\)}", "Substituting, realizing that \\\\Gamma(z\\+1\\)\\=z\\\\Gamma(z), and cancelling terms yields:", "", "P(Q) \\\\, dQ \\= \\\\frac{e^{\\-Q/2}}{(2\\\\pi)^{k/2}}A\\\\,dR\\= \\\\frac{1}{2^{k/2}\\\\Gamma(k/2\\)}Q^{k/2\\-1}e^{\\-Q/2}\\\\,dQ", "[Category:Article proofs](/wiki/Category:Article_proofs \"Article proofs\")", "" ]
Biography --------- ### The early years Arthur "Al" Howie was born in 1945 in [Saltcoats](/wiki/Saltcoats "Saltcoats"), [Ayrshire](/wiki/Ayrshire "Ayrshire") a town near [Glasgow, Scotland](/wiki/Glasgow "Glasgow"). He attended the local schools and completed his [secondary education](/wiki/Secondary_education "Secondary education"). He married an American living in Britain and a son Gabe was born in 1968\. After his divorce, Howie emigrated to Canada with his son and settled in Toronto. A daughter, Dana, was born in 1976\. He [quit smoking](/wiki/Smoking_cessation "Smoking cessation") in January 1974 and started running as a hobby "to get rid of the aggravation from quitting a three\-pack\-a\-day smoking habit." Howie moved to Victoria, B. C. in 1978 and began training for the long runs, including training runs between cities. He married Claudia Cole in 1986; they separated in 2000\. He lived in Duncan, B. C., since 2005, where he received treatment for Diabetes I. [left\|thumb\|Al Howie (in foreground) taking the lead to win his first marathon. 1982 Slave Lake Marathon, Alberta, Canada.](/wiki/File:Al_Howie_-_Slave_Lake_Marathon_1982.jpg "Al Howie - Slave Lake Marathon 1982.jpg") ### The "Prince George to Boston" Marathon: 1979 The 1979 Prince George marathon will go down in [sports history](/wiki/History_of_sport "History of sport") as the race that brought together three of Canada's unknown athletes for their inaugural marathon: Al Howie, [Rick Hansen](/wiki/Rick_Hansen "Rick Hansen") and [Terry Fox](/wiki/Terry_Fox "Terry Fox"). Howie had run from Victoria to Prince George to be in the race that promised the winner an all\-expense\-paid trip to the [Boston Marathon](/wiki/Boston_Marathon "Boston Marathon")."Canadian ultrarunner's story to be revealed in new book". Canadian Running. July 4th, 2019\. At the race, Rick Hansen easily rolled his wheelchair across the finish line ahead of all competitors. Al Howie placed third in his first {{convert\|17\|mi\|km\|adj\=on}} run. And amputee Terry Fox was the last to finish the race only ten minutes behind the last two\-legged runner encouraged by spontaneous applause from the watching crowd. Howie was inspired by Fox's announcement to run across Canada in aid of [cancer research](/wiki/Cancer_research "Cancer research"). "Fox unleashed a tremendous wave of energy and eagerness to excel, seldom seen in Canada on a personal level," noted Howie. ### From Marathons to Ultramarathons to Multiday Races: 1980\-1988 Howie began to train obsessively for longer and longer runs. He won his [age group](/wiki/Demographic_profile "Demographic profile") in his first full\-length ({{convert\|42\.195\|km\|mi}}) marathon in 1980 in Edmonton. He then ran 806 miles (1,297 kilometers) from Edmonton to Victoria to enter the first annual [Royal Victoria Marathon](/wiki/Royal_Victoria_Marathon "Royal Victoria Marathon") in which he placed fourteenth overall. Howie had shipped his gear from point to point on buses and run to his destination. In May, 1981, Howie set the Canadian and North American record for the annual [Self\-Transcendence 24 Hour Race](/wiki/Self-Transcendence_24_Hour_Race_Ottawa "Self-Transcendence 24 Hour Race Ottawa") in Ottawa, and the following year improved on his distance by covering 150 miles and 395 yards in that continuous day and night (no sleeping) race. He won the annual 24\-hour race in Ottawa five years in a row, in 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984, and 1985\. In 1983, he ran from Winnipeg to Ottawa prior to participating in the 24\-hour event. In 1986 while he was recuperating from a bout with cancer, he ran his worst 24\-hour ultra in which he covered about 100 kilometers. He was back in top form for the 1987 Canadian 24\-hour Championship in Ottawa, winning the event for the sixth time. A cancerous [brain tumour](/wiki/Brain_tumor "Brain tumor") behind his ear appeared in the summer of 1985 forcing temporary withdrawal from all races. Adopting a [macrobiotic diet](/wiki/Macrobiotic_diet "Macrobiotic diet"), Howie had recovered sufficiently by spring of the following year to run 1200 kilometers from Victoria to Fernie in southern B.C. where some of his treatment had taken place. In 1987 he broke the record for the longest, continual run, completing 360 miles (580 kilometers) in 1422 laps around the University of Victoria's Centennial Stadium in 104\.5 hours. That's four non\-stop days and nights to promote the forthcoming [Commonwealth Games](/wiki/Commonwealth_Games "Commonwealth Games").Beasley, Jared. "In Search of Al Howie". Rocky Mountain Books. 2019\. In 1988, he set a record in the {{convert\|880\|mi\|km\|adj\=on}} [Land's End to John o' Groats](/wiki/Land%27s_End_to_John_o%27_Groats "Land's End to John o' Groats"), running the length of Britain in 11 days. A few months later, he ran from England through France to the island of Sardinia in Italy where he participated in the final running of the Super\-Marathon Nuraghe. ### The Peak Years: 1989 to 1991 [thumb\|Howie after 1,300\-mile race](/wiki/File:Al_Howie_portrait.jpg "Al Howie portrait.jpg") The ['Ultra Trio'](/wiki/Self-Transcendence_3100_Mile_Race "Self-Transcendence 3100 Mile Race") was born in 1987—a set of three ultra races of 700, 1000 and 1,300 miles. ([Sri Chinmoy](/wiki/Sri_Chinmoy "Sri Chinmoy") Centre, History). No runners finished the 1300 Miler in New York in 1987 and 1988, but in 1989, Al Howie was the first person ever to complete the grueling [Sri Chinmoy](/wiki/Sri_Chinmoy "Sri Chinmoy") {{convert\|1300\|mi\|km\|adj\=on}} distance, setting the world record at 17 days and 9 hours."Three Conquer the Sri Chinmoy 1,300 Miler". us.srichinmoyraces.org. He also set a world record for 2000 kilometres in the same race. Later that year, Howie set a record of {{convert\|255\.5\|mi\|km}} for the 72\-hour "[Across the Years](/wiki/Across_the_Years "Across the Years")" race in [Phoenix, Arizona](/wiki/Phoenix%2C_Arizona "Phoenix, Arizona"), which doubles as the last ultra of one year and the first of the next, running from December 29, 1989, to New Year's Day, 1990\. Across the Years Howie's longest and most famous run was in the summer of 1991 when he ran the entire length of the Trans Canada Highway from the Mile Zero sign in St. John's, Nfld, to Mile Zero in Victoria, B.C. covering the 7295\.5 km in the record time of 72 days, 10 hours and 23 minutes. A brass plaque at Victoria's Mile Zero commemorates the event, and qualified him for [the Guinness Book of Records](/wiki/Guinness_World_Records "Guinness World Records"). He had raised $750,000 for the Elks and Royal Purple Fund for children with special needs."Al Howie was an eccentric ultramarathoner that ran across Canada". The Globe and Mail. July 1, 2016\. Two weeks after his Trans Canada run, Howie was back in New York where he improved his own record time for the {{convert\|1,300\|mi\|km}}, completing the distance in 16 days and 19 hours, and earning him his second entry that summer in the Guinness Book of Records. His [Sri Chinmoy](/wiki/Sri_Chinmoy "Sri Chinmoy") running mates called him "the trans Canada crossing god.""Lord of the Rings". us.srichinmoyraces.org. ### Battling Injuries and illness: 1985, 1992 – 1999 #### Brain tumour Howie's first solo attempt to cross Canada was in the summer of 1985\. The route was from West to East via Prince Rupert and the [Yellowhead Highway](/wiki/Yellowhead_Highway "Yellowhead Highway") to Portage la Prairie, to Ottawa. It was part of Howie's North America running tour "to promote world peace and [famine relief](/wiki/Famine_relief "Famine relief")." The run was halted dramatically in the [Ottawa Valley](/wiki/Ottawa_Valley "Ottawa Valley") when a malignant brain tumour appeared behind his right ear, triggering thoughts of dying. "Facing death, I realized the extent of my love for this life; I didn't want to die," he wrote in a [medical journal](/wiki/Medical_journal "Medical journal") a year later. "Reluctant to submit to prescribed medical treatments of exploratory surgery, excision of the tumour and subsequent chemotherapy," he searched and found alternate treatments, especially "the culinary adventure of [macrobiotics](/wiki/Macrobiotics "Macrobiotics")," a regimen of wholesome foods free of additives and preservatives, and [shiatsu massage](/wiki/Shiatsu_massage "Shiatsu massage"). As if miraculously, his illness reversed itself within months and he recommenced his training. In gratitude, he ran the 1200 kilometres from Victoria to the White Spruce Farm in Fernie, in southern B. C., where he had received some of his healing instruction and motivation. #### Diabetes I In 1992, the year after crossing Canada from east to west, Howie joined 28 other ultra\-runners in a run across the United States. Not wearing proper inserts in his shoes while crossing the hot [Mojave Desert](/wiki/Mojave_Desert "Mojave Desert") in Arizona, he developed complications from blisters on his feet, forcing him to withdraw. It was this injury, he believes, that eventually led to the onset of Diabetes I, which, unfortunately, wasn't diagnosed for three years. He competed in the 1300 Miler in New York in 1993 but an inflamed nerve to his left knee forced him to withdraw after six days of running. By the summer of 1995, he had lost 30 lbs, his health was haywire, and "the pissing evil" had struck. "Type 1 diabetes was, until the discovery of insulin, a [death sentence](/wiki/Death_sentence "Death sentence") within two years," he wrote later. "Death penalty commuted to life sentence of insulin injections," Howie wrote after starting treatment. "Fighting back to life and health, this time via the more conventional method, the only way to go for insulin dependent diabetics—insulin therapy." He attempted a running comeback in the 1996 Victoria 24\-hour run, but could only muster 100 kilometres in the day and night run. Al made a couple of runs for the Victoria chapter of the [Canadian Cancer Society](/wiki/Canadian_Cancer_Society "Canadian Cancer Society") in 1996, running the length of [Vancouver Island](/wiki/Vancouver_Island "Vancouver Island") for them. However, Howie refused to let his illness thwart his rigorous training regimen. "I'm back on the multi\-day circuit, Novolin pens and a One Touch meter tossed into my sport bag with [running shoes](/wiki/Athletic_shoe "Athletic shoe"), orthotics and [petroleum jelly](/wiki/Petroleum_jelly "Petroleum jelly"). As with life generally, I am finding diabetes complicates racing yet accentuates the intrinsic adventure. More significantly my potential for success, even for record breaking in the grueling sport of [ultra\-marathon](/wiki/Ultramarathon "Ultramarathon") racing, is not to be compromised by my diabetic condition. Running toward the horizon of human endurance on synthetic insulin is exploring an uncharted universe. Rather than the runner's wall, hypoglycemia becomes the number one threat to be avoided. Once again I'm a pioneer in the aerobic universe, this time in the diabetic galaxy." (Al Howie on the Come Back Trail, December 1997\.) He was back on track again in 1997, winning the Victoria 24\-hour race. By 1998 he felt he had regained ultra form and won four out of four ultras entered at distances from {{convert\|50\|mi\|km}} to 72 hours. His last race was the ultra 72\-hour "[Across the Years](/wiki/Across_the_Years "Across the Years")" event in Phoenix, Arizona, which started on December 29, 1998, and finished three days later on New Year's Day, 1999\. Howie won the race. Coping with the disease for a decade and a half proved a formidable challenge. Howie was 46 when he ran across Canada. He resided in a residential and transitional [care facility](/wiki/Nursing_home "Nursing home") in [Duncan, British Columbia](/wiki/Duncan%2C_British_Columbia "Duncan, British Columbia"), where he underwent treatment for diabetes.{{cite news\|last\=Hawthorn\|first\=Tom\|title\=Marathon man's incredible feats largely uncelebrated\|url\=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/british\-columbia/tom\-hawthorn/marathon\-mans\-incredible\-feats\-largely\-uncelebrated/article2147889/\|access\-date\=2 September 2011\|newspaper\=\[\[The Globe and Mail]]\|date\=30 August 2011}} He died in June 2016\.
[ "Biography\n---------", "### The early years", "Arthur \"Al\" Howie was born in 1945 in [Saltcoats](/wiki/Saltcoats \"Saltcoats\"), [Ayrshire](/wiki/Ayrshire \"Ayrshire\") a town near [Glasgow, Scotland](/wiki/Glasgow \"Glasgow\"). He attended the local schools and completed his [secondary education](/wiki/Secondary_education \"Secondary education\"). He married an American living in Britain and a son Gabe was born in 1968\\. After his divorce, Howie emigrated to Canada with his son and settled in Toronto. A daughter, Dana, was born in 1976\\. He [quit smoking](/wiki/Smoking_cessation \"Smoking cessation\") in January 1974 and started running as a hobby \"to get rid of the aggravation from quitting a three\\-pack\\-a\\-day smoking habit.\" Howie moved to Victoria, B. C. in 1978 and began training for the long runs, including training runs between cities. He married Claudia Cole in 1986; they separated in 2000\\. He lived in Duncan, B. C., since 2005, where he received treatment for Diabetes I.\n[left\\|thumb\\|Al Howie (in foreground) taking the lead to win his first marathon. 1982 Slave Lake Marathon, Alberta, Canada.](/wiki/File:Al_Howie_-_Slave_Lake_Marathon_1982.jpg \"Al Howie - Slave Lake Marathon 1982.jpg\")", "### The \"Prince George to Boston\" Marathon: 1979", "The 1979 Prince George marathon will go down in [sports history](/wiki/History_of_sport \"History of sport\") as the race that brought together three of Canada's unknown athletes for their inaugural marathon: Al Howie, [Rick Hansen](/wiki/Rick_Hansen \"Rick Hansen\") and [Terry Fox](/wiki/Terry_Fox \"Terry Fox\"). Howie had run from Victoria to Prince George to be in the race that promised the winner an all\\-expense\\-paid trip to the [Boston Marathon](/wiki/Boston_Marathon \"Boston Marathon\").\"Canadian ultrarunner's story to be revealed in new book\". Canadian Running. July 4th, 2019\\.", "At the race, Rick Hansen easily rolled his wheelchair across the finish line ahead of all competitors. Al Howie placed third in his first {{convert\\|17\\|mi\\|km\\|adj\\=on}} run. And amputee Terry Fox was the last to finish the race only ten minutes behind the last two\\-legged runner encouraged by spontaneous applause from the watching crowd.", "Howie was inspired by Fox's announcement to run across Canada in aid of [cancer research](/wiki/Cancer_research \"Cancer research\"). \"Fox unleashed a tremendous wave of energy and eagerness to excel, seldom seen in Canada on a personal level,\" noted Howie.", "### From Marathons to Ultramarathons to Multiday Races: 1980\\-1988", "Howie began to train obsessively for longer and longer runs. He won his [age group](/wiki/Demographic_profile \"Demographic profile\") in his first full\\-length ({{convert\\|42\\.195\\|km\\|mi}}) marathon in 1980 in Edmonton. He then ran 806 miles (1,297 kilometers) from Edmonton to Victoria to enter the first annual [Royal Victoria Marathon](/wiki/Royal_Victoria_Marathon \"Royal Victoria Marathon\") in which he placed fourteenth overall. Howie had shipped his gear from point to point on buses and run to his destination.", "In May, 1981, Howie set the Canadian and North American record for the annual [Self\\-Transcendence 24 Hour Race](/wiki/Self-Transcendence_24_Hour_Race_Ottawa \"Self-Transcendence 24 Hour Race Ottawa\") in Ottawa, and the following year improved on his distance by covering 150 miles and 395 yards in that continuous day and night (no sleeping) race. He won the annual 24\\-hour race in Ottawa five years in a row, in 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984, and 1985\\. In 1983, he ran from Winnipeg to Ottawa prior to participating in the 24\\-hour event. In 1986 while he was recuperating from a bout with cancer, he ran his worst 24\\-hour ultra in which he covered about 100 kilometers. He was back in top form for the 1987 Canadian 24\\-hour Championship in Ottawa, winning the event for the sixth time.", "A cancerous [brain tumour](/wiki/Brain_tumor \"Brain tumor\") behind his ear appeared in the summer of 1985 forcing temporary withdrawal from all races. Adopting a [macrobiotic diet](/wiki/Macrobiotic_diet \"Macrobiotic diet\"), Howie had recovered sufficiently by spring of the following year to run 1200 kilometers from Victoria to Fernie in southern B.C. where some of his treatment had taken place.", "In 1987 he broke the record for the longest, continual run, completing 360 miles (580 kilometers) in 1422 laps around the University of Victoria's Centennial Stadium in 104\\.5 hours. That's four non\\-stop days and nights to promote the forthcoming [Commonwealth Games](/wiki/Commonwealth_Games \"Commonwealth Games\").Beasley, Jared. \"In Search of Al Howie\". Rocky Mountain Books. 2019\\. In 1988, he set a record in the {{convert\\|880\\|mi\\|km\\|adj\\=on}} [Land's End to John o' Groats](/wiki/Land%27s_End_to_John_o%27_Groats \"Land's End to John o' Groats\"), running the length of Britain in 11 days. A few months later, he ran from England through France to the island of Sardinia in Italy where he participated in the final running of the Super\\-Marathon Nuraghe.", "### The Peak Years: 1989 to 1991", "[thumb\\|Howie after 1,300\\-mile race](/wiki/File:Al_Howie_portrait.jpg \"Al Howie portrait.jpg\")\nThe ['Ultra Trio'](/wiki/Self-Transcendence_3100_Mile_Race \"Self-Transcendence 3100 Mile Race\") was born in 1987—a set of three ultra races of 700, 1000 and 1,300 miles. ([Sri Chinmoy](/wiki/Sri_Chinmoy \"Sri Chinmoy\") Centre, History). No runners finished the 1300 Miler in New York in 1987 and 1988, but in 1989, Al Howie was the first person ever to complete the grueling [Sri Chinmoy](/wiki/Sri_Chinmoy \"Sri Chinmoy\") {{convert\\|1300\\|mi\\|km\\|adj\\=on}} distance, setting the world record at 17 days and 9 hours.\"Three Conquer the Sri Chinmoy 1,300 Miler\". us.srichinmoyraces.org. He also set a world record for 2000 kilometres in the same race.", "Later that year, Howie set a record of {{convert\\|255\\.5\\|mi\\|km}} for the 72\\-hour \"[Across the Years](/wiki/Across_the_Years \"Across the Years\")\" race in [Phoenix, Arizona](/wiki/Phoenix%2C_Arizona \"Phoenix, Arizona\"), which doubles as the last ultra of one year and the first of the next, running from December 29, 1989, to New Year's Day, 1990\\.\nAcross the Years\nHowie's longest and most famous run was in the summer of 1991 when he ran the entire length of the Trans Canada Highway from the Mile Zero sign in St. John's, Nfld, to Mile Zero in Victoria, B.C. covering the 7295\\.5 km in the record time of 72 days, 10 hours and 23 minutes. A brass plaque at Victoria's Mile Zero commemorates the event, and qualified him for [the Guinness Book of Records](/wiki/Guinness_World_Records \"Guinness World Records\"). He had raised $750,000 for the Elks and Royal Purple Fund for children with special needs.\"Al Howie was an eccentric ultramarathoner that ran across Canada\". The Globe and Mail. July 1, 2016\\.", "Two weeks after his Trans Canada run, Howie was back in New York where he improved his own record time for the {{convert\\|1,300\\|mi\\|km}}, completing the distance in 16 days and 19 hours, and earning him his second entry that summer in the Guinness Book of Records. His [Sri Chinmoy](/wiki/Sri_Chinmoy \"Sri Chinmoy\") running mates called him \"the trans Canada crossing god.\"\"Lord of the Rings\". us.srichinmoyraces.org.", "### Battling Injuries and illness: 1985, 1992 – 1999", "#### Brain tumour", "Howie's first solo attempt to cross Canada was in the summer of 1985\\. The route was from West to East via Prince Rupert and the [Yellowhead Highway](/wiki/Yellowhead_Highway \"Yellowhead Highway\") to Portage la Prairie, to Ottawa. It was part of Howie's North America running tour \"to promote world peace and [famine relief](/wiki/Famine_relief \"Famine relief\").\" The run was halted dramatically in the [Ottawa Valley](/wiki/Ottawa_Valley \"Ottawa Valley\") when a malignant brain tumour appeared behind his right ear, triggering thoughts of dying.", "\"Facing death, I realized the extent of my love for this life; I didn't want to die,\" he wrote in a [medical journal](/wiki/Medical_journal \"Medical journal\") a year later. \"Reluctant to submit to prescribed medical treatments of exploratory surgery, excision of the tumour and subsequent chemotherapy,\" he searched and found alternate treatments, especially \"the culinary adventure of [macrobiotics](/wiki/Macrobiotics \"Macrobiotics\"),\" a regimen of wholesome foods free of additives and preservatives, and [shiatsu massage](/wiki/Shiatsu_massage \"Shiatsu massage\"). As if miraculously, his illness reversed itself within months and he recommenced his training. In gratitude, he ran the 1200 kilometres from Victoria to the White Spruce Farm in Fernie, in southern B. C., where he had received some of his healing instruction and motivation.", "#### Diabetes I", "In 1992, the year after crossing Canada from east to west, Howie joined 28 other ultra\\-runners in a run across the United States. Not wearing proper inserts in his shoes while crossing the hot [Mojave Desert](/wiki/Mojave_Desert \"Mojave Desert\") in Arizona, he developed complications from blisters on his feet, forcing him to withdraw. It was this injury, he believes, that eventually led to the onset of Diabetes I, which, unfortunately, wasn't diagnosed for three years.", "He competed in the 1300 Miler in New York in 1993 but an inflamed nerve to his left knee forced him to withdraw after six days of running. By the summer of 1995, he had lost 30 lbs, his health was haywire, and \"the pissing evil\" had struck. \"Type 1 diabetes was, until the discovery of insulin, a [death sentence](/wiki/Death_sentence \"Death sentence\") within two years,\" he wrote later.", "\"Death penalty commuted to life sentence of insulin injections,\" Howie wrote after starting treatment. \"Fighting back to life and health, this time via the more conventional method, the only way to go for insulin dependent diabetics—insulin therapy.\" He attempted a running comeback in the 1996 Victoria 24\\-hour run, but could only muster 100 kilometres in the day and night run. Al made a couple of runs for the Victoria chapter of the [Canadian Cancer Society](/wiki/Canadian_Cancer_Society \"Canadian Cancer Society\") in 1996, running the length of [Vancouver Island](/wiki/Vancouver_Island \"Vancouver Island\") for them.", "However, Howie refused to let his illness thwart his rigorous training regimen.", "\"I'm back on the multi\\-day circuit, Novolin pens and a One Touch meter tossed into my sport bag with [running shoes](/wiki/Athletic_shoe \"Athletic shoe\"), orthotics and [petroleum jelly](/wiki/Petroleum_jelly \"Petroleum jelly\"). As with life generally, I am finding diabetes complicates racing yet accentuates the intrinsic adventure. More significantly my potential for success, even for record breaking in the grueling sport of [ultra\\-marathon](/wiki/Ultramarathon \"Ultramarathon\") racing, is not to be compromised by my diabetic condition. Running toward the horizon of human endurance on synthetic insulin is exploring an uncharted universe. Rather than the runner's wall, hypoglycemia becomes the number one threat to be avoided. Once again I'm a pioneer in the aerobic universe, this time in the diabetic galaxy.\" (Al Howie on the Come Back Trail, December 1997\\.)", "He was back on track again in 1997, winning the Victoria 24\\-hour race. By 1998 he felt he had regained ultra form and won four out of four ultras entered at distances from {{convert\\|50\\|mi\\|km}} to 72 hours.", "His last race was the ultra 72\\-hour \"[Across the Years](/wiki/Across_the_Years \"Across the Years\")\" event in Phoenix, Arizona, which started on December 29, 1998, and finished three days later on New Year's Day, 1999\\. Howie won the race.", "Coping with the disease for a decade and a half proved a formidable challenge. Howie was 46 when he ran across Canada. He resided in a residential and transitional [care facility](/wiki/Nursing_home \"Nursing home\") in [Duncan, British Columbia](/wiki/Duncan%2C_British_Columbia \"Duncan, British Columbia\"), where he underwent treatment for diabetes.{{cite news\\|last\\=Hawthorn\\|first\\=Tom\\|title\\=Marathon man's incredible feats largely uncelebrated\\|url\\=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/british\\-columbia/tom\\-hawthorn/marathon\\-mans\\-incredible\\-feats\\-largely\\-uncelebrated/article2147889/\\|access\\-date\\=2 September 2011\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Globe and Mail]]\\|date\\=30 August 2011}} He died in June 2016\\.", "" ]
### Battling Injuries and illness: 1985, 1992 – 1999 #### Brain tumour Howie's first solo attempt to cross Canada was in the summer of 1985\. The route was from West to East via Prince Rupert and the [Yellowhead Highway](/wiki/Yellowhead_Highway "Yellowhead Highway") to Portage la Prairie, to Ottawa. It was part of Howie's North America running tour "to promote world peace and [famine relief](/wiki/Famine_relief "Famine relief")." The run was halted dramatically in the [Ottawa Valley](/wiki/Ottawa_Valley "Ottawa Valley") when a malignant brain tumour appeared behind his right ear, triggering thoughts of dying. "Facing death, I realized the extent of my love for this life; I didn't want to die," he wrote in a [medical journal](/wiki/Medical_journal "Medical journal") a year later. "Reluctant to submit to prescribed medical treatments of exploratory surgery, excision of the tumour and subsequent chemotherapy," he searched and found alternate treatments, especially "the culinary adventure of [macrobiotics](/wiki/Macrobiotics "Macrobiotics")," a regimen of wholesome foods free of additives and preservatives, and [shiatsu massage](/wiki/Shiatsu_massage "Shiatsu massage"). As if miraculously, his illness reversed itself within months and he recommenced his training. In gratitude, he ran the 1200 kilometres from Victoria to the White Spruce Farm in Fernie, in southern B. C., where he had received some of his healing instruction and motivation. #### Diabetes I In 1992, the year after crossing Canada from east to west, Howie joined 28 other ultra\-runners in a run across the United States. Not wearing proper inserts in his shoes while crossing the hot [Mojave Desert](/wiki/Mojave_Desert "Mojave Desert") in Arizona, he developed complications from blisters on his feet, forcing him to withdraw. It was this injury, he believes, that eventually led to the onset of Diabetes I, which, unfortunately, wasn't diagnosed for three years. He competed in the 1300 Miler in New York in 1993 but an inflamed nerve to his left knee forced him to withdraw after six days of running. By the summer of 1995, he had lost 30 lbs, his health was haywire, and "the pissing evil" had struck. "Type 1 diabetes was, until the discovery of insulin, a [death sentence](/wiki/Death_sentence "Death sentence") within two years," he wrote later. "Death penalty commuted to life sentence of insulin injections," Howie wrote after starting treatment. "Fighting back to life and health, this time via the more conventional method, the only way to go for insulin dependent diabetics—insulin therapy." He attempted a running comeback in the 1996 Victoria 24\-hour run, but could only muster 100 kilometres in the day and night run. Al made a couple of runs for the Victoria chapter of the [Canadian Cancer Society](/wiki/Canadian_Cancer_Society "Canadian Cancer Society") in 1996, running the length of [Vancouver Island](/wiki/Vancouver_Island "Vancouver Island") for them. However, Howie refused to let his illness thwart his rigorous training regimen. "I'm back on the multi\-day circuit, Novolin pens and a One Touch meter tossed into my sport bag with [running shoes](/wiki/Athletic_shoe "Athletic shoe"), orthotics and [petroleum jelly](/wiki/Petroleum_jelly "Petroleum jelly"). As with life generally, I am finding diabetes complicates racing yet accentuates the intrinsic adventure. More significantly my potential for success, even for record breaking in the grueling sport of [ultra\-marathon](/wiki/Ultramarathon "Ultramarathon") racing, is not to be compromised by my diabetic condition. Running toward the horizon of human endurance on synthetic insulin is exploring an uncharted universe. Rather than the runner's wall, hypoglycemia becomes the number one threat to be avoided. Once again I'm a pioneer in the aerobic universe, this time in the diabetic galaxy." (Al Howie on the Come Back Trail, December 1997\.) He was back on track again in 1997, winning the Victoria 24\-hour race. By 1998 he felt he had regained ultra form and won four out of four ultras entered at distances from {{convert\|50\|mi\|km}} to 72 hours. His last race was the ultra 72\-hour "[Across the Years](/wiki/Across_the_Years "Across the Years")" event in Phoenix, Arizona, which started on December 29, 1998, and finished three days later on New Year's Day, 1999\. Howie won the race. Coping with the disease for a decade and a half proved a formidable challenge. Howie was 46 when he ran across Canada. He resided in a residential and transitional [care facility](/wiki/Nursing_home "Nursing home") in [Duncan, British Columbia](/wiki/Duncan%2C_British_Columbia "Duncan, British Columbia"), where he underwent treatment for diabetes.{{cite news\|last\=Hawthorn\|first\=Tom\|title\=Marathon man's incredible feats largely uncelebrated\|url\=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/british\-columbia/tom\-hawthorn/marathon\-mans\-incredible\-feats\-largely\-uncelebrated/article2147889/\|access\-date\=2 September 2011\|newspaper\=\[\[The Globe and Mail]]\|date\=30 August 2011}} He died in June 2016\.
[ "### Battling Injuries and illness: 1985, 1992 – 1999", "#### Brain tumour", "Howie's first solo attempt to cross Canada was in the summer of 1985\\. The route was from West to East via Prince Rupert and the [Yellowhead Highway](/wiki/Yellowhead_Highway \"Yellowhead Highway\") to Portage la Prairie, to Ottawa. It was part of Howie's North America running tour \"to promote world peace and [famine relief](/wiki/Famine_relief \"Famine relief\").\" The run was halted dramatically in the [Ottawa Valley](/wiki/Ottawa_Valley \"Ottawa Valley\") when a malignant brain tumour appeared behind his right ear, triggering thoughts of dying.", "\"Facing death, I realized the extent of my love for this life; I didn't want to die,\" he wrote in a [medical journal](/wiki/Medical_journal \"Medical journal\") a year later. \"Reluctant to submit to prescribed medical treatments of exploratory surgery, excision of the tumour and subsequent chemotherapy,\" he searched and found alternate treatments, especially \"the culinary adventure of [macrobiotics](/wiki/Macrobiotics \"Macrobiotics\"),\" a regimen of wholesome foods free of additives and preservatives, and [shiatsu massage](/wiki/Shiatsu_massage \"Shiatsu massage\"). As if miraculously, his illness reversed itself within months and he recommenced his training. In gratitude, he ran the 1200 kilometres from Victoria to the White Spruce Farm in Fernie, in southern B. C., where he had received some of his healing instruction and motivation.", "#### Diabetes I", "In 1992, the year after crossing Canada from east to west, Howie joined 28 other ultra\\-runners in a run across the United States. Not wearing proper inserts in his shoes while crossing the hot [Mojave Desert](/wiki/Mojave_Desert \"Mojave Desert\") in Arizona, he developed complications from blisters on his feet, forcing him to withdraw. It was this injury, he believes, that eventually led to the onset of Diabetes I, which, unfortunately, wasn't diagnosed for three years.", "He competed in the 1300 Miler in New York in 1993 but an inflamed nerve to his left knee forced him to withdraw after six days of running. By the summer of 1995, he had lost 30 lbs, his health was haywire, and \"the pissing evil\" had struck. \"Type 1 diabetes was, until the discovery of insulin, a [death sentence](/wiki/Death_sentence \"Death sentence\") within two years,\" he wrote later.", "\"Death penalty commuted to life sentence of insulin injections,\" Howie wrote after starting treatment. \"Fighting back to life and health, this time via the more conventional method, the only way to go for insulin dependent diabetics—insulin therapy.\" He attempted a running comeback in the 1996 Victoria 24\\-hour run, but could only muster 100 kilometres in the day and night run. Al made a couple of runs for the Victoria chapter of the [Canadian Cancer Society](/wiki/Canadian_Cancer_Society \"Canadian Cancer Society\") in 1996, running the length of [Vancouver Island](/wiki/Vancouver_Island \"Vancouver Island\") for them.", "However, Howie refused to let his illness thwart his rigorous training regimen.", "\"I'm back on the multi\\-day circuit, Novolin pens and a One Touch meter tossed into my sport bag with [running shoes](/wiki/Athletic_shoe \"Athletic shoe\"), orthotics and [petroleum jelly](/wiki/Petroleum_jelly \"Petroleum jelly\"). As with life generally, I am finding diabetes complicates racing yet accentuates the intrinsic adventure. More significantly my potential for success, even for record breaking in the grueling sport of [ultra\\-marathon](/wiki/Ultramarathon \"Ultramarathon\") racing, is not to be compromised by my diabetic condition. Running toward the horizon of human endurance on synthetic insulin is exploring an uncharted universe. Rather than the runner's wall, hypoglycemia becomes the number one threat to be avoided. Once again I'm a pioneer in the aerobic universe, this time in the diabetic galaxy.\" (Al Howie on the Come Back Trail, December 1997\\.)", "He was back on track again in 1997, winning the Victoria 24\\-hour race. By 1998 he felt he had regained ultra form and won four out of four ultras entered at distances from {{convert\\|50\\|mi\\|km}} to 72 hours.", "His last race was the ultra 72\\-hour \"[Across the Years](/wiki/Across_the_Years \"Across the Years\")\" event in Phoenix, Arizona, which started on December 29, 1998, and finished three days later on New Year's Day, 1999\\. Howie won the race.", "Coping with the disease for a decade and a half proved a formidable challenge. Howie was 46 when he ran across Canada. He resided in a residential and transitional [care facility](/wiki/Nursing_home \"Nursing home\") in [Duncan, British Columbia](/wiki/Duncan%2C_British_Columbia \"Duncan, British Columbia\"), where he underwent treatment for diabetes.{{cite news\\|last\\=Hawthorn\\|first\\=Tom\\|title\\=Marathon man's incredible feats largely uncelebrated\\|url\\=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/british\\-columbia/tom\\-hawthorn/marathon\\-mans\\-incredible\\-feats\\-largely\\-uncelebrated/article2147889/\\|access\\-date\\=2 September 2011\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Globe and Mail]]\\|date\\=30 August 2011}} He died in June 2016\\.", "" ]
#### Diabetes I In 1992, the year after crossing Canada from east to west, Howie joined 28 other ultra\-runners in a run across the United States. Not wearing proper inserts in his shoes while crossing the hot [Mojave Desert](/wiki/Mojave_Desert "Mojave Desert") in Arizona, he developed complications from blisters on his feet, forcing him to withdraw. It was this injury, he believes, that eventually led to the onset of Diabetes I, which, unfortunately, wasn't diagnosed for three years. He competed in the 1300 Miler in New York in 1993 but an inflamed nerve to his left knee forced him to withdraw after six days of running. By the summer of 1995, he had lost 30 lbs, his health was haywire, and "the pissing evil" had struck. "Type 1 diabetes was, until the discovery of insulin, a [death sentence](/wiki/Death_sentence "Death sentence") within two years," he wrote later. "Death penalty commuted to life sentence of insulin injections," Howie wrote after starting treatment. "Fighting back to life and health, this time via the more conventional method, the only way to go for insulin dependent diabetics—insulin therapy." He attempted a running comeback in the 1996 Victoria 24\-hour run, but could only muster 100 kilometres in the day and night run. Al made a couple of runs for the Victoria chapter of the [Canadian Cancer Society](/wiki/Canadian_Cancer_Society "Canadian Cancer Society") in 1996, running the length of [Vancouver Island](/wiki/Vancouver_Island "Vancouver Island") for them. However, Howie refused to let his illness thwart his rigorous training regimen. "I'm back on the multi\-day circuit, Novolin pens and a One Touch meter tossed into my sport bag with [running shoes](/wiki/Athletic_shoe "Athletic shoe"), orthotics and [petroleum jelly](/wiki/Petroleum_jelly "Petroleum jelly"). As with life generally, I am finding diabetes complicates racing yet accentuates the intrinsic adventure. More significantly my potential for success, even for record breaking in the grueling sport of [ultra\-marathon](/wiki/Ultramarathon "Ultramarathon") racing, is not to be compromised by my diabetic condition. Running toward the horizon of human endurance on synthetic insulin is exploring an uncharted universe. Rather than the runner's wall, hypoglycemia becomes the number one threat to be avoided. Once again I'm a pioneer in the aerobic universe, this time in the diabetic galaxy." (Al Howie on the Come Back Trail, December 1997\.) He was back on track again in 1997, winning the Victoria 24\-hour race. By 1998 he felt he had regained ultra form and won four out of four ultras entered at distances from {{convert\|50\|mi\|km}} to 72 hours. His last race was the ultra 72\-hour "[Across the Years](/wiki/Across_the_Years "Across the Years")" event in Phoenix, Arizona, which started on December 29, 1998, and finished three days later on New Year's Day, 1999\. Howie won the race. Coping with the disease for a decade and a half proved a formidable challenge. Howie was 46 when he ran across Canada. He resided in a residential and transitional [care facility](/wiki/Nursing_home "Nursing home") in [Duncan, British Columbia](/wiki/Duncan%2C_British_Columbia "Duncan, British Columbia"), where he underwent treatment for diabetes.{{cite news\|last\=Hawthorn\|first\=Tom\|title\=Marathon man's incredible feats largely uncelebrated\|url\=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/british\-columbia/tom\-hawthorn/marathon\-mans\-incredible\-feats\-largely\-uncelebrated/article2147889/\|access\-date\=2 September 2011\|newspaper\=\[\[The Globe and Mail]]\|date\=30 August 2011}} He died in June 2016\.
[ "#### Diabetes I", "In 1992, the year after crossing Canada from east to west, Howie joined 28 other ultra\\-runners in a run across the United States. Not wearing proper inserts in his shoes while crossing the hot [Mojave Desert](/wiki/Mojave_Desert \"Mojave Desert\") in Arizona, he developed complications from blisters on his feet, forcing him to withdraw. It was this injury, he believes, that eventually led to the onset of Diabetes I, which, unfortunately, wasn't diagnosed for three years.", "He competed in the 1300 Miler in New York in 1993 but an inflamed nerve to his left knee forced him to withdraw after six days of running. By the summer of 1995, he had lost 30 lbs, his health was haywire, and \"the pissing evil\" had struck. \"Type 1 diabetes was, until the discovery of insulin, a [death sentence](/wiki/Death_sentence \"Death sentence\") within two years,\" he wrote later.", "\"Death penalty commuted to life sentence of insulin injections,\" Howie wrote after starting treatment. \"Fighting back to life and health, this time via the more conventional method, the only way to go for insulin dependent diabetics—insulin therapy.\" He attempted a running comeback in the 1996 Victoria 24\\-hour run, but could only muster 100 kilometres in the day and night run. Al made a couple of runs for the Victoria chapter of the [Canadian Cancer Society](/wiki/Canadian_Cancer_Society \"Canadian Cancer Society\") in 1996, running the length of [Vancouver Island](/wiki/Vancouver_Island \"Vancouver Island\") for them.", "However, Howie refused to let his illness thwart his rigorous training regimen.", "\"I'm back on the multi\\-day circuit, Novolin pens and a One Touch meter tossed into my sport bag with [running shoes](/wiki/Athletic_shoe \"Athletic shoe\"), orthotics and [petroleum jelly](/wiki/Petroleum_jelly \"Petroleum jelly\"). As with life generally, I am finding diabetes complicates racing yet accentuates the intrinsic adventure. More significantly my potential for success, even for record breaking in the grueling sport of [ultra\\-marathon](/wiki/Ultramarathon \"Ultramarathon\") racing, is not to be compromised by my diabetic condition. Running toward the horizon of human endurance on synthetic insulin is exploring an uncharted universe. Rather than the runner's wall, hypoglycemia becomes the number one threat to be avoided. Once again I'm a pioneer in the aerobic universe, this time in the diabetic galaxy.\" (Al Howie on the Come Back Trail, December 1997\\.)", "He was back on track again in 1997, winning the Victoria 24\\-hour race. By 1998 he felt he had regained ultra form and won four out of four ultras entered at distances from {{convert\\|50\\|mi\\|km}} to 72 hours.", "His last race was the ultra 72\\-hour \"[Across the Years](/wiki/Across_the_Years \"Across the Years\")\" event in Phoenix, Arizona, which started on December 29, 1998, and finished three days later on New Year's Day, 1999\\. Howie won the race.", "Coping with the disease for a decade and a half proved a formidable challenge. Howie was 46 when he ran across Canada. He resided in a residential and transitional [care facility](/wiki/Nursing_home \"Nursing home\") in [Duncan, British Columbia](/wiki/Duncan%2C_British_Columbia \"Duncan, British Columbia\"), where he underwent treatment for diabetes.{{cite news\\|last\\=Hawthorn\\|first\\=Tom\\|title\\=Marathon man's incredible feats largely uncelebrated\\|url\\=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/british\\-columbia/tom\\-hawthorn/marathon\\-mans\\-incredible\\-feats\\-largely\\-uncelebrated/article2147889/\\|access\\-date\\=2 September 2011\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Globe and Mail]]\\|date\\=30 August 2011}} He died in June 2016\\.", "" ]
Running History --------------- Year started: 1974\. First "between cities" run: from Victoria to Port Hardy on Vancouver Island, 1978\. First marathon: "Prince George to Boston," 1979\. Best marathon: 2:29:11 Vancouver, May 2, 1982\. Marathons: scores. First Ultramarathon: [Sri Chinmoy](/wiki/Sri_Chinmoy "Sri Chinmoy") International 24\-Hour race in Ottawa, 1981\. Set North American record of 150 miles, 395 yards in 1982\. Ultras: scores Average yearly mileage: 10,000 kilometres. Longest documented solo run: Trans Canada Highway, summer 1991, 7295,5 kilometres, in 72 days, 10 hours and 23 minutes. Most memorable ultras: [Sri Chinmoy](/wiki/Sri_Chinmoy "Sri Chinmoy") 24\-Hour race, Ottawa, 1981; [Sri Chinmoy](/wiki/Sri_Chinmoy "Sri Chinmoy") 1300 Miler, New York, 1991\. Worst ultra: [Sri Chinmoy](/wiki/Sri_Chinmoy "Sri Chinmoy") 24\-Hour race, Ottawa, 1986\. "Recovering at the time from a bout with The Big C." Average weekly training mileage: 200K. Peak week: 595 Miles (first week of a multi\-day race). Favourite shoes: Brooks Kona. Most common injury: Blisters on feet; Diabetes I since 1995\. Average training pace: 14K/hour. Favourite race drink/food: Water/Power Bars. Running idols: "I don't idolize anyone but I admire many." Greatest influence: [Don Ritchie](/wiki/Don_Ritchie_%28runner%29 "Don Ritchie (runner)"), [Emil Zatopek](/wiki/Emil_Z%C3%A1topek "Emil Zátopek"), [Yiannis Kouros](/wiki/Yiannis_Kouros "Yiannis Kouros"), Hilary Walker. Favourite place to run: [Sri Chinmoy](/wiki/Sri_Chinmoy "Sri Chinmoy") one mile loop, Flushing Meadow, New York. Funniest running experience: Learning to tie shoe\-laces without stopping during world record non\-stop run. Most memorable discovery: "Even very good runners can have serious health problems." Last completed race: "Across the Years" in Phoenix, Arizona, between December 29, 1998, and January 1, 1999\. ### Personal Bests Mile 4:44 (1982\) 10 Miles 51:52 (1981\) ½ Marathon 1:12:28 (1982\) Marathon 2:29:11 (1982\) 50K 3:13:49 (1983\) 50 Miles 5:35:12 (1983\) 100K 7:30:31 (1983\) 100 Miles 14:06:18 (1982\) 200K 18:51:44 (1982\) 24 Hours 150 miles 395 yards (1982\) 48 Hours {{convert\|203\|mi\|km}} (1992\) 72 Hours 272 miles (1991\) 6 Days {{convert\|514\|mi\|km}} (1991\) 1000K 7 days, 18 hours, 49 min, 18 sec (1991\) 1000 Miles 12 days, 1 hours, 47 min, (1991\) 2000K 15 days, 23 hours (world record, 1991\) 1300 Miles 16 days, 19 hours (Guinness record, 1991\) Trans Canada Highway 7295\.5 kilometres in 72 days, 10 hours and 23 minutes (Guinness record, 1991\) ### Multi\-Day, Multi\-City Runs [left\|thumb\|Super Marathon Nuraghi \- Sardinia. Circa 1988](/wiki/File:Nuraghi.jpg "Nuraghi.jpg") Very early in his running career, Howie began running from city to city, partly as long\-distance training, partly to save costs (he would put his clothes on the bus, run to the city, change his clothes, put his bags back on the bus, and carry on), often for charities and other purposes. Below is a chronological listing of Howie's multi\-day, multi\-city runs, with estimated distances (a normal day's run is about 100 km), and supporting charities. October 1978\. Ran the length of Vancouver Island from Victoria to Port Hardy (500 km) in support of United Way. April 1979\. Ran from Port Hardy to Victoria (500 km), with letter from mayor of Port Hardy in support of UNICEF. August 1979\. Training run from Victoria to Prince George (820 km). Placed third in the "Prince George to Boston" marathon. September 1980\. Jogged from Edmonton to Victoria (1350 km in 11 days). Placed in top ten in inaugural Royal Victoria Marathon. August 1981\. Ran from Kelowna to Courtney on Vancouver Island (750 km) to promote the B.C. games. Arrived to great applause during opening ceremonies. July 1982\. Ran from Calgary to Slave Lake, Alberta (470 km); won the Slave Lake Riverboat Daze Marathon; then ran back to Calgary (470 km). August/September/October 1982\. Placed third in the Prince George Classic; then ran from Prince George to Victoria (820 km). Won his age group in Royal Victoria marathon. May 1983\. Solo run from Winnipeg to Ottawa (2225 km). Won 24\-hour race. May 1984\. Ran from Toronto to Ottawa (450 km) for the 24\-hour Race. December 1984\. Ran from Victoria to Port Hardy (500 km) for Times Colonist 1000 Fund. February 1985\. Ran the Trans Canada Highway, Yellowhead route via Prince Rupert and Edmonton to Ottawa (4740 km). Race interrupted by appearance of brain tumour. April 1986\. Ran from Victoria to White Spruce Farm in Fernie (1000 km). September 1987\. Ran from Victoria to Port Hardy to Massett in the Queen Charlottes (870 km), with letter from Victoria Mayor in support of United Way. June/July 1988\. Ran the length of Britain (1400 km in 11 days). September 1988\. Ran from England through France to Sardinia in Italy (1500 km) to enter an ultramarathon. 1989 \& 1990\. No between cities runs. June to September 1991\. Ran the Trans Canada Highway from Mile Zero in St. John's, NL, to Victoria, BC (7295\.5 km in 72 days and 10 hours). Raised $750,000 for Elks and Royal Purple of Canada for their Purple Cross Fund for children with special needs. June 1992\. [Trans\-American Footrace](/wiki/Trans-American_Footrace "Trans-American Footrace") from Huntington Beach, CA, to New York, NY. Severe blisters forced Howie to drop out in Las Vegas (370 km). December 1992\. Ran from Victoria to Sacramento (1190 km) for the Helen Klein 6\-day race. 1993 \& 1994 \& 1995\. No between cities runs. October 1996\. Ran length of Vancouver Island to Port Hardy (500 km) for Canadian Diabetic Association. Stopped running due to insulin treatments for Type I diabetes.
[ "Running History\n---------------", "Year started: 1974\\.\nFirst \"between cities\" run: from Victoria to Port Hardy on Vancouver Island, 1978\\.", "First marathon: \"Prince George to Boston,\" 1979\\.", "Best marathon: 2:29:11 Vancouver, May 2, 1982\\.", "Marathons: scores.", "First Ultramarathon: [Sri Chinmoy](/wiki/Sri_Chinmoy \"Sri Chinmoy\") International 24\\-Hour race in Ottawa, 1981\\. Set North American record of 150 miles, 395 yards in 1982\\.", "Ultras: scores", "Average yearly mileage: 10,000 kilometres.", "Longest documented solo run: Trans Canada Highway, summer 1991, 7295,5 kilometres, in 72 days, 10 hours and 23 minutes.", "Most memorable ultras: [Sri Chinmoy](/wiki/Sri_Chinmoy \"Sri Chinmoy\") 24\\-Hour race, Ottawa, 1981; [Sri Chinmoy](/wiki/Sri_Chinmoy \"Sri Chinmoy\") 1300 Miler, New York, 1991\\.", "Worst ultra: [Sri Chinmoy](/wiki/Sri_Chinmoy \"Sri Chinmoy\") 24\\-Hour race, Ottawa, 1986\\. \"Recovering at the time from a bout with The Big C.\"", "Average weekly training mileage: 200K.", "Peak week: 595 Miles (first week of a multi\\-day race).", "Favourite shoes: Brooks Kona.", "Most common injury: Blisters on feet; Diabetes I since 1995\\.", "Average training pace: 14K/hour.", "Favourite race drink/food: Water/Power Bars.", "Running idols: \"I don't idolize anyone but I admire many.\"", "Greatest influence: [Don Ritchie](/wiki/Don_Ritchie_%28runner%29 \"Don Ritchie (runner)\"), [Emil Zatopek](/wiki/Emil_Z%C3%A1topek \"Emil Zátopek\"), [Yiannis Kouros](/wiki/Yiannis_Kouros \"Yiannis Kouros\"), Hilary Walker.", "Favourite place to run: [Sri Chinmoy](/wiki/Sri_Chinmoy \"Sri Chinmoy\") one mile loop, Flushing Meadow, New York.", "Funniest running experience: Learning to tie shoe\\-laces without stopping during world record non\\-stop run.", "Most memorable discovery: \"Even very good runners can have serious health problems.\"", "Last completed race: \"Across the Years\" in Phoenix, Arizona, between December 29, 1998, and January 1, 1999\\.", "### Personal Bests", "Mile 4:44 (1982\\)", "10 Miles 51:52 (1981\\)", "½ Marathon 1:12:28 (1982\\)", "Marathon 2:29:11 (1982\\)", "50K 3:13:49 (1983\\)", "50 Miles 5:35:12 (1983\\)", "100K 7:30:31 (1983\\)", "100 Miles 14:06:18 (1982\\)", "200K 18:51:44 (1982\\)", "24 Hours 150 miles 395 yards (1982\\)", "48 Hours {{convert\\|203\\|mi\\|km}} (1992\\)", "72 Hours 272 miles (1991\\)", "6 Days {{convert\\|514\\|mi\\|km}} (1991\\)", "1000K 7 days, 18 hours, 49 min, 18 sec (1991\\)", "1000 Miles 12 days, 1 hours, 47 min, (1991\\)", "2000K 15 days, 23 hours (world record, 1991\\)", "1300 Miles 16 days, 19 hours (Guinness record, 1991\\)", "Trans Canada Highway 7295\\.5 kilometres in 72 days, 10 hours and 23 minutes (Guinness record, 1991\\)", "### Multi\\-Day, Multi\\-City Runs", "[left\\|thumb\\|Super Marathon Nuraghi \\- Sardinia. Circa 1988](/wiki/File:Nuraghi.jpg \"Nuraghi.jpg\")\nVery early in his running career, Howie began running from city to city, partly as long\\-distance training, partly to save costs (he would put his clothes on the bus, run to the city, change his clothes, put his bags back on the bus, and carry on), often for charities and other purposes.\nBelow is a chronological listing of Howie's multi\\-day, multi\\-city runs, with estimated distances (a normal day's run is about 100 km), and supporting charities.", "October 1978\\.\nRan the length of Vancouver Island from Victoria to Port Hardy (500 km) in support of United Way.", "April 1979\\.\nRan from Port Hardy to Victoria (500 km), with letter from mayor of Port Hardy in support of UNICEF.", "August 1979\\.\nTraining run from Victoria to Prince George (820 km). Placed third in the \"Prince George to Boston\" marathon.", "September 1980\\.\nJogged from Edmonton to Victoria (1350 km in 11 days). Placed in top ten in inaugural Royal Victoria Marathon.", "August 1981\\.\nRan from Kelowna to Courtney on Vancouver Island (750 km) to promote the B.C. games. Arrived to great applause during opening ceremonies.", "July 1982\\.\nRan from Calgary to Slave Lake, Alberta (470 km); won the Slave Lake Riverboat Daze Marathon; then ran back to Calgary (470 km).", "August/September/October 1982\\.\nPlaced third in the Prince George Classic; then ran from Prince George to Victoria (820 km). Won his age group in Royal Victoria marathon.", "May 1983\\.\nSolo run from Winnipeg to Ottawa (2225 km). Won 24\\-hour race.", "May 1984\\.\nRan from Toronto to Ottawa (450 km) for the 24\\-hour Race.", "December 1984\\.\nRan from Victoria to Port Hardy (500 km) for Times Colonist 1000 Fund.", "February 1985\\.\nRan the Trans Canada Highway, Yellowhead route via Prince Rupert and Edmonton to Ottawa (4740 km). Race interrupted by appearance of brain tumour.", "April 1986\\.\nRan from Victoria to White Spruce Farm in Fernie (1000 km).", "September 1987\\.\nRan from Victoria to Port Hardy to Massett in the Queen Charlottes (870 km), with letter from Victoria Mayor in support of United Way.", "June/July 1988\\.\nRan the length of Britain (1400 km in 11 days).", "September 1988\\.\nRan from England through France to Sardinia in Italy (1500 km) to enter an ultramarathon.", "1989 \\& 1990\\.\nNo between cities runs.\n \nJune to September 1991\\.\nRan the Trans Canada Highway from Mile Zero in St. John's, NL, to Victoria, BC (7295\\.5 km in 72 days and 10 hours). Raised $750,000 for Elks and Royal Purple of Canada for their Purple Cross Fund for children with special needs.", "June 1992\\.\n[Trans\\-American Footrace](/wiki/Trans-American_Footrace \"Trans-American Footrace\") from Huntington Beach, CA, to New York, NY. Severe blisters forced Howie to drop out in Las Vegas (370 km).", "December 1992\\.\nRan from Victoria to Sacramento (1190 km) for the Helen Klein 6\\-day race.", "1993 \\& 1994 \\& 1995\\.\nNo between cities runs.", "October 1996\\.\nRan length of Vancouver Island to Port Hardy (500 km) for Canadian Diabetic Association. Stopped running due to insulin treatments for Type I diabetes.", "" ]
### Multi\-Day, Multi\-City Runs [left\|thumb\|Super Marathon Nuraghi \- Sardinia. Circa 1988](/wiki/File:Nuraghi.jpg "Nuraghi.jpg") Very early in his running career, Howie began running from city to city, partly as long\-distance training, partly to save costs (he would put his clothes on the bus, run to the city, change his clothes, put his bags back on the bus, and carry on), often for charities and other purposes. Below is a chronological listing of Howie's multi\-day, multi\-city runs, with estimated distances (a normal day's run is about 100 km), and supporting charities. October 1978\. Ran the length of Vancouver Island from Victoria to Port Hardy (500 km) in support of United Way. April 1979\. Ran from Port Hardy to Victoria (500 km), with letter from mayor of Port Hardy in support of UNICEF. August 1979\. Training run from Victoria to Prince George (820 km). Placed third in the "Prince George to Boston" marathon. September 1980\. Jogged from Edmonton to Victoria (1350 km in 11 days). Placed in top ten in inaugural Royal Victoria Marathon. August 1981\. Ran from Kelowna to Courtney on Vancouver Island (750 km) to promote the B.C. games. Arrived to great applause during opening ceremonies. July 1982\. Ran from Calgary to Slave Lake, Alberta (470 km); won the Slave Lake Riverboat Daze Marathon; then ran back to Calgary (470 km). August/September/October 1982\. Placed third in the Prince George Classic; then ran from Prince George to Victoria (820 km). Won his age group in Royal Victoria marathon. May 1983\. Solo run from Winnipeg to Ottawa (2225 km). Won 24\-hour race. May 1984\. Ran from Toronto to Ottawa (450 km) for the 24\-hour Race. December 1984\. Ran from Victoria to Port Hardy (500 km) for Times Colonist 1000 Fund. February 1985\. Ran the Trans Canada Highway, Yellowhead route via Prince Rupert and Edmonton to Ottawa (4740 km). Race interrupted by appearance of brain tumour. April 1986\. Ran from Victoria to White Spruce Farm in Fernie (1000 km). September 1987\. Ran from Victoria to Port Hardy to Massett in the Queen Charlottes (870 km), with letter from Victoria Mayor in support of United Way. June/July 1988\. Ran the length of Britain (1400 km in 11 days). September 1988\. Ran from England through France to Sardinia in Italy (1500 km) to enter an ultramarathon. 1989 \& 1990\. No between cities runs. June to September 1991\. Ran the Trans Canada Highway from Mile Zero in St. John's, NL, to Victoria, BC (7295\.5 km in 72 days and 10 hours). Raised $750,000 for Elks and Royal Purple of Canada for their Purple Cross Fund for children with special needs. June 1992\. [Trans\-American Footrace](/wiki/Trans-American_Footrace "Trans-American Footrace") from Huntington Beach, CA, to New York, NY. Severe blisters forced Howie to drop out in Las Vegas (370 km). December 1992\. Ran from Victoria to Sacramento (1190 km) for the Helen Klein 6\-day race. 1993 \& 1994 \& 1995\. No between cities runs. October 1996\. Ran length of Vancouver Island to Port Hardy (500 km) for Canadian Diabetic Association. Stopped running due to insulin treatments for Type I diabetes.
[ "### Multi\\-Day, Multi\\-City Runs", "[left\\|thumb\\|Super Marathon Nuraghi \\- Sardinia. Circa 1988](/wiki/File:Nuraghi.jpg \"Nuraghi.jpg\")\nVery early in his running career, Howie began running from city to city, partly as long\\-distance training, partly to save costs (he would put his clothes on the bus, run to the city, change his clothes, put his bags back on the bus, and carry on), often for charities and other purposes.\nBelow is a chronological listing of Howie's multi\\-day, multi\\-city runs, with estimated distances (a normal day's run is about 100 km), and supporting charities.", "October 1978\\.\nRan the length of Vancouver Island from Victoria to Port Hardy (500 km) in support of United Way.", "April 1979\\.\nRan from Port Hardy to Victoria (500 km), with letter from mayor of Port Hardy in support of UNICEF.", "August 1979\\.\nTraining run from Victoria to Prince George (820 km). Placed third in the \"Prince George to Boston\" marathon.", "September 1980\\.\nJogged from Edmonton to Victoria (1350 km in 11 days). Placed in top ten in inaugural Royal Victoria Marathon.", "August 1981\\.\nRan from Kelowna to Courtney on Vancouver Island (750 km) to promote the B.C. games. Arrived to great applause during opening ceremonies.", "July 1982\\.\nRan from Calgary to Slave Lake, Alberta (470 km); won the Slave Lake Riverboat Daze Marathon; then ran back to Calgary (470 km).", "August/September/October 1982\\.\nPlaced third in the Prince George Classic; then ran from Prince George to Victoria (820 km). Won his age group in Royal Victoria marathon.", "May 1983\\.\nSolo run from Winnipeg to Ottawa (2225 km). Won 24\\-hour race.", "May 1984\\.\nRan from Toronto to Ottawa (450 km) for the 24\\-hour Race.", "December 1984\\.\nRan from Victoria to Port Hardy (500 km) for Times Colonist 1000 Fund.", "February 1985\\.\nRan the Trans Canada Highway, Yellowhead route via Prince Rupert and Edmonton to Ottawa (4740 km). Race interrupted by appearance of brain tumour.", "April 1986\\.\nRan from Victoria to White Spruce Farm in Fernie (1000 km).", "September 1987\\.\nRan from Victoria to Port Hardy to Massett in the Queen Charlottes (870 km), with letter from Victoria Mayor in support of United Way.", "June/July 1988\\.\nRan the length of Britain (1400 km in 11 days).", "September 1988\\.\nRan from England through France to Sardinia in Italy (1500 km) to enter an ultramarathon.", "1989 \\& 1990\\.\nNo between cities runs.\n \nJune to September 1991\\.\nRan the Trans Canada Highway from Mile Zero in St. John's, NL, to Victoria, BC (7295\\.5 km in 72 days and 10 hours). Raised $750,000 for Elks and Royal Purple of Canada for their Purple Cross Fund for children with special needs.", "June 1992\\.\n[Trans\\-American Footrace](/wiki/Trans-American_Footrace \"Trans-American Footrace\") from Huntington Beach, CA, to New York, NY. Severe blisters forced Howie to drop out in Las Vegas (370 km).", "December 1992\\.\nRan from Victoria to Sacramento (1190 km) for the Helen Klein 6\\-day race.", "1993 \\& 1994 \\& 1995\\.\nNo between cities runs.", "October 1996\\.\nRan length of Vancouver Island to Port Hardy (500 km) for Canadian Diabetic Association. Stopped running due to insulin treatments for Type I diabetes.", "" ]
During Emperor Wu's reign ------------------------- Emperor Wu did all he could to appear to honor Yuwen Hu in all things, speaking little and not interfering with Yuwen Hu's decisions. During meetings that Emperor Wu's mother [Empress Dowager Chinu](/wiki/Empress_Dowager_Chinu "Empress Dowager Chinu") would have with Yuwen Hu, she would instruct Yuwen Hu to sit at the table with her, while Emperor Wu, as the younger cousin, would stand and attend to them. In 561, Emperor Wu formally bestowed Yuwen Hu, as the Minister of Palace Affairs (大冢宰), authority over the other five ministries as well. In the spring of 561, when general Heruo Dun (賀若敦) was unable to hold the modern [Hunan](/wiki/Hunan "Hunan") region against attacks by the [Chen dynasty](/wiki/Chen_dynasty "Chen dynasty") general Hou Tian (侯瑱), it was by Yuwen Hu's orders that Heruo was relieved of his posts, despite Heruo's being able to withdraw without further losses. Around the same time, when Emperor Wu posthumously created Yuwen Hu's father Yuwen Hao and uncle Yuwen Luosheng (宇文洛生) Dukes of Shao and Ju, respectively, the inheritance of the titles went to Yuwen Hu's sons Yuwen Hui (宇文會) and Yuwen Zhi. In spring 563, when Emperor Wu made a sudden night trip back to Chang'an while visiting Yuan Province (原州, roughly modern [Guyuan](/wiki/Guyuan "Guyuan"), [Gansu](/wiki/Gansu "Gansu")), Houmochen Chong (侯莫陳崇) the Duke of Liang made an off\-the\-cuff comment to his staff that it must be that Yuwen Hu died. When Houmochen's comments were reported, Emperor Wu rebuked Houmochen, but Yuwen Hu then followed up by sending soldiers to surround Houmochen's house to force him to commit suicide, although he permitted Houmochen to be buried with honors due a duke. Later that year, to show Yuwen Hu even greater deference, Emperor Wu ordered that in official documents, [naming taboo](/wiki/Naming_taboo "Naming taboo") be observed as to Yuwen Hu's name, an honor rarely given to non\-emperors. During the years, Yuwen Hu had tried to send spies to locate his mother Lady Yan and paternal aunt, who were left in the territory of Eastern Wei and its successor state [Northern Qi](/wiki/Northern_Qi "Northern Qi")—not knowing that they had been made servants at the subsidiary palace in Zhongshan (中山, in modern [Baoding](/wiki/Baoding "Baoding"), [Hebei](/wiki/Hebei "Hebei")). In 564, during peace negotiations with Northern Qi (following a joint Northern Zhou\-[Tujue](/wiki/Tujue "Tujue") attack on Northern Qi earlier that year), Northern Qi released Yuwen Hu's paternal aunt to Northern Zhou, and further promised to release Lady Yan. [Emperor Wucheng of Northern Qi](/wiki/Emperor_Wucheng_of_Northern_Qi "Emperor Wucheng of Northern Qi") had Lady Yan exchange letters with Yuwen Hu, intending to use her to force concessions, but fearful of another Northern Zhou attack if he angered Yuwen Hu, released her without actually securing concessions. However, Yuwen Hu, concerned that Tujue might be displeased if Northern Zhou abandoned the joint operations, nevertheless launched another joint attack with Tujue later in 564, but the armies that he sent to attack Luoyang were defeated by Northern Qi troops and were forced to withdraw. (Historians largely blamed the defeat on Yuwen Hu's half\-hearted devotion to the attack and his lack of overall military strategic talent.) In 565, when Heruo, again made a provincial governor, complained to messengers sent to him by the central government, Yuwen Hu became so displeased that he summoned Heruo back to Chang'an and forced him to kill himself. In the summer of 567, when the Chen general Hua Jiao (華皎), fearful of adverse intentions of the regent [Chen Xu](/wiki/Emperor_Xuan_of_Chen "Emperor Xuan of Chen"), offered to defect with his Xiang Province (湘州, modern central [Hunan](/wiki/Hunan "Hunan")), Yuwen Hu, over the opposition by the official Cui You (崔猷), sent an army commanded by Emperor Wu's brother Yuwen Zhi (宇文直) the Duke of Wei to assist Hua and the forces of Northern Zhou's vassal [Emperor Ming of Western Liang](/wiki/Emperor_Ming_of_Western_Liang "Emperor Ming of Western Liang"), who was also aiding Hua. The Chen general [Wu Mingche](/wiki/Wu_Mingche "Wu Mingche"), however, quickly defeated the joint forces of Northern Zhou, Western Liang, and Hua, forcing Hua and Yuwen Zhi to both give up the war and flee to the Western Liang capital Jiangling. Chen was able to retain all of Hua's territory and further make minor territorial gains against both Northern Zhou and Western Liang as well. Yuwen Hu relieved Yuwen Zhi from his posts, and while Yuwen Zhi was eventually restored to them, Yuwen Zhi, who had previously had a cordial relationship with Yuwen Hu, bore a grudge against Yuwen Hu and secretly encouraged Emperor Wu to act against Yuwen Hu. Around the new year 568, Lady Yan died. By Emperor Wu's orders, Yuwen Hu did not observe the customary three\-year mourning period, but continued to serve as regent. In winter 570, when the Northern Qi general [Hulü Guang](/wiki/Hul%C3%BC_Guang "Hulü Guang") seized the region north of the Fen River (汾水, flowing through modern [Linfen](/wiki/Linfen "Linfen"), [Shanxi](/wiki/Shanxi "Shanxi")), Yuwen Hu turned to another brother of Emperor Wu, [Yuwen Xian](/wiki/Yuwen_Xian "Yuwen Xian") the Duke of Qi, for advice, and Yuwen Xian suggested that he himself could lead an army against Hulü, while Yuwen Hu himself should command the main forces but stop at Tong Province (同州, roughly modern [Weinan](/wiki/Weinan "Weinan"), [Shaanxi](/wiki/Shaanxi "Shaanxi")). Subsequently, Yuwen Xian was able to force Hulü into a stalemate, but substantial territories were still lost to Northern Qi. By 572, Emperor Wu was conspiring with Yuwen Zhi, as well as his associates Yuwen Shenju (宇文神舉), Wang Gui (王軌), and Yuwen Xiaobo (宇文孝伯), to find a way to kill Yuwen Hu, believing him to be a threat. In the spring of 572, after Emperor Wu and Yuwen Hu had a meeting, he invited Yuwen Hu into the palace to meet with Empress Dowager Chinu. On the way to her palace, he told Yuwen Hu that Empress Dowager Chinu was having a problem with [alcoholism](/wiki/Alcoholism "Alcoholism") and not listening to his advice to stop her drinking, so he wanted Yuwen Hu to advise her to change her ways as well. He further gave Yuwen Hu the text of the *Jiu Gao* (酒誥) \-\- an anti\-alcoholism declaration written by [King Cheng of Zhou](/wiki/King_Cheng_of_Zhou "King Cheng of Zhou")—and suggested that he read the *Jiu Gao* to Empress Dowager Chinu. Once they reached her palace, Yuwen Hu, pursuant to Emperor Wu's request, started reading the *Jiu Gao*. Before he could finish it, Emperor Wu stepped behind him and used a jade tablet to strike the back of his head. Yuwen Hu fell to the ground, and Yuwen Zhi, who was hiding nearby, jumped out, and cut off Yuwen Hu's head, ending Yuwen Hu's hold on power. Yuwen Hu's sons and key associates were all executed. In 574, Yuwen Hu was posthumously restored to the title of Duke, reburied with honors due a duke, and awarded with a [posthumous name](/wiki/Posthumous_name "Posthumous name") (albeit the very unflattering one of *Dang* (蕩, meaning "improper")).
[ "During Emperor Wu's reign\n-------------------------", "Emperor Wu did all he could to appear to honor Yuwen Hu in all things, speaking little and not interfering with Yuwen Hu's decisions. During meetings that Emperor Wu's mother [Empress Dowager Chinu](/wiki/Empress_Dowager_Chinu \"Empress Dowager Chinu\") would have with Yuwen Hu, she would instruct Yuwen Hu to sit at the table with her, while Emperor Wu, as the younger cousin, would stand and attend to them. In 561, Emperor Wu formally bestowed Yuwen Hu, as the Minister of Palace Affairs (大冢宰), authority over the other five ministries as well. In the spring of 561, when general Heruo Dun (賀若敦) was unable to hold the modern [Hunan](/wiki/Hunan \"Hunan\") region against attacks by the [Chen dynasty](/wiki/Chen_dynasty \"Chen dynasty\") general Hou Tian (侯瑱), it was by Yuwen Hu's orders that Heruo was relieved of his posts, despite Heruo's being able to withdraw without further losses. Around the same time, when Emperor Wu posthumously created Yuwen Hu's father Yuwen Hao and uncle Yuwen Luosheng (宇文洛生) Dukes of Shao and Ju, respectively, the inheritance of the titles went to Yuwen Hu's sons Yuwen Hui (宇文會) and Yuwen Zhi.", "In spring 563, when Emperor Wu made a sudden night trip back to Chang'an while visiting Yuan Province (原州, roughly modern [Guyuan](/wiki/Guyuan \"Guyuan\"), [Gansu](/wiki/Gansu \"Gansu\")), Houmochen Chong (侯莫陳崇) the Duke of Liang made an off\\-the\\-cuff comment to his staff that it must be that Yuwen Hu died. When Houmochen's comments were reported, Emperor Wu rebuked Houmochen, but Yuwen Hu then followed up by sending soldiers to surround Houmochen's house to force him to commit suicide, although he permitted Houmochen to be buried with honors due a duke. Later that year, to show Yuwen Hu even greater deference, Emperor Wu ordered that in official documents, [naming taboo](/wiki/Naming_taboo \"Naming taboo\") be observed as to Yuwen Hu's name, an honor rarely given to non\\-emperors.", "During the years, Yuwen Hu had tried to send spies to locate his mother Lady Yan and paternal aunt, who were left in the territory of Eastern Wei and its successor state [Northern Qi](/wiki/Northern_Qi \"Northern Qi\")—not knowing that they had been made servants at the subsidiary palace in Zhongshan (中山, in modern [Baoding](/wiki/Baoding \"Baoding\"), [Hebei](/wiki/Hebei \"Hebei\")). In 564, during peace negotiations with Northern Qi (following a joint Northern Zhou\\-[Tujue](/wiki/Tujue \"Tujue\") attack on Northern Qi earlier that year), Northern Qi released Yuwen Hu's paternal aunt to Northern Zhou, and further promised to release Lady Yan. [Emperor Wucheng of Northern Qi](/wiki/Emperor_Wucheng_of_Northern_Qi \"Emperor Wucheng of Northern Qi\") had Lady Yan exchange letters with Yuwen Hu, intending to use her to force concessions, but fearful of another Northern Zhou attack if he angered Yuwen Hu, released her without actually securing concessions. However, Yuwen Hu, concerned that Tujue might be displeased if Northern Zhou abandoned the joint operations, nevertheless launched another joint attack with Tujue later in 564, but the armies that he sent to attack Luoyang were defeated by Northern Qi troops and were forced to withdraw. (Historians largely blamed the defeat on Yuwen Hu's half\\-hearted devotion to the attack and his lack of overall military strategic talent.)", "In 565, when Heruo, again made a provincial governor, complained to messengers sent to him by the central government, Yuwen Hu became so displeased that he summoned Heruo back to Chang'an and forced him to kill himself.", "In the summer of 567, when the Chen general Hua Jiao (華皎), fearful of adverse intentions of the regent [Chen Xu](/wiki/Emperor_Xuan_of_Chen \"Emperor Xuan of Chen\"), offered to defect with his Xiang Province (湘州, modern central [Hunan](/wiki/Hunan \"Hunan\")), Yuwen Hu, over the opposition by the official Cui You (崔猷), sent an army commanded by Emperor Wu's brother Yuwen Zhi (宇文直) the Duke of Wei to assist Hua and the forces of Northern Zhou's vassal [Emperor Ming of Western Liang](/wiki/Emperor_Ming_of_Western_Liang \"Emperor Ming of Western Liang\"), who was also aiding Hua. The Chen general [Wu Mingche](/wiki/Wu_Mingche \"Wu Mingche\"), however, quickly defeated the joint forces of Northern Zhou, Western Liang, and Hua, forcing Hua and Yuwen Zhi to both give up the war and flee to the Western Liang capital Jiangling. Chen was able to retain all of Hua's territory and further make minor territorial gains against both Northern Zhou and Western Liang as well. Yuwen Hu relieved Yuwen Zhi from his posts, and while Yuwen Zhi was eventually restored to them, Yuwen Zhi, who had previously had a cordial relationship with Yuwen Hu, bore a grudge against Yuwen Hu and secretly encouraged Emperor Wu to act against Yuwen Hu.", "Around the new year 568, Lady Yan died. By Emperor Wu's orders, Yuwen Hu did not observe the customary three\\-year mourning period, but continued to serve as regent.", "In winter 570, when the Northern Qi general [Hulü Guang](/wiki/Hul%C3%BC_Guang \"Hulü Guang\") seized the region north of the Fen River (汾水, flowing through modern [Linfen](/wiki/Linfen \"Linfen\"), [Shanxi](/wiki/Shanxi \"Shanxi\")), Yuwen Hu turned to another brother of Emperor Wu, [Yuwen Xian](/wiki/Yuwen_Xian \"Yuwen Xian\") the Duke of Qi, for advice, and Yuwen Xian suggested that he himself could lead an army against Hulü, while Yuwen Hu himself should command the main forces but stop at Tong Province (同州, roughly modern [Weinan](/wiki/Weinan \"Weinan\"), [Shaanxi](/wiki/Shaanxi \"Shaanxi\")). Subsequently, Yuwen Xian was able to force Hulü into a stalemate, but substantial territories were still lost to Northern Qi.", "By 572, Emperor Wu was conspiring with Yuwen Zhi, as well as his associates Yuwen Shenju (宇文神舉), Wang Gui (王軌), and Yuwen Xiaobo (宇文孝伯), to find a way to kill Yuwen Hu, believing him to be a threat. In the spring of 572, after Emperor Wu and Yuwen Hu had a meeting, he invited Yuwen Hu into the palace to meet with Empress Dowager Chinu. On the way to her palace, he told Yuwen Hu that Empress Dowager Chinu was having a problem with [alcoholism](/wiki/Alcoholism \"Alcoholism\") and not listening to his advice to stop her drinking, so he wanted Yuwen Hu to advise her to change her ways as well. He further gave Yuwen Hu the text of the *Jiu Gao* (酒誥) \\-\\- an anti\\-alcoholism declaration written by [King Cheng of Zhou](/wiki/King_Cheng_of_Zhou \"King Cheng of Zhou\")—and suggested that he read the *Jiu Gao* to Empress Dowager Chinu. Once they reached her palace, Yuwen Hu, pursuant to Emperor Wu's request, started reading the *Jiu Gao*. Before he could finish it, Emperor Wu stepped behind him and used a jade tablet to strike the back of his head. Yuwen Hu fell to the ground, and Yuwen Zhi, who was hiding nearby, jumped out, and cut off Yuwen Hu's head, ending Yuwen Hu's hold on power. Yuwen Hu's sons and key associates were all executed. In 574, Yuwen Hu was posthumously restored to the title of Duke, reburied with honors due a duke, and awarded with a [posthumous name](/wiki/Posthumous_name \"Posthumous name\") (albeit the very unflattering one of *Dang* (蕩, meaning \"improper\")).", "" ]
Features and restrictions ------------------------- ### Current availability The iTunes Store is available on most Apple devices, including the [Mac](/wiki/Mac_%28computer%29 "Mac (computer)") (inside the [Music](/wiki/Music_%28software%29 "Music (software)") app), the [iPhone](/wiki/IPhone "IPhone"), the [iPad](/wiki/IPad "IPad"), the [iPod touch](/wiki/IPod_Touch "IPod Touch"), and the [Apple TV](/wiki/Apple_TV "Apple TV"), as well as on [Windows](/wiki/Microsoft_Windows "Microsoft Windows") (inside iTunes). Video purchases from the iTunes Store are viewable on the [Apple TV](/wiki/Apple_TV_%28software%29 "Apple TV (software)") app on [Roku](/wiki/Roku "Roku"){{cite web \|date\=2019\-10\-15 \|title\=Apple TV is now available on the Roku platform \|url\=https://blog.roku.com/apple\-tv \|access\-date\=2020\-02\-11 \|publisher\=Roku, Inc.}} and [Amazon Fire TV](/wiki/Amazon_Fire_TV "Amazon Fire TV"){{cite web \|last\=Kastrenakes \|first\=Jacob \|date\=October 24, 2019 \|title\=Apple TV app launches on Amazon Fire TV devices \|url\=https://www.theverge.com/2019/10/24/20930244/apple\-tv\-app\-amazon\-fire\-tv\-stick\-models\-now\-available \|website\=\[\[The Verge]] \|publisher\=\[\[Vox Media]]}} devices and certain smart televisions. Unlike other Apple media services such as [Apple Music](/wiki/Apple_Music "Apple Music") or [Apple TV\+](/wiki/Apple_TV%2B "Apple TV+"), there is no web\-based interface for the iTunes Store with the exception of limited iTunes Preview pages; the desktop application has to be installed to browse the store. While initially a dominant player in digital media, by the mid\-2010s, [streaming media](/wiki/Streaming_media "Streaming media") services were generating more revenue than the buy\-to\-own model used by the iTunes Store.{{cite web \|date\=June 2019 \|title\=Apple May Finally Shutter iTunes, But the iTunes Era Ended Long Ago \|url\=https://variety.com/2019/digital/news/apple\-shutting\-down\-itunes\-era\-1203230851/ \|work\=Variety}}{{cite web \|date\=June 3, 2019 \|title\=The rise and fall of iTunes, Apple's most hated app \|url\=https://www.theverge.com/2019/6/3/18650571/apple\-itunes\-rip\-discontinued\-macos\-10\-15\-ipod\-store\-digital\-music\-wwdc\-2019 \|work\=The Verge}} Currently, iTunes is supported on the [macOS](/wiki/MacOS "MacOS") ([Leopard](/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Leopard "Mac OS X Leopard") and above) and [Microsoft Windows](/wiki/Microsoft_Windows "Microsoft Windows") operating systems. iTunes was known to run passably well in [Linux](/wiki/Linux "Linux") on [x86](/wiki/X86 "X86")\-based computers using the [Wine](/wiki/Wine_%28software%29 "Wine (software)") compatibility layer; however, by December 2011, this was no longer the case.{{cite web \|title\=Wine Application DB – Viewing App – iTunes \|url\=http://appdb.winehq.org/appview.php?appId\=1347 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20040910164646/http://appdb.winehq.org/appview.php?appId\=1347 \|archive\-date\=September 10, 2004 \|access\-date\=May 1, 2006 \|work\=winehq.org}} Users without iTunes installed can see a content database (but not hear or view the content itself) using the iTunes Preview service, which runs inside their internet browser. This service also allows users to watch trailers for upcoming film releases. Should they choose to purchase any media, they will be redirected to iTunes. ### Pricing model #### History Following the introduction of the iTunes Store, individual songs were all sold for the same price, though Apple introduced multiple prices in 2007\. Music in the store is in the [Advanced Audio Coding](/wiki/Advanced_Audio_Coding "Advanced Audio Coding") (AAC) format, which is the [MPEG\-4](/wiki/MPEG-4 "MPEG-4")\-specified successor to [MP3](/wiki/MP3 "MP3"). Originally, songs were only available with DRM and were encoded at {{val\|128 \|u\=\[\[kilobit\|kbit]]\|upl\=s}}. At the January 2009 Macworld Expo, Apple announced that all iTunes music would be made available without DRM, and encoded at the higher\-quality rate of {{val\|256\|u\=kbit\|up\=s}}. Previously, this model, known as "iTunes Plus", had been available only for music from EMI and some independent labels. Users can sample songs by listening to previews, ninety seconds in length, or thirty seconds for short tracks. In addition, the iTunes Store offers apps, which are applications used for various purposes (games, productivity, news, etc.) that are compatible with the iPod Touch, iPhone, and iPad, although some apps are specifically for the iPhone or iPad only. Some apps cost money (called "Paid Apps") and some are free (called "Free Apps"). Developers can decide which prices they want to charge for apps, from a pre\-set list of pricing tiers, from free to several hundred dollars. When someone downloads an App, 70 percent of the purchase goes to the developer(s), and 30 percent goes to Apple.{{cite web \|url\=https://developer.apple.com/programs/whats\-included/ \|title\=iOS Developer Program Website \|access\-date\=October 22, 2017 \|website\=\[\[Apple Inc.]]}} At the Macworld 2008 keynote, [Steve Jobs](/wiki/Steve_Jobs "Steve Jobs"), who was Apple's CEO at the time, announced iTunes movie rentals.{{cite web\|url\=http://ipod.about.com/b/2008/01/15/macworld\-keynote\-coverage.htm\|title\=Macworld: New iPhone Software, iTunes Video Rentals, Updated AppleTV\|access\-date\=April 28, 2009\|work\=\[\[About.com]]\|archive\-date\=April 25, 2011\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110425124824/http://ipod.about.com/b/2008/01/15/macworld\-keynote\-coverage.htm\|url\-status\=dead}} Movies are available for rent in the iTunes Store on the same day they are released on DVD,{{cite web\|url\=http://www.appleinsider.com/articles/08/05/01/apple\_expected\_to\_announce\_new\_movie\_sales\_in\_itunes.html\|title\=AppleInsider, Apple Announces same day as DVD release iTunes movies sales\|access\-date\=June 12, 2009\|work\=AppleInsider\|date\=May 2008 }} though the iTunes Store also offers for rental some movies that are still in theaters. Movie rentals are only viewable for 24 hours (in the US) or 48 hours (in other countries) after users begin viewing them. The iTunes Store also offers one low\-priced movie rental a week: in the United States, this rental costs 99 cents. Movie rentals are still not available in all countries but they are available in many countries including the United States, Mexico, the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, India and New Zealand. {{Cite web\|url\=https://support.apple.com/en\-us/HT204411\|title \= Availability of Apple Media Services\| date\=August 2, 2023 }} There is a weekly promotion in which one to three songs are available to download for free to logged\-in users. Free downloads are available on Tuesdays, and remain free until the following Tuesday, when the store gets refreshed with new content.{{cite web\|url\=http://freeitunesmusic.blogspot.com/ \|title\=Free iTunes Music \|publisher\=Free iTunes Music \|access\-date\=September 19, 2013}} Some artists choose to have select songs available for no charge. This is not available at all iTunes Stores. Some iTunes television programs have begun the same technique to encourage brand loyalty, although those stay longer. In fact, the iTunes Store has a "Free TV Episodes" page where free episodes are organized by length, either as "featurettes" (shorter than 15 minutes) or full\-length episodes (longer than 15 minutes). Free content can vary from a preview of a show to bonus content to pilot episodes and entire seasons of TV shows (examples of free seasons include HBO's *The Weight of the Nation* and ABC's *Pan\-Am*). Some networks, such as ABC and NBC, have their own pages of "Free Season Premieres". While previously the US iTunes Store has offered as many as three free songs each week (the single of the week, Discovery Download, and Canción de la Semana) in recent years, the store has instead replaced the three aforementioned categories with a unified "Single of the Week" banner, with the week's single being from a new up\-and\-coming artist.{{cite web\|url\=http://forums.macrumors.com/showthread.php?t\=1517419 \|title\=Free iTunes 2013 – MacRumors Forums \|date\=December 31, 2012 \|publisher\=MacRumors \|access\-date\=December 31, 2012}} In 2015, Apple discontinued the "Single of the Week" program.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.businessinsider.com/apple\-ends\-single\-of\-the\-week\-2015\-1\|title\=It Seems Apple Has Ended Its 'Single of the Week' Promotion After 11 Years\|publisher\=Business Insider\|access\-date\=January 13, 2015}} #### Current model {{Globalize \|2 \= US \|date\=August 2020}} ##### Music * A song usually costs 99¢; however, for songs with high popularity, the price is usually raised to {{US$\|long\=no\|1\.29}}. By default, songs that are more than 10 minutes are considered "Album Only"; distributors also have the power to make a song "Album Only." For special offers, song prices can be dropped to 69¢ or free. * By default, music albums cost {{US$\|long\=no\|9\.99}} or the price of all the songs combined if it is less than {{US$\|long\=no\|9\.99}}. However, the music album's distributor can set a higher price for the album (as long as it is some amount of dollars and 99 cents), which usually happens on popular music albums. For special offers, prices of music albums can be dropped to {{US$\|long\=no\|4\.99}}, {{US$\|long\=no\|5\.99}}, {{US$\|long\=no\|6\.99}}, or {{US$\|long\=no\|7\.99}}. * On June 30, 2015, Apple launched Apple Music as a subscription service, initially available in 110 countries.{{cite web \|url \= https://www.macrumors.com/2015/06/30/apple\-music\-country\-availability/ \|title \= List of Countries Where Apple Music and Beats 1 Radio Are Now Available \|date \= June 30, 2015 \|access\-date \= 2017\-07\-07 \|publisher \= MacRumors.com}} New subscribers are offered a three\-month free trial with ongoing subscriptions priced from {{US$\|long\=no\|10\.99}}/month in the US{{cite web \|title\=Apple Music \|url\=https://www.apple.com/apple\-music/ \|access\-date\=January 5, 2024 \|publisher\=Apple.com}} and £10\.99 in the UK{{cite web \|title\=Take Apple Music for a spin. \|url\=https://www.apple.com/uk/apple\-music/membership/ \|access\-date\=January 5, 2024 \|publisher\=Apple.com}} or €10,99 for countries in the [Eurozone](/wiki/Eurozone "Eurozone").{{cite web \|title\=Apple Music \|url\=https://www.apple.com/fr/apple\-music/ \|access\-date\=January 5, 2024 \|publisher\=Apple.com \|language\=fr}} ##### TV shows * By default, HD television episodes cost {{US$\|long\=no\|2\.99}}, while standard definition television episodes cost {{US$\|long\=no\|1\.99}}. However, distributors can make a television episode "Season Only." * A television season costs either an amount of dollars (determined by number of episodes and definition) and 99 cents with the number in the one's place being a 4, 7, or 9, or the price of all episodes combined. ##### Movies * Unpopular movies cost {{US$\|long\=no\|7\.99}} to buy in standard definition and {{val\|p\=$\|13\.00\|or\|14\.99}} to buy in HD. Popular movies or new releases cost {{val\|p\=$\|13\.00\|or\|14\.99}} to buy in standard definition and {{val\|p\=$\|17\.99\|or\|19\.99}} to buy in HD. * Unpopular movies cost {{US$\|long\=no\|2\.99}} to rent in standard definition and {{US$\|long\=no\|3\.99}} to rent in HD. Popular movies cost {{US$\|long\=no\|3\.99}} to rent in standard definition and {{US$\|long\=no\|4\.99}} to rent in HD. For recent releases, this price is increased by {{US$\|long\=no\|1}}. * Movies that are available in 4K and [HDR](/wiki/High-dynamic-range_video "High-dynamic-range video") (either [HDR10](/wiki/HDR10 "HDR10") or [Dolby Vision](/wiki/Dolby_Vision "Dolby Vision") with an HDR10 profile) cost the same price as HD, and are automatically upgraded from HD to 4K and HDR at no additional cost. Movies can be played back in 4K and HDR on an [Apple TV 4K](/wiki/Apple_TV_4K "Apple TV 4K") or a Mac released in 2018 or later running [macOS Catalina](/wiki/MacOS_Catalina "MacOS Catalina") when hooked up to a compatible display, and can be played back in HDR on an iPhone 8/X or later, a 10\.5" or 11" iPad Pro, and a 2nd gen or later 12\.9" [iPad Pro](/wiki/IPad_Pro "IPad Pro") running [iOS 11](/wiki/IOS_11 "IOS 11") or later, or a [MacBook](/wiki/MacBook "MacBook") released in 2018 or later running macOS Catalina or later. * Movies that are available with a [Dolby Atmos](/wiki/Dolby_Atmos "Dolby Atmos") audio track requires an Apple TV 4K running [tvOS 12](/wiki/TvOS_12 "TvOS 12") or later hooked up to a Dolby Atmos [soundbar](/wiki/Soundbar "Soundbar") or receiver, a MacBook released in 2018 or later running macOS Catalina, an iPhone XS/XR running iOS 13 or later, or an 11"/3\-gen 12\.9" iPad Pro running [iPadOS](/wiki/IPadOS "IPadOS") or later. ##### Apps App prices are set by the developer; they can be free of charge or charged at 99 cents plus any number of dollars. ### iTunes Store for iOS The iTunes Store allows users to purchase and download items directly to portable Apple devices, such as the [iPhone](/wiki/IPhone "IPhone"), [iPad](/wiki/IPad "IPad"), [Apple TV](/wiki/Apple_TV "Apple TV") and [iPod Touch](/wiki/IPod_Touch "IPod Touch").{{cite web\|title\=iPod touch Features\|work\=apple.com\|url\=https://www.apple.com/ipodtouch/features/\|access\-date\=September 25, 2007}} Apple offers three apps, each of which provides access to certain types of content. * The App Store app sells apps for iOS, and also provides updates to these apps. * The iTunes Store app sells music and videos. * The [Apple Books](/wiki/Apple_Books "Apple Books") app sells ebooks. Other, free content available from the iTunes Store can be accessed from two other iOS apps: * The Podcasts apps lets users download, subscribe to and sync podcasts. * The iTunes U app gives access to iTunes U educational material. Originally, mobile users had to be connected to a Wi\-Fi network in order to enter the store, hence its original name: *iTunes Wi\-Fi Music Store*. However, at Macworld 2009, Apple issued a software update which automatically allowed 3G and EDGE users to access the store's full functionality for files smaller than 10 megabytes (MB).{{cite web\|url\=http://ipod.about.com/b/2009/01/06/apple\-ditches\-itunes\-drm\-adds\-variable\-prices\-3g\-downloads.htm\|title\=Apple Ditches iTunes DRM, Adds Variable Prices, 3G Downloads\|access\-date\=April 28, 2009\|work\=\[\[About.com]]\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091202162358/http://ipod.about.com/b/2009/01/06/apple\-ditches\-itunes\-drm\-adds\-variable\-prices\-3g\-downloads.htm\|archive\-date\=December 2, 2009}} The [iOS 3\.0 update](/wiki/IOS_3 "IOS 3") added the ability to download movies, TV shows, audiobooks, iTunes U, and ringtones on mobile devices, in addition to the previously available songs and podcasts. On February 18, 2010, Apple increased the 10 MB 3G download limit to 20 MB. In March 2012, Apple increased the 3G download limit to 50 MB,{{cite web \|url\=https://gizmodo.com/5891417/you\-can\-now\-download\-ios\-apps\-up\-to\-50mb\-over\-3g\-or\-4g \|title\=You Can Now Download iOS Apps Up to 50MB Over 3G (or 4G) \|website\=\[\[Gizmodo]] \|date\=March 7, 2012 \|access\-date\=June 12, 2012}} and, in late 2013, Apple increased the limit to 100 MB when they released the final version of [iOS 7](/wiki/IOS_7 "IOS 7") for their new iPhones.{{cite web\|url\=http://appleinsider.com/articles/13/09/18/apple\-ups\-limit\-of\-app\-store\-downloads\-over\-cellular\-to\-100mb\|title\=Apple ups limit of App Store downloads over cellular to 100MB\|date\=September 18, 2013\|work\=appleinsider.com}} ### Customer support In the United States, Apple provides [technical support](/wiki/Technical_support "Technical support") for the iTunes Store via email; there is no phone number for issues with iTunes purchases.{{cite web\|last\=Kazmucha\|first\=Allyson\|title\=Daily Tip: how to contact iTunes support with billing and account questions\|url\=http://www.imore.com/daily\-tip\-resolving\-itunes\-billing\-issues\|publisher\=Mobile Nations\|access\-date\=July 8, 2013\|date\=July 2011}} Most customer service inquiries are handled online, via the Report a Problem link in iTunes.{{cite web\|title\=iTunes Store Support: Customer Service\|work\=\[\[Apple Inc.]]\|url\=https://www.apple.com/support/itunes/musicstore.html\|access\-date\=February 17, 2006}} ### Charitable donations In response to major [natural disasters](/wiki/Natural_disasters "Natural disasters"), Apple provides the facility for donations to be made through the iTunes Store. Unlike other iTunes purchases, donations made to charitable organizations through this system are not subject to the 30% handling fee Apple usually charges.{{cite web \| url\=https://venturebeat.com/2012/11/01/sandy\-itunes\-ebay\-donations/ \| title\=Support Sandy victims by donating through iTunes and eBay \| publisher\=VentureBeat \| date\=November 1, 2012 \| access\-date\=November 1, 2012 \|author\=Kelly, Meghan}} iTunes donation pages were set up following the [2010 Haiti earthquake](/wiki/2010_Haiti_earthquake "2010 Haiti earthquake"),{{cite web \| url\=http://current.com/groups/haiti\-earthquake/91916287\_idonate\-itunes\-and\-the\-haiti\-earthquake.htm \| title\=iDonate: iTunes and the Haiti Earthquake \| publisher\=Current \| date\=January 15, 2010 \| access\-date\=November 1, 2012 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116004548/http://current.com/groups/haiti\-earthquake/91916287\_idonate\-itunes\-and\-the\-haiti\-earthquake.htm \| archive\-date\=January 16, 2013 \| url\-status\=dead }} the [2011 Japanese earthquake](/wiki/2011_T%C5%8Dhoku_earthquake_and_tsunami "2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami") and ensuing tsunami,{{cite web \| url\=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/technology/2011/03/apple\-itunes\-taking\-red\-cross\-donations\-for\-japan\-quake\-and\-tsunami\-relief.html \| title\=Apple iTunes accepting Red Cross donations for Japan quake and tsunami relief \| work\=Los Angeles Times \| date\=March 13, 2011 \| access\-date\=November 1, 2012 \|author\=Olivarez\-Giles, Nathan}} and 2012's [Hurricane Sandy](/wiki/Hurricane_Sandy "Hurricane Sandy"). In all of these cases, donations were redirected to the [Red Cross](/wiki/International_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Movement "International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement"). ### Music The store began operations after Apple signed deals with five major record companies: [EMI](/wiki/EMI "EMI"), [Universal Music Group](/wiki/Universal_Music_Group "Universal Music Group"), [Warner Music Group](/wiki/Warner_Music_Group "Warner Music Group"), [Sony Music Entertainment](/wiki/Sony_Music_Entertainment "Sony Music Entertainment"), and [Bertelsmann Music Group](/wiki/Bertelsmann_Music_Group "Bertelsmann Music Group"). Songs from more than 2,000 [independent labels](/wiki/Independent_record_label "Independent record label") were added later, the first being from [The Orchard](/wiki/The_Orchard_%28music_label%29 "The Orchard (music label)") on June 24, 2003\. {{As of\|2020\|April}}, iTunes offers 60 million songs,{{cite press release\|url\=https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2012/09/12Apple\-Unveils\-New\-iTunes/\|title\=Apple Unveils New iTunes \|publisher\=\[\[Apple Inc.]]\|date\=September 12, 2012\|access\-date\=October 3, 2023}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.apple.com/lae/itunes/music/\|title\=Apple – iTunes\|work\=\[\[Apple Inc.]]\|access\-date\=2017\-09\-13}} including exclusive tracks from numerous artists. Not all artists are available on iTunes, but many holdouts, such as [Led Zeppelin](/wiki/Led_Zeppelin "Led Zeppelin") and [Radiohead](/wiki/Radiohead "Radiohead"), have allowed their music to be sold on the iTunes Store in recent years. New songs are added to iTunes catalog on a daily basis, and the iTunes Store is updated each Tuesday. Downloaded songs come with song information (name, artist, album) already filled out, though iTunes provides a free service by [Gracenote](/wiki/Gracenote "Gracenote") to do this for songs not purchased from the store, although they must be imported with iTunes. Songs that have an entry in the iTunes Store also come with album artwork (Artwork is embedded in the metadata). Artwork can be obtained for songs not purchased from the store for free if the user has an iTunes Store account. Purchased songs do not come with lyrics, nor does iTunes provide a service for acquiring the missing lyrics. However, several third\-party applications exist to locate and automatically add lyrics to the user's music. Some albums purchased on iTunes came with booklets. The first instance of this was the release of the album *[How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb](/wiki/How_to_Dismantle_an_Atomic_Bomb "How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb")* by rock band [U2](/wiki/U2 "U2").{{Cite web \|title\=Kirkville » Finally! Digital Booklets with iTunes Music Download \|url\=http://www.mcelhearn.com/2004/11/23/finally\-digital\-booklets\-with\-itunes\-music\-downloads/ \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714063538/http://www.mcelhearn.com/2004/11/23/finally\-digital\-booklets\-with\-itunes\-music\-downloads/ \|archive\-date\=2011\-07\-14 \|access\-date\=2009\-11\-27}} #### "Album Only" songs Some songs are available from the store by "Album Only", meaning the song can only be acquired through the purchase of the entire album, whereas most songs can be downloaded separately from the album they belong to. Songs above 10 minutes in length are by default Album Only songs.{{cite web\|url\=http://observer.com/2015/06/the\-itunes\-download\-model\-is\-broken\-heres\-how\-to\-fix\-it/\|title\=The iTunes Download Model Is Broken—Here's How to Fix It\|author\=Allan Ripp\|work\=\[\[The New York Observer]]\|publisher\=Observer Media\|date\=June 17, 2015\|access\-date\=April 1, 2016}} However, this is not universally true; for example, *Living in the Heart of the Beast* by Henry Cow is 16 minutes and 18 seconds, yet is available for individual purchase {{As of\|2013\|Dec\|24\|lc\=y}}. Soundtracks also often have many Album Only tracks. Sometimes, the 10\-minute restriction works in an artist's favor. Examples of this include Prince's *Lovesexy* and the deluxe version of Phoenix's *Bankrupt!*, which both have an album as a single track instead of being separate, (in Prince's case, the track *was* the album, while in Phoenix's case, it was a collection of demos and outtakes) forcing the buyer to buy the album itself. Movie soundtracks normally include songs owned by many different labels, making licensing more complex. For example, *[Forrest Gump: The Soundtrack](/wiki/Forrest_Gump_%28soundtrack%29 "Forrest Gump (soundtrack)")* includes songs from [Peacock Records](/wiki/Peacock_Records "Peacock Records"), [Argo Records](/wiki/Argo_Records "Argo Records"), and [Capitol Records](/wiki/Capitol_Records "Capitol Records"), among many others. *[Greatest Hits](/wiki/Greatest_Hits_%28Red_Hot_Chili_Peppers_album%29 "Greatest Hits (Red Hot Chili Peppers album)")* by [Red Hot Chili Peppers](/wiki/Red_Hot_Chili_Peppers "Red Hot Chili Peppers") has only one song, "[Higher Ground](/wiki/Higher_Ground_%28Red_Hot_Chili_Peppers_song%29 "Higher Ground (Red Hot Chili Peppers song)")", that is not available for download on a per song basis, whilst *[Circus](/wiki/Circus_%28Britney_Spears_album%29 "Circus (Britney Spears album)")* ([Britney Spears](/wiki/Britney_Spears "Britney Spears")' 2008 album) has two songs that are available for album download only, *Rock Me In* and *Phonography*. #### Partial Albums Some albums on the iTunes store are available only as a "Partial Album" meaning that one or more of the songs on an album's CD release are not available on its iTunes equivalent, often due to differing copyright holders between songs.{{Cite web\|url\=https://itunespartner.apple.com/music/articles/rights\-and\-pricing\_album\-only\|title \= Distributor and Label Help \- Apple Music Provider Support\|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20201125184747/https://itunespartner.apple.com/music/articles/rights\-and\-pricing\_album\-only\|archive\-date \= November 25, 2020\|url\-status \= dead}} #### "Work Only" songs Some tracks are listed as "Work Only", which means they can only be obtained by purchasing the entire piece of work (within the album); the tracks cannot be bought as singles. Works are generally pieces of classical music: symphonies, string quartets, etc., in multiple movements. #### "LP" format In September 2009, Apple introduced the [iTunes LP](/wiki/ITunes_LP "ITunes LP") format (known pre\-launch by the code name "Cocktail"){{cite web \|last\=Rosoff \|first\=Matt \|url\=http://news.cnet.com/8301\-13526\_3\-10347849\-27\.html \|title\=New iTunes LP format is live \|publisher\=CNET \|date\=September 9, 2009 \|access\-date\=September 19, 2013 \|archive\-date\=September 21, 2013 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060936/http://news.cnet.com/8301\-13526\_3\-10347849\-27\.html \|url\-status\=dead }} which features visual, interactive content alongside album tracks and lyrics. #### Store sections {{anchor\|Mastered for iTunes}} When entering the US music store, there are multiple sections one can visit. Music is divided into genres (Alternative, Classical, Jazz, Soundtrack, etc.), and there are a number of links to other sections of the store under the Quick Links header. These include Recommended for You, Complete My Album, iTunes LP, as well as thematic sections, such as iTunes Festival sections. In November 2006, Apple created a category for Latino and Hispanic content, "iTunes Latino". Telemundo and Mun2 made some of their popular programs available for purchase, becoming the first Hispanic television content in the store. It offers music, music videos, audiobooks, podcasts and television shows in Spanish in a single concentrated area. The brief descriptions given to the content are in Spanish as well as several subcategories.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.engadget.com/2006/11/01/apple\-announces\-itunes\-latino\-telemundo\-and\-mun2\-in\-itunes\-stor/\|title\=Apple Announces iTunes Latino, Telemundo and mun2 in iTunes Store\|author\=David Chartier\|work\=\[\[Engadget]]\|publisher\=\[\[AOL]]\|date\=November 1, 2006\|access\-date\=March 30, 2016}} Gibraltarian [flamenco](/wiki/Flamenco "Flamenco") [metal](/wiki/Heavy_metal_music "Heavy metal music") band [Breed 77](/wiki/Breed_77 "Breed 77") released an exclusive album called [Un Encuentro](/wiki/Un_Encuentro "Un Encuentro") to coincide with the launch of "iTunes Latino". It features 11 songs, all from previous albums, but all sung in Spanish. In 2012, Apple created Mastered for iTunes. When iTunes launched, the decision was made to standardize on AAC instead of the more popular MP3 format on the supposition that it offers better quality compared to other codecs at similar bit rates.{{cite web \|title\=Mastered for iTunes: Music as the Artist and Sound Engineer Intended \|url\=https://images.apple.com/itunes/mastered\-for\-itunes/docs/mastered\_for\_itunes.pdf \|website\=Apple \|access\-date\=June 27, 2018}} Mastered for iTunes (MFiT) is a procedure developed by Apple specifically for mastering engineers to follow. This set of tools allows engineers to audition Apple's proprietary encoding during the mastering process to take into account how music will eventually interact with Apple's encoding. In addition to auditioning the encoder, there is also a tool (called afclip) that processes the audio file and creates a text file for audio clips. Because of this special encoding process, extra attention must be paid to headroom and inter\-sample peaking while mastering.{{cite web \|title\=Hybrid Studios Mastering – Online Mastering Services – Free Sample of Services \|url\=https://www.hybridstudiosca.com/mastering/ \|website\=Hybrid Studios \|access\-date\=June 27, 2018 \|archive\-date\=June 27, 2018 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627230633/https://www.hybridstudiosca.com/mastering/ \|url\-status\=dead }} In August 2019, it was announced that the Mastered for iTunes program would be rebranded as Apple Digital Masters. With the rebranding, the high resolution masters are now available with Apple Music through streaming.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.apple.com/itunes/mastered\-for\-itunes/\|title\=iTunes \- Apple Digital Masters \- Apple\|website\=www.apple.com\|access\-date\=2019\-08\-15}} It is speculated that the rebranding came because the functionality of iTunes would be changing in macOS Catalina and therefore the Mastered for iTunes name no longer made sense.
[ "Features and restrictions\n-------------------------", "### Current availability", "The iTunes Store is available on most Apple devices, including the [Mac](/wiki/Mac_%28computer%29 \"Mac (computer)\") (inside the [Music](/wiki/Music_%28software%29 \"Music (software)\") app), the [iPhone](/wiki/IPhone \"IPhone\"), the [iPad](/wiki/IPad \"IPad\"), the [iPod touch](/wiki/IPod_Touch \"IPod Touch\"), and the [Apple TV](/wiki/Apple_TV \"Apple TV\"), as well as on [Windows](/wiki/Microsoft_Windows \"Microsoft Windows\") (inside iTunes). Video purchases from the iTunes Store are viewable on the [Apple TV](/wiki/Apple_TV_%28software%29 \"Apple TV (software)\") app on [Roku](/wiki/Roku \"Roku\"){{cite web \\|date\\=2019\\-10\\-15 \\|title\\=Apple TV is now available on the Roku platform \\|url\\=https://blog.roku.com/apple\\-tv \\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-02\\-11 \\|publisher\\=Roku, Inc.}} and [Amazon Fire TV](/wiki/Amazon_Fire_TV \"Amazon Fire TV\"){{cite web \\|last\\=Kastrenakes \\|first\\=Jacob \\|date\\=October 24, 2019 \\|title\\=Apple TV app launches on Amazon Fire TV devices \\|url\\=https://www.theverge.com/2019/10/24/20930244/apple\\-tv\\-app\\-amazon\\-fire\\-tv\\-stick\\-models\\-now\\-available \\|website\\=\\[\\[The Verge]] \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Vox Media]]}} devices and certain smart televisions. Unlike other Apple media services such as [Apple Music](/wiki/Apple_Music \"Apple Music\") or [Apple TV\\+](/wiki/Apple_TV%2B \"Apple TV+\"), there is no web\\-based interface for the iTunes Store with the exception of limited iTunes Preview pages; the desktop application has to be installed to browse the store. While initially a dominant player in digital media, by the mid\\-2010s, [streaming media](/wiki/Streaming_media \"Streaming media\") services were generating more revenue than the buy\\-to\\-own model used by the iTunes Store.{{cite web \\|date\\=June 2019 \\|title\\=Apple May Finally Shutter iTunes, But the iTunes Era Ended Long Ago \\|url\\=https://variety.com/2019/digital/news/apple\\-shutting\\-down\\-itunes\\-era\\-1203230851/ \\|work\\=Variety}}{{cite web \\|date\\=June 3, 2019 \\|title\\=The rise and fall of iTunes, Apple's most hated app \\|url\\=https://www.theverge.com/2019/6/3/18650571/apple\\-itunes\\-rip\\-discontinued\\-macos\\-10\\-15\\-ipod\\-store\\-digital\\-music\\-wwdc\\-2019 \\|work\\=The Verge}}", "Currently, iTunes is supported on the [macOS](/wiki/MacOS \"MacOS\") ([Leopard](/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Leopard \"Mac OS X Leopard\") and above) and [Microsoft Windows](/wiki/Microsoft_Windows \"Microsoft Windows\") operating systems. iTunes was known to run passably well in [Linux](/wiki/Linux \"Linux\") on [x86](/wiki/X86 \"X86\")\\-based computers using the [Wine](/wiki/Wine_%28software%29 \"Wine (software)\") compatibility layer; however, by December 2011, this was no longer the case.{{cite web \\|title\\=Wine Application DB – Viewing App – iTunes \\|url\\=http://appdb.winehq.org/appview.php?appId\\=1347 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20040910164646/http://appdb.winehq.org/appview.php?appId\\=1347 \\|archive\\-date\\=September 10, 2004 \\|access\\-date\\=May 1, 2006 \\|work\\=winehq.org}} Users without iTunes installed can see a content database (but not hear or view the content itself) using the iTunes Preview service, which runs inside their internet browser. This service also allows users to watch trailers for upcoming film releases. Should they choose to purchase any media, they will be redirected to iTunes.", "### Pricing model", "#### History", "Following the introduction of the iTunes Store, individual songs were all sold for the same price, though Apple introduced multiple prices in 2007\\. Music in the store is in the [Advanced Audio Coding](/wiki/Advanced_Audio_Coding \"Advanced Audio Coding\") (AAC) format, which is the [MPEG\\-4](/wiki/MPEG-4 \"MPEG-4\")\\-specified successor to [MP3](/wiki/MP3 \"MP3\"). Originally, songs were only available with DRM and were encoded at {{val\\|128 \\|u\\=\\[\\[kilobit\\|kbit]]\\|upl\\=s}}. At the January 2009 Macworld Expo, Apple announced that all iTunes music would be made available without DRM, and encoded at the higher\\-quality rate of {{val\\|256\\|u\\=kbit\\|up\\=s}}. Previously, this model, known as \"iTunes Plus\", had been available only for music from EMI and some independent labels. Users can sample songs by listening to previews, ninety seconds in length, or thirty seconds for short tracks.", "In addition, the iTunes Store offers apps, which are applications used for various purposes (games, productivity, news, etc.) that are compatible with the iPod Touch, iPhone, and iPad, although some apps are specifically for the iPhone or iPad only. Some apps cost money (called \"Paid Apps\") and some are free (called \"Free Apps\"). Developers can decide which prices they want to charge for apps, from a pre\\-set list of pricing tiers, from free to several hundred dollars. When someone downloads an App, 70 percent of the purchase goes to the developer(s), and 30 percent goes to Apple.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://developer.apple.com/programs/whats\\-included/ \\|title\\=iOS Developer Program Website \\|access\\-date\\=October 22, 2017 \\|website\\=\\[\\[Apple Inc.]]}}", "At the Macworld 2008 keynote, [Steve Jobs](/wiki/Steve_Jobs \"Steve Jobs\"), who was Apple's CEO at the time, announced iTunes movie rentals.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://ipod.about.com/b/2008/01/15/macworld\\-keynote\\-coverage.htm\\|title\\=Macworld: New iPhone Software, iTunes Video Rentals, Updated AppleTV\\|access\\-date\\=April 28, 2009\\|work\\=\\[\\[About.com]]\\|archive\\-date\\=April 25, 2011\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110425124824/http://ipod.about.com/b/2008/01/15/macworld\\-keynote\\-coverage.htm\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} Movies are available for rent in the iTunes Store on the same day they are released on DVD,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.appleinsider.com/articles/08/05/01/apple\\_expected\\_to\\_announce\\_new\\_movie\\_sales\\_in\\_itunes.html\\|title\\=AppleInsider, Apple Announces same day as DVD release iTunes movies sales\\|access\\-date\\=June 12, 2009\\|work\\=AppleInsider\\|date\\=May 2008 }} though the iTunes Store also offers for rental some movies that are still in theaters. Movie rentals are only viewable for 24 hours (in the US) or 48 hours (in other countries) after users begin viewing them. The iTunes Store also offers one low\\-priced movie rental a week: in the United States, this rental costs 99 cents. Movie rentals are still not available in all countries but they are available in many countries including the United States, Mexico, the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, India and New Zealand.\n{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://support.apple.com/en\\-us/HT204411\\|title \\= Availability of Apple Media Services\\| date\\=August 2, 2023 }}\nThere is a weekly promotion in which one to three songs are available to download for free to logged\\-in users. Free downloads are available on Tuesdays, and remain free until the following Tuesday, when the store gets refreshed with new content.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://freeitunesmusic.blogspot.com/ \\|title\\=Free iTunes Music \\|publisher\\=Free iTunes Music \\|access\\-date\\=September 19, 2013}} Some artists choose to have select songs available for no charge. This is not available at all iTunes Stores. Some iTunes television programs have begun the same technique to encourage brand loyalty, although those stay longer. In fact, the iTunes Store has a \"Free TV Episodes\" page where free episodes are organized by length, either as \"featurettes\" (shorter than 15 minutes) or full\\-length episodes (longer than 15 minutes). Free content can vary from a preview of a show to bonus content to pilot episodes and entire seasons of TV shows (examples of free seasons include HBO's *The Weight of the Nation* and ABC's *Pan\\-Am*). Some networks, such as ABC and NBC, have their own pages of \"Free Season Premieres\".", "While previously the US iTunes Store has offered as many as three free songs each week (the single of the week, Discovery Download, and Canción de la Semana) in recent years, the store has instead replaced the three aforementioned categories with a unified \"Single of the Week\" banner, with the week's single being from a new up\\-and\\-coming artist.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://forums.macrumors.com/showthread.php?t\\=1517419 \\|title\\=Free iTunes 2013 – MacRumors Forums \\|date\\=December 31, 2012 \\|publisher\\=MacRumors \\|access\\-date\\=December 31, 2012}} In 2015, Apple discontinued the \"Single of the Week\" program.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.businessinsider.com/apple\\-ends\\-single\\-of\\-the\\-week\\-2015\\-1\\|title\\=It Seems Apple Has Ended Its 'Single of the Week' Promotion After 11 Years\\|publisher\\=Business Insider\\|access\\-date\\=January 13, 2015}}", "#### Current model", "{{Globalize\n\\|2 \\= US\n\\|date\\=August 2020}}", "##### Music", "* A song usually costs 99¢; however, for songs with high popularity, the price is usually raised to {{US$\\|long\\=no\\|1\\.29}}. By default, songs that are more than 10 minutes are considered \"Album Only\"; distributors also have the power to make a song \"Album Only.\" For special offers, song prices can be dropped to 69¢ or free.\n* By default, music albums cost {{US$\\|long\\=no\\|9\\.99}} or the price of all the songs combined if it is less than {{US$\\|long\\=no\\|9\\.99}}. However, the music album's distributor can set a higher price for the album (as long as it is some amount of dollars and 99 cents), which usually happens on popular music albums. For special offers, prices of music albums can be dropped to {{US$\\|long\\=no\\|4\\.99}}, {{US$\\|long\\=no\\|5\\.99}}, {{US$\\|long\\=no\\|6\\.99}}, or {{US$\\|long\\=no\\|7\\.99}}.\n* On June 30, 2015, Apple launched Apple Music as a subscription service, initially available in 110 countries.{{cite web\n\\|url \\= https://www.macrumors.com/2015/06/30/apple\\-music\\-country\\-availability/\n\\|title \\= List of Countries Where Apple Music and Beats 1 Radio Are Now Available\n\\|date \\= June 30, 2015\n\\|access\\-date \\= 2017\\-07\\-07\n\\|publisher \\= MacRumors.com}} New subscribers are offered a three\\-month free trial with ongoing subscriptions priced from {{US$\\|long\\=no\\|10\\.99}}/month in the US{{cite web \\|title\\=Apple Music \\|url\\=https://www.apple.com/apple\\-music/ \\|access\\-date\\=January 5, 2024 \\|publisher\\=Apple.com}} and £10\\.99 in the UK{{cite web \\|title\\=Take Apple Music for a spin. \\|url\\=https://www.apple.com/uk/apple\\-music/membership/ \\|access\\-date\\=January 5, 2024 \\|publisher\\=Apple.com}} or €10,99 for countries in the [Eurozone](/wiki/Eurozone \"Eurozone\").{{cite web \\|title\\=Apple Music \\|url\\=https://www.apple.com/fr/apple\\-music/ \\|access\\-date\\=January 5, 2024 \\|publisher\\=Apple.com \\|language\\=fr}}", "##### TV shows", "* By default, HD television episodes cost {{US$\\|long\\=no\\|2\\.99}}, while standard definition television episodes cost {{US$\\|long\\=no\\|1\\.99}}. However, distributors can make a television episode \"Season Only.\"\n* A television season costs either an amount of dollars (determined by number of episodes and definition) and 99 cents with the number in the one's place being a 4, 7, or 9, or the price of all episodes combined.", "##### Movies", "* Unpopular movies cost {{US$\\|long\\=no\\|7\\.99}} to buy in standard definition and {{val\\|p\\=$\\|13\\.00\\|or\\|14\\.99}} to buy in HD. Popular movies or new releases cost {{val\\|p\\=$\\|13\\.00\\|or\\|14\\.99}} to buy in standard definition and {{val\\|p\\=$\\|17\\.99\\|or\\|19\\.99}} to buy in HD.\n* Unpopular movies cost {{US$\\|long\\=no\\|2\\.99}} to rent in standard definition and {{US$\\|long\\=no\\|3\\.99}} to rent in HD. Popular movies cost {{US$\\|long\\=no\\|3\\.99}} to rent in standard definition and {{US$\\|long\\=no\\|4\\.99}} to rent in HD. For recent releases, this price is increased by {{US$\\|long\\=no\\|1}}.\n* Movies that are available in 4K and [HDR](/wiki/High-dynamic-range_video \"High-dynamic-range video\") (either [HDR10](/wiki/HDR10 \"HDR10\") or [Dolby Vision](/wiki/Dolby_Vision \"Dolby Vision\") with an HDR10 profile) cost the same price as HD, and are automatically upgraded from HD to 4K and HDR at no additional cost. Movies can be played back in 4K and HDR on an [Apple TV 4K](/wiki/Apple_TV_4K \"Apple TV 4K\") or a Mac released in 2018 or later running [macOS Catalina](/wiki/MacOS_Catalina \"MacOS Catalina\") when hooked up to a compatible display, and can be played back in HDR on an iPhone 8/X or later, a 10\\.5\" or 11\" iPad Pro, and a 2nd gen or later 12\\.9\" [iPad Pro](/wiki/IPad_Pro \"IPad Pro\") running [iOS 11](/wiki/IOS_11 \"IOS 11\") or later, or a [MacBook](/wiki/MacBook \"MacBook\") released in 2018 or later running macOS Catalina or later.\n* Movies that are available with a [Dolby Atmos](/wiki/Dolby_Atmos \"Dolby Atmos\") audio track requires an Apple TV 4K running [tvOS 12](/wiki/TvOS_12 \"TvOS 12\") or later hooked up to a Dolby Atmos [soundbar](/wiki/Soundbar \"Soundbar\") or receiver, a MacBook released in 2018 or later running macOS Catalina, an iPhone XS/XR running iOS 13 or later, or an 11\"/3\\-gen 12\\.9\" iPad Pro running [iPadOS](/wiki/IPadOS \"IPadOS\") or later.", "##### Apps", "App prices are set by the developer; they can be free of charge or charged at 99 cents plus any number of dollars.", "### iTunes Store for iOS", "The iTunes Store allows users to purchase and download items directly to portable Apple devices, such as the [iPhone](/wiki/IPhone \"IPhone\"), [iPad](/wiki/IPad \"IPad\"), [Apple TV](/wiki/Apple_TV \"Apple TV\") and [iPod Touch](/wiki/IPod_Touch \"IPod Touch\").{{cite web\\|title\\=iPod touch Features\\|work\\=apple.com\\|url\\=https://www.apple.com/ipodtouch/features/\\|access\\-date\\=September 25, 2007}} Apple offers three apps, each of which provides access to certain types of content.", "* The App Store app sells apps for iOS, and also provides updates to these apps.\n* The iTunes Store app sells music and videos.\n* The [Apple Books](/wiki/Apple_Books \"Apple Books\") app sells ebooks.", "Other, free content available from the iTunes Store can be accessed from two other iOS apps:", "* The Podcasts apps lets users download, subscribe to and sync podcasts.\n* The iTunes U app gives access to iTunes U educational material.", "Originally, mobile users had to be connected to a Wi\\-Fi network in order to enter the store, hence its original name: *iTunes Wi\\-Fi Music Store*. However, at Macworld 2009, Apple issued a software update which automatically allowed 3G and EDGE users to access the store's full functionality for files smaller than 10 megabytes (MB).{{cite web\\|url\\=http://ipod.about.com/b/2009/01/06/apple\\-ditches\\-itunes\\-drm\\-adds\\-variable\\-prices\\-3g\\-downloads.htm\\|title\\=Apple Ditches iTunes DRM, Adds Variable Prices, 3G Downloads\\|access\\-date\\=April 28, 2009\\|work\\=\\[\\[About.com]]\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091202162358/http://ipod.about.com/b/2009/01/06/apple\\-ditches\\-itunes\\-drm\\-adds\\-variable\\-prices\\-3g\\-downloads.htm\\|archive\\-date\\=December 2, 2009}} The [iOS 3\\.0 update](/wiki/IOS_3 \"IOS 3\") added the ability to download movies, TV shows, audiobooks, iTunes U, and ringtones on mobile devices, in addition to the previously available songs and podcasts. On February 18, 2010, Apple increased the 10 MB 3G download limit to 20 MB. In March 2012, Apple increased the 3G download limit to 50 MB,{{cite web \\|url\\=https://gizmodo.com/5891417/you\\-can\\-now\\-download\\-ios\\-apps\\-up\\-to\\-50mb\\-over\\-3g\\-or\\-4g \\|title\\=You Can Now Download iOS Apps Up to 50MB Over 3G (or 4G) \\|website\\=\\[\\[Gizmodo]] \\|date\\=March 7, 2012 \\|access\\-date\\=June 12, 2012}} and, in late 2013, Apple increased the limit to 100 MB when they released the final version of [iOS 7](/wiki/IOS_7 \"IOS 7\") for their new iPhones.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://appleinsider.com/articles/13/09/18/apple\\-ups\\-limit\\-of\\-app\\-store\\-downloads\\-over\\-cellular\\-to\\-100mb\\|title\\=Apple ups limit of App Store downloads over cellular to 100MB\\|date\\=September 18, 2013\\|work\\=appleinsider.com}}", "### Customer support", "In the United States, Apple provides [technical support](/wiki/Technical_support \"Technical support\") for the iTunes Store via email; there is no phone number for issues with iTunes purchases.{{cite web\\|last\\=Kazmucha\\|first\\=Allyson\\|title\\=Daily Tip: how to contact iTunes support with billing and account questions\\|url\\=http://www.imore.com/daily\\-tip\\-resolving\\-itunes\\-billing\\-issues\\|publisher\\=Mobile Nations\\|access\\-date\\=July 8, 2013\\|date\\=July 2011}} Most customer service inquiries are handled online, via the Report a Problem link in iTunes.{{cite web\\|title\\=iTunes Store Support: Customer Service\\|work\\=\\[\\[Apple Inc.]]\\|url\\=https://www.apple.com/support/itunes/musicstore.html\\|access\\-date\\=February 17, 2006}}", "### Charitable donations", "In response to major [natural disasters](/wiki/Natural_disasters \"Natural disasters\"), Apple provides the facility for donations to be made through the iTunes Store. Unlike other iTunes purchases, donations made to charitable organizations through this system are not subject to the 30% handling fee Apple usually charges.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://venturebeat.com/2012/11/01/sandy\\-itunes\\-ebay\\-donations/ \\| title\\=Support Sandy victims by donating through iTunes and eBay \\| publisher\\=VentureBeat \\| date\\=November 1, 2012 \\| access\\-date\\=November 1, 2012 \\|author\\=Kelly, Meghan}} iTunes donation pages were set up following the [2010 Haiti earthquake](/wiki/2010_Haiti_earthquake \"2010 Haiti earthquake\"),{{cite web \\| url\\=http://current.com/groups/haiti\\-earthquake/91916287\\_idonate\\-itunes\\-and\\-the\\-haiti\\-earthquake.htm \\| title\\=iDonate: iTunes and the Haiti Earthquake \\| publisher\\=Current \\| date\\=January 15, 2010 \\| access\\-date\\=November 1, 2012 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116004548/http://current.com/groups/haiti\\-earthquake/91916287\\_idonate\\-itunes\\-and\\-the\\-haiti\\-earthquake.htm \\| archive\\-date\\=January 16, 2013 \\| url\\-status\\=dead }} the [2011 Japanese earthquake](/wiki/2011_T%C5%8Dhoku_earthquake_and_tsunami \"2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami\") and ensuing tsunami,{{cite web \\| url\\=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/technology/2011/03/apple\\-itunes\\-taking\\-red\\-cross\\-donations\\-for\\-japan\\-quake\\-and\\-tsunami\\-relief.html \\| title\\=Apple iTunes accepting Red Cross donations for Japan quake and tsunami relief \\| work\\=Los Angeles Times \\| date\\=March 13, 2011 \\| access\\-date\\=November 1, 2012 \\|author\\=Olivarez\\-Giles, Nathan}} and 2012's [Hurricane Sandy](/wiki/Hurricane_Sandy \"Hurricane Sandy\"). In all of these cases, donations were redirected to the [Red Cross](/wiki/International_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Movement \"International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement\").", "### Music", "The store began operations after Apple signed deals with five major record companies: [EMI](/wiki/EMI \"EMI\"), [Universal Music Group](/wiki/Universal_Music_Group \"Universal Music Group\"), [Warner Music Group](/wiki/Warner_Music_Group \"Warner Music Group\"), [Sony Music Entertainment](/wiki/Sony_Music_Entertainment \"Sony Music Entertainment\"), and [Bertelsmann Music Group](/wiki/Bertelsmann_Music_Group \"Bertelsmann Music Group\"). Songs from more than 2,000 [independent labels](/wiki/Independent_record_label \"Independent record label\") were added later, the first being from [The Orchard](/wiki/The_Orchard_%28music_label%29 \"The Orchard (music label)\") on June 24, 2003\\.", "{{As of\\|2020\\|April}}, iTunes offers 60 million songs,{{cite press release\\|url\\=https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2012/09/12Apple\\-Unveils\\-New\\-iTunes/\\|title\\=Apple Unveils New iTunes \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Apple Inc.]]\\|date\\=September 12, 2012\\|access\\-date\\=October 3, 2023}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.apple.com/lae/itunes/music/\\|title\\=Apple – iTunes\\|work\\=\\[\\[Apple Inc.]]\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-09\\-13}} including exclusive tracks from numerous artists. Not all artists are available on iTunes, but many holdouts, such as [Led Zeppelin](/wiki/Led_Zeppelin \"Led Zeppelin\") and [Radiohead](/wiki/Radiohead \"Radiohead\"), have allowed their music to be sold on the iTunes Store in recent years. New songs are added to iTunes catalog on a daily basis, and the iTunes Store is updated each Tuesday.", "Downloaded songs come with song information (name, artist, album) already filled out, though iTunes provides a free service by [Gracenote](/wiki/Gracenote \"Gracenote\") to do this for songs not purchased from the store, although they must be imported with iTunes. Songs that have an entry in the iTunes Store also come with album artwork (Artwork is embedded in the metadata). Artwork can be obtained for songs not purchased from the store for free if the user has an iTunes Store account. Purchased songs do not come with lyrics, nor does iTunes provide a service for acquiring the missing lyrics. However, several third\\-party applications exist to locate and automatically add lyrics to the user's music.", "Some albums purchased on iTunes came with booklets. The first instance of this was the release of the album *[How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb](/wiki/How_to_Dismantle_an_Atomic_Bomb \"How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb\")* by rock band [U2](/wiki/U2 \"U2\").{{Cite web \\|title\\=Kirkville » Finally! Digital Booklets with iTunes Music Download \\|url\\=http://www.mcelhearn.com/2004/11/23/finally\\-digital\\-booklets\\-with\\-itunes\\-music\\-downloads/ \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714063538/http://www.mcelhearn.com/2004/11/23/finally\\-digital\\-booklets\\-with\\-itunes\\-music\\-downloads/ \\|archive\\-date\\=2011\\-07\\-14 \\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-11\\-27}}", "#### \"Album Only\" songs", "Some songs are available from the store by \"Album Only\", meaning the song can only be acquired through the purchase of the entire album, whereas most songs can be downloaded separately from the album they belong to.", "Songs above 10 minutes in length are by default Album Only songs.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://observer.com/2015/06/the\\-itunes\\-download\\-model\\-is\\-broken\\-heres\\-how\\-to\\-fix\\-it/\\|title\\=The iTunes Download Model Is Broken—Here's How to Fix It\\|author\\=Allan Ripp\\|work\\=\\[\\[The New York Observer]]\\|publisher\\=Observer Media\\|date\\=June 17, 2015\\|access\\-date\\=April 1, 2016}} However, this is not universally true; for example, *Living in the Heart of the Beast* by Henry Cow is 16 minutes and 18 seconds, yet is available for individual purchase {{As of\\|2013\\|Dec\\|24\\|lc\\=y}}. Soundtracks also often have many Album Only tracks.", "Sometimes, the 10\\-minute restriction works in an artist's favor. Examples of this include Prince's *Lovesexy* and the deluxe version of Phoenix's *Bankrupt!*, which both have an album as a single track instead of being separate, (in Prince's case, the track *was* the album, while in Phoenix's case, it was a collection of demos and outtakes) forcing the buyer to buy the album itself.", "Movie soundtracks normally include songs owned by many different labels, making licensing more complex. For example, *[Forrest Gump: The Soundtrack](/wiki/Forrest_Gump_%28soundtrack%29 \"Forrest Gump (soundtrack)\")* includes songs from [Peacock Records](/wiki/Peacock_Records \"Peacock Records\"), [Argo Records](/wiki/Argo_Records \"Argo Records\"), and [Capitol Records](/wiki/Capitol_Records \"Capitol Records\"), among many others. *[Greatest Hits](/wiki/Greatest_Hits_%28Red_Hot_Chili_Peppers_album%29 \"Greatest Hits (Red Hot Chili Peppers album)\")* by [Red Hot Chili Peppers](/wiki/Red_Hot_Chili_Peppers \"Red Hot Chili Peppers\") has only one song, \"[Higher Ground](/wiki/Higher_Ground_%28Red_Hot_Chili_Peppers_song%29 \"Higher Ground (Red Hot Chili Peppers song)\")\", that is not available for download on a per song basis, whilst *[Circus](/wiki/Circus_%28Britney_Spears_album%29 \"Circus (Britney Spears album)\")* ([Britney Spears](/wiki/Britney_Spears \"Britney Spears\")' 2008 album) has two songs that are available for album download only, *Rock Me In* and *Phonography*.", "#### Partial Albums", "Some albums on the iTunes store are available only as a \"Partial Album\" meaning that one or more of the songs on an album's CD release are not available on its iTunes equivalent, often due to differing copyright holders between songs.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://itunespartner.apple.com/music/articles/rights\\-and\\-pricing\\_album\\-only\\|title \\= Distributor and Label Help \\- Apple Music Provider Support\\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20201125184747/https://itunespartner.apple.com/music/articles/rights\\-and\\-pricing\\_album\\-only\\|archive\\-date \\= November 25, 2020\\|url\\-status \\= dead}}", "#### \"Work Only\" songs", "Some tracks are listed as \"Work Only\", which means they can only be obtained by purchasing the entire piece of work (within the album); the tracks cannot be bought as singles. Works are generally pieces of classical music: symphonies, string quartets, etc., in multiple movements.", "#### \"LP\" format", "In September 2009, Apple introduced the [iTunes LP](/wiki/ITunes_LP \"ITunes LP\") format (known pre\\-launch by the code name \"Cocktail\"){{cite web \\|last\\=Rosoff \\|first\\=Matt \\|url\\=http://news.cnet.com/8301\\-13526\\_3\\-10347849\\-27\\.html \\|title\\=New iTunes LP format is live \\|publisher\\=CNET \\|date\\=September 9, 2009 \\|access\\-date\\=September 19, 2013 \\|archive\\-date\\=September 21, 2013 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060936/http://news.cnet.com/8301\\-13526\\_3\\-10347849\\-27\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} which features visual, interactive content alongside album tracks and lyrics.", "#### Store sections", "{{anchor\\|Mastered for iTunes}}\nWhen entering the US music store, there are multiple sections one can visit. Music is divided into genres (Alternative, Classical, Jazz, Soundtrack, etc.), and there are a number of links to other sections of the store under the Quick Links header. These include Recommended for You, Complete My Album, iTunes LP, as well as thematic sections, such as iTunes Festival sections.", "In November 2006, Apple created a category for Latino and Hispanic content, \"iTunes Latino\". Telemundo and Mun2 made some of their popular programs available for purchase, becoming the first Hispanic television content in the store. It offers music, music videos, audiobooks, podcasts and television shows in Spanish in a single concentrated area. The brief descriptions given to the content are in Spanish as well as several subcategories.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.engadget.com/2006/11/01/apple\\-announces\\-itunes\\-latino\\-telemundo\\-and\\-mun2\\-in\\-itunes\\-stor/\\|title\\=Apple Announces iTunes Latino, Telemundo and mun2 in iTunes Store\\|author\\=David Chartier\\|work\\=\\[\\[Engadget]]\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[AOL]]\\|date\\=November 1, 2006\\|access\\-date\\=March 30, 2016}} Gibraltarian [flamenco](/wiki/Flamenco \"Flamenco\") [metal](/wiki/Heavy_metal_music \"Heavy metal music\") band [Breed 77](/wiki/Breed_77 \"Breed 77\") released an exclusive album called [Un Encuentro](/wiki/Un_Encuentro \"Un Encuentro\") to coincide with the launch of \"iTunes Latino\". It features 11 songs, all from previous albums, but all sung in Spanish.", "In 2012, Apple created Mastered for iTunes. When iTunes launched, the decision was made to standardize on AAC instead of the more popular MP3 format on the supposition that it offers better quality compared to other codecs at similar bit rates.{{cite web \\|title\\=Mastered for iTunes: Music as the Artist and Sound Engineer Intended \\|url\\=https://images.apple.com/itunes/mastered\\-for\\-itunes/docs/mastered\\_for\\_itunes.pdf \\|website\\=Apple \\|access\\-date\\=June 27, 2018}} Mastered for iTunes (MFiT) is a procedure developed by Apple specifically for mastering engineers to follow. This set of tools allows engineers to audition Apple's proprietary encoding during the mastering process to take into account how music will eventually interact with Apple's encoding. In addition to auditioning the encoder, there is also a tool (called afclip) that processes the audio file and creates a text file for audio clips. Because of this special encoding process, extra attention must be paid to headroom and inter\\-sample peaking while mastering.{{cite web \\|title\\=Hybrid Studios Mastering – Online Mastering Services – Free Sample of Services \\|url\\=https://www.hybridstudiosca.com/mastering/ \\|website\\=Hybrid Studios \\|access\\-date\\=June 27, 2018 \\|archive\\-date\\=June 27, 2018 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627230633/https://www.hybridstudiosca.com/mastering/ \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} In August 2019, it was announced that the Mastered for iTunes program would be rebranded as Apple Digital Masters. With the rebranding, the high resolution masters are now available with Apple Music through streaming.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.apple.com/itunes/mastered\\-for\\-itunes/\\|title\\=iTunes \\- Apple Digital Masters \\- Apple\\|website\\=www.apple.com\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-08\\-15}} It is speculated that the rebranding came because the functionality of iTunes would be changing in macOS Catalina and therefore the Mastered for iTunes name no longer made sense.", "" ]
### Music The store began operations after Apple signed deals with five major record companies: [EMI](/wiki/EMI "EMI"), [Universal Music Group](/wiki/Universal_Music_Group "Universal Music Group"), [Warner Music Group](/wiki/Warner_Music_Group "Warner Music Group"), [Sony Music Entertainment](/wiki/Sony_Music_Entertainment "Sony Music Entertainment"), and [Bertelsmann Music Group](/wiki/Bertelsmann_Music_Group "Bertelsmann Music Group"). Songs from more than 2,000 [independent labels](/wiki/Independent_record_label "Independent record label") were added later, the first being from [The Orchard](/wiki/The_Orchard_%28music_label%29 "The Orchard (music label)") on June 24, 2003\. {{As of\|2020\|April}}, iTunes offers 60 million songs,{{cite press release\|url\=https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2012/09/12Apple\-Unveils\-New\-iTunes/\|title\=Apple Unveils New iTunes \|publisher\=\[\[Apple Inc.]]\|date\=September 12, 2012\|access\-date\=October 3, 2023}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.apple.com/lae/itunes/music/\|title\=Apple – iTunes\|work\=\[\[Apple Inc.]]\|access\-date\=2017\-09\-13}} including exclusive tracks from numerous artists. Not all artists are available on iTunes, but many holdouts, such as [Led Zeppelin](/wiki/Led_Zeppelin "Led Zeppelin") and [Radiohead](/wiki/Radiohead "Radiohead"), have allowed their music to be sold on the iTunes Store in recent years. New songs are added to iTunes catalog on a daily basis, and the iTunes Store is updated each Tuesday. Downloaded songs come with song information (name, artist, album) already filled out, though iTunes provides a free service by [Gracenote](/wiki/Gracenote "Gracenote") to do this for songs not purchased from the store, although they must be imported with iTunes. Songs that have an entry in the iTunes Store also come with album artwork (Artwork is embedded in the metadata). Artwork can be obtained for songs not purchased from the store for free if the user has an iTunes Store account. Purchased songs do not come with lyrics, nor does iTunes provide a service for acquiring the missing lyrics. However, several third\-party applications exist to locate and automatically add lyrics to the user's music. Some albums purchased on iTunes came with booklets. The first instance of this was the release of the album *[How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb](/wiki/How_to_Dismantle_an_Atomic_Bomb "How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb")* by rock band [U2](/wiki/U2 "U2").{{Cite web \|title\=Kirkville » Finally! Digital Booklets with iTunes Music Download \|url\=http://www.mcelhearn.com/2004/11/23/finally\-digital\-booklets\-with\-itunes\-music\-downloads/ \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714063538/http://www.mcelhearn.com/2004/11/23/finally\-digital\-booklets\-with\-itunes\-music\-downloads/ \|archive\-date\=2011\-07\-14 \|access\-date\=2009\-11\-27}} #### "Album Only" songs Some songs are available from the store by "Album Only", meaning the song can only be acquired through the purchase of the entire album, whereas most songs can be downloaded separately from the album they belong to. Songs above 10 minutes in length are by default Album Only songs.{{cite web\|url\=http://observer.com/2015/06/the\-itunes\-download\-model\-is\-broken\-heres\-how\-to\-fix\-it/\|title\=The iTunes Download Model Is Broken—Here's How to Fix It\|author\=Allan Ripp\|work\=\[\[The New York Observer]]\|publisher\=Observer Media\|date\=June 17, 2015\|access\-date\=April 1, 2016}} However, this is not universally true; for example, *Living in the Heart of the Beast* by Henry Cow is 16 minutes and 18 seconds, yet is available for individual purchase {{As of\|2013\|Dec\|24\|lc\=y}}. Soundtracks also often have many Album Only tracks. Sometimes, the 10\-minute restriction works in an artist's favor. Examples of this include Prince's *Lovesexy* and the deluxe version of Phoenix's *Bankrupt!*, which both have an album as a single track instead of being separate, (in Prince's case, the track *was* the album, while in Phoenix's case, it was a collection of demos and outtakes) forcing the buyer to buy the album itself. Movie soundtracks normally include songs owned by many different labels, making licensing more complex. For example, *[Forrest Gump: The Soundtrack](/wiki/Forrest_Gump_%28soundtrack%29 "Forrest Gump (soundtrack)")* includes songs from [Peacock Records](/wiki/Peacock_Records "Peacock Records"), [Argo Records](/wiki/Argo_Records "Argo Records"), and [Capitol Records](/wiki/Capitol_Records "Capitol Records"), among many others. *[Greatest Hits](/wiki/Greatest_Hits_%28Red_Hot_Chili_Peppers_album%29 "Greatest Hits (Red Hot Chili Peppers album)")* by [Red Hot Chili Peppers](/wiki/Red_Hot_Chili_Peppers "Red Hot Chili Peppers") has only one song, "[Higher Ground](/wiki/Higher_Ground_%28Red_Hot_Chili_Peppers_song%29 "Higher Ground (Red Hot Chili Peppers song)")", that is not available for download on a per song basis, whilst *[Circus](/wiki/Circus_%28Britney_Spears_album%29 "Circus (Britney Spears album)")* ([Britney Spears](/wiki/Britney_Spears "Britney Spears")' 2008 album) has two songs that are available for album download only, *Rock Me In* and *Phonography*. #### Partial Albums Some albums on the iTunes store are available only as a "Partial Album" meaning that one or more of the songs on an album's CD release are not available on its iTunes equivalent, often due to differing copyright holders between songs.{{Cite web\|url\=https://itunespartner.apple.com/music/articles/rights\-and\-pricing\_album\-only\|title \= Distributor and Label Help \- Apple Music Provider Support\|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20201125184747/https://itunespartner.apple.com/music/articles/rights\-and\-pricing\_album\-only\|archive\-date \= November 25, 2020\|url\-status \= dead}} #### "Work Only" songs Some tracks are listed as "Work Only", which means they can only be obtained by purchasing the entire piece of work (within the album); the tracks cannot be bought as singles. Works are generally pieces of classical music: symphonies, string quartets, etc., in multiple movements. #### "LP" format In September 2009, Apple introduced the [iTunes LP](/wiki/ITunes_LP "ITunes LP") format (known pre\-launch by the code name "Cocktail"){{cite web \|last\=Rosoff \|first\=Matt \|url\=http://news.cnet.com/8301\-13526\_3\-10347849\-27\.html \|title\=New iTunes LP format is live \|publisher\=CNET \|date\=September 9, 2009 \|access\-date\=September 19, 2013 \|archive\-date\=September 21, 2013 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060936/http://news.cnet.com/8301\-13526\_3\-10347849\-27\.html \|url\-status\=dead }} which features visual, interactive content alongside album tracks and lyrics. #### Store sections {{anchor\|Mastered for iTunes}} When entering the US music store, there are multiple sections one can visit. Music is divided into genres (Alternative, Classical, Jazz, Soundtrack, etc.), and there are a number of links to other sections of the store under the Quick Links header. These include Recommended for You, Complete My Album, iTunes LP, as well as thematic sections, such as iTunes Festival sections. In November 2006, Apple created a category for Latino and Hispanic content, "iTunes Latino". Telemundo and Mun2 made some of their popular programs available for purchase, becoming the first Hispanic television content in the store. It offers music, music videos, audiobooks, podcasts and television shows in Spanish in a single concentrated area. The brief descriptions given to the content are in Spanish as well as several subcategories.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.engadget.com/2006/11/01/apple\-announces\-itunes\-latino\-telemundo\-and\-mun2\-in\-itunes\-stor/\|title\=Apple Announces iTunes Latino, Telemundo and mun2 in iTunes Store\|author\=David Chartier\|work\=\[\[Engadget]]\|publisher\=\[\[AOL]]\|date\=November 1, 2006\|access\-date\=March 30, 2016}} Gibraltarian [flamenco](/wiki/Flamenco "Flamenco") [metal](/wiki/Heavy_metal_music "Heavy metal music") band [Breed 77](/wiki/Breed_77 "Breed 77") released an exclusive album called [Un Encuentro](/wiki/Un_Encuentro "Un Encuentro") to coincide with the launch of "iTunes Latino". It features 11 songs, all from previous albums, but all sung in Spanish. In 2012, Apple created Mastered for iTunes. When iTunes launched, the decision was made to standardize on AAC instead of the more popular MP3 format on the supposition that it offers better quality compared to other codecs at similar bit rates.{{cite web \|title\=Mastered for iTunes: Music as the Artist and Sound Engineer Intended \|url\=https://images.apple.com/itunes/mastered\-for\-itunes/docs/mastered\_for\_itunes.pdf \|website\=Apple \|access\-date\=June 27, 2018}} Mastered for iTunes (MFiT) is a procedure developed by Apple specifically for mastering engineers to follow. This set of tools allows engineers to audition Apple's proprietary encoding during the mastering process to take into account how music will eventually interact with Apple's encoding. In addition to auditioning the encoder, there is also a tool (called afclip) that processes the audio file and creates a text file for audio clips. Because of this special encoding process, extra attention must be paid to headroom and inter\-sample peaking while mastering.{{cite web \|title\=Hybrid Studios Mastering – Online Mastering Services – Free Sample of Services \|url\=https://www.hybridstudiosca.com/mastering/ \|website\=Hybrid Studios \|access\-date\=June 27, 2018 \|archive\-date\=June 27, 2018 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627230633/https://www.hybridstudiosca.com/mastering/ \|url\-status\=dead }} In August 2019, it was announced that the Mastered for iTunes program would be rebranded as Apple Digital Masters. With the rebranding, the high resolution masters are now available with Apple Music through streaming.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.apple.com/itunes/mastered\-for\-itunes/\|title\=iTunes \- Apple Digital Masters \- Apple\|website\=www.apple.com\|access\-date\=2019\-08\-15}} It is speculated that the rebranding came because the functionality of iTunes would be changing in macOS Catalina and therefore the Mastered for iTunes name no longer made sense.
[ "### Music", "The store began operations after Apple signed deals with five major record companies: [EMI](/wiki/EMI \"EMI\"), [Universal Music Group](/wiki/Universal_Music_Group \"Universal Music Group\"), [Warner Music Group](/wiki/Warner_Music_Group \"Warner Music Group\"), [Sony Music Entertainment](/wiki/Sony_Music_Entertainment \"Sony Music Entertainment\"), and [Bertelsmann Music Group](/wiki/Bertelsmann_Music_Group \"Bertelsmann Music Group\"). Songs from more than 2,000 [independent labels](/wiki/Independent_record_label \"Independent record label\") were added later, the first being from [The Orchard](/wiki/The_Orchard_%28music_label%29 \"The Orchard (music label)\") on June 24, 2003\\.", "{{As of\\|2020\\|April}}, iTunes offers 60 million songs,{{cite press release\\|url\\=https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2012/09/12Apple\\-Unveils\\-New\\-iTunes/\\|title\\=Apple Unveils New iTunes \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Apple Inc.]]\\|date\\=September 12, 2012\\|access\\-date\\=October 3, 2023}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.apple.com/lae/itunes/music/\\|title\\=Apple – iTunes\\|work\\=\\[\\[Apple Inc.]]\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-09\\-13}} including exclusive tracks from numerous artists. Not all artists are available on iTunes, but many holdouts, such as [Led Zeppelin](/wiki/Led_Zeppelin \"Led Zeppelin\") and [Radiohead](/wiki/Radiohead \"Radiohead\"), have allowed their music to be sold on the iTunes Store in recent years. New songs are added to iTunes catalog on a daily basis, and the iTunes Store is updated each Tuesday.", "Downloaded songs come with song information (name, artist, album) already filled out, though iTunes provides a free service by [Gracenote](/wiki/Gracenote \"Gracenote\") to do this for songs not purchased from the store, although they must be imported with iTunes. Songs that have an entry in the iTunes Store also come with album artwork (Artwork is embedded in the metadata). Artwork can be obtained for songs not purchased from the store for free if the user has an iTunes Store account. Purchased songs do not come with lyrics, nor does iTunes provide a service for acquiring the missing lyrics. However, several third\\-party applications exist to locate and automatically add lyrics to the user's music.", "Some albums purchased on iTunes came with booklets. The first instance of this was the release of the album *[How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb](/wiki/How_to_Dismantle_an_Atomic_Bomb \"How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb\")* by rock band [U2](/wiki/U2 \"U2\").{{Cite web \\|title\\=Kirkville » Finally! Digital Booklets with iTunes Music Download \\|url\\=http://www.mcelhearn.com/2004/11/23/finally\\-digital\\-booklets\\-with\\-itunes\\-music\\-downloads/ \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714063538/http://www.mcelhearn.com/2004/11/23/finally\\-digital\\-booklets\\-with\\-itunes\\-music\\-downloads/ \\|archive\\-date\\=2011\\-07\\-14 \\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-11\\-27}}", "#### \"Album Only\" songs", "Some songs are available from the store by \"Album Only\", meaning the song can only be acquired through the purchase of the entire album, whereas most songs can be downloaded separately from the album they belong to.", "Songs above 10 minutes in length are by default Album Only songs.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://observer.com/2015/06/the\\-itunes\\-download\\-model\\-is\\-broken\\-heres\\-how\\-to\\-fix\\-it/\\|title\\=The iTunes Download Model Is Broken—Here's How to Fix It\\|author\\=Allan Ripp\\|work\\=\\[\\[The New York Observer]]\\|publisher\\=Observer Media\\|date\\=June 17, 2015\\|access\\-date\\=April 1, 2016}} However, this is not universally true; for example, *Living in the Heart of the Beast* by Henry Cow is 16 minutes and 18 seconds, yet is available for individual purchase {{As of\\|2013\\|Dec\\|24\\|lc\\=y}}. Soundtracks also often have many Album Only tracks.", "Sometimes, the 10\\-minute restriction works in an artist's favor. Examples of this include Prince's *Lovesexy* and the deluxe version of Phoenix's *Bankrupt!*, which both have an album as a single track instead of being separate, (in Prince's case, the track *was* the album, while in Phoenix's case, it was a collection of demos and outtakes) forcing the buyer to buy the album itself.", "Movie soundtracks normally include songs owned by many different labels, making licensing more complex. For example, *[Forrest Gump: The Soundtrack](/wiki/Forrest_Gump_%28soundtrack%29 \"Forrest Gump (soundtrack)\")* includes songs from [Peacock Records](/wiki/Peacock_Records \"Peacock Records\"), [Argo Records](/wiki/Argo_Records \"Argo Records\"), and [Capitol Records](/wiki/Capitol_Records \"Capitol Records\"), among many others. *[Greatest Hits](/wiki/Greatest_Hits_%28Red_Hot_Chili_Peppers_album%29 \"Greatest Hits (Red Hot Chili Peppers album)\")* by [Red Hot Chili Peppers](/wiki/Red_Hot_Chili_Peppers \"Red Hot Chili Peppers\") has only one song, \"[Higher Ground](/wiki/Higher_Ground_%28Red_Hot_Chili_Peppers_song%29 \"Higher Ground (Red Hot Chili Peppers song)\")\", that is not available for download on a per song basis, whilst *[Circus](/wiki/Circus_%28Britney_Spears_album%29 \"Circus (Britney Spears album)\")* ([Britney Spears](/wiki/Britney_Spears \"Britney Spears\")' 2008 album) has two songs that are available for album download only, *Rock Me In* and *Phonography*.", "#### Partial Albums", "Some albums on the iTunes store are available only as a \"Partial Album\" meaning that one or more of the songs on an album's CD release are not available on its iTunes equivalent, often due to differing copyright holders between songs.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://itunespartner.apple.com/music/articles/rights\\-and\\-pricing\\_album\\-only\\|title \\= Distributor and Label Help \\- Apple Music Provider Support\\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20201125184747/https://itunespartner.apple.com/music/articles/rights\\-and\\-pricing\\_album\\-only\\|archive\\-date \\= November 25, 2020\\|url\\-status \\= dead}}", "#### \"Work Only\" songs", "Some tracks are listed as \"Work Only\", which means they can only be obtained by purchasing the entire piece of work (within the album); the tracks cannot be bought as singles. Works are generally pieces of classical music: symphonies, string quartets, etc., in multiple movements.", "#### \"LP\" format", "In September 2009, Apple introduced the [iTunes LP](/wiki/ITunes_LP \"ITunes LP\") format (known pre\\-launch by the code name \"Cocktail\"){{cite web \\|last\\=Rosoff \\|first\\=Matt \\|url\\=http://news.cnet.com/8301\\-13526\\_3\\-10347849\\-27\\.html \\|title\\=New iTunes LP format is live \\|publisher\\=CNET \\|date\\=September 9, 2009 \\|access\\-date\\=September 19, 2013 \\|archive\\-date\\=September 21, 2013 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060936/http://news.cnet.com/8301\\-13526\\_3\\-10347849\\-27\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} which features visual, interactive content alongside album tracks and lyrics.", "#### Store sections", "{{anchor\\|Mastered for iTunes}}\nWhen entering the US music store, there are multiple sections one can visit. Music is divided into genres (Alternative, Classical, Jazz, Soundtrack, etc.), and there are a number of links to other sections of the store under the Quick Links header. These include Recommended for You, Complete My Album, iTunes LP, as well as thematic sections, such as iTunes Festival sections.", "In November 2006, Apple created a category for Latino and Hispanic content, \"iTunes Latino\". Telemundo and Mun2 made some of their popular programs available for purchase, becoming the first Hispanic television content in the store. It offers music, music videos, audiobooks, podcasts and television shows in Spanish in a single concentrated area. The brief descriptions given to the content are in Spanish as well as several subcategories.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.engadget.com/2006/11/01/apple\\-announces\\-itunes\\-latino\\-telemundo\\-and\\-mun2\\-in\\-itunes\\-stor/\\|title\\=Apple Announces iTunes Latino, Telemundo and mun2 in iTunes Store\\|author\\=David Chartier\\|work\\=\\[\\[Engadget]]\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[AOL]]\\|date\\=November 1, 2006\\|access\\-date\\=March 30, 2016}} Gibraltarian [flamenco](/wiki/Flamenco \"Flamenco\") [metal](/wiki/Heavy_metal_music \"Heavy metal music\") band [Breed 77](/wiki/Breed_77 \"Breed 77\") released an exclusive album called [Un Encuentro](/wiki/Un_Encuentro \"Un Encuentro\") to coincide with the launch of \"iTunes Latino\". It features 11 songs, all from previous albums, but all sung in Spanish.", "In 2012, Apple created Mastered for iTunes. When iTunes launched, the decision was made to standardize on AAC instead of the more popular MP3 format on the supposition that it offers better quality compared to other codecs at similar bit rates.{{cite web \\|title\\=Mastered for iTunes: Music as the Artist and Sound Engineer Intended \\|url\\=https://images.apple.com/itunes/mastered\\-for\\-itunes/docs/mastered\\_for\\_itunes.pdf \\|website\\=Apple \\|access\\-date\\=June 27, 2018}} Mastered for iTunes (MFiT) is a procedure developed by Apple specifically for mastering engineers to follow. This set of tools allows engineers to audition Apple's proprietary encoding during the mastering process to take into account how music will eventually interact with Apple's encoding. In addition to auditioning the encoder, there is also a tool (called afclip) that processes the audio file and creates a text file for audio clips. Because of this special encoding process, extra attention must be paid to headroom and inter\\-sample peaking while mastering.{{cite web \\|title\\=Hybrid Studios Mastering – Online Mastering Services – Free Sample of Services \\|url\\=https://www.hybridstudiosca.com/mastering/ \\|website\\=Hybrid Studios \\|access\\-date\\=June 27, 2018 \\|archive\\-date\\=June 27, 2018 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627230633/https://www.hybridstudiosca.com/mastering/ \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} In August 2019, it was announced that the Mastered for iTunes program would be rebranded as Apple Digital Masters. With the rebranding, the high resolution masters are now available with Apple Music through streaming.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.apple.com/itunes/mastered\\-for\\-itunes/\\|title\\=iTunes \\- Apple Digital Masters \\- Apple\\|website\\=www.apple.com\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-08\\-15}} It is speculated that the rebranding came because the functionality of iTunes would be changing in macOS Catalina and therefore the Mastered for iTunes name no longer made sense.", "" ]
Promotions ---------- On [Super Bowl Sunday](/wiki/Super_Bowl "Super Bowl"), February 1, 2004, Apple launched a promotion with [Pepsi](/wiki/Pepsi "Pepsi") in which they gave away 100 million songs, through tokens on selected soft drink bottle caps. Unfortunately for Apple, Pepsi failed to properly distribute the bottles to major metropolitan areas until only weeks before the promotion ended, despite a one\-month extension of the deadline by Apple. The promotion was repeated beginning January 31, 2005, with 200 million songs available, and an [iPod Mini](/wiki/IPod_Mini "IPod Mini") given away every hour. On July 1, 2004, Apple announced that, starting with the sale of the 95 millionth song, an [iPod](/wiki/IPod "IPod") would be given away to the buyer of each 100 thousandth song, for a total of 50 iPods. The buyer of the 100 millionth song would receive a [PowerBook](/wiki/PowerBook "PowerBook"), iPod, and US$10,000 gift certificate to iTunes Music Store. Ten days later, on July 11, Apple announced that 100 million songs had been sold through iTunes Music Store. The 100 millionth song was titled "Somersault ([Dangermouse](/wiki/Danger_Mouse_%28musician%29 "Danger Mouse (musician)") Remix)" by [Zero 7](/wiki/Zero_7 "Zero 7"), purchased by Kevin Britten of [Hays, Kansas](/wiki/Hays%2C_Kansas "Hays, Kansas"). He then received a phone call from Apple CEO [Steve Jobs](/wiki/Steve_Jobs "Steve Jobs"), who offered his congratulations, as well as a 40 GB 3rd Generation [iPod](/wiki/IPod "IPod") laser\-engraved with a message of thanks. Inspired by Pepsi's marketing success with iTunes giveaways, [Coca\-Cola](/wiki/Coca-Cola "Coca-Cola") partnered with [7\-Eleven](/wiki/7-Eleven "7-Eleven") to give away a free iTunes song with every {{convert\|32\|USfloz\|ml\|abbr\=on}}. [Slurpee](/wiki/Slurpee "Slurpee") frozen beverage until July 31, 2005\. Songs could be redeemed until August 31, 2005, by entering a code printed on the Slurpee cup into iTunes Music Store application. Coca\-Cola did this in spite of having its own music store, [myCokeMusic](/wiki/MyCoke "MyCoke").com, that competed with iTunes Music Store in Europe. myCokeMusic.com ceased business on July 31, 2006\.{{cite news\|url\=http://technology.guardian.co.uk/weekly/story/0,,1802533,00\.html\|author\=Charles Arthur\|title\=Who benefits from the death of mycokemusic.com?\|work\=\[\[Guardian Unlimited]]\|date\=June 22, 2006\|access\-date\=February 19, 2007 \| location\=London}} On July 5, 2005, Apple announced that they were counting down to half a billion songs. The buyer of every 100 thousandth song up to 500 million would receive an [iPod Mini](/wiki/IPod_Mini "IPod Mini") and a 50\-song gift card. The grand prize for the person who downloads the 500 millionth song was 10 iPods of their choice, a 10,000\-song gift card, 10 50\-song gift cards or 4 tickets to the [Coldplay](/wiki/Coldplay "Coldplay") world tour. Twelve days later, on July 17, Apple announced that 500 million songs had been sold through iTunes Music Store. The 500 millionth song, purchased by Amy Greer of [Lafayette](/wiki/Lafayette%2C_Indiana "Lafayette, Indiana"), Indiana, was "Mississippi Girl" by [Faith Hill](/wiki/Faith_Hill "Faith Hill"). On July 28, 2005, Apple and [The Gap](/wiki/Gap_%28clothing_retailer%29 "Gap (clothing retailer)") announced a promotion to award iTunes music downloads to Gap customers who tried on a pair of Gap jeans.{{cite web\|title\=Jeans and Music – The Perfect Fit at Gap this Fall \|work\=\[\[Gap Inc.]] \|url\=http://www.gapinc.com/public/Media/Press\_Releases/med\_pr\_GapFallJuly2805\.shtml \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20050730024741/http://www.gapinc.com/public/Media/Press\_Releases/med\_pr\_GapFallJuly2805\.shtml \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=July 30, 2005 \|date\=July 28, 2005 \|access\-date\=February 17, 2007 }} From August 8 to 31, 2005, each customer who tried on any pair of Gap jeans could receive a free download for a song of their choice from iTunes Music Store. On February 7, 2006, Apple announced that they were counting down to the billionth song download and began a promotion similar to the previous 100 million and 500 million countdown. Whoever downloaded the billionth song would receive a 20" iMac, ten 60 GB iPods, and a US$10,000 iTunes Music Card. The billionth song was purchased on February 23, 2006, by Alex Ostrovsky of [West Bloomfield](/wiki/West_Bloomfield_Township%2C_Michigan "West Bloomfield Township, Michigan"), [Michigan](/wiki/Michigan "Michigan"). The purchased song was "[Speed of Sound](/wiki/Speed_of_Sound_%28song%29 "Speed of Sound (song)")" as part of [Coldplay](/wiki/Coldplay "Coldplay")'s *[X\&Y](/wiki/X%26Y "X&Y")* album. On July 25, 2006, Facebook and iTunes began offering a promotion where members of the Apple Students group would receive a free 25 song sampler each week until September 30 in various music genres. The idea behind the promotion was to get students more familiar and enthusiastic with each service as Autumn classes approached.{{cite news\|first\=Jacqui\|last\=Cheng\|url\=https://arstechnica.com/journals/apple.ars/2006/7/25/4766\|title\=Infinite Loop: Apple and Facebook partner up for back to school iTunes promo\|work\=\[\[Ars Technica]]\|date\=July 25, 2006}} However, in order to prevent abuse of the promotion, the weekly code that Facebook provided stopped working after it was redeemed one million times. In addition, the promotion caused discontent among international students, as the code was only valid in the US iTunes Music Store. On April 10, 2009, Apple announced that it will be counting down to the billionth app (apps being the applications for iPod Touch and iPhone). Apple launched a continuous counter to the billionth app on [Good Friday](/wiki/Good_Friday "Good Friday"). Connor Mulcahey, age 13 of [Weston, CT](/wiki/Weston%2C_CT "Weston, CT"), downloaded the billionth app, "[Bump](/wiki/Bump_%28application%29 "Bump (application)")" by Bump Technologies, and received a 17" MacBook Pro, a 32GB iPod Touch, a Time Capsule, and a $10,000 Gift Card for the iTunes Store. On February 11, 2010, Apple announced that it would be counting down to 10 billion songs downloaded. A $10,000 gift card was offered as a prize. On February 24, 2010, the 10 billionth song, "[Guess Things Happen That Way](/wiki/Guess_Things_Happen_That_Way "Guess Things Happen That Way")" by [Johnny Cash](/wiki/Johnny_Cash "Johnny Cash"), was purchased by Louie Sulcer of Woodstock, Georgia.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.apple.com/itunes/10\-billion\-song\-countdown/\|title\=Help iTunes reach 10 billion song downloads, and you could win a $10,000 iTunes Gift Card.\|access\-date\=February 11, 2010}}
[ "Promotions\n----------", "On [Super Bowl Sunday](/wiki/Super_Bowl \"Super Bowl\"), February 1, 2004, Apple launched a promotion with [Pepsi](/wiki/Pepsi \"Pepsi\") in which they gave away 100 million songs, through tokens on selected soft drink bottle caps. Unfortunately for Apple, Pepsi failed to properly distribute the bottles to major metropolitan areas until only weeks before the promotion ended, despite a one\\-month extension of the deadline by Apple. The promotion was repeated beginning January 31, 2005, with 200 million songs available, and an [iPod Mini](/wiki/IPod_Mini \"IPod Mini\") given away every hour.", "On July 1, 2004, Apple announced that, starting with the sale of the 95 millionth song, an [iPod](/wiki/IPod \"IPod\") would be given away to the buyer of each 100 thousandth song, for a total of 50 iPods. The buyer of the 100 millionth song would receive a [PowerBook](/wiki/PowerBook \"PowerBook\"), iPod, and US$10,000 gift certificate to iTunes Music Store.", "Ten days later, on July 11, Apple announced that 100 million songs had been sold through iTunes Music Store. The 100 millionth song was titled \"Somersault ([Dangermouse](/wiki/Danger_Mouse_%28musician%29 \"Danger Mouse (musician)\") Remix)\" by [Zero 7](/wiki/Zero_7 \"Zero 7\"), purchased by Kevin Britten of [Hays, Kansas](/wiki/Hays%2C_Kansas \"Hays, Kansas\"). He then received a phone call from Apple CEO [Steve Jobs](/wiki/Steve_Jobs \"Steve Jobs\"), who offered his congratulations, as well as a 40 GB 3rd Generation [iPod](/wiki/IPod \"IPod\") laser\\-engraved with a message of thanks.", "Inspired by Pepsi's marketing success with iTunes giveaways, [Coca\\-Cola](/wiki/Coca-Cola \"Coca-Cola\") partnered with [7\\-Eleven](/wiki/7-Eleven \"7-Eleven\") to give away a free iTunes song with every {{convert\\|32\\|USfloz\\|ml\\|abbr\\=on}}. [Slurpee](/wiki/Slurpee \"Slurpee\") frozen beverage until July 31, 2005\\. Songs could be redeemed until August 31, 2005, by entering a code printed on the Slurpee cup into iTunes Music Store application. Coca\\-Cola did this in spite of having its own music store, [myCokeMusic](/wiki/MyCoke \"MyCoke\").com, that competed with iTunes Music Store in Europe. myCokeMusic.com ceased business on July 31, 2006\\.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://technology.guardian.co.uk/weekly/story/0,,1802533,00\\.html\\|author\\=Charles Arthur\\|title\\=Who benefits from the death of mycokemusic.com?\\|work\\=\\[\\[Guardian Unlimited]]\\|date\\=June 22, 2006\\|access\\-date\\=February 19, 2007 \\| location\\=London}}", "On July 5, 2005, Apple announced that they were counting down to half a billion songs. The buyer of every 100 thousandth song up to 500 million would receive an [iPod Mini](/wiki/IPod_Mini \"IPod Mini\") and a 50\\-song gift card. The grand prize for the person who downloads the 500 millionth song was 10 iPods of their choice, a 10,000\\-song gift card, 10 50\\-song gift cards or 4 tickets to the [Coldplay](/wiki/Coldplay \"Coldplay\") world tour. Twelve days later, on July 17, Apple announced that 500 million songs had been sold through iTunes Music Store. The 500 millionth song, purchased by Amy Greer of [Lafayette](/wiki/Lafayette%2C_Indiana \"Lafayette, Indiana\"), Indiana, was \"Mississippi Girl\" by [Faith Hill](/wiki/Faith_Hill \"Faith Hill\").", "On July 28, 2005, Apple and [The Gap](/wiki/Gap_%28clothing_retailer%29 \"Gap (clothing retailer)\") announced a promotion to award iTunes music downloads to Gap customers who tried on a pair of Gap jeans.{{cite web\\|title\\=Jeans and Music – The Perfect Fit at Gap this Fall \\|work\\=\\[\\[Gap Inc.]] \\|url\\=http://www.gapinc.com/public/Media/Press\\_Releases/med\\_pr\\_GapFallJuly2805\\.shtml \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20050730024741/http://www.gapinc.com/public/Media/Press\\_Releases/med\\_pr\\_GapFallJuly2805\\.shtml \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=July 30, 2005 \\|date\\=July 28, 2005 \\|access\\-date\\=February 17, 2007 }} From August 8 to 31, 2005, each customer who tried on any pair of Gap jeans could receive a free download for a song of their choice from iTunes Music Store.", "On February 7, 2006, Apple announced that they were counting down to the billionth song download and began a promotion similar to the previous 100 million and 500 million countdown. Whoever downloaded the billionth song would receive a 20\" iMac, ten 60 GB iPods, and a US$10,000 iTunes Music Card. The billionth song was purchased on February 23, 2006, by Alex Ostrovsky of [West Bloomfield](/wiki/West_Bloomfield_Township%2C_Michigan \"West Bloomfield Township, Michigan\"), [Michigan](/wiki/Michigan \"Michigan\"). The purchased song was \"[Speed of Sound](/wiki/Speed_of_Sound_%28song%29 \"Speed of Sound (song)\")\" as part of [Coldplay](/wiki/Coldplay \"Coldplay\")'s *[X\\&Y](/wiki/X%26Y \"X&Y\")* album.", "On July 25, 2006, Facebook and iTunes began offering a promotion where members of the Apple Students group would receive a free 25 song sampler each week until September 30 in various music genres. The idea behind the promotion was to get students more familiar and enthusiastic with each service as Autumn classes approached.{{cite news\\|first\\=Jacqui\\|last\\=Cheng\\|url\\=https://arstechnica.com/journals/apple.ars/2006/7/25/4766\\|title\\=Infinite Loop: Apple and Facebook partner up for back to school iTunes promo\\|work\\=\\[\\[Ars Technica]]\\|date\\=July 25, 2006}} However, in order to prevent abuse of the promotion, the weekly code that Facebook provided stopped working after it was redeemed one million times. In addition, the promotion caused discontent among international students, as the code was only valid in the US iTunes Music Store.", "On April 10, 2009, Apple announced that it will be counting down to the billionth app (apps being the applications for iPod Touch and iPhone). Apple launched a continuous counter to the billionth app on [Good Friday](/wiki/Good_Friday \"Good Friday\"). Connor Mulcahey, age 13 of [Weston, CT](/wiki/Weston%2C_CT \"Weston, CT\"), downloaded the billionth app, \"[Bump](/wiki/Bump_%28application%29 \"Bump (application)\")\" by Bump Technologies, and received a 17\" MacBook Pro, a 32GB iPod Touch, a Time Capsule, and a $10,000 Gift Card for the iTunes Store.", "On February 11, 2010, Apple announced that it would be counting down to 10 billion songs downloaded. A $10,000 gift card was offered as a prize. On February 24, 2010, the 10 billionth song, \"[Guess Things Happen That Way](/wiki/Guess_Things_Happen_That_Way \"Guess Things Happen That Way\")\" by [Johnny Cash](/wiki/Johnny_Cash \"Johnny Cash\"), was purchased by Louie Sulcer of Woodstock, Georgia.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.apple.com/itunes/10\\-billion\\-song\\-countdown/\\|title\\=Help iTunes reach 10 billion song downloads, and you could win a $10,000 iTunes Gift Card.\\|access\\-date\\=February 11, 2010}}", "" ]
Popular culture --------------- The song is perhaps best known in the US and UK as the theme to *[The Joe Franklin Show](/wiki/Joe_Franklin "Joe Franklin")*;{{Cite magazine \|title\=Inside CBS: Turnover and Takeover Talk\|date\=1985\-11\-04 \|magazine\=\[\[New York Magazine]] \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=7McBAAAAMBAJ\&dq\=twelfth\+street\+rag\+joe\+franklin\+show\&pg\=PA30 \|page\=30 \|access\-date\=2022\-07\-23 }} the version most associated with the program was [Big Tiny Little](/wiki/Big_Tiny_Little "Big Tiny Little")'s 1959 recording from his album *Honky Tonk Piano* ([Brunswick](/wiki/Brunswick_Records "Brunswick Records") BL (7\)54049\). A brief excerpt of the song can also be heard about 37 minutes into the 1996 film *[The English Patient](/wiki/The_English_Patient_%28film%29 "The English Patient (film)")*. The song is sampled in two ["Weird Al" Yankovic](/wiki/%22Weird_Al%22_Yankovic) [polka medleys](/wiki/List_of_%22Weird_Al%22_Yankovic_polka_medleys "List of "): "Hooked on Polkas" and "Polka Power!". The melody of the song is heard in the [Chuck E. Cheese](/wiki/Chuck_E._Cheese "Chuck E. Cheese") 1999 film *[Chuck E. Cheese in the Galaxy 5000](/wiki/Chuck_E._Cheese_in_the_Galaxy_5000 "Chuck E. Cheese in the Galaxy 5000")*, serving as the basis for the song, "The Galaxy's For You and Me". The same melody is played during the first scene in the soda shop. Since 1999, a [steel guitar](/wiki/Steel_guitar "Steel guitar") version has been featured as [background music](/wiki/Background_music "Background music") on the US television cartoon series by [Nickelodeon](/wiki/Nickelodeon "Nickelodeon"), *[SpongeBob SquarePants](/wiki/SpongeBob_SquarePants "SpongeBob SquarePants").*{{Cite news \|title\=\#1 pop song from the year you graduated high school \|url\=https://www.kalb.com/2022/05/27/1\-pop\-song\-year\-you\-graduated\-high\-school/ \|last\=Bien\-Kahn \|first\=Joseph \|date\=2022\-05\-22 \|access\-date\=2022\-07\-23 \|work\=\[\[KALB\-TV]]}} The [Rastrelli Cello Quartet](/wiki/Rastrelli_Cello_Quartet "Rastrelli Cello Quartet") recorded a version for four cellos in 2006, on the album *Vol. 1 \- Concerto Grosso A LA Russe*. In 2006, a [Huell Howser](/wiki/Huell_Howser "Huell Howser") episode of [California's Gold](/wiki/California%27s_Gold "California's Gold") began by Huell asking [Fotoplayer](/wiki/Fotoplayer "Fotoplayer") operator Joe Rinaudo to "hit it Joe", following which Joe launched into a bombastic rendition of "Twelfth Street Rag".{{cite web\|url\=https://blogs.chapman.edu/huell\-howser\-archives/2006/01/09/photoplayer\-californias\-gold\-8007/ \|title\=Fotoplayer – California's Gold (8007\) – Huell Howser Archives at Chapman University \|date\=9 January 2006 }} YouTube clip of "Hit it, Joe!" went viral, with many making outrageous comments as to just how hard Joe hit it.
[ "Popular culture\n---------------", "The song is perhaps best known in the US and UK as the theme to *[The Joe Franklin Show](/wiki/Joe_Franklin \"Joe Franklin\")*;{{Cite magazine \\|title\\=Inside CBS: Turnover and Takeover Talk\\|date\\=1985\\-11\\-04 \\|magazine\\=\\[\\[New York Magazine]] \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=7McBAAAAMBAJ\\&dq\\=twelfth\\+street\\+rag\\+joe\\+franklin\\+show\\&pg\\=PA30 \\|page\\=30 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-07\\-23 }} the version most associated with the program was [Big Tiny Little](/wiki/Big_Tiny_Little \"Big Tiny Little\")'s 1959 recording from his album *Honky Tonk Piano* ([Brunswick](/wiki/Brunswick_Records \"Brunswick Records\") BL (7\\)54049\\).", "A brief excerpt of the song can also be heard about 37 minutes into the 1996 film *[The English Patient](/wiki/The_English_Patient_%28film%29 \"The English Patient (film)\")*.", "The song is sampled in two [\"Weird Al\" Yankovic](/wiki/%22Weird_Al%22_Yankovic) [polka medleys](/wiki/List_of_%22Weird_Al%22_Yankovic_polka_medleys \"List of \"): \"Hooked on Polkas\" and \"Polka Power!\".", "The melody of the song is heard in the [Chuck E. Cheese](/wiki/Chuck_E._Cheese \"Chuck E. Cheese\") 1999 film *[Chuck E. Cheese in the Galaxy 5000](/wiki/Chuck_E._Cheese_in_the_Galaxy_5000 \"Chuck E. Cheese in the Galaxy 5000\")*, serving as the basis for the song, \"The Galaxy's For You and Me\". The same melody is played during the first scene in the soda shop.", "Since 1999, a [steel guitar](/wiki/Steel_guitar \"Steel guitar\") version has been featured as [background music](/wiki/Background_music \"Background music\") on the US television cartoon series by [Nickelodeon](/wiki/Nickelodeon \"Nickelodeon\"), *[SpongeBob SquarePants](/wiki/SpongeBob_SquarePants \"SpongeBob SquarePants\").*{{Cite news \\|title\\=\\#1 pop song from the year you graduated high school \\|url\\=https://www.kalb.com/2022/05/27/1\\-pop\\-song\\-year\\-you\\-graduated\\-high\\-school/ \\|last\\=Bien\\-Kahn \\|first\\=Joseph \\|date\\=2022\\-05\\-22 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-07\\-23 \\|work\\=\\[\\[KALB\\-TV]]}}", "The [Rastrelli Cello Quartet](/wiki/Rastrelli_Cello_Quartet \"Rastrelli Cello Quartet\") recorded a version for four cellos in 2006, on the album *Vol. 1 \\- Concerto Grosso A LA Russe*.", "In 2006, a [Huell Howser](/wiki/Huell_Howser \"Huell Howser\") episode of [California's Gold](/wiki/California%27s_Gold \"California's Gold\") began by Huell asking [Fotoplayer](/wiki/Fotoplayer \"Fotoplayer\") operator Joe Rinaudo to \"hit it Joe\", following which Joe launched into a bombastic rendition of \"Twelfth Street Rag\".{{cite web\\|url\\=https://blogs.chapman.edu/huell\\-howser\\-archives/2006/01/09/photoplayer\\-californias\\-gold\\-8007/ \\|title\\=Fotoplayer – California's Gold (8007\\) – Huell Howser Archives at Chapman University \\|date\\=9 January 2006 }} YouTube clip of \"Hit it, Joe!\" went viral, with many making outrageous comments as to just how hard Joe hit it.", "" ]
History ------- The history of cinema in India extends to the beginning of the film era. Following the screening of the [Lumière](/wiki/Auguste_and_Louis_Lumi%C3%A8re "Auguste and Louis Lumière") and Robert Paul moving pictures in London in 1896, commercial [cinematography](/wiki/Cinematography "Cinematography") became a worldwide sensation and these films were shown in Bombay (now [Mumbai](/wiki/Mumbai "Mumbai")) that same year.Burra \& Rao, 252 ### Silent era (1890s–1920s) In 1897, a film presentation by filmmaker Professor Stevenson featured a stage show at Calcutta's Star Theatre. With Stevenson's camera and encouragement, Indian photographer [Hiralal Sen](/wiki/Hiralal_Sen "Hiralal Sen") filmed scenes from that show, exhibited as *The Flower of Persia* (1898\).{{Cite web \|last\=McKernan \|first\=Luke \|date\=31 December 1996 \|title\=Hiralal Sen (copyright British Film Institute) \|url\=http://www.victorian\-cinema.net/sen.htm \|access\-date\=1 November 2006}} *The Wrestlers* (1899\), by [H. S. Bhatavdekar](/wiki/H._S._Bhatavdekar "H. S. Bhatavdekar"), showing a wrestling match at the Hanging Gardens in Bombay, was the first film to be shot by an Indian and the first Indian documentary film.{{citation needed\|date\=October 2022}} From 1913 to 1931, all the movies made in India were [silent films](/wiki/Silent_film "Silent film"), which had no sound and had [intertitles](/wiki/Intertitle "Intertitle").{{cite magazine \|title\=First Indian talkie film Alam Ara was released on this day: Top silent era films \|url\=https://www.indiatoday.in/education\-today/gk\-current\-affairs/story/silent\-films\-311163\-2016\-03\-14 \|access\-date\=7 August 2023 \|magazine\=India Today \|date\=14 March 2017 \|language\=en}} | History of Indian cinema | | --- | | File:PundalikAd.jpg\|Newspaper ad for ''\[\[Shree Pundalik]]'' File:Raja Harishchandra.jpg\|A scene from ''\[\[Raja Harishchandra]]'' | | File:Phalke.jpg\|\[\[Dadasaheb Phalke]], {{circa\|1930s}}\<ref name\="thecolorsofindia1" /\>\<ref name\="google1" /\>\<ref name\="indiatimes1" /\>\<ref name\="vilanilam128" /\> File:AVM Studios Globe.jpg\|\[\[AVM Productions\|AVM Studios]] globe | | | In 1913, [Dadasaheb Phalke](/wiki/Dadasaheb_Phalke "Dadasaheb Phalke") released *[Raja Harishchandra](/wiki/Raja_Harishchandra "Raja Harishchandra")* (1913\) in Bombay, the first film made in India. It was a silent film incorporating [Marathi](/wiki/Marathi_language "Marathi language") and English intertitles.{{cite news \|last1\=Bose \|first1\=Ishani \|title\=Dadasaheb Torne, not Dadasaheb Phalke, was pioneer of Indian Cinema \|url\=https://www.dnaindia.com/pune/report\-dadasaheb\-torne\-not\-dadasaheb\-phalke\-was\-pioneer\-of\-indian\-cinema\-1826721 \|access\-date\=7 August 2023 \|work\=DNA \|date\=21 November 2013 \|language\=en}} It was premiered in [Coronation cinema](/wiki/Coronation_Cinematograph_and_Variety_Hall "Coronation Cinematograph and Variety Hall") in [Girgaon](/wiki/Girgaon "Girgaon"). Although some claim *[Shree Pundalik](/wiki/Shree_Pundalik "Shree Pundalik")* (1912\) of [Dadasaheb Torne](/wiki/Dadasaheb_Torne "Dadasaheb Torne") is the first ever film made in India.{{Cite web \|last\=Kadam \|first\=Kumar \|date\=24 April 2012 \|title\=दादासाहेब तोरणेंचे विस्मरण नको! \|url\=http://author.blogs.maharashtratimes.com/kokan/entry/%E0%A4%A6\-%E0%A4%A6\-%E0%A4%B8\-%E0%A4%B9\-%E0%A4%AC \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131008190417/http://author.blogs.maharashtratimes.com/kokan/entry/%E0%A4%A6\-%E0%A4%A6\-%E0%A4%B8\-%E0%A4%B9\-%E0%A4%AC \|archive\-date\=8 October 2013 \|website\=\[\[Maharashtra Times]] }}{{Cite web \|last\=Raghavendara \|first\=MK \|date\=5 May 2012 \|title\=What a journey \|url\=http://www.dailypioneer.com/home/online\-channel/top\-story/62942\-what\-a\-journey.html}}Burra \& Rao, 253 Some film scholars have argued that *Pundalik* was not a true Indian film because it was simply a recording of a stage play, filmed by a British cameraman and it was processed in London.{{Cite news \|last\=Damle \|first\=Manjiri \|date\=21 April 2012 \|title\=Torne's 'Pundlik' came first, but missed honour \|work\=The Times of India \|url\=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Tornes\-Pundlik\-came\-first\-but\-missed\-honour/articleshow/12760794\.cms \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530104400/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012\-04\-21/pune/31378416\_1\_english\-films\-subtitles\-bourne \|archive\-date\=30 May 2013}}{{Cite web \|last\=Mishra \|first\=Garima \|date\=3 May 2012 \|title\=Bid to get Pundalik recognition as first Indian feature film \|url\=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/bid\-to\-get\-pundalik\-recognition\-as\-first\-indian\-feature\-film/944727/}} *Raja Harishchandra* of Phalke had a story based on Hindu [Sanskrit](/wiki/Sanskrit "Sanskrit") legend of [Harishchandra](/wiki/Harishchandra "Harishchandra"), a truthful King and its success led many to consider him a pioneer of Indian cinema. Phalke used an all Indian crew including actors [Anna Salunke](/wiki/Anna_Salunke "Anna Salunke") and [D. D. Dabke](/wiki/D._D._Dabke "D. D. Dabke"). He directed, edited, [processed](/wiki/Film_developing "Film developing") the film himself. Phalke saw *The Life of Christ* (1906\) by the French director [Alice Guy\-Blaché](/wiki/Alice_Guy-Blach%C3%A9 "Alice Guy-Blaché"), While watching Jesus on the screen, Phalke envisioned Hindu deities [Rama](/wiki/Rama "Rama") and [Krishna](/wiki/Krishna "Krishna") instead and decided to start in the business of "moving pictures".{{cite book\|first\=B. V.\|last\=Dharap\|title\=Indian films\|year\=1985\|publisher\=National Film Archive of India\|pages\=35}} In [South India](/wiki/South_India "South India"), film pioneer [Raghupathi Venkaiah Naidu](/wiki/Raghupathi_Venkaiah_Naidu "Raghupathi Venkaiah Naidu"), credited as the father of [Telugu cinema](/wiki/Telugu_cinema "Telugu cinema"), built the first cinemas in Madras (now [Chennai](/wiki/Chennai "Chennai")), and a [film studio](/wiki/Film_studio "Film studio") was established in the city by Nataraja Mudaliar.{{Cite news \|date\=9 February 2007 \|title\=Nijam cheppamantara, abaddham cheppamantara... \|url\=https://www.thehindu.com/todays\-paper/tp\-features/tp\-fridayreview/nijam\-cheppamantara\-abaddham\-cheppamantara/article2271444\.ece \|access\-date\=7 January 2020 \|work\=The Hindu \|via\=www.thehindu.com}}{{Cite book \|last\=Velayutham \|first\=Selvaraj \|url\={{google books\|plainurl\=y\|id\=65Aqrna4o5oCTamil}} \|title\=Tamil cinema: the cultural politics of India's other film industry \|page\=2}}{{Dead link\|date\=December 2023\|bot\=InternetArchiveBot\|fix\-attempted\=yes}}{{Cite news \|last\=Muthiah \|first\=S. \|date\=7 September 2009 \|title\=The pioneer 'Tamil' film\-maker \|url\=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2009/09/07/stories/2009090750790300\.htm \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090912035730/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2009/09/07/stories/2009090750790300\.htm \|archive\-date\=12 September 2009 \|access\-date\=21 April 2014 \|work\=\[\[The Hindu]]}} In 1921, Naidu produced the silent film, *[Bhishma Pratigna](/wiki/Bhishma_Pratigna_%281921_film%29 "Bhishma Pratigna (1921 film)")*, generally considered to be the first Telugu [feature film](/wiki/Feature_film "Feature film").{{Cite book \|last1\=Thoraval \|first1\=Yves \|title\=The cinemas of India \|last2\=Thoraval \|first2\=Yves \|date\=2007 \|publisher\=Macmillan India \|isbn\=978\-0\-333\-93410\-4 \|edition\=Repr \|location\=Delhi}} The first [Tamil](/wiki/Tamil_cinema "Tamil cinema") and [Malayalam films](/wiki/Malayalam_cinema "Malayalam cinema"), also silent films, were *[Keechaka Vadham](/wiki/Keechaka_Vadham "Keechaka Vadham")* (1917–1918, [R. Nataraja Mudaliar](/wiki/R._Nataraja_Mudaliar "R. Nataraja Mudaliar")){{Cite news \|date\=7 September 2009 \|title\=Metro Plus Chennai / Madras Miscellany: The pioneer 'Tamil' film\-maker \|work\=\[\[The Hindu]] \|location\=Chennai, India \|url\=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2009/09/07/stories/2009090750790300\.htm \|url\-status\=dead \|access\-date\=29 June 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090912035730/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2009/09/07/stories/2009090750790300\.htm \|archive\-date\=12 September 2009}} and *[Vigathakumaran](/wiki/Vigathakumaran "Vigathakumaran")* (1928, [J. C. Daniel Nadar](/wiki/J._C._Daniel "J. C. Daniel")). The latter was the first Indian social drama film and featured the first [Dalit](/wiki/Dalit "Dalit")\-caste film actress.{{citation needed\|date\=October 2022}} The first chain of Indian cinemas, [Madan Theatre](/wiki/Madan_Theatre "Madan Theatre"), was owned by [Parsi](/wiki/Parsis "Parsis") entrepreneur [Jamshedji Framji Madan](/wiki/Jamshedji_Framji_Madan "Jamshedji Framji Madan"), who oversaw the production and distribution of films for the chain. These included film adaptations from Bengal's popular literature and *[Satyawadi Raja Harishchandra](/wiki/Satyawadi_Raja_Harishchandra "Satyawadi Raja Harishchandra")* (1917\), a remake of Phalke's influential film.{{citation needed\|date\=October 2022}} Films steadily gained popularity across India as affordable entertainment for the masses (admission as low as an *anna* \[one\-sixteenth of a rupee] in Bombay). Young producers began to incorporate elements of Indian social life and culture into cinema, others brought new ideas from across the world. Global audiences and markets soon became aware of India's film industry.Burra \& Rao, 252–253 In 1927, the British government, to promote the market in India for British films over American ones, formed the [Indian Cinematograph Enquiry Committee](/wiki/Indian_Cinematograph_Committee "Indian Cinematograph Committee"). The ICC consisted of three British and three Indians, led by [T. Rangachari](/wiki/T._Rangachari "T. Rangachari"), a Madras lawyer.{{Cite book \|last\=Purohit \|first\=Vinayak \|url\={{google books\|plainurl\=y\|id\=ae1Zrmz6ETwC\|page\=986}} \|title\=Arts of transitional India twentieth century, Volume 1 \|publisher\=Popular Prakashan \|year\=1988 \|isbn\=978\-0\-86132\-138\-4 \|page\=985 \|access\-date\=16 December 2011}} This committee failed to bolster the desired recommendations of supporting British Film, instead recommending support for the fledgling Indian film industry, and their suggestions were set aside. ### Sound era The first Indian [sound film](/wiki/Sound_film "Sound film") was *[Alam Ara](/wiki/Alam_Ara "Alam Ara")* (1931\) made by [Ardeshir Irani](/wiki/Ardeshir_Irani "Ardeshir Irani"). *[Ayodhyecha Raja](/wiki/Ayodhyecha_Raja "Ayodhyecha Raja")* (1932\) was the first sound film of [Marathi cinema](/wiki/Marathi_cinema "Marathi cinema"). Irani also produced South India's first sound film, the Tamil–Telugu bilingual talking picture *[Kalidas](/wiki/Kalidas "Kalidas")* (1931, [H. M. Reddy](/wiki/H.%C2%A0M._Reddy "H. M. Reddy")).\[Narayanan, Arandhai (2008\) (in Tamil) Arambakala Tamil Cinema (1931–1941\). Chennai: Vijaya Publications. pp. 10–11\. ISBN]. The first [Telugu](/wiki/Telugu_cinema "Telugu cinema") film with audible dialogue, *[Bhakta Prahlada](/wiki/Bhakta_Prahlada_%281932_film%29 "Bhakta Prahlada (1932 film)")* (1932\), was directed by [H. M. Reddy](/wiki/H._M._Reddy "H. M. Reddy"), who directed the first bilingual (Telugu and Tamil) talkie [Kalidas](/wiki/Kalidas_%28film%29 "Kalidas (film)") (1931\).{{Cite web \|date\=6 February 2017 \|title\=Tollywood turns 85: With the release of Bhakta Prahlada, this is how the industry was born \|url\=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/tollywood\-turns\-85\-with\-the\-release\-of\-bhakta\-prahlada\-this\-is\-how\-the\-industry\-was\-born\-4511000/}} [East India Film Company](/wiki/East_India_Film_Company "East India Film Company") produced its first Telugu film, *[Savitri](/wiki/Savitri_%281933_film%29 "Savitri (1933 film)")* (1933, [C. Pullayya](/wiki/C._Pullayya "C. Pullayya")), adapted from a stage play by Mylavaram Bala Bharathi Samajam.{{Cite news \|last\=Narasimham \|first\=M. L. \|date\=7 November 2010 \|title\=SATI SAVITHRI (1933\) \|work\=\[\[The Hindu]] \|url\=http://www.thehindu.com/todays\-paper/tp\-features/tp\-cinemaplus/article871376\.ece \|access\-date\=8 July 2011}} The film received an honorary diploma at the [2nd Venice International Film Festival](/wiki/2nd_Venice_International_Film_Festival "2nd Venice International Film Festival").{{Cite book \|last\=Bhagwan Das Garg \|url\={{google books\|plainurl\=y\|id\=wXRZAAAAMAAJ}} \|title\=So many cinemas: the motion picture in India \|publisher\=Eminence Designs \|year\=1996 \|isbn\=81\-900602\-1\-X \|page\=86}} [Chittoor Nagayya](/wiki/V._Nagayya "V. Nagayya") was one of the first multilingual filmmakers in India.{{Cite news \|date\=8 April 2005 \|title\=Nagaiah – noble, humble and kind\-hearted \|url\=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/04/08/stories/2005040800220400\.htm \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20051125162147/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/04/08/stories/2005040800220400\.htm \|archive\-date\=25 November 2005 \|work\=\[\[The Hindu]] \|location\=Chennai, India}}{{Cite web \|date\=6 May 2011 \|title\=Paul Muni of India – Chittoor V. Nagayya \|url\=http://bharatjanani.com/paul\-muni\-of\-india\-chittoor\-v\-nagayya/ \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326135647/http://bharatjanani.com/paul\-muni\-of\-india\-chittoor\-v\-nagayya/ \|archive\-date\=26 March 2012 \|access\-date\=21 September 2011 \|publisher\=Bharatjanani.com}} *Jumai Shasthi* was the first Bengali [short film](/wiki/Short_film "Short film") as a [talkie](/wiki/Talkie "Talkie").{{cite book \|last\=Gokulsing \|first\=K. \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=\_plssuFIar8C\&q\=Ayodhyecha\+Raja\+1932\&pg\=PA24 \|title\=Indian popular cinema: a narrative of cultural change \|author2\=\[\[Wimal Dissanayake]] \|publisher\=Trentham Books \|year\=2004 \|isbn\=1\-85856\-329\-1 \|page\=24}} [Jyoti Prasad Agarwala](/wiki/Jyoti_Prasad_Agarwala "Jyoti Prasad Agarwala") made his first film *[Joymoti](/wiki/Joymoti_%281935_film%29 "Joymoti (1935 film)")* (1935\) in Assamese, and later made *[Indramalati](/wiki/Indramalati "Indramalati")*.{{citation needed\|date\=October 2022}} The first film studio in South India, Durga Cinetone, was built in 1936 by Nidamarthi Surayya in [Rajahmundry](/wiki/Rajahmundry "Rajahmundry"), Andhra Pradesh.{{Cite news \|date\=6 May 2005 \|title\=The Hindu News \|work\=\[\[The Hindu]] \|url\=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/05/06/stories/2005050601300300\.htm \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20050506025001/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/05/06/stories/2005050601300300\.htm \|archive\-date\=6 May 2005}}{{contradictory inline\|reason\=The previous section states that the first studio of South India was established by Mataraja Mudaliar in Madras\|date\=October 2022}} The advent of sound to Indian cinema launched musicals such as *Indra Sabha* and *Devi Devyani*, marking the beginning of song\-and\-dance in Indian films. By 1935, studios emerged in major cities such as Madras, Calcutta and Bombay as filmmaking became an established industry, exemplified by the success of *[Devdas](/wiki/Devdas_%281935_film%29 "Devdas (1935 film)")* (1935\).Burra \& Rao, 254 The first colour film made in India was *Kisan Kanya* (1937, Moti B).{{Cite web \|title\=First Indian Colour Film \|url\=http://www.thecolorsofindia.com/interesting\-facts/cinema/first\-color\-film\-made\-in\-india.html \|access\-date\=9 November 2015}} *[Viswa Mohini](/wiki/Viswa_Mohini "Viswa Mohini")* (1940\) was the first Indian film to depict the Indian movie\-making world.{{Cite news \|date\=22 August 2003 \|title\=A revolutionary filmmaker \|work\=\[\[The Hindu]] \|url\=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/08/22/stories/2003082201400400\.htm \|url\-status\=dead \|access\-date\=12 June 2013 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20040117021114/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/08/22/stories/2003082201400400\.htm \|archive\-date\=17 January 2004}} [Swamikannu Vincent](/wiki/Swamikannu_Vincent "Swamikannu Vincent"), who had built the first cinema of South India in [Coimbatore](/wiki/Coimbatore "Coimbatore"), introduced the concept of "tent cinema" in which a tent was erected on a stretch of open land to screen films. The first of its kind was in Madras and called Edison's Grand Cinema Megaphone. This was due to the fact that electric carbons were used for motion picture projectors.{{Cite news \|date\=30 April 2010 \|title\=He brought cinema to South \|work\=\[\[The Hindu]] \|location\=Chennai, India \|url\=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2010/04/30/stories/2010043051340400\.htm \|url\-status\=dead \|access\-date\=26 September 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100505150330/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2010/04/30/stories/2010043051340400\.htm \|archive\-date\=5 May 2010}}{{explain\|date\=October 2022}} [Bombay Talkies](/wiki/Bombay_Talkies "Bombay Talkies") opened in 1934 and [Prabhat Studios](/wiki/Prabhat_Film_Company "Prabhat Film Company") in [Pune](/wiki/Pune "Pune") began production of Marathi films. *[Sant Tukaram](/wiki/Sant_Tukaram_%28film%29 "Sant Tukaram (film)")* (1936\) was the first Indian film to be screened at an international film festival,{{contradictory inline\|reason\=It is early stated that a 1935 film was shown at the VFF\|date\=October 2022}} at the 1937 edition of the Venice Film Festival. The film was judged one of the three best films of the year.{{Cite web \|title\=Citation on the participation of Sant Tukaram in the 5th Mostra Internazionale d'Arte Cinematographica in 1937 \|url\=http://www.nfaipune.gov.in/venice\_festival.htm \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108014247/http://www.nfaipune.gov.in/venice\_festival.htm \|archive\-date\=8 November 2012 \|access\-date\=14 November 2012 \|publisher\=\[\[National Film Archive of India]]}} However, while Indian filmmakers sought to tell important stories, the [British Raj](/wiki/British_Raj "British Raj") banned *Wrath* (1930\) and *[Raithu Bidda](/wiki/Raithu_Bidda_%281939_film%29 "Raithu Bidda (1939 film)")* (1938\) for broaching the subject of the [Indian independence movement](/wiki/Indian_independence_movement "Indian independence movement").{{Cite web \|date\=21 May 2012 \|title\=How free is freedom of speech? \|url\=http://postnoon.com/2012/05/21/how\-free\-is\-freedom\-of\-speech/49700 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120524060853/http://postnoon.com/2012/05/21/how\-free\-is\-freedom\-of\-speech/49700 \|archive\-date\=24 May 2012 \|access\-date\=25 April 2014 \|publisher\=Postnoon}}{{Cite web \|title\=Celebrating 100 Years of Indian Cinema: www.indiancinema100\.in \|url\=https://indiancinema100\.in/swadeshi/ \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054328/https://indiancinema100\.in/swadeshi/ \|archive\-date\=21 September 2013 \|access\-date\=27 June 2013}} The Indian *[Masala film](/wiki/Masala_%28film_genre%29 "Masala (film genre)")*—a term used for mixed\-genre films that combined song, dance, romance, etc.—arose following the Second World War. During the 1940s, cinema in [South India](/wiki/South_India "South India") accounted for nearly half of India's cinema halls, and cinema came to be viewed as an instrument of cultural revival. The [Indian People's Theatre Association](/wiki/Indian_People%27s_Theatre_Association "Indian People's Theatre Association") (IPTA), an art movement with a [communist](/wiki/Communism "Communism") inclination, began to take shape through the 1940s and the 1950s.Rajadhyaksa, 679 IPTA plays, such as *[Nabanna](/wiki/Nabanna "Nabanna")* (1944\), prepared the ground for [realism](/wiki/Realism_%28arts%29 "Realism (arts)") in Indian cinema, exemplified by [Khwaja Ahmad Abbas](/wiki/Khwaja_Ahmad_Abbas "Khwaja Ahmad Abbas")'s *[Dharti Ke Lal](/wiki/Dharti_Ke_Lal "Dharti Ke Lal")* (*Children of the Earth*, 1946\). The IPTA movement continued to emphasise realism in films *[Mother India](/wiki/Mother_India "Mother India")* (1957\) and *[Pyaasa](/wiki/Pyaasa "Pyaasa")* (1957\), among India's most recognisable cinematic productions.Rajadhyaksa, 681 Following independence, the 1947 [partition of India](/wiki/Partition_of_India "Partition of India") divided the nation's assets and a number of studios moved to Pakistan. Partition became an enduring film subject thereafter. The Indian government had established a [Films Division](/wiki/Films_Division "Films Division") by 1948, which eventually became one of the world's largest documentary film producers with an annual production of over 200 short documentaries, each released in 18 languages with 9,000 prints for permanent film theatres across the country.Rajadhyaksa, 681–683 ### Golden Age (late 1940s–1960s) [thumb\|right\|[Satyajit Ray](/wiki/Satyajit_Ray "Satyajit Ray") is recognised as one of the greatest filmmakers of the 20th century.{{Cite web \|title\=BAM/PFA \- Film Programs \|url\=http://www.bampfa.berkeley.edu/filmseries/ray \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150122004852/http://www.bampfa.berkeley.edu/filmseries/ray \|archive\-date\=22 January 2015 \|access\-date\=5 February 2015}}{{Cite web \|title\=Critics on Ray \- Satyajit Ray Film and Study Center, UCSC \|url\=http://satyajitray.ucsc.edu/critics.html \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140927033629/http://satyajitray.ucsc.edu/critics.html \|archive\-date\=27 September 2014 \|access\-date\=5 February 2015}}{{Cite web \|title\=Satyajit Ray: five essential films \|url\=https://www.bfi.org.uk/lists/satyajit\-ray\-5\-essential\-films \|website\=British Film Institute\|date\=12 August 2013 }}\|305x305px](/wiki/File:Satyajit_Ray_in_New_York.jpg "Satyajit Ray in New York.jpg") The period from the late 1940s to the early 1960s is regarded by film historians as the Golden Age of Indian cinema.{{Cite book \|last\=K. Moti Gokulsing \|first\=K. Gokulsing, Wimal Dissanayake \|title\=Indian Popular Cinema: A Narrative of Cultural Change \|publisher\=Trentham Books \|year\=2004 \|page\=17}}{{Cite journal \|last\=Sharpe \|first\=Jenny \|year\=2005 \|title\=Gender, Nation, and Globalization in Monsoon Wedding and Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge \|journal\=Meridians: Feminism, Race, Transnationalism \|volume\=6 \|issue\=1 \|pages\=58–81 \[60 \& 75] \|doi\=10\.1353/mer.2005\.0032 \|s2cid\=201783566}}{{Cite journal \|last\=Gooptu \|first\=Sharmistha \|date\=July 2002 \|title\=Reviewed work(s): ''The Cinemas of India'' (1896–2000\) by Yves Thoraval \|journal\=\[\[Economic and Political Weekly]] \|volume\=37 \|issue\=29 \|pages\=3023–4}} This period saw the emergence of the [parallel cinema](/wiki/Parallel_cinema "Parallel cinema") movement, which emphasised [social realism](/wiki/Social_realism "Social realism"). Mainly led by Bengalis, early examples include *[Dharti Ke Lal](/wiki/Dharti_Ke_Lal "Dharti Ke Lal")* (1946, [Khwaja Ahmad Abbas](/wiki/Khwaja_Ahmad_Abbas "Khwaja Ahmad Abbas")),{{Cite book \|last\=Rajadhyaksha \|first\=Ashish \|url\={{google books\|plainurl\=y\|id\=QUq1DAAAQBAJ\|page\=61}} \|title\=Indian Cinema: A Very Short Introduction \|date\=2016 \|publisher\=\[\[Oxford University Press]] \|isbn\=9780191034770 \|page\=61 \|language\=en}} *[Neecha Nagar](/wiki/Neecha_Nagar "Neecha Nagar")* (1946, [Chetan Anand](/wiki/Chetan_Anand_%28producer_%26_director%29 "Chetan Anand (producer & director)")),[Maker of innovative, meaningful movies](https://web.archive.org/web/20081016143853/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2007/06/15/stories/2007061551020100.htm). *[The Hindu](/wiki/The_Hindu "The Hindu")*, 15 June 2007 *[Nagarik](/wiki/Nagarik "Nagarik")* (1952, [Ritwik Ghatak](/wiki/Ritwik_Ghatak "Ritwik Ghatak")){{Cite book \|last\=Ghatak \|first\=Ritwik \|title\=Rows and Rows of Fences: Ritwik Ghatak on Cinema \|publisher\=Ritwik Memorial \& Trust Seagull Books \|year\=2000 \|pages\=ix \& 134–36}}{{Cite book \|last\=Hood \|first\=John \|url\=https://archive.org/details/essentialmystery00hood \|title\=The Essential Mystery: The Major Filmmakers of Indian Art Cinema \|publisher\=Orient Longman Limited \|year\=2000 \|isbn\=9788125018704 \|pages\=\[https://archive.org/details/essentialmystery00hood/page/21 21–4] \|url\-access\=registration}} and *[Do Bigha Zamin](/wiki/Do_Bigha_Zamin "Do Bigha Zamin")* (1953, Bimal Roy), laying the foundations for Indian [neorealism](/wiki/Neorealism_%28art%29 "Neorealism (art)"){{Cite web \|date\=3 August 1980 \|title\=Do Bigha Zamin \|url\=http://dearcinema.com/review\-do\-bigha\-zamin\-bimal\-roy \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100115204002/http://dearcinema.com/review\-do\-bigha\-zamin\-bimal\-roy \|archive\-date\=15 January 2010 \|access\-date\=13 April 2009 \|publisher\=Dear Cinema}} *[The Apu Trilogy](/wiki/The_Apu_Trilogy "The Apu Trilogy")* (1955–1959, [Satyajit Ray](/wiki/Satyajit_Ray "Satyajit Ray")) won prizes at several major international film festivals and firmly established the parallel cinema movement.Rajadhyaksa, 683 It was influential on [world cinema](/wiki/World_cinema "World cinema") and led to a rush of [coming\-of\-age films](/wiki/Coming-of-age_film "Coming-of-age film") in [art house](/wiki/Art_house "Art house") theatres.{{Cite journal \|last\=Sragow \|first\=Michael \|year\=1994 \|title\=An Art Wedded to Truth \|url\=http://satyajitray.ucsc.edu/articles/sragow.html \|url\-status\=dead \|journal\=\[\[The Atlantic\|The Atlantic Monthly]] \|publisher\=\[\[University of California, Santa Cruz]] \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090412212046/http://satyajitray.ucsc.edu/articles/sragow.html \|archive\-date\=12 April 2009 \|access\-date\=11 May 2009}} Cinematographer [Subrata Mitra](/wiki/Subrata_Mitra "Subrata Mitra") developed the technique of [bounce lighting](/wiki/Reflector_%28photography%29%23Bounce_lighting "Reflector (photography)#Bounce lighting"), to recreate the effect of daylight on sets, during the second film of the trilogy{{Cite web \|title\=Subrata Mitra \|url\=http://www.cinematographers.nl/GreatDoPh/mitra.htm \|access\-date\=22 May 2009 \|publisher\=Internet Encyclopedia of Cinematographers \|archive\-date\=2 June 2009 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090602164022/http://www.cinematographers.nl/GreatDoPh/mitra.htm \|url\-status\=dead }} and later pioneered other effects such as the [photo\-negative](/wiki/Negative_%28photography%29 "Negative (photography)") [flashbacks](/wiki/Flashback_%28narrative%29 "Flashback (narrative)") and X\-ray digressions.{{Cite news \|last\=Nick Pinkerton \|date\=14 April 2009 \|title\=First Light: Satyajit Ray From the Apu Trilogy to the Calcutta Trilogy \|work\=\[\[The Village Voice]] \|url\=http://www.villagevoice.com/2009\-04\-15/film/first\-light\-satyajit\-ray\-from\-the\-apu\-trilogy\-to\-the\-calcutta\-trilogy \|access\-date\=9 July 2009 \|archive\-date\=25 June 2009 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090625154630/http://www.villagevoice.com/2009\-04\-15/film/first\-light\-satyajit\-ray\-from\-the\-apu\-trilogy\-to\-the\-calcutta\-trilogy \|url\-status\=dead }} During the 1950s, Indian cinema reportedly became the world's second largest film industry, earning a gross annual income of {{INRConvert\|250\|m\|year\=1953}} in 1953\.{{Cite book \|last\=Pani \|first\=S. S. \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=kH4HAQAAIAAJ \|title\=The Film Daily Year Book of Motion Pictures \|date\=1954 \|publisher\=John W. Alicoate \|volume\=36 \|page\=930 \|chapter\=India in 1953 \|quote\=THE INDIAN FILM INDUSTRY, said to be the second largest in the world, claims to have invested Rs. {{nowrap\|420 million}} and to have a gross annual income of Rs. {{nowrap \|access\-date\=1 May 2022 \|250 million}}.}} The government created the Film Finance Corporation (FFC) in 1960 to provide financial support to filmmakers.Rajadhyaksa, 684 While serving as Information and Broadcasting Minister of India in the 1960s, [Indira Gandhi](/wiki/Indira_Gandhi "Indira Gandhi") supported the production of off\-beat cinema through the FFC. [Baburao Patel](/wiki/Baburao_Patel "Baburao Patel") of *[Filmindia](/wiki/Filmindia "Filmindia")* called [B. N. Reddy](/wiki/B._N._Reddy "B. N. Reddy")'s *[Malliswari](/wiki/Malliswari_%281951_film%29 "Malliswari (1951 film)")* (1951\) an "inspiring motion picture" which would "save us the blush when compared with the best of motion pictures of the world".{{Cite web \|last\=Narasimham \|first\=M. L. \|date\=16 March 2013 \|title\='Malleeswari' (1951\) \|url\=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema\-columns/malleeswari\-1951/article4515823\.ece \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130320174648/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema\-columns/malleeswari\-1951/article4515823\.ece \|archive\-date\=20 March 2013 \|access\-date\=26 December 2015 \|website\=\[\[The Hindu]]}} Film historian [Randor Guy](/wiki/Randor_Guy "Randor Guy") called *Malliswari* scripted by [Devulapalli Krishnasastri](/wiki/Devulapalli_Krishnasastri "Devulapalli Krishnasastri") a "poem in celluloid, told with rare artistic finesse, which lingers long in the memory".{{Cite book \|last1\=Rajadhyaksha \|first1\=Ashish \|url\=https://indiancine.ma/texts/indiancine.ma%3AEncyclopedia\_of\_Indian\_Cinema/text.pdf \|title\=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema \|last2\=Willemen \|first2\=Paul \|publisher\=\[\[Oxford University Press]] \|year\=1998 \|isbn\=0\-19\-563579\-5 \|page\=323 \|orig\-date\=1994}} Commercial [Hindi cinema](/wiki/Bollywood "Bollywood") began thriving, including acclaimed films *[Pyaasa](/wiki/Pyaasa "Pyaasa")* (1957\) and *[Kaagaz Ke Phool](/wiki/Kaagaz_Ke_Phool "Kaagaz Ke Phool")* (1959, [Guru Dutt](/wiki/Guru_Dutt "Guru Dutt")) *[Awaara](/wiki/Awaara "Awaara")* (1951\) and *[Shree 420](/wiki/Shree_420 "Shree 420")* (1955, [Raj Kapoor](/wiki/Raj_Kapoor "Raj Kapoor")). These films expressed social themes mainly dealing with working\-class urban life in India; *Awaara* presented Bombay as both a nightmare and a dream, while *Pyaasa* critiqued the unreality of city life.{{Cite book \|last\=K. Moti Gokulsing \|first\=K. Gokulsing, Wimal Dissanayake \|title\=Indian Popular Cinema: A Narrative of Cultural Change \|publisher\=Trentham Books \|year\=2004 \|page\=18}} [Epic film](/wiki/Epic_film "Epic film") *[Mother India](/wiki/Mother_India "Mother India")* (1957, [Mehboob Khan](/wiki/Mehboob_Khan "Mehboob Khan")) was the first Indian film to be nominated for the US\-based Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences' [Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film](/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Foreign_Language_Film "Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film"){{Citation needed\|date\=June 2024}} and defined the conventions of Hindi cinema for decades.{{Cite news \|last\=Sridharan \|first\=Tarini \|date\=25 November 2012 \|title\=Mother India, not Woman India \|work\=The Hindu \|location\=Chennai, India \|url\=http://www.thehindu.com/todays\-paper/tp\-features/tp\-cinemaplus/mother\-india\-not\-woman\-india/article4131747\.ece \|url\-status\=live \|access\-date\=5 March 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130106095550/http://www.thehindu.com/todays\-paper/tp\-features/tp\-cinemaplus/mother\-india\-not\-woman\-india/article4131747\.ece \|archive\-date\=6 January 2013}}{{Cite AV media \|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=wChe8xWDwbo \|title\=Bollywood Blockbusters: ''Mother India'' (Part 1\) \|date\=2009 \|type\=Documentary \|publisher\=\[\[CNN\-IBN]] \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150715143942/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=wChe8xWDwbo\&feature\=results\_main\&playnext\=1\&list\=PL8D9A71E9A0EED3C4 \|archive\-date\=15 July 2015 \|url\-status\=live \|ref\={{sfnRef\|Bollywood Blockbusters Part 1\|2009}}}}{{Cite news \|last\=Kehr \|first\=Dave \|date\=23 August 2002 \|title\=Mother India (1957\). Film in review; 'Mother India' \|work\=\[\[The New York Times]] \|url\=https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/review?res\=9C03E5DE153CF930A1575BC0A9649C8B63 \|access\-date\=7 June 2012}} It spawned a new genre of [dacoit films](/wiki/Dacoit_film "Dacoit film").{{Cite book \|last\=Teo \|first\=Stephen \|url\={{google books\|plainurl\=y\|id\=pi8lDwAAQBAJ\|page\=122}} \|title\=Eastern Westerns: Film and Genre Outside and Inside Hollywood \|date\=2017 \|publisher\=\[\[Taylor \& Francis]] \|isbn\=9781317592266 \|page\=122 \|language\=en}} *[Gunga Jumna](/wiki/Gunga_Jumna "Gunga Jumna")* (1961, [Dilip Kumar](/wiki/Dilip_Kumar "Dilip Kumar")) was a dacoit [crime drama](/wiki/Crime_drama "Crime drama") about two brothers on opposite sides of the law, a theme that became common in Indian films in the 1970s.{{Cite book \|last\=Ganti \|first\=Tejaswini \|url\={{google books\|plainurl\=y\|id\=GTEa93azj9EC\|page\=153}} \|title\=Bollywood: A Guidebook to Popular Hindi Cinema \|publisher\=Psychology Press \|year\=2004 \|isbn\=978\-0\-415\-28854\-5 \|pages\=153–}} *[Madhumati](/wiki/Madhumati "Madhumati")* (1958, [Bimal Roy](/wiki/Bimal_Roy "Bimal Roy")) popularised the theme of [reincarnation](/wiki/Reincarnation "Reincarnation") in [Western popular culture](/wiki/Reincarnation_in_popular_western_culture "Reincarnation in popular western culture").{{Cite book \|last\=Doniger \|first\=Wendy \|title\=The woman who pretended to be who she was: myths of self\-imitation \|publisher\=\[\[Oxford University Press]] \|year\=2005 \|pages\=112–136 \[135] \|chapter\=Chapter 6: Reincarnation}} Actor [Dilip Kumar](/wiki/Dilip_Kumar "Dilip Kumar") rose to fame in the 1950s, and was the biggest Indian [movie star](/wiki/Movie_star "Movie star") of the time.{{Cite web \|last\=Usman \|first\=Yasser \|date\=16 January 2021 \|title\=Dilip Kumar as 'Pyaasa' hero is what Guru Dutt wanted. But first day of shoot changed it all \|url\=https://theprint.in/pageturner/excerpt/dilip\-kumar\-as\-pyaasa\-hero\-is\-what\-guru\-dutt\-wanted\-but\-first\-day\-of\-shoot\-changed\-it\-all/586596/ \|access\-date\=1 November 2021 \|website\=ThePrint \|language\=en\-US}}{{Cite web \|title\=How Bollywood legend Dilip Kumar became India's biggest star \|url\=https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/how\-bollywood\-legend\-dilip\-kumar\-became\-indias\-biggest\-star\-1\.75765994 \|access\-date\=1 November 2021 \|website\=Gulf News \|date\=9 December 2020 \|language\=en}} He was a pioneer of [method acting](/wiki/Method_acting "Method acting"), predating Hollywood method actors such as [Marlon Brando](/wiki/Marlon_Brando "Marlon Brando"). Much like Brando's influence on [New Hollywood](/wiki/New_Hollywood "New Hollywood") actors, Kumar inspired Hindi actors, including [Amitabh Bachchan](/wiki/Amitabh_Bachchan "Amitabh Bachchan"), [Naseeruddin Shah](/wiki/Naseeruddin_Shah "Naseeruddin Shah"), [Shah Rukh Khan](/wiki/Shah_Rukh_Khan "Shah Rukh Khan") and [Nawazuddin Siddiqui](/wiki/Nawazuddin_Siddiqui "Nawazuddin Siddiqui").{{cite news \|last1\=Mazumder \|first1\=Ranjib \|title\=Before Brando, There Was Dilip Kumar \|url\=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/2015/12/11/before\-brando\-there\-was\-dilip\-kumar \|access\-date\=2 August 2023 \|work\=TheQuint \|date\=11 December 2015}} *[Neecha Nagar](/wiki/Neecha_Nagar "Neecha Nagar")* (1946\) won the [Palme d'Or](/wiki/Palme_d%27Or "Palme d'Or") at Cannes and Indian films competed for the award most years in the 1950s and early 1960s.{{citation needed\|date\=October 2022}} Ray is regarded as one of the greatest [auteurs](/wiki/Auteur_theory "Auteur theory") of [20th century cinema](/wiki/History_of_film "History of film"),{{Cite book \|last\=Santas \|first\=Constantine \|title\=Responding to film: A Text Guide for Students of Cinema Art \|publisher\=Rowman \& Littlefield \|year\=2002 \|isbn\=978\-0\-8304\-1580\-9 \|page\=18}} along with his contemporaries Dutt{{Cite web \|last\=Kevin Lee \|date\=5 September 2002 \|title\=A Slanted Canon \|url\=http://www.asianamericanfilm.com/archives/000026\.html \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218224432/http://www.asianamericanfilm.com/archives/000026\.html \|archive\-date\=18 February 2012 \|access\-date\=24 April 2009 \|publisher\=Asian American Film Commentary}} and Ghatak.{{Cite journal \|last\=Totaro \|first\=Donato \|date\=31 January 2003 \|title\=The "Sight \& Sound" of Canons \|url\=http://www.horschamp.qc.ca/new\_offscreen/canon.html \|journal\=Offscreen Journal \|publisher\=\[\[Canada Council\|Canada Council for the Arts]] \|access\-date\=19 April 2009}} In 1992, the *[Sight \& Sound](/wiki/Sight_%26_Sound "Sight & Sound")* Critics' Poll ranked Ray at {{abbr\|No.\|number}} 7 in its list of Top 10 Directors of all time.{{Cite web \|title\=Sight and Sound Poll 1992: Critics \|url\=http://alumnus.caltech.edu/\~ejohnson/sight/1992\_1\.html \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016212355/http://alumnus.caltech.edu/\~ejohnson/sight/1992\_1\.html \|archive\-date\=16 October 2013 \|access\-date\=29 May 2009 \|publisher\=\[\[California Institute of Technology]]}} Multiple films from this era are included among the [greatest films of all time](/wiki/Films_considered_the_greatest_ever "Films considered the greatest ever") in various critics' and directors' polls, including *The Apu Trilogy*,{{Cite web \|last\=Aaron and Mark Caldwell \|year\=2004 \|title\=Sight and Sound \|url\=http://www.geocities.com/aaronbcaldwell/dimsscri.html \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090729180509/http://geocities.com/aaronbcaldwell/dimsscri.html \|archive\-date\=29 July 2009 \|access\-date\=19 April 2009 \|publisher\=Top 100 Movie Lists}} *[Jalsaghar](/wiki/Jalsaghar "Jalsaghar")*, *[Charulata](/wiki/Charulata "Charulata")*{{Cite web \|title\=Sight and Sound 1992 Ranking of Films \|url\=http://www.geocities.com/the7thart/ranking.html \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091022115725/http://geocities.com/the7thart/ranking.html \|archive\-date\=22 October 2009 \|access\-date\=29 May 2009}} *[Aranyer Din Ratri](/wiki/Aranyer_Din_Ratri "Aranyer Din Ratri")*,{{Cite web \|title\=Sight and Sound 1982 Ranking of Films \|url\=http://www.geocities.com/the7thart/1982\.html \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091022225459/http://geocities.com/the7thart/1982\.html \|archive\-date\=22 October 2009 \|access\-date\=29 May 2009}} *Pyaasa*, *Kaagaz Ke Phool*, *[Meghe Dhaka Tara](/wiki/Meghe_Dhaka_Tara_%281960_film%29 "Meghe Dhaka Tara (1960 film)")*, *Komal Gandhar*, *Awaara*, *[Baiju Bawra](/wiki/Baiju_Bawra_%281952_film%29 "Baiju Bawra (1952 film)")*, *Mother India*, *Mughal\-e\-Azam*{{Cite web \|year\=2002 \|title\=2002 Sight \& Sound Top Films Survey of 253 International Critics \& Film Directors \|url\=http://www.cinemacom.com/2002\-sight\-sound.html \|access\-date\=19 April 2009 \|publisher\=Cinemacom}} and *[Subarnarekha](/wiki/Subarnarekha_%28film%29 "Subarnarekha (film)")* (also tied at No. 11\). [Sivaji Ganesan](/wiki/Sivaji_Ganesan "Sivaji Ganesan") became India's first actor to receive an international award when he won the Best Actor award at the Afro\-Asian film festival in 1960 and was awarded the title of Chevalier in the [Legion of Honour](/wiki/Legion_of_Honour "Legion of Honour") by the [French Government](/wiki/French_Government "French Government") in 1995\.{{Cite news \|date\=1 October 2013 \|title\=Sivaji Ganesan's birth anniversary \|work\=The Times of India \|url\=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news\-interviews/Sivaji\-Ganesans\-birth\-anniversary/articleshow/23338524\.cms \|access\-date\=29 April 2014}} Tamil cinema is [influenced by Dravidian politics](/wiki/Tamil_cinema_and_Dravidian_politics "Tamil cinema and Dravidian politics"),Gokulsing \& Dissanayake, 132–133 with prominent film personalities [C N Annadurai](/wiki/C_N_Annadurai "C N Annadurai"), [M G Ramachandran](/wiki/M_G_Ramachandran "M G Ramachandran"), [M Karunanidhi](/wiki/M_Karunanidhi "M Karunanidhi") and [Jayalalithaa](/wiki/Jayalalithaa "Jayalalithaa") becoming [Chief Ministers of Tamil Nadu](/wiki/List_of_Chief_Ministers_of_Tamil_Nadu "List of Chief Ministers of Tamil Nadu").{{Cite book \|last\=Kasbekar \|first\=Asha \|url\={{google books\|plainurl\=y\|id\=Sv7Uk0UcdM8C\|page\=215}} \|title\=Pop Culture India!: Media, Arts, and Lifestyle \|publisher\=ABC\-CLIO \|year\=2006 \|isbn\=978\-1\-85109\-636\-7 \|page\=215}}{{clarify timeframe\|date\=October 2022}} ### 1970s–present By 1986, India's annual film output had increased to 833 films annually, making India the world's largest film producer.{{Cite book \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=Ah1CAQAAIAAJ \|title\=Films in Review \|date\=1986 \|publisher\=Then and There Media, LCC. \|page\=368 \|quote\=And then I had forgotten that lndia leads the world in film production, with 833 motion pictures (up from 741 the previous year).}} Hindi film production of Bombay, the largest segment of the industry, became known as "Bollywood". {{Pie chart \|caption\= Summary of the 2022 box office revenues. \|value1 \= 33 \|label1 \= Hindi \|value2 \= 20 \|label2 \= Telugu \|value3 \= 16 \|label3 \= Tamil \|value4 \= 8 \|label4 \= Kannada \|value5 \= 6 \|label5 \= Malayalam \|other \= yes }} By 1996, the Indian film industry had an estimated domestic cinema viewership of 600{{nbsp}}million people, establishing India as one of the largest film markets, with the largest regional industries being Hindi, Telugu, and Tamil films.{{Cite journal \|date\=July 1996 \|title\=Business India \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=h9wiAQAAMAAJ \|journal\=\[\[Business India]] \|publisher\=A. H. Advani \|issue\=478–481 \|page\=82 \|quote\=As the Indian film industry (mainly Hindi and Telugu combined) is one of the world's largest, with an estimated viewership of 600 million, film music has always been popular.}} In 2001, in terms of ticket sales, Indian cinema sold an estimated 3\.6 billion tickets annually across the globe, compared to [Hollywood](/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States "Cinema of the United States")'s 2\.6 billion tickets sold.{{Cite journal \|date\=2 December 2002 \|title\=Bollywood: Can new money create a world\-class film industry in India? \|url\=https://people.well.com/user/willard/Kripalani\-%20Bollywood%20Investments%20BizWeek12\-02\-2002\.txt \|journal\=\[\[Business Week]] \|access\-date\=22 December 2018 \|archive\-date\=27 July 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727012740/https://people.well.com/user/willard/Kripalani\-%20Bollywood%20Investments%20BizWeek12\-02\-2002\.txt \|url\-status\=dead }}{{Cite web \|last\=Lorenzen \|first\=Mark \|date\=April 2009 \|title\=Go West: The Growth of Bollywood \|url\=http://openarchive.cbs.dk/bitstream/handle/10398/7796/CreativeEncounters%20Working%20Papers%2026\.pdf?sequence\=1 \|website\=Creativity at Work \|publisher\=\[\[Copenhagen Business School]]}} #### Hindi Realistic [parallel cinema](/wiki/Parallel_cinema "Parallel cinema") continued throughout the 1970s,Rajadhyaksa, 685 practised in many Indian film cultures. The FFC's art film orientation came under criticism during a Committee on Public Undertakings investigation in 1976, which accused the body of not doing enough to encourage commercial cinema.Rajadhyaksa, 688 Hindi commercial cinema continued with films such as *[Aradhana](/wiki/Aradhana_%281969_film%29 "Aradhana (1969 film)")* (1969\), *[Sachaa Jhutha](/wiki/Sachaa_Jhutha "Sachaa Jhutha")* (1970\), *[Haathi Mere Saathi](/wiki/Haathi_Mere_Saathi_%281971_film%29 "Haathi Mere Saathi (1971 film)")* (1971\), *[Anand](/wiki/Anand_%281971_film%29 "Anand (1971 film)")* (1971\), *[Kati Patang](/wiki/Kati_Patang "Kati Patang")* (1971\) *[Amar Prem](/wiki/Amar_Prem "Amar Prem")* (1972\), *[Dushman](/wiki/Dushman_%281971_film%29 "Dushman (1971 film)")* (1972\) and *[Daag](/wiki/Daag_%281973_film%29 "Daag (1973 film)")* (1973\).{{importance inline\|date\=October 2022}} {{multiple image \| align \= right \| image1 \= SalimKhan.jpg \| width1 \= 120 \| alt1 \= \| caption1 \= \| image2 \= Akhtar for Talaash.jpg \| width2 \= 160 \| alt2 \= \| caption2 \= \| footer \= The screenwriting duo \[\[Salim–Javed]], consisting of \[\[Salim Khan]] (l) and \[\[Javed Akhtar]] (r), revitalised Indian cinema in the 1970s{{Cite web \|date\=25 April 2013 \|title\=Salim\-Javed: Writing Duo that Revolutionized Indian Cinema \|url\=https://pandolin.com/salim\-javed\-writing\-duo\-that\-revolutionized\-indian\-cinema/ \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201035749/https://pandolin.com/salim\-javed\-writing\-duo\-that\-revolutionized\-indian\-cinema/ \|archive\-date\=1 December 2017 \|access\-date\=29 November 2017 \|website\=Pandolin}} and are considered \[\[Bollywood]]'s greatest \[\[screenwriter]]s.{{Cite book \|last\=Chaudhuri \|first\=Diptakirti \|url\={{google books\|plainurl\=y\|id\=Cri9CgAAQBAJ}} \|title\=Written by Salim\-Javed: The Story of Hindi Cinema's Greatest Screenwriters \|date\=1 October 2015 \|publisher\=\[\[Penguin Books\|Penguin UK]] \|isbn\=9789352140084}} }} By the early 1970s, Hindi cinema was experiencing thematic stagnation,{{Cite book \|last\=Raj \|first\=Ashok \|url\={{google books\|plainurl\=y\|id\=2wo9BAAAQBAJ\|page\=21}} \|title\=Hero Vol.2 \|date\=2009 \|publisher\=\[\[Hay House]] \|isbn\=9789381398036 \|page\=21 \|language\=en}} dominated by musical [romance films](/wiki/Romance_film "Romance film").{{Cite news \|date\=20 June 2017 \|title\=Revisiting Prakash Mehra's Zanjeer: The film that made Amitabh Bachchan \|work\=\[\[The Indian Express]] \|url\=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/revisiting\-prakash\-mehra\-zanjeer\-the\-film\-that\-made\-amitabh\-bachchan\-4714064/}} Screenwriter duo [Salim–Javed](/wiki/Salim%E2%80%93Javed "Salim–Javed") ([Salim Khan](/wiki/Salim_Khan "Salim Khan") and [Javed Akhtar](/wiki/Javed_Akhtar "Javed Akhtar")) revitalised the industry. They established the genre of gritty, violent, [Bombay underworld](/wiki/Bombay_underworld "Bombay underworld") [crime films](/wiki/Crime_film "Crime film") with *[Zanjeer](/wiki/Zanjeer_%281973_film%29 "Zanjeer (1973 film)")* (1973\) and *[Deewaar](/wiki/Deewaar "Deewaar")* (1975\).{{Cite book \|last\=Ganti \|first\=Tejaswini \|url\={{google books\|plainurl\=y\|id\=GTEa93azj9EC\|page\=153}} \|title\=Bollywood: A Guidebook to Popular Hindi Cinema \|date\=2004 \|publisher\=\[\[Psychology Press]] \|isbn\=9780415288545 \|page\=153 \|language\=en}}{{Cite book \|last\=Chaudhuri \|first\=Diptakirti \|url\={{google books\|plainurl\=y\|id\=Cri9CgAAQBAJ\|page\=72}} \|title\=Written by Salim\-Javed: The Story of Hindi Cinema's Greatest Screenwriters \|date\=2015 \|publisher\=\[\[Penguin Books]] \|isbn\=9789352140084 \|page\=72 \|language\=en}} They reinterpreted the rural themes of *Mother India* and *Gunga Jumna* in an urban context reflecting 1970s India,{{Cite book \|last\=Kumar \|first\=Surendra \|url\={{google books\|plainurl\=y\|id\=AfJkAAAAMAAJ\|page\=51}} \|title\=Legends of Indian cinema: pen portraits \|date\=2003 \|publisher\=Har\-Anand Publications \|page\=51 \|language\=en}} channelling the growing discontent and disillusionment among the masses, unprecedented growth of [slums](/wiki/Slum "Slum") and urban poverty, corruption and crime,{{Cite book \|last\=Chaudhuri \|first\=Diptakirti \|url\={{google books\|plainurl\=y\|id\=Cri9CgAAQBAJ\|page\=74}} \|title\=Written by Salim\-Javed: The Story of Hindi Cinema's Greatest Screenwriters \|date\=2015 \|publisher\=\[\[Penguin Group]] \|isbn\=9789352140084 \|page\=74 \|language\=en}} as well as [anti\-establishment](/wiki/Anti-establishment "Anti-establishment") themes.{{Cite news \|date\=29 January 2017 \|title\=Deewaar was the perfect script: Amitabh Bachchan on 42 years of the cult film \|work\=Hindustan Times \|url\=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/deewaar\-was\-the\-perfect\-script\-amitabh\-bachchan\-on\-42\-years\-of\-the\-cult\-film/story\-x2hy87zQ0ebVlsVMV59U2I.html}} This resulted in their creation of the "angry young man", personified by [Amitabh Bachchan](/wiki/Amitabh_Bachchan "Amitabh Bachchan"), who reinterpreted Kumar's performance in *Gunga Jumna* and gave a voice to the urban poor.{{Cite book \|last\=Mazumdar \|first\=Ranjani \|url\={{google books\|plainurl\=y\|id\=xenNBrRKOGoC\|page\=14}} \|title\=Bombay Cinema: An Archive of the City \|publisher\=\[\[University of Minnesota Press]] \|year\=2007 \|isbn\=9781452913025 \|page\=14 \|language\=en}} By the mid\-1970s, Bachchan's position as a lead actor was solidified by crime\-action films *Zanjeer* and *[Sholay](/wiki/Sholay "Sholay")* (1975\). The devotional classic *[Jai Santoshi Ma](/wiki/Jai_Santoshi_Ma "Jai Santoshi Ma")* (1975\) was made on a low budget and became a box office success and a cult classic. Another important film was *[Deewaar](/wiki/Deewaar "Deewaar")* (1975, [Yash Chopra](/wiki/Yash_Chopra "Yash Chopra")), a [crime film](/wiki/Crime_film "Crime film") with brothers on opposite sides of the law which [Danny Boyle](/wiki/Danny_Boyle "Danny Boyle") described as "absolutely key to Indian cinema". The term "[Bollywood](/wiki/Bollywood "Bollywood")" was coined in the 1970s,{{Cite news \|last\=Anand \|date\=7 March 2004 \|title\=On the Bollywood beat \|work\=\[\[The Hindu]] \|location\=Chennai, India \|url\=http://www.hindu.com/lr/2004/03/07/stories/2004030700390600\.htm \|url\-status\=dead \|access\-date\=31 May 2009 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20040403234115/http://www.hindu.com/lr/2004/03/07/stories/2004030700390600\.htm \|archive\-date\=3 April 2004}}{{Cite web \|last\=Subhash K Jha \|date\=8 April 2005 \|title\=Amit Khanna: The Man who saw 'Bollywood' \|url\=http://sify.com/movies/bollywood/fullstory.php?id\=13713296 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20050409171523/http://sify.com/movies/bollywood/fullstory.php?id\=13713296 \|archive\-date\=9 April 2005 \|access\-date\=31 May 2009 \|website\=\[\[Sify]]}} when the conventions of commercial Bombay\-produced Hindi films were established.{{Cite book \|last\=Chaudhuri \|first\=Diptakirti \|url\={{google books\|plainurl\=y\|id\=Cri9CgAAQBAJ\|page\=58}} \|title\=Written by Salim\-Javed: The Story of Hindi Cinema's Greatest Screenwriters \|date\=1 October 2015 \|publisher\=\[\[Penguin Books\|Penguin UK]] \|isbn\=9789352140084 \|page\=58}} Key to this was [Nasir Hussain](/wiki/Nasir_Hussain "Nasir Hussain") and Salim–Javed's creation of the [masala film](/wiki/Masala_film "Masala film") genre, which combines elements of [action](/wiki/Action_film "Action film"), [comedy](/wiki/Comedy_film "Comedy film"), [romance](/wiki/Romance_film "Romance film"), [drama](/wiki/Drama_film "Drama film"), [melodrama](/wiki/Melodrama "Melodrama") and [musical](/wiki/Musical_film "Musical film").{{Cite news \|date\=30 March 2017 \|title\=How film\-maker Nasir Husain started the trend for Bollywood masala films \|work\=Hindustan Times \|url\=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/how\-film\-maker\-nasir\-husain\-created\-the\-prototype\-for\-bollywood\-masala\-films/story\-ckL6zPLHJFDYoupjFBtbfN.html}} Their film *[Yaadon Ki Baarat](/wiki/Yaadon_Ki_Baarat "Yaadon Ki Baarat")* (1973\) has been identified as the first masala film and the first quintessentially Bollywood film.Kaushik Bhaumik, [An Insightful Reading of Our Many Indian Identities](https://thewire.in/24564/an-insightful-reading-of-our-many-indian-identities/), [The Wire](/wiki/The_Wire_%28Indian_web_publication%29 "The Wire (Indian web publication)"), 12 March 2016 Masala films made Bachchan the biggest Bollywood movie star of the period. Another landmark was *[Amar Akbar Anthony](/wiki/Amar_Akbar_Anthony "Amar Akbar Anthony")* (1977, [Manmohan Desai](/wiki/Manmohan_Desai "Manmohan Desai")).{{Cite book \|last\=Rachel Dwyer \|url\={{google books\|plainurl\=y\|id\=4EBNAQAAIAAJ}} \|title\=100 Bollywood films \|publisher\=Lotus Collection, Roli Books \|year\=2005 \|isbn\=978\-81\-7436\-433\-3 \|page\=14 \|access\-date\=6 August 2013}} Desai further expanded the genre in the 1970s and 1980s. Commercial Hindi cinema grew in the 1980s, with films such as *[Ek Duuje Ke Liye](/wiki/Ek_Duuje_Ke_Liye "Ek Duuje Ke Liye")* (1981\), *[Disco Dancer](/wiki/Disco_Dancer "Disco Dancer")* (1982\), *[Himmatwala](/wiki/Himmatwala_%281983_film%29 "Himmatwala (1983 film)")* (1983\), *[Tohfa](/wiki/Tohfa "Tohfa")* (1984\), *[Naam](/wiki/Naam_%281986_film%29 "Naam (1986 film)")* (1986\), *[Mr India](/wiki/Mr._India_%281987_film%29 "Mr. India (1987 film)")* (1987\), and *[Tezaab](/wiki/Tezaab "Tezaab")* (1988\). In the late 1980s,{{clarify timeframe\|date\=October 2022\|reason\=The following sentence talks about a revival in 1982, not the late 1980s}} Hindi cinema experienced another period of stagnation, with a decline in box office turnout, due to increasing violence, decline in musical melodic quality, and rise in video piracy, leading to middle\-class family audiences abandoning theatres. The turning point came with Indian blockbuster *[Disco Dancer](/wiki/Disco_Dancer "Disco Dancer")* (1982\) which began the era of disco music in Indian cinema. Lead actor [Mithun Chakraborty](/wiki/Mithun_Chakraborty "Mithun Chakraborty") and music director [Bappi Lahiri](/wiki/Bappi_Lahiri "Bappi Lahiri") had the highest number of mainstream Indian hit movies that decade. At the end of the decade, [Yash Chopra](/wiki/Yash_Chopra "Yash Chopra")'s *[Chandni](/wiki/Chandni_%28film%29 "Chandni (film)")* (1989\) created a new formula for Bollywood musical romance films, reviving the genre and defining Hindi cinema in the years that followed.{{Cite web \|last\=iDiva \|date\=13 October 2011 \|title\=Sridevi – The Dancing Queen \|url\=http://idiva.com/photogallery\-entertainment/sridevi\-the\-dancing\-queen/8403 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130224051712/http://idiva.com/photogallery\-entertainment/sridevi\-the\-dancing\-queen/8403 \|archive\-date\=24 February 2013 \|access\-date\=21 May 2019}}{{Cite news \|last\=Ray \|first\=Kunal \|date\=18 December 2016 \|title\=Romancing the 1980s \|language\=en\-IN \|work\=\[\[The Hindu]] \|url\=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/Romancing\-the\-1980s/article16898867\.ece}} Commercial Hindi cinema grew in the late 1980s and 1990s, with the release of *[Mr. India](/wiki/Mr._India_%281987_film%29 "Mr. India (1987 film)")* (1987\), *[Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak](/wiki/Qayamat_Se_Qayamat_Tak "Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak")* (1988\), *[Chaalbaaz](/wiki/ChaalBaaz "ChaalBaaz")* (1989\), *[Maine Pyar Kiya](/wiki/Maine_Pyar_Kiya "Maine Pyar Kiya")* (1989\), *[Lamhe](/wiki/Lamhe "Lamhe")* (1991\), *[Saajan](/wiki/Saajan "Saajan")* (1991\), *[Khuda Gawah](/wiki/Khuda_Gawah "Khuda Gawah")* (1992\), *[Khalnayak](/wiki/Khalnayak "Khalnayak")* (1993\), *[Darr](/wiki/Darr "Darr")* (1993\), *[Hum Aapke Hain Koun..!](/wiki/Hum_Aapke_Hain_Koun..%21 "Hum Aapke Hain Koun..!")* (1994\), *[Dilwale Dulhaniya Le Jayenge](/wiki/Dilwale_Dulhaniya_Le_Jayenge "Dilwale Dulhaniya Le Jayenge")* (1995\), *[Dil To Pagal Hai](/wiki/Dil_To_Pagal_Hai "Dil To Pagal Hai")* (1997\), *[Pyar Kiya Toh Darna Kya](/wiki/Pyaar_Kiya_To_Darna_Kya_%281998_film%29 "Pyaar Kiya To Darna Kya (1998 film)")* (1998\) and *[Kuch Kuch Hota Hai](/wiki/Kuch_Kuch_Hota_Hai "Kuch Kuch Hota Hai")* (1998\). Cult classic *[Bandit Queen](/wiki/Bandit_Queen "Bandit Queen")* (1994\) directed by [Shekhar Kapur](/wiki/Shekhar_Kapur "Shekhar Kapur") received international recognition and controversy.[Arundhati Roy, Author\-Activist](http://www.india-today.com/itoday/19991213/roy.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124103723/http://www.india\-today.com/itoday/19991213/roy.html \|date\=24 November 2010 }} *india\-today.com*. Retrieved 16 June 2013["The Great Indian Rape\-Trick"](http://www.sawnet.org/books/writing/roy_bq1.html) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414182145/http://www.sawnet.org/books/writing/roy\_bq1\.html\|date\=14 April 2016}}, SAWNET – The South Asian Women's NETwork. Retrieved 25 November 2011 [thumb\|202x202px\|[Sridevi](/wiki/Sridevi "Sridevi") (2012\) was regarded as the most popular female star in Indian cinema.{{Cite web \|title\=From India Today Magazine {{!}} When Sridevi emerged as the highest paid Indian actress \|url\=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society\-the\-arts/films/story/19870630\-sridevi\-emerges\-as\-the\-undisputed\-empress\-of\-tinsel\-town\-the\-highest\-paid\-indian\-actress\-799027\-1987\-06\-29 \|access\-date\=9 April 2023 \|website\=India Today \|date\=30 June 1987 \|language\=en}}](/wiki/File:Sridevi%2C_Zee_Cine_Awards_2018.jpg "Sridevi, Zee Cine Awards 2018.jpg") In the late 1990s, there was a resurgence of parallel cinema in Bollywood, largely due to the critical and commercial success of [crime films](/wiki/Crime_films "Crime films") such as *[Satya](/wiki/Satya_%281998_film%29 "Satya (1998 film)")* (1998\) and *[Vaastav](/wiki/Vaastav "Vaastav")* (1999\). These films launched a genre known as "Mumbai noir",{{Cite news \|last\=Aruti Nayar \|date\=16 December 2007 \|title\=Bollywood on the table \|work\=The Tribune \|url\=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20071216/spectrum/main11\.htm \|access\-date\=19 June 2008}} reflecting social problems in the city.{{Cite web \|last\=Christian Jungen \|date\=4 April 2009 \|title\=Urban Movies: The Diversity of Indian Cinema \|url\=http://www.fipresci.org/festivals/archive/2009/fribourg/indian\_cinema\_chjungen.htm \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090617225942/http://www.fipresci.org/festivals/archive/2009/fribourg/indian\_cinema\_chjungen.htm \|archive\-date\=17 June 2009 \|access\-date\=11 May 2009 \|publisher\=\[\[FIPRESCI]]}} [Ram Gopal Varma](/wiki/Ram_Gopal_Varma "Ram Gopal Varma") directed the [Indian Political Trilogy](/wiki/Sarkar_%28film_series%29 "Sarkar (film series)"), and the [Indian Gangster Trilogy](/wiki/Gangster_%28film_series%29 "Gangster (film series)"); film critic Rajeev Masand had labelled the latter series as one of the "most influential movies of Bollywood.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/masands\-verdict\-contract\-mangled\-mess\-of\-satya\-company/69135\-8\.html\|title\=Masand's Verdict: ''Contract'', mangled mess of ''Satya'', ''Company''\|work\=CNN\-News18}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?227527\|title\=Behind The Scenes \- Rachel Dwyer \- May 30, 2005\|work\=outlookindia.com}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20071216/spectrum/main11\.htm\|title\=The Sunday Tribune \- Spectrum\|work\=tribuneindia.com}} The first instalment of the trilogy, [*Satya*](/wiki/Satya_%281998_film%29 "Satya (1998 film)"), was also listed in [CNN\-IBN](/wiki/CNN-IBN "CNN-IBN")'s 100 greatest [Indian films](/wiki/Indian_films "Indian films") of all time.{{cite web\|url\=http://ibnlive.in.com/photogallery/13200\.html\|title\=100 Years of Indian Cinema: The 100 greatest Indian films of all time\|work\=IBNLive\|access\-date\=18 May 2013\|archive\-date\=24 April 2013\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130424003536/http://ibnlive.in.com/photogallery/13200\.html\|url\-status\=dead}} Since the 1990s, the three biggest Bollywood movie stars have been the "[Three Khans](/wiki/Khans_of_Bollywood "Khans of Bollywood")": [Aamir Khan](/wiki/Aamir_Khan "Aamir Khan"), [Shah Rukh Khan](/wiki/Shah_Rukh_Khan "Shah Rukh Khan"), and [Salman Khan](/wiki/Salman_Khan "Salman Khan").{{Cite web \|date\=18 September 2012 \|title\=The Three Khans of Bollywood – DESIblitz \|url\=https://www.desiblitz.com/content/the\-three\-khans\-of\-bollywood}}{{Cite web \|last\=Cain \|first\=Rob \|title\=Are Bollywood's Three Khans The Last Of The Movie Kings? \|url\=https://www.forbes.com/sites/robcain/2016/03/20/are\-bollywoods\-three\-khans\-the\-last\-of\-the\-movie\-kings/ \|website\=\[\[Forbes]]}} Combined, they starred in the top ten [highest\-grossing Bollywood films](/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_Bollywood_films "List of highest-grossing Bollywood films"), and have dominated the Indian box office since the 1990s.{{Cite news \|last\=Raghavendra \|first\=MK \|date\=16 October 2016 \|title\=After Aamir, SRK, Salman, why Bollywood's next male superstar may need a decade to rise \|language\=en \|work\=Firstpost \|url\=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/after\-aamir\-srk\-salman\-why\-bollywoods\-next\-male\-superstar\-may\-need\-a\-decade\-to\-rise\-3049864\.html \|access\-date\=18 May 2022}}{{Cite news \|agency\=Agence France\-Presse \|date\=12 July 2017 \|title\=Why Aamir Khan Is The King Of Khans: Foreign Media \|work\=NDTV \|url\=https://www.ndtv.com/india\-news/aamir\-khan\-is\-the\-king\-of\-the\-king\-khans\-moved\-ahead\-of\-shah\-rukh\-salman\-1723117 \|access\-date\=18 May 2022}} Shah Rukh Khan was the most successful for most of the 1990s and 2000s, while Aamir Khan has been the most successful since the late 2000s;{{Cite web \|last\=D'Cunha \|first\=Suparna Dutt \|title\=Why 'Dangal' Star Aamir Khan Is The New King Of Bollywood \|url\=https://www.forbes.com/sites/suparnadutt/2017/01/23/why\-dangal\-star\-aamir\-khan\-is\-the\-new\-king\-of\-bollywood/ \|website\=\[\[Forbes]]}} according to *[Forbes](/wiki/Forbes "Forbes")*, Shah Rukh Khan is "arguably the world's biggest movie star" as of 2017, due to his immense popularity in India and China.{{Cite web \|last\=Cain \|first\=Rob \|date\=5 October 2017 \|title\=Why Aamir Khan Is Arguably The World's Biggest Movie Star, Part 2 \|url\=https://www.forbes.com/sites/robcain/2017/10/05/heres\-why\-aamir\-khan\-is\-arguably\-the\-worlds\-biggest\-movie\-star\-part\-2/ \|website\=\[\[Forbes]]}} Other notable Hindi film stars of recent decades include [Arjun Rampal](/wiki/Arjun_Rampal "Arjun Rampal"), [Sunny Deol](/wiki/Sunny_Deol "Sunny Deol"), [Akshay Kumar](/wiki/Akshay_Kumar "Akshay Kumar"), [Ajay Devgn](/wiki/Ajay_Devgn "Ajay Devgn"), [Hrithik Roshan](/wiki/Hrithik_Roshan "Hrithik Roshan"), [Anil Kapoor](/wiki/Anil_Kapoor "Anil Kapoor"), [Sanjay Dutt](/wiki/Sanjay_Dutt "Sanjay Dutt"), [Sridevi](/wiki/Sridevi "Sridevi"), [Madhuri Dixit](/wiki/Madhuri_Dixit "Madhuri Dixit"), [Juhi Chawla](/wiki/Juhi_Chawla "Juhi Chawla"), [Karisma Kapoor](/wiki/Karisma_Kapoor "Karisma Kapoor"), [Kajol](/wiki/Kajol "Kajol"), [Tabu](/wiki/Tabu_%28actress%29 "Tabu (actress)"), [Aishwarya Rai](/wiki/Aishwarya_Rai "Aishwarya Rai"), [Rani Mukerji](/wiki/Rani_Mukerji "Rani Mukerji") and [Preity Zinta](/wiki/Preity_Zinta "Preity Zinta"). *[Haider](/wiki/Haider_%28film%29 "Haider (film)")* (2014, [Vishal Bhardwaj](/wiki/Vishal_Bhardwaj "Vishal Bhardwaj")), the third instalment of the Indian Shakespearean Trilogy after *[Maqbool](/wiki/Maqbool "Maqbool")* (2003\) and *[Omkara](/wiki/Omkara_%282006_film%29 "Omkara (2006 film)")* (2006\),{{Cite news \|last\=Muzaffar Raina \|date\=25 November 2013 \|title\=Protests hit Haider shoot on Valley campus \|work\=\[\[The Telegraph (India)\|The Telegraph]] \|url\=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1131125/jsp/nation/story\_17609286\.jsp \|url\-status\=dead \|access\-date\=11 September 2016 \|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20150420041308/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1131125/jsp/nation/story\_17609286\.jsp%23\.VTR8zH3LfK4 \|archive\-date\=20 April 2015}} won the *People's Choice Award* at the 9th [Rome Film Festival](/wiki/Rome_Film_Festival "Rome Film Festival") in the Mondo Genere making it the first Indian film to achieve this honour.{{Cite web \|date\=25 October 2014 \|title\=The Official Awards of the ninth edition of the Rome Film Festival \|url\=http://www.romacinemafest.it/ecm/web/fcr/en/home/content/the\-official\-awards\-of\-the\-ninth\-edition\-of\-the\-rome\-film\-festival.0000\.FCR\-4509 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141026173454/http://www.romacinemafest.it/ecm/web/fcr/en/home/content/the\-official\-awards\-of\-the\-ninth\-edition\-of\-the\-rome\-film\-festival \|archive\-date\=26 October 2014 \|access\-date\=26 October 2014 \|website\=romacinefest.it}}{{relevance inline\|date\=October 2022}} The 2000s and 2010s also saw the rise of a new generation of popular actors like [Shahid Kapoor](/wiki/Shahid_Kapoor "Shahid Kapoor"), [Ranbir Kapoor](/wiki/Ranbir_Kapoor "Ranbir Kapoor"), [Ranveer Singh](/wiki/Ranveer_Singh "Ranveer Singh"), [Ayushmann Khurrana](/wiki/Ayushmann_Khurrana "Ayushmann Khurrana"), [Varun Dhawan](/wiki/Varun_Dhawan "Varun Dhawan"), [Sidharth Malhotra](/wiki/Sidharth_Malhotra "Sidharth Malhotra"), [Sushant Singh Rajput](/wiki/Sushant_Singh_Rajput "Sushant Singh Rajput"), [Kartik Aaryan](/wiki/Kartik_Aaryan "Kartik Aaryan"), [Arjun Kapoor](/wiki/Arjun_Kapoor "Arjun Kapoor"), [Aditya Roy Kapur](/wiki/Aditya_Roy_Kapur "Aditya Roy Kapur") and [Tiger Shroff](/wiki/Tiger_Shroff "Tiger Shroff"), as well as actresses like [Vidya Balan](/wiki/Vidya_Balan "Vidya Balan"), [Priyanka Chopra](/wiki/Priyanka_Chopra "Priyanka Chopra"), [Kareena Kapoor](/wiki/Kareena_Kapoor "Kareena Kapoor"), [Katrina Kaif](/wiki/Katrina_Kaif "Katrina Kaif"), [Kangana Ranaut](/wiki/Kangana_Ranaut "Kangana Ranaut"), [Deepika Padukone](/wiki/Deepika_Padukone "Deepika Padukone"), [Sonam Kapoor](/wiki/Sonam_Kapoor "Sonam Kapoor"), [Anushka Sharma](/wiki/Anushka_Sharma "Anushka Sharma"), [Shraddha Kapoor](/wiki/Shraddha_Kapoor "Shraddha Kapoor"), [Alia Bhatt](/wiki/Alia_Bhatt "Alia Bhatt"), [Parineeti Chopra](/wiki/Parineeti_Chopra "Parineeti Chopra") and [Kriti Sanon](/wiki/Kriti_Sanon "Kriti Sanon") with Balan, Ranaut and Bhatt gaining wide recognition for successful female\-centric films such as *[The Dirty Picture](/wiki/The_Dirty_Picture "The Dirty Picture")* (2011\), *[Kahaani](/wiki/Kahaani "Kahaani")* (2012\), *[Queen](/wiki/Queen_%282014_film%29 "Queen (2014 film)")* (2014\), *[Highway](/wiki/Highway_%282014_Hindi_film%29 "Highway (2014 Hindi film)")* (2014\), *[Tanu Weds Manu Returns](/wiki/Tanu_Weds_Manu_Returns "Tanu Weds Manu Returns")* (2015\), *[Raazi](/wiki/Raazi "Raazi")* (2018\) and *[Gangubai Kathiawadi](/wiki/Gangubai_Kathiawadi "Gangubai Kathiawadi")* (2022\). [Salim–Javed](/wiki/Salim%E2%80%93Javed "Salim–Javed") were highly influential in [South Indian cinema](/wiki/South_Indian_cinema "South Indian cinema"). In addition to writing two [Kannada films](/wiki/Kannada_cinema "Kannada cinema"), many of their Bollywood films had remakes produced in other regions, including Tamil, Telugu and Malayalam cinema. While the Bollywood directors and producers held the rights to their films in Northern India, Salim–Javed retained the rights in South India, where they sold remake rights for films such as *Zanjeer*, *Yaadon Ki Baarat* and *Don*.{{Cite book \|last1\=Kishore \|first1\=Vikrant \|url\={{google books\|plainurl\=y\|id\=wQLeCwAAQBAJ\|page\=238}} \|title\=Salaam Bollywood: Representations and Interpretations \|last2\=Sarwal \|first2\=Amit \|last3\=Patra \|first3\=Parichay \|date\=2016 \|publisher\=\[\[Routledge]] \|isbn\=9781317232865 \|page\=238 \|language\=en}} Several of these remakes became breakthroughs for actor [Rajinikanth](/wiki/Rajinikanth "Rajinikanth").{{Cite news \|last\=Jha \|first\=Lata \|date\=18 July 2016 \|title\=10 Rajinikanth films that were remakes of Amitabh Bachchan starrers \|work\=\[\[Mint (newspaper)\|Mint]] \|url\=http://www.livemint.com/Consumer/1zecmlLkbhchQlpXOOOsxN/10\-Rajinikanth\-films\-that\-were\-remakes\-of\-Amitabh\-Bachchan\-s.html}} [Sridevi](/wiki/Sridevi "Sridevi") is widely regarded as the first female superstar of Indian cinema due to her pan\-Indian appeal with equally successful careers in [Hindi](/wiki/Bollywood "Bollywood"), [Tamil](/wiki/Tamil_cinema "Tamil cinema"), [Malayalam](/wiki/Malayalam_cinema "Malayalam cinema"), [Kannada](/wiki/Kannada_cinema "Kannada cinema") and [Telugu cinema](/wiki/Telugu_cinema "Telugu cinema"). She is the only Bollywood actor to have starred in a top 10 grossing film each year of her active career (1983–1997\).{{citation needed\|date\=October 2022}} #### Telugu [K. V. Reddy](/wiki/K._V._Reddy "K. V. Reddy")'s *[Mayabazar](/wiki/Mayabazar "Mayabazar")* (1957\) is a landmark film in Indian cinema, a classic of [Telugu cinema](/wiki/Telugu_cinema "Telugu cinema") that inspired generations of filmmakers. It blends myth, fantasy, romance and humour in a timeless story, captivating audiences with its fantastical elements. The film excelled in various departments like cast performances, production design, music, cinematography and is particularly revered for its use of technology.{{Cite web \|date\=30 April 2015 \|title\=Mayabazar (1957\) \|website\=\[\[The Hindu]] \|url\=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday\-review/mayabazar\-1957/article7159111\.ece \|access\-date\=12 March 2024 \|archive\-date\=2 May 2015 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150502053722/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday\-review/mayabazar\-1957/article7159111\.ece \|url\-status\=bot: unknown }}{{Cite web \|date\=9 February 2013 \|title\="1" The Hindu \|website\=\[\[The Hindu]] \|url\=https://www.thehindu.com/todays\-paper/tp\-features/tp\-metroplus/1/article4395126\.ece}} The use of special effects, innovative for the 1950s, like the first illusion of moonlight, showcased technical brilliance.. Powerful performances and relatable themes ensure Mayabazar stays relevant, a classic enjoyed by new generations. On the centenary of Indian cinema in 2013, [CNN\-IBN](/wiki/CNN-IBN "CNN-IBN") included *Mayabazar* in its list of "100 greatest Indian films of all time".{{Cite web \|date\=17 April 2013 \|title\=100 Years of Indian Cinema: The 100 greatest Indian films of all time \|url\=http://ibnlive.in.com/photogallery/13200\-60\.html \|access\-date\=12 March 2024 \|archive\-date\=12 March 2015 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150312062626/http://ibnlive.in.com/photogallery/13200\-60\.html \|url\-status\=dead }} In a poll conducted by CNN\-IBN among those 100 films, *Mayabazar* was voted by the public as the "Greatest Indian film of all time."{{Cite web \|date\=12 May 2013 \|title\=Mayabazar' is India's greatest film ever: IBNLive poll \|url\=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/mayabazar\-is\-indias\-greatest\-film\-ever\-ibnlive\-poll\-608772\.html \|access\-date\=12 March 2024 \|archive\-date\=6 January 2016 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106080737/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/mayabazar\-is\-indias\-greatest\-film\-ever\-ibnlive\-poll\-608772\.html \|url\-status\=bot: unknown }} [K. Viswanath](/wiki/K._Viswanath "K. Viswanath"), one of the prominent auteurs of Indian cinema, he received international recognition for his works, and is known for blending [parallel cinema](/wiki/Parallel_cinema "Parallel cinema") with mainstream cinema. His works such as *[Sankarabharanam](/wiki/Sankarabharanam_%281980_film%29 "Sankarabharanam (1980 film)")* (1980\) about revitalisation of Indian classical music won the "Prize of the Public" at the [Besançon](/wiki/Besan%C3%A7on "Besançon") Film Festival of [France](/wiki/France "France") in the year 1981\.{{cite web\|url\=https://dff.nic.in/images/Documents/88\_29thNfacatalogue.pdf\|title\=K. Viswanath Film craft Page 6 DFF\|access\-date\=1 January 2013}} *[Forbes](/wiki/Forbes_%28India%29 "Forbes (India)")* included [J. V. Somayajulu](/wiki/J._V._Somayajulu "J. V. Somayajulu")'s performance in the film on its list of "25 Greatest Acting Performances of Indian Cinema".{{cite web\|url\=http://forbesindia.com/article/100\-years\-of\-indian\-cinema/25\-greatest\-acting\-performances\-of\-indian\-cinema/35125/0\|title\=25 Greatest Acting Performances of Indian Cinema\|magazine\=\[\[Forbes (India)\|Forbes]]\|first1\=Shishir\|last1\=Prasad\|first2\=N. S.\|last2\=Ramnath\|first3\=Sohini\|last3\=Mitter\|date\=27 April 2013 \|access\-date \= 27 January 2015}} *[Swathi Muthyam](/wiki/Swathi_Muthyam "Swathi Muthyam")* (1986\) was [India's official entry](/wiki/List_of_Indian_submissions_for_the_Academy_Award_for_Best_International_Feature_Film "List of Indian submissions for the Academy Award for Best International Feature Film") to the [59th Academy Awards](/wiki/59th_Academy_Awards "59th Academy Awards"). *[Swarna Kamalam](/wiki/Swarna_Kamalam "Swarna Kamalam")* (1988\) the dance film choreographed by [Kelucharan Mohapatra](/wiki/Kelucharan_Mohapatra "Kelucharan Mohapatra"), and [Sharon Lowen](/wiki/Sharon_Lowen "Sharon Lowen") was featured at the [Ann Arbor Film Festival](/wiki/Ann_Arbor_Film_Festival "Ann Arbor Film Festival"), fetching three [Indian Express Awards](/wiki/Cinema_Express_Awards_-_1988 "Cinema Express Awards - 1988").{{cite web\|url\=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/viral\-and\-trending/020517/dance\-without\-frontiers\-k\-viswanath\-director\-who\-aims\-to\-revive\-classical\-arts.html\|title\=Dance without frontiers: K Viswanath – Director who aims to revive classical arts\|date\=2 May 2017}}{{cite web\|author\=30 June 2011 \- Ranjana Dave \|url\=http://archive.asianage.com/dance/meaning\-movement\-323\|title\=The meaning in movement \|publisher\=The Asian Age \|date\=30 June 2011 \|access\-date\=4 September 2012}} {{multiple image \| align \= right \| image1 \= K. Vishwanath at National Film Awards Function 2017\.jpg \| width1 \= 154 \| alt1 \= \| caption1 \= \| image2 \= RamGopalVarma.jpg \| width2 \= 120 \| alt2 \= \| caption2 \= \| footer \= ''From left to right:'' \[\[K. Viswanath]], \[\[Ram Gopal Varma]], \[\[Singeetam Srinivasa Rao]] and \[\[Chiranjeevi]] \| image3 \= Singeetam srinivasa rao.jpg \| width3 \= 154 \| alt3 \= \| caption3 \= \| image4 \= Chiranjeevi at Amitabh Bachchan's 70th birthday celebration (cropped).jpg \| width4 \= 119 }} [B. Narsing Rao](/wiki/B._Narsing_Rao "B. Narsing Rao"), [K. N. T. Sastry](/wiki/K._N._T._Sastry "K. N. T. Sastry"), and [A. Kutumba Rao](/wiki/Akkineni_Kutumba_Rao "Akkineni Kutumba Rao") garnered international recognition for their works in new\-wave cinema.{{Cite press release \|title\=Arts / Cinema: Conscientious filmmaker \|date\=7 May 2011 \|url\=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article1998948\.ece \|access\-date\=25 August 2012 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110509045951/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article1998948\.ece \|archive\-date\=9 May 2011 \|work\=The Hindu}}{{Cite web \|title\=Tikkavarapu Pattabhirama Reddy – Poet, Film maker of international fame from NelloreOne Nellore \|url\=http://1nellore.com/1849/tikkavarapu\-pattabhirama\-reddy\-poet\-film\-maker\-of\-international\-fame/ \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006102018/http://1nellore.com/1849/tikkavarapu\-pattabhirama\-reddy\-poet\-film\-maker\-of\-international\-fame/ \|archive\-date\=6 October 2014 \|access\-date\=10 October 2014 \|website\=1nellore.com \|publisher\=One Nellore}} Narsing Rao's *[Maa Ooru](/wiki/Maa_Ooru "Maa Ooru")* (1992\) won the "[Media Wave Award](/wiki/Media_Wave_International_Film_Festival "Media Wave International Film Festival")" of Hungary; *[Daasi](/wiki/Daasi_%281988_film%29 "Daasi (1988 film)")* (1988\) and *[Matti Manushulu](/wiki/Matti_Manushulu "Matti Manushulu")* (1990\) won the Diploma of Merit awards at the [16th](/wiki/16th_Moscow_International_Film_Festival "16th Moscow International Film Festival") and [17th](/wiki/17th_Moscow_International_Film_Festival "17th Moscow International Film Festival") [MIFF](/wiki/Moscow_International_Film_Festival "Moscow International Film Festival") respectively.{{Cite web\|url\=http://mwave.irq.hu/index.php?modul\=menupontok\&kod\=18028\&nyelv\=\+/index.php\|title\=MEDIAWAVE ARCHÍVUM (1991\-2022\) :: 1992 :: FILMES DÍJLISTA \- www.mediawave.hu\|website\=mwave.irq.hu}}{{Cite press release \|title\=Narsing Rao's films regale Delhi \|date\=21 December 2008 \|publisher\=webindia123\.com \|url\=http://news.webindia123\.com/news/articles/India/20081221/1134082\.html \|access\-date\=25 August 2012 \|archive\-date\=6 November 2013 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106105835/http://news.webindia123\.com/news/articles/India/20081221/1134082\.html \|url\-status\=dead }}{{Cite web \|title\=Metro Plus Hyderabad / Travel : Unsung moments \|url\=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/03/01/stories/2005030100530300\.htm \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20050305213636/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/03/01/stories/2005030100530300\.htm \|archive\-date\=5 March 2005 \|website\=\[\[The Hindu]]}} Sastry's *[Thilaadanam](/wiki/Thilaadanam "Thilaadanam")* (2000\) received "New Currents Award" at the [7th Busan](/wiki/Busan_International_Film_Festival "Busan International Film Festival");{{Cite web \|title\=Awards \|url\=http://www.biff.kr/Template/Builder/00000001/page.asp?page\_num\=4892 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170620083906/http://biff.kr/Template/Builder/00000001/page.asp?page\_num\=4892 \|archive\-date\=20 June 2017 \|access\-date\=27 June 2017 \|website\=Busan International Film Festival}}{{Cite press release \|title\=How Kamli came alive onscreen \|date\=31 December 2004 \|url\=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/nov/30sastry.htm \|access\-date\=25 August 2012 \|work\=Rediff.com}} Rajnesh Domalpalli's *[Vanaja](/wiki/Vanaja_%28film%29 "Vanaja (film)")* (2006\) won "Best First Feature Award" at the [57th Berlinale](/wiki/57th_Berlin_International_Film_Festival "57th Berlin International Film Festival").{{Cite web \|date\=22 February 2008 \|title\=Vanaja Best First Feature \|url\=https://www.berlinale.de/en/archive/jahresarchive/2007/03\_preistraeger\_2007/03\_preistraeger\_2007\.html \|access\-date\=22 August 2012 \|website\=57th Berlinale}}{{Cite web \|last\=Ebert \|first\=Roger \|title\=The year's ten best films and other shenanigans {{pipe}} Roger Ebert's Journal \|date\=19 December 2012 \|url\=https://www.rogerebert.com/rogers\-journal/the\-years\-ten\-best\-films\-and\-other\-shenanigans \|access\-date\=26 August 2019 \|publisher\=Roger Ebert}} [Ram Gopal Varma](/wiki/Ram_Gopal_Varma "Ram Gopal Varma")'s *[Siva](/wiki/Siva_%281989_Telugu_film%29 "Siva (1989 Telugu film)")* (1989\), which attained [cult following](/wiki/Cult_film "Cult film"){{Cite news \|last\=Raghavan \|first\=Nikhil \|date\=4 October 2010 \|title\=A saga in the making? \|work\=The Hindu \|url\=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/a\-saga\-in\-the\-making/article812802\.ece \|access\-date\=20 April 2016 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420093100/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/a\-saga\-in\-the\-making/article812802\.ece \|archive\-date\=20 April 2016}} introduced [steadicams](/wiki/Steadicam "Steadicam") and new sound recording techniques to Indian films.{{Cite web \|last\=Pasupulate \|first\=Karthik \|date\=29 October 2015 \|title\=Raj Tarun to star in a silent film by RGV \|url\=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Raj\-Tarun\-to\-star\-in\-a\-silent\-film\-by\-RGV/articleshow/49567908\.cms \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160419120901/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Raj\-Tarun\-to\-star\-in\-a\-silent\-film\-by\-RGV/articleshow/49567908\.cms \|archive\-date\=19 April 2016 \|access\-date\=19 April 2016 \|website\=The Times of India}} *Siva* attracted the young audience during its theatrical run, and its success encouraged filmmakers to explore a variety of themes and make experimental films.{{Cite web \|date\=5 October 2014 \|title\=Nagarjuna's Shiva completes 25 years \|url\=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Nagarjunas\-Shiva\-completes\-25\-years/articleshow/44401475\.cms \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160419025043/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Nagarjunas\-Shiva\-completes\-25\-years/articleshow/44401475\.cms \|archive\-date\=19 April 2016 \|access\-date\=19 April 2016 \|website\=The Times of India}} Varma introduced [road movie](/wiki/Road_movie "Road movie") and [film noir](/wiki/Film_noir "Film noir") to Indian screen with *[Kshana Kshanam](/wiki/Kshana_Kshanam "Kshana Kshanam")* (1991\).{{cite web\|url\=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/up\-front/story/20120528\-edouard\-waintrop\-on\-the\-new\-indian\-cinema\-758464\-2012\-05\-18 \|title\=Cannes critic on RGV's film craft at fribourg festival\|date\=18 May 2012 \|publisher\=Indiatoday.in \|access\-date\=21 January 2023}} Varma experimented with close\-to\-life performances by the lead actors, which bought a rather fictional storyline a sense of authenticity at a time when the industry was being filled with commercial fillers.{{Cite news\|last\=Gopalrao\|first\=Griddaluru\|date\=18 October 1991\|title\=చిత్ర సమీక్ష: క్షణ క్షణం\|language\=te\|page\=7\|work\=\[\[Zamin Ryot]]\|url\=http://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/1991/Oct/18\-oct\-1991\.pdf\|access\-date\=21 June 2021\|archive\-date\=13 September 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913133558/http://zaminryot.com/pdf/1991/Oct/18\-oct\-1991\.pdf\|url\-status\=live}} [Singeetam Srinivasa Rao](/wiki/Singeetam_Srinivasa_Rao "Singeetam Srinivasa Rao") introduced [time travel](/wiki/Time_travel "Time travel") to the Indian screen with *[Aditya 369](/wiki/Aditya_369 "Aditya 369")* (1991\). The film dealt with exploratory dystopian and apocalyptic themes, taking the audience through a post\-apocalyptic experience via time travel and folklore from 1526 CE, including a romantic subplot.{{Cite news \|last\=Narasimham \|first\=M. L. \|date\=12 October 2018 \|title\=The story behind the song ' Nerajaanavule' from the movie Aditya 369 \|url\=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/the\-story\-behind\-the\-song\-nerajaanavule\-from\-the\-movie\-aditya\-369/article25201254\.ece \|access\-date\=28 August 2019 \|work\=The Hindu}} Singeetam Srinivasa Rao was inspired by the classic sci\-fi novel *[The Time Machine](/wiki/The_Time_Machine "The Time Machine")*.{{Cite web \|title\=Singeetam Srinivasa Rao Interview: "The Golden Rule Of Cinema Is That There Is No Golden Rule" \|url\=https://silverscreen.in/tamil/features/interviews/singeetam\-srinivasa\-rao\-interview\-golden\-rule\-cinema\-no\-golden\-rule/ \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103175919/https://silverscreen.in/tamil/features/interviews/singeetam\-srinivasa\-rao\-interview\-golden\-rule\-cinema\-no\-golden\-rule/ \|archive\-date\=3 January 2017 \|access\-date\=16 February 2017 \|website\=Silverscreen.in}}{{Cite web \|last\=Srinivasan \|first\=Pavithra \|date\=7 September 2010 \|title\=Singeetham Srinivasa Rao's gems before Christ \|url\=https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide\-show/slide\-show\-1\-south\-interview\-with\-singeetham\-srinivasa\-rao/20100907\.htm \|access\-date\=16 July 2022 \|website\=Rediff.com}}{{Cite news \|title\=Sudeep's excited about film with Ram Gopal Varma \|work\=\[\[The Times of India]] \|url\=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Sudeeps\-excited\-about\-film\-with\-Ram\-Gopal\-Varma/articleshow/18046826\.cms \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102124438/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013\-01\-16/news\-interviews/36373029\_1\_sudeep\-ram\-gopal\-varma\-rgv \|archive\-date\=2 November 2013}} [Chiranjeevi](/wiki/Chiranjeevi "Chiranjeevi")'s works such as the social [drama film](/wiki/Drama_film "Drama film") *[Swayamkrushi](/wiki/Swayamkrushi "Swayamkrushi")* (1987\), [comedy thriller](/wiki/Comedy_thriller "Comedy thriller") *[Chantabbai](/wiki/Chantabbai "Chantabbai")* (1986\), the [vigilante thriller](/wiki/Vigilante_film "Vigilante film") *[Kondaveeti Donga](/wiki/Kondaveeti_Donga "Kondaveeti Donga")* (1990\),{{Cite web \|title\=Kondaveeti Donga (1990\) \|url\=http://www.REPLACE MEEEEEEEE.com/title/tt0246008/fullcredits \|publisher\=IMDb}}{{Dead link\|date\=August 2024}} the [Western thriller](/wiki/Western_genre "Western genre") *[Kodama Simham](/wiki/Kodama_Simham "Kodama Simham")* (1990\), and the [action thriller](/wiki/Action_film "Action film"), *[Gang Leader](/wiki/Gang_Leader "Gang Leader")* (1991\), popularised genre films with the highest estimated cinema footfalls.{{Cite news \|last\=Gopalan \|first\=Krishna \|date\=30 August 2008 \|title\=Southern movie stars \& politics: A long love affair \|work\=\[\[The Economic Times]] \|url\=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid\-3424194\.cms \|access\-date\=19 September 2010}} [Sekhar Kammula](/wiki/Sekhar_Kammula "Sekhar Kammula")'s *[Dollar Dreams](/wiki/Dollar_Dreams_%28film%29 "Dollar Dreams (film)")* (2000\), which explored the conflict between American dreams and human feelings, re\-introduced [social realism](/wiki/Social_realism "Social realism") to Telugu film which had stagnated in formulaic commercialism.{{Cite web \|last\=Gangadhar \|first\=V \|date\=17 July 2000 \|title\=rediff.com, Movies: The Dollar Dreams review \|url\=https://m.rediff.com/movies/2000/jul/17dream.htm \|access\-date\=28 August 2019 \|website\=Rediff.com}} War drama *[Kanche](/wiki/Kanche "Kanche")* (2015, [Krish Jagarlamudi](/wiki/Krish_%28director%29 "Krish (director)")) explored the 1944 Nazi attack on the Indian army in the [Italian campaign](/wiki/Italian_campaign_%28World_War_II%29 "Italian campaign (World War II)") of the Second World War.{{Cite web \|last\=Kalyanam \|first\=Rajeswari \|date\=24 October 2015 \|title\=Breaking new grounds \|url\=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/2015\-10\-24/Breaking\-new\-grounds\-\-182145 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151025164933/http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/2015\-10\-24/Breaking\-new\-grounds\-\-182145 \|archive\-date\=25 October 2015 \|access\-date\=5 February 2016 \|website\=The Hans India}} [thumb\|230x230px\|[S.S Rajamouli](/wiki/S._S._Rajamouli "S. S. Rajamouli") has been described as "the biggest Indian film director ever" and "India's most significant director today".{{Cite web \|last\=Sharma \|first\=Suparna \|date\=30 April 2022 \|title\=Indian director Rajamouli scores a global hit with new film RRR \|url\=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/4/30/indian\-director\-ss\-rajamouli\-rrr\-film\-teluga\-cinema}}{{Cite web \|last\=Dwyer \|first\=Rachel \|date\=1 April 2022 \|title\=Director's Roar \|url\=https://openthemagazine.com/cover\-stories/directors\-roar/}}](/wiki/File:SS_Rajamouli%2C_2021.jpg "SS Rajamouli, 2021.jpg") [Pan\-Indian](/wiki/Pan-Indian_film "Pan-Indian film") film is a term related to Indian cinema that originated with [Telugu cinema](/wiki/Telugu_cinema "Telugu cinema") as a mainstream commercial film appealing to audiences across the country with a spread to world markets.{{Cite web \|date\=3 August 2022 \|title\=The secret of the pan\-Indian success of films from the south: Balancing the local and universal \|url\=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/the\-secret\-of\-the\-pan\-indian\-success\-of\-films\-from\-the\-south\-8068662/}} [S. S. Rajamouli](/wiki/S._S._Rajamouli "S. S. Rajamouli") pioneered the pan\-Indian films movement with duology of epic action films *[Baahubali: The Beginning](/wiki/Baahubali:The_Beginning "The Beginning")* (2015\) and *[Baahubali 2: The Conclusion](/wiki/Baahubali_2:The_Conclusion "The Conclusion")* (2017\), that changed the face of Indian cinema. *Baahubali: The Beginning* became the first Indian film to be nominated for American [Saturn Awards](/wiki/Saturn_Awards "Saturn Awards").{{Cite web \|date\=27 February 2016 \|title\='Baahubali' nominated for Saturn Awards in five categories \|url\=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/baahubali\-nominated\-for\-saturn\-awards\-in\-five\-categories/}} It received national and international acclaim for Rajamouli's direction, story, visual effects, cinematography, themes, action sequences, music, and performances, and became a record\-breaking box office success.{{Cite web \|date\=9 September 2022 \|title\="Baahubali\-the\-beginning" \|website\=\[\[Metacritic]] \|url\=https://www.metacritic.com/movie/baahubali\-the\-beginning/}} The sequel *Baahubali 2* (2017\) went on to win the American "[Saturn Award for Best International Film](/wiki/Saturn_Award_for_Best_International_Film "Saturn Award for Best International Film")" \& emerged as the [second\-highest\-grossing Indian film](/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_Indian_films%23Worldwide_gross_collection "List of highest-grossing Indian films#Worldwide gross collection") of all time.{{Cite magazine \|last\=McNary \|first\=Dave \|date\=27 June 2018 \|title\='Black Panther' Leads Saturn Awards; 'Better Call Saul,' 'Twin Peaks' Top TV Trophies \|url\=https://variety.com/2018/film/news/saturn\-awards\-2018\-black\-panther\-better\-call\-saul\-twin\-peaks\-1202860077/ \|access\-date\=9 January 2019 \|magazine\=\[\[Variety (magazine)\|Variety]]}}{{Cite news \|last\=Sudhir \|first\=TS \|date\=May 2017 \|title\=Is Baahubali 2 a Hindu film? Dissecting religion, folklore, mythology in Rajamouli's epic saga \|url\=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/is\-baahubali\-2\-a\-hindu\-film\-bahubali\-2\-religion\-rajamouli\-3416228\.html \|access\-date\=26 October 2022 \|work\=FirstPost}} S.S Rajamouli followed up with the alternate historical film *[RRR](/wiki/RRR_%28film%29 "RRR (film)")* (2022\) that received universal critical acclaim for its direction, screenwriting, cast performances, cinematography, soundtrack, action sequences and [VFX](/wiki/VFX "VFX"), which further consolidated the Pan\-Indian film market. The film was considered one of the ten best films of the year by the [National Board of Review](/wiki/National_Board_of_Review "National Board of Review"), making it only the seventh non\-English language film ever to make it to the list.{{Cite news \|date\=9 December 2022 \|title\='RRR' Oscar campaign gets a boost: Rajamouli's film named among National Board of Review's 10 best films \|newspaper\=The Economic Times \|url\=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new\-updates/rrr\-oscar\-campaign\-gets\-a\-boost\-rajamoulis\-film\-named\-among\-national\-board\-of\-reviews\-10\-best\-films/articleshow/96109907\.cms}} It also became the first Indian film by an Indian production to win an [Academy Award](/wiki/Academy_Awards "Academy Awards").{{Cite news \|date\=13 March 2023 \|title\=Oscars 2023: RRR's Naatu Naatu wins best original song \|url\=https://www.bbc.com/news/world\-asia\-india\-64935389}} The film went on to receive several other nominations at the [Golden Globe Awards](/wiki/Golden_Globe_Awards "Golden Globe Awards"), [Critics' Choice Movie Award](/wiki/Critics%27_Choice_Movie_Awards "Critics' Choice Movie Awards") including [Best Foreign Language Film](/wiki/Critics%27_Choice_Movie_Award_for_Best_Foreign_Language_Film "Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Foreign Language Film").{{Cite web \|last\=Davis \|first\=Clayton \|date\=12 December 2022 \|title\='RRR' Roars With Golden Globe Noms for Original Song and Non\-English Language Film \|url\=https://variety.com/2022/awards/awards/rrr\-golden\-globes\-nominated\-1235456635/}} Films like *[Pushpa: The Rise](/wiki/Pushpa:The_Rise "The Rise")*, *[Salaar: Part 1 – Ceasefire](/wiki/Salaar:Part_1_%E2%80%93_Ceasefire "Part 1 – Ceasefire")* and *[Kalki 2898 AD](/wiki/Kalki_2898_AD "Kalki 2898 AD")* have further contributed to the pan\-Indian film wave. Actors like [Prabhas](/wiki/Prabhas "Prabhas"), [Allu Arjun](/wiki/Allu_Arjun "Allu Arjun"), [Ram Charan](/wiki/Ram_Charan "Ram Charan") and [N. T. Rama Rao Jr.](/wiki/N._T._Rama_Rao_Jr. "N. T. Rama Rao Jr.") enjoy a nationwide popularity among the audiences after the release of their respective Pan\-Indian films. [Film critics](/wiki/Film_criticism "Film criticism"), journalists and analysts, such as [Baradwaj Rangan](/wiki/Baradwaj_Rangan "Baradwaj Rangan") and Vishal Menon, have labelled Prabhas as the "first legit Pan\-Indian Superstar".{{Cite web \|date\=20 August 2020 \|title\="Is Prabhas India's First Legit PAN Indian Star?'". \|url\=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/telugu\-movies\-is\-prabhas\-indias\-first\-legit\-pan\-indian\-star\-baradwaj\-rangan}} [Hindi cinema](/wiki/Hindi_cinema "Hindi cinema") has been remaking [Telugu](/wiki/Telugu_cinema "Telugu cinema") films since the late 1940s, some of which went on to become landmark films. Between 2000 and 2019, one in every three successful films made in Hindi was either a remake or part of a series. And most of the star actors, have starred in the hit remakes of Telugu films.{{Cite news \|date\=18 February 2023 \|title\=Bollywood's Telugu takeover: 'Shehzada' to 'Jersey', remakes of hit South films \|url\=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/bollywoods\-telugu\-takeover\-shehzada\-to\-jersey\-remakes\-of\-hit\-south\-films/photostory/98038983\.cms?picid\=98039072 \|access\-date\=8 August 2024 \|work\=The Times of India \|issn\=0971\-8257}} #### Tamil Tamil cinema established Madras (now [Chennai](/wiki/Chennai "Chennai")) as a secondary film production centre in India, used by [Hindi cinema](/wiki/Bollywood "Bollywood"), other South Indian film industries, and [Sri Lankan cinema](/wiki/Cinema_of_Sri_Lanka "Cinema of Sri Lanka").{{Cite web \|title\=The Tamil Nadu Entertainments Tax Act, 1939 \|url\=http://www.tnvat.gov.in/English/TN\_ENTERTAINMENT%20TAX\_ACT\_1939\.pdf \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015202926/http://tnvat.gov.in/English/TN\_ENTERTAINMENT%20TAX\_ACT\_1939\.pdf \|archive\-date\=15 October 2011 \|access\-date\=26 September 2011 \|publisher\=Government of Tamil Nadu}} Over the last quarter of the 20th century, Tamil films from India established a global presence through distribution to an increasing number of overseas theatres.{{Cite news \|last\=Pillai \|first\=Sreedhar \|title\=A gold mine around the globe \|language\=en \|work\=\[\[The Hindu]] \|url\=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/tamil\-film\-business\-in\-overseas\-market/article8483410\.ece \|access\-date\=9 March 2017}}{{Cite web \|title\=Eros buys Tamil film distributor \|url\=http://www.business\-standard.com/india/storypage.php?autono\=290977 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903230315/http://www.business\-standard.com/india/storypage.php?autono\=290977 \|archive\-date\=3 September 2011 \|access\-date\=6 October 2011 \|website\=\[\[Business Standard]]}} {{Cite news\|url\=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011\-06\-12/news/29649940\_1\_big\-cinemas\-anil\-arjun\-screens\|title\=With high demand for Indian movies, Big Cinemas goes global\|access\-date\=26 September 2011\|work\=The Times of India\|date\=12 June 2011}}* The industry also inspired independent filmmaking in Sri Lanka and [Tamil diaspora](/wiki/Tamil_diaspora "Tamil diaspora") populations in Malaysia, Singapore, and the [Western Hemisphere](/wiki/Western_Hemisphere "Western Hemisphere").{{Cite news \|title\=Symposium: Sri Lanka's Cultural Experience \|work\=\[\[Frontline (magazine)\|Frontline]] \|location\=Chennai, India \|url\=http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl1604/16040780\.htm \|access\-date\=26 September 2011}} {{Cite news\|url\=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Chennai/article2339090\.ece\|title\=Celebration of shared heritage at Canadian film festival\|work\=\[\[The Hindu]]\|access\-date\=26 September 2011\|location\=Chennai, India\|date\=9 August 2011}} * {{multiple image \| align \= right \| image1 \= Mani Ratnam at the Museum of the Moving Image.jpg \| width1 \= 120 \| alt1 \= \| caption1 \= \| image2 \= Kamal Haasan at 62nd Filmfare Awards south.jpg \| width2 \= 160 \| alt2 \= \| caption2 \= \| footer \= ''From left to right:'' \[\[Mani Ratnam]] (film director), \[\[Kamal Hasan]] and \[\[Rajinikanth]] \| image3 \= Rajinikanth at the Inauguration of MGR Statue 1\.jpg }} *[Marupakkam](/wiki/Marupakkam "Marupakkam")* (1991, [K. S. Sethumadhavan](/wiki/K._S._Sethumadhavan "K. S. Sethumadhavan")) and *[Kanchivaram](/wiki/Kanchivaram "Kanchivaram")* (2007\) each won the [National Film Award for Best Feature Film](/wiki/National_Film_Award_for_Best_Feature_Film "National Film Award for Best Feature Film").{{Cite book \|last\=Baskaran \|first\=Sundararaj Theodore \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=3jBcAgAAQBAJ\&pg\=PT164 \|title\=The Eye Of The Serpent: An Introduction To Tamil Cinema \|publisher\=Westland \|year\=2013 \|isbn\=978\-93\-83260\-74\-4 \|pages\=164–}} Tamil films receive significant patronage in neighbouring Indian states [Kerala](/wiki/Kerala "Kerala"), [Karnataka](/wiki/Karnataka "Karnataka"), [Andhra Pradesh](/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh "Andhra Pradesh"), [Maharashtra](/wiki/Maharashtra "Maharashtra"), Gujarat and New Delhi. In Kerala and Karnataka the films are directly released in Tamil but in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana they are generally dubbed into Telugu.{{Cite web \|last\=Movie Buzz \|date\=14 July 2011 \|title\=Tamil films dominate Andhra market \|url\=http://www.sify.com/movies/tamil\-films\-dominate\-andhra\-market\-news\-tamil\-lhnlKUabgib.html \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716065723/http://www.sify.com/movies/tamil\-films\-dominate\-andhra\-market\-news\-tamil\-lhnlKUabgib.html \|archive\-date\=16 July 2011 \|access\-date\=27 April 2013 \|website\=\[\[Sify]]}}{{Cite news \|date\=29 December 2006 \|title\=A few hits and many flops \|work\=\[\[The Hindu]] \|location\=Chennai, India \|url\=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/12/29/stories/2006122901630100\.htm \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070103213349/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/12/29/stories/2006122901630100\.htm \|archive\-date\=3 January 2007}} Tamil films have had international success for decades. Since *[Chandralekha](/wiki/Chandralekha_%281948_film%29 "Chandralekha (1948 film)")* (1948\), *[Muthu](/wiki/Muthu_%28film%29 "Muthu (film)")* (1995\) was the second Tamil film to be dubbed into Japanese (as *Mutu: Odoru Maharaja*{{Cite web \|title\=Mutu: Odoru Maharaja \|url\=http://ir.minpaku.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/10502/1140/1/SES71\_011\.pdf \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722073202/http://ir.minpaku.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/10502/1140/1/SES71\_011\.pdf \|archive\-date\=22 July 2011 \|access\-date\=12 May 2011}}) and grossed a record $1\.6 million in 1998\.{{Cite news \|last\=Gautaman Bhaskaran \|date\=6 January 2002 \|title\=Rajnikanth casts spell on Japanese viewers \|work\=\[\[The Hindu]] \|url\=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2002/01/06/stories/2002010601320900\.htm \|url\-status\=usurped \|access\-date\=10 May 2007 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070520060231/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2002/01/06/stories/2002010601320900\.htm \|archive\-date\=20 May 2007 }} In 2010, *[Enthiran](/wiki/Enthiran "Enthiran")* grossed a record $4 million in North America.{{Cite web \|date\=11 March 2018 \|title\=Agni Natchathiram \& Kaakha Kaakha {{!}} 12 Unknown facts in Kollywood history! \|url\=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil\-movies/slideshow/15\-unknown\-facts\-in\-kollywood\-history/angi\-natachathiram\-kaakha\-kaakha.html \|access\-date\=13 July 2021 \|website\=Behindwoods}} Tamil\-language films appeared at multiple film festivals. *[Kannathil Muthamittal](/wiki/Kannathil_Muthamittal "Kannathil Muthamittal")* (Ratnam), *[Veyyil](/wiki/Veyil_%282006_film%29 "Veyil (2006 film)")* ([Vasanthabalan](/wiki/Vasanthabalan "Vasanthabalan")) and *[Paruthiveeran](/wiki/Paruthiveeran "Paruthiveeran")* ([Ameer Sultan](/wiki/Ameer_Sultan "Ameer Sultan")), *[Kanchivaram](/wiki/Kanchivaram "Kanchivaram")* ([Priyadarshan](/wiki/Priyadarshan "Priyadarshan")) premiered at the [Toronto International Film Festival](/wiki/Toronto_International_Film_Festival "Toronto International Film Festival"). Tamil films were submitted by India for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film on eight occasions.{{Cite web \|title\=India's Oscar failures (25 Images) \|url\=http://movies.ndtv.com/GalleryDetails.aspx?ID\=3290\&category\=Movies\&picno\=1\&Section\=Bollywood \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120922140550/http://movies.ndtv.com/GalleryDetails.aspx?ID\=3290\&category\=Movies\&picno\=1\&Section\=Bollywood \|archive\-date\=22 September 2012 \|access\-date\=12 May 2011 \|publisher\=Movies.ndtv.com}} Chennai\-based music composer [A. R. Rahaman](/wiki/A._R._Rahman "A. R. Rahman") achieved global recognition with two [Academy Awards](/wiki/Academy_Awards "Academy Awards") and is nicknamed as "Isai Puyal" (musical storm) and "Mozart of Madras". *[Nayakan](/wiki/Nayakan "Nayakan")* (1987, [Kamal Haasan](/wiki/Kamal_Haasan "Kamal Haasan")) was included in [*Time*{{'s}} All\-Time 100 Movies](/wiki/Time%27s_All-Time_100_Movies "Time's All-Time 100 Movies") list.[Nayakan](https://web.archive.org/web/20050525030815/http://www.time.com/time/2005/100movies/0,23220,nayakan,00.html), [All\-Time 100 Best Films](/wiki/Time%27s_All-Time_100_Movies "Time's All-Time 100 Movies"), *[Time](/wiki/Time_%28magazine%29 "Time (magazine)")*, 2005 #### Malayalam [thumbnail\|180px\|[Adoor Gopalakrishnan](/wiki/Adoor_Gopalakrishnan "Adoor Gopalakrishnan")](/wiki/File:Director_of_the_film%E2%80%99Naalu_Pennugal%E2%80%99_Adoor_Gopalkrishnan_addressing_a_press_conference_on_November_29%2C2007_at_IFFI%2C_Panaji%2C_Goa.jpg "Director of the film’Naalu Pennugal’ Adoor Gopalkrishnan addressing a press conference on November 29,2007 at IFFI, Panaji, Goa.jpg") Malayalam cinema experienced its Golden Age during this time with works of filmmakers such as [Adoor Gopalakrishnan](/wiki/Adoor_Gopalakrishnan "Adoor Gopalakrishnan"), [G. Aravindan](/wiki/G._Aravindan "G. Aravindan"), [T. V. Chandran](/wiki/T._V._Chandran "T. V. Chandran") and [Shaji N. Karun](/wiki/Shaji_N._Karun "Shaji N. Karun").{{Cite web \|title\=Cinema History Malayalam Cinema \|url\=http://malayalamcinema.com/Content\-4/CinemaHistory.html \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081223132036/http://malayalamcinema.com/Content\-4/CinemaHistory.html \|archive\-date\=23 December 2008 \|access\-date\=30 December 2008 \|publisher\=Malayalamcinema.com}} Gopalakrishnan is often considered to be Ray's spiritual heir.{{Cite web \|date\=31 July 1997 \|title\=The Movie Interview: Adoor Gopalakrishnan \|url\=http://www.rediff.com/movies/jul/31adoor.htm \|access\-date\=21 May 2009 \|publisher\=\[\[Rediff.com\|Rediff]]}} He directed some of his most acclaimed films during this period, including *[Elippathayam](/wiki/Elippathayam "Elippathayam")* (1981\) which won the [Sutherland Trophy](/wiki/Sutherland_Trophy "Sutherland Trophy") at the [London Film Festival](/wiki/London_Film_Festival "London Film Festival").{{Citation needed\|date\=June 2024}} In 1984 *[My Dear Kuttichathan](/wiki/My_Dear_Kuttichathan "My Dear Kuttichathan")*, directed by Jijo Punnoose under [Navodaya Studio](/wiki/Navodaya_Studio "Navodaya Studio"), was released and it was the first Indian film to be filmed in [3D](/wiki/3D_film "3D film") format. Karun's debut film *[Piravi](/wiki/Piravi "Piravi")* (1989\) won the [Caméra d'Or](/wiki/Cam%C3%A9ra_d%27Or "Caméra d'Or") at [Cannes](/wiki/1989_Cannes_Film_Festival "1989 Cannes Film Festival"), while his second film *[Swaham](/wiki/Swaham "Swaham")* (1994\) was in competition for the [Palme d'Or](/wiki/Palme_d%27Or "Palme d'Or"). *[Vanaprastham](/wiki/Vanaprastham "Vanaprastham")* was screened at the [Un Certain Regard](/wiki/Un_Certain_Regard "Un Certain Regard") section of the Cannes Film Festival.{{Citation needed\|date\=June 2024}} [Murali Nair](/wiki/Murali_Nair "Murali Nair")'s *[Marana Simhasanam](/wiki/Marana_Simhasanam "Marana Simhasanam")* (1999\), inspired by the first execution by [electrocution](/wiki/Electrocution "Electrocution") in India, the film was screened in the [Un Certain Regard](/wiki/Un_Certain_Regard "Un Certain Regard") section at the [1999 Cannes Film Festival](/wiki/1999_Cannes_Film_Festival "1999 Cannes Film Festival") where it won the [Caméra d'Or](/wiki/Cam%C3%A9ra_d%27Or "Caméra d'Or").{{cite web \|url\=http://www.festival\-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/5370/year/1999\.html \|title\=Festival de Cannes: Throne of Death \|access\-date\=10 October 2009\|work\=festival\-cannes.com}}{{cite web\|url\=https://m.rediff.com/movies/1999/jul/08mur.htm \|title\=Rediff On The NeT, Movies: An interview with Murali Nair \|publisher\=M.rediff.com \|date\=8 July 1999 \|access\-date\=26 August 2019}} The film received special reception at the [British Film Institute](/wiki/British_Film_Institute "British Film Institute").{{cite news\|url\=https://www.bfi.org.uk/films\-tv\-people/4ce2b82b6db57 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190826075649/https://www.bfi.org.uk/films\-tv\-people/4ce2b82b6db57 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=26 August 2019 \|title\=Marana Simhasanam (1999\) \|newspaper\=BFI \|access\-date\=26 August 2019}}{{cite web\|author\=site admin \|url\=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society\-the\-arts/films/story/19990607\-london\-based\-indian\-filmmaker\-murali\-nair\-wins\-coveted\-best\-first\-film\-award\-at\-cannes\-781050\-1999\-06\-07 \|title\=Golden windfall \- Society \& The Arts News \- Issue Date: Jun 7, 1999 \|publisher\=Indiatoday.in \|date\=7 June 1999 \|access\-date\=26 August 2019}} [Fazil](/wiki/Fazil_%28director%29 "Fazil (director)")'s *[Manichitrathazhu](/wiki/Manichitrathazhu "Manichitrathazhu")* (1993\), scripted by [Madhu Muttam](/wiki/Madhu_Muttam "Madhu Muttam"), is inspired by a tragedy that happened in an [Ezhava](/wiki/Ezhava "Ezhava") *[tharavad](/wiki/Tharavad "Tharavad")* of [Alummoottil](/wiki/Alummoottil "Alummoottil") meda' (an old traditional house) located at Muttom, Alappuzha district, with a central [Travancore](/wiki/Travancore "Travancore") [Channar](/wiki/Ezhava "Ezhava") family, in the 19th century.{{Cite book \|last1\=Osella \|first1\=Filippo \|url\={{GBurl\|rMRw0gTZSJwC\|p\=264}} \|title\=Social Mobility in Kerala: Modernity and Identity in Conflict \|last2\=Osella \|first2\=Caroline \|publisher\=Pluto Press \|year\=2000 \|isbn\=0\-7453\-1693\-X \|page\=264}} It was remade in four languages – in [Kannada](/wiki/Kannada "Kannada") as *[Apthamitra](/wiki/Apthamitra "Apthamitra")*, in [Tamil](/wiki/Tamil_language "Tamil language") as *[Chandramukhi](/wiki/Chandramukhi "Chandramukhi")* , in [Bengali](/wiki/Bengali_language "Bengali language") as *[Rajmohol](/wiki/Rajmohol "Rajmohol")* and in [Hindi](/wiki/Hindi "Hindi") as *[Bhool Bhulaiyaa](/wiki/Bhool_Bhulaiyaa "Bhool Bhulaiyaa")* – all being commercially successful.{{Cite news\|title\=Shobana reminisces on impact of Manichitrathazhu on film's "27 birthday" \|url\=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/shobana\-reminisces\-on\-impact\-of\-manichitrathazhu\-on\-films\-27\-birthday/articleshow/79880037\.cms\|access\-date\=8 July 2021\|website\=The Times of India\|language\=en\|last1\=Mathews \|first1\=Anna }} [Jeethu Joseph](/wiki/Jeethu_Joseph "Jeethu Joseph")'s *[Drishyam](/wiki/Drishyam "Drishyam")* (2013\) was remade into four other Indian languages: *[Drishya](/wiki/Drishya "Drishya")* (2014\) in [Kannada](/wiki/Kannada "Kannada"), *[Drushyam](/wiki/Drushyam "Drushyam")* (2014\) in [Telugu](/wiki/Telugu_language "Telugu language"), *[Papanasam](/wiki/Papanasam_%28film%29 "Papanasam (film)")* (2015\) in [Tamil](/wiki/Tamil_language "Tamil language") and *[Drishyam](/wiki/Drishyam_%282015_film%29 "Drishyam (2015 film)")* (2015\) in [Hindi](/wiki/Hindi "Hindi"). Internationally, it was remade in [Sinhala](/wiki/Sinhala_language "Sinhala language") language as *[Dharmayuddhaya](/wiki/Dharmayuddhaya "Dharmayuddhaya")* (2017\) and in [Chinese](/wiki/Chinese_language "Chinese language") as *[Sheep Without a Shepherd](/wiki/Sheep_Without_a_Shepherd "Sheep Without a Shepherd")* (2019\), and also in [Indonesian](/wiki/Indonesian_language "Indonesian language").{{Cite web \|date\=22 January 2020 \|title\=Wu Sha: The Chinese remake of Mohanlal starrer Drishyam is minting moolah \|url\=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/mohanlal\-drishyam\-chinese\-remake\-box\-office\-6228054/ \|website\=The Indian Express}}{{cite tweet\|number\=1438519432154730500\|user\=antonypbvr\|title\=ഇൻഡോനേഷ്യൻ ഭാഷയിലേക്ക് റീമേക്ക് ചെയ്യുന്ന ആദ്യ മലയാള ചിത്രമായി 'ദൃശ്യം' മാറിയ വിവരം സന്തോഷപൂർവം അറിയിക്കുന്നു. ജ...\|date\=16 September 2021}}{{Cite news \|title\=Mohanlal's 'Drishyam' to be remade in Indonesian \|work\=\[\[The Times of India]] \|url\=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/big\-update\-mohanlal\-jeethu\-josephs\-drishyam\-to\-get\-an\-indonesian\-remake/articleshow/86284816\.cms}} #### Kannada {{multiple image \| align \= right \| image1 \= GIRISH KASARAVALLI AT IFFK 2021 6\.jpg \| width1 \= 120 \| alt1 \= \| caption1 \= \| image2 \= Girish Karnad Screening Cornell.JPG \| width2 \= 135 \| alt2 \= \| caption2 \= \| footer \= \[\[Girish Kasaravalli]] (left) and \[\[Girish Karnad]] (right) }} Ethnographic works took prominence such as [B. V. Karanth](/wiki/B._V._Karanth "B. V. Karanth")'s *[Chomana Dudi](/wiki/Chomana_Dudi "Chomana Dudi")* (1975\), (based on *Chomana Dudi* by [Shivaram Karanth](/wiki/Shivaram_Karanth "Shivaram Karanth")), [Girish Karnad](/wiki/Girish_Karnad "Girish Karnad")'s *[Kaadu](/wiki/Kaadu_%281973_Kannada_film%29 "Kaadu (1973 Kannada film)")* (1973\), (based on *Kaadu* by [Srikrishna Alanahalli](/wiki/Srikrishna_Alanahalli "Srikrishna Alanahalli")), [Pattabhirama Reddy](/wiki/Tikkavarapu_Pattabhirama_Reddy "Tikkavarapu Pattabhirama Reddy")'s *[Samskara](/wiki/Samskara_%28film%29 "Samskara (film)")* (1970\) (based on *Samskara* by [U. R. Ananthamurthy](/wiki/U._R._Ananthamurthy "U. R. Ananthamurthy")), fetching the Bronze Leopard at [Locarno International Film Festival](/wiki/Locarno_International_Film_Festival "Locarno International Film Festival"),{{Cite web \|title\=Tikkavarapu Pattabhirama Reddy – Poet, Film maker of international fame from Nellore \|url\=http://1nellore.com/1849/tikkavarapu\-pattabhirama\-reddy\-poet\-film\-maker\-of\-international\-fame/ \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006102018/http://1nellore.com/1849/tikkavarapu\-pattabhirama\-reddy\-poet\-film\-maker\-of\-international\-fame/ \|archive\-date\=6 October 2014 \|access\-date\=26 January 2016}} and [T. S. Nagabharana](/wiki/T._S._Nagabharana "T. S. Nagabharana")'s [Mysuru Mallige](/wiki/Mysore_Mallige_%28film%29 "Mysore Mallige (film)") (based on the works of poet [K. S. Narasimhaswamy](/wiki/K._S._Narasimhaswamy "K. S. Narasimhaswamy")).{{Cite web \|title\=TS Nagabharana movies list \|url\=http://www.bharatmovies.com/director/ts\-nagabharana\-movies.htm \|access\-date\=4 November 2016 \|website\=bharatmovies.com}} [Girish Kasaravalli](/wiki/Girish_Kasaravalli "Girish Kasaravalli")'s *[Ghatashraddha](/wiki/Ghatashraddha "Ghatashraddha")* (1977\), won the Ducats Award at the Manneham Film Festival Germany,{{Cite web \|title\=Asiatic Film Mediale \|url\=http://www.asiaticafilmmediale.it/2002/uk/intro.html \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081116041627/http://www.asiaticafilmmediale.it/2002/uk/intro.html \|archive\-date\=16 November 2008 \|publisher\=asiaticafilmmediale.it }} *[Dweepa](/wiki/Dweepa "Dweepa")* (2002\), made to Best Film at [Moscow International Film Festival](/wiki/Moscow_International_Film_Festival "Moscow International Film Festival"),{{Cite news \|date\=25 April 2011 \|title\=Girish Kasaravalli to be felicitated \|work\=\[\[The Hindu]] \|url\=http://www.thehindu.com/todays\-paper/tp\-national/tp\-karnataka/girish\-kasaravalli\-to\-be\-felicitated/article1765035\.ece \|access\-date\=25 March 2014}}{{Cite web \|date\=25 October 2002 \|title\=A genius of theatre \|url\=http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1920/stories/20021011005912100\.htm \|access\-date\=14 March 2009 \|website\=The Frontline \|archive\-date\=6 December 2008 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206090143/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1920/stories/20021011005912100\.htm \|url\-status\=dead }} [Prashanth Neel](/wiki/Prashanth_Neel "Prashanth Neel")'s *[K.G.F](/wiki/K.G.F_%28film_series%29 "K.G.F (film series)")* (2018, 2022\) is a [period](/wiki/Period_film "Period film") [action](/wiki/Action_film "Action film") series based on the [Kolar Gold Fields](/wiki/Kolar_Gold_Fields "Kolar Gold Fields").{{Cite news \|title\=The story of KGF is fresh and special for Indian cinema: Yash \|url\=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2018/dec/05/no\-technology\-can\-replace\-the\-theatrical\-experience\-1907707\.html \|access\-date\=12 September 2022 \|newspaper\=The New Indian Express \| first\=Shilajit \| last\=Mitra \| date\=5 December 2018 }} Set in the late 1970s and early 1980s the series follows Raja Krishnappa Bairya aka Rocky ([Yash](/wiki/Yash_%28actor%29 "Yash (actor)")), a Mumbai\-based high ranking [mercenary](/wiki/Contract_killing "Contract killing") born in poverty, to his rise to power in the Kolar Gold Fields and the subsequent uprising as one of the biggest gangster and businessman at that time.{{cite web \| url\=https://telugu.news18\.com/news/movies/yash\-prashanth\-neel\-kgf\-chapter\-2\-total\-world\-wide\-box\-office\-closing\-collections\-ta\-1327904\.html \| title\=KGF Chapter 2 Closing Collections : యశ్ కేజీఎఫ్ ఛాప్టర్ 2 క్లోజింగ్ కలెక్షన్స్.. ఎన్ని వందల కోట్ల లాభం అంటే \| date\=9 June 2022 }}{{cite web \|title\=Yash's KGF: Chapter 2 makes multiple records in Canada \|url\=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/gallery/entertainment/yash\-kgf\-chapter\-2\-makes\-multiple\-records\-in\-canada\-drb\-rcfwqh \|access\-date\=29 May 2022 \|website\=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd \|language\=en}} The film gathered cult following becoming the [highest\-grossing Kannada film](/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_Kannada_films "List of highest-grossing Kannada films").{{citation\|title\=Yash's film KGF: Chapter 1 made more than Rs 250 crore at the box office worldwide and became a magnum\-opus. Now, the makers are busy with pre\-production work of KGF: Chapter 2\.\|date\=9 February 2019\|url\=https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/movies/regional\-cinema/story/yash\-reveals\-he\-has\-approached\-sanjay\-dutt\-for\-kgf\-chapter\-2\-1452187\-2019\-02\-09\|work\=indiatoday}} [Rishab Shetty](/wiki/Rishab_Shetty "Rishab Shetty")'s *[Kantara](/wiki/Kantara_%28film%29 "Kantara (film)")* (2022\), received acclaim for showcasing the [Bhoota Kola](/wiki/Buta_Kola "Buta Kola"), a native [Ceremonial dance](/wiki/Ceremonial_dance "Ceremonial dance") performance prevalent among the [Hindus](/wiki/Hindus "Hindus") of coastal Karnataka.{{cite news \|title\=Kantara Twitter review: Celebs and netizens hail Rishab Shetty's film as a masterpiece \|url\=https://www.ottplay.com/news/kantara\-twitter\-review\-celebs\-and\-netizens\-hail\-rishab\-shettys\-film\-as\-a\-masterpiece/a62eac765e36\.html \|access\-date\=30 September 2022 \|work\=Ottplay \|language\=en }}{{Dead link\|date\=May 2023 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }} #### Marathi [Marathi cinema](/wiki/Marathi_cinema "Marathi cinema") also known as Marathi film industry, is a film industry based in [Mumbai](/wiki/Mumbai "Mumbai"), [Maharashtra](/wiki/Maharashtra "Maharashtra"). It is the oldest film industry of India. The first Marathi movie, *Raja Harishchandra* of Dadasaheb Phalke was made in 1912, released in 1913 in [Girgaon](/wiki/Girgaon "Girgaon"), it was a silent film with [Marathi](/wiki/Marathi_language "Marathi language")\-English [intertitles](/wiki/Intertitle "Intertitle") made with full Marathi actors and crew, after the film emerged successful, Phalke made many movies on Hindu mythology. In 1932, the first [sound film](/wiki/Sound_film "Sound film"), [Ayodhyecha Raja](/wiki/Ayodhyecha_Raja "Ayodhyecha Raja") was released, just five years after 1st Hollywood sound film *[The Jazz Singer](/wiki/The_Jazz_Singer "The Jazz Singer")* (1927\). The first Marathi film in colour, *[Pinjara](/wiki/Pinjara_%28film%29 "Pinjara (film)")* (1972\), was made by [V. Shantaram](/wiki/V._Shantaram "V. Shantaram"). In 1960s{{En dash}}70s movies was based on rural, social subjects with drama and humour genre, [Nilu Phule](/wiki/Nilu_Phule "Nilu Phule") was prominent villain that time. In 1980s, M. Kothare and [Sachin Pilgaonkar](/wiki/Sachin_Pilgaonkar_%28actor%29 "Sachin Pilgaonkar (actor)") made many hit movies on thriller, and comedy genre respectively. [Ashok Saraf](/wiki/Ashok_Saraf "Ashok Saraf") and [Laxmikant Berde](/wiki/Laxmikant_Berde "Laxmikant Berde") starred in many of these and emerged as top actors. Mid\-2000s onwards, the industry frequently made hit movies.
[ "History\n-------", "The history of cinema in India extends to the beginning of the film era. Following the screening of the [Lumière](/wiki/Auguste_and_Louis_Lumi%C3%A8re \"Auguste and Louis Lumière\") and Robert Paul moving pictures in London in 1896, commercial [cinematography](/wiki/Cinematography \"Cinematography\") became a worldwide sensation and these films were shown in Bombay (now [Mumbai](/wiki/Mumbai \"Mumbai\")) that same year.Burra \\& Rao, 252", "### Silent era (1890s–1920s)", "In 1897, a film presentation by filmmaker Professor Stevenson featured a stage show at Calcutta's Star Theatre. With Stevenson's camera and encouragement, Indian photographer [Hiralal Sen](/wiki/Hiralal_Sen \"Hiralal Sen\") filmed scenes from that show, exhibited as *The Flower of Persia* (1898\\).{{Cite web \\|last\\=McKernan \\|first\\=Luke \\|date\\=31 December 1996 \\|title\\=Hiralal Sen (copyright British Film Institute) \\|url\\=http://www.victorian\\-cinema.net/sen.htm \\|access\\-date\\=1 November 2006}} *The Wrestlers* (1899\\), by [H. S. Bhatavdekar](/wiki/H._S._Bhatavdekar \"H. S. Bhatavdekar\"), showing a wrestling match at the Hanging Gardens in Bombay, was the first film to be shot by an Indian and the first Indian documentary film.{{citation needed\\|date\\=October 2022}} From 1913 to 1931, all the movies made in India were [silent films](/wiki/Silent_film \"Silent film\"), which had no sound and had [intertitles](/wiki/Intertitle \"Intertitle\").{{cite magazine \\|title\\=First Indian talkie film Alam Ara was released on this day: Top silent era films \\|url\\=https://www.indiatoday.in/education\\-today/gk\\-current\\-affairs/story/silent\\-films\\-311163\\-2016\\-03\\-14 \\|access\\-date\\=7 August 2023 \\|magazine\\=India Today \\|date\\=14 March 2017 \\|language\\=en}}", "| History of Indian cinema |\n| --- |\n| File:PundalikAd.jpg\\|Newspaper ad for ''\\[\\[Shree Pundalik]]'' File:Raja Harishchandra.jpg\\|A scene from ''\\[\\[Raja Harishchandra]]'' |\n| File:Phalke.jpg\\|\\[\\[Dadasaheb Phalke]], {{circa\\|1930s}}\\<ref name\\=\"thecolorsofindia1\" /\\>\\<ref name\\=\"google1\" /\\>\\<ref name\\=\"indiatimes1\" /\\>\\<ref name\\=\"vilanilam128\" /\\> File:AVM Studios Globe.jpg\\|\\[\\[AVM Productions\\|AVM Studios]] globe |\n| |", "In 1913, [Dadasaheb Phalke](/wiki/Dadasaheb_Phalke \"Dadasaheb Phalke\") released *[Raja Harishchandra](/wiki/Raja_Harishchandra \"Raja Harishchandra\")* (1913\\) in Bombay, the first film made in India. It was a silent film incorporating [Marathi](/wiki/Marathi_language \"Marathi language\") and English intertitles.{{cite news \\|last1\\=Bose \\|first1\\=Ishani \\|title\\=Dadasaheb Torne, not Dadasaheb Phalke, was pioneer of Indian Cinema \\|url\\=https://www.dnaindia.com/pune/report\\-dadasaheb\\-torne\\-not\\-dadasaheb\\-phalke\\-was\\-pioneer\\-of\\-indian\\-cinema\\-1826721 \\|access\\-date\\=7 August 2023 \\|work\\=DNA \\|date\\=21 November 2013 \\|language\\=en}} It was premiered in [Coronation cinema](/wiki/Coronation_Cinematograph_and_Variety_Hall \"Coronation Cinematograph and Variety Hall\") in [Girgaon](/wiki/Girgaon \"Girgaon\").", "Although some claim *[Shree Pundalik](/wiki/Shree_Pundalik \"Shree Pundalik\")* (1912\\) of [Dadasaheb Torne](/wiki/Dadasaheb_Torne \"Dadasaheb Torne\") is the first ever film made in India.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Kadam \\|first\\=Kumar \\|date\\=24 April 2012 \\|title\\=दादासाहेब तोरणेंचे विस्मरण नको! \\|url\\=http://author.blogs.maharashtratimes.com/kokan/entry/%E0%A4%A6\\-%E0%A4%A6\\-%E0%A4%B8\\-%E0%A4%B9\\-%E0%A4%AC \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131008190417/http://author.blogs.maharashtratimes.com/kokan/entry/%E0%A4%A6\\-%E0%A4%A6\\-%E0%A4%B8\\-%E0%A4%B9\\-%E0%A4%AC \\|archive\\-date\\=8 October 2013 \\|website\\=\\[\\[Maharashtra Times]] }}{{Cite web \\|last\\=Raghavendara \\|first\\=MK \\|date\\=5 May 2012 \\|title\\=What a journey \\|url\\=http://www.dailypioneer.com/home/online\\-channel/top\\-story/62942\\-what\\-a\\-journey.html}}Burra \\& Rao, 253 Some film scholars have argued that *Pundalik* was not a true Indian film because it was simply a recording of a stage play, filmed by a British cameraman and it was processed in London.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Damle \\|first\\=Manjiri \\|date\\=21 April 2012 \\|title\\=Torne's 'Pundlik' came first, but missed honour \\|work\\=The Times of India \\|url\\=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Tornes\\-Pundlik\\-came\\-first\\-but\\-missed\\-honour/articleshow/12760794\\.cms \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530104400/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012\\-04\\-21/pune/31378416\\_1\\_english\\-films\\-subtitles\\-bourne \\|archive\\-date\\=30 May 2013}}{{Cite web \\|last\\=Mishra \\|first\\=Garima \\|date\\=3 May 2012 \\|title\\=Bid to get Pundalik recognition as first Indian feature film \\|url\\=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/bid\\-to\\-get\\-pundalik\\-recognition\\-as\\-first\\-indian\\-feature\\-film/944727/}} *Raja Harishchandra* of Phalke had a story based on Hindu [Sanskrit](/wiki/Sanskrit \"Sanskrit\") legend of [Harishchandra](/wiki/Harishchandra \"Harishchandra\"), a truthful King and its success led many to consider him a pioneer of Indian cinema. Phalke used an all Indian crew including actors [Anna Salunke](/wiki/Anna_Salunke \"Anna Salunke\") and [D. D. Dabke](/wiki/D._D._Dabke \"D. D. Dabke\"). He directed, edited, [processed](/wiki/Film_developing \"Film developing\") the film himself. Phalke saw *The Life of Christ* (1906\\) by the French director [Alice Guy\\-Blaché](/wiki/Alice_Guy-Blach%C3%A9 \"Alice Guy-Blaché\"), While watching Jesus on the screen, Phalke envisioned Hindu deities [Rama](/wiki/Rama \"Rama\") and [Krishna](/wiki/Krishna \"Krishna\") instead and decided to start in the business of \"moving pictures\".{{cite book\\|first\\=B. V.\\|last\\=Dharap\\|title\\=Indian films\\|year\\=1985\\|publisher\\=National Film Archive of India\\|pages\\=35}}", "In [South India](/wiki/South_India \"South India\"), film pioneer [Raghupathi Venkaiah Naidu](/wiki/Raghupathi_Venkaiah_Naidu \"Raghupathi Venkaiah Naidu\"), credited as the father of [Telugu cinema](/wiki/Telugu_cinema \"Telugu cinema\"), built the first cinemas in Madras (now [Chennai](/wiki/Chennai \"Chennai\")), and a [film studio](/wiki/Film_studio \"Film studio\") was established in the city by Nataraja Mudaliar.{{Cite news \\|date\\=9 February 2007 \\|title\\=Nijam cheppamantara, abaddham cheppamantara... \\|url\\=https://www.thehindu.com/todays\\-paper/tp\\-features/tp\\-fridayreview/nijam\\-cheppamantara\\-abaddham\\-cheppamantara/article2271444\\.ece \\|access\\-date\\=7 January 2020 \\|work\\=The Hindu \\|via\\=www.thehindu.com}}{{Cite book \\|last\\=Velayutham \\|first\\=Selvaraj \\|url\\={{google books\\|plainurl\\=y\\|id\\=65Aqrna4o5oCTamil}} \\|title\\=Tamil cinema: the cultural politics of India's other film industry \\|page\\=2}}{{Dead link\\|date\\=December 2023\\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot\\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes}}{{Cite news \\|last\\=Muthiah \\|first\\=S. \\|date\\=7 September 2009 \\|title\\=The pioneer 'Tamil' film\\-maker \\|url\\=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2009/09/07/stories/2009090750790300\\.htm \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090912035730/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2009/09/07/stories/2009090750790300\\.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=12 September 2009 \\|access\\-date\\=21 April 2014 \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Hindu]]}} In 1921, Naidu produced the silent film, *[Bhishma Pratigna](/wiki/Bhishma_Pratigna_%281921_film%29 \"Bhishma Pratigna (1921 film)\")*, generally considered to be the first Telugu [feature film](/wiki/Feature_film \"Feature film\").{{Cite book \\|last1\\=Thoraval \\|first1\\=Yves \\|title\\=The cinemas of India \\|last2\\=Thoraval \\|first2\\=Yves \\|date\\=2007 \\|publisher\\=Macmillan India \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-333\\-93410\\-4 \\|edition\\=Repr \\|location\\=Delhi}}", "The first [Tamil](/wiki/Tamil_cinema \"Tamil cinema\") and [Malayalam films](/wiki/Malayalam_cinema \"Malayalam cinema\"), also silent films, were *[Keechaka Vadham](/wiki/Keechaka_Vadham \"Keechaka Vadham\")* (1917–1918, [R. Nataraja Mudaliar](/wiki/R._Nataraja_Mudaliar \"R. Nataraja Mudaliar\")){{Cite news \\|date\\=7 September 2009 \\|title\\=Metro Plus Chennai / Madras Miscellany: The pioneer 'Tamil' film\\-maker \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Hindu]] \\|location\\=Chennai, India \\|url\\=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2009/09/07/stories/2009090750790300\\.htm \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|access\\-date\\=29 June 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090912035730/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2009/09/07/stories/2009090750790300\\.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=12 September 2009}} and *[Vigathakumaran](/wiki/Vigathakumaran \"Vigathakumaran\")* (1928, [J. C. Daniel Nadar](/wiki/J._C._Daniel \"J. C. Daniel\")). The latter was the first Indian social drama film and featured the first [Dalit](/wiki/Dalit \"Dalit\")\\-caste film actress.{{citation needed\\|date\\=October 2022}}", "The first chain of Indian cinemas, [Madan Theatre](/wiki/Madan_Theatre \"Madan Theatre\"), was owned by [Parsi](/wiki/Parsis \"Parsis\") entrepreneur [Jamshedji Framji Madan](/wiki/Jamshedji_Framji_Madan \"Jamshedji Framji Madan\"), who oversaw the production and distribution of films for the chain. These included film adaptations from Bengal's popular literature and *[Satyawadi Raja Harishchandra](/wiki/Satyawadi_Raja_Harishchandra \"Satyawadi Raja Harishchandra\")* (1917\\), a remake of Phalke's influential film.{{citation needed\\|date\\=October 2022}}", "Films steadily gained popularity across India as affordable entertainment for the masses (admission as low as an *anna* \\[one\\-sixteenth of a rupee] in Bombay). Young producers began to incorporate elements of Indian social life and culture into cinema, others brought new ideas from across the world. Global audiences and markets soon became aware of India's film industry.Burra \\& Rao, 252–253", "In 1927, the British government, to promote the market in India for British films over American ones, formed the [Indian Cinematograph Enquiry Committee](/wiki/Indian_Cinematograph_Committee \"Indian Cinematograph Committee\"). The ICC consisted of three British and three Indians, led by [T. Rangachari](/wiki/T._Rangachari \"T. Rangachari\"), a Madras lawyer.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Purohit \\|first\\=Vinayak \\|url\\={{google books\\|plainurl\\=y\\|id\\=ae1Zrmz6ETwC\\|page\\=986}} \\|title\\=Arts of transitional India twentieth century, Volume 1 \\|publisher\\=Popular Prakashan \\|year\\=1988 \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-86132\\-138\\-4 \\|page\\=985 \\|access\\-date\\=16 December 2011}} This committee failed to bolster the desired recommendations of supporting British Film, instead recommending support for the fledgling Indian film industry, and their suggestions were set aside.", "### Sound era", "The first Indian [sound film](/wiki/Sound_film \"Sound film\") was *[Alam Ara](/wiki/Alam_Ara \"Alam Ara\")* (1931\\) made by [Ardeshir Irani](/wiki/Ardeshir_Irani \"Ardeshir Irani\"). *[Ayodhyecha Raja](/wiki/Ayodhyecha_Raja \"Ayodhyecha Raja\")* (1932\\) was the first sound film of [Marathi cinema](/wiki/Marathi_cinema \"Marathi cinema\"). Irani also produced South India's first sound film, the Tamil–Telugu bilingual talking picture *[Kalidas](/wiki/Kalidas \"Kalidas\")* (1931, [H. M. Reddy](/wiki/H.%C2%A0M._Reddy \"H. M. Reddy\")).\\[Narayanan, Arandhai (2008\\) (in Tamil) Arambakala Tamil Cinema (1931–1941\\). Chennai: Vijaya Publications. pp. 10–11\\. ISBN].", "The first [Telugu](/wiki/Telugu_cinema \"Telugu cinema\") film with audible dialogue, *[Bhakta Prahlada](/wiki/Bhakta_Prahlada_%281932_film%29 \"Bhakta Prahlada (1932 film)\")* (1932\\), was directed by [H. M. Reddy](/wiki/H._M._Reddy \"H. M. Reddy\"), who directed the first bilingual (Telugu and Tamil) talkie [Kalidas](/wiki/Kalidas_%28film%29 \"Kalidas (film)\") (1931\\).{{Cite web \\|date\\=6 February 2017 \\|title\\=Tollywood turns 85: With the release of Bhakta Prahlada, this is how the industry was born \\|url\\=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/tollywood\\-turns\\-85\\-with\\-the\\-release\\-of\\-bhakta\\-prahlada\\-this\\-is\\-how\\-the\\-industry\\-was\\-born\\-4511000/}} [East India Film Company](/wiki/East_India_Film_Company \"East India Film Company\") produced its first Telugu film, *[Savitri](/wiki/Savitri_%281933_film%29 \"Savitri (1933 film)\")* (1933, [C. Pullayya](/wiki/C._Pullayya \"C. Pullayya\")), adapted from a stage play by Mylavaram Bala Bharathi Samajam.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Narasimham \\|first\\=M. L. \\|date\\=7 November 2010 \\|title\\=SATI SAVITHRI (1933\\) \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Hindu]] \\|url\\=http://www.thehindu.com/todays\\-paper/tp\\-features/tp\\-cinemaplus/article871376\\.ece \\|access\\-date\\=8 July 2011}} The film received an honorary diploma at the [2nd Venice International Film Festival](/wiki/2nd_Venice_International_Film_Festival \"2nd Venice International Film Festival\").{{Cite book \\|last\\=Bhagwan Das Garg \\|url\\={{google books\\|plainurl\\=y\\|id\\=wXRZAAAAMAAJ}} \\|title\\=So many cinemas: the motion picture in India \\|publisher\\=Eminence Designs \\|year\\=1996 \\|isbn\\=81\\-900602\\-1\\-X \\|page\\=86}} [Chittoor Nagayya](/wiki/V._Nagayya \"V. Nagayya\") was one of the first multilingual filmmakers in India.{{Cite news \\|date\\=8 April 2005 \\|title\\=Nagaiah – noble, humble and kind\\-hearted \\|url\\=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/04/08/stories/2005040800220400\\.htm \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20051125162147/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/04/08/stories/2005040800220400\\.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=25 November 2005 \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Hindu]] \\|location\\=Chennai, India}}{{Cite web \\|date\\=6 May 2011 \\|title\\=Paul Muni of India – Chittoor V. Nagayya \\|url\\=http://bharatjanani.com/paul\\-muni\\-of\\-india\\-chittoor\\-v\\-nagayya/ \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326135647/http://bharatjanani.com/paul\\-muni\\-of\\-india\\-chittoor\\-v\\-nagayya/ \\|archive\\-date\\=26 March 2012 \\|access\\-date\\=21 September 2011 \\|publisher\\=Bharatjanani.com}}", "*Jumai Shasthi* was the first Bengali [short film](/wiki/Short_film \"Short film\") as a [talkie](/wiki/Talkie \"Talkie\").{{cite book \\|last\\=Gokulsing \\|first\\=K. \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=\\_plssuFIar8C\\&q\\=Ayodhyecha\\+Raja\\+1932\\&pg\\=PA24 \\|title\\=Indian popular cinema: a narrative of cultural change \\|author2\\=\\[\\[Wimal Dissanayake]] \\|publisher\\=Trentham Books \\|year\\=2004 \\|isbn\\=1\\-85856\\-329\\-1 \\|page\\=24}}", "[Jyoti Prasad Agarwala](/wiki/Jyoti_Prasad_Agarwala \"Jyoti Prasad Agarwala\") made his first film *[Joymoti](/wiki/Joymoti_%281935_film%29 \"Joymoti (1935 film)\")* (1935\\) in Assamese, and later made *[Indramalati](/wiki/Indramalati \"Indramalati\")*.{{citation needed\\|date\\=October 2022}} The first film studio in South India, Durga Cinetone, was built in 1936 by Nidamarthi Surayya in [Rajahmundry](/wiki/Rajahmundry \"Rajahmundry\"), Andhra Pradesh.{{Cite news \\|date\\=6 May 2005 \\|title\\=The Hindu News \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Hindu]] \\|url\\=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/05/06/stories/2005050601300300\\.htm \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20050506025001/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/05/06/stories/2005050601300300\\.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=6 May 2005}}{{contradictory inline\\|reason\\=The previous section states that the first studio of South India was established by Mataraja Mudaliar in Madras\\|date\\=October 2022}} The advent of sound to Indian cinema launched musicals such as *Indra Sabha* and *Devi Devyani*, marking the beginning of song\\-and\\-dance in Indian films. By 1935, studios emerged in major cities such as Madras, Calcutta and Bombay as filmmaking became an established industry, exemplified by the success of *[Devdas](/wiki/Devdas_%281935_film%29 \"Devdas (1935 film)\")* (1935\\).Burra \\& Rao, 254 The first colour film made in India was *Kisan Kanya* (1937, Moti B).{{Cite web \\|title\\=First Indian Colour Film \\|url\\=http://www.thecolorsofindia.com/interesting\\-facts/cinema/first\\-color\\-film\\-made\\-in\\-india.html \\|access\\-date\\=9 November 2015}} *[Viswa Mohini](/wiki/Viswa_Mohini \"Viswa Mohini\")* (1940\\) was the first Indian film to depict the Indian movie\\-making world.{{Cite news \\|date\\=22 August 2003 \\|title\\=A revolutionary filmmaker \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Hindu]] \\|url\\=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/08/22/stories/2003082201400400\\.htm \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|access\\-date\\=12 June 2013 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20040117021114/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/08/22/stories/2003082201400400\\.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=17 January 2004}}", "[Swamikannu Vincent](/wiki/Swamikannu_Vincent \"Swamikannu Vincent\"), who had built the first cinema of South India in [Coimbatore](/wiki/Coimbatore \"Coimbatore\"), introduced the concept of \"tent cinema\" in which a tent was erected on a stretch of open land to screen films. The first of its kind was in Madras and called Edison's Grand Cinema Megaphone. This was due to the fact that electric carbons were used for motion picture projectors.{{Cite news \\|date\\=30 April 2010 \\|title\\=He brought cinema to South \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Hindu]] \\|location\\=Chennai, India \\|url\\=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2010/04/30/stories/2010043051340400\\.htm \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|access\\-date\\=26 September 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100505150330/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2010/04/30/stories/2010043051340400\\.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=5 May 2010}}{{explain\\|date\\=October 2022}} [Bombay Talkies](/wiki/Bombay_Talkies \"Bombay Talkies\") opened in 1934 and [Prabhat Studios](/wiki/Prabhat_Film_Company \"Prabhat Film Company\") in [Pune](/wiki/Pune \"Pune\") began production of Marathi films. *[Sant Tukaram](/wiki/Sant_Tukaram_%28film%29 \"Sant Tukaram (film)\")* (1936\\) was the first Indian film to be screened at an international film festival,{{contradictory inline\\|reason\\=It is early stated that a 1935 film was shown at the VFF\\|date\\=October 2022}} at the 1937 edition of the Venice Film Festival. The film was judged one of the three best films of the year.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Citation on the participation of Sant Tukaram in the 5th Mostra Internazionale d'Arte Cinematographica in 1937 \\|url\\=http://www.nfaipune.gov.in/venice\\_festival.htm \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108014247/http://www.nfaipune.gov.in/venice\\_festival.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=8 November 2012 \\|access\\-date\\=14 November 2012 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[National Film Archive of India]]}} However, while Indian filmmakers sought to tell important stories, the [British Raj](/wiki/British_Raj \"British Raj\") banned *Wrath* (1930\\) and *[Raithu Bidda](/wiki/Raithu_Bidda_%281939_film%29 \"Raithu Bidda (1939 film)\")* (1938\\) for broaching the subject of the [Indian independence movement](/wiki/Indian_independence_movement \"Indian independence movement\").{{Cite web \\|date\\=21 May 2012 \\|title\\=How free is freedom of speech? \\|url\\=http://postnoon.com/2012/05/21/how\\-free\\-is\\-freedom\\-of\\-speech/49700 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120524060853/http://postnoon.com/2012/05/21/how\\-free\\-is\\-freedom\\-of\\-speech/49700 \\|archive\\-date\\=24 May 2012 \\|access\\-date\\=25 April 2014 \\|publisher\\=Postnoon}}{{Cite web \\|title\\=Celebrating 100 Years of Indian Cinema: www.indiancinema100\\.in \\|url\\=https://indiancinema100\\.in/swadeshi/ \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054328/https://indiancinema100\\.in/swadeshi/ \\|archive\\-date\\=21 September 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=27 June 2013}}", "The Indian *[Masala film](/wiki/Masala_%28film_genre%29 \"Masala (film genre)\")*—a term used for mixed\\-genre films that combined song, dance, romance, etc.—arose following the Second World War. During the 1940s, cinema in [South India](/wiki/South_India \"South India\") accounted for nearly half of India's cinema halls, and cinema came to be viewed as an instrument of cultural revival. The [Indian People's Theatre Association](/wiki/Indian_People%27s_Theatre_Association \"Indian People's Theatre Association\") (IPTA), an art movement with a [communist](/wiki/Communism \"Communism\") inclination, began to take shape through the 1940s and the 1950s.Rajadhyaksa, 679 IPTA plays, such as *[Nabanna](/wiki/Nabanna \"Nabanna\")* (1944\\), prepared the ground for [realism](/wiki/Realism_%28arts%29 \"Realism (arts)\") in Indian cinema, exemplified by [Khwaja Ahmad Abbas](/wiki/Khwaja_Ahmad_Abbas \"Khwaja Ahmad Abbas\")'s *[Dharti Ke Lal](/wiki/Dharti_Ke_Lal \"Dharti Ke Lal\")* (*Children of the Earth*, 1946\\). The IPTA movement continued to emphasise realism in films *[Mother India](/wiki/Mother_India \"Mother India\")* (1957\\) and *[Pyaasa](/wiki/Pyaasa \"Pyaasa\")* (1957\\), among India's most recognisable cinematic productions.Rajadhyaksa, 681", "Following independence, the 1947 [partition of India](/wiki/Partition_of_India \"Partition of India\") divided the nation's assets and a number of studios moved to Pakistan. Partition became an enduring film subject thereafter. The Indian government had established a [Films Division](/wiki/Films_Division \"Films Division\") by 1948, which eventually became one of the world's largest documentary film producers with an annual production of over 200 short documentaries, each released in 18 languages with 9,000 prints for permanent film theatres across the country.Rajadhyaksa, 681–683", "### Golden Age (late 1940s–1960s)", "[thumb\\|right\\|[Satyajit Ray](/wiki/Satyajit_Ray \"Satyajit Ray\") is recognised as one of the greatest filmmakers of the 20th century.{{Cite web \\|title\\=BAM/PFA \\- Film Programs \\|url\\=http://www.bampfa.berkeley.edu/filmseries/ray \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150122004852/http://www.bampfa.berkeley.edu/filmseries/ray \\|archive\\-date\\=22 January 2015 \\|access\\-date\\=5 February 2015}}{{Cite web \\|title\\=Critics on Ray \\- Satyajit Ray Film and Study Center, UCSC \\|url\\=http://satyajitray.ucsc.edu/critics.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140927033629/http://satyajitray.ucsc.edu/critics.html \\|archive\\-date\\=27 September 2014 \\|access\\-date\\=5 February 2015}}{{Cite web \\|title\\=Satyajit Ray: five essential films \\|url\\=https://www.bfi.org.uk/lists/satyajit\\-ray\\-5\\-essential\\-films \\|website\\=British Film Institute\\|date\\=12 August 2013 }}\\|305x305px](/wiki/File:Satyajit_Ray_in_New_York.jpg \"Satyajit Ray in New York.jpg\")", "The period from the late 1940s to the early 1960s is regarded by film historians as the Golden Age of Indian cinema.{{Cite book \\|last\\=K. Moti Gokulsing \\|first\\=K. Gokulsing, Wimal Dissanayake \\|title\\=Indian Popular Cinema: A Narrative of Cultural Change \\|publisher\\=Trentham Books \\|year\\=2004 \\|page\\=17}}{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Sharpe \\|first\\=Jenny \\|year\\=2005 \\|title\\=Gender, Nation, and Globalization in Monsoon Wedding and Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge \\|journal\\=Meridians: Feminism, Race, Transnationalism \\|volume\\=6 \\|issue\\=1 \\|pages\\=58–81 \\[60 \\& 75] \\|doi\\=10\\.1353/mer.2005\\.0032 \\|s2cid\\=201783566}}{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Gooptu \\|first\\=Sharmistha \\|date\\=July 2002 \\|title\\=Reviewed work(s): ''The Cinemas of India'' (1896–2000\\) by Yves Thoraval \\|journal\\=\\[\\[Economic and Political Weekly]] \\|volume\\=37 \\|issue\\=29 \\|pages\\=3023–4}} This period saw the emergence of the [parallel cinema](/wiki/Parallel_cinema \"Parallel cinema\") movement, which emphasised [social realism](/wiki/Social_realism \"Social realism\"). Mainly led by Bengalis, early examples include *[Dharti Ke Lal](/wiki/Dharti_Ke_Lal \"Dharti Ke Lal\")* (1946, [Khwaja Ahmad Abbas](/wiki/Khwaja_Ahmad_Abbas \"Khwaja Ahmad Abbas\")),{{Cite book \\|last\\=Rajadhyaksha \\|first\\=Ashish \\|url\\={{google books\\|plainurl\\=y\\|id\\=QUq1DAAAQBAJ\\|page\\=61}} \\|title\\=Indian Cinema: A Very Short Introduction \\|date\\=2016 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Oxford University Press]] \\|isbn\\=9780191034770 \\|page\\=61 \\|language\\=en}} *[Neecha Nagar](/wiki/Neecha_Nagar \"Neecha Nagar\")* (1946, [Chetan Anand](/wiki/Chetan_Anand_%28producer_%26_director%29 \"Chetan Anand (producer & director)\")),[Maker of innovative, meaningful movies](https://web.archive.org/web/20081016143853/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2007/06/15/stories/2007061551020100.htm). *[The Hindu](/wiki/The_Hindu \"The Hindu\")*, 15 June 2007 *[Nagarik](/wiki/Nagarik \"Nagarik\")* (1952, [Ritwik Ghatak](/wiki/Ritwik_Ghatak \"Ritwik Ghatak\")){{Cite book \\|last\\=Ghatak \\|first\\=Ritwik \\|title\\=Rows and Rows of Fences: Ritwik Ghatak on Cinema \\|publisher\\=Ritwik Memorial \\& Trust Seagull Books \\|year\\=2000 \\|pages\\=ix \\& 134–36}}{{Cite book \\|last\\=Hood \\|first\\=John \\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/essentialmystery00hood \\|title\\=The Essential Mystery: The Major Filmmakers of Indian Art Cinema \\|publisher\\=Orient Longman Limited \\|year\\=2000 \\|isbn\\=9788125018704 \\|pages\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/essentialmystery00hood/page/21 21–4] \\|url\\-access\\=registration}} and *[Do Bigha Zamin](/wiki/Do_Bigha_Zamin \"Do Bigha Zamin\")* (1953, Bimal Roy), laying the foundations for Indian [neorealism](/wiki/Neorealism_%28art%29 \"Neorealism (art)\"){{Cite web \\|date\\=3 August 1980 \\|title\\=Do Bigha Zamin \\|url\\=http://dearcinema.com/review\\-do\\-bigha\\-zamin\\-bimal\\-roy \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100115204002/http://dearcinema.com/review\\-do\\-bigha\\-zamin\\-bimal\\-roy \\|archive\\-date\\=15 January 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=13 April 2009 \\|publisher\\=Dear Cinema}}", "*[The Apu Trilogy](/wiki/The_Apu_Trilogy \"The Apu Trilogy\")* (1955–1959, [Satyajit Ray](/wiki/Satyajit_Ray \"Satyajit Ray\")) won prizes at several major international film festivals and firmly established the parallel cinema movement.Rajadhyaksa, 683 It was influential on [world cinema](/wiki/World_cinema \"World cinema\") and led to a rush of [coming\\-of\\-age films](/wiki/Coming-of-age_film \"Coming-of-age film\") in [art house](/wiki/Art_house \"Art house\") theatres.{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Sragow \\|first\\=Michael \\|year\\=1994 \\|title\\=An Art Wedded to Truth \\|url\\=http://satyajitray.ucsc.edu/articles/sragow.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|journal\\=\\[\\[The Atlantic\\|The Atlantic Monthly]] \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[University of California, Santa Cruz]] \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090412212046/http://satyajitray.ucsc.edu/articles/sragow.html \\|archive\\-date\\=12 April 2009 \\|access\\-date\\=11 May 2009}} Cinematographer [Subrata Mitra](/wiki/Subrata_Mitra \"Subrata Mitra\") developed the technique of [bounce lighting](/wiki/Reflector_%28photography%29%23Bounce_lighting \"Reflector (photography)#Bounce lighting\"), to recreate the effect of daylight on sets, during the second film of the trilogy{{Cite web \\|title\\=Subrata Mitra \\|url\\=http://www.cinematographers.nl/GreatDoPh/mitra.htm \\|access\\-date\\=22 May 2009 \\|publisher\\=Internet Encyclopedia of Cinematographers \\|archive\\-date\\=2 June 2009 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090602164022/http://www.cinematographers.nl/GreatDoPh/mitra.htm \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} and later pioneered other effects such as the [photo\\-negative](/wiki/Negative_%28photography%29 \"Negative (photography)\") [flashbacks](/wiki/Flashback_%28narrative%29 \"Flashback (narrative)\") and X\\-ray digressions.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Nick Pinkerton \\|date\\=14 April 2009 \\|title\\=First Light: Satyajit Ray From the Apu Trilogy to the Calcutta Trilogy \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Village Voice]] \\|url\\=http://www.villagevoice.com/2009\\-04\\-15/film/first\\-light\\-satyajit\\-ray\\-from\\-the\\-apu\\-trilogy\\-to\\-the\\-calcutta\\-trilogy \\|access\\-date\\=9 July 2009 \\|archive\\-date\\=25 June 2009 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090625154630/http://www.villagevoice.com/2009\\-04\\-15/film/first\\-light\\-satyajit\\-ray\\-from\\-the\\-apu\\-trilogy\\-to\\-the\\-calcutta\\-trilogy \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}", "During the 1950s, Indian cinema reportedly became the world's second largest film industry, earning a gross annual income of {{INRConvert\\|250\\|m\\|year\\=1953}} in 1953\\.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Pani \\|first\\=S. S. \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=kH4HAQAAIAAJ \\|title\\=The Film Daily Year Book of Motion Pictures \\|date\\=1954 \\|publisher\\=John W. Alicoate \\|volume\\=36 \\|page\\=930 \\|chapter\\=India in 1953 \\|quote\\=THE INDIAN FILM INDUSTRY, said to be the second largest in the world, claims to have invested Rs. {{nowrap\\|420 million}} and to have a gross annual income of Rs. {{nowrap \\|access\\-date\\=1 May 2022 \\|250 million}}.}} The government created the Film Finance Corporation (FFC) in 1960 to provide financial support to filmmakers.Rajadhyaksa, 684 While serving as Information and Broadcasting Minister of India in the 1960s, [Indira Gandhi](/wiki/Indira_Gandhi \"Indira Gandhi\") supported the production of off\\-beat cinema through the FFC.", "[Baburao Patel](/wiki/Baburao_Patel \"Baburao Patel\") of *[Filmindia](/wiki/Filmindia \"Filmindia\")* called [B. N. Reddy](/wiki/B._N._Reddy \"B. N. Reddy\")'s *[Malliswari](/wiki/Malliswari_%281951_film%29 \"Malliswari (1951 film)\")* (1951\\) an \"inspiring motion picture\" which would \"save us the blush when compared with the best of motion pictures of the world\".{{Cite web \\|last\\=Narasimham \\|first\\=M. L. \\|date\\=16 March 2013 \\|title\\='Malleeswari' (1951\\) \\|url\\=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema\\-columns/malleeswari\\-1951/article4515823\\.ece \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130320174648/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema\\-columns/malleeswari\\-1951/article4515823\\.ece \\|archive\\-date\\=20 March 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=26 December 2015 \\|website\\=\\[\\[The Hindu]]}} Film historian [Randor Guy](/wiki/Randor_Guy \"Randor Guy\") called *Malliswari* scripted by [Devulapalli Krishnasastri](/wiki/Devulapalli_Krishnasastri \"Devulapalli Krishnasastri\") a \"poem in celluloid, told with rare artistic finesse, which lingers long in the memory\".{{Cite book \\|last1\\=Rajadhyaksha \\|first1\\=Ashish \\|url\\=https://indiancine.ma/texts/indiancine.ma%3AEncyclopedia\\_of\\_Indian\\_Cinema/text.pdf \\|title\\=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema \\|last2\\=Willemen \\|first2\\=Paul \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Oxford University Press]] \\|year\\=1998 \\|isbn\\=0\\-19\\-563579\\-5 \\|page\\=323 \\|orig\\-date\\=1994}}", "Commercial [Hindi cinema](/wiki/Bollywood \"Bollywood\") began thriving, including acclaimed films *[Pyaasa](/wiki/Pyaasa \"Pyaasa\")* (1957\\) and *[Kaagaz Ke Phool](/wiki/Kaagaz_Ke_Phool \"Kaagaz Ke Phool\")* (1959, [Guru Dutt](/wiki/Guru_Dutt \"Guru Dutt\")) *[Awaara](/wiki/Awaara \"Awaara\")* (1951\\) and *[Shree 420](/wiki/Shree_420 \"Shree 420\")* (1955, [Raj Kapoor](/wiki/Raj_Kapoor \"Raj Kapoor\")). These films expressed social themes mainly dealing with working\\-class urban life in India; *Awaara* presented Bombay as both a nightmare and a dream, while *Pyaasa* critiqued the unreality of city life.{{Cite book \\|last\\=K. Moti Gokulsing \\|first\\=K. Gokulsing, Wimal Dissanayake \\|title\\=Indian Popular Cinema: A Narrative of Cultural Change \\|publisher\\=Trentham Books \\|year\\=2004 \\|page\\=18}}", "[Epic film](/wiki/Epic_film \"Epic film\") *[Mother India](/wiki/Mother_India \"Mother India\")* (1957, [Mehboob Khan](/wiki/Mehboob_Khan \"Mehboob Khan\")) was the first Indian film to be nominated for the US\\-based Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences' [Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film](/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Foreign_Language_Film \"Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film\"){{Citation needed\\|date\\=June 2024}} and defined the conventions of Hindi cinema for decades.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Sridharan \\|first\\=Tarini \\|date\\=25 November 2012 \\|title\\=Mother India, not Woman India \\|work\\=The Hindu \\|location\\=Chennai, India \\|url\\=http://www.thehindu.com/todays\\-paper/tp\\-features/tp\\-cinemaplus/mother\\-india\\-not\\-woman\\-india/article4131747\\.ece \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|access\\-date\\=5 March 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130106095550/http://www.thehindu.com/todays\\-paper/tp\\-features/tp\\-cinemaplus/mother\\-india\\-not\\-woman\\-india/article4131747\\.ece \\|archive\\-date\\=6 January 2013}}{{Cite AV media \\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=wChe8xWDwbo \\|title\\=Bollywood Blockbusters: ''Mother India'' (Part 1\\) \\|date\\=2009 \\|type\\=Documentary \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[CNN\\-IBN]] \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150715143942/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=wChe8xWDwbo\\&feature\\=results\\_main\\&playnext\\=1\\&list\\=PL8D9A71E9A0EED3C4 \\|archive\\-date\\=15 July 2015 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|ref\\={{sfnRef\\|Bollywood Blockbusters Part 1\\|2009}}}}{{Cite news \\|last\\=Kehr \\|first\\=Dave \\|date\\=23 August 2002 \\|title\\=Mother India (1957\\). Film in review; 'Mother India' \\|work\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]] \\|url\\=https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/review?res\\=9C03E5DE153CF930A1575BC0A9649C8B63 \\|access\\-date\\=7 June 2012}} It spawned a new genre of [dacoit films](/wiki/Dacoit_film \"Dacoit film\").{{Cite book \\|last\\=Teo \\|first\\=Stephen \\|url\\={{google books\\|plainurl\\=y\\|id\\=pi8lDwAAQBAJ\\|page\\=122}} \\|title\\=Eastern Westerns: Film and Genre Outside and Inside Hollywood \\|date\\=2017 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Taylor \\& Francis]] \\|isbn\\=9781317592266 \\|page\\=122 \\|language\\=en}} *[Gunga Jumna](/wiki/Gunga_Jumna \"Gunga Jumna\")* (1961, [Dilip Kumar](/wiki/Dilip_Kumar \"Dilip Kumar\")) was a dacoit [crime drama](/wiki/Crime_drama \"Crime drama\") about two brothers on opposite sides of the law, a theme that became common in Indian films in the 1970s.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Ganti \\|first\\=Tejaswini \\|url\\={{google books\\|plainurl\\=y\\|id\\=GTEa93azj9EC\\|page\\=153}} \\|title\\=Bollywood: A Guidebook to Popular Hindi Cinema \\|publisher\\=Psychology Press \\|year\\=2004 \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-415\\-28854\\-5 \\|pages\\=153–}} *[Madhumati](/wiki/Madhumati \"Madhumati\")* (1958, [Bimal Roy](/wiki/Bimal_Roy \"Bimal Roy\")) popularised the theme of [reincarnation](/wiki/Reincarnation \"Reincarnation\") in [Western popular culture](/wiki/Reincarnation_in_popular_western_culture \"Reincarnation in popular western culture\").{{Cite book \\|last\\=Doniger \\|first\\=Wendy \\|title\\=The woman who pretended to be who she was: myths of self\\-imitation \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Oxford University Press]] \\|year\\=2005 \\|pages\\=112–136 \\[135] \\|chapter\\=Chapter 6: Reincarnation}}", "Actor [Dilip Kumar](/wiki/Dilip_Kumar \"Dilip Kumar\") rose to fame in the 1950s, and was the biggest Indian [movie star](/wiki/Movie_star \"Movie star\") of the time.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Usman \\|first\\=Yasser \\|date\\=16 January 2021 \\|title\\=Dilip Kumar as 'Pyaasa' hero is what Guru Dutt wanted. But first day of shoot changed it all \\|url\\=https://theprint.in/pageturner/excerpt/dilip\\-kumar\\-as\\-pyaasa\\-hero\\-is\\-what\\-guru\\-dutt\\-wanted\\-but\\-first\\-day\\-of\\-shoot\\-changed\\-it\\-all/586596/ \\|access\\-date\\=1 November 2021 \\|website\\=ThePrint \\|language\\=en\\-US}}{{Cite web \\|title\\=How Bollywood legend Dilip Kumar became India's biggest star \\|url\\=https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/how\\-bollywood\\-legend\\-dilip\\-kumar\\-became\\-indias\\-biggest\\-star\\-1\\.75765994 \\|access\\-date\\=1 November 2021 \\|website\\=Gulf News \\|date\\=9 December 2020 \\|language\\=en}} He was a pioneer of [method acting](/wiki/Method_acting \"Method acting\"), predating Hollywood method actors such as [Marlon Brando](/wiki/Marlon_Brando \"Marlon Brando\"). Much like Brando's influence on [New Hollywood](/wiki/New_Hollywood \"New Hollywood\") actors, Kumar inspired Hindi actors, including [Amitabh Bachchan](/wiki/Amitabh_Bachchan \"Amitabh Bachchan\"), [Naseeruddin Shah](/wiki/Naseeruddin_Shah \"Naseeruddin Shah\"), [Shah Rukh Khan](/wiki/Shah_Rukh_Khan \"Shah Rukh Khan\") and [Nawazuddin Siddiqui](/wiki/Nawazuddin_Siddiqui \"Nawazuddin Siddiqui\").{{cite news \\|last1\\=Mazumder \\|first1\\=Ranjib \\|title\\=Before Brando, There Was Dilip Kumar \\|url\\=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/2015/12/11/before\\-brando\\-there\\-was\\-dilip\\-kumar \\|access\\-date\\=2 August 2023 \\|work\\=TheQuint \\|date\\=11 December 2015}}", "*[Neecha Nagar](/wiki/Neecha_Nagar \"Neecha Nagar\")* (1946\\) won the [Palme d'Or](/wiki/Palme_d%27Or \"Palme d'Or\") at Cannes and Indian films competed for the award most years in the 1950s and early 1960s.{{citation needed\\|date\\=October 2022}} Ray is regarded as one of the greatest [auteurs](/wiki/Auteur_theory \"Auteur theory\") of [20th century cinema](/wiki/History_of_film \"History of film\"),{{Cite book \\|last\\=Santas \\|first\\=Constantine \\|title\\=Responding to film: A Text Guide for Students of Cinema Art \\|publisher\\=Rowman \\& Littlefield \\|year\\=2002 \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-8304\\-1580\\-9 \\|page\\=18}} along with his contemporaries Dutt{{Cite web \\|last\\=Kevin Lee \\|date\\=5 September 2002 \\|title\\=A Slanted Canon \\|url\\=http://www.asianamericanfilm.com/archives/000026\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218224432/http://www.asianamericanfilm.com/archives/000026\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=18 February 2012 \\|access\\-date\\=24 April 2009 \\|publisher\\=Asian American Film Commentary}} and Ghatak.{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Totaro \\|first\\=Donato \\|date\\=31 January 2003 \\|title\\=The \"Sight \\& Sound\" of Canons \\|url\\=http://www.horschamp.qc.ca/new\\_offscreen/canon.html \\|journal\\=Offscreen Journal \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Canada Council\\|Canada Council for the Arts]] \\|access\\-date\\=19 April 2009}} In 1992, the *[Sight \\& Sound](/wiki/Sight_%26_Sound \"Sight & Sound\")* Critics' Poll ranked Ray at {{abbr\\|No.\\|number}} 7 in its list of Top 10 Directors of all time.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Sight and Sound Poll 1992: Critics \\|url\\=http://alumnus.caltech.edu/\\~ejohnson/sight/1992\\_1\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016212355/http://alumnus.caltech.edu/\\~ejohnson/sight/1992\\_1\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=16 October 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=29 May 2009 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[California Institute of Technology]]}} Multiple films from this era are included among the [greatest films of all time](/wiki/Films_considered_the_greatest_ever \"Films considered the greatest ever\") in various critics' and directors' polls, including *The Apu Trilogy*,{{Cite web \\|last\\=Aaron and Mark Caldwell \\|year\\=2004 \\|title\\=Sight and Sound \\|url\\=http://www.geocities.com/aaronbcaldwell/dimsscri.html \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090729180509/http://geocities.com/aaronbcaldwell/dimsscri.html \\|archive\\-date\\=29 July 2009 \\|access\\-date\\=19 April 2009 \\|publisher\\=Top 100 Movie Lists}} *[Jalsaghar](/wiki/Jalsaghar \"Jalsaghar\")*, *[Charulata](/wiki/Charulata \"Charulata\")*{{Cite web \\|title\\=Sight and Sound 1992 Ranking of Films \\|url\\=http://www.geocities.com/the7thart/ranking.html \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091022115725/http://geocities.com/the7thart/ranking.html \\|archive\\-date\\=22 October 2009 \\|access\\-date\\=29 May 2009}} *[Aranyer Din Ratri](/wiki/Aranyer_Din_Ratri \"Aranyer Din Ratri\")*,{{Cite web \\|title\\=Sight and Sound 1982 Ranking of Films \\|url\\=http://www.geocities.com/the7thart/1982\\.html \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091022225459/http://geocities.com/the7thart/1982\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=22 October 2009 \\|access\\-date\\=29 May 2009}} *Pyaasa*, *Kaagaz Ke Phool*, *[Meghe Dhaka Tara](/wiki/Meghe_Dhaka_Tara_%281960_film%29 \"Meghe Dhaka Tara (1960 film)\")*, *Komal Gandhar*, *Awaara*, *[Baiju Bawra](/wiki/Baiju_Bawra_%281952_film%29 \"Baiju Bawra (1952 film)\")*, *Mother India*, *Mughal\\-e\\-Azam*{{Cite web \\|year\\=2002 \\|title\\=2002 Sight \\& Sound Top Films Survey of 253 International Critics \\& Film Directors \\|url\\=http://www.cinemacom.com/2002\\-sight\\-sound.html \\|access\\-date\\=19 April 2009 \\|publisher\\=Cinemacom}} and *[Subarnarekha](/wiki/Subarnarekha_%28film%29 \"Subarnarekha (film)\")* (also tied at No. 11\\).", "[Sivaji Ganesan](/wiki/Sivaji_Ganesan \"Sivaji Ganesan\") became India's first actor to receive an international award when he won the Best Actor award at the Afro\\-Asian film festival in 1960 and was awarded the title of Chevalier in the [Legion of Honour](/wiki/Legion_of_Honour \"Legion of Honour\") by the [French Government](/wiki/French_Government \"French Government\") in 1995\\.{{Cite news \\|date\\=1 October 2013 \\|title\\=Sivaji Ganesan's birth anniversary \\|work\\=The Times of India \\|url\\=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news\\-interviews/Sivaji\\-Ganesans\\-birth\\-anniversary/articleshow/23338524\\.cms \\|access\\-date\\=29 April 2014}} Tamil cinema is [influenced by Dravidian politics](/wiki/Tamil_cinema_and_Dravidian_politics \"Tamil cinema and Dravidian politics\"),Gokulsing \\& Dissanayake, 132–133 with prominent film personalities [C N Annadurai](/wiki/C_N_Annadurai \"C N Annadurai\"), [M G Ramachandran](/wiki/M_G_Ramachandran \"M G Ramachandran\"), [M Karunanidhi](/wiki/M_Karunanidhi \"M Karunanidhi\") and [Jayalalithaa](/wiki/Jayalalithaa \"Jayalalithaa\") becoming [Chief Ministers of Tamil Nadu](/wiki/List_of_Chief_Ministers_of_Tamil_Nadu \"List of Chief Ministers of Tamil Nadu\").{{Cite book \\|last\\=Kasbekar \\|first\\=Asha \\|url\\={{google books\\|plainurl\\=y\\|id\\=Sv7Uk0UcdM8C\\|page\\=215}} \\|title\\=Pop Culture India!: Media, Arts, and Lifestyle \\|publisher\\=ABC\\-CLIO \\|year\\=2006 \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-85109\\-636\\-7 \\|page\\=215}}{{clarify timeframe\\|date\\=October 2022}}", "### 1970s–present", "By 1986, India's annual film output had increased to 833 films annually, making India the world's largest film producer.{{Cite book \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=Ah1CAQAAIAAJ \\|title\\=Films in Review \\|date\\=1986 \\|publisher\\=Then and There Media, LCC. \\|page\\=368 \\|quote\\=And then I had forgotten that lndia leads the world in film production, with 833 motion pictures (up from 741 the previous year).}} Hindi film production of Bombay, the largest segment of the industry, became known as \"Bollywood\".", "{{Pie chart\n\\|caption\\= Summary of the 2022 box office revenues. \n\\|value1 \\= 33\n\\|label1 \\= Hindi\n\\|value2 \\= 20\n\\|label2 \\= Telugu\n\\|value3 \\= 16\n\\|label3 \\= Tamil \n\\|value4 \\= 8\n\\|label4 \\= Kannada\n\\|value5 \\= 6\n\\|label5 \\= Malayalam\n\\|other \\= yes\n}}", "By 1996, the Indian film industry had an estimated domestic cinema viewership of 600{{nbsp}}million people, establishing India as one of the largest film markets, with the largest regional industries being Hindi, Telugu, and Tamil films.{{Cite journal \\|date\\=July 1996 \\|title\\=Business India \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=h9wiAQAAMAAJ \\|journal\\=\\[\\[Business India]] \\|publisher\\=A. H. Advani \\|issue\\=478–481 \\|page\\=82 \\|quote\\=As the Indian film industry (mainly Hindi and Telugu combined) is one of the world's largest, with an estimated viewership of 600 million, film music has always been popular.}} In 2001, in terms of ticket sales, Indian cinema sold an estimated 3\\.6 billion tickets annually across the globe, compared to [Hollywood](/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States \"Cinema of the United States\")'s 2\\.6 billion tickets sold.{{Cite journal \\|date\\=2 December 2002 \\|title\\=Bollywood: Can new money create a world\\-class film industry in India? \\|url\\=https://people.well.com/user/willard/Kripalani\\-%20Bollywood%20Investments%20BizWeek12\\-02\\-2002\\.txt \\|journal\\=\\[\\[Business Week]] \\|access\\-date\\=22 December 2018 \\|archive\\-date\\=27 July 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727012740/https://people.well.com/user/willard/Kripalani\\-%20Bollywood%20Investments%20BizWeek12\\-02\\-2002\\.txt \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}{{Cite web \\|last\\=Lorenzen \\|first\\=Mark \\|date\\=April 2009 \\|title\\=Go West: The Growth of Bollywood \\|url\\=http://openarchive.cbs.dk/bitstream/handle/10398/7796/CreativeEncounters%20Working%20Papers%2026\\.pdf?sequence\\=1 \\|website\\=Creativity at Work \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Copenhagen Business School]]}}", "#### Hindi", "Realistic [parallel cinema](/wiki/Parallel_cinema \"Parallel cinema\") continued throughout the 1970s,Rajadhyaksa, 685 practised in many Indian film cultures. The FFC's art film orientation came under criticism during a Committee on Public Undertakings investigation in 1976, which accused the body of not doing enough to encourage commercial cinema.Rajadhyaksa, 688", "Hindi commercial cinema continued with films such as *[Aradhana](/wiki/Aradhana_%281969_film%29 \"Aradhana (1969 film)\")* (1969\\), *[Sachaa Jhutha](/wiki/Sachaa_Jhutha \"Sachaa Jhutha\")* (1970\\), *[Haathi Mere Saathi](/wiki/Haathi_Mere_Saathi_%281971_film%29 \"Haathi Mere Saathi (1971 film)\")* (1971\\), *[Anand](/wiki/Anand_%281971_film%29 \"Anand (1971 film)\")* (1971\\), *[Kati Patang](/wiki/Kati_Patang \"Kati Patang\")* (1971\\) *[Amar Prem](/wiki/Amar_Prem \"Amar Prem\")* (1972\\), *[Dushman](/wiki/Dushman_%281971_film%29 \"Dushman (1971 film)\")* (1972\\) and *[Daag](/wiki/Daag_%281973_film%29 \"Daag (1973 film)\")* (1973\\).{{importance inline\\|date\\=October 2022}}", "{{multiple image\n\\| align \\= right\n\\| image1 \\= SalimKhan.jpg\n\\| width1 \\= 120\n\\| alt1 \\= \n\\| caption1 \\= \n\\| image2 \\= Akhtar for Talaash.jpg\n\\| width2 \\= 160\n\\| alt2 \\= \n\\| caption2 \\= \n\\| footer \\= The screenwriting duo \\[\\[Salim–Javed]], consisting of \\[\\[Salim Khan]] (l) and \\[\\[Javed Akhtar]] (r), revitalised Indian cinema in the 1970s{{Cite web \\|date\\=25 April 2013 \\|title\\=Salim\\-Javed: Writing Duo that Revolutionized Indian Cinema \\|url\\=https://pandolin.com/salim\\-javed\\-writing\\-duo\\-that\\-revolutionized\\-indian\\-cinema/ \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201035749/https://pandolin.com/salim\\-javed\\-writing\\-duo\\-that\\-revolutionized\\-indian\\-cinema/ \\|archive\\-date\\=1 December 2017 \\|access\\-date\\=29 November 2017 \\|website\\=Pandolin}} and are considered \\[\\[Bollywood]]'s greatest \\[\\[screenwriter]]s.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Chaudhuri \\|first\\=Diptakirti \\|url\\={{google books\\|plainurl\\=y\\|id\\=Cri9CgAAQBAJ}} \\|title\\=Written by Salim\\-Javed: The Story of Hindi Cinema's Greatest Screenwriters \\|date\\=1 October 2015 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Penguin Books\\|Penguin UK]] \\|isbn\\=9789352140084}}\n}}", "By the early 1970s, Hindi cinema was experiencing thematic stagnation,{{Cite book \\|last\\=Raj \\|first\\=Ashok \\|url\\={{google books\\|plainurl\\=y\\|id\\=2wo9BAAAQBAJ\\|page\\=21}} \\|title\\=Hero Vol.2 \\|date\\=2009 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Hay House]] \\|isbn\\=9789381398036 \\|page\\=21 \\|language\\=en}} dominated by musical [romance films](/wiki/Romance_film \"Romance film\").{{Cite news \\|date\\=20 June 2017 \\|title\\=Revisiting Prakash Mehra's Zanjeer: The film that made Amitabh Bachchan \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Indian Express]] \\|url\\=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/revisiting\\-prakash\\-mehra\\-zanjeer\\-the\\-film\\-that\\-made\\-amitabh\\-bachchan\\-4714064/}} Screenwriter duo [Salim–Javed](/wiki/Salim%E2%80%93Javed \"Salim–Javed\") ([Salim Khan](/wiki/Salim_Khan \"Salim Khan\") and [Javed Akhtar](/wiki/Javed_Akhtar \"Javed Akhtar\")) revitalised the industry. They established the genre of gritty, violent, [Bombay underworld](/wiki/Bombay_underworld \"Bombay underworld\") [crime films](/wiki/Crime_film \"Crime film\") with *[Zanjeer](/wiki/Zanjeer_%281973_film%29 \"Zanjeer (1973 film)\")* (1973\\) and *[Deewaar](/wiki/Deewaar \"Deewaar\")* (1975\\).{{Cite book \\|last\\=Ganti \\|first\\=Tejaswini \\|url\\={{google books\\|plainurl\\=y\\|id\\=GTEa93azj9EC\\|page\\=153}} \\|title\\=Bollywood: A Guidebook to Popular Hindi Cinema \\|date\\=2004 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Psychology Press]] \\|isbn\\=9780415288545 \\|page\\=153 \\|language\\=en}}{{Cite book \\|last\\=Chaudhuri \\|first\\=Diptakirti \\|url\\={{google books\\|plainurl\\=y\\|id\\=Cri9CgAAQBAJ\\|page\\=72}} \\|title\\=Written by Salim\\-Javed: The Story of Hindi Cinema's Greatest Screenwriters \\|date\\=2015 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Penguin Books]] \\|isbn\\=9789352140084 \\|page\\=72 \\|language\\=en}} They reinterpreted the rural themes of *Mother India* and *Gunga Jumna* in an urban context reflecting 1970s India,{{Cite book \\|last\\=Kumar \\|first\\=Surendra \\|url\\={{google books\\|plainurl\\=y\\|id\\=AfJkAAAAMAAJ\\|page\\=51}} \\|title\\=Legends of Indian cinema: pen portraits \\|date\\=2003 \\|publisher\\=Har\\-Anand Publications \\|page\\=51 \\|language\\=en}} channelling the growing discontent and disillusionment among the masses, unprecedented growth of [slums](/wiki/Slum \"Slum\") and urban poverty, corruption and crime,{{Cite book \\|last\\=Chaudhuri \\|first\\=Diptakirti \\|url\\={{google books\\|plainurl\\=y\\|id\\=Cri9CgAAQBAJ\\|page\\=74}} \\|title\\=Written by Salim\\-Javed: The Story of Hindi Cinema's Greatest Screenwriters \\|date\\=2015 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Penguin Group]] \\|isbn\\=9789352140084 \\|page\\=74 \\|language\\=en}} as well as [anti\\-establishment](/wiki/Anti-establishment \"Anti-establishment\") themes.{{Cite news \\|date\\=29 January 2017 \\|title\\=Deewaar was the perfect script: Amitabh Bachchan on 42 years of the cult film \\|work\\=Hindustan Times \\|url\\=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/deewaar\\-was\\-the\\-perfect\\-script\\-amitabh\\-bachchan\\-on\\-42\\-years\\-of\\-the\\-cult\\-film/story\\-x2hy87zQ0ebVlsVMV59U2I.html}} This resulted in their creation of the \"angry young man\", personified by [Amitabh Bachchan](/wiki/Amitabh_Bachchan \"Amitabh Bachchan\"), who reinterpreted Kumar's performance in *Gunga Jumna* and gave a voice to the urban poor.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Mazumdar \\|first\\=Ranjani \\|url\\={{google books\\|plainurl\\=y\\|id\\=xenNBrRKOGoC\\|page\\=14}} \\|title\\=Bombay Cinema: An Archive of the City \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[University of Minnesota Press]] \\|year\\=2007 \\|isbn\\=9781452913025 \\|page\\=14 \\|language\\=en}}", "By the mid\\-1970s, Bachchan's position as a lead actor was solidified by crime\\-action films *Zanjeer* and *[Sholay](/wiki/Sholay \"Sholay\")* (1975\\). The devotional classic *[Jai Santoshi Ma](/wiki/Jai_Santoshi_Ma \"Jai Santoshi Ma\")* (1975\\) was made on a low budget and became a box office success and a cult classic. Another important film was *[Deewaar](/wiki/Deewaar \"Deewaar\")* (1975, [Yash Chopra](/wiki/Yash_Chopra \"Yash Chopra\")), a [crime film](/wiki/Crime_film \"Crime film\") with brothers on opposite sides of the law which [Danny Boyle](/wiki/Danny_Boyle \"Danny Boyle\") described as \"absolutely key to Indian cinema\".", "The term \"[Bollywood](/wiki/Bollywood \"Bollywood\")\" was coined in the 1970s,{{Cite news \\|last\\=Anand \\|date\\=7 March 2004 \\|title\\=On the Bollywood beat \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Hindu]] \\|location\\=Chennai, India \\|url\\=http://www.hindu.com/lr/2004/03/07/stories/2004030700390600\\.htm \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|access\\-date\\=31 May 2009 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20040403234115/http://www.hindu.com/lr/2004/03/07/stories/2004030700390600\\.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=3 April 2004}}{{Cite web \\|last\\=Subhash K Jha \\|date\\=8 April 2005 \\|title\\=Amit Khanna: The Man who saw 'Bollywood' \\|url\\=http://sify.com/movies/bollywood/fullstory.php?id\\=13713296 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20050409171523/http://sify.com/movies/bollywood/fullstory.php?id\\=13713296 \\|archive\\-date\\=9 April 2005 \\|access\\-date\\=31 May 2009 \\|website\\=\\[\\[Sify]]}} when the conventions of commercial Bombay\\-produced Hindi films were established.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Chaudhuri \\|first\\=Diptakirti \\|url\\={{google books\\|plainurl\\=y\\|id\\=Cri9CgAAQBAJ\\|page\\=58}} \\|title\\=Written by Salim\\-Javed: The Story of Hindi Cinema's Greatest Screenwriters \\|date\\=1 October 2015 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Penguin Books\\|Penguin UK]] \\|isbn\\=9789352140084 \\|page\\=58}} Key to this was [Nasir Hussain](/wiki/Nasir_Hussain \"Nasir Hussain\") and Salim–Javed's creation of the [masala film](/wiki/Masala_film \"Masala film\") genre, which combines elements of [action](/wiki/Action_film \"Action film\"), [comedy](/wiki/Comedy_film \"Comedy film\"), [romance](/wiki/Romance_film \"Romance film\"), [drama](/wiki/Drama_film \"Drama film\"), [melodrama](/wiki/Melodrama \"Melodrama\") and [musical](/wiki/Musical_film \"Musical film\").{{Cite news \\|date\\=30 March 2017 \\|title\\=How film\\-maker Nasir Husain started the trend for Bollywood masala films \\|work\\=Hindustan Times \\|url\\=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/how\\-film\\-maker\\-nasir\\-husain\\-created\\-the\\-prototype\\-for\\-bollywood\\-masala\\-films/story\\-ckL6zPLHJFDYoupjFBtbfN.html}} Their film *[Yaadon Ki Baarat](/wiki/Yaadon_Ki_Baarat \"Yaadon Ki Baarat\")* (1973\\) has been identified as the first masala film and the first quintessentially Bollywood film.Kaushik Bhaumik, [An Insightful Reading of Our Many Indian Identities](https://thewire.in/24564/an-insightful-reading-of-our-many-indian-identities/), [The Wire](/wiki/The_Wire_%28Indian_web_publication%29 \"The Wire (Indian web publication)\"), 12 March 2016 Masala films made Bachchan the biggest Bollywood movie star of the period. Another landmark was *[Amar Akbar Anthony](/wiki/Amar_Akbar_Anthony \"Amar Akbar Anthony\")* (1977, [Manmohan Desai](/wiki/Manmohan_Desai \"Manmohan Desai\")).{{Cite book \\|last\\=Rachel Dwyer \\|url\\={{google books\\|plainurl\\=y\\|id\\=4EBNAQAAIAAJ}} \\|title\\=100 Bollywood films \\|publisher\\=Lotus Collection, Roli Books \\|year\\=2005 \\|isbn\\=978\\-81\\-7436\\-433\\-3 \\|page\\=14 \\|access\\-date\\=6 August 2013}} Desai further expanded the genre in the 1970s and 1980s.", "Commercial Hindi cinema grew in the 1980s, with films such as *[Ek Duuje Ke Liye](/wiki/Ek_Duuje_Ke_Liye \"Ek Duuje Ke Liye\")* (1981\\), *[Disco Dancer](/wiki/Disco_Dancer \"Disco Dancer\")* (1982\\), *[Himmatwala](/wiki/Himmatwala_%281983_film%29 \"Himmatwala (1983 film)\")* (1983\\), *[Tohfa](/wiki/Tohfa \"Tohfa\")* (1984\\), *[Naam](/wiki/Naam_%281986_film%29 \"Naam (1986 film)\")* (1986\\), *[Mr India](/wiki/Mr._India_%281987_film%29 \"Mr. India (1987 film)\")* (1987\\), and *[Tezaab](/wiki/Tezaab \"Tezaab\")* (1988\\).", "In the late 1980s,{{clarify timeframe\\|date\\=October 2022\\|reason\\=The following sentence talks about a revival in 1982, not the late 1980s}} Hindi cinema experienced another period of stagnation, with a decline in box office turnout, due to increasing violence, decline in musical melodic quality, and rise in video piracy, leading to middle\\-class family audiences abandoning theatres. The turning point came with Indian blockbuster *[Disco Dancer](/wiki/Disco_Dancer \"Disco Dancer\")* (1982\\) which began the era of disco music in Indian cinema. Lead actor [Mithun Chakraborty](/wiki/Mithun_Chakraborty \"Mithun Chakraborty\") and music director [Bappi Lahiri](/wiki/Bappi_Lahiri \"Bappi Lahiri\") had the highest number of mainstream Indian hit movies that decade. At the end of the decade, [Yash Chopra](/wiki/Yash_Chopra \"Yash Chopra\")'s *[Chandni](/wiki/Chandni_%28film%29 \"Chandni (film)\")* (1989\\) created a new formula for Bollywood musical romance films, reviving the genre and defining Hindi cinema in the years that followed.{{Cite web \\|last\\=iDiva \\|date\\=13 October 2011 \\|title\\=Sridevi – The Dancing Queen \\|url\\=http://idiva.com/photogallery\\-entertainment/sridevi\\-the\\-dancing\\-queen/8403 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130224051712/http://idiva.com/photogallery\\-entertainment/sridevi\\-the\\-dancing\\-queen/8403 \\|archive\\-date\\=24 February 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=21 May 2019}}{{Cite news \\|last\\=Ray \\|first\\=Kunal \\|date\\=18 December 2016 \\|title\\=Romancing the 1980s \\|language\\=en\\-IN \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Hindu]] \\|url\\=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/Romancing\\-the\\-1980s/article16898867\\.ece}} Commercial Hindi cinema grew in the late 1980s and 1990s, with the release of *[Mr. India](/wiki/Mr._India_%281987_film%29 \"Mr. India (1987 film)\")* (1987\\), *[Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak](/wiki/Qayamat_Se_Qayamat_Tak \"Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak\")* (1988\\), *[Chaalbaaz](/wiki/ChaalBaaz \"ChaalBaaz\")* (1989\\), *[Maine Pyar Kiya](/wiki/Maine_Pyar_Kiya \"Maine Pyar Kiya\")* (1989\\), *[Lamhe](/wiki/Lamhe \"Lamhe\")* (1991\\), *[Saajan](/wiki/Saajan \"Saajan\")* (1991\\), *[Khuda Gawah](/wiki/Khuda_Gawah \"Khuda Gawah\")* (1992\\), *[Khalnayak](/wiki/Khalnayak \"Khalnayak\")* (1993\\), *[Darr](/wiki/Darr \"Darr\")* (1993\\), *[Hum Aapke Hain Koun..!](/wiki/Hum_Aapke_Hain_Koun..%21 \"Hum Aapke Hain Koun..!\")* (1994\\), *[Dilwale Dulhaniya Le Jayenge](/wiki/Dilwale_Dulhaniya_Le_Jayenge \"Dilwale Dulhaniya Le Jayenge\")* (1995\\), *[Dil To Pagal Hai](/wiki/Dil_To_Pagal_Hai \"Dil To Pagal Hai\")* (1997\\), *[Pyar Kiya Toh Darna Kya](/wiki/Pyaar_Kiya_To_Darna_Kya_%281998_film%29 \"Pyaar Kiya To Darna Kya (1998 film)\")* (1998\\) and *[Kuch Kuch Hota Hai](/wiki/Kuch_Kuch_Hota_Hai \"Kuch Kuch Hota Hai\")* (1998\\). Cult classic *[Bandit Queen](/wiki/Bandit_Queen \"Bandit Queen\")* (1994\\) directed by [Shekhar Kapur](/wiki/Shekhar_Kapur \"Shekhar Kapur\") received international recognition and controversy.[Arundhati Roy, Author\\-Activist](http://www.india-today.com/itoday/19991213/roy.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124103723/http://www.india\\-today.com/itoday/19991213/roy.html \\|date\\=24 November 2010 }} *india\\-today.com*. Retrieved 16 June 2013[\"The Great Indian Rape\\-Trick\"](http://www.sawnet.org/books/writing/roy_bq1.html) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414182145/http://www.sawnet.org/books/writing/roy\\_bq1\\.html\\|date\\=14 April 2016}}, SAWNET – The South Asian Women's NETwork. Retrieved 25 November 2011", "[thumb\\|202x202px\\|[Sridevi](/wiki/Sridevi \"Sridevi\") (2012\\) was regarded as the most popular female star in Indian cinema.{{Cite web \\|title\\=From India Today Magazine {{!}} When Sridevi emerged as the highest paid Indian actress \\|url\\=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society\\-the\\-arts/films/story/19870630\\-sridevi\\-emerges\\-as\\-the\\-undisputed\\-empress\\-of\\-tinsel\\-town\\-the\\-highest\\-paid\\-indian\\-actress\\-799027\\-1987\\-06\\-29 \\|access\\-date\\=9 April 2023 \\|website\\=India Today \\|date\\=30 June 1987 \\|language\\=en}}](/wiki/File:Sridevi%2C_Zee_Cine_Awards_2018.jpg \"Sridevi, Zee Cine Awards 2018.jpg\")", "In the late 1990s, there was a resurgence of parallel cinema in Bollywood, largely due to the critical and commercial success of [crime films](/wiki/Crime_films \"Crime films\") such as *[Satya](/wiki/Satya_%281998_film%29 \"Satya (1998 film)\")* (1998\\) and *[Vaastav](/wiki/Vaastav \"Vaastav\")* (1999\\). These films launched a genre known as \"Mumbai noir\",{{Cite news \\|last\\=Aruti Nayar \\|date\\=16 December 2007 \\|title\\=Bollywood on the table \\|work\\=The Tribune \\|url\\=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20071216/spectrum/main11\\.htm \\|access\\-date\\=19 June 2008}} reflecting social problems in the city.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Christian Jungen \\|date\\=4 April 2009 \\|title\\=Urban Movies: The Diversity of Indian Cinema \\|url\\=http://www.fipresci.org/festivals/archive/2009/fribourg/indian\\_cinema\\_chjungen.htm \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090617225942/http://www.fipresci.org/festivals/archive/2009/fribourg/indian\\_cinema\\_chjungen.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=17 June 2009 \\|access\\-date\\=11 May 2009 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[FIPRESCI]]}} [Ram Gopal Varma](/wiki/Ram_Gopal_Varma \"Ram Gopal Varma\") directed the [Indian Political Trilogy](/wiki/Sarkar_%28film_series%29 \"Sarkar (film series)\"), and the [Indian Gangster Trilogy](/wiki/Gangster_%28film_series%29 \"Gangster (film series)\"); film critic Rajeev Masand had labelled the latter series as one of the \"most influential movies of Bollywood.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/masands\\-verdict\\-contract\\-mangled\\-mess\\-of\\-satya\\-company/69135\\-8\\.html\\|title\\=Masand's Verdict: ''Contract'', mangled mess of ''Satya'', ''Company''\\|work\\=CNN\\-News18}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?227527\\|title\\=Behind The Scenes \\- Rachel Dwyer \\- May 30, 2005\\|work\\=outlookindia.com}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20071216/spectrum/main11\\.htm\\|title\\=The Sunday Tribune \\- Spectrum\\|work\\=tribuneindia.com}} The first instalment of the trilogy, [*Satya*](/wiki/Satya_%281998_film%29 \"Satya (1998 film)\"), was also listed in [CNN\\-IBN](/wiki/CNN-IBN \"CNN-IBN\")'s 100 greatest [Indian films](/wiki/Indian_films \"Indian films\") of all time.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://ibnlive.in.com/photogallery/13200\\.html\\|title\\=100 Years of Indian Cinema: The 100 greatest Indian films of all time\\|work\\=IBNLive\\|access\\-date\\=18 May 2013\\|archive\\-date\\=24 April 2013\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130424003536/http://ibnlive.in.com/photogallery/13200\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}", "Since the 1990s, the three biggest Bollywood movie stars have been the \"[Three Khans](/wiki/Khans_of_Bollywood \"Khans of Bollywood\")\": [Aamir Khan](/wiki/Aamir_Khan \"Aamir Khan\"), [Shah Rukh Khan](/wiki/Shah_Rukh_Khan \"Shah Rukh Khan\"), and [Salman Khan](/wiki/Salman_Khan \"Salman Khan\").{{Cite web \\|date\\=18 September 2012 \\|title\\=The Three Khans of Bollywood – DESIblitz \\|url\\=https://www.desiblitz.com/content/the\\-three\\-khans\\-of\\-bollywood}}{{Cite web \\|last\\=Cain \\|first\\=Rob \\|title\\=Are Bollywood's Three Khans The Last Of The Movie Kings? \\|url\\=https://www.forbes.com/sites/robcain/2016/03/20/are\\-bollywoods\\-three\\-khans\\-the\\-last\\-of\\-the\\-movie\\-kings/ \\|website\\=\\[\\[Forbes]]}} Combined, they starred in the top ten [highest\\-grossing Bollywood films](/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_Bollywood_films \"List of highest-grossing Bollywood films\"), and have dominated the Indian box office since the 1990s.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Raghavendra \\|first\\=MK \\|date\\=16 October 2016 \\|title\\=After Aamir, SRK, Salman, why Bollywood's next male superstar may need a decade to rise \\|language\\=en \\|work\\=Firstpost \\|url\\=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/after\\-aamir\\-srk\\-salman\\-why\\-bollywoods\\-next\\-male\\-superstar\\-may\\-need\\-a\\-decade\\-to\\-rise\\-3049864\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=18 May 2022}}{{Cite news \\|agency\\=Agence France\\-Presse \\|date\\=12 July 2017 \\|title\\=Why Aamir Khan Is The King Of Khans: Foreign Media \\|work\\=NDTV \\|url\\=https://www.ndtv.com/india\\-news/aamir\\-khan\\-is\\-the\\-king\\-of\\-the\\-king\\-khans\\-moved\\-ahead\\-of\\-shah\\-rukh\\-salman\\-1723117 \\|access\\-date\\=18 May 2022}} Shah Rukh Khan was the most successful for most of the 1990s and 2000s, while Aamir Khan has been the most successful since the late 2000s;{{Cite web \\|last\\=D'Cunha \\|first\\=Suparna Dutt \\|title\\=Why 'Dangal' Star Aamir Khan Is The New King Of Bollywood \\|url\\=https://www.forbes.com/sites/suparnadutt/2017/01/23/why\\-dangal\\-star\\-aamir\\-khan\\-is\\-the\\-new\\-king\\-of\\-bollywood/ \\|website\\=\\[\\[Forbes]]}} according to *[Forbes](/wiki/Forbes \"Forbes\")*, Shah Rukh Khan is \"arguably the world's biggest movie star\" as of 2017, due to his immense popularity in India and China.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Cain \\|first\\=Rob \\|date\\=5 October 2017 \\|title\\=Why Aamir Khan Is Arguably The World's Biggest Movie Star, Part 2 \\|url\\=https://www.forbes.com/sites/robcain/2017/10/05/heres\\-why\\-aamir\\-khan\\-is\\-arguably\\-the\\-worlds\\-biggest\\-movie\\-star\\-part\\-2/ \\|website\\=\\[\\[Forbes]]}} Other notable Hindi film stars of recent decades include [Arjun Rampal](/wiki/Arjun_Rampal \"Arjun Rampal\"), [Sunny Deol](/wiki/Sunny_Deol \"Sunny Deol\"), [Akshay Kumar](/wiki/Akshay_Kumar \"Akshay Kumar\"), [Ajay Devgn](/wiki/Ajay_Devgn \"Ajay Devgn\"), [Hrithik Roshan](/wiki/Hrithik_Roshan \"Hrithik Roshan\"), [Anil Kapoor](/wiki/Anil_Kapoor \"Anil Kapoor\"), [Sanjay Dutt](/wiki/Sanjay_Dutt \"Sanjay Dutt\"), [Sridevi](/wiki/Sridevi \"Sridevi\"), [Madhuri Dixit](/wiki/Madhuri_Dixit \"Madhuri Dixit\"), [Juhi Chawla](/wiki/Juhi_Chawla \"Juhi Chawla\"), [Karisma Kapoor](/wiki/Karisma_Kapoor \"Karisma Kapoor\"), [Kajol](/wiki/Kajol \"Kajol\"), [Tabu](/wiki/Tabu_%28actress%29 \"Tabu (actress)\"), [Aishwarya Rai](/wiki/Aishwarya_Rai \"Aishwarya Rai\"), [Rani Mukerji](/wiki/Rani_Mukerji \"Rani Mukerji\") and [Preity Zinta](/wiki/Preity_Zinta \"Preity Zinta\").", "*[Haider](/wiki/Haider_%28film%29 \"Haider (film)\")* (2014, [Vishal Bhardwaj](/wiki/Vishal_Bhardwaj \"Vishal Bhardwaj\")), the third instalment of the Indian Shakespearean Trilogy after *[Maqbool](/wiki/Maqbool \"Maqbool\")* (2003\\) and *[Omkara](/wiki/Omkara_%282006_film%29 \"Omkara (2006 film)\")* (2006\\),{{Cite news \\|last\\=Muzaffar Raina \\|date\\=25 November 2013 \\|title\\=Protests hit Haider shoot on Valley campus \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Telegraph (India)\\|The Telegraph]] \\|url\\=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1131125/jsp/nation/story\\_17609286\\.jsp \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|access\\-date\\=11 September 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20150420041308/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1131125/jsp/nation/story\\_17609286\\.jsp%23\\.VTR8zH3LfK4 \\|archive\\-date\\=20 April 2015}} won the *People's Choice Award* at the 9th [Rome Film Festival](/wiki/Rome_Film_Festival \"Rome Film Festival\") in the Mondo Genere making it the first Indian film to achieve this honour.{{Cite web \\|date\\=25 October 2014 \\|title\\=The Official Awards of the ninth edition of the Rome Film Festival \\|url\\=http://www.romacinemafest.it/ecm/web/fcr/en/home/content/the\\-official\\-awards\\-of\\-the\\-ninth\\-edition\\-of\\-the\\-rome\\-film\\-festival.0000\\.FCR\\-4509 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141026173454/http://www.romacinemafest.it/ecm/web/fcr/en/home/content/the\\-official\\-awards\\-of\\-the\\-ninth\\-edition\\-of\\-the\\-rome\\-film\\-festival \\|archive\\-date\\=26 October 2014 \\|access\\-date\\=26 October 2014 \\|website\\=romacinefest.it}}{{relevance inline\\|date\\=October 2022}}", "The 2000s and 2010s also saw the rise of a new generation of popular actors like [Shahid Kapoor](/wiki/Shahid_Kapoor \"Shahid Kapoor\"), [Ranbir Kapoor](/wiki/Ranbir_Kapoor \"Ranbir Kapoor\"), [Ranveer Singh](/wiki/Ranveer_Singh \"Ranveer Singh\"), [Ayushmann Khurrana](/wiki/Ayushmann_Khurrana \"Ayushmann Khurrana\"), [Varun Dhawan](/wiki/Varun_Dhawan \"Varun Dhawan\"), [Sidharth Malhotra](/wiki/Sidharth_Malhotra \"Sidharth Malhotra\"), [Sushant Singh Rajput](/wiki/Sushant_Singh_Rajput \"Sushant Singh Rajput\"), [Kartik Aaryan](/wiki/Kartik_Aaryan \"Kartik Aaryan\"), [Arjun Kapoor](/wiki/Arjun_Kapoor \"Arjun Kapoor\"), [Aditya Roy Kapur](/wiki/Aditya_Roy_Kapur \"Aditya Roy Kapur\") and [Tiger Shroff](/wiki/Tiger_Shroff \"Tiger Shroff\"), as well as actresses like [Vidya Balan](/wiki/Vidya_Balan \"Vidya Balan\"), [Priyanka Chopra](/wiki/Priyanka_Chopra \"Priyanka Chopra\"), [Kareena Kapoor](/wiki/Kareena_Kapoor \"Kareena Kapoor\"), [Katrina Kaif](/wiki/Katrina_Kaif \"Katrina Kaif\"), [Kangana Ranaut](/wiki/Kangana_Ranaut \"Kangana Ranaut\"), [Deepika Padukone](/wiki/Deepika_Padukone \"Deepika Padukone\"), [Sonam Kapoor](/wiki/Sonam_Kapoor \"Sonam Kapoor\"), [Anushka Sharma](/wiki/Anushka_Sharma \"Anushka Sharma\"), [Shraddha Kapoor](/wiki/Shraddha_Kapoor \"Shraddha Kapoor\"), [Alia Bhatt](/wiki/Alia_Bhatt \"Alia Bhatt\"), [Parineeti Chopra](/wiki/Parineeti_Chopra \"Parineeti Chopra\") and [Kriti Sanon](/wiki/Kriti_Sanon \"Kriti Sanon\") with Balan, Ranaut and Bhatt gaining wide recognition for successful female\\-centric films such as *[The Dirty Picture](/wiki/The_Dirty_Picture \"The Dirty Picture\")* (2011\\), *[Kahaani](/wiki/Kahaani \"Kahaani\")* (2012\\), *[Queen](/wiki/Queen_%282014_film%29 \"Queen (2014 film)\")* (2014\\), *[Highway](/wiki/Highway_%282014_Hindi_film%29 \"Highway (2014 Hindi film)\")* (2014\\), *[Tanu Weds Manu Returns](/wiki/Tanu_Weds_Manu_Returns \"Tanu Weds Manu Returns\")* (2015\\), *[Raazi](/wiki/Raazi \"Raazi\")* (2018\\) and *[Gangubai Kathiawadi](/wiki/Gangubai_Kathiawadi \"Gangubai Kathiawadi\")* (2022\\).", "[Salim–Javed](/wiki/Salim%E2%80%93Javed \"Salim–Javed\") were highly influential in [South Indian cinema](/wiki/South_Indian_cinema \"South Indian cinema\"). In addition to writing two [Kannada films](/wiki/Kannada_cinema \"Kannada cinema\"), many of their Bollywood films had remakes produced in other regions, including Tamil, Telugu and Malayalam cinema. While the Bollywood directors and producers held the rights to their films in Northern India, Salim–Javed retained the rights in South India, where they sold remake rights for films such as *Zanjeer*, *Yaadon Ki Baarat* and *Don*.{{Cite book \\|last1\\=Kishore \\|first1\\=Vikrant \\|url\\={{google books\\|plainurl\\=y\\|id\\=wQLeCwAAQBAJ\\|page\\=238}} \\|title\\=Salaam Bollywood: Representations and Interpretations \\|last2\\=Sarwal \\|first2\\=Amit \\|last3\\=Patra \\|first3\\=Parichay \\|date\\=2016 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Routledge]] \\|isbn\\=9781317232865 \\|page\\=238 \\|language\\=en}} Several of these remakes became breakthroughs for actor [Rajinikanth](/wiki/Rajinikanth \"Rajinikanth\").{{Cite news \\|last\\=Jha \\|first\\=Lata \\|date\\=18 July 2016 \\|title\\=10 Rajinikanth films that were remakes of Amitabh Bachchan starrers \\|work\\=\\[\\[Mint (newspaper)\\|Mint]] \\|url\\=http://www.livemint.com/Consumer/1zecmlLkbhchQlpXOOOsxN/10\\-Rajinikanth\\-films\\-that\\-were\\-remakes\\-of\\-Amitabh\\-Bachchan\\-s.html}}", "[Sridevi](/wiki/Sridevi \"Sridevi\") is widely regarded as the first female superstar of Indian cinema due to her pan\\-Indian appeal with equally successful careers in [Hindi](/wiki/Bollywood \"Bollywood\"), [Tamil](/wiki/Tamil_cinema \"Tamil cinema\"), [Malayalam](/wiki/Malayalam_cinema \"Malayalam cinema\"), [Kannada](/wiki/Kannada_cinema \"Kannada cinema\") and [Telugu cinema](/wiki/Telugu_cinema \"Telugu cinema\"). She is the only Bollywood actor to have starred in a top 10 grossing film each year of her active career (1983–1997\\).{{citation needed\\|date\\=October 2022}}", "#### Telugu", "[K. V. Reddy](/wiki/K._V._Reddy \"K. V. Reddy\")'s *[Mayabazar](/wiki/Mayabazar \"Mayabazar\")* (1957\\) is a landmark film in Indian cinema, a classic of [Telugu cinema](/wiki/Telugu_cinema \"Telugu cinema\") that inspired generations of filmmakers. It blends myth, fantasy, romance and humour in a timeless story, captivating audiences with its fantastical elements. The film excelled in various departments like cast performances, production design, music, cinematography and is particularly revered for its use of technology.{{Cite web \\|date\\=30 April 2015 \\|title\\=Mayabazar (1957\\) \\|website\\=\\[\\[The Hindu]] \\|url\\=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday\\-review/mayabazar\\-1957/article7159111\\.ece \\|access\\-date\\=12 March 2024 \\|archive\\-date\\=2 May 2015 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150502053722/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday\\-review/mayabazar\\-1957/article7159111\\.ece \\|url\\-status\\=bot: unknown }}{{Cite web \\|date\\=9 February 2013 \\|title\\=\"1\" The Hindu \\|website\\=\\[\\[The Hindu]] \\|url\\=https://www.thehindu.com/todays\\-paper/tp\\-features/tp\\-metroplus/1/article4395126\\.ece}} The use of special effects, innovative for the 1950s, like the first illusion of moonlight, showcased technical brilliance.. Powerful performances and relatable themes ensure Mayabazar stays relevant, a classic enjoyed by new generations. On the centenary of Indian cinema in 2013, [CNN\\-IBN](/wiki/CNN-IBN \"CNN-IBN\") included *Mayabazar* in its list of \"100 greatest Indian films of all time\".{{Cite web \\|date\\=17 April 2013 \\|title\\=100 Years of Indian Cinema: The 100 greatest Indian films of all time \\|url\\=http://ibnlive.in.com/photogallery/13200\\-60\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=12 March 2024 \\|archive\\-date\\=12 March 2015 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150312062626/http://ibnlive.in.com/photogallery/13200\\-60\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} In a poll conducted by CNN\\-IBN among those 100 films, *Mayabazar* was voted by the public as the \"Greatest Indian film of all time.\"{{Cite web \\|date\\=12 May 2013 \\|title\\=Mayabazar' is India's greatest film ever: IBNLive poll \\|url\\=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/mayabazar\\-is\\-indias\\-greatest\\-film\\-ever\\-ibnlive\\-poll\\-608772\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=12 March 2024 \\|archive\\-date\\=6 January 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106080737/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/mayabazar\\-is\\-indias\\-greatest\\-film\\-ever\\-ibnlive\\-poll\\-608772\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=bot: unknown }}", "[K. Viswanath](/wiki/K._Viswanath \"K. Viswanath\"), one of the prominent auteurs of Indian cinema, he received international recognition for his works, and is known for blending [parallel cinema](/wiki/Parallel_cinema \"Parallel cinema\") with mainstream cinema. His works such as *[Sankarabharanam](/wiki/Sankarabharanam_%281980_film%29 \"Sankarabharanam (1980 film)\")* (1980\\) about revitalisation of Indian classical music won the \"Prize of the Public\" at the [Besançon](/wiki/Besan%C3%A7on \"Besançon\") Film Festival of [France](/wiki/France \"France\") in the year 1981\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://dff.nic.in/images/Documents/88\\_29thNfacatalogue.pdf\\|title\\=K. Viswanath Film craft Page 6 DFF\\|access\\-date\\=1 January 2013}} *[Forbes](/wiki/Forbes_%28India%29 \"Forbes (India)\")* included [J. V. Somayajulu](/wiki/J._V._Somayajulu \"J. V. Somayajulu\")'s performance in the film on its list of \"25 Greatest Acting Performances of Indian Cinema\".{{cite web\\|url\\=http://forbesindia.com/article/100\\-years\\-of\\-indian\\-cinema/25\\-greatest\\-acting\\-performances\\-of\\-indian\\-cinema/35125/0\\|title\\=25 Greatest Acting Performances of Indian Cinema\\|magazine\\=\\[\\[Forbes (India)\\|Forbes]]\\|first1\\=Shishir\\|last1\\=Prasad\\|first2\\=N. S.\\|last2\\=Ramnath\\|first3\\=Sohini\\|last3\\=Mitter\\|date\\=27 April 2013 \\|access\\-date \\= 27 January 2015}} *[Swathi Muthyam](/wiki/Swathi_Muthyam \"Swathi Muthyam\")* (1986\\) was [India's official entry](/wiki/List_of_Indian_submissions_for_the_Academy_Award_for_Best_International_Feature_Film \"List of Indian submissions for the Academy Award for Best International Feature Film\") to the [59th Academy Awards](/wiki/59th_Academy_Awards \"59th Academy Awards\"). *[Swarna Kamalam](/wiki/Swarna_Kamalam \"Swarna Kamalam\")* (1988\\) the dance film choreographed by [Kelucharan Mohapatra](/wiki/Kelucharan_Mohapatra \"Kelucharan Mohapatra\"), and [Sharon Lowen](/wiki/Sharon_Lowen \"Sharon Lowen\") was featured at the [Ann Arbor Film Festival](/wiki/Ann_Arbor_Film_Festival \"Ann Arbor Film Festival\"), fetching three [Indian Express Awards](/wiki/Cinema_Express_Awards_-_1988 \"Cinema Express Awards - 1988\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/viral\\-and\\-trending/020517/dance\\-without\\-frontiers\\-k\\-viswanath\\-director\\-who\\-aims\\-to\\-revive\\-classical\\-arts.html\\|title\\=Dance without frontiers: K Viswanath – Director who aims to revive classical arts\\|date\\=2 May 2017}}{{cite web\\|author\\=30 June 2011 \\- Ranjana Dave \\|url\\=http://archive.asianage.com/dance/meaning\\-movement\\-323\\|title\\=The meaning in movement \\|publisher\\=The Asian Age \\|date\\=30 June 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=4 September 2012}}", "{{multiple image\n\\| align \\= right\n\\| image1 \\= K. Vishwanath at National Film Awards Function 2017\\.jpg\n\\| width1 \\= 154\n\\| alt1 \\= \n\\| caption1 \\= \n\\| image2 \\= RamGopalVarma.jpg\n\\| width2 \\= 120\n\\| alt2 \\= \n\\| caption2 \\= \n\\| footer \\= ''From left to right:'' \\[\\[K. Viswanath]], \\[\\[Ram Gopal Varma]], \\[\\[Singeetam Srinivasa Rao]] and \\[\\[Chiranjeevi]]\n\\| image3 \\= Singeetam srinivasa rao.jpg\n\\| width3 \\= 154\n\\| alt3 \\= \n\\| caption3 \\= \n\\| image4 \\= Chiranjeevi at Amitabh Bachchan's 70th birthday celebration (cropped).jpg\n\\| width4 \\= 119\n}}", "[B. Narsing Rao](/wiki/B._Narsing_Rao \"B. Narsing Rao\"), [K. N. T. Sastry](/wiki/K._N._T._Sastry \"K. N. T. Sastry\"), and [A. Kutumba Rao](/wiki/Akkineni_Kutumba_Rao \"Akkineni Kutumba Rao\") garnered international recognition for their works in new\\-wave cinema.{{Cite press release \\|title\\=Arts / Cinema: Conscientious filmmaker \\|date\\=7 May 2011 \\|url\\=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article1998948\\.ece \\|access\\-date\\=25 August 2012 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110509045951/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article1998948\\.ece \\|archive\\-date\\=9 May 2011 \\|work\\=The Hindu}}{{Cite web \\|title\\=Tikkavarapu Pattabhirama Reddy – Poet, Film maker of international fame from NelloreOne Nellore \\|url\\=http://1nellore.com/1849/tikkavarapu\\-pattabhirama\\-reddy\\-poet\\-film\\-maker\\-of\\-international\\-fame/ \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006102018/http://1nellore.com/1849/tikkavarapu\\-pattabhirama\\-reddy\\-poet\\-film\\-maker\\-of\\-international\\-fame/ \\|archive\\-date\\=6 October 2014 \\|access\\-date\\=10 October 2014 \\|website\\=1nellore.com \\|publisher\\=One Nellore}} Narsing Rao's *[Maa Ooru](/wiki/Maa_Ooru \"Maa Ooru\")* (1992\\) won the \"[Media Wave Award](/wiki/Media_Wave_International_Film_Festival \"Media Wave International Film Festival\")\" of Hungary; *[Daasi](/wiki/Daasi_%281988_film%29 \"Daasi (1988 film)\")* (1988\\) and *[Matti Manushulu](/wiki/Matti_Manushulu \"Matti Manushulu\")* (1990\\) won the Diploma of Merit awards at the [16th](/wiki/16th_Moscow_International_Film_Festival \"16th Moscow International Film Festival\") and [17th](/wiki/17th_Moscow_International_Film_Festival \"17th Moscow International Film Festival\") [MIFF](/wiki/Moscow_International_Film_Festival \"Moscow International Film Festival\") respectively.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://mwave.irq.hu/index.php?modul\\=menupontok\\&kod\\=18028\\&nyelv\\=\\+/index.php\\|title\\=MEDIAWAVE ARCHÍVUM (1991\\-2022\\) :: 1992 :: FILMES DÍJLISTA \\- www.mediawave.hu\\|website\\=mwave.irq.hu}}{{Cite press release \\|title\\=Narsing Rao's films regale Delhi \\|date\\=21 December 2008 \\|publisher\\=webindia123\\.com \\|url\\=http://news.webindia123\\.com/news/articles/India/20081221/1134082\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=25 August 2012 \\|archive\\-date\\=6 November 2013 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106105835/http://news.webindia123\\.com/news/articles/India/20081221/1134082\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}{{Cite web \\|title\\=Metro Plus Hyderabad / Travel : Unsung moments \\|url\\=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/03/01/stories/2005030100530300\\.htm \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20050305213636/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/03/01/stories/2005030100530300\\.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=5 March 2005 \\|website\\=\\[\\[The Hindu]]}} Sastry's *[Thilaadanam](/wiki/Thilaadanam \"Thilaadanam\")* (2000\\) received \"New Currents Award\" at the [7th Busan](/wiki/Busan_International_Film_Festival \"Busan International Film Festival\");{{Cite web \\|title\\=Awards \\|url\\=http://www.biff.kr/Template/Builder/00000001/page.asp?page\\_num\\=4892 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170620083906/http://biff.kr/Template/Builder/00000001/page.asp?page\\_num\\=4892 \\|archive\\-date\\=20 June 2017 \\|access\\-date\\=27 June 2017 \\|website\\=Busan International Film Festival}}{{Cite press release \\|title\\=How Kamli came alive onscreen \\|date\\=31 December 2004 \\|url\\=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/nov/30sastry.htm \\|access\\-date\\=25 August 2012 \\|work\\=Rediff.com}} Rajnesh Domalpalli's *[Vanaja](/wiki/Vanaja_%28film%29 \"Vanaja (film)\")* (2006\\) won \"Best First Feature Award\" at the [57th Berlinale](/wiki/57th_Berlin_International_Film_Festival \"57th Berlin International Film Festival\").{{Cite web \\|date\\=22 February 2008 \\|title\\=Vanaja Best First Feature \\|url\\=https://www.berlinale.de/en/archive/jahresarchive/2007/03\\_preistraeger\\_2007/03\\_preistraeger\\_2007\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=22 August 2012 \\|website\\=57th Berlinale}}{{Cite web \\|last\\=Ebert \\|first\\=Roger \\|title\\=The year's ten best films and other shenanigans {{pipe}} Roger Ebert's Journal \\|date\\=19 December 2012 \\|url\\=https://www.rogerebert.com/rogers\\-journal/the\\-years\\-ten\\-best\\-films\\-and\\-other\\-shenanigans \\|access\\-date\\=26 August 2019 \\|publisher\\=Roger Ebert}}", "[Ram Gopal Varma](/wiki/Ram_Gopal_Varma \"Ram Gopal Varma\")'s *[Siva](/wiki/Siva_%281989_Telugu_film%29 \"Siva (1989 Telugu film)\")* (1989\\), which attained [cult following](/wiki/Cult_film \"Cult film\"){{Cite news \\|last\\=Raghavan \\|first\\=Nikhil \\|date\\=4 October 2010 \\|title\\=A saga in the making? \\|work\\=The Hindu \\|url\\=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/a\\-saga\\-in\\-the\\-making/article812802\\.ece \\|access\\-date\\=20 April 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420093100/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/a\\-saga\\-in\\-the\\-making/article812802\\.ece \\|archive\\-date\\=20 April 2016}} introduced [steadicams](/wiki/Steadicam \"Steadicam\") and new sound recording techniques to Indian films.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Pasupulate \\|first\\=Karthik \\|date\\=29 October 2015 \\|title\\=Raj Tarun to star in a silent film by RGV \\|url\\=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Raj\\-Tarun\\-to\\-star\\-in\\-a\\-silent\\-film\\-by\\-RGV/articleshow/49567908\\.cms \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160419120901/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Raj\\-Tarun\\-to\\-star\\-in\\-a\\-silent\\-film\\-by\\-RGV/articleshow/49567908\\.cms \\|archive\\-date\\=19 April 2016 \\|access\\-date\\=19 April 2016 \\|website\\=The Times of India}} *Siva* attracted the young audience during its theatrical run, and its success encouraged filmmakers to explore a variety of themes and make experimental films.{{Cite web \\|date\\=5 October 2014 \\|title\\=Nagarjuna's Shiva completes 25 years \\|url\\=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Nagarjunas\\-Shiva\\-completes\\-25\\-years/articleshow/44401475\\.cms \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160419025043/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Nagarjunas\\-Shiva\\-completes\\-25\\-years/articleshow/44401475\\.cms \\|archive\\-date\\=19 April 2016 \\|access\\-date\\=19 April 2016 \\|website\\=The Times of India}} Varma introduced [road movie](/wiki/Road_movie \"Road movie\") and [film noir](/wiki/Film_noir \"Film noir\") to Indian screen with *[Kshana Kshanam](/wiki/Kshana_Kshanam \"Kshana Kshanam\")* (1991\\).{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/up\\-front/story/20120528\\-edouard\\-waintrop\\-on\\-the\\-new\\-indian\\-cinema\\-758464\\-2012\\-05\\-18 \\|title\\=Cannes critic on RGV's film craft at fribourg festival\\|date\\=18 May 2012 \\|publisher\\=Indiatoday.in \\|access\\-date\\=21 January 2023}} Varma experimented with close\\-to\\-life performances by the lead actors, which bought a rather fictional storyline a sense of authenticity at a time when the industry was being filled with commercial fillers.{{Cite news\\|last\\=Gopalrao\\|first\\=Griddaluru\\|date\\=18 October 1991\\|title\\=చిత్ర సమీక్ష: క్షణ క్షణం\\|language\\=te\\|page\\=7\\|work\\=\\[\\[Zamin Ryot]]\\|url\\=http://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/1991/Oct/18\\-oct\\-1991\\.pdf\\|access\\-date\\=21 June 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=13 September 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913133558/http://zaminryot.com/pdf/1991/Oct/18\\-oct\\-1991\\.pdf\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "[Singeetam Srinivasa Rao](/wiki/Singeetam_Srinivasa_Rao \"Singeetam Srinivasa Rao\") introduced [time travel](/wiki/Time_travel \"Time travel\") to the Indian screen with *[Aditya 369](/wiki/Aditya_369 \"Aditya 369\")* (1991\\). The film dealt with exploratory dystopian and apocalyptic themes, taking the audience through a post\\-apocalyptic experience via time travel and folklore from 1526 CE, including a romantic subplot.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Narasimham \\|first\\=M. L. \\|date\\=12 October 2018 \\|title\\=The story behind the song ' Nerajaanavule' from the movie Aditya 369 \\|url\\=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/the\\-story\\-behind\\-the\\-song\\-nerajaanavule\\-from\\-the\\-movie\\-aditya\\-369/article25201254\\.ece \\|access\\-date\\=28 August 2019 \\|work\\=The Hindu}} Singeetam Srinivasa Rao was inspired by the classic sci\\-fi novel *[The Time Machine](/wiki/The_Time_Machine \"The Time Machine\")*.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Singeetam Srinivasa Rao Interview: \"The Golden Rule Of Cinema Is That There Is No Golden Rule\" \\|url\\=https://silverscreen.in/tamil/features/interviews/singeetam\\-srinivasa\\-rao\\-interview\\-golden\\-rule\\-cinema\\-no\\-golden\\-rule/ \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103175919/https://silverscreen.in/tamil/features/interviews/singeetam\\-srinivasa\\-rao\\-interview\\-golden\\-rule\\-cinema\\-no\\-golden\\-rule/ \\|archive\\-date\\=3 January 2017 \\|access\\-date\\=16 February 2017 \\|website\\=Silverscreen.in}}{{Cite web \\|last\\=Srinivasan \\|first\\=Pavithra \\|date\\=7 September 2010 \\|title\\=Singeetham Srinivasa Rao's gems before Christ \\|url\\=https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide\\-show/slide\\-show\\-1\\-south\\-interview\\-with\\-singeetham\\-srinivasa\\-rao/20100907\\.htm \\|access\\-date\\=16 July 2022 \\|website\\=Rediff.com}}{{Cite news \\|title\\=Sudeep's excited about film with Ram Gopal Varma \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Times of India]] \\|url\\=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Sudeeps\\-excited\\-about\\-film\\-with\\-Ram\\-Gopal\\-Varma/articleshow/18046826\\.cms \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102124438/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013\\-01\\-16/news\\-interviews/36373029\\_1\\_sudeep\\-ram\\-gopal\\-varma\\-rgv \\|archive\\-date\\=2 November 2013}}", "[Chiranjeevi](/wiki/Chiranjeevi \"Chiranjeevi\")'s works such as the social [drama film](/wiki/Drama_film \"Drama film\") *[Swayamkrushi](/wiki/Swayamkrushi \"Swayamkrushi\")* (1987\\), [comedy thriller](/wiki/Comedy_thriller \"Comedy thriller\") *[Chantabbai](/wiki/Chantabbai \"Chantabbai\")* (1986\\), the [vigilante thriller](/wiki/Vigilante_film \"Vigilante film\") *[Kondaveeti Donga](/wiki/Kondaveeti_Donga \"Kondaveeti Donga\")* (1990\\),{{Cite web \\|title\\=Kondaveeti Donga (1990\\) \\|url\\=http://www.REPLACE MEEEEEEEE.com/title/tt0246008/fullcredits \\|publisher\\=IMDb}}{{Dead link\\|date\\=August 2024}} the [Western thriller](/wiki/Western_genre \"Western genre\") *[Kodama Simham](/wiki/Kodama_Simham \"Kodama Simham\")* (1990\\), and the [action thriller](/wiki/Action_film \"Action film\"), *[Gang Leader](/wiki/Gang_Leader \"Gang Leader\")* (1991\\), popularised genre films with the highest estimated cinema footfalls.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Gopalan \\|first\\=Krishna \\|date\\=30 August 2008 \\|title\\=Southern movie stars \\& politics: A long love affair \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Economic Times]] \\|url\\=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid\\-3424194\\.cms \\|access\\-date\\=19 September 2010}} [Sekhar Kammula](/wiki/Sekhar_Kammula \"Sekhar Kammula\")'s *[Dollar Dreams](/wiki/Dollar_Dreams_%28film%29 \"Dollar Dreams (film)\")* (2000\\), which explored the conflict between American dreams and human feelings, re\\-introduced [social realism](/wiki/Social_realism \"Social realism\") to Telugu film which had stagnated in formulaic commercialism.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Gangadhar \\|first\\=V \\|date\\=17 July 2000 \\|title\\=rediff.com, Movies: The Dollar Dreams review \\|url\\=https://m.rediff.com/movies/2000/jul/17dream.htm \\|access\\-date\\=28 August 2019 \\|website\\=Rediff.com}} War drama *[Kanche](/wiki/Kanche \"Kanche\")* (2015, [Krish Jagarlamudi](/wiki/Krish_%28director%29 \"Krish (director)\")) explored the 1944 Nazi attack on the Indian army in the [Italian campaign](/wiki/Italian_campaign_%28World_War_II%29 \"Italian campaign (World War II)\") of the Second World War.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Kalyanam \\|first\\=Rajeswari \\|date\\=24 October 2015 \\|title\\=Breaking new grounds \\|url\\=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/2015\\-10\\-24/Breaking\\-new\\-grounds\\-\\-182145 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151025164933/http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/2015\\-10\\-24/Breaking\\-new\\-grounds\\-\\-182145 \\|archive\\-date\\=25 October 2015 \\|access\\-date\\=5 February 2016 \\|website\\=The Hans India}}", "[thumb\\|230x230px\\|[S.S Rajamouli](/wiki/S._S._Rajamouli \"S. S. Rajamouli\") has been described as \"the biggest Indian film director ever\" and \"India's most significant director today\".{{Cite web \\|last\\=Sharma \\|first\\=Suparna \\|date\\=30 April 2022 \\|title\\=Indian director Rajamouli scores a global hit with new film RRR \\|url\\=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/4/30/indian\\-director\\-ss\\-rajamouli\\-rrr\\-film\\-teluga\\-cinema}}{{Cite web \\|last\\=Dwyer \\|first\\=Rachel \\|date\\=1 April 2022 \\|title\\=Director's Roar \\|url\\=https://openthemagazine.com/cover\\-stories/directors\\-roar/}}](/wiki/File:SS_Rajamouli%2C_2021.jpg \"SS Rajamouli, 2021.jpg\")", "[Pan\\-Indian](/wiki/Pan-Indian_film \"Pan-Indian film\") film is a term related to Indian cinema that originated with [Telugu cinema](/wiki/Telugu_cinema \"Telugu cinema\") as a mainstream commercial film appealing to audiences across the country with a spread to world markets.{{Cite web \\|date\\=3 August 2022 \\|title\\=The secret of the pan\\-Indian success of films from the south: Balancing the local and universal \\|url\\=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/the\\-secret\\-of\\-the\\-pan\\-indian\\-success\\-of\\-films\\-from\\-the\\-south\\-8068662/}} [S. S. Rajamouli](/wiki/S._S._Rajamouli \"S. S. Rajamouli\") pioneered the pan\\-Indian films movement with duology of epic action films *[Baahubali: The Beginning](/wiki/Baahubali:The_Beginning \"The Beginning\")* (2015\\) and *[Baahubali 2: The Conclusion](/wiki/Baahubali_2:The_Conclusion \"The Conclusion\")* (2017\\), that changed the face of Indian cinema. *Baahubali: The Beginning* became the first Indian film to be nominated for American [Saturn Awards](/wiki/Saturn_Awards \"Saturn Awards\").{{Cite web \\|date\\=27 February 2016 \\|title\\='Baahubali' nominated for Saturn Awards in five categories \\|url\\=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/baahubali\\-nominated\\-for\\-saturn\\-awards\\-in\\-five\\-categories/}} It received national and international acclaim for Rajamouli's direction, story, visual effects, cinematography, themes, action sequences, music, and performances, and became a record\\-breaking box office success.{{Cite web \\|date\\=9 September 2022 \\|title\\=\"Baahubali\\-the\\-beginning\" \\|website\\=\\[\\[Metacritic]] \\|url\\=https://www.metacritic.com/movie/baahubali\\-the\\-beginning/}} The sequel *Baahubali 2* (2017\\) went on to win the American \"[Saturn Award for Best International Film](/wiki/Saturn_Award_for_Best_International_Film \"Saturn Award for Best International Film\")\" \\& emerged as the [second\\-highest\\-grossing Indian film](/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_Indian_films%23Worldwide_gross_collection \"List of highest-grossing Indian films#Worldwide gross collection\") of all time.{{Cite magazine \\|last\\=McNary \\|first\\=Dave \\|date\\=27 June 2018 \\|title\\='Black Panther' Leads Saturn Awards; 'Better Call Saul,' 'Twin Peaks' Top TV Trophies \\|url\\=https://variety.com/2018/film/news/saturn\\-awards\\-2018\\-black\\-panther\\-better\\-call\\-saul\\-twin\\-peaks\\-1202860077/ \\|access\\-date\\=9 January 2019 \\|magazine\\=\\[\\[Variety (magazine)\\|Variety]]}}{{Cite news \\|last\\=Sudhir \\|first\\=TS \\|date\\=May 2017 \\|title\\=Is Baahubali 2 a Hindu film? Dissecting religion, folklore, mythology in Rajamouli's epic saga \\|url\\=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/is\\-baahubali\\-2\\-a\\-hindu\\-film\\-bahubali\\-2\\-religion\\-rajamouli\\-3416228\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=26 October 2022 \\|work\\=FirstPost}}", "S.S Rajamouli followed up with the alternate historical film *[RRR](/wiki/RRR_%28film%29 \"RRR (film)\")* (2022\\) that received universal critical acclaim for its direction, screenwriting, cast performances, cinematography, soundtrack, action sequences and [VFX](/wiki/VFX \"VFX\"), which further consolidated the Pan\\-Indian film market. The film was considered one of the ten best films of the year by the [National Board of Review](/wiki/National_Board_of_Review \"National Board of Review\"), making it only the seventh non\\-English language film ever to make it to the list.{{Cite news \\|date\\=9 December 2022 \\|title\\='RRR' Oscar campaign gets a boost: Rajamouli's film named among National Board of Review's 10 best films \\|newspaper\\=The Economic Times \\|url\\=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new\\-updates/rrr\\-oscar\\-campaign\\-gets\\-a\\-boost\\-rajamoulis\\-film\\-named\\-among\\-national\\-board\\-of\\-reviews\\-10\\-best\\-films/articleshow/96109907\\.cms}} It also became the first Indian film by an Indian production to win an [Academy Award](/wiki/Academy_Awards \"Academy Awards\").{{Cite news \\|date\\=13 March 2023 \\|title\\=Oscars 2023: RRR's Naatu Naatu wins best original song \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.com/news/world\\-asia\\-india\\-64935389}} The film went on to receive several other nominations at the [Golden Globe Awards](/wiki/Golden_Globe_Awards \"Golden Globe Awards\"), [Critics' Choice Movie Award](/wiki/Critics%27_Choice_Movie_Awards \"Critics' Choice Movie Awards\") including [Best Foreign Language Film](/wiki/Critics%27_Choice_Movie_Award_for_Best_Foreign_Language_Film \"Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Foreign Language Film\").{{Cite web \\|last\\=Davis \\|first\\=Clayton \\|date\\=12 December 2022 \\|title\\='RRR' Roars With Golden Globe Noms for Original Song and Non\\-English Language Film \\|url\\=https://variety.com/2022/awards/awards/rrr\\-golden\\-globes\\-nominated\\-1235456635/}} Films like *[Pushpa: The Rise](/wiki/Pushpa:The_Rise \"The Rise\")*, *[Salaar: Part 1 – Ceasefire](/wiki/Salaar:Part_1_%E2%80%93_Ceasefire \"Part 1 – Ceasefire\")* and *[Kalki 2898 AD](/wiki/Kalki_2898_AD \"Kalki 2898 AD\")* have further contributed to the pan\\-Indian film wave.", "Actors like [Prabhas](/wiki/Prabhas \"Prabhas\"), [Allu Arjun](/wiki/Allu_Arjun \"Allu Arjun\"), [Ram Charan](/wiki/Ram_Charan \"Ram Charan\") and [N. T. Rama Rao Jr.](/wiki/N._T._Rama_Rao_Jr. \"N. T. Rama Rao Jr.\") enjoy a nationwide popularity among the audiences after the release of their respective Pan\\-Indian films. [Film critics](/wiki/Film_criticism \"Film criticism\"), journalists and analysts, such as [Baradwaj Rangan](/wiki/Baradwaj_Rangan \"Baradwaj Rangan\") and Vishal Menon, have labelled Prabhas as the \"first legit Pan\\-Indian Superstar\".{{Cite web \\|date\\=20 August 2020 \\|title\\=\"Is Prabhas India's First Legit PAN Indian Star?'\". \\|url\\=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/telugu\\-movies\\-is\\-prabhas\\-indias\\-first\\-legit\\-pan\\-indian\\-star\\-baradwaj\\-rangan}}", "[Hindi cinema](/wiki/Hindi_cinema \"Hindi cinema\") has been remaking [Telugu](/wiki/Telugu_cinema \"Telugu cinema\") films since the late 1940s, some of which went on to become landmark films. Between 2000 and 2019, one in every three successful films made in Hindi was either a remake or part of a series. And most of the star actors, have starred in the hit remakes of Telugu films.{{Cite news \\|date\\=18 February 2023 \\|title\\=Bollywood's Telugu takeover: 'Shehzada' to 'Jersey', remakes of hit South films \\|url\\=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/bollywoods\\-telugu\\-takeover\\-shehzada\\-to\\-jersey\\-remakes\\-of\\-hit\\-south\\-films/photostory/98038983\\.cms?picid\\=98039072 \\|access\\-date\\=8 August 2024 \\|work\\=The Times of India \\|issn\\=0971\\-8257}}", "#### Tamil", "Tamil cinema established Madras (now [Chennai](/wiki/Chennai \"Chennai\")) as a secondary film production centre in India, used by [Hindi cinema](/wiki/Bollywood \"Bollywood\"), other South Indian film industries, and [Sri Lankan cinema](/wiki/Cinema_of_Sri_Lanka \"Cinema of Sri Lanka\").{{Cite web \\|title\\=The Tamil Nadu Entertainments Tax Act, 1939 \\|url\\=http://www.tnvat.gov.in/English/TN\\_ENTERTAINMENT%20TAX\\_ACT\\_1939\\.pdf \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015202926/http://tnvat.gov.in/English/TN\\_ENTERTAINMENT%20TAX\\_ACT\\_1939\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=15 October 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=26 September 2011 \\|publisher\\=Government of Tamil Nadu}} Over the last quarter of the 20th century, Tamil films from India established a global presence through distribution to an increasing number of overseas theatres.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Pillai \\|first\\=Sreedhar \\|title\\=A gold mine around the globe \\|language\\=en \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Hindu]] \\|url\\=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/tamil\\-film\\-business\\-in\\-overseas\\-market/article8483410\\.ece \\|access\\-date\\=9 March 2017}}{{Cite web \\|title\\=Eros buys Tamil film distributor \\|url\\=http://www.business\\-standard.com/india/storypage.php?autono\\=290977 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903230315/http://www.business\\-standard.com/india/storypage.php?autono\\=290977 \\|archive\\-date\\=3 September 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=6 October 2011 \\|website\\=\\[\\[Business Standard]]}}\n {{Cite news\\|url\\=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011\\-06\\-12/news/29649940\\_1\\_big\\-cinemas\\-anil\\-arjun\\-screens\\|title\\=With high demand for Indian movies, Big Cinemas goes global\\|access\\-date\\=26 September 2011\\|work\\=The Times of India\\|date\\=12 June 2011}}* The industry also inspired independent filmmaking in Sri Lanka and [Tamil diaspora](/wiki/Tamil_diaspora \"Tamil diaspora\") populations in Malaysia, Singapore, and the [Western Hemisphere](/wiki/Western_Hemisphere \"Western Hemisphere\").{{Cite news \\|title\\=Symposium: Sri Lanka's Cultural Experience \\|work\\=\\[\\[Frontline (magazine)\\|Frontline]] \\|location\\=Chennai, India \\|url\\=http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl1604/16040780\\.htm \\|access\\-date\\=26 September 2011}}\n {{Cite news\\|url\\=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Chennai/article2339090\\.ece\\|title\\=Celebration of shared heritage at Canadian film festival\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Hindu]]\\|access\\-date\\=26 September 2011\\|location\\=Chennai, India\\|date\\=9 August 2011}}", "* {{multiple image\n\\| align \\= right\n\\| image1 \\= Mani Ratnam at the Museum of the Moving Image.jpg\n\\| width1 \\= 120\n\\| alt1 \\= \n\\| caption1 \\= \n\\| image2 \\= Kamal Haasan at 62nd Filmfare Awards south.jpg\n\\| width2 \\= 160\n\\| alt2 \\= \n\\| caption2 \\= \n\\| footer \\= ''From left to right:'' \\[\\[Mani Ratnam]] (film director), \\[\\[Kamal Hasan]] and \\[\\[Rajinikanth]]\n\\| image3 \\= Rajinikanth at the Inauguration of MGR Statue 1\\.jpg\n}}", "*[Marupakkam](/wiki/Marupakkam \"Marupakkam\")* (1991, [K. S. Sethumadhavan](/wiki/K._S._Sethumadhavan \"K. S. Sethumadhavan\")) and *[Kanchivaram](/wiki/Kanchivaram \"Kanchivaram\")* (2007\\) each won the [National Film Award for Best Feature Film](/wiki/National_Film_Award_for_Best_Feature_Film \"National Film Award for Best Feature Film\").{{Cite book \\|last\\=Baskaran \\|first\\=Sundararaj Theodore \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=3jBcAgAAQBAJ\\&pg\\=PT164 \\|title\\=The Eye Of The Serpent: An Introduction To Tamil Cinema \\|publisher\\=Westland \\|year\\=2013 \\|isbn\\=978\\-93\\-83260\\-74\\-4 \\|pages\\=164–}} Tamil films receive significant patronage in neighbouring Indian states [Kerala](/wiki/Kerala \"Kerala\"), [Karnataka](/wiki/Karnataka \"Karnataka\"), [Andhra Pradesh](/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh \"Andhra Pradesh\"), [Maharashtra](/wiki/Maharashtra \"Maharashtra\"), Gujarat and New Delhi. In Kerala and Karnataka the films are directly released in Tamil but in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana they are generally dubbed into Telugu.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Movie Buzz \\|date\\=14 July 2011 \\|title\\=Tamil films dominate Andhra market \\|url\\=http://www.sify.com/movies/tamil\\-films\\-dominate\\-andhra\\-market\\-news\\-tamil\\-lhnlKUabgib.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716065723/http://www.sify.com/movies/tamil\\-films\\-dominate\\-andhra\\-market\\-news\\-tamil\\-lhnlKUabgib.html \\|archive\\-date\\=16 July 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=27 April 2013 \\|website\\=\\[\\[Sify]]}}{{Cite news \\|date\\=29 December 2006 \\|title\\=A few hits and many flops \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Hindu]] \\|location\\=Chennai, India \\|url\\=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/12/29/stories/2006122901630100\\.htm \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070103213349/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/12/29/stories/2006122901630100\\.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=3 January 2007}}", "Tamil films have had international success for decades. Since *[Chandralekha](/wiki/Chandralekha_%281948_film%29 \"Chandralekha (1948 film)\")* (1948\\), *[Muthu](/wiki/Muthu_%28film%29 \"Muthu (film)\")* (1995\\) was the second Tamil film to be dubbed into Japanese (as *Mutu: Odoru Maharaja*{{Cite web \\|title\\=Mutu: Odoru Maharaja \\|url\\=http://ir.minpaku.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/10502/1140/1/SES71\\_011\\.pdf \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722073202/http://ir.minpaku.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/10502/1140/1/SES71\\_011\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=22 July 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=12 May 2011}}) and grossed a record $1\\.6 million in 1998\\.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Gautaman Bhaskaran \\|date\\=6 January 2002 \\|title\\=Rajnikanth casts spell on Japanese viewers \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Hindu]] \\|url\\=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2002/01/06/stories/2002010601320900\\.htm \\|url\\-status\\=usurped \\|access\\-date\\=10 May 2007 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070520060231/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2002/01/06/stories/2002010601320900\\.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=20 May 2007 }} In 2010, *[Enthiran](/wiki/Enthiran \"Enthiran\")* grossed a record $4 million in North America.{{Cite web \\|date\\=11 March 2018 \\|title\\=Agni Natchathiram \\& Kaakha Kaakha {{!}} 12 Unknown facts in Kollywood history! \\|url\\=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil\\-movies/slideshow/15\\-unknown\\-facts\\-in\\-kollywood\\-history/angi\\-natachathiram\\-kaakha\\-kaakha.html \\|access\\-date\\=13 July 2021 \\|website\\=Behindwoods}} Tamil\\-language films appeared at multiple film festivals. *[Kannathil Muthamittal](/wiki/Kannathil_Muthamittal \"Kannathil Muthamittal\")* (Ratnam), *[Veyyil](/wiki/Veyil_%282006_film%29 \"Veyil (2006 film)\")* ([Vasanthabalan](/wiki/Vasanthabalan \"Vasanthabalan\")) and *[Paruthiveeran](/wiki/Paruthiveeran \"Paruthiveeran\")* ([Ameer Sultan](/wiki/Ameer_Sultan \"Ameer Sultan\")), *[Kanchivaram](/wiki/Kanchivaram \"Kanchivaram\")* ([Priyadarshan](/wiki/Priyadarshan \"Priyadarshan\")) premiered at the [Toronto International Film Festival](/wiki/Toronto_International_Film_Festival \"Toronto International Film Festival\"). Tamil films were submitted by India for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film on eight occasions.{{Cite web \\|title\\=India's Oscar failures (25 Images) \\|url\\=http://movies.ndtv.com/GalleryDetails.aspx?ID\\=3290\\&category\\=Movies\\&picno\\=1\\&Section\\=Bollywood \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120922140550/http://movies.ndtv.com/GalleryDetails.aspx?ID\\=3290\\&category\\=Movies\\&picno\\=1\\&Section\\=Bollywood \\|archive\\-date\\=22 September 2012 \\|access\\-date\\=12 May 2011 \\|publisher\\=Movies.ndtv.com}} Chennai\\-based music composer [A. R. Rahaman](/wiki/A._R._Rahman \"A. R. Rahman\") achieved global recognition with two [Academy Awards](/wiki/Academy_Awards \"Academy Awards\") and is nicknamed as \"Isai Puyal\" (musical storm) and \"Mozart of Madras\". *[Nayakan](/wiki/Nayakan \"Nayakan\")* (1987, [Kamal Haasan](/wiki/Kamal_Haasan \"Kamal Haasan\")) was included in [*Time*{{'s}} All\\-Time 100 Movies](/wiki/Time%27s_All-Time_100_Movies \"Time's All-Time 100 Movies\") list.[Nayakan](https://web.archive.org/web/20050525030815/http://www.time.com/time/2005/100movies/0,23220,nayakan,00.html), [All\\-Time 100 Best Films](/wiki/Time%27s_All-Time_100_Movies \"Time's All-Time 100 Movies\"), *[Time](/wiki/Time_%28magazine%29 \"Time (magazine)\")*, 2005", "#### Malayalam", "[thumbnail\\|180px\\|[Adoor Gopalakrishnan](/wiki/Adoor_Gopalakrishnan \"Adoor Gopalakrishnan\")](/wiki/File:Director_of_the_film%E2%80%99Naalu_Pennugal%E2%80%99_Adoor_Gopalkrishnan_addressing_a_press_conference_on_November_29%2C2007_at_IFFI%2C_Panaji%2C_Goa.jpg \"Director of the film’Naalu Pennugal’ Adoor Gopalkrishnan addressing a press conference on November 29,2007 at IFFI, Panaji, Goa.jpg\")", "Malayalam cinema experienced its Golden Age during this time with works of filmmakers such as [Adoor Gopalakrishnan](/wiki/Adoor_Gopalakrishnan \"Adoor Gopalakrishnan\"), [G. Aravindan](/wiki/G._Aravindan \"G. Aravindan\"), [T. V. Chandran](/wiki/T._V._Chandran \"T. V. Chandran\") and [Shaji N. Karun](/wiki/Shaji_N._Karun \"Shaji N. Karun\").{{Cite web \\|title\\=Cinema History Malayalam Cinema \\|url\\=http://malayalamcinema.com/Content\\-4/CinemaHistory.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081223132036/http://malayalamcinema.com/Content\\-4/CinemaHistory.html \\|archive\\-date\\=23 December 2008 \\|access\\-date\\=30 December 2008 \\|publisher\\=Malayalamcinema.com}} Gopalakrishnan is often considered to be Ray's spiritual heir.{{Cite web \\|date\\=31 July 1997 \\|title\\=The Movie Interview: Adoor Gopalakrishnan \\|url\\=http://www.rediff.com/movies/jul/31adoor.htm \\|access\\-date\\=21 May 2009 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Rediff.com\\|Rediff]]}} He directed some of his most acclaimed films during this period, including *[Elippathayam](/wiki/Elippathayam \"Elippathayam\")* (1981\\) which won the [Sutherland Trophy](/wiki/Sutherland_Trophy \"Sutherland Trophy\") at the [London Film Festival](/wiki/London_Film_Festival \"London Film Festival\").{{Citation needed\\|date\\=June 2024}} In 1984 *[My Dear Kuttichathan](/wiki/My_Dear_Kuttichathan \"My Dear Kuttichathan\")*, directed by Jijo Punnoose under [Navodaya Studio](/wiki/Navodaya_Studio \"Navodaya Studio\"), was released and it was the first Indian film to be filmed in [3D](/wiki/3D_film \"3D film\") format. Karun's debut film *[Piravi](/wiki/Piravi \"Piravi\")* (1989\\) won the [Caméra d'Or](/wiki/Cam%C3%A9ra_d%27Or \"Caméra d'Or\") at [Cannes](/wiki/1989_Cannes_Film_Festival \"1989 Cannes Film Festival\"), while his second film *[Swaham](/wiki/Swaham \"Swaham\")* (1994\\) was in competition for the [Palme d'Or](/wiki/Palme_d%27Or \"Palme d'Or\"). *[Vanaprastham](/wiki/Vanaprastham \"Vanaprastham\")* was screened at the [Un Certain Regard](/wiki/Un_Certain_Regard \"Un Certain Regard\") section of the Cannes Film Festival.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=June 2024}} [Murali Nair](/wiki/Murali_Nair \"Murali Nair\")'s *[Marana Simhasanam](/wiki/Marana_Simhasanam \"Marana Simhasanam\")* (1999\\), inspired by the first execution by [electrocution](/wiki/Electrocution \"Electrocution\") in India, the film was screened in the [Un Certain Regard](/wiki/Un_Certain_Regard \"Un Certain Regard\") section at the [1999 Cannes Film Festival](/wiki/1999_Cannes_Film_Festival \"1999 Cannes Film Festival\") where it won the [Caméra d'Or](/wiki/Cam%C3%A9ra_d%27Or \"Caméra d'Or\").{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.festival\\-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/5370/year/1999\\.html \\|title\\=Festival de Cannes: Throne of Death \\|access\\-date\\=10 October 2009\\|work\\=festival\\-cannes.com}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://m.rediff.com/movies/1999/jul/08mur.htm \\|title\\=Rediff On The NeT, Movies: An interview with Murali Nair \\|publisher\\=M.rediff.com \\|date\\=8 July 1999 \\|access\\-date\\=26 August 2019}} The film received special reception at the [British Film Institute](/wiki/British_Film_Institute \"British Film Institute\").{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.bfi.org.uk/films\\-tv\\-people/4ce2b82b6db57 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190826075649/https://www.bfi.org.uk/films\\-tv\\-people/4ce2b82b6db57 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=26 August 2019 \\|title\\=Marana Simhasanam (1999\\) \\|newspaper\\=BFI \\|access\\-date\\=26 August 2019}}{{cite web\\|author\\=site admin \\|url\\=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society\\-the\\-arts/films/story/19990607\\-london\\-based\\-indian\\-filmmaker\\-murali\\-nair\\-wins\\-coveted\\-best\\-first\\-film\\-award\\-at\\-cannes\\-781050\\-1999\\-06\\-07 \\|title\\=Golden windfall \\- Society \\& The Arts News \\- Issue Date: Jun 7, 1999 \\|publisher\\=Indiatoday.in \\|date\\=7 June 1999 \\|access\\-date\\=26 August 2019}}", "[Fazil](/wiki/Fazil_%28director%29 \"Fazil (director)\")'s *[Manichitrathazhu](/wiki/Manichitrathazhu \"Manichitrathazhu\")* (1993\\), scripted by [Madhu Muttam](/wiki/Madhu_Muttam \"Madhu Muttam\"), is inspired by a tragedy that happened in an [Ezhava](/wiki/Ezhava \"Ezhava\") *[tharavad](/wiki/Tharavad \"Tharavad\")* of [Alummoottil](/wiki/Alummoottil \"Alummoottil\") meda' (an old traditional house) located at Muttom, Alappuzha district, with a central [Travancore](/wiki/Travancore \"Travancore\") [Channar](/wiki/Ezhava \"Ezhava\") family, in the 19th century.{{Cite book \\|last1\\=Osella \\|first1\\=Filippo \\|url\\={{GBurl\\|rMRw0gTZSJwC\\|p\\=264}} \\|title\\=Social Mobility in Kerala: Modernity and Identity in Conflict \\|last2\\=Osella \\|first2\\=Caroline \\|publisher\\=Pluto Press \\|year\\=2000 \\|isbn\\=0\\-7453\\-1693\\-X \\|page\\=264}} It was remade in four languages – in [Kannada](/wiki/Kannada \"Kannada\") as *[Apthamitra](/wiki/Apthamitra \"Apthamitra\")*, in [Tamil](/wiki/Tamil_language \"Tamil language\") as *[Chandramukhi](/wiki/Chandramukhi \"Chandramukhi\")* , in [Bengali](/wiki/Bengali_language \"Bengali language\") as *[Rajmohol](/wiki/Rajmohol \"Rajmohol\")* and in [Hindi](/wiki/Hindi \"Hindi\") as *[Bhool Bhulaiyaa](/wiki/Bhool_Bhulaiyaa \"Bhool Bhulaiyaa\")* – all being commercially successful.{{Cite news\\|title\\=Shobana reminisces on impact of Manichitrathazhu on film's \"27 birthday\" \\|url\\=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/shobana\\-reminisces\\-on\\-impact\\-of\\-manichitrathazhu\\-on\\-films\\-27\\-birthday/articleshow/79880037\\.cms\\|access\\-date\\=8 July 2021\\|website\\=The Times of India\\|language\\=en\\|last1\\=Mathews \\|first1\\=Anna }} [Jeethu Joseph](/wiki/Jeethu_Joseph \"Jeethu Joseph\")'s *[Drishyam](/wiki/Drishyam \"Drishyam\")* (2013\\) was remade into four other Indian languages: *[Drishya](/wiki/Drishya \"Drishya\")* (2014\\) in [Kannada](/wiki/Kannada \"Kannada\"), *[Drushyam](/wiki/Drushyam \"Drushyam\")* (2014\\) in [Telugu](/wiki/Telugu_language \"Telugu language\"), *[Papanasam](/wiki/Papanasam_%28film%29 \"Papanasam (film)\")* (2015\\) in [Tamil](/wiki/Tamil_language \"Tamil language\") and *[Drishyam](/wiki/Drishyam_%282015_film%29 \"Drishyam (2015 film)\")* (2015\\) in [Hindi](/wiki/Hindi \"Hindi\"). Internationally, it was remade in [Sinhala](/wiki/Sinhala_language \"Sinhala language\") language as *[Dharmayuddhaya](/wiki/Dharmayuddhaya \"Dharmayuddhaya\")* (2017\\) and in [Chinese](/wiki/Chinese_language \"Chinese language\") as *[Sheep Without a Shepherd](/wiki/Sheep_Without_a_Shepherd \"Sheep Without a Shepherd\")* (2019\\), and also in [Indonesian](/wiki/Indonesian_language \"Indonesian language\").{{Cite web \\|date\\=22 January 2020 \\|title\\=Wu Sha: The Chinese remake of Mohanlal starrer Drishyam is minting moolah \\|url\\=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/mohanlal\\-drishyam\\-chinese\\-remake\\-box\\-office\\-6228054/ \\|website\\=The Indian Express}}{{cite tweet\\|number\\=1438519432154730500\\|user\\=antonypbvr\\|title\\=ഇൻഡോനേഷ്യൻ ഭാഷയിലേക്ക് റീമേക്ക് ചെയ്യുന്ന ആദ്യ മലയാള ചിത്രമായി 'ദൃശ്യം' മാറിയ വിവരം സന്തോഷപൂർവം അറിയിക്കുന്നു. ജ...\\|date\\=16 September 2021}}{{Cite news \\|title\\=Mohanlal's 'Drishyam' to be remade in Indonesian \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Times of India]] \\|url\\=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/big\\-update\\-mohanlal\\-jeethu\\-josephs\\-drishyam\\-to\\-get\\-an\\-indonesian\\-remake/articleshow/86284816\\.cms}}", "#### Kannada", "{{multiple image\n\\| align \\= right\n\\| image1 \\= GIRISH KASARAVALLI AT IFFK 2021 6\\.jpg\n\\| width1 \\= 120\n\\| alt1 \\= \n\\| caption1 \\= \n\\| image2 \\= Girish Karnad Screening Cornell.JPG\n\\| width2 \\= 135\n\\| alt2 \\= \n\\| caption2 \\= \n\\| footer \\= \\[\\[Girish Kasaravalli]] (left) and \\[\\[Girish Karnad]] (right)\n}}", "Ethnographic works took prominence such as [B. V. Karanth](/wiki/B._V._Karanth \"B. V. Karanth\")'s *[Chomana Dudi](/wiki/Chomana_Dudi \"Chomana Dudi\")* (1975\\), (based on *Chomana Dudi* by [Shivaram Karanth](/wiki/Shivaram_Karanth \"Shivaram Karanth\")), [Girish Karnad](/wiki/Girish_Karnad \"Girish Karnad\")'s *[Kaadu](/wiki/Kaadu_%281973_Kannada_film%29 \"Kaadu (1973 Kannada film)\")* (1973\\), (based on *Kaadu* by [Srikrishna Alanahalli](/wiki/Srikrishna_Alanahalli \"Srikrishna Alanahalli\")), [Pattabhirama Reddy](/wiki/Tikkavarapu_Pattabhirama_Reddy \"Tikkavarapu Pattabhirama Reddy\")'s *[Samskara](/wiki/Samskara_%28film%29 \"Samskara (film)\")* (1970\\) (based on *Samskara* by [U. R. Ananthamurthy](/wiki/U._R._Ananthamurthy \"U. R. Ananthamurthy\")), fetching the Bronze Leopard at [Locarno International Film Festival](/wiki/Locarno_International_Film_Festival \"Locarno International Film Festival\"),{{Cite web \\|title\\=Tikkavarapu Pattabhirama Reddy – Poet, Film maker of international fame from Nellore \\|url\\=http://1nellore.com/1849/tikkavarapu\\-pattabhirama\\-reddy\\-poet\\-film\\-maker\\-of\\-international\\-fame/ \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006102018/http://1nellore.com/1849/tikkavarapu\\-pattabhirama\\-reddy\\-poet\\-film\\-maker\\-of\\-international\\-fame/ \\|archive\\-date\\=6 October 2014 \\|access\\-date\\=26 January 2016}} and [T. S. Nagabharana](/wiki/T._S._Nagabharana \"T. S. Nagabharana\")'s [Mysuru Mallige](/wiki/Mysore_Mallige_%28film%29 \"Mysore Mallige (film)\") (based on the works of poet [K. S. Narasimhaswamy](/wiki/K._S._Narasimhaswamy \"K. S. Narasimhaswamy\")).{{Cite web \\|title\\=TS Nagabharana movies list \\|url\\=http://www.bharatmovies.com/director/ts\\-nagabharana\\-movies.htm \\|access\\-date\\=4 November 2016 \\|website\\=bharatmovies.com}} [Girish Kasaravalli](/wiki/Girish_Kasaravalli \"Girish Kasaravalli\")'s *[Ghatashraddha](/wiki/Ghatashraddha \"Ghatashraddha\")* (1977\\), won the Ducats Award at the Manneham Film Festival Germany,{{Cite web \\|title\\=Asiatic Film Mediale \\|url\\=http://www.asiaticafilmmediale.it/2002/uk/intro.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081116041627/http://www.asiaticafilmmediale.it/2002/uk/intro.html \\|archive\\-date\\=16 November 2008 \\|publisher\\=asiaticafilmmediale.it }} *[Dweepa](/wiki/Dweepa \"Dweepa\")* (2002\\), made to Best Film at [Moscow International Film Festival](/wiki/Moscow_International_Film_Festival \"Moscow International Film Festival\"),{{Cite news \\|date\\=25 April 2011 \\|title\\=Girish Kasaravalli to be felicitated \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Hindu]] \\|url\\=http://www.thehindu.com/todays\\-paper/tp\\-national/tp\\-karnataka/girish\\-kasaravalli\\-to\\-be\\-felicitated/article1765035\\.ece \\|access\\-date\\=25 March 2014}}{{Cite web \\|date\\=25 October 2002 \\|title\\=A genius of theatre \\|url\\=http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1920/stories/20021011005912100\\.htm \\|access\\-date\\=14 March 2009 \\|website\\=The Frontline \\|archive\\-date\\=6 December 2008 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206090143/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1920/stories/20021011005912100\\.htm \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}", "[Prashanth Neel](/wiki/Prashanth_Neel \"Prashanth Neel\")'s *[K.G.F](/wiki/K.G.F_%28film_series%29 \"K.G.F (film series)\")* (2018, 2022\\) is a [period](/wiki/Period_film \"Period film\") [action](/wiki/Action_film \"Action film\") series based on the [Kolar Gold Fields](/wiki/Kolar_Gold_Fields \"Kolar Gold Fields\").{{Cite news \\|title\\=The story of KGF is fresh and special for Indian cinema: Yash \\|url\\=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2018/dec/05/no\\-technology\\-can\\-replace\\-the\\-theatrical\\-experience\\-1907707\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=12 September 2022 \\|newspaper\\=The New Indian Express \\| first\\=Shilajit \\| last\\=Mitra \\| date\\=5 December 2018 }} Set in the late 1970s and early 1980s the series follows Raja Krishnappa Bairya aka Rocky ([Yash](/wiki/Yash_%28actor%29 \"Yash (actor)\")), a Mumbai\\-based high ranking [mercenary](/wiki/Contract_killing \"Contract killing\") born in poverty, to his rise to power in the Kolar Gold Fields and the subsequent uprising as one of the biggest gangster and businessman at that time.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://telugu.news18\\.com/news/movies/yash\\-prashanth\\-neel\\-kgf\\-chapter\\-2\\-total\\-world\\-wide\\-box\\-office\\-closing\\-collections\\-ta\\-1327904\\.html \\| title\\=KGF Chapter 2 Closing Collections : యశ్ కేజీఎఫ్ ఛాప్టర్ 2 క్లోజింగ్ కలెక్షన్స్.. ఎన్ని వందల కోట్ల లాభం అంటే \\| date\\=9 June 2022 }}{{cite web \\|title\\=Yash's KGF: Chapter 2 makes multiple records in Canada \\|url\\=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/gallery/entertainment/yash\\-kgf\\-chapter\\-2\\-makes\\-multiple\\-records\\-in\\-canada\\-drb\\-rcfwqh \\|access\\-date\\=29 May 2022 \\|website\\=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd \\|language\\=en}} The film gathered cult following becoming the [highest\\-grossing Kannada film](/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_Kannada_films \"List of highest-grossing Kannada films\").{{citation\\|title\\=Yash's film KGF: Chapter 1 made more than Rs 250 crore at the box office worldwide and became a magnum\\-opus. Now, the makers are busy with pre\\-production work of KGF: Chapter 2\\.\\|date\\=9 February 2019\\|url\\=https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/movies/regional\\-cinema/story/yash\\-reveals\\-he\\-has\\-approached\\-sanjay\\-dutt\\-for\\-kgf\\-chapter\\-2\\-1452187\\-2019\\-02\\-09\\|work\\=indiatoday}} [Rishab Shetty](/wiki/Rishab_Shetty \"Rishab Shetty\")'s *[Kantara](/wiki/Kantara_%28film%29 \"Kantara (film)\")* (2022\\), received acclaim for showcasing the [Bhoota Kola](/wiki/Buta_Kola \"Buta Kola\"), a native [Ceremonial dance](/wiki/Ceremonial_dance \"Ceremonial dance\") performance prevalent among the [Hindus](/wiki/Hindus \"Hindus\") of coastal Karnataka.{{cite news \\|title\\=Kantara Twitter review: Celebs and netizens hail Rishab Shetty's film as a masterpiece \\|url\\=https://www.ottplay.com/news/kantara\\-twitter\\-review\\-celebs\\-and\\-netizens\\-hail\\-rishab\\-shettys\\-film\\-as\\-a\\-masterpiece/a62eac765e36\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=30 September 2022 \\|work\\=Ottplay \\|language\\=en }}{{Dead link\\|date\\=May 2023 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }}", "#### Marathi", "[Marathi cinema](/wiki/Marathi_cinema \"Marathi cinema\") also known as Marathi film industry, is a film industry based in [Mumbai](/wiki/Mumbai \"Mumbai\"), [Maharashtra](/wiki/Maharashtra \"Maharashtra\"). It is the oldest film industry of India. The first Marathi movie, *Raja Harishchandra* of Dadasaheb Phalke was made in 1912, released in 1913 in [Girgaon](/wiki/Girgaon \"Girgaon\"), it was a silent film with [Marathi](/wiki/Marathi_language \"Marathi language\")\\-English [intertitles](/wiki/Intertitle \"Intertitle\") made with full Marathi actors and crew, after the film emerged successful, Phalke made many movies on Hindu mythology.", "In 1932, the first [sound film](/wiki/Sound_film \"Sound film\"), [Ayodhyecha Raja](/wiki/Ayodhyecha_Raja \"Ayodhyecha Raja\") was released, just five years after 1st Hollywood sound film *[The Jazz Singer](/wiki/The_Jazz_Singer \"The Jazz Singer\")* (1927\\). The first Marathi film in colour, *[Pinjara](/wiki/Pinjara_%28film%29 \"Pinjara (film)\")* (1972\\), was made by [V. Shantaram](/wiki/V._Shantaram \"V. Shantaram\"). In 1960s{{En dash}}70s movies was based on rural, social subjects with drama and humour genre, [Nilu Phule](/wiki/Nilu_Phule \"Nilu Phule\") was prominent villain that time. In 1980s, M. Kothare and [Sachin Pilgaonkar](/wiki/Sachin_Pilgaonkar_%28actor%29 \"Sachin Pilgaonkar (actor)\") made many hit movies on thriller, and comedy genre respectively. [Ashok Saraf](/wiki/Ashok_Saraf \"Ashok Saraf\") and [Laxmikant Berde](/wiki/Laxmikant_Berde \"Laxmikant Berde\") starred in many of these and emerged as top actors. Mid\\-2000s onwards, the industry frequently made hit movies.", "" ]
### 1970s–present By 1986, India's annual film output had increased to 833 films annually, making India the world's largest film producer.{{Cite book \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=Ah1CAQAAIAAJ \|title\=Films in Review \|date\=1986 \|publisher\=Then and There Media, LCC. \|page\=368 \|quote\=And then I had forgotten that lndia leads the world in film production, with 833 motion pictures (up from 741 the previous year).}} Hindi film production of Bombay, the largest segment of the industry, became known as "Bollywood". {{Pie chart \|caption\= Summary of the 2022 box office revenues. \|value1 \= 33 \|label1 \= Hindi \|value2 \= 20 \|label2 \= Telugu \|value3 \= 16 \|label3 \= Tamil \|value4 \= 8 \|label4 \= Kannada \|value5 \= 6 \|label5 \= Malayalam \|other \= yes }} By 1996, the Indian film industry had an estimated domestic cinema viewership of 600{{nbsp}}million people, establishing India as one of the largest film markets, with the largest regional industries being Hindi, Telugu, and Tamil films.{{Cite journal \|date\=July 1996 \|title\=Business India \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=h9wiAQAAMAAJ \|journal\=\[\[Business India]] \|publisher\=A. H. Advani \|issue\=478–481 \|page\=82 \|quote\=As the Indian film industry (mainly Hindi and Telugu combined) is one of the world's largest, with an estimated viewership of 600 million, film music has always been popular.}} In 2001, in terms of ticket sales, Indian cinema sold an estimated 3\.6 billion tickets annually across the globe, compared to [Hollywood](/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States "Cinema of the United States")'s 2\.6 billion tickets sold.{{Cite journal \|date\=2 December 2002 \|title\=Bollywood: Can new money create a world\-class film industry in India? \|url\=https://people.well.com/user/willard/Kripalani\-%20Bollywood%20Investments%20BizWeek12\-02\-2002\.txt \|journal\=\[\[Business Week]] \|access\-date\=22 December 2018 \|archive\-date\=27 July 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727012740/https://people.well.com/user/willard/Kripalani\-%20Bollywood%20Investments%20BizWeek12\-02\-2002\.txt \|url\-status\=dead }}{{Cite web \|last\=Lorenzen \|first\=Mark \|date\=April 2009 \|title\=Go West: The Growth of Bollywood \|url\=http://openarchive.cbs.dk/bitstream/handle/10398/7796/CreativeEncounters%20Working%20Papers%2026\.pdf?sequence\=1 \|website\=Creativity at Work \|publisher\=\[\[Copenhagen Business School]]}} #### Hindi Realistic [parallel cinema](/wiki/Parallel_cinema "Parallel cinema") continued throughout the 1970s,Rajadhyaksa, 685 practised in many Indian film cultures. The FFC's art film orientation came under criticism during a Committee on Public Undertakings investigation in 1976, which accused the body of not doing enough to encourage commercial cinema.Rajadhyaksa, 688 Hindi commercial cinema continued with films such as *[Aradhana](/wiki/Aradhana_%281969_film%29 "Aradhana (1969 film)")* (1969\), *[Sachaa Jhutha](/wiki/Sachaa_Jhutha "Sachaa Jhutha")* (1970\), *[Haathi Mere Saathi](/wiki/Haathi_Mere_Saathi_%281971_film%29 "Haathi Mere Saathi (1971 film)")* (1971\), *[Anand](/wiki/Anand_%281971_film%29 "Anand (1971 film)")* (1971\), *[Kati Patang](/wiki/Kati_Patang "Kati Patang")* (1971\) *[Amar Prem](/wiki/Amar_Prem "Amar Prem")* (1972\), *[Dushman](/wiki/Dushman_%281971_film%29 "Dushman (1971 film)")* (1972\) and *[Daag](/wiki/Daag_%281973_film%29 "Daag (1973 film)")* (1973\).{{importance inline\|date\=October 2022}} {{multiple image \| align \= right \| image1 \= SalimKhan.jpg \| width1 \= 120 \| alt1 \= \| caption1 \= \| image2 \= Akhtar for Talaash.jpg \| width2 \= 160 \| alt2 \= \| caption2 \= \| footer \= The screenwriting duo \[\[Salim–Javed]], consisting of \[\[Salim Khan]] (l) and \[\[Javed Akhtar]] (r), revitalised Indian cinema in the 1970s{{Cite web \|date\=25 April 2013 \|title\=Salim\-Javed: Writing Duo that Revolutionized Indian Cinema \|url\=https://pandolin.com/salim\-javed\-writing\-duo\-that\-revolutionized\-indian\-cinema/ \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201035749/https://pandolin.com/salim\-javed\-writing\-duo\-that\-revolutionized\-indian\-cinema/ \|archive\-date\=1 December 2017 \|access\-date\=29 November 2017 \|website\=Pandolin}} and are considered \[\[Bollywood]]'s greatest \[\[screenwriter]]s.{{Cite book \|last\=Chaudhuri \|first\=Diptakirti \|url\={{google books\|plainurl\=y\|id\=Cri9CgAAQBAJ}} \|title\=Written by Salim\-Javed: The Story of Hindi Cinema's Greatest Screenwriters \|date\=1 October 2015 \|publisher\=\[\[Penguin Books\|Penguin UK]] \|isbn\=9789352140084}} }} By the early 1970s, Hindi cinema was experiencing thematic stagnation,{{Cite book \|last\=Raj \|first\=Ashok \|url\={{google books\|plainurl\=y\|id\=2wo9BAAAQBAJ\|page\=21}} \|title\=Hero Vol.2 \|date\=2009 \|publisher\=\[\[Hay House]] \|isbn\=9789381398036 \|page\=21 \|language\=en}} dominated by musical [romance films](/wiki/Romance_film "Romance film").{{Cite news \|date\=20 June 2017 \|title\=Revisiting Prakash Mehra's Zanjeer: The film that made Amitabh Bachchan \|work\=\[\[The Indian Express]] \|url\=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/revisiting\-prakash\-mehra\-zanjeer\-the\-film\-that\-made\-amitabh\-bachchan\-4714064/}} Screenwriter duo [Salim–Javed](/wiki/Salim%E2%80%93Javed "Salim–Javed") ([Salim Khan](/wiki/Salim_Khan "Salim Khan") and [Javed Akhtar](/wiki/Javed_Akhtar "Javed Akhtar")) revitalised the industry. They established the genre of gritty, violent, [Bombay underworld](/wiki/Bombay_underworld "Bombay underworld") [crime films](/wiki/Crime_film "Crime film") with *[Zanjeer](/wiki/Zanjeer_%281973_film%29 "Zanjeer (1973 film)")* (1973\) and *[Deewaar](/wiki/Deewaar "Deewaar")* (1975\).{{Cite book \|last\=Ganti \|first\=Tejaswini \|url\={{google books\|plainurl\=y\|id\=GTEa93azj9EC\|page\=153}} \|title\=Bollywood: A Guidebook to Popular Hindi Cinema \|date\=2004 \|publisher\=\[\[Psychology Press]] \|isbn\=9780415288545 \|page\=153 \|language\=en}}{{Cite book \|last\=Chaudhuri \|first\=Diptakirti \|url\={{google books\|plainurl\=y\|id\=Cri9CgAAQBAJ\|page\=72}} \|title\=Written by Salim\-Javed: The Story of Hindi Cinema's Greatest Screenwriters \|date\=2015 \|publisher\=\[\[Penguin Books]] \|isbn\=9789352140084 \|page\=72 \|language\=en}} They reinterpreted the rural themes of *Mother India* and *Gunga Jumna* in an urban context reflecting 1970s India,{{Cite book \|last\=Kumar \|first\=Surendra \|url\={{google books\|plainurl\=y\|id\=AfJkAAAAMAAJ\|page\=51}} \|title\=Legends of Indian cinema: pen portraits \|date\=2003 \|publisher\=Har\-Anand Publications \|page\=51 \|language\=en}} channelling the growing discontent and disillusionment among the masses, unprecedented growth of [slums](/wiki/Slum "Slum") and urban poverty, corruption and crime,{{Cite book \|last\=Chaudhuri \|first\=Diptakirti \|url\={{google books\|plainurl\=y\|id\=Cri9CgAAQBAJ\|page\=74}} \|title\=Written by Salim\-Javed: The Story of Hindi Cinema's Greatest Screenwriters \|date\=2015 \|publisher\=\[\[Penguin Group]] \|isbn\=9789352140084 \|page\=74 \|language\=en}} as well as [anti\-establishment](/wiki/Anti-establishment "Anti-establishment") themes.{{Cite news \|date\=29 January 2017 \|title\=Deewaar was the perfect script: Amitabh Bachchan on 42 years of the cult film \|work\=Hindustan Times \|url\=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/deewaar\-was\-the\-perfect\-script\-amitabh\-bachchan\-on\-42\-years\-of\-the\-cult\-film/story\-x2hy87zQ0ebVlsVMV59U2I.html}} This resulted in their creation of the "angry young man", personified by [Amitabh Bachchan](/wiki/Amitabh_Bachchan "Amitabh Bachchan"), who reinterpreted Kumar's performance in *Gunga Jumna* and gave a voice to the urban poor.{{Cite book \|last\=Mazumdar \|first\=Ranjani \|url\={{google books\|plainurl\=y\|id\=xenNBrRKOGoC\|page\=14}} \|title\=Bombay Cinema: An Archive of the City \|publisher\=\[\[University of Minnesota Press]] \|year\=2007 \|isbn\=9781452913025 \|page\=14 \|language\=en}} By the mid\-1970s, Bachchan's position as a lead actor was solidified by crime\-action films *Zanjeer* and *[Sholay](/wiki/Sholay "Sholay")* (1975\). The devotional classic *[Jai Santoshi Ma](/wiki/Jai_Santoshi_Ma "Jai Santoshi Ma")* (1975\) was made on a low budget and became a box office success and a cult classic. Another important film was *[Deewaar](/wiki/Deewaar "Deewaar")* (1975, [Yash Chopra](/wiki/Yash_Chopra "Yash Chopra")), a [crime film](/wiki/Crime_film "Crime film") with brothers on opposite sides of the law which [Danny Boyle](/wiki/Danny_Boyle "Danny Boyle") described as "absolutely key to Indian cinema". The term "[Bollywood](/wiki/Bollywood "Bollywood")" was coined in the 1970s,{{Cite news \|last\=Anand \|date\=7 March 2004 \|title\=On the Bollywood beat \|work\=\[\[The Hindu]] \|location\=Chennai, India \|url\=http://www.hindu.com/lr/2004/03/07/stories/2004030700390600\.htm \|url\-status\=dead \|access\-date\=31 May 2009 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20040403234115/http://www.hindu.com/lr/2004/03/07/stories/2004030700390600\.htm \|archive\-date\=3 April 2004}}{{Cite web \|last\=Subhash K Jha \|date\=8 April 2005 \|title\=Amit Khanna: The Man who saw 'Bollywood' \|url\=http://sify.com/movies/bollywood/fullstory.php?id\=13713296 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20050409171523/http://sify.com/movies/bollywood/fullstory.php?id\=13713296 \|archive\-date\=9 April 2005 \|access\-date\=31 May 2009 \|website\=\[\[Sify]]}} when the conventions of commercial Bombay\-produced Hindi films were established.{{Cite book \|last\=Chaudhuri \|first\=Diptakirti \|url\={{google books\|plainurl\=y\|id\=Cri9CgAAQBAJ\|page\=58}} \|title\=Written by Salim\-Javed: The Story of Hindi Cinema's Greatest Screenwriters \|date\=1 October 2015 \|publisher\=\[\[Penguin Books\|Penguin UK]] \|isbn\=9789352140084 \|page\=58}} Key to this was [Nasir Hussain](/wiki/Nasir_Hussain "Nasir Hussain") and Salim–Javed's creation of the [masala film](/wiki/Masala_film "Masala film") genre, which combines elements of [action](/wiki/Action_film "Action film"), [comedy](/wiki/Comedy_film "Comedy film"), [romance](/wiki/Romance_film "Romance film"), [drama](/wiki/Drama_film "Drama film"), [melodrama](/wiki/Melodrama "Melodrama") and [musical](/wiki/Musical_film "Musical film").{{Cite news \|date\=30 March 2017 \|title\=How film\-maker Nasir Husain started the trend for Bollywood masala films \|work\=Hindustan Times \|url\=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/how\-film\-maker\-nasir\-husain\-created\-the\-prototype\-for\-bollywood\-masala\-films/story\-ckL6zPLHJFDYoupjFBtbfN.html}} Their film *[Yaadon Ki Baarat](/wiki/Yaadon_Ki_Baarat "Yaadon Ki Baarat")* (1973\) has been identified as the first masala film and the first quintessentially Bollywood film.Kaushik Bhaumik, [An Insightful Reading of Our Many Indian Identities](https://thewire.in/24564/an-insightful-reading-of-our-many-indian-identities/), [The Wire](/wiki/The_Wire_%28Indian_web_publication%29 "The Wire (Indian web publication)"), 12 March 2016 Masala films made Bachchan the biggest Bollywood movie star of the period. Another landmark was *[Amar Akbar Anthony](/wiki/Amar_Akbar_Anthony "Amar Akbar Anthony")* (1977, [Manmohan Desai](/wiki/Manmohan_Desai "Manmohan Desai")).{{Cite book \|last\=Rachel Dwyer \|url\={{google books\|plainurl\=y\|id\=4EBNAQAAIAAJ}} \|title\=100 Bollywood films \|publisher\=Lotus Collection, Roli Books \|year\=2005 \|isbn\=978\-81\-7436\-433\-3 \|page\=14 \|access\-date\=6 August 2013}} Desai further expanded the genre in the 1970s and 1980s. Commercial Hindi cinema grew in the 1980s, with films such as *[Ek Duuje Ke Liye](/wiki/Ek_Duuje_Ke_Liye "Ek Duuje Ke Liye")* (1981\), *[Disco Dancer](/wiki/Disco_Dancer "Disco Dancer")* (1982\), *[Himmatwala](/wiki/Himmatwala_%281983_film%29 "Himmatwala (1983 film)")* (1983\), *[Tohfa](/wiki/Tohfa "Tohfa")* (1984\), *[Naam](/wiki/Naam_%281986_film%29 "Naam (1986 film)")* (1986\), *[Mr India](/wiki/Mr._India_%281987_film%29 "Mr. India (1987 film)")* (1987\), and *[Tezaab](/wiki/Tezaab "Tezaab")* (1988\). In the late 1980s,{{clarify timeframe\|date\=October 2022\|reason\=The following sentence talks about a revival in 1982, not the late 1980s}} Hindi cinema experienced another period of stagnation, with a decline in box office turnout, due to increasing violence, decline in musical melodic quality, and rise in video piracy, leading to middle\-class family audiences abandoning theatres. The turning point came with Indian blockbuster *[Disco Dancer](/wiki/Disco_Dancer "Disco Dancer")* (1982\) which began the era of disco music in Indian cinema. Lead actor [Mithun Chakraborty](/wiki/Mithun_Chakraborty "Mithun Chakraborty") and music director [Bappi Lahiri](/wiki/Bappi_Lahiri "Bappi Lahiri") had the highest number of mainstream Indian hit movies that decade. At the end of the decade, [Yash Chopra](/wiki/Yash_Chopra "Yash Chopra")'s *[Chandni](/wiki/Chandni_%28film%29 "Chandni (film)")* (1989\) created a new formula for Bollywood musical romance films, reviving the genre and defining Hindi cinema in the years that followed.{{Cite web \|last\=iDiva \|date\=13 October 2011 \|title\=Sridevi – The Dancing Queen \|url\=http://idiva.com/photogallery\-entertainment/sridevi\-the\-dancing\-queen/8403 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130224051712/http://idiva.com/photogallery\-entertainment/sridevi\-the\-dancing\-queen/8403 \|archive\-date\=24 February 2013 \|access\-date\=21 May 2019}}{{Cite news \|last\=Ray \|first\=Kunal \|date\=18 December 2016 \|title\=Romancing the 1980s \|language\=en\-IN \|work\=\[\[The Hindu]] \|url\=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/Romancing\-the\-1980s/article16898867\.ece}} Commercial Hindi cinema grew in the late 1980s and 1990s, with the release of *[Mr. India](/wiki/Mr._India_%281987_film%29 "Mr. India (1987 film)")* (1987\), *[Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak](/wiki/Qayamat_Se_Qayamat_Tak "Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak")* (1988\), *[Chaalbaaz](/wiki/ChaalBaaz "ChaalBaaz")* (1989\), *[Maine Pyar Kiya](/wiki/Maine_Pyar_Kiya "Maine Pyar Kiya")* (1989\), *[Lamhe](/wiki/Lamhe "Lamhe")* (1991\), *[Saajan](/wiki/Saajan "Saajan")* (1991\), *[Khuda Gawah](/wiki/Khuda_Gawah "Khuda Gawah")* (1992\), *[Khalnayak](/wiki/Khalnayak "Khalnayak")* (1993\), *[Darr](/wiki/Darr "Darr")* (1993\), *[Hum Aapke Hain Koun..!](/wiki/Hum_Aapke_Hain_Koun..%21 "Hum Aapke Hain Koun..!")* (1994\), *[Dilwale Dulhaniya Le Jayenge](/wiki/Dilwale_Dulhaniya_Le_Jayenge "Dilwale Dulhaniya Le Jayenge")* (1995\), *[Dil To Pagal Hai](/wiki/Dil_To_Pagal_Hai "Dil To Pagal Hai")* (1997\), *[Pyar Kiya Toh Darna Kya](/wiki/Pyaar_Kiya_To_Darna_Kya_%281998_film%29 "Pyaar Kiya To Darna Kya (1998 film)")* (1998\) and *[Kuch Kuch Hota Hai](/wiki/Kuch_Kuch_Hota_Hai "Kuch Kuch Hota Hai")* (1998\). Cult classic *[Bandit Queen](/wiki/Bandit_Queen "Bandit Queen")* (1994\) directed by [Shekhar Kapur](/wiki/Shekhar_Kapur "Shekhar Kapur") received international recognition and controversy.[Arundhati Roy, Author\-Activist](http://www.india-today.com/itoday/19991213/roy.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124103723/http://www.india\-today.com/itoday/19991213/roy.html \|date\=24 November 2010 }} *india\-today.com*. Retrieved 16 June 2013["The Great Indian Rape\-Trick"](http://www.sawnet.org/books/writing/roy_bq1.html) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414182145/http://www.sawnet.org/books/writing/roy\_bq1\.html\|date\=14 April 2016}}, SAWNET – The South Asian Women's NETwork. Retrieved 25 November 2011 [thumb\|202x202px\|[Sridevi](/wiki/Sridevi "Sridevi") (2012\) was regarded as the most popular female star in Indian cinema.{{Cite web \|title\=From India Today Magazine {{!}} When Sridevi emerged as the highest paid Indian actress \|url\=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society\-the\-arts/films/story/19870630\-sridevi\-emerges\-as\-the\-undisputed\-empress\-of\-tinsel\-town\-the\-highest\-paid\-indian\-actress\-799027\-1987\-06\-29 \|access\-date\=9 April 2023 \|website\=India Today \|date\=30 June 1987 \|language\=en}}](/wiki/File:Sridevi%2C_Zee_Cine_Awards_2018.jpg "Sridevi, Zee Cine Awards 2018.jpg") In the late 1990s, there was a resurgence of parallel cinema in Bollywood, largely due to the critical and commercial success of [crime films](/wiki/Crime_films "Crime films") such as *[Satya](/wiki/Satya_%281998_film%29 "Satya (1998 film)")* (1998\) and *[Vaastav](/wiki/Vaastav "Vaastav")* (1999\). These films launched a genre known as "Mumbai noir",{{Cite news \|last\=Aruti Nayar \|date\=16 December 2007 \|title\=Bollywood on the table \|work\=The Tribune \|url\=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20071216/spectrum/main11\.htm \|access\-date\=19 June 2008}} reflecting social problems in the city.{{Cite web \|last\=Christian Jungen \|date\=4 April 2009 \|title\=Urban Movies: The Diversity of Indian Cinema \|url\=http://www.fipresci.org/festivals/archive/2009/fribourg/indian\_cinema\_chjungen.htm \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090617225942/http://www.fipresci.org/festivals/archive/2009/fribourg/indian\_cinema\_chjungen.htm \|archive\-date\=17 June 2009 \|access\-date\=11 May 2009 \|publisher\=\[\[FIPRESCI]]}} [Ram Gopal Varma](/wiki/Ram_Gopal_Varma "Ram Gopal Varma") directed the [Indian Political Trilogy](/wiki/Sarkar_%28film_series%29 "Sarkar (film series)"), and the [Indian Gangster Trilogy](/wiki/Gangster_%28film_series%29 "Gangster (film series)"); film critic Rajeev Masand had labelled the latter series as one of the "most influential movies of Bollywood.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/masands\-verdict\-contract\-mangled\-mess\-of\-satya\-company/69135\-8\.html\|title\=Masand's Verdict: ''Contract'', mangled mess of ''Satya'', ''Company''\|work\=CNN\-News18}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?227527\|title\=Behind The Scenes \- Rachel Dwyer \- May 30, 2005\|work\=outlookindia.com}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20071216/spectrum/main11\.htm\|title\=The Sunday Tribune \- Spectrum\|work\=tribuneindia.com}} The first instalment of the trilogy, [*Satya*](/wiki/Satya_%281998_film%29 "Satya (1998 film)"), was also listed in [CNN\-IBN](/wiki/CNN-IBN "CNN-IBN")'s 100 greatest [Indian films](/wiki/Indian_films "Indian films") of all time.{{cite web\|url\=http://ibnlive.in.com/photogallery/13200\.html\|title\=100 Years of Indian Cinema: The 100 greatest Indian films of all time\|work\=IBNLive\|access\-date\=18 May 2013\|archive\-date\=24 April 2013\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130424003536/http://ibnlive.in.com/photogallery/13200\.html\|url\-status\=dead}} Since the 1990s, the three biggest Bollywood movie stars have been the "[Three Khans](/wiki/Khans_of_Bollywood "Khans of Bollywood")": [Aamir Khan](/wiki/Aamir_Khan "Aamir Khan"), [Shah Rukh Khan](/wiki/Shah_Rukh_Khan "Shah Rukh Khan"), and [Salman Khan](/wiki/Salman_Khan "Salman Khan").{{Cite web \|date\=18 September 2012 \|title\=The Three Khans of Bollywood – DESIblitz \|url\=https://www.desiblitz.com/content/the\-three\-khans\-of\-bollywood}}{{Cite web \|last\=Cain \|first\=Rob \|title\=Are Bollywood's Three Khans The Last Of The Movie Kings? \|url\=https://www.forbes.com/sites/robcain/2016/03/20/are\-bollywoods\-three\-khans\-the\-last\-of\-the\-movie\-kings/ \|website\=\[\[Forbes]]}} Combined, they starred in the top ten [highest\-grossing Bollywood films](/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_Bollywood_films "List of highest-grossing Bollywood films"), and have dominated the Indian box office since the 1990s.{{Cite news \|last\=Raghavendra \|first\=MK \|date\=16 October 2016 \|title\=After Aamir, SRK, Salman, why Bollywood's next male superstar may need a decade to rise \|language\=en \|work\=Firstpost \|url\=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/after\-aamir\-srk\-salman\-why\-bollywoods\-next\-male\-superstar\-may\-need\-a\-decade\-to\-rise\-3049864\.html \|access\-date\=18 May 2022}}{{Cite news \|agency\=Agence France\-Presse \|date\=12 July 2017 \|title\=Why Aamir Khan Is The King Of Khans: Foreign Media \|work\=NDTV \|url\=https://www.ndtv.com/india\-news/aamir\-khan\-is\-the\-king\-of\-the\-king\-khans\-moved\-ahead\-of\-shah\-rukh\-salman\-1723117 \|access\-date\=18 May 2022}} Shah Rukh Khan was the most successful for most of the 1990s and 2000s, while Aamir Khan has been the most successful since the late 2000s;{{Cite web \|last\=D'Cunha \|first\=Suparna Dutt \|title\=Why 'Dangal' Star Aamir Khan Is The New King Of Bollywood \|url\=https://www.forbes.com/sites/suparnadutt/2017/01/23/why\-dangal\-star\-aamir\-khan\-is\-the\-new\-king\-of\-bollywood/ \|website\=\[\[Forbes]]}} according to *[Forbes](/wiki/Forbes "Forbes")*, Shah Rukh Khan is "arguably the world's biggest movie star" as of 2017, due to his immense popularity in India and China.{{Cite web \|last\=Cain \|first\=Rob \|date\=5 October 2017 \|title\=Why Aamir Khan Is Arguably The World's Biggest Movie Star, Part 2 \|url\=https://www.forbes.com/sites/robcain/2017/10/05/heres\-why\-aamir\-khan\-is\-arguably\-the\-worlds\-biggest\-movie\-star\-part\-2/ \|website\=\[\[Forbes]]}} Other notable Hindi film stars of recent decades include [Arjun Rampal](/wiki/Arjun_Rampal "Arjun Rampal"), [Sunny Deol](/wiki/Sunny_Deol "Sunny Deol"), [Akshay Kumar](/wiki/Akshay_Kumar "Akshay Kumar"), [Ajay Devgn](/wiki/Ajay_Devgn "Ajay Devgn"), [Hrithik Roshan](/wiki/Hrithik_Roshan "Hrithik Roshan"), [Anil Kapoor](/wiki/Anil_Kapoor "Anil Kapoor"), [Sanjay Dutt](/wiki/Sanjay_Dutt "Sanjay Dutt"), [Sridevi](/wiki/Sridevi "Sridevi"), [Madhuri Dixit](/wiki/Madhuri_Dixit "Madhuri Dixit"), [Juhi Chawla](/wiki/Juhi_Chawla "Juhi Chawla"), [Karisma Kapoor](/wiki/Karisma_Kapoor "Karisma Kapoor"), [Kajol](/wiki/Kajol "Kajol"), [Tabu](/wiki/Tabu_%28actress%29 "Tabu (actress)"), [Aishwarya Rai](/wiki/Aishwarya_Rai "Aishwarya Rai"), [Rani Mukerji](/wiki/Rani_Mukerji "Rani Mukerji") and [Preity Zinta](/wiki/Preity_Zinta "Preity Zinta"). *[Haider](/wiki/Haider_%28film%29 "Haider (film)")* (2014, [Vishal Bhardwaj](/wiki/Vishal_Bhardwaj "Vishal Bhardwaj")), the third instalment of the Indian Shakespearean Trilogy after *[Maqbool](/wiki/Maqbool "Maqbool")* (2003\) and *[Omkara](/wiki/Omkara_%282006_film%29 "Omkara (2006 film)")* (2006\),{{Cite news \|last\=Muzaffar Raina \|date\=25 November 2013 \|title\=Protests hit Haider shoot on Valley campus \|work\=\[\[The Telegraph (India)\|The Telegraph]] \|url\=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1131125/jsp/nation/story\_17609286\.jsp \|url\-status\=dead \|access\-date\=11 September 2016 \|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20150420041308/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1131125/jsp/nation/story\_17609286\.jsp%23\.VTR8zH3LfK4 \|archive\-date\=20 April 2015}} won the *People's Choice Award* at the 9th [Rome Film Festival](/wiki/Rome_Film_Festival "Rome Film Festival") in the Mondo Genere making it the first Indian film to achieve this honour.{{Cite web \|date\=25 October 2014 \|title\=The Official Awards of the ninth edition of the Rome Film Festival \|url\=http://www.romacinemafest.it/ecm/web/fcr/en/home/content/the\-official\-awards\-of\-the\-ninth\-edition\-of\-the\-rome\-film\-festival.0000\.FCR\-4509 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141026173454/http://www.romacinemafest.it/ecm/web/fcr/en/home/content/the\-official\-awards\-of\-the\-ninth\-edition\-of\-the\-rome\-film\-festival \|archive\-date\=26 October 2014 \|access\-date\=26 October 2014 \|website\=romacinefest.it}}{{relevance inline\|date\=October 2022}} The 2000s and 2010s also saw the rise of a new generation of popular actors like [Shahid Kapoor](/wiki/Shahid_Kapoor "Shahid Kapoor"), [Ranbir Kapoor](/wiki/Ranbir_Kapoor "Ranbir Kapoor"), [Ranveer Singh](/wiki/Ranveer_Singh "Ranveer Singh"), [Ayushmann Khurrana](/wiki/Ayushmann_Khurrana "Ayushmann Khurrana"), [Varun Dhawan](/wiki/Varun_Dhawan "Varun Dhawan"), [Sidharth Malhotra](/wiki/Sidharth_Malhotra "Sidharth Malhotra"), [Sushant Singh Rajput](/wiki/Sushant_Singh_Rajput "Sushant Singh Rajput"), [Kartik Aaryan](/wiki/Kartik_Aaryan "Kartik Aaryan"), [Arjun Kapoor](/wiki/Arjun_Kapoor "Arjun Kapoor"), [Aditya Roy Kapur](/wiki/Aditya_Roy_Kapur "Aditya Roy Kapur") and [Tiger Shroff](/wiki/Tiger_Shroff "Tiger Shroff"), as well as actresses like [Vidya Balan](/wiki/Vidya_Balan "Vidya Balan"), [Priyanka Chopra](/wiki/Priyanka_Chopra "Priyanka Chopra"), [Kareena Kapoor](/wiki/Kareena_Kapoor "Kareena Kapoor"), [Katrina Kaif](/wiki/Katrina_Kaif "Katrina Kaif"), [Kangana Ranaut](/wiki/Kangana_Ranaut "Kangana Ranaut"), [Deepika Padukone](/wiki/Deepika_Padukone "Deepika Padukone"), [Sonam Kapoor](/wiki/Sonam_Kapoor "Sonam Kapoor"), [Anushka Sharma](/wiki/Anushka_Sharma "Anushka Sharma"), [Shraddha Kapoor](/wiki/Shraddha_Kapoor "Shraddha Kapoor"), [Alia Bhatt](/wiki/Alia_Bhatt "Alia Bhatt"), [Parineeti Chopra](/wiki/Parineeti_Chopra "Parineeti Chopra") and [Kriti Sanon](/wiki/Kriti_Sanon "Kriti Sanon") with Balan, Ranaut and Bhatt gaining wide recognition for successful female\-centric films such as *[The Dirty Picture](/wiki/The_Dirty_Picture "The Dirty Picture")* (2011\), *[Kahaani](/wiki/Kahaani "Kahaani")* (2012\), *[Queen](/wiki/Queen_%282014_film%29 "Queen (2014 film)")* (2014\), *[Highway](/wiki/Highway_%282014_Hindi_film%29 "Highway (2014 Hindi film)")* (2014\), *[Tanu Weds Manu Returns](/wiki/Tanu_Weds_Manu_Returns "Tanu Weds Manu Returns")* (2015\), *[Raazi](/wiki/Raazi "Raazi")* (2018\) and *[Gangubai Kathiawadi](/wiki/Gangubai_Kathiawadi "Gangubai Kathiawadi")* (2022\). [Salim–Javed](/wiki/Salim%E2%80%93Javed "Salim–Javed") were highly influential in [South Indian cinema](/wiki/South_Indian_cinema "South Indian cinema"). In addition to writing two [Kannada films](/wiki/Kannada_cinema "Kannada cinema"), many of their Bollywood films had remakes produced in other regions, including Tamil, Telugu and Malayalam cinema. While the Bollywood directors and producers held the rights to their films in Northern India, Salim–Javed retained the rights in South India, where they sold remake rights for films such as *Zanjeer*, *Yaadon Ki Baarat* and *Don*.{{Cite book \|last1\=Kishore \|first1\=Vikrant \|url\={{google books\|plainurl\=y\|id\=wQLeCwAAQBAJ\|page\=238}} \|title\=Salaam Bollywood: Representations and Interpretations \|last2\=Sarwal \|first2\=Amit \|last3\=Patra \|first3\=Parichay \|date\=2016 \|publisher\=\[\[Routledge]] \|isbn\=9781317232865 \|page\=238 \|language\=en}} Several of these remakes became breakthroughs for actor [Rajinikanth](/wiki/Rajinikanth "Rajinikanth").{{Cite news \|last\=Jha \|first\=Lata \|date\=18 July 2016 \|title\=10 Rajinikanth films that were remakes of Amitabh Bachchan starrers \|work\=\[\[Mint (newspaper)\|Mint]] \|url\=http://www.livemint.com/Consumer/1zecmlLkbhchQlpXOOOsxN/10\-Rajinikanth\-films\-that\-were\-remakes\-of\-Amitabh\-Bachchan\-s.html}} [Sridevi](/wiki/Sridevi "Sridevi") is widely regarded as the first female superstar of Indian cinema due to her pan\-Indian appeal with equally successful careers in [Hindi](/wiki/Bollywood "Bollywood"), [Tamil](/wiki/Tamil_cinema "Tamil cinema"), [Malayalam](/wiki/Malayalam_cinema "Malayalam cinema"), [Kannada](/wiki/Kannada_cinema "Kannada cinema") and [Telugu cinema](/wiki/Telugu_cinema "Telugu cinema"). She is the only Bollywood actor to have starred in a top 10 grossing film each year of her active career (1983–1997\).{{citation needed\|date\=October 2022}} #### Telugu [K. V. Reddy](/wiki/K._V._Reddy "K. V. Reddy")'s *[Mayabazar](/wiki/Mayabazar "Mayabazar")* (1957\) is a landmark film in Indian cinema, a classic of [Telugu cinema](/wiki/Telugu_cinema "Telugu cinema") that inspired generations of filmmakers. It blends myth, fantasy, romance and humour in a timeless story, captivating audiences with its fantastical elements. The film excelled in various departments like cast performances, production design, music, cinematography and is particularly revered for its use of technology.{{Cite web \|date\=30 April 2015 \|title\=Mayabazar (1957\) \|website\=\[\[The Hindu]] \|url\=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday\-review/mayabazar\-1957/article7159111\.ece \|access\-date\=12 March 2024 \|archive\-date\=2 May 2015 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150502053722/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday\-review/mayabazar\-1957/article7159111\.ece \|url\-status\=bot: unknown }}{{Cite web \|date\=9 February 2013 \|title\="1" The Hindu \|website\=\[\[The Hindu]] \|url\=https://www.thehindu.com/todays\-paper/tp\-features/tp\-metroplus/1/article4395126\.ece}} The use of special effects, innovative for the 1950s, like the first illusion of moonlight, showcased technical brilliance.. Powerful performances and relatable themes ensure Mayabazar stays relevant, a classic enjoyed by new generations. On the centenary of Indian cinema in 2013, [CNN\-IBN](/wiki/CNN-IBN "CNN-IBN") included *Mayabazar* in its list of "100 greatest Indian films of all time".{{Cite web \|date\=17 April 2013 \|title\=100 Years of Indian Cinema: The 100 greatest Indian films of all time \|url\=http://ibnlive.in.com/photogallery/13200\-60\.html \|access\-date\=12 March 2024 \|archive\-date\=12 March 2015 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150312062626/http://ibnlive.in.com/photogallery/13200\-60\.html \|url\-status\=dead }} In a poll conducted by CNN\-IBN among those 100 films, *Mayabazar* was voted by the public as the "Greatest Indian film of all time."{{Cite web \|date\=12 May 2013 \|title\=Mayabazar' is India's greatest film ever: IBNLive poll \|url\=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/mayabazar\-is\-indias\-greatest\-film\-ever\-ibnlive\-poll\-608772\.html \|access\-date\=12 March 2024 \|archive\-date\=6 January 2016 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106080737/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/mayabazar\-is\-indias\-greatest\-film\-ever\-ibnlive\-poll\-608772\.html \|url\-status\=bot: unknown }} [K. Viswanath](/wiki/K._Viswanath "K. Viswanath"), one of the prominent auteurs of Indian cinema, he received international recognition for his works, and is known for blending [parallel cinema](/wiki/Parallel_cinema "Parallel cinema") with mainstream cinema. His works such as *[Sankarabharanam](/wiki/Sankarabharanam_%281980_film%29 "Sankarabharanam (1980 film)")* (1980\) about revitalisation of Indian classical music won the "Prize of the Public" at the [Besançon](/wiki/Besan%C3%A7on "Besançon") Film Festival of [France](/wiki/France "France") in the year 1981\.{{cite web\|url\=https://dff.nic.in/images/Documents/88\_29thNfacatalogue.pdf\|title\=K. Viswanath Film craft Page 6 DFF\|access\-date\=1 January 2013}} *[Forbes](/wiki/Forbes_%28India%29 "Forbes (India)")* included [J. V. Somayajulu](/wiki/J._V._Somayajulu "J. V. Somayajulu")'s performance in the film on its list of "25 Greatest Acting Performances of Indian Cinema".{{cite web\|url\=http://forbesindia.com/article/100\-years\-of\-indian\-cinema/25\-greatest\-acting\-performances\-of\-indian\-cinema/35125/0\|title\=25 Greatest Acting Performances of Indian Cinema\|magazine\=\[\[Forbes (India)\|Forbes]]\|first1\=Shishir\|last1\=Prasad\|first2\=N. S.\|last2\=Ramnath\|first3\=Sohini\|last3\=Mitter\|date\=27 April 2013 \|access\-date \= 27 January 2015}} *[Swathi Muthyam](/wiki/Swathi_Muthyam "Swathi Muthyam")* (1986\) was [India's official entry](/wiki/List_of_Indian_submissions_for_the_Academy_Award_for_Best_International_Feature_Film "List of Indian submissions for the Academy Award for Best International Feature Film") to the [59th Academy Awards](/wiki/59th_Academy_Awards "59th Academy Awards"). *[Swarna Kamalam](/wiki/Swarna_Kamalam "Swarna Kamalam")* (1988\) the dance film choreographed by [Kelucharan Mohapatra](/wiki/Kelucharan_Mohapatra "Kelucharan Mohapatra"), and [Sharon Lowen](/wiki/Sharon_Lowen "Sharon Lowen") was featured at the [Ann Arbor Film Festival](/wiki/Ann_Arbor_Film_Festival "Ann Arbor Film Festival"), fetching three [Indian Express Awards](/wiki/Cinema_Express_Awards_-_1988 "Cinema Express Awards - 1988").{{cite web\|url\=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/viral\-and\-trending/020517/dance\-without\-frontiers\-k\-viswanath\-director\-who\-aims\-to\-revive\-classical\-arts.html\|title\=Dance without frontiers: K Viswanath – Director who aims to revive classical arts\|date\=2 May 2017}}{{cite web\|author\=30 June 2011 \- Ranjana Dave \|url\=http://archive.asianage.com/dance/meaning\-movement\-323\|title\=The meaning in movement \|publisher\=The Asian Age \|date\=30 June 2011 \|access\-date\=4 September 2012}} {{multiple image \| align \= right \| image1 \= K. Vishwanath at National Film Awards Function 2017\.jpg \| width1 \= 154 \| alt1 \= \| caption1 \= \| image2 \= RamGopalVarma.jpg \| width2 \= 120 \| alt2 \= \| caption2 \= \| footer \= ''From left to right:'' \[\[K. Viswanath]], \[\[Ram Gopal Varma]], \[\[Singeetam Srinivasa Rao]] and \[\[Chiranjeevi]] \| image3 \= Singeetam srinivasa rao.jpg \| width3 \= 154 \| alt3 \= \| caption3 \= \| image4 \= Chiranjeevi at Amitabh Bachchan's 70th birthday celebration (cropped).jpg \| width4 \= 119 }} [B. Narsing Rao](/wiki/B._Narsing_Rao "B. Narsing Rao"), [K. N. T. Sastry](/wiki/K._N._T._Sastry "K. N. T. Sastry"), and [A. Kutumba Rao](/wiki/Akkineni_Kutumba_Rao "Akkineni Kutumba Rao") garnered international recognition for their works in new\-wave cinema.{{Cite press release \|title\=Arts / Cinema: Conscientious filmmaker \|date\=7 May 2011 \|url\=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article1998948\.ece \|access\-date\=25 August 2012 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110509045951/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article1998948\.ece \|archive\-date\=9 May 2011 \|work\=The Hindu}}{{Cite web \|title\=Tikkavarapu Pattabhirama Reddy – Poet, Film maker of international fame from NelloreOne Nellore \|url\=http://1nellore.com/1849/tikkavarapu\-pattabhirama\-reddy\-poet\-film\-maker\-of\-international\-fame/ \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006102018/http://1nellore.com/1849/tikkavarapu\-pattabhirama\-reddy\-poet\-film\-maker\-of\-international\-fame/ \|archive\-date\=6 October 2014 \|access\-date\=10 October 2014 \|website\=1nellore.com \|publisher\=One Nellore}} Narsing Rao's *[Maa Ooru](/wiki/Maa_Ooru "Maa Ooru")* (1992\) won the "[Media Wave Award](/wiki/Media_Wave_International_Film_Festival "Media Wave International Film Festival")" of Hungary; *[Daasi](/wiki/Daasi_%281988_film%29 "Daasi (1988 film)")* (1988\) and *[Matti Manushulu](/wiki/Matti_Manushulu "Matti Manushulu")* (1990\) won the Diploma of Merit awards at the [16th](/wiki/16th_Moscow_International_Film_Festival "16th Moscow International Film Festival") and [17th](/wiki/17th_Moscow_International_Film_Festival "17th Moscow International Film Festival") [MIFF](/wiki/Moscow_International_Film_Festival "Moscow International Film Festival") respectively.{{Cite web\|url\=http://mwave.irq.hu/index.php?modul\=menupontok\&kod\=18028\&nyelv\=\+/index.php\|title\=MEDIAWAVE ARCHÍVUM (1991\-2022\) :: 1992 :: FILMES DÍJLISTA \- www.mediawave.hu\|website\=mwave.irq.hu}}{{Cite press release \|title\=Narsing Rao's films regale Delhi \|date\=21 December 2008 \|publisher\=webindia123\.com \|url\=http://news.webindia123\.com/news/articles/India/20081221/1134082\.html \|access\-date\=25 August 2012 \|archive\-date\=6 November 2013 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106105835/http://news.webindia123\.com/news/articles/India/20081221/1134082\.html \|url\-status\=dead }}{{Cite web \|title\=Metro Plus Hyderabad / Travel : Unsung moments \|url\=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/03/01/stories/2005030100530300\.htm \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20050305213636/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/03/01/stories/2005030100530300\.htm \|archive\-date\=5 March 2005 \|website\=\[\[The Hindu]]}} Sastry's *[Thilaadanam](/wiki/Thilaadanam "Thilaadanam")* (2000\) received "New Currents Award" at the [7th Busan](/wiki/Busan_International_Film_Festival "Busan International Film Festival");{{Cite web \|title\=Awards \|url\=http://www.biff.kr/Template/Builder/00000001/page.asp?page\_num\=4892 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170620083906/http://biff.kr/Template/Builder/00000001/page.asp?page\_num\=4892 \|archive\-date\=20 June 2017 \|access\-date\=27 June 2017 \|website\=Busan International Film Festival}}{{Cite press release \|title\=How Kamli came alive onscreen \|date\=31 December 2004 \|url\=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/nov/30sastry.htm \|access\-date\=25 August 2012 \|work\=Rediff.com}} Rajnesh Domalpalli's *[Vanaja](/wiki/Vanaja_%28film%29 "Vanaja (film)")* (2006\) won "Best First Feature Award" at the [57th Berlinale](/wiki/57th_Berlin_International_Film_Festival "57th Berlin International Film Festival").{{Cite web \|date\=22 February 2008 \|title\=Vanaja Best First Feature \|url\=https://www.berlinale.de/en/archive/jahresarchive/2007/03\_preistraeger\_2007/03\_preistraeger\_2007\.html \|access\-date\=22 August 2012 \|website\=57th Berlinale}}{{Cite web \|last\=Ebert \|first\=Roger \|title\=The year's ten best films and other shenanigans {{pipe}} Roger Ebert's Journal \|date\=19 December 2012 \|url\=https://www.rogerebert.com/rogers\-journal/the\-years\-ten\-best\-films\-and\-other\-shenanigans \|access\-date\=26 August 2019 \|publisher\=Roger Ebert}} [Ram Gopal Varma](/wiki/Ram_Gopal_Varma "Ram Gopal Varma")'s *[Siva](/wiki/Siva_%281989_Telugu_film%29 "Siva (1989 Telugu film)")* (1989\), which attained [cult following](/wiki/Cult_film "Cult film"){{Cite news \|last\=Raghavan \|first\=Nikhil \|date\=4 October 2010 \|title\=A saga in the making? \|work\=The Hindu \|url\=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/a\-saga\-in\-the\-making/article812802\.ece \|access\-date\=20 April 2016 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420093100/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/a\-saga\-in\-the\-making/article812802\.ece \|archive\-date\=20 April 2016}} introduced [steadicams](/wiki/Steadicam "Steadicam") and new sound recording techniques to Indian films.{{Cite web \|last\=Pasupulate \|first\=Karthik \|date\=29 October 2015 \|title\=Raj Tarun to star in a silent film by RGV \|url\=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Raj\-Tarun\-to\-star\-in\-a\-silent\-film\-by\-RGV/articleshow/49567908\.cms \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160419120901/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Raj\-Tarun\-to\-star\-in\-a\-silent\-film\-by\-RGV/articleshow/49567908\.cms \|archive\-date\=19 April 2016 \|access\-date\=19 April 2016 \|website\=The Times of India}} *Siva* attracted the young audience during its theatrical run, and its success encouraged filmmakers to explore a variety of themes and make experimental films.{{Cite web \|date\=5 October 2014 \|title\=Nagarjuna's Shiva completes 25 years \|url\=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Nagarjunas\-Shiva\-completes\-25\-years/articleshow/44401475\.cms \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160419025043/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Nagarjunas\-Shiva\-completes\-25\-years/articleshow/44401475\.cms \|archive\-date\=19 April 2016 \|access\-date\=19 April 2016 \|website\=The Times of India}} Varma introduced [road movie](/wiki/Road_movie "Road movie") and [film noir](/wiki/Film_noir "Film noir") to Indian screen with *[Kshana Kshanam](/wiki/Kshana_Kshanam "Kshana Kshanam")* (1991\).{{cite web\|url\=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/up\-front/story/20120528\-edouard\-waintrop\-on\-the\-new\-indian\-cinema\-758464\-2012\-05\-18 \|title\=Cannes critic on RGV's film craft at fribourg festival\|date\=18 May 2012 \|publisher\=Indiatoday.in \|access\-date\=21 January 2023}} Varma experimented with close\-to\-life performances by the lead actors, which bought a rather fictional storyline a sense of authenticity at a time when the industry was being filled with commercial fillers.{{Cite news\|last\=Gopalrao\|first\=Griddaluru\|date\=18 October 1991\|title\=చిత్ర సమీక్ష: క్షణ క్షణం\|language\=te\|page\=7\|work\=\[\[Zamin Ryot]]\|url\=http://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/1991/Oct/18\-oct\-1991\.pdf\|access\-date\=21 June 2021\|archive\-date\=13 September 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913133558/http://zaminryot.com/pdf/1991/Oct/18\-oct\-1991\.pdf\|url\-status\=live}} [Singeetam Srinivasa Rao](/wiki/Singeetam_Srinivasa_Rao "Singeetam Srinivasa Rao") introduced [time travel](/wiki/Time_travel "Time travel") to the Indian screen with *[Aditya 369](/wiki/Aditya_369 "Aditya 369")* (1991\). The film dealt with exploratory dystopian and apocalyptic themes, taking the audience through a post\-apocalyptic experience via time travel and folklore from 1526 CE, including a romantic subplot.{{Cite news \|last\=Narasimham \|first\=M. L. \|date\=12 October 2018 \|title\=The story behind the song ' Nerajaanavule' from the movie Aditya 369 \|url\=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/the\-story\-behind\-the\-song\-nerajaanavule\-from\-the\-movie\-aditya\-369/article25201254\.ece \|access\-date\=28 August 2019 \|work\=The Hindu}} Singeetam Srinivasa Rao was inspired by the classic sci\-fi novel *[The Time Machine](/wiki/The_Time_Machine "The Time Machine")*.{{Cite web \|title\=Singeetam Srinivasa Rao Interview: "The Golden Rule Of Cinema Is That There Is No Golden Rule" \|url\=https://silverscreen.in/tamil/features/interviews/singeetam\-srinivasa\-rao\-interview\-golden\-rule\-cinema\-no\-golden\-rule/ \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103175919/https://silverscreen.in/tamil/features/interviews/singeetam\-srinivasa\-rao\-interview\-golden\-rule\-cinema\-no\-golden\-rule/ \|archive\-date\=3 January 2017 \|access\-date\=16 February 2017 \|website\=Silverscreen.in}}{{Cite web \|last\=Srinivasan \|first\=Pavithra \|date\=7 September 2010 \|title\=Singeetham Srinivasa Rao's gems before Christ \|url\=https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide\-show/slide\-show\-1\-south\-interview\-with\-singeetham\-srinivasa\-rao/20100907\.htm \|access\-date\=16 July 2022 \|website\=Rediff.com}}{{Cite news \|title\=Sudeep's excited about film with Ram Gopal Varma \|work\=\[\[The Times of India]] \|url\=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Sudeeps\-excited\-about\-film\-with\-Ram\-Gopal\-Varma/articleshow/18046826\.cms \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102124438/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013\-01\-16/news\-interviews/36373029\_1\_sudeep\-ram\-gopal\-varma\-rgv \|archive\-date\=2 November 2013}} [Chiranjeevi](/wiki/Chiranjeevi "Chiranjeevi")'s works such as the social [drama film](/wiki/Drama_film "Drama film") *[Swayamkrushi](/wiki/Swayamkrushi "Swayamkrushi")* (1987\), [comedy thriller](/wiki/Comedy_thriller "Comedy thriller") *[Chantabbai](/wiki/Chantabbai "Chantabbai")* (1986\), the [vigilante thriller](/wiki/Vigilante_film "Vigilante film") *[Kondaveeti Donga](/wiki/Kondaveeti_Donga "Kondaveeti Donga")* (1990\),{{Cite web \|title\=Kondaveeti Donga (1990\) \|url\=http://www.REPLACE MEEEEEEEE.com/title/tt0246008/fullcredits \|publisher\=IMDb}}{{Dead link\|date\=August 2024}} the [Western thriller](/wiki/Western_genre "Western genre") *[Kodama Simham](/wiki/Kodama_Simham "Kodama Simham")* (1990\), and the [action thriller](/wiki/Action_film "Action film"), *[Gang Leader](/wiki/Gang_Leader "Gang Leader")* (1991\), popularised genre films with the highest estimated cinema footfalls.{{Cite news \|last\=Gopalan \|first\=Krishna \|date\=30 August 2008 \|title\=Southern movie stars \& politics: A long love affair \|work\=\[\[The Economic Times]] \|url\=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid\-3424194\.cms \|access\-date\=19 September 2010}} [Sekhar Kammula](/wiki/Sekhar_Kammula "Sekhar Kammula")'s *[Dollar Dreams](/wiki/Dollar_Dreams_%28film%29 "Dollar Dreams (film)")* (2000\), which explored the conflict between American dreams and human feelings, re\-introduced [social realism](/wiki/Social_realism "Social realism") to Telugu film which had stagnated in formulaic commercialism.{{Cite web \|last\=Gangadhar \|first\=V \|date\=17 July 2000 \|title\=rediff.com, Movies: The Dollar Dreams review \|url\=https://m.rediff.com/movies/2000/jul/17dream.htm \|access\-date\=28 August 2019 \|website\=Rediff.com}} War drama *[Kanche](/wiki/Kanche "Kanche")* (2015, [Krish Jagarlamudi](/wiki/Krish_%28director%29 "Krish (director)")) explored the 1944 Nazi attack on the Indian army in the [Italian campaign](/wiki/Italian_campaign_%28World_War_II%29 "Italian campaign (World War II)") of the Second World War.{{Cite web \|last\=Kalyanam \|first\=Rajeswari \|date\=24 October 2015 \|title\=Breaking new grounds \|url\=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/2015\-10\-24/Breaking\-new\-grounds\-\-182145 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151025164933/http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/2015\-10\-24/Breaking\-new\-grounds\-\-182145 \|archive\-date\=25 October 2015 \|access\-date\=5 February 2016 \|website\=The Hans India}} [thumb\|230x230px\|[S.S Rajamouli](/wiki/S._S._Rajamouli "S. S. Rajamouli") has been described as "the biggest Indian film director ever" and "India's most significant director today".{{Cite web \|last\=Sharma \|first\=Suparna \|date\=30 April 2022 \|title\=Indian director Rajamouli scores a global hit with new film RRR \|url\=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/4/30/indian\-director\-ss\-rajamouli\-rrr\-film\-teluga\-cinema}}{{Cite web \|last\=Dwyer \|first\=Rachel \|date\=1 April 2022 \|title\=Director's Roar \|url\=https://openthemagazine.com/cover\-stories/directors\-roar/}}](/wiki/File:SS_Rajamouli%2C_2021.jpg "SS Rajamouli, 2021.jpg") [Pan\-Indian](/wiki/Pan-Indian_film "Pan-Indian film") film is a term related to Indian cinema that originated with [Telugu cinema](/wiki/Telugu_cinema "Telugu cinema") as a mainstream commercial film appealing to audiences across the country with a spread to world markets.{{Cite web \|date\=3 August 2022 \|title\=The secret of the pan\-Indian success of films from the south: Balancing the local and universal \|url\=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/the\-secret\-of\-the\-pan\-indian\-success\-of\-films\-from\-the\-south\-8068662/}} [S. S. Rajamouli](/wiki/S._S._Rajamouli "S. S. Rajamouli") pioneered the pan\-Indian films movement with duology of epic action films *[Baahubali: The Beginning](/wiki/Baahubali:The_Beginning "The Beginning")* (2015\) and *[Baahubali 2: The Conclusion](/wiki/Baahubali_2:The_Conclusion "The Conclusion")* (2017\), that changed the face of Indian cinema. *Baahubali: The Beginning* became the first Indian film to be nominated for American [Saturn Awards](/wiki/Saturn_Awards "Saturn Awards").{{Cite web \|date\=27 February 2016 \|title\='Baahubali' nominated for Saturn Awards in five categories \|url\=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/baahubali\-nominated\-for\-saturn\-awards\-in\-five\-categories/}} It received national and international acclaim for Rajamouli's direction, story, visual effects, cinematography, themes, action sequences, music, and performances, and became a record\-breaking box office success.{{Cite web \|date\=9 September 2022 \|title\="Baahubali\-the\-beginning" \|website\=\[\[Metacritic]] \|url\=https://www.metacritic.com/movie/baahubali\-the\-beginning/}} The sequel *Baahubali 2* (2017\) went on to win the American "[Saturn Award for Best International Film](/wiki/Saturn_Award_for_Best_International_Film "Saturn Award for Best International Film")" \& emerged as the [second\-highest\-grossing Indian film](/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_Indian_films%23Worldwide_gross_collection "List of highest-grossing Indian films#Worldwide gross collection") of all time.{{Cite magazine \|last\=McNary \|first\=Dave \|date\=27 June 2018 \|title\='Black Panther' Leads Saturn Awards; 'Better Call Saul,' 'Twin Peaks' Top TV Trophies \|url\=https://variety.com/2018/film/news/saturn\-awards\-2018\-black\-panther\-better\-call\-saul\-twin\-peaks\-1202860077/ \|access\-date\=9 January 2019 \|magazine\=\[\[Variety (magazine)\|Variety]]}}{{Cite news \|last\=Sudhir \|first\=TS \|date\=May 2017 \|title\=Is Baahubali 2 a Hindu film? Dissecting religion, folklore, mythology in Rajamouli's epic saga \|url\=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/is\-baahubali\-2\-a\-hindu\-film\-bahubali\-2\-religion\-rajamouli\-3416228\.html \|access\-date\=26 October 2022 \|work\=FirstPost}} S.S Rajamouli followed up with the alternate historical film *[RRR](/wiki/RRR_%28film%29 "RRR (film)")* (2022\) that received universal critical acclaim for its direction, screenwriting, cast performances, cinematography, soundtrack, action sequences and [VFX](/wiki/VFX "VFX"), which further consolidated the Pan\-Indian film market. The film was considered one of the ten best films of the year by the [National Board of Review](/wiki/National_Board_of_Review "National Board of Review"), making it only the seventh non\-English language film ever to make it to the list.{{Cite news \|date\=9 December 2022 \|title\='RRR' Oscar campaign gets a boost: Rajamouli's film named among National Board of Review's 10 best films \|newspaper\=The Economic Times \|url\=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new\-updates/rrr\-oscar\-campaign\-gets\-a\-boost\-rajamoulis\-film\-named\-among\-national\-board\-of\-reviews\-10\-best\-films/articleshow/96109907\.cms}} It also became the first Indian film by an Indian production to win an [Academy Award](/wiki/Academy_Awards "Academy Awards").{{Cite news \|date\=13 March 2023 \|title\=Oscars 2023: RRR's Naatu Naatu wins best original song \|url\=https://www.bbc.com/news/world\-asia\-india\-64935389}} The film went on to receive several other nominations at the [Golden Globe Awards](/wiki/Golden_Globe_Awards "Golden Globe Awards"), [Critics' Choice Movie Award](/wiki/Critics%27_Choice_Movie_Awards "Critics' Choice Movie Awards") including [Best Foreign Language Film](/wiki/Critics%27_Choice_Movie_Award_for_Best_Foreign_Language_Film "Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Foreign Language Film").{{Cite web \|last\=Davis \|first\=Clayton \|date\=12 December 2022 \|title\='RRR' Roars With Golden Globe Noms for Original Song and Non\-English Language Film \|url\=https://variety.com/2022/awards/awards/rrr\-golden\-globes\-nominated\-1235456635/}} Films like *[Pushpa: The Rise](/wiki/Pushpa:The_Rise "The Rise")*, *[Salaar: Part 1 – Ceasefire](/wiki/Salaar:Part_1_%E2%80%93_Ceasefire "Part 1 – Ceasefire")* and *[Kalki 2898 AD](/wiki/Kalki_2898_AD "Kalki 2898 AD")* have further contributed to the pan\-Indian film wave. Actors like [Prabhas](/wiki/Prabhas "Prabhas"), [Allu Arjun](/wiki/Allu_Arjun "Allu Arjun"), [Ram Charan](/wiki/Ram_Charan "Ram Charan") and [N. T. Rama Rao Jr.](/wiki/N._T._Rama_Rao_Jr. "N. T. Rama Rao Jr.") enjoy a nationwide popularity among the audiences after the release of their respective Pan\-Indian films. [Film critics](/wiki/Film_criticism "Film criticism"), journalists and analysts, such as [Baradwaj Rangan](/wiki/Baradwaj_Rangan "Baradwaj Rangan") and Vishal Menon, have labelled Prabhas as the "first legit Pan\-Indian Superstar".{{Cite web \|date\=20 August 2020 \|title\="Is Prabhas India's First Legit PAN Indian Star?'". \|url\=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/telugu\-movies\-is\-prabhas\-indias\-first\-legit\-pan\-indian\-star\-baradwaj\-rangan}} [Hindi cinema](/wiki/Hindi_cinema "Hindi cinema") has been remaking [Telugu](/wiki/Telugu_cinema "Telugu cinema") films since the late 1940s, some of which went on to become landmark films. Between 2000 and 2019, one in every three successful films made in Hindi was either a remake or part of a series. And most of the star actors, have starred in the hit remakes of Telugu films.{{Cite news \|date\=18 February 2023 \|title\=Bollywood's Telugu takeover: 'Shehzada' to 'Jersey', remakes of hit South films \|url\=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/bollywoods\-telugu\-takeover\-shehzada\-to\-jersey\-remakes\-of\-hit\-south\-films/photostory/98038983\.cms?picid\=98039072 \|access\-date\=8 August 2024 \|work\=The Times of India \|issn\=0971\-8257}} #### Tamil Tamil cinema established Madras (now [Chennai](/wiki/Chennai "Chennai")) as a secondary film production centre in India, used by [Hindi cinema](/wiki/Bollywood "Bollywood"), other South Indian film industries, and [Sri Lankan cinema](/wiki/Cinema_of_Sri_Lanka "Cinema of Sri Lanka").{{Cite web \|title\=The Tamil Nadu Entertainments Tax Act, 1939 \|url\=http://www.tnvat.gov.in/English/TN\_ENTERTAINMENT%20TAX\_ACT\_1939\.pdf \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015202926/http://tnvat.gov.in/English/TN\_ENTERTAINMENT%20TAX\_ACT\_1939\.pdf \|archive\-date\=15 October 2011 \|access\-date\=26 September 2011 \|publisher\=Government of Tamil Nadu}} Over the last quarter of the 20th century, Tamil films from India established a global presence through distribution to an increasing number of overseas theatres.{{Cite news \|last\=Pillai \|first\=Sreedhar \|title\=A gold mine around the globe \|language\=en \|work\=\[\[The Hindu]] \|url\=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/tamil\-film\-business\-in\-overseas\-market/article8483410\.ece \|access\-date\=9 March 2017}}{{Cite web \|title\=Eros buys Tamil film distributor \|url\=http://www.business\-standard.com/india/storypage.php?autono\=290977 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903230315/http://www.business\-standard.com/india/storypage.php?autono\=290977 \|archive\-date\=3 September 2011 \|access\-date\=6 October 2011 \|website\=\[\[Business Standard]]}} {{Cite news\|url\=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011\-06\-12/news/29649940\_1\_big\-cinemas\-anil\-arjun\-screens\|title\=With high demand for Indian movies, Big Cinemas goes global\|access\-date\=26 September 2011\|work\=The Times of India\|date\=12 June 2011}}* The industry also inspired independent filmmaking in Sri Lanka and [Tamil diaspora](/wiki/Tamil_diaspora "Tamil diaspora") populations in Malaysia, Singapore, and the [Western Hemisphere](/wiki/Western_Hemisphere "Western Hemisphere").{{Cite news \|title\=Symposium: Sri Lanka's Cultural Experience \|work\=\[\[Frontline (magazine)\|Frontline]] \|location\=Chennai, India \|url\=http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl1604/16040780\.htm \|access\-date\=26 September 2011}} {{Cite news\|url\=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Chennai/article2339090\.ece\|title\=Celebration of shared heritage at Canadian film festival\|work\=\[\[The Hindu]]\|access\-date\=26 September 2011\|location\=Chennai, India\|date\=9 August 2011}} * {{multiple image \| align \= right \| image1 \= Mani Ratnam at the Museum of the Moving Image.jpg \| width1 \= 120 \| alt1 \= \| caption1 \= \| image2 \= Kamal Haasan at 62nd Filmfare Awards south.jpg \| width2 \= 160 \| alt2 \= \| caption2 \= \| footer \= ''From left to right:'' \[\[Mani Ratnam]] (film director), \[\[Kamal Hasan]] and \[\[Rajinikanth]] \| image3 \= Rajinikanth at the Inauguration of MGR Statue 1\.jpg }} *[Marupakkam](/wiki/Marupakkam "Marupakkam")* (1991, [K. S. Sethumadhavan](/wiki/K._S._Sethumadhavan "K. S. Sethumadhavan")) and *[Kanchivaram](/wiki/Kanchivaram "Kanchivaram")* (2007\) each won the [National Film Award for Best Feature Film](/wiki/National_Film_Award_for_Best_Feature_Film "National Film Award for Best Feature Film").{{Cite book \|last\=Baskaran \|first\=Sundararaj Theodore \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=3jBcAgAAQBAJ\&pg\=PT164 \|title\=The Eye Of The Serpent: An Introduction To Tamil Cinema \|publisher\=Westland \|year\=2013 \|isbn\=978\-93\-83260\-74\-4 \|pages\=164–}} Tamil films receive significant patronage in neighbouring Indian states [Kerala](/wiki/Kerala "Kerala"), [Karnataka](/wiki/Karnataka "Karnataka"), [Andhra Pradesh](/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh "Andhra Pradesh"), [Maharashtra](/wiki/Maharashtra "Maharashtra"), Gujarat and New Delhi. In Kerala and Karnataka the films are directly released in Tamil but in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana they are generally dubbed into Telugu.{{Cite web \|last\=Movie Buzz \|date\=14 July 2011 \|title\=Tamil films dominate Andhra market \|url\=http://www.sify.com/movies/tamil\-films\-dominate\-andhra\-market\-news\-tamil\-lhnlKUabgib.html \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716065723/http://www.sify.com/movies/tamil\-films\-dominate\-andhra\-market\-news\-tamil\-lhnlKUabgib.html \|archive\-date\=16 July 2011 \|access\-date\=27 April 2013 \|website\=\[\[Sify]]}}{{Cite news \|date\=29 December 2006 \|title\=A few hits and many flops \|work\=\[\[The Hindu]] \|location\=Chennai, India \|url\=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/12/29/stories/2006122901630100\.htm \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070103213349/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/12/29/stories/2006122901630100\.htm \|archive\-date\=3 January 2007}} Tamil films have had international success for decades. Since *[Chandralekha](/wiki/Chandralekha_%281948_film%29 "Chandralekha (1948 film)")* (1948\), *[Muthu](/wiki/Muthu_%28film%29 "Muthu (film)")* (1995\) was the second Tamil film to be dubbed into Japanese (as *Mutu: Odoru Maharaja*{{Cite web \|title\=Mutu: Odoru Maharaja \|url\=http://ir.minpaku.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/10502/1140/1/SES71\_011\.pdf \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722073202/http://ir.minpaku.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/10502/1140/1/SES71\_011\.pdf \|archive\-date\=22 July 2011 \|access\-date\=12 May 2011}}) and grossed a record $1\.6 million in 1998\.{{Cite news \|last\=Gautaman Bhaskaran \|date\=6 January 2002 \|title\=Rajnikanth casts spell on Japanese viewers \|work\=\[\[The Hindu]] \|url\=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2002/01/06/stories/2002010601320900\.htm \|url\-status\=usurped \|access\-date\=10 May 2007 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070520060231/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2002/01/06/stories/2002010601320900\.htm \|archive\-date\=20 May 2007 }} In 2010, *[Enthiran](/wiki/Enthiran "Enthiran")* grossed a record $4 million in North America.{{Cite web \|date\=11 March 2018 \|title\=Agni Natchathiram \& Kaakha Kaakha {{!}} 12 Unknown facts in Kollywood history! \|url\=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil\-movies/slideshow/15\-unknown\-facts\-in\-kollywood\-history/angi\-natachathiram\-kaakha\-kaakha.html \|access\-date\=13 July 2021 \|website\=Behindwoods}} Tamil\-language films appeared at multiple film festivals. *[Kannathil Muthamittal](/wiki/Kannathil_Muthamittal "Kannathil Muthamittal")* (Ratnam), *[Veyyil](/wiki/Veyil_%282006_film%29 "Veyil (2006 film)")* ([Vasanthabalan](/wiki/Vasanthabalan "Vasanthabalan")) and *[Paruthiveeran](/wiki/Paruthiveeran "Paruthiveeran")* ([Ameer Sultan](/wiki/Ameer_Sultan "Ameer Sultan")), *[Kanchivaram](/wiki/Kanchivaram "Kanchivaram")* ([Priyadarshan](/wiki/Priyadarshan "Priyadarshan")) premiered at the [Toronto International Film Festival](/wiki/Toronto_International_Film_Festival "Toronto International Film Festival"). Tamil films were submitted by India for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film on eight occasions.{{Cite web \|title\=India's Oscar failures (25 Images) \|url\=http://movies.ndtv.com/GalleryDetails.aspx?ID\=3290\&category\=Movies\&picno\=1\&Section\=Bollywood \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120922140550/http://movies.ndtv.com/GalleryDetails.aspx?ID\=3290\&category\=Movies\&picno\=1\&Section\=Bollywood \|archive\-date\=22 September 2012 \|access\-date\=12 May 2011 \|publisher\=Movies.ndtv.com}} Chennai\-based music composer [A. R. Rahaman](/wiki/A._R._Rahman "A. R. Rahman") achieved global recognition with two [Academy Awards](/wiki/Academy_Awards "Academy Awards") and is nicknamed as "Isai Puyal" (musical storm) and "Mozart of Madras". *[Nayakan](/wiki/Nayakan "Nayakan")* (1987, [Kamal Haasan](/wiki/Kamal_Haasan "Kamal Haasan")) was included in [*Time*{{'s}} All\-Time 100 Movies](/wiki/Time%27s_All-Time_100_Movies "Time's All-Time 100 Movies") list.[Nayakan](https://web.archive.org/web/20050525030815/http://www.time.com/time/2005/100movies/0,23220,nayakan,00.html), [All\-Time 100 Best Films](/wiki/Time%27s_All-Time_100_Movies "Time's All-Time 100 Movies"), *[Time](/wiki/Time_%28magazine%29 "Time (magazine)")*, 2005 #### Malayalam [thumbnail\|180px\|[Adoor Gopalakrishnan](/wiki/Adoor_Gopalakrishnan "Adoor Gopalakrishnan")](/wiki/File:Director_of_the_film%E2%80%99Naalu_Pennugal%E2%80%99_Adoor_Gopalkrishnan_addressing_a_press_conference_on_November_29%2C2007_at_IFFI%2C_Panaji%2C_Goa.jpg "Director of the film’Naalu Pennugal’ Adoor Gopalkrishnan addressing a press conference on November 29,2007 at IFFI, Panaji, Goa.jpg") Malayalam cinema experienced its Golden Age during this time with works of filmmakers such as [Adoor Gopalakrishnan](/wiki/Adoor_Gopalakrishnan "Adoor Gopalakrishnan"), [G. Aravindan](/wiki/G._Aravindan "G. Aravindan"), [T. V. Chandran](/wiki/T._V._Chandran "T. V. Chandran") and [Shaji N. Karun](/wiki/Shaji_N._Karun "Shaji N. Karun").{{Cite web \|title\=Cinema History Malayalam Cinema \|url\=http://malayalamcinema.com/Content\-4/CinemaHistory.html \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081223132036/http://malayalamcinema.com/Content\-4/CinemaHistory.html \|archive\-date\=23 December 2008 \|access\-date\=30 December 2008 \|publisher\=Malayalamcinema.com}} Gopalakrishnan is often considered to be Ray's spiritual heir.{{Cite web \|date\=31 July 1997 \|title\=The Movie Interview: Adoor Gopalakrishnan \|url\=http://www.rediff.com/movies/jul/31adoor.htm \|access\-date\=21 May 2009 \|publisher\=\[\[Rediff.com\|Rediff]]}} He directed some of his most acclaimed films during this period, including *[Elippathayam](/wiki/Elippathayam "Elippathayam")* (1981\) which won the [Sutherland Trophy](/wiki/Sutherland_Trophy "Sutherland Trophy") at the [London Film Festival](/wiki/London_Film_Festival "London Film Festival").{{Citation needed\|date\=June 2024}} In 1984 *[My Dear Kuttichathan](/wiki/My_Dear_Kuttichathan "My Dear Kuttichathan")*, directed by Jijo Punnoose under [Navodaya Studio](/wiki/Navodaya_Studio "Navodaya Studio"), was released and it was the first Indian film to be filmed in [3D](/wiki/3D_film "3D film") format. Karun's debut film *[Piravi](/wiki/Piravi "Piravi")* (1989\) won the [Caméra d'Or](/wiki/Cam%C3%A9ra_d%27Or "Caméra d'Or") at [Cannes](/wiki/1989_Cannes_Film_Festival "1989 Cannes Film Festival"), while his second film *[Swaham](/wiki/Swaham "Swaham")* (1994\) was in competition for the [Palme d'Or](/wiki/Palme_d%27Or "Palme d'Or"). *[Vanaprastham](/wiki/Vanaprastham "Vanaprastham")* was screened at the [Un Certain Regard](/wiki/Un_Certain_Regard "Un Certain Regard") section of the Cannes Film Festival.{{Citation needed\|date\=June 2024}} [Murali Nair](/wiki/Murali_Nair "Murali Nair")'s *[Marana Simhasanam](/wiki/Marana_Simhasanam "Marana Simhasanam")* (1999\), inspired by the first execution by [electrocution](/wiki/Electrocution "Electrocution") in India, the film was screened in the [Un Certain Regard](/wiki/Un_Certain_Regard "Un Certain Regard") section at the [1999 Cannes Film Festival](/wiki/1999_Cannes_Film_Festival "1999 Cannes Film Festival") where it won the [Caméra d'Or](/wiki/Cam%C3%A9ra_d%27Or "Caméra d'Or").{{cite web \|url\=http://www.festival\-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/5370/year/1999\.html \|title\=Festival de Cannes: Throne of Death \|access\-date\=10 October 2009\|work\=festival\-cannes.com}}{{cite web\|url\=https://m.rediff.com/movies/1999/jul/08mur.htm \|title\=Rediff On The NeT, Movies: An interview with Murali Nair \|publisher\=M.rediff.com \|date\=8 July 1999 \|access\-date\=26 August 2019}} The film received special reception at the [British Film Institute](/wiki/British_Film_Institute "British Film Institute").{{cite news\|url\=https://www.bfi.org.uk/films\-tv\-people/4ce2b82b6db57 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190826075649/https://www.bfi.org.uk/films\-tv\-people/4ce2b82b6db57 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=26 August 2019 \|title\=Marana Simhasanam (1999\) \|newspaper\=BFI \|access\-date\=26 August 2019}}{{cite web\|author\=site admin \|url\=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society\-the\-arts/films/story/19990607\-london\-based\-indian\-filmmaker\-murali\-nair\-wins\-coveted\-best\-first\-film\-award\-at\-cannes\-781050\-1999\-06\-07 \|title\=Golden windfall \- Society \& The Arts News \- Issue Date: Jun 7, 1999 \|publisher\=Indiatoday.in \|date\=7 June 1999 \|access\-date\=26 August 2019}} [Fazil](/wiki/Fazil_%28director%29 "Fazil (director)")'s *[Manichitrathazhu](/wiki/Manichitrathazhu "Manichitrathazhu")* (1993\), scripted by [Madhu Muttam](/wiki/Madhu_Muttam "Madhu Muttam"), is inspired by a tragedy that happened in an [Ezhava](/wiki/Ezhava "Ezhava") *[tharavad](/wiki/Tharavad "Tharavad")* of [Alummoottil](/wiki/Alummoottil "Alummoottil") meda' (an old traditional house) located at Muttom, Alappuzha district, with a central [Travancore](/wiki/Travancore "Travancore") [Channar](/wiki/Ezhava "Ezhava") family, in the 19th century.{{Cite book \|last1\=Osella \|first1\=Filippo \|url\={{GBurl\|rMRw0gTZSJwC\|p\=264}} \|title\=Social Mobility in Kerala: Modernity and Identity in Conflict \|last2\=Osella \|first2\=Caroline \|publisher\=Pluto Press \|year\=2000 \|isbn\=0\-7453\-1693\-X \|page\=264}} It was remade in four languages – in [Kannada](/wiki/Kannada "Kannada") as *[Apthamitra](/wiki/Apthamitra "Apthamitra")*, in [Tamil](/wiki/Tamil_language "Tamil language") as *[Chandramukhi](/wiki/Chandramukhi "Chandramukhi")* , in [Bengali](/wiki/Bengali_language "Bengali language") as *[Rajmohol](/wiki/Rajmohol "Rajmohol")* and in [Hindi](/wiki/Hindi "Hindi") as *[Bhool Bhulaiyaa](/wiki/Bhool_Bhulaiyaa "Bhool Bhulaiyaa")* – all being commercially successful.{{Cite news\|title\=Shobana reminisces on impact of Manichitrathazhu on film's "27 birthday" \|url\=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/shobana\-reminisces\-on\-impact\-of\-manichitrathazhu\-on\-films\-27\-birthday/articleshow/79880037\.cms\|access\-date\=8 July 2021\|website\=The Times of India\|language\=en\|last1\=Mathews \|first1\=Anna }} [Jeethu Joseph](/wiki/Jeethu_Joseph "Jeethu Joseph")'s *[Drishyam](/wiki/Drishyam "Drishyam")* (2013\) was remade into four other Indian languages: *[Drishya](/wiki/Drishya "Drishya")* (2014\) in [Kannada](/wiki/Kannada "Kannada"), *[Drushyam](/wiki/Drushyam "Drushyam")* (2014\) in [Telugu](/wiki/Telugu_language "Telugu language"), *[Papanasam](/wiki/Papanasam_%28film%29 "Papanasam (film)")* (2015\) in [Tamil](/wiki/Tamil_language "Tamil language") and *[Drishyam](/wiki/Drishyam_%282015_film%29 "Drishyam (2015 film)")* (2015\) in [Hindi](/wiki/Hindi "Hindi"). Internationally, it was remade in [Sinhala](/wiki/Sinhala_language "Sinhala language") language as *[Dharmayuddhaya](/wiki/Dharmayuddhaya "Dharmayuddhaya")* (2017\) and in [Chinese](/wiki/Chinese_language "Chinese language") as *[Sheep Without a Shepherd](/wiki/Sheep_Without_a_Shepherd "Sheep Without a Shepherd")* (2019\), and also in [Indonesian](/wiki/Indonesian_language "Indonesian language").{{Cite web \|date\=22 January 2020 \|title\=Wu Sha: The Chinese remake of Mohanlal starrer Drishyam is minting moolah \|url\=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/mohanlal\-drishyam\-chinese\-remake\-box\-office\-6228054/ \|website\=The Indian Express}}{{cite tweet\|number\=1438519432154730500\|user\=antonypbvr\|title\=ഇൻഡോനേഷ്യൻ ഭാഷയിലേക്ക് റീമേക്ക് ചെയ്യുന്ന ആദ്യ മലയാള ചിത്രമായി 'ദൃശ്യം' മാറിയ വിവരം സന്തോഷപൂർവം അറിയിക്കുന്നു. ജ...\|date\=16 September 2021}}{{Cite news \|title\=Mohanlal's 'Drishyam' to be remade in Indonesian \|work\=\[\[The Times of India]] \|url\=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/big\-update\-mohanlal\-jeethu\-josephs\-drishyam\-to\-get\-an\-indonesian\-remake/articleshow/86284816\.cms}} #### Kannada {{multiple image \| align \= right \| image1 \= GIRISH KASARAVALLI AT IFFK 2021 6\.jpg \| width1 \= 120 \| alt1 \= \| caption1 \= \| image2 \= Girish Karnad Screening Cornell.JPG \| width2 \= 135 \| alt2 \= \| caption2 \= \| footer \= \[\[Girish Kasaravalli]] (left) and \[\[Girish Karnad]] (right) }} Ethnographic works took prominence such as [B. V. Karanth](/wiki/B._V._Karanth "B. V. Karanth")'s *[Chomana Dudi](/wiki/Chomana_Dudi "Chomana Dudi")* (1975\), (based on *Chomana Dudi* by [Shivaram Karanth](/wiki/Shivaram_Karanth "Shivaram Karanth")), [Girish Karnad](/wiki/Girish_Karnad "Girish Karnad")'s *[Kaadu](/wiki/Kaadu_%281973_Kannada_film%29 "Kaadu (1973 Kannada film)")* (1973\), (based on *Kaadu* by [Srikrishna Alanahalli](/wiki/Srikrishna_Alanahalli "Srikrishna Alanahalli")), [Pattabhirama Reddy](/wiki/Tikkavarapu_Pattabhirama_Reddy "Tikkavarapu Pattabhirama Reddy")'s *[Samskara](/wiki/Samskara_%28film%29 "Samskara (film)")* (1970\) (based on *Samskara* by [U. R. Ananthamurthy](/wiki/U._R._Ananthamurthy "U. R. Ananthamurthy")), fetching the Bronze Leopard at [Locarno International Film Festival](/wiki/Locarno_International_Film_Festival "Locarno International Film Festival"),{{Cite web \|title\=Tikkavarapu Pattabhirama Reddy – Poet, Film maker of international fame from Nellore \|url\=http://1nellore.com/1849/tikkavarapu\-pattabhirama\-reddy\-poet\-film\-maker\-of\-international\-fame/ \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006102018/http://1nellore.com/1849/tikkavarapu\-pattabhirama\-reddy\-poet\-film\-maker\-of\-international\-fame/ \|archive\-date\=6 October 2014 \|access\-date\=26 January 2016}} and [T. S. Nagabharana](/wiki/T._S._Nagabharana "T. S. Nagabharana")'s [Mysuru Mallige](/wiki/Mysore_Mallige_%28film%29 "Mysore Mallige (film)") (based on the works of poet [K. S. Narasimhaswamy](/wiki/K._S._Narasimhaswamy "K. S. Narasimhaswamy")).{{Cite web \|title\=TS Nagabharana movies list \|url\=http://www.bharatmovies.com/director/ts\-nagabharana\-movies.htm \|access\-date\=4 November 2016 \|website\=bharatmovies.com}} [Girish Kasaravalli](/wiki/Girish_Kasaravalli "Girish Kasaravalli")'s *[Ghatashraddha](/wiki/Ghatashraddha "Ghatashraddha")* (1977\), won the Ducats Award at the Manneham Film Festival Germany,{{Cite web \|title\=Asiatic Film Mediale \|url\=http://www.asiaticafilmmediale.it/2002/uk/intro.html \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081116041627/http://www.asiaticafilmmediale.it/2002/uk/intro.html \|archive\-date\=16 November 2008 \|publisher\=asiaticafilmmediale.it }} *[Dweepa](/wiki/Dweepa "Dweepa")* (2002\), made to Best Film at [Moscow International Film Festival](/wiki/Moscow_International_Film_Festival "Moscow International Film Festival"),{{Cite news \|date\=25 April 2011 \|title\=Girish Kasaravalli to be felicitated \|work\=\[\[The Hindu]] \|url\=http://www.thehindu.com/todays\-paper/tp\-national/tp\-karnataka/girish\-kasaravalli\-to\-be\-felicitated/article1765035\.ece \|access\-date\=25 March 2014}}{{Cite web \|date\=25 October 2002 \|title\=A genius of theatre \|url\=http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1920/stories/20021011005912100\.htm \|access\-date\=14 March 2009 \|website\=The Frontline \|archive\-date\=6 December 2008 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206090143/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1920/stories/20021011005912100\.htm \|url\-status\=dead }} [Prashanth Neel](/wiki/Prashanth_Neel "Prashanth Neel")'s *[K.G.F](/wiki/K.G.F_%28film_series%29 "K.G.F (film series)")* (2018, 2022\) is a [period](/wiki/Period_film "Period film") [action](/wiki/Action_film "Action film") series based on the [Kolar Gold Fields](/wiki/Kolar_Gold_Fields "Kolar Gold Fields").{{Cite news \|title\=The story of KGF is fresh and special for Indian cinema: Yash \|url\=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2018/dec/05/no\-technology\-can\-replace\-the\-theatrical\-experience\-1907707\.html \|access\-date\=12 September 2022 \|newspaper\=The New Indian Express \| first\=Shilajit \| last\=Mitra \| date\=5 December 2018 }} Set in the late 1970s and early 1980s the series follows Raja Krishnappa Bairya aka Rocky ([Yash](/wiki/Yash_%28actor%29 "Yash (actor)")), a Mumbai\-based high ranking [mercenary](/wiki/Contract_killing "Contract killing") born in poverty, to his rise to power in the Kolar Gold Fields and the subsequent uprising as one of the biggest gangster and businessman at that time.{{cite web \| url\=https://telugu.news18\.com/news/movies/yash\-prashanth\-neel\-kgf\-chapter\-2\-total\-world\-wide\-box\-office\-closing\-collections\-ta\-1327904\.html \| title\=KGF Chapter 2 Closing Collections : యశ్ కేజీఎఫ్ ఛాప్టర్ 2 క్లోజింగ్ కలెక్షన్స్.. ఎన్ని వందల కోట్ల లాభం అంటే \| date\=9 June 2022 }}{{cite web \|title\=Yash's KGF: Chapter 2 makes multiple records in Canada \|url\=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/gallery/entertainment/yash\-kgf\-chapter\-2\-makes\-multiple\-records\-in\-canada\-drb\-rcfwqh \|access\-date\=29 May 2022 \|website\=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd \|language\=en}} The film gathered cult following becoming the [highest\-grossing Kannada film](/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_Kannada_films "List of highest-grossing Kannada films").{{citation\|title\=Yash's film KGF: Chapter 1 made more than Rs 250 crore at the box office worldwide and became a magnum\-opus. Now, the makers are busy with pre\-production work of KGF: Chapter 2\.\|date\=9 February 2019\|url\=https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/movies/regional\-cinema/story/yash\-reveals\-he\-has\-approached\-sanjay\-dutt\-for\-kgf\-chapter\-2\-1452187\-2019\-02\-09\|work\=indiatoday}} [Rishab Shetty](/wiki/Rishab_Shetty "Rishab Shetty")'s *[Kantara](/wiki/Kantara_%28film%29 "Kantara (film)")* (2022\), received acclaim for showcasing the [Bhoota Kola](/wiki/Buta_Kola "Buta Kola"), a native [Ceremonial dance](/wiki/Ceremonial_dance "Ceremonial dance") performance prevalent among the [Hindus](/wiki/Hindus "Hindus") of coastal Karnataka.{{cite news \|title\=Kantara Twitter review: Celebs and netizens hail Rishab Shetty's film as a masterpiece \|url\=https://www.ottplay.com/news/kantara\-twitter\-review\-celebs\-and\-netizens\-hail\-rishab\-shettys\-film\-as\-a\-masterpiece/a62eac765e36\.html \|access\-date\=30 September 2022 \|work\=Ottplay \|language\=en }}{{Dead link\|date\=May 2023 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }} #### Marathi [Marathi cinema](/wiki/Marathi_cinema "Marathi cinema") also known as Marathi film industry, is a film industry based in [Mumbai](/wiki/Mumbai "Mumbai"), [Maharashtra](/wiki/Maharashtra "Maharashtra"). It is the oldest film industry of India. The first Marathi movie, *Raja Harishchandra* of Dadasaheb Phalke was made in 1912, released in 1913 in [Girgaon](/wiki/Girgaon "Girgaon"), it was a silent film with [Marathi](/wiki/Marathi_language "Marathi language")\-English [intertitles](/wiki/Intertitle "Intertitle") made with full Marathi actors and crew, after the film emerged successful, Phalke made many movies on Hindu mythology. In 1932, the first [sound film](/wiki/Sound_film "Sound film"), [Ayodhyecha Raja](/wiki/Ayodhyecha_Raja "Ayodhyecha Raja") was released, just five years after 1st Hollywood sound film *[The Jazz Singer](/wiki/The_Jazz_Singer "The Jazz Singer")* (1927\). The first Marathi film in colour, *[Pinjara](/wiki/Pinjara_%28film%29 "Pinjara (film)")* (1972\), was made by [V. Shantaram](/wiki/V._Shantaram "V. Shantaram"). In 1960s{{En dash}}70s movies was based on rural, social subjects with drama and humour genre, [Nilu Phule](/wiki/Nilu_Phule "Nilu Phule") was prominent villain that time. In 1980s, M. Kothare and [Sachin Pilgaonkar](/wiki/Sachin_Pilgaonkar_%28actor%29 "Sachin Pilgaonkar (actor)") made many hit movies on thriller, and comedy genre respectively. [Ashok Saraf](/wiki/Ashok_Saraf "Ashok Saraf") and [Laxmikant Berde](/wiki/Laxmikant_Berde "Laxmikant Berde") starred in many of these and emerged as top actors. Mid\-2000s onwards, the industry frequently made hit movies.
[ "### 1970s–present", "By 1986, India's annual film output had increased to 833 films annually, making India the world's largest film producer.{{Cite book \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=Ah1CAQAAIAAJ \\|title\\=Films in Review \\|date\\=1986 \\|publisher\\=Then and There Media, LCC. \\|page\\=368 \\|quote\\=And then I had forgotten that lndia leads the world in film production, with 833 motion pictures (up from 741 the previous year).}} Hindi film production of Bombay, the largest segment of the industry, became known as \"Bollywood\".", "{{Pie chart\n\\|caption\\= Summary of the 2022 box office revenues. \n\\|value1 \\= 33\n\\|label1 \\= Hindi\n\\|value2 \\= 20\n\\|label2 \\= Telugu\n\\|value3 \\= 16\n\\|label3 \\= Tamil \n\\|value4 \\= 8\n\\|label4 \\= Kannada\n\\|value5 \\= 6\n\\|label5 \\= Malayalam\n\\|other \\= yes\n}}", "By 1996, the Indian film industry had an estimated domestic cinema viewership of 600{{nbsp}}million people, establishing India as one of the largest film markets, with the largest regional industries being Hindi, Telugu, and Tamil films.{{Cite journal \\|date\\=July 1996 \\|title\\=Business India \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=h9wiAQAAMAAJ \\|journal\\=\\[\\[Business India]] \\|publisher\\=A. H. Advani \\|issue\\=478–481 \\|page\\=82 \\|quote\\=As the Indian film industry (mainly Hindi and Telugu combined) is one of the world's largest, with an estimated viewership of 600 million, film music has always been popular.}} In 2001, in terms of ticket sales, Indian cinema sold an estimated 3\\.6 billion tickets annually across the globe, compared to [Hollywood](/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States \"Cinema of the United States\")'s 2\\.6 billion tickets sold.{{Cite journal \\|date\\=2 December 2002 \\|title\\=Bollywood: Can new money create a world\\-class film industry in India? \\|url\\=https://people.well.com/user/willard/Kripalani\\-%20Bollywood%20Investments%20BizWeek12\\-02\\-2002\\.txt \\|journal\\=\\[\\[Business Week]] \\|access\\-date\\=22 December 2018 \\|archive\\-date\\=27 July 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727012740/https://people.well.com/user/willard/Kripalani\\-%20Bollywood%20Investments%20BizWeek12\\-02\\-2002\\.txt \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}{{Cite web \\|last\\=Lorenzen \\|first\\=Mark \\|date\\=April 2009 \\|title\\=Go West: The Growth of Bollywood \\|url\\=http://openarchive.cbs.dk/bitstream/handle/10398/7796/CreativeEncounters%20Working%20Papers%2026\\.pdf?sequence\\=1 \\|website\\=Creativity at Work \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Copenhagen Business School]]}}", "#### Hindi", "Realistic [parallel cinema](/wiki/Parallel_cinema \"Parallel cinema\") continued throughout the 1970s,Rajadhyaksa, 685 practised in many Indian film cultures. The FFC's art film orientation came under criticism during a Committee on Public Undertakings investigation in 1976, which accused the body of not doing enough to encourage commercial cinema.Rajadhyaksa, 688", "Hindi commercial cinema continued with films such as *[Aradhana](/wiki/Aradhana_%281969_film%29 \"Aradhana (1969 film)\")* (1969\\), *[Sachaa Jhutha](/wiki/Sachaa_Jhutha \"Sachaa Jhutha\")* (1970\\), *[Haathi Mere Saathi](/wiki/Haathi_Mere_Saathi_%281971_film%29 \"Haathi Mere Saathi (1971 film)\")* (1971\\), *[Anand](/wiki/Anand_%281971_film%29 \"Anand (1971 film)\")* (1971\\), *[Kati Patang](/wiki/Kati_Patang \"Kati Patang\")* (1971\\) *[Amar Prem](/wiki/Amar_Prem \"Amar Prem\")* (1972\\), *[Dushman](/wiki/Dushman_%281971_film%29 \"Dushman (1971 film)\")* (1972\\) and *[Daag](/wiki/Daag_%281973_film%29 \"Daag (1973 film)\")* (1973\\).{{importance inline\\|date\\=October 2022}}", "{{multiple image\n\\| align \\= right\n\\| image1 \\= SalimKhan.jpg\n\\| width1 \\= 120\n\\| alt1 \\= \n\\| caption1 \\= \n\\| image2 \\= Akhtar for Talaash.jpg\n\\| width2 \\= 160\n\\| alt2 \\= \n\\| caption2 \\= \n\\| footer \\= The screenwriting duo \\[\\[Salim–Javed]], consisting of \\[\\[Salim Khan]] (l) and \\[\\[Javed Akhtar]] (r), revitalised Indian cinema in the 1970s{{Cite web \\|date\\=25 April 2013 \\|title\\=Salim\\-Javed: Writing Duo that Revolutionized Indian Cinema \\|url\\=https://pandolin.com/salim\\-javed\\-writing\\-duo\\-that\\-revolutionized\\-indian\\-cinema/ \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201035749/https://pandolin.com/salim\\-javed\\-writing\\-duo\\-that\\-revolutionized\\-indian\\-cinema/ \\|archive\\-date\\=1 December 2017 \\|access\\-date\\=29 November 2017 \\|website\\=Pandolin}} and are considered \\[\\[Bollywood]]'s greatest \\[\\[screenwriter]]s.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Chaudhuri \\|first\\=Diptakirti \\|url\\={{google books\\|plainurl\\=y\\|id\\=Cri9CgAAQBAJ}} \\|title\\=Written by Salim\\-Javed: The Story of Hindi Cinema's Greatest Screenwriters \\|date\\=1 October 2015 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Penguin Books\\|Penguin UK]] \\|isbn\\=9789352140084}}\n}}", "By the early 1970s, Hindi cinema was experiencing thematic stagnation,{{Cite book \\|last\\=Raj \\|first\\=Ashok \\|url\\={{google books\\|plainurl\\=y\\|id\\=2wo9BAAAQBAJ\\|page\\=21}} \\|title\\=Hero Vol.2 \\|date\\=2009 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Hay House]] \\|isbn\\=9789381398036 \\|page\\=21 \\|language\\=en}} dominated by musical [romance films](/wiki/Romance_film \"Romance film\").{{Cite news \\|date\\=20 June 2017 \\|title\\=Revisiting Prakash Mehra's Zanjeer: The film that made Amitabh Bachchan \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Indian Express]] \\|url\\=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/revisiting\\-prakash\\-mehra\\-zanjeer\\-the\\-film\\-that\\-made\\-amitabh\\-bachchan\\-4714064/}} Screenwriter duo [Salim–Javed](/wiki/Salim%E2%80%93Javed \"Salim–Javed\") ([Salim Khan](/wiki/Salim_Khan \"Salim Khan\") and [Javed Akhtar](/wiki/Javed_Akhtar \"Javed Akhtar\")) revitalised the industry. They established the genre of gritty, violent, [Bombay underworld](/wiki/Bombay_underworld \"Bombay underworld\") [crime films](/wiki/Crime_film \"Crime film\") with *[Zanjeer](/wiki/Zanjeer_%281973_film%29 \"Zanjeer (1973 film)\")* (1973\\) and *[Deewaar](/wiki/Deewaar \"Deewaar\")* (1975\\).{{Cite book \\|last\\=Ganti \\|first\\=Tejaswini \\|url\\={{google books\\|plainurl\\=y\\|id\\=GTEa93azj9EC\\|page\\=153}} \\|title\\=Bollywood: A Guidebook to Popular Hindi Cinema \\|date\\=2004 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Psychology Press]] \\|isbn\\=9780415288545 \\|page\\=153 \\|language\\=en}}{{Cite book \\|last\\=Chaudhuri \\|first\\=Diptakirti \\|url\\={{google books\\|plainurl\\=y\\|id\\=Cri9CgAAQBAJ\\|page\\=72}} \\|title\\=Written by Salim\\-Javed: The Story of Hindi Cinema's Greatest Screenwriters \\|date\\=2015 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Penguin Books]] \\|isbn\\=9789352140084 \\|page\\=72 \\|language\\=en}} They reinterpreted the rural themes of *Mother India* and *Gunga Jumna* in an urban context reflecting 1970s India,{{Cite book \\|last\\=Kumar \\|first\\=Surendra \\|url\\={{google books\\|plainurl\\=y\\|id\\=AfJkAAAAMAAJ\\|page\\=51}} \\|title\\=Legends of Indian cinema: pen portraits \\|date\\=2003 \\|publisher\\=Har\\-Anand Publications \\|page\\=51 \\|language\\=en}} channelling the growing discontent and disillusionment among the masses, unprecedented growth of [slums](/wiki/Slum \"Slum\") and urban poverty, corruption and crime,{{Cite book \\|last\\=Chaudhuri \\|first\\=Diptakirti \\|url\\={{google books\\|plainurl\\=y\\|id\\=Cri9CgAAQBAJ\\|page\\=74}} \\|title\\=Written by Salim\\-Javed: The Story of Hindi Cinema's Greatest Screenwriters \\|date\\=2015 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Penguin Group]] \\|isbn\\=9789352140084 \\|page\\=74 \\|language\\=en}} as well as [anti\\-establishment](/wiki/Anti-establishment \"Anti-establishment\") themes.{{Cite news \\|date\\=29 January 2017 \\|title\\=Deewaar was the perfect script: Amitabh Bachchan on 42 years of the cult film \\|work\\=Hindustan Times \\|url\\=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/deewaar\\-was\\-the\\-perfect\\-script\\-amitabh\\-bachchan\\-on\\-42\\-years\\-of\\-the\\-cult\\-film/story\\-x2hy87zQ0ebVlsVMV59U2I.html}} This resulted in their creation of the \"angry young man\", personified by [Amitabh Bachchan](/wiki/Amitabh_Bachchan \"Amitabh Bachchan\"), who reinterpreted Kumar's performance in *Gunga Jumna* and gave a voice to the urban poor.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Mazumdar \\|first\\=Ranjani \\|url\\={{google books\\|plainurl\\=y\\|id\\=xenNBrRKOGoC\\|page\\=14}} \\|title\\=Bombay Cinema: An Archive of the City \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[University of Minnesota Press]] \\|year\\=2007 \\|isbn\\=9781452913025 \\|page\\=14 \\|language\\=en}}", "By the mid\\-1970s, Bachchan's position as a lead actor was solidified by crime\\-action films *Zanjeer* and *[Sholay](/wiki/Sholay \"Sholay\")* (1975\\). The devotional classic *[Jai Santoshi Ma](/wiki/Jai_Santoshi_Ma \"Jai Santoshi Ma\")* (1975\\) was made on a low budget and became a box office success and a cult classic. Another important film was *[Deewaar](/wiki/Deewaar \"Deewaar\")* (1975, [Yash Chopra](/wiki/Yash_Chopra \"Yash Chopra\")), a [crime film](/wiki/Crime_film \"Crime film\") with brothers on opposite sides of the law which [Danny Boyle](/wiki/Danny_Boyle \"Danny Boyle\") described as \"absolutely key to Indian cinema\".", "The term \"[Bollywood](/wiki/Bollywood \"Bollywood\")\" was coined in the 1970s,{{Cite news \\|last\\=Anand \\|date\\=7 March 2004 \\|title\\=On the Bollywood beat \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Hindu]] \\|location\\=Chennai, India \\|url\\=http://www.hindu.com/lr/2004/03/07/stories/2004030700390600\\.htm \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|access\\-date\\=31 May 2009 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20040403234115/http://www.hindu.com/lr/2004/03/07/stories/2004030700390600\\.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=3 April 2004}}{{Cite web \\|last\\=Subhash K Jha \\|date\\=8 April 2005 \\|title\\=Amit Khanna: The Man who saw 'Bollywood' \\|url\\=http://sify.com/movies/bollywood/fullstory.php?id\\=13713296 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20050409171523/http://sify.com/movies/bollywood/fullstory.php?id\\=13713296 \\|archive\\-date\\=9 April 2005 \\|access\\-date\\=31 May 2009 \\|website\\=\\[\\[Sify]]}} when the conventions of commercial Bombay\\-produced Hindi films were established.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Chaudhuri \\|first\\=Diptakirti \\|url\\={{google books\\|plainurl\\=y\\|id\\=Cri9CgAAQBAJ\\|page\\=58}} \\|title\\=Written by Salim\\-Javed: The Story of Hindi Cinema's Greatest Screenwriters \\|date\\=1 October 2015 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Penguin Books\\|Penguin UK]] \\|isbn\\=9789352140084 \\|page\\=58}} Key to this was [Nasir Hussain](/wiki/Nasir_Hussain \"Nasir Hussain\") and Salim–Javed's creation of the [masala film](/wiki/Masala_film \"Masala film\") genre, which combines elements of [action](/wiki/Action_film \"Action film\"), [comedy](/wiki/Comedy_film \"Comedy film\"), [romance](/wiki/Romance_film \"Romance film\"), [drama](/wiki/Drama_film \"Drama film\"), [melodrama](/wiki/Melodrama \"Melodrama\") and [musical](/wiki/Musical_film \"Musical film\").{{Cite news \\|date\\=30 March 2017 \\|title\\=How film\\-maker Nasir Husain started the trend for Bollywood masala films \\|work\\=Hindustan Times \\|url\\=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/how\\-film\\-maker\\-nasir\\-husain\\-created\\-the\\-prototype\\-for\\-bollywood\\-masala\\-films/story\\-ckL6zPLHJFDYoupjFBtbfN.html}} Their film *[Yaadon Ki Baarat](/wiki/Yaadon_Ki_Baarat \"Yaadon Ki Baarat\")* (1973\\) has been identified as the first masala film and the first quintessentially Bollywood film.Kaushik Bhaumik, [An Insightful Reading of Our Many Indian Identities](https://thewire.in/24564/an-insightful-reading-of-our-many-indian-identities/), [The Wire](/wiki/The_Wire_%28Indian_web_publication%29 \"The Wire (Indian web publication)\"), 12 March 2016 Masala films made Bachchan the biggest Bollywood movie star of the period. Another landmark was *[Amar Akbar Anthony](/wiki/Amar_Akbar_Anthony \"Amar Akbar Anthony\")* (1977, [Manmohan Desai](/wiki/Manmohan_Desai \"Manmohan Desai\")).{{Cite book \\|last\\=Rachel Dwyer \\|url\\={{google books\\|plainurl\\=y\\|id\\=4EBNAQAAIAAJ}} \\|title\\=100 Bollywood films \\|publisher\\=Lotus Collection, Roli Books \\|year\\=2005 \\|isbn\\=978\\-81\\-7436\\-433\\-3 \\|page\\=14 \\|access\\-date\\=6 August 2013}} Desai further expanded the genre in the 1970s and 1980s.", "Commercial Hindi cinema grew in the 1980s, with films such as *[Ek Duuje Ke Liye](/wiki/Ek_Duuje_Ke_Liye \"Ek Duuje Ke Liye\")* (1981\\), *[Disco Dancer](/wiki/Disco_Dancer \"Disco Dancer\")* (1982\\), *[Himmatwala](/wiki/Himmatwala_%281983_film%29 \"Himmatwala (1983 film)\")* (1983\\), *[Tohfa](/wiki/Tohfa \"Tohfa\")* (1984\\), *[Naam](/wiki/Naam_%281986_film%29 \"Naam (1986 film)\")* (1986\\), *[Mr India](/wiki/Mr._India_%281987_film%29 \"Mr. India (1987 film)\")* (1987\\), and *[Tezaab](/wiki/Tezaab \"Tezaab\")* (1988\\).", "In the late 1980s,{{clarify timeframe\\|date\\=October 2022\\|reason\\=The following sentence talks about a revival in 1982, not the late 1980s}} Hindi cinema experienced another period of stagnation, with a decline in box office turnout, due to increasing violence, decline in musical melodic quality, and rise in video piracy, leading to middle\\-class family audiences abandoning theatres. The turning point came with Indian blockbuster *[Disco Dancer](/wiki/Disco_Dancer \"Disco Dancer\")* (1982\\) which began the era of disco music in Indian cinema. Lead actor [Mithun Chakraborty](/wiki/Mithun_Chakraborty \"Mithun Chakraborty\") and music director [Bappi Lahiri](/wiki/Bappi_Lahiri \"Bappi Lahiri\") had the highest number of mainstream Indian hit movies that decade. At the end of the decade, [Yash Chopra](/wiki/Yash_Chopra \"Yash Chopra\")'s *[Chandni](/wiki/Chandni_%28film%29 \"Chandni (film)\")* (1989\\) created a new formula for Bollywood musical romance films, reviving the genre and defining Hindi cinema in the years that followed.{{Cite web \\|last\\=iDiva \\|date\\=13 October 2011 \\|title\\=Sridevi – The Dancing Queen \\|url\\=http://idiva.com/photogallery\\-entertainment/sridevi\\-the\\-dancing\\-queen/8403 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130224051712/http://idiva.com/photogallery\\-entertainment/sridevi\\-the\\-dancing\\-queen/8403 \\|archive\\-date\\=24 February 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=21 May 2019}}{{Cite news \\|last\\=Ray \\|first\\=Kunal \\|date\\=18 December 2016 \\|title\\=Romancing the 1980s \\|language\\=en\\-IN \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Hindu]] \\|url\\=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/Romancing\\-the\\-1980s/article16898867\\.ece}} Commercial Hindi cinema grew in the late 1980s and 1990s, with the release of *[Mr. India](/wiki/Mr._India_%281987_film%29 \"Mr. India (1987 film)\")* (1987\\), *[Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak](/wiki/Qayamat_Se_Qayamat_Tak \"Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak\")* (1988\\), *[Chaalbaaz](/wiki/ChaalBaaz \"ChaalBaaz\")* (1989\\), *[Maine Pyar Kiya](/wiki/Maine_Pyar_Kiya \"Maine Pyar Kiya\")* (1989\\), *[Lamhe](/wiki/Lamhe \"Lamhe\")* (1991\\), *[Saajan](/wiki/Saajan \"Saajan\")* (1991\\), *[Khuda Gawah](/wiki/Khuda_Gawah \"Khuda Gawah\")* (1992\\), *[Khalnayak](/wiki/Khalnayak \"Khalnayak\")* (1993\\), *[Darr](/wiki/Darr \"Darr\")* (1993\\), *[Hum Aapke Hain Koun..!](/wiki/Hum_Aapke_Hain_Koun..%21 \"Hum Aapke Hain Koun..!\")* (1994\\), *[Dilwale Dulhaniya Le Jayenge](/wiki/Dilwale_Dulhaniya_Le_Jayenge \"Dilwale Dulhaniya Le Jayenge\")* (1995\\), *[Dil To Pagal Hai](/wiki/Dil_To_Pagal_Hai \"Dil To Pagal Hai\")* (1997\\), *[Pyar Kiya Toh Darna Kya](/wiki/Pyaar_Kiya_To_Darna_Kya_%281998_film%29 \"Pyaar Kiya To Darna Kya (1998 film)\")* (1998\\) and *[Kuch Kuch Hota Hai](/wiki/Kuch_Kuch_Hota_Hai \"Kuch Kuch Hota Hai\")* (1998\\). Cult classic *[Bandit Queen](/wiki/Bandit_Queen \"Bandit Queen\")* (1994\\) directed by [Shekhar Kapur](/wiki/Shekhar_Kapur \"Shekhar Kapur\") received international recognition and controversy.[Arundhati Roy, Author\\-Activist](http://www.india-today.com/itoday/19991213/roy.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124103723/http://www.india\\-today.com/itoday/19991213/roy.html \\|date\\=24 November 2010 }} *india\\-today.com*. Retrieved 16 June 2013[\"The Great Indian Rape\\-Trick\"](http://www.sawnet.org/books/writing/roy_bq1.html) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414182145/http://www.sawnet.org/books/writing/roy\\_bq1\\.html\\|date\\=14 April 2016}}, SAWNET – The South Asian Women's NETwork. Retrieved 25 November 2011", "[thumb\\|202x202px\\|[Sridevi](/wiki/Sridevi \"Sridevi\") (2012\\) was regarded as the most popular female star in Indian cinema.{{Cite web \\|title\\=From India Today Magazine {{!}} When Sridevi emerged as the highest paid Indian actress \\|url\\=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society\\-the\\-arts/films/story/19870630\\-sridevi\\-emerges\\-as\\-the\\-undisputed\\-empress\\-of\\-tinsel\\-town\\-the\\-highest\\-paid\\-indian\\-actress\\-799027\\-1987\\-06\\-29 \\|access\\-date\\=9 April 2023 \\|website\\=India Today \\|date\\=30 June 1987 \\|language\\=en}}](/wiki/File:Sridevi%2C_Zee_Cine_Awards_2018.jpg \"Sridevi, Zee Cine Awards 2018.jpg\")", "In the late 1990s, there was a resurgence of parallel cinema in Bollywood, largely due to the critical and commercial success of [crime films](/wiki/Crime_films \"Crime films\") such as *[Satya](/wiki/Satya_%281998_film%29 \"Satya (1998 film)\")* (1998\\) and *[Vaastav](/wiki/Vaastav \"Vaastav\")* (1999\\). These films launched a genre known as \"Mumbai noir\",{{Cite news \\|last\\=Aruti Nayar \\|date\\=16 December 2007 \\|title\\=Bollywood on the table \\|work\\=The Tribune \\|url\\=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20071216/spectrum/main11\\.htm \\|access\\-date\\=19 June 2008}} reflecting social problems in the city.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Christian Jungen \\|date\\=4 April 2009 \\|title\\=Urban Movies: The Diversity of Indian Cinema \\|url\\=http://www.fipresci.org/festivals/archive/2009/fribourg/indian\\_cinema\\_chjungen.htm \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090617225942/http://www.fipresci.org/festivals/archive/2009/fribourg/indian\\_cinema\\_chjungen.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=17 June 2009 \\|access\\-date\\=11 May 2009 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[FIPRESCI]]}} [Ram Gopal Varma](/wiki/Ram_Gopal_Varma \"Ram Gopal Varma\") directed the [Indian Political Trilogy](/wiki/Sarkar_%28film_series%29 \"Sarkar (film series)\"), and the [Indian Gangster Trilogy](/wiki/Gangster_%28film_series%29 \"Gangster (film series)\"); film critic Rajeev Masand had labelled the latter series as one of the \"most influential movies of Bollywood.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/masands\\-verdict\\-contract\\-mangled\\-mess\\-of\\-satya\\-company/69135\\-8\\.html\\|title\\=Masand's Verdict: ''Contract'', mangled mess of ''Satya'', ''Company''\\|work\\=CNN\\-News18}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?227527\\|title\\=Behind The Scenes \\- Rachel Dwyer \\- May 30, 2005\\|work\\=outlookindia.com}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20071216/spectrum/main11\\.htm\\|title\\=The Sunday Tribune \\- Spectrum\\|work\\=tribuneindia.com}} The first instalment of the trilogy, [*Satya*](/wiki/Satya_%281998_film%29 \"Satya (1998 film)\"), was also listed in [CNN\\-IBN](/wiki/CNN-IBN \"CNN-IBN\")'s 100 greatest [Indian films](/wiki/Indian_films \"Indian films\") of all time.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://ibnlive.in.com/photogallery/13200\\.html\\|title\\=100 Years of Indian Cinema: The 100 greatest Indian films of all time\\|work\\=IBNLive\\|access\\-date\\=18 May 2013\\|archive\\-date\\=24 April 2013\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130424003536/http://ibnlive.in.com/photogallery/13200\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}", "Since the 1990s, the three biggest Bollywood movie stars have been the \"[Three Khans](/wiki/Khans_of_Bollywood \"Khans of Bollywood\")\": [Aamir Khan](/wiki/Aamir_Khan \"Aamir Khan\"), [Shah Rukh Khan](/wiki/Shah_Rukh_Khan \"Shah Rukh Khan\"), and [Salman Khan](/wiki/Salman_Khan \"Salman Khan\").{{Cite web \\|date\\=18 September 2012 \\|title\\=The Three Khans of Bollywood – DESIblitz \\|url\\=https://www.desiblitz.com/content/the\\-three\\-khans\\-of\\-bollywood}}{{Cite web \\|last\\=Cain \\|first\\=Rob \\|title\\=Are Bollywood's Three Khans The Last Of The Movie Kings? \\|url\\=https://www.forbes.com/sites/robcain/2016/03/20/are\\-bollywoods\\-three\\-khans\\-the\\-last\\-of\\-the\\-movie\\-kings/ \\|website\\=\\[\\[Forbes]]}} Combined, they starred in the top ten [highest\\-grossing Bollywood films](/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_Bollywood_films \"List of highest-grossing Bollywood films\"), and have dominated the Indian box office since the 1990s.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Raghavendra \\|first\\=MK \\|date\\=16 October 2016 \\|title\\=After Aamir, SRK, Salman, why Bollywood's next male superstar may need a decade to rise \\|language\\=en \\|work\\=Firstpost \\|url\\=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/after\\-aamir\\-srk\\-salman\\-why\\-bollywoods\\-next\\-male\\-superstar\\-may\\-need\\-a\\-decade\\-to\\-rise\\-3049864\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=18 May 2022}}{{Cite news \\|agency\\=Agence France\\-Presse \\|date\\=12 July 2017 \\|title\\=Why Aamir Khan Is The King Of Khans: Foreign Media \\|work\\=NDTV \\|url\\=https://www.ndtv.com/india\\-news/aamir\\-khan\\-is\\-the\\-king\\-of\\-the\\-king\\-khans\\-moved\\-ahead\\-of\\-shah\\-rukh\\-salman\\-1723117 \\|access\\-date\\=18 May 2022}} Shah Rukh Khan was the most successful for most of the 1990s and 2000s, while Aamir Khan has been the most successful since the late 2000s;{{Cite web \\|last\\=D'Cunha \\|first\\=Suparna Dutt \\|title\\=Why 'Dangal' Star Aamir Khan Is The New King Of Bollywood \\|url\\=https://www.forbes.com/sites/suparnadutt/2017/01/23/why\\-dangal\\-star\\-aamir\\-khan\\-is\\-the\\-new\\-king\\-of\\-bollywood/ \\|website\\=\\[\\[Forbes]]}} according to *[Forbes](/wiki/Forbes \"Forbes\")*, Shah Rukh Khan is \"arguably the world's biggest movie star\" as of 2017, due to his immense popularity in India and China.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Cain \\|first\\=Rob \\|date\\=5 October 2017 \\|title\\=Why Aamir Khan Is Arguably The World's Biggest Movie Star, Part 2 \\|url\\=https://www.forbes.com/sites/robcain/2017/10/05/heres\\-why\\-aamir\\-khan\\-is\\-arguably\\-the\\-worlds\\-biggest\\-movie\\-star\\-part\\-2/ \\|website\\=\\[\\[Forbes]]}} Other notable Hindi film stars of recent decades include [Arjun Rampal](/wiki/Arjun_Rampal \"Arjun Rampal\"), [Sunny Deol](/wiki/Sunny_Deol \"Sunny Deol\"), [Akshay Kumar](/wiki/Akshay_Kumar \"Akshay Kumar\"), [Ajay Devgn](/wiki/Ajay_Devgn \"Ajay Devgn\"), [Hrithik Roshan](/wiki/Hrithik_Roshan \"Hrithik Roshan\"), [Anil Kapoor](/wiki/Anil_Kapoor \"Anil Kapoor\"), [Sanjay Dutt](/wiki/Sanjay_Dutt \"Sanjay Dutt\"), [Sridevi](/wiki/Sridevi \"Sridevi\"), [Madhuri Dixit](/wiki/Madhuri_Dixit \"Madhuri Dixit\"), [Juhi Chawla](/wiki/Juhi_Chawla \"Juhi Chawla\"), [Karisma Kapoor](/wiki/Karisma_Kapoor \"Karisma Kapoor\"), [Kajol](/wiki/Kajol \"Kajol\"), [Tabu](/wiki/Tabu_%28actress%29 \"Tabu (actress)\"), [Aishwarya Rai](/wiki/Aishwarya_Rai \"Aishwarya Rai\"), [Rani Mukerji](/wiki/Rani_Mukerji \"Rani Mukerji\") and [Preity Zinta](/wiki/Preity_Zinta \"Preity Zinta\").", "*[Haider](/wiki/Haider_%28film%29 \"Haider (film)\")* (2014, [Vishal Bhardwaj](/wiki/Vishal_Bhardwaj \"Vishal Bhardwaj\")), the third instalment of the Indian Shakespearean Trilogy after *[Maqbool](/wiki/Maqbool \"Maqbool\")* (2003\\) and *[Omkara](/wiki/Omkara_%282006_film%29 \"Omkara (2006 film)\")* (2006\\),{{Cite news \\|last\\=Muzaffar Raina \\|date\\=25 November 2013 \\|title\\=Protests hit Haider shoot on Valley campus \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Telegraph (India)\\|The Telegraph]] \\|url\\=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1131125/jsp/nation/story\\_17609286\\.jsp \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|access\\-date\\=11 September 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20150420041308/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1131125/jsp/nation/story\\_17609286\\.jsp%23\\.VTR8zH3LfK4 \\|archive\\-date\\=20 April 2015}} won the *People's Choice Award* at the 9th [Rome Film Festival](/wiki/Rome_Film_Festival \"Rome Film Festival\") in the Mondo Genere making it the first Indian film to achieve this honour.{{Cite web \\|date\\=25 October 2014 \\|title\\=The Official Awards of the ninth edition of the Rome Film Festival \\|url\\=http://www.romacinemafest.it/ecm/web/fcr/en/home/content/the\\-official\\-awards\\-of\\-the\\-ninth\\-edition\\-of\\-the\\-rome\\-film\\-festival.0000\\.FCR\\-4509 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141026173454/http://www.romacinemafest.it/ecm/web/fcr/en/home/content/the\\-official\\-awards\\-of\\-the\\-ninth\\-edition\\-of\\-the\\-rome\\-film\\-festival \\|archive\\-date\\=26 October 2014 \\|access\\-date\\=26 October 2014 \\|website\\=romacinefest.it}}{{relevance inline\\|date\\=October 2022}}", "The 2000s and 2010s also saw the rise of a new generation of popular actors like [Shahid Kapoor](/wiki/Shahid_Kapoor \"Shahid Kapoor\"), [Ranbir Kapoor](/wiki/Ranbir_Kapoor \"Ranbir Kapoor\"), [Ranveer Singh](/wiki/Ranveer_Singh \"Ranveer Singh\"), [Ayushmann Khurrana](/wiki/Ayushmann_Khurrana \"Ayushmann Khurrana\"), [Varun Dhawan](/wiki/Varun_Dhawan \"Varun Dhawan\"), [Sidharth Malhotra](/wiki/Sidharth_Malhotra \"Sidharth Malhotra\"), [Sushant Singh Rajput](/wiki/Sushant_Singh_Rajput \"Sushant Singh Rajput\"), [Kartik Aaryan](/wiki/Kartik_Aaryan \"Kartik Aaryan\"), [Arjun Kapoor](/wiki/Arjun_Kapoor \"Arjun Kapoor\"), [Aditya Roy Kapur](/wiki/Aditya_Roy_Kapur \"Aditya Roy Kapur\") and [Tiger Shroff](/wiki/Tiger_Shroff \"Tiger Shroff\"), as well as actresses like [Vidya Balan](/wiki/Vidya_Balan \"Vidya Balan\"), [Priyanka Chopra](/wiki/Priyanka_Chopra \"Priyanka Chopra\"), [Kareena Kapoor](/wiki/Kareena_Kapoor \"Kareena Kapoor\"), [Katrina Kaif](/wiki/Katrina_Kaif \"Katrina Kaif\"), [Kangana Ranaut](/wiki/Kangana_Ranaut \"Kangana Ranaut\"), [Deepika Padukone](/wiki/Deepika_Padukone \"Deepika Padukone\"), [Sonam Kapoor](/wiki/Sonam_Kapoor \"Sonam Kapoor\"), [Anushka Sharma](/wiki/Anushka_Sharma \"Anushka Sharma\"), [Shraddha Kapoor](/wiki/Shraddha_Kapoor \"Shraddha Kapoor\"), [Alia Bhatt](/wiki/Alia_Bhatt \"Alia Bhatt\"), [Parineeti Chopra](/wiki/Parineeti_Chopra \"Parineeti Chopra\") and [Kriti Sanon](/wiki/Kriti_Sanon \"Kriti Sanon\") with Balan, Ranaut and Bhatt gaining wide recognition for successful female\\-centric films such as *[The Dirty Picture](/wiki/The_Dirty_Picture \"The Dirty Picture\")* (2011\\), *[Kahaani](/wiki/Kahaani \"Kahaani\")* (2012\\), *[Queen](/wiki/Queen_%282014_film%29 \"Queen (2014 film)\")* (2014\\), *[Highway](/wiki/Highway_%282014_Hindi_film%29 \"Highway (2014 Hindi film)\")* (2014\\), *[Tanu Weds Manu Returns](/wiki/Tanu_Weds_Manu_Returns \"Tanu Weds Manu Returns\")* (2015\\), *[Raazi](/wiki/Raazi \"Raazi\")* (2018\\) and *[Gangubai Kathiawadi](/wiki/Gangubai_Kathiawadi \"Gangubai Kathiawadi\")* (2022\\).", "[Salim–Javed](/wiki/Salim%E2%80%93Javed \"Salim–Javed\") were highly influential in [South Indian cinema](/wiki/South_Indian_cinema \"South Indian cinema\"). In addition to writing two [Kannada films](/wiki/Kannada_cinema \"Kannada cinema\"), many of their Bollywood films had remakes produced in other regions, including Tamil, Telugu and Malayalam cinema. While the Bollywood directors and producers held the rights to their films in Northern India, Salim–Javed retained the rights in South India, where they sold remake rights for films such as *Zanjeer*, *Yaadon Ki Baarat* and *Don*.{{Cite book \\|last1\\=Kishore \\|first1\\=Vikrant \\|url\\={{google books\\|plainurl\\=y\\|id\\=wQLeCwAAQBAJ\\|page\\=238}} \\|title\\=Salaam Bollywood: Representations and Interpretations \\|last2\\=Sarwal \\|first2\\=Amit \\|last3\\=Patra \\|first3\\=Parichay \\|date\\=2016 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Routledge]] \\|isbn\\=9781317232865 \\|page\\=238 \\|language\\=en}} Several of these remakes became breakthroughs for actor [Rajinikanth](/wiki/Rajinikanth \"Rajinikanth\").{{Cite news \\|last\\=Jha \\|first\\=Lata \\|date\\=18 July 2016 \\|title\\=10 Rajinikanth films that were remakes of Amitabh Bachchan starrers \\|work\\=\\[\\[Mint (newspaper)\\|Mint]] \\|url\\=http://www.livemint.com/Consumer/1zecmlLkbhchQlpXOOOsxN/10\\-Rajinikanth\\-films\\-that\\-were\\-remakes\\-of\\-Amitabh\\-Bachchan\\-s.html}}", "[Sridevi](/wiki/Sridevi \"Sridevi\") is widely regarded as the first female superstar of Indian cinema due to her pan\\-Indian appeal with equally successful careers in [Hindi](/wiki/Bollywood \"Bollywood\"), [Tamil](/wiki/Tamil_cinema \"Tamil cinema\"), [Malayalam](/wiki/Malayalam_cinema \"Malayalam cinema\"), [Kannada](/wiki/Kannada_cinema \"Kannada cinema\") and [Telugu cinema](/wiki/Telugu_cinema \"Telugu cinema\"). She is the only Bollywood actor to have starred in a top 10 grossing film each year of her active career (1983–1997\\).{{citation needed\\|date\\=October 2022}}", "#### Telugu", "[K. V. Reddy](/wiki/K._V._Reddy \"K. V. Reddy\")'s *[Mayabazar](/wiki/Mayabazar \"Mayabazar\")* (1957\\) is a landmark film in Indian cinema, a classic of [Telugu cinema](/wiki/Telugu_cinema \"Telugu cinema\") that inspired generations of filmmakers. It blends myth, fantasy, romance and humour in a timeless story, captivating audiences with its fantastical elements. The film excelled in various departments like cast performances, production design, music, cinematography and is particularly revered for its use of technology.{{Cite web \\|date\\=30 April 2015 \\|title\\=Mayabazar (1957\\) \\|website\\=\\[\\[The Hindu]] \\|url\\=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday\\-review/mayabazar\\-1957/article7159111\\.ece \\|access\\-date\\=12 March 2024 \\|archive\\-date\\=2 May 2015 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150502053722/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday\\-review/mayabazar\\-1957/article7159111\\.ece \\|url\\-status\\=bot: unknown }}{{Cite web \\|date\\=9 February 2013 \\|title\\=\"1\" The Hindu \\|website\\=\\[\\[The Hindu]] \\|url\\=https://www.thehindu.com/todays\\-paper/tp\\-features/tp\\-metroplus/1/article4395126\\.ece}} The use of special effects, innovative for the 1950s, like the first illusion of moonlight, showcased technical brilliance.. Powerful performances and relatable themes ensure Mayabazar stays relevant, a classic enjoyed by new generations. On the centenary of Indian cinema in 2013, [CNN\\-IBN](/wiki/CNN-IBN \"CNN-IBN\") included *Mayabazar* in its list of \"100 greatest Indian films of all time\".{{Cite web \\|date\\=17 April 2013 \\|title\\=100 Years of Indian Cinema: The 100 greatest Indian films of all time \\|url\\=http://ibnlive.in.com/photogallery/13200\\-60\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=12 March 2024 \\|archive\\-date\\=12 March 2015 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150312062626/http://ibnlive.in.com/photogallery/13200\\-60\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} In a poll conducted by CNN\\-IBN among those 100 films, *Mayabazar* was voted by the public as the \"Greatest Indian film of all time.\"{{Cite web \\|date\\=12 May 2013 \\|title\\=Mayabazar' is India's greatest film ever: IBNLive poll \\|url\\=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/mayabazar\\-is\\-indias\\-greatest\\-film\\-ever\\-ibnlive\\-poll\\-608772\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=12 March 2024 \\|archive\\-date\\=6 January 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106080737/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/mayabazar\\-is\\-indias\\-greatest\\-film\\-ever\\-ibnlive\\-poll\\-608772\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=bot: unknown }}", "[K. Viswanath](/wiki/K._Viswanath \"K. Viswanath\"), one of the prominent auteurs of Indian cinema, he received international recognition for his works, and is known for blending [parallel cinema](/wiki/Parallel_cinema \"Parallel cinema\") with mainstream cinema. His works such as *[Sankarabharanam](/wiki/Sankarabharanam_%281980_film%29 \"Sankarabharanam (1980 film)\")* (1980\\) about revitalisation of Indian classical music won the \"Prize of the Public\" at the [Besançon](/wiki/Besan%C3%A7on \"Besançon\") Film Festival of [France](/wiki/France \"France\") in the year 1981\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://dff.nic.in/images/Documents/88\\_29thNfacatalogue.pdf\\|title\\=K. Viswanath Film craft Page 6 DFF\\|access\\-date\\=1 January 2013}} *[Forbes](/wiki/Forbes_%28India%29 \"Forbes (India)\")* included [J. V. Somayajulu](/wiki/J._V._Somayajulu \"J. V. Somayajulu\")'s performance in the film on its list of \"25 Greatest Acting Performances of Indian Cinema\".{{cite web\\|url\\=http://forbesindia.com/article/100\\-years\\-of\\-indian\\-cinema/25\\-greatest\\-acting\\-performances\\-of\\-indian\\-cinema/35125/0\\|title\\=25 Greatest Acting Performances of Indian Cinema\\|magazine\\=\\[\\[Forbes (India)\\|Forbes]]\\|first1\\=Shishir\\|last1\\=Prasad\\|first2\\=N. S.\\|last2\\=Ramnath\\|first3\\=Sohini\\|last3\\=Mitter\\|date\\=27 April 2013 \\|access\\-date \\= 27 January 2015}} *[Swathi Muthyam](/wiki/Swathi_Muthyam \"Swathi Muthyam\")* (1986\\) was [India's official entry](/wiki/List_of_Indian_submissions_for_the_Academy_Award_for_Best_International_Feature_Film \"List of Indian submissions for the Academy Award for Best International Feature Film\") to the [59th Academy Awards](/wiki/59th_Academy_Awards \"59th Academy Awards\"). *[Swarna Kamalam](/wiki/Swarna_Kamalam \"Swarna Kamalam\")* (1988\\) the dance film choreographed by [Kelucharan Mohapatra](/wiki/Kelucharan_Mohapatra \"Kelucharan Mohapatra\"), and [Sharon Lowen](/wiki/Sharon_Lowen \"Sharon Lowen\") was featured at the [Ann Arbor Film Festival](/wiki/Ann_Arbor_Film_Festival \"Ann Arbor Film Festival\"), fetching three [Indian Express Awards](/wiki/Cinema_Express_Awards_-_1988 \"Cinema Express Awards - 1988\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/viral\\-and\\-trending/020517/dance\\-without\\-frontiers\\-k\\-viswanath\\-director\\-who\\-aims\\-to\\-revive\\-classical\\-arts.html\\|title\\=Dance without frontiers: K Viswanath – Director who aims to revive classical arts\\|date\\=2 May 2017}}{{cite web\\|author\\=30 June 2011 \\- Ranjana Dave \\|url\\=http://archive.asianage.com/dance/meaning\\-movement\\-323\\|title\\=The meaning in movement \\|publisher\\=The Asian Age \\|date\\=30 June 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=4 September 2012}}", "{{multiple image\n\\| align \\= right\n\\| image1 \\= K. Vishwanath at National Film Awards Function 2017\\.jpg\n\\| width1 \\= 154\n\\| alt1 \\= \n\\| caption1 \\= \n\\| image2 \\= RamGopalVarma.jpg\n\\| width2 \\= 120\n\\| alt2 \\= \n\\| caption2 \\= \n\\| footer \\= ''From left to right:'' \\[\\[K. Viswanath]], \\[\\[Ram Gopal Varma]], \\[\\[Singeetam Srinivasa Rao]] and \\[\\[Chiranjeevi]]\n\\| image3 \\= Singeetam srinivasa rao.jpg\n\\| width3 \\= 154\n\\| alt3 \\= \n\\| caption3 \\= \n\\| image4 \\= Chiranjeevi at Amitabh Bachchan's 70th birthday celebration (cropped).jpg\n\\| width4 \\= 119\n}}", "[B. Narsing Rao](/wiki/B._Narsing_Rao \"B. Narsing Rao\"), [K. N. T. Sastry](/wiki/K._N._T._Sastry \"K. N. T. Sastry\"), and [A. Kutumba Rao](/wiki/Akkineni_Kutumba_Rao \"Akkineni Kutumba Rao\") garnered international recognition for their works in new\\-wave cinema.{{Cite press release \\|title\\=Arts / Cinema: Conscientious filmmaker \\|date\\=7 May 2011 \\|url\\=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article1998948\\.ece \\|access\\-date\\=25 August 2012 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110509045951/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article1998948\\.ece \\|archive\\-date\\=9 May 2011 \\|work\\=The Hindu}}{{Cite web \\|title\\=Tikkavarapu Pattabhirama Reddy – Poet, Film maker of international fame from NelloreOne Nellore \\|url\\=http://1nellore.com/1849/tikkavarapu\\-pattabhirama\\-reddy\\-poet\\-film\\-maker\\-of\\-international\\-fame/ \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006102018/http://1nellore.com/1849/tikkavarapu\\-pattabhirama\\-reddy\\-poet\\-film\\-maker\\-of\\-international\\-fame/ \\|archive\\-date\\=6 October 2014 \\|access\\-date\\=10 October 2014 \\|website\\=1nellore.com \\|publisher\\=One Nellore}} Narsing Rao's *[Maa Ooru](/wiki/Maa_Ooru \"Maa Ooru\")* (1992\\) won the \"[Media Wave Award](/wiki/Media_Wave_International_Film_Festival \"Media Wave International Film Festival\")\" of Hungary; *[Daasi](/wiki/Daasi_%281988_film%29 \"Daasi (1988 film)\")* (1988\\) and *[Matti Manushulu](/wiki/Matti_Manushulu \"Matti Manushulu\")* (1990\\) won the Diploma of Merit awards at the [16th](/wiki/16th_Moscow_International_Film_Festival \"16th Moscow International Film Festival\") and [17th](/wiki/17th_Moscow_International_Film_Festival \"17th Moscow International Film Festival\") [MIFF](/wiki/Moscow_International_Film_Festival \"Moscow International Film Festival\") respectively.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://mwave.irq.hu/index.php?modul\\=menupontok\\&kod\\=18028\\&nyelv\\=\\+/index.php\\|title\\=MEDIAWAVE ARCHÍVUM (1991\\-2022\\) :: 1992 :: FILMES DÍJLISTA \\- www.mediawave.hu\\|website\\=mwave.irq.hu}}{{Cite press release \\|title\\=Narsing Rao's films regale Delhi \\|date\\=21 December 2008 \\|publisher\\=webindia123\\.com \\|url\\=http://news.webindia123\\.com/news/articles/India/20081221/1134082\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=25 August 2012 \\|archive\\-date\\=6 November 2013 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106105835/http://news.webindia123\\.com/news/articles/India/20081221/1134082\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}{{Cite web \\|title\\=Metro Plus Hyderabad / Travel : Unsung moments \\|url\\=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/03/01/stories/2005030100530300\\.htm \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20050305213636/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/03/01/stories/2005030100530300\\.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=5 March 2005 \\|website\\=\\[\\[The Hindu]]}} Sastry's *[Thilaadanam](/wiki/Thilaadanam \"Thilaadanam\")* (2000\\) received \"New Currents Award\" at the [7th Busan](/wiki/Busan_International_Film_Festival \"Busan International Film Festival\");{{Cite web \\|title\\=Awards \\|url\\=http://www.biff.kr/Template/Builder/00000001/page.asp?page\\_num\\=4892 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170620083906/http://biff.kr/Template/Builder/00000001/page.asp?page\\_num\\=4892 \\|archive\\-date\\=20 June 2017 \\|access\\-date\\=27 June 2017 \\|website\\=Busan International Film Festival}}{{Cite press release \\|title\\=How Kamli came alive onscreen \\|date\\=31 December 2004 \\|url\\=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/nov/30sastry.htm \\|access\\-date\\=25 August 2012 \\|work\\=Rediff.com}} Rajnesh Domalpalli's *[Vanaja](/wiki/Vanaja_%28film%29 \"Vanaja (film)\")* (2006\\) won \"Best First Feature Award\" at the [57th Berlinale](/wiki/57th_Berlin_International_Film_Festival \"57th Berlin International Film Festival\").{{Cite web \\|date\\=22 February 2008 \\|title\\=Vanaja Best First Feature \\|url\\=https://www.berlinale.de/en/archive/jahresarchive/2007/03\\_preistraeger\\_2007/03\\_preistraeger\\_2007\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=22 August 2012 \\|website\\=57th Berlinale}}{{Cite web \\|last\\=Ebert \\|first\\=Roger \\|title\\=The year's ten best films and other shenanigans {{pipe}} Roger Ebert's Journal \\|date\\=19 December 2012 \\|url\\=https://www.rogerebert.com/rogers\\-journal/the\\-years\\-ten\\-best\\-films\\-and\\-other\\-shenanigans \\|access\\-date\\=26 August 2019 \\|publisher\\=Roger Ebert}}", "[Ram Gopal Varma](/wiki/Ram_Gopal_Varma \"Ram Gopal Varma\")'s *[Siva](/wiki/Siva_%281989_Telugu_film%29 \"Siva (1989 Telugu film)\")* (1989\\), which attained [cult following](/wiki/Cult_film \"Cult film\"){{Cite news \\|last\\=Raghavan \\|first\\=Nikhil \\|date\\=4 October 2010 \\|title\\=A saga in the making? \\|work\\=The Hindu \\|url\\=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/a\\-saga\\-in\\-the\\-making/article812802\\.ece \\|access\\-date\\=20 April 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420093100/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/a\\-saga\\-in\\-the\\-making/article812802\\.ece \\|archive\\-date\\=20 April 2016}} introduced [steadicams](/wiki/Steadicam \"Steadicam\") and new sound recording techniques to Indian films.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Pasupulate \\|first\\=Karthik \\|date\\=29 October 2015 \\|title\\=Raj Tarun to star in a silent film by RGV \\|url\\=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Raj\\-Tarun\\-to\\-star\\-in\\-a\\-silent\\-film\\-by\\-RGV/articleshow/49567908\\.cms \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160419120901/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Raj\\-Tarun\\-to\\-star\\-in\\-a\\-silent\\-film\\-by\\-RGV/articleshow/49567908\\.cms \\|archive\\-date\\=19 April 2016 \\|access\\-date\\=19 April 2016 \\|website\\=The Times of India}} *Siva* attracted the young audience during its theatrical run, and its success encouraged filmmakers to explore a variety of themes and make experimental films.{{Cite web \\|date\\=5 October 2014 \\|title\\=Nagarjuna's Shiva completes 25 years \\|url\\=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Nagarjunas\\-Shiva\\-completes\\-25\\-years/articleshow/44401475\\.cms \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160419025043/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Nagarjunas\\-Shiva\\-completes\\-25\\-years/articleshow/44401475\\.cms \\|archive\\-date\\=19 April 2016 \\|access\\-date\\=19 April 2016 \\|website\\=The Times of India}} Varma introduced [road movie](/wiki/Road_movie \"Road movie\") and [film noir](/wiki/Film_noir \"Film noir\") to Indian screen with *[Kshana Kshanam](/wiki/Kshana_Kshanam \"Kshana Kshanam\")* (1991\\).{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/up\\-front/story/20120528\\-edouard\\-waintrop\\-on\\-the\\-new\\-indian\\-cinema\\-758464\\-2012\\-05\\-18 \\|title\\=Cannes critic on RGV's film craft at fribourg festival\\|date\\=18 May 2012 \\|publisher\\=Indiatoday.in \\|access\\-date\\=21 January 2023}} Varma experimented with close\\-to\\-life performances by the lead actors, which bought a rather fictional storyline a sense of authenticity at a time when the industry was being filled with commercial fillers.{{Cite news\\|last\\=Gopalrao\\|first\\=Griddaluru\\|date\\=18 October 1991\\|title\\=చిత్ర సమీక్ష: క్షణ క్షణం\\|language\\=te\\|page\\=7\\|work\\=\\[\\[Zamin Ryot]]\\|url\\=http://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/1991/Oct/18\\-oct\\-1991\\.pdf\\|access\\-date\\=21 June 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=13 September 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913133558/http://zaminryot.com/pdf/1991/Oct/18\\-oct\\-1991\\.pdf\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "[Singeetam Srinivasa Rao](/wiki/Singeetam_Srinivasa_Rao \"Singeetam Srinivasa Rao\") introduced [time travel](/wiki/Time_travel \"Time travel\") to the Indian screen with *[Aditya 369](/wiki/Aditya_369 \"Aditya 369\")* (1991\\). The film dealt with exploratory dystopian and apocalyptic themes, taking the audience through a post\\-apocalyptic experience via time travel and folklore from 1526 CE, including a romantic subplot.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Narasimham \\|first\\=M. L. \\|date\\=12 October 2018 \\|title\\=The story behind the song ' Nerajaanavule' from the movie Aditya 369 \\|url\\=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/the\\-story\\-behind\\-the\\-song\\-nerajaanavule\\-from\\-the\\-movie\\-aditya\\-369/article25201254\\.ece \\|access\\-date\\=28 August 2019 \\|work\\=The Hindu}} Singeetam Srinivasa Rao was inspired by the classic sci\\-fi novel *[The Time Machine](/wiki/The_Time_Machine \"The Time Machine\")*.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Singeetam Srinivasa Rao Interview: \"The Golden Rule Of Cinema Is That There Is No Golden Rule\" \\|url\\=https://silverscreen.in/tamil/features/interviews/singeetam\\-srinivasa\\-rao\\-interview\\-golden\\-rule\\-cinema\\-no\\-golden\\-rule/ \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103175919/https://silverscreen.in/tamil/features/interviews/singeetam\\-srinivasa\\-rao\\-interview\\-golden\\-rule\\-cinema\\-no\\-golden\\-rule/ \\|archive\\-date\\=3 January 2017 \\|access\\-date\\=16 February 2017 \\|website\\=Silverscreen.in}}{{Cite web \\|last\\=Srinivasan \\|first\\=Pavithra \\|date\\=7 September 2010 \\|title\\=Singeetham Srinivasa Rao's gems before Christ \\|url\\=https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide\\-show/slide\\-show\\-1\\-south\\-interview\\-with\\-singeetham\\-srinivasa\\-rao/20100907\\.htm \\|access\\-date\\=16 July 2022 \\|website\\=Rediff.com}}{{Cite news \\|title\\=Sudeep's excited about film with Ram Gopal Varma \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Times of India]] \\|url\\=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Sudeeps\\-excited\\-about\\-film\\-with\\-Ram\\-Gopal\\-Varma/articleshow/18046826\\.cms \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102124438/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013\\-01\\-16/news\\-interviews/36373029\\_1\\_sudeep\\-ram\\-gopal\\-varma\\-rgv \\|archive\\-date\\=2 November 2013}}", "[Chiranjeevi](/wiki/Chiranjeevi \"Chiranjeevi\")'s works such as the social [drama film](/wiki/Drama_film \"Drama film\") *[Swayamkrushi](/wiki/Swayamkrushi \"Swayamkrushi\")* (1987\\), [comedy thriller](/wiki/Comedy_thriller \"Comedy thriller\") *[Chantabbai](/wiki/Chantabbai \"Chantabbai\")* (1986\\), the [vigilante thriller](/wiki/Vigilante_film \"Vigilante film\") *[Kondaveeti Donga](/wiki/Kondaveeti_Donga \"Kondaveeti Donga\")* (1990\\),{{Cite web \\|title\\=Kondaveeti Donga (1990\\) \\|url\\=http://www.REPLACE MEEEEEEEE.com/title/tt0246008/fullcredits \\|publisher\\=IMDb}}{{Dead link\\|date\\=August 2024}} the [Western thriller](/wiki/Western_genre \"Western genre\") *[Kodama Simham](/wiki/Kodama_Simham \"Kodama Simham\")* (1990\\), and the [action thriller](/wiki/Action_film \"Action film\"), *[Gang Leader](/wiki/Gang_Leader \"Gang Leader\")* (1991\\), popularised genre films with the highest estimated cinema footfalls.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Gopalan \\|first\\=Krishna \\|date\\=30 August 2008 \\|title\\=Southern movie stars \\& politics: A long love affair \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Economic Times]] \\|url\\=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid\\-3424194\\.cms \\|access\\-date\\=19 September 2010}} [Sekhar Kammula](/wiki/Sekhar_Kammula \"Sekhar Kammula\")'s *[Dollar Dreams](/wiki/Dollar_Dreams_%28film%29 \"Dollar Dreams (film)\")* (2000\\), which explored the conflict between American dreams and human feelings, re\\-introduced [social realism](/wiki/Social_realism \"Social realism\") to Telugu film which had stagnated in formulaic commercialism.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Gangadhar \\|first\\=V \\|date\\=17 July 2000 \\|title\\=rediff.com, Movies: The Dollar Dreams review \\|url\\=https://m.rediff.com/movies/2000/jul/17dream.htm \\|access\\-date\\=28 August 2019 \\|website\\=Rediff.com}} War drama *[Kanche](/wiki/Kanche \"Kanche\")* (2015, [Krish Jagarlamudi](/wiki/Krish_%28director%29 \"Krish (director)\")) explored the 1944 Nazi attack on the Indian army in the [Italian campaign](/wiki/Italian_campaign_%28World_War_II%29 \"Italian campaign (World War II)\") of the Second World War.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Kalyanam \\|first\\=Rajeswari \\|date\\=24 October 2015 \\|title\\=Breaking new grounds \\|url\\=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/2015\\-10\\-24/Breaking\\-new\\-grounds\\-\\-182145 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151025164933/http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/2015\\-10\\-24/Breaking\\-new\\-grounds\\-\\-182145 \\|archive\\-date\\=25 October 2015 \\|access\\-date\\=5 February 2016 \\|website\\=The Hans India}}", "[thumb\\|230x230px\\|[S.S Rajamouli](/wiki/S._S._Rajamouli \"S. S. Rajamouli\") has been described as \"the biggest Indian film director ever\" and \"India's most significant director today\".{{Cite web \\|last\\=Sharma \\|first\\=Suparna \\|date\\=30 April 2022 \\|title\\=Indian director Rajamouli scores a global hit with new film RRR \\|url\\=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/4/30/indian\\-director\\-ss\\-rajamouli\\-rrr\\-film\\-teluga\\-cinema}}{{Cite web \\|last\\=Dwyer \\|first\\=Rachel \\|date\\=1 April 2022 \\|title\\=Director's Roar \\|url\\=https://openthemagazine.com/cover\\-stories/directors\\-roar/}}](/wiki/File:SS_Rajamouli%2C_2021.jpg \"SS Rajamouli, 2021.jpg\")", "[Pan\\-Indian](/wiki/Pan-Indian_film \"Pan-Indian film\") film is a term related to Indian cinema that originated with [Telugu cinema](/wiki/Telugu_cinema \"Telugu cinema\") as a mainstream commercial film appealing to audiences across the country with a spread to world markets.{{Cite web \\|date\\=3 August 2022 \\|title\\=The secret of the pan\\-Indian success of films from the south: Balancing the local and universal \\|url\\=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/the\\-secret\\-of\\-the\\-pan\\-indian\\-success\\-of\\-films\\-from\\-the\\-south\\-8068662/}} [S. S. Rajamouli](/wiki/S._S._Rajamouli \"S. S. Rajamouli\") pioneered the pan\\-Indian films movement with duology of epic action films *[Baahubali: The Beginning](/wiki/Baahubali:The_Beginning \"The Beginning\")* (2015\\) and *[Baahubali 2: The Conclusion](/wiki/Baahubali_2:The_Conclusion \"The Conclusion\")* (2017\\), that changed the face of Indian cinema. *Baahubali: The Beginning* became the first Indian film to be nominated for American [Saturn Awards](/wiki/Saturn_Awards \"Saturn Awards\").{{Cite web \\|date\\=27 February 2016 \\|title\\='Baahubali' nominated for Saturn Awards in five categories \\|url\\=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/baahubali\\-nominated\\-for\\-saturn\\-awards\\-in\\-five\\-categories/}} It received national and international acclaim for Rajamouli's direction, story, visual effects, cinematography, themes, action sequences, music, and performances, and became a record\\-breaking box office success.{{Cite web \\|date\\=9 September 2022 \\|title\\=\"Baahubali\\-the\\-beginning\" \\|website\\=\\[\\[Metacritic]] \\|url\\=https://www.metacritic.com/movie/baahubali\\-the\\-beginning/}} The sequel *Baahubali 2* (2017\\) went on to win the American \"[Saturn Award for Best International Film](/wiki/Saturn_Award_for_Best_International_Film \"Saturn Award for Best International Film\")\" \\& emerged as the [second\\-highest\\-grossing Indian film](/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_Indian_films%23Worldwide_gross_collection \"List of highest-grossing Indian films#Worldwide gross collection\") of all time.{{Cite magazine \\|last\\=McNary \\|first\\=Dave \\|date\\=27 June 2018 \\|title\\='Black Panther' Leads Saturn Awards; 'Better Call Saul,' 'Twin Peaks' Top TV Trophies \\|url\\=https://variety.com/2018/film/news/saturn\\-awards\\-2018\\-black\\-panther\\-better\\-call\\-saul\\-twin\\-peaks\\-1202860077/ \\|access\\-date\\=9 January 2019 \\|magazine\\=\\[\\[Variety (magazine)\\|Variety]]}}{{Cite news \\|last\\=Sudhir \\|first\\=TS \\|date\\=May 2017 \\|title\\=Is Baahubali 2 a Hindu film? Dissecting religion, folklore, mythology in Rajamouli's epic saga \\|url\\=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/is\\-baahubali\\-2\\-a\\-hindu\\-film\\-bahubali\\-2\\-religion\\-rajamouli\\-3416228\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=26 October 2022 \\|work\\=FirstPost}}", "S.S Rajamouli followed up with the alternate historical film *[RRR](/wiki/RRR_%28film%29 \"RRR (film)\")* (2022\\) that received universal critical acclaim for its direction, screenwriting, cast performances, cinematography, soundtrack, action sequences and [VFX](/wiki/VFX \"VFX\"), which further consolidated the Pan\\-Indian film market. The film was considered one of the ten best films of the year by the [National Board of Review](/wiki/National_Board_of_Review \"National Board of Review\"), making it only the seventh non\\-English language film ever to make it to the list.{{Cite news \\|date\\=9 December 2022 \\|title\\='RRR' Oscar campaign gets a boost: Rajamouli's film named among National Board of Review's 10 best films \\|newspaper\\=The Economic Times \\|url\\=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new\\-updates/rrr\\-oscar\\-campaign\\-gets\\-a\\-boost\\-rajamoulis\\-film\\-named\\-among\\-national\\-board\\-of\\-reviews\\-10\\-best\\-films/articleshow/96109907\\.cms}} It also became the first Indian film by an Indian production to win an [Academy Award](/wiki/Academy_Awards \"Academy Awards\").{{Cite news \\|date\\=13 March 2023 \\|title\\=Oscars 2023: RRR's Naatu Naatu wins best original song \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.com/news/world\\-asia\\-india\\-64935389}} The film went on to receive several other nominations at the [Golden Globe Awards](/wiki/Golden_Globe_Awards \"Golden Globe Awards\"), [Critics' Choice Movie Award](/wiki/Critics%27_Choice_Movie_Awards \"Critics' Choice Movie Awards\") including [Best Foreign Language Film](/wiki/Critics%27_Choice_Movie_Award_for_Best_Foreign_Language_Film \"Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Foreign Language Film\").{{Cite web \\|last\\=Davis \\|first\\=Clayton \\|date\\=12 December 2022 \\|title\\='RRR' Roars With Golden Globe Noms for Original Song and Non\\-English Language Film \\|url\\=https://variety.com/2022/awards/awards/rrr\\-golden\\-globes\\-nominated\\-1235456635/}} Films like *[Pushpa: The Rise](/wiki/Pushpa:The_Rise \"The Rise\")*, *[Salaar: Part 1 – Ceasefire](/wiki/Salaar:Part_1_%E2%80%93_Ceasefire \"Part 1 – Ceasefire\")* and *[Kalki 2898 AD](/wiki/Kalki_2898_AD \"Kalki 2898 AD\")* have further contributed to the pan\\-Indian film wave.", "Actors like [Prabhas](/wiki/Prabhas \"Prabhas\"), [Allu Arjun](/wiki/Allu_Arjun \"Allu Arjun\"), [Ram Charan](/wiki/Ram_Charan \"Ram Charan\") and [N. T. Rama Rao Jr.](/wiki/N._T._Rama_Rao_Jr. \"N. T. Rama Rao Jr.\") enjoy a nationwide popularity among the audiences after the release of their respective Pan\\-Indian films. [Film critics](/wiki/Film_criticism \"Film criticism\"), journalists and analysts, such as [Baradwaj Rangan](/wiki/Baradwaj_Rangan \"Baradwaj Rangan\") and Vishal Menon, have labelled Prabhas as the \"first legit Pan\\-Indian Superstar\".{{Cite web \\|date\\=20 August 2020 \\|title\\=\"Is Prabhas India's First Legit PAN Indian Star?'\". \\|url\\=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/telugu\\-movies\\-is\\-prabhas\\-indias\\-first\\-legit\\-pan\\-indian\\-star\\-baradwaj\\-rangan}}", "[Hindi cinema](/wiki/Hindi_cinema \"Hindi cinema\") has been remaking [Telugu](/wiki/Telugu_cinema \"Telugu cinema\") films since the late 1940s, some of which went on to become landmark films. Between 2000 and 2019, one in every three successful films made in Hindi was either a remake or part of a series. And most of the star actors, have starred in the hit remakes of Telugu films.{{Cite news \\|date\\=18 February 2023 \\|title\\=Bollywood's Telugu takeover: 'Shehzada' to 'Jersey', remakes of hit South films \\|url\\=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/bollywoods\\-telugu\\-takeover\\-shehzada\\-to\\-jersey\\-remakes\\-of\\-hit\\-south\\-films/photostory/98038983\\.cms?picid\\=98039072 \\|access\\-date\\=8 August 2024 \\|work\\=The Times of India \\|issn\\=0971\\-8257}}", "#### Tamil", "Tamil cinema established Madras (now [Chennai](/wiki/Chennai \"Chennai\")) as a secondary film production centre in India, used by [Hindi cinema](/wiki/Bollywood \"Bollywood\"), other South Indian film industries, and [Sri Lankan cinema](/wiki/Cinema_of_Sri_Lanka \"Cinema of Sri Lanka\").{{Cite web \\|title\\=The Tamil Nadu Entertainments Tax Act, 1939 \\|url\\=http://www.tnvat.gov.in/English/TN\\_ENTERTAINMENT%20TAX\\_ACT\\_1939\\.pdf \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015202926/http://tnvat.gov.in/English/TN\\_ENTERTAINMENT%20TAX\\_ACT\\_1939\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=15 October 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=26 September 2011 \\|publisher\\=Government of Tamil Nadu}} Over the last quarter of the 20th century, Tamil films from India established a global presence through distribution to an increasing number of overseas theatres.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Pillai \\|first\\=Sreedhar \\|title\\=A gold mine around the globe \\|language\\=en \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Hindu]] \\|url\\=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/tamil\\-film\\-business\\-in\\-overseas\\-market/article8483410\\.ece \\|access\\-date\\=9 March 2017}}{{Cite web \\|title\\=Eros buys Tamil film distributor \\|url\\=http://www.business\\-standard.com/india/storypage.php?autono\\=290977 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903230315/http://www.business\\-standard.com/india/storypage.php?autono\\=290977 \\|archive\\-date\\=3 September 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=6 October 2011 \\|website\\=\\[\\[Business Standard]]}}\n {{Cite news\\|url\\=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011\\-06\\-12/news/29649940\\_1\\_big\\-cinemas\\-anil\\-arjun\\-screens\\|title\\=With high demand for Indian movies, Big Cinemas goes global\\|access\\-date\\=26 September 2011\\|work\\=The Times of India\\|date\\=12 June 2011}}* The industry also inspired independent filmmaking in Sri Lanka and [Tamil diaspora](/wiki/Tamil_diaspora \"Tamil diaspora\") populations in Malaysia, Singapore, and the [Western Hemisphere](/wiki/Western_Hemisphere \"Western Hemisphere\").{{Cite news \\|title\\=Symposium: Sri Lanka's Cultural Experience \\|work\\=\\[\\[Frontline (magazine)\\|Frontline]] \\|location\\=Chennai, India \\|url\\=http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl1604/16040780\\.htm \\|access\\-date\\=26 September 2011}}\n {{Cite news\\|url\\=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Chennai/article2339090\\.ece\\|title\\=Celebration of shared heritage at Canadian film festival\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Hindu]]\\|access\\-date\\=26 September 2011\\|location\\=Chennai, India\\|date\\=9 August 2011}}", "* {{multiple image\n\\| align \\= right\n\\| image1 \\= Mani Ratnam at the Museum of the Moving Image.jpg\n\\| width1 \\= 120\n\\| alt1 \\= \n\\| caption1 \\= \n\\| image2 \\= Kamal Haasan at 62nd Filmfare Awards south.jpg\n\\| width2 \\= 160\n\\| alt2 \\= \n\\| caption2 \\= \n\\| footer \\= ''From left to right:'' \\[\\[Mani Ratnam]] (film director), \\[\\[Kamal Hasan]] and \\[\\[Rajinikanth]]\n\\| image3 \\= Rajinikanth at the Inauguration of MGR Statue 1\\.jpg\n}}", "*[Marupakkam](/wiki/Marupakkam \"Marupakkam\")* (1991, [K. S. Sethumadhavan](/wiki/K._S._Sethumadhavan \"K. S. Sethumadhavan\")) and *[Kanchivaram](/wiki/Kanchivaram \"Kanchivaram\")* (2007\\) each won the [National Film Award for Best Feature Film](/wiki/National_Film_Award_for_Best_Feature_Film \"National Film Award for Best Feature Film\").{{Cite book \\|last\\=Baskaran \\|first\\=Sundararaj Theodore \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=3jBcAgAAQBAJ\\&pg\\=PT164 \\|title\\=The Eye Of The Serpent: An Introduction To Tamil Cinema \\|publisher\\=Westland \\|year\\=2013 \\|isbn\\=978\\-93\\-83260\\-74\\-4 \\|pages\\=164–}} Tamil films receive significant patronage in neighbouring Indian states [Kerala](/wiki/Kerala \"Kerala\"), [Karnataka](/wiki/Karnataka \"Karnataka\"), [Andhra Pradesh](/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh \"Andhra Pradesh\"), [Maharashtra](/wiki/Maharashtra \"Maharashtra\"), Gujarat and New Delhi. In Kerala and Karnataka the films are directly released in Tamil but in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana they are generally dubbed into Telugu.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Movie Buzz \\|date\\=14 July 2011 \\|title\\=Tamil films dominate Andhra market \\|url\\=http://www.sify.com/movies/tamil\\-films\\-dominate\\-andhra\\-market\\-news\\-tamil\\-lhnlKUabgib.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716065723/http://www.sify.com/movies/tamil\\-films\\-dominate\\-andhra\\-market\\-news\\-tamil\\-lhnlKUabgib.html \\|archive\\-date\\=16 July 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=27 April 2013 \\|website\\=\\[\\[Sify]]}}{{Cite news \\|date\\=29 December 2006 \\|title\\=A few hits and many flops \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Hindu]] \\|location\\=Chennai, India \\|url\\=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/12/29/stories/2006122901630100\\.htm \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070103213349/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/12/29/stories/2006122901630100\\.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=3 January 2007}}", "Tamil films have had international success for decades. Since *[Chandralekha](/wiki/Chandralekha_%281948_film%29 \"Chandralekha (1948 film)\")* (1948\\), *[Muthu](/wiki/Muthu_%28film%29 \"Muthu (film)\")* (1995\\) was the second Tamil film to be dubbed into Japanese (as *Mutu: Odoru Maharaja*{{Cite web \\|title\\=Mutu: Odoru Maharaja \\|url\\=http://ir.minpaku.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/10502/1140/1/SES71\\_011\\.pdf \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722073202/http://ir.minpaku.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/10502/1140/1/SES71\\_011\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=22 July 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=12 May 2011}}) and grossed a record $1\\.6 million in 1998\\.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Gautaman Bhaskaran \\|date\\=6 January 2002 \\|title\\=Rajnikanth casts spell on Japanese viewers \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Hindu]] \\|url\\=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2002/01/06/stories/2002010601320900\\.htm \\|url\\-status\\=usurped \\|access\\-date\\=10 May 2007 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070520060231/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2002/01/06/stories/2002010601320900\\.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=20 May 2007 }} In 2010, *[Enthiran](/wiki/Enthiran \"Enthiran\")* grossed a record $4 million in North America.{{Cite web \\|date\\=11 March 2018 \\|title\\=Agni Natchathiram \\& Kaakha Kaakha {{!}} 12 Unknown facts in Kollywood history! \\|url\\=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil\\-movies/slideshow/15\\-unknown\\-facts\\-in\\-kollywood\\-history/angi\\-natachathiram\\-kaakha\\-kaakha.html \\|access\\-date\\=13 July 2021 \\|website\\=Behindwoods}} Tamil\\-language films appeared at multiple film festivals. *[Kannathil Muthamittal](/wiki/Kannathil_Muthamittal \"Kannathil Muthamittal\")* (Ratnam), *[Veyyil](/wiki/Veyil_%282006_film%29 \"Veyil (2006 film)\")* ([Vasanthabalan](/wiki/Vasanthabalan \"Vasanthabalan\")) and *[Paruthiveeran](/wiki/Paruthiveeran \"Paruthiveeran\")* ([Ameer Sultan](/wiki/Ameer_Sultan \"Ameer Sultan\")), *[Kanchivaram](/wiki/Kanchivaram \"Kanchivaram\")* ([Priyadarshan](/wiki/Priyadarshan \"Priyadarshan\")) premiered at the [Toronto International Film Festival](/wiki/Toronto_International_Film_Festival \"Toronto International Film Festival\"). Tamil films were submitted by India for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film on eight occasions.{{Cite web \\|title\\=India's Oscar failures (25 Images) \\|url\\=http://movies.ndtv.com/GalleryDetails.aspx?ID\\=3290\\&category\\=Movies\\&picno\\=1\\&Section\\=Bollywood \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120922140550/http://movies.ndtv.com/GalleryDetails.aspx?ID\\=3290\\&category\\=Movies\\&picno\\=1\\&Section\\=Bollywood \\|archive\\-date\\=22 September 2012 \\|access\\-date\\=12 May 2011 \\|publisher\\=Movies.ndtv.com}} Chennai\\-based music composer [A. R. Rahaman](/wiki/A._R._Rahman \"A. R. Rahman\") achieved global recognition with two [Academy Awards](/wiki/Academy_Awards \"Academy Awards\") and is nicknamed as \"Isai Puyal\" (musical storm) and \"Mozart of Madras\". *[Nayakan](/wiki/Nayakan \"Nayakan\")* (1987, [Kamal Haasan](/wiki/Kamal_Haasan \"Kamal Haasan\")) was included in [*Time*{{'s}} All\\-Time 100 Movies](/wiki/Time%27s_All-Time_100_Movies \"Time's All-Time 100 Movies\") list.[Nayakan](https://web.archive.org/web/20050525030815/http://www.time.com/time/2005/100movies/0,23220,nayakan,00.html), [All\\-Time 100 Best Films](/wiki/Time%27s_All-Time_100_Movies \"Time's All-Time 100 Movies\"), *[Time](/wiki/Time_%28magazine%29 \"Time (magazine)\")*, 2005", "#### Malayalam", "[thumbnail\\|180px\\|[Adoor Gopalakrishnan](/wiki/Adoor_Gopalakrishnan \"Adoor Gopalakrishnan\")](/wiki/File:Director_of_the_film%E2%80%99Naalu_Pennugal%E2%80%99_Adoor_Gopalkrishnan_addressing_a_press_conference_on_November_29%2C2007_at_IFFI%2C_Panaji%2C_Goa.jpg \"Director of the film’Naalu Pennugal’ Adoor Gopalkrishnan addressing a press conference on November 29,2007 at IFFI, Panaji, Goa.jpg\")", "Malayalam cinema experienced its Golden Age during this time with works of filmmakers such as [Adoor Gopalakrishnan](/wiki/Adoor_Gopalakrishnan \"Adoor Gopalakrishnan\"), [G. Aravindan](/wiki/G._Aravindan \"G. Aravindan\"), [T. V. Chandran](/wiki/T._V._Chandran \"T. V. Chandran\") and [Shaji N. Karun](/wiki/Shaji_N._Karun \"Shaji N. Karun\").{{Cite web \\|title\\=Cinema History Malayalam Cinema \\|url\\=http://malayalamcinema.com/Content\\-4/CinemaHistory.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081223132036/http://malayalamcinema.com/Content\\-4/CinemaHistory.html \\|archive\\-date\\=23 December 2008 \\|access\\-date\\=30 December 2008 \\|publisher\\=Malayalamcinema.com}} Gopalakrishnan is often considered to be Ray's spiritual heir.{{Cite web \\|date\\=31 July 1997 \\|title\\=The Movie Interview: Adoor Gopalakrishnan \\|url\\=http://www.rediff.com/movies/jul/31adoor.htm \\|access\\-date\\=21 May 2009 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Rediff.com\\|Rediff]]}} He directed some of his most acclaimed films during this period, including *[Elippathayam](/wiki/Elippathayam \"Elippathayam\")* (1981\\) which won the [Sutherland Trophy](/wiki/Sutherland_Trophy \"Sutherland Trophy\") at the [London Film Festival](/wiki/London_Film_Festival \"London Film Festival\").{{Citation needed\\|date\\=June 2024}} In 1984 *[My Dear Kuttichathan](/wiki/My_Dear_Kuttichathan \"My Dear Kuttichathan\")*, directed by Jijo Punnoose under [Navodaya Studio](/wiki/Navodaya_Studio \"Navodaya Studio\"), was released and it was the first Indian film to be filmed in [3D](/wiki/3D_film \"3D film\") format. Karun's debut film *[Piravi](/wiki/Piravi \"Piravi\")* (1989\\) won the [Caméra d'Or](/wiki/Cam%C3%A9ra_d%27Or \"Caméra d'Or\") at [Cannes](/wiki/1989_Cannes_Film_Festival \"1989 Cannes Film Festival\"), while his second film *[Swaham](/wiki/Swaham \"Swaham\")* (1994\\) was in competition for the [Palme d'Or](/wiki/Palme_d%27Or \"Palme d'Or\"). *[Vanaprastham](/wiki/Vanaprastham \"Vanaprastham\")* was screened at the [Un Certain Regard](/wiki/Un_Certain_Regard \"Un Certain Regard\") section of the Cannes Film Festival.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=June 2024}} [Murali Nair](/wiki/Murali_Nair \"Murali Nair\")'s *[Marana Simhasanam](/wiki/Marana_Simhasanam \"Marana Simhasanam\")* (1999\\), inspired by the first execution by [electrocution](/wiki/Electrocution \"Electrocution\") in India, the film was screened in the [Un Certain Regard](/wiki/Un_Certain_Regard \"Un Certain Regard\") section at the [1999 Cannes Film Festival](/wiki/1999_Cannes_Film_Festival \"1999 Cannes Film Festival\") where it won the [Caméra d'Or](/wiki/Cam%C3%A9ra_d%27Or \"Caméra d'Or\").{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.festival\\-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/5370/year/1999\\.html \\|title\\=Festival de Cannes: Throne of Death \\|access\\-date\\=10 October 2009\\|work\\=festival\\-cannes.com}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://m.rediff.com/movies/1999/jul/08mur.htm \\|title\\=Rediff On The NeT, Movies: An interview with Murali Nair \\|publisher\\=M.rediff.com \\|date\\=8 July 1999 \\|access\\-date\\=26 August 2019}} The film received special reception at the [British Film Institute](/wiki/British_Film_Institute \"British Film Institute\").{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.bfi.org.uk/films\\-tv\\-people/4ce2b82b6db57 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190826075649/https://www.bfi.org.uk/films\\-tv\\-people/4ce2b82b6db57 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=26 August 2019 \\|title\\=Marana Simhasanam (1999\\) \\|newspaper\\=BFI \\|access\\-date\\=26 August 2019}}{{cite web\\|author\\=site admin \\|url\\=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society\\-the\\-arts/films/story/19990607\\-london\\-based\\-indian\\-filmmaker\\-murali\\-nair\\-wins\\-coveted\\-best\\-first\\-film\\-award\\-at\\-cannes\\-781050\\-1999\\-06\\-07 \\|title\\=Golden windfall \\- Society \\& The Arts News \\- Issue Date: Jun 7, 1999 \\|publisher\\=Indiatoday.in \\|date\\=7 June 1999 \\|access\\-date\\=26 August 2019}}", "[Fazil](/wiki/Fazil_%28director%29 \"Fazil (director)\")'s *[Manichitrathazhu](/wiki/Manichitrathazhu \"Manichitrathazhu\")* (1993\\), scripted by [Madhu Muttam](/wiki/Madhu_Muttam \"Madhu Muttam\"), is inspired by a tragedy that happened in an [Ezhava](/wiki/Ezhava \"Ezhava\") *[tharavad](/wiki/Tharavad \"Tharavad\")* of [Alummoottil](/wiki/Alummoottil \"Alummoottil\") meda' (an old traditional house) located at Muttom, Alappuzha district, with a central [Travancore](/wiki/Travancore \"Travancore\") [Channar](/wiki/Ezhava \"Ezhava\") family, in the 19th century.{{Cite book \\|last1\\=Osella \\|first1\\=Filippo \\|url\\={{GBurl\\|rMRw0gTZSJwC\\|p\\=264}} \\|title\\=Social Mobility in Kerala: Modernity and Identity in Conflict \\|last2\\=Osella \\|first2\\=Caroline \\|publisher\\=Pluto Press \\|year\\=2000 \\|isbn\\=0\\-7453\\-1693\\-X \\|page\\=264}} It was remade in four languages – in [Kannada](/wiki/Kannada \"Kannada\") as *[Apthamitra](/wiki/Apthamitra \"Apthamitra\")*, in [Tamil](/wiki/Tamil_language \"Tamil language\") as *[Chandramukhi](/wiki/Chandramukhi \"Chandramukhi\")* , in [Bengali](/wiki/Bengali_language \"Bengali language\") as *[Rajmohol](/wiki/Rajmohol \"Rajmohol\")* and in [Hindi](/wiki/Hindi \"Hindi\") as *[Bhool Bhulaiyaa](/wiki/Bhool_Bhulaiyaa \"Bhool Bhulaiyaa\")* – all being commercially successful.{{Cite news\\|title\\=Shobana reminisces on impact of Manichitrathazhu on film's \"27 birthday\" \\|url\\=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/shobana\\-reminisces\\-on\\-impact\\-of\\-manichitrathazhu\\-on\\-films\\-27\\-birthday/articleshow/79880037\\.cms\\|access\\-date\\=8 July 2021\\|website\\=The Times of India\\|language\\=en\\|last1\\=Mathews \\|first1\\=Anna }} [Jeethu Joseph](/wiki/Jeethu_Joseph \"Jeethu Joseph\")'s *[Drishyam](/wiki/Drishyam \"Drishyam\")* (2013\\) was remade into four other Indian languages: *[Drishya](/wiki/Drishya \"Drishya\")* (2014\\) in [Kannada](/wiki/Kannada \"Kannada\"), *[Drushyam](/wiki/Drushyam \"Drushyam\")* (2014\\) in [Telugu](/wiki/Telugu_language \"Telugu language\"), *[Papanasam](/wiki/Papanasam_%28film%29 \"Papanasam (film)\")* (2015\\) in [Tamil](/wiki/Tamil_language \"Tamil language\") and *[Drishyam](/wiki/Drishyam_%282015_film%29 \"Drishyam (2015 film)\")* (2015\\) in [Hindi](/wiki/Hindi \"Hindi\"). Internationally, it was remade in [Sinhala](/wiki/Sinhala_language \"Sinhala language\") language as *[Dharmayuddhaya](/wiki/Dharmayuddhaya \"Dharmayuddhaya\")* (2017\\) and in [Chinese](/wiki/Chinese_language \"Chinese language\") as *[Sheep Without a Shepherd](/wiki/Sheep_Without_a_Shepherd \"Sheep Without a Shepherd\")* (2019\\), and also in [Indonesian](/wiki/Indonesian_language \"Indonesian language\").{{Cite web \\|date\\=22 January 2020 \\|title\\=Wu Sha: The Chinese remake of Mohanlal starrer Drishyam is minting moolah \\|url\\=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/mohanlal\\-drishyam\\-chinese\\-remake\\-box\\-office\\-6228054/ \\|website\\=The Indian Express}}{{cite tweet\\|number\\=1438519432154730500\\|user\\=antonypbvr\\|title\\=ഇൻഡോനേഷ്യൻ ഭാഷയിലേക്ക് റീമേക്ക് ചെയ്യുന്ന ആദ്യ മലയാള ചിത്രമായി 'ദൃശ്യം' മാറിയ വിവരം സന്തോഷപൂർവം അറിയിക്കുന്നു. ജ...\\|date\\=16 September 2021}}{{Cite news \\|title\\=Mohanlal's 'Drishyam' to be remade in Indonesian \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Times of India]] \\|url\\=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/big\\-update\\-mohanlal\\-jeethu\\-josephs\\-drishyam\\-to\\-get\\-an\\-indonesian\\-remake/articleshow/86284816\\.cms}}", "#### Kannada", "{{multiple image\n\\| align \\= right\n\\| image1 \\= GIRISH KASARAVALLI AT IFFK 2021 6\\.jpg\n\\| width1 \\= 120\n\\| alt1 \\= \n\\| caption1 \\= \n\\| image2 \\= Girish Karnad Screening Cornell.JPG\n\\| width2 \\= 135\n\\| alt2 \\= \n\\| caption2 \\= \n\\| footer \\= \\[\\[Girish Kasaravalli]] (left) and \\[\\[Girish Karnad]] (right)\n}}", "Ethnographic works took prominence such as [B. V. Karanth](/wiki/B._V._Karanth \"B. V. Karanth\")'s *[Chomana Dudi](/wiki/Chomana_Dudi \"Chomana Dudi\")* (1975\\), (based on *Chomana Dudi* by [Shivaram Karanth](/wiki/Shivaram_Karanth \"Shivaram Karanth\")), [Girish Karnad](/wiki/Girish_Karnad \"Girish Karnad\")'s *[Kaadu](/wiki/Kaadu_%281973_Kannada_film%29 \"Kaadu (1973 Kannada film)\")* (1973\\), (based on *Kaadu* by [Srikrishna Alanahalli](/wiki/Srikrishna_Alanahalli \"Srikrishna Alanahalli\")), [Pattabhirama Reddy](/wiki/Tikkavarapu_Pattabhirama_Reddy \"Tikkavarapu Pattabhirama Reddy\")'s *[Samskara](/wiki/Samskara_%28film%29 \"Samskara (film)\")* (1970\\) (based on *Samskara* by [U. R. Ananthamurthy](/wiki/U._R._Ananthamurthy \"U. R. Ananthamurthy\")), fetching the Bronze Leopard at [Locarno International Film Festival](/wiki/Locarno_International_Film_Festival \"Locarno International Film Festival\"),{{Cite web \\|title\\=Tikkavarapu Pattabhirama Reddy – Poet, Film maker of international fame from Nellore \\|url\\=http://1nellore.com/1849/tikkavarapu\\-pattabhirama\\-reddy\\-poet\\-film\\-maker\\-of\\-international\\-fame/ \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006102018/http://1nellore.com/1849/tikkavarapu\\-pattabhirama\\-reddy\\-poet\\-film\\-maker\\-of\\-international\\-fame/ \\|archive\\-date\\=6 October 2014 \\|access\\-date\\=26 January 2016}} and [T. S. Nagabharana](/wiki/T._S._Nagabharana \"T. S. Nagabharana\")'s [Mysuru Mallige](/wiki/Mysore_Mallige_%28film%29 \"Mysore Mallige (film)\") (based on the works of poet [K. S. Narasimhaswamy](/wiki/K._S._Narasimhaswamy \"K. S. Narasimhaswamy\")).{{Cite web \\|title\\=TS Nagabharana movies list \\|url\\=http://www.bharatmovies.com/director/ts\\-nagabharana\\-movies.htm \\|access\\-date\\=4 November 2016 \\|website\\=bharatmovies.com}} [Girish Kasaravalli](/wiki/Girish_Kasaravalli \"Girish Kasaravalli\")'s *[Ghatashraddha](/wiki/Ghatashraddha \"Ghatashraddha\")* (1977\\), won the Ducats Award at the Manneham Film Festival Germany,{{Cite web \\|title\\=Asiatic Film Mediale \\|url\\=http://www.asiaticafilmmediale.it/2002/uk/intro.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081116041627/http://www.asiaticafilmmediale.it/2002/uk/intro.html \\|archive\\-date\\=16 November 2008 \\|publisher\\=asiaticafilmmediale.it }} *[Dweepa](/wiki/Dweepa \"Dweepa\")* (2002\\), made to Best Film at [Moscow International Film Festival](/wiki/Moscow_International_Film_Festival \"Moscow International Film Festival\"),{{Cite news \\|date\\=25 April 2011 \\|title\\=Girish Kasaravalli to be felicitated \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Hindu]] \\|url\\=http://www.thehindu.com/todays\\-paper/tp\\-national/tp\\-karnataka/girish\\-kasaravalli\\-to\\-be\\-felicitated/article1765035\\.ece \\|access\\-date\\=25 March 2014}}{{Cite web \\|date\\=25 October 2002 \\|title\\=A genius of theatre \\|url\\=http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1920/stories/20021011005912100\\.htm \\|access\\-date\\=14 March 2009 \\|website\\=The Frontline \\|archive\\-date\\=6 December 2008 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206090143/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1920/stories/20021011005912100\\.htm \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}", "[Prashanth Neel](/wiki/Prashanth_Neel \"Prashanth Neel\")'s *[K.G.F](/wiki/K.G.F_%28film_series%29 \"K.G.F (film series)\")* (2018, 2022\\) is a [period](/wiki/Period_film \"Period film\") [action](/wiki/Action_film \"Action film\") series based on the [Kolar Gold Fields](/wiki/Kolar_Gold_Fields \"Kolar Gold Fields\").{{Cite news \\|title\\=The story of KGF is fresh and special for Indian cinema: Yash \\|url\\=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2018/dec/05/no\\-technology\\-can\\-replace\\-the\\-theatrical\\-experience\\-1907707\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=12 September 2022 \\|newspaper\\=The New Indian Express \\| first\\=Shilajit \\| last\\=Mitra \\| date\\=5 December 2018 }} Set in the late 1970s and early 1980s the series follows Raja Krishnappa Bairya aka Rocky ([Yash](/wiki/Yash_%28actor%29 \"Yash (actor)\")), a Mumbai\\-based high ranking [mercenary](/wiki/Contract_killing \"Contract killing\") born in poverty, to his rise to power in the Kolar Gold Fields and the subsequent uprising as one of the biggest gangster and businessman at that time.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://telugu.news18\\.com/news/movies/yash\\-prashanth\\-neel\\-kgf\\-chapter\\-2\\-total\\-world\\-wide\\-box\\-office\\-closing\\-collections\\-ta\\-1327904\\.html \\| title\\=KGF Chapter 2 Closing Collections : యశ్ కేజీఎఫ్ ఛాప్టర్ 2 క్లోజింగ్ కలెక్షన్స్.. ఎన్ని వందల కోట్ల లాభం అంటే \\| date\\=9 June 2022 }}{{cite web \\|title\\=Yash's KGF: Chapter 2 makes multiple records in Canada \\|url\\=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/gallery/entertainment/yash\\-kgf\\-chapter\\-2\\-makes\\-multiple\\-records\\-in\\-canada\\-drb\\-rcfwqh \\|access\\-date\\=29 May 2022 \\|website\\=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd \\|language\\=en}} The film gathered cult following becoming the [highest\\-grossing Kannada film](/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_Kannada_films \"List of highest-grossing Kannada films\").{{citation\\|title\\=Yash's film KGF: Chapter 1 made more than Rs 250 crore at the box office worldwide and became a magnum\\-opus. Now, the makers are busy with pre\\-production work of KGF: Chapter 2\\.\\|date\\=9 February 2019\\|url\\=https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/movies/regional\\-cinema/story/yash\\-reveals\\-he\\-has\\-approached\\-sanjay\\-dutt\\-for\\-kgf\\-chapter\\-2\\-1452187\\-2019\\-02\\-09\\|work\\=indiatoday}} [Rishab Shetty](/wiki/Rishab_Shetty \"Rishab Shetty\")'s *[Kantara](/wiki/Kantara_%28film%29 \"Kantara (film)\")* (2022\\), received acclaim for showcasing the [Bhoota Kola](/wiki/Buta_Kola \"Buta Kola\"), a native [Ceremonial dance](/wiki/Ceremonial_dance \"Ceremonial dance\") performance prevalent among the [Hindus](/wiki/Hindus \"Hindus\") of coastal Karnataka.{{cite news \\|title\\=Kantara Twitter review: Celebs and netizens hail Rishab Shetty's film as a masterpiece \\|url\\=https://www.ottplay.com/news/kantara\\-twitter\\-review\\-celebs\\-and\\-netizens\\-hail\\-rishab\\-shettys\\-film\\-as\\-a\\-masterpiece/a62eac765e36\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=30 September 2022 \\|work\\=Ottplay \\|language\\=en }}{{Dead link\\|date\\=May 2023 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }}", "#### Marathi", "[Marathi cinema](/wiki/Marathi_cinema \"Marathi cinema\") also known as Marathi film industry, is a film industry based in [Mumbai](/wiki/Mumbai \"Mumbai\"), [Maharashtra](/wiki/Maharashtra \"Maharashtra\"). It is the oldest film industry of India. The first Marathi movie, *Raja Harishchandra* of Dadasaheb Phalke was made in 1912, released in 1913 in [Girgaon](/wiki/Girgaon \"Girgaon\"), it was a silent film with [Marathi](/wiki/Marathi_language \"Marathi language\")\\-English [intertitles](/wiki/Intertitle \"Intertitle\") made with full Marathi actors and crew, after the film emerged successful, Phalke made many movies on Hindu mythology.", "In 1932, the first [sound film](/wiki/Sound_film \"Sound film\"), [Ayodhyecha Raja](/wiki/Ayodhyecha_Raja \"Ayodhyecha Raja\") was released, just five years after 1st Hollywood sound film *[The Jazz Singer](/wiki/The_Jazz_Singer \"The Jazz Singer\")* (1927\\). The first Marathi film in colour, *[Pinjara](/wiki/Pinjara_%28film%29 \"Pinjara (film)\")* (1972\\), was made by [V. Shantaram](/wiki/V._Shantaram \"V. Shantaram\"). In 1960s{{En dash}}70s movies was based on rural, social subjects with drama and humour genre, [Nilu Phule](/wiki/Nilu_Phule \"Nilu Phule\") was prominent villain that time. In 1980s, M. Kothare and [Sachin Pilgaonkar](/wiki/Sachin_Pilgaonkar_%28actor%29 \"Sachin Pilgaonkar (actor)\") made many hit movies on thriller, and comedy genre respectively. [Ashok Saraf](/wiki/Ashok_Saraf \"Ashok Saraf\") and [Laxmikant Berde](/wiki/Laxmikant_Berde \"Laxmikant Berde\") starred in many of these and emerged as top actors. Mid\\-2000s onwards, the industry frequently made hit movies.", "" ]
#### Hindi Realistic [parallel cinema](/wiki/Parallel_cinema "Parallel cinema") continued throughout the 1970s,Rajadhyaksa, 685 practised in many Indian film cultures. The FFC's art film orientation came under criticism during a Committee on Public Undertakings investigation in 1976, which accused the body of not doing enough to encourage commercial cinema.Rajadhyaksa, 688 Hindi commercial cinema continued with films such as *[Aradhana](/wiki/Aradhana_%281969_film%29 "Aradhana (1969 film)")* (1969\), *[Sachaa Jhutha](/wiki/Sachaa_Jhutha "Sachaa Jhutha")* (1970\), *[Haathi Mere Saathi](/wiki/Haathi_Mere_Saathi_%281971_film%29 "Haathi Mere Saathi (1971 film)")* (1971\), *[Anand](/wiki/Anand_%281971_film%29 "Anand (1971 film)")* (1971\), *[Kati Patang](/wiki/Kati_Patang "Kati Patang")* (1971\) *[Amar Prem](/wiki/Amar_Prem "Amar Prem")* (1972\), *[Dushman](/wiki/Dushman_%281971_film%29 "Dushman (1971 film)")* (1972\) and *[Daag](/wiki/Daag_%281973_film%29 "Daag (1973 film)")* (1973\).{{importance inline\|date\=October 2022}} {{multiple image \| align \= right \| image1 \= SalimKhan.jpg \| width1 \= 120 \| alt1 \= \| caption1 \= \| image2 \= Akhtar for Talaash.jpg \| width2 \= 160 \| alt2 \= \| caption2 \= \| footer \= The screenwriting duo \[\[Salim–Javed]], consisting of \[\[Salim Khan]] (l) and \[\[Javed Akhtar]] (r), revitalised Indian cinema in the 1970s{{Cite web \|date\=25 April 2013 \|title\=Salim\-Javed: Writing Duo that Revolutionized Indian Cinema \|url\=https://pandolin.com/salim\-javed\-writing\-duo\-that\-revolutionized\-indian\-cinema/ \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201035749/https://pandolin.com/salim\-javed\-writing\-duo\-that\-revolutionized\-indian\-cinema/ \|archive\-date\=1 December 2017 \|access\-date\=29 November 2017 \|website\=Pandolin}} and are considered \[\[Bollywood]]'s greatest \[\[screenwriter]]s.{{Cite book \|last\=Chaudhuri \|first\=Diptakirti \|url\={{google books\|plainurl\=y\|id\=Cri9CgAAQBAJ}} \|title\=Written by Salim\-Javed: The Story of Hindi Cinema's Greatest Screenwriters \|date\=1 October 2015 \|publisher\=\[\[Penguin Books\|Penguin UK]] \|isbn\=9789352140084}} }} By the early 1970s, Hindi cinema was experiencing thematic stagnation,{{Cite book \|last\=Raj \|first\=Ashok \|url\={{google books\|plainurl\=y\|id\=2wo9BAAAQBAJ\|page\=21}} \|title\=Hero Vol.2 \|date\=2009 \|publisher\=\[\[Hay House]] \|isbn\=9789381398036 \|page\=21 \|language\=en}} dominated by musical [romance films](/wiki/Romance_film "Romance film").{{Cite news \|date\=20 June 2017 \|title\=Revisiting Prakash Mehra's Zanjeer: The film that made Amitabh Bachchan \|work\=\[\[The Indian Express]] \|url\=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/revisiting\-prakash\-mehra\-zanjeer\-the\-film\-that\-made\-amitabh\-bachchan\-4714064/}} Screenwriter duo [Salim–Javed](/wiki/Salim%E2%80%93Javed "Salim–Javed") ([Salim Khan](/wiki/Salim_Khan "Salim Khan") and [Javed Akhtar](/wiki/Javed_Akhtar "Javed Akhtar")) revitalised the industry. They established the genre of gritty, violent, [Bombay underworld](/wiki/Bombay_underworld "Bombay underworld") [crime films](/wiki/Crime_film "Crime film") with *[Zanjeer](/wiki/Zanjeer_%281973_film%29 "Zanjeer (1973 film)")* (1973\) and *[Deewaar](/wiki/Deewaar "Deewaar")* (1975\).{{Cite book \|last\=Ganti \|first\=Tejaswini \|url\={{google books\|plainurl\=y\|id\=GTEa93azj9EC\|page\=153}} \|title\=Bollywood: A Guidebook to Popular Hindi Cinema \|date\=2004 \|publisher\=\[\[Psychology Press]] \|isbn\=9780415288545 \|page\=153 \|language\=en}}{{Cite book \|last\=Chaudhuri \|first\=Diptakirti \|url\={{google books\|plainurl\=y\|id\=Cri9CgAAQBAJ\|page\=72}} \|title\=Written by Salim\-Javed: The Story of Hindi Cinema's Greatest Screenwriters \|date\=2015 \|publisher\=\[\[Penguin Books]] \|isbn\=9789352140084 \|page\=72 \|language\=en}} They reinterpreted the rural themes of *Mother India* and *Gunga Jumna* in an urban context reflecting 1970s India,{{Cite book \|last\=Kumar \|first\=Surendra \|url\={{google books\|plainurl\=y\|id\=AfJkAAAAMAAJ\|page\=51}} \|title\=Legends of Indian cinema: pen portraits \|date\=2003 \|publisher\=Har\-Anand Publications \|page\=51 \|language\=en}} channelling the growing discontent and disillusionment among the masses, unprecedented growth of [slums](/wiki/Slum "Slum") and urban poverty, corruption and crime,{{Cite book \|last\=Chaudhuri \|first\=Diptakirti \|url\={{google books\|plainurl\=y\|id\=Cri9CgAAQBAJ\|page\=74}} \|title\=Written by Salim\-Javed: The Story of Hindi Cinema's Greatest Screenwriters \|date\=2015 \|publisher\=\[\[Penguin Group]] \|isbn\=9789352140084 \|page\=74 \|language\=en}} as well as [anti\-establishment](/wiki/Anti-establishment "Anti-establishment") themes.{{Cite news \|date\=29 January 2017 \|title\=Deewaar was the perfect script: Amitabh Bachchan on 42 years of the cult film \|work\=Hindustan Times \|url\=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/deewaar\-was\-the\-perfect\-script\-amitabh\-bachchan\-on\-42\-years\-of\-the\-cult\-film/story\-x2hy87zQ0ebVlsVMV59U2I.html}} This resulted in their creation of the "angry young man", personified by [Amitabh Bachchan](/wiki/Amitabh_Bachchan "Amitabh Bachchan"), who reinterpreted Kumar's performance in *Gunga Jumna* and gave a voice to the urban poor.{{Cite book \|last\=Mazumdar \|first\=Ranjani \|url\={{google books\|plainurl\=y\|id\=xenNBrRKOGoC\|page\=14}} \|title\=Bombay Cinema: An Archive of the City \|publisher\=\[\[University of Minnesota Press]] \|year\=2007 \|isbn\=9781452913025 \|page\=14 \|language\=en}} By the mid\-1970s, Bachchan's position as a lead actor was solidified by crime\-action films *Zanjeer* and *[Sholay](/wiki/Sholay "Sholay")* (1975\). The devotional classic *[Jai Santoshi Ma](/wiki/Jai_Santoshi_Ma "Jai Santoshi Ma")* (1975\) was made on a low budget and became a box office success and a cult classic. Another important film was *[Deewaar](/wiki/Deewaar "Deewaar")* (1975, [Yash Chopra](/wiki/Yash_Chopra "Yash Chopra")), a [crime film](/wiki/Crime_film "Crime film") with brothers on opposite sides of the law which [Danny Boyle](/wiki/Danny_Boyle "Danny Boyle") described as "absolutely key to Indian cinema". The term "[Bollywood](/wiki/Bollywood "Bollywood")" was coined in the 1970s,{{Cite news \|last\=Anand \|date\=7 March 2004 \|title\=On the Bollywood beat \|work\=\[\[The Hindu]] \|location\=Chennai, India \|url\=http://www.hindu.com/lr/2004/03/07/stories/2004030700390600\.htm \|url\-status\=dead \|access\-date\=31 May 2009 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20040403234115/http://www.hindu.com/lr/2004/03/07/stories/2004030700390600\.htm \|archive\-date\=3 April 2004}}{{Cite web \|last\=Subhash K Jha \|date\=8 April 2005 \|title\=Amit Khanna: The Man who saw 'Bollywood' \|url\=http://sify.com/movies/bollywood/fullstory.php?id\=13713296 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20050409171523/http://sify.com/movies/bollywood/fullstory.php?id\=13713296 \|archive\-date\=9 April 2005 \|access\-date\=31 May 2009 \|website\=\[\[Sify]]}} when the conventions of commercial Bombay\-produced Hindi films were established.{{Cite book \|last\=Chaudhuri \|first\=Diptakirti \|url\={{google books\|plainurl\=y\|id\=Cri9CgAAQBAJ\|page\=58}} \|title\=Written by Salim\-Javed: The Story of Hindi Cinema's Greatest Screenwriters \|date\=1 October 2015 \|publisher\=\[\[Penguin Books\|Penguin UK]] \|isbn\=9789352140084 \|page\=58}} Key to this was [Nasir Hussain](/wiki/Nasir_Hussain "Nasir Hussain") and Salim–Javed's creation of the [masala film](/wiki/Masala_film "Masala film") genre, which combines elements of [action](/wiki/Action_film "Action film"), [comedy](/wiki/Comedy_film "Comedy film"), [romance](/wiki/Romance_film "Romance film"), [drama](/wiki/Drama_film "Drama film"), [melodrama](/wiki/Melodrama "Melodrama") and [musical](/wiki/Musical_film "Musical film").{{Cite news \|date\=30 March 2017 \|title\=How film\-maker Nasir Husain started the trend for Bollywood masala films \|work\=Hindustan Times \|url\=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/how\-film\-maker\-nasir\-husain\-created\-the\-prototype\-for\-bollywood\-masala\-films/story\-ckL6zPLHJFDYoupjFBtbfN.html}} Their film *[Yaadon Ki Baarat](/wiki/Yaadon_Ki_Baarat "Yaadon Ki Baarat")* (1973\) has been identified as the first masala film and the first quintessentially Bollywood film.Kaushik Bhaumik, [An Insightful Reading of Our Many Indian Identities](https://thewire.in/24564/an-insightful-reading-of-our-many-indian-identities/), [The Wire](/wiki/The_Wire_%28Indian_web_publication%29 "The Wire (Indian web publication)"), 12 March 2016 Masala films made Bachchan the biggest Bollywood movie star of the period. Another landmark was *[Amar Akbar Anthony](/wiki/Amar_Akbar_Anthony "Amar Akbar Anthony")* (1977, [Manmohan Desai](/wiki/Manmohan_Desai "Manmohan Desai")).{{Cite book \|last\=Rachel Dwyer \|url\={{google books\|plainurl\=y\|id\=4EBNAQAAIAAJ}} \|title\=100 Bollywood films \|publisher\=Lotus Collection, Roli Books \|year\=2005 \|isbn\=978\-81\-7436\-433\-3 \|page\=14 \|access\-date\=6 August 2013}} Desai further expanded the genre in the 1970s and 1980s. Commercial Hindi cinema grew in the 1980s, with films such as *[Ek Duuje Ke Liye](/wiki/Ek_Duuje_Ke_Liye "Ek Duuje Ke Liye")* (1981\), *[Disco Dancer](/wiki/Disco_Dancer "Disco Dancer")* (1982\), *[Himmatwala](/wiki/Himmatwala_%281983_film%29 "Himmatwala (1983 film)")* (1983\), *[Tohfa](/wiki/Tohfa "Tohfa")* (1984\), *[Naam](/wiki/Naam_%281986_film%29 "Naam (1986 film)")* (1986\), *[Mr India](/wiki/Mr._India_%281987_film%29 "Mr. India (1987 film)")* (1987\), and *[Tezaab](/wiki/Tezaab "Tezaab")* (1988\). In the late 1980s,{{clarify timeframe\|date\=October 2022\|reason\=The following sentence talks about a revival in 1982, not the late 1980s}} Hindi cinema experienced another period of stagnation, with a decline in box office turnout, due to increasing violence, decline in musical melodic quality, and rise in video piracy, leading to middle\-class family audiences abandoning theatres. The turning point came with Indian blockbuster *[Disco Dancer](/wiki/Disco_Dancer "Disco Dancer")* (1982\) which began the era of disco music in Indian cinema. Lead actor [Mithun Chakraborty](/wiki/Mithun_Chakraborty "Mithun Chakraborty") and music director [Bappi Lahiri](/wiki/Bappi_Lahiri "Bappi Lahiri") had the highest number of mainstream Indian hit movies that decade. At the end of the decade, [Yash Chopra](/wiki/Yash_Chopra "Yash Chopra")'s *[Chandni](/wiki/Chandni_%28film%29 "Chandni (film)")* (1989\) created a new formula for Bollywood musical romance films, reviving the genre and defining Hindi cinema in the years that followed.{{Cite web \|last\=iDiva \|date\=13 October 2011 \|title\=Sridevi – The Dancing Queen \|url\=http://idiva.com/photogallery\-entertainment/sridevi\-the\-dancing\-queen/8403 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130224051712/http://idiva.com/photogallery\-entertainment/sridevi\-the\-dancing\-queen/8403 \|archive\-date\=24 February 2013 \|access\-date\=21 May 2019}}{{Cite news \|last\=Ray \|first\=Kunal \|date\=18 December 2016 \|title\=Romancing the 1980s \|language\=en\-IN \|work\=\[\[The Hindu]] \|url\=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/Romancing\-the\-1980s/article16898867\.ece}} Commercial Hindi cinema grew in the late 1980s and 1990s, with the release of *[Mr. India](/wiki/Mr._India_%281987_film%29 "Mr. India (1987 film)")* (1987\), *[Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak](/wiki/Qayamat_Se_Qayamat_Tak "Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak")* (1988\), *[Chaalbaaz](/wiki/ChaalBaaz "ChaalBaaz")* (1989\), *[Maine Pyar Kiya](/wiki/Maine_Pyar_Kiya "Maine Pyar Kiya")* (1989\), *[Lamhe](/wiki/Lamhe "Lamhe")* (1991\), *[Saajan](/wiki/Saajan "Saajan")* (1991\), *[Khuda Gawah](/wiki/Khuda_Gawah "Khuda Gawah")* (1992\), *[Khalnayak](/wiki/Khalnayak "Khalnayak")* (1993\), *[Darr](/wiki/Darr "Darr")* (1993\), *[Hum Aapke Hain Koun..!](/wiki/Hum_Aapke_Hain_Koun..%21 "Hum Aapke Hain Koun..!")* (1994\), *[Dilwale Dulhaniya Le Jayenge](/wiki/Dilwale_Dulhaniya_Le_Jayenge "Dilwale Dulhaniya Le Jayenge")* (1995\), *[Dil To Pagal Hai](/wiki/Dil_To_Pagal_Hai "Dil To Pagal Hai")* (1997\), *[Pyar Kiya Toh Darna Kya](/wiki/Pyaar_Kiya_To_Darna_Kya_%281998_film%29 "Pyaar Kiya To Darna Kya (1998 film)")* (1998\) and *[Kuch Kuch Hota Hai](/wiki/Kuch_Kuch_Hota_Hai "Kuch Kuch Hota Hai")* (1998\). Cult classic *[Bandit Queen](/wiki/Bandit_Queen "Bandit Queen")* (1994\) directed by [Shekhar Kapur](/wiki/Shekhar_Kapur "Shekhar Kapur") received international recognition and controversy.[Arundhati Roy, Author\-Activist](http://www.india-today.com/itoday/19991213/roy.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124103723/http://www.india\-today.com/itoday/19991213/roy.html \|date\=24 November 2010 }} *india\-today.com*. Retrieved 16 June 2013["The Great Indian Rape\-Trick"](http://www.sawnet.org/books/writing/roy_bq1.html) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414182145/http://www.sawnet.org/books/writing/roy\_bq1\.html\|date\=14 April 2016}}, SAWNET – The South Asian Women's NETwork. Retrieved 25 November 2011 [thumb\|202x202px\|[Sridevi](/wiki/Sridevi "Sridevi") (2012\) was regarded as the most popular female star in Indian cinema.{{Cite web \|title\=From India Today Magazine {{!}} When Sridevi emerged as the highest paid Indian actress \|url\=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society\-the\-arts/films/story/19870630\-sridevi\-emerges\-as\-the\-undisputed\-empress\-of\-tinsel\-town\-the\-highest\-paid\-indian\-actress\-799027\-1987\-06\-29 \|access\-date\=9 April 2023 \|website\=India Today \|date\=30 June 1987 \|language\=en}}](/wiki/File:Sridevi%2C_Zee_Cine_Awards_2018.jpg "Sridevi, Zee Cine Awards 2018.jpg") In the late 1990s, there was a resurgence of parallel cinema in Bollywood, largely due to the critical and commercial success of [crime films](/wiki/Crime_films "Crime films") such as *[Satya](/wiki/Satya_%281998_film%29 "Satya (1998 film)")* (1998\) and *[Vaastav](/wiki/Vaastav "Vaastav")* (1999\). These films launched a genre known as "Mumbai noir",{{Cite news \|last\=Aruti Nayar \|date\=16 December 2007 \|title\=Bollywood on the table \|work\=The Tribune \|url\=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20071216/spectrum/main11\.htm \|access\-date\=19 June 2008}} reflecting social problems in the city.{{Cite web \|last\=Christian Jungen \|date\=4 April 2009 \|title\=Urban Movies: The Diversity of Indian Cinema \|url\=http://www.fipresci.org/festivals/archive/2009/fribourg/indian\_cinema\_chjungen.htm \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090617225942/http://www.fipresci.org/festivals/archive/2009/fribourg/indian\_cinema\_chjungen.htm \|archive\-date\=17 June 2009 \|access\-date\=11 May 2009 \|publisher\=\[\[FIPRESCI]]}} [Ram Gopal Varma](/wiki/Ram_Gopal_Varma "Ram Gopal Varma") directed the [Indian Political Trilogy](/wiki/Sarkar_%28film_series%29 "Sarkar (film series)"), and the [Indian Gangster Trilogy](/wiki/Gangster_%28film_series%29 "Gangster (film series)"); film critic Rajeev Masand had labelled the latter series as one of the "most influential movies of Bollywood.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/masands\-verdict\-contract\-mangled\-mess\-of\-satya\-company/69135\-8\.html\|title\=Masand's Verdict: ''Contract'', mangled mess of ''Satya'', ''Company''\|work\=CNN\-News18}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?227527\|title\=Behind The Scenes \- Rachel Dwyer \- May 30, 2005\|work\=outlookindia.com}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20071216/spectrum/main11\.htm\|title\=The Sunday Tribune \- Spectrum\|work\=tribuneindia.com}} The first instalment of the trilogy, [*Satya*](/wiki/Satya_%281998_film%29 "Satya (1998 film)"), was also listed in [CNN\-IBN](/wiki/CNN-IBN "CNN-IBN")'s 100 greatest [Indian films](/wiki/Indian_films "Indian films") of all time.{{cite web\|url\=http://ibnlive.in.com/photogallery/13200\.html\|title\=100 Years of Indian Cinema: The 100 greatest Indian films of all time\|work\=IBNLive\|access\-date\=18 May 2013\|archive\-date\=24 April 2013\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130424003536/http://ibnlive.in.com/photogallery/13200\.html\|url\-status\=dead}} Since the 1990s, the three biggest Bollywood movie stars have been the "[Three Khans](/wiki/Khans_of_Bollywood "Khans of Bollywood")": [Aamir Khan](/wiki/Aamir_Khan "Aamir Khan"), [Shah Rukh Khan](/wiki/Shah_Rukh_Khan "Shah Rukh Khan"), and [Salman Khan](/wiki/Salman_Khan "Salman Khan").{{Cite web \|date\=18 September 2012 \|title\=The Three Khans of Bollywood – DESIblitz \|url\=https://www.desiblitz.com/content/the\-three\-khans\-of\-bollywood}}{{Cite web \|last\=Cain \|first\=Rob \|title\=Are Bollywood's Three Khans The Last Of The Movie Kings? \|url\=https://www.forbes.com/sites/robcain/2016/03/20/are\-bollywoods\-three\-khans\-the\-last\-of\-the\-movie\-kings/ \|website\=\[\[Forbes]]}} Combined, they starred in the top ten [highest\-grossing Bollywood films](/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_Bollywood_films "List of highest-grossing Bollywood films"), and have dominated the Indian box office since the 1990s.{{Cite news \|last\=Raghavendra \|first\=MK \|date\=16 October 2016 \|title\=After Aamir, SRK, Salman, why Bollywood's next male superstar may need a decade to rise \|language\=en \|work\=Firstpost \|url\=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/after\-aamir\-srk\-salman\-why\-bollywoods\-next\-male\-superstar\-may\-need\-a\-decade\-to\-rise\-3049864\.html \|access\-date\=18 May 2022}}{{Cite news \|agency\=Agence France\-Presse \|date\=12 July 2017 \|title\=Why Aamir Khan Is The King Of Khans: Foreign Media \|work\=NDTV \|url\=https://www.ndtv.com/india\-news/aamir\-khan\-is\-the\-king\-of\-the\-king\-khans\-moved\-ahead\-of\-shah\-rukh\-salman\-1723117 \|access\-date\=18 May 2022}} Shah Rukh Khan was the most successful for most of the 1990s and 2000s, while Aamir Khan has been the most successful since the late 2000s;{{Cite web \|last\=D'Cunha \|first\=Suparna Dutt \|title\=Why 'Dangal' Star Aamir Khan Is The New King Of Bollywood \|url\=https://www.forbes.com/sites/suparnadutt/2017/01/23/why\-dangal\-star\-aamir\-khan\-is\-the\-new\-king\-of\-bollywood/ \|website\=\[\[Forbes]]}} according to *[Forbes](/wiki/Forbes "Forbes")*, Shah Rukh Khan is "arguably the world's biggest movie star" as of 2017, due to his immense popularity in India and China.{{Cite web \|last\=Cain \|first\=Rob \|date\=5 October 2017 \|title\=Why Aamir Khan Is Arguably The World's Biggest Movie Star, Part 2 \|url\=https://www.forbes.com/sites/robcain/2017/10/05/heres\-why\-aamir\-khan\-is\-arguably\-the\-worlds\-biggest\-movie\-star\-part\-2/ \|website\=\[\[Forbes]]}} Other notable Hindi film stars of recent decades include [Arjun Rampal](/wiki/Arjun_Rampal "Arjun Rampal"), [Sunny Deol](/wiki/Sunny_Deol "Sunny Deol"), [Akshay Kumar](/wiki/Akshay_Kumar "Akshay Kumar"), [Ajay Devgn](/wiki/Ajay_Devgn "Ajay Devgn"), [Hrithik Roshan](/wiki/Hrithik_Roshan "Hrithik Roshan"), [Anil Kapoor](/wiki/Anil_Kapoor "Anil Kapoor"), [Sanjay Dutt](/wiki/Sanjay_Dutt "Sanjay Dutt"), [Sridevi](/wiki/Sridevi "Sridevi"), [Madhuri Dixit](/wiki/Madhuri_Dixit "Madhuri Dixit"), [Juhi Chawla](/wiki/Juhi_Chawla "Juhi Chawla"), [Karisma Kapoor](/wiki/Karisma_Kapoor "Karisma Kapoor"), [Kajol](/wiki/Kajol "Kajol"), [Tabu](/wiki/Tabu_%28actress%29 "Tabu (actress)"), [Aishwarya Rai](/wiki/Aishwarya_Rai "Aishwarya Rai"), [Rani Mukerji](/wiki/Rani_Mukerji "Rani Mukerji") and [Preity Zinta](/wiki/Preity_Zinta "Preity Zinta"). *[Haider](/wiki/Haider_%28film%29 "Haider (film)")* (2014, [Vishal Bhardwaj](/wiki/Vishal_Bhardwaj "Vishal Bhardwaj")), the third instalment of the Indian Shakespearean Trilogy after *[Maqbool](/wiki/Maqbool "Maqbool")* (2003\) and *[Omkara](/wiki/Omkara_%282006_film%29 "Omkara (2006 film)")* (2006\),{{Cite news \|last\=Muzaffar Raina \|date\=25 November 2013 \|title\=Protests hit Haider shoot on Valley campus \|work\=\[\[The Telegraph (India)\|The Telegraph]] \|url\=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1131125/jsp/nation/story\_17609286\.jsp \|url\-status\=dead \|access\-date\=11 September 2016 \|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20150420041308/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1131125/jsp/nation/story\_17609286\.jsp%23\.VTR8zH3LfK4 \|archive\-date\=20 April 2015}} won the *People's Choice Award* at the 9th [Rome Film Festival](/wiki/Rome_Film_Festival "Rome Film Festival") in the Mondo Genere making it the first Indian film to achieve this honour.{{Cite web \|date\=25 October 2014 \|title\=The Official Awards of the ninth edition of the Rome Film Festival \|url\=http://www.romacinemafest.it/ecm/web/fcr/en/home/content/the\-official\-awards\-of\-the\-ninth\-edition\-of\-the\-rome\-film\-festival.0000\.FCR\-4509 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141026173454/http://www.romacinemafest.it/ecm/web/fcr/en/home/content/the\-official\-awards\-of\-the\-ninth\-edition\-of\-the\-rome\-film\-festival \|archive\-date\=26 October 2014 \|access\-date\=26 October 2014 \|website\=romacinefest.it}}{{relevance inline\|date\=October 2022}} The 2000s and 2010s also saw the rise of a new generation of popular actors like [Shahid Kapoor](/wiki/Shahid_Kapoor "Shahid Kapoor"), [Ranbir Kapoor](/wiki/Ranbir_Kapoor "Ranbir Kapoor"), [Ranveer Singh](/wiki/Ranveer_Singh "Ranveer Singh"), [Ayushmann Khurrana](/wiki/Ayushmann_Khurrana "Ayushmann Khurrana"), [Varun Dhawan](/wiki/Varun_Dhawan "Varun Dhawan"), [Sidharth Malhotra](/wiki/Sidharth_Malhotra "Sidharth Malhotra"), [Sushant Singh Rajput](/wiki/Sushant_Singh_Rajput "Sushant Singh Rajput"), [Kartik Aaryan](/wiki/Kartik_Aaryan "Kartik Aaryan"), [Arjun Kapoor](/wiki/Arjun_Kapoor "Arjun Kapoor"), [Aditya Roy Kapur](/wiki/Aditya_Roy_Kapur "Aditya Roy Kapur") and [Tiger Shroff](/wiki/Tiger_Shroff "Tiger Shroff"), as well as actresses like [Vidya Balan](/wiki/Vidya_Balan "Vidya Balan"), [Priyanka Chopra](/wiki/Priyanka_Chopra "Priyanka Chopra"), [Kareena Kapoor](/wiki/Kareena_Kapoor "Kareena Kapoor"), [Katrina Kaif](/wiki/Katrina_Kaif "Katrina Kaif"), [Kangana Ranaut](/wiki/Kangana_Ranaut "Kangana Ranaut"), [Deepika Padukone](/wiki/Deepika_Padukone "Deepika Padukone"), [Sonam Kapoor](/wiki/Sonam_Kapoor "Sonam Kapoor"), [Anushka Sharma](/wiki/Anushka_Sharma "Anushka Sharma"), [Shraddha Kapoor](/wiki/Shraddha_Kapoor "Shraddha Kapoor"), [Alia Bhatt](/wiki/Alia_Bhatt "Alia Bhatt"), [Parineeti Chopra](/wiki/Parineeti_Chopra "Parineeti Chopra") and [Kriti Sanon](/wiki/Kriti_Sanon "Kriti Sanon") with Balan, Ranaut and Bhatt gaining wide recognition for successful female\-centric films such as *[The Dirty Picture](/wiki/The_Dirty_Picture "The Dirty Picture")* (2011\), *[Kahaani](/wiki/Kahaani "Kahaani")* (2012\), *[Queen](/wiki/Queen_%282014_film%29 "Queen (2014 film)")* (2014\), *[Highway](/wiki/Highway_%282014_Hindi_film%29 "Highway (2014 Hindi film)")* (2014\), *[Tanu Weds Manu Returns](/wiki/Tanu_Weds_Manu_Returns "Tanu Weds Manu Returns")* (2015\), *[Raazi](/wiki/Raazi "Raazi")* (2018\) and *[Gangubai Kathiawadi](/wiki/Gangubai_Kathiawadi "Gangubai Kathiawadi")* (2022\). [Salim–Javed](/wiki/Salim%E2%80%93Javed "Salim–Javed") were highly influential in [South Indian cinema](/wiki/South_Indian_cinema "South Indian cinema"). In addition to writing two [Kannada films](/wiki/Kannada_cinema "Kannada cinema"), many of their Bollywood films had remakes produced in other regions, including Tamil, Telugu and Malayalam cinema. While the Bollywood directors and producers held the rights to their films in Northern India, Salim–Javed retained the rights in South India, where they sold remake rights for films such as *Zanjeer*, *Yaadon Ki Baarat* and *Don*.{{Cite book \|last1\=Kishore \|first1\=Vikrant \|url\={{google books\|plainurl\=y\|id\=wQLeCwAAQBAJ\|page\=238}} \|title\=Salaam Bollywood: Representations and Interpretations \|last2\=Sarwal \|first2\=Amit \|last3\=Patra \|first3\=Parichay \|date\=2016 \|publisher\=\[\[Routledge]] \|isbn\=9781317232865 \|page\=238 \|language\=en}} Several of these remakes became breakthroughs for actor [Rajinikanth](/wiki/Rajinikanth "Rajinikanth").{{Cite news \|last\=Jha \|first\=Lata \|date\=18 July 2016 \|title\=10 Rajinikanth films that were remakes of Amitabh Bachchan starrers \|work\=\[\[Mint (newspaper)\|Mint]] \|url\=http://www.livemint.com/Consumer/1zecmlLkbhchQlpXOOOsxN/10\-Rajinikanth\-films\-that\-were\-remakes\-of\-Amitabh\-Bachchan\-s.html}} [Sridevi](/wiki/Sridevi "Sridevi") is widely regarded as the first female superstar of Indian cinema due to her pan\-Indian appeal with equally successful careers in [Hindi](/wiki/Bollywood "Bollywood"), [Tamil](/wiki/Tamil_cinema "Tamil cinema"), [Malayalam](/wiki/Malayalam_cinema "Malayalam cinema"), [Kannada](/wiki/Kannada_cinema "Kannada cinema") and [Telugu cinema](/wiki/Telugu_cinema "Telugu cinema"). She is the only Bollywood actor to have starred in a top 10 grossing film each year of her active career (1983–1997\).{{citation needed\|date\=October 2022}}
[ "#### Hindi", "Realistic [parallel cinema](/wiki/Parallel_cinema \"Parallel cinema\") continued throughout the 1970s,Rajadhyaksa, 685 practised in many Indian film cultures. The FFC's art film orientation came under criticism during a Committee on Public Undertakings investigation in 1976, which accused the body of not doing enough to encourage commercial cinema.Rajadhyaksa, 688", "Hindi commercial cinema continued with films such as *[Aradhana](/wiki/Aradhana_%281969_film%29 \"Aradhana (1969 film)\")* (1969\\), *[Sachaa Jhutha](/wiki/Sachaa_Jhutha \"Sachaa Jhutha\")* (1970\\), *[Haathi Mere Saathi](/wiki/Haathi_Mere_Saathi_%281971_film%29 \"Haathi Mere Saathi (1971 film)\")* (1971\\), *[Anand](/wiki/Anand_%281971_film%29 \"Anand (1971 film)\")* (1971\\), *[Kati Patang](/wiki/Kati_Patang \"Kati Patang\")* (1971\\) *[Amar Prem](/wiki/Amar_Prem \"Amar Prem\")* (1972\\), *[Dushman](/wiki/Dushman_%281971_film%29 \"Dushman (1971 film)\")* (1972\\) and *[Daag](/wiki/Daag_%281973_film%29 \"Daag (1973 film)\")* (1973\\).{{importance inline\\|date\\=October 2022}}", "{{multiple image\n\\| align \\= right\n\\| image1 \\= SalimKhan.jpg\n\\| width1 \\= 120\n\\| alt1 \\= \n\\| caption1 \\= \n\\| image2 \\= Akhtar for Talaash.jpg\n\\| width2 \\= 160\n\\| alt2 \\= \n\\| caption2 \\= \n\\| footer \\= The screenwriting duo \\[\\[Salim–Javed]], consisting of \\[\\[Salim Khan]] (l) and \\[\\[Javed Akhtar]] (r), revitalised Indian cinema in the 1970s{{Cite web \\|date\\=25 April 2013 \\|title\\=Salim\\-Javed: Writing Duo that Revolutionized Indian Cinema \\|url\\=https://pandolin.com/salim\\-javed\\-writing\\-duo\\-that\\-revolutionized\\-indian\\-cinema/ \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201035749/https://pandolin.com/salim\\-javed\\-writing\\-duo\\-that\\-revolutionized\\-indian\\-cinema/ \\|archive\\-date\\=1 December 2017 \\|access\\-date\\=29 November 2017 \\|website\\=Pandolin}} and are considered \\[\\[Bollywood]]'s greatest \\[\\[screenwriter]]s.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Chaudhuri \\|first\\=Diptakirti \\|url\\={{google books\\|plainurl\\=y\\|id\\=Cri9CgAAQBAJ}} \\|title\\=Written by Salim\\-Javed: The Story of Hindi Cinema's Greatest Screenwriters \\|date\\=1 October 2015 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Penguin Books\\|Penguin UK]] \\|isbn\\=9789352140084}}\n}}", "By the early 1970s, Hindi cinema was experiencing thematic stagnation,{{Cite book \\|last\\=Raj \\|first\\=Ashok \\|url\\={{google books\\|plainurl\\=y\\|id\\=2wo9BAAAQBAJ\\|page\\=21}} \\|title\\=Hero Vol.2 \\|date\\=2009 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Hay House]] \\|isbn\\=9789381398036 \\|page\\=21 \\|language\\=en}} dominated by musical [romance films](/wiki/Romance_film \"Romance film\").{{Cite news \\|date\\=20 June 2017 \\|title\\=Revisiting Prakash Mehra's Zanjeer: The film that made Amitabh Bachchan \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Indian Express]] \\|url\\=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/revisiting\\-prakash\\-mehra\\-zanjeer\\-the\\-film\\-that\\-made\\-amitabh\\-bachchan\\-4714064/}} Screenwriter duo [Salim–Javed](/wiki/Salim%E2%80%93Javed \"Salim–Javed\") ([Salim Khan](/wiki/Salim_Khan \"Salim Khan\") and [Javed Akhtar](/wiki/Javed_Akhtar \"Javed Akhtar\")) revitalised the industry. They established the genre of gritty, violent, [Bombay underworld](/wiki/Bombay_underworld \"Bombay underworld\") [crime films](/wiki/Crime_film \"Crime film\") with *[Zanjeer](/wiki/Zanjeer_%281973_film%29 \"Zanjeer (1973 film)\")* (1973\\) and *[Deewaar](/wiki/Deewaar \"Deewaar\")* (1975\\).{{Cite book \\|last\\=Ganti \\|first\\=Tejaswini \\|url\\={{google books\\|plainurl\\=y\\|id\\=GTEa93azj9EC\\|page\\=153}} \\|title\\=Bollywood: A Guidebook to Popular Hindi Cinema \\|date\\=2004 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Psychology Press]] \\|isbn\\=9780415288545 \\|page\\=153 \\|language\\=en}}{{Cite book \\|last\\=Chaudhuri \\|first\\=Diptakirti \\|url\\={{google books\\|plainurl\\=y\\|id\\=Cri9CgAAQBAJ\\|page\\=72}} \\|title\\=Written by Salim\\-Javed: The Story of Hindi Cinema's Greatest Screenwriters \\|date\\=2015 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Penguin Books]] \\|isbn\\=9789352140084 \\|page\\=72 \\|language\\=en}} They reinterpreted the rural themes of *Mother India* and *Gunga Jumna* in an urban context reflecting 1970s India,{{Cite book \\|last\\=Kumar \\|first\\=Surendra \\|url\\={{google books\\|plainurl\\=y\\|id\\=AfJkAAAAMAAJ\\|page\\=51}} \\|title\\=Legends of Indian cinema: pen portraits \\|date\\=2003 \\|publisher\\=Har\\-Anand Publications \\|page\\=51 \\|language\\=en}} channelling the growing discontent and disillusionment among the masses, unprecedented growth of [slums](/wiki/Slum \"Slum\") and urban poverty, corruption and crime,{{Cite book \\|last\\=Chaudhuri \\|first\\=Diptakirti \\|url\\={{google books\\|plainurl\\=y\\|id\\=Cri9CgAAQBAJ\\|page\\=74}} \\|title\\=Written by Salim\\-Javed: The Story of Hindi Cinema's Greatest Screenwriters \\|date\\=2015 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Penguin Group]] \\|isbn\\=9789352140084 \\|page\\=74 \\|language\\=en}} as well as [anti\\-establishment](/wiki/Anti-establishment \"Anti-establishment\") themes.{{Cite news \\|date\\=29 January 2017 \\|title\\=Deewaar was the perfect script: Amitabh Bachchan on 42 years of the cult film \\|work\\=Hindustan Times \\|url\\=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/deewaar\\-was\\-the\\-perfect\\-script\\-amitabh\\-bachchan\\-on\\-42\\-years\\-of\\-the\\-cult\\-film/story\\-x2hy87zQ0ebVlsVMV59U2I.html}} This resulted in their creation of the \"angry young man\", personified by [Amitabh Bachchan](/wiki/Amitabh_Bachchan \"Amitabh Bachchan\"), who reinterpreted Kumar's performance in *Gunga Jumna* and gave a voice to the urban poor.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Mazumdar \\|first\\=Ranjani \\|url\\={{google books\\|plainurl\\=y\\|id\\=xenNBrRKOGoC\\|page\\=14}} \\|title\\=Bombay Cinema: An Archive of the City \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[University of Minnesota Press]] \\|year\\=2007 \\|isbn\\=9781452913025 \\|page\\=14 \\|language\\=en}}", "By the mid\\-1970s, Bachchan's position as a lead actor was solidified by crime\\-action films *Zanjeer* and *[Sholay](/wiki/Sholay \"Sholay\")* (1975\\). The devotional classic *[Jai Santoshi Ma](/wiki/Jai_Santoshi_Ma \"Jai Santoshi Ma\")* (1975\\) was made on a low budget and became a box office success and a cult classic. Another important film was *[Deewaar](/wiki/Deewaar \"Deewaar\")* (1975, [Yash Chopra](/wiki/Yash_Chopra \"Yash Chopra\")), a [crime film](/wiki/Crime_film \"Crime film\") with brothers on opposite sides of the law which [Danny Boyle](/wiki/Danny_Boyle \"Danny Boyle\") described as \"absolutely key to Indian cinema\".", "The term \"[Bollywood](/wiki/Bollywood \"Bollywood\")\" was coined in the 1970s,{{Cite news \\|last\\=Anand \\|date\\=7 March 2004 \\|title\\=On the Bollywood beat \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Hindu]] \\|location\\=Chennai, India \\|url\\=http://www.hindu.com/lr/2004/03/07/stories/2004030700390600\\.htm \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|access\\-date\\=31 May 2009 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20040403234115/http://www.hindu.com/lr/2004/03/07/stories/2004030700390600\\.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=3 April 2004}}{{Cite web \\|last\\=Subhash K Jha \\|date\\=8 April 2005 \\|title\\=Amit Khanna: The Man who saw 'Bollywood' \\|url\\=http://sify.com/movies/bollywood/fullstory.php?id\\=13713296 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20050409171523/http://sify.com/movies/bollywood/fullstory.php?id\\=13713296 \\|archive\\-date\\=9 April 2005 \\|access\\-date\\=31 May 2009 \\|website\\=\\[\\[Sify]]}} when the conventions of commercial Bombay\\-produced Hindi films were established.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Chaudhuri \\|first\\=Diptakirti \\|url\\={{google books\\|plainurl\\=y\\|id\\=Cri9CgAAQBAJ\\|page\\=58}} \\|title\\=Written by Salim\\-Javed: The Story of Hindi Cinema's Greatest Screenwriters \\|date\\=1 October 2015 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Penguin Books\\|Penguin UK]] \\|isbn\\=9789352140084 \\|page\\=58}} Key to this was [Nasir Hussain](/wiki/Nasir_Hussain \"Nasir Hussain\") and Salim–Javed's creation of the [masala film](/wiki/Masala_film \"Masala film\") genre, which combines elements of [action](/wiki/Action_film \"Action film\"), [comedy](/wiki/Comedy_film \"Comedy film\"), [romance](/wiki/Romance_film \"Romance film\"), [drama](/wiki/Drama_film \"Drama film\"), [melodrama](/wiki/Melodrama \"Melodrama\") and [musical](/wiki/Musical_film \"Musical film\").{{Cite news \\|date\\=30 March 2017 \\|title\\=How film\\-maker Nasir Husain started the trend for Bollywood masala films \\|work\\=Hindustan Times \\|url\\=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/how\\-film\\-maker\\-nasir\\-husain\\-created\\-the\\-prototype\\-for\\-bollywood\\-masala\\-films/story\\-ckL6zPLHJFDYoupjFBtbfN.html}} Their film *[Yaadon Ki Baarat](/wiki/Yaadon_Ki_Baarat \"Yaadon Ki Baarat\")* (1973\\) has been identified as the first masala film and the first quintessentially Bollywood film.Kaushik Bhaumik, [An Insightful Reading of Our Many Indian Identities](https://thewire.in/24564/an-insightful-reading-of-our-many-indian-identities/), [The Wire](/wiki/The_Wire_%28Indian_web_publication%29 \"The Wire (Indian web publication)\"), 12 March 2016 Masala films made Bachchan the biggest Bollywood movie star of the period. Another landmark was *[Amar Akbar Anthony](/wiki/Amar_Akbar_Anthony \"Amar Akbar Anthony\")* (1977, [Manmohan Desai](/wiki/Manmohan_Desai \"Manmohan Desai\")).{{Cite book \\|last\\=Rachel Dwyer \\|url\\={{google books\\|plainurl\\=y\\|id\\=4EBNAQAAIAAJ}} \\|title\\=100 Bollywood films \\|publisher\\=Lotus Collection, Roli Books \\|year\\=2005 \\|isbn\\=978\\-81\\-7436\\-433\\-3 \\|page\\=14 \\|access\\-date\\=6 August 2013}} Desai further expanded the genre in the 1970s and 1980s.", "Commercial Hindi cinema grew in the 1980s, with films such as *[Ek Duuje Ke Liye](/wiki/Ek_Duuje_Ke_Liye \"Ek Duuje Ke Liye\")* (1981\\), *[Disco Dancer](/wiki/Disco_Dancer \"Disco Dancer\")* (1982\\), *[Himmatwala](/wiki/Himmatwala_%281983_film%29 \"Himmatwala (1983 film)\")* (1983\\), *[Tohfa](/wiki/Tohfa \"Tohfa\")* (1984\\), *[Naam](/wiki/Naam_%281986_film%29 \"Naam (1986 film)\")* (1986\\), *[Mr India](/wiki/Mr._India_%281987_film%29 \"Mr. India (1987 film)\")* (1987\\), and *[Tezaab](/wiki/Tezaab \"Tezaab\")* (1988\\).", "In the late 1980s,{{clarify timeframe\\|date\\=October 2022\\|reason\\=The following sentence talks about a revival in 1982, not the late 1980s}} Hindi cinema experienced another period of stagnation, with a decline in box office turnout, due to increasing violence, decline in musical melodic quality, and rise in video piracy, leading to middle\\-class family audiences abandoning theatres. The turning point came with Indian blockbuster *[Disco Dancer](/wiki/Disco_Dancer \"Disco Dancer\")* (1982\\) which began the era of disco music in Indian cinema. Lead actor [Mithun Chakraborty](/wiki/Mithun_Chakraborty \"Mithun Chakraborty\") and music director [Bappi Lahiri](/wiki/Bappi_Lahiri \"Bappi Lahiri\") had the highest number of mainstream Indian hit movies that decade. At the end of the decade, [Yash Chopra](/wiki/Yash_Chopra \"Yash Chopra\")'s *[Chandni](/wiki/Chandni_%28film%29 \"Chandni (film)\")* (1989\\) created a new formula for Bollywood musical romance films, reviving the genre and defining Hindi cinema in the years that followed.{{Cite web \\|last\\=iDiva \\|date\\=13 October 2011 \\|title\\=Sridevi – The Dancing Queen \\|url\\=http://idiva.com/photogallery\\-entertainment/sridevi\\-the\\-dancing\\-queen/8403 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130224051712/http://idiva.com/photogallery\\-entertainment/sridevi\\-the\\-dancing\\-queen/8403 \\|archive\\-date\\=24 February 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=21 May 2019}}{{Cite news \\|last\\=Ray \\|first\\=Kunal \\|date\\=18 December 2016 \\|title\\=Romancing the 1980s \\|language\\=en\\-IN \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Hindu]] \\|url\\=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/Romancing\\-the\\-1980s/article16898867\\.ece}} Commercial Hindi cinema grew in the late 1980s and 1990s, with the release of *[Mr. India](/wiki/Mr._India_%281987_film%29 \"Mr. India (1987 film)\")* (1987\\), *[Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak](/wiki/Qayamat_Se_Qayamat_Tak \"Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak\")* (1988\\), *[Chaalbaaz](/wiki/ChaalBaaz \"ChaalBaaz\")* (1989\\), *[Maine Pyar Kiya](/wiki/Maine_Pyar_Kiya \"Maine Pyar Kiya\")* (1989\\), *[Lamhe](/wiki/Lamhe \"Lamhe\")* (1991\\), *[Saajan](/wiki/Saajan \"Saajan\")* (1991\\), *[Khuda Gawah](/wiki/Khuda_Gawah \"Khuda Gawah\")* (1992\\), *[Khalnayak](/wiki/Khalnayak \"Khalnayak\")* (1993\\), *[Darr](/wiki/Darr \"Darr\")* (1993\\), *[Hum Aapke Hain Koun..!](/wiki/Hum_Aapke_Hain_Koun..%21 \"Hum Aapke Hain Koun..!\")* (1994\\), *[Dilwale Dulhaniya Le Jayenge](/wiki/Dilwale_Dulhaniya_Le_Jayenge \"Dilwale Dulhaniya Le Jayenge\")* (1995\\), *[Dil To Pagal Hai](/wiki/Dil_To_Pagal_Hai \"Dil To Pagal Hai\")* (1997\\), *[Pyar Kiya Toh Darna Kya](/wiki/Pyaar_Kiya_To_Darna_Kya_%281998_film%29 \"Pyaar Kiya To Darna Kya (1998 film)\")* (1998\\) and *[Kuch Kuch Hota Hai](/wiki/Kuch_Kuch_Hota_Hai \"Kuch Kuch Hota Hai\")* (1998\\). Cult classic *[Bandit Queen](/wiki/Bandit_Queen \"Bandit Queen\")* (1994\\) directed by [Shekhar Kapur](/wiki/Shekhar_Kapur \"Shekhar Kapur\") received international recognition and controversy.[Arundhati Roy, Author\\-Activist](http://www.india-today.com/itoday/19991213/roy.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124103723/http://www.india\\-today.com/itoday/19991213/roy.html \\|date\\=24 November 2010 }} *india\\-today.com*. Retrieved 16 June 2013[\"The Great Indian Rape\\-Trick\"](http://www.sawnet.org/books/writing/roy_bq1.html) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414182145/http://www.sawnet.org/books/writing/roy\\_bq1\\.html\\|date\\=14 April 2016}}, SAWNET – The South Asian Women's NETwork. Retrieved 25 November 2011", "[thumb\\|202x202px\\|[Sridevi](/wiki/Sridevi \"Sridevi\") (2012\\) was regarded as the most popular female star in Indian cinema.{{Cite web \\|title\\=From India Today Magazine {{!}} When Sridevi emerged as the highest paid Indian actress \\|url\\=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society\\-the\\-arts/films/story/19870630\\-sridevi\\-emerges\\-as\\-the\\-undisputed\\-empress\\-of\\-tinsel\\-town\\-the\\-highest\\-paid\\-indian\\-actress\\-799027\\-1987\\-06\\-29 \\|access\\-date\\=9 April 2023 \\|website\\=India Today \\|date\\=30 June 1987 \\|language\\=en}}](/wiki/File:Sridevi%2C_Zee_Cine_Awards_2018.jpg \"Sridevi, Zee Cine Awards 2018.jpg\")", "In the late 1990s, there was a resurgence of parallel cinema in Bollywood, largely due to the critical and commercial success of [crime films](/wiki/Crime_films \"Crime films\") such as *[Satya](/wiki/Satya_%281998_film%29 \"Satya (1998 film)\")* (1998\\) and *[Vaastav](/wiki/Vaastav \"Vaastav\")* (1999\\). These films launched a genre known as \"Mumbai noir\",{{Cite news \\|last\\=Aruti Nayar \\|date\\=16 December 2007 \\|title\\=Bollywood on the table \\|work\\=The Tribune \\|url\\=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20071216/spectrum/main11\\.htm \\|access\\-date\\=19 June 2008}} reflecting social problems in the city.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Christian Jungen \\|date\\=4 April 2009 \\|title\\=Urban Movies: The Diversity of Indian Cinema \\|url\\=http://www.fipresci.org/festivals/archive/2009/fribourg/indian\\_cinema\\_chjungen.htm \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090617225942/http://www.fipresci.org/festivals/archive/2009/fribourg/indian\\_cinema\\_chjungen.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=17 June 2009 \\|access\\-date\\=11 May 2009 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[FIPRESCI]]}} [Ram Gopal Varma](/wiki/Ram_Gopal_Varma \"Ram Gopal Varma\") directed the [Indian Political Trilogy](/wiki/Sarkar_%28film_series%29 \"Sarkar (film series)\"), and the [Indian Gangster Trilogy](/wiki/Gangster_%28film_series%29 \"Gangster (film series)\"); film critic Rajeev Masand had labelled the latter series as one of the \"most influential movies of Bollywood.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/masands\\-verdict\\-contract\\-mangled\\-mess\\-of\\-satya\\-company/69135\\-8\\.html\\|title\\=Masand's Verdict: ''Contract'', mangled mess of ''Satya'', ''Company''\\|work\\=CNN\\-News18}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?227527\\|title\\=Behind The Scenes \\- Rachel Dwyer \\- May 30, 2005\\|work\\=outlookindia.com}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20071216/spectrum/main11\\.htm\\|title\\=The Sunday Tribune \\- Spectrum\\|work\\=tribuneindia.com}} The first instalment of the trilogy, [*Satya*](/wiki/Satya_%281998_film%29 \"Satya (1998 film)\"), was also listed in [CNN\\-IBN](/wiki/CNN-IBN \"CNN-IBN\")'s 100 greatest [Indian films](/wiki/Indian_films \"Indian films\") of all time.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://ibnlive.in.com/photogallery/13200\\.html\\|title\\=100 Years of Indian Cinema: The 100 greatest Indian films of all time\\|work\\=IBNLive\\|access\\-date\\=18 May 2013\\|archive\\-date\\=24 April 2013\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130424003536/http://ibnlive.in.com/photogallery/13200\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}", "Since the 1990s, the three biggest Bollywood movie stars have been the \"[Three Khans](/wiki/Khans_of_Bollywood \"Khans of Bollywood\")\": [Aamir Khan](/wiki/Aamir_Khan \"Aamir Khan\"), [Shah Rukh Khan](/wiki/Shah_Rukh_Khan \"Shah Rukh Khan\"), and [Salman Khan](/wiki/Salman_Khan \"Salman Khan\").{{Cite web \\|date\\=18 September 2012 \\|title\\=The Three Khans of Bollywood – DESIblitz \\|url\\=https://www.desiblitz.com/content/the\\-three\\-khans\\-of\\-bollywood}}{{Cite web \\|last\\=Cain \\|first\\=Rob \\|title\\=Are Bollywood's Three Khans The Last Of The Movie Kings? \\|url\\=https://www.forbes.com/sites/robcain/2016/03/20/are\\-bollywoods\\-three\\-khans\\-the\\-last\\-of\\-the\\-movie\\-kings/ \\|website\\=\\[\\[Forbes]]}} Combined, they starred in the top ten [highest\\-grossing Bollywood films](/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_Bollywood_films \"List of highest-grossing Bollywood films\"), and have dominated the Indian box office since the 1990s.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Raghavendra \\|first\\=MK \\|date\\=16 October 2016 \\|title\\=After Aamir, SRK, Salman, why Bollywood's next male superstar may need a decade to rise \\|language\\=en \\|work\\=Firstpost \\|url\\=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/after\\-aamir\\-srk\\-salman\\-why\\-bollywoods\\-next\\-male\\-superstar\\-may\\-need\\-a\\-decade\\-to\\-rise\\-3049864\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=18 May 2022}}{{Cite news \\|agency\\=Agence France\\-Presse \\|date\\=12 July 2017 \\|title\\=Why Aamir Khan Is The King Of Khans: Foreign Media \\|work\\=NDTV \\|url\\=https://www.ndtv.com/india\\-news/aamir\\-khan\\-is\\-the\\-king\\-of\\-the\\-king\\-khans\\-moved\\-ahead\\-of\\-shah\\-rukh\\-salman\\-1723117 \\|access\\-date\\=18 May 2022}} Shah Rukh Khan was the most successful for most of the 1990s and 2000s, while Aamir Khan has been the most successful since the late 2000s;{{Cite web \\|last\\=D'Cunha \\|first\\=Suparna Dutt \\|title\\=Why 'Dangal' Star Aamir Khan Is The New King Of Bollywood \\|url\\=https://www.forbes.com/sites/suparnadutt/2017/01/23/why\\-dangal\\-star\\-aamir\\-khan\\-is\\-the\\-new\\-king\\-of\\-bollywood/ \\|website\\=\\[\\[Forbes]]}} according to *[Forbes](/wiki/Forbes \"Forbes\")*, Shah Rukh Khan is \"arguably the world's biggest movie star\" as of 2017, due to his immense popularity in India and China.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Cain \\|first\\=Rob \\|date\\=5 October 2017 \\|title\\=Why Aamir Khan Is Arguably The World's Biggest Movie Star, Part 2 \\|url\\=https://www.forbes.com/sites/robcain/2017/10/05/heres\\-why\\-aamir\\-khan\\-is\\-arguably\\-the\\-worlds\\-biggest\\-movie\\-star\\-part\\-2/ \\|website\\=\\[\\[Forbes]]}} Other notable Hindi film stars of recent decades include [Arjun Rampal](/wiki/Arjun_Rampal \"Arjun Rampal\"), [Sunny Deol](/wiki/Sunny_Deol \"Sunny Deol\"), [Akshay Kumar](/wiki/Akshay_Kumar \"Akshay Kumar\"), [Ajay Devgn](/wiki/Ajay_Devgn \"Ajay Devgn\"), [Hrithik Roshan](/wiki/Hrithik_Roshan \"Hrithik Roshan\"), [Anil Kapoor](/wiki/Anil_Kapoor \"Anil Kapoor\"), [Sanjay Dutt](/wiki/Sanjay_Dutt \"Sanjay Dutt\"), [Sridevi](/wiki/Sridevi \"Sridevi\"), [Madhuri Dixit](/wiki/Madhuri_Dixit \"Madhuri Dixit\"), [Juhi Chawla](/wiki/Juhi_Chawla \"Juhi Chawla\"), [Karisma Kapoor](/wiki/Karisma_Kapoor \"Karisma Kapoor\"), [Kajol](/wiki/Kajol \"Kajol\"), [Tabu](/wiki/Tabu_%28actress%29 \"Tabu (actress)\"), [Aishwarya Rai](/wiki/Aishwarya_Rai \"Aishwarya Rai\"), [Rani Mukerji](/wiki/Rani_Mukerji \"Rani Mukerji\") and [Preity Zinta](/wiki/Preity_Zinta \"Preity Zinta\").", "*[Haider](/wiki/Haider_%28film%29 \"Haider (film)\")* (2014, [Vishal Bhardwaj](/wiki/Vishal_Bhardwaj \"Vishal Bhardwaj\")), the third instalment of the Indian Shakespearean Trilogy after *[Maqbool](/wiki/Maqbool \"Maqbool\")* (2003\\) and *[Omkara](/wiki/Omkara_%282006_film%29 \"Omkara (2006 film)\")* (2006\\),{{Cite news \\|last\\=Muzaffar Raina \\|date\\=25 November 2013 \\|title\\=Protests hit Haider shoot on Valley campus \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Telegraph (India)\\|The Telegraph]] \\|url\\=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1131125/jsp/nation/story\\_17609286\\.jsp \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|access\\-date\\=11 September 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20150420041308/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1131125/jsp/nation/story\\_17609286\\.jsp%23\\.VTR8zH3LfK4 \\|archive\\-date\\=20 April 2015}} won the *People's Choice Award* at the 9th [Rome Film Festival](/wiki/Rome_Film_Festival \"Rome Film Festival\") in the Mondo Genere making it the first Indian film to achieve this honour.{{Cite web \\|date\\=25 October 2014 \\|title\\=The Official Awards of the ninth edition of the Rome Film Festival \\|url\\=http://www.romacinemafest.it/ecm/web/fcr/en/home/content/the\\-official\\-awards\\-of\\-the\\-ninth\\-edition\\-of\\-the\\-rome\\-film\\-festival.0000\\.FCR\\-4509 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141026173454/http://www.romacinemafest.it/ecm/web/fcr/en/home/content/the\\-official\\-awards\\-of\\-the\\-ninth\\-edition\\-of\\-the\\-rome\\-film\\-festival \\|archive\\-date\\=26 October 2014 \\|access\\-date\\=26 October 2014 \\|website\\=romacinefest.it}}{{relevance inline\\|date\\=October 2022}}", "The 2000s and 2010s also saw the rise of a new generation of popular actors like [Shahid Kapoor](/wiki/Shahid_Kapoor \"Shahid Kapoor\"), [Ranbir Kapoor](/wiki/Ranbir_Kapoor \"Ranbir Kapoor\"), [Ranveer Singh](/wiki/Ranveer_Singh \"Ranveer Singh\"), [Ayushmann Khurrana](/wiki/Ayushmann_Khurrana \"Ayushmann Khurrana\"), [Varun Dhawan](/wiki/Varun_Dhawan \"Varun Dhawan\"), [Sidharth Malhotra](/wiki/Sidharth_Malhotra \"Sidharth Malhotra\"), [Sushant Singh Rajput](/wiki/Sushant_Singh_Rajput \"Sushant Singh Rajput\"), [Kartik Aaryan](/wiki/Kartik_Aaryan \"Kartik Aaryan\"), [Arjun Kapoor](/wiki/Arjun_Kapoor \"Arjun Kapoor\"), [Aditya Roy Kapur](/wiki/Aditya_Roy_Kapur \"Aditya Roy Kapur\") and [Tiger Shroff](/wiki/Tiger_Shroff \"Tiger Shroff\"), as well as actresses like [Vidya Balan](/wiki/Vidya_Balan \"Vidya Balan\"), [Priyanka Chopra](/wiki/Priyanka_Chopra \"Priyanka Chopra\"), [Kareena Kapoor](/wiki/Kareena_Kapoor \"Kareena Kapoor\"), [Katrina Kaif](/wiki/Katrina_Kaif \"Katrina Kaif\"), [Kangana Ranaut](/wiki/Kangana_Ranaut \"Kangana Ranaut\"), [Deepika Padukone](/wiki/Deepika_Padukone \"Deepika Padukone\"), [Sonam Kapoor](/wiki/Sonam_Kapoor \"Sonam Kapoor\"), [Anushka Sharma](/wiki/Anushka_Sharma \"Anushka Sharma\"), [Shraddha Kapoor](/wiki/Shraddha_Kapoor \"Shraddha Kapoor\"), [Alia Bhatt](/wiki/Alia_Bhatt \"Alia Bhatt\"), [Parineeti Chopra](/wiki/Parineeti_Chopra \"Parineeti Chopra\") and [Kriti Sanon](/wiki/Kriti_Sanon \"Kriti Sanon\") with Balan, Ranaut and Bhatt gaining wide recognition for successful female\\-centric films such as *[The Dirty Picture](/wiki/The_Dirty_Picture \"The Dirty Picture\")* (2011\\), *[Kahaani](/wiki/Kahaani \"Kahaani\")* (2012\\), *[Queen](/wiki/Queen_%282014_film%29 \"Queen (2014 film)\")* (2014\\), *[Highway](/wiki/Highway_%282014_Hindi_film%29 \"Highway (2014 Hindi film)\")* (2014\\), *[Tanu Weds Manu Returns](/wiki/Tanu_Weds_Manu_Returns \"Tanu Weds Manu Returns\")* (2015\\), *[Raazi](/wiki/Raazi \"Raazi\")* (2018\\) and *[Gangubai Kathiawadi](/wiki/Gangubai_Kathiawadi \"Gangubai Kathiawadi\")* (2022\\).", "[Salim–Javed](/wiki/Salim%E2%80%93Javed \"Salim–Javed\") were highly influential in [South Indian cinema](/wiki/South_Indian_cinema \"South Indian cinema\"). In addition to writing two [Kannada films](/wiki/Kannada_cinema \"Kannada cinema\"), many of their Bollywood films had remakes produced in other regions, including Tamil, Telugu and Malayalam cinema. While the Bollywood directors and producers held the rights to their films in Northern India, Salim–Javed retained the rights in South India, where they sold remake rights for films such as *Zanjeer*, *Yaadon Ki Baarat* and *Don*.{{Cite book \\|last1\\=Kishore \\|first1\\=Vikrant \\|url\\={{google books\\|plainurl\\=y\\|id\\=wQLeCwAAQBAJ\\|page\\=238}} \\|title\\=Salaam Bollywood: Representations and Interpretations \\|last2\\=Sarwal \\|first2\\=Amit \\|last3\\=Patra \\|first3\\=Parichay \\|date\\=2016 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Routledge]] \\|isbn\\=9781317232865 \\|page\\=238 \\|language\\=en}} Several of these remakes became breakthroughs for actor [Rajinikanth](/wiki/Rajinikanth \"Rajinikanth\").{{Cite news \\|last\\=Jha \\|first\\=Lata \\|date\\=18 July 2016 \\|title\\=10 Rajinikanth films that were remakes of Amitabh Bachchan starrers \\|work\\=\\[\\[Mint (newspaper)\\|Mint]] \\|url\\=http://www.livemint.com/Consumer/1zecmlLkbhchQlpXOOOsxN/10\\-Rajinikanth\\-films\\-that\\-were\\-remakes\\-of\\-Amitabh\\-Bachchan\\-s.html}}", "[Sridevi](/wiki/Sridevi \"Sridevi\") is widely regarded as the first female superstar of Indian cinema due to her pan\\-Indian appeal with equally successful careers in [Hindi](/wiki/Bollywood \"Bollywood\"), [Tamil](/wiki/Tamil_cinema \"Tamil cinema\"), [Malayalam](/wiki/Malayalam_cinema \"Malayalam cinema\"), [Kannada](/wiki/Kannada_cinema \"Kannada cinema\") and [Telugu cinema](/wiki/Telugu_cinema \"Telugu cinema\"). She is the only Bollywood actor to have starred in a top 10 grossing film each year of her active career (1983–1997\\).{{citation needed\\|date\\=October 2022}}", "" ]
Demographics ------------ {{US Census population \|2000\= 612 \|2010\= 593 \|2020\= 548 \|align\-fn\=center \|footnote\=U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\|url\=https://www.census.gov/programs\-surveys/decennial\-census.html\|title\=U.S. Decennial Census\|publisher\=Census.gov\|accessdate\=June 6, 2013}} }} ### 2020 census | \+Dodge City racial composition{{Cite web\|title\=Explore Census Data\|url\=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g\=1600000US0120955\&tid\=DECENNIALPL2020\.P2\|access\-date\=December 18, 2021\|website\=data.census.gov}} | Race | Num. | Perc. | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)") (non\-Hispanic) | 518 | 94\.53% | | [Black or African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "African American (U.S. Census)") (non\-Hispanic) | 1 | 0\.18% | | [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "Native American (U.S. Census)") | 3 | 0\.55% | | [Other/Mixed](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 "Race (United States Census)") | 15 | 2\.74% | | [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 "Hispanic (U.S. Census)") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 "Latino (U.S. Census)") | 11 | 2\.01% | As of the [2020 United States census](/wiki/2020_United_States_census "2020 United States census"), there were 548 people, 251 households, and 174 families residing in the town. ### 2000 census As of the [census](/wiki/Census "Census"){{cite web \|url\=https://www.census.gov \|publisher\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]] \|accessdate\=January 31, 2008 \|title\=U.S. Census website }} of 2000, there were 612 people, 231 households, and 184 families residing in the town. The population density was {{convert\|194\.7\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. There were 253 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|80\.5\|/sqmi\|/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. The racial makeup of the town was 99\.51% [White](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 "Race (United States Census)"), and 0\.49% from two or more races. 0\.33% of the population were [Hispanic](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 "Race (United States Census)") or [Latino](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 "Race (United States Census)") of any race. There were 231 households, out of which 33\.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 70\.1% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 6\.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 20\.3% were non\-families. 17\.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6\.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\.65 and the average family size was 2\.99\. In the town, the population was spread out, with 25\.7% under the age of 18, 8\.0% from 18 to 24, 28\.9% from 25 to 44, 25\.7% from 45 to 64, and 11\.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 106\.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 101\.3 males. The median income for a household in the town was $30,417, and the median income for a family was $33,393\. Males had a median income of $29,028 versus $18,214 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income "Per capita income") for the town was $14,111\. About 6\.9% of families and 8\.2% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line "Poverty line"), including 6\.8% of those under age 18 and 21\.4% of those age 65 or over.
[ "Demographics\n------------", "{{US Census population\n\\|2000\\= 612\n\\|2010\\= 593\n\\|2020\\= 548\n\\|align\\-fn\\=center\n\\|footnote\\=U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/programs\\-surveys/decennial\\-census.html\\|title\\=U.S. Decennial Census\\|publisher\\=Census.gov\\|accessdate\\=June 6, 2013}}\n}}", "### 2020 census", "", "| \\+Dodge City racial composition{{Cite web\\|title\\=Explore Census Data\\|url\\=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g\\=1600000US0120955\\&tid\\=DECENNIALPL2020\\.P2\\|access\\-date\\=December 18, 2021\\|website\\=data.census.gov}} | Race | Num. | Perc. |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\") (non\\-Hispanic) | 518 | 94\\.53% |\n| [Black or African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"African American (U.S. Census)\") (non\\-Hispanic) | 1 | 0\\.18% |\n| [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Native American (U.S. Census)\") | 3 | 0\\.55% |\n| [Other/Mixed](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\") | 15 | 2\\.74% |\n| [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") | 11 | 2\\.01% |", "As of the [2020 United States census](/wiki/2020_United_States_census \"2020 United States census\"), there were 548 people, 251 households, and 174 families residing in the town.", "### 2000 census", "As of the [census](/wiki/Census \"Census\"){{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.census.gov \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]] \\|accessdate\\=January 31, 2008 \\|title\\=U.S. Census website }} of 2000, there were 612 people, 231 households, and 184 families residing in the town. The population density was {{convert\\|194\\.7\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. There were 253 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|80\\.5\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. The racial makeup of the town was 99\\.51% [White](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\"), and 0\\.49% from two or more races. 0\\.33% of the population were [Hispanic](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\") of any race.", "There were 231 households, out of which 33\\.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 70\\.1% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 6\\.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 20\\.3% were non\\-families. 17\\.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6\\.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.65 and the average family size was 2\\.99\\.", "In the town, the population was spread out, with 25\\.7% under the age of 18, 8\\.0% from 18 to 24, 28\\.9% from 25 to 44, 25\\.7% from 45 to 64, and 11\\.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 106\\.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 101\\.3 males.", "The median income for a household in the town was $30,417, and the median income for a family was $33,393\\. Males had a median income of $29,028 versus $18,214 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income \"Per capita income\") for the town was $14,111\\. About 6\\.9% of families and 8\\.2% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line \"Poverty line\"), including 6\\.8% of those under age 18 and 21\\.4% of those age 65 or over.", "" ]
Congressional career -------------------- As congressman, Holman was most known for his opposition to government spending, especially in subsidies and aid to private enterprises, notably the transcontinental railroad lines. Throughout the 1880s, he did what he could to have the federal government take back the public lands given to some of the largest companies, which had failed to fulfill the work promised on time. Nor did he have patience with the cattle barons who had fenced off nationally owned land as if it were their own domain.{{Cite news \|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/75158087/recovery\-and\-distribution\-of\-public/ \|title\=Recovery and Distribution of Public Lands \|newspaper\=\[\[Brooklyn Eagle]] \|page\=2 \|date\=1884\-01\-22 \|access\-date\=2021\-04\-05 \|via\=Newspapers.com}} That made him the ideal choice to chair the Committee on Public Lands in the 1880s and his work at forcing railroad companies to disgorge probably restored millions of acres for actual settlers to take up. He hated any kind of government spending, from river and harbor improvements to salary increases for officeholders. "When Mr. Holman takes his walks abroad and sees Government clerks promenading the avenue in coachmen's coats and toothpick canes he 'objects,'" a Republican newspaper jeered.{{Cite news \|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/75158258/wheneer\-mr\-holman/ \|title\=(untitled) \|newspaper\=\[\[The Wheeling Intelligencer]] \|page\=1 \|date\=1884\-01\-02 \|access\-date\=2021\-04\-05 \|via\=Newspapers.com}} When a Republican proposed an appropriation to take observations on the transit of Venus, Holman objected. It would do no practical good, he insisted. That kind of learning was all humbug, anyhow."Gath", *New York Graphic*, February 26, 1876\. But he also fought hard against congressmen raising their own pay, and in 1873 made himself one of the most active opponents of the so\-called "back pay" grab, where lawmakers raised their salaries retrospectively. The following winter, he tried to bring the Democratic House caucus into line behind a resolution repudiating the grab and was so abused that, according to general reports, he went off on a several\-day binge. ("Holman does go off on sprees \& may be off now," his friend and colleague, Congressman Samuel S. "Sunset" Cox wrote a friend; "but he is honest \& just above all men I ever knew here. He will stay 6 months sober; \& then break. Don't allow him to be abused or slandered.")Samuel S. Cox to Manton Marble, December 7, 1873, Manton Marble Papers, Library of Congress. The big\-navy advocates knew in him an inveterate enemy, and when he found a place on the Select Committee on American Ship\-Building, the Washington Post growled that Americans had "a great, unutterable yearning ... to behold a ship made on the Holman plan." No doubt many such could be made, it thought—just big enough to be hung on watch\-chains "or otherwise employed as curios."*Washington Post*, January 8, 1886\. Admirers called him "the watchdog of the Treasury" and the "Treasury Cerberus," though a few critics noticed that the watchdog sometimes seemed to be taking a well\-deserved nap when a bill\-paying one of his constituents came up."Junot", *Chicago Times*, April 1, 1876\. His frugality became legendary. One story his friends loved to tell about him was how nefarious interests, realizing that their only chance lay while the congressman was absent from the floor, waited until he was being shaved in the Capitol's barber\-shop before offering their bill. In vain: Holman rushed into the chamber, his face covered with lather, to shout his objection. In 1885, he went west on an inspection tour with other members of the Committee on Indian Affairs. Unlike the rest, he refused to go by sleeping car, because it would cost the government too much, and slept in his seat instead. When they reached Fort Yates, in Dakota Territory, he balked at paying five dollars for the steamer ride to Bismarck, pointing out that the post had army ambulances and mules. "The mules are not earning anything," he argued. "They are idle; they will convey us." And so they did, much to the annoyance of his fellow\-traveller, Congressman Joseph Cannon of Illinois, who tipped the wagon\-driver to run over every single stone in the road as a punishment. As he arrived at Fort Lincoln, the commander proposed that they fire a salute. "No! no! for God's sake, don't!" Cannon protested. "He will object to the useless waste of powder."*Washington Post*, April 23, 1897\. In [1876](/wiki/44th_United_States_Congress%23Members "44th United States Congress#Members"), the [Holman Rule](/wiki/Holman_Rule "Holman Rule") was adopted which "empowers any member of Congress to propose amending an appropriations bill to single out a government employee or cut a specific program". With the vote of a majority of the House and the Senate, the pay of an individual federal government employee could be reduced or a specific program eliminated. The rule originally targeted [patronage](/wiki/Spoils_system "Spoils system") jobs, particularly [customs collectors](/wiki/United_States_Customs_Service%23History "United States Customs Service#History"), but the federal workforce shifted over time to a [civil service](/wiki/Civil_service%23United_States "Civil service#United States") insulated from politics. In 1983, the rule was suspended as then\-[House Speaker](/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives "Speaker of the United States House of Representatives") [Thomas "Tip" O'Neill Jr.](/wiki/Tip_O%27Neill "Tip O'Neill") (D\-Mass.) objected to [spending cuts](/wiki/Domestic_policy_of_the_Ronald_Reagan_administration%23Economic_record "Domestic policy of the Ronald Reagan administration#Economic record"). The early\-2017 revival of the rule was credited to Rep. [H. Morgan Griffith](/wiki/H._Morgan_Griffith "H. Morgan Griffith") (R\-Va.).Portnoy, Jenna, and Lisa Rein, ["House Republicans revive obscure rule that allows them to slash the pay of individual federal workers to $1"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/virginia-politics/house-republicans-revive-obscure-rule-that-could-allow-them-to-slash-the-pay-of-individual-federal-workers-to-1/2017/01/04/4e80c990-d2b2-11e6-945a-76f69a399dd5_story.html), *Washington Post*, January 5, 2017\. Retrieved September 1, 2017\. Holman's simplicity of life and lack of "swank," as nineteenth\-century parlance went, made him notable in his time. He never appeared in Washington society, and when Congress adjourned, took his vacation at home among his cattle, horses, books and flowers. Visitors described his homestead as the model for southern estates, located on a high bluff where the Ohio River bent, and with a good view of three states (the others being Ohio and Kentucky). There he would rhapsodize about his livestock or show off his flower gardens and transplanted shade trees, with anyone who would listen. He died a poor man, never tempted by wealth or, for that matter, notoriety. Taking his chewing tobacco from a leather pouch, sitting tipped back in his chair and toying with a jackknife, the Indiana congressman looked more and more like a throwback to Jacksonian days, as the Gilded Age wore on. "Wherever Holman sits, or stands, there is a red sea of tobacco\-juice," a reporter wrote in 1876\. "Such tobacco chewing never was seen. He must get it by the wholesale. Standing in his place in the House his most energetic outbursts are suspended at the very climax by the necessity of disemboguing the red stream from his distended jaws. The ... cleaners of the congressional halls, declare that Holman requires a relay of spittoons three times a day, where other chewers are provided with one." He had a voice "pining, but not strong," a fellow congressman wrote. "The speeches, however, are meaty and full of flavor. He can probably say more in fewer words than any man in the House." Members found him kindly in personal life, and easy to approach. Taking pleasure in teaching first\-termers the practical ways of getting things done, he gave advice freely, and, other Democrats agreed, his judgments were almost always sound. Many a member, unsure how to vote on a bill, would say, "Well, I'll vote with Holman. Then I'm dead sure to be right." He was, wrote Amos Cummings, "as trusty as the best combination lock."{{Cite news \|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/75157425/watch\-dogs\-in\-congress/ \|title\=Watch Dogs in Congress \|first\=Amos J. \|last\=Cummings \|newspaper\=\[\[The Sun (New York City)\|The Sun]] \|location\=Washington \|page\=9 \|date\=1889\-02\-10 \|access\-date\=2021\-04\-05 \|via\=Newspapers.com}} Holman also made a dangerous adversary. His knowledge of the rules and routines of legislation surpassed that of anyone else, and he kept a close eye on the business of the day – "something that not one man in fifty in Congress can say," a reporter wrote—always aware of what would be coming up next. As of 1884, he boasted that he had missed just one vote in twenty years of service.*Indianapolis Sentinel*, May 22, 1884\. During his time in office, one of Holman's hallmarks was his contribution to the [Forest Reserve Act of 1891](/wiki/Forest_Reserve_Act_of_1891 "Forest Reserve Act of 1891"), which repealed the [Timber Culture Act of 1873](/wiki/Timber_Culture_Act_of_1873 "Timber Culture Act of 1873") and authorized the President to set aside [timber reserves](/wiki/Nature_reserve "Nature reserve") to be "managed for the people" in the future. It is unclear who was responsible for this provision, but Holman had put forth an 1888 bill which used similar language to call for protecting public forests.{{Cite book \|url\=http://www.fs.fed.us/global/wsnew/fs\_history/issue12\.doc \|title\=Reserve Act and Congress: Passage of the 1891 Act \|publisher\=\[\[American Forestry Association]] \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071127041324/http://www.fs.fed.us/global/wsnew/fs\_history/issue12\.doc \|archive\-date\=2007\-11\-27 \|url\-status\=dead \|access\-date\=2021\-04\-05}} Defeated at last in 1894, Holman thought of staying in Washington and becoming a lawyer. There was good money to be made prosecuting claims; but when word got out to the press, the ex\-congressman quickly changed his mind. He was afraid that people would think that he would be trading on his government experience and influence to act as a lobbyist. Instead, he went home to Indiana, where he ran for and won a final re\-election, making him the longest\-serving congressman in history. Holman is buried at the Holman family plot in [River View Cemetery](/wiki/River_View_Cemetery_%28Aurora%2C_Indiana%29 "River View Cemetery (Aurora, Indiana)") near [Aurora, Indiana](/wiki/Aurora%2C_Indiana "Aurora, Indiana") in Dearborn County.{{cite web\| url \= https://secure.in.gov/apps/dnr/shaard/welcome.html\| title \= Indiana State Historic Architectural and Archaeological Research Database (SHAARD) \| publisher \= Department of Natural Resources, Division of Historic Preservation and Archaeology \| format \= Searchable database\| access\-date \= 2015\-08\-01}} *Note:* This includes {{cite web\| url \=https://secure.in.gov/apps/dnr/shaard/r/61cc3/N/River\_View\_Cemetery\_nomination.pdf \| title \= National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form: River View Cemetery\| access\-date \= 2015\-08\-01\| author \=Mary O'Brien Gibson \| date\=n.d.}} and Accompanying photographs, [site map](https://secure.in.gov/apps/dnr/shaard/r/61cc4/N/River_View_Cemetery_site_map.pdf), [parcel map](https://secure.in.gov/apps/dnr/shaard/r/61cc5/N/River_View_Cemetery_parcel_map.pdf), and [quad map](https://secure.in.gov/apps/dnr/shaard/r/61cc6/N/River_View_Cemetery_quad_map.pdf).
[ "Congressional career\n--------------------", "As congressman, Holman was most known for his opposition to government spending, especially in subsidies and aid to private enterprises, notably the transcontinental railroad lines. Throughout the 1880s, he did what he could to have the federal government take back the public lands given to some of the largest companies, which had failed to fulfill the work promised on time. Nor did he have patience with the cattle barons who had fenced off nationally owned land as if it were their own domain.{{Cite news \\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/75158087/recovery\\-and\\-distribution\\-of\\-public/ \\|title\\=Recovery and Distribution of Public Lands \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Brooklyn Eagle]] \\|page\\=2 \\|date\\=1884\\-01\\-22 \\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-04\\-05 \\|via\\=Newspapers.com}} That made him the ideal choice to chair the Committee on Public Lands in the 1880s and his work at forcing railroad companies to disgorge probably restored millions of acres for actual settlers to take up. He hated any kind of government spending, from river and harbor improvements to salary increases for officeholders. \"When Mr. Holman takes his walks abroad and sees Government clerks promenading the avenue in coachmen's coats and toothpick canes he 'objects,'\" a Republican newspaper jeered.{{Cite news \\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/75158258/wheneer\\-mr\\-holman/ \\|title\\=(untitled) \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Wheeling Intelligencer]] \\|page\\=1 \\|date\\=1884\\-01\\-02 \\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-04\\-05 \\|via\\=Newspapers.com}} When a Republican proposed an appropriation to take observations on the transit of Venus, Holman objected. It would do no practical good, he insisted. That kind of learning was all humbug, anyhow.\"Gath\", *New York Graphic*, February 26, 1876\\. But he also fought hard against congressmen raising their own pay, and in 1873 made himself one of the most active opponents of the so\\-called \"back pay\" grab, where lawmakers raised their salaries retrospectively. The following winter, he tried to bring the Democratic House caucus into line behind a resolution repudiating the grab and was so abused that, according to general reports, he went off on a several\\-day binge. (\"Holman does go off on sprees \\& may be off now,\" his friend and colleague, Congressman Samuel S. \"Sunset\" Cox wrote a friend; \"but he is honest \\& just above all men I ever knew here. He will stay 6 months sober; \\& then break. Don't allow him to be abused or slandered.\")Samuel S. Cox to Manton Marble, December 7, 1873, Manton Marble Papers, Library of Congress. The big\\-navy advocates knew in him an inveterate enemy, and when he found a place on the Select Committee on American Ship\\-Building, the Washington Post growled that Americans had \"a great, unutterable yearning ... to behold a ship made on the Holman plan.\" No doubt many such could be made, it thought—just big enough to be hung on watch\\-chains \"or otherwise employed as curios.\"*Washington Post*, January 8, 1886\\. Admirers called him \"the watchdog of the Treasury\" and the \"Treasury Cerberus,\" though a few critics noticed that the watchdog sometimes seemed to be taking a well\\-deserved nap when a bill\\-paying one of his constituents came up.\"Junot\", *Chicago Times*, April 1, 1876\\.", "His frugality became legendary. One story his friends loved to tell about him was how nefarious interests, realizing that their only chance lay while the congressman was absent from the floor, waited until he was being shaved in the Capitol's barber\\-shop before offering their bill. In vain: Holman rushed into the chamber, his face covered with lather, to shout his objection. In 1885, he went west on an inspection tour with other members of the Committee on Indian Affairs. Unlike the rest, he refused to go by sleeping car, because it would cost the government too much, and slept in his seat instead. When they reached Fort Yates, in Dakota Territory, he balked at paying five dollars for the steamer ride to Bismarck, pointing out that the post had army ambulances and mules. \"The mules are not earning anything,\" he argued. \"They are idle; they will convey us.\" And so they did, much to the annoyance of his fellow\\-traveller, Congressman Joseph Cannon of Illinois, who tipped the wagon\\-driver to run over every single stone in the road as a punishment. As he arrived at Fort Lincoln, the commander proposed that they fire a salute. \"No! no! for God's sake, don't!\" Cannon protested. \"He will object to the useless waste of powder.\"*Washington Post*, April 23, 1897\\.", "In [1876](/wiki/44th_United_States_Congress%23Members \"44th United States Congress#Members\"), the [Holman Rule](/wiki/Holman_Rule \"Holman Rule\") was adopted which \"empowers any member of Congress to propose amending an appropriations bill to single out a government employee or cut a specific program\". With the vote of a majority of the House and the Senate, the pay of an individual federal government employee could be reduced or a specific program eliminated. The rule originally targeted [patronage](/wiki/Spoils_system \"Spoils system\") jobs, particularly [customs collectors](/wiki/United_States_Customs_Service%23History \"United States Customs Service#History\"), but the federal workforce shifted over time to a [civil service](/wiki/Civil_service%23United_States \"Civil service#United States\") insulated from politics. In 1983, the rule was suspended as then\\-[House Speaker](/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives \"Speaker of the United States House of Representatives\") [Thomas \"Tip\" O'Neill Jr.](/wiki/Tip_O%27Neill \"Tip O'Neill\") (D\\-Mass.) objected to [spending cuts](/wiki/Domestic_policy_of_the_Ronald_Reagan_administration%23Economic_record \"Domestic policy of the Ronald Reagan administration#Economic record\"). The early\\-2017 revival of the rule was credited to Rep. [H. Morgan Griffith](/wiki/H._Morgan_Griffith \"H. Morgan Griffith\") (R\\-Va.).Portnoy, Jenna, and Lisa Rein, [\"House Republicans revive obscure rule that allows them to slash the pay of individual federal workers to $1\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/virginia-politics/house-republicans-revive-obscure-rule-that-could-allow-them-to-slash-the-pay-of-individual-federal-workers-to-1/2017/01/04/4e80c990-d2b2-11e6-945a-76f69a399dd5_story.html), *Washington Post*, January 5, 2017\\. Retrieved September 1, 2017\\.", "Holman's simplicity of life and lack of \"swank,\" as nineteenth\\-century parlance went, made him notable in his time. He never appeared in Washington society, and when Congress adjourned, took his vacation at home among his cattle, horses, books and flowers. Visitors described his homestead as the model for southern estates, located on a high bluff where the Ohio River bent, and with a good view of three states (the others being Ohio and Kentucky). There he would rhapsodize about his livestock or show off his flower gardens and transplanted shade trees, with anyone who would listen. He died a poor man, never tempted by wealth or, for that matter, notoriety. Taking his chewing tobacco from a leather pouch, sitting tipped back in his chair and toying with a jackknife, the Indiana congressman looked more and more like a throwback to Jacksonian days, as the Gilded Age wore on. \"Wherever Holman sits, or stands, there is a red sea of tobacco\\-juice,\" a reporter wrote in 1876\\. \"Such tobacco chewing never was seen. He must get it by the wholesale. Standing in his place in the House his most energetic outbursts are suspended at the very climax by the necessity of disemboguing the red stream from his distended jaws. The ... cleaners of the congressional halls, declare that Holman requires a relay of spittoons three times a day, where other chewers are provided with one.\" He had a voice \"pining, but not strong,\" a fellow congressman wrote. \"The speeches, however, are meaty and full of flavor. He can probably say more in fewer words than any man in the House.\" Members found him kindly in personal life, and easy to approach. Taking pleasure in teaching first\\-termers the practical ways of getting things done, he gave advice freely, and, other Democrats agreed, his judgments were almost always sound. Many a member, unsure how to vote on a bill, would say, \"Well, I'll vote with Holman. Then I'm dead sure to be right.\" He was, wrote Amos Cummings, \"as trusty as the best combination lock.\"{{Cite news \\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/75157425/watch\\-dogs\\-in\\-congress/ \\|title\\=Watch Dogs in Congress \\|first\\=Amos J. \\|last\\=Cummings \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Sun (New York City)\\|The Sun]] \\|location\\=Washington \\|page\\=9 \\|date\\=1889\\-02\\-10 \\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-04\\-05 \\|via\\=Newspapers.com}}", "Holman also made a dangerous adversary. His knowledge of the rules and routines of legislation surpassed that of anyone else, and he kept a close eye on the business of the day – \"something that not one man in fifty in Congress can say,\" a reporter wrote—always aware of what would be coming up next. As of 1884, he boasted that he had missed just one vote in twenty years of service.*Indianapolis Sentinel*, May 22, 1884\\.", "During his time in office, one of Holman's hallmarks was his contribution to the [Forest Reserve Act of 1891](/wiki/Forest_Reserve_Act_of_1891 \"Forest Reserve Act of 1891\"), which repealed the [Timber Culture Act of 1873](/wiki/Timber_Culture_Act_of_1873 \"Timber Culture Act of 1873\") and authorized the President to set aside [timber reserves](/wiki/Nature_reserve \"Nature reserve\") to be \"managed for the people\" in the future. It is unclear who was responsible for this provision, but Holman had put forth an 1888 bill which used similar language to call for protecting public forests.{{Cite book \\|url\\=http://www.fs.fed.us/global/wsnew/fs\\_history/issue12\\.doc \\|title\\=Reserve Act and Congress: Passage of the 1891 Act \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[American Forestry Association]] \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071127041324/http://www.fs.fed.us/global/wsnew/fs\\_history/issue12\\.doc \\|archive\\-date\\=2007\\-11\\-27 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-04\\-05}}", "Defeated at last in 1894, Holman thought of staying in Washington and becoming a lawyer. There was good money to be made prosecuting claims; but when word got out to the press, the ex\\-congressman quickly changed his mind. He was afraid that people would think that he would be trading on his government experience and influence to act as a lobbyist. Instead, he went home to Indiana, where he ran for and won a final re\\-election, making him the longest\\-serving congressman in history.", "Holman is buried at the Holman family plot in [River View Cemetery](/wiki/River_View_Cemetery_%28Aurora%2C_Indiana%29 \"River View Cemetery (Aurora, Indiana)\") near [Aurora, Indiana](/wiki/Aurora%2C_Indiana \"Aurora, Indiana\") in Dearborn County.{{cite web\\| url \\= https://secure.in.gov/apps/dnr/shaard/welcome.html\\| title \\= Indiana State Historic Architectural and Archaeological Research Database (SHAARD) \\| publisher \\= Department of Natural Resources, Division of Historic Preservation and Archaeology \\| format \\= Searchable database\\| access\\-date \\= 2015\\-08\\-01}} *Note:* This includes {{cite web\\| url \\=https://secure.in.gov/apps/dnr/shaard/r/61cc3/N/River\\_View\\_Cemetery\\_nomination.pdf \\| title \\= National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form: River View Cemetery\\| access\\-date \\= 2015\\-08\\-01\\| author \\=Mary O'Brien Gibson \\| date\\=n.d.}} and Accompanying photographs, [site map](https://secure.in.gov/apps/dnr/shaard/r/61cc4/N/River_View_Cemetery_site_map.pdf), [parcel map](https://secure.in.gov/apps/dnr/shaard/r/61cc5/N/River_View_Cemetery_parcel_map.pdf), and [quad map](https://secure.in.gov/apps/dnr/shaard/r/61cc6/N/River_View_Cemetery_quad_map.pdf).", "" ]
History of the station ---------------------- ### First years and first closure OTV was launched in 2000 as *Oglinda TV*[File din "senzaționala” istorie a otevizării României](http://ro.stiri.yahoo.com/file-din-%E2%80%9Esenza%C8%9Bionala%E2%80%9D-istorie-a-oteviz%C4%83rii-rom%C3%A2niei.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330052135/http://ro.stiri.yahoo.com/file\-din\-%E2%80%9Esenza%C8%9Bionala%E2%80%9D\-istorie\-a\-oteviz%C4%83rii\-rom%C3%A2niei.html \|date\=30 March 2012 }} \- Yahoo! News (*oglinda* being the [Romanian](/wiki/Romanian_language "Romanian language") word for *mirror*) by [Dan Diaconescu](/wiki/Dan_Diaconescu "Dan Diaconescu"), following the imminent closure of the Romanian TV station [Tele7ABC](/wiki/Tele7ABC "Tele7ABC"), where Diaconescu moderated a [talk show](/wiki/Talk_show "Talk show"), which was called *Senzațional*.Gazeta de Sud, n. 1625, Page 6 The station's main show has been from its start *Dan Diaconescu Direct* (*Dan Diaconescu Live*), a tabloid talk show lasting several hours, from early evening until late night, and featuring obscure guests such as [spiritual mediums](/wiki/Spiritual_medium "Spiritual medium"), [manele](/wiki/Manele "Manele") singers and local petty criminals. In 2002, due to violation of laws regarding television broadcast, the station's broadcast licence was retracted by the [National Audiovisual Council](/wiki/Communications_media_in_Romania "Communications media in Romania"). This interruption in OTV's broadcast lasted for two years and was seen by a part of the general public as an act of [censorship](/wiki/Censorship "Censorship") of the ruling government. Diaconescu claimed that the ban on his station's broadcast was because he refused to sell a 51% stake of OTV to [Adrian Năstase](/wiki/Adrian_N%C4%83stase "Adrian Năstase"), who was prime minister at that time. ### "Investigation serials" On 2004, after the ban was lifted, OTV restarted its broadcast. It featured three [news crawls](/wiki/News_crawl "News crawl") at the bottom of the screen and various on\-screen text captions showing words such as *Incredible*, *Sensational*, *Extraordinary*. The subjects debated on Diaconescu's talk show maintained their [tabloid](/wiki/Tabloid_press "Tabloid press") style and included scenarios of a looming [doomsday](/wiki/Eschatology "Eschatology"), investigation into "mystery deaths", revelations of religious figures and scandals among Romanian celebrities. Starting September 2007, OTV became notorious for its investigation into the "mysterious" disappearance of Romanian lawyer [Elodia Ghinescu](/wiki/Elodia_Ghinescu "Elodia Ghinescu"), a subject which was debated for 239 consecutive evenings, termed by the channel *episodes*, and attracted a significant number of viewers. After the *Elodia serial* other such subjects received similar coverage. The 2009 [Media Sustainability Index](/wiki/Media_Sustainability_Index "Media Sustainability Index") noted that: "OTV has a long history of offering Romanians extreme forms of infotainment. Its formal owner organizes long talk shows with bizarre characters, and the main topic is various crimes and disappearances. From 2007 to 2008, OTV organized several hundred so\-called episodes about the disappearance of Elodia Ghinescu, a lawyer who married a police officer. In one episode, Diaconescu instigated a hacker to break into Ghinescu's e\-mail inbox and show her personal messages on the air. Ghinescu became a popular icon, although she continues to be missing. Meanwhile, the mainstream media took over the case and followed OTV's example in revealing personal details about her family."[MEDIA SUSTAINABILITY INDEX 2009](http://www.irex.org/system/files/EE_MSI_09_se_Romania.pdf){{dead link\|date\=February 2018 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }}, p. 89 Other Romanian TV stations soon launched similar late\-night talk shows, in a process called by Diaconescu *the "otevisation" of Romania*.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.vranceamedia.ro/cristi\-irimia\-otevizarea\-si\-manelizarea\-romaniei\-continua/\|title\=Cristi IRIMIA: “Otevizarea şi manelizarea României continuă”}} ### Politics Traian Băsescu, [President of Romania](/wiki/President_of_Romania "President of Romania") in 2009, was also guest in Diaconescu's show, where he talked about politics and personal affairs. Diaconescu's support for Băsescu ended abruptly in 2010 when the television personality was arrested for allegedly having [blackmailed](/wiki/Blackmail "Blackmail") a Romanian mayor. After his release, a few days later, Diaconescu announced that he would enter politics and set up his own [political party](/wiki/Political_party "Political party"). After Diaconescu's announcement that he would enter politics, the subjects debated on his show started to deal with cases of alleged corruption of various politicians, which the station called *[ciocoi](/wiki/wiktionary:Ciocoi "Ciocoi")* (roughly meaning fleecer) and to criticise national institutions and state\-level decisions which were thought to be against the people, while preparing the ground for the new political party, which was to be called *Partidul Poporului* (*People's Party*) by announcing the measures and reforms that the party would take after having reached power. The first point of the measures plan was that every citizen would be given 20\.000 [euros](/wiki/Euro "Euro") upon turning 18 years old, which could be invested as the receiver wished.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.partidul.poporului.ro/content/20\-de\-puncte\-ale\-partidului\-poporului\|title\=poporului.ro\|website\=www.partidul.poporului.ro}} The station soon started calling itself *Televiziunea Poporului* (*People's Television*) and Dan Diaconescu started being called the future president of Romania. The People's Party was created on 19 September 2011, under the name *People's Party \- Dan Diaconescu*, because a party with the name *People's Party* already existed.[Cererea de înființare a Partidului Poporului Dan Diaconescu a fost admisă](http://www.hotnews.ro/stiri-politic-10173241-cererea-infiintare-partidului-poporului-dan-diaconescu-fost-admisa.htm) \- HotNews.ro Violet and white were chosen as the party's distinctive colors and several graphical elements of the OTV broadcast turned violet. The first congress of the party took place on 21 January 2012 and was broadcast live by OTV. In his speech, Dan Diaconescu, president of the party, said that "he would be the [Vlad Țepeș](/wiki/Vlad_%C8%9Aepe%C8%99 "Vlad Țepeș") of 2012", that the "dictator" [Traian Băsescu](/wiki/Traian_B%C4%83sescu "Traian Băsescu"), then\-president of Romania, would be ousted, and that [Victor Ponta](/wiki/Victor_Ponta "Victor Ponta") and [Crin Antonescu](/wiki/Crin_Antonescu "Crin Antonescu") were "his \[Băsescu's] people".[Congres\-surpriză, la Partidul Poporului. "Eu voi fi Vlad Ţepeş, varianta 2012"](http://www.rtv.net/congres-surpriza-la-partidul-poporului-eu-voi-fi-vlad-tepes-varianta-2012_11773.html) \- RTV.net[SENZAȚIONAL. Camara Abubaca, un viitor primar. Partidul lui Dan Diaconescu se pregătește să cucerească Moldova](http://www.evz.ro/detalii/stiri/dan-diaconescu-la-primul-congres-al-partidului-poporului-dan-diaconescu-nimeni-nu-mai-p-962595.html)\- EVZ.ro {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120124052559/http://www.evz.ro/detalii/stiri/dan\-diaconescu\-la\-primul\-congres\-al\-partidului\-poporului\-dan\-diaconescu\-nimeni\-nu\-mai\-p\-962595\.html \|date\=24 January 2012 }} During the [Romanian riots of January 2012](/wiki/Romanian_riots_of_January_2012 "Romanian riots of January 2012"), OTV maintained its sensationalist and propagandistic approach when broadcasting live footage of the violent events in Bucharest. The text running on the screen claimed that OTV had become "the emergency service of Romania", that OTV was "the only news television station", that railway transport would be frozen, and that protesters were coming "to ask Diaconescu to become president".{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.paginademedia.ro/2012/01/video\-fanteziile\-lui\-dan\-diaconescu\-de\-la\-otv\-smurd\-ul\-romaniei\-la\-starea\-de\-asediu\-%e2%80%9cdin\-acest\-moment\-niciun\-tren\-nu\-va\-mai\-circula/\|title\=VIDEO. Fanteziile lui Dan Diaconescu: De la OTV\-SMURD\-ul României, la starea de asediu: “Din acest moment, niciun tren nu va mai circula"\|date\=26 June 2014\|website\=Paginademedia.ro}} These claims were called by Romanian independent media watchdog *Pagina de Media*, "fantasies" of Diaconescu. ### Licence retraction attempts by the National Audiovisual Council Following repeated violations of the broadcast rules, most significantly broadcasting propaganda for Diaconescu's political party, the National Audiovisual Council decided to diminish the remaining timespan of the broadcast licence of OTV at that time to half of its length, meaning that OTV would have had to end its broadcast on 28 September 2012\. Around the same time, OTV's parent company, "Ocram Television", was declared to be insolvent by the Bucharest Court.{{Cite web \|date\=2024\-04\-09 \|title\=OTV revine în forță pe micile ecrane: Andreea Marin și Mihaela Rădulescu s\-ar afla pe lista lui Dan Diaconescu \|url\=https://www.stiripesurse.ro/otv\-revine\-in\-forta\-pe\-micile\-ecrane\-andreea\-marin\-si\-mihalea\-radulescu\-s\-ar\-afla\-pe\-lista\-lui\-dan\-diaconescu\_3286559\.html \|access\-date\=2024\-06\-30 \|website\=Stiri pe surse \|language\=ro}} Diaconescu claimed that the decision was commanded by president Băsescu[Dan Diaconescu către Narcisa Iorga: Mi\-am făcut pomană cu dvs, eu v\-am angajat la Jurnalul Național. Licența OTV redusă la jumătate](http://www.paginademedia.ro/2012/03/dan-diaconescu-catre-membrii-cna-mi-am-facut-pomana-cu-dvs-eu-v-am-angajat-la-jurnalul-national/) \- paginademedia.ro and his show in the evening featured a relatively large number of people gathered in the studio, many of them members of Diaconescu's *People's Party*, waving the [Romanian flag](/wiki/Romanian_flag "Romanian flag") and singing party anthems.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=hWAKeCJNkGg\|title\=Paginademedia.ro: Revolutia OTV CNA.mpg\|date\=28 March 2012\|via\=YouTube}} Nevertheless, the show did not bring much attention from the public, placing OTV only on the 9th place in the rating top.[“Revoluția” de pe OTV, neinteresantă pentru telespectatori](http://www.paginademedia.ro/2012/03/revolutia-de-pe-otv-neinteresanta-pentru-telespectatori/) \- paginademedia.ro Two weeks after this decision was made by the council, the same sanction was imposed again, on the grounds of continued propaganda for PPDD, halving once more the remaining timespan of the licence of OTV. Following this second sanction, OTV was due to be shut down on 4 July.[ÎNCĂ O DATĂ ÎNJUMĂTĂȚITĂ. OTV a rămas cu trei luni de licență. Mai poate emite până în iulie](http://www.paginademedia.ro/2012/04/otv-a-ramas-cu-trei-luni-de-licenta-din-cauza-publicitatii-politice/) \- paginademedia.ro On 24 April, the sanction was imposed for the third time, which was an unprecedented event in Romanian broadcasting.[OTV mai are o lună de emisie](http://www.paginademedia.ro/2012/04/otv-mai-are-o-luna-de-emisie/) \- paginademedia.ro OTV was then due to be shut down on 29 May. Diaconescu's show started later than usual in the evening, after an announcement written in large white characters on a black background that was reading "*Today, the People's Television has been forbidden by Traian Băsescu for political reasons.*" had been broadcast for several hours. Also, a yellow crawl band running at the bottom of the screen announced that Diaconescu was going to "make important unveilings on OTV for the last time".[CAUTĂ CU LUMÂNAREA. Dan Diaconescu, teatru TV la OTV](https://archive.today/20130416111252/http://www.paginademedia.ro/2012/04/o-cauta-cu-lumanarea-dan-diaconescu-teatru-tv-la-otv/O) At about 11 PM, Diaconescu appeared on air and held a relaxed free speech, during which he accused various politicians of corruption and also accused members of the NCA of bribery. After an appeal by Diaconescu at the Bucharest Appeal Court, all the sanctions on OTV's licence were lifted, leaving OTV with its broadcast licence lasting until 2013\.[Surpriză: OTV nu se mai închide!](http://www.rtv.net/surpriza--otv-nu-se-mai-inchide--deocamdata_28109.html) \- RTV.net ### Second licence retraction and the Vatican\-based television In January 2013, after the members of the council were reelected, a review of the fines not paid by television stations over the last few years was made. It has been calculated that OTV had not paid fines totalling over 1 million lei.[http://www.evz.ro/detalii/stiri/dupa\-634000\-de\-euro\-amenzi\-date\-de\-cna\-otv\-se\-inchide\-1020445\.html](https://web.archive.org/web/20130126113728/http://www.evz.ro/detalii/stiri/dupa-634000-de-euro-amenzi-date-de-cna-otv-se-inchide-1020445.html) Within three hours from the receipt of the decision from the council, the broadcast ceased on cable. Shortly afterwards, an online live stream broadcasting the channel was set up and is live as of March 2013\. OTV now airs mostly reruns and recordings of Diaconescu's appearances on other TV stations, notably [România TV](/wiki/Rom%C3%A2nia_TV "România TV"). Diaconescu made an attempt at circumventing the decision of the council by settling the television in the city of [Vatican](/wiki/Vatican_City "Vatican City"), with the Vatican\-based OTV broadcasting most of its shows from the studios in Romania, but under the name of a foreign company. Even so, OTV is not viewable in most Romanian networks. ### *OTV Live* on *România TV* On 15 July 2014, 533 days after OTV's broadcast interruption, Dan Diaconescu relaunched his flagship show under a different name, *OTV Live*, after an agreement with the news television station [România TV](/wiki/Rom%C3%A2nia_TV "România TV"). Diaconescu stated that he chose România TV because "of the news television stations, România TV was closest to the pattern of \[the former] OTV", "studies \[had] shown that much of OTV's audience turned to România TV", and called the agreement a 'barter', since România TV would broadcast the show throughout the night and the Vatican\-based OTV would also retransmit shows produced by România TV in the rest of the day.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.paginademedia.ro/2014/07/exclusiv\-dan\-diaconescu\-dintre\-posturile\-de\-stiri\-romania\-tv\-se\-apropie\-cel\-mai\-mult\-de\-modelul\-otv\-totul\-despre\-colaborarea\-cu\-romania\-tv/\|title\=EXCLUSIV. DAN DIACONESCU: „Dintre posturile de ştiri, România TV se apropie cel mai mult de modelul OTV”. Totul despre colaborarea cu România TV\|date\=15 July 2014\|website\=Paginademedia.ro}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.paginademedia.ro/2014/07/video\-dan\-diaconescu\-revine\-tot\-in\-direct\-dar\-la\-romania\-tv/\|title\=VIDEO. Dan Diaconescu revine, tot în direct, dar la România TV\|date\=14 July 2014\|website\=Paginademedia.ro}} Diaconescu's appearance with his revamped show on România TV was interpreted by some, notably politician [Cozmin Gușă](/wiki/Cozmin_Gu%C8%99%C4%83 "Cozmin Gușă"),[Alianţa PSD\-PPDD, şi la TV. Guşă: "Diaconescu, mulţumit că e în gaşcă". Cum îşi spală Ponta ruşinea](http://www.realitatea.net/alianta-psd-ppdd-si-la-tv-gusa-diaconescu-multumit-ca-e-in-gasca-cum-isi-spala-ponta-rusinea_1483281.html) \- realitatea.net as an effect of the political alliance that had been agreed between the [Social Democratic Party](/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_%28Romania%29 "Social Democratic Party (Romania)") (PSD), which has allegedly been using România TV as it mouthpiece, and Diaconescu's party, PPDD. ### Diaconescu's imprisonment On 4 March 2015, Dan Diaconescu was condemned to five and a half years in prison, having been charged with blackmailing a Romanian mayor, whom he had allegedly threatened with the public disclosure of "real or imaginary facts, such as \[his corruption]"[Dan Diaconescu, CONDAMNAT DEFINITIV la cinci ani şi şase luni de închisoare cu executare: "Mi\-au închis televiziunile, mi\-au închis partidul, acum mă închid pe mine" \- Mediafax](http://www.mediafax.ro/social/dan-diaconescu-condamnat-definitiv-la-cinci-ani-si-sase-luni-de-inchisoare-cu-executare-mi-au-inchis-televiziunile-mi-au-inchis-partidul-acum-ma-inchid-pe-mine-13928934) \- Mediafax, retrieved 4 March 2015 on OTV. Reacting to the decision, Diaconescu stated that "they have shut down my TV station, they have shut down my party, now they shut me behind bars".
[ "History of the station\n----------------------", "### First years and first closure", "OTV was launched in 2000 as *Oglinda TV*[File din \"senzaționala” istorie a otevizării României](http://ro.stiri.yahoo.com/file-din-%E2%80%9Esenza%C8%9Bionala%E2%80%9D-istorie-a-oteviz%C4%83rii-rom%C3%A2niei.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330052135/http://ro.stiri.yahoo.com/file\\-din\\-%E2%80%9Esenza%C8%9Bionala%E2%80%9D\\-istorie\\-a\\-oteviz%C4%83rii\\-rom%C3%A2niei.html \\|date\\=30 March 2012 }} \\- Yahoo! News (*oglinda* being the [Romanian](/wiki/Romanian_language \"Romanian language\") word for *mirror*) by [Dan Diaconescu](/wiki/Dan_Diaconescu \"Dan Diaconescu\"), following the imminent closure of the Romanian TV station [Tele7ABC](/wiki/Tele7ABC \"Tele7ABC\"), where Diaconescu moderated a [talk show](/wiki/Talk_show \"Talk show\"), which was called *Senzațional*.Gazeta de Sud, n. 1625, Page 6 The station's main show has been from its start *Dan Diaconescu Direct* (*Dan Diaconescu Live*), a tabloid talk show lasting several hours, from early evening until late night, and featuring obscure guests such as [spiritual mediums](/wiki/Spiritual_medium \"Spiritual medium\"), [manele](/wiki/Manele \"Manele\") singers and local petty criminals.", "In 2002, due to violation of laws regarding television broadcast, the station's broadcast licence was retracted by the [National Audiovisual Council](/wiki/Communications_media_in_Romania \"Communications media in Romania\"). This interruption in OTV's broadcast lasted for two years and was seen by a part of the general public as an act of [censorship](/wiki/Censorship \"Censorship\") of the ruling government. Diaconescu claimed that the ban on his station's broadcast was because he refused to sell a 51% stake of OTV to [Adrian Năstase](/wiki/Adrian_N%C4%83stase \"Adrian Năstase\"), who was prime minister at that time.", "### \"Investigation serials\"", "On 2004, after the ban was lifted, OTV restarted its broadcast. It featured three [news crawls](/wiki/News_crawl \"News crawl\") at the bottom of the screen and various on\\-screen text captions showing words such as *Incredible*, *Sensational*, *Extraordinary*. The subjects debated on Diaconescu's talk show maintained their [tabloid](/wiki/Tabloid_press \"Tabloid press\") style and included scenarios of a looming [doomsday](/wiki/Eschatology \"Eschatology\"), investigation into \"mystery deaths\", revelations of religious figures and scandals among Romanian celebrities.", "Starting September 2007, OTV became notorious for its investigation into the \"mysterious\" disappearance of Romanian lawyer [Elodia Ghinescu](/wiki/Elodia_Ghinescu \"Elodia Ghinescu\"), a subject which was debated for 239 consecutive evenings, termed by the channel *episodes*, and attracted a significant number of viewers. After the *Elodia serial* other such subjects received similar coverage. The 2009 [Media Sustainability Index](/wiki/Media_Sustainability_Index \"Media Sustainability Index\") noted that: \"OTV has a long history of offering Romanians extreme forms of infotainment. Its formal owner organizes long talk shows with bizarre characters, and the main topic is various crimes and disappearances. From 2007 to 2008, OTV organized\nseveral hundred so\\-called episodes about the disappearance of Elodia Ghinescu, a lawyer who married a police officer. In one episode, Diaconescu instigated a hacker to break into Ghinescu's e\\-mail inbox and show her personal messages on the air. Ghinescu became a popular icon, although she continues to be missing. Meanwhile, the mainstream media took over the case and followed OTV's example in revealing\npersonal details about her family.\"[MEDIA SUSTAINABILITY INDEX 2009](http://www.irex.org/system/files/EE_MSI_09_se_Romania.pdf){{dead link\\|date\\=February 2018 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }}, p. 89 Other Romanian TV stations soon launched similar late\\-night talk shows, in a process called by Diaconescu *the \"otevisation\" of Romania*.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.vranceamedia.ro/cristi\\-irimia\\-otevizarea\\-si\\-manelizarea\\-romaniei\\-continua/\\|title\\=Cristi IRIMIA: “Otevizarea şi manelizarea României continuă”}}", "### Politics", "Traian Băsescu, [President of Romania](/wiki/President_of_Romania \"President of Romania\") in 2009, was also guest in Diaconescu's show, where he talked about politics and personal affairs. Diaconescu's support for Băsescu ended abruptly in 2010 when the television personality was arrested for allegedly having [blackmailed](/wiki/Blackmail \"Blackmail\") a Romanian mayor. After his release, a few days later, Diaconescu announced that he would enter politics and set up his own [political party](/wiki/Political_party \"Political party\").", "After Diaconescu's announcement that he would enter politics, the subjects debated on his show started to deal with cases of alleged corruption of various politicians, which the station called *[ciocoi](/wiki/wiktionary:Ciocoi \"Ciocoi\")* (roughly meaning fleecer) and to criticise national institutions and state\\-level decisions which were thought to be against the people, while preparing the ground for the new political party, which was to be called *Partidul Poporului* (*People's Party*) by announcing the measures and reforms that the party would take after having reached power. The first point of the measures plan was that every citizen would be given 20\\.000 [euros](/wiki/Euro \"Euro\") upon turning 18 years old, which could be invested as the receiver wished.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.partidul.poporului.ro/content/20\\-de\\-puncte\\-ale\\-partidului\\-poporului\\|title\\=poporului.ro\\|website\\=www.partidul.poporului.ro}} The station soon started calling itself *Televiziunea Poporului* (*People's Television*) and Dan Diaconescu started being called the future president of Romania.", "The People's Party was created on 19 September 2011, under the name *People's Party \\- Dan Diaconescu*, because a party with the name *People's Party* already existed.[Cererea de înființare a Partidului Poporului Dan Diaconescu a fost admisă](http://www.hotnews.ro/stiri-politic-10173241-cererea-infiintare-partidului-poporului-dan-diaconescu-fost-admisa.htm) \\- HotNews.ro Violet and white were chosen as the party's distinctive colors and several graphical elements of the OTV broadcast turned violet. The first congress of the party took place on 21 January 2012 and was broadcast live by OTV. In his speech, Dan Diaconescu, president of the party, said that \"he would be the [Vlad Țepeș](/wiki/Vlad_%C8%9Aepe%C8%99 \"Vlad Țepeș\") of 2012\", that the \"dictator\" [Traian Băsescu](/wiki/Traian_B%C4%83sescu \"Traian Băsescu\"), then\\-president of Romania, would be ousted, and that [Victor Ponta](/wiki/Victor_Ponta \"Victor Ponta\") and [Crin Antonescu](/wiki/Crin_Antonescu \"Crin Antonescu\") were \"his \\[Băsescu's] people\".[Congres\\-surpriză, la Partidul Poporului. \"Eu voi fi Vlad Ţepeş, varianta 2012\"](http://www.rtv.net/congres-surpriza-la-partidul-poporului-eu-voi-fi-vlad-tepes-varianta-2012_11773.html) \\- RTV.net[SENZAȚIONAL. Camara Abubaca, un viitor primar. Partidul lui Dan Diaconescu se pregătește să cucerească Moldova](http://www.evz.ro/detalii/stiri/dan-diaconescu-la-primul-congres-al-partidului-poporului-dan-diaconescu-nimeni-nu-mai-p-962595.html)\\- EVZ.ro {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120124052559/http://www.evz.ro/detalii/stiri/dan\\-diaconescu\\-la\\-primul\\-congres\\-al\\-partidului\\-poporului\\-dan\\-diaconescu\\-nimeni\\-nu\\-mai\\-p\\-962595\\.html \\|date\\=24 January 2012 }}", "During the [Romanian riots of January 2012](/wiki/Romanian_riots_of_January_2012 \"Romanian riots of January 2012\"), OTV maintained its sensationalist and propagandistic approach when broadcasting live footage of the violent events in Bucharest. The text running on the screen claimed that OTV had become \"the emergency service of Romania\", that OTV was \"the only news television station\", that railway transport would be frozen, and that protesters were coming \"to ask Diaconescu to become president\".{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.paginademedia.ro/2012/01/video\\-fanteziile\\-lui\\-dan\\-diaconescu\\-de\\-la\\-otv\\-smurd\\-ul\\-romaniei\\-la\\-starea\\-de\\-asediu\\-%e2%80%9cdin\\-acest\\-moment\\-niciun\\-tren\\-nu\\-va\\-mai\\-circula/\\|title\\=VIDEO. Fanteziile lui Dan Diaconescu: De la OTV\\-SMURD\\-ul României, la starea de asediu: “Din acest moment, niciun tren nu va mai circula\"\\|date\\=26 June 2014\\|website\\=Paginademedia.ro}} These claims were called by Romanian independent media watchdog *Pagina de Media*, \"fantasies\" of Diaconescu.", "### Licence retraction attempts by the National Audiovisual Council", "Following repeated violations of the broadcast rules, most significantly broadcasting propaganda for Diaconescu's political party, the National Audiovisual Council decided to diminish the remaining timespan of the broadcast licence of OTV at that time to half of its length, meaning that OTV would have had to end its broadcast on 28 September 2012\\. Around the same time, OTV's parent company, \"Ocram Television\", was declared to be insolvent by the Bucharest Court.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2024\\-04\\-09 \\|title\\=OTV revine în forță pe micile ecrane: Andreea Marin și Mihaela Rădulescu s\\-ar afla pe lista lui Dan Diaconescu \\|url\\=https://www.stiripesurse.ro/otv\\-revine\\-in\\-forta\\-pe\\-micile\\-ecrane\\-andreea\\-marin\\-si\\-mihalea\\-radulescu\\-s\\-ar\\-afla\\-pe\\-lista\\-lui\\-dan\\-diaconescu\\_3286559\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-06\\-30 \\|website\\=Stiri pe surse \\|language\\=ro}} Diaconescu claimed that the decision was commanded by president Băsescu[Dan Diaconescu către Narcisa Iorga: Mi\\-am făcut pomană cu dvs, eu v\\-am angajat la Jurnalul Național. Licența OTV redusă la jumătate](http://www.paginademedia.ro/2012/03/dan-diaconescu-catre-membrii-cna-mi-am-facut-pomana-cu-dvs-eu-v-am-angajat-la-jurnalul-national/) \\- paginademedia.ro and his show in the evening featured a relatively large number of people gathered in the studio, many of them members of Diaconescu's *People's Party*, waving the [Romanian flag](/wiki/Romanian_flag \"Romanian flag\") and singing party anthems.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=hWAKeCJNkGg\\|title\\=Paginademedia.ro: Revolutia OTV CNA.mpg\\|date\\=28 March 2012\\|via\\=YouTube}} Nevertheless, the show did not bring much attention from the public, placing OTV only on the 9th place in the rating top.[“Revoluția” de pe OTV, neinteresantă pentru telespectatori](http://www.paginademedia.ro/2012/03/revolutia-de-pe-otv-neinteresanta-pentru-telespectatori/) \\- paginademedia.ro", "Two weeks after this decision was made by the council, the same sanction was imposed again, on the grounds of continued propaganda for PPDD, halving once more the remaining timespan of the licence of OTV. Following this second sanction, OTV was due to be shut down on 4 July.[ÎNCĂ O DATĂ ÎNJUMĂTĂȚITĂ. OTV a rămas cu trei luni de licență. Mai poate emite până în iulie](http://www.paginademedia.ro/2012/04/otv-a-ramas-cu-trei-luni-de-licenta-din-cauza-publicitatii-politice/) \\- paginademedia.ro", "On 24 April, the sanction was imposed for the third time, which was an unprecedented event in Romanian broadcasting.[OTV mai are o lună de emisie](http://www.paginademedia.ro/2012/04/otv-mai-are-o-luna-de-emisie/) \\- paginademedia.ro OTV was then due to be shut down on 29 May. Diaconescu's show started later than usual in the evening, after an announcement written in large white characters on a black background that was reading \"*Today, the People's Television has been forbidden by Traian Băsescu for political reasons.*\" had been broadcast for several hours. Also, a yellow crawl band running at the bottom of the screen announced that Diaconescu was going to \"make important unveilings on OTV for the last time\".[CAUTĂ CU LUMÂNAREA. Dan Diaconescu, teatru TV la OTV](https://archive.today/20130416111252/http://www.paginademedia.ro/2012/04/o-cauta-cu-lumanarea-dan-diaconescu-teatru-tv-la-otv/O) At about 11 PM, Diaconescu appeared on air and held a relaxed free speech, during which he accused various politicians of corruption and also accused members of the NCA of bribery.", "After an appeal by Diaconescu at the Bucharest Appeal Court, all the sanctions on OTV's licence were lifted, leaving OTV with its broadcast licence lasting until 2013\\.[Surpriză: OTV nu se mai închide!](http://www.rtv.net/surpriza--otv-nu-se-mai-inchide--deocamdata_28109.html) \\- RTV.net", "### Second licence retraction and the Vatican\\-based television", "In January 2013, after the members of the council were reelected, a review of the fines not paid by television stations over the last few years was made. It has been calculated that OTV had not paid fines totalling over 1 million lei.[http://www.evz.ro/detalii/stiri/dupa\\-634000\\-de\\-euro\\-amenzi\\-date\\-de\\-cna\\-otv\\-se\\-inchide\\-1020445\\.html](https://web.archive.org/web/20130126113728/http://www.evz.ro/detalii/stiri/dupa-634000-de-euro-amenzi-date-de-cna-otv-se-inchide-1020445.html) Within three hours from the receipt of the decision from the council, the broadcast ceased on cable. Shortly afterwards, an online live stream broadcasting the channel was set up and is live as of March 2013\\. OTV now airs mostly reruns and recordings of Diaconescu's appearances on other TV stations, notably [România TV](/wiki/Rom%C3%A2nia_TV \"România TV\").", "Diaconescu made an attempt at circumventing the decision of the council by settling the television in the city of [Vatican](/wiki/Vatican_City \"Vatican City\"), with the Vatican\\-based OTV broadcasting most of its shows from the studios in Romania, but under the name of a foreign company. Even so, OTV is not viewable in most Romanian networks.", "### *OTV Live* on *România TV*", "On 15 July 2014, 533 days after OTV's broadcast interruption, Dan Diaconescu relaunched his flagship show under a different name, *OTV Live*, after an agreement with the news television station [România TV](/wiki/Rom%C3%A2nia_TV \"România TV\"). Diaconescu stated that he chose România TV because \"of the news television stations, România TV was closest to the pattern of \\[the former] OTV\", \"studies \\[had] shown that much of OTV's audience turned to România TV\", and called the agreement a 'barter', since România TV would broadcast the show throughout the night and the Vatican\\-based OTV would also retransmit shows produced by România TV in the rest of the day.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.paginademedia.ro/2014/07/exclusiv\\-dan\\-diaconescu\\-dintre\\-posturile\\-de\\-stiri\\-romania\\-tv\\-se\\-apropie\\-cel\\-mai\\-mult\\-de\\-modelul\\-otv\\-totul\\-despre\\-colaborarea\\-cu\\-romania\\-tv/\\|title\\=EXCLUSIV. DAN DIACONESCU: „Dintre posturile de ştiri, România TV se apropie cel mai mult de modelul OTV”. Totul despre colaborarea cu România TV\\|date\\=15 July 2014\\|website\\=Paginademedia.ro}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.paginademedia.ro/2014/07/video\\-dan\\-diaconescu\\-revine\\-tot\\-in\\-direct\\-dar\\-la\\-romania\\-tv/\\|title\\=VIDEO. Dan Diaconescu revine, tot în direct, dar la România TV\\|date\\=14 July 2014\\|website\\=Paginademedia.ro}}", "Diaconescu's appearance with his revamped show on România TV was interpreted by some, notably politician [Cozmin Gușă](/wiki/Cozmin_Gu%C8%99%C4%83 \"Cozmin Gușă\"),[Alianţa PSD\\-PPDD, şi la TV. Guşă: \"Diaconescu, mulţumit că e în gaşcă\". Cum îşi spală Ponta ruşinea](http://www.realitatea.net/alianta-psd-ppdd-si-la-tv-gusa-diaconescu-multumit-ca-e-in-gasca-cum-isi-spala-ponta-rusinea_1483281.html) \\- realitatea.net as an effect of the political alliance that had been agreed between the [Social Democratic Party](/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_%28Romania%29 \"Social Democratic Party (Romania)\") (PSD), which has allegedly been using România TV as it mouthpiece, and Diaconescu's party, PPDD.", "### Diaconescu's imprisonment", "On 4 March 2015, Dan Diaconescu was condemned to five and a half years in prison, having been charged with blackmailing a Romanian mayor, whom he had allegedly threatened with the public disclosure of \"real or imaginary facts, such as \\[his corruption]\"[Dan Diaconescu, CONDAMNAT DEFINITIV la cinci ani şi şase luni de închisoare cu executare: \"Mi\\-au închis televiziunile, mi\\-au închis partidul, acum mă închid pe mine\" \\- Mediafax](http://www.mediafax.ro/social/dan-diaconescu-condamnat-definitiv-la-cinci-ani-si-sase-luni-de-inchisoare-cu-executare-mi-au-inchis-televiziunile-mi-au-inchis-partidul-acum-ma-inchid-pe-mine-13928934) \\- Mediafax, retrieved 4 March 2015 on OTV. Reacting to the decision, Diaconescu stated that \"they have shut down my TV station, they have shut down my party, now they shut me behind bars\".", "" ]
Aftermath --------- The day after the attack, Vladmir Markin, spokesman for the Investigative Committee of the Prosecutor (SKP) of the Russian Federation, stated that the Central Investigation Department of the North Caucasus and the [Southern Federal District](/wiki/Southern_Federal_District "Southern Federal District") would investigate the attacks.{{cite web\|url\=http://ria.ru/inquest/20100830/270424841\.html \|title\=Дело о нападении на родовое село Кадырова раccледует ГСУ СКП по СКФО \|publisher\=РИА Новости \|date\=30 August 2010 \|accessdate\=27 July 2011 \|url\-status\=unfit \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220612185606/http://ria.ru/inquest/20100830/270424841\.html \|archivedate\=June 12, 2022 }} On 2 September, Ramzan Kadyrov announced a reward of more than $300,000 for information about each of the insurgency leaders involved in the operation, which Chechen commentators interpreted as an indicator of the government's weakness. Kadyrov also tightened his control over information coming from Tsentoroy by not allowing any of the village's 5,000 inhabitants to leave in the days after the attack; the citizenry were also allegedly under the threat of death not to talk about the siege or the damage inflicted by the rebels. The operation was also viewed as being impossible without the aid of informants in the circles close to Kadyrov, leading to "massive" interrogations in the village. Some on Kadyrov's side allegedly blamed the incident on Isa Yamadaev's return to Chechnya, thinking that he or some of his associates may have supplied critical information to the insurgents due to a long\-running, [deadly feud](/wiki/Sulim_Yamadaev/Ramzan_Kadyrov_Power_Struggle "Sulim Yamadaev/Ramzan Kadyrov Power Struggle") between their two families; nothing has since emerged to tie Yamadaev to the assault in any way. Most analysis of the attack saw it as a "very painful blow" against both Kadyrov and Moscow. Earlier in the month, a quartet of top insurgent field commanders \- including Aslambek Vadalov \- had renounced their oaths of allegiance to [Caucasus Emirate](/wiki/Caucasus_Emirate "Caucasus Emirate") supreme leader [Dokka Umarov](/wiki/Dokka_Umarov "Dokka Umarov") in order to continue to fight for Chechen independence rather than a pan\-Islamic state encompassing the entire North Caucasus; whereas many commentators expected this to weaken the insurgency, the Tsentoroy attack proved decisively that the Chechnya\-based fighters were still a force to be reckoned with. Also in early August, Kadyrov made the outlandish claim that there were a "maximum \[of] seventy" Islamist militants remaining in Chechnya; not only did the operation clearly refute that, but it also showed that the rebels still had strategists experienced enough to plan and coordinate a three\-pronged attack as well as the types of mid\-level commanders capable of carrying it out with minimal casualties. ### Disputed Reports of Deaths of Zaurbek Advorkhanov and Emir Ayub On 1 August 2012, Kadyrov announced that three militants involved in the attack had been killed in a special operation in [Galashki](/wiki/Galashki "Galashki"), [Ingushetia](/wiki/Ingushetia "Ingushetia") on 31 July. According to the Chechen president, Russian security forces received information that the militants were due at a private residence to pick up a bride for Ibrahim Avdorkhanov, then laid explosives which detonated and killed the trio. The slain insurgents were identified as Zaurbek Advorkhanov, Ibragim Advorkhanov and Ayub Khaladov, all who indeed participated in the 2010 attack on Tsentoroy. This account was disputed by Ingush President [Yunus\-Bek Yevkurov](/wiki/Yunus-Bek_Yevkurov "Yunus-Bek Yevkurov"), who said the explosion actually took place on 29 July and that it was an accidental detonation of an explosive device, not a pre\-planned operation by Russian security forces. Yevkurov also stated that two men were killed and another injured, and identified the deceased as Idris Abayev and Alikhan Dolkhadov. Following Kadyrov's 1 August statement, Ingush Security Council Secretary Akhmed Kotiyev revised Yevkurov's account, claiming that the men killed were indeed the Avdorkhanov brothers and Khaladov, and that they had been identified through documents they were carrying. This remains unconfirmed, as the Russian government has offered no visual proof and militant groups haven't commented.
[ "Aftermath\n---------", "The day after the attack, Vladmir Markin, spokesman for the Investigative Committee of the Prosecutor (SKP) of the Russian Federation, stated that the Central Investigation Department of the North Caucasus and the [Southern Federal District](/wiki/Southern_Federal_District \"Southern Federal District\") would investigate the attacks.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://ria.ru/inquest/20100830/270424841\\.html \\|title\\=Дело о нападении на родовое село Кадырова раccледует ГСУ СКП по СКФО \\|publisher\\=РИА Новости \\|date\\=30 August 2010 \\|accessdate\\=27 July 2011 \\|url\\-status\\=unfit \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220612185606/http://ria.ru/inquest/20100830/270424841\\.html \\|archivedate\\=June 12, 2022 }} On 2 September, Ramzan Kadyrov announced a reward of more than $300,000 for information about each of the insurgency leaders involved in the operation, which Chechen commentators interpreted as an indicator of the government's weakness. Kadyrov also tightened his control over information coming from Tsentoroy by not allowing any of the village's 5,000 inhabitants to leave in the days after the attack; the citizenry were also allegedly under the threat of death not to talk about the siege or the damage inflicted by the rebels.", "The operation was also viewed as being impossible without the aid of informants in the circles close to Kadyrov, leading to \"massive\" interrogations in the village. Some on Kadyrov's side allegedly blamed the incident on Isa Yamadaev's return to Chechnya, thinking that he or some of his associates may have supplied critical information to the insurgents due to a long\\-running, [deadly feud](/wiki/Sulim_Yamadaev/Ramzan_Kadyrov_Power_Struggle \"Sulim Yamadaev/Ramzan Kadyrov Power Struggle\") between their two families; nothing has since emerged to tie Yamadaev to the assault in any way.", "Most analysis of the attack saw it as a \"very painful blow\" against both Kadyrov and Moscow. Earlier in the month, a quartet of top insurgent field commanders \\- including Aslambek Vadalov \\- had renounced their oaths of allegiance to [Caucasus Emirate](/wiki/Caucasus_Emirate \"Caucasus Emirate\") supreme leader [Dokka Umarov](/wiki/Dokka_Umarov \"Dokka Umarov\") in order to continue to fight for Chechen independence rather than a pan\\-Islamic state encompassing the entire North Caucasus; whereas many commentators expected this to weaken the insurgency, the Tsentoroy attack proved decisively that the Chechnya\\-based fighters were still a force to be reckoned with. Also in early August, Kadyrov made the outlandish claim that there were a \"maximum \\[of] seventy\" Islamist militants remaining in Chechnya; not only did the operation clearly refute that, but it also showed that the rebels still had strategists experienced enough to plan and coordinate a three\\-pronged attack as well as the types of mid\\-level commanders capable of carrying it out with minimal casualties.", "### Disputed Reports of Deaths of Zaurbek Advorkhanov and Emir Ayub", "On 1 August 2012, Kadyrov announced that three militants involved in the attack had been killed in a special operation in [Galashki](/wiki/Galashki \"Galashki\"), [Ingushetia](/wiki/Ingushetia \"Ingushetia\") on 31 July. According to the Chechen president, Russian security forces received information that the militants were due at a private residence to pick up a bride for Ibrahim Avdorkhanov, then laid explosives which detonated and killed the trio. The slain insurgents were identified as Zaurbek Advorkhanov, Ibragim Advorkhanov and Ayub Khaladov, all who indeed participated in the 2010 attack on Tsentoroy.", "This account was disputed by Ingush President [Yunus\\-Bek Yevkurov](/wiki/Yunus-Bek_Yevkurov \"Yunus-Bek Yevkurov\"), who said the explosion actually took place on 29 July and that it was an accidental detonation of an explosive device, not a pre\\-planned operation by Russian security forces. Yevkurov also stated that two men were killed and another injured, and identified the deceased as Idris Abayev and Alikhan Dolkhadov. Following Kadyrov's 1 August statement, Ingush Security Council Secretary Akhmed Kotiyev revised Yevkurov's account, claiming that the men killed were indeed the Avdorkhanov brothers and Khaladov, and that they had been identified through documents they were carrying. This remains unconfirmed, as the Russian government has offered no visual proof and militant groups haven't commented.", "" ]
Physical properties ------------------- The photon has no [electric charge](/wiki/Electric_charge "Electric charge"),{{cite book \|last1\=Frisch \|first1\=David H. \|title\=Elementary Particles \|last2\=Thorndike \|first2\=Alan M. \|publisher\=\[\[David Van Nostrand]] \|year\=1964 \|location\=Princeton, New Jersey \|page\=22 \|language\=en\-us \|author1\-link\=David H. Frisch}}{{cite journal \|last1\=Kobychev \|first1\=V. V. \|last2\=Popov \|first2\=S. B. \|year\=2005 \|title\=Constraints on the photon charge from observations of extragalactic sources \|journal\=\[\[Astronomy Letters]] \|volume\=31 \|issue\=3 \|pages\=147–151 \|arxiv\=hep\-ph/0411398 \|bibcode\=2005AstL...31\..147K \|doi\=10\.1134/1\.1883345 \|s2cid\=119409823}} is generally considered to have zero [rest mass](/wiki/Rest_mass "Rest mass"){{cite web \|first\=John \|last\=Baez \|author\-link\=John Baez \|title\=What is the mass of a photon? \|publisher\=\[\[University of California, Riverside\|U.C. Riverside]] \|type\=pers. academic site \|url\=http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/physics/ParticleAndNuclear/photon\_mass.html \|access\-date\=2009\-01\-13 \|archive\-date\=2014\-05\-31 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531100537/http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/physics/ParticleAndNuclear/photon\_mass.html \|url\-status\=live }} and is a [stable particle](/wiki/Stable_particle "Stable particle"). The experimental upper limit on the photon mass{{Cite journal \|last1\=Tu \|first1\=Liang\-Cheng \|last2\=Luo \|first2\=Jun \|last3\=Gillies \|first3\=George T \|date\=2005\-01\-01 \|title\=The mass of the photon \|url\=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10\.1088/0034\-4885/68/1/R02 \|journal\=Reports on Progress in Physics \|volume\=68 \|issue\=1 \|pages\=77–130 \|doi\=10\.1088/0034\-4885/68/1/R02 \|bibcode\=2005RPPh...68\...77T \|issn\=0034\-4885}}{{Cite journal \|last1\=Goldhaber \|first1\=Alfred Scharff \|last2\=Nieto \|first2\=Michael Martin \|date\=2010\-03\-23 \|title\=Photon and graviton mass limits \|url\=https://link.aps.org/doi/10\.1103/RevModPhys.82\.939 \|journal\=Reviews of Modern Physics \|language\=en \|volume\=82 \|issue\=1 \|pages\=939–979 \|doi\=10\.1103/RevModPhys.82\.939 \|issn\=0034\-6861 \|arxiv\=0809\.1003 \|bibcode\=2010RvMP...82\..939G \|access\-date\=2024\-02\-01 \|archive\-date\=2024\-05\-13 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240513012520/https://journals.aps.org/rmp/abstract/10\.1103/RevModPhys.82\.939 \|url\-status\=live }} is very small, on the order of 10−50 kg; its lifetime would be more than 1018 years.{{Cite journal \|last\=Heeck \|first\=Julian \|date\=2013\-07\-11 \|title\=How Stable is the Photon? \|url\=https://link.aps.org/doi/10\.1103/PhysRevLett.111\.021801 \|journal\=Physical Review Letters \|language\=en \|volume\=111 \|issue\=2 \|page\=021801 \|doi\=10\.1103/PhysRevLett.111\.021801 \|pmid\=23889385 \|issn\=0031\-9007 \|arxiv\=1304\.2821 \|bibcode\=2013PhRvL.111b1801H \|access\-date\=2024\-02\-01 \|archive\-date\=2024\-05\-13 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240513012534/https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10\.1103/PhysRevLett.111\.021801 \|url\-status\=live }} For comparison the [age of the universe](/wiki/Age_of_the_universe "Age of the universe") is about {{convert\|13\.8e9\|m\|m\|disp\=number}} years. In a vacuum, a photon has two possible [polarization](/wiki/Photon_polarization "Photon polarization") states.{{cite book \|first\=Matthew D. \|last\=Schwartz \|title\=Quantum Field Theory and the Standard Model \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=HbdEAgAAQBAJ\&pg\=PA66 \|year\=2014 \|publisher\=Cambridge University Press \|isbn\=978\-1\-107\-03473\-0 \|pages\=66}} The photon is the [gauge boson](/wiki/Gauge_boson "Gauge boson") for [electromagnetism](/wiki/Electromagnetism "Electromagnetism"),"Role as gauge boson and polarization" §5\.1 in {{cite book \|last1\=Aitchison \|first1\=I.J.R. \|last2\=Hey \|first2\=A.J.G. \|title\=Gauge Theories in Particle Physics \|publisher\=\[\[IOP Publishing]] \|year\=1993 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=ZJ\-ZY8NW9TIC \|isbn\=978\-0\-85274\-328\-7 \|access\-date\=2016\-10\-06 \|archive\-date\=2023\-01\-17 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117203733/https://books.google.com/books?id\=ZJ\-ZY8NW9TIC \|url\-status\=live }}{{rp\|29–30}} and therefore all other quantum numbers of the photon (such as [lepton number](/wiki/Lepton_number "Lepton number"), [baryon number](/wiki/Baryon_number "Baryon number"), and [flavour quantum numbers](/wiki/Flavor_%28particle_physics%29%23Flavour_quantum_numbers "Flavor (particle physics)#Flavour quantum numbers")) are zero.{{cite journal \|doi\=10\.1016/j.physletb.2008\.07\.018 \|pmid\=10020536 \|last\=Amsler \|first\=C. \|display\-authors\=etal \|title\=Review of Particle Physics \|journal\=\[\[Physics Letters B]] \|volume\=667 \|issue\=1–5 \|page\=31 \|year\=2008 \|bibcode\=2008PhLB..667\....1A \|url\=http://scipp.ucsc.edu/%7Ehaber/pubs/Review\_of\_Particle\_Physics\_2014\.pdf \|hdl\=1854/LU\-685594 \|s2cid\=227119789 \|hdl\-access\=free \|access\-date\=2017\-10\-26 \|archive\-date\=2020\-06\-01 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200601115825/http://scipp.ucsc.edu/%7Ehaber/pubs/Review\_of\_Particle\_Physics\_2014\.pdf \|url\-status\=live }} Also, the photon obeys [Bose–Einstein statistics](/wiki/Bose%E2%80%93Einstein_statistics "Bose–Einstein statistics"), and not [Fermi–Dirac statistics](/wiki/Fermi%E2%80%93Dirac_statistics "Fermi–Dirac statistics"). That is, they do *not* obey the [Pauli exclusion principle](/wiki/Pauli_exclusion_principle "Pauli exclusion principle"){{cite book \|last1\=Halliday \|first1\=David \|last2\=Resnick \|first2\=Robert \|last3\=Walker \|first3\=Jerl \|title\=Fundamental of Physics \|publisher\=John Wiley and Sons, Inc. \|edition\=7th \|isbn\=978\-0\-471\-23231\-5 \|year\=2005 \|url\=https://archive.org/details/isbn\_0471216437}}{{rp\|1221}} and more than one can occupy the same bound quantum state. Photons are emitted in many natural processes. For example, when a charge is [accelerated](/wiki/Acceleration "Acceleration") it emits [synchrotron radiation](/wiki/Synchrotron_radiation "Synchrotron radiation"). During a [molecular](/wiki/Molecule "Molecule"), [atomic](/wiki/Atom "Atom") or [nuclear](/wiki/Atomic_nucleus "Atomic nucleus") transition to a lower [energy level](/wiki/Energy_level "Energy level"), photons of various energy will be emitted, ranging from [radio waves](/wiki/Radio_wave "Radio wave") to [gamma rays](/wiki/Gamma_ray "Gamma ray"). Photons can also be emitted when a particle and its corresponding [antiparticle](/wiki/Antiparticle "Antiparticle") are [annihilated](/wiki/Annihilation "Annihilation") (for example, [electron–positron annihilation](/wiki/Electron%E2%80%93positron_annihilation "Electron–positron annihilation")).{{rp\|572,1114,1172}} ### Relativistic energy and momentum {{See also\|Photon energy\|Special relativity}} [thumb\|right\|The cone shows possible values of wave 4\-vector of a photon. The "time" axis gives the angular frequency ([rad⋅s−1](/wiki/Radians_per_second "Radians per second")) and the "space" axis represents the angular wavenumber (rad⋅m−1). Green and indigo represent left and right polarization.](/wiki/File:Light_cone_colour.svg "Light cone colour.svg") In empty space, the photon moves at {{mvar\|c}} (the [speed of light](/wiki/Speed_of_light "Speed of light")) and its [energy](/wiki/Energy "Energy") and [momentum](/wiki/Momentum "Momentum") are related by {{math\|1\=''E'' \= ''pc''}}, where {{mvar\|p}} is the [magnitude](/wiki/Magnitude_%28mathematics%29 "Magnitude (mathematics)") of the momentum vector {{math\|'''''p'''''}}. This derives from the following relativistic relation, with {{math\|1\=''m'' \= 0}}:See {{harvnb\|Alonso\|Finn\|1968\|loc\=Section 1\.6}}. E^{2} \= p^{2} c^{2} \+ m^{2} c^{4} \~. The energy and momentum of a photon depend only on its [frequency](/wiki/Frequency "Frequency") (\\nu) or inversely, its [wavelength](/wiki/Wavelength "Wavelength") ({{mvar\|λ}}): E \= \\hbar \\, \\omega \= h \\nu \= \\frac{\\, h\\,c \\,}{\\lambda} \\boldsymbol{p} \= \\hbar \\boldsymbol{k} \~, where **{{mvar\|k}}** is the [wave vector](/wiki/Wave_vector "Wave vector"), where * {{math\| ''k'' ≡ {{abs\|'''''k'''''}} {{\=}} {{sfrac\| 2''π'' \|''λ''}} }}   is the [wave number](/wiki/Wave_number "Wave number"), and * {{math\| ''ω'' ≡ 2 ''πν''}}   is the [angular frequency](/wiki/Angular_frequency "Angular frequency"), and * {{math\| ''ħ'' ≡ {{sfrac\|''h''\| 2''π'' }} }}   is the [reduced Planck constant](/wiki/Reduced_Planck_constant "Reduced Planck constant").{{cite web \|first\=Davison E. \|last\=Soper \|title\=Electromagnetic radiation is made of photons \|department\=Institute of Theoretical Science \|publisher\=\[\[University of Oregon]] \|url\=http://pages.uoregon.edu/soper/Light/photons.html \|access\-date\=2024\-03\-21 \|archive\-date\=2023\-04\-08 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408082934/https://pages.uoregon.edu/soper/Light/photons.html \|url\-status\=live }} Since \\boldsymbol{p} points in the direction of the photon's propagation, the magnitude of its momentum is p \\equiv \\left\| \\boldsymbol{p} \\right\| \= \\hbar k \= \\frac{\\, h \\nu \\,}{c} \= \\frac{\\, h \\,}{\\lambda} \~. ### Polarization and spin angular momentum {{main\|Photon polarization\|Spin angular momentum of light}} The photon also carries [spin angular momentum](/wiki/Spin_angular_momentum_of_light "Spin angular momentum of light"), which is related to [photon polarization](/wiki/Photon_polarization "Photon polarization"). (Beams of light also exhibit properties described as [orbital angular momentum of light](/wiki/Orbital_angular_momentum_of_light "Orbital angular momentum of light")). The angular momentum of the photon has two possible values, either {{mvar\|\+ħ}} or {{mvar\|−ħ}}. These two possible values correspond to the two possible pure states of [circular polarization](/wiki/Circular_polarization "Circular polarization"). Collections of photons in a light beam may have mixtures of these two values; a linearly polarized light beam will act as if it were composed of equal numbers of the two possible angular momenta.{{Cite book \|last\=Hecht \|first\=Eugene \|title\=Optics \|date\=1998 \|publisher\=Addison\-Wesley \|isbn\=978\-0\-201\-83887\-9 \|edition\=3rd \|location\=Reading, Massachusetts; Harlow \|language\=en\-us}}{{rp\|325}} The spin angular momentum of light does not depend on its frequency, and was experimentally verified by [C. V. Raman](/wiki/C._V._Raman "C. V. Raman") and S. Bhagavantam in 1931\.{{Cite journal \|last1\=Raman \|first1\=C. V. \|author1\-link\=C. V. Raman \|last2\=Bhagavantam \|first2\=S. \|year\=1931 \|title\=Experimental proof of the spin of the photon \|url\=http://dspace.rri.res.in/bitstream/2289/2123/1/1931%20IJP%20V6%20p353\.pdf \|url\-status\=dead \|journal\=Indian Journal of Physics \|volume\=6 \|issue\=3244 \|page\=353 \|bibcode\=1932Natur.129\...22R \|doi\=10\.1038/129022a0 \|s2cid\=4064852 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603235132/http://dspace.rri.res.in/bitstream/2289/2123/1/1931%20IJP%20V6%20p353\.pdf \|archive\-date\=2016\-06\-03 \|access\-date\=2008\-12\-28 \|hdl\-access\=free \|hdl\=10821/664}} ### Antiparticle annihilation {{Main \| Annihilation \| Electron\-positron annihilation}} The collision of a particle with its antiparticle can create photons. In free space at least *two* photons must be created since, in the [center of momentum frame](/wiki/Center_of_momentum_frame "Center of momentum frame"), the colliding antiparticles have no net momentum, whereas a single photon always has momentum (determined by the photon's frequency or wavelength, which cannot be zero). Hence, [conservation of momentum](/wiki/Momentum "Momentum") (or equivalently, [translational invariance](/wiki/Translational_invariance "Translational invariance")) requires that at least two photons are created, with zero net momentum.{{efn\| However, it is possible if the system interacts with a third particle or field for the annihilation to produce one photon, since the third particle or field can absorb momentum equal and opposite to the single photon, providing dynamic balance. An example is when a positron annihilates with a bound atomic electron; in that case, it is possible for only one photon to be emitted, as the nuclear Coulomb field breaks translational symmetry.}}{{cite book \|last\=Griffiths \|first\=David J. \|year\=2008 \|title\=Introduction to Elementary Particles \|edition\=2nd revised \|publisher\=WILEY\-VCH \|isbn\=978\-3\-527\-40601\-2}}{{rp\|64–65}} The energy of the two photons, or, equivalently, their frequency, may be determined from [conservation of four\-momentum](/wiki/Conservation_law_%28physics%29 "Conservation law (physics)"). {{anchor \|antiphoton}}Seen another way, the photon can be considered as [its own antiparticle](/wiki/Truly_neutral_particle "Truly neutral particle") (thus an "antiphoton" is simply a normal photon with opposite momentum, equal polarization, and 180° out of phase). The reverse process, [pair production](/wiki/Pair_production "Pair production"), is the dominant mechanism by which high\-energy photons such as [gamma rays](/wiki/Gamma_ray "Gamma ray") lose energy while passing through matter.{{harvnb\|Alonso\|Finn\|1968\|loc\=Section 9\.3}}. That process is the reverse of "annihilation to one photon" allowed in the electric field of an atomic nucleus. The classical formulae for the energy and momentum of [electromagnetic radiation](/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation "Electromagnetic radiation") can be re\-expressed in terms of photon events. For example, the [pressure of electromagnetic radiation](/wiki/Radiation_pressure "Radiation pressure") on an object derives from the transfer of photon momentum per unit time and unit area to that object, since pressure is force per unit area and force is the change in [momentum](/wiki/Momentum "Momentum") per unit time.{{cite book \|last1\=Born \|first1\=Max \|url\={{google books \|plainurl\=y \|id\=NmM\-KujxMtoC}} \|title\=Atomic Physics \|last2\=Blin\-Stoyle \|first2\=Roger John \|last3\=Radcliffe \|first3\=J. M. \|date\=1989 \|publisher\=Courier Corporation \|isbn\=978\-0\-486\-65984\-8 \|language\=en \|section\=Appendix XXXII}} ### Experimental checks on photon mass Current commonly accepted physical theories imply or assume the photon to be strictly massless. If photons were not purely massless, their speeds would vary with frequency, with lower\-energy (redder) photons moving slightly slower than higher\-energy photons. Relativity would be unaffected by this; the so\-called speed of light, *c*, would then not be the actual speed at which light moves, but a constant of nature which is the [upper bound](/wiki/Upper_bound "Upper bound") on speed that any object could theoretically attain in spacetime.{{cite journal\|author\=Mermin, David\|title\=Relativity without light\|doi\=10\.1119/1\.13917\|journal\=American Journal of Physics\|date\=February 1984\|volume\=52\|issue\=2\|pages\=119–124\|bibcode\=1984AmJPh..52\..119M }} Thus, it would still be the speed of spacetime ripples ([gravitational waves](/wiki/Gravitational_waves "Gravitational waves") and [gravitons](/wiki/Graviton "Graviton")), but it would not be the speed of photons. If a photon did have non\-zero mass, there would be other effects as well. [Coulomb's law](/wiki/Coulomb%27s_law "Coulomb's law") would be modified and the [electromagnetic field](/wiki/Electromagnetic_field "Electromagnetic field") would have an extra physical [degree of freedom](/wiki/Degree_of_freedom "Degree of freedom"). These effects yield more sensitive experimental probes of the photon mass than the frequency dependence of the speed of light. If Coulomb's law is not exactly valid, then that would allow the presence of an [electric field](/wiki/Electric_field "Electric field") to exist within a hollow conductor when it is subjected to an external electric field. This provides a means for precision [tests of Coulomb's law](/wiki/Tests_of_electromagnetism "Tests of electromagnetism").{{cite journal\|last1\=Plimpton\|first1\=S.\|last2\=Lawton\|first2\=W.\|title\=A Very Accurate Test of Coulomb's Law of Force Between Charges\|journal\=Physical Review\|volume\=50\|page\=1066\|year\=1936\|doi\=10\.1103/PhysRev.50\.1066\|bibcode\=1936PhRv...50\.1066P\|issue\=11 }} A null result of such an experiment has set a limit of {{nowrap\|''m'' ≲ {{val\|e\=\-14\|u\=eV/c2}}}}.{{cite journal\|last1\=Williams\|first1\=E.\|last2\=Faller\|first2\=J.\|last3\=Hill\|first3\=H.\|title\=New Experimental Test of Coulomb's Law: A Laboratory Upper Limit on the Photon Rest Mass\|journal\=Physical Review Letters\|volume\=26\|page\=721\|year\=1971\|doi\=10\.1103/PhysRevLett.26\.721\|bibcode\=1971PhRvL..26\..721W\|issue\=12}} Sharper upper limits on the mass of light have been obtained in experiments designed to detect effects caused by the galactic [vector potential](/wiki/Magnetic_vector_potential "Magnetic vector potential"). Although the galactic vector potential is large because the galactic [magnetic field](/wiki/Magnetic_field "Magnetic field") exists on great length scales, only the magnetic field would be observable if the photon is massless. In the case that the photon has mass, the mass term {{sfrac\|1\|2}}*m*{{sup\|2}}*A*{{sub\|''μ''}}*A*{{sup\|''μ''}} would affect the galactic plasma. The fact that no such effects are seen implies an upper bound on the photon mass of {{nowrap\|''m'' \< {{val\|3\|e\=\-27\|u\=eV/c2}}}}.{{cite journal \|last1\=Chibisov \|first1\=G. V. \|year\=1976 \|title\=Astrophysical upper limits on the photon rest mass \|journal\=Soviet Physics Uspekhi \|volume\=19 \|issue\=7 \|page\=624 \|bibcode\=1976SvPhU..19\..624C \|doi\=10\.1070/PU1976v019n07ABEH005277}} The galactic vector potential can also be probed directly by measuring the torque exerted on a magnetized ring.{{cite journal\|last1\=Lakes\|first1\=Roderic\|title\=Experimental Limits on the Photon Mass and Cosmic Magnetic Vector Potential\|journal\=Physical Review Letters\|volume\=80\|page\=1826\|year\=1998\|doi\=10\.1103/PhysRevLett.80\.1826\|bibcode\=1998PhRvL..80\.1826L\|issue\=9}} Such methods were used to obtain the sharper upper limit of {{val\|1\.07\|e\=\-27\|u\=eV/c2}} (the equivalent of {{val\|e\=\-36\|u\=\[\[dalton (unit)\|dalton]]s}}) given by the [Particle Data Group](/wiki/Particle_Data_Group "Particle Data Group").{{cite journal\|last1\=Amsler\|first1\=C\|last2\=Doser\|first2\=M\|last3\=Antonelli\|first3\=M\|last4\=Asner\|first4\=D\|last5\=Babu\|first5\=K\|last6\=Baer\|first6\=H\|last7\=Band\|first7\=H\|last8\=Barnett\|first8\=R\|last9\=Bergren\|display\-authors\=8\|first9\=E\|title\=Review of Particle Physics⁎\|journal\=\[\[Physics Letters B]]\|volume\=667\|issue\=1–5\|page\=1\|year\=2008\|doi\=10\.1016/j.physletb.2008\.07\.018\|bibcode\=2008PhLB..667\....1A\|url\=http://scipp.ucsc.edu/%7Ehaber/pubs/Review\_of\_Particle\_Physics\_2014\.pdf\|hdl\=1854/LU\-685594\|s2cid\=227119789\|hdl\-access\=free\|access\-date\=2017\-10\-26\|archive\-date\=2020\-06\-01\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200601115825/http://scipp.ucsc.edu/%7Ehaber/pubs/Review\_of\_Particle\_Physics\_2014\.pdf\|url\-status\=live}} [Summary Table](http://pdg.lbl.gov/2009/tables/contents_tables.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100109093036/http://pdg.lbl.gov/2009/tables/contents\_tables.html \|date\=2010\-01\-09 }} These sharp limits from the non\-observation of the effects caused by the galactic vector potential have been shown to be model\-dependent.{{cite journal\|last1\=Adelberger\|first1\=Eric\|last2\=Dvali\|first2\=Gia\|last3\=Gruzinov\|first3\=Andrei\|title\=Photon\-Mass Bound Destroyed by Vortices\|journal\=Physical Review Letters\|volume\=98\|issue\=1\|page\=010402\|year\=2007\|pmid\=17358459\|doi\=10\.1103/PhysRevLett.98\.010402\|bibcode\=2007PhRvL..98a0402A\|arxiv\=hep\-ph/0306245 \|s2cid\=31249827}} If the photon mass is generated via the [Higgs mechanism](/wiki/Higgs_mechanism "Higgs mechanism") then the upper limit of {{nowrap\|''m'' ≲ {{val\|e\=\-14\|u\=eV/c2}}}} from the test of Coulomb's law is valid.
[ "Physical properties\n-------------------", "The photon has no [electric charge](/wiki/Electric_charge \"Electric charge\"),{{cite book \\|last1\\=Frisch \\|first1\\=David H. \\|title\\=Elementary Particles \\|last2\\=Thorndike \\|first2\\=Alan M. \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[David Van Nostrand]] \\|year\\=1964 \\|location\\=Princeton, New Jersey \\|page\\=22 \\|language\\=en\\-us \\|author1\\-link\\=David H. Frisch}}{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Kobychev \\|first1\\=V. V. \\|last2\\=Popov \\|first2\\=S. B. \\|year\\=2005 \\|title\\=Constraints on the photon charge from observations of extragalactic sources \\|journal\\=\\[\\[Astronomy Letters]] \\|volume\\=31 \\|issue\\=3 \\|pages\\=147–151 \\|arxiv\\=hep\\-ph/0411398 \\|bibcode\\=2005AstL...31\\..147K \\|doi\\=10\\.1134/1\\.1883345 \\|s2cid\\=119409823}} is generally considered to have zero [rest mass](/wiki/Rest_mass \"Rest mass\"){{cite web \\|first\\=John \\|last\\=Baez \\|author\\-link\\=John Baez \\|title\\=What is the mass of a photon? \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[University of California, Riverside\\|U.C. Riverside]] \\|type\\=pers. academic site \\|url\\=http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/physics/ParticleAndNuclear/photon\\_mass.html \\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-01\\-13 \\|archive\\-date\\=2014\\-05\\-31 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531100537/http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/physics/ParticleAndNuclear/photon\\_mass.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }} and is a [stable particle](/wiki/Stable_particle \"Stable particle\"). The experimental upper limit on the photon mass{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Tu \\|first1\\=Liang\\-Cheng \\|last2\\=Luo \\|first2\\=Jun \\|last3\\=Gillies \\|first3\\=George T \\|date\\=2005\\-01\\-01 \\|title\\=The mass of the photon \\|url\\=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10\\.1088/0034\\-4885/68/1/R02 \\|journal\\=Reports on Progress in Physics \\|volume\\=68 \\|issue\\=1 \\|pages\\=77–130 \\|doi\\=10\\.1088/0034\\-4885/68/1/R02 \\|bibcode\\=2005RPPh...68\\...77T \\|issn\\=0034\\-4885}}{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Goldhaber \\|first1\\=Alfred Scharff \\|last2\\=Nieto \\|first2\\=Michael Martin \\|date\\=2010\\-03\\-23 \\|title\\=Photon and graviton mass limits \\|url\\=https://link.aps.org/doi/10\\.1103/RevModPhys.82\\.939 \\|journal\\=Reviews of Modern Physics \\|language\\=en \\|volume\\=82 \\|issue\\=1 \\|pages\\=939–979 \\|doi\\=10\\.1103/RevModPhys.82\\.939 \\|issn\\=0034\\-6861 \\|arxiv\\=0809\\.1003 \\|bibcode\\=2010RvMP...82\\..939G \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-02\\-01 \\|archive\\-date\\=2024\\-05\\-13 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240513012520/https://journals.aps.org/rmp/abstract/10\\.1103/RevModPhys.82\\.939 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} is very small, on the order of 10−50 kg; its lifetime would be more than 1018 years.{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Heeck \\|first\\=Julian \\|date\\=2013\\-07\\-11 \\|title\\=How Stable is the Photon? \\|url\\=https://link.aps.org/doi/10\\.1103/PhysRevLett.111\\.021801 \\|journal\\=Physical Review Letters \\|language\\=en \\|volume\\=111 \\|issue\\=2 \\|page\\=021801 \\|doi\\=10\\.1103/PhysRevLett.111\\.021801 \\|pmid\\=23889385 \\|issn\\=0031\\-9007 \\|arxiv\\=1304\\.2821 \\|bibcode\\=2013PhRvL.111b1801H \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-02\\-01 \\|archive\\-date\\=2024\\-05\\-13 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240513012534/https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10\\.1103/PhysRevLett.111\\.021801 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} For comparison the [age of the universe](/wiki/Age_of_the_universe \"Age of the universe\") is about {{convert\\|13\\.8e9\\|m\\|m\\|disp\\=number}} years.", "In a vacuum, a photon has two possible [polarization](/wiki/Photon_polarization \"Photon polarization\") states.{{cite book \\|first\\=Matthew D. \\|last\\=Schwartz \\|title\\=Quantum Field Theory and the Standard Model \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=HbdEAgAAQBAJ\\&pg\\=PA66 \\|year\\=2014 \\|publisher\\=Cambridge University Press \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-107\\-03473\\-0 \\|pages\\=66}} The photon is the [gauge boson](/wiki/Gauge_boson \"Gauge boson\") for [electromagnetism](/wiki/Electromagnetism \"Electromagnetism\"),\"Role as gauge boson and polarization\" §5\\.1 in {{cite book \\|last1\\=Aitchison \\|first1\\=I.J.R. \\|last2\\=Hey \\|first2\\=A.J.G. \\|title\\=Gauge Theories in Particle Physics \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[IOP Publishing]] \\|year\\=1993 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=ZJ\\-ZY8NW9TIC \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-85274\\-328\\-7 \\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-10\\-06 \\|archive\\-date\\=2023\\-01\\-17 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117203733/https://books.google.com/books?id\\=ZJ\\-ZY8NW9TIC \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{rp\\|29–30}} and therefore all other quantum numbers of the photon (such as [lepton number](/wiki/Lepton_number \"Lepton number\"), [baryon number](/wiki/Baryon_number \"Baryon number\"), and [flavour quantum numbers](/wiki/Flavor_%28particle_physics%29%23Flavour_quantum_numbers \"Flavor (particle physics)#Flavour quantum numbers\")) are zero.{{cite journal \\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.physletb.2008\\.07\\.018 \\|pmid\\=10020536 \\|last\\=Amsler \\|first\\=C. \\|display\\-authors\\=etal \\|title\\=Review of Particle Physics \\|journal\\=\\[\\[Physics Letters B]] \\|volume\\=667 \\|issue\\=1–5 \\|page\\=31 \\|year\\=2008 \\|bibcode\\=2008PhLB..667\\....1A \\|url\\=http://scipp.ucsc.edu/%7Ehaber/pubs/Review\\_of\\_Particle\\_Physics\\_2014\\.pdf \\|hdl\\=1854/LU\\-685594 \\|s2cid\\=227119789 \\|hdl\\-access\\=free \\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-10\\-26 \\|archive\\-date\\=2020\\-06\\-01 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200601115825/http://scipp.ucsc.edu/%7Ehaber/pubs/Review\\_of\\_Particle\\_Physics\\_2014\\.pdf \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Also, the photon obeys [Bose–Einstein statistics](/wiki/Bose%E2%80%93Einstein_statistics \"Bose–Einstein statistics\"), and not [Fermi–Dirac statistics](/wiki/Fermi%E2%80%93Dirac_statistics \"Fermi–Dirac statistics\"). That is, they do *not* obey the [Pauli exclusion principle](/wiki/Pauli_exclusion_principle \"Pauli exclusion principle\"){{cite book \\|last1\\=Halliday \\|first1\\=David \\|last2\\=Resnick \\|first2\\=Robert \\|last3\\=Walker \\|first3\\=Jerl \\|title\\=Fundamental of Physics \\|publisher\\=John Wiley and Sons, Inc. \\|edition\\=7th \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-471\\-23231\\-5 \\|year\\=2005 \\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/isbn\\_0471216437}}{{rp\\|1221}} and more than one can occupy the same bound quantum state.", "Photons are emitted in many natural processes. For example, when a charge is [accelerated](/wiki/Acceleration \"Acceleration\") it emits [synchrotron radiation](/wiki/Synchrotron_radiation \"Synchrotron radiation\"). During a [molecular](/wiki/Molecule \"Molecule\"), [atomic](/wiki/Atom \"Atom\") or [nuclear](/wiki/Atomic_nucleus \"Atomic nucleus\") transition to a lower [energy level](/wiki/Energy_level \"Energy level\"), photons of various energy will be emitted, ranging from [radio waves](/wiki/Radio_wave \"Radio wave\") to [gamma rays](/wiki/Gamma_ray \"Gamma ray\"). Photons can also be emitted when a particle and its corresponding [antiparticle](/wiki/Antiparticle \"Antiparticle\") are [annihilated](/wiki/Annihilation \"Annihilation\") (for example, [electron–positron annihilation](/wiki/Electron%E2%80%93positron_annihilation \"Electron–positron annihilation\")).{{rp\\|572,1114,1172}}", "### Relativistic energy and momentum", "{{See also\\|Photon energy\\|Special relativity}}\n[thumb\\|right\\|The cone shows possible values of wave 4\\-vector of a photon. The \"time\" axis gives the angular frequency ([rad⋅s−1](/wiki/Radians_per_second \"Radians per second\")) and the \"space\" axis represents the angular wavenumber (rad⋅m−1). Green and indigo represent left and right polarization.](/wiki/File:Light_cone_colour.svg \"Light cone colour.svg\")\nIn empty space, the photon moves at {{mvar\\|c}} (the [speed of light](/wiki/Speed_of_light \"Speed of light\")) and its [energy](/wiki/Energy \"Energy\") and [momentum](/wiki/Momentum \"Momentum\") are related by {{math\\|1\\=''E'' \\= ''pc''}}, where {{mvar\\|p}} is the [magnitude](/wiki/Magnitude_%28mathematics%29 \"Magnitude (mathematics)\") of the momentum vector {{math\\|'''''p'''''}}. This derives from the following relativistic relation, with {{math\\|1\\=''m'' \\= 0}}:See {{harvnb\\|Alonso\\|Finn\\|1968\\|loc\\=Section 1\\.6}}.\nE^{2} \\= p^{2} c^{2} \\+ m^{2} c^{4} \\~.", "The energy and momentum of a photon depend only on its [frequency](/wiki/Frequency \"Frequency\") (\\\\nu) or inversely, its [wavelength](/wiki/Wavelength \"Wavelength\") ({{mvar\\|λ}}):\nE \\= \\\\hbar \\\\, \\\\omega \\= h \\\\nu \\= \\\\frac{\\\\, h\\\\,c \\\\,}{\\\\lambda}\n\\\\boldsymbol{p} \\= \\\\hbar \\\\boldsymbol{k} \\~,\nwhere **{{mvar\\|k}}** is the [wave vector](/wiki/Wave_vector \"Wave vector\"), where\n* {{math\\| ''k'' ≡ {{abs\\|'''''k'''''}} {{\\=}} {{sfrac\\| 2''π'' \\|''λ''}} }}   is the [wave number](/wiki/Wave_number \"Wave number\"), and\n* {{math\\| ''ω'' ≡ 2 ''πν''}}   is the [angular frequency](/wiki/Angular_frequency \"Angular frequency\"), and\n* {{math\\| ''ħ'' ≡ {{sfrac\\|''h''\\| 2''π'' }} }}   is the [reduced Planck constant](/wiki/Reduced_Planck_constant \"Reduced Planck constant\").{{cite web \\|first\\=Davison E. \\|last\\=Soper \\|title\\=Electromagnetic radiation is made of photons \\|department\\=Institute of Theoretical Science \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[University of Oregon]] \\|url\\=http://pages.uoregon.edu/soper/Light/photons.html \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-03\\-21 \\|archive\\-date\\=2023\\-04\\-08 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408082934/https://pages.uoregon.edu/soper/Light/photons.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "Since \\\\boldsymbol{p} points in the direction of the photon's propagation, the magnitude of its momentum is\np \\\\equiv \\\\left\\| \\\\boldsymbol{p} \\\\right\\| \\= \\\\hbar k \\= \\\\frac{\\\\, h \\\\nu \\\\,}{c} \\= \\\\frac{\\\\, h \\\\,}{\\\\lambda} \\~.", "### Polarization and spin angular momentum", "{{main\\|Photon polarization\\|Spin angular momentum of light}}\nThe photon also carries [spin angular momentum](/wiki/Spin_angular_momentum_of_light \"Spin angular momentum of light\"), which is related to [photon polarization](/wiki/Photon_polarization \"Photon polarization\"). (Beams of light also exhibit properties described as [orbital angular momentum of light](/wiki/Orbital_angular_momentum_of_light \"Orbital angular momentum of light\")).", "The angular momentum of the photon has two possible values, either {{mvar\\|\\+ħ}} or {{mvar\\|−ħ}}. These two possible values correspond to the two possible pure states of [circular polarization](/wiki/Circular_polarization \"Circular polarization\"). Collections of photons in a light beam may have mixtures of these two values; a linearly polarized light beam will act as if it were composed of equal numbers of the two possible angular momenta.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Hecht \\|first\\=Eugene \\|title\\=Optics \\|date\\=1998 \\|publisher\\=Addison\\-Wesley \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-201\\-83887\\-9 \\|edition\\=3rd \\|location\\=Reading, Massachusetts; Harlow \\|language\\=en\\-us}}{{rp\\|325}}", "The spin angular momentum of light does not depend on its frequency, and was experimentally verified by [C. V. Raman](/wiki/C._V._Raman \"C. V. Raman\") and S. Bhagavantam in 1931\\.{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Raman \\|first1\\=C. V. \\|author1\\-link\\=C. V. Raman \\|last2\\=Bhagavantam \\|first2\\=S. \\|year\\=1931 \\|title\\=Experimental proof of the spin of the photon \\|url\\=http://dspace.rri.res.in/bitstream/2289/2123/1/1931%20IJP%20V6%20p353\\.pdf \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|journal\\=Indian Journal of Physics \\|volume\\=6 \\|issue\\=3244 \\|page\\=353 \\|bibcode\\=1932Natur.129\\...22R \\|doi\\=10\\.1038/129022a0 \\|s2cid\\=4064852 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603235132/http://dspace.rri.res.in/bitstream/2289/2123/1/1931%20IJP%20V6%20p353\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=2016\\-06\\-03 \\|access\\-date\\=2008\\-12\\-28 \\|hdl\\-access\\=free \\|hdl\\=10821/664}}", "### Antiparticle annihilation", "{{Main \\| Annihilation \\| Electron\\-positron annihilation}}\nThe collision of a particle with its antiparticle can create photons. In free space at least *two* photons must be created since, in the [center of momentum frame](/wiki/Center_of_momentum_frame \"Center of momentum frame\"), the colliding antiparticles have no net momentum, whereas a single photon always has momentum (determined by the photon's frequency or wavelength, which cannot be zero). Hence, [conservation of momentum](/wiki/Momentum \"Momentum\") (or equivalently, [translational invariance](/wiki/Translational_invariance \"Translational invariance\")) requires that at least two photons are created, with zero net momentum.{{efn\\|\nHowever, it is possible if the system interacts with a third particle or field for the annihilation to produce one photon, since the third particle or field can absorb momentum equal and opposite to the single photon, providing dynamic balance. An example is when a positron annihilates with a bound atomic electron; in that case, it is possible for only one photon to be emitted, as the nuclear Coulomb field breaks translational symmetry.}}{{cite book \\|last\\=Griffiths \\|first\\=David J. \\|year\\=2008 \\|title\\=Introduction to Elementary Particles \\|edition\\=2nd revised \\|publisher\\=WILEY\\-VCH \\|isbn\\=978\\-3\\-527\\-40601\\-2}}{{rp\\|64–65}} The energy of the two photons, or, equivalently, their frequency, may be determined from [conservation of four\\-momentum](/wiki/Conservation_law_%28physics%29 \"Conservation law (physics)\").", "{{anchor \\|antiphoton}}Seen another way, the photon can be considered as [its own antiparticle](/wiki/Truly_neutral_particle \"Truly neutral particle\") (thus an \"antiphoton\" is simply a normal photon with opposite momentum, equal polarization, and 180° out of phase). The reverse process, [pair production](/wiki/Pair_production \"Pair production\"), is the dominant mechanism by which high\\-energy photons such as [gamma rays](/wiki/Gamma_ray \"Gamma ray\") lose energy while passing through matter.{{harvnb\\|Alonso\\|Finn\\|1968\\|loc\\=Section 9\\.3}}. That process is the reverse of \"annihilation to one photon\" allowed in the electric field of an atomic nucleus.", "The classical formulae for the energy and momentum of [electromagnetic radiation](/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation \"Electromagnetic radiation\") can be re\\-expressed in terms of photon events. For example, the [pressure of electromagnetic radiation](/wiki/Radiation_pressure \"Radiation pressure\") on an object derives from the transfer of photon momentum per unit time and unit area to that object, since pressure is force per unit area and force is the change in [momentum](/wiki/Momentum \"Momentum\") per unit time.{{cite book \\|last1\\=Born \\|first1\\=Max \\|url\\={{google books \\|plainurl\\=y \\|id\\=NmM\\-KujxMtoC}} \\|title\\=Atomic Physics \\|last2\\=Blin\\-Stoyle \\|first2\\=Roger John \\|last3\\=Radcliffe \\|first3\\=J. M. \\|date\\=1989 \\|publisher\\=Courier Corporation \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-486\\-65984\\-8 \\|language\\=en \\|section\\=Appendix XXXII}}", "### Experimental checks on photon mass", "Current commonly accepted physical theories imply or assume the photon to be strictly massless. If photons were not purely massless, their speeds would vary with frequency, with lower\\-energy (redder) photons moving slightly slower than higher\\-energy photons. Relativity would be unaffected by this; the so\\-called speed of light, *c*, would then not be the actual speed at which light moves, but a constant of nature which is the [upper bound](/wiki/Upper_bound \"Upper bound\") on speed that any object could theoretically attain in spacetime.{{cite journal\\|author\\=Mermin, David\\|title\\=Relativity without light\\|doi\\=10\\.1119/1\\.13917\\|journal\\=American Journal of Physics\\|date\\=February 1984\\|volume\\=52\\|issue\\=2\\|pages\\=119–124\\|bibcode\\=1984AmJPh..52\\..119M }} Thus, it would still be the speed of spacetime ripples ([gravitational waves](/wiki/Gravitational_waves \"Gravitational waves\") and [gravitons](/wiki/Graviton \"Graviton\")), but it would not be the speed of photons.", "If a photon did have non\\-zero mass, there would be other effects as well. [Coulomb's law](/wiki/Coulomb%27s_law \"Coulomb's law\") would be modified and the [electromagnetic field](/wiki/Electromagnetic_field \"Electromagnetic field\") would have an extra physical [degree of freedom](/wiki/Degree_of_freedom \"Degree of freedom\"). These effects yield more sensitive experimental probes of the photon mass than the frequency dependence of the speed of light. If Coulomb's law is not exactly valid, then that would allow the presence of an [electric field](/wiki/Electric_field \"Electric field\") to exist within a hollow conductor when it is subjected to an external electric field. This provides a means for precision [tests of Coulomb's law](/wiki/Tests_of_electromagnetism \"Tests of electromagnetism\").{{cite journal\\|last1\\=Plimpton\\|first1\\=S.\\|last2\\=Lawton\\|first2\\=W.\\|title\\=A Very Accurate Test of Coulomb's Law of Force Between Charges\\|journal\\=Physical Review\\|volume\\=50\\|page\\=1066\\|year\\=1936\\|doi\\=10\\.1103/PhysRev.50\\.1066\\|bibcode\\=1936PhRv...50\\.1066P\\|issue\\=11 }} A null result of such an experiment has set a limit of {{nowrap\\|''m'' ≲ {{val\\|e\\=\\-14\\|u\\=eV/c2}}}}.{{cite journal\\|last1\\=Williams\\|first1\\=E.\\|last2\\=Faller\\|first2\\=J.\\|last3\\=Hill\\|first3\\=H.\\|title\\=New Experimental Test of Coulomb's Law: A Laboratory Upper Limit on the Photon Rest Mass\\|journal\\=Physical Review Letters\\|volume\\=26\\|page\\=721\\|year\\=1971\\|doi\\=10\\.1103/PhysRevLett.26\\.721\\|bibcode\\=1971PhRvL..26\\..721W\\|issue\\=12}}", "Sharper upper limits on the mass of light have been obtained in experiments designed to detect effects caused by the galactic [vector potential](/wiki/Magnetic_vector_potential \"Magnetic vector potential\"). Although the galactic vector potential is large because the galactic [magnetic field](/wiki/Magnetic_field \"Magnetic field\") exists on great length scales, only the magnetic field would be observable if the photon is massless. In the case that the photon has mass, the mass term {{sfrac\\|1\\|2}}*m*{{sup\\|2}}*A*{{sub\\|''μ''}}*A*{{sup\\|''μ''}} would affect the galactic plasma. The fact that no such effects are seen implies an upper bound on the photon mass of {{nowrap\\|''m'' \\< {{val\\|3\\|e\\=\\-27\\|u\\=eV/c2}}}}.{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Chibisov \\|first1\\=G. V. \\|year\\=1976 \\|title\\=Astrophysical upper limits on the photon rest mass \\|journal\\=Soviet Physics Uspekhi \\|volume\\=19 \\|issue\\=7 \\|page\\=624 \\|bibcode\\=1976SvPhU..19\\..624C \\|doi\\=10\\.1070/PU1976v019n07ABEH005277}} The galactic vector potential can also be probed directly by measuring the torque exerted on a magnetized ring.{{cite journal\\|last1\\=Lakes\\|first1\\=Roderic\\|title\\=Experimental Limits on the Photon Mass and Cosmic Magnetic Vector Potential\\|journal\\=Physical Review Letters\\|volume\\=80\\|page\\=1826\\|year\\=1998\\|doi\\=10\\.1103/PhysRevLett.80\\.1826\\|bibcode\\=1998PhRvL..80\\.1826L\\|issue\\=9}} Such methods were used to obtain the sharper upper limit of {{val\\|1\\.07\\|e\\=\\-27\\|u\\=eV/c2}} (the equivalent of {{val\\|e\\=\\-36\\|u\\=\\[\\[dalton (unit)\\|dalton]]s}}) given by the [Particle Data Group](/wiki/Particle_Data_Group \"Particle Data Group\").{{cite journal\\|last1\\=Amsler\\|first1\\=C\\|last2\\=Doser\\|first2\\=M\\|last3\\=Antonelli\\|first3\\=M\\|last4\\=Asner\\|first4\\=D\\|last5\\=Babu\\|first5\\=K\\|last6\\=Baer\\|first6\\=H\\|last7\\=Band\\|first7\\=H\\|last8\\=Barnett\\|first8\\=R\\|last9\\=Bergren\\|display\\-authors\\=8\\|first9\\=E\\|title\\=Review of Particle Physics⁎\\|journal\\=\\[\\[Physics Letters B]]\\|volume\\=667\\|issue\\=1–5\\|page\\=1\\|year\\=2008\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.physletb.2008\\.07\\.018\\|bibcode\\=2008PhLB..667\\....1A\\|url\\=http://scipp.ucsc.edu/%7Ehaber/pubs/Review\\_of\\_Particle\\_Physics\\_2014\\.pdf\\|hdl\\=1854/LU\\-685594\\|s2cid\\=227119789\\|hdl\\-access\\=free\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-10\\-26\\|archive\\-date\\=2020\\-06\\-01\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200601115825/http://scipp.ucsc.edu/%7Ehaber/pubs/Review\\_of\\_Particle\\_Physics\\_2014\\.pdf\\|url\\-status\\=live}} [Summary Table](http://pdg.lbl.gov/2009/tables/contents_tables.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100109093036/http://pdg.lbl.gov/2009/tables/contents\\_tables.html \\|date\\=2010\\-01\\-09 }}", "These sharp limits from the non\\-observation of the effects caused by the galactic vector potential have been shown to be model\\-dependent.{{cite journal\\|last1\\=Adelberger\\|first1\\=Eric\\|last2\\=Dvali\\|first2\\=Gia\\|last3\\=Gruzinov\\|first3\\=Andrei\\|title\\=Photon\\-Mass Bound Destroyed by Vortices\\|journal\\=Physical Review Letters\\|volume\\=98\\|issue\\=1\\|page\\=010402\\|year\\=2007\\|pmid\\=17358459\\|doi\\=10\\.1103/PhysRevLett.98\\.010402\\|bibcode\\=2007PhRvL..98a0402A\\|arxiv\\=hep\\-ph/0306245 \\|s2cid\\=31249827}} If the photon mass is generated via the [Higgs mechanism](/wiki/Higgs_mechanism \"Higgs mechanism\") then the upper limit of {{nowrap\\|''m'' ≲ {{val\\|e\\=\\-14\\|u\\=eV/c2}}}} from the test of Coulomb's law is valid.", "" ]
Biography --------- Joseph Novoa was born in [Montevideo](/wiki/Montevideo "Montevideo"), [Uruguay](/wiki/Uruguay "Uruguay") on [August](/wiki/August "August") 22, 1950\. He studied architecture in Uruguay but his real path was the arts. He started his entertainment career at El Teatro Circular of Uruguay. Following his dream, he moved to Paris to study Performance Arts in the [L'École Internationale de Théâtre Jacques Lecoq](/wiki/L%27%C3%89cole_Internationale_de_Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_Jacques_Lecoq "L'École Internationale de Théâtre Jacques Lecoq"). In Paris, he founded the theatre group El Circo and organized and performed different plays. He got a scholarship from the Danish Government to work with [Eugenio Barba](/wiki/Eugenio_Barba "Eugenio Barba") Directing Te Odin Teatret (Holstebro, Denmark). He lived in Europe for a few years, where he Directed and Produced plays that were presented in Theater Festivals like [Festival d'Avignon](/wiki/Festival_d%27Avignon "Festival d'Avignon") and Festival Nancy. Some of the plays were "The night of the Assassins", "Masks" and "The Exile of the Sun". In Venezuela, he became the Associate Director of the International [Theater](/wiki/Theatre "Theatre") Festival ([Theatre of Nations](/wiki/Theatre_of_Nations "Theatre of Nations") \- UNESCO) in 1978 and 1982\. He received the Critven Award (Critic's Prize for best lighting) for the play "Gaz". He studied film at the New York University and Television at the New School of Arts. As a film director, he released his debut long feature "Agony" in 1984 at the Montreal Film Festival and the Indian Film Festival. His movie "Assassins for Hire" ([Sicario](/wiki/Sicario_%281995_film%29 "Sicario (1995 film)")) was released in 1994 and was in theaters for 35 weeks becoming one of the bigger blockbusters in Venezuela. It received 27 awards from international film festivals and was the official selection from Venezuela to the Oscars in 1995\. His third movie, "Devil's Gold" ([Oro Diablo](/wiki/Oro_Diablo "Oro Diablo"), 1999\), was another blockbuster in Venezuela and won 3 international awards, becoming the official selection for the Oscars on Venezuela's behalf. "The Boss" (2006\) and "A Distant Place" (2009\) received good critics from national and international press. A distant Place went to different festivals in Europe, America and Asia. This is the only Venezuelan movie shot with [Panavision](/wiki/Panavision "Panavision") cameras in [cinemascope](/wiki/Cinemascope "Cinemascope") 35mm. "Alone" (2014\) was his sixth movie as a Director. He worked as a Producer in some Venezuelan feature films: [Glue Sniffer](/wiki/Glue_Sniffer "Glue Sniffer") (1999\), Step Forward ([Punto y Raya](/wiki/Punto_y_Raya "Punto y Raya"), 2004\), Un\-Authorized (2009\), God's Slave (2013\) and Tamara that is going to be released this 2015\. Internationally he produced [In This Tricky Life](/wiki/In_This_Tricky_Life "In This Tricky Life") (Uruguay, 2001\), Be Happy (Chile, 2004\), Encarnacion (Argentina, 2007\), Polvo Nuestro Que Estas en los Cielos (Argentina, 2008\), El Premio (Peru, 2009\), Verdades Verdaderas La Vida de Estela (Argentina, 2011\) y Cuchillos en el Cielo (Peru, 2013\). His films have been featured in more than 100 international film festivals and have received over 80 significant awards. The most recent was the SEGIB Award by Ibermedia for his latest production, Tamara. He is member by invitation of the Spanish Academy of Arts and Cinematographic Sciences ([Goya Awards](/wiki/Goya_Awards "Goya Awards")). He was the founder and first VP of the Board of Trustees of the Iberoamerican Federation of Cinematographers (FIPCA), president of the Federation of Film Producers in Venezuela (CAVEPROL) and a member of the board of National Autonomous Center of Film in Venezuela (CNAC). He moved to Los Angeles, California and from there he is developing new projects using English as his primary language. Some of his projects are the featured films Bullet Lullaby and Pando, the documentary Music and Action and a TV Show. As producer, he is working n the movie Unfit Directed by Elia K. Schneider.
[ "Biography\n---------", "Joseph Novoa was born in [Montevideo](/wiki/Montevideo \"Montevideo\"), [Uruguay](/wiki/Uruguay \"Uruguay\") on [August](/wiki/August \"August\") 22, 1950\\. He studied architecture in Uruguay but his real path was the arts. He started his entertainment career at El Teatro Circular of Uruguay. Following his dream, he moved to Paris to study Performance Arts in the [L'École Internationale de Théâtre Jacques Lecoq](/wiki/L%27%C3%89cole_Internationale_de_Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_Jacques_Lecoq \"L'École Internationale de Théâtre Jacques Lecoq\"). In Paris, he founded the theatre group El Circo and organized and performed different plays. He got a scholarship from the Danish Government to work with [Eugenio Barba](/wiki/Eugenio_Barba \"Eugenio Barba\") Directing Te Odin Teatret (Holstebro, Denmark). He lived in Europe for a few years, where he Directed and Produced plays that were presented in Theater Festivals like [Festival d'Avignon](/wiki/Festival_d%27Avignon \"Festival d'Avignon\") and Festival Nancy. Some of the plays were \"The night of the Assassins\", \"Masks\" and \"The Exile of the Sun\".", "In Venezuela, he became the Associate Director of the International [Theater](/wiki/Theatre \"Theatre\") Festival ([Theatre of Nations](/wiki/Theatre_of_Nations \"Theatre of Nations\") \\- UNESCO) in 1978 and 1982\\. He received the Critven Award (Critic's Prize for best lighting) for the play \"Gaz\". He studied film at the New York University and Television at the New School of Arts.", "As a film director, he released his debut long feature \"Agony\" in 1984 at the Montreal Film Festival and the Indian Film Festival. His movie \"Assassins for Hire\" ([Sicario](/wiki/Sicario_%281995_film%29 \"Sicario (1995 film)\")) was released in 1994 and was in theaters for 35 weeks becoming one of the bigger blockbusters in Venezuela. It received 27 awards from international film festivals and was the official selection from Venezuela to the Oscars in 1995\\.", "His third movie, \"Devil's Gold\" ([Oro Diablo](/wiki/Oro_Diablo \"Oro Diablo\"), 1999\\), was another blockbuster in Venezuela and won 3 international awards, becoming the official selection for the Oscars on Venezuela's behalf. \"The Boss\" (2006\\) and \"A Distant Place\" (2009\\) received good critics from national and international press. A distant Place went to different festivals in Europe, America and Asia. This is the only Venezuelan movie shot with [Panavision](/wiki/Panavision \"Panavision\") cameras in [cinemascope](/wiki/Cinemascope \"Cinemascope\") 35mm. \"Alone\" (2014\\) was his sixth movie as a Director.", "He worked as a Producer in some Venezuelan feature films: [Glue Sniffer](/wiki/Glue_Sniffer \"Glue Sniffer\") (1999\\), Step Forward ([Punto y Raya](/wiki/Punto_y_Raya \"Punto y Raya\"), 2004\\), Un\\-Authorized (2009\\), God's Slave (2013\\) and Tamara that is going to be released this 2015\\. Internationally he produced [In This Tricky Life](/wiki/In_This_Tricky_Life \"In This Tricky Life\") (Uruguay, 2001\\), Be Happy (Chile, 2004\\), Encarnacion (Argentina, 2007\\), Polvo Nuestro Que Estas en los Cielos (Argentina, 2008\\), El Premio (Peru, 2009\\), Verdades Verdaderas La Vida de Estela (Argentina, 2011\\) y Cuchillos en el Cielo (Peru, 2013\\).", "His films have been featured in more than 100 international film festivals and have received over 80 significant awards. The most recent was the SEGIB Award by Ibermedia for his latest production, Tamara.", "He is member by invitation of the Spanish Academy of Arts and Cinematographic Sciences ([Goya Awards](/wiki/Goya_Awards \"Goya Awards\")). He was the founder and first VP of the Board of Trustees of the Iberoamerican Federation of Cinematographers (FIPCA), president of the Federation of Film Producers in Venezuela (CAVEPROL) and a member of the board of National Autonomous Center of Film in Venezuela (CNAC).", "He moved to Los Angeles, California and from there he is developing new projects using English as his primary language. Some of his projects are the featured films Bullet Lullaby and Pando, the documentary Music and Action and a TV Show. As producer, he is working n the movie Unfit Directed by Elia K. Schneider.", "" ]
Career ------ In 1979, he recorded his first LP under [RCA](/wiki/RCA "RCA") Victor in Mexico.{{cite web \|title\=Farandulerías \|publisher\=Revista ¡Ahora!, No. 777\. \|date\=12 February 1978 \|page\=76\. Biblioteca Funglode \|url\=http://biblioteca.funglode.net.do/rahorafb/HTML/No.0777/index.html?pageNumber\=77 \|accessdate\=July 11, 2010 }}{{cite web \|title\=Picaderas de Farándula \|publisher\=Revista !Ahora!, No. 811\. \|date\=1979\-05\-28 \|page\=64\. Biblioteca Funglode \|url\=http://biblioteca.funglode.net.do/rahorafb/HTML/No.0811/index.html?pageNumber\=66 \|accessdate\=July 11, 2010 }} That same year he participated in the [eighth edition](/wiki/OTI_Festival_1979 "OTI Festival 1979") of the International [Festival of the OTI](/wiki/OTI_Festival "OTI Festival"), the [OTI 1979](/wiki/OTI_1979 "OTI 1979"), in Caracas, [Venezuela](/wiki/Venezuela "Venezuela") getting the 14th place with 10 points.{{cite web \|title\= Picaderas de Farándula \|publisher\=Revista !Ahora! \|number\=834 \|date\=1979\-11\-19 \|page\=62\. Biblioteca Funglode \|url\=http://biblioteca.funglode.net.do/rahorafb/HTML/No.0834/index.html?pageNumber\=64 \|accessdate\=July 11, 2010 }} In February 1982, he won the award as Best Performer with the song composed by Leonor Porcella de Brea "Ven y abrázame", which took ninth place in the Octavo Festival de la Canción Dominicana (Eight Dominican Song Festival) of AMUCABA, held at the Teatro Nacional (National Theater). In May 1982, Franco and Taty Salas, another Dominican singer, participated in the musical show called "El Show de Las Flores", with the famous Spanish singuers: Lola Flores, [Lolita Flores](/wiki/Lolita_Flores "Lolita Flores"), Carmen Flores and Carmen Sevilla.{{cite news \|title\=El Show de Las Flores y el de Los Criollos. Pista y Escena \|work\=Revista ¡Ahora! \|number\=963 \|date\=5 June 1982 \|page\=68 \|via\=Biblioteca Funglode \|url\=http://biblioteca.funglode.net.do/rahorafb/HTML/No.0963/index.html?pageNumber\=71 \|accessdate\=July 11, 2010 }} In August 1982, he performed with the singer Luchy Vicioso in the show called *Noche Dominicana*, at the [Altos de Chavón](/wiki/Altos_de_Chav%C3%B3n "Altos de Chavón") amphitheater, La Romana, Dominican Republic. In December 1982, he was one of the lead vocalists in the Spanish version of the musical [Jesus Christ Superstar](/wiki/Jesus_Christ_Superstar "Jesus Christ Superstar"), at the Teatro Nacional, playing the role of Jesus Christ in it.{{cite news \|title\=Pista y Escena \|work\=Revista ¡Ahora! \|number\=996 \|date\=1982\-12\-23 \|page\=69 \|via\=Biblioteca Funglode \|url\=http://biblioteca.funglode.net.do/rahorafb/HTML/No.0996/index.html?pageNumber\=71 \|accessdate\=July 11, 2010 }} The play was revived in March 1983\. In February 1983, he won the El Dorado prize, as male singer, in his country, Dominican Republic, for his merits accumulated in 1982\.{{cite news \|title\=!Ahora! Farándula \|work\=Revista !Ahora!, No. 1005\. \|date\=1983\-02\-28 \|page\=66\. Biblioteca Funglode \|url\=http://biblioteca.funglode.net.do/rahorafb/HTML/No.1005/index.html?pageNumber\=68 \|accessdate\=July 11, 2010 }} In April 1983, he sang in the television show *[Siempre en Domingo](/wiki/Siempre_en_Domingo "Siempre en Domingo")*, of the famous Mexican producer Raul Velasco, when this program was broadcast from the amphitheater at Altos de Chavón in Dominican Republic. In May 1983, he appeared, among other artists, in the show in honor to the television program *Santo Domingo Invita* at the Felt Forum in [Madison Square Garden](/wiki/Madison_Square_Garden "Madison Square Garden"), New York. In November 1983, he participated again in the TV show *Siempre en Domingo*, this time in [Televisa](/wiki/Televisa "Televisa"), Mexico.{{cite news \|title\="Omar Franco Viene en pos de la Gloria". Espectáculos \|work\= El Sol De Mexico \|date\=1983\-11\-19 \|page\=Seccion D, Pag. 2 }} \- {{cite news \|title\="Omar Franco busca su consagración en Mexico". Espectáculos. \|work\= El Universal \|date\=November 18, 1983 }} \- {{cite news \|title\=Omar Franco, vale lo que es en Santo Domingo \|work\= Ovaciones \|date\=1983\-11\-28 \|page\=3 }} \- {{cite news \|title\=Es Importante el Intercambio Artístico Entre el Video Mexicano y el Dominicano \|work\= Excelsior \|date\=1983\-11\-19 \|page\=4\-B }} In 1986, the "Premios Casandra" ([Casandra Awards](/wiki/Casandra_Awards "Casandra Awards")) rewarded the record production "Dos Estrellas Omar y Taty a Medianoche", which was recorded as a duet with Taty Salas in 1985, with the prize "Carátula del Año" (Cover of the Year). On 22 February 2011, Acroarte makes it a recognition of his career in the Dominican romantic music in the Gala of Nominations of the [Casandra Awards](/wiki/Casandra_Awards "Casandra Awards") 2011\.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.elnacional.com.do/que\-pasa/2011/2/23/75971/Entregan\-medallas\-nominados\-Casandra\|title\=El Nacional – la voz de todos}}[Omar Francı se mantiene activo en el canto](http://www.hoy.com.do/alegria/2011/3/15/366830/Omar-Franco-se-mantiene-activo-en-el-canto) hoy.com.do 15 March 2011 {{dead link\|date\=May 2024}} As an actor, he played two stellar roles in the play\-musical "Amor a Primera Vista" (Love at First Sight), work written and produced by Edgar Contreras, directed by Bienvenido Miranda and which was staged at the Teatro Nacional in April 1986, with the participation of some 30 actors and an orchestra of 10 musicians, conducted by Manuel Tejada. He was also part of the musical show *Imagen y Sonido de Broadway* (Image and Sound of Broadway), at the Teatro Nacional, in July 1998, with over 100 performers, including singers, dancers and an orchestra of over than 60 musicians under the production and management Amaury Sánchez, Carlos Veitía’s choreography, the artistic direction of Eduardo Villanueva and Luis José Mella as special guest orchestral director.
[ "Career\n------", "In 1979, he recorded his first LP under [RCA](/wiki/RCA \"RCA\") Victor in Mexico.{{cite web \\|title\\=Farandulerías \\|publisher\\=Revista ¡Ahora!, No. 777\\. \\|date\\=12 February 1978 \\|page\\=76\\. Biblioteca Funglode \\|url\\=http://biblioteca.funglode.net.do/rahorafb/HTML/No.0777/index.html?pageNumber\\=77\n\\|accessdate\\=July 11, 2010 }}{{cite web \\|title\\=Picaderas de Farándula \\|publisher\\=Revista !Ahora!, No. 811\\. \\|date\\=1979\\-05\\-28 \\|page\\=64\\. Biblioteca Funglode \\|url\\=http://biblioteca.funglode.net.do/rahorafb/HTML/No.0811/index.html?pageNumber\\=66\n\\|accessdate\\=July 11, 2010 }} That same year he participated in the [eighth edition](/wiki/OTI_Festival_1979 \"OTI Festival 1979\") of the International [Festival of the OTI](/wiki/OTI_Festival \"OTI Festival\"), the [OTI 1979](/wiki/OTI_1979 \"OTI 1979\"), in Caracas, [Venezuela](/wiki/Venezuela \"Venezuela\") getting the 14th place with 10 points.{{cite web \\|title\\= Picaderas de Farándula \\|publisher\\=Revista !Ahora! \\|number\\=834 \\|date\\=1979\\-11\\-19 \\|page\\=62\\. Biblioteca Funglode \\|url\\=http://biblioteca.funglode.net.do/rahorafb/HTML/No.0834/index.html?pageNumber\\=64 \n\\|accessdate\\=July 11, 2010 }}", "In February 1982, he won the award as Best Performer with the song composed by Leonor Porcella de Brea \"Ven y abrázame\", which took ninth place in the Octavo Festival de la Canción Dominicana (Eight Dominican Song Festival) of AMUCABA, held at the Teatro Nacional (National Theater).", "In May 1982, Franco and Taty Salas, another Dominican singer, participated in the musical show called \"El Show de Las Flores\", with the famous Spanish singuers: Lola Flores, [Lolita Flores](/wiki/Lolita_Flores \"Lolita Flores\"), Carmen Flores and Carmen Sevilla.{{cite news \\|title\\=El Show de Las Flores y el de Los Criollos. Pista y Escena \\|work\\=Revista ¡Ahora! \\|number\\=963 \\|date\\=5 June 1982 \\|page\\=68 \\|via\\=Biblioteca Funglode \\|url\\=http://biblioteca.funglode.net.do/rahorafb/HTML/No.0963/index.html?pageNumber\\=71\n\\|accessdate\\=July 11, 2010 }}", "In August 1982, he performed with the singer Luchy Vicioso in the show called *Noche Dominicana*, at the [Altos de Chavón](/wiki/Altos_de_Chav%C3%B3n \"Altos de Chavón\") amphitheater, La Romana, Dominican Republic.", "In December 1982, he was one of the lead vocalists in the Spanish version of the musical [Jesus Christ Superstar](/wiki/Jesus_Christ_Superstar \"Jesus Christ Superstar\"), at the Teatro Nacional, playing the role of Jesus Christ in it.{{cite news \\|title\\=Pista y Escena \\|work\\=Revista ¡Ahora! \\|number\\=996 \\|date\\=1982\\-12\\-23 \\|page\\=69 \\|via\\=Biblioteca Funglode \\|url\\=http://biblioteca.funglode.net.do/rahorafb/HTML/No.0996/index.html?pageNumber\\=71\n\\|accessdate\\=July 11, 2010 }} The play was revived in March 1983\\.", "In February 1983, he won the El Dorado prize, as male singer, in his country, Dominican Republic, for his merits accumulated in 1982\\.{{cite news \\|title\\=!Ahora! Farándula \\|work\\=Revista !Ahora!, No. 1005\\. \\|date\\=1983\\-02\\-28 \\|page\\=66\\. Biblioteca Funglode \\|url\\=http://biblioteca.funglode.net.do/rahorafb/HTML/No.1005/index.html?pageNumber\\=68\n\\|accessdate\\=July 11, 2010 }}", "In April 1983, he sang in the television show *[Siempre en Domingo](/wiki/Siempre_en_Domingo \"Siempre en Domingo\")*, of the famous Mexican producer Raul Velasco, when this program was broadcast from the amphitheater at Altos de Chavón in Dominican Republic.", "In May 1983, he appeared, among other artists, in the show in honor to the television program *Santo Domingo Invita* at the Felt Forum in [Madison Square Garden](/wiki/Madison_Square_Garden \"Madison Square Garden\"), New York.", "In November 1983, he participated again in the TV show *Siempre en Domingo*, this time in [Televisa](/wiki/Televisa \"Televisa\"), Mexico.{{cite news \\|title\\=\"Omar Franco Viene en pos de la Gloria\". Espectáculos \\|work\\= El Sol De Mexico \\|date\\=1983\\-11\\-19 \\|page\\=Seccion D, Pag. 2 }} \n\\- {{cite news \\|title\\=\"Omar Franco busca su consagración en Mexico\". Espectáculos. \\|work\\= El Universal \\|date\\=November 18, 1983 }} \n\\- {{cite news \\|title\\=Omar Franco, vale lo que es en Santo Domingo \\|work\\= Ovaciones \\|date\\=1983\\-11\\-28 \\|page\\=3 }} \n\\- {{cite news \\|title\\=Es Importante el Intercambio Artístico Entre el Video Mexicano y el Dominicano \\|work\\= Excelsior \\|date\\=1983\\-11\\-19 \\|page\\=4\\-B }}", "In 1986, the \"Premios Casandra\" ([Casandra Awards](/wiki/Casandra_Awards \"Casandra Awards\")) rewarded the record production \"Dos Estrellas Omar y Taty a Medianoche\", which was recorded as a duet with Taty Salas in 1985, with the prize \"Carátula del Año\" (Cover of the Year).", "On 22 February 2011, Acroarte makes it a recognition of his career in the Dominican romantic music in the Gala of Nominations of the [Casandra Awards](/wiki/Casandra_Awards \"Casandra Awards\") 2011\\.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.elnacional.com.do/que\\-pasa/2011/2/23/75971/Entregan\\-medallas\\-nominados\\-Casandra\\|title\\=El Nacional – la voz de todos}}[Omar Francı se mantiene activo en el canto](http://www.hoy.com.do/alegria/2011/3/15/366830/Omar-Franco-se-mantiene-activo-en-el-canto) hoy.com.do 15 March 2011 {{dead link\\|date\\=May 2024}}", "As an actor, he played two stellar roles in the play\\-musical \"Amor a Primera Vista\" (Love at First Sight), work written and produced by Edgar Contreras, directed by Bienvenido Miranda and which was staged at the Teatro Nacional in April 1986, with the participation of some 30 actors and an orchestra of 10 musicians, conducted by Manuel Tejada.", "He was also part of the musical show *Imagen y Sonido de Broadway* (Image and Sound of Broadway), at the Teatro Nacional, in July 1998, with over 100 performers, including singers, dancers and an orchestra of over than 60 musicians under the production and management Amaury Sánchez, Carlos Veitía’s choreography, the artistic direction of Eduardo Villanueva and Luis José Mella as special guest orchestral director.", "" ]
Game summaries -------------- In the season opener on September 21, 1957, Arizona defeated [Wichita State](/wiki/Wichita_State_Shockers_football "Wichita State Shockers football"), 28–0, on the road. The Sun Devils held Wichita State to only nine passing yards and 61 total yards. In their home opener on September 28 at Goodwin Stadium, the Sun Devils defeated [Idaho](/wiki/1957_Idaho_Vandals_football_team "1957 Idaho Vandals football team"), 19–7\. On October 5, Arizona State recorded a 44\-6 road win over [San Jose State](/wiki/San_Jose_State_Spartans_football "San Jose State Spartans football"). The Devils beat [Hardin\-Simmons](/wiki/Hardin%E2%80%93Simmons_Cowboys_football "Hardin–Simmons Cowboys football"), 35–26, in Tempe on October 12\. Following a bye week, Arizona State dominated San Diego State in a 66\-0 road shutout victory on October 26\.{{cite news\|title\=Tempe Routs Aztecs, 66\-0\|newspaper\=The Arizona Daily Star\|date\=October 27, 1957\|page\=1C\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/13507133/tempe\_routs\_aztecs\_660/\|via\=\[\[Newspapers.com]]}} The Sun Devils scored nine rushing touchdowns and 10 touchdowns overall, tying single\-game school records. On November 2, the Sun Devils delivered a 21–0 home shutout win against [New Mexico State](/wiki/New_Mexico_State_Aggies_football "New Mexico State Aggies football"). Arizona State prevailed for a 43\-7 road victory over [Texas Western](/wiki/UTEP_Miners_football "UTEP Miners football") on November 9\. The Devils beat Montana State, 53–13, at Goodwin Stadium on November 16\. This was the first meeting between the two football programs. On November 23, Arizona State defeated Pacific, 41–0, in Tempe. It was the team's fourth shutout win of the season. In the [Arizona–Arizona State football rivalry](/wiki/Arizona%E2%80%93Arizona_State_football_rivalry "Arizona–Arizona State football rivalry") game played on November 30 at Goodwin Stadium, the Sun Devils dominated [Arizona](/wiki/1957_Arizona_Wildcats_football_team "1957 Arizona Wildcats football team"), 47–7\.{{cite news\|title\=No Joy In Tucson: ASC Sun Devils Swamp Clawless Cats, 47\-7\|newspaper\=The Arizona Daily Star\|date\=December 1, 1957\|page\=1\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/13507196/no\_joy\_in\_tucson\_asc\_sun\_devils\_swamp/\|via\=\[\[Newspapers.com]]}}
[ "Game summaries\n--------------", "In the season opener on September 21, 1957, Arizona defeated [Wichita State](/wiki/Wichita_State_Shockers_football \"Wichita State Shockers football\"), 28–0, on the road. The Sun Devils held Wichita State to only nine passing yards and 61 total yards.", "In their home opener on September 28 at Goodwin Stadium, the Sun Devils defeated [Idaho](/wiki/1957_Idaho_Vandals_football_team \"1957 Idaho Vandals football team\"), 19–7\\.", "On October 5, Arizona State recorded a 44\\-6 road win over [San Jose State](/wiki/San_Jose_State_Spartans_football \"San Jose State Spartans football\").", "The Devils beat [Hardin\\-Simmons](/wiki/Hardin%E2%80%93Simmons_Cowboys_football \"Hardin–Simmons Cowboys football\"), 35–26, in Tempe on October 12\\.", "Following a bye week, Arizona State dominated San Diego State in a 66\\-0 road shutout victory on October 26\\.{{cite news\\|title\\=Tempe Routs Aztecs, 66\\-0\\|newspaper\\=The Arizona Daily Star\\|date\\=October 27, 1957\\|page\\=1C\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/13507133/tempe\\_routs\\_aztecs\\_660/\\|via\\=\\[\\[Newspapers.com]]}} The Sun Devils scored nine rushing touchdowns and 10 touchdowns overall, tying single\\-game school records.", "On November 2, the Sun Devils delivered a 21–0 home shutout win against [New Mexico State](/wiki/New_Mexico_State_Aggies_football \"New Mexico State Aggies football\").", "Arizona State prevailed for a 43\\-7 road victory over [Texas Western](/wiki/UTEP_Miners_football \"UTEP Miners football\") on November 9\\.", "The Devils beat Montana State, 53–13, at Goodwin Stadium on November 16\\. This was the first meeting between the two football programs.", "On November 23, Arizona State defeated Pacific, 41–0, in Tempe. It was the team's fourth shutout win of the season.", "In the [Arizona–Arizona State football rivalry](/wiki/Arizona%E2%80%93Arizona_State_football_rivalry \"Arizona–Arizona State football rivalry\") game played on November 30 at Goodwin Stadium, the Sun Devils dominated [Arizona](/wiki/1957_Arizona_Wildcats_football_team \"1957 Arizona Wildcats football team\"), 47–7\\.{{cite news\\|title\\=No Joy In Tucson: ASC Sun Devils Swamp Clawless Cats, 47\\-7\\|newspaper\\=The Arizona Daily Star\\|date\\=December 1, 1957\\|page\\=1\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/13507196/no\\_joy\\_in\\_tucson\\_asc\\_sun\\_devils\\_swamp/\\|via\\=\\[\\[Newspapers.com]]}}", "" ]
History ------- In 1934 the Bennington Festival was established as a summer program at [Bennington College](/wiki/Bennington_College "Bennington College") where [modern dance](/wiki/Modern_dance "Modern dance") pioneers [Hanya Holm](/wiki/Hanya_Holm "Hanya Holm"), [Martha Graham](/wiki/Martha_Graham "Martha Graham"), [Doris Humphrey](/wiki/Doris_Humphrey "Doris Humphrey") and [Charles Weidman](/wiki/Charles_Weidman "Charles Weidman") came together to teach dance technique and perform new works. For one year, in 1939, Bennington moved the program to [Mills College](/wiki/Mills_College "Mills College") in [Oakland, California](/wiki/Oakland%2C_California "Oakland, California"), but it was back in Vermont by 1940\. It ceased to exist after the summer of 1942\.{{cite web \| title \= ADF History \| url \= http://www.americandancefestival.org/wp\-content/uploads/2013/02/ADF\-History.pdf }} In 1948, a program based on the Bennington model was established at [Connecticut College](/wiki/Connecticut_College "Connecticut College") in [New London, Connecticut](/wiki/New_London%2C_Connecticut "New London, Connecticut"), and called the New York University – Connecticut College School of Dance / American Dance Festival. In 1969, newly appointed director Charles Reinhart shortened the name to, simply, the American Dance Festival. After 30 years at the Connecticut College campus, the festival moved, in 1978, to the campus of Duke University in Durham, North Carolina. Since its founding in 1934, The American Dance Festival has been the home to over six hundred and forty premieres, more than three hundred and forty commissions, and over fifty reconstructions by artists such as Martha Graham, José Limón, Merce Cunningham, Paul Taylor, Alvin Ailey, Twyla Tharp, Pilobolus, Meredith Monk, Martha Clarke, and many more. Charles Reinhert was the director of the American Dance Festival from 1969\-2011\. In January 2012 Jodee Nimerichter was appointed director after having been a co\-director with Charles from 2007\-2011, and Associate Director from 2003\-2007\.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/13/arts/dance/american\-dance\-festival\-charles\-reinhart\-tribute\-review.html\|title \= An Eccentric Sendoff for a Festival's Leader\|newspaper \= The New York Times\|date \= 12 June 2011\|last1 \= Sulcas\|first1 \= Roslyn}} Modern dance choreographers and companies who have given performances or taught there include [José Limón](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Lim%C3%B3n "José Limón"), [Pearl Lang](/wiki/Pearl_Lang "Pearl Lang"), [Bella Lewitzky](/wiki/Bella_Lewitzky "Bella Lewitzky"), [Sophie Maslow](/wiki/Sophie_Maslow "Sophie Maslow"), [Alwin Nikolais](/wiki/Alwin_Nikolais "Alwin Nikolais"), [Merce Cunningham](/wiki/Merce_Cunningham "Merce Cunningham"), [Ruth Currier](/wiki/Ruth_Currier "Ruth Currier"), [Erick Hawkins](/wiki/Erick_Hawkins "Erick Hawkins"), [Paul Taylor](/wiki/Paul_Taylor_%28choreographer%29 "Paul Taylor (choreographer)"), [Alvin Ailey](/wiki/Alvin_Ailey "Alvin Ailey"), [Twyla Tharp](/wiki/Twyla_Tharp "Twyla Tharp"), [Betty Jones](/wiki/Betty_Jones "Betty Jones"), [Paul Draper](/wiki/Paul_Draper_%28dancer%29 "Paul Draper (dancer)"), [William Bales](/wiki/William_Bales "William Bales"), [Eiko \& Koma](/wiki/Eiko_%26_Koma "Eiko & Koma"), [Justin Tornow](/wiki/Justin_Tornow "Justin Tornow"), [Seán Curran](/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_Curran_%28dancer%29 "Seán Curran (dancer)"), [Wang Ramirez](/wiki/Wang_Ramirez "Wang Ramirez"), [Maguy Marin](/wiki/Maguy_Marin "Maguy Marin"), [Pilobolus](/wiki/Pilobolus_%28dance_company%29 "Pilobolus (dance company)") and [Anne Teresa De KeersmaekerRIOULT](/wiki/Anne_Teresa_De_Keersmaeker "Anne Teresa De Keersmaeker") DANCE NY, Lines Ballet Company, Shen Wei Dance Arts, LMNO3, Heidi Latsky Dance, Bill T. Jones/Arnie Zane Dance Company. In 1978, [Madonna](/wiki/Madonna_%28entertainer%29 "Madonna (entertainer)"), who was at the time a dance major at the [University of Michigan](/wiki/University_of_Michigan "University of Michigan"), was a summer dance student at the American Dance Festival.[The Charlotte Observer](http://www.charlotteobserver.com/entertainment/music-news-reviews/article23418204.html) (subscription required) Numerous dance works have premiered at the American Dance Festival, many of them commissioned by ADF. The largest theater in the Carolinas, the Durham Performing Arts Center, was built partly as a showcase for the festival. In 2016, the American Dance Festival with support from the Doris Duke/SHS Foundations Award for New Dances, commissioned Pascal Rioult's *Cassandra's Curse* with music by Richard Danielpour. ADF has given scholarships and awards out to accomplished dance figures. The Scholarship is entitled the [Samuel H. Scripps/American Dance Festival Award for Lifetime Achievement in Choreography](/wiki/List_of_Scripps_Award_recipients "List of Scripps Award recipients") and is $50,000 given to one distinguished choreographer per year. These recipients include Merce Cunningham, Paul Taylor, Ohad Naharin, Pina Bausch, Twyla Tharp, Jose Limon, and others. ADF also awards distinguished dance teachers. This award is entitled the Balasaraswati/Joy Anne Dewey Beinecke Endowed Chair for Distinguished Teaching. Recipients of this award include Gerri Houlihan, Gus Solomons Jr., Donna Faye Burchield, Jacylnn Villamil, Irene Dowd and others. The American Dance Festival also offers internships during their summer session for both Arts Administration and Production. Interns are able to take one dance class per day and then the remainder of their day is filled with working in the ADF offices for those interested in Arts Administration, or learning the tools and skills of stage hand work and spending 40\+ in the theater by being on the crew for every professional company throughout the festival. Both internships include a full tuition scholarship to the Six Week school. Applicants must apply for these internships, and selection is very competitive. The American Dance Festival also offers classes year round in the Samuel H. Scripps Studio. The Studios offer classes for all ages and levels throughout the calendar year. During the summer session, the studio is used throughout the Six Week School in addition to spaces provided from Duke University. In addition to the summer sessions and year\-round programs based in Durham, NC, ADF also hosts a Winter Intensive in both New York City and Pasadena, CA. Both of these programs are for dancers ages 18\+.
[ "History\n-------", "In 1934 the Bennington Festival was established as a summer program at [Bennington College](/wiki/Bennington_College \"Bennington College\") where [modern dance](/wiki/Modern_dance \"Modern dance\") pioneers [Hanya Holm](/wiki/Hanya_Holm \"Hanya Holm\"), [Martha Graham](/wiki/Martha_Graham \"Martha Graham\"), [Doris Humphrey](/wiki/Doris_Humphrey \"Doris Humphrey\") and [Charles Weidman](/wiki/Charles_Weidman \"Charles Weidman\") came together to teach dance technique and perform new works. For one year, in 1939, Bennington moved the program to [Mills College](/wiki/Mills_College \"Mills College\") in [Oakland, California](/wiki/Oakland%2C_California \"Oakland, California\"), but it was back in Vermont by 1940\\. It ceased to exist after the summer of 1942\\.{{cite web \\| title \\= ADF History \\| url \\= http://www.americandancefestival.org/wp\\-content/uploads/2013/02/ADF\\-History.pdf }}", "In 1948, a program based on the Bennington model was established at [Connecticut College](/wiki/Connecticut_College \"Connecticut College\") in [New London, Connecticut](/wiki/New_London%2C_Connecticut \"New London, Connecticut\"), and called the New York University – Connecticut College School of Dance / American Dance Festival. In 1969, newly appointed director Charles Reinhart shortened the name to, simply, the American Dance Festival. After 30 years at the Connecticut College campus, the festival moved, in 1978, to the campus of Duke University in Durham, North Carolina.", "Since its founding in 1934, The American Dance Festival has been the home to over six hundred and forty premieres, more than three hundred and forty commissions, and over fifty reconstructions by artists such as Martha Graham, José Limón, Merce Cunningham, Paul Taylor, Alvin Ailey, Twyla Tharp, Pilobolus, Meredith \nMonk, Martha Clarke, and many more.", "Charles Reinhert was the director of the American Dance Festival from 1969\\-2011\\. In January 2012 Jodee Nimerichter was appointed director after having been a co\\-director with Charles from 2007\\-2011, and Associate Director from 2003\\-2007\\.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/13/arts/dance/american\\-dance\\-festival\\-charles\\-reinhart\\-tribute\\-review.html\\|title \\= An Eccentric Sendoff for a Festival's Leader\\|newspaper \\= The New York Times\\|date \\= 12 June 2011\\|last1 \\= Sulcas\\|first1 \\= Roslyn}}", "Modern dance choreographers and companies who have given performances or taught there include [José Limón](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Lim%C3%B3n \"José Limón\"), [Pearl Lang](/wiki/Pearl_Lang \"Pearl Lang\"), [Bella Lewitzky](/wiki/Bella_Lewitzky \"Bella Lewitzky\"), [Sophie Maslow](/wiki/Sophie_Maslow \"Sophie Maslow\"), [Alwin Nikolais](/wiki/Alwin_Nikolais \"Alwin Nikolais\"), [Merce Cunningham](/wiki/Merce_Cunningham \"Merce Cunningham\"), [Ruth Currier](/wiki/Ruth_Currier \"Ruth Currier\"), [Erick Hawkins](/wiki/Erick_Hawkins \"Erick Hawkins\"), [Paul Taylor](/wiki/Paul_Taylor_%28choreographer%29 \"Paul Taylor (choreographer)\"), [Alvin Ailey](/wiki/Alvin_Ailey \"Alvin Ailey\"), [Twyla Tharp](/wiki/Twyla_Tharp \"Twyla Tharp\"), [Betty Jones](/wiki/Betty_Jones \"Betty Jones\"), [Paul Draper](/wiki/Paul_Draper_%28dancer%29 \"Paul Draper (dancer)\"), [William Bales](/wiki/William_Bales \"William Bales\"), [Eiko \\& Koma](/wiki/Eiko_%26_Koma \"Eiko & Koma\"), [Justin Tornow](/wiki/Justin_Tornow \"Justin Tornow\"), [Seán Curran](/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_Curran_%28dancer%29 \"Seán Curran (dancer)\"), [Wang Ramirez](/wiki/Wang_Ramirez \"Wang Ramirez\"), [Maguy Marin](/wiki/Maguy_Marin \"Maguy Marin\"), [Pilobolus](/wiki/Pilobolus_%28dance_company%29 \"Pilobolus (dance company)\") and [Anne Teresa De KeersmaekerRIOULT](/wiki/Anne_Teresa_De_Keersmaeker \"Anne Teresa De Keersmaeker\") DANCE NY, Lines Ballet Company, Shen Wei Dance Arts, LMNO3, Heidi Latsky Dance, Bill T. Jones/Arnie Zane Dance Company.", "In 1978, [Madonna](/wiki/Madonna_%28entertainer%29 \"Madonna (entertainer)\"), who was at the time a dance major at the [University of Michigan](/wiki/University_of_Michigan \"University of Michigan\"), was a summer dance student at the American Dance Festival.[The Charlotte Observer](http://www.charlotteobserver.com/entertainment/music-news-reviews/article23418204.html) (subscription required)", "Numerous dance works have premiered at the American Dance Festival, many of them commissioned by ADF. The largest theater in the Carolinas, the Durham Performing Arts Center, was built partly as a showcase for the festival. In 2016, the American Dance Festival with support from the Doris Duke/SHS Foundations Award for New Dances, commissioned Pascal Rioult's *Cassandra's Curse* with music by Richard Danielpour.", "ADF has given scholarships and awards out to accomplished dance figures. The Scholarship is entitled the [Samuel H. Scripps/American Dance Festival Award for Lifetime Achievement in Choreography](/wiki/List_of_Scripps_Award_recipients \"List of Scripps Award recipients\") and is $50,000 given to one distinguished choreographer per year. These recipients include Merce Cunningham, Paul Taylor, Ohad Naharin, Pina Bausch, Twyla Tharp, Jose Limon, and others.", "ADF also awards distinguished dance teachers. This award is entitled the Balasaraswati/Joy Anne Dewey Beinecke Endowed Chair for Distinguished Teaching. Recipients of this award include Gerri Houlihan, Gus Solomons Jr., Donna Faye Burchield, Jacylnn Villamil, Irene Dowd and others.", "The American Dance Festival also offers internships during their summer session for both Arts Administration and Production. Interns are able to take one dance class per day and then the remainder of their day is filled with working in the ADF offices for those interested in Arts Administration, or learning the tools and skills of stage hand work and spending 40\\+ in the theater by being on the crew for every professional company throughout the festival. Both internships include a full tuition scholarship to the Six Week school. Applicants must apply for these internships, and selection is very competitive.", "The American Dance Festival also offers classes year round in the Samuel H. Scripps Studio. The Studios offer classes for all ages and levels throughout the calendar year. During the summer session, the studio is used throughout the Six Week School in addition to spaces provided from Duke University.", "In addition to the summer sessions and year\\-round programs based in Durham, NC, ADF also hosts a Winter Intensive in both New York City and Pasadena, CA. Both of these programs are for dancers ages 18\\+.", "" ]
Career ------ Guruswamy joined the bar in 1997 and started working with the then Attorney General of India, [Ashok Desai](/wiki/Ashok_Desai "Ashok Desai"). After completing her BCL at Oxford (2000\) and LL.M. at Harvard (2001\), she practiced law at [Davis Polk \& Wardwell](/wiki/Davis_Polk_%26_Wardwell "Davis Polk & Wardwell"), New York, as an Associate. Her practice at the Supreme Court of India covers areas of White Collar Defense, Constitutional Law, Corporate Law and Arbitration. She has represented the Union of India and National Capital Territory of Delhi in various matters. ### Decriminalization of Homosexuality In April 2016, Guruswamy along with a team of lawyers including Arundhati Katju and Saurabh Kripal filed a petition on behalf of five LGBT petitioners led by Navtej Singh Johar challenging the constitutionality of [Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code](/wiki/Section_377_of_the_Indian_Penal_Code "Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code"), 1860\. The petition was the first instance that LGBT Indians actually filed writ petitions alleging violation of their fundamental rights.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jul/24/our\-lives\-should\-be\-lived\-in\-the\-sun\-the\-couple\-fighting\-to\-legalise\-gay\-sex\-in\-india\|title\=Our lives should be lived in the sun': the couple fighting to legalise gay sex in India \- The Guardian\|last\=\|first\=\|date\=24 July 2018\|website\=\[\[TheGuardian.com]]\|archive\-url\=\|archive\-date\=\|access\-date\=}} Guruswamy also appeared on behalf of petitioners from the Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi and in the landmark judgment, the 5\-judge Constitutional bench of the Supreme Court read down Section 377 as not applicable to consenting adults. She had also appeared for Shyam Benegal the film maker in the Supreme Court in the case of Suresh Kumar Koushal v. Naz Foundation (2013\). ### Bureaucratic Reforms Case In the case of [T.S.R. Subramanium \& Others v. Union of India](/wiki/T._S._R._Subramanian_v._Union_of_India "T. S. R. Subramanian v. Union of India"), Guruswamy represented former cabinet secretary T.S.R. Subramanian and 80 other retired high ranking bureaucrats to seek the implementation of various bureaucratic reforms.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.livemint.com/Opinion/5Tsc7stKrVFzqnqZoWFLXO/The\-Supreme\-Court\-has\-sent\-a\-message\-Menaka\-Guruswamy.html\|title\=The Supreme Court has sent a message: Menaka Guruswamy\|last\=\|first\=\|date\=November 2013\|website\=\|archive\-url\=\|archive\-date\=\|access\-date\=}} In a significant decision, the Supreme Court held, *inter alia*, that bureaucrats are not bound to follow oral orders from Government officials and must rely on written orders, that a Civil Services Board consisting of senior bureaucrats must be formed at the Centre and State level to look into matters of postings and transfers.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.sci.gov.in/jonew/judis/40943\.pdf\|title\=T.S.R. Subramanium \& Others v. Union of India, Supreme Court of India\|last\=\|first\=\|date\=\|website\=\|archive\-url\=\|archive\-date\=\|access\-date\=}} ### Right to Education Case Guruswamy represented an intervenor, the Azim Premji Foundation, in the case of Society for Unaided Private Schools of Rajasthan v. Union of India pertaining to the constitutionality of Section 12(1\)(c) of the Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009\.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/independence\-day\-special/story/20160822\-maneka\-guruswamy\-amartya\-sen\-right\-to\-education\-act\-azim\-premji\-extra\-judicial\-killings\-829381\-2016\-08\-10\|title\=My Freedom to Argue\|last\=\|first\=\|date\=\|website\=\|archive\-url\=\|archive\-date\=\|access\-date\=}} Section 12(1\)(c) mandated private unaided schools to admit 25% of their Class strength with children from weaker and disadvantaged sections and provide them with free education. The Supreme Court ruled in favor of the Constitutionality of the provision.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/v8XGnE7Bw4zVJofReOjvlI/SC\-upholds\-25\-reservation\-for\-poor\-in\-schools\-through\-RTE.html\|title\=SC upholds 25% reservation for poor in schools through RTE\|last\=\|first\=\|date\=12 April 2012\|website\=\|archive\-url\=\|archive\-date\=\|access\-date\=}} ### Salwa Judum Case Guruswamy was a part of the team of lawyers that successfully litigated against Salwa Judum in the landmark case of Nandini Sundar v. State of Chhattisgarh \[(2011\) 7 SCC 547].{{Cite web\|url\=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/920448/\|title\=Nandini Sundar v. State of Chattisgarh, (2011\) 7 SCC 547\|last\=\|first\=\|date\=\|website\=\|archive\-url\=\|archive\-date\=\|access\-date\=}} Salwa Judam was the practice of deploying tribal youths as Special Police Officers in the fight against the Maoist insurgency and ordered their immediate disarming.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.insafbulletin.net/archives/893\|title\=Supreme Court For Relief Of Victims Of Salwa Judum, Security Forces Or Naxalites\|last\=\|first\=\|date\=\|website\=\|archive\-url\=\|archive\-date\=\|access\-date\=}} ### August Westland VVIP Chopper Scam In the Augusta Westland corruption case, wherein middlemen and Indian officials received kickbacks in a deal to purchase helicopters, Guruswamy represented former Air Chief Marshal S.P. Tyagi before a Special CBI Court.{{Cite news\|url\=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/agustawestland\-european\-middleman\-discloses\-percentage\-of\-bribe\-paid\-to\-tyagi\-brothers\-says\-cbi\-to\-court/articleshow/55983893\.cms\|title\=AgustaWestland: 'European middleman discloses percentage of bribe paid to Tyagi brothers', says CBI to court\|last\=\|first\=\|newspaper\=The Economic Times \|date\=\|website\=\|archive\-url\=\|archive\-date\=\|access\-date\=\|last1\=Gurung \|first1\=Shaurya Karanbir }} She successfully argued for his bail after his arrest.{{Cite news\|url\=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/former\-iaf\-chief\-s\-p\-tyagi\-granted\-bail\-in\-agustawestland\-chopper\-scam/articleshow/56178713\.cms?from\=mdr\|title\=CBI failed to state amount of money paid to former IAF Chief SP Tyagi in AgustaWestland case: court; grants him bail\|last\=\|first\=\|newspaper\=The Economic Times \|date\=\|website\=\|archive\-url\=\|archive\-date\=\|access\-date\=\|last1\=Gurung \|first1\=Shaurya Karanbir }} In 2018, a charge sheet was filed against Tyagi and the case is currently pending. ### Amicus Curiae In 2012, a bench of Justice Aftab Alam and Justice Ranjana Desai appointed Guruswamy as the Amicus Curie in the case of alleged 1528 extrajudicial killings by the armed forces in Manipur, India. Among other contributions, Guruswamy proposed to the bench that a Special Investigation Team be set up to investigate the killings of persons.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.legallyindia.com/supreme\-court/scoi\-report\-amicus\-guruswamy\-in\-fake\-encounter\-case\-proposes\-sit\-to\-probe\-mysterious\-manipur\-killings\-20151006\-6713\|title\=SCOI Report: Amicus Guruswamy, in fake encounter case, proposes SIT to probe mysterious Manipur killings\|last\=\|first\=\|date\=\|website\=\|archive\-url\=\|archive\-date\=\|access\-date\=}} In 2016, accepting the submissions of the Amicus and the Petitioners, the Supreme Court ordered that the use of excessive force by Police or the Armed Forces must be thoroughly enquired into. The Court held that there is no concept of absolute immunity from trial by the criminal court constituted under the Cr.P.C., even if the offence is alleged to have been committed by army personnel.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.livelaw.in/manipur\-extra\-judicial\-killings\-allegation\-excessive\-force\-police\-armed\-forces\-must\-thoroughly\-enquired\-sc/\|title\=Manipur Extra Judicial Killings: Allegation of excessive force by Police or Armed Forces must be thoroughly enquired into: SC\|last\=\|first\=\|date\=8 July 2016\|website\=\|archive\-url\=\|archive\-date\=\|access\-date\=}} In 2017, the Court directed the CBI to constitute a Special Investigation Team to complete investigations in the matter, lodge FIRs in the matter and file chargesheets wherever necessary.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.livelaw.in/manipur\-extra\-judicial\-killings\-sc\-orders\-cbi\-investigation\-62\-cases/\|title\=Manipur Extra Judicial Killings: SC Orders CBI To Constitute SIT\|last\=\|first\=\|date\=14 July 2017\|website\=\|archive\-url\=\|archive\-date\=\|access\-date\=}} The case is ongoing in the Supreme Court. ### Senior Advocate On March 29, 2019, Guruswamy was designated Senior Advocate by the Supreme Court of India.{{Cite web\|url\=https://barandbench.com/six\-women\-senior\-advocates\-supreme\-court/\|title\=Six women lawyers designated Senior Advocates by Supreme Court, 14 women Senior Advocates till date\|last\=\|first\=\|date\=29 March 2019\|website\=\|archive\-url\=\|archive\-date\=\|access\-date\=}} The designation is conferred on merit to exceptional lawyers by the Supreme Court of India or of High Courts in the States. The designation is conferred by a permanent committee consisting of the Chief Justice of India as its Chairperson, along with two\-senior\-most Supreme Court judges, Attorney general for India, and a member of the Bar as nominated by the Chairperson and other members.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.livelaw.in/sc\-finally\-notifies\-guidelines\-to\-regulate\-designation\-of\-senior\-advocates\-read\-the\-guidelines\|title\=SC Finally Notifies Guidelines To Regulate Designation Of Senior Advocates\|last\=\|first\=\|date\=6 August 2018\|website\=\|archive\-url\=\|archive\-date\=\|access\-date\=}} Each application is then sent to all the justices of the Supreme Court who consider the list of advocates who have applied and review the marks allotted.
[ "Career\n------", "Guruswamy joined the bar in 1997 and started working with the then Attorney General of India, [Ashok Desai](/wiki/Ashok_Desai \"Ashok Desai\"). After completing her BCL at Oxford (2000\\) and LL.M. at Harvard (2001\\), she practiced law at [Davis Polk \\& Wardwell](/wiki/Davis_Polk_%26_Wardwell \"Davis Polk & Wardwell\"), New York, as an Associate.", "Her practice at the Supreme Court of India covers areas of White Collar Defense, Constitutional Law, Corporate Law and Arbitration. She has represented the Union of India and National Capital Territory of Delhi in various matters.", "### Decriminalization of Homosexuality", "In April 2016, Guruswamy along with a team of lawyers including Arundhati Katju and Saurabh Kripal filed a petition on behalf of five LGBT petitioners led by Navtej Singh Johar challenging the constitutionality of [Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code](/wiki/Section_377_of_the_Indian_Penal_Code \"Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code\"), 1860\\. The petition was the first instance that LGBT Indians actually filed writ petitions alleging violation of their fundamental rights.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jul/24/our\\-lives\\-should\\-be\\-lived\\-in\\-the\\-sun\\-the\\-couple\\-fighting\\-to\\-legalise\\-gay\\-sex\\-in\\-india\\|title\\=Our lives should be lived in the sun': the couple fighting to legalise gay sex in India \\- The Guardian\\|last\\=\\|first\\=\\|date\\=24 July 2018\\|website\\=\\[\\[TheGuardian.com]]\\|archive\\-url\\=\\|archive\\-date\\=\\|access\\-date\\=}} Guruswamy also appeared on behalf of petitioners from the Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi and in the landmark judgment, the 5\\-judge Constitutional bench of the Supreme Court read down Section 377 as not applicable to consenting adults.", "She had also appeared for Shyam Benegal the film maker in the Supreme Court in the case of Suresh Kumar Koushal v. Naz Foundation (2013\\).", "### Bureaucratic Reforms Case", "In the case of [T.S.R. Subramanium \\& Others v. Union of India](/wiki/T._S._R._Subramanian_v._Union_of_India \"T. S. R. Subramanian v. Union of India\"), Guruswamy represented former cabinet secretary T.S.R. Subramanian and 80 other retired high ranking bureaucrats to seek the implementation of various bureaucratic reforms.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.livemint.com/Opinion/5Tsc7stKrVFzqnqZoWFLXO/The\\-Supreme\\-Court\\-has\\-sent\\-a\\-message\\-Menaka\\-Guruswamy.html\\|title\\=The Supreme Court has sent a message: Menaka Guruswamy\\|last\\=\\|first\\=\\|date\\=November 2013\\|website\\=\\|archive\\-url\\=\\|archive\\-date\\=\\|access\\-date\\=}} In a significant decision, the Supreme Court held, *inter alia*, that bureaucrats are not bound to follow oral orders from Government officials and must rely on written orders, that a Civil Services Board consisting of senior bureaucrats must be formed at the Centre and State level to look into matters of postings and transfers.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.sci.gov.in/jonew/judis/40943\\.pdf\\|title\\=T.S.R. Subramanium \\& Others v. Union of India, Supreme Court of India\\|last\\=\\|first\\=\\|date\\=\\|website\\=\\|archive\\-url\\=\\|archive\\-date\\=\\|access\\-date\\=}}", "### Right to Education Case", "Guruswamy represented an intervenor, the Azim Premji Foundation, in the case of Society for Unaided Private Schools of Rajasthan v. Union of India pertaining to the constitutionality of Section 12(1\\)(c) of the Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009\\.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/independence\\-day\\-special/story/20160822\\-maneka\\-guruswamy\\-amartya\\-sen\\-right\\-to\\-education\\-act\\-azim\\-premji\\-extra\\-judicial\\-killings\\-829381\\-2016\\-08\\-10\\|title\\=My Freedom to Argue\\|last\\=\\|first\\=\\|date\\=\\|website\\=\\|archive\\-url\\=\\|archive\\-date\\=\\|access\\-date\\=}} Section 12(1\\)(c) mandated private unaided schools to admit 25% of their Class strength with children from weaker and disadvantaged sections and provide them with free education. The Supreme Court ruled in favor of the Constitutionality of the provision.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/v8XGnE7Bw4zVJofReOjvlI/SC\\-upholds\\-25\\-reservation\\-for\\-poor\\-in\\-schools\\-through\\-RTE.html\\|title\\=SC upholds 25% reservation for poor in schools through RTE\\|last\\=\\|first\\=\\|date\\=12 April 2012\\|website\\=\\|archive\\-url\\=\\|archive\\-date\\=\\|access\\-date\\=}}", "### Salwa Judum Case", "Guruswamy was a part of the team of lawyers that successfully litigated against Salwa Judum in the landmark case of Nandini Sundar v. State of Chhattisgarh \\[(2011\\) 7 SCC 547].{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/920448/\\|title\\=Nandini Sundar v. State of Chattisgarh, (2011\\) 7 SCC 547\\|last\\=\\|first\\=\\|date\\=\\|website\\=\\|archive\\-url\\=\\|archive\\-date\\=\\|access\\-date\\=}} Salwa Judam was the practice of deploying tribal youths as Special Police Officers in the fight against the Maoist insurgency and ordered their immediate disarming.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.insafbulletin.net/archives/893\\|title\\=Supreme Court For Relief Of Victims Of Salwa Judum, Security Forces Or Naxalites\\|last\\=\\|first\\=\\|date\\=\\|website\\=\\|archive\\-url\\=\\|archive\\-date\\=\\|access\\-date\\=}}", "### August Westland VVIP Chopper Scam", "In the Augusta Westland corruption case, wherein middlemen and Indian officials received kickbacks in a deal to purchase helicopters, Guruswamy represented former Air Chief Marshal S.P. Tyagi before a Special CBI Court.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/agustawestland\\-european\\-middleman\\-discloses\\-percentage\\-of\\-bribe\\-paid\\-to\\-tyagi\\-brothers\\-says\\-cbi\\-to\\-court/articleshow/55983893\\.cms\\|title\\=AgustaWestland: 'European middleman discloses percentage of bribe paid to Tyagi brothers', says CBI to court\\|last\\=\\|first\\=\\|newspaper\\=The Economic Times \\|date\\=\\|website\\=\\|archive\\-url\\=\\|archive\\-date\\=\\|access\\-date\\=\\|last1\\=Gurung \\|first1\\=Shaurya Karanbir }} She successfully argued for his bail after his arrest.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/former\\-iaf\\-chief\\-s\\-p\\-tyagi\\-granted\\-bail\\-in\\-agustawestland\\-chopper\\-scam/articleshow/56178713\\.cms?from\\=mdr\\|title\\=CBI failed to state amount of money paid to former IAF Chief SP Tyagi in AgustaWestland case: court; grants him bail\\|last\\=\\|first\\=\\|newspaper\\=The Economic Times \\|date\\=\\|website\\=\\|archive\\-url\\=\\|archive\\-date\\=\\|access\\-date\\=\\|last1\\=Gurung \\|first1\\=Shaurya Karanbir }} In 2018, a charge sheet was filed against Tyagi and the case is currently pending.", "### Amicus Curiae", "In 2012, a bench of Justice Aftab Alam and Justice Ranjana Desai appointed Guruswamy as the Amicus Curie in the case of alleged 1528 extrajudicial killings by the armed forces in Manipur, India. Among other contributions, Guruswamy proposed to the bench that a Special Investigation Team be set up to investigate the killings of persons.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.legallyindia.com/supreme\\-court/scoi\\-report\\-amicus\\-guruswamy\\-in\\-fake\\-encounter\\-case\\-proposes\\-sit\\-to\\-probe\\-mysterious\\-manipur\\-killings\\-20151006\\-6713\\|title\\=SCOI Report: Amicus Guruswamy, in fake encounter case, proposes SIT to probe mysterious Manipur killings\\|last\\=\\|first\\=\\|date\\=\\|website\\=\\|archive\\-url\\=\\|archive\\-date\\=\\|access\\-date\\=}} In 2016, accepting the submissions of the Amicus and the Petitioners, the Supreme Court ordered that the use of excessive force by Police or the Armed Forces must be thoroughly enquired into. The Court held that there is no concept of absolute immunity from trial by the criminal court constituted under the Cr.P.C., even if the offence is alleged to have been committed by army personnel.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.livelaw.in/manipur\\-extra\\-judicial\\-killings\\-allegation\\-excessive\\-force\\-police\\-armed\\-forces\\-must\\-thoroughly\\-enquired\\-sc/\\|title\\=Manipur Extra Judicial Killings: Allegation of excessive force by Police or Armed Forces must be thoroughly enquired into: SC\\|last\\=\\|first\\=\\|date\\=8 July 2016\\|website\\=\\|archive\\-url\\=\\|archive\\-date\\=\\|access\\-date\\=}} In 2017, the Court directed the CBI to constitute a Special Investigation Team to complete investigations in the matter, lodge FIRs in the matter and file chargesheets wherever necessary.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.livelaw.in/manipur\\-extra\\-judicial\\-killings\\-sc\\-orders\\-cbi\\-investigation\\-62\\-cases/\\|title\\=Manipur Extra Judicial Killings: SC Orders CBI To Constitute SIT\\|last\\=\\|first\\=\\|date\\=14 July 2017\\|website\\=\\|archive\\-url\\=\\|archive\\-date\\=\\|access\\-date\\=}} The case is ongoing in the Supreme Court.", "### Senior Advocate", "On March 29, 2019, Guruswamy was designated Senior Advocate by the Supreme Court of India.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://barandbench.com/six\\-women\\-senior\\-advocates\\-supreme\\-court/\\|title\\=Six women lawyers designated Senior Advocates by Supreme Court, 14 women Senior Advocates till date\\|last\\=\\|first\\=\\|date\\=29 March 2019\\|website\\=\\|archive\\-url\\=\\|archive\\-date\\=\\|access\\-date\\=}} The designation is conferred on merit to exceptional lawyers by the Supreme Court of India or of High Courts in the States. The designation is conferred by a permanent committee consisting of the Chief Justice of India as its Chairperson, along with two\\-senior\\-most Supreme Court judges, Attorney general for India, and a member of the Bar as nominated by the Chairperson and other members.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.livelaw.in/sc\\-finally\\-notifies\\-guidelines\\-to\\-regulate\\-designation\\-of\\-senior\\-advocates\\-read\\-the\\-guidelines\\|title\\=SC Finally Notifies Guidelines To Regulate Designation Of Senior Advocates\\|last\\=\\|first\\=\\|date\\=6 August 2018\\|website\\=\\|archive\\-url\\=\\|archive\\-date\\=\\|access\\-date\\=}} Each application is then sent to all the justices of the Supreme Court who consider the list of advocates who have applied and review the marks allotted.", "" ]
Terminals --------- Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport currently has two terminals, which are connected by two short people movers.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.taoyuan\-airport.com/english/Publish.jsp?cnid\=702\#\|title\=Terminal\|publisher\=Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport\|access\-date\=2010\-06\-08\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101204144358/http://www.taoyuan\-airport.com/english/Publish.jsp?cnid\=702\|archive\-date\=2010\-12\-04}} The third terminal is under construction, while the fourth terminal is planned, however plans may be halted. The [Taoyuan Airport MRT](/wiki/Taoyuan_International_Airport_Access_MRT_System "Taoyuan International Airport Access MRT System") links the terminals together underground, and provides transportation to Taipei City.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.cna.com.tw/search/hydetailws.aspx?qid\=201407060106\&q\=%E6%A1%83%E6%A9%9F\|script\-title\=zh:桃機第3航廈啟用 延至110年 \- 全文檢索 \- 中央社即時新聞 CNA NEWS\|access\-date\=3 June 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403223801/http://www.cna.com.tw/search/hydetailws.aspx?qid\=201407060106\&q\=%E6%A1%83%E6%A9%9F\|archive\-date\=2015\-04\-03\|url\-status\=dead}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2015/09/14/2003627659\|title\=Taoyuan to have fourth terminal\|date\=2015\-09\-14\|access\-date\=14 April 2016\|archive\-date\=2023\-04\-12\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412105855/https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2015/09/14/2003627659\|url\-status\=live}} ### Terminal 1 [thumb\|left\|Aerial view of Terminal 1](/wiki/File:Taoyuan_Airport_Terminal_1_Aerial_View.jpg "Taoyuan Airport Terminal 1 Aerial View.jpg") [thumb\|left\|Renovated Terminal 1 arrival hall](/wiki/File:Taoyuan_International_Airport_Terminal_1_Interior_201506.jpg "Taoyuan International Airport Terminal 1 Interior 201506.jpg") Terminal 1 is the original passenger terminal of the Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport. The building was designed by Chinese\-born, Taiwanese\-American structural engineer [Tung\-Yen Lin](/wiki/Tung-Yen_Lin "Tung-Yen Lin") and influenced by Eero Saarinen's [Washington Dulles International Airport](/wiki/Washington_Dulles_International_Airport "Washington Dulles International Airport").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.archdaily.com/771071/regeneration\-of\-taoyuan\-international\-airport\-terminal\-1\-norihiko\-dan\-and\-associates\|title\=Regeneration of Taoyuan International Airport Terminal 1 / Norihiko Dan and Associates\|publisher\=ArchDaily\|date\=2015\-08\-02\|access\-date\=2016\-02\-07\|archive\-date\=2016\-01\-30\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160130103626/http://www.archdaily.com/771071/regeneration\-of\-taoyuan\-international\-airport\-terminal\-1\-norihiko\-dan\-and\-associates\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.chinapost.com.tw/editorial/detail.asp?onNews\=\&GRP\=i\&id\=89541\|title\=Why rename CKS Airport?\|publisher\=The China Post\|date\=2006\-09\-14\|access\-date\=2010\-06\-07\|archive\-date\=2012\-09\-20\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120920235236/http://www.chinapost.com.tw/editorial/detail.asp?onNews\=\&GRP\=i\&id\=89541\|url\-status\=live}} The five\-storey, {{Convert\|169500\|m2\|\|abbr\=on}} terminal, along with the airport, opened in 1979 to relieve the overcrowded [Taipei Songshan Airport](/wiki/Taipei_Songshan_Airport "Taipei Songshan Airport").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.taoyuan\-airport.com/english/Publish.jsp?cnid\=702\|title\=Termina\|publisher\=Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport\|access\-date\=2010\-06\-07\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101204144358/http://www.taoyuan\-airport.com/english/Publish.jsp?cnid\=702\|archive\-date\=2010\-12\-04}} All international flights were moved to the airport following the completion of this terminal. Terminal 1 featured 22 gates. A row of 11 gates are located on the north end of the airfield facing the north runway and another row of 11 gates are located on the south end airfield facing the south runway. The two concourses that contained the airplane gates are linked together by a main building that contained the [check\-in](/wiki/Airport_check-in "Airport check-in") areas, baggage claim, passport immigration areas, and security checkpoint areas. Together, they form a giant "H". All gates are equipped with [jetways](/wiki/Jet_bridge "Jet bridge"). Gates located at the end of the concourses have one jetway and also reducing people and gates not located at the end of the concourses have two jetways. The terminal was originally white in color when it first opened. As the years gradually passed, the façade and color became more tan and yellow colored due to age, while also helped by the air pollution in Taipei. After the completion of Terminal 2, some gates from Terminal 1 were removed to make space for Terminal 2\. Currently, Terminal 1 has 18 [gates](/wiki/Gate_%28airport%29 "Gate (airport)").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.taoyuan\-airport.com/web/english/about/about\_e.jsp\|title\=Taipei Taoyuan International Airport\- Basic Information}}{{dead link\|date\=April 2018 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }} Alphabetical letters were introduced when Terminal 2 was completed. The North Concourse is now Concourse A, and the South Concourse is now Concourse B. Before Terminal 2, gates were numbered from 1 to 22\. [China Airlines](/wiki/China_Airlines "China Airlines") uses Concourse A for the majority of its flights in Terminal 1, while the third largest carrier of the airport, [Cathay Pacific](/wiki/Cathay_Pacific "Cathay Pacific"), operates most of its flights at Concourse B. In 2012, the renovation project of the terminal, designed by Japanese architect Norihiko Dan,{{Cite news\|url\=http://www.archdaily.com/771071/regeneration\-of\-taoyuan\-international\-airport\-terminal\-1\-norihiko\-dan\-and\-associates\|title\=Regeneration of Taoyuan International Airport Terminal 1 / Norihiko Dan and Associates\|date\=2015\-08\-02\|work\=ArchDaily\|access\-date\=2017\-08\-09\|language\=en\-US\|archive\-date\=2017\-08\-16\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816192747/http://www.archdaily.com/771071/regeneration\-of\-taoyuan\-international\-airport\-terminal\-1\-norihiko\-dan\-and\-associates\|url\-status\=live}} was completed, doubling the floor area, expanding check\-in counters, increasing shopping areas and expanding car\-parking facilities. Part of the project was the complete redesigning of both the exterior and interior of the terminal. The capacity of Terminal 1 is 15 million passengers per year.{{Citation needed\|date\=April 2021}} This renovation received the 2014 Taiwan Architecture Award from the Taiwan Architects Association.{{Cite web\|url \= https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/lang/archives/2014/11/24/2003605137\|title \= Architectural award for Taoyuan Airport Terminal 1 桃機一航廈 獲台灣建築首獎 \- Taipei Times\|date \= 24 November 2014\|access\-date \= 14 February 2021\|archive\-date \= 12 April 2023\|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20230412105859/https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/lang/archives/2014/11/24/2003605137\|url\-status \= live}} ### Terminal 2 [thumb\|Terminal 2 departure hall](/wiki/File:Taiwan_Taoyuan_International_Airport_Terminal_2_Check-in_Hall_20200815.jpg "Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport Terminal 2 Check-in Hall 20200815.jpg") [thumb\|Terminal 2 arrival hall](/wiki/File:TPE_Renovated_Arrivals_Hall_20200815.jpg "TPE Renovated Arrivals Hall 20200815.jpg") Terminal 2 opened in 2000 to reduce heavy congestion in the aging Terminal 1\.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.taoyuan\-airport.com/english/Publish.jsp?cnid\=356\|title\=Basic Information\|publisher\=Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport\|access\-date\=2010\-06\-07\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101112055144/http://www.taoyuan\-airport.com/english/Publish.jsp?cnid\=356\|archive\-date\=2010\-11\-12}} Only the South Concourse had been completed by the time the terminal opened. The South Concourse alone has 10 gates, each with 2 jetways and their own security checkpoints. The North Concourse opened later in 2005, bringing the total number of gates for Terminal 2 to 20 gates; the security checkpoints were moved to a central location in front of the passport control. The 318,000\-m2 facility is capable of handling 17 million passengers per year. The Southern and Northern Concourses are also known as Concourse C and Concourse D, respectively. Terminals 1 and 2 are connected by two short [people mover](/wiki/People_mover "People mover") lines, with one from Concourse A to D and the other from B to C. [China Airlines](/wiki/China_Airlines "China Airlines") uses Concourse D for the majority of its flights in Terminal 2 while [EVA Air](/wiki/EVA_Air "EVA Air") uses Concourse C for most of its operations. A renovation planned to increase the terminal's annual passenger capacity by 5 million to 22 million per annum was announced in 2018\.{{citation needed\|date\=April 2023}}. Terminal 2 renovation was completed in 2020\. ### Terminal 3 (under construction) {{Further\|Taoyuan International Airport\#Terminal 3 construction}} Construction of Terminal 3 is part of the expansion project of Taoyuan International Airport. The 540,000 square meter Terminal 3 is designed by [Rogers Stirk Harbour \+ Partners](/wiki/Rogers_Stirk_Harbour_%2B_Partners "Rogers Stirk Harbour + Partners") and will accommodate 45 million passengers per year. The new terminal was originally planned to be opened in 2020\. However, the project has been delayed, which postpones its targeted completion to 2026\. South Korea's [Samsung C\&T](/wiki/Samsung_C%26T "Samsung C&T") owns 70% of the construction project, or $1\.1 billion, while the remainder is held by Taiwan's [RSEA Engineering](/wiki/RSEA "RSEA").{{Cite news \|date\=March 30, 2021 \|title\=Samsung C\&T\-led consortium wins US$1\.56 bln deal from Taiwan \|url\=https://en.yna.co.kr/view/AEN20210330007600320 \|work\=\[\[Yonhap News Agency]]}} ### Terminal 4 (plans halted) Originally part of the expansion project was a new Terminal 4\. However, due to the vast amount of construction, the [Ministry of Transportation](/wiki/Ministry_of_Transportation "Ministry of Transportation") ordered the airport company to halt the project in order to minimize traveller inconvenience.{{cite web\|url\=https://udn.com/news/story/9/1650656 \|website\=Udn News\|language\=zh\-hant \|script\-title\=zh:第四航廈急煞車 桃機：避免像工地\|access\-date\=2 February 2017}} {{clear}}
[ "Terminals\n---------", "Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport currently has two terminals, which are connected by two short people movers.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.taoyuan\\-airport.com/english/Publish.jsp?cnid\\=702\\#\\|title\\=Terminal\\|publisher\\=Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport\\|access\\-date\\=2010\\-06\\-08\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101204144358/http://www.taoyuan\\-airport.com/english/Publish.jsp?cnid\\=702\\|archive\\-date\\=2010\\-12\\-04}} The third terminal is under construction, while the fourth terminal is planned, however plans may be halted. The [Taoyuan Airport MRT](/wiki/Taoyuan_International_Airport_Access_MRT_System \"Taoyuan International Airport Access MRT System\") links the terminals together underground, and provides transportation to Taipei City.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.cna.com.tw/search/hydetailws.aspx?qid\\=201407060106\\&q\\=%E6%A1%83%E6%A9%9F\\|script\\-title\\=zh:桃機第3航廈啟用 延至110年 \\- 全文檢索 \\- 中央社即時新聞 CNA NEWS\\|access\\-date\\=3 June 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403223801/http://www.cna.com.tw/search/hydetailws.aspx?qid\\=201407060106\\&q\\=%E6%A1%83%E6%A9%9F\\|archive\\-date\\=2015\\-04\\-03\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2015/09/14/2003627659\\|title\\=Taoyuan to have fourth terminal\\|date\\=2015\\-09\\-14\\|access\\-date\\=14 April 2016\\|archive\\-date\\=2023\\-04\\-12\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412105855/https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2015/09/14/2003627659\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "### Terminal 1", "[thumb\\|left\\|Aerial view of Terminal 1](/wiki/File:Taoyuan_Airport_Terminal_1_Aerial_View.jpg \"Taoyuan Airport Terminal 1 Aerial View.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|left\\|Renovated Terminal 1 arrival hall](/wiki/File:Taoyuan_International_Airport_Terminal_1_Interior_201506.jpg \"Taoyuan International Airport Terminal 1 Interior 201506.jpg\")", "Terminal 1 is the original passenger terminal of the Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport. The building was designed by Chinese\\-born, Taiwanese\\-American structural engineer [Tung\\-Yen Lin](/wiki/Tung-Yen_Lin \"Tung-Yen Lin\") and influenced by Eero Saarinen's [Washington Dulles International Airport](/wiki/Washington_Dulles_International_Airport \"Washington Dulles International Airport\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.archdaily.com/771071/regeneration\\-of\\-taoyuan\\-international\\-airport\\-terminal\\-1\\-norihiko\\-dan\\-and\\-associates\\|title\\=Regeneration of Taoyuan International Airport Terminal 1 / Norihiko Dan and Associates\\|publisher\\=ArchDaily\\|date\\=2015\\-08\\-02\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-02\\-07\\|archive\\-date\\=2016\\-01\\-30\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160130103626/http://www.archdaily.com/771071/regeneration\\-of\\-taoyuan\\-international\\-airport\\-terminal\\-1\\-norihiko\\-dan\\-and\\-associates\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.chinapost.com.tw/editorial/detail.asp?onNews\\=\\&GRP\\=i\\&id\\=89541\\|title\\=Why rename CKS Airport?\\|publisher\\=The China Post\\|date\\=2006\\-09\\-14\\|access\\-date\\=2010\\-06\\-07\\|archive\\-date\\=2012\\-09\\-20\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120920235236/http://www.chinapost.com.tw/editorial/detail.asp?onNews\\=\\&GRP\\=i\\&id\\=89541\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The five\\-storey, {{Convert\\|169500\\|m2\\|\\|abbr\\=on}} terminal, along with the airport, opened in 1979 to relieve the overcrowded [Taipei Songshan Airport](/wiki/Taipei_Songshan_Airport \"Taipei Songshan Airport\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.taoyuan\\-airport.com/english/Publish.jsp?cnid\\=702\\|title\\=Termina\\|publisher\\=Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport\\|access\\-date\\=2010\\-06\\-07\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101204144358/http://www.taoyuan\\-airport.com/english/Publish.jsp?cnid\\=702\\|archive\\-date\\=2010\\-12\\-04}} All international flights were moved to the airport following the completion of this terminal. Terminal 1 featured 22 gates. A row of 11 gates are located on the north end of the airfield facing the north runway and another row of 11 gates are located on the south end airfield facing the south runway. The two concourses that contained the airplane gates are linked together by a main building that contained the [check\\-in](/wiki/Airport_check-in \"Airport check-in\") areas, baggage claim, passport immigration areas, and security checkpoint areas. Together, they form a giant \"H\". All gates are equipped with [jetways](/wiki/Jet_bridge \"Jet bridge\"). Gates located at the end of the concourses have one jetway and also reducing people and gates not located at the end of the concourses have two jetways. The terminal was originally white in color when it first opened. As the years gradually passed, the façade and color became more tan and yellow colored due to age, while also helped by the air pollution in Taipei.", "After the completion of Terminal 2, some gates from Terminal 1 were removed to make space for Terminal 2\\. Currently, Terminal 1 has 18 [gates](/wiki/Gate_%28airport%29 \"Gate (airport)\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.taoyuan\\-airport.com/web/english/about/about\\_e.jsp\\|title\\=Taipei Taoyuan International Airport\\- Basic Information}}{{dead link\\|date\\=April 2018 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }} Alphabetical letters were introduced when Terminal 2 was completed. The North Concourse is now Concourse A, and the South Concourse is now Concourse B. Before Terminal 2, gates were numbered from 1 to 22\\. [China Airlines](/wiki/China_Airlines \"China Airlines\") uses Concourse A for the majority of its flights in Terminal 1, while the third largest carrier of the airport, [Cathay Pacific](/wiki/Cathay_Pacific \"Cathay Pacific\"), operates most of its flights at Concourse B.", "In 2012, the renovation project of the terminal, designed by Japanese architect Norihiko Dan,{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://www.archdaily.com/771071/regeneration\\-of\\-taoyuan\\-international\\-airport\\-terminal\\-1\\-norihiko\\-dan\\-and\\-associates\\|title\\=Regeneration of Taoyuan International Airport Terminal 1 / Norihiko Dan and Associates\\|date\\=2015\\-08\\-02\\|work\\=ArchDaily\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-08\\-09\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|archive\\-date\\=2017\\-08\\-16\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816192747/http://www.archdaily.com/771071/regeneration\\-of\\-taoyuan\\-international\\-airport\\-terminal\\-1\\-norihiko\\-dan\\-and\\-associates\\|url\\-status\\=live}} was completed, doubling the floor area, expanding check\\-in counters, increasing shopping areas and expanding car\\-parking facilities. Part of the project was the complete redesigning of both the exterior and interior of the terminal. The capacity of Terminal 1 is 15 million passengers per year.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=April 2021}} This renovation received the 2014 Taiwan Architecture Award from the Taiwan Architects Association.{{Cite web\\|url \\= https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/lang/archives/2014/11/24/2003605137\\|title \\= Architectural award for Taoyuan Airport Terminal 1 桃機一航廈 獲台灣建築首獎 \\- Taipei Times\\|date \\= 24 November 2014\\|access\\-date \\= 14 February 2021\\|archive\\-date \\= 12 April 2023\\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20230412105859/https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/lang/archives/2014/11/24/2003605137\\|url\\-status \\= live}}", "### Terminal 2", "[thumb\\|Terminal 2 departure hall](/wiki/File:Taiwan_Taoyuan_International_Airport_Terminal_2_Check-in_Hall_20200815.jpg \"Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport Terminal 2 Check-in Hall 20200815.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|Terminal 2 arrival hall](/wiki/File:TPE_Renovated_Arrivals_Hall_20200815.jpg \"TPE Renovated Arrivals Hall 20200815.jpg\")", "Terminal 2 opened in 2000 to reduce heavy congestion in the aging Terminal 1\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.taoyuan\\-airport.com/english/Publish.jsp?cnid\\=356\\|title\\=Basic Information\\|publisher\\=Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport\\|access\\-date\\=2010\\-06\\-07\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101112055144/http://www.taoyuan\\-airport.com/english/Publish.jsp?cnid\\=356\\|archive\\-date\\=2010\\-11\\-12}} Only the South Concourse had been completed by the time the terminal opened. The South Concourse alone has 10 gates, each with 2 jetways and their own security checkpoints. The North Concourse opened later in 2005, bringing the total number of gates for Terminal 2 to 20 gates; the security checkpoints were moved to a central location in front of the passport control. The 318,000\\-m2 facility is capable of handling 17 million passengers per year.", "The Southern and Northern Concourses are also known as Concourse C and Concourse D, respectively. Terminals 1 and 2 are connected by two short [people mover](/wiki/People_mover \"People mover\") lines, with one from Concourse A to D and the other from B to C. [China Airlines](/wiki/China_Airlines \"China Airlines\") uses Concourse D for the majority of its flights in Terminal 2 while [EVA Air](/wiki/EVA_Air \"EVA Air\") uses Concourse C for most of its operations.", "A renovation planned to increase the terminal's annual passenger capacity by 5 million to 22 million per annum was announced in 2018\\.{{citation needed\\|date\\=April 2023}}. Terminal 2 renovation was completed in 2020\\.", "### Terminal 3 (under construction)", "{{Further\\|Taoyuan International Airport\\#Terminal 3 construction}}\nConstruction of Terminal 3 is part of the expansion project of Taoyuan International Airport. The 540,000 square meter Terminal 3 is designed by [Rogers Stirk Harbour \\+ Partners](/wiki/Rogers_Stirk_Harbour_%2B_Partners \"Rogers Stirk Harbour + Partners\") and will accommodate 45 million passengers per year. The new terminal was originally planned to be opened in 2020\\. However, the project has been delayed, which postpones its targeted completion to 2026\\. South Korea's [Samsung C\\&T](/wiki/Samsung_C%26T \"Samsung C&T\") owns 70% of the construction project, or $1\\.1 billion, while the remainder is held by Taiwan's [RSEA Engineering](/wiki/RSEA \"RSEA\").{{Cite news \\|date\\=March 30, 2021 \\|title\\=Samsung C\\&T\\-led consortium wins US$1\\.56 bln deal from Taiwan \\|url\\=https://en.yna.co.kr/view/AEN20210330007600320 \\|work\\=\\[\\[Yonhap News Agency]]}}", "### Terminal 4 (plans halted)", "Originally part of the expansion project was a new Terminal 4\\. However, due to the vast amount of construction, the [Ministry of Transportation](/wiki/Ministry_of_Transportation \"Ministry of Transportation\") ordered the airport company to halt the project in order to minimize traveller inconvenience.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://udn.com/news/story/9/1650656 \\|website\\=Udn News\\|language\\=zh\\-hant \\|script\\-title\\=zh:第四航廈急煞車 桃機：避免像工地\\|access\\-date\\=2 February 2017}}\n{{clear}}", "" ]
Airport facilities ------------------ ### Operations {{unsourced section\|date\=February 2024}} [thumb\|The new control tower](/wiki/File:Control_tower_at_Taiwan_Taoyuan_International_Airport%2C_2023.jpg "Control tower at Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport, 2023.jpg") The airport is operated by the [Taoyuan International Airport Corporation](/wiki/Taoyuan_International_Airport_Corporation "Taoyuan International Airport Corporation"), a company wholly owned by the Government of Taiwan. The [Civil Aeronautics Administration](/wiki/Civil_Aviation_Department_%28Hong_Kong%29 "Civil Aviation Department (Hong Kong)") (CAA) is responsible for the provision of air traffic control services, certification of Taiwan registered aircraft, and the regulation of general [civil aviation](/wiki/Civil_aviation "Civil aviation") activities. The airport has two parallel runways, with one 3660 meters in length and another 3800 meters in length and both 60 meters wide, enabling them to cater to the next generation of aircraft. Both runways have been given a [Category II Precision Approach](/wiki/Instrument_Landing_System "Instrument Landing System"), which allows pilots to land in only 350\-metre visibility. The two runways have an ultimate capacity of over 60 aircraft movements an hour. The Airport is upgrading ATC and runways. There are 41 frontal stands at the main passenger concourse, 15 remote stands and 25 cargo stands. In 2015, the airport was the 11th busiest airport worldwide in terms of international passenger numbers, and sixth busiest in terms of international freight traffic. The operation of scheduled air services to and from Taoyuan is facilitated by air services agreements between Taiwan and other countries. Since the opening of RCTP, the [Taiwan Government](/wiki/Republic_of_China_Government "Republic of China Government") has implemented a policy of progressive liberalisation of air services with the intention of promoting consumer choice and competition. Many [low\-cost airlines](/wiki/Low-cost_airlines "Low-cost airlines") have started various regional routes to compete head\-on with full\-service carriers on trunk routes. The airport's long term expansion opportunities are subject to variables. A NTD 300 billion proposal to build a third runway and a third terminal has been under feasibility study and consultation. ### Terminal transit [thumb\|The Skytrain shuttles passengers between Terminals 1 and 2\.](/wiki/File:Skytrain-taoyuanairport.gif "Skytrain-taoyuanairport.gif") Transportation between Terminal 1 and Terminal 2 is provided by the [Taoyuan Airport Skytrain](/wiki/Taoyuan_International_Airport_Skytrain "Taoyuan International Airport Skytrain"), which transports both passengers who have cleared security and those who have not through separate train cars. The [Taoyuan Airport MRT](/wiki/Taoyuan_Airport_MRT "Taoyuan Airport MRT") also serves [Terminal 1](/wiki/Airport_Terminal_1_MRT_station "Airport Terminal 1 MRT station"), [Terminal 2](/wiki/Airport_Terminal_2_MRT_station "Airport Terminal 2 MRT station"), and the [Airport Hotel](/wiki/Airport_Hotel_MRT_station "Airport Hotel MRT station"), offerring free fare with an electronic ticket such as the [EasyCard](/wiki/EasyCard "EasyCard"), [IPASS (Taiwan)](/wiki/IPASS_%28Taiwan%29 "IPASS (Taiwan)"), or {{ill\|icash\|lt\=icash2\.0\|zh\|icash}}.{{Cite web \|url\=https://www.taoyuan\-airport.com/english/metro \|title\=Airport MRT \|publisher\=Taoyuan Airport \|language\=en \|access\-date\=2020\-01\-15 \|archive\-date\=2019\-11\-18 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191118141057/https://www.taoyuan\-airport.com/english/metro \|url\-status\=live }} ### Huan Yu VIP Terminal Huan Yu VIP Terminal, also known as the Taoyuan Business Aviation Centre (TYBAC), began service in September 2011 and was officially opened in mid\-October 2011\.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2011/08/17/2003510955\|title\=Taoyuan airport readies service for business travelers\|publisher\=Taipei Times\|date\=2011\-08\-17\|access\-date\=2011\-08\-16\|archive\-date\=2023\-04\-12\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412105912/https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2011/08/17/2003510955\|url\-status\=live}} The three\-story facility has its own terminal and facilities separate from the public terminals. It provides a multimedia conference room, passenger lounge, private rooms and showers, spa, sauna, gym, and business centre facilities. Other services provided include ground handling, baggage handling, fuelling, security, customs and flight planning. Passengers planning to utilize TYBAC must sign up (to the Taiwanese immigration service) 3 days before use and pay a one\-time service charge. Statistics showed that 376 private jets landed and departed the airport through a six\-month timeframe in 2011; this is a 100 percent increase from the same timeframe in 2010\. ### E\-gate [thumb\|Stamp demonstrating successful enrollment](/wiki/File:%E8%87%AA%E5%8B%95%E9%80%9A%E9%97%9C.png "自動通關.png") Passengers who are citizens of the R.O.C (Taiwan) with valid [passports](/wiki/Passport_of_Taiwan "Passport of Taiwan") or non\-citizens who have [ROC (Taiwan) Resident Certificate](/wiki/Resident_Certificate "Resident Certificate") (ARC/APRC) can register with facial features and fingerprints for the E\-Gate. After registration, the passengers can choose either E\-Gate or manual immigration clearance when entering or leaving the country.{{Cite web \|url\=https://www.taoyuan\-airport.com/english/passport\-control \|title\=Passport Control \|publisher\=Taoyuan Airport \|language\=en \|access\-date\=2020\-01\-15 \|archive\-date\=2019\-10\-26 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191026103838/https://www.taoyuan\-airport.com/english/passport\-control \|url\-status\=live }} ### Baggage and cargo facilities {{unreferenced section\|date\=February 2015}} The handling and transportation of mail, passenger baggage, cargo, and the operation of aerobridges and passenger stairways in Taoyuan Airport is provided by [Taoyuan International Airport Services Limited](/wiki/Taoyuan_International_Airport_Services_Limited "Taoyuan International Airport Services Limited") (TIAS) and Evergreen Airline Services (EGAS). TTIA currently handles over 1\.5 million tonnes of cargo annually. There are two air cargo terminals in the airport: one operated by [Taiwan Air Cargo Terminals Limited](/wiki/Taiwan_Air_Cargo_Terminals_Limited "Taiwan Air Cargo Terminals Limited") and the other operated by Evergreen Air Cargo Services. ### Aircraft maintenance services China Airlines Engineering and Maintenance Organization (CALEMO) and Evergreen Aviation Technologies (EGAT) both offers maintenance services at the airport. With its huge base, CALEMO has a market share of over 75% {{Citation needed\|date\=November 2023}} and can offer maintenance service of five wide\-body airliners and one narrow\-body airliner simultaneously.{{Cite web \|url\=https://emo.china\-airlines.com/lang\-en/facility\_en.html \|title\=Facility \|website\=China Airlines Engineering \& Maintenance Organization \|language\=en \|access\-date\=2023\-11\-15}} In addition, EGAT is capable of aircraft conversion programs, such as the [Dreamlifter](/wiki/Dreamlifter "Dreamlifter") program.{{Citation needed\|date\=January 2022}} In 2022 aerospace company [Nordam](/wiki/Nordam "Nordam") opened a major components repair facility at Taoyuan, which will serve as their regional hub replacing operations in Singapore.{{cite web \|title\=Nordam opens aircraft component repair facility in Taiwan \|url\=https://journalrecord.com/2022/01/26/nordam\-opens\-aircraft\-component\-repair\-facility\-in\-taiwan/ \|website\=journalrecord.com \|date\=26 January 2022 \|publisher\=Journal Record \|access\-date\=27 January 2022 \|archive\-date\=26 January 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126212327/https://journalrecord.com/2022/01/26/nordam\-opens\-aircraft\-component\-repair\-facility\-in\-taiwan/ \|url\-status\=live }}
[ "Airport facilities\n------------------", "### Operations", "{{unsourced section\\|date\\=February 2024}}\n[thumb\\|The new control tower](/wiki/File:Control_tower_at_Taiwan_Taoyuan_International_Airport%2C_2023.jpg \"Control tower at Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport, 2023.jpg\")\nThe airport is operated by the [Taoyuan International Airport Corporation](/wiki/Taoyuan_International_Airport_Corporation \"Taoyuan International Airport Corporation\"), a company wholly owned by the Government of Taiwan. The [Civil Aeronautics Administration](/wiki/Civil_Aviation_Department_%28Hong_Kong%29 \"Civil Aviation Department (Hong Kong)\") (CAA) is responsible for the provision of air traffic control services, certification of Taiwan registered aircraft, and the regulation of general [civil aviation](/wiki/Civil_aviation \"Civil aviation\") activities.", "The airport has two parallel runways, with one 3660 meters in length and another 3800 meters in length and both 60 meters wide, enabling them to cater to the next generation of aircraft. Both runways have been given a [Category II Precision Approach](/wiki/Instrument_Landing_System \"Instrument Landing System\"), which allows pilots to land in only 350\\-metre visibility. The two runways have an ultimate capacity of over 60 aircraft movements an hour. The Airport is upgrading ATC and runways.", "There are 41 frontal stands at the main passenger concourse, 15 remote stands and 25 cargo stands. In 2015, the airport was the 11th busiest airport worldwide in terms of international passenger numbers, and sixth busiest in terms of international freight traffic.", "The operation of scheduled air services to and from Taoyuan is facilitated by air services agreements between Taiwan and other countries. Since the opening of RCTP, the [Taiwan Government](/wiki/Republic_of_China_Government \"Republic of China Government\") has implemented a policy of progressive liberalisation of air services with the intention of promoting consumer choice and competition. Many [low\\-cost airlines](/wiki/Low-cost_airlines \"Low-cost airlines\") have started various regional routes to compete head\\-on with full\\-service carriers on trunk routes.", "The airport's long term expansion opportunities are subject to variables. A NTD 300 billion proposal to build a third runway and a third terminal has been under feasibility study and consultation.", "### Terminal transit", "[thumb\\|The Skytrain shuttles passengers between Terminals 1 and 2\\.](/wiki/File:Skytrain-taoyuanairport.gif \"Skytrain-taoyuanairport.gif\")", "Transportation between Terminal 1 and Terminal 2 is provided by the [Taoyuan Airport Skytrain](/wiki/Taoyuan_International_Airport_Skytrain \"Taoyuan International Airport Skytrain\"), which transports both passengers who have cleared security and those who have not through separate train cars. The [Taoyuan Airport MRT](/wiki/Taoyuan_Airport_MRT \"Taoyuan Airport MRT\") also serves [Terminal 1](/wiki/Airport_Terminal_1_MRT_station \"Airport Terminal 1 MRT station\"), [Terminal 2](/wiki/Airport_Terminal_2_MRT_station \"Airport Terminal 2 MRT station\"), and the [Airport Hotel](/wiki/Airport_Hotel_MRT_station \"Airport Hotel MRT station\"), offerring free fare with an electronic ticket such as the [EasyCard](/wiki/EasyCard \"EasyCard\"), [IPASS (Taiwan)](/wiki/IPASS_%28Taiwan%29 \"IPASS (Taiwan)\"), or {{ill\\|icash\\|lt\\=icash2\\.0\\|zh\\|icash}}.{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://www.taoyuan\\-airport.com/english/metro \\|title\\=Airport MRT \\|publisher\\=Taoyuan Airport \\|language\\=en \\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-01\\-15 \\|archive\\-date\\=2019\\-11\\-18 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191118141057/https://www.taoyuan\\-airport.com/english/metro \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "### Huan Yu VIP Terminal", "Huan Yu VIP Terminal, also known as the Taoyuan Business Aviation Centre (TYBAC), began service in September 2011 and was officially opened in mid\\-October 2011\\.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2011/08/17/2003510955\\|title\\=Taoyuan airport readies service for business travelers\\|publisher\\=Taipei Times\\|date\\=2011\\-08\\-17\\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-08\\-16\\|archive\\-date\\=2023\\-04\\-12\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412105912/https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2011/08/17/2003510955\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The three\\-story facility has its own terminal and facilities separate from the public terminals. It provides a multimedia conference room, passenger lounge, private rooms and showers, spa, sauna, gym, and business centre facilities. Other services provided include ground handling, baggage handling, fuelling, security, customs and flight planning. Passengers planning to utilize TYBAC must sign up (to the Taiwanese immigration service) 3 days before use and pay a one\\-time service charge.", "Statistics showed that 376 private jets landed and departed the airport through a six\\-month timeframe in 2011; this is a 100 percent increase from the same timeframe in 2010\\.", "### E\\-gate", "[thumb\\|Stamp demonstrating successful enrollment](/wiki/File:%E8%87%AA%E5%8B%95%E9%80%9A%E9%97%9C.png \"自動通關.png\")", "Passengers who are citizens of the R.O.C (Taiwan) with valid [passports](/wiki/Passport_of_Taiwan \"Passport of Taiwan\") or non\\-citizens who have [ROC (Taiwan) Resident Certificate](/wiki/Resident_Certificate \"Resident Certificate\") (ARC/APRC) can register with facial features and fingerprints for the E\\-Gate. After registration, the passengers can choose either E\\-Gate or manual immigration clearance when entering or leaving the country.{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://www.taoyuan\\-airport.com/english/passport\\-control \\|title\\=Passport Control \\|publisher\\=Taoyuan Airport \\|language\\=en \\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-01\\-15 \\|archive\\-date\\=2019\\-10\\-26 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191026103838/https://www.taoyuan\\-airport.com/english/passport\\-control \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "### Baggage and cargo facilities", "{{unreferenced section\\|date\\=February 2015}}", "The handling and transportation of mail, passenger baggage, cargo, and the operation of aerobridges and passenger stairways in Taoyuan Airport is provided by [Taoyuan International Airport Services Limited](/wiki/Taoyuan_International_Airport_Services_Limited \"Taoyuan International Airport Services Limited\") (TIAS) and Evergreen Airline Services (EGAS).", "TTIA currently handles over 1\\.5 million tonnes of cargo annually. There are two air cargo terminals in the airport: one operated by [Taiwan Air Cargo Terminals Limited](/wiki/Taiwan_Air_Cargo_Terminals_Limited \"Taiwan Air Cargo Terminals Limited\") and the other operated by Evergreen Air Cargo Services.", "### Aircraft maintenance services", "China Airlines Engineering and Maintenance Organization (CALEMO) and Evergreen Aviation Technologies (EGAT) both offers maintenance services at the airport. With its huge base, CALEMO has a market share of over 75% {{Citation needed\\|date\\=November 2023}} and can offer maintenance service of five wide\\-body airliners and one narrow\\-body airliner simultaneously.{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://emo.china\\-airlines.com/lang\\-en/facility\\_en.html \\|title\\=Facility \\|website\\=China Airlines Engineering \\& Maintenance Organization \\|language\\=en \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-11\\-15}} In addition, EGAT is capable of aircraft conversion programs, such as the [Dreamlifter](/wiki/Dreamlifter \"Dreamlifter\") program.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=January 2022}}", "In 2022 aerospace company [Nordam](/wiki/Nordam \"Nordam\") opened a major components repair facility at Taoyuan, which will serve as their regional hub replacing operations in Singapore.{{cite web \\|title\\=Nordam opens aircraft component repair facility in Taiwan \\|url\\=https://journalrecord.com/2022/01/26/nordam\\-opens\\-aircraft\\-component\\-repair\\-facility\\-in\\-taiwan/ \\|website\\=journalrecord.com \\|date\\=26 January 2022 \\|publisher\\=Journal Record \\|access\\-date\\=27 January 2022 \\|archive\\-date\\=26 January 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126212327/https://journalrecord.com/2022/01/26/nordam\\-opens\\-aircraft\\-component\\-repair\\-facility\\-in\\-taiwan/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "" ]
Episodes -------- ### Season 1 (1982–83\) {{Episode table \|background\=\#FF5F5F \|overall\=5 \|season\=5 \|title\=19 \|writer\=21 \|director\=16 \|airdate\=15 \|prodcode\=7 \|episodes\= {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber\=1 \|EpisodeNumber2\=1 \|Title\=License to Steele \|DirectedBy\=\[\[Robert Butler (director)\|Robert Butler]] \|WrittenBy\=Michael Gleason \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1982\|10\|1}} \|ProdCode\=2704 \|Viewers\= \|ShortSummary\=A client who hired Remington Steele Investigations to protect a shipment of rare jewels insisted that Steele himself oversee the operation. Pierce's shady character, who was hanging around looking for profitable opportunities, well\-knowingly steps into the role of Remington Steele against Laura Holt's wishes. The gems involved, the royal lavulite, had recently been discovered. This episode was shot after the original pilot, to offer details on the backstory. GUEST STARS: Joseph Hacker, \[\[Philip Casnoff]], Robert Darnell, John Francis Film reference: ''\[\[Tea and Sympathy (film)\|Tea and Sympathy]]'', ''\[\[North by Northwest]] (obliquely)'' \|LineColor\=FF5F5F }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber\=2 \|EpisodeNumber2\=2 \|Title\=Tempered Steele \|DirectedBy\=Robert Butler \|WrittenBy\=Michael Gleason \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1982\|10\|8}} \|ProdCode\=0903 \|Viewers\= \|ShortSummary\=Laura tackles a case of industrial espionage in a family\-owned business while Steele enlists an old pal to help him install a burglar alarm, but when the house is burglarized and Steele's friend murdered it becomes personal. GUEST STARS: Arlen Dean Snyder, David Hayward, \[\[Diana Douglas]], Brenda King, \[\[Curt Lowens]] Film references: ''\[\[Casablanca (film)\|Casablanca]]'', ''\[\[The Thin Man (film)\|The Thin Man]]''. Note: This was the pilot episode. \|LineColor\=FF5F5F }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber\=3 \|EpisodeNumber2\=3 \|Title\=Steele Waters Run Deep \|DirectedBy\=\[\[Jeff Bleckner]] \|WrittenBy\=\[\[Lee David Zlotoff]] {{efn\|\[\[Lee David Zlotoff]] is credited as Lee Zlotoff in seasons 1 and 2\.}} \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1982\|10\|22}} \|ProdCode\=2703 \|Viewers\= \|ShortSummary\=A video game genius disappears just before a merger, with five million dollars and the plans for his company's latest video game. GUEST STARS: \[\[Peter Scolari]], George Wallace, Betty Kennedy, \[\[Roxanne Hart]], \[\[Rae Allen]], \[\[Blake Clark]] Film reference: ''\[\[North by Northwest]]''. \|LineColor\=FF5F5F }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber\=4 \|EpisodeNumber2\=4 \|Title\=Signed, Steeled, \& Delivered \|DirectedBy\=Robert Butler \|WrittenBy\=\[\[Glenn Gordon Caron]] \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1982\|10\|29}} \|ProdCode\=2702 \|Viewers\= \|ShortSummary\=Laura and Steele spend the weekend trying to keep a CIA researcher alive and on time for his wedding. GUEST STARS: \[\[Thom Bray]], Philip Sterling, Alexandra Johnson, Christopher Lofton, Buddy Powell Film references: ''\[\[The In\-Laws (1979 film)\|The In\-Laws]] (obliquely)'' \|LineColor\=FF5F5F }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber\=5 \|EpisodeNumber2\=5 \|Title\=Thou Shalt Not Steele \|DirectedBy\=\[\[Leo Penn]] \|WrittenBy\=Lee David Zlotoff \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1982\|11\|5}} \|ProdCode\=2706 \|Viewers\= \|ShortSummary\=A woman from Steele's past asks him to help her steal a valuable painting that Laura has already agreed to protect (and that he had stolen once already), while Laura also has to deal with her visiting mother. GUEST STARS: \[\[Beverly Garland]], \[\[Cassandra Harris]], \[\[James Blendick]], Peter MacLean, Kurt Christian, Benjamin Slack, Ben Mittleman Film references: ''\[\[The Maltese Falcon (1941 film)\|The Maltese Falcon]] (obliquely)'' \|LineColor\=FF5F5F }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber\=6 \|EpisodeNumber2\=6 \|Title\=Steele Belted \|DirectedBy\=Robert Butler \|WrittenBy\=Michael Gleason \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1982\|11\|12}} \|ProdCode\=2701 \|Viewers\= \|ShortSummary\=A loser asks the agency to help him, but his alibi witness is found dead in Steele's apartment and his lawyer seems more interested in Laura than in the case, which for once forces Steele and Murphy to work together. GUEST STARS: Andrew Bloch, \[\[Barry Van Dyke]], Raymond Singer, \[\[Ilene Graff]], Lora Staley, Ernest Emling Film reference: ''\[\[D.O.A. (1950 film)\|D.O.A.]]''. \|LineColor\=FF5F5F }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber\=7 \|EpisodeNumber2\=7 \|Title\=Etched in Steele \|DirectedBy\=\[\[Stan Lathan]] \|WrittenBy\=Glenn Gordon Caron \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1982\|11\|19}} \|ProdCode\=2707 \|Viewers\= \|ShortSummary\=A popular author's steamy books mirror her own life, including the murder of her husband. GUEST STARS: Shannon Wilcox, \[\[George Morfogen]], \[\[Richard Cox (actor)\|Richard Cox]], Joel Colodner, \[\[Lyman Ward (actor)\|Lyman Ward]] Film reference: ''\[\[The Shining (film)\|The Shining]]''. \|LineColor\=FF5F5F }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber\=8 \|EpisodeNumber2\=8 \|Title\=Your Steele the One for Me \|DirectedBy\=\[\[Thomas Carter (film director)\|Thomas Carter]] \|WrittenBy\=Lee David Zlotoff \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1982\|11\|26}} \|ProdCode\=2709 \|Viewers\= \|ShortSummary\=While trying to solve a murder case, Laura and Steele clash with the Yakuza. GUEST STARS: \[\[Keye Luke]], \[\[Marc Hayashi]], \[\[Sab Shimono]], \[\[Reid Shelton]], \[\[Emily Kuroda]], Richard Stanley, \[\[Stephen Lee (actor)\|Stephen Lee]]. Film references: ''\[\[Enter the Dragon]]'', ''\[\[The Yakuza]]'', ''\[\[The Third Man]]'', ''\[\[Charade (1963 film)\|Charade]]''. \|LineColor\=FF5F5F }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber\=9 \|EpisodeNumber2\=9 \|Title\=In the Steele of the Night \|DirectedBy\=\[\[Burt Brinckerhoff]] \|WrittenBy\=Joel Steiger \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1982\|12\|3}} \|ProdCode\=2708 \|Viewers\= \|ShortSummary\=Laura's former boss is murdered during a reunion of her former colleagues. GUEST STARS: \[\[Carlene Watkins]], \[\[Philip Charles Mackenzie]], Arthur Rosenberg, Jeff Pomerantz Film reference: ''\[\[Witness for the Prosecution (1957 film)\|Witness for the Prosecution]]'' \|LineColor\=FF5F5F }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber\=10 \|EpisodeNumber2\=10 \|Title\=Steele Trap \|DirectedBy\=\[\[Sidney Hayers]] \|WrittenBy\=Michael Gleason \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1982\|12\|10}} \|ProdCode\=2710 \|Viewers\= \|ShortSummary\=To find out why a client committed suicide, Laura and Steele go undercover to an island party, where people are being murdered one by one. GUEST STARS: Lynne Randall, \[\[Paul Hecht]], \[\[Bruce Kirby (actor)\|Bruce Kirby]], \[\[Brandis Kemp]], Diane Stilwell. Film references: ''\[\[Citizen Kane]]'', ''\[\[One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (film)\|One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest]]'', ''\[\[And Then There Were None (1945 film)\|And Then There Were None]]'', ''\[\[The Philadelphia Story (film)\|The Philadelphia Story]]''. \|LineColor\=FF5F5F }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber\=11 \|EpisodeNumber2\=11 \|Title\=Steeling the Show \|DirectedBy\=\[\[Seymour Robbie]] \|WrittenBy\=\[\[Peter Lefcourt]] \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1983\|1\|7}} \|ProdCode\=2713 \|Viewers\= \|ShortSummary\=An aging B\-movie actress believes that someone is trying to kill her, and only Steele believes her. GUEST STARS: \[\[Bibi Osterwald]], \[\[Frances Lee McCain]], \[\[Peter Jurasik]]. Film reference: ''\[\[Psycho (1960 film)\|Psycho]]''. \|LineColor\=FF5F5F }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber\=12 \|EpisodeNumber2\=12 \|Title\=Steele Flying High \|DirectedBy\=Nick Havinga \|WrittenBy\=Richard Collins \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1983\|1\|14}} \|ProdCode\=2711 \|Viewers\= \|ShortSummary\=Steele gets involved with the murder of a naturalist when he serves on a committee to save the bald eagle. GUEST STARS: Francine Lembi, Michael Goodwin, Michael McGuire. Film references: ''\[\[The Big Sleep (1946 film)\|The Big Sleep]]'', ''\[\[Chinatown (1974 film)\|Chinatown]]'', ''\[\[The Maltese Falcon (1941 film)\|The Maltese Falcon]]'', ''\[\[Murder Most Foul (film)\|Murder Most Foul]]''. \|LineColor\=FF5F5F }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber\=13 \|EpisodeNumber2\=13 \|Title\=A Good Night's Steele \|DirectedBy\=Seymour Robbie \|WrittenBy\=R.J. Stewart \& Lee David Zlotoff \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1983\|1\|21}} \|ProdCode\=2712 \|Viewers\= \|ShortSummary\=Steele poses as an insomniac in order to find a murderer in a sleep disorder clinic. \[\[Paul Reiser]] guest stars. Film references: ''\[\[The Big Sleep (1946 film)\|The Big Sleep]]'', ''\[\[Coma (1978 film)\|Coma]]''. \|LineColor\=FF5F5F }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber\=14 \|EpisodeNumber2\=14 \|Title\=Hearts of Steele \|DirectedBy\=Robert Butler \|WrittenBy\={{StoryTeleplay\|t\=Glenn Gordon Caron\|s\=Charles Rosin}} \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1983\|1\|28}} \|ProdCode\=2705 \|Viewers\= \|ShortSummary\=The detectives pose as a bickering couple while investigating attempts on a divorce attorney's life. GUEST STARS: Mark Hutter, \[\[Susan Kellermann]], \[\[Linda Carlson]], \[\[Caren Kaye]], Alexandra Borrie, Mary Joan Negro. Film references: ''\[\[Casablanca (film)\|Casablanca]]'', ''\[\[Murder on the Orient Express (1974 film)\|Murder on the Orient Express]]'', ''\[\[Notorious (1946 film)\|Notorious]]''. \|LineColor\=FF5F5F }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber\=15 \|EpisodeNumber2\=15 \|Title\=To Stop a Steele \|DirectedBy\=Sidney Hayers \|WrittenBy\=Glenn Gordon Caron \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1983\|2\|11}} \|ProdCode\=2721 \|Viewers\=12\.00 \|ShortSummary\=Laura and Steele wind up working for opposite sides of a jewelry theft when the frightened thief looks for help when someone else beats him to the jewel. GUEST STARS: \[\[Cliff Norton]], \[\[Michael C. Gwynne]]. Film references: ''\[\[The Thomas Crown Affair (1968 film)\|The Thomas Crown Affair]]'', ''\[\[To Catch a Thief (film)\|To Catch a Thief]]''. \|LineColor\=FF5F5F }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber\=16 \|EpisodeNumber2\=16 \|Title\=Steele Crazy After All These Years \|DirectedBy\=\[\[Don Weis]] \|WrittenBy\={{StoryTeleplay\|t\=R.J. Stewart \& Andrew Laskos\|s\=Peggy Goldman and R.J. Stewart \& Andrew Laskos}} \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1983\|2\|18}} \|ProdCode\=2715 \|Viewers\=15\.10 \|ShortSummary\=Murphy's college homecoming is marred by a murder that awakens memories of a bombing on campus ten years before. GUEST STARS: \[\[Annie Potts]], \[\[Todd Susman]], \[\[Allyce Beasley]], \[\[Tony Plana]], \[\[Sharon Stone]].{{efn\|\[\[Sharon Stone]]'s name appears in the closing credits as a guest star.}} Film references: ''\[\[The Third Man]]'', ''\[\[The Uninvited (1944 film)\|The Uninvited]]'' \|LineColor\=FF5F5F }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber\=17 \|EpisodeNumber2\=17 \|Title\=Steele Among the Living \|DirectedBy\=Nick Havinga \|WrittenBy\=Andrew Laskos \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1983\|2\|25}} \|ProdCode\=2718 \|Viewers\= \|ShortSummary\=Laura searches for a vanished artist whose works have suddenly appreciated in value, for both her husband and the owner of an art gallery. STARS: \[\[Phil Rubenstein]], Marilyn Jones, \[\[Reid Smith]]. Film references: ''\[\[It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World]]'' and ''\[\[Laura (1944 film)\|Laura]]''. \|LineColor\=FF5F5F }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber\=18 \|EpisodeNumber2\=18 \|Title\=Steele in the News \|DirectedBy\=Burt Brinckerhoff \|WrittenBy\={{StoryTeleplay\|t\=Michael Gleason and Fred Lyle \& Duncan Smith\|s\=Fred Lyle \& Duncan Smith}} \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1983\|3\|4}} \|ProdCode\=2717 \|Viewers\=15\.10 \|ShortSummary\=The detectives try to solve a case of sabotage and murder on the set of a television news program. GUEST STARS: \[\[J. D. Cannon]], \[\[John Reilly (actor, born 1934\)\|John Reilly]], \[\[Maggie Roswell]], Ron Frazier, \[\[Jenny O'Hara]], \[\[Tracy Scoggins]], \[\[Macon McCalman]]. Film references: ''\[\[Foreign Correspondent (film)\|Foreign Correspondent]]'', ''\[\[Peyton Place (film)\|Peyton Place]]'', ''\[\[Network (1976 film)\|Network]]''. \|LineColor\=FF5F5F }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber\=19 \|EpisodeNumber2\=19 \|Title\=Vintage Steele \|DirectedBy\=Larry Elikann \|WrittenBy\=Susan Baskin \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1983\|3\|15}} \|ProdCode\=2716 \|Viewers\=16\.00 \|ShortSummary\=Laura's former flame asks her help when he discovers a corpse in the trunk of his car, a corpse that keeps returning as they check out a winery he's involved with. The corpse is the Abbot of St. Costello's Monastery! Film references: ''\[\[The Trouble with Harry]]'', ''\[\[Rasputin and the Empress]]'', and \[\[Abbott and Costello\|Bud Abbott and Lou Costello]]. \|LineColor\=FF5F5F }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber\=20 \|EpisodeNumber2\=20 \|Title\=Steele's Gold \|DirectedBy\=Burt Brinckerhoff \|WrittenBy\=R.J. Stewart \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1983\|3\|22}} \|ProdCode\=2723 \|Viewers\=15\.10 \|ShortSummary\=A prospector's journal stolen during a party leads Laura and Steele on a wild gold hunt through the desert. Film references: ''\[\[Metropolis (1927 film)\|Metropolis]]'', ''\[\[The Treasure of the Sierra Madre (film)\|The Treasure of the Sierra Madre]]''. \|LineColor\=FF5F5F }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber\=21 \|EpisodeNumber2\=21 \|Title\=Sting of Steele \|DirectedBy\=Seymour Robbie \|WrittenBy\=\[\[Gary Kott]] \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1983\|4\|5}} \|ProdCode\=2722 \|Viewers\= \|ShortSummary\=Daniel Chalmers, Steele's mentor back in the days when Steele was a rogue, comes to California to ask for Steele's help in dealing with a vindictive crook and winds up romancing Laura's mother. GUEST STARS: \[\[Beverly Garland]], \[\[John Orchard]], \[\[Efrem Zimbalist Jr.]] '''NOTE:''' This episode reveals the name in which Remington Steele was previously known by, Harry Chalmers. His true name is never revealed in the series. Film references: ''\[\[The Sting]]'', ''\[\[Thirty Seconds Over Tokyo]]''. \|LineColor\=FF5F5F }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber\=22 \|EpisodeNumber2\=22 \|Title\=Steele in Circulation \|DirectedBy\=Don Weis \|WrittenBy\=Lee David Zlotoff \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1983\|4\|12}} \|ProdCode\=2724 \|Viewers\=15\.20 \|ShortSummary\=After preventing a man from committing suicide, Steele tries to find out who had tricked the man into stealing over two million dollars. GUEST STARS: John Doolittle, \[\[Gina Gallego]], Richard Kuss, \[\[Patsy Pease]]. Film references: ''\[\[Anna Karenina (1935 film)\|Anna Karenina]]'', ''\[\[Gaslight (1944 film)\|Gaslight]]'', ''\[\[The Music Lovers]]'', ''\[\[Pennies from Heaven (1936 film)\|Pennies from Heaven]]'', ''\[\[A Star Is Born (1954 film)\|A Star Is Born]]''. \|LineColor\=FF5F5F }} \|viewers\=9\|country\=U.S.}} ### Season 2 (1983–84\) {{Episode table \|background\=\#0000FF \|overall\=5 \|season\=5 \|title\=19 \|writer\=21 \|director\=16 \|airdate\=15 \|prodcode\=7 \|episodes\= {{Episode list \|NumParts\= 2 \|EpisodeNumber\_1\=23 \|EpisodeNumber\_2\=24 \|EpisodeNumber2\_1\=1 \|EpisodeNumber2\_2\=2 \|Title\=Steele Away with Me \|DirectedBy\=Seymour Robbie \|WrittenBy\=Michael Gleason \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1983\|9\|20}} \|ProdCode\=3709 \|Viewers\=20\.00 \|ShortSummary\=In this two\-part episode, Steele and Laura go after diamond smugglers in \[\[Acapulco]]. Associate detective Murphy Michaels and secretary Bernice Fox have left the agency, while Mildred Krebs (\[\[Doris Roberts]]), an \[\[IRS\|IRS agent]] hot on Steele's tail, ends up teaming with Laura and Steele. GUEST STARS: \[\[Vincent Baggetta]], \[\[Ray Girardin]], \[\[Jack Blessing]], \[\[Pedro Armendáriz Jr.]], \[\[David Warner (actor)\|David Warner]]. Film references: ''\[\[Bride of Frankenstein]]'', ''\[\[The Maltese Falcon (1941 film)\|The Maltese Falcon]]'', ''\[\[Casablanca (film)\|Casablanca]]'', ''\[\[Key Largo (film)\|Key Largo]]'', ''\[\[Notorious (1946 film)\|Notorious]]''. \|LineColor\=0000FF }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber\=25 \|EpisodeNumber2\=3 \|Title\=Red Holt Steele \|DirectedBy\=\[\[Kevin Connor (director)\|Kevin Conner]] \|WrittenBy\=Lee David Zlotoff \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1983\|9\|27}} \|ProdCode\=3710 \|Viewers\=18\.80 \|ShortSummary\=Holt and Steele are hired by a woman who thinks someone is trying to destroy her late husband's aircraft company. GUEST STARS: \[\[Barbara Cason]], \[\[Joel Polis]], \[\[Audrie J. Neenan]], \[\[Lewis Arquette]]. Film reference: ''\[\[It Happened One Night]]''. \|LineColor\=0000FF }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber\=26 \|EpisodeNumber2\=4 \|Title\=Altared Steele \|DirectedBy\=\[\[Alexander Singer]] \|WrittenBy\=\[\[Jeff Melvoin]] \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1983\|10\|11}} \|ProdCode\=3702 \|Viewers\=18\.40 \|ShortSummary\=The detectives try to find out which one of an amnesiac's five wives is trying to kill him. GUEST STARS: \[\[Fred McCarren]], \[\[Monique van de Ven]], \[\[Delta Burke]], \[\[Jane Kaczmarek]], \[\[Carole Ita White]], Clara Perryman, \[\[Sam Anderson]]. Film reference: ''\[\[Mirage (1965 film)\|Mirage]]'', ''\[\[Robin Hood (1922 film)\|Robin Hood]]'', ''\[\[Sands of Iwo Jima]]'', ''\[\[Spellbound (1945 film)\|Spellbound]]''. \|LineColor\=0000FF }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber\=27 \|EpisodeNumber2\=5 \|Title\=Steele Framed \|DirectedBy\=Sheldon Larry \|WrittenBy\=Brian Alan Lane \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1983\|10\|18}} \|ProdCode\=3708 \|Viewers\=19\.40 \|ShortSummary\=Someone is trying to frame Steele for murder. GUEST STARS: \[\[Guy Boyd (actor)\|Guy Boyd]], \[\[Gary Frank (actor)\|Gary Frank]], \[\[Archie Hahn (actor)\|Archie Hahn]]. \|LineColor\=0000FF }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber\=28 \|EpisodeNumber2\=6 \|Title\=A Steele at Any Price \|DirectedBy\=Don Weis \|WrittenBy\={{StoryTeleplay\|s\= Mitch Paradise\|t\= Mitch Paradise \& Richard DeRoy}} \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1983\|11\|1}} \|ProdCode\=3706 \|Viewers\=16\.40 \|ShortSummary\=Steele re\-introduces Laura to the thrill of thievery during a case involving stolen paintings. GUEST STARS: Michael Cornelison, \[\[Jeffrey Jones]], \[\[Susan Bay]], \[\[Stefan Gierasch]], Gillian Eaton, Ernest Harada. Film references: ''\[\[Charade (1963 film)\|Charade]]'', ''\[\[The Sting]]''. \|LineColor\=0000FF }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber\=29 \|EpisodeNumber2\=7 \|Title\=Love Among the Steele \|DirectedBy\=Seymour Robbie \|WrittenBy\=Lee David Zlotoff \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1983\|11\|8}} \|ProdCode\=3716 \|Viewers\=16\.30 \|ShortSummary\=The detectives find themselves in the middle of a mystery involving all the previous owners of a vintage car. GUEST STARS: \[\[Clive Revill]], \[\[Susan French]], \[\[Peter Hobbs (actor)\|Peter Hobbs]], \[\[Al Ruscio]]. Film references: ''\[\[Splendor in the Grass]]'', ''\[\[Tom Jones (1963 film)\|Tom Jones]]'', ''\[\[The Yellow Rolls\-Royce]]''. \|LineColor\=0000FF }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber\=30 \|EpisodeNumber2\=8 \|Title\=Scene Steelers \|DirectedBy\=\[\[Peter Medak]] \|WrittenBy\={{StoryTeleplay\|s\= Joyce Armor \& Judie Neer\|t\= Joyce Armor \& Judie Neer \& Michael Gleason}} \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1983\|11\|15}} \|ProdCode\=3703 \|Viewers\=15\.90 \|ShortSummary\=Steele and Laura investigate attempted murder on the set of a frozen\-food commercial. GUEST STARS: \[\[Barrie Ingham]], \[\[Bibi Besch]], Gwen Humble, \[\[Paul Kreppel]], \[\[Faith Prince]]. \|LineColor\=0000FF }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber\=31 \|EpisodeNumber2\=9 \|Title\=Steele Knuckles and Glass Jaws \|DirectedBy\=Don Weis \|WrittenBy\=\[\[Jeff Melvoin]] \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1983\|11\|29}} \|ProdCode\=3717 \|Viewers\=11\.20 \|ShortSummary\=A mysterious baby plays a central part in a case involving gangsters and professional boxing that draws upon Steele's past as "The Kilkenny Kid". Steele is heard to sing softly "Oh, me name is MacNamara, I'm the leader of the band". GUEST STARS: \[\[Bert Remsen]], \[\[Paul Stewart (actor)\|Paul Stewart]], \[\[Ken Foree]], \[\[Julie Carmen]], George McDaniel, \[\[Len Lesser]]. Film reference: ''\[\[Little Caesar (film)\|Little Caesar]]''. \|LineColor\=0000FF }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber\=32 \|EpisodeNumber2\=10 \|Title\=My Fair Steele \|DirectedBy\=Seymour Robbie \|WrittenBy\=Brian Alan Lane \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1983\|12\|6}} \|ProdCode\=3714 \|Viewers\=20\.70 \|ShortSummary\=The detectives try to find a kidnapped heiress with the help of her previously unknown twin sister. GUEST STARS: \[\[Stephen Elliott (actor)\|Stephen Elliott]], \[\[Ann Dusenberry]], \[\[Joanna Barnes]], \[\[Thomas Hill (actor)\|Thomas Hill]], \[\[Judith Chapman]], \[\[Ian Wolfe]]. Film references: ''\[\[Pygmalion (1938 film)\|Pygmalion]]'', ''\[\[My Fair Lady (film)\|My Fair Lady]]''. \|LineColor\=0000FF }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber\=33 \|EpisodeNumber2\=11 \|Title\=Steele Threads \|DirectedBy\=\[\[Karen Arthur]] \|WrittenBy\=George Lee Marshall \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1983\|12\|13}} \|ProdCode\=3711 \|Viewers\=17\.10 \|ShortSummary\=A guy illegally snaps pictures of a fashion designer's latest works, and hides the film in a custom\-tailored jacket done by the designer's estranged brother. However, another person intercepts and murders the courier to claim the jacket. GUEST STARS: \[\[Joshua Shelley]], \[\[Lara Parker]], Dean Santoro, \[\[John van Dreelen]], \[\[Carl Weintraub]]. \|LineColor\=0000FF }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber\=34 \|EpisodeNumber2\=12 \|Title\=Steele Eligible \|DirectedBy\=Sheldon Larry \|WrittenBy\={{StoryTeleplay\|s\= Larry Konner\|t\= Michael Gleason \& Larry Konner}} \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1984\|1\|10}} \|ProdCode\=3719 \|Viewers\=16\.60 \|ShortSummary\=Steele is selected for a magazine campaign's "five most eligible bachelors" but during the festivities, the bachelors are being killed off one by one. GUEST STARS: \[\[Roy Dotrice]], \[\[Mimi Kuzyk]], D. D. Howard, Frank Luz, \[\[Richard Backus]]. Film reference: ''\[\[Rear Window]]'', \[\[The A.B.C. Murders]] (''obliquely''){{efn\|In the episode "Steele Eligible", when Steele refers to \[\[The A.B.C. Murders]], he erroneously assumes there was no film adaptation, although there was a film adaptation called ''\[\[The Alphabet Murders]]'' released in 1965 by MGM}} \|LineColor\=0000FF }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber\=35 \|EpisodeNumber2\=13 \|Title\=High Flying Steele \|DirectedBy\=Karen Arthur \|WrittenBy\=George Lee Marshall \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1984\|1\|17}} \|ProdCode\=3718 \|Viewers\=15\.30 \|ShortSummary\=Mildred's guilty pleasure in a sleazy circus séance draws Laura and Steele into an investigation of an old circus "accident" where they join in as \[\[trapeze artist]]s. GUEST STARS: \[\[Lisa Pelikan]], Michael McGuire, \[\[A Martinez]], \[\[Joy Garrett]], \[\[Jessie Lawrence Ferguson]]. \|LineColor\=0000FF }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber\=36 \|EpisodeNumber2\=14 \|Title\=Blood Is Thicker Than Steele \|DirectedBy\=Barbara Peters \|WrittenBy\=Richard DeRoy \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1984\|1\|31}} \|ProdCode\=3712 \|Viewers\=16\.60 \|ShortSummary\=Laura and Steele must protect the rather obnoxious children of a Federal witness by taking them on a road trip to Arizona. GUEST STARS: Eric Brown, \[\[Carolyn Seymour]], \[\[Bridgette Andersen]], \[\[Jack Betts]], Ted LePlat. Film references: ''\[\[The Bad Seed (1956 film)\|The Bad Seed]]'', ''\[\[The Gauntlet (film)\|The Gauntlet]]'', ''\[\[Stagecoach (1939 film)\|Stagecoach]]''. \|LineColor\=0000FF }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber\=37 \|EpisodeNumber2\=15 \|Title\=Steele Sweet on You \|DirectedBy\=Don Weis \|WrittenBy\=Susan Baskin \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1984\|2\|7}} \|ProdCode\=3707 \|Viewers\=21\.40 \|ShortSummary\=Laura's sister Frances suspects her husband Donald is cheating on her at a dental convention. But things get complicated when Steele is not informed of the situation, and the secretary and Donald's associate is murdered. GUEST STARS: \[\[Maryedith Burrell]], \[\[Michael Durrell]], Patrick Collins, James O'Sullivan. Film references: ''\[\[Boom Town (film)\|Boom Town]]'', ''\[\[The Lost Weekend (film)\|The Lost Weekend]]'', ''\[\[The Man Who Knew Too Much (1956 film)\|The Man Who Knew Too Much]]''. \|LineColor\=0000FF }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber\=38 \|EpisodeNumber2\=16 \|Title\=Elegy in Steele \|DirectedBy\=Kevin Connor \|WrittenBy\=Brian Alan Lane \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1984\|2\|21}} \|ProdCode\=3720 \|Viewers\=12\.70 \|ShortSummary\=Major Descoine (\[\[Guy Boyd (actor)\|Guy Boyd]]) the villain from the episode "Steele Framed" (No. 27\) returns and promises that Laura and Steele will die within an hour. GUEST STARS: \[\[Guy Boyd (actor)\|Guy Boyd]], \[\[Quinn Cummings]], \[\[Michael Fairman]], \[\[Peter Jason]]. Film references: ''\[\[The Major and the Minor]]'', ''\[\[Neptune's Daughter (1949 film)\|Neptune's Daughter]]''. \|LineColor\=0000FF }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber\=39 \|EpisodeNumber2\=17 \|Title\=Small Town Steele \|DirectedBy\=Seymour Robbie \|WrittenBy\=\[\[Jeff Melvoin]] \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1984\|2\|28}} \|ProdCode\=3721 \|Viewers\=13\.60 \|ShortSummary\=Laura and Steele go to a small town to investigate the disappearance of an author who was doing research on the area and apparently found something he shouldn't have. GUEST STARS: \[\[Paul Gleason]], Ben Slack, \[\[Jacques Aubuchon]], \[\[Carolyn Coates]], \[\[Ford Rainey]]. Film references: ''\[\[Bad Day at Black Rock]]'', ''\[\[In the Heat of the Night (film)\|In the Heat of the Night]]''. \|LineColor\=0000FF }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber\=40 \|EpisodeNumber2\=18 \|Title\=Molten Steele \|DirectedBy\=Christopher Hibler \|WrittenBy\=Richard Collins \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1984\|3\|6}} \|ProdCode\=3715 \|Viewers\=13\.90 \|ShortSummary\=Laura and Steele help a woman who has been constantly receiving obscene phone calls, but the suspected placer of the sexual personals ad is soon found murdered. GUEST STARS: \[\[Pippa Scott]], \[\[Bill Morey]], Ellen Regan, \[\[John Bedford Lloyd]], Ellen Tobie, Andrea Moar. Film reference: ''\[\[Peyton Place (film)\|Peyton Place]]''. \|LineColor\=0000FF }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber\=41 \|EpisodeNumber2\=19 \|Title\=Dreams of Steele \|DirectedBy\=Don Weis \|WrittenBy\=Brian Alan Lane \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1984\|3\|20}} \|ProdCode\=3726 \|Viewers\=16\.20 \|ShortSummary\=The reputation of the agency is at stake again when the gems that first brought them together are switched with fakes as Laura and Steele are transporting them. GUEST STARS: \[\[Judith Light]], \[\[Woodrow Parfrey]], \[\[Jack Gwillim]], \[\[Robert Harper (actor)\|Robert Harper]]. Film reference: ''\[\[Ocean's Eleven (1960 film)\|Ocean's Eleven]]''. \|LineColor\=0000FF }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber\=42 \|EpisodeNumber2\=20 \|Title\=Woman of Steele \|DirectedBy\=Christopher Hibler \|WrittenBy\=Susan Baskin \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1984\|3\|27}} \|ProdCode\=3724 \|Viewers\=16\.00 \|ShortSummary\=A woman from Steele's past arranges for the agency to handle the security on an exhibition at an art museum, and contacts Steele with a desperate plea for help. GUEST STARS: \[\[Cassandra Harris]], \[\[James Laurenson]], \[\[Christopher Stone (actor)\|Christopher Stone]], Eve Roberts. Film references: ''\[\[Obsession (1976 film)\|Obsession]]'', ''\[\[Vertigo (film)\|Vertigo]]''. \|LineColor\=0000FF }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber\=43 \|EpisodeNumber2\=21 \|Title\=Hounded Steele \|DirectedBy\=Don Weis \|WrittenBy\=\[\[Jeff Melvoin]] \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1984\|5\|15}} \|ProdCode\=3727 \|Viewers\=16\.20 \|ShortSummary\= Mildred rescues an abducted dog and brings it to the office. When the pursuer takes the dog back at gunpoint, Laura and Steele track the pursuer, but find he was killed and was carrying an Interpol badge. They discover the owner is actually a famous jewel thief named Le Renard. Mildred is abducted. Steele, Holt, and Le Renard must break into the gem exchange to retrieve the gem in exchange for Mildred's life. GUEST STARS: \[\[J. D. Cannon]], \[\[Tom Baker]], \[\[Nita Talbot]], \[\[Sarah Marshall (British actress)\|Sarah Marshall]], \[\[Doris Belack]], Freddie Weber, \[\[Paddi Edwards]]. Film reference: ''\[\[Old Yeller (1957 film)\|Old Yeller]]''. Note: Tom Baker is famous for portraying the Fourth Doctor on the BBC science\-fiction television series ''\[\[Doctor Who]]''. \|LineColor\=0000FF }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber\=44 \|EpisodeNumber2\=22 \|Title\=Elementary Steele \|DirectedBy\=Seymour Robbie \|WrittenBy\=Michael Gleason \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1984\|5\|22}} \|ProdCode\=3705 \|Viewers\=13\.50 \|ShortSummary\=Someone is using mystery buffs portraying \[\[Sherlock Holmes]], \[\[Dr. Watson]], \[\[Miss Marple]], and \[\[Mr. Moto]] to solve a make\-believe case to find a murderous embezzler. GUEST STARS: Lynne Randall, \[\[Peter Evans (actor)\|Peter Evans]], \[\[Keone Young]], \[\[Barry Jenner]], \[\[David Garrison]], Pearl Shear. Film references: ''\[\[The Big Sleep (1946 film)\|The Big Sleep]]'', ''\[\[Death Race 2000]]''. \|LineColor\=0000FF }} \|Viewers\=9\|country\=U.S.}} ### Season 3 (1984–85\) {{Episode table \|background\=\#00AE00 \|overall\=5 \|season\=5 \|title\=19 \|writer\=21 \|director\=16 \|airdate\=15 \|prodcode\=7 \|episodes\= {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber\=45 \|EpisodeNumber2\=1 \|Title\=Steele at It \|DirectedBy\=Don Weis \|WrittenBy\=\[\[Jeff Melvoin]] \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1984\|9\|25}} \|ProdCode\=4707 \|Viewers\=14\.80 \|ShortSummary\=Laura is ready for romance as she goes on a vacation on the French Riviera accompanied by Remington Steele, but old friends needing his help in stealing a dagger distract Steele. GUEST STARS: \[\[André Maranne]], Jacques Maury, \[\[Mark Burns (actor)\|Mark Burns]], Marianne Lawrence, \[\[Bob Sherman (actor)\|Bob Sherman]], Claude le Saché. ### Season 4 (1985–86\) {{Episode table \|background\=\#700070 \|overall\=2 \|season\=2 \|title\=24 \|writer\=21 \|director\=16 \|airdate\=15 \|prodcode\=7 \|episodes\= {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber2\=1 \|EpisodeNumber\=67 \|Title\=Steele Searching: Part 1 \|DirectedBy\=\[\[Seymour Robbie]] \|WrittenBy\=Michael Gleason \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1985\|9\|24}} \|ProdCode\=5701 \|Viewers\=18\.00 \|ShortSummary\=Laura races with Scotland Yard to locate Steele, who has become involved in murder while searching for a man with a clue to his past. Steele masquerades as an assassin hired by Daniel Chalmers to kill the Earl of Claridge. However, evidence indicates that the Earl is Steele's own father. Film references: ''\[\[Invasion of the Body Snatchers]]'', ''\[\[Smokey and the Bandit]]''. \|LineColor\=700070 }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber2\=2 \|EpisodeNumber\=68 \|Title\=Steele Searching: Part 2 \|DirectedBy\=Christopher Hibler \|WrittenBy\=Michael Gleason \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1985\|10\|1}} \|ProdCode\=5702 \|Viewers\=17\.60 \|ShortSummary\=See Part 1, above. Film reference: ''\[\[The Day of the Jackal (film)\|The Day of the Jackal]]''. \|LineColor\=700070 }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber2\=3 \|EpisodeNumber\=69 \|Title\=Steele Blushing \|DirectedBy\=\[\[Alexander Singer]] \|WrittenBy\=\[\[John Wirth (television producer)\|John Wirth]] \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1985\|10\|22}} \|ProdCode\=5704 \|Viewers\=15\.20 \|ShortSummary\=Laura protects a photographer (\[\[Kenneth Mars]]) and his files from angry clients and the FBI even after her doctored photo appears in a porno magazine. Guest star: \[\[Nana Visitor]] (near the end of the episode) Film reference: ''\[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0080868/ Hide in Plain Sight]''. \|LineColor\=700070 }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber2\=4 \|EpisodeNumber\=70 \|Title\=Grappling Steele \|DirectedBy\=Don Weis \|WrittenBy\=Rick Mittleman \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1985\|10\|29}} \|ProdCode\=5709 \|Viewers\=15\.40 \|ShortSummary\=Laura and Steele are hired to protect a professional wrestler who has been receiving death threats and having mysterious "accidents." Film reference: ''\[\[A Bill of Divorcement (1932 film)\|A Bill of Divorcement]]'' (1932\). \|LineColor\=700070 }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber2\=5 \|EpisodeNumber\=71 \|Title\=Forged Steele \|DirectedBy\=\[\[Harry Harris (director)\|Harry Harris]] \|WrittenBy\=Rick Mittleman \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1985\|11\|12}} \|ProdCode\=5710 \|Viewers\=15\.10 \|ShortSummary\=Steele awakens from a 36\-hour blackout to find that he has apparently gambled away the agency. Film references: ''\[\[The Great Impostor]]'', ''\[\[North by Northwest]]'', ''\[\[36 Hours (1965 film)\|36 Hours]]''. \|LineColor\=700070 }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber2\=6 \|EpisodeNumber\=72 \|Title\=Corn Fed Steele \|DirectedBy\=Don Weis \|WrittenBy\=\[\[Pamela Norris]] \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1985\|11\|19}} \|ProdCode\=5712 \|Viewers\=13\.80 \|ShortSummary\=Laura and Steele look into the disappearance of some prized breeding pigs from an experimental farm in Iowa. Film references: ''\[\[Easy Rider]]'', ''\[\[North by Northwest]]'', ''\[\[Witness (1985 film)\|Witness]]''. \|LineColor\=700070 }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber2\=7 \|EpisodeNumber\=73 \|Title\=Premium Steele \|DirectedBy\=\[\[Gabrielle Beaumont]] \|WrittenBy\=Gerald Sanoff \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1985\|12\|3}} \|ProdCode\=5711 \|Viewers\=13\.90 \|ShortSummary\=Laura and Steele try to discover why phony obituaries are being printed about people like poor garlic farmer Lester Shane. Film references: ''\[\[D.O.A. (1950 film)\|D.O.A.]]'', ''\[\[Gaslight (1944 film)\|Gaslight]]'', ''\[\[Gone with the Wind (film)\|Gone with the Wind]]'', ''\[\[The List of Adrian Messenger]]''. \|LineColor\=700070 }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber2\=8 \|EpisodeNumber\=74 \|Title\=Coffee, Tea, or Steele \|DirectedBy\=Christopher Hibler \|WrittenBy\=\[\[Robin Bernheim]] \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1985\|12\|10}} \|ProdCode\=5714 \|Viewers\=16\.00 \|ShortSummary\=Laura and Steele fly the unfriendly skies to learn why the body of a hired killer turned up on the \[\[baggage carousel]] of a luxury airline. \|LineColor\=700070 }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber2\=9 \|EpisodeNumber\=75 \|Title\=Dancer, Prancer, Donner and Steele \|DirectedBy\=Christopher Hibler \|WrittenBy\=Michael Gleason \& \[\[Elliott Lewis (actor)\|Elliott Lewis]] \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1985\|12\|17}} \|ProdCode\=5708 \|Viewers\=15\.80 \|ShortSummary\=The agency Christmas party is interrupted by three gun\-wielding Santas who take everyone hostage and threaten to blow up the building. Film references: ''\[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0038080/ The Shanghai Cobra]'', ''\[\[The Taking of Pelham One Two Three (1974 film)\|The Taking of Pelham One Two Three]]''. \|LineColor\=700070 }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber2\=10 \|EpisodeNumber\=76 \|Title\=Steele on the Air \|DirectedBy\=Christopher Hibler \|WrittenBy\=John J. Sakmar \& Kerry Lenhart \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1986\|1\|7}} \|ProdCode\=5717 \|Viewers\=14\.40 \|ShortSummary\=A traffic reporter dies while aloft in a helicopter and the two prime suspects are the disc jockeys, who were on the air at the time. Film references: ''\[\[Body Heat]]'', ''\[\[The Third Man]]''. \|LineColor\=700070 }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber2\=11 \|EpisodeNumber\=77 \|Title\=Steele, Inc. \|DirectedBy\=Don Weis \|WrittenBy\=\[\[Brad Kern]] \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1986\|1\|14}} \|ProdCode\=5703 \|Viewers\=13\.90 \|ShortSummary\=Mulch's latest brainstorm to franchise the agency gets an unfortunate investigator killed by an angry client. Film reference: ''\[\[The Maltese Falcon (1941 film)\|The Maltese Falcon]]''. \|LineColor\=700070 }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber2\=12 \|EpisodeNumber\=78 \|Title\=Steele Spawning \|DirectedBy\=\[\[Will Mackenzie]] \|WrittenBy\=John Wirth \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1986\|1\|28}} \|ProdCode\=5715 \|Viewers\=15\.60 \|ShortSummary\=Laura and Steele are hired by the spoiled son of a caviar importer to find a missing shipment before daddy returns home. Film reference: ''\[\[The Macomber Affair]]''. \|LineColor\=700070 }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber2\=13 \|EpisodeNumber\=79 \|Title\=Suburban Steele \|DirectedBy\=\[\[Stan Lathan]] \|WrittenBy\=Robin Bernheim \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1986\|2\|11}} \|ProdCode\=5716 \|Viewers\=12\.60 \|ShortSummary\=Laura's sister finds a dead body on her kitchen floor and asks for help from a reluctant Laura and Steele. Film reference: ''\[\[Beverly Hills Cop]]''. ''\[\[The A\-Team]]''. \|LineColor\=700070 }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber2\=14 \|EpisodeNumber\=80 \|Title\=Santa Claus Is Coming to Steele \|DirectedBy\=Seymour Robbie \|WrittenBy\=Michael Gleason \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1986\|2\|18}} \|ProdCode\=5721 \|Viewers\=15\.60 \|ShortSummary\=One of the phony Santas from the ill\-fated Christmas party (in episode No. 75, "Dancer, Prancer, Donner and Steele") returns to persuade a witness not to testify against him. Film references: ''\[\[Dirty Harry]]'', ''\[\[Rear Window]]''. \|LineColor\=700070 }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber2\=15 \|EpisodeNumber\=81 \|Title\=Steele Blue Yonder \|DirectedBy\=Don Weis \|WrittenBy\=Brad Kern \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1986\|2\|22}} \|ProdCode\=5718 \|Viewers\=13\.80 \|ShortSummary\=A woman is afraid her father may need help but Laura and Steele learn he knows exactly what he's doing. Airport scene filmed at Indian Dunes Park, location used in numerous other films and TV shows. Film reference: ''\[\[Going in Style]]''. \|LineColor\=700070 }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber2\=16 \|EpisodeNumber\=82 \|Title\=Sensitive Steele \|DirectedBy\=Don Weis \|WrittenBy\=Rick Mittleman \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1986\|3\|1}} \|ProdCode\=5719 \|Viewers\=14\.00 \|ShortSummary\=Laura and Steele go undercover at a self\-improvement spa to find out why there have been a series of mysterious accidents. Film references: ''\[\[Save the Tiger]]'', ''\[\[Hamlet (1948 film)\|Hamlet]]''. \|LineColor\=700070 }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber2\=17 \|EpisodeNumber\=83 \|Title\=Steele in the Spotlight \|DirectedBy\=\[\[Burt Brinckerhoff]] \|WrittenBy\=John J. Sakmar \& Kerry Lenhart \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1986\|3\|8}} \|ProdCode\=5705 \|Viewers\=16\.00 \|ShortSummary\=The search for a singer from the 1950s has unexpected, deadly consequences. Film references: ''\[\[Out of the Past]]'', ''\[\[Sunset Boulevard (film)\|Sunset Boulevard]]''. \|LineColor\=700070 }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber2\=18 \|EpisodeNumber\=84 \|Title\=Steele at Your Service \|DirectedBy\=Rocky Lang \|WrittenBy\=Lee H. Grant \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1986\|3\|15}} \|ProdCode\=5723 \|Viewers\=15\.40 \|ShortSummary\=The servants of the wealthy Wellingtons hire Laura and Steele to find out who killed the former butler, who had planned on publishing his memoirs. Film reference: ''\[\[Blowup]]''. \|LineColor\=700070 }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber2\=19 \|EpisodeNumber\=85 \|Title\=Steele in the Running \|DirectedBy\=Gabrielle Beaumont \|WrittenBy\=Susan Woollen \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1986\|3\|22}} \|ProdCode\=5713 \|Viewers\=14\.10 \|ShortSummary\=Laura is assaulted while running in a triathlon after a desperate woman switches numbers with her. \|LineColor\=700070 }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber2\=20 \|EpisodeNumber\=86 \|Title\=Beg, Borrow, or Steele \|DirectedBy\=Kevin Inch \|WrittenBy\=Brad Kern \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1986\|3\|29}} \|ProdCode\=5722 \|Viewers\=13\.00 \|ShortSummary\=Laura and Steele return from the East to find reports of their murder on the news and Mildred arrested for the crime. Film reference: ''\[\[Death Takes a Holiday]]''. \|LineColor\=700070 }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber2\=21 \|EpisodeNumber\=87 \|Title\=Steele Alive and Kicking \|DirectedBy\=Stan Lathan \|WrittenBy\=John Wirth \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1986\|5\|3}} \|ProdCode\=5720 \|Viewers\=14\.70 \|ShortSummary\=A man who framed himself so his wife could collect the reward learns he isn't terminally ill and wants Laura and Steele to clear him. Film reference: ''\[\[Convicted (1950 film)\|Convicted]]''. \|LineColor\=700070 }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber2\=22 \|EpisodeNumber\=88 \|Title\=Bonds of Steele \|DirectedBy\=Seymour Robbie \|WrittenBy\=\[\[Jeff Melvoin]] \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1986\|5\|10}} \|ProdCode\=5706 \|Viewers\=15\.10 \|ShortSummary\=Laura has her hands full trying to discover why an accountant at a huge corporation was killed. However, Steele's desire to quickly wed a call girl (Nancy Everhard) so as to avoid being deported distracts Laura from her murder investigation. Steele eventually ends up marrying Laura herself. Film references: ''\[\[Bride of Frankenstein]]'', ''\[\[Casablanca (film)\|Casablanca]]'', ''\[\[Death Takes a Holiday]]'', ''\[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0073091/ The Happy Hooker]'', ''\[\[They Won't Believe Me]]''. \|LineColor\=700070 }} \|Viewers\=9\|country\=U.S.}} ### Season 5 (1987\) {{Episode table \|background\=\#FFA500 \|overall\=2 \|season\=2 \|title\=24 \|writer\=21 \|director\=16 \|airdate\=15 \|prodcode\=7 \|episodes\= {{Episode list \|NumParts\=2 \|EpisodeNumber2\_1\=1 \|EpisodeNumber2\_2\=2 \|EpisodeNumber\_1\=89 \|EpisodeNumber\_2\=90 \|Title\=The Steele That Wouldn't Die \|DirectedBy\=Kevin Inch \|WrittenBy\=\[\[Brad Kern]] \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1987\|1\|5}} \|ProdCode\_1\=6702 \|ProdCode\_2\=6708 \|Viewers\=19\.70 \|ShortSummary\=Steele is arrested for the murder of Norman Keyes while he and Laura try to honeymoon in Mexico. Film reference: ''\[\[Romancing the Stone]]'', ''\[\[Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid]]'', ''\[\[And Then There Were None (1945 film)\|And Then There Were None]]'', ''\[\[Beverly Hills Cop]]''. \|LineColor\=FFA500 }} {{Episode list \|NumParts\=2 \|EpisodeNumber2\_1\=3 \|EpisodeNumber2\_2\=4 \|EpisodeNumber\_1\=91 \|EpisodeNumber\_2\=92 \|Title\=Steele Hanging in There \|DirectedBy\=Christopher Hibler \|WrittenBy\=\[\[Robin Bernheim]] \|OriginalAirDate\_1\={{Start date\|1987\|2\|3}} \|OriginalAirDate\_2\={{Start date\|1987\|2\|10}} \|ProdCode\_1\=6706 \|ProdCode\_2\=6707 \|Viewers\_1\=13\.80 \|Viewers\_2\=11\.50 \|ShortSummary\=Their phony marriage faces a real test when a woman from Steele's past shows up, pretending to be married to him, and the archaeologist from Mexico returns, this time as an immigration officer. In London, Tony blackmails Steele into delivering a dangerous package, while Laura delves into Shannon's past. Film reference: ''\[\[Arsenic and Old Lace (film)\|Arsenic and Old Lace]]''. \|LineColor\=FFA500 }} {{Episode list \|NumParts\=2 \|EpisodeNumber2\_1\=5 \|EpisodeNumber2\_2\=6 \|EpisodeNumber\_1\=93 \|EpisodeNumber\_2\=94 \|Title\=Steeled with a Kiss \|DirectedBy\=\[\[Seymour Robbie]] \|WrittenBy\=Robin Bernheim \& Brad Kern \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1987\|2\|17}} \|ProdCode\_1\=6709 \|ProdCode\_2\=6710 \|Viewers\=15\.50 \|ShortSummary\=Laura and Steele visit the Irish castle he's inherited and decide to hide Tony there until he can prove he isn't a double agent. Daniel Chalmers must turn him over to the KGB as part of a scam he is running to help the daughter of an old friend. Daniel Chalmers does reveal himself as Steele's biological father. Remington and Laura do indeed get to settle their marriage. \|LineColor\=FFA500 }} \|Viewers\=9\|country\=U.S.}}
[ "Episodes\n--------", "### Season 1 (1982–83\\)", "{{Episode table\n\\|background\\=\\#FF5F5F\n\\|overall\\=5\n\\|season\\=5\n\\|title\\=19\n\\|writer\\=21\n\\|director\\=16\n\\|airdate\\=15\n\\|prodcode\\=7\n\\|episodes\\=\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=1\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=1\n \\|Title\\=License to Steele\n \\|DirectedBy\\=\\[\\[Robert Butler (director)\\|Robert Butler]]\n \\|WrittenBy\\=Michael Gleason\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1982\\|10\\|1}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=2704\n \\|Viewers\\=\n \\|ShortSummary\\=A client who hired Remington Steele Investigations to protect a shipment of rare jewels insisted that Steele himself oversee the operation. Pierce's shady character, who was hanging around looking for profitable opportunities, well\\-knowingly steps into the role of Remington Steele against Laura Holt's wishes. The gems involved, the royal lavulite, had recently been discovered. This episode was shot after the original pilot, to offer details on the backstory. GUEST STARS: Joseph Hacker, \\[\\[Philip Casnoff]], Robert Darnell, John Francis", "Film reference: ''\\[\\[Tea and Sympathy (film)\\|Tea and Sympathy]]'', ''\\[\\[North by Northwest]] (obliquely)''\n \\|LineColor\\=FF5F5F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=2\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=2\n \\|Title\\=Tempered Steele\n \\|DirectedBy\\=Robert Butler\n \\|WrittenBy\\=Michael Gleason\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1982\\|10\\|8}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=0903\n \\|Viewers\\=\n \\|ShortSummary\\=Laura tackles a case of industrial espionage in a family\\-owned business while Steele enlists an old pal to help him install a burglar alarm, but when the house is burglarized and Steele's friend murdered it becomes personal. GUEST STARS: Arlen Dean Snyder, David Hayward, \\[\\[Diana Douglas]], Brenda King, \\[\\[Curt Lowens]]", "Film references: ''\\[\\[Casablanca (film)\\|Casablanca]]'', ''\\[\\[The Thin Man (film)\\|The Thin Man]]''.\nNote: This was the pilot episode.\n \\|LineColor\\=FF5F5F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=3\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=3 \n \\|Title\\=Steele Waters Run Deep\n \\|DirectedBy\\=\\[\\[Jeff Bleckner]]\n \\|WrittenBy\\=\\[\\[Lee David Zlotoff]] {{efn\\|\\[\\[Lee David Zlotoff]] is credited as Lee Zlotoff in seasons 1 and 2\\.}}\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1982\\|10\\|22}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=2703\n \\|Viewers\\=\n \\|ShortSummary\\=A video game genius disappears just before a merger, with five million dollars and the plans for his company's latest video game. GUEST STARS: \\[\\[Peter Scolari]], George Wallace, Betty Kennedy, \\[\\[Roxanne Hart]], \\[\\[Rae Allen]], \\[\\[Blake Clark]]", "Film reference: ''\\[\\[North by Northwest]]''.\n \\|LineColor\\=FF5F5F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=4\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=4\n \\|Title\\=Signed, Steeled, \\& Delivered\n \\|DirectedBy\\=Robert Butler\n \\|WrittenBy\\=\\[\\[Glenn Gordon Caron]]\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1982\\|10\\|29}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=2702\n \\|Viewers\\=\n \\|ShortSummary\\=Laura and Steele spend the weekend trying to keep a CIA researcher alive and on time for his wedding. GUEST STARS: \\[\\[Thom Bray]], Philip Sterling, Alexandra Johnson, Christopher Lofton, Buddy Powell\nFilm references: ''\\[\\[The In\\-Laws (1979 film)\\|The In\\-Laws]] (obliquely)''\n \\|LineColor\\=FF5F5F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=5\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=5\n \\|Title\\=Thou Shalt Not Steele\n \\|DirectedBy\\=\\[\\[Leo Penn]]\n \\|WrittenBy\\=Lee David Zlotoff\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1982\\|11\\|5}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=2706\n \\|Viewers\\=\n \\|ShortSummary\\=A woman from Steele's past asks him to help her steal a valuable painting that Laura has already agreed to protect (and that he had stolen once already), while Laura also has to deal with her visiting mother. GUEST STARS: \\[\\[Beverly Garland]], \\[\\[Cassandra Harris]], \\[\\[James Blendick]], Peter MacLean, Kurt Christian, Benjamin Slack, Ben Mittleman\nFilm references: ''\\[\\[The Maltese Falcon (1941 film)\\|The Maltese Falcon]] (obliquely)''\n \\|LineColor\\=FF5F5F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=6\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=6\n \\|Title\\=Steele Belted\n \\|DirectedBy\\=Robert Butler\n \\|WrittenBy\\=Michael Gleason\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1982\\|11\\|12}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=2701\n \\|Viewers\\=\n \\|ShortSummary\\=A loser asks the agency to help him, but his alibi witness is found dead in Steele's apartment and his lawyer seems more interested in Laura than in the case, which for once forces Steele and Murphy to work together. GUEST STARS: Andrew Bloch, \\[\\[Barry Van Dyke]], Raymond Singer, \\[\\[Ilene Graff]], Lora Staley, Ernest Emling", "Film reference: ''\\[\\[D.O.A. (1950 film)\\|D.O.A.]]''.\n \\|LineColor\\=FF5F5F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=7\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=7\n \\|Title\\=Etched in Steele\n \\|DirectedBy\\=\\[\\[Stan Lathan]]\n \\|WrittenBy\\=Glenn Gordon Caron\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1982\\|11\\|19}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=2707\n \\|Viewers\\=\n \\|ShortSummary\\=A popular author's steamy books mirror her own life, including the murder of her husband. GUEST STARS: Shannon Wilcox, \\[\\[George Morfogen]], \\[\\[Richard Cox (actor)\\|Richard Cox]], Joel Colodner, \\[\\[Lyman Ward (actor)\\|Lyman Ward]]", "Film reference: ''\\[\\[The Shining (film)\\|The Shining]]''. \n \\|LineColor\\=FF5F5F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=8\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=8\n \\|Title\\=Your Steele the One for Me\n \\|DirectedBy\\=\\[\\[Thomas Carter (film director)\\|Thomas Carter]]\n \\|WrittenBy\\=Lee David Zlotoff\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1982\\|11\\|26}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=2709\n \\|Viewers\\=\n \\|ShortSummary\\=While trying to solve a murder case, Laura and Steele clash with the Yakuza. GUEST STARS: \\[\\[Keye Luke]], \\[\\[Marc Hayashi]], \\[\\[Sab Shimono]], \\[\\[Reid Shelton]], \\[\\[Emily Kuroda]], Richard Stanley, \\[\\[Stephen Lee (actor)\\|Stephen Lee]].", "Film references: ''\\[\\[Enter the Dragon]]'', ''\\[\\[The Yakuza]]'', ''\\[\\[The Third Man]]'', ''\\[\\[Charade (1963 film)\\|Charade]]''.\n \\|LineColor\\=FF5F5F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=9\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=9\n \\|Title\\=In the Steele of the Night\n \\|DirectedBy\\=\\[\\[Burt Brinckerhoff]]\n \\|WrittenBy\\=Joel Steiger\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1982\\|12\\|3}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=2708\n \\|Viewers\\=\n \\|ShortSummary\\=Laura's former boss is murdered during a reunion of her former colleagues. GUEST STARS: \\[\\[Carlene Watkins]], \\[\\[Philip Charles Mackenzie]], Arthur Rosenberg, Jeff Pomerantz", "Film reference: ''\\[\\[Witness for the Prosecution (1957 film)\\|Witness for the Prosecution]]''\n \\|LineColor\\=FF5F5F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=10\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=10\n \\|Title\\=Steele Trap\n \\|DirectedBy\\=\\[\\[Sidney Hayers]]\n \\|WrittenBy\\=Michael Gleason\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1982\\|12\\|10}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=2710\n \\|Viewers\\=\n \\|ShortSummary\\=To find out why a client committed suicide, Laura and Steele go undercover to an island party, where people are being murdered one by one. GUEST STARS: Lynne Randall, \\[\\[Paul Hecht]], \\[\\[Bruce Kirby (actor)\\|Bruce Kirby]], \\[\\[Brandis Kemp]], Diane Stilwell.", "Film references: ''\\[\\[Citizen Kane]]'', ''\\[\\[One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (film)\\|One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest]]'', ''\\[\\[And Then There Were None (1945 film)\\|And Then There Were None]]'', ''\\[\\[The Philadelphia Story (film)\\|The Philadelphia Story]]''.\n \\|LineColor\\=FF5F5F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=11\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=11\n \\|Title\\=Steeling the Show\n \\|DirectedBy\\=\\[\\[Seymour Robbie]]\n \\|WrittenBy\\=\\[\\[Peter Lefcourt]]\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1983\\|1\\|7}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=2713\n \\|Viewers\\=\n \\|ShortSummary\\=An aging B\\-movie actress believes that someone is trying to kill her, and only Steele believes her. GUEST STARS: \\[\\[Bibi Osterwald]], \\[\\[Frances Lee McCain]], \\[\\[Peter Jurasik]].", "Film reference: ''\\[\\[Psycho (1960 film)\\|Psycho]]''.\n \\|LineColor\\=FF5F5F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=12\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=12\n \\|Title\\=Steele Flying High\n \\|DirectedBy\\=Nick Havinga\n \\|WrittenBy\\=Richard Collins\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1983\\|1\\|14}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=2711\n \\|Viewers\\=\n \\|ShortSummary\\=Steele gets involved with the murder of a naturalist when he serves on a committee to save the bald eagle. GUEST STARS: Francine Lembi, Michael Goodwin, Michael McGuire.", "Film references: ''\\[\\[The Big Sleep (1946 film)\\|The Big Sleep]]'', ''\\[\\[Chinatown (1974 film)\\|Chinatown]]'', ''\\[\\[The Maltese Falcon (1941 film)\\|The Maltese Falcon]]'', ''\\[\\[Murder Most Foul (film)\\|Murder Most Foul]]''.\n \\|LineColor\\=FF5F5F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=13\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=13\n \\|Title\\=A Good Night's Steele\n \\|DirectedBy\\=Seymour Robbie\n \\|WrittenBy\\=R.J. Stewart \\& Lee David Zlotoff\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1983\\|1\\|21}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=2712\n \\|Viewers\\=\n \\|ShortSummary\\=Steele poses as an insomniac in order to find a murderer in a sleep disorder clinic. \\[\\[Paul Reiser]] guest stars.", "Film references: ''\\[\\[The Big Sleep (1946 film)\\|The Big Sleep]]'', ''\\[\\[Coma (1978 film)\\|Coma]]''.\n \\|LineColor\\=FF5F5F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=14\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=14\n \\|Title\\=Hearts of Steele\n \\|DirectedBy\\=Robert Butler\n \\|WrittenBy\\={{StoryTeleplay\\|t\\=Glenn Gordon Caron\\|s\\=Charles Rosin}}\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1983\\|1\\|28}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=2705\n \\|Viewers\\=\n \\|ShortSummary\\=The detectives pose as a bickering couple while investigating attempts on a divorce attorney's life. GUEST STARS: Mark Hutter, \\[\\[Susan Kellermann]], \\[\\[Linda Carlson]], \\[\\[Caren Kaye]], Alexandra Borrie, Mary Joan Negro.", "Film references: ''\\[\\[Casablanca (film)\\|Casablanca]]'', ''\\[\\[Murder on the Orient Express (1974 film)\\|Murder on the Orient Express]]'', ''\\[\\[Notorious (1946 film)\\|Notorious]]''.\n \\|LineColor\\=FF5F5F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=15\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=15 \n \\|Title\\=To Stop a Steele\n \\|DirectedBy\\=Sidney Hayers\n \\|WrittenBy\\=Glenn Gordon Caron\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1983\\|2\\|11}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=2721\n \\|Viewers\\=12\\.00\n \\|ShortSummary\\=Laura and Steele wind up working for opposite sides of a jewelry theft when the frightened thief looks for help when someone else beats him to the jewel. GUEST STARS: \\[\\[Cliff Norton]], \\[\\[Michael C. Gwynne]].", "Film references: ''\\[\\[The Thomas Crown Affair (1968 film)\\|The Thomas Crown Affair]]'', ''\\[\\[To Catch a Thief (film)\\|To Catch a Thief]]''.\n \\|LineColor\\=FF5F5F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=16\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=16\n \\|Title\\=Steele Crazy After All These Years\n \\|DirectedBy\\=\\[\\[Don Weis]]\n \\|WrittenBy\\={{StoryTeleplay\\|t\\=R.J. Stewart \\& Andrew Laskos\\|s\\=Peggy Goldman and R.J. Stewart \\& Andrew Laskos}}\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1983\\|2\\|18}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=2715\n \\|Viewers\\=15\\.10\n \\|ShortSummary\\=Murphy's college homecoming is marred by a murder that awakens memories of a bombing on campus ten years before. GUEST STARS: \\[\\[Annie Potts]], \\[\\[Todd Susman]], \\[\\[Allyce Beasley]], \\[\\[Tony Plana]], \\[\\[Sharon Stone]].{{efn\\|\\[\\[Sharon Stone]]'s name appears in the closing credits as a guest star.}}", "Film references: ''\\[\\[The Third Man]]'', ''\\[\\[The Uninvited (1944 film)\\|The Uninvited]]''\n \\|LineColor\\=FF5F5F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=17\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=17 \n \\|Title\\=Steele Among the Living\n \\|DirectedBy\\=Nick Havinga\n \\|WrittenBy\\=Andrew Laskos\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1983\\|2\\|25}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=2718\n \\|Viewers\\=\n \\|ShortSummary\\=Laura searches for a vanished artist whose works have suddenly appreciated in value, for both her husband and the owner of an art gallery. STARS: \\[\\[Phil Rubenstein]], Marilyn Jones, \\[\\[Reid Smith]].", "Film references: ''\\[\\[It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World]]'' and ''\\[\\[Laura (1944 film)\\|Laura]]''.\n \\|LineColor\\=FF5F5F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=18\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=18 \n \\|Title\\=Steele in the News\n \\|DirectedBy\\=Burt Brinckerhoff\n \\|WrittenBy\\={{StoryTeleplay\\|t\\=Michael Gleason and Fred Lyle \\& Duncan Smith\\|s\\=Fred Lyle \\& Duncan Smith}}\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1983\\|3\\|4}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=2717\n \\|Viewers\\=15\\.10\n \\|ShortSummary\\=The detectives try to solve a case of sabotage and murder on the set of a television news program. GUEST STARS: \\[\\[J. D. Cannon]], \\[\\[John Reilly (actor, born 1934\\)\\|John Reilly]], \\[\\[Maggie Roswell]], Ron Frazier, \\[\\[Jenny O'Hara]], \\[\\[Tracy Scoggins]], \\[\\[Macon McCalman]].", "Film references: ''\\[\\[Foreign Correspondent (film)\\|Foreign Correspondent]]'', ''\\[\\[Peyton Place (film)\\|Peyton Place]]'', ''\\[\\[Network (1976 film)\\|Network]]''.\n \\|LineColor\\=FF5F5F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=19\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=19 \n \\|Title\\=Vintage Steele\n \\|DirectedBy\\=Larry Elikann\n \\|WrittenBy\\=Susan Baskin\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1983\\|3\\|15}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=2716\n \\|Viewers\\=16\\.00\n \\|ShortSummary\\=Laura's former flame asks her help when he discovers a corpse in the trunk of his car, a corpse that keeps returning as they check out a winery he's involved with. \n The corpse is the Abbot of St. Costello's Monastery!\nFilm references: ''\\[\\[The Trouble with Harry]]'', ''\\[\\[Rasputin and the Empress]]'', and \\[\\[Abbott and Costello\\|Bud Abbott and Lou Costello]].\n \\|LineColor\\=FF5F5F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=20\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=20 \n \\|Title\\=Steele's Gold\n \\|DirectedBy\\=Burt Brinckerhoff\n \\|WrittenBy\\=R.J. Stewart\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1983\\|3\\|22}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=2723\n \\|Viewers\\=15\\.10\n \\|ShortSummary\\=A prospector's journal stolen during a party leads Laura and Steele on a wild gold hunt through the desert.", "Film references: ''\\[\\[Metropolis (1927 film)\\|Metropolis]]'', ''\\[\\[The Treasure of the Sierra Madre (film)\\|The Treasure of the Sierra Madre]]''.\n \\|LineColor\\=FF5F5F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=21\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=21 \n \\|Title\\=Sting of Steele\n \\|DirectedBy\\=Seymour Robbie\n \\|WrittenBy\\=\\[\\[Gary Kott]]\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1983\\|4\\|5}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=2722\n \\|Viewers\\=\n \\|ShortSummary\\=Daniel Chalmers, Steele's mentor back in the days when Steele was a rogue, comes to California to ask for Steele's help in dealing with a vindictive crook and winds up romancing Laura's mother. GUEST STARS: \\[\\[Beverly Garland]], \\[\\[John Orchard]], \\[\\[Efrem Zimbalist Jr.]]", "'''NOTE:''' This episode reveals the name in which Remington Steele was previously known by, Harry Chalmers. His true name is never revealed in the series. \nFilm references: ''\\[\\[The Sting]]'', ''\\[\\[Thirty Seconds Over Tokyo]]''.\n \\|LineColor\\=FF5F5F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=22\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=22\n \\|Title\\=Steele in Circulation\n \\|DirectedBy\\=Don Weis\n \\|WrittenBy\\=Lee David Zlotoff\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1983\\|4\\|12}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=2724\n \\|Viewers\\=15\\.20\n \\|ShortSummary\\=After preventing a man from committing suicide, Steele tries to find out who had tricked the man into stealing over two million dollars. GUEST STARS: John Doolittle, \\[\\[Gina Gallego]], Richard Kuss, \\[\\[Patsy Pease]].", "Film references: ''\\[\\[Anna Karenina (1935 film)\\|Anna Karenina]]'', ''\\[\\[Gaslight (1944 film)\\|Gaslight]]'', ''\\[\\[The Music Lovers]]'', ''\\[\\[Pennies from Heaven (1936 film)\\|Pennies from Heaven]]'', ''\\[\\[A Star Is Born (1954 film)\\|A Star Is Born]]''.\n \\|LineColor\\=FF5F5F\n}}\n\\|viewers\\=9\\|country\\=U.S.}}", "### Season 2 (1983–84\\)", "{{Episode table\n\\|background\\=\\#0000FF\n\\|overall\\=5\n\\|season\\=5\n\\|title\\=19\n\\|writer\\=21\n\\|director\\=16\n\\|airdate\\=15\n\\|prodcode\\=7\n\\|episodes\\=\n{{Episode list\n \\|NumParts\\= 2\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\_1\\=23\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\_2\\=24\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\_1\\=1\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\_2\\=2\n \\|Title\\=Steele Away with Me\n \\|DirectedBy\\=Seymour Robbie\n \\|WrittenBy\\=Michael Gleason\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1983\\|9\\|20}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=3709\n \\|Viewers\\=20\\.00\n \\|ShortSummary\\=In this two\\-part episode, Steele and Laura go after diamond smugglers in \\[\\[Acapulco]]. Associate detective Murphy Michaels and secretary Bernice Fox have left the agency, while Mildred Krebs (\\[\\[Doris Roberts]]), an \\[\\[IRS\\|IRS agent]] hot on Steele's tail, ends up teaming with Laura and Steele. GUEST STARS: \\[\\[Vincent Baggetta]], \\[\\[Ray Girardin]], \\[\\[Jack Blessing]], \\[\\[Pedro Armendáriz Jr.]], \\[\\[David Warner (actor)\\|David Warner]].", "Film references: ''\\[\\[Bride of Frankenstein]]'', ''\\[\\[The Maltese Falcon (1941 film)\\|The Maltese Falcon]]'', ''\\[\\[Casablanca (film)\\|Casablanca]]'', ''\\[\\[Key Largo (film)\\|Key Largo]]'', ''\\[\\[Notorious (1946 film)\\|Notorious]]''.\n \\|LineColor\\=0000FF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=25\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=3\n \\|Title\\=Red Holt Steele\n \\|DirectedBy\\=\\[\\[Kevin Connor (director)\\|Kevin Conner]]\n \\|WrittenBy\\=Lee David Zlotoff\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1983\\|9\\|27}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=3710\n \\|Viewers\\=18\\.80\n \\|ShortSummary\\=Holt and Steele are hired by a woman who thinks someone is trying to destroy her late husband's aircraft company. GUEST STARS: \\[\\[Barbara Cason]], \\[\\[Joel Polis]], \\[\\[Audrie J. Neenan]], \\[\\[Lewis Arquette]].", "Film reference: ''\\[\\[It Happened One Night]]''.\n \\|LineColor\\=0000FF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=26\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=4\n \\|Title\\=Altared Steele\n \\|DirectedBy\\=\\[\\[Alexander Singer]]\n \\|WrittenBy\\=\\[\\[Jeff Melvoin]]\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1983\\|10\\|11}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=3702\n \\|Viewers\\=18\\.40\n \\|ShortSummary\\=The detectives try to find out which one of an amnesiac's five wives is trying to kill him. GUEST STARS: \\[\\[Fred McCarren]], \\[\\[Monique van de Ven]], \\[\\[Delta Burke]], \\[\\[Jane Kaczmarek]], \\[\\[Carole Ita White]], Clara Perryman, \\[\\[Sam Anderson]].", "Film reference: ''\\[\\[Mirage (1965 film)\\|Mirage]]'', ''\\[\\[Robin Hood (1922 film)\\|Robin Hood]]'', ''\\[\\[Sands of Iwo Jima]]'', ''\\[\\[Spellbound (1945 film)\\|Spellbound]]''.\n \\|LineColor\\=0000FF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=27\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=5\n \\|Title\\=Steele Framed\n \\|DirectedBy\\=Sheldon Larry\n \\|WrittenBy\\=Brian Alan Lane\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1983\\|10\\|18}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=3708\n \\|Viewers\\=19\\.40\n \\|ShortSummary\\=Someone is trying to frame Steele for murder. GUEST STARS: \\[\\[Guy Boyd (actor)\\|Guy Boyd]], \\[\\[Gary Frank (actor)\\|Gary Frank]], \\[\\[Archie Hahn (actor)\\|Archie Hahn]].\n \\|LineColor\\=0000FF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=28\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=6\n \\|Title\\=A Steele at Any Price\n \\|DirectedBy\\=Don Weis\n \\|WrittenBy\\={{StoryTeleplay\\|s\\= Mitch Paradise\\|t\\= Mitch Paradise \\& Richard DeRoy}}\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1983\\|11\\|1}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=3706\n \\|Viewers\\=16\\.40\n \\|ShortSummary\\=Steele re\\-introduces Laura to the thrill of thievery during a case involving stolen paintings. GUEST STARS: Michael Cornelison, \\[\\[Jeffrey Jones]], \\[\\[Susan Bay]], \\[\\[Stefan Gierasch]], Gillian Eaton, Ernest Harada.", "Film references: ''\\[\\[Charade (1963 film)\\|Charade]]'', ''\\[\\[The Sting]]''.\n \\|LineColor\\=0000FF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=29\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=7\n \\|Title\\=Love Among the Steele\n \\|DirectedBy\\=Seymour Robbie\n \\|WrittenBy\\=Lee David Zlotoff\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1983\\|11\\|8}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=3716\n \\|Viewers\\=16\\.30\n \\|ShortSummary\\=The detectives find themselves in the middle of a mystery involving all the previous owners of a vintage car. GUEST STARS: \\[\\[Clive Revill]], \\[\\[Susan French]], \\[\\[Peter Hobbs (actor)\\|Peter Hobbs]], \\[\\[Al Ruscio]].", "Film references: ''\\[\\[Splendor in the Grass]]'', ''\\[\\[Tom Jones (1963 film)\\|Tom Jones]]'', ''\\[\\[The Yellow Rolls\\-Royce]]''.\n \\|LineColor\\=0000FF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=30\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=8\n \\|Title\\=Scene Steelers\n \\|DirectedBy\\=\\[\\[Peter Medak]]\n \\|WrittenBy\\={{StoryTeleplay\\|s\\= Joyce Armor \\& Judie Neer\\|t\\= Joyce Armor \\& Judie Neer \\& Michael Gleason}}\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1983\\|11\\|15}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=3703\n \\|Viewers\\=15\\.90\n \\|ShortSummary\\=Steele and Laura investigate attempted murder on the set of a frozen\\-food commercial. GUEST STARS: \\[\\[Barrie Ingham]], \\[\\[Bibi Besch]], Gwen Humble, \\[\\[Paul Kreppel]], \\[\\[Faith Prince]].\n \\|LineColor\\=0000FF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=31\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=9\n \\|Title\\=Steele Knuckles and Glass Jaws\n \\|DirectedBy\\=Don Weis\n \\|WrittenBy\\=\\[\\[Jeff Melvoin]]\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1983\\|11\\|29}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=3717\n \\|Viewers\\=11\\.20\n \\|ShortSummary\\=A mysterious baby plays a central part in a case involving gangsters and professional boxing that draws upon Steele's past as \"The Kilkenny Kid\". Steele is heard to sing softly \"Oh, me name is MacNamara, I'm the leader of the band\". GUEST STARS: \\[\\[Bert Remsen]], \\[\\[Paul Stewart (actor)\\|Paul Stewart]], \\[\\[Ken Foree]], \\[\\[Julie Carmen]], George McDaniel, \\[\\[Len Lesser]].", "Film reference: ''\\[\\[Little Caesar (film)\\|Little Caesar]]''.\n \\|LineColor\\=0000FF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=32\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=10\n \\|Title\\=My Fair Steele\n \\|DirectedBy\\=Seymour Robbie\n \\|WrittenBy\\=Brian Alan Lane\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1983\\|12\\|6}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=3714\n \\|Viewers\\=20\\.70\n \\|ShortSummary\\=The detectives try to find a kidnapped heiress with the help of her previously unknown twin sister. GUEST STARS: \\[\\[Stephen Elliott (actor)\\|Stephen Elliott]], \\[\\[Ann Dusenberry]], \\[\\[Joanna Barnes]], \\[\\[Thomas Hill (actor)\\|Thomas Hill]], \\[\\[Judith Chapman]], \\[\\[Ian Wolfe]].", "Film references: ''\\[\\[Pygmalion (1938 film)\\|Pygmalion]]'', ''\\[\\[My Fair Lady (film)\\|My Fair Lady]]''.\n \\|LineColor\\=0000FF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=33\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=11\n \\|Title\\=Steele Threads\n \\|DirectedBy\\=\\[\\[Karen Arthur]]\n \\|WrittenBy\\=George Lee Marshall\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1983\\|12\\|13}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=3711\n \\|Viewers\\=17\\.10\n \\|ShortSummary\\=A guy illegally snaps pictures of a fashion designer's latest works, and hides the film in a custom\\-tailored jacket done by the designer's estranged brother. However, another person intercepts and murders the courier to claim the jacket. GUEST STARS: \\[\\[Joshua Shelley]], \\[\\[Lara Parker]], Dean Santoro, \\[\\[John van Dreelen]], \\[\\[Carl Weintraub]].\n \\|LineColor\\=0000FF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=34\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=12\n \\|Title\\=Steele Eligible\n \\|DirectedBy\\=Sheldon Larry\n \\|WrittenBy\\={{StoryTeleplay\\|s\\= Larry Konner\\|t\\= Michael Gleason \\& Larry Konner}}\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1984\\|1\\|10}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=3719\n \\|Viewers\\=16\\.60\n \\|ShortSummary\\=Steele is selected for a magazine campaign's \"five most eligible bachelors\" but during the festivities, the bachelors are being killed off one by one. GUEST STARS: \\[\\[Roy Dotrice]], \\[\\[Mimi Kuzyk]], D. D. Howard, Frank Luz, \\[\\[Richard Backus]].", "Film reference: ''\\[\\[Rear Window]]'', \\[\\[The A.B.C. Murders]] (''obliquely''){{efn\\|In the episode \"Steele Eligible\", when Steele refers to \\[\\[The A.B.C. Murders]], he erroneously assumes there was no film adaptation, although there was a film adaptation called ''\\[\\[The Alphabet Murders]]'' released in 1965 by MGM}}\n \\|LineColor\\=0000FF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=35\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=13\n \\|Title\\=High Flying Steele\n \\|DirectedBy\\=Karen Arthur\n \\|WrittenBy\\=George Lee Marshall\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1984\\|1\\|17}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=3718\n \\|Viewers\\=15\\.30\n \\|ShortSummary\\=Mildred's guilty pleasure in a sleazy circus séance draws Laura and Steele into an investigation of an old circus \"accident\" where they join in as \\[\\[trapeze artist]]s. GUEST STARS: \\[\\[Lisa Pelikan]], Michael McGuire, \\[\\[A Martinez]], \\[\\[Joy Garrett]], \\[\\[Jessie Lawrence Ferguson]].\n \\|LineColor\\=0000FF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=36\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=14\n \\|Title\\=Blood Is Thicker Than Steele\n \\|DirectedBy\\=Barbara Peters\n \\|WrittenBy\\=Richard DeRoy\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1984\\|1\\|31}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=3712\n \\|Viewers\\=16\\.60\n \\|ShortSummary\\=Laura and Steele must protect the rather obnoxious children of a Federal witness by taking them on a road trip to Arizona. GUEST STARS: Eric Brown, \\[\\[Carolyn Seymour]], \\[\\[Bridgette Andersen]], \\[\\[Jack Betts]], Ted LePlat.", "Film references: ''\\[\\[The Bad Seed (1956 film)\\|The Bad Seed]]'', ''\\[\\[The Gauntlet (film)\\|The Gauntlet]]'', ''\\[\\[Stagecoach (1939 film)\\|Stagecoach]]''.\n \\|LineColor\\=0000FF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=37\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=15\n \\|Title\\=Steele Sweet on You\n \\|DirectedBy\\=Don Weis\n \\|WrittenBy\\=Susan Baskin\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1984\\|2\\|7}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=3707\n \\|Viewers\\=21\\.40\n \\|ShortSummary\\=Laura's sister Frances suspects her husband Donald is cheating on her at a dental convention. But things get complicated when Steele is not informed of the situation, and the secretary and Donald's associate is murdered. GUEST STARS: \\[\\[Maryedith Burrell]], \\[\\[Michael Durrell]], Patrick Collins, James O'Sullivan.", "Film references: ''\\[\\[Boom Town (film)\\|Boom Town]]'', ''\\[\\[The Lost Weekend (film)\\|The Lost Weekend]]'', ''\\[\\[The Man Who Knew Too Much (1956 film)\\|The Man Who Knew Too Much]]''.\n \\|LineColor\\=0000FF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=38\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=16\n \\|Title\\=Elegy in Steele\n \\|DirectedBy\\=Kevin Connor\n \\|WrittenBy\\=Brian Alan Lane\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1984\\|2\\|21}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=3720\n \\|Viewers\\=12\\.70\n \\|ShortSummary\\=Major Descoine (\\[\\[Guy Boyd (actor)\\|Guy Boyd]]) the villain from the episode \"Steele Framed\" (No. 27\\) returns and promises that Laura and Steele will die within an hour. GUEST STARS: \\[\\[Guy Boyd (actor)\\|Guy Boyd]], \\[\\[Quinn Cummings]], \\[\\[Michael Fairman]], \\[\\[Peter Jason]].", "Film references: ''\\[\\[The Major and the Minor]]'', ''\\[\\[Neptune's Daughter (1949 film)\\|Neptune's Daughter]]''.\n \\|LineColor\\=0000FF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=39\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=17\n \\|Title\\=Small Town Steele\n \\|DirectedBy\\=Seymour Robbie\n \\|WrittenBy\\=\\[\\[Jeff Melvoin]]\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1984\\|2\\|28}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=3721\n \\|Viewers\\=13\\.60\n \\|ShortSummary\\=Laura and Steele go to a small town to investigate the disappearance of an author who was doing research on the area and apparently found something he shouldn't have. GUEST STARS: \\[\\[Paul Gleason]], Ben Slack, \\[\\[Jacques Aubuchon]], \\[\\[Carolyn Coates]], \\[\\[Ford Rainey]].", "Film references: ''\\[\\[Bad Day at Black Rock]]'', ''\\[\\[In the Heat of the Night (film)\\|In the Heat of the Night]]''.\n \\|LineColor\\=0000FF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=40\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=18\n \\|Title\\=Molten Steele\n \\|DirectedBy\\=Christopher Hibler\n \\|WrittenBy\\=Richard Collins\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1984\\|3\\|6}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=3715\n \\|Viewers\\=13\\.90\n \\|ShortSummary\\=Laura and Steele help a woman who has been constantly receiving obscene phone calls, but the suspected placer of the sexual personals ad is soon found murdered. GUEST STARS: \\[\\[Pippa Scott]], \\[\\[Bill Morey]], Ellen Regan, \\[\\[John Bedford Lloyd]], Ellen Tobie, Andrea Moar.", "Film reference: ''\\[\\[Peyton Place (film)\\|Peyton Place]]''.\n \\|LineColor\\=0000FF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=41\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=19\n \\|Title\\=Dreams of Steele\n \\|DirectedBy\\=Don Weis\n \\|WrittenBy\\=Brian Alan Lane\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1984\\|3\\|20}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=3726\n \\|Viewers\\=16\\.20\n \\|ShortSummary\\=The reputation of the agency is at stake again when the gems that first brought them together are switched with fakes as Laura and Steele are transporting them. GUEST STARS: \\[\\[Judith Light]], \\[\\[Woodrow Parfrey]], \\[\\[Jack Gwillim]], \\[\\[Robert Harper (actor)\\|Robert Harper]].", "Film reference: ''\\[\\[Ocean's Eleven (1960 film)\\|Ocean's Eleven]]''.\n \\|LineColor\\=0000FF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=42\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=20\n \\|Title\\=Woman of Steele\n \\|DirectedBy\\=Christopher Hibler\n \\|WrittenBy\\=Susan Baskin\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1984\\|3\\|27}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=3724\n \\|Viewers\\=16\\.00\n \\|ShortSummary\\=A woman from Steele's past arranges for the agency to handle the security on an exhibition at an art museum, and contacts Steele with a desperate plea for help. GUEST STARS: \\[\\[Cassandra Harris]], \\[\\[James Laurenson]], \\[\\[Christopher Stone (actor)\\|Christopher Stone]], Eve Roberts.", "Film references: ''\\[\\[Obsession (1976 film)\\|Obsession]]'', ''\\[\\[Vertigo (film)\\|Vertigo]]''.\n \\|LineColor\\=0000FF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=43\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=21\n \\|Title\\=Hounded Steele\n \\|DirectedBy\\=Don Weis\n \\|WrittenBy\\=\\[\\[Jeff Melvoin]]\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1984\\|5\\|15}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=3727\n \\|Viewers\\=16\\.20\n \\|ShortSummary\\= Mildred rescues an abducted dog and brings it to the office. When the pursuer takes the dog back at gunpoint, Laura and Steele track the pursuer, but find he was killed and was carrying an Interpol badge. They discover the owner is actually a famous jewel thief named Le Renard. Mildred is abducted. Steele, Holt, and Le Renard must break into the gem exchange to retrieve the gem in exchange for Mildred's life. GUEST STARS: \\[\\[J. D. Cannon]], \\[\\[Tom Baker]], \\[\\[Nita Talbot]], \\[\\[Sarah Marshall (British actress)\\|Sarah Marshall]], \\[\\[Doris Belack]], Freddie Weber, \\[\\[Paddi Edwards]].", "Film reference: ''\\[\\[Old Yeller (1957 film)\\|Old Yeller]]''.", "Note: Tom Baker is famous for portraying the Fourth Doctor on the BBC science\\-fiction television series ''\\[\\[Doctor Who]]''.\n \\|LineColor\\=0000FF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=44\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=22\n \\|Title\\=Elementary Steele\n \\|DirectedBy\\=Seymour Robbie\n \\|WrittenBy\\=Michael Gleason\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1984\\|5\\|22}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=3705\n \\|Viewers\\=13\\.50\n \\|ShortSummary\\=Someone is using mystery buffs portraying \\[\\[Sherlock Holmes]], \\[\\[Dr. Watson]], \\[\\[Miss Marple]], and \\[\\[Mr. Moto]] to solve a make\\-believe case to find a murderous embezzler. GUEST STARS: Lynne Randall, \\[\\[Peter Evans (actor)\\|Peter Evans]], \\[\\[Keone Young]], \\[\\[Barry Jenner]], \\[\\[David Garrison]], Pearl Shear.", "Film references: ''\\[\\[The Big Sleep (1946 film)\\|The Big Sleep]]'', ''\\[\\[Death Race 2000]]''.\n \\|LineColor\\=0000FF\n}}\n\\|Viewers\\=9\\|country\\=U.S.}}", "### Season 3 (1984–85\\)", "{{Episode table\n\\|background\\=\\#00AE00\n\\|overall\\=5\n\\|season\\=5\n\\|title\\=19\n\\|writer\\=21\n\\|director\\=16\n\\|airdate\\=15\n\\|prodcode\\=7\n\\|episodes\\=\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=45\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=1\n \\|Title\\=Steele at It\n \\|DirectedBy\\=Don Weis\n \\|WrittenBy\\=\\[\\[Jeff Melvoin]]\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1984\\|9\\|25}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=4707\n \\|Viewers\\=14\\.80\n \\|ShortSummary\\=Laura is ready for romance as she goes on a vacation on the French Riviera accompanied by Remington Steele, but old friends needing his help in stealing a dagger distract Steele. GUEST STARS: \\[\\[André Maranne]], Jacques Maury, \\[\\[Mark Burns (actor)\\|Mark Burns]], Marianne Lawrence, \\[\\[Bob Sherman (actor)\\|Bob Sherman]], Claude le Saché.", "### Season 4 (1985–86\\)", "{{Episode table\n\\|background\\=\\#700070\n\\|overall\\=2\n\\|season\\=2\n\\|title\\=24\n\\|writer\\=21\n\\|director\\=16\n\\|airdate\\=15\n\\|prodcode\\=7\n\\|episodes\\=", "{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=1\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=67\n \\|Title\\=Steele Searching: Part 1\n \\|DirectedBy\\=\\[\\[Seymour Robbie]]\n \\|WrittenBy\\=Michael Gleason\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1985\\|9\\|24}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=5701\n \\|Viewers\\=18\\.00\n \\|ShortSummary\\=Laura races with Scotland Yard to locate Steele, who has become involved in murder while searching for a man with a clue to his past. Steele masquerades as an assassin hired by Daniel Chalmers to kill the Earl of Claridge. However, evidence indicates that the Earl is Steele's own father.", "Film references: ''\\[\\[Invasion of the Body Snatchers]]'', ''\\[\\[Smokey and the Bandit]]''.\n \\|LineColor\\=700070\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=2\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=68\n \\|Title\\=Steele Searching: Part 2\n \\|DirectedBy\\=Christopher Hibler\n \\|WrittenBy\\=Michael Gleason\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1985\\|10\\|1}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=5702\n \\|Viewers\\=17\\.60\n \\|ShortSummary\\=See Part 1, above.", "Film reference: ''\\[\\[The Day of the Jackal (film)\\|The Day of the Jackal]]''.\n \\|LineColor\\=700070\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=3\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=69\n \\|Title\\=Steele Blushing\n \\|DirectedBy\\=\\[\\[Alexander Singer]]\n \\|WrittenBy\\=\\[\\[John Wirth (television producer)\\|John Wirth]]\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1985\\|10\\|22}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=5704\n \\|Viewers\\=15\\.20\n \\|ShortSummary\\=Laura protects a photographer (\\[\\[Kenneth Mars]]) and his files from angry clients and the FBI even after her doctored photo appears in a porno magazine. Guest star: \\[\\[Nana Visitor]] (near the end of the episode)", "Film reference: ''\\[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0080868/ Hide in Plain Sight]''.\n \\|LineColor\\=700070\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=4\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=70\n \\|Title\\=Grappling Steele\n \\|DirectedBy\\=Don Weis\n \\|WrittenBy\\=Rick Mittleman\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1985\\|10\\|29}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=5709\n \\|Viewers\\=15\\.40\n \\|ShortSummary\\=Laura and Steele are hired to protect a professional wrestler who has been receiving death threats and having mysterious \"accidents.\"", "Film reference: ''\\[\\[A Bill of Divorcement (1932 film)\\|A Bill of Divorcement]]'' (1932\\).\n \\|LineColor\\=700070\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=5\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=71\n \\|Title\\=Forged Steele\n \\|DirectedBy\\=\\[\\[Harry Harris (director)\\|Harry Harris]]\n \\|WrittenBy\\=Rick Mittleman\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1985\\|11\\|12}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=5710\n \\|Viewers\\=15\\.10\n \\|ShortSummary\\=Steele awakens from a 36\\-hour blackout to find that he has apparently gambled away the agency.", "Film references: ''\\[\\[The Great Impostor]]'', ''\\[\\[North by Northwest]]'', ''\\[\\[36 Hours (1965 film)\\|36 Hours]]''.\n \\|LineColor\\=700070\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=6\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=72\n \\|Title\\=Corn Fed Steele\n \\|DirectedBy\\=Don Weis\n \\|WrittenBy\\=\\[\\[Pamela Norris]]\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1985\\|11\\|19}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=5712\n \\|Viewers\\=13\\.80\n \\|ShortSummary\\=Laura and Steele look into the disappearance of some prized breeding pigs from an experimental farm in Iowa.", "Film references: ''\\[\\[Easy Rider]]'', ''\\[\\[North by Northwest]]'', ''\\[\\[Witness (1985 film)\\|Witness]]''.\n \\|LineColor\\=700070\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=7\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=73\n \\|Title\\=Premium Steele\n \\|DirectedBy\\=\\[\\[Gabrielle Beaumont]]\n \\|WrittenBy\\=Gerald Sanoff\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1985\\|12\\|3}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=5711\n \\|Viewers\\=13\\.90\n \\|ShortSummary\\=Laura and Steele try to discover why phony obituaries are being printed about people like poor garlic farmer Lester Shane.", "Film references: ''\\[\\[D.O.A. (1950 film)\\|D.O.A.]]'', ''\\[\\[Gaslight (1944 film)\\|Gaslight]]'', ''\\[\\[Gone with the Wind (film)\\|Gone with the Wind]]'', ''\\[\\[The List of Adrian Messenger]]''.\n \\|LineColor\\=700070\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=8\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=74\n \\|Title\\=Coffee, Tea, or Steele\n \\|DirectedBy\\=Christopher Hibler\n \\|WrittenBy\\=\\[\\[Robin Bernheim]]\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1985\\|12\\|10}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=5714\n \\|Viewers\\=16\\.00\n \\|ShortSummary\\=Laura and Steele fly the unfriendly skies to learn why the body of a hired killer turned up on the \\[\\[baggage carousel]] of a luxury airline.\n \\|LineColor\\=700070\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=9\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=75\n \\|Title\\=Dancer, Prancer, Donner and Steele\n \\|DirectedBy\\=Christopher Hibler\n \\|WrittenBy\\=Michael Gleason \\& \\[\\[Elliott Lewis (actor)\\|Elliott Lewis]]\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1985\\|12\\|17}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=5708\n \\|Viewers\\=15\\.80\n \\|ShortSummary\\=The agency Christmas party is interrupted by three gun\\-wielding Santas who take everyone hostage and threaten to blow up the building.", "Film references: ''\\[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0038080/ The Shanghai Cobra]'', ''\\[\\[The Taking of Pelham One Two Three (1974 film)\\|The Taking of Pelham One Two Three]]''.\n \\|LineColor\\=700070\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=10\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=76\n \\|Title\\=Steele on the Air\n \\|DirectedBy\\=Christopher Hibler\n \\|WrittenBy\\=John J. Sakmar \\& Kerry Lenhart\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1986\\|1\\|7}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=5717\n \\|Viewers\\=14\\.40\n \\|ShortSummary\\=A traffic reporter dies while aloft in a helicopter and the two prime suspects are the disc jockeys, who were on the air at the time.", "Film references: ''\\[\\[Body Heat]]'', ''\\[\\[The Third Man]]''.\n \\|LineColor\\=700070\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=11\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=77\n \\|Title\\=Steele, Inc.\n \\|DirectedBy\\=Don Weis\n \\|WrittenBy\\=\\[\\[Brad Kern]]\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1986\\|1\\|14}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=5703\n \\|Viewers\\=13\\.90\n \\|ShortSummary\\=Mulch's latest brainstorm to franchise the agency gets an unfortunate investigator killed by an angry client.", "Film reference: ''\\[\\[The Maltese Falcon (1941 film)\\|The Maltese Falcon]]''.\n \\|LineColor\\=700070\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=12\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=78\n \\|Title\\=Steele Spawning\n \\|DirectedBy\\=\\[\\[Will Mackenzie]]\n \\|WrittenBy\\=John Wirth\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1986\\|1\\|28}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=5715\n \\|Viewers\\=15\\.60\n \\|ShortSummary\\=Laura and Steele are hired by the spoiled son of a caviar importer to find a missing shipment before daddy returns home.", "Film reference: ''\\[\\[The Macomber Affair]]''.\n \\|LineColor\\=700070\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=13\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=79\n \\|Title\\=Suburban Steele\n \\|DirectedBy\\=\\[\\[Stan Lathan]]\n \\|WrittenBy\\=Robin Bernheim\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1986\\|2\\|11}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=5716\n \\|Viewers\\=12\\.60\n \\|ShortSummary\\=Laura's sister finds a dead body on her kitchen floor and asks for help from a reluctant Laura and Steele.", "Film reference: ''\\[\\[Beverly Hills Cop]]''. ''\\[\\[The A\\-Team]]''.\n \\|LineColor\\=700070\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=14\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=80\n \\|Title\\=Santa Claus Is Coming to Steele\n \\|DirectedBy\\=Seymour Robbie\n \\|WrittenBy\\=Michael Gleason\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1986\\|2\\|18}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=5721\n \\|Viewers\\=15\\.60\n \\|ShortSummary\\=One of the phony Santas from the ill\\-fated Christmas party (in episode No. 75, \"Dancer, Prancer, Donner and Steele\") returns to persuade a witness not to testify against him.", "Film references: ''\\[\\[Dirty Harry]]'', ''\\[\\[Rear Window]]''.\n \\|LineColor\\=700070\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=15\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=81\n \\|Title\\=Steele Blue Yonder\n \\|DirectedBy\\=Don Weis\n \\|WrittenBy\\=Brad Kern\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1986\\|2\\|22}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=5718\n \\|Viewers\\=13\\.80\n \\|ShortSummary\\=A woman is afraid her father may need help but Laura and Steele learn he knows exactly what he's doing.", "Airport scene filmed at Indian Dunes Park, location used in numerous other films and TV shows. \nFilm reference: ''\\[\\[Going in Style]]''.\n \\|LineColor\\=700070\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=16\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=82\n \\|Title\\=Sensitive Steele\n \\|DirectedBy\\=Don Weis\n \\|WrittenBy\\=Rick Mittleman\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1986\\|3\\|1}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=5719\n \\|Viewers\\=14\\.00\n \\|ShortSummary\\=Laura and Steele go undercover at a self\\-improvement spa to find out why there have been a series of mysterious accidents.", "Film references: ''\\[\\[Save the Tiger]]'', ''\\[\\[Hamlet (1948 film)\\|Hamlet]]''.\n \\|LineColor\\=700070\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=17\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=83\n \\|Title\\=Steele in the Spotlight\n \\|DirectedBy\\=\\[\\[Burt Brinckerhoff]]\n \\|WrittenBy\\=John J. Sakmar \\& Kerry Lenhart\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1986\\|3\\|8}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=5705\n \\|Viewers\\=16\\.00\n \\|ShortSummary\\=The search for a singer from the 1950s has unexpected, deadly consequences.", "Film references: ''\\[\\[Out of the Past]]'', ''\\[\\[Sunset Boulevard (film)\\|Sunset Boulevard]]''.\n \\|LineColor\\=700070\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=18\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=84\n \\|Title\\=Steele at Your Service\n \\|DirectedBy\\=Rocky Lang\n \\|WrittenBy\\=Lee H. Grant\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1986\\|3\\|15}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=5723\n \\|Viewers\\=15\\.40\n \\|ShortSummary\\=The servants of the wealthy Wellingtons hire Laura and Steele to find out who killed the former butler, who had planned on publishing his memoirs.", "Film reference: ''\\[\\[Blowup]]''.\n \\|LineColor\\=700070\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=19\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=85\n \\|Title\\=Steele in the Running\n \\|DirectedBy\\=Gabrielle Beaumont\n \\|WrittenBy\\=Susan Woollen\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1986\\|3\\|22}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=5713\n \\|Viewers\\=14\\.10\n \\|ShortSummary\\=Laura is assaulted while running in a triathlon after a desperate woman switches numbers with her.\n \\|LineColor\\=700070\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=20\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=86\n \\|Title\\=Beg, Borrow, or Steele\n \\|DirectedBy\\=Kevin Inch\n \\|WrittenBy\\=Brad Kern\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1986\\|3\\|29}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=5722\n \\|Viewers\\=13\\.00\n \\|ShortSummary\\=Laura and Steele return from the East to find reports of their murder on the news and Mildred arrested for the crime.", "Film reference: ''\\[\\[Death Takes a Holiday]]''.\n \\|LineColor\\=700070\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=21\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=87\n \\|Title\\=Steele Alive and Kicking\n \\|DirectedBy\\=Stan Lathan\n \\|WrittenBy\\=John Wirth\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1986\\|5\\|3}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=5720\n \\|Viewers\\=14\\.70\n \\|ShortSummary\\=A man who framed himself so his wife could collect the reward learns he isn't terminally ill and wants Laura and Steele to clear him.", "Film reference: ''\\[\\[Convicted (1950 film)\\|Convicted]]''.\n \\|LineColor\\=700070\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=22\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=88\n \\|Title\\=Bonds of Steele\n \\|DirectedBy\\=Seymour Robbie\n \\|WrittenBy\\=\\[\\[Jeff Melvoin]]\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1986\\|5\\|10}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=5706\n \\|Viewers\\=15\\.10\n \\|ShortSummary\\=Laura has her hands full trying to discover why an accountant at a huge corporation was killed. However, Steele's desire to quickly wed a call girl (Nancy Everhard) so as to avoid being deported distracts Laura from her murder investigation. Steele eventually ends up marrying Laura herself.", "Film references: ''\\[\\[Bride of Frankenstein]]'', ''\\[\\[Casablanca (film)\\|Casablanca]]'', ''\\[\\[Death Takes a Holiday]]'', ''\\[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0073091/ The Happy Hooker]'', ''\\[\\[They Won't Believe Me]]''.\n \\|LineColor\\=700070\n}}\n\\|Viewers\\=9\\|country\\=U.S.}}", "### Season 5 (1987\\)", "{{Episode table\n\\|background\\=\\#FFA500\n\\|overall\\=2\n\\|season\\=2\n\\|title\\=24\n\\|writer\\=21\n\\|director\\=16\n\\|airdate\\=15\n\\|prodcode\\=7\n\\|episodes\\=\n{{Episode list\n \\|NumParts\\=2\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\_1\\=1\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\_2\\=2\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\_1\\=89\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\_2\\=90\n \\|Title\\=The Steele That Wouldn't Die\n \\|DirectedBy\\=Kevin Inch\n \\|WrittenBy\\=\\[\\[Brad Kern]]\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1987\\|1\\|5}}\n \\|ProdCode\\_1\\=6702\n \\|ProdCode\\_2\\=6708\n \\|Viewers\\=19\\.70\n \\|ShortSummary\\=Steele is arrested for the murder of Norman Keyes while he and Laura try to honeymoon in Mexico.", "Film reference: ''\\[\\[Romancing the Stone]]'', ''\\[\\[Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid]]'', ''\\[\\[And Then There Were None (1945 film)\\|And Then There Were None]]'', ''\\[\\[Beverly Hills Cop]]''.\n \\|LineColor\\=FFA500\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|NumParts\\=2\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\_1\\=3\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\_2\\=4\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\_1\\=91\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\_2\\=92\n \\|Title\\=Steele Hanging in There\n \\|DirectedBy\\=Christopher Hibler\n \\|WrittenBy\\=\\[\\[Robin Bernheim]]\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\_1\\={{Start date\\|1987\\|2\\|3}}\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\_2\\={{Start date\\|1987\\|2\\|10}}\n \\|ProdCode\\_1\\=6706\n \\|ProdCode\\_2\\=6707\n \\|Viewers\\_1\\=13\\.80\n \\|Viewers\\_2\\=11\\.50\n \\|ShortSummary\\=Their phony marriage faces a real test when a woman from Steele's past shows up, pretending to be married to him, and the archaeologist from Mexico returns, this time as an immigration officer. In London, Tony blackmails Steele into delivering a dangerous package, while Laura delves into Shannon's past.", "Film reference: ''\\[\\[Arsenic and Old Lace (film)\\|Arsenic and Old Lace]]''.\n \\|LineColor\\=FFA500\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|NumParts\\=2\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\_1\\=5\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\_2\\=6\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\_1\\=93\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\_2\\=94\n \\|Title\\=Steeled with a Kiss\n \\|DirectedBy\\=\\[\\[Seymour Robbie]]\n \\|WrittenBy\\=Robin Bernheim \\& Brad Kern\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1987\\|2\\|17}}\n \\|ProdCode\\_1\\=6709\n \\|ProdCode\\_2\\=6710\n \\|Viewers\\=15\\.50\n \\|ShortSummary\\=Laura and Steele visit the Irish castle he's inherited and decide to hide Tony there until he can prove he isn't a double agent. Daniel Chalmers must turn him over to the KGB as part of a scam he is running to help the daughter of an old friend. Daniel Chalmers does reveal himself as Steele's biological father. Remington and Laura do indeed get to settle their marriage.\n \\|LineColor\\=FFA500\n}}\n\\|Viewers\\=9\\|country\\=U.S.}}", "" ]
### Season 1 (1982–83\) {{Episode table \|background\=\#FF5F5F \|overall\=5 \|season\=5 \|title\=19 \|writer\=21 \|director\=16 \|airdate\=15 \|prodcode\=7 \|episodes\= {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber\=1 \|EpisodeNumber2\=1 \|Title\=License to Steele \|DirectedBy\=\[\[Robert Butler (director)\|Robert Butler]] \|WrittenBy\=Michael Gleason \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1982\|10\|1}} \|ProdCode\=2704 \|Viewers\= \|ShortSummary\=A client who hired Remington Steele Investigations to protect a shipment of rare jewels insisted that Steele himself oversee the operation. Pierce's shady character, who was hanging around looking for profitable opportunities, well\-knowingly steps into the role of Remington Steele against Laura Holt's wishes. The gems involved, the royal lavulite, had recently been discovered. This episode was shot after the original pilot, to offer details on the backstory. GUEST STARS: Joseph Hacker, \[\[Philip Casnoff]], Robert Darnell, John Francis Film reference: ''\[\[Tea and Sympathy (film)\|Tea and Sympathy]]'', ''\[\[North by Northwest]] (obliquely)'' \|LineColor\=FF5F5F }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber\=2 \|EpisodeNumber2\=2 \|Title\=Tempered Steele \|DirectedBy\=Robert Butler \|WrittenBy\=Michael Gleason \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1982\|10\|8}} \|ProdCode\=0903 \|Viewers\= \|ShortSummary\=Laura tackles a case of industrial espionage in a family\-owned business while Steele enlists an old pal to help him install a burglar alarm, but when the house is burglarized and Steele's friend murdered it becomes personal. GUEST STARS: Arlen Dean Snyder, David Hayward, \[\[Diana Douglas]], Brenda King, \[\[Curt Lowens]] Film references: ''\[\[Casablanca (film)\|Casablanca]]'', ''\[\[The Thin Man (film)\|The Thin Man]]''. Note: This was the pilot episode. \|LineColor\=FF5F5F }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber\=3 \|EpisodeNumber2\=3 \|Title\=Steele Waters Run Deep \|DirectedBy\=\[\[Jeff Bleckner]] \|WrittenBy\=\[\[Lee David Zlotoff]] {{efn\|\[\[Lee David Zlotoff]] is credited as Lee Zlotoff in seasons 1 and 2\.}} \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1982\|10\|22}} \|ProdCode\=2703 \|Viewers\= \|ShortSummary\=A video game genius disappears just before a merger, with five million dollars and the plans for his company's latest video game. GUEST STARS: \[\[Peter Scolari]], George Wallace, Betty Kennedy, \[\[Roxanne Hart]], \[\[Rae Allen]], \[\[Blake Clark]] Film reference: ''\[\[North by Northwest]]''. \|LineColor\=FF5F5F }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber\=4 \|EpisodeNumber2\=4 \|Title\=Signed, Steeled, \& Delivered \|DirectedBy\=Robert Butler \|WrittenBy\=\[\[Glenn Gordon Caron]] \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1982\|10\|29}} \|ProdCode\=2702 \|Viewers\= \|ShortSummary\=Laura and Steele spend the weekend trying to keep a CIA researcher alive and on time for his wedding. GUEST STARS: \[\[Thom Bray]], Philip Sterling, Alexandra Johnson, Christopher Lofton, Buddy Powell Film references: ''\[\[The In\-Laws (1979 film)\|The In\-Laws]] (obliquely)'' \|LineColor\=FF5F5F }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber\=5 \|EpisodeNumber2\=5 \|Title\=Thou Shalt Not Steele \|DirectedBy\=\[\[Leo Penn]] \|WrittenBy\=Lee David Zlotoff \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1982\|11\|5}} \|ProdCode\=2706 \|Viewers\= \|ShortSummary\=A woman from Steele's past asks him to help her steal a valuable painting that Laura has already agreed to protect (and that he had stolen once already), while Laura also has to deal with her visiting mother. GUEST STARS: \[\[Beverly Garland]], \[\[Cassandra Harris]], \[\[James Blendick]], Peter MacLean, Kurt Christian, Benjamin Slack, Ben Mittleman Film references: ''\[\[The Maltese Falcon (1941 film)\|The Maltese Falcon]] (obliquely)'' \|LineColor\=FF5F5F }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber\=6 \|EpisodeNumber2\=6 \|Title\=Steele Belted \|DirectedBy\=Robert Butler \|WrittenBy\=Michael Gleason \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1982\|11\|12}} \|ProdCode\=2701 \|Viewers\= \|ShortSummary\=A loser asks the agency to help him, but his alibi witness is found dead in Steele's apartment and his lawyer seems more interested in Laura than in the case, which for once forces Steele and Murphy to work together. GUEST STARS: Andrew Bloch, \[\[Barry Van Dyke]], Raymond Singer, \[\[Ilene Graff]], Lora Staley, Ernest Emling Film reference: ''\[\[D.O.A. (1950 film)\|D.O.A.]]''. \|LineColor\=FF5F5F }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber\=7 \|EpisodeNumber2\=7 \|Title\=Etched in Steele \|DirectedBy\=\[\[Stan Lathan]] \|WrittenBy\=Glenn Gordon Caron \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1982\|11\|19}} \|ProdCode\=2707 \|Viewers\= \|ShortSummary\=A popular author's steamy books mirror her own life, including the murder of her husband. GUEST STARS: Shannon Wilcox, \[\[George Morfogen]], \[\[Richard Cox (actor)\|Richard Cox]], Joel Colodner, \[\[Lyman Ward (actor)\|Lyman Ward]] Film reference: ''\[\[The Shining (film)\|The Shining]]''. \|LineColor\=FF5F5F }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber\=8 \|EpisodeNumber2\=8 \|Title\=Your Steele the One for Me \|DirectedBy\=\[\[Thomas Carter (film director)\|Thomas Carter]] \|WrittenBy\=Lee David Zlotoff \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1982\|11\|26}} \|ProdCode\=2709 \|Viewers\= \|ShortSummary\=While trying to solve a murder case, Laura and Steele clash with the Yakuza. GUEST STARS: \[\[Keye Luke]], \[\[Marc Hayashi]], \[\[Sab Shimono]], \[\[Reid Shelton]], \[\[Emily Kuroda]], Richard Stanley, \[\[Stephen Lee (actor)\|Stephen Lee]]. Film references: ''\[\[Enter the Dragon]]'', ''\[\[The Yakuza]]'', ''\[\[The Third Man]]'', ''\[\[Charade (1963 film)\|Charade]]''. \|LineColor\=FF5F5F }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber\=9 \|EpisodeNumber2\=9 \|Title\=In the Steele of the Night \|DirectedBy\=\[\[Burt Brinckerhoff]] \|WrittenBy\=Joel Steiger \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1982\|12\|3}} \|ProdCode\=2708 \|Viewers\= \|ShortSummary\=Laura's former boss is murdered during a reunion of her former colleagues. GUEST STARS: \[\[Carlene Watkins]], \[\[Philip Charles Mackenzie]], Arthur Rosenberg, Jeff Pomerantz Film reference: ''\[\[Witness for the Prosecution (1957 film)\|Witness for the Prosecution]]'' \|LineColor\=FF5F5F }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber\=10 \|EpisodeNumber2\=10 \|Title\=Steele Trap \|DirectedBy\=\[\[Sidney Hayers]] \|WrittenBy\=Michael Gleason \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1982\|12\|10}} \|ProdCode\=2710 \|Viewers\= \|ShortSummary\=To find out why a client committed suicide, Laura and Steele go undercover to an island party, where people are being murdered one by one. GUEST STARS: Lynne Randall, \[\[Paul Hecht]], \[\[Bruce Kirby (actor)\|Bruce Kirby]], \[\[Brandis Kemp]], Diane Stilwell. Film references: ''\[\[Citizen Kane]]'', ''\[\[One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (film)\|One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest]]'', ''\[\[And Then There Were None (1945 film)\|And Then There Were None]]'', ''\[\[The Philadelphia Story (film)\|The Philadelphia Story]]''. \|LineColor\=FF5F5F }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber\=11 \|EpisodeNumber2\=11 \|Title\=Steeling the Show \|DirectedBy\=\[\[Seymour Robbie]] \|WrittenBy\=\[\[Peter Lefcourt]] \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1983\|1\|7}} \|ProdCode\=2713 \|Viewers\= \|ShortSummary\=An aging B\-movie actress believes that someone is trying to kill her, and only Steele believes her. GUEST STARS: \[\[Bibi Osterwald]], \[\[Frances Lee McCain]], \[\[Peter Jurasik]]. Film reference: ''\[\[Psycho (1960 film)\|Psycho]]''. \|LineColor\=FF5F5F }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber\=12 \|EpisodeNumber2\=12 \|Title\=Steele Flying High \|DirectedBy\=Nick Havinga \|WrittenBy\=Richard Collins \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1983\|1\|14}} \|ProdCode\=2711 \|Viewers\= \|ShortSummary\=Steele gets involved with the murder of a naturalist when he serves on a committee to save the bald eagle. GUEST STARS: Francine Lembi, Michael Goodwin, Michael McGuire. Film references: ''\[\[The Big Sleep (1946 film)\|The Big Sleep]]'', ''\[\[Chinatown (1974 film)\|Chinatown]]'', ''\[\[The Maltese Falcon (1941 film)\|The Maltese Falcon]]'', ''\[\[Murder Most Foul (film)\|Murder Most Foul]]''. \|LineColor\=FF5F5F }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber\=13 \|EpisodeNumber2\=13 \|Title\=A Good Night's Steele \|DirectedBy\=Seymour Robbie \|WrittenBy\=R.J. Stewart \& Lee David Zlotoff \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1983\|1\|21}} \|ProdCode\=2712 \|Viewers\= \|ShortSummary\=Steele poses as an insomniac in order to find a murderer in a sleep disorder clinic. \[\[Paul Reiser]] guest stars. Film references: ''\[\[The Big Sleep (1946 film)\|The Big Sleep]]'', ''\[\[Coma (1978 film)\|Coma]]''. \|LineColor\=FF5F5F }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber\=14 \|EpisodeNumber2\=14 \|Title\=Hearts of Steele \|DirectedBy\=Robert Butler \|WrittenBy\={{StoryTeleplay\|t\=Glenn Gordon Caron\|s\=Charles Rosin}} \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1983\|1\|28}} \|ProdCode\=2705 \|Viewers\= \|ShortSummary\=The detectives pose as a bickering couple while investigating attempts on a divorce attorney's life. GUEST STARS: Mark Hutter, \[\[Susan Kellermann]], \[\[Linda Carlson]], \[\[Caren Kaye]], Alexandra Borrie, Mary Joan Negro. Film references: ''\[\[Casablanca (film)\|Casablanca]]'', ''\[\[Murder on the Orient Express (1974 film)\|Murder on the Orient Express]]'', ''\[\[Notorious (1946 film)\|Notorious]]''. \|LineColor\=FF5F5F }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber\=15 \|EpisodeNumber2\=15 \|Title\=To Stop a Steele \|DirectedBy\=Sidney Hayers \|WrittenBy\=Glenn Gordon Caron \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1983\|2\|11}} \|ProdCode\=2721 \|Viewers\=12\.00 \|ShortSummary\=Laura and Steele wind up working for opposite sides of a jewelry theft when the frightened thief looks for help when someone else beats him to the jewel. GUEST STARS: \[\[Cliff Norton]], \[\[Michael C. Gwynne]]. Film references: ''\[\[The Thomas Crown Affair (1968 film)\|The Thomas Crown Affair]]'', ''\[\[To Catch a Thief (film)\|To Catch a Thief]]''. \|LineColor\=FF5F5F }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber\=16 \|EpisodeNumber2\=16 \|Title\=Steele Crazy After All These Years \|DirectedBy\=\[\[Don Weis]] \|WrittenBy\={{StoryTeleplay\|t\=R.J. Stewart \& Andrew Laskos\|s\=Peggy Goldman and R.J. Stewart \& Andrew Laskos}} \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1983\|2\|18}} \|ProdCode\=2715 \|Viewers\=15\.10 \|ShortSummary\=Murphy's college homecoming is marred by a murder that awakens memories of a bombing on campus ten years before. GUEST STARS: \[\[Annie Potts]], \[\[Todd Susman]], \[\[Allyce Beasley]], \[\[Tony Plana]], \[\[Sharon Stone]].{{efn\|\[\[Sharon Stone]]'s name appears in the closing credits as a guest star.}} Film references: ''\[\[The Third Man]]'', ''\[\[The Uninvited (1944 film)\|The Uninvited]]'' \|LineColor\=FF5F5F }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber\=17 \|EpisodeNumber2\=17 \|Title\=Steele Among the Living \|DirectedBy\=Nick Havinga \|WrittenBy\=Andrew Laskos \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1983\|2\|25}} \|ProdCode\=2718 \|Viewers\= \|ShortSummary\=Laura searches for a vanished artist whose works have suddenly appreciated in value, for both her husband and the owner of an art gallery. STARS: \[\[Phil Rubenstein]], Marilyn Jones, \[\[Reid Smith]]. Film references: ''\[\[It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World]]'' and ''\[\[Laura (1944 film)\|Laura]]''. \|LineColor\=FF5F5F }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber\=18 \|EpisodeNumber2\=18 \|Title\=Steele in the News \|DirectedBy\=Burt Brinckerhoff \|WrittenBy\={{StoryTeleplay\|t\=Michael Gleason and Fred Lyle \& Duncan Smith\|s\=Fred Lyle \& Duncan Smith}} \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1983\|3\|4}} \|ProdCode\=2717 \|Viewers\=15\.10 \|ShortSummary\=The detectives try to solve a case of sabotage and murder on the set of a television news program. GUEST STARS: \[\[J. D. Cannon]], \[\[John Reilly (actor, born 1934\)\|John Reilly]], \[\[Maggie Roswell]], Ron Frazier, \[\[Jenny O'Hara]], \[\[Tracy Scoggins]], \[\[Macon McCalman]]. Film references: ''\[\[Foreign Correspondent (film)\|Foreign Correspondent]]'', ''\[\[Peyton Place (film)\|Peyton Place]]'', ''\[\[Network (1976 film)\|Network]]''. \|LineColor\=FF5F5F }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber\=19 \|EpisodeNumber2\=19 \|Title\=Vintage Steele \|DirectedBy\=Larry Elikann \|WrittenBy\=Susan Baskin \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1983\|3\|15}} \|ProdCode\=2716 \|Viewers\=16\.00 \|ShortSummary\=Laura's former flame asks her help when he discovers a corpse in the trunk of his car, a corpse that keeps returning as they check out a winery he's involved with. The corpse is the Abbot of St. Costello's Monastery! Film references: ''\[\[The Trouble with Harry]]'', ''\[\[Rasputin and the Empress]]'', and \[\[Abbott and Costello\|Bud Abbott and Lou Costello]]. \|LineColor\=FF5F5F }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber\=20 \|EpisodeNumber2\=20 \|Title\=Steele's Gold \|DirectedBy\=Burt Brinckerhoff \|WrittenBy\=R.J. Stewart \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1983\|3\|22}} \|ProdCode\=2723 \|Viewers\=15\.10 \|ShortSummary\=A prospector's journal stolen during a party leads Laura and Steele on a wild gold hunt through the desert. Film references: ''\[\[Metropolis (1927 film)\|Metropolis]]'', ''\[\[The Treasure of the Sierra Madre (film)\|The Treasure of the Sierra Madre]]''. \|LineColor\=FF5F5F }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber\=21 \|EpisodeNumber2\=21 \|Title\=Sting of Steele \|DirectedBy\=Seymour Robbie \|WrittenBy\=\[\[Gary Kott]] \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1983\|4\|5}} \|ProdCode\=2722 \|Viewers\= \|ShortSummary\=Daniel Chalmers, Steele's mentor back in the days when Steele was a rogue, comes to California to ask for Steele's help in dealing with a vindictive crook and winds up romancing Laura's mother. GUEST STARS: \[\[Beverly Garland]], \[\[John Orchard]], \[\[Efrem Zimbalist Jr.]] '''NOTE:''' This episode reveals the name in which Remington Steele was previously known by, Harry Chalmers. His true name is never revealed in the series. Film references: ''\[\[The Sting]]'', ''\[\[Thirty Seconds Over Tokyo]]''. \|LineColor\=FF5F5F }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber\=22 \|EpisodeNumber2\=22 \|Title\=Steele in Circulation \|DirectedBy\=Don Weis \|WrittenBy\=Lee David Zlotoff \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1983\|4\|12}} \|ProdCode\=2724 \|Viewers\=15\.20 \|ShortSummary\=After preventing a man from committing suicide, Steele tries to find out who had tricked the man into stealing over two million dollars. GUEST STARS: John Doolittle, \[\[Gina Gallego]], Richard Kuss, \[\[Patsy Pease]]. Film references: ''\[\[Anna Karenina (1935 film)\|Anna Karenina]]'', ''\[\[Gaslight (1944 film)\|Gaslight]]'', ''\[\[The Music Lovers]]'', ''\[\[Pennies from Heaven (1936 film)\|Pennies from Heaven]]'', ''\[\[A Star Is Born (1954 film)\|A Star Is Born]]''. \|LineColor\=FF5F5F }} \|viewers\=9\|country\=U.S.}}
[ "### Season 1 (1982–83\\)", "{{Episode table\n\\|background\\=\\#FF5F5F\n\\|overall\\=5\n\\|season\\=5\n\\|title\\=19\n\\|writer\\=21\n\\|director\\=16\n\\|airdate\\=15\n\\|prodcode\\=7\n\\|episodes\\=\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=1\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=1\n \\|Title\\=License to Steele\n \\|DirectedBy\\=\\[\\[Robert Butler (director)\\|Robert Butler]]\n \\|WrittenBy\\=Michael Gleason\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1982\\|10\\|1}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=2704\n \\|Viewers\\=\n \\|ShortSummary\\=A client who hired Remington Steele Investigations to protect a shipment of rare jewels insisted that Steele himself oversee the operation. Pierce's shady character, who was hanging around looking for profitable opportunities, well\\-knowingly steps into the role of Remington Steele against Laura Holt's wishes. The gems involved, the royal lavulite, had recently been discovered. This episode was shot after the original pilot, to offer details on the backstory. GUEST STARS: Joseph Hacker, \\[\\[Philip Casnoff]], Robert Darnell, John Francis", "Film reference: ''\\[\\[Tea and Sympathy (film)\\|Tea and Sympathy]]'', ''\\[\\[North by Northwest]] (obliquely)''\n \\|LineColor\\=FF5F5F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=2\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=2\n \\|Title\\=Tempered Steele\n \\|DirectedBy\\=Robert Butler\n \\|WrittenBy\\=Michael Gleason\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1982\\|10\\|8}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=0903\n \\|Viewers\\=\n \\|ShortSummary\\=Laura tackles a case of industrial espionage in a family\\-owned business while Steele enlists an old pal to help him install a burglar alarm, but when the house is burglarized and Steele's friend murdered it becomes personal. GUEST STARS: Arlen Dean Snyder, David Hayward, \\[\\[Diana Douglas]], Brenda King, \\[\\[Curt Lowens]]", "Film references: ''\\[\\[Casablanca (film)\\|Casablanca]]'', ''\\[\\[The Thin Man (film)\\|The Thin Man]]''.\nNote: This was the pilot episode.\n \\|LineColor\\=FF5F5F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=3\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=3 \n \\|Title\\=Steele Waters Run Deep\n \\|DirectedBy\\=\\[\\[Jeff Bleckner]]\n \\|WrittenBy\\=\\[\\[Lee David Zlotoff]] {{efn\\|\\[\\[Lee David Zlotoff]] is credited as Lee Zlotoff in seasons 1 and 2\\.}}\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1982\\|10\\|22}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=2703\n \\|Viewers\\=\n \\|ShortSummary\\=A video game genius disappears just before a merger, with five million dollars and the plans for his company's latest video game. GUEST STARS: \\[\\[Peter Scolari]], George Wallace, Betty Kennedy, \\[\\[Roxanne Hart]], \\[\\[Rae Allen]], \\[\\[Blake Clark]]", "Film reference: ''\\[\\[North by Northwest]]''.\n \\|LineColor\\=FF5F5F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=4\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=4\n \\|Title\\=Signed, Steeled, \\& Delivered\n \\|DirectedBy\\=Robert Butler\n \\|WrittenBy\\=\\[\\[Glenn Gordon Caron]]\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1982\\|10\\|29}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=2702\n \\|Viewers\\=\n \\|ShortSummary\\=Laura and Steele spend the weekend trying to keep a CIA researcher alive and on time for his wedding. GUEST STARS: \\[\\[Thom Bray]], Philip Sterling, Alexandra Johnson, Christopher Lofton, Buddy Powell\nFilm references: ''\\[\\[The In\\-Laws (1979 film)\\|The In\\-Laws]] (obliquely)''\n \\|LineColor\\=FF5F5F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=5\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=5\n \\|Title\\=Thou Shalt Not Steele\n \\|DirectedBy\\=\\[\\[Leo Penn]]\n \\|WrittenBy\\=Lee David Zlotoff\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1982\\|11\\|5}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=2706\n \\|Viewers\\=\n \\|ShortSummary\\=A woman from Steele's past asks him to help her steal a valuable painting that Laura has already agreed to protect (and that he had stolen once already), while Laura also has to deal with her visiting mother. GUEST STARS: \\[\\[Beverly Garland]], \\[\\[Cassandra Harris]], \\[\\[James Blendick]], Peter MacLean, Kurt Christian, Benjamin Slack, Ben Mittleman\nFilm references: ''\\[\\[The Maltese Falcon (1941 film)\\|The Maltese Falcon]] (obliquely)''\n \\|LineColor\\=FF5F5F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=6\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=6\n \\|Title\\=Steele Belted\n \\|DirectedBy\\=Robert Butler\n \\|WrittenBy\\=Michael Gleason\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1982\\|11\\|12}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=2701\n \\|Viewers\\=\n \\|ShortSummary\\=A loser asks the agency to help him, but his alibi witness is found dead in Steele's apartment and his lawyer seems more interested in Laura than in the case, which for once forces Steele and Murphy to work together. GUEST STARS: Andrew Bloch, \\[\\[Barry Van Dyke]], Raymond Singer, \\[\\[Ilene Graff]], Lora Staley, Ernest Emling", "Film reference: ''\\[\\[D.O.A. (1950 film)\\|D.O.A.]]''.\n \\|LineColor\\=FF5F5F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=7\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=7\n \\|Title\\=Etched in Steele\n \\|DirectedBy\\=\\[\\[Stan Lathan]]\n \\|WrittenBy\\=Glenn Gordon Caron\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1982\\|11\\|19}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=2707\n \\|Viewers\\=\n \\|ShortSummary\\=A popular author's steamy books mirror her own life, including the murder of her husband. GUEST STARS: Shannon Wilcox, \\[\\[George Morfogen]], \\[\\[Richard Cox (actor)\\|Richard Cox]], Joel Colodner, \\[\\[Lyman Ward (actor)\\|Lyman Ward]]", "Film reference: ''\\[\\[The Shining (film)\\|The Shining]]''. \n \\|LineColor\\=FF5F5F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=8\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=8\n \\|Title\\=Your Steele the One for Me\n \\|DirectedBy\\=\\[\\[Thomas Carter (film director)\\|Thomas Carter]]\n \\|WrittenBy\\=Lee David Zlotoff\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1982\\|11\\|26}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=2709\n \\|Viewers\\=\n \\|ShortSummary\\=While trying to solve a murder case, Laura and Steele clash with the Yakuza. GUEST STARS: \\[\\[Keye Luke]], \\[\\[Marc Hayashi]], \\[\\[Sab Shimono]], \\[\\[Reid Shelton]], \\[\\[Emily Kuroda]], Richard Stanley, \\[\\[Stephen Lee (actor)\\|Stephen Lee]].", "Film references: ''\\[\\[Enter the Dragon]]'', ''\\[\\[The Yakuza]]'', ''\\[\\[The Third Man]]'', ''\\[\\[Charade (1963 film)\\|Charade]]''.\n \\|LineColor\\=FF5F5F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=9\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=9\n \\|Title\\=In the Steele of the Night\n \\|DirectedBy\\=\\[\\[Burt Brinckerhoff]]\n \\|WrittenBy\\=Joel Steiger\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1982\\|12\\|3}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=2708\n \\|Viewers\\=\n \\|ShortSummary\\=Laura's former boss is murdered during a reunion of her former colleagues. GUEST STARS: \\[\\[Carlene Watkins]], \\[\\[Philip Charles Mackenzie]], Arthur Rosenberg, Jeff Pomerantz", "Film reference: ''\\[\\[Witness for the Prosecution (1957 film)\\|Witness for the Prosecution]]''\n \\|LineColor\\=FF5F5F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=10\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=10\n \\|Title\\=Steele Trap\n \\|DirectedBy\\=\\[\\[Sidney Hayers]]\n \\|WrittenBy\\=Michael Gleason\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1982\\|12\\|10}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=2710\n \\|Viewers\\=\n \\|ShortSummary\\=To find out why a client committed suicide, Laura and Steele go undercover to an island party, where people are being murdered one by one. GUEST STARS: Lynne Randall, \\[\\[Paul Hecht]], \\[\\[Bruce Kirby (actor)\\|Bruce Kirby]], \\[\\[Brandis Kemp]], Diane Stilwell.", "Film references: ''\\[\\[Citizen Kane]]'', ''\\[\\[One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (film)\\|One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest]]'', ''\\[\\[And Then There Were None (1945 film)\\|And Then There Were None]]'', ''\\[\\[The Philadelphia Story (film)\\|The Philadelphia Story]]''.\n \\|LineColor\\=FF5F5F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=11\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=11\n \\|Title\\=Steeling the Show\n \\|DirectedBy\\=\\[\\[Seymour Robbie]]\n \\|WrittenBy\\=\\[\\[Peter Lefcourt]]\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1983\\|1\\|7}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=2713\n \\|Viewers\\=\n \\|ShortSummary\\=An aging B\\-movie actress believes that someone is trying to kill her, and only Steele believes her. GUEST STARS: \\[\\[Bibi Osterwald]], \\[\\[Frances Lee McCain]], \\[\\[Peter Jurasik]].", "Film reference: ''\\[\\[Psycho (1960 film)\\|Psycho]]''.\n \\|LineColor\\=FF5F5F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=12\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=12\n \\|Title\\=Steele Flying High\n \\|DirectedBy\\=Nick Havinga\n \\|WrittenBy\\=Richard Collins\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1983\\|1\\|14}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=2711\n \\|Viewers\\=\n \\|ShortSummary\\=Steele gets involved with the murder of a naturalist when he serves on a committee to save the bald eagle. GUEST STARS: Francine Lembi, Michael Goodwin, Michael McGuire.", "Film references: ''\\[\\[The Big Sleep (1946 film)\\|The Big Sleep]]'', ''\\[\\[Chinatown (1974 film)\\|Chinatown]]'', ''\\[\\[The Maltese Falcon (1941 film)\\|The Maltese Falcon]]'', ''\\[\\[Murder Most Foul (film)\\|Murder Most Foul]]''.\n \\|LineColor\\=FF5F5F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=13\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=13\n \\|Title\\=A Good Night's Steele\n \\|DirectedBy\\=Seymour Robbie\n \\|WrittenBy\\=R.J. Stewart \\& Lee David Zlotoff\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1983\\|1\\|21}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=2712\n \\|Viewers\\=\n \\|ShortSummary\\=Steele poses as an insomniac in order to find a murderer in a sleep disorder clinic. \\[\\[Paul Reiser]] guest stars.", "Film references: ''\\[\\[The Big Sleep (1946 film)\\|The Big Sleep]]'', ''\\[\\[Coma (1978 film)\\|Coma]]''.\n \\|LineColor\\=FF5F5F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=14\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=14\n \\|Title\\=Hearts of Steele\n \\|DirectedBy\\=Robert Butler\n \\|WrittenBy\\={{StoryTeleplay\\|t\\=Glenn Gordon Caron\\|s\\=Charles Rosin}}\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1983\\|1\\|28}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=2705\n \\|Viewers\\=\n \\|ShortSummary\\=The detectives pose as a bickering couple while investigating attempts on a divorce attorney's life. GUEST STARS: Mark Hutter, \\[\\[Susan Kellermann]], \\[\\[Linda Carlson]], \\[\\[Caren Kaye]], Alexandra Borrie, Mary Joan Negro.", "Film references: ''\\[\\[Casablanca (film)\\|Casablanca]]'', ''\\[\\[Murder on the Orient Express (1974 film)\\|Murder on the Orient Express]]'', ''\\[\\[Notorious (1946 film)\\|Notorious]]''.\n \\|LineColor\\=FF5F5F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=15\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=15 \n \\|Title\\=To Stop a Steele\n \\|DirectedBy\\=Sidney Hayers\n \\|WrittenBy\\=Glenn Gordon Caron\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1983\\|2\\|11}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=2721\n \\|Viewers\\=12\\.00\n \\|ShortSummary\\=Laura and Steele wind up working for opposite sides of a jewelry theft when the frightened thief looks for help when someone else beats him to the jewel. GUEST STARS: \\[\\[Cliff Norton]], \\[\\[Michael C. Gwynne]].", "Film references: ''\\[\\[The Thomas Crown Affair (1968 film)\\|The Thomas Crown Affair]]'', ''\\[\\[To Catch a Thief (film)\\|To Catch a Thief]]''.\n \\|LineColor\\=FF5F5F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=16\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=16\n \\|Title\\=Steele Crazy After All These Years\n \\|DirectedBy\\=\\[\\[Don Weis]]\n \\|WrittenBy\\={{StoryTeleplay\\|t\\=R.J. Stewart \\& Andrew Laskos\\|s\\=Peggy Goldman and R.J. Stewart \\& Andrew Laskos}}\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1983\\|2\\|18}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=2715\n \\|Viewers\\=15\\.10\n \\|ShortSummary\\=Murphy's college homecoming is marred by a murder that awakens memories of a bombing on campus ten years before. GUEST STARS: \\[\\[Annie Potts]], \\[\\[Todd Susman]], \\[\\[Allyce Beasley]], \\[\\[Tony Plana]], \\[\\[Sharon Stone]].{{efn\\|\\[\\[Sharon Stone]]'s name appears in the closing credits as a guest star.}}", "Film references: ''\\[\\[The Third Man]]'', ''\\[\\[The Uninvited (1944 film)\\|The Uninvited]]''\n \\|LineColor\\=FF5F5F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=17\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=17 \n \\|Title\\=Steele Among the Living\n \\|DirectedBy\\=Nick Havinga\n \\|WrittenBy\\=Andrew Laskos\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1983\\|2\\|25}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=2718\n \\|Viewers\\=\n \\|ShortSummary\\=Laura searches for a vanished artist whose works have suddenly appreciated in value, for both her husband and the owner of an art gallery. STARS: \\[\\[Phil Rubenstein]], Marilyn Jones, \\[\\[Reid Smith]].", "Film references: ''\\[\\[It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World]]'' and ''\\[\\[Laura (1944 film)\\|Laura]]''.\n \\|LineColor\\=FF5F5F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=18\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=18 \n \\|Title\\=Steele in the News\n \\|DirectedBy\\=Burt Brinckerhoff\n \\|WrittenBy\\={{StoryTeleplay\\|t\\=Michael Gleason and Fred Lyle \\& Duncan Smith\\|s\\=Fred Lyle \\& Duncan Smith}}\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1983\\|3\\|4}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=2717\n \\|Viewers\\=15\\.10\n \\|ShortSummary\\=The detectives try to solve a case of sabotage and murder on the set of a television news program. GUEST STARS: \\[\\[J. D. Cannon]], \\[\\[John Reilly (actor, born 1934\\)\\|John Reilly]], \\[\\[Maggie Roswell]], Ron Frazier, \\[\\[Jenny O'Hara]], \\[\\[Tracy Scoggins]], \\[\\[Macon McCalman]].", "Film references: ''\\[\\[Foreign Correspondent (film)\\|Foreign Correspondent]]'', ''\\[\\[Peyton Place (film)\\|Peyton Place]]'', ''\\[\\[Network (1976 film)\\|Network]]''.\n \\|LineColor\\=FF5F5F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=19\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=19 \n \\|Title\\=Vintage Steele\n \\|DirectedBy\\=Larry Elikann\n \\|WrittenBy\\=Susan Baskin\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1983\\|3\\|15}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=2716\n \\|Viewers\\=16\\.00\n \\|ShortSummary\\=Laura's former flame asks her help when he discovers a corpse in the trunk of his car, a corpse that keeps returning as they check out a winery he's involved with. \n The corpse is the Abbot of St. Costello's Monastery!\nFilm references: ''\\[\\[The Trouble with Harry]]'', ''\\[\\[Rasputin and the Empress]]'', and \\[\\[Abbott and Costello\\|Bud Abbott and Lou Costello]].\n \\|LineColor\\=FF5F5F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=20\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=20 \n \\|Title\\=Steele's Gold\n \\|DirectedBy\\=Burt Brinckerhoff\n \\|WrittenBy\\=R.J. Stewart\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1983\\|3\\|22}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=2723\n \\|Viewers\\=15\\.10\n \\|ShortSummary\\=A prospector's journal stolen during a party leads Laura and Steele on a wild gold hunt through the desert.", "Film references: ''\\[\\[Metropolis (1927 film)\\|Metropolis]]'', ''\\[\\[The Treasure of the Sierra Madre (film)\\|The Treasure of the Sierra Madre]]''.\n \\|LineColor\\=FF5F5F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=21\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=21 \n \\|Title\\=Sting of Steele\n \\|DirectedBy\\=Seymour Robbie\n \\|WrittenBy\\=\\[\\[Gary Kott]]\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1983\\|4\\|5}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=2722\n \\|Viewers\\=\n \\|ShortSummary\\=Daniel Chalmers, Steele's mentor back in the days when Steele was a rogue, comes to California to ask for Steele's help in dealing with a vindictive crook and winds up romancing Laura's mother. GUEST STARS: \\[\\[Beverly Garland]], \\[\\[John Orchard]], \\[\\[Efrem Zimbalist Jr.]]", "'''NOTE:''' This episode reveals the name in which Remington Steele was previously known by, Harry Chalmers. His true name is never revealed in the series. \nFilm references: ''\\[\\[The Sting]]'', ''\\[\\[Thirty Seconds Over Tokyo]]''.\n \\|LineColor\\=FF5F5F\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=22\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=22\n \\|Title\\=Steele in Circulation\n \\|DirectedBy\\=Don Weis\n \\|WrittenBy\\=Lee David Zlotoff\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1983\\|4\\|12}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=2724\n \\|Viewers\\=15\\.20\n \\|ShortSummary\\=After preventing a man from committing suicide, Steele tries to find out who had tricked the man into stealing over two million dollars. GUEST STARS: John Doolittle, \\[\\[Gina Gallego]], Richard Kuss, \\[\\[Patsy Pease]].", "Film references: ''\\[\\[Anna Karenina (1935 film)\\|Anna Karenina]]'', ''\\[\\[Gaslight (1944 film)\\|Gaslight]]'', ''\\[\\[The Music Lovers]]'', ''\\[\\[Pennies from Heaven (1936 film)\\|Pennies from Heaven]]'', ''\\[\\[A Star Is Born (1954 film)\\|A Star Is Born]]''.\n \\|LineColor\\=FF5F5F\n}}\n\\|viewers\\=9\\|country\\=U.S.}}", "" ]
### Season 2 (1983–84\) {{Episode table \|background\=\#0000FF \|overall\=5 \|season\=5 \|title\=19 \|writer\=21 \|director\=16 \|airdate\=15 \|prodcode\=7 \|episodes\= {{Episode list \|NumParts\= 2 \|EpisodeNumber\_1\=23 \|EpisodeNumber\_2\=24 \|EpisodeNumber2\_1\=1 \|EpisodeNumber2\_2\=2 \|Title\=Steele Away with Me \|DirectedBy\=Seymour Robbie \|WrittenBy\=Michael Gleason \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1983\|9\|20}} \|ProdCode\=3709 \|Viewers\=20\.00 \|ShortSummary\=In this two\-part episode, Steele and Laura go after diamond smugglers in \[\[Acapulco]]. Associate detective Murphy Michaels and secretary Bernice Fox have left the agency, while Mildred Krebs (\[\[Doris Roberts]]), an \[\[IRS\|IRS agent]] hot on Steele's tail, ends up teaming with Laura and Steele. GUEST STARS: \[\[Vincent Baggetta]], \[\[Ray Girardin]], \[\[Jack Blessing]], \[\[Pedro Armendáriz Jr.]], \[\[David Warner (actor)\|David Warner]]. Film references: ''\[\[Bride of Frankenstein]]'', ''\[\[The Maltese Falcon (1941 film)\|The Maltese Falcon]]'', ''\[\[Casablanca (film)\|Casablanca]]'', ''\[\[Key Largo (film)\|Key Largo]]'', ''\[\[Notorious (1946 film)\|Notorious]]''. \|LineColor\=0000FF }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber\=25 \|EpisodeNumber2\=3 \|Title\=Red Holt Steele \|DirectedBy\=\[\[Kevin Connor (director)\|Kevin Conner]] \|WrittenBy\=Lee David Zlotoff \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1983\|9\|27}} \|ProdCode\=3710 \|Viewers\=18\.80 \|ShortSummary\=Holt and Steele are hired by a woman who thinks someone is trying to destroy her late husband's aircraft company. GUEST STARS: \[\[Barbara Cason]], \[\[Joel Polis]], \[\[Audrie J. Neenan]], \[\[Lewis Arquette]]. Film reference: ''\[\[It Happened One Night]]''. \|LineColor\=0000FF }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber\=26 \|EpisodeNumber2\=4 \|Title\=Altared Steele \|DirectedBy\=\[\[Alexander Singer]] \|WrittenBy\=\[\[Jeff Melvoin]] \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1983\|10\|11}} \|ProdCode\=3702 \|Viewers\=18\.40 \|ShortSummary\=The detectives try to find out which one of an amnesiac's five wives is trying to kill him. GUEST STARS: \[\[Fred McCarren]], \[\[Monique van de Ven]], \[\[Delta Burke]], \[\[Jane Kaczmarek]], \[\[Carole Ita White]], Clara Perryman, \[\[Sam Anderson]]. Film reference: ''\[\[Mirage (1965 film)\|Mirage]]'', ''\[\[Robin Hood (1922 film)\|Robin Hood]]'', ''\[\[Sands of Iwo Jima]]'', ''\[\[Spellbound (1945 film)\|Spellbound]]''. \|LineColor\=0000FF }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber\=27 \|EpisodeNumber2\=5 \|Title\=Steele Framed \|DirectedBy\=Sheldon Larry \|WrittenBy\=Brian Alan Lane \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1983\|10\|18}} \|ProdCode\=3708 \|Viewers\=19\.40 \|ShortSummary\=Someone is trying to frame Steele for murder. GUEST STARS: \[\[Guy Boyd (actor)\|Guy Boyd]], \[\[Gary Frank (actor)\|Gary Frank]], \[\[Archie Hahn (actor)\|Archie Hahn]]. \|LineColor\=0000FF }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber\=28 \|EpisodeNumber2\=6 \|Title\=A Steele at Any Price \|DirectedBy\=Don Weis \|WrittenBy\={{StoryTeleplay\|s\= Mitch Paradise\|t\= Mitch Paradise \& Richard DeRoy}} \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1983\|11\|1}} \|ProdCode\=3706 \|Viewers\=16\.40 \|ShortSummary\=Steele re\-introduces Laura to the thrill of thievery during a case involving stolen paintings. GUEST STARS: Michael Cornelison, \[\[Jeffrey Jones]], \[\[Susan Bay]], \[\[Stefan Gierasch]], Gillian Eaton, Ernest Harada. Film references: ''\[\[Charade (1963 film)\|Charade]]'', ''\[\[The Sting]]''. \|LineColor\=0000FF }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber\=29 \|EpisodeNumber2\=7 \|Title\=Love Among the Steele \|DirectedBy\=Seymour Robbie \|WrittenBy\=Lee David Zlotoff \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1983\|11\|8}} \|ProdCode\=3716 \|Viewers\=16\.30 \|ShortSummary\=The detectives find themselves in the middle of a mystery involving all the previous owners of a vintage car. GUEST STARS: \[\[Clive Revill]], \[\[Susan French]], \[\[Peter Hobbs (actor)\|Peter Hobbs]], \[\[Al Ruscio]]. Film references: ''\[\[Splendor in the Grass]]'', ''\[\[Tom Jones (1963 film)\|Tom Jones]]'', ''\[\[The Yellow Rolls\-Royce]]''. \|LineColor\=0000FF }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber\=30 \|EpisodeNumber2\=8 \|Title\=Scene Steelers \|DirectedBy\=\[\[Peter Medak]] \|WrittenBy\={{StoryTeleplay\|s\= Joyce Armor \& Judie Neer\|t\= Joyce Armor \& Judie Neer \& Michael Gleason}} \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1983\|11\|15}} \|ProdCode\=3703 \|Viewers\=15\.90 \|ShortSummary\=Steele and Laura investigate attempted murder on the set of a frozen\-food commercial. GUEST STARS: \[\[Barrie Ingham]], \[\[Bibi Besch]], Gwen Humble, \[\[Paul Kreppel]], \[\[Faith Prince]]. \|LineColor\=0000FF }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber\=31 \|EpisodeNumber2\=9 \|Title\=Steele Knuckles and Glass Jaws \|DirectedBy\=Don Weis \|WrittenBy\=\[\[Jeff Melvoin]] \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1983\|11\|29}} \|ProdCode\=3717 \|Viewers\=11\.20 \|ShortSummary\=A mysterious baby plays a central part in a case involving gangsters and professional boxing that draws upon Steele's past as "The Kilkenny Kid". Steele is heard to sing softly "Oh, me name is MacNamara, I'm the leader of the band". GUEST STARS: \[\[Bert Remsen]], \[\[Paul Stewart (actor)\|Paul Stewart]], \[\[Ken Foree]], \[\[Julie Carmen]], George McDaniel, \[\[Len Lesser]]. Film reference: ''\[\[Little Caesar (film)\|Little Caesar]]''. \|LineColor\=0000FF }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber\=32 \|EpisodeNumber2\=10 \|Title\=My Fair Steele \|DirectedBy\=Seymour Robbie \|WrittenBy\=Brian Alan Lane \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1983\|12\|6}} \|ProdCode\=3714 \|Viewers\=20\.70 \|ShortSummary\=The detectives try to find a kidnapped heiress with the help of her previously unknown twin sister. GUEST STARS: \[\[Stephen Elliott (actor)\|Stephen Elliott]], \[\[Ann Dusenberry]], \[\[Joanna Barnes]], \[\[Thomas Hill (actor)\|Thomas Hill]], \[\[Judith Chapman]], \[\[Ian Wolfe]]. Film references: ''\[\[Pygmalion (1938 film)\|Pygmalion]]'', ''\[\[My Fair Lady (film)\|My Fair Lady]]''. \|LineColor\=0000FF }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber\=33 \|EpisodeNumber2\=11 \|Title\=Steele Threads \|DirectedBy\=\[\[Karen Arthur]] \|WrittenBy\=George Lee Marshall \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1983\|12\|13}} \|ProdCode\=3711 \|Viewers\=17\.10 \|ShortSummary\=A guy illegally snaps pictures of a fashion designer's latest works, and hides the film in a custom\-tailored jacket done by the designer's estranged brother. However, another person intercepts and murders the courier to claim the jacket. GUEST STARS: \[\[Joshua Shelley]], \[\[Lara Parker]], Dean Santoro, \[\[John van Dreelen]], \[\[Carl Weintraub]]. \|LineColor\=0000FF }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber\=34 \|EpisodeNumber2\=12 \|Title\=Steele Eligible \|DirectedBy\=Sheldon Larry \|WrittenBy\={{StoryTeleplay\|s\= Larry Konner\|t\= Michael Gleason \& Larry Konner}} \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1984\|1\|10}} \|ProdCode\=3719 \|Viewers\=16\.60 \|ShortSummary\=Steele is selected for a magazine campaign's "five most eligible bachelors" but during the festivities, the bachelors are being killed off one by one. GUEST STARS: \[\[Roy Dotrice]], \[\[Mimi Kuzyk]], D. D. Howard, Frank Luz, \[\[Richard Backus]]. Film reference: ''\[\[Rear Window]]'', \[\[The A.B.C. Murders]] (''obliquely''){{efn\|In the episode "Steele Eligible", when Steele refers to \[\[The A.B.C. Murders]], he erroneously assumes there was no film adaptation, although there was a film adaptation called ''\[\[The Alphabet Murders]]'' released in 1965 by MGM}} \|LineColor\=0000FF }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber\=35 \|EpisodeNumber2\=13 \|Title\=High Flying Steele \|DirectedBy\=Karen Arthur \|WrittenBy\=George Lee Marshall \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1984\|1\|17}} \|ProdCode\=3718 \|Viewers\=15\.30 \|ShortSummary\=Mildred's guilty pleasure in a sleazy circus séance draws Laura and Steele into an investigation of an old circus "accident" where they join in as \[\[trapeze artist]]s. GUEST STARS: \[\[Lisa Pelikan]], Michael McGuire, \[\[A Martinez]], \[\[Joy Garrett]], \[\[Jessie Lawrence Ferguson]]. \|LineColor\=0000FF }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber\=36 \|EpisodeNumber2\=14 \|Title\=Blood Is Thicker Than Steele \|DirectedBy\=Barbara Peters \|WrittenBy\=Richard DeRoy \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1984\|1\|31}} \|ProdCode\=3712 \|Viewers\=16\.60 \|ShortSummary\=Laura and Steele must protect the rather obnoxious children of a Federal witness by taking them on a road trip to Arizona. GUEST STARS: Eric Brown, \[\[Carolyn Seymour]], \[\[Bridgette Andersen]], \[\[Jack Betts]], Ted LePlat. Film references: ''\[\[The Bad Seed (1956 film)\|The Bad Seed]]'', ''\[\[The Gauntlet (film)\|The Gauntlet]]'', ''\[\[Stagecoach (1939 film)\|Stagecoach]]''. \|LineColor\=0000FF }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber\=37 \|EpisodeNumber2\=15 \|Title\=Steele Sweet on You \|DirectedBy\=Don Weis \|WrittenBy\=Susan Baskin \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1984\|2\|7}} \|ProdCode\=3707 \|Viewers\=21\.40 \|ShortSummary\=Laura's sister Frances suspects her husband Donald is cheating on her at a dental convention. But things get complicated when Steele is not informed of the situation, and the secretary and Donald's associate is murdered. GUEST STARS: \[\[Maryedith Burrell]], \[\[Michael Durrell]], Patrick Collins, James O'Sullivan. Film references: ''\[\[Boom Town (film)\|Boom Town]]'', ''\[\[The Lost Weekend (film)\|The Lost Weekend]]'', ''\[\[The Man Who Knew Too Much (1956 film)\|The Man Who Knew Too Much]]''. \|LineColor\=0000FF }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber\=38 \|EpisodeNumber2\=16 \|Title\=Elegy in Steele \|DirectedBy\=Kevin Connor \|WrittenBy\=Brian Alan Lane \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1984\|2\|21}} \|ProdCode\=3720 \|Viewers\=12\.70 \|ShortSummary\=Major Descoine (\[\[Guy Boyd (actor)\|Guy Boyd]]) the villain from the episode "Steele Framed" (No. 27\) returns and promises that Laura and Steele will die within an hour. GUEST STARS: \[\[Guy Boyd (actor)\|Guy Boyd]], \[\[Quinn Cummings]], \[\[Michael Fairman]], \[\[Peter Jason]]. Film references: ''\[\[The Major and the Minor]]'', ''\[\[Neptune's Daughter (1949 film)\|Neptune's Daughter]]''. \|LineColor\=0000FF }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber\=39 \|EpisodeNumber2\=17 \|Title\=Small Town Steele \|DirectedBy\=Seymour Robbie \|WrittenBy\=\[\[Jeff Melvoin]] \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1984\|2\|28}} \|ProdCode\=3721 \|Viewers\=13\.60 \|ShortSummary\=Laura and Steele go to a small town to investigate the disappearance of an author who was doing research on the area and apparently found something he shouldn't have. GUEST STARS: \[\[Paul Gleason]], Ben Slack, \[\[Jacques Aubuchon]], \[\[Carolyn Coates]], \[\[Ford Rainey]]. Film references: ''\[\[Bad Day at Black Rock]]'', ''\[\[In the Heat of the Night (film)\|In the Heat of the Night]]''. \|LineColor\=0000FF }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber\=40 \|EpisodeNumber2\=18 \|Title\=Molten Steele \|DirectedBy\=Christopher Hibler \|WrittenBy\=Richard Collins \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1984\|3\|6}} \|ProdCode\=3715 \|Viewers\=13\.90 \|ShortSummary\=Laura and Steele help a woman who has been constantly receiving obscene phone calls, but the suspected placer of the sexual personals ad is soon found murdered. GUEST STARS: \[\[Pippa Scott]], \[\[Bill Morey]], Ellen Regan, \[\[John Bedford Lloyd]], Ellen Tobie, Andrea Moar. Film reference: ''\[\[Peyton Place (film)\|Peyton Place]]''. \|LineColor\=0000FF }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber\=41 \|EpisodeNumber2\=19 \|Title\=Dreams of Steele \|DirectedBy\=Don Weis \|WrittenBy\=Brian Alan Lane \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1984\|3\|20}} \|ProdCode\=3726 \|Viewers\=16\.20 \|ShortSummary\=The reputation of the agency is at stake again when the gems that first brought them together are switched with fakes as Laura and Steele are transporting them. GUEST STARS: \[\[Judith Light]], \[\[Woodrow Parfrey]], \[\[Jack Gwillim]], \[\[Robert Harper (actor)\|Robert Harper]]. Film reference: ''\[\[Ocean's Eleven (1960 film)\|Ocean's Eleven]]''. \|LineColor\=0000FF }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber\=42 \|EpisodeNumber2\=20 \|Title\=Woman of Steele \|DirectedBy\=Christopher Hibler \|WrittenBy\=Susan Baskin \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1984\|3\|27}} \|ProdCode\=3724 \|Viewers\=16\.00 \|ShortSummary\=A woman from Steele's past arranges for the agency to handle the security on an exhibition at an art museum, and contacts Steele with a desperate plea for help. GUEST STARS: \[\[Cassandra Harris]], \[\[James Laurenson]], \[\[Christopher Stone (actor)\|Christopher Stone]], Eve Roberts. Film references: ''\[\[Obsession (1976 film)\|Obsession]]'', ''\[\[Vertigo (film)\|Vertigo]]''. \|LineColor\=0000FF }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber\=43 \|EpisodeNumber2\=21 \|Title\=Hounded Steele \|DirectedBy\=Don Weis \|WrittenBy\=\[\[Jeff Melvoin]] \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1984\|5\|15}} \|ProdCode\=3727 \|Viewers\=16\.20 \|ShortSummary\= Mildred rescues an abducted dog and brings it to the office. When the pursuer takes the dog back at gunpoint, Laura and Steele track the pursuer, but find he was killed and was carrying an Interpol badge. They discover the owner is actually a famous jewel thief named Le Renard. Mildred is abducted. Steele, Holt, and Le Renard must break into the gem exchange to retrieve the gem in exchange for Mildred's life. GUEST STARS: \[\[J. D. Cannon]], \[\[Tom Baker]], \[\[Nita Talbot]], \[\[Sarah Marshall (British actress)\|Sarah Marshall]], \[\[Doris Belack]], Freddie Weber, \[\[Paddi Edwards]]. Film reference: ''\[\[Old Yeller (1957 film)\|Old Yeller]]''. Note: Tom Baker is famous for portraying the Fourth Doctor on the BBC science\-fiction television series ''\[\[Doctor Who]]''. \|LineColor\=0000FF }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber\=44 \|EpisodeNumber2\=22 \|Title\=Elementary Steele \|DirectedBy\=Seymour Robbie \|WrittenBy\=Michael Gleason \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1984\|5\|22}} \|ProdCode\=3705 \|Viewers\=13\.50 \|ShortSummary\=Someone is using mystery buffs portraying \[\[Sherlock Holmes]], \[\[Dr. Watson]], \[\[Miss Marple]], and \[\[Mr. Moto]] to solve a make\-believe case to find a murderous embezzler. GUEST STARS: Lynne Randall, \[\[Peter Evans (actor)\|Peter Evans]], \[\[Keone Young]], \[\[Barry Jenner]], \[\[David Garrison]], Pearl Shear. Film references: ''\[\[The Big Sleep (1946 film)\|The Big Sleep]]'', ''\[\[Death Race 2000]]''. \|LineColor\=0000FF }} \|Viewers\=9\|country\=U.S.}}
[ "### Season 2 (1983–84\\)", "{{Episode table\n\\|background\\=\\#0000FF\n\\|overall\\=5\n\\|season\\=5\n\\|title\\=19\n\\|writer\\=21\n\\|director\\=16\n\\|airdate\\=15\n\\|prodcode\\=7\n\\|episodes\\=\n{{Episode list\n \\|NumParts\\= 2\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\_1\\=23\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\_2\\=24\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\_1\\=1\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\_2\\=2\n \\|Title\\=Steele Away with Me\n \\|DirectedBy\\=Seymour Robbie\n \\|WrittenBy\\=Michael Gleason\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1983\\|9\\|20}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=3709\n \\|Viewers\\=20\\.00\n \\|ShortSummary\\=In this two\\-part episode, Steele and Laura go after diamond smugglers in \\[\\[Acapulco]]. Associate detective Murphy Michaels and secretary Bernice Fox have left the agency, while Mildred Krebs (\\[\\[Doris Roberts]]), an \\[\\[IRS\\|IRS agent]] hot on Steele's tail, ends up teaming with Laura and Steele. GUEST STARS: \\[\\[Vincent Baggetta]], \\[\\[Ray Girardin]], \\[\\[Jack Blessing]], \\[\\[Pedro Armendáriz Jr.]], \\[\\[David Warner (actor)\\|David Warner]].", "Film references: ''\\[\\[Bride of Frankenstein]]'', ''\\[\\[The Maltese Falcon (1941 film)\\|The Maltese Falcon]]'', ''\\[\\[Casablanca (film)\\|Casablanca]]'', ''\\[\\[Key Largo (film)\\|Key Largo]]'', ''\\[\\[Notorious (1946 film)\\|Notorious]]''.\n \\|LineColor\\=0000FF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=25\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=3\n \\|Title\\=Red Holt Steele\n \\|DirectedBy\\=\\[\\[Kevin Connor (director)\\|Kevin Conner]]\n \\|WrittenBy\\=Lee David Zlotoff\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1983\\|9\\|27}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=3710\n \\|Viewers\\=18\\.80\n \\|ShortSummary\\=Holt and Steele are hired by a woman who thinks someone is trying to destroy her late husband's aircraft company. GUEST STARS: \\[\\[Barbara Cason]], \\[\\[Joel Polis]], \\[\\[Audrie J. Neenan]], \\[\\[Lewis Arquette]].", "Film reference: ''\\[\\[It Happened One Night]]''.\n \\|LineColor\\=0000FF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=26\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=4\n \\|Title\\=Altared Steele\n \\|DirectedBy\\=\\[\\[Alexander Singer]]\n \\|WrittenBy\\=\\[\\[Jeff Melvoin]]\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1983\\|10\\|11}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=3702\n \\|Viewers\\=18\\.40\n \\|ShortSummary\\=The detectives try to find out which one of an amnesiac's five wives is trying to kill him. GUEST STARS: \\[\\[Fred McCarren]], \\[\\[Monique van de Ven]], \\[\\[Delta Burke]], \\[\\[Jane Kaczmarek]], \\[\\[Carole Ita White]], Clara Perryman, \\[\\[Sam Anderson]].", "Film reference: ''\\[\\[Mirage (1965 film)\\|Mirage]]'', ''\\[\\[Robin Hood (1922 film)\\|Robin Hood]]'', ''\\[\\[Sands of Iwo Jima]]'', ''\\[\\[Spellbound (1945 film)\\|Spellbound]]''.\n \\|LineColor\\=0000FF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=27\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=5\n \\|Title\\=Steele Framed\n \\|DirectedBy\\=Sheldon Larry\n \\|WrittenBy\\=Brian Alan Lane\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1983\\|10\\|18}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=3708\n \\|Viewers\\=19\\.40\n \\|ShortSummary\\=Someone is trying to frame Steele for murder. GUEST STARS: \\[\\[Guy Boyd (actor)\\|Guy Boyd]], \\[\\[Gary Frank (actor)\\|Gary Frank]], \\[\\[Archie Hahn (actor)\\|Archie Hahn]].\n \\|LineColor\\=0000FF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=28\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=6\n \\|Title\\=A Steele at Any Price\n \\|DirectedBy\\=Don Weis\n \\|WrittenBy\\={{StoryTeleplay\\|s\\= Mitch Paradise\\|t\\= Mitch Paradise \\& Richard DeRoy}}\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1983\\|11\\|1}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=3706\n \\|Viewers\\=16\\.40\n \\|ShortSummary\\=Steele re\\-introduces Laura to the thrill of thievery during a case involving stolen paintings. GUEST STARS: Michael Cornelison, \\[\\[Jeffrey Jones]], \\[\\[Susan Bay]], \\[\\[Stefan Gierasch]], Gillian Eaton, Ernest Harada.", "Film references: ''\\[\\[Charade (1963 film)\\|Charade]]'', ''\\[\\[The Sting]]''.\n \\|LineColor\\=0000FF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=29\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=7\n \\|Title\\=Love Among the Steele\n \\|DirectedBy\\=Seymour Robbie\n \\|WrittenBy\\=Lee David Zlotoff\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1983\\|11\\|8}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=3716\n \\|Viewers\\=16\\.30\n \\|ShortSummary\\=The detectives find themselves in the middle of a mystery involving all the previous owners of a vintage car. GUEST STARS: \\[\\[Clive Revill]], \\[\\[Susan French]], \\[\\[Peter Hobbs (actor)\\|Peter Hobbs]], \\[\\[Al Ruscio]].", "Film references: ''\\[\\[Splendor in the Grass]]'', ''\\[\\[Tom Jones (1963 film)\\|Tom Jones]]'', ''\\[\\[The Yellow Rolls\\-Royce]]''.\n \\|LineColor\\=0000FF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=30\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=8\n \\|Title\\=Scene Steelers\n \\|DirectedBy\\=\\[\\[Peter Medak]]\n \\|WrittenBy\\={{StoryTeleplay\\|s\\= Joyce Armor \\& Judie Neer\\|t\\= Joyce Armor \\& Judie Neer \\& Michael Gleason}}\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1983\\|11\\|15}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=3703\n \\|Viewers\\=15\\.90\n \\|ShortSummary\\=Steele and Laura investigate attempted murder on the set of a frozen\\-food commercial. GUEST STARS: \\[\\[Barrie Ingham]], \\[\\[Bibi Besch]], Gwen Humble, \\[\\[Paul Kreppel]], \\[\\[Faith Prince]].\n \\|LineColor\\=0000FF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=31\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=9\n \\|Title\\=Steele Knuckles and Glass Jaws\n \\|DirectedBy\\=Don Weis\n \\|WrittenBy\\=\\[\\[Jeff Melvoin]]\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1983\\|11\\|29}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=3717\n \\|Viewers\\=11\\.20\n \\|ShortSummary\\=A mysterious baby plays a central part in a case involving gangsters and professional boxing that draws upon Steele's past as \"The Kilkenny Kid\". Steele is heard to sing softly \"Oh, me name is MacNamara, I'm the leader of the band\". GUEST STARS: \\[\\[Bert Remsen]], \\[\\[Paul Stewart (actor)\\|Paul Stewart]], \\[\\[Ken Foree]], \\[\\[Julie Carmen]], George McDaniel, \\[\\[Len Lesser]].", "Film reference: ''\\[\\[Little Caesar (film)\\|Little Caesar]]''.\n \\|LineColor\\=0000FF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=32\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=10\n \\|Title\\=My Fair Steele\n \\|DirectedBy\\=Seymour Robbie\n \\|WrittenBy\\=Brian Alan Lane\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1983\\|12\\|6}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=3714\n \\|Viewers\\=20\\.70\n \\|ShortSummary\\=The detectives try to find a kidnapped heiress with the help of her previously unknown twin sister. GUEST STARS: \\[\\[Stephen Elliott (actor)\\|Stephen Elliott]], \\[\\[Ann Dusenberry]], \\[\\[Joanna Barnes]], \\[\\[Thomas Hill (actor)\\|Thomas Hill]], \\[\\[Judith Chapman]], \\[\\[Ian Wolfe]].", "Film references: ''\\[\\[Pygmalion (1938 film)\\|Pygmalion]]'', ''\\[\\[My Fair Lady (film)\\|My Fair Lady]]''.\n \\|LineColor\\=0000FF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=33\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=11\n \\|Title\\=Steele Threads\n \\|DirectedBy\\=\\[\\[Karen Arthur]]\n \\|WrittenBy\\=George Lee Marshall\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1983\\|12\\|13}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=3711\n \\|Viewers\\=17\\.10\n \\|ShortSummary\\=A guy illegally snaps pictures of a fashion designer's latest works, and hides the film in a custom\\-tailored jacket done by the designer's estranged brother. However, another person intercepts and murders the courier to claim the jacket. GUEST STARS: \\[\\[Joshua Shelley]], \\[\\[Lara Parker]], Dean Santoro, \\[\\[John van Dreelen]], \\[\\[Carl Weintraub]].\n \\|LineColor\\=0000FF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=34\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=12\n \\|Title\\=Steele Eligible\n \\|DirectedBy\\=Sheldon Larry\n \\|WrittenBy\\={{StoryTeleplay\\|s\\= Larry Konner\\|t\\= Michael Gleason \\& Larry Konner}}\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1984\\|1\\|10}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=3719\n \\|Viewers\\=16\\.60\n \\|ShortSummary\\=Steele is selected for a magazine campaign's \"five most eligible bachelors\" but during the festivities, the bachelors are being killed off one by one. GUEST STARS: \\[\\[Roy Dotrice]], \\[\\[Mimi Kuzyk]], D. D. Howard, Frank Luz, \\[\\[Richard Backus]].", "Film reference: ''\\[\\[Rear Window]]'', \\[\\[The A.B.C. Murders]] (''obliquely''){{efn\\|In the episode \"Steele Eligible\", when Steele refers to \\[\\[The A.B.C. Murders]], he erroneously assumes there was no film adaptation, although there was a film adaptation called ''\\[\\[The Alphabet Murders]]'' released in 1965 by MGM}}\n \\|LineColor\\=0000FF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=35\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=13\n \\|Title\\=High Flying Steele\n \\|DirectedBy\\=Karen Arthur\n \\|WrittenBy\\=George Lee Marshall\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1984\\|1\\|17}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=3718\n \\|Viewers\\=15\\.30\n \\|ShortSummary\\=Mildred's guilty pleasure in a sleazy circus séance draws Laura and Steele into an investigation of an old circus \"accident\" where they join in as \\[\\[trapeze artist]]s. GUEST STARS: \\[\\[Lisa Pelikan]], Michael McGuire, \\[\\[A Martinez]], \\[\\[Joy Garrett]], \\[\\[Jessie Lawrence Ferguson]].\n \\|LineColor\\=0000FF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=36\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=14\n \\|Title\\=Blood Is Thicker Than Steele\n \\|DirectedBy\\=Barbara Peters\n \\|WrittenBy\\=Richard DeRoy\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1984\\|1\\|31}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=3712\n \\|Viewers\\=16\\.60\n \\|ShortSummary\\=Laura and Steele must protect the rather obnoxious children of a Federal witness by taking them on a road trip to Arizona. GUEST STARS: Eric Brown, \\[\\[Carolyn Seymour]], \\[\\[Bridgette Andersen]], \\[\\[Jack Betts]], Ted LePlat.", "Film references: ''\\[\\[The Bad Seed (1956 film)\\|The Bad Seed]]'', ''\\[\\[The Gauntlet (film)\\|The Gauntlet]]'', ''\\[\\[Stagecoach (1939 film)\\|Stagecoach]]''.\n \\|LineColor\\=0000FF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=37\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=15\n \\|Title\\=Steele Sweet on You\n \\|DirectedBy\\=Don Weis\n \\|WrittenBy\\=Susan Baskin\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1984\\|2\\|7}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=3707\n \\|Viewers\\=21\\.40\n \\|ShortSummary\\=Laura's sister Frances suspects her husband Donald is cheating on her at a dental convention. But things get complicated when Steele is not informed of the situation, and the secretary and Donald's associate is murdered. GUEST STARS: \\[\\[Maryedith Burrell]], \\[\\[Michael Durrell]], Patrick Collins, James O'Sullivan.", "Film references: ''\\[\\[Boom Town (film)\\|Boom Town]]'', ''\\[\\[The Lost Weekend (film)\\|The Lost Weekend]]'', ''\\[\\[The Man Who Knew Too Much (1956 film)\\|The Man Who Knew Too Much]]''.\n \\|LineColor\\=0000FF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=38\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=16\n \\|Title\\=Elegy in Steele\n \\|DirectedBy\\=Kevin Connor\n \\|WrittenBy\\=Brian Alan Lane\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1984\\|2\\|21}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=3720\n \\|Viewers\\=12\\.70\n \\|ShortSummary\\=Major Descoine (\\[\\[Guy Boyd (actor)\\|Guy Boyd]]) the villain from the episode \"Steele Framed\" (No. 27\\) returns and promises that Laura and Steele will die within an hour. GUEST STARS: \\[\\[Guy Boyd (actor)\\|Guy Boyd]], \\[\\[Quinn Cummings]], \\[\\[Michael Fairman]], \\[\\[Peter Jason]].", "Film references: ''\\[\\[The Major and the Minor]]'', ''\\[\\[Neptune's Daughter (1949 film)\\|Neptune's Daughter]]''.\n \\|LineColor\\=0000FF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=39\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=17\n \\|Title\\=Small Town Steele\n \\|DirectedBy\\=Seymour Robbie\n \\|WrittenBy\\=\\[\\[Jeff Melvoin]]\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1984\\|2\\|28}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=3721\n \\|Viewers\\=13\\.60\n \\|ShortSummary\\=Laura and Steele go to a small town to investigate the disappearance of an author who was doing research on the area and apparently found something he shouldn't have. GUEST STARS: \\[\\[Paul Gleason]], Ben Slack, \\[\\[Jacques Aubuchon]], \\[\\[Carolyn Coates]], \\[\\[Ford Rainey]].", "Film references: ''\\[\\[Bad Day at Black Rock]]'', ''\\[\\[In the Heat of the Night (film)\\|In the Heat of the Night]]''.\n \\|LineColor\\=0000FF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=40\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=18\n \\|Title\\=Molten Steele\n \\|DirectedBy\\=Christopher Hibler\n \\|WrittenBy\\=Richard Collins\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1984\\|3\\|6}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=3715\n \\|Viewers\\=13\\.90\n \\|ShortSummary\\=Laura and Steele help a woman who has been constantly receiving obscene phone calls, but the suspected placer of the sexual personals ad is soon found murdered. GUEST STARS: \\[\\[Pippa Scott]], \\[\\[Bill Morey]], Ellen Regan, \\[\\[John Bedford Lloyd]], Ellen Tobie, Andrea Moar.", "Film reference: ''\\[\\[Peyton Place (film)\\|Peyton Place]]''.\n \\|LineColor\\=0000FF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=41\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=19\n \\|Title\\=Dreams of Steele\n \\|DirectedBy\\=Don Weis\n \\|WrittenBy\\=Brian Alan Lane\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1984\\|3\\|20}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=3726\n \\|Viewers\\=16\\.20\n \\|ShortSummary\\=The reputation of the agency is at stake again when the gems that first brought them together are switched with fakes as Laura and Steele are transporting them. GUEST STARS: \\[\\[Judith Light]], \\[\\[Woodrow Parfrey]], \\[\\[Jack Gwillim]], \\[\\[Robert Harper (actor)\\|Robert Harper]].", "Film reference: ''\\[\\[Ocean's Eleven (1960 film)\\|Ocean's Eleven]]''.\n \\|LineColor\\=0000FF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=42\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=20\n \\|Title\\=Woman of Steele\n \\|DirectedBy\\=Christopher Hibler\n \\|WrittenBy\\=Susan Baskin\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1984\\|3\\|27}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=3724\n \\|Viewers\\=16\\.00\n \\|ShortSummary\\=A woman from Steele's past arranges for the agency to handle the security on an exhibition at an art museum, and contacts Steele with a desperate plea for help. GUEST STARS: \\[\\[Cassandra Harris]], \\[\\[James Laurenson]], \\[\\[Christopher Stone (actor)\\|Christopher Stone]], Eve Roberts.", "Film references: ''\\[\\[Obsession (1976 film)\\|Obsession]]'', ''\\[\\[Vertigo (film)\\|Vertigo]]''.\n \\|LineColor\\=0000FF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=43\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=21\n \\|Title\\=Hounded Steele\n \\|DirectedBy\\=Don Weis\n \\|WrittenBy\\=\\[\\[Jeff Melvoin]]\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1984\\|5\\|15}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=3727\n \\|Viewers\\=16\\.20\n \\|ShortSummary\\= Mildred rescues an abducted dog and brings it to the office. When the pursuer takes the dog back at gunpoint, Laura and Steele track the pursuer, but find he was killed and was carrying an Interpol badge. They discover the owner is actually a famous jewel thief named Le Renard. Mildred is abducted. Steele, Holt, and Le Renard must break into the gem exchange to retrieve the gem in exchange for Mildred's life. GUEST STARS: \\[\\[J. D. Cannon]], \\[\\[Tom Baker]], \\[\\[Nita Talbot]], \\[\\[Sarah Marshall (British actress)\\|Sarah Marshall]], \\[\\[Doris Belack]], Freddie Weber, \\[\\[Paddi Edwards]].", "Film reference: ''\\[\\[Old Yeller (1957 film)\\|Old Yeller]]''.", "Note: Tom Baker is famous for portraying the Fourth Doctor on the BBC science\\-fiction television series ''\\[\\[Doctor Who]]''.\n \\|LineColor\\=0000FF\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=44\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=22\n \\|Title\\=Elementary Steele\n \\|DirectedBy\\=Seymour Robbie\n \\|WrittenBy\\=Michael Gleason\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1984\\|5\\|22}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=3705\n \\|Viewers\\=13\\.50\n \\|ShortSummary\\=Someone is using mystery buffs portraying \\[\\[Sherlock Holmes]], \\[\\[Dr. Watson]], \\[\\[Miss Marple]], and \\[\\[Mr. Moto]] to solve a make\\-believe case to find a murderous embezzler. GUEST STARS: Lynne Randall, \\[\\[Peter Evans (actor)\\|Peter Evans]], \\[\\[Keone Young]], \\[\\[Barry Jenner]], \\[\\[David Garrison]], Pearl Shear.", "Film references: ''\\[\\[The Big Sleep (1946 film)\\|The Big Sleep]]'', ''\\[\\[Death Race 2000]]''.\n \\|LineColor\\=0000FF\n}}\n\\|Viewers\\=9\\|country\\=U.S.}}", "" ]
### Season 3 (1984–85\) {{Episode table \|background\=\#00AE00 \|overall\=5 \|season\=5 \|title\=19 \|writer\=21 \|director\=16 \|airdate\=15 \|prodcode\=7 \|episodes\= {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber\=45 \|EpisodeNumber2\=1 \|Title\=Steele at It \|DirectedBy\=Don Weis \|WrittenBy\=\[\[Jeff Melvoin]] \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1984\|9\|25}} \|ProdCode\=4707 \|Viewers\=14\.80 \|ShortSummary\=Laura is ready for romance as she goes on a vacation on the French Riviera accompanied by Remington Steele, but old friends needing his help in stealing a dagger distract Steele. GUEST STARS: \[\[André Maranne]], Jacques Maury, \[\[Mark Burns (actor)\|Mark Burns]], Marianne Lawrence, \[\[Bob Sherman (actor)\|Bob Sherman]], Claude le Saché. Film references: ''\[\[Beau Geste (1939 film)\|Beau Geste]]'', ''\[\[Goldfinger (film)\|Goldfinger]]'', ''\[\[The Maltese Falcon (1941 film)\|The Maltese Falcon]]'', ''\[\[To Catch a Thief (film)\|To Catch a Thief]]''. \|LineColor\=00AE00 }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber2\=2 \|EpisodeNumber\=46 \|Title\=Lofty Steele \|DirectedBy\=Burt Brinckerhoff \|WrittenBy\=\[\[Brad Kern]] \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1984\|10\|2}} \|ProdCode\=4703 \|Viewers\=17\.50 \|ShortSummary\=A shady building manager tries to convince Laura to move out of her apartment just as she's on the verge of uncovering a corporate embezzlement plot. GUEST STARS: \[\[Gregg Henry]], Joe Lambie, \[\[Ron O'Neal]], \[\[Armin Shimerman]], James David Hinton. Film references: ''\[\[The Great Escape (film)\|The Great Escape]]'', ''\[\[Adaptations of Moby\-Dick\#Film\|Moby Dick]]'' (multiple versions). \|LineColor\=00AE00 }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber2\=3 \|EpisodeNumber\=47 \|Title\=Maltese Steele \|DirectedBy\=Seymour Robbie \|WrittenBy\=\[\[John Wirth (television producer)\|John Wirth]] \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1984\|10\|16}} \|ProdCode\=4713 \|Viewers\=17\.60 \|ShortSummary\=Laura and Steele search for a missing body on the island of Malta, but find an insignificant piece of brass that could get them killed. GUEST STARS: \[\[Susan Penhaligon]], \[\[Frederick Jaeger]], \[\[John Malcolm (actor)\|John Malcolm]], \[\[Derek Benfield]], Ian Tyler, \[\[Bruce Boa]]. Film references: ''\[\[The Maltese Falcon (1941 film)\|The Maltese Falcon]]'', ''\[\[The Third Man]]''. \|LineColor\=00AE00 }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber2\=4 \|EpisodeNumber\=48 \|Title\=Second Base Steele \|DirectedBy\=Don Weis \|WrittenBy\=Rick Mittleman \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1984\|10\|23}} \|ProdCode\=4705 \|Viewers\=19\.50 \|ShortSummary\=A reunion of high\-school athletes at an adult baseball camp is marred by a series of "accidents" that Laura and Steele are hired to investigate; \[\[Mickey Mantle]] and \[\[Whitey Ford]] guest\-star. Other guests: \[\[Louis Giambalvo]], \[\[Michael McManus (American actor)\|Michael McManus]], \[\[Marco St. John]], \[\[Lionel Mark Smith\|Lionel Smith]], \[\[Patty McCormack\|Patricia McCormack]], \[\[Elizabeth Baur]]. Film references: ''\[\[The Alphabet Murders]]'', ''\[\[And Then There Were None (1945 film)\|And Then There Were None]]'', ''\[\[Fear Strikes Out]]'', ''\[\[The Pride of the Yankees]]'', ''\[\[That Championship Season (1982 film)\|That Championship Season]]''. \|LineColor\=00AE00 }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber2\=5 \|EpisodeNumber\=49 \|Title\=Blue Blooded Steele \|DirectedBy\=Burt Brinckerhoff \|WrittenBy\={{StoryTeleplay\|s\= Brady Westwater \& John Pashdag \|t\= John Wirth \& Brady Westwater \& John Pashdag}} \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1984\|10\|30}} \|ProdCode\=4701 \|Viewers\=15\.70 \|ShortSummary\=Daniel Chalmers enters Steele's life again when it appears that he is about to inherit an English title, its fortune and some enemies. GUEST STARS: \[\[Merete Van Kamp]], David Byrd, \[\[Irene Tedrow]], \[\[Maurice Roeves]], \[\[Efrem Zimbalist Jr.]] Film reference: ''\[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0040379/ The Fuller Brush Man]''. \|LineColor\=00AE00 }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber2\=6 \|EpisodeNumber\=50 \|Title\=Steele Your Heart Away \|DirectedBy\=Seymour Robbie \|WrittenBy\=\[\[Brian Clemens]] \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1984\|11\|13}} \|ProdCode\=4711 \|Viewers\=15\.60 \|ShortSummary\=Laura flies off to help an \[\[amnesiac]] Steele recall why he came to Ireland and why someone is trying to kill him. GUEST STARS: \[\[Marie Conmee]], Chris O'Neill, \[\[Frank Kelly]], \[\[Tom Jordan (actor)\|Tom Jordan]] Film references: ''\[\[Casablanca (film)\|Casablanca]]'', ''\[\[Citizen Kane]]'', ''\[\[A Day at the Races (film)\|A Day at the Races]]'', ''\[\[From Russia with Love (film)\|From Russia with Love]]'', ''\[\[Gone with the Wind (film)\|Gone with the Wind]]'', ''\[\[Laura (1944 film)\|Laura]]'', ''\[\[The 39 Steps (1935 film)\|The 39 Steps]]'', ''\[\[Wait Until Dark (film)\|Wait Until Dark]]''. \|LineColor\=00AE00 }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber2\=7 \|EpisodeNumber\=51 \|Title\=A Pocketful of Steele \|DirectedBy\=\[\[Harry Harris (director)\|Harry Harris]] \|WrittenBy\=Brad Kern \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1984\|11\|20}} \|ProdCode\=4721 \|Viewers\=15\.80 \|ShortSummary\=Steele tries to help a street\-wise kid who picks his pocket and grabs evidence that a loan shark will do anything to retrieve. Film reference: ''\[\[Boys Town (film)\|Boys Town]]'', ''\[\[The Big Sleep (1946 film)\|The Big Sleep]]'' (obliquely). \|LineColor\=00AE00 }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber2\=8 \|EpisodeNumber\=52 \|Title\=Puzzled Steele \|DirectedBy\=Don Weis \|WrittenBy\={{StoryTeleplay\|s\= Jeff Melvoin \& \[\[Dennis Spooner]] \& Brian Clemens\|t\= Jeff Melvoin}} \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1984\|11\|27}} \|ProdCode\=4712 \|Viewers\=17\.10 \|ShortSummary\=Laura and Steele accept the invitation of an eccentric millionaire to compete in finding a missing journalist but the game soon turns deadly. Film reference: ''\[\[The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)\|The Wizard of Oz]]''. \|LineColor\=00AE00 }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber2\=9 \|EpisodeNumber\=53 \|Title\=Cast in Steele \|DirectedBy\=Harry Harris \|WrittenBy\=\[\[Jeff Melvoin]] \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1984\|12\|4}} \|ProdCode\=4720 \|Viewers\=17\.60 \|ShortSummary\=Three aging film stars — \[\[Virginia Mayo]], \[\[Dorothy Lamour]], and \[\[Lloyd Nolan]] as themselves — hire Steele and Laura to find out who is behind their curious fan mail and the attempts on their lives. Film references: ''\[\[Dirty Harry]]'', ''\[\[The Fan (1981 film)\|The Fan]]'', ''\[\[The Godfather]]'', ''\[\[Johnny Apollo (film)\|Johnny Apollo]]'', ''\[\[The Maltese Falcon (1941 film)\|The Maltese Falcon]]'', ''\[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0032809/ Moon Over Burma]'', ''\[\[The Postman Always Rings Twice (1946 film)\|The Postman Always Rings Twice]]'', ''\[\[Road to Singapore]]'', ''\[\[St. Louis Blues (1939 film)\|St. Louis Blues]]'', ''\[\[The Secret Life of Walter Mitty (1947 film)\|The Secret Life of Walter Mitty]]'', ''\[\[Somewhere in the Night (film)\|Somewhere in the Night]]'', ''\[\[Three Days of the Condor]]'', ''\[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0033196/ Typhoon]'', ''\[\[White Heat]]''. \|LineColor\=00AE00 }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber2\=10 \|EpisodeNumber\=54 \|Title\=Breath of Steele \|DirectedBy\=Don Weis \|WrittenBy\=John Wirth \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1984\|12\|11}} \|ProdCode\=4702 \|Viewers\=19\.40 \|ShortSummary\=Laura and Steele try to protect two singing\-telegram girls who witnessed a murder while they also hunt for the killers. Film reference: ''\[\[Little Murders]]''. \|LineColor\=00AE00 }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber2\=11 \|EpisodeNumber\=55 \|Title\=Let's Steele a Plot \|DirectedBy\=Christopher Hibler \|WrittenBy\=Joe Gores \& Richard DeRoy \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1984\|12\|18}} \|ProdCode\=4704 \|Viewers\=18\.60 \|ShortSummary\=Laura and Steele get lots of advice and help when they investigate the embezzlement of a mystery\-writers guild's treasury. Film references: ''\[\[Arsenic and Old Lace (film)\|Arsenic and Old Lace]]'', ''\[\[Jaws (film)\|Jaws]]''. \|LineColor\=00AE00 }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber2\=12 \|EpisodeNumber\=56 \|Title\=Gourmet Steele \|DirectedBy\=Burt Brinckerhoff \|WrittenBy\=Bob Shayne \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1985\|1\|8}} \|ProdCode\=4716 \|Viewers\=16\.70 \|ShortSummary\=Steele inadvertently goes undercover as the restaurant critic they've been hired to find, and who has incensed several restaurant owners with his blistering reviews. Film reference: ''\[\[The Thin Man (film)\|The Thin Man]]''. \|LineColor\=00AE00 }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber2\=13 \|EpisodeNumber\=57 \|Title\=Stronger Than Steele \|DirectedBy\=Stan Lathan \|WrittenBy\=John J. Sakmar \& Kerry Lenhart \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1985\|1\|15}} \|ProdCode\=4718 \|Viewers\=18\.50 \|ShortSummary\=Laura has a personal stake in the investigation of the death of a movie producer who was planning on making a movie of an old TV series without the original star. Film references: ''\[\[Gone with the Wind (film)\|Gone with the Wind]]'', ''\[\[Heaven's Gate (film)\|Heaven's Gate]]''. \|LineColor\=00AE00 }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber2\=14 \|EpisodeNumber\=58 \|Title\=Have I Got a Steele For You \|DirectedBy\=Christopher Hibler \|WrittenBy\=\[\[Jeff Melvoin]] \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1985\|1\|22}} \|ProdCode\=4725 \|Viewers\=18\.40 \|ShortSummary\=Mulch returns with a new business venture that his partner is using to swindle an investor. Film references: ''\[\[Blood Alley]]'', ''\[\[The Day of the Jackal (film)\|The Day of the Jackal]]''. \|LineColor\=00AE00 }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber2\=15 \|EpisodeNumber\=59 \|Title\=Springtime for Steele \|DirectedBy\=Christopher Hibler \|WrittenBy\=John Wirth \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1985\|1\|29}} \|ProdCode\=4722 \|Viewers\=18\.90 \|ShortSummary\=The unexpected success of singer Rocky Sullivan (from episode No. 44, "Elementary Steele") threatens a little scheme cooked up by her managers and might get her killed. Film reference: ''\[\[The Producers (1968 film)\|The Producers]]''. \|LineColor\=00AE00 }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber2\=16 \|EpisodeNumber\=60 \|Title\=Steele in the Family \|DirectedBy\=Larry Elikann \|WrittenBy\=Brad Kern \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1985\|2\|5}} \|ProdCode\=4723 \|Viewers\=19\.90 \|ShortSummary\=Mildred's nephew comes to her for some help in hiding the body a hit man needs to confirm his contract with his employers. Film reference: ''\[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0039279/ The Corpse Came C.O.D.]'' \|LineColor\=00AE00 }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber2\=17 \|EpisodeNumber\=61 \|Title\=Diced Steele \|DirectedBy\=Don Weis \|WrittenBy\=\[\[Jeff Melvoin]] \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1985\|2\|12}} \|ProdCode\=4727 \|Viewers\=17\.50 \|ShortSummary\=An investigator from an insurance company digs into Steele's past after the agency loses their money in an effort to buy back stolen jewels. \|LineColor\=00AE00 }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber2\=18 \|EpisodeNumber\=62 \|Title\=Now You Steele It, Now You Don't \|DirectedBy\=\[\[John Tracy (director)\|John Tracy]] \|WrittenBy\=John Wirth \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1985\|3\|5}} \|ProdCode\=4724 \|Viewers\=14\.30 \|ShortSummary\=Laura feels used by a client when she finds out an importer commits suicide after she unknowingly delivers a blackmail message to him. Film references: ''\[\[The Barefoot Contessa]]'', ''\[\[T\-Men]]''. \|LineColor\=00AE00 }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber2\=19 \|EpisodeNumber\=63 \|Title\=Illustrated Steele \|DirectedBy\=\[\[Gabrielle Beaumont]] \|WrittenBy\=Kerry Lenhart \& John J. Sakmar \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1985\|3\|12}} \|ProdCode\=4726 \|Viewers\=15\.00 \|ShortSummary\=A young cartoonist finds his life threatened as the events of his strip start happening to him. Film references: ''\[\[Gaslight (1944 film)\|Gaslight]]'', ''\[\[How to Murder Your Wife]]'', ''\[\[Psycho (1960 film)\|Psycho]]''. \|LineColor\=00AE00 }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber2\=20 \|EpisodeNumber\=64 \|Title\=Steele in the Chips \|DirectedBy\=Sheldon Larry \|WrittenBy\={{StoryTeleplay\|s\= Howard Baldwin \& Stephanie Zimbalist \& Robin Bernheim\|t\= Stephanie Zimbalist \& Robin Bernheim}} \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1985\|3\|19}} \|ProdCode\=4710 \|Viewers\=15\.80 \|ShortSummary\=Laura and Steele get involved in the search for the inventor of a no\-cal cookie and his only batch of prototypes. Guest stars: \[\[Geena Davis]] as a tennis pro, \[\[Jean Smart]] as the inventor's fiancée, \[\[G. W. Bailey]] as a cookie manufacturer. Film references: ''\[\[Bambi]]'', ''\[\[It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World]]''. \|LineColor\=00AE00 }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber2\=21 \|EpisodeNumber\=65 \|Title\=Steele Trying \|DirectedBy\=Rocky Lang \|WrittenBy\=Michael Gleason \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1985\|5\|7}} \|ProdCode\=4717 \|Viewers\=19\.50 \|ShortSummary\=Mr. Steele's plans for a romantic weekend in San Francisco are upset when his imaginary case turns into a real one. Film reference: ''\[\[The Lost Weekend (film)\|The Lost Weekend]]''. \|LineColor\=00AE00 }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber2\=22 \|EpisodeNumber\=66 \|Title\=Steele of Approval \|DirectedBy\=Seymour Robbie \|WrittenBy\=Brad Kern \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1985\|5\|14}} \|ProdCode\=4728 \|Viewers\=17\.70 \|ShortSummary\=Laura investigates the background of a senatorial candidate while Steele dodges an investigator from the state licensing board. \|LineColor\=00AE00 }} \|Viewers\=9\|country\=U.S.}}
[ "### Season 3 (1984–85\\)", "{{Episode table\n\\|background\\=\\#00AE00\n\\|overall\\=5\n\\|season\\=5\n\\|title\\=19\n\\|writer\\=21\n\\|director\\=16\n\\|airdate\\=15\n\\|prodcode\\=7\n\\|episodes\\=\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=45\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=1\n \\|Title\\=Steele at It\n \\|DirectedBy\\=Don Weis\n \\|WrittenBy\\=\\[\\[Jeff Melvoin]]\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1984\\|9\\|25}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=4707\n \\|Viewers\\=14\\.80\n \\|ShortSummary\\=Laura is ready for romance as she goes on a vacation on the French Riviera accompanied by Remington Steele, but old friends needing his help in stealing a dagger distract Steele. GUEST STARS: \\[\\[André Maranne]], Jacques Maury, \\[\\[Mark Burns (actor)\\|Mark Burns]], Marianne Lawrence, \\[\\[Bob Sherman (actor)\\|Bob Sherman]], Claude le Saché.", "Film references: ''\\[\\[Beau Geste (1939 film)\\|Beau Geste]]'', ''\\[\\[Goldfinger (film)\\|Goldfinger]]'', ''\\[\\[The Maltese Falcon (1941 film)\\|The Maltese Falcon]]'', ''\\[\\[To Catch a Thief (film)\\|To Catch a Thief]]''.\n \\|LineColor\\=00AE00\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=2\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=46\n \\|Title\\=Lofty Steele\n \\|DirectedBy\\=Burt Brinckerhoff\n \\|WrittenBy\\=\\[\\[Brad Kern]]\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1984\\|10\\|2}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=4703\n \\|Viewers\\=17\\.50\n \\|ShortSummary\\=A shady building manager tries to convince Laura to move out of her apartment just as she's on the verge of uncovering a corporate embezzlement plot. GUEST STARS: \\[\\[Gregg Henry]], Joe Lambie, \\[\\[Ron O'Neal]], \\[\\[Armin Shimerman]], James David Hinton. \n Film references: ''\\[\\[The Great Escape (film)\\|The Great Escape]]'', ''\\[\\[Adaptations of Moby\\-Dick\\#Film\\|Moby Dick]]'' (multiple versions).\n \\|LineColor\\=00AE00\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=3\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=47\n \\|Title\\=Maltese Steele\n \\|DirectedBy\\=Seymour Robbie\n \\|WrittenBy\\=\\[\\[John Wirth (television producer)\\|John Wirth]]\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1984\\|10\\|16}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=4713\n \\|Viewers\\=17\\.60\n \\|ShortSummary\\=Laura and Steele search for a missing body on the island of Malta, but find an insignificant piece of brass that could get them killed. GUEST STARS: \\[\\[Susan Penhaligon]], \\[\\[Frederick Jaeger]], \\[\\[John Malcolm (actor)\\|John Malcolm]], \\[\\[Derek Benfield]], Ian Tyler, \\[\\[Bruce Boa]]. \n Film references: ''\\[\\[The Maltese Falcon (1941 film)\\|The Maltese Falcon]]'', ''\\[\\[The Third Man]]''.\n \\|LineColor\\=00AE00\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=4\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=48\n \\|Title\\=Second Base Steele\n \\|DirectedBy\\=Don Weis\n \\|WrittenBy\\=Rick Mittleman\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1984\\|10\\|23}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=4705\n \\|Viewers\\=19\\.50\n \\|ShortSummary\\=A reunion of high\\-school athletes at an adult baseball camp is marred by a series of \"accidents\" that Laura and Steele are hired to investigate; \\[\\[Mickey Mantle]] and \\[\\[Whitey Ford]] guest\\-star. Other guests: \\[\\[Louis Giambalvo]], \\[\\[Michael McManus (American actor)\\|Michael McManus]], \\[\\[Marco St. John]], \\[\\[Lionel Mark Smith\\|Lionel Smith]], \\[\\[Patty McCormack\\|Patricia McCormack]], \\[\\[Elizabeth Baur]]. \n Film references: ''\\[\\[The Alphabet Murders]]'', ''\\[\\[And Then There Were None (1945 film)\\|And Then There Were None]]'', ''\\[\\[Fear Strikes Out]]'', ''\\[\\[The Pride of the Yankees]]'', ''\\[\\[That Championship Season (1982 film)\\|That Championship Season]]''.\n \\|LineColor\\=00AE00\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=5\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=49\n \\|Title\\=Blue Blooded Steele\n \\|DirectedBy\\=Burt Brinckerhoff\n \\|WrittenBy\\={{StoryTeleplay\\|s\\= Brady Westwater \\& John Pashdag \\|t\\= John Wirth \\& Brady Westwater \\& John Pashdag}}\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1984\\|10\\|30}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=4701\n \\|Viewers\\=15\\.70\n \\|ShortSummary\\=Daniel Chalmers enters Steele's life again when it appears that he is about to inherit an English title, its fortune and some enemies. \nGUEST STARS: \\[\\[Merete Van Kamp]], David Byrd, \\[\\[Irene Tedrow]], \\[\\[Maurice Roeves]], \\[\\[Efrem Zimbalist Jr.]]\nFilm reference: ''\\[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0040379/ The Fuller Brush Man]''.\n \\|LineColor\\=00AE00\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=6\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=50\n \\|Title\\=Steele Your Heart Away\n \\|DirectedBy\\=Seymour Robbie\n \\|WrittenBy\\=\\[\\[Brian Clemens]]\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1984\\|11\\|13}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=4711\n \\|Viewers\\=15\\.60\n \\|ShortSummary\\=Laura flies off to help an \\[\\[amnesiac]] Steele recall why he came to Ireland and why someone is trying to kill him. \nGUEST STARS: \\[\\[Marie Conmee]], Chris O'Neill, \\[\\[Frank Kelly]], \\[\\[Tom Jordan (actor)\\|Tom Jordan]] \nFilm references: ''\\[\\[Casablanca (film)\\|Casablanca]]'', ''\\[\\[Citizen Kane]]'', ''\\[\\[A Day at the Races (film)\\|A Day at the Races]]'', ''\\[\\[From Russia with Love (film)\\|From Russia with Love]]'', ''\\[\\[Gone with the Wind (film)\\|Gone with the Wind]]'', ''\\[\\[Laura (1944 film)\\|Laura]]'', ''\\[\\[The 39 Steps (1935 film)\\|The 39 Steps]]'', ''\\[\\[Wait Until Dark (film)\\|Wait Until Dark]]''.\n \\|LineColor\\=00AE00\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=7\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=51\n \\|Title\\=A Pocketful of Steele\n \\|DirectedBy\\=\\[\\[Harry Harris (director)\\|Harry Harris]]\n \\|WrittenBy\\=Brad Kern\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1984\\|11\\|20}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=4721\n \\|Viewers\\=15\\.80\n \\|ShortSummary\\=Steele tries to help a street\\-wise kid who picks his pocket and grabs evidence that a loan shark will do anything to retrieve.", "Film reference: ''\\[\\[Boys Town (film)\\|Boys Town]]'', ''\\[\\[The Big Sleep (1946 film)\\|The Big Sleep]]'' (obliquely).\n \\|LineColor\\=00AE00\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=8\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=52\n \\|Title\\=Puzzled Steele\n \\|DirectedBy\\=Don Weis\n \\|WrittenBy\\={{StoryTeleplay\\|s\\= Jeff Melvoin \\& \\[\\[Dennis Spooner]] \\& Brian Clemens\\|t\\= Jeff Melvoin}}\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1984\\|11\\|27}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=4712\n \\|Viewers\\=17\\.10\n \\|ShortSummary\\=Laura and Steele accept the invitation of an eccentric millionaire to compete in finding a missing journalist but the game soon turns deadly.", "Film reference: ''\\[\\[The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)\\|The Wizard of Oz]]''.\n \\|LineColor\\=00AE00\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=9\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=53\n \\|Title\\=Cast in Steele\n \\|DirectedBy\\=Harry Harris\n \\|WrittenBy\\=\\[\\[Jeff Melvoin]]\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1984\\|12\\|4}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=4720\n \\|Viewers\\=17\\.60\n \\|ShortSummary\\=Three aging film stars — \\[\\[Virginia Mayo]], \\[\\[Dorothy Lamour]], and \\[\\[Lloyd Nolan]] as themselves — hire Steele and Laura to find out who is behind their curious fan mail and the attempts on their lives.", "Film references: ''\\[\\[Dirty Harry]]'', ''\\[\\[The Fan (1981 film)\\|The Fan]]'', ''\\[\\[The Godfather]]'', ''\\[\\[Johnny Apollo (film)\\|Johnny Apollo]]'', ''\\[\\[The Maltese Falcon (1941 film)\\|The Maltese Falcon]]'', ''\\[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0032809/ Moon Over Burma]'', ''\\[\\[The Postman Always Rings Twice (1946 film)\\|The Postman Always Rings Twice]]'', ''\\[\\[Road to Singapore]]'', ''\\[\\[St. Louis Blues (1939 film)\\|St. Louis Blues]]'', ''\\[\\[The Secret Life of Walter Mitty (1947 film)\\|The Secret Life of Walter Mitty]]'', ''\\[\\[Somewhere in the Night (film)\\|Somewhere in the Night]]'', ''\\[\\[Three Days of the Condor]]'', ''\\[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0033196/ Typhoon]'', ''\\[\\[White Heat]]''.\n \\|LineColor\\=00AE00\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=10\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=54\n \\|Title\\=Breath of Steele\n \\|DirectedBy\\=Don Weis\n \\|WrittenBy\\=John Wirth\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1984\\|12\\|11}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=4702\n \\|Viewers\\=19\\.40\n \\|ShortSummary\\=Laura and Steele try to protect two singing\\-telegram girls who witnessed a murder while they also hunt for the killers.", "Film reference: ''\\[\\[Little Murders]]''.\n \\|LineColor\\=00AE00\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=11\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=55\n \\|Title\\=Let's Steele a Plot\n \\|DirectedBy\\=Christopher Hibler\n \\|WrittenBy\\=Joe Gores \\& Richard DeRoy\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1984\\|12\\|18}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=4704\n \\|Viewers\\=18\\.60\n \\|ShortSummary\\=Laura and Steele get lots of advice and help when they investigate the embezzlement of a mystery\\-writers guild's treasury.", "Film references: ''\\[\\[Arsenic and Old Lace (film)\\|Arsenic and Old Lace]]'', ''\\[\\[Jaws (film)\\|Jaws]]''.\n \\|LineColor\\=00AE00\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=12\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=56\n \\|Title\\=Gourmet Steele\n \\|DirectedBy\\=Burt Brinckerhoff\n \\|WrittenBy\\=Bob Shayne\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1985\\|1\\|8}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=4716\n \\|Viewers\\=16\\.70\n \\|ShortSummary\\=Steele inadvertently goes undercover as the restaurant critic they've been hired to find, and who has incensed several restaurant owners with his blistering reviews.", "Film reference: ''\\[\\[The Thin Man (film)\\|The Thin Man]]''.\n \\|LineColor\\=00AE00\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=13\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=57\n \\|Title\\=Stronger Than Steele\n \\|DirectedBy\\=Stan Lathan\n \\|WrittenBy\\=John J. Sakmar \\& Kerry Lenhart\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1985\\|1\\|15}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=4718\n \\|Viewers\\=18\\.50\n \\|ShortSummary\\=Laura has a personal stake in the investigation of the death of a movie producer who was planning on making a movie of an old TV series without the original star.", "Film references: ''\\[\\[Gone with the Wind (film)\\|Gone with the Wind]]'', ''\\[\\[Heaven's Gate (film)\\|Heaven's Gate]]''.\n \\|LineColor\\=00AE00\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=14\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=58\n \\|Title\\=Have I Got a Steele For You\n \\|DirectedBy\\=Christopher Hibler\n \\|WrittenBy\\=\\[\\[Jeff Melvoin]]\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1985\\|1\\|22}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=4725\n \\|Viewers\\=18\\.40\n \\|ShortSummary\\=Mulch returns with a new business venture that his partner is using to swindle an investor.", "Film references: ''\\[\\[Blood Alley]]'', ''\\[\\[The Day of the Jackal (film)\\|The Day of the Jackal]]''.\n \\|LineColor\\=00AE00\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=15\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=59\n \\|Title\\=Springtime for Steele\n \\|DirectedBy\\=Christopher Hibler\n \\|WrittenBy\\=John Wirth\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1985\\|1\\|29}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=4722\n \\|Viewers\\=18\\.90\n \\|ShortSummary\\=The unexpected success of singer Rocky Sullivan (from episode No. 44, \"Elementary Steele\") threatens a little scheme cooked up by her managers and might get her killed.", "Film reference: ''\\[\\[The Producers (1968 film)\\|The Producers]]''.\n \\|LineColor\\=00AE00\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=16\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=60\n \\|Title\\=Steele in the Family\n \\|DirectedBy\\=Larry Elikann\n \\|WrittenBy\\=Brad Kern\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1985\\|2\\|5}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=4723\n \\|Viewers\\=19\\.90\n \\|ShortSummary\\=Mildred's nephew comes to her for some help in hiding the body a hit man needs to confirm his contract with his employers.", "Film reference: ''\\[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0039279/ The Corpse Came C.O.D.]''\n \\|LineColor\\=00AE00\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=17\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=61\n \\|Title\\=Diced Steele\n \\|DirectedBy\\=Don Weis\n \\|WrittenBy\\=\\[\\[Jeff Melvoin]]\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1985\\|2\\|12}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=4727\n \\|Viewers\\=17\\.50\n \\|ShortSummary\\=An investigator from an insurance company digs into Steele's past after the agency loses their money in an effort to buy back stolen jewels.\n \\|LineColor\\=00AE00\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=18\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=62\n \\|Title\\=Now You Steele It, Now You Don't\n \\|DirectedBy\\=\\[\\[John Tracy (director)\\|John Tracy]]\n \\|WrittenBy\\=John Wirth\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1985\\|3\\|5}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=4724\n \\|Viewers\\=14\\.30\n \\|ShortSummary\\=Laura feels used by a client when she finds out an importer commits suicide after she unknowingly delivers a blackmail message to him.", "Film references: ''\\[\\[The Barefoot Contessa]]'', ''\\[\\[T\\-Men]]''.\n \\|LineColor\\=00AE00\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=19\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=63\n \\|Title\\=Illustrated Steele\n \\|DirectedBy\\=\\[\\[Gabrielle Beaumont]]\n \\|WrittenBy\\=Kerry Lenhart \\& John J. Sakmar\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1985\\|3\\|12}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=4726\n \\|Viewers\\=15\\.00\n \\|ShortSummary\\=A young cartoonist finds his life threatened as the events of his strip start happening to him.", "Film references: ''\\[\\[Gaslight (1944 film)\\|Gaslight]]'', ''\\[\\[How to Murder Your Wife]]'', ''\\[\\[Psycho (1960 film)\\|Psycho]]''.\n \\|LineColor\\=00AE00\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=20\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=64\n \\|Title\\=Steele in the Chips\n \\|DirectedBy\\=Sheldon Larry\n \\|WrittenBy\\={{StoryTeleplay\\|s\\= Howard Baldwin \\& Stephanie Zimbalist \\& Robin Bernheim\\|t\\= Stephanie Zimbalist \\& Robin Bernheim}}\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1985\\|3\\|19}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=4710\n \\|Viewers\\=15\\.80\n \\|ShortSummary\\=Laura and Steele get involved in the search for the inventor of a no\\-cal cookie and his only batch of prototypes. Guest stars: \\[\\[Geena Davis]] as a tennis pro, \\[\\[Jean Smart]] as the inventor's fiancée, \\[\\[G. W. Bailey]] as a cookie manufacturer.", "Film references: ''\\[\\[Bambi]]'', ''\\[\\[It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World]]''.\n \\|LineColor\\=00AE00\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=21\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=65\n \\|Title\\=Steele Trying\n \\|DirectedBy\\=Rocky Lang\n \\|WrittenBy\\=Michael Gleason\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1985\\|5\\|7}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=4717\n \\|Viewers\\=19\\.50\n \\|ShortSummary\\=Mr. Steele's plans for a romantic weekend in San Francisco are upset when his imaginary case turns into a real one.", "Film reference: ''\\[\\[The Lost Weekend (film)\\|The Lost Weekend]]''.\n \\|LineColor\\=00AE00\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=22\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=66\n \\|Title\\=Steele of Approval\n \\|DirectedBy\\=Seymour Robbie\n \\|WrittenBy\\=Brad Kern\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1985\\|5\\|14}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=4728\n \\|Viewers\\=17\\.70\n \\|ShortSummary\\=Laura investigates the background of a senatorial candidate while Steele dodges an investigator from the state licensing board.\n \\|LineColor\\=00AE00\n}}\n\\|Viewers\\=9\\|country\\=U.S.}}", "" ]
### Season 4 (1985–86\) {{Episode table \|background\=\#700070 \|overall\=2 \|season\=2 \|title\=24 \|writer\=21 \|director\=16 \|airdate\=15 \|prodcode\=7 \|episodes\= {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber2\=1 \|EpisodeNumber\=67 \|Title\=Steele Searching: Part 1 \|DirectedBy\=\[\[Seymour Robbie]] \|WrittenBy\=Michael Gleason \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1985\|9\|24}} \|ProdCode\=5701 \|Viewers\=18\.00 \|ShortSummary\=Laura races with Scotland Yard to locate Steele, who has become involved in murder while searching for a man with a clue to his past. Steele masquerades as an assassin hired by Daniel Chalmers to kill the Earl of Claridge. However, evidence indicates that the Earl is Steele's own father. Film references: ''\[\[Invasion of the Body Snatchers]]'', ''\[\[Smokey and the Bandit]]''. \|LineColor\=700070 }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber2\=2 \|EpisodeNumber\=68 \|Title\=Steele Searching: Part 2 \|DirectedBy\=Christopher Hibler \|WrittenBy\=Michael Gleason \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1985\|10\|1}} \|ProdCode\=5702 \|Viewers\=17\.60 \|ShortSummary\=See Part 1, above. Film reference: ''\[\[The Day of the Jackal (film)\|The Day of the Jackal]]''. \|LineColor\=700070 }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber2\=3 \|EpisodeNumber\=69 \|Title\=Steele Blushing \|DirectedBy\=\[\[Alexander Singer]] \|WrittenBy\=\[\[John Wirth (television producer)\|John Wirth]] \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1985\|10\|22}} \|ProdCode\=5704 \|Viewers\=15\.20 \|ShortSummary\=Laura protects a photographer (\[\[Kenneth Mars]]) and his files from angry clients and the FBI even after her doctored photo appears in a porno magazine. Guest star: \[\[Nana Visitor]] (near the end of the episode) Film reference: ''\[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0080868/ Hide in Plain Sight]''. \|LineColor\=700070 }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber2\=4 \|EpisodeNumber\=70 \|Title\=Grappling Steele \|DirectedBy\=Don Weis \|WrittenBy\=Rick Mittleman \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1985\|10\|29}} \|ProdCode\=5709 \|Viewers\=15\.40 \|ShortSummary\=Laura and Steele are hired to protect a professional wrestler who has been receiving death threats and having mysterious "accidents." Film reference: ''\[\[A Bill of Divorcement (1932 film)\|A Bill of Divorcement]]'' (1932\). \|LineColor\=700070 }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber2\=5 \|EpisodeNumber\=71 \|Title\=Forged Steele \|DirectedBy\=\[\[Harry Harris (director)\|Harry Harris]] \|WrittenBy\=Rick Mittleman \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1985\|11\|12}} \|ProdCode\=5710 \|Viewers\=15\.10 \|ShortSummary\=Steele awakens from a 36\-hour blackout to find that he has apparently gambled away the agency. Film references: ''\[\[The Great Impostor]]'', ''\[\[North by Northwest]]'', ''\[\[36 Hours (1965 film)\|36 Hours]]''. \|LineColor\=700070 }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber2\=6 \|EpisodeNumber\=72 \|Title\=Corn Fed Steele \|DirectedBy\=Don Weis \|WrittenBy\=\[\[Pamela Norris]] \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1985\|11\|19}} \|ProdCode\=5712 \|Viewers\=13\.80 \|ShortSummary\=Laura and Steele look into the disappearance of some prized breeding pigs from an experimental farm in Iowa. Film references: ''\[\[Easy Rider]]'', ''\[\[North by Northwest]]'', ''\[\[Witness (1985 film)\|Witness]]''. \|LineColor\=700070 }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber2\=7 \|EpisodeNumber\=73 \|Title\=Premium Steele \|DirectedBy\=\[\[Gabrielle Beaumont]] \|WrittenBy\=Gerald Sanoff \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1985\|12\|3}} \|ProdCode\=5711 \|Viewers\=13\.90 \|ShortSummary\=Laura and Steele try to discover why phony obituaries are being printed about people like poor garlic farmer Lester Shane. Film references: ''\[\[D.O.A. (1950 film)\|D.O.A.]]'', ''\[\[Gaslight (1944 film)\|Gaslight]]'', ''\[\[Gone with the Wind (film)\|Gone with the Wind]]'', ''\[\[The List of Adrian Messenger]]''. \|LineColor\=700070 }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber2\=8 \|EpisodeNumber\=74 \|Title\=Coffee, Tea, or Steele \|DirectedBy\=Christopher Hibler \|WrittenBy\=\[\[Robin Bernheim]] \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1985\|12\|10}} \|ProdCode\=5714 \|Viewers\=16\.00 \|ShortSummary\=Laura and Steele fly the unfriendly skies to learn why the body of a hired killer turned up on the \[\[baggage carousel]] of a luxury airline. \|LineColor\=700070 }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber2\=9 \|EpisodeNumber\=75 \|Title\=Dancer, Prancer, Donner and Steele \|DirectedBy\=Christopher Hibler \|WrittenBy\=Michael Gleason \& \[\[Elliott Lewis (actor)\|Elliott Lewis]] \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1985\|12\|17}} \|ProdCode\=5708 \|Viewers\=15\.80 \|ShortSummary\=The agency Christmas party is interrupted by three gun\-wielding Santas who take everyone hostage and threaten to blow up the building. Film references: ''\[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0038080/ The Shanghai Cobra]'', ''\[\[The Taking of Pelham One Two Three (1974 film)\|The Taking of Pelham One Two Three]]''. \|LineColor\=700070 }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber2\=10 \|EpisodeNumber\=76 \|Title\=Steele on the Air \|DirectedBy\=Christopher Hibler \|WrittenBy\=John J. Sakmar \& Kerry Lenhart \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1986\|1\|7}} \|ProdCode\=5717 \|Viewers\=14\.40 \|ShortSummary\=A traffic reporter dies while aloft in a helicopter and the two prime suspects are the disc jockeys, who were on the air at the time. Film references: ''\[\[Body Heat]]'', ''\[\[The Third Man]]''. \|LineColor\=700070 }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber2\=11 \|EpisodeNumber\=77 \|Title\=Steele, Inc. \|DirectedBy\=Don Weis \|WrittenBy\=\[\[Brad Kern]] \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1986\|1\|14}} \|ProdCode\=5703 \|Viewers\=13\.90 \|ShortSummary\=Mulch's latest brainstorm to franchise the agency gets an unfortunate investigator killed by an angry client. Film reference: ''\[\[The Maltese Falcon (1941 film)\|The Maltese Falcon]]''. \|LineColor\=700070 }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber2\=12 \|EpisodeNumber\=78 \|Title\=Steele Spawning \|DirectedBy\=\[\[Will Mackenzie]] \|WrittenBy\=John Wirth \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1986\|1\|28}} \|ProdCode\=5715 \|Viewers\=15\.60 \|ShortSummary\=Laura and Steele are hired by the spoiled son of a caviar importer to find a missing shipment before daddy returns home. Film reference: ''\[\[The Macomber Affair]]''. \|LineColor\=700070 }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber2\=13 \|EpisodeNumber\=79 \|Title\=Suburban Steele \|DirectedBy\=\[\[Stan Lathan]] \|WrittenBy\=Robin Bernheim \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1986\|2\|11}} \|ProdCode\=5716 \|Viewers\=12\.60 \|ShortSummary\=Laura's sister finds a dead body on her kitchen floor and asks for help from a reluctant Laura and Steele. Film reference: ''\[\[Beverly Hills Cop]]''. ''\[\[The A\-Team]]''. \|LineColor\=700070 }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber2\=14 \|EpisodeNumber\=80 \|Title\=Santa Claus Is Coming to Steele \|DirectedBy\=Seymour Robbie \|WrittenBy\=Michael Gleason \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1986\|2\|18}} \|ProdCode\=5721 \|Viewers\=15\.60 \|ShortSummary\=One of the phony Santas from the ill\-fated Christmas party (in episode No. 75, "Dancer, Prancer, Donner and Steele") returns to persuade a witness not to testify against him. Film references: ''\[\[Dirty Harry]]'', ''\[\[Rear Window]]''. \|LineColor\=700070 }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber2\=15 \|EpisodeNumber\=81 \|Title\=Steele Blue Yonder \|DirectedBy\=Don Weis \|WrittenBy\=Brad Kern \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1986\|2\|22}} \|ProdCode\=5718 \|Viewers\=13\.80 \|ShortSummary\=A woman is afraid her father may need help but Laura and Steele learn he knows exactly what he's doing. Airport scene filmed at Indian Dunes Park, location used in numerous other films and TV shows. Film reference: ''\[\[Going in Style]]''. \|LineColor\=700070 }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber2\=16 \|EpisodeNumber\=82 \|Title\=Sensitive Steele \|DirectedBy\=Don Weis \|WrittenBy\=Rick Mittleman \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1986\|3\|1}} \|ProdCode\=5719 \|Viewers\=14\.00 \|ShortSummary\=Laura and Steele go undercover at a self\-improvement spa to find out why there have been a series of mysterious accidents. Film references: ''\[\[Save the Tiger]]'', ''\[\[Hamlet (1948 film)\|Hamlet]]''. \|LineColor\=700070 }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber2\=17 \|EpisodeNumber\=83 \|Title\=Steele in the Spotlight \|DirectedBy\=\[\[Burt Brinckerhoff]] \|WrittenBy\=John J. Sakmar \& Kerry Lenhart \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1986\|3\|8}} \|ProdCode\=5705 \|Viewers\=16\.00 \|ShortSummary\=The search for a singer from the 1950s has unexpected, deadly consequences. Film references: ''\[\[Out of the Past]]'', ''\[\[Sunset Boulevard (film)\|Sunset Boulevard]]''. \|LineColor\=700070 }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber2\=18 \|EpisodeNumber\=84 \|Title\=Steele at Your Service \|DirectedBy\=Rocky Lang \|WrittenBy\=Lee H. Grant \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1986\|3\|15}} \|ProdCode\=5723 \|Viewers\=15\.40 \|ShortSummary\=The servants of the wealthy Wellingtons hire Laura and Steele to find out who killed the former butler, who had planned on publishing his memoirs. Film reference: ''\[\[Blowup]]''. \|LineColor\=700070 }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber2\=19 \|EpisodeNumber\=85 \|Title\=Steele in the Running \|DirectedBy\=Gabrielle Beaumont \|WrittenBy\=Susan Woollen \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1986\|3\|22}} \|ProdCode\=5713 \|Viewers\=14\.10 \|ShortSummary\=Laura is assaulted while running in a triathlon after a desperate woman switches numbers with her. \|LineColor\=700070 }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber2\=20 \|EpisodeNumber\=86 \|Title\=Beg, Borrow, or Steele \|DirectedBy\=Kevin Inch \|WrittenBy\=Brad Kern \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1986\|3\|29}} \|ProdCode\=5722 \|Viewers\=13\.00 \|ShortSummary\=Laura and Steele return from the East to find reports of their murder on the news and Mildred arrested for the crime. Film reference: ''\[\[Death Takes a Holiday]]''. \|LineColor\=700070 }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber2\=21 \|EpisodeNumber\=87 \|Title\=Steele Alive and Kicking \|DirectedBy\=Stan Lathan \|WrittenBy\=John Wirth \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1986\|5\|3}} \|ProdCode\=5720 \|Viewers\=14\.70 \|ShortSummary\=A man who framed himself so his wife could collect the reward learns he isn't terminally ill and wants Laura and Steele to clear him. Film reference: ''\[\[Convicted (1950 film)\|Convicted]]''. \|LineColor\=700070 }} {{Episode list \|EpisodeNumber2\=22 \|EpisodeNumber\=88 \|Title\=Bonds of Steele \|DirectedBy\=Seymour Robbie \|WrittenBy\=\[\[Jeff Melvoin]] \|OriginalAirDate\={{Start date\|1986\|5\|10}} \|ProdCode\=5706 \|Viewers\=15\.10 \|ShortSummary\=Laura has her hands full trying to discover why an accountant at a huge corporation was killed. However, Steele's desire to quickly wed a call girl (Nancy Everhard) so as to avoid being deported distracts Laura from her murder investigation. Steele eventually ends up marrying Laura herself. Film references: ''\[\[Bride of Frankenstein]]'', ''\[\[Casablanca (film)\|Casablanca]]'', ''\[\[Death Takes a Holiday]]'', ''\[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0073091/ The Happy Hooker]'', ''\[\[They Won't Believe Me]]''. \|LineColor\=700070 }} \|Viewers\=9\|country\=U.S.}}
[ "### Season 4 (1985–86\\)", "{{Episode table\n\\|background\\=\\#700070\n\\|overall\\=2\n\\|season\\=2\n\\|title\\=24\n\\|writer\\=21\n\\|director\\=16\n\\|airdate\\=15\n\\|prodcode\\=7\n\\|episodes\\=", "{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=1\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=67\n \\|Title\\=Steele Searching: Part 1\n \\|DirectedBy\\=\\[\\[Seymour Robbie]]\n \\|WrittenBy\\=Michael Gleason\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1985\\|9\\|24}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=5701\n \\|Viewers\\=18\\.00\n \\|ShortSummary\\=Laura races with Scotland Yard to locate Steele, who has become involved in murder while searching for a man with a clue to his past. Steele masquerades as an assassin hired by Daniel Chalmers to kill the Earl of Claridge. However, evidence indicates that the Earl is Steele's own father.", "Film references: ''\\[\\[Invasion of the Body Snatchers]]'', ''\\[\\[Smokey and the Bandit]]''.\n \\|LineColor\\=700070\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=2\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=68\n \\|Title\\=Steele Searching: Part 2\n \\|DirectedBy\\=Christopher Hibler\n \\|WrittenBy\\=Michael Gleason\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1985\\|10\\|1}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=5702\n \\|Viewers\\=17\\.60\n \\|ShortSummary\\=See Part 1, above.", "Film reference: ''\\[\\[The Day of the Jackal (film)\\|The Day of the Jackal]]''.\n \\|LineColor\\=700070\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=3\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=69\n \\|Title\\=Steele Blushing\n \\|DirectedBy\\=\\[\\[Alexander Singer]]\n \\|WrittenBy\\=\\[\\[John Wirth (television producer)\\|John Wirth]]\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1985\\|10\\|22}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=5704\n \\|Viewers\\=15\\.20\n \\|ShortSummary\\=Laura protects a photographer (\\[\\[Kenneth Mars]]) and his files from angry clients and the FBI even after her doctored photo appears in a porno magazine. Guest star: \\[\\[Nana Visitor]] (near the end of the episode)", "Film reference: ''\\[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0080868/ Hide in Plain Sight]''.\n \\|LineColor\\=700070\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=4\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=70\n \\|Title\\=Grappling Steele\n \\|DirectedBy\\=Don Weis\n \\|WrittenBy\\=Rick Mittleman\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1985\\|10\\|29}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=5709\n \\|Viewers\\=15\\.40\n \\|ShortSummary\\=Laura and Steele are hired to protect a professional wrestler who has been receiving death threats and having mysterious \"accidents.\"", "Film reference: ''\\[\\[A Bill of Divorcement (1932 film)\\|A Bill of Divorcement]]'' (1932\\).\n \\|LineColor\\=700070\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=5\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=71\n \\|Title\\=Forged Steele\n \\|DirectedBy\\=\\[\\[Harry Harris (director)\\|Harry Harris]]\n \\|WrittenBy\\=Rick Mittleman\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1985\\|11\\|12}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=5710\n \\|Viewers\\=15\\.10\n \\|ShortSummary\\=Steele awakens from a 36\\-hour blackout to find that he has apparently gambled away the agency.", "Film references: ''\\[\\[The Great Impostor]]'', ''\\[\\[North by Northwest]]'', ''\\[\\[36 Hours (1965 film)\\|36 Hours]]''.\n \\|LineColor\\=700070\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=6\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=72\n \\|Title\\=Corn Fed Steele\n \\|DirectedBy\\=Don Weis\n \\|WrittenBy\\=\\[\\[Pamela Norris]]\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1985\\|11\\|19}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=5712\n \\|Viewers\\=13\\.80\n \\|ShortSummary\\=Laura and Steele look into the disappearance of some prized breeding pigs from an experimental farm in Iowa.", "Film references: ''\\[\\[Easy Rider]]'', ''\\[\\[North by Northwest]]'', ''\\[\\[Witness (1985 film)\\|Witness]]''.\n \\|LineColor\\=700070\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=7\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=73\n \\|Title\\=Premium Steele\n \\|DirectedBy\\=\\[\\[Gabrielle Beaumont]]\n \\|WrittenBy\\=Gerald Sanoff\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1985\\|12\\|3}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=5711\n \\|Viewers\\=13\\.90\n \\|ShortSummary\\=Laura and Steele try to discover why phony obituaries are being printed about people like poor garlic farmer Lester Shane.", "Film references: ''\\[\\[D.O.A. (1950 film)\\|D.O.A.]]'', ''\\[\\[Gaslight (1944 film)\\|Gaslight]]'', ''\\[\\[Gone with the Wind (film)\\|Gone with the Wind]]'', ''\\[\\[The List of Adrian Messenger]]''.\n \\|LineColor\\=700070\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=8\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=74\n \\|Title\\=Coffee, Tea, or Steele\n \\|DirectedBy\\=Christopher Hibler\n \\|WrittenBy\\=\\[\\[Robin Bernheim]]\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1985\\|12\\|10}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=5714\n \\|Viewers\\=16\\.00\n \\|ShortSummary\\=Laura and Steele fly the unfriendly skies to learn why the body of a hired killer turned up on the \\[\\[baggage carousel]] of a luxury airline.\n \\|LineColor\\=700070\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=9\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=75\n \\|Title\\=Dancer, Prancer, Donner and Steele\n \\|DirectedBy\\=Christopher Hibler\n \\|WrittenBy\\=Michael Gleason \\& \\[\\[Elliott Lewis (actor)\\|Elliott Lewis]]\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1985\\|12\\|17}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=5708\n \\|Viewers\\=15\\.80\n \\|ShortSummary\\=The agency Christmas party is interrupted by three gun\\-wielding Santas who take everyone hostage and threaten to blow up the building.", "Film references: ''\\[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0038080/ The Shanghai Cobra]'', ''\\[\\[The Taking of Pelham One Two Three (1974 film)\\|The Taking of Pelham One Two Three]]''.\n \\|LineColor\\=700070\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=10\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=76\n \\|Title\\=Steele on the Air\n \\|DirectedBy\\=Christopher Hibler\n \\|WrittenBy\\=John J. Sakmar \\& Kerry Lenhart\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1986\\|1\\|7}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=5717\n \\|Viewers\\=14\\.40\n \\|ShortSummary\\=A traffic reporter dies while aloft in a helicopter and the two prime suspects are the disc jockeys, who were on the air at the time.", "Film references: ''\\[\\[Body Heat]]'', ''\\[\\[The Third Man]]''.\n \\|LineColor\\=700070\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=11\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=77\n \\|Title\\=Steele, Inc.\n \\|DirectedBy\\=Don Weis\n \\|WrittenBy\\=\\[\\[Brad Kern]]\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1986\\|1\\|14}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=5703\n \\|Viewers\\=13\\.90\n \\|ShortSummary\\=Mulch's latest brainstorm to franchise the agency gets an unfortunate investigator killed by an angry client.", "Film reference: ''\\[\\[The Maltese Falcon (1941 film)\\|The Maltese Falcon]]''.\n \\|LineColor\\=700070\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=12\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=78\n \\|Title\\=Steele Spawning\n \\|DirectedBy\\=\\[\\[Will Mackenzie]]\n \\|WrittenBy\\=John Wirth\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1986\\|1\\|28}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=5715\n \\|Viewers\\=15\\.60\n \\|ShortSummary\\=Laura and Steele are hired by the spoiled son of a caviar importer to find a missing shipment before daddy returns home.", "Film reference: ''\\[\\[The Macomber Affair]]''.\n \\|LineColor\\=700070\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=13\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=79\n \\|Title\\=Suburban Steele\n \\|DirectedBy\\=\\[\\[Stan Lathan]]\n \\|WrittenBy\\=Robin Bernheim\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1986\\|2\\|11}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=5716\n \\|Viewers\\=12\\.60\n \\|ShortSummary\\=Laura's sister finds a dead body on her kitchen floor and asks for help from a reluctant Laura and Steele.", "Film reference: ''\\[\\[Beverly Hills Cop]]''. ''\\[\\[The A\\-Team]]''.\n \\|LineColor\\=700070\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=14\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=80\n \\|Title\\=Santa Claus Is Coming to Steele\n \\|DirectedBy\\=Seymour Robbie\n \\|WrittenBy\\=Michael Gleason\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1986\\|2\\|18}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=5721\n \\|Viewers\\=15\\.60\n \\|ShortSummary\\=One of the phony Santas from the ill\\-fated Christmas party (in episode No. 75, \"Dancer, Prancer, Donner and Steele\") returns to persuade a witness not to testify against him.", "Film references: ''\\[\\[Dirty Harry]]'', ''\\[\\[Rear Window]]''.\n \\|LineColor\\=700070\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=15\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=81\n \\|Title\\=Steele Blue Yonder\n \\|DirectedBy\\=Don Weis\n \\|WrittenBy\\=Brad Kern\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1986\\|2\\|22}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=5718\n \\|Viewers\\=13\\.80\n \\|ShortSummary\\=A woman is afraid her father may need help but Laura and Steele learn he knows exactly what he's doing.", "Airport scene filmed at Indian Dunes Park, location used in numerous other films and TV shows. \nFilm reference: ''\\[\\[Going in Style]]''.\n \\|LineColor\\=700070\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=16\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=82\n \\|Title\\=Sensitive Steele\n \\|DirectedBy\\=Don Weis\n \\|WrittenBy\\=Rick Mittleman\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1986\\|3\\|1}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=5719\n \\|Viewers\\=14\\.00\n \\|ShortSummary\\=Laura and Steele go undercover at a self\\-improvement spa to find out why there have been a series of mysterious accidents.", "Film references: ''\\[\\[Save the Tiger]]'', ''\\[\\[Hamlet (1948 film)\\|Hamlet]]''.\n \\|LineColor\\=700070\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=17\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=83\n \\|Title\\=Steele in the Spotlight\n \\|DirectedBy\\=\\[\\[Burt Brinckerhoff]]\n \\|WrittenBy\\=John J. Sakmar \\& Kerry Lenhart\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1986\\|3\\|8}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=5705\n \\|Viewers\\=16\\.00\n \\|ShortSummary\\=The search for a singer from the 1950s has unexpected, deadly consequences.", "Film references: ''\\[\\[Out of the Past]]'', ''\\[\\[Sunset Boulevard (film)\\|Sunset Boulevard]]''.\n \\|LineColor\\=700070\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=18\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=84\n \\|Title\\=Steele at Your Service\n \\|DirectedBy\\=Rocky Lang\n \\|WrittenBy\\=Lee H. Grant\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1986\\|3\\|15}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=5723\n \\|Viewers\\=15\\.40\n \\|ShortSummary\\=The servants of the wealthy Wellingtons hire Laura and Steele to find out who killed the former butler, who had planned on publishing his memoirs.", "Film reference: ''\\[\\[Blowup]]''.\n \\|LineColor\\=700070\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=19\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=85\n \\|Title\\=Steele in the Running\n \\|DirectedBy\\=Gabrielle Beaumont\n \\|WrittenBy\\=Susan Woollen\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1986\\|3\\|22}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=5713\n \\|Viewers\\=14\\.10\n \\|ShortSummary\\=Laura is assaulted while running in a triathlon after a desperate woman switches numbers with her.\n \\|LineColor\\=700070\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=20\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=86\n \\|Title\\=Beg, Borrow, or Steele\n \\|DirectedBy\\=Kevin Inch\n \\|WrittenBy\\=Brad Kern\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1986\\|3\\|29}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=5722\n \\|Viewers\\=13\\.00\n \\|ShortSummary\\=Laura and Steele return from the East to find reports of their murder on the news and Mildred arrested for the crime.", "Film reference: ''\\[\\[Death Takes a Holiday]]''.\n \\|LineColor\\=700070\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=21\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=87\n \\|Title\\=Steele Alive and Kicking\n \\|DirectedBy\\=Stan Lathan\n \\|WrittenBy\\=John Wirth\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1986\\|5\\|3}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=5720\n \\|Viewers\\=14\\.70\n \\|ShortSummary\\=A man who framed himself so his wife could collect the reward learns he isn't terminally ill and wants Laura and Steele to clear him.", "Film reference: ''\\[\\[Convicted (1950 film)\\|Convicted]]''.\n \\|LineColor\\=700070\n}}\n{{Episode list\n \\|EpisodeNumber2\\=22\n \\|EpisodeNumber\\=88\n \\|Title\\=Bonds of Steele\n \\|DirectedBy\\=Seymour Robbie\n \\|WrittenBy\\=\\[\\[Jeff Melvoin]]\n \\|OriginalAirDate\\={{Start date\\|1986\\|5\\|10}}\n \\|ProdCode\\=5706\n \\|Viewers\\=15\\.10\n \\|ShortSummary\\=Laura has her hands full trying to discover why an accountant at a huge corporation was killed. However, Steele's desire to quickly wed a call girl (Nancy Everhard) so as to avoid being deported distracts Laura from her murder investigation. Steele eventually ends up marrying Laura herself.", "Film references: ''\\[\\[Bride of Frankenstein]]'', ''\\[\\[Casablanca (film)\\|Casablanca]]'', ''\\[\\[Death Takes a Holiday]]'', ''\\[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0073091/ The Happy Hooker]'', ''\\[\\[They Won't Believe Me]]''.\n \\|LineColor\\=700070\n}}\n\\|Viewers\\=9\\|country\\=U.S.}}", "" ]
Tenure as First Minister ------------------------ | Ramakrishna Ranga Rao's Cabinet | | | --- | --- | | Portfolio | Minister | | Local Self\-Government | Raja of Bobbili **(Also First Minister)** | | Development, Public Works and Registration | [P. T. Rajan](/wiki/P._T._Rajan "P. T. Rajan") | | Education, excise | [S. Kumaraswami Reddiar](/wiki/S._Kumaraswami_Reddiar "S. Kumaraswami Reddiar") (1934–1936\) | | [Rajah Muthiah Chettiar](/wiki/Rajah_Muthiah_Chettiar "Rajah Muthiah Chettiar") | | Home | [Mohammad Usman](/wiki/Mohammad_Usman_of_Madras "Mohammad Usman of Madras") (1932–1934\) | | [A. T. Panneerselvam](/wiki/A._T._Panneerselvam "A. T. Panneerselvam") | | *Source: Encyclopaedia of Political Parties* | | The Raja of Bobbili became the First Minister on 5 November 1932 at the age of 31 and except for a short span of 4 months when he was on a trip to England, served as First Minister until 1 April 1937\.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.tn.gov.in/tnassembly/cmlist\-1920\.htm\|title\=List of Chief Ministers of Tamil Nadu\|access\-date\=2008\-10\-20\|publisher\=Government of Tamil Nadu}} During his tenure, Madras was in the grips of the Great Depression. The Raja did introduce some measures in order to relieve the burden on the poor peasant. But by and large, the rapid depreciation of the economy remained unchecked and the government showed little concern towards the plight of the poor peasant. The Justice Party lost badly in the 1937 elections. The Raja's policies are believed to be the main reason. ### Revival of the mayoralty The [Mayoralty](/wiki/Mayoralty "Mayoralty") of Madras came into existence when the Corporation of Madras was established in 1688\. The first [mayor](/wiki/Mayor "Mayor") was [Nathaniel Higginson](/wiki/Nathaniel_Higginson "Nathaniel Higginson"), who resigned after a period of six months to take over as [Governor of Madras](/wiki/Governor_of_Madras "Governor of Madras"). The post of mayor was abolished in 1801\.{{cite news\|title\=Showing the way\|work\=\[\[The Hindu]]\|url\=http://www.thehindujobs.com/thehindu/mp/2002/07/10/stories/2002071000070300\.htm\|first\=S.\|last\=Muthiah\|author\-link\=S. Muthiah\|date\=10 July 2007}} The post of mayor was revived by the Raja of Bobbili government on 17 January 1933, by the City Municipal Act. The first mayor after its revival was the prominent Justice Party Leader, [K. Sriramulu Naidu](/wiki/K._Sriramulu_Naidu "K. Sriramulu Naidu") who was followed by [Raja Sir Annamalai Chettiar](/wiki/Annamalai_Chettiar "Annamalai Chettiar"). ### Estates Land Act of 1933 In August 1933, despite the vehement opposition of [zamindars](/wiki/Zamindar "Zamindar") in the Madras Presidency, the Raja of Bobbili passed an amendment to the Estates Land Act of 1908 which safeguarded the rights of the cultivators and freed them from the bondage of middlemen or *inamdars*. However, despite this legislation and a few others benefitting the cultivator, his regime was regarded as one which largely supported the interests of *zamindars*. ### 1934 Assembly elections The term of the legislature expired on 5 November 1933\. However, the elections to the [Madras Legislative Council](/wiki/Madras_Legislative_Council "Madras Legislative Council") were delayed by a year. Meanwhile, the [Indian National Congress](/wiki/Indian_National_Congress "Indian National Congress") had decided to participate in the elections at a meeting in [Patna](/wiki/Patna "Patna") in May 1934 and hence, when the elections took place in November 1934, the Justice Party lost miserably.[Encyclopedia of Political Parties](/wiki/%23Encyclopedia_of_Political_Parties "#Encyclopedia of Political Parties"), Pg 198{{full citation needed\|date\=April 2017}} However, the Raja of Bobbili adopted contingency measures by immediately convening a meeting and conducting negotiations between the different factions of the party. The [Swarajya Party](/wiki/Swarajya_Party "Swarajya Party") which won a majority in the Assembly once again refused to form the government in accordance with its policy of wrecking the dyarchy. So, the Raja of Bobbili was elected First Minister for a second term though he did not command the majority of the house.{{citation needed\|date\=April 2017}} Justice Party stalwarts [R. K. Shanmukham Chetty](/wiki/R._K._Shanmukham_Chetty "R. K. Shanmukham Chetty") and [Arcot Ramasamy Mudaliar](/wiki/Arcot_Ramasamy_Mudaliar "Arcot Ramasamy Mudaliar") had lost their seats as the chief whip of the party, [Rajah Muthiah Chettiar](/wiki/Rajah_Muthiah_Chettiar "Rajah Muthiah Chettiar") withdrew his support for their candidature. Ramakrishna Ranga Rao responded by dismissing [Rajah Muthiah Chettiar](/wiki/Rajah_Muthiah_Chettiar "Rajah Muthiah Chettiar") as the leader of the party in the Assembly. Muthiah moved a no\-confidence motion against the ministry but the motion was defeated. However, the differences between the Raja of Bobbili and Muthiah Chettiar was soon patched up and the Raja made the latter a minister in the cabinet.Rudner, David West. Caste and Capitalism in Colonial India: The Nattukottai Chettiars. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994{{page needed\|date\=April 2017}} ### Changes in the ministry [S. Kumaraswami Reddiar](/wiki/S._Kumaraswami_Reddiar "S. Kumaraswami Reddiar") resigned his ministry post due to ill\-health in 1936 and he was replaced with [Rajah Muthiah Chettiar](/wiki/Rajah_Muthiah_Chettiar "Rajah Muthiah Chettiar") in a move to wipe out differences in the party. With the permission of the Governor, the Raja also created a new Ministry of Home in order to accommodate disgruntled factions in the party.[Manikumar](/wiki/%23Manikumar "#Manikumar"), Pg 184 [Mohammad Usman](/wiki/Mohammad_Usman_of_Madras "Mohammad Usman of Madras") served as the first Minister of Home followed by Sir [A. T. Pannirselvam](/wiki/A._T._Pannirselvam "A. T. Pannirselvam"). ### Separation of Ganjam district On 1 April 1936, the [Ganjam district](/wiki/Ganjam_district "Ganjam district") was separated from Madras Presidency and constituted in the newly created province of [Orissa](/wiki/Orissa%2C_India "Orissa, India"). ### Policy during the Great Depression The [Great Depression](/wiki/Great_Depression "Great Depression") struck the province at the fag end of [P. Subbarayan](/wiki/P._Subbarayan "P. Subbarayan")'s tenure and lasted the whole span of the [Munuswamy Naidu](/wiki/B._Munuswamy_Naidu "B. Munuswamy Naidu") and Bobbili governments. The policy of the Raja of Bobbili during the Depression was alleged to be one of the indifference to plight of the peasants and the poor. The government expressed its complete solidarity with the Governor and his executive council. As a result, while the Government endorsed the measures taken by the governor it did not criticize those that were detrimental to the common man. The ministry is alleged to have done little for the financial relief of the common man apart from making recommendations or expressing sympathy and grief. Moreover, the affluent lifestyle led by the ministers at the height of the Great Depression were sharply criticized. Madras ministers drew a salary of Rs.433 per month as opposed to Rs.225 per month that ministers in the [Central Provinces](/wiki/Central_Provinces "Central Provinces") received as salary.[Manikumar](/wiki/%23Manikumar "#Manikumar"), Pg 185 This invoked the ire of the Madras press. The newspaper *India* wrote: {{blockquote\|Is not Rs.225 enough for Madras ministers, who were only second\-rate ''vakils'' in the ''mufassal'' (rural areas)? When the poor are suffering for want of money, they are drawing fat salaries? What an injustice?}} In 1933, the Indian National Congress, represented by the [Swarajya Party](/wiki/Swarajya_Party "Swarajya Party"), brought forth a resolution demanding a decrease of 12\.5% in land revenue in non\-Zamindari areas. The Justice Party voted against the resolution. Angered by the stand of the Justice Party, the Congress declared that 26 November 1933 be observed as Land Revenue Reduction Day. Protests were organized all over the province. At a meeting organized on the Madras beach, Congress leader [Sathyamurthy](/wiki/Sathyamurthy "Sathyamurthy") demanded that the land tax be reduced by 33\.3 percent. These demands were backed by the peasants in the province.[Manikumar](/wiki/%23Manikumar "#Manikumar"), Pg 189 However, these demands went unheeded. On the eve of the 1937 elections, the South Indian Federation of Peasants passed a resolution {{blockquote\|This federation resolves that in the coming Assembly elections the proper and class\-wise course for peasants to follow is to vote for the Congress candidates in general and to utilize all their organizational and other resources to strengthen those Congress candidates who give their unequivocal assurance of support for implementing of the peasant's charter of minimum demands through their work both within and without the Legislatures.}} Individual Congressmen launched agitations for the abolition of *zamindaris*. The Raja of Bobbili was against the movement as being a *zamindar* himself, he had pro\-zamindar sympathies. He, therefore, considered it to be a law and order issue and order a crackdown leading to police firing in some areas.[Manikumar](/wiki/%23Manikumar "#Manikumar"), Pg 191 [Lord Erskine](/wiki/John_Erskine%2C_Lord_Erskine "John Erskine, Lord Erskine"), the [Governor of Madras](/wiki/Governor_of_Madras "Governor of Madras") wrote to the [Secretary of State for India](/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_India "Secretary of State for India"), [Lord Zetland](/wiki/Lawrence_Dundas%2C_2nd_Marquess_of_Zetland "Lawrence Dundas, 2nd Marquess of Zetland") in February 1937 that the peasants in [South India](/wiki/South_India "South India") were fed up with the Justice Party.[Manikumar](/wiki/%23Manikumar "#Manikumar"), Pg 187 ### Alleged abuse of authority Bobbili's rule was autocratic and he was highly inaccessible to party members.[Encyclopedia of Political Parties](/wiki/%23Encyclopedia_of_Political_Parties "#Encyclopedia of Political Parties"), Pg 151 The success of every previous government in the Presidency had been due to the support of the district boards. However, the Raja of Bobbili, instead of appeasing the district\-level politicians tried to destroy their power and influence.{{cite book\|title\=Locality, Province and Nation: Essays on Indian Politics 1870 to 1940\|pages\=205\|first\=John\|last\=Gallagher\|author2\=Gordon Johnson \|author3\=Anil Seal \|publisher\=CUP Archive\|year\=1973\|isbn\=0521098114\|id\=}} The *Suthanthira Sangu*, in its issue dated 26 February 1935: {{blockquote\|The Local Boards Act has been recently amended, taluk boards have been abolished, a district board has been bifurcated and attempts have been made to bifurcate other boards, which are hostile to him... He is superseding municipalities, which do not bow to his authority, removing chairmen not liked by him and trying to forfeit the liberty of these bodies by the appointment of Commissioners.}} The *[Madras Mail](/wiki/The_Madras_Mail "The Madras Mail")* noted in its editorial dated 1 June 1935: {{blockquote\|if the Justice Party is really determined upon reorganisation, it should be one of its first proclamations that, so far as it is concerned the spoils system must go}} This, along with Bobbili's autocratic rule and factionalism within the party, had disastrous effects for the fortunes of the Justice party.
[ "Tenure as First Minister\n------------------------", "", "| Ramakrishna Ranga Rao's Cabinet | |\n| --- | --- |\n| Portfolio | Minister |\n| Local Self\\-Government | Raja of Bobbili **(Also First Minister)** |\n| Development, Public Works and Registration | [P. T. Rajan](/wiki/P._T._Rajan \"P. T. Rajan\") |\n| Education, excise | [S. Kumaraswami Reddiar](/wiki/S._Kumaraswami_Reddiar \"S. Kumaraswami Reddiar\") (1934–1936\\) |\n| [Rajah Muthiah Chettiar](/wiki/Rajah_Muthiah_Chettiar \"Rajah Muthiah Chettiar\") |\n| Home | [Mohammad Usman](/wiki/Mohammad_Usman_of_Madras \"Mohammad Usman of Madras\") (1932–1934\\) |\n| [A. T. Panneerselvam](/wiki/A._T._Panneerselvam \"A. T. Panneerselvam\") |\n| *Source: Encyclopaedia of Political Parties* | |", "The Raja of Bobbili became the First Minister on 5 November 1932 at the age of 31 and except for a short span of 4 months when he was on a trip to England, served as First Minister until 1 April 1937\\.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.tn.gov.in/tnassembly/cmlist\\-1920\\.htm\\|title\\=List of Chief Ministers of Tamil Nadu\\|access\\-date\\=2008\\-10\\-20\\|publisher\\=Government of Tamil Nadu}} During his tenure, Madras was in the grips of the Great Depression. The Raja did introduce some measures in order to relieve the burden on the poor peasant. But by and large, the rapid depreciation of the economy remained unchecked and the government showed little concern towards the plight of the poor peasant. The Justice Party lost badly in the 1937 elections. The Raja's policies are believed to be the main reason.", "### Revival of the mayoralty", "The [Mayoralty](/wiki/Mayoralty \"Mayoralty\") of Madras came into existence when the Corporation of Madras was established in 1688\\. The first [mayor](/wiki/Mayor \"Mayor\") was [Nathaniel Higginson](/wiki/Nathaniel_Higginson \"Nathaniel Higginson\"), who resigned after a period of six months to take over as [Governor of Madras](/wiki/Governor_of_Madras \"Governor of Madras\"). The post of mayor was abolished in 1801\\.{{cite news\\|title\\=Showing the way\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Hindu]]\\|url\\=http://www.thehindujobs.com/thehindu/mp/2002/07/10/stories/2002071000070300\\.htm\\|first\\=S.\\|last\\=Muthiah\\|author\\-link\\=S. Muthiah\\|date\\=10 July 2007}}", "The post of mayor was revived by the Raja of Bobbili government on 17 January 1933, by the City Municipal Act. The first mayor after its revival was the prominent Justice Party Leader, [K. Sriramulu Naidu](/wiki/K._Sriramulu_Naidu \"K. Sriramulu Naidu\") who was followed by [Raja Sir Annamalai Chettiar](/wiki/Annamalai_Chettiar \"Annamalai Chettiar\").", "### Estates Land Act of 1933", "In August 1933, despite the vehement opposition of [zamindars](/wiki/Zamindar \"Zamindar\") in the Madras Presidency, the Raja of Bobbili passed an amendment to the Estates Land Act of 1908 which safeguarded the rights of the cultivators and freed them from the bondage of middlemen or *inamdars*. However, despite this legislation and a few others benefitting the cultivator, his regime was regarded as one which largely supported the interests of *zamindars*.", "### 1934 Assembly elections", "The term of the legislature expired on 5 November 1933\\. However, the elections to the [Madras Legislative Council](/wiki/Madras_Legislative_Council \"Madras Legislative Council\") were delayed by a year. Meanwhile, the [Indian National Congress](/wiki/Indian_National_Congress \"Indian National Congress\") had decided to participate in the elections at a meeting in [Patna](/wiki/Patna \"Patna\") in May 1934 and hence, when the elections took place in November 1934, the Justice Party lost miserably.[Encyclopedia of Political Parties](/wiki/%23Encyclopedia_of_Political_Parties \"#Encyclopedia of Political Parties\"), Pg 198{{full citation needed\\|date\\=April 2017}} However, the Raja of Bobbili adopted contingency measures by immediately convening a meeting and conducting negotiations between the different factions of the party. The [Swarajya Party](/wiki/Swarajya_Party \"Swarajya Party\") which won a majority in the Assembly once again refused to form the government in accordance with its policy of wrecking the dyarchy. So, the Raja of Bobbili was elected First Minister for a second term though he did not command the majority of the house.{{citation needed\\|date\\=April 2017}}", "Justice Party stalwarts [R. K. Shanmukham Chetty](/wiki/R._K._Shanmukham_Chetty \"R. K. Shanmukham Chetty\") and [Arcot Ramasamy Mudaliar](/wiki/Arcot_Ramasamy_Mudaliar \"Arcot Ramasamy Mudaliar\") had lost their seats as the chief whip of the party, [Rajah Muthiah Chettiar](/wiki/Rajah_Muthiah_Chettiar \"Rajah Muthiah Chettiar\") withdrew his support for their candidature. Ramakrishna Ranga Rao responded by dismissing [Rajah Muthiah Chettiar](/wiki/Rajah_Muthiah_Chettiar \"Rajah Muthiah Chettiar\") as the leader of the party in the Assembly. Muthiah moved a no\\-confidence motion against the ministry but the motion was defeated. However, the differences between the Raja of Bobbili and Muthiah Chettiar was soon patched up and the Raja made the latter a minister in the cabinet.Rudner, David West. Caste and Capitalism in Colonial India: The Nattukottai Chettiars. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994{{page needed\\|date\\=April 2017}}", "### Changes in the ministry", "[S. Kumaraswami Reddiar](/wiki/S._Kumaraswami_Reddiar \"S. Kumaraswami Reddiar\") resigned his ministry post due to ill\\-health in 1936 and he was replaced with [Rajah Muthiah Chettiar](/wiki/Rajah_Muthiah_Chettiar \"Rajah Muthiah Chettiar\") in a move to wipe out differences in the party. With the permission of the Governor, the Raja also created a new Ministry of Home in order to accommodate disgruntled factions in the party.[Manikumar](/wiki/%23Manikumar \"#Manikumar\"), Pg 184 [Mohammad Usman](/wiki/Mohammad_Usman_of_Madras \"Mohammad Usman of Madras\") served as the first Minister of Home followed by Sir [A. T. Pannirselvam](/wiki/A._T._Pannirselvam \"A. T. Pannirselvam\").", "### Separation of Ganjam district", "On 1 April 1936, the [Ganjam district](/wiki/Ganjam_district \"Ganjam district\") was separated from Madras Presidency and constituted in the newly created province of [Orissa](/wiki/Orissa%2C_India \"Orissa, India\").", "### Policy during the Great Depression", "The [Great Depression](/wiki/Great_Depression \"Great Depression\") struck the province at the fag end of [P. Subbarayan](/wiki/P._Subbarayan \"P. Subbarayan\")'s tenure and lasted the whole span of the [Munuswamy Naidu](/wiki/B._Munuswamy_Naidu \"B. Munuswamy Naidu\") and Bobbili governments. The policy of the Raja of Bobbili during the Depression was alleged to be one of the indifference to plight of the peasants and the poor. The government expressed its complete solidarity with the Governor and his executive council. As a result, while the Government endorsed the measures taken by the governor it did not criticize those that were detrimental to the common man. The ministry is alleged to have done little for the financial relief of the common man apart from making recommendations or expressing sympathy and grief. Moreover, the affluent lifestyle led by the ministers at the height of the Great Depression were sharply criticized. Madras ministers drew a salary of Rs.433 per month as opposed to Rs.225 per month that ministers in the [Central Provinces](/wiki/Central_Provinces \"Central Provinces\") received as salary.[Manikumar](/wiki/%23Manikumar \"#Manikumar\"), Pg 185 This invoked the ire of the Madras press. The newspaper *India* wrote:", "{{blockquote\\|Is not Rs.225 enough for Madras ministers, who were only second\\-rate ''vakils'' in the ''mufassal'' (rural areas)? When the poor are suffering for want of money, they are drawing fat salaries? What an injustice?}}", "In 1933, the Indian National Congress, represented by the [Swarajya Party](/wiki/Swarajya_Party \"Swarajya Party\"), brought forth a resolution demanding a decrease of 12\\.5% in land revenue in non\\-Zamindari areas. The Justice Party voted against the resolution. Angered by the stand of the Justice Party, the Congress declared that 26 November 1933 be observed as Land Revenue Reduction Day. Protests were organized all over the province. At a meeting organized on the Madras beach, Congress leader [Sathyamurthy](/wiki/Sathyamurthy \"Sathyamurthy\") demanded that the land tax be reduced by 33\\.3 percent. These demands were backed by the peasants in the province.[Manikumar](/wiki/%23Manikumar \"#Manikumar\"), Pg 189 However, these demands went unheeded. On the eve of the 1937 elections, the South Indian Federation of Peasants passed a resolution", "{{blockquote\\|This federation resolves that in the coming Assembly elections the proper and class\\-wise course for peasants to follow is to vote for the Congress candidates in general and to utilize all their organizational and other resources to strengthen those Congress candidates who give their unequivocal assurance of support for implementing of the peasant's charter of minimum demands through their work both within and without the Legislatures.}}", "Individual Congressmen launched agitations for the abolition of *zamindaris*. The Raja of Bobbili was against the movement as being a *zamindar* himself, he had pro\\-zamindar sympathies. He, therefore, considered it to be a law and order issue and order a crackdown leading to police firing in some areas.[Manikumar](/wiki/%23Manikumar \"#Manikumar\"), Pg 191", "[Lord Erskine](/wiki/John_Erskine%2C_Lord_Erskine \"John Erskine, Lord Erskine\"), the [Governor of Madras](/wiki/Governor_of_Madras \"Governor of Madras\") wrote to the [Secretary of State for India](/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_India \"Secretary of State for India\"), [Lord Zetland](/wiki/Lawrence_Dundas%2C_2nd_Marquess_of_Zetland \"Lawrence Dundas, 2nd Marquess of Zetland\") in February 1937 that the peasants in [South India](/wiki/South_India \"South India\") were fed up with the Justice Party.[Manikumar](/wiki/%23Manikumar \"#Manikumar\"), Pg 187", "### Alleged abuse of authority", "Bobbili's rule was autocratic and he was highly inaccessible to party members.[Encyclopedia of Political Parties](/wiki/%23Encyclopedia_of_Political_Parties \"#Encyclopedia of Political Parties\"), Pg 151 The success of every previous government in the Presidency had been due to the support of the district boards. However, the Raja of Bobbili, instead of appeasing the district\\-level politicians tried to destroy their power and influence.{{cite book\\|title\\=Locality, Province and Nation: Essays on Indian Politics 1870 to 1940\\|pages\\=205\\|first\\=John\\|last\\=Gallagher\\|author2\\=Gordon Johnson \\|author3\\=Anil Seal \\|publisher\\=CUP Archive\\|year\\=1973\\|isbn\\=0521098114\\|id\\=}}", "The *Suthanthira Sangu*, in its issue dated 26 February 1935:", "{{blockquote\\|The Local Boards Act has been recently amended, taluk boards have been abolished, a district board has been bifurcated and attempts have been made to bifurcate other boards, which are hostile to him... He is superseding municipalities, which do not bow to his authority, removing chairmen not liked by him and trying to forfeit the liberty of these bodies by the appointment of Commissioners.}}", "The *[Madras Mail](/wiki/The_Madras_Mail \"The Madras Mail\")* noted in its editorial dated 1 June 1935:", "{{blockquote\\|if the Justice Party is really determined upon reorganisation, it should be one of its first proclamations that, so far as it is concerned the spoils system must go}}", "This, along with Bobbili's autocratic rule and factionalism within the party, had disastrous effects for the fortunes of the Justice party.", "" ]
Infrastructure -------------- In Cauayan, there is a difference in the adequacy of infrastructure facilities in urban and rural areas. Generally, the closer the area is to the main service center of the city, i.e. the Poblacion, the better are the facilities for production and distribution of goods and services. The analysis in this sector is based on the existing infrastructure facilities and those considered in the pipeline for 2002–2006 implementation. No projects are as yet programmed beyond 2006 in higher levels of government. ### Public Transport The existing infrastructure Provision for Transport of Cauayan is shown in Table 41\. The city has a total of 512\.27 kilometers of roads. Roads are classified into national, provincial, municipal/city and barangay roads including NIA access roads. All of the 18\.16 kilometers of national roads are concrete roads while more than two\-thirds of the 42\.904 kilometers of Provincial roads are graveled and 17\.86 kilometers of city roads are concrete roads, about 97\.40% or 340\.16 kilometers of barangay roads are gravel roads while the 56\.40 kilometers of NIA access road is only 2\.22% concrete. By type of pavement, the total of 512\.27 kilometers of roads in the city, only 12\.37% or 63\.322 kilometers is concrete and 87\.68% is graveled accounting to 448\.948 kilometers. However, all settlement areas are provided with roads. ### Roads The national roads allow the operation of various bus and jeepney operators in the City of Cauayan and neighboring towns and areas to transport passengers and cargo to any point of Luzon, making the City of Cauayan one of the transport pivotal points in the Cagayan Valley. The 18\.16 kilometers of national roads in the City of Cauayan provide mobility and access to the neighboring towns, provinces and regions. This road is the Cagayan Valley Road (CVR). The CVR is the Cagayan Valley section of the Philippine\-Japan Friendship Highway, also known as the Maharlika Highway. The CVR from Alinam to Tagaran is the city's longest stretch of concrete road. This road links the City of Cauayan to the rest of the region, to Region 03 and National Capital Region in the south and to Region 01 in the north. The proposed Cauayan Diversion Roads include the Minante I\- Marabulig\-I – Dadap (Mun. of Luna) – San Fermin – Tagaran with an approximate length of 12\..5 kilometers; the Alicaocao – Turayong – District II – Labinab – District I – Minante I Diversion Road (4\.8 km); and the San Fermin – Tagaran via CRAIGC (4\.2 km) These Diversion Roads when constructed will improve the settlements, the movement of goods and services and even the flow of traffic in the city. The estimated construction cost for these tree (3\) projects will reach PhP 119\.5 million including drainage and 4 bridges. Of the 59\.66 kilometers of provincial roads, only 28\.09% or 16\.756 kilometers are concrete and the rest are all gravel roads constituting 42\.904 kilometers accounting to about 71\.91%. Approximately 61\.3% of city streets or 17\.860 kilometers are concrete while 38\.70% or 10\.950 kilometers are gravel roads. In order for business to flourish in the poblacion, all city streets need to be concreted within the plan period. Of the total 512\.27 kilometers of roads within Cauayan, about 11\.01% or an aggregate length of 56\.40 kilometers is NIA access roads constructed and maintained by the National Irrigation Administration (NIA). However, in 1997, NIA turned over these roads to the city government for maintenance. The barangay roads are important as they provide mobility and access in the settlement areas. With each new settlement area, barangay roads are initiated with private homeowners’ efforts, provided the road is donated to the government, for concreting and maintenance. The government later on augments the private road development. Barangay roads totals 349\.24 kilometers or 68\.17% of the total 512\.27 kilometers of roads in the city. Of this length, 97\.40% or 340\.16 kilometers are graveled. Only about 9\.080 kilometers or 2\.60% are concrete. The provision of heavy equipment necessary in the construction and maintenance of roads and other infrastructure facilities and utilities is of high importance in order for the city government to enhance mobility thereby increasing productivity. ### Road Density The standards for road provision are 2\.40 kilometers for every 1,000 urban population and 1\.50 kilometers for every 100 hectares of arable land in the rural areas. Presently, the rural road density (km/km2) is placed at 1\.52 topping the list in the entire province in terms of rural road density. With 35\.575 kilometers of roads in the 5 barangays with a CY 2000 population of 31,037, the city of Cauayan has an urban road density of only 0\.872 kilometers per 1,000 urban populations. Additional roads must be constructed in the poblacion to hasten development. On the other hand, it has 313\.665 kilometers in the 60 rural barangays with 23,501\.21 hectares of arable land. This means a road density of only 1\.33 kilometers for every 100 hectares of arable lands in the rural barangays. This implies that more roads have to be constructed in the rural barangays to fully support socio\-economic development. ### Bridges The city's road network includes 20 permanent bridges, 6 of which are reinforced concrete deck girder (RCDG) bridges. *Thirteen concrete overflow bridges* and *one steel bridge* account for a total aggregate length of 431\.5 lineal meters. Two RCDG bridges along the Maharlika highway have recently been replaced under the Tulay ng Pangulo Program of then President Fidel Ramos and were inaugurated in 1999 by no less than President Joseph Estrada. However, The Alicaocao Overflow Bridge spanning 66 meters was hit by disastrous flood in 1998 causing the bridge to collapse particularly at the Carabbatan Chica portion. Replacement of the said bridge is crucial to the development of the other side of the Cagayan River since this is the only route going to that place except when you take Naguilian Bridge via Minanga in the municipality of Naguilian, which is a tormentous stretch aside from causing delay. Several overflow bridges within the city also needs immediate replacement and around 16 bridges and 18 RCCP culverts more need to be constructed/replaced in order to make the city road network system efficient. ### Terminals Cauayan road network is supported with privately owned terminals for jeeps and buses located at Barangay San Fermin. SM City Cauayan has built a terminal beside the mall to support the public transportation in/out of the Cauayan. ### Bus Companies * [Victory Liner](/wiki/Victory_Liner "Victory Liner") * Dalin Liner An inter\-provincial bus terminal with an estimated cost of PHP 70\.00 million needs to be constructed in this rapidly urbanizing city to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of the city's transportation system and to provide additional prime commercial area and needed tourism support services. ### Airport {{Main\|Cauayan Airport}} [thumb\|right\|Cauayan Airport](/wiki/File:Two_U.S._Marine_Corps_CH-46E_Sea_Knight_helicopters_land_at_the_airport_in_Cauayan_City%2C_Philippines%2C_to_pick_up_relief_supplies_Oct._22%2C_2010_101022-M-ZN194-091.jpg "Two U.S. Marine Corps CH-46E Sea Knight helicopters land at the airport in Cauayan City, Philippines, to pick up relief supplies Oct. 22, 2010 101022-M-ZN194-091.jpg") The city airport located at Barangay San Fermin completes the infrastructure provision for transport for the city of Cauayan with provincial and regional impact. It is a secondary airport as per BAT classification. The airport runway has a total length of 2,500 meters and 30 meters wide capable of accommodating [Boeing 737s](/wiki/Boeing_737 "Boeing 737"). It is equipped with VHF Omni Range Transmitter, VHF Air/Ground single band radio and provided with fire\-fighting equipment and facilities. It is likewise provided with facilities for arriving and departing passengers. The entire airport facility is provided with a [perimeter fence](/wiki/Perimeter_fence "Perimeter fence"). At present, the facility is undergoing upgrading of facilities intended to accommodate international cargo flights. When completed, it is also expected that normal operations of the [Philippine Airlines](/wiki/Philippine_Airlines "Philippine Airlines") will resume which is very crucial in the commerce and industry sector of the city. This is very timely since Cauayan has been selected to host the Proposed [Isabela](/wiki/Isabela_%28province%29 "Isabela (province)") Special Economic Zone and the Regional Agro\-Industrial Growth Center. [Cebu Pacific Air](/wiki/Cebu_Pacific_Air "Cebu Pacific Air") fly in Cauayan daily utilizing an Airbus A320 aircraft with Flight No. 5J 196 departing from Manila and Flight No. 5J 197 departing from Cauayan. ### Telecommunication The [PLDT](/wiki/PLDT "PLDT") provides fixed line services. Wireless mobile communications services are provided by [Smart Communications](/wiki/Smart_Communications "Smart Communications") and [Globe Telecommunications](/wiki/Globe_Telecommunications "Globe Telecommunications"). [Dito Telecommunity](/wiki/Dito_Telecommunity "Dito Telecommunity") is now available offering connectivity service. [Philpost](/wiki/Philpost "Philpost"), [LBC](/wiki/LBC_Express "LBC Express"), JRS Express, [FedEx](/wiki/FedEx "FedEx"), DCI Express, and EXL Express move mails. Broadcast media is provided by radio and TV stations operating in the city, a cable TV facility while a number of Internet Café have established their operations here. Nowadays, the most important means of communication with relatives and friends is thru internet. This was being provided by the NSCV internet connections plus the Converge, PLDT Home and SmartBro broadband. The LGU likewise is utilizing handheld radio transceivers covering all barangays in city and the province as well with bases at the city hall, city police and fire protection offices.
[ "Infrastructure\n--------------", "In Cauayan, there is a difference in the adequacy of infrastructure facilities in urban and rural areas. Generally, the closer the area is to the main service center of the city, i.e. the Poblacion, the better are the facilities for production and distribution of goods and services. The analysis in this sector is based on the existing infrastructure facilities and those considered in the pipeline for 2002–2006 implementation. No projects are as yet programmed beyond 2006 in higher levels of government.", "### Public Transport", "The existing infrastructure Provision for Transport of Cauayan is shown in Table 41\\. The city has a total of 512\\.27 kilometers of roads. Roads are classified into national, provincial, municipal/city and barangay roads including NIA access roads. All of the 18\\.16 kilometers of national roads are concrete roads while more than two\\-thirds of the 42\\.904 kilometers of Provincial roads are graveled and 17\\.86 kilometers of city roads are concrete roads, about 97\\.40% or 340\\.16 kilometers of barangay roads are gravel roads while the 56\\.40 kilometers of NIA access road is only 2\\.22% concrete. By type of pavement, the total of 512\\.27 kilometers of roads in the city, only 12\\.37% or 63\\.322 kilometers is concrete and 87\\.68% is graveled accounting to 448\\.948 kilometers. However, all settlement areas are provided with roads.", "### Roads", "The national roads allow the operation of various bus and jeepney operators in the City of Cauayan and neighboring towns and areas to transport passengers and cargo to any point of Luzon, making the City of Cauayan one of the transport pivotal points in the Cagayan Valley.", "The 18\\.16 kilometers of national roads in the City of Cauayan provide mobility and access to the neighboring towns, provinces and regions. This road is the Cagayan Valley Road (CVR). The CVR is the Cagayan Valley section of the Philippine\\-Japan Friendship Highway, also known as the Maharlika Highway.", "The CVR from Alinam to Tagaran is the city's longest stretch of concrete road. This road links the City of Cauayan to the rest of the region, to Region 03 and National Capital Region in the south and to Region 01 in the north.", "The proposed Cauayan Diversion Roads include the Minante I\\- Marabulig\\-I – Dadap (Mun. of Luna) – San Fermin – Tagaran with an approximate length of 12\\..5 kilometers; the Alicaocao – Turayong – District II – Labinab – District I – Minante I Diversion Road (4\\.8 km); and the San Fermin – Tagaran via CRAIGC (4\\.2 km) These Diversion Roads when constructed will improve the settlements, the movement of goods and services and even the flow of traffic in the city. The estimated construction cost for these tree (3\\) projects will reach PhP 119\\.5 million including drainage and 4 bridges.", "Of the 59\\.66 kilometers of provincial roads, only 28\\.09% or 16\\.756 kilometers are concrete and the rest are all gravel roads constituting 42\\.904 kilometers accounting to about 71\\.91%.", "Approximately 61\\.3% of city streets or 17\\.860 kilometers are concrete while 38\\.70% or 10\\.950 kilometers are gravel roads. In order for business to flourish in the poblacion, all city streets need to be concreted within the plan period.", "Of the total 512\\.27 kilometers of roads within Cauayan, about 11\\.01% or an aggregate length of 56\\.40 kilometers is NIA access roads constructed and maintained by the National Irrigation Administration (NIA). However, in 1997, NIA turned over these roads to the city government for maintenance.", "The barangay roads are important as they provide mobility and access in the settlement areas. With each new settlement area, barangay roads are initiated with private homeowners’ efforts, provided the road is donated to the government, for concreting and maintenance. The government later on augments the private road development.", "Barangay roads totals 349\\.24 kilometers or 68\\.17% of the total 512\\.27 kilometers of roads in the city. Of this length, 97\\.40% or 340\\.16 kilometers are graveled. Only about 9\\.080 kilometers or 2\\.60% are concrete.", "The provision of heavy equipment necessary in the construction and maintenance of roads and other infrastructure facilities and utilities is of high importance in order for the city government to enhance mobility thereby increasing productivity.", "### Road Density", "The standards for road provision are 2\\.40 kilometers for every 1,000 urban population and 1\\.50 kilometers for every 100 hectares of arable land in the rural areas. Presently, the rural road density (km/km2) is placed at 1\\.52 topping the list in the entire province in terms of rural road density. With 35\\.575 kilometers of roads in the 5 barangays with a CY 2000 population of 31,037, the city of Cauayan has an urban road density of only 0\\.872 kilometers per 1,000 urban populations. Additional roads must be constructed in the poblacion to hasten development. On the other hand, it has 313\\.665 kilometers in the 60 rural barangays with 23,501\\.21 hectares of arable land. This means a road density of only 1\\.33 kilometers for every 100 hectares of arable lands in the rural barangays. This implies that more roads have to be constructed in the rural barangays to fully support socio\\-economic development.", "### Bridges", "The city's road network includes 20 permanent bridges, 6 of which are reinforced concrete deck girder (RCDG) bridges. *Thirteen concrete overflow bridges* and *one steel bridge* account for a total aggregate length of 431\\.5 lineal meters. Two RCDG bridges along the Maharlika highway have recently been replaced under the Tulay ng Pangulo Program of then President Fidel Ramos and were inaugurated in 1999 by no less than President Joseph Estrada. However, The Alicaocao Overflow Bridge spanning 66 meters was hit by disastrous flood in 1998 causing the bridge to collapse particularly at the Carabbatan Chica portion. Replacement of the said bridge is crucial to the development of the other side of the Cagayan River since this is the only route going to that place except when you take Naguilian Bridge via Minanga in the municipality of Naguilian, which is a tormentous stretch aside from causing delay. Several overflow bridges within the city also needs immediate replacement and around 16 bridges and 18 RCCP culverts more need to be constructed/replaced in order to make the city road network system efficient.", "### Terminals", "Cauayan road network is supported with privately owned terminals for jeeps and buses located at Barangay San Fermin. SM City Cauayan has built a terminal beside the mall to support the public transportation in/out of the Cauayan.", "### Bus Companies", "* [Victory Liner](/wiki/Victory_Liner \"Victory Liner\")\n* Dalin Liner", "An inter\\-provincial bus terminal with an estimated cost of PHP 70\\.00 million needs to be constructed in this rapidly urbanizing city to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of the city's transportation system and to provide additional prime commercial area and needed tourism support services.", "### Airport", "{{Main\\|Cauayan Airport}}\n[thumb\\|right\\|Cauayan Airport](/wiki/File:Two_U.S._Marine_Corps_CH-46E_Sea_Knight_helicopters_land_at_the_airport_in_Cauayan_City%2C_Philippines%2C_to_pick_up_relief_supplies_Oct._22%2C_2010_101022-M-ZN194-091.jpg \"Two U.S. Marine Corps CH-46E Sea Knight helicopters land at the airport in Cauayan City, Philippines, to pick up relief supplies Oct. 22, 2010 101022-M-ZN194-091.jpg\")\nThe city airport located at Barangay San Fermin completes the infrastructure provision for transport for the city of Cauayan with provincial and regional impact. It is a secondary airport as per BAT classification. The airport runway has a total length of 2,500 meters and 30 meters wide capable of accommodating [Boeing 737s](/wiki/Boeing_737 \"Boeing 737\"). It is equipped with VHF Omni Range Transmitter, VHF Air/Ground single band radio and provided with fire\\-fighting equipment and facilities. It is likewise provided with facilities for arriving and departing passengers. The entire airport facility is provided with a [perimeter fence](/wiki/Perimeter_fence \"Perimeter fence\").", "At present, the facility is undergoing upgrading of facilities intended to accommodate international cargo flights. When completed, it is also expected that normal operations of the [Philippine Airlines](/wiki/Philippine_Airlines \"Philippine Airlines\") will resume which is very crucial in the commerce and industry sector of the city. This is very timely since Cauayan has been selected to host the Proposed [Isabela](/wiki/Isabela_%28province%29 \"Isabela (province)\") Special Economic Zone and the Regional Agro\\-Industrial Growth Center.", "[Cebu Pacific Air](/wiki/Cebu_Pacific_Air \"Cebu Pacific Air\") fly in Cauayan daily utilizing an Airbus A320 aircraft with Flight No. 5J 196 departing from Manila and Flight No. 5J 197 departing from Cauayan.", "### Telecommunication", "The [PLDT](/wiki/PLDT \"PLDT\") provides fixed line services. Wireless mobile communications services are provided by [Smart Communications](/wiki/Smart_Communications \"Smart Communications\") and [Globe Telecommunications](/wiki/Globe_Telecommunications \"Globe Telecommunications\"). [Dito Telecommunity](/wiki/Dito_Telecommunity \"Dito Telecommunity\") is now available offering connectivity service. [Philpost](/wiki/Philpost \"Philpost\"), [LBC](/wiki/LBC_Express \"LBC Express\"), JRS Express, [FedEx](/wiki/FedEx \"FedEx\"), DCI Express, and EXL Express move mails. Broadcast media is provided by radio and TV stations operating in the city, a cable TV facility while a number of Internet Café have established their operations here. Nowadays, the most important means of communication with relatives and friends is thru internet. This was being provided by the NSCV internet connections plus the Converge, PLDT Home and SmartBro broadband. The LGU likewise is utilizing handheld radio transceivers covering all barangays in city and the province as well with bases at the city hall, city police and fire protection offices.", "" ]
### Roads The national roads allow the operation of various bus and jeepney operators in the City of Cauayan and neighboring towns and areas to transport passengers and cargo to any point of Luzon, making the City of Cauayan one of the transport pivotal points in the Cagayan Valley. The 18\.16 kilometers of national roads in the City of Cauayan provide mobility and access to the neighboring towns, provinces and regions. This road is the Cagayan Valley Road (CVR). The CVR is the Cagayan Valley section of the Philippine\-Japan Friendship Highway, also known as the Maharlika Highway. The CVR from Alinam to Tagaran is the city's longest stretch of concrete road. This road links the City of Cauayan to the rest of the region, to Region 03 and National Capital Region in the south and to Region 01 in the north. The proposed Cauayan Diversion Roads include the Minante I\- Marabulig\-I – Dadap (Mun. of Luna) – San Fermin – Tagaran with an approximate length of 12\..5 kilometers; the Alicaocao – Turayong – District II – Labinab – District I – Minante I Diversion Road (4\.8 km); and the San Fermin – Tagaran via CRAIGC (4\.2 km) These Diversion Roads when constructed will improve the settlements, the movement of goods and services and even the flow of traffic in the city. The estimated construction cost for these tree (3\) projects will reach PhP 119\.5 million including drainage and 4 bridges. Of the 59\.66 kilometers of provincial roads, only 28\.09% or 16\.756 kilometers are concrete and the rest are all gravel roads constituting 42\.904 kilometers accounting to about 71\.91%. Approximately 61\.3% of city streets or 17\.860 kilometers are concrete while 38\.70% or 10\.950 kilometers are gravel roads. In order for business to flourish in the poblacion, all city streets need to be concreted within the plan period. Of the total 512\.27 kilometers of roads within Cauayan, about 11\.01% or an aggregate length of 56\.40 kilometers is NIA access roads constructed and maintained by the National Irrigation Administration (NIA). However, in 1997, NIA turned over these roads to the city government for maintenance. The barangay roads are important as they provide mobility and access in the settlement areas. With each new settlement area, barangay roads are initiated with private homeowners’ efforts, provided the road is donated to the government, for concreting and maintenance. The government later on augments the private road development. Barangay roads totals 349\.24 kilometers or 68\.17% of the total 512\.27 kilometers of roads in the city. Of this length, 97\.40% or 340\.16 kilometers are graveled. Only about 9\.080 kilometers or 2\.60% are concrete. The provision of heavy equipment necessary in the construction and maintenance of roads and other infrastructure facilities and utilities is of high importance in order for the city government to enhance mobility thereby increasing productivity.
[ "### Roads", "The national roads allow the operation of various bus and jeepney operators in the City of Cauayan and neighboring towns and areas to transport passengers and cargo to any point of Luzon, making the City of Cauayan one of the transport pivotal points in the Cagayan Valley.", "The 18\\.16 kilometers of national roads in the City of Cauayan provide mobility and access to the neighboring towns, provinces and regions. This road is the Cagayan Valley Road (CVR). The CVR is the Cagayan Valley section of the Philippine\\-Japan Friendship Highway, also known as the Maharlika Highway.", "The CVR from Alinam to Tagaran is the city's longest stretch of concrete road. This road links the City of Cauayan to the rest of the region, to Region 03 and National Capital Region in the south and to Region 01 in the north.", "The proposed Cauayan Diversion Roads include the Minante I\\- Marabulig\\-I – Dadap (Mun. of Luna) – San Fermin – Tagaran with an approximate length of 12\\..5 kilometers; the Alicaocao – Turayong – District II – Labinab – District I – Minante I Diversion Road (4\\.8 km); and the San Fermin – Tagaran via CRAIGC (4\\.2 km) These Diversion Roads when constructed will improve the settlements, the movement of goods and services and even the flow of traffic in the city. The estimated construction cost for these tree (3\\) projects will reach PhP 119\\.5 million including drainage and 4 bridges.", "Of the 59\\.66 kilometers of provincial roads, only 28\\.09% or 16\\.756 kilometers are concrete and the rest are all gravel roads constituting 42\\.904 kilometers accounting to about 71\\.91%.", "Approximately 61\\.3% of city streets or 17\\.860 kilometers are concrete while 38\\.70% or 10\\.950 kilometers are gravel roads. In order for business to flourish in the poblacion, all city streets need to be concreted within the plan period.", "Of the total 512\\.27 kilometers of roads within Cauayan, about 11\\.01% or an aggregate length of 56\\.40 kilometers is NIA access roads constructed and maintained by the National Irrigation Administration (NIA). However, in 1997, NIA turned over these roads to the city government for maintenance.", "The barangay roads are important as they provide mobility and access in the settlement areas. With each new settlement area, barangay roads are initiated with private homeowners’ efforts, provided the road is donated to the government, for concreting and maintenance. The government later on augments the private road development.", "Barangay roads totals 349\\.24 kilometers or 68\\.17% of the total 512\\.27 kilometers of roads in the city. Of this length, 97\\.40% or 340\\.16 kilometers are graveled. Only about 9\\.080 kilometers or 2\\.60% are concrete.", "The provision of heavy equipment necessary in the construction and maintenance of roads and other infrastructure facilities and utilities is of high importance in order for the city government to enhance mobility thereby increasing productivity.", "" ]
History ------- {{Main\|History of San Jose, California\|Timeline of San Jose, California}} ### Precolonial period San Jose, along with most of the [Santa Clara Valley](/wiki/Santa_Clara_Valley "Santa Clara Valley"), has been home to the [Tamien group](/wiki/Tamien_people "Tamien people") (also spelled as Tamyen, Thamien) of the [Ohlone](/wiki/Ohlone "Ohlone") people since around 4,000 [BC](/wiki/Before_Christ "Before Christ").For origin, arrival and displacement based on "linguistic evidence" in 500 CE per Levy, 1978:486, also Bean, 1994:xxi (cites Levy 1978\). For Shell Mound dating, F.M. Stanger 1968:4\.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.cr.nps.gov/nr/travel/santaclara/history.htm \|title\=Early History \|publisher\=\[\[National Register of Historic Places]] \|access\-date\=June 5, 2007 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070609014111/http://www.cr.nps.gov/nr/travel/santaclara/history.htm \|archive\-date\=June 9, 2007 \|url\-status\=live }}{{cite web \|url\=http://www.sanjosehistory.org/pre\-history/ \|title\=Pre\-History \|date\=November 4, 2013 \|access\-date\=November 23, 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171122042618/http://www.sanjosehistory.org/pre\-history/ \|archive\-date\=November 22, 2017 }} The Tamien spoke [Tamyen language](/wiki/Tamyen_language "Tamyen language") of the [Ohlone language family](/wiki/Ohlone_languages "Ohlone languages"). During the era of [Spanish colonization](/wiki/History_of_California_before_1900%23Spanish_colonization_and_governance_%281697%E2%80%931821%29 "History of California before 1900#Spanish colonization and governance (1697–1821)") and the subsequent building of [Spanish missions in California](/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_California "Spanish missions in California"), the Tamien people's lives changed dramatically. From 1777 onward, most of the Tamien people were forcibly enslaved at [Mission Santa Clara de Asís](/wiki/Mission_Santa_Clara_de_As%C3%ADs "Mission Santa Clara de Asís") or [Mission San José](/wiki/Mission_San_Jos%C3%A9_%28California%29 "Mission San José (California)") where they were baptized and educated to be Catholic *neophytes*, also known as [Mission Indians](/wiki/Mission_Indians "Mission Indians"). This continued until the mission was secularized by the Mexican Government in 1833\. A large majority of the Tamien died either from disease in the missions, or as a result of the [state sponsored genocide](/wiki/California_genocide "California genocide"). Some surviving families remained intact, migrating to Santa Cruz after their ancestral lands were granted to Spanish and Mexican Immigrants.For events of 1795–1796, Milliken, 1995:129–134 ("Mass Migration in Winter of 1794–95"). For runaways, Milliken, 1995:97 (cites Fages, 1971\). ### Spanish period {{see also\|List of pre\-statehood mayors of San Jose}} [thumb\|left\|upright\|A 1781 map of the *Pueblo de San José de Guadalupe*](/wiki/File:1781_Dise%C3%B1o_del_Pueblo_de_San_Jos%C3%A9%2C_California.jpg "1781 Diseño del Pueblo de San José, California.jpg") California was claimed as part of the [Spanish Empire](/wiki/Spanish_Empire "Spanish Empire") in 1542, when explorer [Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo](/wiki/Juan_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Cabrillo "Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo") charted the [Californian coast](/wiki/Californian_coast "Californian coast"). During this time [Alta California](/wiki/Alta_California "Alta California") and the [Baja California peninsula](/wiki/Baja_California_peninsula "Baja California peninsula") were administered together as [Province of the Californias](/wiki/Province_of_Las_Californias "Province of Las Californias") ({{lang\-es\|Provincia de las Californias\|link\=no}}). For nearly 200 years, the Californias remained a distant frontier region largely controlled by the numerous Native Nations and largely ignored by the government of the [Viceroyalty of New Spain](/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Spain "Viceroyalty of New Spain") in [Mexico City](/wiki/Mexico_City "Mexico City"). Shifting power dynamics in North America—including the British/American victory and acquisition of North America, east of the Mississippi following the [1763 Treaty of Paris](/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_%281763%29 "Treaty of Paris (1763)"), as well as the start of [Russian colonization of northwestern North America](/wiki/Russian_colonization_of_North_America "Russian colonization of North America")— prompted Spanish/Mexican authorities to sponsor the [Portolá Expedition](/wiki/Portol%C3%A1_expedition "Portolá expedition") to survey [Northern California](/wiki/Northern_California "Northern California") in 1769\.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.californiahistory.net/4\_PAGES/missions\_junipero.htm \|title\=Junípero Serra \|year\=2000 \|work\=California History Online \|publisher\=California Historical Society \|access\-date\=June 20, 2007 \|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20040812151444/http://www.californiahistory.net/4\_PAGES/missions\_junipero.htm \|archive\-date \= August 12, 2004}} In 1776, the Californias were included as part of the Captaincy General of the *[Provincias Internas](/wiki/Provincias_Internas "Provincias Internas")*, a large administrative division created by [José de Gálvez](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_G%C3%A1lvez "José de Gálvez"), Spanish [Minister of the Indies](/wiki/Council_of_the_Indies "Council of the Indies"), in order to provide greater autonomy for the [Spanish Empire](/wiki/Spanish_Empire "Spanish Empire")'s borderlands. That year, King [Carlos III of Spain](/wiki/Charles_III_of_Spain "Charles III of Spain") approved an expedition by [Juan Bautista de Anza](/wiki/Juan_Bautista_de_Anza "Juan Bautista de Anza") to survey the [San Francisco Bay Area](/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Area "San Francisco Bay Area"), in order to choose the sites for two future settlements and their accompanying [mission](/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_California "Spanish missions in California"). De Anza initially chose the site for a military settlement in San Francisco, for the [Royal Presidio of San Francisco](/wiki/Presidio_of_San_Francisco "Presidio of San Francisco"), and [Mission San Francisco de Asís](/wiki/Mission_San_Francisco_de_As%C3%ADs "Mission San Francisco de Asís"). On his way back to Mexico from San Francisco, de Anza chose the sites in [Santa Clara Valley](/wiki/Santa_Clara_Valley "Santa Clara Valley") for a civilian settlement, San Jose, on the eastern bank of the [Guadalupe River](/wiki/Guadalupe_River_%28California%29 "Guadalupe River (California)"), and a mission on its western bank, [Mission Santa Clara de Asís](/wiki/Mission_Santa_Clara_de_As%C3%ADs "Mission Santa Clara de Asís").{{cite web \|author\=Edward F. O'Day \|title\=The Founding of San Francisco \|date\=October 1926 \|url\=http://www.sfmuseum.org/hist6/founding.html \|access\-date\=February 7, 2013 \|publisher\=Spring Valley Water Authority \|work\=San Francisco Water \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100727190828/http://www.sfmuseum.org/hist6/founding.html \|archive\-date\=July 27, 2010}} [thumb\|right\|The [Peralta Adobe](/wiki/Peralta_Adobe "Peralta Adobe") in [San Pedro Square](/wiki/San_Pedro_Square "San Pedro Square") was built in 1797 and is San Jose's oldest standing building.](/wiki/File:Luis_Mar%C3%ADa_Peralta_Adobe_%28cropped%29.jpg "Luis María Peralta Adobe (cropped).jpg") San Jose was officially founded as California's first civilian settlement on November 29, 1777, as the *[Pueblo](/wiki/Pueblo "Pueblo") de San José de Guadalupe* by [José Joaquín Moraga](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Joaqu%C3%ADn_Moraga "José Joaquín Moraga"), under orders of [Antonio María de Bucareli y Ursúa](/wiki/Antonio_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Bucareli_y_Urs%C3%BAa "Antonio María de Bucareli y Ursúa"), [Viceroy of New Spain](/wiki/Viceroy_of_New_Spain "Viceroy of New Spain").{{sfn\|Arbuckle\|1986\|p\=10}} San Jose served as a strategic settlement along [El Camino Real](/wiki/El_Camino_Real_%28California%29 "El Camino Real (California)"), connecting the military fortifications at the [Monterey Presidio](/wiki/Presidio_of_Monterey%2C_California "Presidio of Monterey, California") and the [San Francisco Presidio](/wiki/Presidio_of_San_Francisco "Presidio of San Francisco"), as well as the [California mission network](/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_California "Spanish missions in California").{{cite web \|url\=http://www.sanjosehistory.org/spanish\-period/ \|title\=Spanish Period \|website\=San Jose History \|access\-date\=November 23, 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201031856/http://www.sanjosehistory.org/spanish\-period/ \|archive\-date\=December 1, 2017 }} In 1791, due to the severe flooding which characterized the pueblo, San Jose's settlement was moved approximately a mile south, centered on the Pueblo [Plaza](/wiki/Plaza "Plaza") (modern\-day [Plaza de César Chávez](/wiki/Plaza_de_C%C3%A9sar_Ch%C3%A1vez "Plaza de César Chávez")).{{cite web \|url\=http://historysanjose.org/wp/research\-collection/pueblo\-papers/ \|title\=Spanish\-Mexican Records of the San José Pueblo: The Pueblo Papers \|website\=History San Jose \|access\-date\=November 23, 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201043651/http://historysanjose.org/wp/research\-collection/pueblo\-papers/ \|archive\-date\=December 1, 2017 }} In 1800, due to the growing population in the northern part of the Californias, [Diego de Borica](/wiki/Diego_de_Borica "Diego de Borica"), Governor of the Californias, officially split the province into two parts: [Alta California](/wiki/Alta_California "Alta California") (*Upper California*), which would eventually become several western [U.S. states](/wiki/U.S._states "U.S. states"), and [Baja California](/wiki/Baja_California "Baja California") (*Lower California*), which would eventually become two [Mexican states](/wiki/States_of_Mexico "States of Mexico"). ### Mexican period {{see also\|Alta California\|Mexican California}} [thumb\|upright\|left\|[Antonio María Pico](/wiki/Antonio_Mar%C3%ADa_Pico "Antonio María Pico") served twice as [Alcalde of San José](/wiki/Alcalde_of_San_Jos%C3%A9 "Alcalde of San José") (mayor) and was a signer of the [Californian Constitution](/wiki/Californian_Constitution "Californian Constitution"), representing San Jose at the [Monterey Constitutional Convention of 1849](/wiki/California_Constitutional_Conventions "California Constitutional Conventions").](/wiki/File:Antonio_Maria_Pico.jpg "Antonio Maria Pico.jpg") San Jose became part of the [First Mexican Empire](/wiki/First_Mexican_Empire "First Mexican Empire") in 1821, after [Mexico's War of Independence](/wiki/Mexican_War_of_Independence "Mexican War of Independence") was won against the [Spanish Crown](/wiki/Spanish_Crown "Spanish Crown"), and in 1824, part of the [First Mexican Republic](/wiki/First_Mexican_Republic "First Mexican Republic"). With its newfound independence, and the triumph of the republican movement, Mexico set out to diminish the [Catholic Church](/wiki/Catholic_Church "Catholic Church")'s power within Alta California by [secularizing the California missions](/wiki/Mexican_secularization_act_of_1833 "Mexican secularization act of 1833") in 1833\.{{citation needed\|date\=November 2017}} In 1824, in order to promote settlement and economic activity within sparsely populated California, the Mexican government began an initiative, for Mexican and foreign citizens alike, to settle unoccupied lands in California. Between 1833 and 1845, thirty\-eight [rancho land grants](/wiki/Ranchos_of_California "Ranchos of California") were issued in the [Santa Clara Valley](/wiki/Santa_Clara_Valley "Santa Clara Valley"), 15 of which were located within modern\-day San Jose's borders. Numerous prominent historical figures were among those granted rancho lands in the Santa Valley, including [James A. Forbes](/wiki/James_Alexander_Forbes_%281805%E2%80%931881%29 "James Alexander Forbes (1805–1881)"), founder of [Los Gatos, California](/wiki/Los_Gatos%2C_California "Los Gatos, California") (granted [Rancho Potrero de Santa Clara](/wiki/Rancho_Potrero_de_Santa_Clara "Rancho Potrero de Santa Clara")), [Antonio Suñol](/wiki/Antonio_Su%C3%B1ol "Antonio Suñol"), [Alcalde](/wiki/Alcalde "Alcalde") of San Jose (granted [Rancho Los Coches](/wiki/Rancho_Los_Coches_%28Sunol%29 "Rancho Los Coches (Sunol)")), and [José María Alviso](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Alviso "José María Alviso"), [Alcalde](/wiki/Alcalde "Alcalde") of San Jose (granted [Rancho Milpitas](/wiki/Rancho_Milpitas "Rancho Milpitas")).{{citation needed\|date\=November 2017}} In 1835, San Jose's population of approximately 700 people included 40 foreigners, primarily [Americans](/wiki/Americans "Americans") and [Englishmen](/wiki/Englishmen "Englishmen"). By 1845, the population of the pueblo had increased to 900, primarily due to American immigration. Foreign settlement in San Jose and California was rapidly changing Californian society, bringing expanding economic opportunities and foreign culture.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.sanjosehistory.org/mexican\-period/ \|title\=Mexican Period \|website\=San Jose History \|access\-date\=November 23, 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201033123/http://www.sanjosehistory.org/mexican\-period/ \|archive\-date\=December 1, 2017 }} By 1846, native [Californios](/wiki/Californio "Californio") had long expressed their concern for the overrunning of California society by its growing and wealthy Anglo\-American community.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.sanjosehistory.org/early\-american\-period/ \|title\=1846–1869 \|website\=San Jose History \|access\-date\=November 23, 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171122042207/http://www.sanjosehistory.org/early\-american\-period/ \|archive\-date\=November 22, 2017 }} During the 1846 [Bear Flag Revolt](/wiki/Bear_Flag_Revolt "Bear Flag Revolt"), Captain [Thomas Fallon](/wiki/Thomas_Fallon "Thomas Fallon") led nineteen volunteers from Santa Cruz to the pueblo of San Jose, which his forces easily captured. The raising of the flag of the [California Republic](/wiki/California_Republic "California Republic") ended Mexican rule in Alta California on July 14, 1846\.{{cite web \|title\=San Jose's Latinos Howl About Plans for a 'Conquest Statue' \|url\=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\-xpm\-1990\-07\-14\-mn\-243\-story.html \|first1\=Harold \|last1\=Maass \|website\=Los Angeles Times \|date\=July 14, 1990 \|access\-date\=October 1, 2020 \|archive\-date\=May 11, 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511105918/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\-xpm\-1990\-07\-14\-mn\-243\-story.html \|url\-status\=live }}{{cite web \|title\=Early History \|url\=https://www.nps.gov/articles/early\-history.htm \|website\=U.S. National Park Service \|date\=February 22, 2018\|access\-date\=October 1, 2020 \|archive\-date\=November 29, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129222423/https://www.nps.gov/articles/early\-history.htm \|url\-status\=live }} ### American period {{see also\|California Republic\|Conquest of California}} {{multiple image \| direction \= vertical \| align \= right \| width \= \| footer \= \| image1 \= San jose california 1875\.jpg \| caption1 \= \[\[Bird's\-eye view]] of the city in 1875, when the \[\[Santa Clara Valley]] was one of the most productive agricultural areas in the world. \| image2 \= College of Notre Dame in San Jose Cal 1876\.jpg \| caption2 \= \[\[Notre Dame High School (San Jose, California)\|Notre Dame High School]]'s original campus in 1876\. It was the first school accredited in California to give degrees to women. }} By the end of 1847, the [Conquest of California](/wiki/Conquest_of_California "Conquest of California") by the United States was complete, as the [Mexican–American War](/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War "Mexican–American War") came to an end. In 1848, the [Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo](/wiki/Treaty_of_Guadalupe_Hidalgo "Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo") formally ceded California to the United States, as part of the [Mexican Cession](/wiki/Mexican_Cession "Mexican Cession"). On December 15, 1849, San Jose became the capital of the [unorganized territory](/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States%23Formerly_unorganized_territories "Territories of the United States#Formerly unorganized territories") of [California](/wiki/California "California"). With California's [Admission to the Union](/wiki/Admission_to_the_Union "Admission to the Union") on September 9, 1850, San Jose became the state's first capital.{{cite web \|url\=https://capitolmuseum.ca.gov/architecture\-and\-history/california\-state\-capitol\-history\-part\-one \|title\= California State Capitol History: Part 1 \|website\=California Capitol Museum \|access\-date\=November 23, 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116170240/http://www.capitolmuseum.ca.gov/architecture\-and\-history/california\-state\-capitol\-history\-part\-one \|archive\-date\=November 16, 2017 }} On March 27, 1850, San Jose was [incorporated](/wiki/Municipal_corporation "Municipal corporation"). It was incorporated on the same day as [San Diego](/wiki/San_Diego "San Diego") and [Benicia](/wiki/Benicia "Benicia"); together, these three cities followed [Sacramento](/wiki/Sacramento "Sacramento") as California's earliest incorporated cities.{{harvnb\|Arbuckle\|1986\|p\=27}}: "Therefore, unless posterity can determine the order in which the Governor signed these bills, there will always be a question as to whether San Jose, already preceded by Sacramento, was California's second, third, or fourth incorporated city." [Josiah Belden](/wiki/Josiah_Belden "Josiah Belden"), who had settled in California in 1842 after traversing the [California Trail](/wiki/California_Trail "California Trail") as part of the [Bartleson Party](/wiki/Bartleson%E2%80%93Bidwell_Party "Bartleson–Bidwell Party") and later acquired a fortune, was the city's first mayor.George R. Stewart, *The California Trail: An Epic with Many Heroes* (University of Nebraska Press, 1962\), p. 28\. San Jose was briefly California's first state capital, and legislators met in the city from 1849 to 1851\. ([Monterey](/wiki/Monterey%2C_California "Monterey, California") was the capital during the period of [Spanish California](/wiki/Spanish_California "Spanish California") and [Mexican California](/wiki/Mexican_California "Mexican California")).Ken McKowen \& Dahlynn McKowen, *Best of California's Missions, Mansions, and Museums* (Wilderness Press, 2006\), pp. 77–99\. The first capitol no longer exists; the [Plaza de César Chávez](/wiki/Plaza_de_C%C3%A9sar_Ch%C3%A1vez "Plaza de César Chávez") now lies on the site, which has two [historical markers](/wiki/Historical_marker "Historical marker") indicating where California's state legislature first met.[First State Capitol Building](https://www.hmdb.org/marker.asp?marker=3615) {{Webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201034612/https://www.hmdb.org/marker.asp?marker\=3615 \|date\=December 1, 2017 }}, Historical Marker Database. In the period 1900 through 1910, San Jose served as a center for pioneering invention, innovation, and impact in both lighter\-than\-air and heavier\-than\-air flight. These activities were led principally by [John Montgomery](/wiki/John_Joseph_Montgomery "John Joseph Montgomery") and his peers. The City of San Jose has established Montgomery Park, a Monument at San Felipe and Yerba Buena Roads, and John J. Montgomery Elementary School in his honor. During this period, San Jose also became a center of innovation for the mechanization and industrialization of agricultural and food processing equipment.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.jbtcorporation.com/en/Our\-Company/Our%20Legacy \|title\=Our Legacy – JBT \|publisher\=Jbtcorporation.com \|access\-date\=May 15, 2019 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605072924/http://www.jbtcorporation.com/en/Our\-Company/Our%20Legacy \|archive\-date\=June 5, 2016 \|url\-status\=live }} Though not affected as severely as San Francisco, San Jose also suffered significant damage from the [1906 San Francisco earthquake](/wiki/1906_San_Francisco_earthquake "1906 San Francisco earthquake"). Over 100 people died at the [Agnews Asylum](/wiki/Agnews_Asylum "Agnews Asylum") (later Agnews State Hospital) after its walls and roof collapsed,{{cite web \|url\=http://www.cr.nps.gov/nr/travel/santaclara/agn.htm \|title\=Agnews Insane Asylum \|publisher\=\[\[National Register of Historic Places]] \|access\-date\=June 7, 2007 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070524093818/http://www.cr.nps.gov/nR/travel/santaclara/agn.htm \|archive\-date\=May 24, 2007 \|url\-status\=live }} and San Jose High School's three\-story stone\-and\-brick building was also destroyed. The period during [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II") was tumultuous; [Japanese Americans](/wiki/Japanese_American "Japanese American") primarily from [Japantown](/wiki/Japantown%2C_San_Jose%2C_California "Japantown, San Jose, California") were sent to [internment camps](/wiki/Internment_camps "Internment camps"), including the future mayor [Norman Mineta](/wiki/Norman_Mineta "Norman Mineta"). Following the Los Angeles [zoot suit riots](/wiki/Zoot_suit_riots "Zoot suit riots"), anti\-Mexican violence took place during the summer of 1943\. In 1940, the Census Bureau reported San Jose's population as 98% white.{{cite web \|title\=California – Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places: Earliest Census to 1990 \|publisher\=U.S. Census Bureau \|url\=https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076\.html \|access\-date\=April 20, 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120812191959/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076\.html \|archive\-date\=August 12, 2012 }} [thumb\|left\|upright\=0\.9\|The [Bank of Italy Building](/wiki/Bank_of_Italy_Building_%28San_Jose%2C_California%29 "Bank of Italy Building (San Jose, California)"), built in 1926, is the oldest skyscraper in [Downtown San Jose](/wiki/Downtown_San_Jose "Downtown San Jose").](/wiki/File:USA-San_Jose-Bank_of_Italy-2.jpg "USA-San Jose-Bank of Italy-2.jpg") As World War II started, the city's economy shifted from agriculture (the [Del Monte](/wiki/Del_Monte_Foods "Del Monte Foods") cannery was the largest employer and closed in 1999{{cite news \|title\=PACKING IT IN: SAN JOSE'S FINAL HARVEST VESTIGE OF VALLEY'S AGRICULTURAL BUTT IS LEAVING \|url\=http://www.tc.umn.edu/\~jbshank/HistorySiliconValley/Del\_Monte\_Cannery.html \|work\=\[\[The Mercury News]] \|date\=July 25, 1999 \|access\-date\=May 16, 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170524230208/http://www.tc.umn.edu/\~jbshank/HistorySiliconValley/Del\_Monte\_Cannery.html \|archive\-date\=May 24, 2017 \|url\-status\=live}}) to industrial manufacturing with the contracting of the [Food Machinery Corporation](/wiki/Food_Machinery_Corporation "Food Machinery Corporation") (later known as [FMC Corporation](/wiki/FMC_Corporation "FMC Corporation")) by the [United States War Department](/wiki/United_States_War_Department "United States War Department") to build 1,000 [Landing Vehicle Tracked](/wiki/Landing_Vehicle_Tracked "Landing Vehicle Tracked").{{cite web \|url\=http://www2\.sjsu.edu/depts/PoliSci/faculty/christensen/flashback.htm \|title\=Flashback: A short political history of San Jose \|publisher\=San Jose State University \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080707002526/http://www.sjsu.edu/depts/PoliSci/faculty/christensen/flashback.htm \|archive\-date\=July 7, 2008 \|access\-date\=November 9, 2013}} After World War II, FMC (later [United Defense](/wiki/United_Defense "United Defense"), and currently [BAE Systems](/wiki/BAE_Systems "BAE Systems")) continued as a [defense contractor](/wiki/Defense_contractor "Defense contractor"), with the San Jose facilities designing and manufacturing military platforms such as the [M113 Armored Personnel Carrier](/wiki/M113_Armored_Personnel_Carrier "M113 Armored Personnel Carrier"), the [Bradley Fighting Vehicle](/wiki/Bradley_Fighting_Vehicle "Bradley Fighting Vehicle"), and various subsystems of the [M1 Abrams](/wiki/M1_Abrams "M1 Abrams") battle tank.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.uniteddefense.com/co/history.htm \|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20070220062249/http://www.uniteddefense.com/co/history.htm \|archive\-date\=February 20, 2007 \|title\=BAE Systems History \|access\-date\=November 9, 2013 }} [IBM](/wiki/IBM "IBM") established its first West Coast operations in San Jose in 1943 with a downtown [punch card](/wiki/Punched_card "Punched card") plant, and opened an [IBM Research](/wiki/IBM_Research "IBM Research") lab in 1952\. [Reynold B. Johnson](/wiki/Reynold_B._Johnson "Reynold B. Johnson") and his team developed direct access storage for computers,{{cite web \|url\=https://www.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/builders/builders\_johnson.html \|title\=Reynold B. Johnson \|last\=Blankenship \|first\=William D. \|date\=1971 \|website\=\[\[IBM]] \|access\-date\=September 8, 2021 \|archive\-date\=May 4, 2019 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190504141539/https://www.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/builders/builders\_johnson.html \|url\-status\=live }} inventing the [RAMAC 305](/wiki/IBM_305_RAMAC "IBM 305 RAMAC") and the [hard disk drive](/wiki/Hard_disk_drive "Hard disk drive"); the technological side of San Jose's economy grew.Winslow, Ward (editor); *The Making of Silicon Valley: a One Hundred Year Renaissance*; 1995; {{ISBN\|0\-9649217\-0\-7}} During the 1950s and 1960s, City Manager [A. P. "Dutch" Hamann](/wiki/A._P._Hamann "A. P. Hamann") led the city in a major growth campaign. The city annexed adjacent areas, such as [Alviso](/wiki/Alviso%2C_California "Alviso, California") and [Cambrian Park](/wiki/Cambrian_Park%2C_California "Cambrian Park, California"), providing large areas for suburbs. An anti\-growth reaction to the effects of rapid development emerged in the 1970s, championed by mayors [Norman Mineta](/wiki/Norman_Mineta "Norman Mineta") and [Janet Gray Hayes](/wiki/Janet_Gray_Hayes "Janet Gray Hayes"). Despite establishing an [urban growth boundary](/wiki/Urban_growth_boundary "Urban growth boundary"), development fees, and the incorporations of [Campbell](/wiki/Campbell%2C_California "Campbell, California") and [Cupertino](/wiki/Cupertino%2C_California "Cupertino, California"), development was not slowed, but rather directed into already\-incorporated areas. [thumb\|right\|The 1928 San Jose annual *Fiesta de las Rosas* parade in Downtown](/wiki/File:1928_Fiesta_de_las_Rosas_of_San_Jose.jpg "1928 Fiesta de las Rosas of San Jose.jpg") San Jose's position in [Silicon Valley](/wiki/Silicon_Valley "Silicon Valley") triggered further economic and population growth. Results from the [1990 U.S. Census](/wiki/1990_United_States_Census "1990 United States Census") indicated that San Jose surpassed San Francisco as the most populous city in the Bay Area for the first time.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.census.gov/population/www/censusdata/files/c1008090pc.txt \|title\=1990 and 1980 Census Counts for Cities with 1990 Population Greater Than 100,000 \|publisher\=United States Census Bureau \|access\-date\=August 8, 2014 \|quote\='''1980''': San Francisco \= 678974, San Jose \= 629400\. '''1990''': San Jose \= 782248, San Francisco \= 723959 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140629135637/http://www.census.gov/population/www/censusdata/files/c1008090pc.txt \|archive\-date\=June 29, 2014 \|url\-status\=live }} This growth led to the highest housing\-cost increase in the nation, 936% between 1976 and 2001\.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.ti.org/vaupdate31\.html \|title\=San Jose case study, part one: the urban\-growth boundary \|publisher\=Thoreau Institute \|access\-date\=June 7, 2007 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070223075620/http://www.ti.org/vaupdate31\.html \|archive\-date\=February 23, 2007 \|url\-status\=live }} Efforts to increase density continued into the 1990s when an update of the 1974 urban plan kept the urban growth boundaries intact and voters rejected a ballot measure to ease development restrictions in the foothills. As of 2006, sixty percent of the housing built in San Jose since 1980 and over three\-quarters of the housing built since 2000 have been multifamily structures, reflecting a political propensity toward [Smart Growth](/wiki/Smart_Growth "Smart Growth") planning principles.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.sanjoseca.gov/planning/data/build\_permit\_hist/table1\.asp \|title\=Building Permit History, 1980–2006 \|publisher\=City of San Jose \|access\-date\=June 7, 2007 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927042843/http://www.sanjoseca.gov/planning/data/build\_permit\_hist/table1\.asp \|archive\-date\=September 27, 2007}}
[ "History\n-------", "{{Main\\|History of San Jose, California\\|Timeline of San Jose, California}}", "### Precolonial period", "San Jose, along with most of the [Santa Clara Valley](/wiki/Santa_Clara_Valley \"Santa Clara Valley\"), has been home to the [Tamien group](/wiki/Tamien_people \"Tamien people\") (also spelled as Tamyen, Thamien) of the [Ohlone](/wiki/Ohlone \"Ohlone\") people since around 4,000 [BC](/wiki/Before_Christ \"Before Christ\").For origin, arrival and displacement based on \"linguistic evidence\" in 500 CE per Levy, 1978:486, also Bean, 1994:xxi (cites Levy 1978\\). For Shell Mound dating, F.M. Stanger 1968:4\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.cr.nps.gov/nr/travel/santaclara/history.htm \\|title\\=Early History \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[National Register of Historic Places]] \\|access\\-date\\=June 5, 2007 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070609014111/http://www.cr.nps.gov/nr/travel/santaclara/history.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=June 9, 2007 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.sanjosehistory.org/pre\\-history/ \\|title\\=Pre\\-History \\|date\\=November 4, 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=November 23, 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171122042618/http://www.sanjosehistory.org/pre\\-history/ \\|archive\\-date\\=November 22, 2017 }} The Tamien spoke [Tamyen language](/wiki/Tamyen_language \"Tamyen language\") of the [Ohlone language family](/wiki/Ohlone_languages \"Ohlone languages\").", "During the era of [Spanish colonization](/wiki/History_of_California_before_1900%23Spanish_colonization_and_governance_%281697%E2%80%931821%29 \"History of California before 1900#Spanish colonization and governance (1697–1821)\") and the subsequent building of [Spanish missions in California](/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_California \"Spanish missions in California\"), the Tamien people's lives changed dramatically. From 1777 onward, most of the Tamien people were forcibly enslaved at [Mission Santa Clara de Asís](/wiki/Mission_Santa_Clara_de_As%C3%ADs \"Mission Santa Clara de Asís\") or [Mission San José](/wiki/Mission_San_Jos%C3%A9_%28California%29 \"Mission San José (California)\") where they were baptized and educated to be Catholic *neophytes*, also known as [Mission Indians](/wiki/Mission_Indians \"Mission Indians\"). This continued until the mission was secularized by the Mexican Government in 1833\\. A large majority of the Tamien died either from disease in the missions, or as a result of the [state sponsored genocide](/wiki/California_genocide \"California genocide\"). Some surviving families remained intact, migrating to Santa Cruz after their ancestral lands were granted to Spanish and Mexican Immigrants.For events of 1795–1796, Milliken, 1995:129–134 (\"Mass Migration in Winter of 1794–95\"). For runaways, Milliken, 1995:97 (cites Fages, 1971\\).", "### Spanish period", "{{see also\\|List of pre\\-statehood mayors of San Jose}}\n[thumb\\|left\\|upright\\|A 1781 map of the *Pueblo de San José de Guadalupe*](/wiki/File:1781_Dise%C3%B1o_del_Pueblo_de_San_Jos%C3%A9%2C_California.jpg \"1781 Diseño del Pueblo de San José, California.jpg\")\nCalifornia was claimed as part of the [Spanish Empire](/wiki/Spanish_Empire \"Spanish Empire\") in 1542, when explorer [Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo](/wiki/Juan_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Cabrillo \"Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo\") charted the [Californian coast](/wiki/Californian_coast \"Californian coast\"). During this time [Alta California](/wiki/Alta_California \"Alta California\") and the [Baja California peninsula](/wiki/Baja_California_peninsula \"Baja California peninsula\") were administered together as [Province of the Californias](/wiki/Province_of_Las_Californias \"Province of Las Californias\") ({{lang\\-es\\|Provincia de las Californias\\|link\\=no}}). For nearly 200 years, the Californias remained a distant frontier region largely controlled by the numerous Native Nations and largely ignored by the government of the [Viceroyalty of New Spain](/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Spain \"Viceroyalty of New Spain\") in [Mexico City](/wiki/Mexico_City \"Mexico City\"). Shifting power dynamics in North America—including the British/American victory and acquisition of North America, east of the Mississippi following the [1763 Treaty of Paris](/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_%281763%29 \"Treaty of Paris (1763)\"), as well as the start of [Russian colonization of northwestern North America](/wiki/Russian_colonization_of_North_America \"Russian colonization of North America\")— prompted Spanish/Mexican authorities to sponsor the [Portolá Expedition](/wiki/Portol%C3%A1_expedition \"Portolá expedition\") to survey [Northern California](/wiki/Northern_California \"Northern California\") in 1769\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.californiahistory.net/4\\_PAGES/missions\\_junipero.htm \\|title\\=Junípero Serra \\|year\\=2000 \\|work\\=California History Online \\|publisher\\=California Historical Society \\|access\\-date\\=June 20, 2007 \\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20040812151444/http://www.californiahistory.net/4\\_PAGES/missions\\_junipero.htm \\|archive\\-date \\= August 12, 2004}}", "In 1776, the Californias were included as part of the Captaincy General of the *[Provincias Internas](/wiki/Provincias_Internas \"Provincias Internas\")*, a large administrative division created by [José de Gálvez](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_G%C3%A1lvez \"José de Gálvez\"), Spanish [Minister of the Indies](/wiki/Council_of_the_Indies \"Council of the Indies\"), in order to provide greater autonomy for the [Spanish Empire](/wiki/Spanish_Empire \"Spanish Empire\")'s borderlands. That year, King [Carlos III of Spain](/wiki/Charles_III_of_Spain \"Charles III of Spain\") approved an expedition by [Juan Bautista de Anza](/wiki/Juan_Bautista_de_Anza \"Juan Bautista de Anza\") to survey the [San Francisco Bay Area](/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Area \"San Francisco Bay Area\"), in order to choose the sites for two future settlements and their accompanying [mission](/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_California \"Spanish missions in California\"). De Anza initially chose the site for a military settlement in San Francisco, for the [Royal Presidio of San Francisco](/wiki/Presidio_of_San_Francisco \"Presidio of San Francisco\"), and [Mission San Francisco de Asís](/wiki/Mission_San_Francisco_de_As%C3%ADs \"Mission San Francisco de Asís\"). On his way back to Mexico from San Francisco, de Anza chose the sites in [Santa Clara Valley](/wiki/Santa_Clara_Valley \"Santa Clara Valley\") for a civilian settlement, San Jose, on the eastern bank of the [Guadalupe River](/wiki/Guadalupe_River_%28California%29 \"Guadalupe River (California)\"), and a mission on its western bank, [Mission Santa Clara de Asís](/wiki/Mission_Santa_Clara_de_As%C3%ADs \"Mission Santa Clara de Asís\").{{cite web \\|author\\=Edward F. O'Day \\|title\\=The Founding of San Francisco \\|date\\=October 1926 \\|url\\=http://www.sfmuseum.org/hist6/founding.html \\|access\\-date\\=February 7, 2013 \\|publisher\\=Spring Valley Water Authority \\|work\\=San Francisco Water \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100727190828/http://www.sfmuseum.org/hist6/founding.html \\|archive\\-date\\=July 27, 2010}}\n[thumb\\|right\\|The [Peralta Adobe](/wiki/Peralta_Adobe \"Peralta Adobe\") in [San Pedro Square](/wiki/San_Pedro_Square \"San Pedro Square\") was built in 1797 and is San Jose's oldest standing building.](/wiki/File:Luis_Mar%C3%ADa_Peralta_Adobe_%28cropped%29.jpg \"Luis María Peralta Adobe (cropped).jpg\")\nSan Jose was officially founded as California's first civilian settlement on November 29, 1777, as the *[Pueblo](/wiki/Pueblo \"Pueblo\") de San José de Guadalupe* by [José Joaquín Moraga](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Joaqu%C3%ADn_Moraga \"José Joaquín Moraga\"), under orders of [Antonio María de Bucareli y Ursúa](/wiki/Antonio_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Bucareli_y_Urs%C3%BAa \"Antonio María de Bucareli y Ursúa\"), [Viceroy of New Spain](/wiki/Viceroy_of_New_Spain \"Viceroy of New Spain\").{{sfn\\|Arbuckle\\|1986\\|p\\=10}} San Jose served as a strategic settlement along [El Camino Real](/wiki/El_Camino_Real_%28California%29 \"El Camino Real (California)\"), connecting the military fortifications at the [Monterey Presidio](/wiki/Presidio_of_Monterey%2C_California \"Presidio of Monterey, California\") and the [San Francisco Presidio](/wiki/Presidio_of_San_Francisco \"Presidio of San Francisco\"), as well as the [California mission network](/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_California \"Spanish missions in California\").{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.sanjosehistory.org/spanish\\-period/ \\|title\\=Spanish Period \\|website\\=San Jose History \\|access\\-date\\=November 23, 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201031856/http://www.sanjosehistory.org/spanish\\-period/ \\|archive\\-date\\=December 1, 2017 }} In 1791, due to the severe flooding which characterized the pueblo, San Jose's settlement was moved approximately a mile south, centered on the Pueblo [Plaza](/wiki/Plaza \"Plaza\") (modern\\-day [Plaza de César Chávez](/wiki/Plaza_de_C%C3%A9sar_Ch%C3%A1vez \"Plaza de César Chávez\")).{{cite web \\|url\\=http://historysanjose.org/wp/research\\-collection/pueblo\\-papers/ \\|title\\=Spanish\\-Mexican Records of the San José Pueblo: The Pueblo Papers \\|website\\=History San Jose \\|access\\-date\\=November 23, 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201043651/http://historysanjose.org/wp/research\\-collection/pueblo\\-papers/ \\|archive\\-date\\=December 1, 2017 }}", "In 1800, due to the growing population in the northern part of the Californias, [Diego de Borica](/wiki/Diego_de_Borica \"Diego de Borica\"), Governor of the Californias, officially split the province into two parts: [Alta California](/wiki/Alta_California \"Alta California\") (*Upper California*), which would eventually become several western [U.S. states](/wiki/U.S._states \"U.S. states\"), and [Baja California](/wiki/Baja_California \"Baja California\") (*Lower California*), which would eventually become two [Mexican states](/wiki/States_of_Mexico \"States of Mexico\").", "### Mexican period", "{{see also\\|Alta California\\|Mexican California}}\n[thumb\\|upright\\|left\\|[Antonio María Pico](/wiki/Antonio_Mar%C3%ADa_Pico \"Antonio María Pico\") served twice as [Alcalde of San José](/wiki/Alcalde_of_San_Jos%C3%A9 \"Alcalde of San José\") (mayor) and was a signer of the [Californian Constitution](/wiki/Californian_Constitution \"Californian Constitution\"), representing San Jose at the [Monterey Constitutional Convention of 1849](/wiki/California_Constitutional_Conventions \"California Constitutional Conventions\").](/wiki/File:Antonio_Maria_Pico.jpg \"Antonio Maria Pico.jpg\")\nSan Jose became part of the [First Mexican Empire](/wiki/First_Mexican_Empire \"First Mexican Empire\") in 1821, after [Mexico's War of Independence](/wiki/Mexican_War_of_Independence \"Mexican War of Independence\") was won against the [Spanish Crown](/wiki/Spanish_Crown \"Spanish Crown\"), and in 1824, part of the [First Mexican Republic](/wiki/First_Mexican_Republic \"First Mexican Republic\"). With its newfound independence, and the triumph of the republican movement, Mexico set out to diminish the [Catholic Church](/wiki/Catholic_Church \"Catholic Church\")'s power within Alta California by [secularizing the California missions](/wiki/Mexican_secularization_act_of_1833 \"Mexican secularization act of 1833\") in 1833\\.{{citation needed\\|date\\=November 2017}}", "In 1824, in order to promote settlement and economic activity within sparsely populated California, the Mexican government began an initiative, for Mexican and foreign citizens alike, to settle unoccupied lands in California. Between 1833 and 1845, thirty\\-eight [rancho land grants](/wiki/Ranchos_of_California \"Ranchos of California\") were issued in the [Santa Clara Valley](/wiki/Santa_Clara_Valley \"Santa Clara Valley\"), 15 of which were located within modern\\-day San Jose's borders. Numerous prominent historical figures were among those granted rancho lands in the Santa Valley, including [James A. Forbes](/wiki/James_Alexander_Forbes_%281805%E2%80%931881%29 \"James Alexander Forbes (1805–1881)\"), founder of [Los Gatos, California](/wiki/Los_Gatos%2C_California \"Los Gatos, California\") (granted [Rancho Potrero de Santa Clara](/wiki/Rancho_Potrero_de_Santa_Clara \"Rancho Potrero de Santa Clara\")), [Antonio Suñol](/wiki/Antonio_Su%C3%B1ol \"Antonio Suñol\"), [Alcalde](/wiki/Alcalde \"Alcalde\") of San Jose (granted [Rancho Los Coches](/wiki/Rancho_Los_Coches_%28Sunol%29 \"Rancho Los Coches (Sunol)\")), and [José María Alviso](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Alviso \"José María Alviso\"), [Alcalde](/wiki/Alcalde \"Alcalde\") of San Jose (granted [Rancho Milpitas](/wiki/Rancho_Milpitas \"Rancho Milpitas\")).{{citation needed\\|date\\=November 2017}}", "In 1835, San Jose's population of approximately 700 people included 40 foreigners, primarily [Americans](/wiki/Americans \"Americans\") and [Englishmen](/wiki/Englishmen \"Englishmen\"). By 1845, the population of the pueblo had increased to 900, primarily due to American immigration. Foreign settlement in San Jose and California was rapidly changing Californian society, bringing expanding economic opportunities and foreign culture.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.sanjosehistory.org/mexican\\-period/ \\|title\\=Mexican Period \\|website\\=San Jose History \\|access\\-date\\=November 23, 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201033123/http://www.sanjosehistory.org/mexican\\-period/ \\|archive\\-date\\=December 1, 2017 }}", "By 1846, native [Californios](/wiki/Californio \"Californio\") had long expressed their concern for the overrunning of California society by its growing and wealthy Anglo\\-American community.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.sanjosehistory.org/early\\-american\\-period/ \\|title\\=1846–1869 \\|website\\=San Jose History \\|access\\-date\\=November 23, 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171122042207/http://www.sanjosehistory.org/early\\-american\\-period/ \\|archive\\-date\\=November 22, 2017 }} During the 1846 [Bear Flag Revolt](/wiki/Bear_Flag_Revolt \"Bear Flag Revolt\"), Captain [Thomas Fallon](/wiki/Thomas_Fallon \"Thomas Fallon\") led nineteen volunteers from Santa Cruz to the pueblo of San Jose, which his forces easily captured. The raising of the flag of the [California Republic](/wiki/California_Republic \"California Republic\") ended Mexican rule in Alta California on July 14, 1846\\.{{cite web \\|title\\=San Jose's Latinos Howl About Plans for a 'Conquest Statue' \\|url\\=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\\-xpm\\-1990\\-07\\-14\\-mn\\-243\\-story.html \\|first1\\=Harold \\|last1\\=Maass \\|website\\=Los Angeles Times \\|date\\=July 14, 1990 \\|access\\-date\\=October 1, 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=May 11, 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511105918/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\\-xpm\\-1990\\-07\\-14\\-mn\\-243\\-story.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{cite web \\|title\\=Early History \\|url\\=https://www.nps.gov/articles/early\\-history.htm \\|website\\=U.S. National Park Service \\|date\\=February 22, 2018\\|access\\-date\\=October 1, 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=November 29, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129222423/https://www.nps.gov/articles/early\\-history.htm \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "### American period", "{{see also\\|California Republic\\|Conquest of California}}\n{{multiple image\n\\| direction \\= vertical\n\\| align \\= right\n\\| width \\= \n\\| footer \\= \n\\| image1 \\= San jose california 1875\\.jpg\n\\| caption1 \\= \\[\\[Bird's\\-eye view]] of the city in 1875, when the \\[\\[Santa Clara Valley]] was one of the most productive agricultural areas in the world.\n\\| image2 \\= College of Notre Dame in San Jose Cal 1876\\.jpg\n\\| caption2 \\= \\[\\[Notre Dame High School (San Jose, California)\\|Notre Dame High School]]'s original campus in 1876\\. It was the first school accredited in California to give degrees to women.\n}}", "By the end of 1847, the [Conquest of California](/wiki/Conquest_of_California \"Conquest of California\") by the United States was complete, as the [Mexican–American War](/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War \"Mexican–American War\") came to an end. In 1848, the [Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo](/wiki/Treaty_of_Guadalupe_Hidalgo \"Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo\") formally ceded California to the United States, as part of the [Mexican Cession](/wiki/Mexican_Cession \"Mexican Cession\"). On December 15, 1849, San Jose became the capital of the [unorganized territory](/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States%23Formerly_unorganized_territories \"Territories of the United States#Formerly unorganized territories\") of [California](/wiki/California \"California\"). With California's [Admission to the Union](/wiki/Admission_to_the_Union \"Admission to the Union\") on September 9, 1850, San Jose became the state's first capital.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://capitolmuseum.ca.gov/architecture\\-and\\-history/california\\-state\\-capitol\\-history\\-part\\-one \\|title\\= California State Capitol History: Part 1 \\|website\\=California Capitol Museum \\|access\\-date\\=November 23, 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116170240/http://www.capitolmuseum.ca.gov/architecture\\-and\\-history/california\\-state\\-capitol\\-history\\-part\\-one \\|archive\\-date\\=November 16, 2017 }}", "On March 27, 1850, San Jose was [incorporated](/wiki/Municipal_corporation \"Municipal corporation\"). It was incorporated on the same day as [San Diego](/wiki/San_Diego \"San Diego\") and [Benicia](/wiki/Benicia \"Benicia\"); together, these three cities followed [Sacramento](/wiki/Sacramento \"Sacramento\") as California's earliest incorporated cities.{{harvnb\\|Arbuckle\\|1986\\|p\\=27}}: \"Therefore, unless posterity can determine the order in which the Governor signed these bills, there will always be a question as to whether San Jose, already preceded by Sacramento, was California's second, third, or fourth incorporated city.\" [Josiah Belden](/wiki/Josiah_Belden \"Josiah Belden\"), who had settled in California in 1842 after traversing the [California Trail](/wiki/California_Trail \"California Trail\") as part of the [Bartleson Party](/wiki/Bartleson%E2%80%93Bidwell_Party \"Bartleson–Bidwell Party\") and later acquired a fortune, was the city's first mayor.George R. Stewart, *The California Trail: An Epic with Many Heroes* (University of Nebraska Press, 1962\\), p. 28\\. San Jose was briefly California's first state capital, and legislators met in the city from 1849 to 1851\\. ([Monterey](/wiki/Monterey%2C_California \"Monterey, California\") was the capital during the period of [Spanish California](/wiki/Spanish_California \"Spanish California\") and [Mexican California](/wiki/Mexican_California \"Mexican California\")).Ken McKowen \\& Dahlynn McKowen, *Best of California's Missions, Mansions, and Museums* (Wilderness Press, 2006\\), pp. 77–99\\. The first capitol no longer exists; the [Plaza de César Chávez](/wiki/Plaza_de_C%C3%A9sar_Ch%C3%A1vez \"Plaza de César Chávez\") now lies on the site, which has two [historical markers](/wiki/Historical_marker \"Historical marker\") indicating where California's state legislature first met.[First State Capitol Building](https://www.hmdb.org/marker.asp?marker=3615) {{Webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201034612/https://www.hmdb.org/marker.asp?marker\\=3615 \\|date\\=December 1, 2017 }}, Historical Marker Database.", "In the period 1900 through 1910, San Jose served as a center for pioneering invention, innovation, and impact in both lighter\\-than\\-air and heavier\\-than\\-air flight. These activities were led principally by [John Montgomery](/wiki/John_Joseph_Montgomery \"John Joseph Montgomery\") and his peers. The City of San Jose has established Montgomery Park, a Monument at San Felipe and Yerba Buena Roads, and John J. Montgomery Elementary School in his honor. During this period, San Jose also became a center of innovation for the mechanization and industrialization of agricultural and food processing equipment.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.jbtcorporation.com/en/Our\\-Company/Our%20Legacy \\|title\\=Our Legacy – JBT \\|publisher\\=Jbtcorporation.com \\|access\\-date\\=May 15, 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605072924/http://www.jbtcorporation.com/en/Our\\-Company/Our%20Legacy \\|archive\\-date\\=June 5, 2016 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "Though not affected as severely as San Francisco, San Jose also suffered significant damage from the [1906 San Francisco earthquake](/wiki/1906_San_Francisco_earthquake \"1906 San Francisco earthquake\"). Over 100 people died at the [Agnews Asylum](/wiki/Agnews_Asylum \"Agnews Asylum\") (later Agnews State Hospital) after its walls and roof collapsed,{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.cr.nps.gov/nr/travel/santaclara/agn.htm \\|title\\=Agnews Insane Asylum \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[National Register of Historic Places]] \\|access\\-date\\=June 7, 2007 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070524093818/http://www.cr.nps.gov/nR/travel/santaclara/agn.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=May 24, 2007 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} and San Jose High School's three\\-story stone\\-and\\-brick building was also destroyed. The period during [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\") was tumultuous; [Japanese Americans](/wiki/Japanese_American \"Japanese American\") primarily from [Japantown](/wiki/Japantown%2C_San_Jose%2C_California \"Japantown, San Jose, California\") were sent to [internment camps](/wiki/Internment_camps \"Internment camps\"), including the future mayor [Norman Mineta](/wiki/Norman_Mineta \"Norman Mineta\"). Following the Los Angeles [zoot suit riots](/wiki/Zoot_suit_riots \"Zoot suit riots\"), anti\\-Mexican violence took place during the summer of 1943\\. In 1940, the Census Bureau reported San Jose's population as 98% white.{{cite web \\|title\\=California – Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places: Earliest Census to 1990 \\|publisher\\=U.S. Census Bureau \\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=April 20, 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120812191959/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=August 12, 2012 }}\n[thumb\\|left\\|upright\\=0\\.9\\|The [Bank of Italy Building](/wiki/Bank_of_Italy_Building_%28San_Jose%2C_California%29 \"Bank of Italy Building (San Jose, California)\"), built in 1926, is the oldest skyscraper in [Downtown San Jose](/wiki/Downtown_San_Jose \"Downtown San Jose\").](/wiki/File:USA-San_Jose-Bank_of_Italy-2.jpg \"USA-San Jose-Bank of Italy-2.jpg\")\nAs World War II started, the city's economy shifted from agriculture (the [Del Monte](/wiki/Del_Monte_Foods \"Del Monte Foods\") cannery was the largest employer and closed in 1999{{cite news \\|title\\=PACKING IT IN: SAN JOSE'S FINAL HARVEST VESTIGE OF VALLEY'S AGRICULTURAL BUTT IS LEAVING \\|url\\=http://www.tc.umn.edu/\\~jbshank/HistorySiliconValley/Del\\_Monte\\_Cannery.html \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Mercury News]] \\|date\\=July 25, 1999 \\|access\\-date\\=May 16, 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170524230208/http://www.tc.umn.edu/\\~jbshank/HistorySiliconValley/Del\\_Monte\\_Cannery.html \\|archive\\-date\\=May 24, 2017 \\|url\\-status\\=live}}) to industrial manufacturing with the contracting of the [Food Machinery Corporation](/wiki/Food_Machinery_Corporation \"Food Machinery Corporation\") (later known as [FMC Corporation](/wiki/FMC_Corporation \"FMC Corporation\")) by the [United States War Department](/wiki/United_States_War_Department \"United States War Department\") to build 1,000 [Landing Vehicle Tracked](/wiki/Landing_Vehicle_Tracked \"Landing Vehicle Tracked\").{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www2\\.sjsu.edu/depts/PoliSci/faculty/christensen/flashback.htm \\|title\\=Flashback: A short political history of San Jose \\|publisher\\=San Jose State University \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080707002526/http://www.sjsu.edu/depts/PoliSci/faculty/christensen/flashback.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=July 7, 2008 \\|access\\-date\\=November 9, 2013}} After World War II, FMC (later [United Defense](/wiki/United_Defense \"United Defense\"), and currently [BAE Systems](/wiki/BAE_Systems \"BAE Systems\")) continued as a [defense contractor](/wiki/Defense_contractor \"Defense contractor\"), with the San Jose facilities designing and manufacturing military platforms such as the [M113 Armored Personnel Carrier](/wiki/M113_Armored_Personnel_Carrier \"M113 Armored Personnel Carrier\"), the [Bradley Fighting Vehicle](/wiki/Bradley_Fighting_Vehicle \"Bradley Fighting Vehicle\"), and various subsystems of the [M1 Abrams](/wiki/M1_Abrams \"M1 Abrams\") battle tank.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.uniteddefense.com/co/history.htm \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20070220062249/http://www.uniteddefense.com/co/history.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=February 20, 2007 \\|title\\=BAE Systems History \\|access\\-date\\=November 9, 2013 }}", "[IBM](/wiki/IBM \"IBM\") established its first West Coast operations in San Jose in 1943 with a downtown [punch card](/wiki/Punched_card \"Punched card\") plant, and opened an [IBM Research](/wiki/IBM_Research \"IBM Research\") lab in 1952\\. [Reynold B. Johnson](/wiki/Reynold_B._Johnson \"Reynold B. Johnson\") and his team developed direct access storage for computers,{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/builders/builders\\_johnson.html \\|title\\=Reynold B. Johnson \\|last\\=Blankenship \\|first\\=William D. \\|date\\=1971 \\|website\\=\\[\\[IBM]] \\|access\\-date\\=September 8, 2021 \\|archive\\-date\\=May 4, 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190504141539/https://www.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/builders/builders\\_johnson.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }} inventing the [RAMAC 305](/wiki/IBM_305_RAMAC \"IBM 305 RAMAC\") and the [hard disk drive](/wiki/Hard_disk_drive \"Hard disk drive\"); the technological side of San Jose's economy grew.Winslow, Ward (editor); *The Making of Silicon Valley: a One Hundred Year Renaissance*; 1995; {{ISBN\\|0\\-9649217\\-0\\-7}}", "During the 1950s and 1960s, City Manager [A. P. \"Dutch\" Hamann](/wiki/A._P._Hamann \"A. P. Hamann\") led the city in a major growth campaign. The city annexed adjacent areas, such as [Alviso](/wiki/Alviso%2C_California \"Alviso, California\") and [Cambrian Park](/wiki/Cambrian_Park%2C_California \"Cambrian Park, California\"), providing large areas for suburbs. An anti\\-growth reaction to the effects of rapid development emerged in the 1970s, championed by mayors [Norman Mineta](/wiki/Norman_Mineta \"Norman Mineta\") and [Janet Gray Hayes](/wiki/Janet_Gray_Hayes \"Janet Gray Hayes\"). Despite establishing an [urban growth boundary](/wiki/Urban_growth_boundary \"Urban growth boundary\"), development fees, and the incorporations of [Campbell](/wiki/Campbell%2C_California \"Campbell, California\") and [Cupertino](/wiki/Cupertino%2C_California \"Cupertino, California\"), development was not slowed, but rather directed into already\\-incorporated areas.", "[thumb\\|right\\|The 1928 San Jose annual *Fiesta de las Rosas* parade in Downtown](/wiki/File:1928_Fiesta_de_las_Rosas_of_San_Jose.jpg \"1928 Fiesta de las Rosas of San Jose.jpg\")", "San Jose's position in [Silicon Valley](/wiki/Silicon_Valley \"Silicon Valley\") triggered further economic and population growth. Results from the [1990 U.S. Census](/wiki/1990_United_States_Census \"1990 United States Census\") indicated that San Jose surpassed San Francisco as the most populous city in the Bay Area for the first time.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/population/www/censusdata/files/c1008090pc.txt \\|title\\=1990 and 1980 Census Counts for Cities with 1990 Population Greater Than 100,000 \\|publisher\\=United States Census Bureau \\|access\\-date\\=August 8, 2014 \\|quote\\='''1980''': San Francisco \\= 678974, San Jose \\= 629400\\. '''1990''': San Jose \\= 782248, San Francisco \\= 723959 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140629135637/http://www.census.gov/population/www/censusdata/files/c1008090pc.txt \\|archive\\-date\\=June 29, 2014 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} This growth led to the highest housing\\-cost increase in the nation, 936% between 1976 and 2001\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.ti.org/vaupdate31\\.html \\|title\\=San Jose case study, part one: the urban\\-growth boundary \\|publisher\\=Thoreau Institute \\|access\\-date\\=June 7, 2007 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070223075620/http://www.ti.org/vaupdate31\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=February 23, 2007 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Efforts to increase density continued into the 1990s when an update of the 1974 urban plan kept the urban growth boundaries intact and voters rejected a ballot measure to ease development restrictions in the foothills. As of 2006, sixty percent of the housing built in San Jose since 1980 and over three\\-quarters of the housing built since 2000 have been multifamily structures, reflecting a political propensity toward [Smart Growth](/wiki/Smart_Growth \"Smart Growth\") planning principles.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.sanjoseca.gov/planning/data/build\\_permit\\_hist/table1\\.asp \\|title\\=Building Permit History, 1980–2006 \\|publisher\\=City of San Jose \\|access\\-date\\=June 7, 2007 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927042843/http://www.sanjoseca.gov/planning/data/build\\_permit\\_hist/table1\\.asp \\|archive\\-date\\=September 27, 2007}}", "" ]
Geography --------- [left\|thumb\|Map of San Jose's regions/districts](/wiki/File:San_Jose%2C_California_-_Map_of_City_Regions_%26_Districts_No_Color.jpg "San Jose, California - Map of City Regions & Districts No Color.jpg") San Jose is located at {{Coord\|37\|20\|10\|N\|121\|53\|26\|W\|type:city\_region:US\-CA}}. San Jose is located within the [Santa Clara Valley](/wiki/Santa_Clara_Valley "Santa Clara Valley"), in the southern part of the [Bay Area](/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Area "San Francisco Bay Area") in Northern California. The northernmost portion of San Jose touches [San Francisco Bay](/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay "San Francisco Bay") at [Alviso](/wiki/Alviso%2C_San_Jose "Alviso, San Jose"), though most of the city lies away from the bayshore. According to the [United States Census Bureau](/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau "United States Census Bureau"), the city has a total area of {{cvt\|180\.0\|sqmi}}, making the fourth\-largest city in California by land area (after Los Angeles, San Diego and [California City](/wiki/California_City%2C_California "California City, California")). San Jose lies between the [San Andreas Fault](/wiki/San_Andreas_Fault "San Andreas Fault"), the source of the [1989 Loma Prieta earthquake](/wiki/1989_Loma_Prieta_earthquake "1989 Loma Prieta earthquake"), and the [Calaveras Fault](/wiki/Calaveras_Fault "Calaveras Fault"). San Jose is shaken by moderate earthquakes on average one or two times a year. These quakes originate just east of the city on the creeping section of the Calaveras Fault, which is a major source of earthquake activity in Northern California. On April 14, 1984, at 1:15 pm local time, a 6\.2 magnitude earthquake struck the Calaveras Fault near San Jose's Mount Hamilton.{{cite book \|title\=The Nature and Tectonic Significance of Fault Zone Weakening \|author\=R. E. Holdsworth \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=K1sFPEjiwiAC\&q\=Calaveras\+Fault\+San\+Jose\+earthquake\+1984\&pg\=PA15 \|first2\=R. A. \|last2\=Strachan \|first3\=J. \|last3\=Magloughlin \|first4\=R. J. \|last4\=Knipe \|year\=2001 \|isbn\=978\-1\-86239\-090\-4 \|page\=15 \|publisher\=Geological Society of London \|access\-date\=November 20, 2020 \|archive\-date\=April 23, 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423094456/https://books.google.com/books?id\=K1sFPEjiwiAC\&q\=Calaveras\+Fault\+San\+Jose\+earthquake\+1984\&pg\=PA15 \|url\-status\=live }} The most serious earthquake, in 1906, damaged many buildings in San Jose as described earlier. Earlier significant quakes rocked the city in 1839, 1851, 1858, 1864, 1865, [1868](/wiki/1868_Hayward_earthquake "1868 Hayward earthquake"), and 1891\. The [Daly City](/wiki/Daly_City%2C_California "Daly City, California") Earthquake of 1957 caused some damage. The [Loma Prieta earthquake](/wiki/Loma_Prieta_earthquake "Loma Prieta earthquake") of 1989 also did some damage to parts of the city. ### Cityscape San Jose's expansion was made by the design of ["Dutch" Hamann](/wiki/A._P._Hamann "A. P. Hamann"), the City Manager from 1950 to 1969\. During his administration, with his staff referred to as "Dutch's [Panzer Division](/wiki/Panzer_division_%28Wehrmacht%29 "Panzer division (Wehrmacht)")", the city annexed property 1,389 times,{{cite news \|last\=Safford \|first\=Pat \|date\=November 17, 2010 \|url\=http://www.tabardtheatre.org/reviews/cambexprs\_Driving\_rvw.pdf \|title\=The legacy of Dutch Hamann plagues Cambrian residents, Annexation Background \|newspaper\=Campbell Express \|volume\=59 \|issue\=45 \|page\=1 \|access\-date\=November 9, 2013 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110031551/http://www.tabardtheatre.org/reviews/cambexprs\_Driving\_rvw.pdf \|archive\-date\=November 10, 2013 \|url\-status\=live }} growing the city from {{cvt\|17\|to\|149\|sqmi}},{{cite news \|author\=Don Mccormack \|url\=http://www.sfgate.com/realestate/article/San\-Jose\-Reality\-not\-reputation\-3138794\.php \|title\=San Jose: Reality, not reputation \|newspaper\=San Francisco Chronicle \|date\=July 16, 1995 \|access\-date\=July 8, 2013 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110021241/http://www.sfgate.com/realestate/article/San\-Jose\-Reality\-not\-reputation\-3138794\.php \|archive\-date\=November 10, 2013 \|url\-status\=live }} absorbing the communities named above, changing their status to "neighborhoods." {{Blockquote\|text\=They say San José is going to become another Los Angeles. Believe me, I'm going to do everything in my power to make that come true. \|author\="Dutch" Hamann, 1965{{cite web \|url\=http://www.worldwatch.org/system/files/EP121A.pdf \|title\=Virtual Ecology – A Brief Environmental History of Silicon Valley \|last\=Sachs \|first\=Aaron \|page\=15 \|work\=World\-Watch \|publisher\=Worldwatch.org \|date\=January–February 1999 \|access\-date\=November 9, 2013 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110022816/http://www.worldwatch.org/system/files/EP121A.pdf \|archive\-date\=November 10, 2013 \|url\-status\=live }}}} Sales taxes were a chief source of revenue. Hamann would determine where major shopping areas would be, and then annex narrow bands of land along major roadways leading to those locations, pushing "tentacles" or "finger areas" across the Santa Clara Valley and, in turn, walling off the expansion of adjacent communities.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.sanjoseinside.com/news/entries/dutch\_hamann/ \|title\=Dutch Hamann – Part One \|publisher\=San Jose Inside \|date\=January 16, 2006 \|access\-date\=July 8, 2013 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110022621/http://www.sanjoseinside.com/news/entries/dutch\_hamann/ \|archive\-date\=November 10, 2013 \|url\-status\=live }}{{sfn\|Arbuckle\|1986\|p\=62}}{{cite news\|title\=S.J., Cupertino Border Realignment Studied\|work\=San Jose Mercury\|location\=San Jose, California\|date\=August 6, 1974\|page\=11\|via\=NewsBank}} {{wide image\|Downtown Skyline from Oak Hill (cropped).jpg\|1000px\|align\-cap\=center\|View of \[\[Downtown San Jose]]'s skyline from \[\[Oak Hill Memorial Park]].}} During his reign, it was said the City Council would vote according to Hamann's nod. In 1963, the State of California imposed [Local Agency Formation Commissions](/wiki/Local_Agency_Formation_Commission "Local Agency Formation Commission") statewide, but largely to try to maintain order with San Jose's aggressive growth. Eventually the political forces against growth grew as local neighborhoods bonded together to elect their own candidates, ending Hamann's influence and leading to his resignation.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.sanjoseinside.com/news/entries/dutch\_hamann1/ \|title\=Dutch Hamann – Part Two \|date\=January 16, 2006 \|publisher\=San Jose Inside \|access\-date\=July 8, 2013 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110022715/http://www.sanjoseinside.com/news/entries/dutch\_hamann1/ \|archive\-date\=November 10, 2013 \|url\-status\=live }} While the job was not complete, the trend was set. The city had defined its sphere of influence in all directions, sometimes chaotically leaving unincorporated pockets to be swallowed up by the behemoth, sometimes even at the objection of the residents. Major thoroughfares in the city include [Monterey Road](/wiki/Monterey_Road "Monterey Road"), the [Stevens Creek Boulevard](/wiki/Stevens_Creek_Boulevard "Stevens Creek Boulevard")/[San Carlos Street](/wiki/San_Carlos_Street "San Carlos Street") corridor, [Santa Clara Street](/wiki/Santa_Clara_Street "Santa Clara Street")/[Alum Rock Avenue](/wiki/Alum_Rock_Avenue "Alum Rock Avenue") corridor, [Almaden Expressway](/wiki/Almaden_Expressway "Almaden Expressway"), [Capitol Expressway](/wiki/Capitol_Expressway "Capitol Expressway"), and [1st Street (San Jose)](/wiki/1st_Street_%28San_Jose%29 "1st Street (San Jose)"). ### Topography [thumb\|left\|The [Santa Clara Valley](/wiki/Santa_Clara_Valley "Santa Clara Valley") experiences a [Mediterranean climate](/wiki/Mediterranean_climate "Mediterranean climate"), with an average of 301 days of sunshine.](/wiki/File:San_Jose_and_Silicon_Valley_Skyline_Oct_2017.jpg "San Jose and Silicon Valley Skyline Oct 2017.jpg") [alt\=\|thumb\|A satellite image of the [Santa Clara Valley](/wiki/Santa_Clara_Valley "Santa Clara Valley") near San Jose; the city makes up most of the urbanization in the center of the valley.](/wiki/File:San_Jose_by_Sentinel-2%2C_2019-03-11.jpg "San Jose by Sentinel-2, 2019-03-11.jpg") [thumb\|right\|Map of the major hill and mountain ranges in San Jose: {{legend\|\#FF9966\|\[\[Sierra Azul]] (\[\[Santa Cruz Mountains]])}}{{legend\|\#CCCCFF\|\[\[Santa Teresa Hills]]}}{{legend\|\#FFFACD\|\[\[San Juan Bautista Hills]]}}{{legend\|\#98FB98\|\[\[Silver Creek Hills]]}}{{legend\|\#FF91A4\|\[\[Diablo Range\|Diablo Mountains]]}}{{legend\|\#B2FFFF\|\[\[Los Buellis Hills]]}}](/wiki/File:Map_of_the_major_hill_and_mountain_ranges_in_San_Jose%2C_California.png "Map of the major hill and mountain ranges in San Jose, California.png") The [Guadalupe River](/wiki/Guadalupe_River_%28California%29 "Guadalupe River (California)") runs from the [Santa Cruz Mountains](/wiki/Santa_Cruz_Mountains "Santa Cruz Mountains") flowing north through San Jose, ending in the San Francisco Bay at [Alviso](/wiki/Alviso%2C_California "Alviso, California"). Along the southern part of the river is the neighborhood of [Almaden Valley](/wiki/Almaden_Valley "Almaden Valley"), originally named for the mercury mines which produced mercury needed for gold extraction from [quartz](/wiki/Quartz "Quartz") during the [California Gold Rush](/wiki/California_Gold_Rush "California Gold Rush") as well as [mercury fulminate](/wiki/Mercury_fulminate "Mercury fulminate") blasting caps and detonators for the U.S. military from 1870 to 1945\.{{cite report \|title\=Final Environmental Impact Report, Almaden Quicksilver Park \|author\=David Crimp \|author2\=Leda Patmore \|author3\=C. Michael Hogan \|author4\=Harry Seidman \|author5\=Vivian Paparigian \|website\=Santa Clara County Parks and Recreation Department \|date\=1976}} East of the Guadalupe River, [Coyote Creek](/wiki/Coyote_Creek_%28Santa_Clara_County%29 "Coyote Creek (Santa Clara County)") also flows to south San Francisco Bay and originates on [Mount Sizer](/wiki/Mount_Sizer "Mount Sizer") near [Henry W. Coe State Park](/wiki/Henry_W._Coe_State_Park "Henry W. Coe State Park") and the surrounding hills in the [Diablo Range](/wiki/Diablo_Range "Diablo Range"), northeast of [Morgan Hill, California](/wiki/Morgan_Hill%2C_California "Morgan Hill, California"). The lowest point in San Jose is {{cvt\|13\|ft\|m}} below sea level at the San Francisco Bay in Alviso;{{cite web \|url\=http://www.journalism.sfsu.edu/www/pubs/prism/apr96/14\.html \|title\=Sinking State \|publisher\=\[\[San Francisco State University]] \|date\=April 1996 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415014552/http://www.journalism.sfsu.edu/www/pubs/prism/apr96/14\.html \|archive\-date\=April 15, 2012 \|access\-date\=November 9, 2013}} the highest is {{cvt\|2,125\|ft\|m}}.{{cite web \|author\=Eastern Region Geography, Information Services \|url\=http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb//pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html\#Highest \|title\=Elevations and Distances \|publisher\=Egsc.usgs.gov \|date\=April 29, 2005 \|access\-date\=October 21, 2014 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109183109/http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb//pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html\#Highest \|archive\-date\=November 9, 2013 \|url\-status\=live }} Because of the proximity to [Lick Observatory](/wiki/Lick_Observatory "Lick Observatory") atop Mount Hamilton, San Jose has taken several steps to reduce [light pollution](/wiki/Light_pollution "Light pollution"), including replacing all street lamps and outdoor lighting in private developments with [low pressure sodium lamps](/wiki/Low_pressure_sodium_lamp "Low pressure sodium lamp").{{cite web \|url\=http://sanjoseca.gov/planning/counter/policies/pol\_lighting.pdf \|title\=Outdoor lighting on private developments \|author\=San Jose City Council \|date\=March 1, 1983 \|access\-date\=June 18, 2007 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060702090656/http://www.sanjoseca.gov/planning/counter/policies/pol\_lighting.pdf \|archive\-date\=July 2, 2006 \|author\-link\=San Jose City Council }} To recognize the city's efforts, the [asteroid](/wiki/Asteroid "Asteroid") [6216 San Jose](/wiki/6216_San_Jose "6216 San Jose") was named after the city.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.ucsc.edu/oncampus/currents/97\-98/05\-25/asteroid.htm \|title\=UCSC, Lick Observatory designate asteroid for the city of San Jose \|publisher\=\[\[University of California, Santa Cruz]] \|date\=May 25, 1998 \|access\-date\=June 18, 2007 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070817095443/http://www.ucsc.edu/oncampus/currents/97\-98/05\-25/asteroid.htm \|archive\-date\=August 17, 2007 }} There are four distinct valleys in the city of San Jose: Almaden Valley, situated on the southwest fringe of the city; Evergreen Valley to the southeast, which is hilly all throughout its interior; Santa Clara Valley, which includes the flat, main urban expanse of the South Bay; and the rural [Coyote Valley](/wiki/Coyote_Valley%2C_California "Coyote Valley, California"), to the city's extreme southern fringe.{{cite report \|title\=Safe Passage for Coyote Valley: A Wildlife Linkage for the 101 Corridor \|author1\=Julie Phillips \|author2\=Ryan Phillips \|author3\=Neela Srinivasan \|author4\=Deborah Aso \|author5\=Wendy Lao \|author6\=Pat Cornely \|date\=2012 \|publisher\=\[\[De Anza College]] \|location\=Cupertino, California \|url\=http://www.deanza.edu/es/wildlifecorrproj/Safe%20Passagelowres.pdf \|access\-date\=January 26, 2019 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927115425/http://www.deanza.edu/es/wildlifecorrproj/Safe%20Passagelowres.pdf \|archive\-date\=September 27, 2013 }} The extensive [droughts in California](/wiki/Droughts_in_California "Droughts in California"), coupled with the drainage of the reservoir at [Anderson Lake](/wiki/Anderson_Lake_%28California%29 "Anderson Lake (California)") for [seismic](/wiki/Seismic "Seismic") repairs, have strained the city's [water security](/wiki/Water_security "Water security").[https://gilroydispatch.com/anderson\-reservoir\-will\-close\-to\-public\-through\-2030/](https://gilroydispatch.com/anderson-reservoir-will-close-to-public-through-2030/) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220503124517/https://gilroydispatch.com/anderson\-reservoir\-will\-close\-to\-public\-through\-2030/\|date\=May 3, 2022}} "Anderson Reservoir will close to public through 2030". Accessed March 30, 2022\.[https://morganhilltimes.com/anderson\-reservoir\-drained\-to\-3\-percent\-capacity/](https://morganhilltimes.com/anderson-reservoir-drained-to-3-percent-capacity/) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220503124510/https://morganhilltimes.com/anderson\-reservoir\-drained\-to\-3\-percent\-capacity/\|date\=May 3, 2022}} "Anderson Reservoir drained to 3 percent capacity". Accessed March 31, 2022\. San Jose has suffered from lack of precipitation and [water scarcity](/wiki/Water_scarcity "Water scarcity") to the extent that some residents may run out of household water by the summer of 2022\.{{cite news \|url\=https://abc7news.com/amp/rain\-california\-drought\-2022\-san\-jose\-weather\-western/11571287/ \|title\=Some San Jose Residents Could Run Out of Water by Summer if Drought Continues, Expert Says \|work\=ABC7 News \|access\-date\=June 3, 2022 \|archive\-date\=August 8, 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808190905/https://abc7news.com/amp/rain\-california\-drought\-2022\-san\-jose\-weather\-western/11571287/ \|url\-status\=live }}{{title missing\|date\=July 2022}} ### Climate San Jose, like most of the Bay Area, has a [Mediterranean climate](/wiki/Mediterranean_climate "Mediterranean climate") ([Köppen](/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification "Köppen climate classification"): *[Csb](/wiki/Warm-summer_Mediterranean "Warm-summer Mediterranean")*),{{Cite journal \|title\=Table 1 Overview of the Köppen\-Geiger climate classes including the defining criteria. \|url\=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41597\-023\-02549\-6/tables/1 \|journal\=Nature\|access\-date\=April 26, 2024 \|archive\-date\=January 5, 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240105151210/https://www.nature.com/articles/s41597\-023\-02549\-6/tables/1 \|url\-status\=live }}{{cite web \|url\=http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/mtr/sfd\_sjc\_climate/sjc/SJC\_CLIMATE3\.php \|title\=Climate of San Jose \|author\=Miguel Miller \|access\-date\=June 18, 2007 \|publisher\=National Weather Service \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20041215213648/http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/mtr/sfd\_sjc\_climate/sjc/SJC\_CLIMATE3\.php \|archive\-date\=December 15, 2004 \|url\-status\=live }} with warm to hot, dry summers and cool, wet winters. San Jose has an average of 298 days of sunshine and an annual mean temperature of {{cvt\|61\.4\|°F\|1}}. It lies inland, surrounded on three sides by mountains, and does not front the Pacific Ocean like San Francisco. As a result, the city is somewhat more sheltered from rain, barely avoiding a [cold semi\-arid](/wiki/Cold_semi-arid_climate "Cold semi-arid climate") (*BSk*) climate. Like most of the Bay Area, San Jose is made up of dozens of [microclimates](/wiki/Microclimate "Microclimate"). Because of a more prominent [rain shadow](/wiki/Rain_shadow "Rain shadow") from the Santa Cruz Mountains, Downtown San Jose experiences the lightest rainfall in the city, while South San Jose, only {{cvt\|10\|mi}} distant, experiences more rainfall, and somewhat more extreme temperatures. The monthly daily average temperature ranges from around {{cvt\|50\|°F}} in December and January to around {{cvt\|70\|°F\|0}} in July and August.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.accuweather.com/us/ca/san\-jose/95113/forecast\-month.asp \|title\=San Jose Month Weather \|publisher\=AccuWeather \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111117201046/http://www.accuweather.com/us/ca/san\-jose/95113/forecast\-month.asp \|archive\-date\=November 17, 2011}} The highest temperature ever recorded in San Jose was {{cvt\|109\|°F\|C}} on September 6, 2022; the lowest was {{cvt\|18\|°F\|1}} on January 6, 1894\. On average, there are 2\.7 mornings annually where the temperature drops to, or below, the freezing mark; and sixteen afternoons where the high reaches or exceeds {{cvt\|90\|°F\|1\|disp\=or}}. [Diurnal temperature variation](/wiki/Diurnal_temperature_variation "Diurnal temperature variation") is far wider than along the coast or in San Francisco but still a shadow of what is seen in the [Central Valley](/wiki/Central_Valley_%28California%29 "Central Valley (California)"). "Rain year" precipitation has ranged from {{cvt\|4\.83\|in\|mm\|1}} between July 1876 and June 1877 to {{cvt\|30\.30\|in\|mm\|1}} between July 1889 and June 1890, although at the current site since 1893 the range is from {{cvt\|5\.33\|in\|mm\|1}} in "rain year" 2020–21 to {{cvt\|30\.25\|in\|mm\|1}} in "rain year" 1982–83\. 2020\-2021 was the lowest precipitation year ever, in 127 years of precipitation records in San Jose. The most precipitation in one month was {{cvt\|12\.38\|in\|mm\|1}} in January 1911\. The maximum 24\-hour rainfall was {{cvt\|3\.60\|in\|1}} on January 30, 1968\. On August 16, 2020, one of the most widespread and strong thunderstorm events in recent Bay Area history occurred as an unstable humid air mass moved up from the south and triggered multiple dry thunderstorms{{cite web\|url\=https://w1\.weather.gov/glossary/index.php?word\=dry\+thunderstorm\|title\=Glossary – NOAA's National Weather Service\|first\=NOAA's National Weather\|last\=Service\|website\=w1\.weather.gov\|access\-date\=July 3, 2021\|archive\-date\=July 9, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182609/https://w1\.weather.gov/glossary/index.php?word\=dry\+thunderstorm\|url\-status\=live}} which caused many fires to be ignited by 300\+ lightning strikes in the surrounding hills. The CZU lightning complex fires took almost 5 months to fully be controlled. Over 86,000 acres were burned and nearly 1500 buildings were destroyed.{{cite web\|url \= https://www.msn.com/en\-us/weather/topstories/lightning\-sparks\-multiple\-fires\-in\-bay\-area\-santa\-cruz\-mountains/ar\-BB181B0t\|title \= Lightning sparks multiple fires in Bay Area, Santa Cruz mountains\|publisher \= \[\[MSN]]\|access\-date \= July 3, 2021\|archive\-date \= July 9, 2021\|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182715/https://www.msn.com/en\-us/weather/topstories/lightning\-sparks\-multiple\-fires\-in\-bay\-area\-santa\-cruz\-mountains/ar\-BB181B0t\|url\-status \= live}}{{cite web\|url\=https://wildlandfirefighter.com/2021/05/04/cal\-fire\-czu\-lightning\-complex\-lessons\-learned/\|title\=CAL FIRE: CZU Lightning Complex, Lessons Learned – the Wildland Firefighter\|date\=May 4, 2021\|access\-date\=July 3, 2021\|archive\-date\=July 9, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709183001/https://wildlandfirefighter.com/2021/05/04/cal\-fire\-czu\-lightning\-complex\-lessons\-learned/\|url\-status\=live}} The snow level drops as low as {{cvt\|4000\|ft\|\-1}} above sea level, or lower, occasionally coating nearby [Mount Hamilton](/wiki/Mount_Hamilton_%28California%29 "Mount Hamilton (California)") and, less frequently, the [Santa Cruz Mountains](/wiki/Santa_Cruz_Mountains "Santa Cruz Mountains"), with snow that normally lasts a few days. Snow will snarl traffic traveling on [State Route 17](/wiki/California_State_Route_17 "California State Route 17") towards [Santa Cruz](/wiki/Santa_Cruz%2C_California "Santa Cruz, California"). Snow rarely falls in San Jose; the most recent snow to remain on the ground was on February 5, 1976, when many residents around the city saw as much as {{cvt\|3\|in\|m}} on car and roof tops. The official observation station measured only {{cvt\|0\.5\|in\|m}} of snow.{{cite web \|url \= http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/cgi\-bin/cliMONtsnf.pl?casjos \|title \= Monthly Total Snowfall (Inches) \|publisher \= Western Regional Climate Center \|date \= July 24, 2006 \|access\-date \= June 12, 2013 \|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20140629135724/http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/cgi\-bin/cliMONtsnf.pl?casjos \|archive\-date \= June 29, 2014 \|url\-status \= live }} {{Weather box \| location \= \[\[San Jose International Airport]] (KSJC), California (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1893–present) \| single line \= Y \| Jan record high F \= 79 \| Feb record high F \= 81 \| Mar record high F \= 89 \| Apr record high F \= 95 \| May record high F \= 102 \| Jun record high F \= 107 \| Jul record high F \= 108 \| Aug record high F \= 105 \| Sep record high F \= 109 \| Oct record high F \= 106 \| Nov record high F \= 85 \| Dec record high F \= 79 \| year record high F \= \| Jan avg record high F \= 68\.2 \| Feb avg record high F \= 73\.2 \| Mar avg record high F \= 79\.1 \| Apr avg record high F \= 85\.7 \| May avg record high F \= 89\.8 \| Jun avg record high F \= 96\.9 \| Jul avg record high F \= 95\.0 \| Aug avg record high F \= 95\.7 \| Sep avg record high F \= 95\.7 \| Oct avg record high F \= 89\.4 \| Nov avg record high F \= 77\.5 \| Dec avg record high F \= 68\.0 \| year avg record high F \= 99\.8 \| Jan high F \= 59\.8 \| Feb high F \= 62\.4 \| Mar high F \= 65\.9 \| Apr high F \= 69\.2 \| May high F \= 73\.8 \| Jun high F \= 79\.1 \| Jul high F \= 80\.8 \| Aug high F \= 81\.4 \| Sep high F \= 80\.7 \| Oct high F \= 75\.8 \| Nov high F \= 66\.1 \| Dec high F \= 59\.5 \| year high F \= 71\.2 \| Jan mean F \= 50\.8 \| Feb mean F \= 53\.2 \| Mar mean F \= 56\.1 \| Apr mean F \= 58\.8 \| May mean F \= 63\.0 \| Jun mean F \= 67\.3 \| Jul mean F \= 69\.5 \| Aug mean F \= 70\.0 \| Sep mean F \= 69\.0 \| Oct mean F \= 64\.3 \| Nov mean F \= 55\.9 \| Dec mean F \= 50\.6 \| year mean F \= 60\.7 \| Jan low F \= 41\.8 \| Feb low F \= 43\.9 \| Mar low F \= 46\.3 \| Apr low F \= 48\.4 \| May low F \= 52\.1 \| Jun low F \= 55\.5 \| Jul low F \= 58\.1 \| Aug low F \= 58\.6 \| Sep low F \= 57\.2 \| Oct low F \= 52\.7 \| Nov low F \= 45\.7 \| Dec low F \= 41\.7 \| year low F \= 50\.2 \| Jan avg record low F \= 32\.6 \| Feb avg record low F \= 35\.0 \| Mar avg record low F \= 38\.1 \| Apr avg record low F \= 41\.3 \| May avg record low F \= 46\.1 \| Jun avg record low F \= 50\.1 \| Jul avg record low F \= 53\.8 \| Aug avg record low F \= 53\.9 \| Sep avg record low F \= 50\.8 \| Oct avg record low F \= 45\.5 \| Nov avg record low F \= 36\.8 \| Dec avg record low F \= 32\.2 \| year avg record low F \= 30\.7 \| Jan record low F \= 18 \| Feb record low F \= 24 \| Mar record low F \= 25 \| Apr record low F \= 26 \| May record low F \= 32 \| Jun record low F \= 33 \| Jul record low F \= 40 \| Aug record low F \= 39 \| Sep record low F \= 35 \| Oct record low F \= 30 \| Nov record low F \= 22 \| Dec record low F \= 19 \| year record low F \= 18 \| rain colour \= green \| Jan rain inch \= 2\.97 \| Feb rain inch \= 3\.24 \| Mar rain inch \= 2\.64 \| Apr rain inch \= 1\.24 \| May rain inch \= 0\.54 \| Jun rain inch \= 0\.17 \| Jul rain inch \= 0\.01 \| Aug rain inch \= 0\.03 \| Sep rain inch \= 0\.07 \| Oct rain inch \= 0\.80 \| Nov rain inch \= 1\.36 \| Dec rain inch \= 3\.07 \| year rain inch \= 16\.14 \| unit rain days \= 0\.01 in \| Jan rain days \= 10\.2 \| Feb rain days \= 11\.5 \| Mar rain days \= 9\.3 \| Apr rain days \= 6\.4 \| May rain days \= 4\.0 \| Jun rain days \= 1\.2 \| Jul rain days \= 0\.2 \| Aug rain days \= 0\.4 \| Sep rain days \= 0\.9 \| Oct rain days \= 2\.7 \| Nov rain days \= 6\.9 \| Dec rain days \= 10\.7 \| source 1 \= \[\[NOAA]]{{cite web \|url\=https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset\=normals\-monthly\-1991\-2020\&startDate\=0001\-01\-01\&endDate\=9996\-12\-31\&stations\=USC00047821\&format\=pdf \|publisher\=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration \|title\=Summary of Monthly Normals 1991–2020 \|access\-date\=May 13, 2021 \|archive\-date\=May 13, 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513034542/https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset\=normals\-monthly\-1991\-2020\&startDate\=0001\-01\-01\&endDate\=9996\-12\-31\&stations\=USC00047821\&format\=pdf \|url\-status\=live }}{{cite web \|url \= https://w2\.weather.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo\=mtr \|title \= NOWData – NOAA Online Weather Data \|publisher \= \[\[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] \|access\-date \= February 27, 2019 \|archive\-date \= April 18, 2019 \|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20190418234102/https://w2\.weather.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo\=mtr \|url\-status \= live }} \| source \= }} ### Neighborhoods and districts {{main\|Category:Neighborhoods in San Jose, California}} The city is generally divided into the following areas: Central San Jose (centered on [Downtown San Jose](/wiki/Downtown_San_Jose "Downtown San Jose")), [West San Jose](/wiki/West_San_Jose "West San Jose"), [North San Jose](/wiki/North_San_Jose "North San Jose"), [East San Jose](/wiki/East_San_Jose "East San Jose"), and [South San Jose](/wiki/South_San_Jose "South San Jose"). Many of San Jose's districts and neighborhoods were previously [unincorporated communities](/wiki/Unincorporated_area "Unincorporated area") or separate municipalities that were later annexed by the city. Besides those mentioned above, some well\-known communities within San Jose include [Japantown](/wiki/Japantown%2C_San_Jose "Japantown, San Jose"), [Rose Garden](/wiki/Rose_Garden%2C_San_Jose "Rose Garden, San Jose"), [Midtown San Jose](/wiki/Midtown_San_Jose "Midtown San Jose"), [Willow Glen](/wiki/Willow_Glen%2C_San_Jose "Willow Glen, San Jose"), [Naglee Park](/wiki/Naglee_Park%2C_San_Jose "Naglee Park, San Jose"), [Burbank](/wiki/Burbank%2C_Santa_Clara_County%2C_California "Burbank, Santa Clara County, California"), [Winchester](/wiki/Winchester%2C_San_Jose "Winchester, San Jose"), [Alviso](/wiki/Alviso%2C_San_Jose "Alviso, San Jose"), [East Foothills](/wiki/East_Foothills%2C_California "East Foothills, California"), [Alum Rock](/wiki/Alum_Rock%2C_San_Jose "Alum Rock, San Jose"), [Communications Hill](/wiki/Communications_Hill%2C_San_Jose "Communications Hill, San Jose"), [Little Portugal](/wiki/Little_Portugal%2C_San_Jose "Little Portugal, San Jose"), [Blossom Valley](/wiki/Blossom_Valley%2C_San_Jose "Blossom Valley, San Jose"), [Cambrian](/wiki/Cambrian%2C_San_Jose "Cambrian, San Jose"), [Almaden Valley](/wiki/Almaden_Valley%2C_San_Jose "Almaden Valley, San Jose"), [Little Saigon](/wiki/Little_Saigon%2C_San_Jose "Little Saigon, San Jose"), [Silver Creek Valley](/wiki/Silver_Creek_Valley "Silver Creek Valley"), [Evergreen Valley](/wiki/Evergreen%2C_San_Jose "Evergreen, San Jose"), [Mayfair](/wiki/Mayfair%2C_San_Jose "Mayfair, San Jose"), [Edenvale](/wiki/Edenvale%2C_San_Jose "Edenvale, San Jose"), [Santa Teresa](/wiki/Santa_Teresa%2C_San_Jose "Santa Teresa, San Jose"), [Seven Trees](/wiki/Seven_Trees%2C_San_Jose "Seven Trees, San Jose"), [Coyote Valley](/wiki/Coyote_Valley%2C_California "Coyote Valley, California"), and [Berryessa](/wiki/Berryessa%2C_San_Jose "Berryessa, San Jose"). A distinct ethnic enclave in San Jose is the [Washington\-Guadalupe](/wiki/Washington-Guadalupe%2C_San_Jose "Washington-Guadalupe, San Jose") neighborhood, immediately south of the [SoFA District](/wiki/SoFA_District "SoFA District"); this neighborhood is home to a community of [Hispanics](/wiki/Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_California "Hispanics and Latinos in California"), centered on Willow Street. neighborhoods in San Jose"\> File:Almaden Lake Park 1\.4\.jpg\|\[\[Almaden Valley, San Jose\|Almaden Valley]] File:Stockton\_Ave\_in\_The\_Alameda\_district\_4234\_(cropped).jpg\|\[\[The Alameda, San Jose\|The Alameda]] File:SAN JOSE CALIFORNIA BAYAREA01 (cropped2\).jpg\|\[\[Downtown San Jose]] File:Evergreen Village Square 0054 (cropped).jpg\|\[\[Evergreen, San Jose\|Evergreen]] File:Church\_of\_the\_Five\_Wounds,\_San\_Jose,\_California.jpg\|\[\[Little Portugal, San Jose\|Little Portugal]] File:San Jose Obon Festival 2009 1\.1\.jpg\|\[\[Japantown, San Jose\|Japantown]] File:Berryessa, San Jose 3525 (cropped).jpg\|\[\[Berryessa, San Jose\|Berryessa]] File:Valencia\_Hotel,\_Santana\_Row\_(cropped).jpg\|\[\[Santana Row]] File:SoFA District Skyline.jpg\|\[\[SoFA District]] File:View\_of\_Vilaggio\_St\_in\_North\_SJ\_(cropped).jpeg\|\[\[Rincon de los Esteros, San Jose\|Rincon de los Esteros / Golden Triangle]] File:Garden Theatre, Downtown Willow Glen, San Jose.jpg\|\[\[Willow Glen, San Jose\|Willow Glen]] File:Sacred Heart Church, Washington\-Guadalupe, San Jose (cropped).jpg\|\[\[Washington\-Guadalupe, San Jose\|Washington\-Guadalupe]] File:Downtown\_Alum\_Rock\_0661\.jpg\|\[\[Alum Rock, San Jose\|Alum Rock]] File:Midtown San Jose 34232 (cropped2\).jpg\|\[\[Midtown San Jose]] File:Shops in Rose Garden, San Jose 1008 (cropped).jpg\|\[\[Rose Garden, San Jose\|Rose Garden]] File:Interesection of Charlotte \& Raleigh (cropped).jpg\|\[\[Santa Teresa, San Jose\|Santa Teresa]] File:Alviso Fireworks II (50797573702\) (cropped2\).jpg\|\[\[Alviso, San Jose\|Alviso]] ### Parks {{Parks and Public Spaces of San Jose\|state\=collapsed}} [thumb\|185px\|President [William McKinley](/wiki/William_McKinley "William McKinley") memorial in [St. James Park](/wiki/St._James_Park_%28San_Jose%29 "St. James Park (San Jose)")](/wiki/File:McKinley_memorial%2C_St._James_Park%2C_San_Jose%2C_California.jpg "McKinley memorial, St. James Park, San Jose, California.jpg") [thumb\|185px\|[Japanese Friendship Garden](/wiki/Japanese_Friendship_Garden_%28San_Jose%29 "Japanese Friendship Garden (San Jose)")](/wiki/File:Lower_pond_at_Japanese_Friendship_Garden_in_San_Jose.JPG "Lower pond at Japanese Friendship Garden in San Jose.JPG") [thumb\|185px\|[River Oaks Park](/wiki/River_Oaks_Park "River Oaks Park") in [North SJ](/wiki/North_San_Jose "North San Jose")](/wiki/File:River_Oaks_Park_%2813773573193%29_%28cropped%29.jpg "River Oaks Park (13773573193) (cropped).jpg") San Jose possesses about {{cvt\|15950\|acres\|0}} of parkland in its city limits, including a part of the expansive [Don Edwards San Francisco Bay National Wildlife Refuge](/wiki/Don_Edwards_San_Francisco_Bay_National_Wildlife_Refuge "Don Edwards San Francisco Bay National Wildlife Refuge"). The city's oldest park is [Alum Rock Park](/wiki/Alum_Rock_Park "Alum Rock Park"), established in 1872\.["Alum Rock Park"](http://www.sanjoseca.gov/?nid=2819) {{Webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140316023121/http://www.sanjoseca.gov/?nid\=2819 \|date\=March 16, 2014 }} *City of San Jose*. Retrieved on July 9, 2013\. In its 2013 ParkScore ranking, [The Trust for Public Land](/wiki/Trust_for_Public_Land "Trust for Public Land"), a national land conservation organization, reported that San Jose was tied with [Albuquerque](/wiki/Albuquerque%2C_New_Mexico "Albuquerque, New Mexico") and [Omaha](/wiki/Omaha%2C_Nebraska "Omaha, Nebraska") for having the 11th best park system among the 50 most populous U.S. cities.["2013 ParkScore Rankings](http://parkscore.tpl.org/rankings.php) {{Webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130722193008/http://parkscore.tpl.org/rankings.php \|date\=July 22, 2013 }} "The Trust for Public Land" Retrieved on July 9, 2013\. * [Almaden Quicksilver County Park](/wiki/Almaden_Quicksilver_County_Park "Almaden Quicksilver County Park"), {{cvt\|4,147\|acre\|km2}} of former mercury mines in South San Jose (operated and maintained by the [Santa Clara County Parks and Recreation Department](/wiki/Santa_Clara_County_Parks_and_Recreation_Department "Santa Clara County Parks and Recreation Department")). * [Alum Rock Park](/wiki/Alum_Rock_Park "Alum Rock Park"), {{cvt\|718\|acre\|km2}} in East San Jose, the oldest municipal park in California and one of the largest municipal parks in the United States. * [Children's Discovery Museum](/wiki/Children%27s_Discovery_Museum_of_San_Jose "Children's Discovery Museum of San Jose") hosts an outdoor park\-like setting, featuring the world's largest permanent Monopoly game, per the Guinness Book of World Records.{{cite web \|title \= Monopoly in the Park\|url \= http://www.monopolyinthepark.com/index.html \|website \= monopolyinthepark.com \|access\-date \= December 23, 2015 \|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20151224052613/http://www.monopolyinthepark.com/index.html \|archive\-date \= December 24, 2015 \|url\-status \= live}} Caretakers for this attraction include the 501(c)3 non\-profit group Monopoly in the Park. * [Circle of Palms Plaza](/wiki/Circle_of_Palms_Plaza "Circle of Palms Plaza"), a ring of palm trees surrounding a California state seal and historical landmark at the site of the first state capitol * [Emma Prusch Farm Park](/wiki/Emma_Prusch_Farm_Park "Emma Prusch Farm Park"), {{cvt\|43\.5\|acres\|1\|abbr\=off}} in East San Jose. Donated by Emma Prusch to demonstrate the valley's agricultural past, it includes a [4\-H](/wiki/4-H "4-H") barn (the largest in San Jose), community gardens, a rare\-fruit orchard, demonstration gardens, picnic areas, and expanses of lawn.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.sanjoseca.gov/prns/regionalparks/pfp/ \|title\=Emma Prusch Farm Park \|publisher\=City of San Jose \|work\=Parks, Recreation \& Neighborhood Services \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20050310065030/http://www.sanjoseca.gov/prns/regionalparks/pfp/ \|archive\-date\=March 10, 2005 \|access\-date\=November 9, 2013}} Chickens, ducks, and peafowl roam the park freely. * Field Sports Park, Santa Clara County's only publicly owned firing range, located in south San Jose{{cite web \|title\=Field Sports Park \|url\=http://www.sccgov.org/sites/parks/parkfinder/Pages/Field\-Sports\-Park.aspx \|website\=sccgov.org \|access\-date\=June 18, 2014 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140721185334/https://www.sccgov.org/sites/parks/parkfinder/Pages/Field\-Sports\-Park.aspx \|archive\-date\=July 21, 2014 \|url\-status\=live}} * Iris Chang Park, located in North San Jose, is dedicated to the memory of [Iris Shun\-Ru Chang](/wiki/Iris_Chang "Iris Chang"), author of [The Rape of Nanking](/wiki/The_Rape_of_Nanking_%28book%29 "The Rape of Nanking (book)") and a San Jose resident. * [Kelley Park](/wiki/Kelley_Park "Kelley Park"), including diverse facilities such as [Happy Hollow Park \& Zoo](/wiki/Happy_Hollow_Park_%26_Zoo "Happy Hollow Park & Zoo") (a child\-centric amusement park), the [Japanese Friendship Garden (Kelley Park)](/wiki/Japanese_Friendship_Garden_%28Kelley_Park%29 "Japanese Friendship Garden (Kelley Park)"), [History Park at Kelley Park](/wiki/History_Park_at_Kelley_Park "History Park at Kelley Park"), and the [Portuguese Historical Museum](/wiki/Portuguese_Historical_Museum "Portuguese Historical Museum") within the history park * [Martial Cottle Park](/wiki/Martial_Cottle_Park "Martial Cottle Park"), a former agricultural farm, in South San Jose. Operated by [Santa Clara County Parks and Recreation Department](/wiki/Santa_Clara_County_Parks_and_Recreation_Department "Santa Clara County Parks and Recreation Department") * [Oak Hill Memorial Park](/wiki/Oak_Hill_Memorial_Park "Oak Hill Memorial Park"), California's oldest secular cemetery * [Overfelt Gardens](/wiki/Overfelt_Gardens "Overfelt Gardens"), including the [Chinese Cultural Garden](/wiki/Chinese_Cultural_Garden "Chinese Cultural Garden") * [Plaza de César Chávez](/wiki/Plaza_de_C%C3%A9sar_Ch%C3%A1vez "Plaza de César Chávez"), a small park in Downtown, hosts outdoor concerts and the [Christmas in the Park](/wiki/Christmas_in_the_Park_%28San_Jose%29 "Christmas in the Park (San Jose)") display * [Raging Waters](/wiki/Raging_Waters "Raging Waters"), [water park](/wiki/Water_park "Water park") with [water slides](/wiki/Water_slide "Water slide") and other water attractions. This sits within [Lake Cunningham](/wiki/Lake_Cunningham "Lake Cunningham") Park * [Rosicrucian Park](/wiki/Rosicrucian_Park "Rosicrucian Park"), nearly an entire city block in the Rose Garden neighborhood; the Park offers a setting of Egyptian and Moorish architecture set among lawns, rose gardens, statuary, and fountains, and includes the [Rosicrucian Egyptian Museum](/wiki/Rosicrucian_Egyptian_Museum "Rosicrucian Egyptian Museum"), Planetarium, Research Library, Peace Garden and Visitors Center * [San Jose Municipal Rose Garden](/wiki/San_Jose_Municipal_Rose_Garden "San Jose Municipal Rose Garden"), {{cvt\|5\+1/2\|acre\|m2}} park in the Rose Garden neighborhood, featuring over 4,000 rose bushes #### Trails [thumb\|[Guadalupe Reservoir](/wiki/Guadalupe_Reservoir "Guadalupe Reservoir") at [Almaden Quicksilver County Park](/wiki/Almaden_Quicksilver_County_Park "Almaden Quicksilver County Park")](/wiki/File:Jrb_20090614_guadalupe_reservoir_001.JPG "Jrb 20090614 guadalupe reservoir 001.JPG") A 2011 study by [Walk Score](/wiki/Walk_Score "Walk Score") ranked San Jose the nineteenth most walkable of 50 largest cities in the United States.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.walkscore.com/rankings/cities/ \|title\=2011 City and Neighborhood Rankings \|publisher\=Walk Score \|year\=2011 \|access\-date\=August 28, 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20120919182522/http://www.walkscore.com/rankings/cities/ \|archive\-date\=September 19, 2012 \|url\-status\=live }} San Jose's trail network of {{cvt\|60\|mi\|km\|\-1}} of recreational and active transportation trails throughout the city.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.sjparks.org/trails/doc/TrailStatus1\-30\-08\.pdf \|title\=Network Status Table \|date\=January 30, 2008 \|access\-date\=March 31, 2008 \|publisher\=City of San Jose \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080408231036/http://www.sjparks.org/trails/doc/TrailStatus1\-30\-08\.pdf \|archive\-date\=April 8, 2008 \|url\-status\=live }} The major trails in the network include: * [Coyote Creek Trail](/wiki/Coyote_Creek_Trail "Coyote Creek Trail") * [Guadalupe River Trail](/wiki/Guadalupe_River_Trail "Guadalupe River Trail") * [Los Gatos Creek Trail](/wiki/Los_Gatos_Creek_Trail "Los Gatos Creek Trail") * [Los Alamitos Creek Trail](/wiki/Los_Alamitos_Creek_Trail "Los Alamitos Creek Trail") * [Penitencia Creek Trail](/wiki/Penitencia_Creek_Trail "Penitencia Creek Trail") * Silver Creek Valley Trail This large urban trail network, recognized by Prevention Magazine as the nation's largest, is linked to trails in surrounding jurisdictions and many rural trails in surrounding open space and foothills. Several trail systems within the network are designated as part of the National Recreation Trail, as well as regional trails such as the San Francisco Bay Trail and Bay Area Ridge Trail. #### Wildlife Early written documents record the local presence of migrating salmon in the Rio Guadalupe dating as far back as the 18th century.{{cite web \|title\=Historical distribution and current status of steelhead/rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in streams of the San Francisco Estuary, California \|author\=Leidy, R.A. \|author2\=G.S. Becker \|author3\=B.N. Harvey \|url\=http://www.cemar.org/pdf/santaclara.pdf \|publisher\=Center for Ecosystem Management and Restoration, Oakland, California. \|year\=2005 \|access\-date\=October 21, 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725152116/http://www.cemar.org/pdf/santaclara.pdf \|archive\-date\=July 25, 2011 }} Both [steelhead](/wiki/Rainbow_trout "Rainbow trout") (*Oncorhynchus mykiss*) and [King salmon](/wiki/Chinook_salmon "Chinook salmon") are extant in the [Guadalupe River](/wiki/Guadalupe_River_%28California%29 "Guadalupe River (California)"), making San Jose the southernmost major U. S. city with known salmon spawning runs, the other cities being [Anchorage](/wiki/Anchorage%2C_Alaska "Anchorage, Alaska"); [Seattle](/wiki/Seattle "Seattle"); [Portland](/wiki/Portland%2C_Oregon "Portland, Oregon") and [Sacramento](/wiki/Sacramento%2C_California "Sacramento, California").{{cite web \|title\= Chinook Salmon \|publisher\= NOAA's National Marine Fisheries Service – Salmon Populations – Chinook \|url\= http://www.nwr.noaa.gov/ESA\-Salmon\-Listings/Salmon\-Populations/Chinook/Index.cfm \|access\-date\= September 13, 2010 \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20100911162442/http://www.nwr.noaa.gov/ESA\-Salmon\-Listings/Salmon\-Populations/Chinook/Index.cfm \|archive\-date\= September 11, 2010 }}{{failed verification \|date\=November 2013}} Runs of up to 1,000 [Chinook or King Salmon](/wiki/Chinook_Salmon "Chinook Salmon") (*Oncorhynchus tshawytscha*) swam up the Guadalupe River each fall in the 1990s, but have all but vanished in the current decade apparently blocked from access to breeding grounds by impassable culverts, weirs and wide, exposed and flat concrete paved channels installed by the [Santa Clara Valley Water District](/wiki/Santa_Clara_Valley_Water_District "Santa Clara Valley Water District").{{cite web \|title\=Sensitive Fish Species in the Santa Cruz Mountains Bioregion \|publisher\=Santa Cruz Mountains Bioregional Council \|year\=2004 \|url\=http://www.scmbc.net/sensitivefish.htm \|access\-date\=October 21, 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100629144856/http://www.scmbc.net/sensitivefish.htm \|archive\-date\=June 29, 2010 }} In 2011 a small number of Chinook salmon were filmed spawning under the Julian Street bridge.{{cite web \|title\=Guadalupe River King Salmon Spawn under Julian Street bridge, Fall, 2011 \|author\=Greg Kerekes \|via\=YouTube \|date\=November 14, 2011 \|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=SNMrODZ\_Hgk \|access\-date\=October 21, 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130202021348/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=SNMrODZ\_Hgk \|archive\-date\=February 2, 2013 \|url\-status\=live }} Conservationist Roger Castillo, who discovered the remains of a mammoth on the banks of the Guadalupe River in 2005, found that a herd of [tule elk](/wiki/Tule_elk "Tule elk") (*Cervus canadensis*) had recolonized the hills of south San Jose east of Highway 101 in early 2019\.{{cite news \|title\=Tule Elk Make Remarkable Comeback in South San Jose Hills \|author\=Len Ramirez \|date\=January 24, 2019 \|url\=https://sanfrancisco.cbslocal.com/2019/01/24/tule\-elk\-make\-remarkable\-comeback\-in\-south\-san\-jose\-hills/ \|access\-date\=January 26, 2019 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190126011854/https://sanfrancisco.cbslocal.com/2019/01/24/tule\-elk\-make\-remarkable\-comeback\-in\-south\-san\-jose\-hills/ \|archive\-date\=January 26, 2019 }} At the southern edge of San José, [Coyote Valley](/wiki/Coyote_Valley%2C_California "Coyote Valley, California") is a corridor for wildlife migration between the [Santa Cruz Mountains](/wiki/Santa_Cruz_Mountains "Santa Cruz Mountains") and the [Diablo Range](/wiki/Diablo_Range "Diablo Range").{{Cite news \|url\=http://www.sfgate.com/default/article/Coyote\-Valley\-vital\-as\-wildlife\-corridor\-3225361\.php \|title\=Coyote Valley vital as wildlife corridor \|work\=San Francisco Chronicle \|access\-date\=November 9, 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171109081430/http://www.sfgate.com/default/article/Coyote\-Valley\-vital\-as\-wildlife\-corridor\-3225361\.php \|archive\-date\=November 9, 2017 \|url\-status\=live}}{{cite news \|title\=Coyote Valley Crossings \|author\=Laura Hautala \|magazine\=Bay Nature \|date\=January 1, 2009 \|url\=http://baynature.org/articles/coyote\-valley\-crossings/ \|access\-date\=January 26, 2019 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928024717/http://baynature.org/articles/coyote\-valley\-crossings/ \|archive\-date\=September 28, 2013 }}
[ "Geography\n---------", "[left\\|thumb\\|Map of San Jose's regions/districts](/wiki/File:San_Jose%2C_California_-_Map_of_City_Regions_%26_Districts_No_Color.jpg \"San Jose, California - Map of City Regions & Districts No Color.jpg\")\nSan Jose is located at {{Coord\\|37\\|20\\|10\\|N\\|121\\|53\\|26\\|W\\|type:city\\_region:US\\-CA}}. San Jose is located within the [Santa Clara Valley](/wiki/Santa_Clara_Valley \"Santa Clara Valley\"), in the southern part of the [Bay Area](/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Area \"San Francisco Bay Area\") in Northern California. The northernmost portion of San Jose touches [San Francisco Bay](/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay \"San Francisco Bay\") at [Alviso](/wiki/Alviso%2C_San_Jose \"Alviso, San Jose\"), though most of the city lies away from the bayshore. According to the [United States Census Bureau](/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau \"United States Census Bureau\"), the city has a total area of {{cvt\\|180\\.0\\|sqmi}}, making the fourth\\-largest city in California by land area (after Los Angeles, San Diego and [California City](/wiki/California_City%2C_California \"California City, California\")).", "San Jose lies between the [San Andreas Fault](/wiki/San_Andreas_Fault \"San Andreas Fault\"), the source of the [1989 Loma Prieta earthquake](/wiki/1989_Loma_Prieta_earthquake \"1989 Loma Prieta earthquake\"), and the [Calaveras Fault](/wiki/Calaveras_Fault \"Calaveras Fault\"). San Jose is shaken by moderate earthquakes on average one or two times a year. These quakes originate just east of the city on the creeping section of the Calaveras Fault, which is a major source of earthquake activity in Northern California. On April 14, 1984, at 1:15 pm local time, a 6\\.2 magnitude earthquake struck the Calaveras Fault near San Jose's Mount Hamilton.{{cite book \\|title\\=The Nature and Tectonic Significance of Fault Zone Weakening \\|author\\=R. E. Holdsworth \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=K1sFPEjiwiAC\\&q\\=Calaveras\\+Fault\\+San\\+Jose\\+earthquake\\+1984\\&pg\\=PA15 \\|first2\\=R. A. \\|last2\\=Strachan \\|first3\\=J. \\|last3\\=Magloughlin \\|first4\\=R. J. \\|last4\\=Knipe \\|year\\=2001 \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-86239\\-090\\-4 \\|page\\=15 \\|publisher\\=Geological Society of London \\|access\\-date\\=November 20, 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=April 23, 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423094456/https://books.google.com/books?id\\=K1sFPEjiwiAC\\&q\\=Calaveras\\+Fault\\+San\\+Jose\\+earthquake\\+1984\\&pg\\=PA15 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} The most serious earthquake, in 1906, damaged many buildings in San Jose as described earlier. Earlier significant quakes rocked the city in 1839, 1851, 1858, 1864, 1865, [1868](/wiki/1868_Hayward_earthquake \"1868 Hayward earthquake\"), and 1891\\. The [Daly City](/wiki/Daly_City%2C_California \"Daly City, California\") Earthquake of 1957 caused some damage. The [Loma Prieta earthquake](/wiki/Loma_Prieta_earthquake \"Loma Prieta earthquake\") of 1989 also did some damage to parts of the city.", "### Cityscape", "San Jose's expansion was made by the design of [\"Dutch\" Hamann](/wiki/A._P._Hamann \"A. P. Hamann\"), the City Manager from 1950 to 1969\\. During his administration, with his staff referred to as \"Dutch's [Panzer Division](/wiki/Panzer_division_%28Wehrmacht%29 \"Panzer division (Wehrmacht)\")\", the city annexed property 1,389 times,{{cite news \\|last\\=Safford \\|first\\=Pat \\|date\\=November 17, 2010 \\|url\\=http://www.tabardtheatre.org/reviews/cambexprs\\_Driving\\_rvw.pdf \\|title\\=The legacy of Dutch Hamann plagues Cambrian residents, Annexation Background \\|newspaper\\=Campbell Express \\|volume\\=59 \\|issue\\=45 \\|page\\=1 \\|access\\-date\\=November 9, 2013 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110031551/http://www.tabardtheatre.org/reviews/cambexprs\\_Driving\\_rvw.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=November 10, 2013 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} growing the city from {{cvt\\|17\\|to\\|149\\|sqmi}},{{cite news \\|author\\=Don Mccormack \\|url\\=http://www.sfgate.com/realestate/article/San\\-Jose\\-Reality\\-not\\-reputation\\-3138794\\.php \\|title\\=San Jose: Reality, not reputation \\|newspaper\\=San Francisco Chronicle \\|date\\=July 16, 1995 \\|access\\-date\\=July 8, 2013 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110021241/http://www.sfgate.com/realestate/article/San\\-Jose\\-Reality\\-not\\-reputation\\-3138794\\.php \\|archive\\-date\\=November 10, 2013 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} absorbing the communities named above, changing their status to \"neighborhoods.\"", "{{Blockquote\\|text\\=They say San José is going to become another Los Angeles. Believe me, I'm going to do everything in my power to make that come true. \\|author\\=\"Dutch\" Hamann, 1965{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.worldwatch.org/system/files/EP121A.pdf \\|title\\=Virtual Ecology – A Brief Environmental History of Silicon Valley \\|last\\=Sachs \\|first\\=Aaron \\|page\\=15 \\|work\\=World\\-Watch \\|publisher\\=Worldwatch.org \\|date\\=January–February 1999 \\|access\\-date\\=November 9, 2013 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110022816/http://www.worldwatch.org/system/files/EP121A.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=November 10, 2013 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}}}", "Sales taxes were a chief source of revenue. Hamann would determine where major shopping areas would be, and then annex narrow bands of land along major roadways leading to those locations, pushing \"tentacles\" or \"finger areas\" across the Santa Clara Valley and, in turn, walling off the expansion of adjacent communities.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.sanjoseinside.com/news/entries/dutch\\_hamann/ \\|title\\=Dutch Hamann – Part One \\|publisher\\=San Jose Inside \\|date\\=January 16, 2006 \\|access\\-date\\=July 8, 2013 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110022621/http://www.sanjoseinside.com/news/entries/dutch\\_hamann/ \\|archive\\-date\\=November 10, 2013 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{sfn\\|Arbuckle\\|1986\\|p\\=62}}{{cite news\\|title\\=S.J., Cupertino Border Realignment Studied\\|work\\=San Jose Mercury\\|location\\=San Jose, California\\|date\\=August 6, 1974\\|page\\=11\\|via\\=NewsBank}}\n{{wide image\\|Downtown Skyline from Oak Hill (cropped).jpg\\|1000px\\|align\\-cap\\=center\\|View of \\[\\[Downtown San Jose]]'s skyline from \\[\\[Oak Hill Memorial Park]].}}\nDuring his reign, it was said the City Council would vote according to Hamann's nod. In 1963, the State of California imposed [Local Agency Formation Commissions](/wiki/Local_Agency_Formation_Commission \"Local Agency Formation Commission\") statewide, but largely to try to maintain order with San Jose's aggressive growth. Eventually the political forces against growth grew as local neighborhoods bonded together to elect their own candidates, ending Hamann's influence and leading to his resignation.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.sanjoseinside.com/news/entries/dutch\\_hamann1/ \\|title\\=Dutch Hamann – Part Two \\|date\\=January 16, 2006 \\|publisher\\=San Jose Inside \\|access\\-date\\=July 8, 2013 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110022715/http://www.sanjoseinside.com/news/entries/dutch\\_hamann1/ \\|archive\\-date\\=November 10, 2013 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} While the job was not complete, the trend was set. The city had defined its sphere of influence in all directions, sometimes chaotically leaving unincorporated pockets to be swallowed up by the behemoth, sometimes even at the objection of the residents.", "Major thoroughfares in the city include [Monterey Road](/wiki/Monterey_Road \"Monterey Road\"), the [Stevens Creek Boulevard](/wiki/Stevens_Creek_Boulevard \"Stevens Creek Boulevard\")/[San Carlos Street](/wiki/San_Carlos_Street \"San Carlos Street\") corridor, [Santa Clara Street](/wiki/Santa_Clara_Street \"Santa Clara Street\")/[Alum Rock Avenue](/wiki/Alum_Rock_Avenue \"Alum Rock Avenue\") corridor, [Almaden Expressway](/wiki/Almaden_Expressway \"Almaden Expressway\"), [Capitol Expressway](/wiki/Capitol_Expressway \"Capitol Expressway\"), and [1st Street (San Jose)](/wiki/1st_Street_%28San_Jose%29 \"1st Street (San Jose)\").", "### Topography", "[thumb\\|left\\|The [Santa Clara Valley](/wiki/Santa_Clara_Valley \"Santa Clara Valley\") experiences a [Mediterranean climate](/wiki/Mediterranean_climate \"Mediterranean climate\"), with an average of 301 days of sunshine.](/wiki/File:San_Jose_and_Silicon_Valley_Skyline_Oct_2017.jpg \"San Jose and Silicon Valley Skyline Oct 2017.jpg\")\n[alt\\=\\|thumb\\|A satellite image of the [Santa Clara Valley](/wiki/Santa_Clara_Valley \"Santa Clara Valley\") near San Jose; the city makes up most of the urbanization in the center of the valley.](/wiki/File:San_Jose_by_Sentinel-2%2C_2019-03-11.jpg \"San Jose by Sentinel-2, 2019-03-11.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|right\\|Map of the major hill and mountain ranges in San Jose: {{legend\\|\\#FF9966\\|\\[\\[Sierra Azul]] (\\[\\[Santa Cruz Mountains]])}}{{legend\\|\\#CCCCFF\\|\\[\\[Santa Teresa Hills]]}}{{legend\\|\\#FFFACD\\|\\[\\[San Juan Bautista Hills]]}}{{legend\\|\\#98FB98\\|\\[\\[Silver Creek Hills]]}}{{legend\\|\\#FF91A4\\|\\[\\[Diablo Range\\|Diablo Mountains]]}}{{legend\\|\\#B2FFFF\\|\\[\\[Los Buellis Hills]]}}](/wiki/File:Map_of_the_major_hill_and_mountain_ranges_in_San_Jose%2C_California.png \"Map of the major hill and mountain ranges in San Jose, California.png\") \nThe [Guadalupe River](/wiki/Guadalupe_River_%28California%29 \"Guadalupe River (California)\") runs from the [Santa Cruz Mountains](/wiki/Santa_Cruz_Mountains \"Santa Cruz Mountains\") flowing north through San Jose, ending in the San Francisco Bay at [Alviso](/wiki/Alviso%2C_California \"Alviso, California\"). Along the southern part of the river is the neighborhood of [Almaden Valley](/wiki/Almaden_Valley \"Almaden Valley\"), originally named for the mercury mines which produced mercury needed for gold extraction from [quartz](/wiki/Quartz \"Quartz\") during the [California Gold Rush](/wiki/California_Gold_Rush \"California Gold Rush\") as well as [mercury fulminate](/wiki/Mercury_fulminate \"Mercury fulminate\") blasting caps and detonators for the U.S. military from 1870 to 1945\\.{{cite report \\|title\\=Final Environmental Impact Report, Almaden Quicksilver Park \\|author\\=David Crimp \\|author2\\=Leda Patmore \\|author3\\=C. Michael Hogan \\|author4\\=Harry Seidman \\|author5\\=Vivian Paparigian \\|website\\=Santa Clara County Parks and Recreation Department \\|date\\=1976}} East of the Guadalupe River, [Coyote Creek](/wiki/Coyote_Creek_%28Santa_Clara_County%29 \"Coyote Creek (Santa Clara County)\") also flows to south San Francisco Bay and originates on [Mount Sizer](/wiki/Mount_Sizer \"Mount Sizer\") near [Henry W. Coe State Park](/wiki/Henry_W._Coe_State_Park \"Henry W. Coe State Park\") and the surrounding hills in the [Diablo Range](/wiki/Diablo_Range \"Diablo Range\"), northeast of [Morgan Hill, California](/wiki/Morgan_Hill%2C_California \"Morgan Hill, California\").", "The lowest point in San Jose is {{cvt\\|13\\|ft\\|m}} below sea level at the San Francisco Bay in Alviso;{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.journalism.sfsu.edu/www/pubs/prism/apr96/14\\.html \\|title\\=Sinking State \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[San Francisco State University]] \\|date\\=April 1996 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415014552/http://www.journalism.sfsu.edu/www/pubs/prism/apr96/14\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=April 15, 2012 \\|access\\-date\\=November 9, 2013}} the highest is {{cvt\\|2,125\\|ft\\|m}}.{{cite web \\|author\\=Eastern Region Geography, Information Services \\|url\\=http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb//pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html\\#Highest \\|title\\=Elevations and Distances \\|publisher\\=Egsc.usgs.gov \\|date\\=April 29, 2005 \\|access\\-date\\=October 21, 2014 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109183109/http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb//pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html\\#Highest \\|archive\\-date\\=November 9, 2013 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Because of the proximity to [Lick Observatory](/wiki/Lick_Observatory \"Lick Observatory\") atop Mount Hamilton, San Jose has taken several steps to reduce [light pollution](/wiki/Light_pollution \"Light pollution\"), including replacing all street lamps and outdoor lighting in private developments with [low pressure sodium lamps](/wiki/Low_pressure_sodium_lamp \"Low pressure sodium lamp\").{{cite web \\|url\\=http://sanjoseca.gov/planning/counter/policies/pol\\_lighting.pdf \\|title\\=Outdoor lighting on private developments \\|author\\=San Jose City Council \\|date\\=March 1, 1983 \\|access\\-date\\=June 18, 2007 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060702090656/http://www.sanjoseca.gov/planning/counter/policies/pol\\_lighting.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=July 2, 2006 \\|author\\-link\\=San Jose City Council }} To recognize the city's efforts, the [asteroid](/wiki/Asteroid \"Asteroid\") [6216 San Jose](/wiki/6216_San_Jose \"6216 San Jose\") was named after the city.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.ucsc.edu/oncampus/currents/97\\-98/05\\-25/asteroid.htm \\|title\\=UCSC, Lick Observatory designate asteroid for the city of San Jose \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[University of California, Santa Cruz]] \\|date\\=May 25, 1998 \\|access\\-date\\=June 18, 2007 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070817095443/http://www.ucsc.edu/oncampus/currents/97\\-98/05\\-25/asteroid.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=August 17, 2007 }}", "There are four distinct valleys in the city of San Jose: Almaden Valley, situated on the southwest fringe of the city; Evergreen Valley to the southeast, which is hilly all throughout its interior; Santa Clara Valley, which includes the flat, main urban expanse of the South Bay; and the rural [Coyote Valley](/wiki/Coyote_Valley%2C_California \"Coyote Valley, California\"), to the city's extreme southern fringe.{{cite report \\|title\\=Safe Passage for Coyote Valley: A Wildlife Linkage for the 101 Corridor \\|author1\\=Julie Phillips \\|author2\\=Ryan Phillips \\|author3\\=Neela Srinivasan \\|author4\\=Deborah Aso \\|author5\\=Wendy Lao \\|author6\\=Pat Cornely \\|date\\=2012 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[De Anza College]] \\|location\\=Cupertino, California \\|url\\=http://www.deanza.edu/es/wildlifecorrproj/Safe%20Passagelowres.pdf \\|access\\-date\\=January 26, 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927115425/http://www.deanza.edu/es/wildlifecorrproj/Safe%20Passagelowres.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=September 27, 2013 }}", "The extensive [droughts in California](/wiki/Droughts_in_California \"Droughts in California\"), coupled with the drainage of the reservoir at [Anderson Lake](/wiki/Anderson_Lake_%28California%29 \"Anderson Lake (California)\") for [seismic](/wiki/Seismic \"Seismic\") repairs, have strained the city's [water security](/wiki/Water_security \"Water security\").[https://gilroydispatch.com/anderson\\-reservoir\\-will\\-close\\-to\\-public\\-through\\-2030/](https://gilroydispatch.com/anderson-reservoir-will-close-to-public-through-2030/) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220503124517/https://gilroydispatch.com/anderson\\-reservoir\\-will\\-close\\-to\\-public\\-through\\-2030/\\|date\\=May 3, 2022}} \"Anderson Reservoir will close to public through 2030\". Accessed March 30, 2022\\.[https://morganhilltimes.com/anderson\\-reservoir\\-drained\\-to\\-3\\-percent\\-capacity/](https://morganhilltimes.com/anderson-reservoir-drained-to-3-percent-capacity/) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220503124510/https://morganhilltimes.com/anderson\\-reservoir\\-drained\\-to\\-3\\-percent\\-capacity/\\|date\\=May 3, 2022}} \"Anderson Reservoir drained to 3 percent capacity\". Accessed March 31, 2022\\. San Jose has suffered from lack of precipitation and [water scarcity](/wiki/Water_scarcity \"Water scarcity\") to the extent that some residents may run out of household water by the summer of 2022\\.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://abc7news.com/amp/rain\\-california\\-drought\\-2022\\-san\\-jose\\-weather\\-western/11571287/ \\|title\\=Some San Jose Residents Could Run Out of Water by Summer if Drought Continues, Expert Says \\|work\\=ABC7 News \\|access\\-date\\=June 3, 2022 \\|archive\\-date\\=August 8, 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808190905/https://abc7news.com/amp/rain\\-california\\-drought\\-2022\\-san\\-jose\\-weather\\-western/11571287/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{title missing\\|date\\=July 2022}}", "### Climate", "San Jose, like most of the Bay Area, has a [Mediterranean climate](/wiki/Mediterranean_climate \"Mediterranean climate\") ([Köppen](/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification \"Köppen climate classification\"): *[Csb](/wiki/Warm-summer_Mediterranean \"Warm-summer Mediterranean\")*),{{Cite journal \\|title\\=Table 1 Overview of the Köppen\\-Geiger climate classes including the defining criteria. \\|url\\=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41597\\-023\\-02549\\-6/tables/1 \\|journal\\=Nature\\|access\\-date\\=April 26, 2024 \\|archive\\-date\\=January 5, 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240105151210/https://www.nature.com/articles/s41597\\-023\\-02549\\-6/tables/1 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/mtr/sfd\\_sjc\\_climate/sjc/SJC\\_CLIMATE3\\.php \\|title\\=Climate of San Jose \\|author\\=Miguel Miller \\|access\\-date\\=June 18, 2007 \\|publisher\\=National Weather Service \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20041215213648/http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/mtr/sfd\\_sjc\\_climate/sjc/SJC\\_CLIMATE3\\.php \\|archive\\-date\\=December 15, 2004 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} with warm to hot, dry summers and cool, wet winters. San Jose has an average of 298 days of sunshine and an annual mean temperature of {{cvt\\|61\\.4\\|°F\\|1}}. It lies inland, surrounded on three sides by mountains, and does not front the Pacific Ocean like San Francisco. As a result, the city is somewhat more sheltered from rain, barely avoiding a [cold semi\\-arid](/wiki/Cold_semi-arid_climate \"Cold semi-arid climate\") (*BSk*) climate.", "Like most of the Bay Area, San Jose is made up of dozens of [microclimates](/wiki/Microclimate \"Microclimate\"). Because of a more prominent [rain shadow](/wiki/Rain_shadow \"Rain shadow\") from the Santa Cruz Mountains, Downtown San Jose experiences the lightest rainfall in the city, while South San Jose, only {{cvt\\|10\\|mi}} distant, experiences more rainfall, and somewhat more extreme temperatures.", "The monthly daily average temperature ranges from around {{cvt\\|50\\|°F}} in December and January to around {{cvt\\|70\\|°F\\|0}} in July and August.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.accuweather.com/us/ca/san\\-jose/95113/forecast\\-month.asp \\|title\\=San Jose Month Weather \\|publisher\\=AccuWeather \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111117201046/http://www.accuweather.com/us/ca/san\\-jose/95113/forecast\\-month.asp \\|archive\\-date\\=November 17, 2011}} The highest temperature ever recorded in San Jose was {{cvt\\|109\\|°F\\|C}} on September 6, 2022; the lowest was {{cvt\\|18\\|°F\\|1}} on January 6, 1894\\. On average, there are 2\\.7 mornings annually where the temperature drops to, or below, the freezing mark; and sixteen afternoons where the high reaches or exceeds {{cvt\\|90\\|°F\\|1\\|disp\\=or}}. [Diurnal temperature variation](/wiki/Diurnal_temperature_variation \"Diurnal temperature variation\") is far wider than along the coast or in San Francisco but still a shadow of what is seen in the [Central Valley](/wiki/Central_Valley_%28California%29 \"Central Valley (California)\").", "\"Rain year\" precipitation has ranged from {{cvt\\|4\\.83\\|in\\|mm\\|1}} between July 1876 and June 1877 to {{cvt\\|30\\.30\\|in\\|mm\\|1}} between July 1889 and June 1890, although at the current site since 1893 the range is from {{cvt\\|5\\.33\\|in\\|mm\\|1}} in \"rain year\" 2020–21 to {{cvt\\|30\\.25\\|in\\|mm\\|1}} in \"rain year\" 1982–83\\. 2020\\-2021 was the lowest precipitation year ever, in 127 years of precipitation records in San Jose. The most precipitation in one month was {{cvt\\|12\\.38\\|in\\|mm\\|1}} in January 1911\\. The maximum 24\\-hour rainfall was {{cvt\\|3\\.60\\|in\\|1}} on January 30, 1968\\. On August 16, 2020, one of the most widespread and strong thunderstorm events in recent Bay Area history occurred as an unstable humid air mass moved up from the south and triggered multiple dry thunderstorms{{cite web\\|url\\=https://w1\\.weather.gov/glossary/index.php?word\\=dry\\+thunderstorm\\|title\\=Glossary – NOAA's National Weather Service\\|first\\=NOAA's National Weather\\|last\\=Service\\|website\\=w1\\.weather.gov\\|access\\-date\\=July 3, 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=July 9, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182609/https://w1\\.weather.gov/glossary/index.php?word\\=dry\\+thunderstorm\\|url\\-status\\=live}} which caused many fires to be ignited by 300\\+ lightning strikes in the surrounding hills. The CZU lightning complex fires took almost 5 months to fully be controlled. Over 86,000 acres were burned and nearly 1500 buildings were destroyed.{{cite web\\|url \\= https://www.msn.com/en\\-us/weather/topstories/lightning\\-sparks\\-multiple\\-fires\\-in\\-bay\\-area\\-santa\\-cruz\\-mountains/ar\\-BB181B0t\\|title \\= Lightning sparks multiple fires in Bay Area, Santa Cruz mountains\\|publisher \\= \\[\\[MSN]]\\|access\\-date \\= July 3, 2021\\|archive\\-date \\= July 9, 2021\\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182715/https://www.msn.com/en\\-us/weather/topstories/lightning\\-sparks\\-multiple\\-fires\\-in\\-bay\\-area\\-santa\\-cruz\\-mountains/ar\\-BB181B0t\\|url\\-status \\= live}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://wildlandfirefighter.com/2021/05/04/cal\\-fire\\-czu\\-lightning\\-complex\\-lessons\\-learned/\\|title\\=CAL FIRE: CZU Lightning Complex, Lessons Learned – the Wildland Firefighter\\|date\\=May 4, 2021\\|access\\-date\\=July 3, 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=July 9, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709183001/https://wildlandfirefighter.com/2021/05/04/cal\\-fire\\-czu\\-lightning\\-complex\\-lessons\\-learned/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "The snow level drops as low as {{cvt\\|4000\\|ft\\|\\-1}} above sea level, or lower, occasionally coating nearby [Mount Hamilton](/wiki/Mount_Hamilton_%28California%29 \"Mount Hamilton (California)\") and, less frequently, the [Santa Cruz Mountains](/wiki/Santa_Cruz_Mountains \"Santa Cruz Mountains\"), with snow that normally lasts a few days. Snow will snarl traffic traveling on [State Route 17](/wiki/California_State_Route_17 \"California State Route 17\") towards [Santa Cruz](/wiki/Santa_Cruz%2C_California \"Santa Cruz, California\"). Snow rarely falls in San Jose; the most recent snow to remain on the ground was on February 5, 1976, when many residents around the city saw as much as {{cvt\\|3\\|in\\|m}} on car and roof tops. The official observation station measured only {{cvt\\|0\\.5\\|in\\|m}} of snow.{{cite web\n \\|url \\= http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/cgi\\-bin/cliMONtsnf.pl?casjos\n \\|title \\= Monthly Total Snowfall (Inches)\n \\|publisher \\= Western Regional Climate Center\n \\|date \\= July 24, 2006\n\\|access\\-date \\= June 12, 2013\n\\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20140629135724/http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/cgi\\-bin/cliMONtsnf.pl?casjos\n \\|archive\\-date \\= June 29, 2014\n\\|url\\-status \\= live\n }}", "{{Weather box\n\\| location \\= \\[\\[San Jose International Airport]] (KSJC), California (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1893–present)\n\\| single line \\= Y\n\\| Jan record high F \\= 79\n\\| Feb record high F \\= 81\n\\| Mar record high F \\= 89\n\\| Apr record high F \\= 95\n\\| May record high F \\= 102\n\\| Jun record high F \\= 107\n\\| Jul record high F \\= 108\n\\| Aug record high F \\= 105\n\\| Sep record high F \\= 109\n\\| Oct record high F \\= 106\n\\| Nov record high F \\= 85\n\\| Dec record high F \\= 79\n\\| year record high F \\= \n\\| Jan avg record high F \\= 68\\.2\n\\| Feb avg record high F \\= 73\\.2\n\\| Mar avg record high F \\= 79\\.1\n\\| Apr avg record high F \\= 85\\.7\n\\| May avg record high F \\= 89\\.8\n\\| Jun avg record high F \\= 96\\.9\n\\| Jul avg record high F \\= 95\\.0\n\\| Aug avg record high F \\= 95\\.7\n\\| Sep avg record high F \\= 95\\.7\n\\| Oct avg record high F \\= 89\\.4\n\\| Nov avg record high F \\= 77\\.5\n\\| Dec avg record high F \\= 68\\.0\n\\| year avg record high F \\= 99\\.8\n\\| Jan high F \\= 59\\.8\n\\| Feb high F \\= 62\\.4\n\\| Mar high F \\= 65\\.9\n\\| Apr high F \\= 69\\.2\n\\| May high F \\= 73\\.8\n\\| Jun high F \\= 79\\.1\n\\| Jul high F \\= 80\\.8\n\\| Aug high F \\= 81\\.4\n\\| Sep high F \\= 80\\.7\n\\| Oct high F \\= 75\\.8\n\\| Nov high F \\= 66\\.1\n\\| Dec high F \\= 59\\.5\n\\| year high F \\= 71\\.2\n\\| Jan mean F \\= 50\\.8\n\\| Feb mean F \\= 53\\.2\n\\| Mar mean F \\= 56\\.1\n\\| Apr mean F \\= 58\\.8\n\\| May mean F \\= 63\\.0\n\\| Jun mean F \\= 67\\.3\n\\| Jul mean F \\= 69\\.5\n\\| Aug mean F \\= 70\\.0\n\\| Sep mean F \\= 69\\.0\n\\| Oct mean F \\= 64\\.3\n\\| Nov mean F \\= 55\\.9\n\\| Dec mean F \\= 50\\.6\n\\| year mean F \\= 60\\.7\n\\| Jan low F \\= 41\\.8\n\\| Feb low F \\= 43\\.9\n\\| Mar low F \\= 46\\.3\n\\| Apr low F \\= 48\\.4\n\\| May low F \\= 52\\.1\n\\| Jun low F \\= 55\\.5\n\\| Jul low F \\= 58\\.1\n\\| Aug low F \\= 58\\.6\n\\| Sep low F \\= 57\\.2\n\\| Oct low F \\= 52\\.7\n\\| Nov low F \\= 45\\.7\n\\| Dec low F \\= 41\\.7\n\\| year low F \\= 50\\.2\n\\| Jan avg record low F \\= 32\\.6\n\\| Feb avg record low F \\= 35\\.0\n\\| Mar avg record low F \\= 38\\.1\n\\| Apr avg record low F \\= 41\\.3\n\\| May avg record low F \\= 46\\.1\n\\| Jun avg record low F \\= 50\\.1\n\\| Jul avg record low F \\= 53\\.8\n\\| Aug avg record low F \\= 53\\.9\n\\| Sep avg record low F \\= 50\\.8\n\\| Oct avg record low F \\= 45\\.5\n\\| Nov avg record low F \\= 36\\.8\n\\| Dec avg record low F \\= 32\\.2\n\\| year avg record low F \\= 30\\.7\n\\| Jan record low F \\= 18\n\\| Feb record low F \\= 24\n\\| Mar record low F \\= 25\n\\| Apr record low F \\= 26\n\\| May record low F \\= 32\n\\| Jun record low F \\= 33\n\\| Jul record low F \\= 40\n\\| Aug record low F \\= 39\n\\| Sep record low F \\= 35\n\\| Oct record low F \\= 30\n\\| Nov record low F \\= 22\n\\| Dec record low F \\= 19\n\\| year record low F \\= 18\n\\| rain colour \\= green\n\\| Jan rain inch \\= 2\\.97\n\\| Feb rain inch \\= 3\\.24\n\\| Mar rain inch \\= 2\\.64\n\\| Apr rain inch \\= 1\\.24\n\\| May rain inch \\= 0\\.54\n\\| Jun rain inch \\= 0\\.17\n\\| Jul rain inch \\= 0\\.01\n\\| Aug rain inch \\= 0\\.03\n\\| Sep rain inch \\= 0\\.07\n\\| Oct rain inch \\= 0\\.80\n\\| Nov rain inch \\= 1\\.36\n\\| Dec rain inch \\= 3\\.07\n\\| year rain inch \\= 16\\.14\n\\| unit rain days \\= 0\\.01 in\n\\| Jan rain days \\= 10\\.2\n\\| Feb rain days \\= 11\\.5\n\\| Mar rain days \\= 9\\.3\n\\| Apr rain days \\= 6\\.4\n\\| May rain days \\= 4\\.0\n\\| Jun rain days \\= 1\\.2\n\\| Jul rain days \\= 0\\.2\n\\| Aug rain days \\= 0\\.4\n\\| Sep rain days \\= 0\\.9\n\\| Oct rain days \\= 2\\.7\n\\| Nov rain days \\= 6\\.9\n\\| Dec rain days \\= 10\\.7\n\\| source 1 \\= \\[\\[NOAA]]{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset\\=normals\\-monthly\\-1991\\-2020\\&startDate\\=0001\\-01\\-01\\&endDate\\=9996\\-12\\-31\\&stations\\=USC00047821\\&format\\=pdf \\|publisher\\=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration \\|title\\=Summary of Monthly Normals 1991–2020 \\|access\\-date\\=May 13, 2021 \\|archive\\-date\\=May 13, 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513034542/https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset\\=normals\\-monthly\\-1991\\-2020\\&startDate\\=0001\\-01\\-01\\&endDate\\=9996\\-12\\-31\\&stations\\=USC00047821\\&format\\=pdf \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{cite web\n \\|url \\= https://w2\\.weather.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo\\=mtr\n \\|title \\= NOWData – NOAA Online Weather Data\n \\|publisher \\= \\[\\[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]\n \\|access\\-date \\= February 27, 2019\n\\|archive\\-date \\= April 18, 2019\n\\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20190418234102/https://w2\\.weather.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo\\=mtr\n \\|url\\-status \\= live\n }}\n\\| source \\= \n}}", "### Neighborhoods and districts", "{{main\\|Category:Neighborhoods in San Jose, California}}", "The city is generally divided into the following areas: Central San Jose (centered on [Downtown San Jose](/wiki/Downtown_San_Jose \"Downtown San Jose\")), [West San Jose](/wiki/West_San_Jose \"West San Jose\"), [North San Jose](/wiki/North_San_Jose \"North San Jose\"), [East San Jose](/wiki/East_San_Jose \"East San Jose\"), and [South San Jose](/wiki/South_San_Jose \"South San Jose\"). Many of San Jose's districts and neighborhoods were previously [unincorporated communities](/wiki/Unincorporated_area \"Unincorporated area\") or separate municipalities that were later annexed by the city.", "Besides those mentioned above, some well\\-known communities within San Jose include [Japantown](/wiki/Japantown%2C_San_Jose \"Japantown, San Jose\"), [Rose Garden](/wiki/Rose_Garden%2C_San_Jose \"Rose Garden, San Jose\"), [Midtown San Jose](/wiki/Midtown_San_Jose \"Midtown San Jose\"), [Willow Glen](/wiki/Willow_Glen%2C_San_Jose \"Willow Glen, San Jose\"), [Naglee Park](/wiki/Naglee_Park%2C_San_Jose \"Naglee Park, San Jose\"), [Burbank](/wiki/Burbank%2C_Santa_Clara_County%2C_California \"Burbank, Santa Clara County, California\"), [Winchester](/wiki/Winchester%2C_San_Jose \"Winchester, San Jose\"), [Alviso](/wiki/Alviso%2C_San_Jose \"Alviso, San Jose\"), [East Foothills](/wiki/East_Foothills%2C_California \"East Foothills, California\"), [Alum Rock](/wiki/Alum_Rock%2C_San_Jose \"Alum Rock, San Jose\"), [Communications Hill](/wiki/Communications_Hill%2C_San_Jose \"Communications Hill, San Jose\"), [Little Portugal](/wiki/Little_Portugal%2C_San_Jose \"Little Portugal, San Jose\"), [Blossom Valley](/wiki/Blossom_Valley%2C_San_Jose \"Blossom Valley, San Jose\"), [Cambrian](/wiki/Cambrian%2C_San_Jose \"Cambrian, San Jose\"), [Almaden Valley](/wiki/Almaden_Valley%2C_San_Jose \"Almaden Valley, San Jose\"), [Little Saigon](/wiki/Little_Saigon%2C_San_Jose \"Little Saigon, San Jose\"), [Silver Creek Valley](/wiki/Silver_Creek_Valley \"Silver Creek Valley\"), [Evergreen Valley](/wiki/Evergreen%2C_San_Jose \"Evergreen, San Jose\"), [Mayfair](/wiki/Mayfair%2C_San_Jose \"Mayfair, San Jose\"), [Edenvale](/wiki/Edenvale%2C_San_Jose \"Edenvale, San Jose\"), [Santa Teresa](/wiki/Santa_Teresa%2C_San_Jose \"Santa Teresa, San Jose\"), [Seven Trees](/wiki/Seven_Trees%2C_San_Jose \"Seven Trees, San Jose\"), [Coyote Valley](/wiki/Coyote_Valley%2C_California \"Coyote Valley, California\"), and [Berryessa](/wiki/Berryessa%2C_San_Jose \"Berryessa, San Jose\").\nA distinct ethnic enclave in San Jose is the [Washington\\-Guadalupe](/wiki/Washington-Guadalupe%2C_San_Jose \"Washington-Guadalupe, San Jose\") neighborhood, immediately south of the [SoFA District](/wiki/SoFA_District \"SoFA District\"); this neighborhood is home to a community of [Hispanics](/wiki/Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_California \"Hispanics and Latinos in California\"), centered on Willow Street.\nneighborhoods in San Jose\"\\>\nFile:Almaden Lake Park 1\\.4\\.jpg\\|\\[\\[Almaden Valley, San Jose\\|Almaden Valley]]\nFile:Stockton\\_Ave\\_in\\_The\\_Alameda\\_district\\_4234\\_(cropped).jpg\\|\\[\\[The Alameda, San Jose\\|The Alameda]]\nFile:SAN JOSE CALIFORNIA BAYAREA01 (cropped2\\).jpg\\|\\[\\[Downtown San Jose]]\nFile:Evergreen Village Square 0054 (cropped).jpg\\|\\[\\[Evergreen, San Jose\\|Evergreen]]\nFile:Church\\_of\\_the\\_Five\\_Wounds,\\_San\\_Jose,\\_California.jpg\\|\\[\\[Little Portugal, San Jose\\|Little Portugal]]\nFile:San Jose Obon Festival 2009 1\\.1\\.jpg\\|\\[\\[Japantown, San Jose\\|Japantown]]\nFile:Berryessa, San Jose 3525 (cropped).jpg\\|\\[\\[Berryessa, San Jose\\|Berryessa]]\nFile:Valencia\\_Hotel,\\_Santana\\_Row\\_(cropped).jpg\\|\\[\\[Santana Row]]\nFile:SoFA District Skyline.jpg\\|\\[\\[SoFA District]]\nFile:View\\_of\\_Vilaggio\\_St\\_in\\_North\\_SJ\\_(cropped).jpeg\\|\\[\\[Rincon de los Esteros, San Jose\\|Rincon de los Esteros / Golden Triangle]]\nFile:Garden Theatre, Downtown Willow Glen, San Jose.jpg\\|\\[\\[Willow Glen, San Jose\\|Willow Glen]]\nFile:Sacred Heart Church, Washington\\-Guadalupe, San Jose (cropped).jpg\\|\\[\\[Washington\\-Guadalupe, San Jose\\|Washington\\-Guadalupe]]\nFile:Downtown\\_Alum\\_Rock\\_0661\\.jpg\\|\\[\\[Alum Rock, San Jose\\|Alum Rock]]\nFile:Midtown San Jose 34232 (cropped2\\).jpg\\|\\[\\[Midtown San Jose]]\nFile:Shops in Rose Garden, San Jose 1008 (cropped).jpg\\|\\[\\[Rose Garden, San Jose\\|Rose Garden]]\nFile:Interesection of Charlotte \\& Raleigh (cropped).jpg\\|\\[\\[Santa Teresa, San Jose\\|Santa Teresa]]\nFile:Alviso Fireworks II (50797573702\\) (cropped2\\).jpg\\|\\[\\[Alviso, San Jose\\|Alviso]]", "", "### Parks", "{{Parks and Public Spaces of San Jose\\|state\\=collapsed}}\n[thumb\\|185px\\|President [William McKinley](/wiki/William_McKinley \"William McKinley\") memorial in [St. James Park](/wiki/St._James_Park_%28San_Jose%29 \"St. James Park (San Jose)\")](/wiki/File:McKinley_memorial%2C_St._James_Park%2C_San_Jose%2C_California.jpg \"McKinley memorial, St. James Park, San Jose, California.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|185px\\|[Japanese Friendship Garden](/wiki/Japanese_Friendship_Garden_%28San_Jose%29 \"Japanese Friendship Garden (San Jose)\")](/wiki/File:Lower_pond_at_Japanese_Friendship_Garden_in_San_Jose.JPG \"Lower pond at Japanese Friendship Garden in San Jose.JPG\")\n[thumb\\|185px\\|[River Oaks Park](/wiki/River_Oaks_Park \"River Oaks Park\") in [North SJ](/wiki/North_San_Jose \"North San Jose\")](/wiki/File:River_Oaks_Park_%2813773573193%29_%28cropped%29.jpg \"River Oaks Park (13773573193) (cropped).jpg\")\nSan Jose possesses about {{cvt\\|15950\\|acres\\|0}} of parkland in its city limits, including a part of the expansive [Don Edwards San Francisco Bay National Wildlife Refuge](/wiki/Don_Edwards_San_Francisco_Bay_National_Wildlife_Refuge \"Don Edwards San Francisco Bay National Wildlife Refuge\"). The city's oldest park is [Alum Rock Park](/wiki/Alum_Rock_Park \"Alum Rock Park\"), established in 1872\\.[\"Alum Rock Park\"](http://www.sanjoseca.gov/?nid=2819) {{Webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140316023121/http://www.sanjoseca.gov/?nid\\=2819 \\|date\\=March 16, 2014 }} *City of San Jose*. Retrieved on July 9, 2013\\. In its 2013 ParkScore ranking, [The Trust for Public Land](/wiki/Trust_for_Public_Land \"Trust for Public Land\"), a national land conservation organization, reported that San Jose was tied with [Albuquerque](/wiki/Albuquerque%2C_New_Mexico \"Albuquerque, New Mexico\") and [Omaha](/wiki/Omaha%2C_Nebraska \"Omaha, Nebraska\") for having the 11th best park system among the 50 most populous U.S. cities.[\"2013 ParkScore Rankings](http://parkscore.tpl.org/rankings.php) {{Webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130722193008/http://parkscore.tpl.org/rankings.php \\|date\\=July 22, 2013 }} \"The Trust for Public Land\" Retrieved on July 9, 2013\\.\n* [Almaden Quicksilver County Park](/wiki/Almaden_Quicksilver_County_Park \"Almaden Quicksilver County Park\"), {{cvt\\|4,147\\|acre\\|km2}} of former mercury mines in South San Jose (operated and maintained by the [Santa Clara County Parks and Recreation Department](/wiki/Santa_Clara_County_Parks_and_Recreation_Department \"Santa Clara County Parks and Recreation Department\")).\n* [Alum Rock Park](/wiki/Alum_Rock_Park \"Alum Rock Park\"), {{cvt\\|718\\|acre\\|km2}} in East San Jose, the oldest municipal park in California and one of the largest municipal parks in the United States.\n* [Children's Discovery Museum](/wiki/Children%27s_Discovery_Museum_of_San_Jose \"Children's Discovery Museum of San Jose\") hosts an outdoor park\\-like setting, featuring the world's largest permanent Monopoly game, per the Guinness Book of World Records.{{cite web \\|title \\= Monopoly in the Park\\|url \\= http://www.monopolyinthepark.com/index.html \\|website \\= monopolyinthepark.com \\|access\\-date \\= December 23, 2015 \\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20151224052613/http://www.monopolyinthepark.com/index.html \\|archive\\-date \\= December 24, 2015 \\|url\\-status \\= live}} Caretakers for this attraction include the 501(c)3 non\\-profit group Monopoly in the Park.\n* [Circle of Palms Plaza](/wiki/Circle_of_Palms_Plaza \"Circle of Palms Plaza\"), a ring of palm trees surrounding a California state seal and historical landmark at the site of the first state capitol\n* [Emma Prusch Farm Park](/wiki/Emma_Prusch_Farm_Park \"Emma Prusch Farm Park\"), {{cvt\\|43\\.5\\|acres\\|1\\|abbr\\=off}} in East San Jose. Donated by Emma Prusch to demonstrate the valley's agricultural past, it includes a [4\\-H](/wiki/4-H \"4-H\") barn (the largest in San Jose), community gardens, a rare\\-fruit orchard, demonstration gardens, picnic areas, and expanses of lawn.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.sanjoseca.gov/prns/regionalparks/pfp/ \\|title\\=Emma Prusch Farm Park \\|publisher\\=City of San Jose \\|work\\=Parks, Recreation \\& Neighborhood Services \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20050310065030/http://www.sanjoseca.gov/prns/regionalparks/pfp/ \\|archive\\-date\\=March 10, 2005 \\|access\\-date\\=November 9, 2013}} Chickens, ducks, and peafowl roam the park freely.\n* Field Sports Park, Santa Clara County's only publicly owned firing range, located in south San Jose{{cite web \\|title\\=Field Sports Park \\|url\\=http://www.sccgov.org/sites/parks/parkfinder/Pages/Field\\-Sports\\-Park.aspx \\|website\\=sccgov.org \\|access\\-date\\=June 18, 2014 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140721185334/https://www.sccgov.org/sites/parks/parkfinder/Pages/Field\\-Sports\\-Park.aspx \\|archive\\-date\\=July 21, 2014 \\|url\\-status\\=live}}\n* Iris Chang Park, located in North San Jose, is dedicated to the memory of [Iris Shun\\-Ru Chang](/wiki/Iris_Chang \"Iris Chang\"), author of [The Rape of Nanking](/wiki/The_Rape_of_Nanking_%28book%29 \"The Rape of Nanking (book)\") and a San Jose resident.\n* [Kelley Park](/wiki/Kelley_Park \"Kelley Park\"), including diverse facilities such as [Happy Hollow Park \\& Zoo](/wiki/Happy_Hollow_Park_%26_Zoo \"Happy Hollow Park & Zoo\") (a child\\-centric amusement park), the [Japanese Friendship Garden (Kelley Park)](/wiki/Japanese_Friendship_Garden_%28Kelley_Park%29 \"Japanese Friendship Garden (Kelley Park)\"), [History Park at Kelley Park](/wiki/History_Park_at_Kelley_Park \"History Park at Kelley Park\"), and the [Portuguese Historical Museum](/wiki/Portuguese_Historical_Museum \"Portuguese Historical Museum\") within the history park\n* [Martial Cottle Park](/wiki/Martial_Cottle_Park \"Martial Cottle Park\"), a former agricultural farm, in South San Jose. Operated by [Santa Clara County Parks and Recreation Department](/wiki/Santa_Clara_County_Parks_and_Recreation_Department \"Santa Clara County Parks and Recreation Department\")\n* [Oak Hill Memorial Park](/wiki/Oak_Hill_Memorial_Park \"Oak Hill Memorial Park\"), California's oldest secular cemetery\n* [Overfelt Gardens](/wiki/Overfelt_Gardens \"Overfelt Gardens\"), including the [Chinese Cultural Garden](/wiki/Chinese_Cultural_Garden \"Chinese Cultural Garden\")\n* [Plaza de César Chávez](/wiki/Plaza_de_C%C3%A9sar_Ch%C3%A1vez \"Plaza de César Chávez\"), a small park in Downtown, hosts outdoor concerts and the [Christmas in the Park](/wiki/Christmas_in_the_Park_%28San_Jose%29 \"Christmas in the Park (San Jose)\") display\n* [Raging Waters](/wiki/Raging_Waters \"Raging Waters\"), [water park](/wiki/Water_park \"Water park\") with [water slides](/wiki/Water_slide \"Water slide\") and other water attractions. This sits within [Lake Cunningham](/wiki/Lake_Cunningham \"Lake Cunningham\") Park\n* [Rosicrucian Park](/wiki/Rosicrucian_Park \"Rosicrucian Park\"), nearly an entire city block in the Rose Garden neighborhood; the Park offers a setting of Egyptian and Moorish architecture set among lawns, rose gardens, statuary, and fountains, and includes the [Rosicrucian Egyptian Museum](/wiki/Rosicrucian_Egyptian_Museum \"Rosicrucian Egyptian Museum\"), Planetarium, Research Library, Peace Garden and Visitors Center\n* [San Jose Municipal Rose Garden](/wiki/San_Jose_Municipal_Rose_Garden \"San Jose Municipal Rose Garden\"), {{cvt\\|5\\+1/2\\|acre\\|m2}} park in the Rose Garden neighborhood, featuring over 4,000 rose bushes", "#### Trails", "[thumb\\|[Guadalupe Reservoir](/wiki/Guadalupe_Reservoir \"Guadalupe Reservoir\") at [Almaden Quicksilver County Park](/wiki/Almaden_Quicksilver_County_Park \"Almaden Quicksilver County Park\")](/wiki/File:Jrb_20090614_guadalupe_reservoir_001.JPG \"Jrb 20090614 guadalupe reservoir 001.JPG\")", "A 2011 study by [Walk Score](/wiki/Walk_Score \"Walk Score\") ranked San Jose the nineteenth most walkable of 50 largest cities in the United States.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.walkscore.com/rankings/cities/ \\|title\\=2011 City and Neighborhood Rankings \\|publisher\\=Walk Score \\|year\\=2011 \\|access\\-date\\=August 28, 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20120919182522/http://www.walkscore.com/rankings/cities/ \\|archive\\-date\\=September 19, 2012 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "San Jose's trail network of {{cvt\\|60\\|mi\\|km\\|\\-1}} of recreational and active transportation trails throughout the city.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.sjparks.org/trails/doc/TrailStatus1\\-30\\-08\\.pdf \\|title\\=Network Status Table \\|date\\=January 30, 2008 \\|access\\-date\\=March 31, 2008 \\|publisher\\=City of San Jose \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080408231036/http://www.sjparks.org/trails/doc/TrailStatus1\\-30\\-08\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=April 8, 2008 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} The major trails in the network include:\n* [Coyote Creek Trail](/wiki/Coyote_Creek_Trail \"Coyote Creek Trail\")\n* [Guadalupe River Trail](/wiki/Guadalupe_River_Trail \"Guadalupe River Trail\")\n* [Los Gatos Creek Trail](/wiki/Los_Gatos_Creek_Trail \"Los Gatos Creek Trail\")\n* [Los Alamitos Creek Trail](/wiki/Los_Alamitos_Creek_Trail \"Los Alamitos Creek Trail\")\n* [Penitencia Creek Trail](/wiki/Penitencia_Creek_Trail \"Penitencia Creek Trail\")\n* Silver Creek Valley Trail", "This large urban trail network, recognized by Prevention Magazine as the nation's largest, is linked to trails in surrounding jurisdictions and many rural trails in surrounding open space and foothills. Several trail systems within the network are designated as part of the National Recreation Trail, as well as regional trails such as the San Francisco Bay Trail and Bay Area Ridge Trail.", "#### Wildlife", "Early written documents record the local presence of migrating salmon in the Rio Guadalupe dating as far back as the 18th century.{{cite web \\|title\\=Historical distribution and current status of steelhead/rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in streams of the San Francisco Estuary, California \\|author\\=Leidy, R.A. \\|author2\\=G.S. Becker \\|author3\\=B.N. Harvey \\|url\\=http://www.cemar.org/pdf/santaclara.pdf \\|publisher\\=Center for Ecosystem Management and Restoration, Oakland, California. \\|year\\=2005 \\|access\\-date\\=October 21, 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725152116/http://www.cemar.org/pdf/santaclara.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=July 25, 2011 }} Both [steelhead](/wiki/Rainbow_trout \"Rainbow trout\") (*Oncorhynchus mykiss*) and [King salmon](/wiki/Chinook_salmon \"Chinook salmon\") are extant in the [Guadalupe River](/wiki/Guadalupe_River_%28California%29 \"Guadalupe River (California)\"), making San Jose the southernmost major U. S. city with known salmon spawning runs, the other cities being [Anchorage](/wiki/Anchorage%2C_Alaska \"Anchorage, Alaska\"); [Seattle](/wiki/Seattle \"Seattle\"); [Portland](/wiki/Portland%2C_Oregon \"Portland, Oregon\") and [Sacramento](/wiki/Sacramento%2C_California \"Sacramento, California\").{{cite web \\|title\\= Chinook Salmon \\|publisher\\= NOAA's National Marine Fisheries Service – Salmon Populations – Chinook \\|url\\= http://www.nwr.noaa.gov/ESA\\-Salmon\\-Listings/Salmon\\-Populations/Chinook/Index.cfm \\|access\\-date\\= September 13, 2010 \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20100911162442/http://www.nwr.noaa.gov/ESA\\-Salmon\\-Listings/Salmon\\-Populations/Chinook/Index.cfm \\|archive\\-date\\= September 11, 2010 }}{{failed verification \\|date\\=November 2013}} Runs of up to 1,000 [Chinook or King Salmon](/wiki/Chinook_Salmon \"Chinook Salmon\") (*Oncorhynchus tshawytscha*) swam up the Guadalupe River each fall in the 1990s, but have all but vanished in the current decade apparently blocked from access to breeding grounds by impassable culverts, weirs and wide, exposed and flat concrete paved channels installed by the [Santa Clara Valley Water District](/wiki/Santa_Clara_Valley_Water_District \"Santa Clara Valley Water District\").{{cite web \\|title\\=Sensitive Fish Species in the Santa Cruz Mountains Bioregion \\|publisher\\=Santa Cruz Mountains Bioregional Council \\|year\\=2004 \\|url\\=http://www.scmbc.net/sensitivefish.htm \\|access\\-date\\=October 21, 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100629144856/http://www.scmbc.net/sensitivefish.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=June 29, 2010 }} In 2011 a small number of Chinook salmon were filmed spawning under the Julian Street bridge.{{cite web \\|title\\=Guadalupe River King Salmon Spawn under Julian Street bridge, Fall, 2011 \\|author\\=Greg Kerekes \\|via\\=YouTube \\|date\\=November 14, 2011 \\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=SNMrODZ\\_Hgk \\|access\\-date\\=October 21, 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130202021348/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=SNMrODZ\\_Hgk \\|archive\\-date\\=February 2, 2013 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "Conservationist Roger Castillo, who discovered the remains of a mammoth on the banks of the Guadalupe River in 2005, found that a herd of [tule elk](/wiki/Tule_elk \"Tule elk\") (*Cervus canadensis*) had recolonized the hills of south San Jose east of Highway 101 in early 2019\\.{{cite news \\|title\\=Tule Elk Make Remarkable Comeback in South San Jose Hills \\|author\\=Len Ramirez \\|date\\=January 24, 2019 \\|url\\=https://sanfrancisco.cbslocal.com/2019/01/24/tule\\-elk\\-make\\-remarkable\\-comeback\\-in\\-south\\-san\\-jose\\-hills/ \\|access\\-date\\=January 26, 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190126011854/https://sanfrancisco.cbslocal.com/2019/01/24/tule\\-elk\\-make\\-remarkable\\-comeback\\-in\\-south\\-san\\-jose\\-hills/ \\|archive\\-date\\=January 26, 2019 }}", "At the southern edge of San José, [Coyote Valley](/wiki/Coyote_Valley%2C_California \"Coyote Valley, California\") is a corridor for wildlife migration between the [Santa Cruz Mountains](/wiki/Santa_Cruz_Mountains \"Santa Cruz Mountains\") and the [Diablo Range](/wiki/Diablo_Range \"Diablo Range\").{{Cite news \\|url\\=http://www.sfgate.com/default/article/Coyote\\-Valley\\-vital\\-as\\-wildlife\\-corridor\\-3225361\\.php \\|title\\=Coyote Valley vital as wildlife corridor \\|work\\=San Francisco Chronicle \\|access\\-date\\=November 9, 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171109081430/http://www.sfgate.com/default/article/Coyote\\-Valley\\-vital\\-as\\-wildlife\\-corridor\\-3225361\\.php \\|archive\\-date\\=November 9, 2017 \\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite news \\|title\\=Coyote Valley Crossings \\|author\\=Laura Hautala \\|magazine\\=Bay Nature \\|date\\=January 1, 2009 \\|url\\=http://baynature.org/articles/coyote\\-valley\\-crossings/ \\|access\\-date\\=January 26, 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928024717/http://baynature.org/articles/coyote\\-valley\\-crossings/ \\|archive\\-date\\=September 28, 2013 }}", "" ]
Demographics ------------ {{US Census population \| 1870 \= 9089 \| 1880 \= 12567 \| 1890 \= 18060 \| 1900 \= 21500 \| 1910 \= 28946 \| 1920 \= 39642 \| 1930 \= 57651 \| 1940 \= 68457 \| 1950 \= 95280 \| 1960 \= 204196 \| 1970 \= 459913 \| 1980 \= 629400 \| 1990 \= 782248 \| 2000 \= 894943 \| 2010 \= 945942 \| 2020 \= 1013240 \| estyear \= 2023 \| estimate \= 969655 \| estref \= {{cite web \|title\=Population Rebounds for Many Cities in Northeast and Midwest \|url\=https://www.census.gov/newsroom/press\-releases/2024/subcounty\-population\-estimates.html \|access\-date\=May 29, 2024 \|date\=May 16, 2024}} \| footnote \= U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web \|url\=https://www.census.gov/programs\-surveys/decennial\-census.html \|title\=Census of Population and Housing \|publisher\=Census.gov \|access\-date\=June 4, 2015 \|archive\-date\=July 1, 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210701194652/https://www.census.gov/programs\-surveys/decennial\-census.html \|url\-status\=live }} 2010–2020 }} In 2022, the US Census Bureau released its new population estimates. With a total population of 971,233,{{cite web \|url\=https://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2014/SUB\-EST2014\.html \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150523034651/https://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2014/SUB\-EST2014\.html \|archive\-date\=May 23, 2015 \|title\=Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2014 \|access\-date\=June 4, 2015 }} San Jose showed a 4\.1% decline in population since the 2020 census. Some reasons for this decline are people leaving the area for more affordable cities and more remote working opportunities.{{Cite web \|title\=What's Behind California's Recent Population Decline—and Why It Matters \|url\=https://www.ppic.org/publication/whats\-behind\-californias\-recent\-population\-decline\-and\-why\-it\-matters/ \|access\-date\=November 13, 2023 \|website\=Public Policy Institute of California}} | Historical Racial composition | 2020 | 2010{{cite web \|url\=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/06/0668000\.html \|title\=San Jose (city), California \|work\=State \& County QuickFacts \|publisher\=U.S. Census Bureau \|access\-date\=April 20, 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120902142919/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/06/0668000\.html \|archive\-date\=September 2, 2012 }} | 1990 | 1970 | 1940 | | [Asian](/wiki/Asian_American "Asian American") | 37\.2% | 31\.7% | 19\.5% | 2\.7% | 1\.1% | | [Hispanic or Latino (of any race)](/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans "Hispanic and Latino Americans") | 31\.0% | 33\.2% | 26\.6% | 19\.1% | n/a | | [White (Non\-Hispanic)](/wiki/White_American "White American") | 25\.1% | 28\.7% | 49\.6% | 75\.7% | 98\.5% | | [Mixed](/wiki/Multiracial_American "Multiracial American") | 7\.9% | 2\.7% | n/a | n/a | n/a | | [Black or African American](/wiki/African_American "African American") | 2\.9% | 2\.9% | 4\.7% | 2\.5% | 0\.4% | ### 2020 | \+**San Jose, California – Racial and ethnic composition**{{nobold\|''Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.''}} | Race / Ethnicity (*NH \= Non\-Hispanic*) | Pop 2000{{Cite web\|title\=P004: Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2000: DEC Summary File 1 – San Jose city, California\|url\=https://data.census.gov/table?g\=160XX00US0668000\&tid\=DECENNIALSF12000\.P004\|publisher\=United States Census Bureau \|access\-date\=January 26, 2024}} | Pop 2010{{Cite web\|title\=P2: Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2010: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94\-171\) – San Jose city, California \|url\=https://data.census.gov/table?q\=p2\&g\=160XX00US0668000\&tid\=DECENNIALPL2010\.P2\|publisher\=United States Census Bureau \|access\-date\=January 26, 2024}} | {{partial\|Pop 2020}}{{Cite web\|title\=P2: Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94\-171\) – San Jose city, California \|url\=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q\=p2\&g\=160XX00US0668000\&tid\=DECENNIALPL2020\.P2\|publisher\=United States Census Bureau \|access\-date\=January 26, 2024}} | % 2000 | % 2010 | {{partial\|% 2020}} | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | [White](/wiki/Non-Hispanic_or_Latino_whites "Non-Hispanic or Latino whites") alone (NH) | 322,534 | 271,382 |236,095 36\.04% | 28\.69% | 23\.30% | [Black or African American](/wiki/Non-Hispanic_or_Latino_African_Americans "Non-Hispanic or Latino African Americans") alone (NH) | 29,495 | 27,508 |27,422 3\.30% | 2\.91% | 2\.71% | [Native American](/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States "Native Americans in the United States") or [Alaska Native](/wiki/Alaska_Native "Alaska Native") alone (NH) | 2,959 | 2,255 |1,921 0\.33% | 0\.24% | 0\.19% | [Asian](/wiki/Asian_Americans "Asian Americans") alone (NH) | 238,378 | 300,022 |386,993 26\.64% | 31\.72% | 38\.19% | [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_Americans "Pacific Islander Americans") alone (NH) | 3,093 | 3,492 |3,460 0\.35% | 0\.37% | 0\.34% | [Other race](/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census "Race and ethnicity in the United States census") alone (NH) | 1,699 | 1,820 |4,808 0\.19% | 0\.19% | 0\.47% | [Mixed race or Multiracial](/wiki/Multiracial_Americans "Multiracial Americans") (NH) | 26,796 | 25,827 |36,275 2\.99% | 2\.73% | 3\.58% | [Hispanic or Latino](/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans "Hispanic and Latino Americans") (any race) | 269,989 | 313,636 |316,266 30\.17% | 33\.16% | 31\.21% | **Total** | **894,943** | **945,942** |**1,013,240** **100\.00%** | **100\.00%** | **100\.00%** ### 2010 {{multiple image \| direction \= vertical \| align \= left \| width \= \| footer \= \| image1 \= San Jose Demographics 2010\.jpg \| caption1 \= Map of racial distribution in San Jose, 2010 U.S. Census. Each dot represents 25 people: {{legend inline\|outline\=white\|white\|text\=⬤\|textcolor\=\#ff0000\|White}} {{legend inline\|outline\=white\|white\|text\=⬤\|textcolor\=\#0000ff\|Black}} {{legend inline\|outline\=white\|white\|text\=⬤\|textcolor\=\#00ffaa\|Asian}} {{legend inline\|outline\=white\|white\|text\=⬤\|textcolor\=\#ffa600\|Hispanic}} {{legend inline\|outline\=white\|white\|text\=⬤\|textcolor\=\#ffff07\|Other}} \| image2 \= Silicon Valley Income Map 20160315\.png \| caption2 \= Thematic map showing median household income across central Santa Clara County {{As of\|2014\|lc\=y}}; the darker the color, the more affluent the area. }} The [2010 United States Census](/wiki/2010_United_States_Census "2010 United States Census"){{cite web \|url\=https://www.census.gov/2010census/popmap/ipmtext.php?fl\=06:0668000 \|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20140715115212/http://www.census.gov/2010census/popmap/ipmtext.php?fl\=06:0668000 \|archive\-date\=July 15, 2014 \|title\=2010 Census Interactive Population Search: CA – San Jose city \|publisher\=U.S. Census Bureau \|access\-date\=July 12, 2014}} reported that San Jose had a population of 945,942\. The population density was {{convert\|5256\.2\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. The racial makeup of San Jose was 404,437 (42\.8%) [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)"), 303,138 (32\.0%) [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 "Asian (U.S. Census)") (10\.4% [Vietnamese](/wiki/Vietnamese_American "Vietnamese American"), 6\.7% [Chinese](/wiki/Chinese_American "Chinese American"), 5\.6% [Filipino](/wiki/Filipino_American "Filipino American"), 4\.6% [Indian](/wiki/Indian_American "Indian American"), 1\.2% [Korean](/wiki/Korean_American "Korean American"), 1\.2% [Japanese](/wiki/Japanese_American "Japanese American"), 0\.3% [Cambodian](/wiki/Cambodian_American "Cambodian American"), 0\.2% [Thai](/wiki/Thai_American "Thai American"), 0\.2% [Pakistani](/wiki/Pakistani_American "Pakistani American"), 0\.2% [Laotian](/wiki/Laotian_American "Laotian American")), 30,242 (3\.2%) [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "African American (U.S. Census)"), 8,297 (0\.9%) [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "Native American (U.S. Census)"), 4,017 (0\.4%) [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_%28U.S._Census%29 "Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)"), 148,749 (15\.7%) from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 "Race (United States Census)"), and 47,062 (5\.0%) from two or more races. There were 313,636 residents of [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 "Hispanic (U.S. Census)") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 "Latino (U.S. Census)") background (33\.2%). 28\.2% of the city's population was of [Mexican](/wiki/Mexican_American "Mexican American") descent; the next largest Hispanic groups were those of [Salvadoran](/wiki/Salvadoran_American "Salvadoran American") (0\.7%) and [Puerto Rican](/wiki/Puerto_Ricans "Puerto Ricans") (0\.5%) heritage. [Non\-Hispanic Whites](/wiki/Non-Hispanic_Whites "Non-Hispanic Whites") were 28\.7% of the population in 2010, down from 75\.7% in 1970\. The census reported that 932,620 people (98\.6% of the population) lived in households, 9,542 (1\.0%) lived in non\-institutionalized group quarters, and 3,780 (0\.4%) were institutionalized. There were 301,366 households, out of which 122,958 (40\.8%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 162,819 (54\.0%) were [opposite\-sex married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 37,988 (12\.6%) had a female householder with no husband present, 18,702 (6\.2%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 16,900 (5\.6%) [unmarried opposite\-sex partnerships](/wiki/POSSLQ "POSSLQ"), and 2,458 (0\.8%) [same\-sex married couples or partnerships](/wiki/Same-sex_partnerships "Same-sex partnerships"). 59,385 households (19\.7%) were made up of individuals, and 18,305 (6\.1%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3\.09\. There were 219,509 [families](/wiki/Family_%28U.S._Census%29 "Family (U.S. Census)") (72\.8% of all households); the average family size was 3\.54\. The age distribution of the city was as follows: 234,678 people (24\.8%) were under the age of 18, 89,457 people (9\.5%) aged 18 to 24, 294,399 people (31\.1%) aged 25 to 44, 232,166 people (24\.5%) aged 45 to 64, and 95,242 people (10\.1%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35\.2 years. For every 100 females, there were 101\.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 99\.8 males. There were 314,038 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|1745\.0\|/sqmi\|/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}, of which 176,216 (58\.5%) were owner\-occupied, and 125,150 (41\.5%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 1\.6%; the [rental vacancy rate](/wiki/Rental_vacancy_rate "Rental vacancy rate") was 4\.3%. 553,436 people (58\.5% of the population) lived in owner\-occupied housing units and 379,184 people (40\.1%) lived in rental housing units. ### 2000 {{multiple image\|perrow \= 2\|total\_width\=300 \|align\=right \| image1 \= USA\-San Jose\-Church of the Five Wounds\-20\.jpg \|width1\= 3008 \|height1\= 2000 \| image2 \= San Jose Tet parade, 2009\.jpg \|width2\= 2068 \|height2\= 1393 \| image3 \= San Jose Gurdwara Sahib (2448909577\).jpg \|width3\= 1587 \|height3\= 1102 \| image4 \= 2017 Japanese American Museum of San Jose.jpg \|width4\= 4032 \|height4\= 3024 \| footer \= Clockwise: \[\[Five Wounds Portuguese National Church]], \[\[Tết]] Parade, \[\[Japanese American Museum of San Jose]], \[\[Gurdwara Sahib of San Jose\|Sikh Gurdwara of San Jose]] }} According to the [2000 United States Census](/wiki/2000_United_States_census "2000 United States census"), there were 894,943 people, 276,598 households, and 203,576 families residing in the city.{{cite web \|title\=U.S. Census website \|url\=https://www.census.gov/ \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807192146/https://www.census.gov/ \|archive\-date\=August 7, 2022 \|access\-date\=January 31, 2008 \|publisher\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]]}} The population density was {{convert\|5117\.9\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. There were 281,841 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|1611\.8\|/sqmi\|/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. Of the 276,598 households, 38\.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56\.0% were married couples living together, 11\.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26\.4% were non\-families. 18\.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 4\.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3\.20 and the average family size was 3\.62\. In the city, the age distribution of the population shows 26\.4% under the age of 18, 9\.9% from 18 to 24, 35\.4% from 25 to 44, 20\.0% from 45 to 64, and 8\.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females, there were 103\.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 102\.5 males. According to a 2007 estimate, the median income for a household in the city was the highest in the U.S. for any city with more than a quarter\-million residents with $76,963 annually. The median income for a family was $86,822\.{{cite web \|title\=San Jose, California: Earnings in the Past 12 Months (In 2007 Inflation\-Adjusted Dollars) \|url\=http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/STTable?\_bm\=y\&\-context\=st\&\-qr\_name\=ACS\_2007\_1YR\_G00\_S2001\&\-ds\_name\=ACS\_2007\_1YR\_G00\_\&\-CONTEXT\=st\&\-tree\_id\=307\&\-keyword\=San%20Jose,%20California\&\-redoLog\=true\&\-\_caller\=geoselect\&\-geo\_id\=16000US0668000\&\-format\=\&\-\_lang\=en \|work\=U.S. Fact Finder \|publisher\=U.S. Census Bureau \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124095713/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/STTable?\_bm\=y\&\-context\=st\&\-qr\_name\=ACS\_2007\_1YR\_G00\_S2001\&\-ds\_name\=ACS\_2007\_1YR\_G00\_\&\-CONTEXT\=st\&\-tree\_id\=307\&\-keyword\=San%20Jose%2C%20California\&\-redoLog\=true\&\-\_caller\=geoselect\&\-geo\_id\=16000US0668000\&\-format\=\&\-\_lang\=en \|archive\-date\=November 24, 2011 }} Males had a median income of $49,347 versus $36,936 for females. The per capita income for the city was $26,697\. About 6\.0% of families and 8\.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10\.3% of those under age 18 and 7\.4% of those age 65 or over.
[ "Demographics\n------------", "{{US Census population\n\\| 1870 \\= 9089\n\\| 1880 \\= 12567\n\\| 1890 \\= 18060\n\\| 1900 \\= 21500\n\\| 1910 \\= 28946\n\\| 1920 \\= 39642\n\\| 1930 \\= 57651\n\\| 1940 \\= 68457\n\\| 1950 \\= 95280\n\\| 1960 \\= 204196\n\\| 1970 \\= 459913\n\\| 1980 \\= 629400\n\\| 1990 \\= 782248\n\\| 2000 \\= 894943\n\\| 2010 \\= 945942\n\\| 2020 \\= 1013240\n\\| estyear \\= 2023\n\\| estimate \\= 969655\n\\| estref \\= {{cite web \\|title\\=Population Rebounds for Many Cities in Northeast and Midwest \\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/newsroom/press\\-releases/2024/subcounty\\-population\\-estimates.html \\|access\\-date\\=May 29, 2024 \\|date\\=May 16, 2024}}\n\\| footnote \\= U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/programs\\-surveys/decennial\\-census.html \\|title\\=Census of Population and Housing \\|publisher\\=Census.gov \\|access\\-date\\=June 4, 2015 \\|archive\\-date\\=July 1, 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210701194652/https://www.census.gov/programs\\-surveys/decennial\\-census.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }} \n2010–2020\n}}", "In 2022, the US Census Bureau released its new population estimates. With a total population of 971,233,{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2014/SUB\\-EST2014\\.html \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150523034651/https://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2014/SUB\\-EST2014\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=May 23, 2015 \\|title\\=Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2014 \\|access\\-date\\=June 4, 2015 }} San Jose showed a 4\\.1% decline in population since the 2020 census. Some reasons for this decline are people leaving the area for more affordable cities and more remote working opportunities.{{Cite web \\|title\\=What's Behind California's Recent Population Decline—and Why It Matters \\|url\\=https://www.ppic.org/publication/whats\\-behind\\-californias\\-recent\\-population\\-decline\\-and\\-why\\-it\\-matters/ \\|access\\-date\\=November 13, 2023 \\|website\\=Public Policy Institute of California}}", "", "| Historical Racial composition | 2020 | 2010{{cite web \\|url\\=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/06/0668000\\.html \\|title\\=San Jose (city), California \\|work\\=State \\& County QuickFacts \\|publisher\\=U.S. Census Bureau \\|access\\-date\\=April 20, 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120902142919/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/06/0668000\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=September 2, 2012 }} | 1990 | 1970 | 1940 |\n| [Asian](/wiki/Asian_American \"Asian American\") | 37\\.2% | 31\\.7% | 19\\.5% | 2\\.7% | 1\\.1% |\n| [Hispanic or Latino (of any race)](/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans \"Hispanic and Latino Americans\") | 31\\.0% | 33\\.2% | 26\\.6% | 19\\.1% | n/a |\n| [White (Non\\-Hispanic)](/wiki/White_American \"White American\") | 25\\.1% | 28\\.7% | 49\\.6% | 75\\.7% | 98\\.5% |\n| [Mixed](/wiki/Multiracial_American \"Multiracial American\") | 7\\.9% | 2\\.7% | n/a | n/a | n/a |\n| [Black or African American](/wiki/African_American \"African American\") | 2\\.9% | 2\\.9% | 4\\.7% | 2\\.5% | 0\\.4% |", "### 2020", "", "| \\+**San Jose, California – Racial and ethnic composition**{{nobold\\|''Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.''}} | Race / Ethnicity (*NH \\= Non\\-Hispanic*) | Pop 2000{{Cite web\\|title\\=P004: Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2000: DEC Summary File 1 – San Jose city, California\\|url\\=https://data.census.gov/table?g\\=160XX00US0668000\\&tid\\=DECENNIALSF12000\\.P004\\|publisher\\=United States Census Bureau \\|access\\-date\\=January 26, 2024}} | Pop 2010{{Cite web\\|title\\=P2: Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2010: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94\\-171\\) – San Jose city, California \\|url\\=https://data.census.gov/table?q\\=p2\\&g\\=160XX00US0668000\\&tid\\=DECENNIALPL2010\\.P2\\|publisher\\=United States Census Bureau \\|access\\-date\\=January 26, 2024}} | {{partial\\|Pop 2020}}{{Cite web\\|title\\=P2: Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94\\-171\\) – San Jose city, California \\|url\\=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q\\=p2\\&g\\=160XX00US0668000\\&tid\\=DECENNIALPL2020\\.P2\\|publisher\\=United States Census Bureau \\|access\\-date\\=January 26, 2024}} | % 2000 | % 2010 | {{partial\\|% 2020}} |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [White](/wiki/Non-Hispanic_or_Latino_whites \"Non-Hispanic or Latino whites\") alone (NH) | 322,534 | 271,382 |236,095", "36\\.04% |\n 28\\.69% |\n23\\.30%", "| [Black or African American](/wiki/Non-Hispanic_or_Latino_African_Americans \"Non-Hispanic or Latino African Americans\") alone (NH) | 29,495 | 27,508 |27,422", "3\\.30% |\n 2\\.91% |\n2\\.71%", "| [Native American](/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States \"Native Americans in the United States\") or [Alaska Native](/wiki/Alaska_Native \"Alaska Native\") alone (NH) | 2,959 | 2,255 |1,921", "0\\.33% |\n 0\\.24% |\n0\\.19%", "| [Asian](/wiki/Asian_Americans \"Asian Americans\") alone (NH) | 238,378 | 300,022 |386,993", "26\\.64% |\n 31\\.72% |\n38\\.19%", "| [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_Americans \"Pacific Islander Americans\") alone (NH) | 3,093 | 3,492 |3,460", "0\\.35% |\n 0\\.37% |\n0\\.34%", "| [Other race](/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census \"Race and ethnicity in the United States census\") alone (NH) | 1,699 | 1,820 |4,808", "0\\.19% |\n 0\\.19% |\n0\\.47%", "| [Mixed race or Multiracial](/wiki/Multiracial_Americans \"Multiracial Americans\") (NH) | 26,796 | 25,827 |36,275", "2\\.99% |\n 2\\.73% |\n3\\.58%", "| [Hispanic or Latino](/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans \"Hispanic and Latino Americans\") (any race) | 269,989 | 313,636 |316,266", "30\\.17% |\n 33\\.16% |\n31\\.21%", "| **Total** | **894,943** | **945,942** |**1,013,240**", "**100\\.00%** |\n **100\\.00%** |\n**100\\.00%**", "", "### 2010", "{{multiple image\n\\| direction \\= vertical\n\\| align \\= left\n\\| width \\=\n\\| footer \\=\n\\| image1 \\= San Jose Demographics 2010\\.jpg\n\\| caption1 \\= Map of racial distribution in San Jose, 2010 U.S. Census. Each dot represents 25 people: {{legend inline\\|outline\\=white\\|white\\|text\\=⬤\\|textcolor\\=\\#ff0000\\|White}} {{legend inline\\|outline\\=white\\|white\\|text\\=⬤\\|textcolor\\=\\#0000ff\\|Black}} {{legend inline\\|outline\\=white\\|white\\|text\\=⬤\\|textcolor\\=\\#00ffaa\\|Asian}} {{legend inline\\|outline\\=white\\|white\\|text\\=⬤\\|textcolor\\=\\#ffa600\\|Hispanic}} {{legend inline\\|outline\\=white\\|white\\|text\\=⬤\\|textcolor\\=\\#ffff07\\|Other}}\n\\| image2 \\= Silicon Valley Income Map 20160315\\.png\n\\| caption2 \\= Thematic map showing median household income across central Santa Clara County {{As of\\|2014\\|lc\\=y}}; the darker the color, the more affluent the area.\n }}", "The [2010 United States Census](/wiki/2010_United_States_Census \"2010 United States Census\"){{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/2010census/popmap/ipmtext.php?fl\\=06:0668000 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20140715115212/http://www.census.gov/2010census/popmap/ipmtext.php?fl\\=06:0668000 \\|archive\\-date\\=July 15, 2014 \\|title\\=2010 Census Interactive Population Search: CA – San Jose city \\|publisher\\=U.S. Census Bureau \\|access\\-date\\=July 12, 2014}} reported that San Jose had a population of 945,942\\. The population density was {{convert\\|5256\\.2\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. The racial makeup of San Jose was 404,437 (42\\.8%) [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\"), 303,138 (32\\.0%) [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Asian (U.S. Census)\") (10\\.4% [Vietnamese](/wiki/Vietnamese_American \"Vietnamese American\"), 6\\.7% [Chinese](/wiki/Chinese_American \"Chinese American\"), 5\\.6% [Filipino](/wiki/Filipino_American \"Filipino American\"), 4\\.6% [Indian](/wiki/Indian_American \"Indian American\"), 1\\.2% [Korean](/wiki/Korean_American \"Korean American\"), 1\\.2% [Japanese](/wiki/Japanese_American \"Japanese American\"), 0\\.3% [Cambodian](/wiki/Cambodian_American \"Cambodian American\"), 0\\.2% [Thai](/wiki/Thai_American \"Thai American\"), 0\\.2% [Pakistani](/wiki/Pakistani_American \"Pakistani American\"), 0\\.2% [Laotian](/wiki/Laotian_American \"Laotian American\")), 30,242 (3\\.2%) [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"African American (U.S. Census)\"), 8,297 (0\\.9%) [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Native American (U.S. Census)\"), 4,017 (0\\.4%) [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)\"), 148,749 (15\\.7%) from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\"), and 47,062 (5\\.0%) from two or more races. There were 313,636 residents of [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") background (33\\.2%). 28\\.2% of the city's population was of [Mexican](/wiki/Mexican_American \"Mexican American\") descent; the next largest Hispanic groups were those of [Salvadoran](/wiki/Salvadoran_American \"Salvadoran American\") (0\\.7%) and [Puerto Rican](/wiki/Puerto_Ricans \"Puerto Ricans\") (0\\.5%) heritage. [Non\\-Hispanic Whites](/wiki/Non-Hispanic_Whites \"Non-Hispanic Whites\") were 28\\.7% of the population in 2010, down from 75\\.7% in 1970\\.", "The census reported that 932,620 people (98\\.6% of the population) lived in households, 9,542 (1\\.0%) lived in non\\-institutionalized group quarters, and 3,780 (0\\.4%) were institutionalized. There were 301,366 households, out of which 122,958 (40\\.8%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 162,819 (54\\.0%) were [opposite\\-sex married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 37,988 (12\\.6%) had a female householder with no husband present, 18,702 (6\\.2%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 16,900 (5\\.6%) [unmarried opposite\\-sex partnerships](/wiki/POSSLQ \"POSSLQ\"), and 2,458 (0\\.8%) [same\\-sex married couples or partnerships](/wiki/Same-sex_partnerships \"Same-sex partnerships\"). 59,385 households (19\\.7%) were made up of individuals, and 18,305 (6\\.1%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3\\.09\\. There were 219,509 [families](/wiki/Family_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Family (U.S. Census)\") (72\\.8% of all households); the average family size was 3\\.54\\.", "The age distribution of the city was as follows: 234,678 people (24\\.8%) were under the age of 18, 89,457 people (9\\.5%) aged 18 to 24, 294,399 people (31\\.1%) aged 25 to 44, 232,166 people (24\\.5%) aged 45 to 64, and 95,242 people (10\\.1%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35\\.2 years. For every 100 females, there were 101\\.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 99\\.8 males.", "There were 314,038 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|1745\\.0\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}, of which 176,216 (58\\.5%) were owner\\-occupied, and 125,150 (41\\.5%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 1\\.6%; the [rental vacancy rate](/wiki/Rental_vacancy_rate \"Rental vacancy rate\") was 4\\.3%. 553,436 people (58\\.5% of the population) lived in owner\\-occupied housing units and 379,184 people (40\\.1%) lived in rental housing units.", "### 2000", "{{multiple image\\|perrow \\= 2\\|total\\_width\\=300 \\|align\\=right\n\\| image1 \\= USA\\-San Jose\\-Church of the Five Wounds\\-20\\.jpg \\|width1\\= 3008 \\|height1\\= 2000\n\\| image2 \\= San Jose Tet parade, 2009\\.jpg \\|width2\\= 2068 \\|height2\\= 1393\n\\| image3 \\= San Jose Gurdwara Sahib (2448909577\\).jpg \\|width3\\= 1587 \\|height3\\= 1102\n\\| image4 \\= 2017 Japanese American Museum of San Jose.jpg \\|width4\\= 4032 \\|height4\\= 3024\n\\| footer \\= Clockwise: \\[\\[Five Wounds Portuguese National Church]], \\[\\[Tết]] Parade, \\[\\[Japanese American Museum of San Jose]], \\[\\[Gurdwara Sahib of San Jose\\|Sikh Gurdwara of San Jose]]\n}}", "According to the [2000 United States Census](/wiki/2000_United_States_census \"2000 United States census\"), there were 894,943 people, 276,598 households, and 203,576 families residing in the city.{{cite web \\|title\\=U.S. Census website \\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/ \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807192146/https://www.census.gov/ \\|archive\\-date\\=August 7, 2022 \\|access\\-date\\=January 31, 2008 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]]}}", "The population density was {{convert\\|5117\\.9\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. There were 281,841 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|1611\\.8\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. Of the 276,598 households, 38\\.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56\\.0% were married couples living together, 11\\.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26\\.4% were non\\-families. 18\\.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 4\\.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3\\.20 and the average family size was 3\\.62\\.", "In the city, the age distribution of the population shows 26\\.4% under the age of 18, 9\\.9% from 18 to 24, 35\\.4% from 25 to 44, 20\\.0% from 45 to 64, and 8\\.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females, there were 103\\.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 102\\.5 males.", "According to a 2007 estimate, the median income for a household in the city was the highest in the U.S. for any city with more than a quarter\\-million residents with $76,963 annually. The median income for a family was $86,822\\.{{cite web \\|title\\=San Jose, California: Earnings in the Past 12 Months (In 2007 Inflation\\-Adjusted Dollars) \\|url\\=http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/STTable?\\_bm\\=y\\&\\-context\\=st\\&\\-qr\\_name\\=ACS\\_2007\\_1YR\\_G00\\_S2001\\&\\-ds\\_name\\=ACS\\_2007\\_1YR\\_G00\\_\\&\\-CONTEXT\\=st\\&\\-tree\\_id\\=307\\&\\-keyword\\=San%20Jose,%20California\\&\\-redoLog\\=true\\&\\-\\_caller\\=geoselect\\&\\-geo\\_id\\=16000US0668000\\&\\-format\\=\\&\\-\\_lang\\=en \\|work\\=U.S. Fact Finder \\|publisher\\=U.S. Census Bureau \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124095713/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/STTable?\\_bm\\=y\\&\\-context\\=st\\&\\-qr\\_name\\=ACS\\_2007\\_1YR\\_G00\\_S2001\\&\\-ds\\_name\\=ACS\\_2007\\_1YR\\_G00\\_\\&\\-CONTEXT\\=st\\&\\-tree\\_id\\=307\\&\\-keyword\\=San%20Jose%2C%20California\\&\\-redoLog\\=true\\&\\-\\_caller\\=geoselect\\&\\-geo\\_id\\=16000US0668000\\&\\-format\\=\\&\\-\\_lang\\=en \\|archive\\-date\\=November 24, 2011 }} Males had a median income of $49,347 versus $36,936 for females. The per capita income for the city was $26,697\\. About 6\\.0% of families and 8\\.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10\\.3% of those under age 18 and 7\\.4% of those age 65 or over.", "" ]
Culture ------- ### Architecture [thumb\|left\|The [Scottish Rite](/wiki/Scottish_Rite "Scottish Rite") Temple of San Jose, on St. James Park, built 1924\.](/wiki/File:USA-San_Jose-Scottish_Rite_Temple-1.jpg "USA-San Jose-Scottish Rite Temple-1.jpg") Because the downtown area is in the flight path to nearby [Mineta San Jose International Airport](/wiki/Mineta_San_Jose_International_Airport "Mineta San Jose International Airport") (also evidenced in the above panoramic), there is a height limit for buildings in the downtown area, which is underneath the final approach corridor to the airport. The height limit is dictated by local ordinances, driven by the distance from the runway and a slope defined by Federal Aviation Administration regulations. Core downtown buildings are limited to approximately {{cvt\|300\|ft\|m}} but can get taller farther from the airport.{{cite web \|title\=Staff Review Agenda \|url\=http://www.sanjoseca.gov/planning/pdf/recent/111507\.pdf \|publisher\=City of San Jose \|date\=November 15, 2007 \|access\-date\=May 5, 2008 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080528012158/http://www.sanjoseca.gov/planning/pdf/recent/111507\.pdf \|archive\-date\=May 28, 2008}} There has been broad criticism over the past few decades of the city's architecture.{{cite web \|title\=Development Services \|url\=http://www.sanjoseca.gov/development/developmentcenter/second\_floor.asp \|publisher\=City of San Jose \|date\=February 6, 2006 \|access\-date\=May 5, 2008 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080402153817/http://www.sanjoseca.gov/development/developmentcenter/second\_floor.asp \|archive\-date\=April 2, 2008}} Citizens have complained that San Jose is lacking in aesthetically pleasing architectural styles. Blame for this lack of architectural "beauty" can be assigned to the re\-development of the downtown area from the 1950s onward, in which whole blocks of historic commercial and residential structures were demolished.{{cite web \|title\=San Jose Downtown Historic District \|url\=https://www.nps.gov/history/nr/travel/santaclara/shd.htm \|publisher\=National Park Service \|access\-date\=May 5, 2008 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080512015831/http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/travel/santaclara/shd.htm \|archive\-date\=May 12, 2008 \|url\-status\=live}} Exceptions to this include the [Downtown Historic District](/wiki/Downtown_Historic_District_%28San_Jose%2C_California%29 "Downtown Historic District (San Jose, California)"), the [Hotel De Anza](/wiki/Hotel_De_Anza "Hotel De Anza"), and the [Hotel Sainte Claire](/wiki/Hotel_Sainte_Claire "Hotel Sainte Claire"), both of which are listed in the [National Register of Historic Places](/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places "National Register of Historic Places") for their architectural and historical significance. [thumb\|right\|[San Pedro Square](/wiki/San_Pedro_Square "San Pedro Square") is one of San Jose's oldest neighborhoods.](/wiki/File:Firehouse_No._1%2C_San_Pedro_Square%2C_San_Jose_%2844518230154%29.jpg "Firehouse No. 1, San Pedro Square, San Jose (44518230154).jpg") Municipal building projects have experimented more with architectural styles than have most private enterprises.{{cite web \|title\=Green Building Policy \|url\=http://www.sanjoseca.gov/ESD/natural\-energy\-resources/gb\-policy.htm \|date\=April 10, 2007 \|access\-date\=May 5, 2008 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080401165425/http://www.sanjoseca.gov/esd/natural\-energy\-resources/gb\-policy.htm \|archive\-date\=April 1, 2008}} The Children's Discovery Museum, Tech Museum of Innovation, and the San Jose Repertory Theater building have experimented with bold colors and unusual exteriors. The new [City Hall](/wiki/San_Jose_City_Hall "San Jose City Hall"), designed by Richard Meier \& Partners, opened in 2005 and is a notable addition to the growing collection of municipal building projects.{{cite news \|last\=Yoders \|first\=Jeff \|title\=San Jose's Richard Meier\-designed city hall: To Leed, or Not to Leed \|url\=http://www.bdcnetwork.com/san\-joses\-richard\-meier\-designed\-city\-hall\-leed\-or\-not\-leed \|work\=Building Design and Construction \|date\=November 1, 2005 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090810123942/http://www.bdcnetwork.com/article/CA6281251\.html \|archive\-date\=August 10, 2009 \|access\-date\=November 9, 2013}} San Jose has many examples of houses with fine architecture. Late 19th century and early 20th century styles exist in neighborhoods such as [Hanchett Park](/wiki/Shasta/Hanchett_Park%2C_San_Jose%2C_California "Shasta/Hanchett Park, San Jose, California"), [Naglee Park](/wiki/Naglee_Park%2C_San_Jose%2C_California "Naglee Park, San Jose, California"), [Rose Garden](/wiki/Rose_Garden%2C_San_Jose%2C_California "Rose Garden, San Jose, California"), and [Willow Glen](/wiki/Willow_Glen%2C_California "Willow Glen, California") (including [Palm Haven](/wiki/Palm_Haven "Palm Haven")). Styles include [Mediterranean Revival architecture](/wiki/Mediterranean_Revival_architecture "Mediterranean Revival architecture"), [Spanish Colonial architecture](/wiki/Spanish_Colonial_architecture "Spanish Colonial architecture"), [Neoclassical architecture](/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture "Neoclassical architecture"), [Craftsman](/wiki/American_Craftsman "American Craftsman"), [Mission Revival](/wiki/Mission_Revival "Mission Revival"), [Prairie style](/wiki/Prairie_style "Prairie style"), and [Queen Anne style](/wiki/Queen_Anne_style_architecture_in_the_United_States "Queen Anne style architecture in the United States") Victorian. Notable architects include [Frank Delos Wolfe](/wiki/Frank_Delos_Wolfe "Frank Delos Wolfe"), [Theodore Lenzen](/wiki/Theodore_Lenzen "Theodore Lenzen"), Charles McKenzie,{{cite news \|title\= Photos of homes in San Jose, California, then and now. \|url\= http://www.bvnasj.org/SanJoseThenNow3\.htm \|author\= Buena Vista Neighborhood Association \|date\= February 21, 2012 \|access\-date\= August 16, 2014 \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20141110020629/http://www.bvnasj.org/SanJoseThenNow3\.htm \|archive\-date\= November 10, 2014 \|url\-status\= live }} and [Julia Morgan](/wiki/Julia_Morgan "Julia Morgan").{{cite news \|title\=Julia Morgan\-designed mansion on The Alameda in San Jose will soon become office space \|url\=http://www.mercurynews.com/rose\-garden/ci\_15907062 \|author\=Mary Gottschalk / San Jose Mercury News \|date\=August 26, 2010 \|access\-date\=June 12, 2015 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150614023411/http://www.mercurynews.com/rose\-garden/ci\_15907062 \|archive\-date\=June 14, 2015 \|url\-status\=live }} ### Visual arts [thumb\|left\|Celebrations for the 240th anniversary of the founding of San Jose at the [Peralta Adobe](/wiki/Peralta_Adobe "Peralta Adobe") in 2017\.](/wiki/File:Happy_Birthday_San_Jose_%2824637282368%29.jpg "Happy Birthday San Jose (24637282368).jpg") Public art is an evolving attraction in the city. The city was one of the first to adopt a public art ordinance at 2% of capital improvement building project budgets,{{cite web \|title\=2006–2007 Proposed Capital Budget \|url\=http://www.sanjoseca.gov/budget/FY0607/ProposedCapital/28\.pdf \|website\=City of San Jose \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060822225404/http://www.sanjoseca.gov/budget/FY0607/ProposedCapital/28\.pdf \|archive\-date\=August 22, 2006}} and as a result of this commitment, a considerable number of public art projects exist in the downtown area, and a growing collection in neighborhoods including libraries, parks, and fire stations. In particular, the Mineta Airport expansion incorporated art and technology into its development. Early public art included a statue of [Quetzalcoatl](/wiki/Quetzalcoatl "Quetzalcoatl") (the plumed serpent) downtown, controversial in its planning because some called it pagan, and controversial in its implementation because many felt that the final statue by [Robert Graham](/wiki/Robert_Graham_%28sculptor%29 "Robert Graham (sculptor)") did not look like a winged serpent, and was more noted for its expense than its aesthetics. Locals joked that the statue resembles a pile of [feces](/wiki/Feces "Feces").{{cite web \|title\=Herhold: I'll miss the red eyes of San Jose's plumed serpent \|url\=http://www.mercurynews.com/scott\-herhold/ci\_17274049?nclick\_check\=1 \|work\=San Jose Mercury News \|date\=February 2, 2011 \|first\=Scott \|last\=Herhold \|access\-date\=April 15, 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120125225457/http://www.mercurynews.com/scott\-herhold/ci\_17274049?nclick\_check\=1 \|archive\-date\=January 25, 2012 \|url\-status\=live }} A statue of [Thomas Fallon](/wiki/Thomas_Fallon "Thomas Fallon") also met strong resistance from those who called him largely responsible for the decimation of early native populations. [Chicano](/wiki/Chicano "Chicano")/Latino activists protested because he had captured San Jose by military force in the [Mexican–American War](/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War "Mexican–American War") (1846\). They also protested the perceived "repression" of historic documents detailing Fallon's orders expelling many of the city's [Californio](/wiki/Californio "Californio") (early Spanish/Mexican/Mestizo) residents. In October 1991 protests at [Columbus Day](/wiki/Columbus_Day "Columbus Day") and [Dia de la Raza](/wiki/Dia_de_la_Raza "Dia de la Raza") celebrations stalled than plan, and the statue was stored in a warehouse in [Oakland](/wiki/Oakland%2C_California "Oakland, California") for more than a decade. The statue returned in 2002 to a less conspicuous location: Pellier Park, a small triangular patch at the merge of West Julian and West St. James streets.{{cite news \|url\=http://www.bizjournals.com/sanjose/stories/2002/09/16/daily78\.html \|title\=Fallon statue unveiled \|work\=Silicon Valley/San Jose Business Journal \|date\=September 20, 2002 \|access\-date\=June 18, 2007 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20050314193405/http://www.bizjournals.com/sanjose/stories/2002/09/16/daily78\.html \|archive\-date\=March 14, 2005 \|url\-status\=live }} [thumb\|upright\|Statue of [Thomas Fallon](/wiki/Thomas_Fallon "Thomas Fallon"), 10th [Mayor of San Jose](/wiki/Mayor_of_San_Jose%2C_California "Mayor of San Jose, California").](/wiki/File:Thomas_Fallon_Statue.jpg "Thomas Fallon Statue.jpg") In 2001, the city\-sponsored SharkByte, an exhibit of decorated [sharks](/wiki/Shark "Shark") based on the mascot of the hockey team, the San Jose Sharks, and modeled after Chicago's display of decorated cows.{{cite web \|author\=Jim LaFrenere \|url\=http://www.chicagotraveler.com/cows\_on\_parade.htm \|title\=Chicago cows on parade exhibit \|publisher\=Chicagotraveler.com \|access\-date\=July 1, 2010 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100924112447/http://chicagotraveler.com/cows\_on\_parade.htm \|archive\-date\=September 24, 2010 }} Large models of sharks decorated in clever, colorful, or creative ways by local artists were displayed for months at dozens of locations around the city. After the exhibition, the sharks were auctioned off for charity. In 2006, [Adobe Systems](/wiki/Adobe_Systems "Adobe Systems") commissioned an art installation titled *San Jose Semaphore* by Ben Rubin,{{cite book \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=ZBJbIP0fMr0C\&pg\=PA342 \|title\=Entangled: Technology and the Transformation of Performance \|author\=Chris Salter \|first2\=Peter \|last2\=Sellars \|year\=2010 \|page\=342 \|isbn\=978\-0\-262\-19588\-1 \|publisher\=The MIT Press \|access\-date\=November 20, 2020 \|archive\-date\=April 23, 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423094456/https://books.google.com/books?id\=ZBJbIP0fMr0C\&pg\=PA342 \|url\-status\=live }} \-\-via Google Books. at the top of its headquarters building. Semaphore is composed of four LED discs which "rotate" to transmit a message. The content remained a mystery until it was deciphered in August 2007\.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.adobe.com/aboutadobe/philanthropy/sjsemaphore/past.html \|title\=San José Semaphore – 2006 Contest – Past Contest – How the code was cracked \|publisher\=Adobe.com \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021164919/http://www.adobe.com/aboutadobe/philanthropy/sjsemaphore/past.html \|archive\-date\=October 21, 2012 \|access\-date\=November 10, 2013}}{{cite web \|url\=http://www.earstudio.com/sanjosesemaphore/decoding.pdf \|title\=Decoding the San Jose Semaphore \|date\=August 14, 2007 \|publisher\=Ear Studio \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304134307/http://www.earstudio.com/sanjosesemaphore/decoding.pdf \|archive\-date\=March 4, 2012 \|access\-date\=November 9, 2013}} The visual art installation is supplemented with an audio track, transmitted from the building on a low\-power AM station. The audio track provides clues to decode the message being transmitted. San Jose retains a number of murals in the Chicano history tradition of [Diego Rivera](/wiki/Diego_Rivera "Diego Rivera") and [José Clemente Orozco](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Clemente_Orozco "José Clemente Orozco") of murals as public textbooks.{{cite news\| title\=San Jose's Disappearing Murals: 'It's Like Wiping Away People's History' \|author\=Leonardo Castaneda \|publisher\=Bay Area News Group \|work\=San Jose Mercury\-News\| page\=A1 \|date\=December 16, 2018 }} Although intended to be permanent monuments to the city's heritage as a mission town founded in 1777, a number of murals have been painted over, notably *Mural de la Raza*, on the side of a Story Rd shoe store, and *Mexicatlan* at the corner of Sunset and Alum Rock. In addition, two of three murals by Mexican artist Gustavo Bernal Navarro have disappeared. The third mural, *La Medicina y la Comunidad* at the Gardner clinic on East Virginia Street, depicts both modern and traditional healers. Surviving Chicano history murals include *Nuestra Senora de Guadelupe* at Our Lady of Guadalupe church and the 1970s or 1980s *Virgen de Guadelupe Huelga Bird* at Cal Foods east of downtown. The Guadalajara restaurant has the 1986 *Guadalajara Market No. 2* by Edward Earl Tarver III and a 2013 work by Jesus Rodriguez and Empire 7, *La Gran Culture Resonance*. An unknown artist painted the *Huelga Bird and Aztec City* mural in the 1970s or 1980s on the Clyde L. Fisher Middle School. In 1995 Antonio Nava Torres painted *The Aztec Calendar Handball Court* at Biebrach Park, and the unknown artist of *Chaco's Pachuco* painted it on the former Chaco's Restaurant in the 1990s. The *Jerry Hernandez* mural by Frank Torres at Pop's Mini Mart on King Road dates to 2009, and another recent mural by Carlos Rodriguez on the Sidhu Market at Locust and West Virginia depicts a stern\-looking warrior. ### Performing arts {{multiple image \| direction \= vertical \| align \= left \| footer \= \[\[San Jose Civic]] (top) and the \[\[San Jose Center for the Performing Arts\|Center for the Performing Arts]] (bottom). \| image1 \= Downtown San Jose, California 3 2017\-06\-12\.jpg\| \| image2 \= San Jose Center for Performing Arts.jpg }} The city is home to many performing arts companies, including [Opera San Jose](/wiki/Opera_San_Jose "Opera San Jose"), [Symphony Silicon Valley](/wiki/Symphony_Silicon_Valley "Symphony Silicon Valley"), [Ballet San Jose Silicon Valley](/wiki/Ballet_San_Jose_Silicon_Valley "Ballet San Jose Silicon Valley"), [sjDANCEco](/wiki/SjDANCEco "SjDANCEco"), The San Jose Symphonic Choir, [Children's Musical Theater San Jose](/wiki/Children%27s_Musical_Theater_San_Jose "Children's Musical Theater San Jose"),{{cite web \|url\=http://www.cmtsj.org/content/about\-cmt\-san\-jose \|title\=ABOUT CMT San Jose \|publisher\=Cmtsj.org \|access\-date\=July 8, 2013 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530032014/http://cmtsj.org/content/about\-cmt\-san\-jose \|archive\-date\=May 30, 2013 \|url\-status\=live }} the [San Jose Youth Symphony](/wiki/San_Jose_Youth_Symphony "San Jose Youth Symphony"), the [San Jose Repertory Theatre](/wiki/San_Jose_Repertory_Theatre "San Jose Repertory Theatre"), City Lights Theatre Company, The Tabard Theatre Company, San Jose Stage Company, and the now\-defunct [American Musical Theatre of San Jose](/wiki/American_Musical_Theatre_of_San_Jose "American Musical Theatre of San Jose") which was replaced by [Broadway San Jose](/wiki/Broadway_San_Jose "Broadway San Jose") in partnership with [Team San Jose](/wiki/Team_San_Jose "Team San Jose"). San Jose is also home to the [San Jose Museum of Art](/wiki/San_Jose_Museum_of_Art "San Jose Museum of Art"),{{cite web \|url\=http://www.sanjosemuseumofart.org \|title\=San Jose Museum of Art \|publisher\=San Jose Museum of Art \|access\-date\=July 1, 2010 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140928004102/http://www.sanjosemuseumofart.org/ \|archive\-date\=September 28, 2014 \|url\-status\=live }} one of the nation's premiere Modern Art museums. The [SAP Center at San Jose](/wiki/SAP_Center_at_San_Jose "SAP Center at San Jose") is one of the most active venues for events in the world. According to [Billboard Magazine](/wiki/Billboard_Magazine "Billboard Magazine") and Pollstar, the arena sold the most tickets to non\-sporting events of any venue in the United States, and third in the world after the [Manchester Evening News Arena](/wiki/Manchester_Evening_News_Arena "Manchester Evening News Arena") in [Manchester](/wiki/Manchester "Manchester"), England, and the [Bell Centre](/wiki/Bell_Centre "Bell Centre") in [Montreal](/wiki/Montreal "Montreal"), Canada, for the period from January 1{{spaced ndash}}September 30, 2004\.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.siliconvalley.com/mld/mercurynews/news/columnists/leigh\_weimers/10045287\.htm?template\=contentModules/printstory.jsp \|date\=October 29, 2004 \|title\=Who needs the Sharks? HP Pavilion thriving \|first\=Leigh \|last\=Weimers \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20050309065548/http://www.siliconvalley.com/mld/mercurynews/news/columnists/leigh\_weimers/10045287\.htm?template\=contentModules%2Fprintstory.jsp \|archive\-date\=March 9, 2005 \|access\-date\=November 9, 2013 }} The annual [Cinequest Film Festival](/wiki/Cinequest_Film_Festival "Cinequest Film Festival") in downtown has grown to over 60,000 attendees per year, becoming an important festival for independent films. The [San Francisco Asian American Film Festival](/wiki/San_Francisco_Asian_American_Film_Festival "San Francisco Asian American Film Festival") is an annual event, which is hosted in San Francisco, [Berkeley](/wiki/Berkeley%2C_California "Berkeley, California"), and [Downtown San Jose](/wiki/Downtown_San_Jose "Downtown San Jose"). Approximately 30 to 40 films are screened in San Jose each year at the Camera 12 Downtown Cinemas. The [San Jose Jazz Festival](/wiki/San_Jose_Jazz_Festival "San Jose Jazz Festival") is another of many events hosted throughout the year. The [Ira F. Brilliant Center for Beethoven Studies](/wiki/Ira_F._Brilliant_Center_for_Beethoven_Studies "Ira F. Brilliant Center for Beethoven Studies") houses the largest collection of [Ludwig van Beethoven](/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven "Ludwig van Beethoven") in the world, outside of Europe, and is the only institution of its kind in [North America](/wiki/North_America "North America"). ### Sports {{See also\|Sports in the San Francisco Bay Area}} [thumb\|upright\|A [San Jose Sharks](/wiki/San_Jose_Sharks "San Jose Sharks") hockey game at [SAP Center](/wiki/SAP_Center "SAP Center")](/wiki/File:SAP_Center.jpg "SAP Center.jpg") [thumb\|right\|upright\|[PayPal Park](/wiki/PayPal_Park "PayPal Park"), home of the [San Jose Earthquakes](/wiki/San_Jose_Earthquakes "San Jose Earthquakes")](/wiki/File:Avaya_Stadium_2016_screenshot_03.jpg "Avaya Stadium 2016 screenshot 03.jpg") | Club | Sport | Founded | League | Venue (capacity) | | [San Jose Sharks](/wiki/San_Jose_Sharks "San Jose Sharks") | [Hockey](/wiki/Ice_Hockey "Ice Hockey") |1991 [National Hockey League](/wiki/National_Hockey_League "National Hockey League") | [SAP Center](/wiki/SAP_Center "SAP Center") (17,562\) | | [San Jose Earthquakes](/wiki/San_Jose_Earthquakes "San Jose Earthquakes") | [Soccer](/wiki/Association_football "Association football") |1995 [Major League Soccer](/wiki/Major_League_Soccer "Major League Soccer") | [PayPal Park](/wiki/PayPal_Park "PayPal Park") (18,000\) | | [San Jose Barracuda](/wiki/San_Jose_Barracuda "San Jose Barracuda") | [Hockey](/wiki/Ice_Hockey "Ice Hockey") |2015 [American Hockey League](/wiki/American_Hockey_League "American Hockey League") | [Tech CU Arena](/wiki/Tech_CU_Arena "Tech CU Arena") (4,200\) | | [San Jose Giants](/wiki/San_Jose_Giants "San Jose Giants") | [Baseball](/wiki/Baseball "Baseball") |1988 [California League](/wiki/California_League "California League") | [Excite Ballpark](/wiki/Excite_Ballpark "Excite Ballpark") (4,200\) | | [San Jose State Spartans](/wiki/San_Jose_State_Spartans "San Jose State Spartans") | [NCAA](/wiki/National_Collegiate_Athletic_Association "National Collegiate Athletic Association") [Football](/wiki/College_football "College football") |1893 [Mountain West Conference](/wiki/Mountain_West_Conference "Mountain West Conference") | [CEFCU Stadium](/wiki/CEFCU_Stadium "CEFCU Stadium") (21,520\) | San Jose is home to the [San Jose Sharks](/wiki/San_Jose_Sharks "San Jose Sharks") of the NHL, the [San Jose Barracuda](/wiki/San_Jose_Barracuda "San Jose Barracuda") of the AHL, and the [San Jose Earthquakes](/wiki/San_Jose_Earthquakes "San Jose Earthquakes") of Major League Soccer. The Sharks and the Barracuda play in the [SAP Center at San Jose](/wiki/SAP_Center_at_San_Jose "SAP Center at San Jose"). The Earthquakes built an 18,000 seat [new stadium](/wiki/PayPal_Park "PayPal Park") that opened in March 2015\. San Jose was a founding member of both the [California League](/wiki/California_League "California League") and [Pacific Coast League](/wiki/Pacific_Coast_League "Pacific Coast League") in minor league baseball. San Jose currently fields the [San Jose Giants](/wiki/San_Jose_Giants "San Jose Giants"), a Low\-A affiliate of the [San Francisco Giants](/wiki/San_Francisco_Giants "San Francisco Giants"). San Jose has been host to several [U.S. Olympic team](/wiki/United_States_Olympic_Committee "United States Olympic Committee") trials over the years. In 2004, the San Jose Sports Authority held the trials for judo, taekwondo, trampolining and rhythmic gymnastics at the [San Jose State Event Center](/wiki/San_Jose_State_Event_Center "San Jose State Event Center"). SAP Center hosted the Gymnastic trials in 2012{{cite web \|title\=Field set for 2012 U.S. Olympic Trials – Gymnastics in San Jose, Calif. \|url\=https://usagym.org/pages/post.html?PostID\=10284 \|website\=USA Gymnastics \|date\=June 12, 2022 \|access\-date\=February 20, 2022 \|archive\-date\=February 20, 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220050112/https://usagym.org/pages/post.html?PostID\=10284 \|url\-status\=live }} and 2016 (women's only).{{cite web\|url\=https://usagym.org/pages/post.html?PostID\=18902\|title\=Women's Olympic trials, Congress bring gymnastics community to San Jose this week\|work\=\[\[USA Gymnastics]]\|access\-date\=February 20, 2022\|archive\-date\=February 20, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220050115/https://usagym.org/pages/post.html?PostID\=18902\|url\-status\=live}} and the [U.S. Figure Skating Championships](/wiki/U.S._Figure_Skating_Championships "U.S. Figure Skating Championships") (used in Olympic years to select the Olympians) in 1996, 2012, and 2018\. It was due to host the 2021 Championship, but that was moved to [Las Vegas](/wiki/Las_Vegas "Las Vegas") and it will instead host 2023\.{{cite news \|title\=Figure skating nationals moving from San Jose to Las Vegas \|url\=https://apnews.com/article/skating\-winter\-olympics\-figure\-skating\-san\-jose\-olympic\-trials\-6496eb677af4e63b5edf6e5c1a569e23 \|access\-date\=February 20, 2022 \|agency\=Associated Press \|date\=November 9, 2020 \|archive\-date\=February 20, 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220050111/https://apnews.com/article/skating\-winter\-olympics\-figure\-skating\-san\-jose\-olympic\-trials\-6496eb677af4e63b5edf6e5c1a569e23 \|url\-status\=live }} In 2008, around 90 percent of the members of the United States Olympic team were processed at San Jose State University prior to traveling to the [2008 Summer Olympics](/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics "2008 Summer Olympics") in Beijing.{{cite news \|url\=http://origin.mercurynews.com/tv/ci\_9980596 \|title\=Unseen Heroes: Olympians in 'lockdown' at SJSU on way to Beijing \|author\=Bruce Newman \|work\=\[\[San Jose Mercury News]] \|date\=July 24, 2008 \|access\-date\=July 29, 2008 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201192559/http://origin.mercurynews.com/tv/ci\_9980596 \|archive\-date\=February 1, 2015 \|url\-status\=live }} The 2009 Junior Olympics for trampoline were also held here. In August 2004, the San Jose Seahawk Rugby Football Club hosted the USA All\-Star [Rugby Sevens](/wiki/Rugby_Sevens "Rugby Sevens") Championships at Watson Bowl, east of Downtown. San Jose State hosted the 2011 [American Collegiate Hockey Association](/wiki/American_Collegiate_Hockey_Association "American Collegiate Hockey Association") (ACHA) national tournament.{{cite web \|title\=San Jose State Spartans Team History \|url\=http://www.sjsuhockey.net/NewHistory.html \|publisher\=sjsuhockey.net \|year\=2010 \|access\-date\=May 4, 2010 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101012055622/http://www.sjsuhockey.net/NewHistory.html \|archive\-date\=October 12, 2010 \|url\-status\=live}} The [NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament](/wiki/2013_NCAA_Division_I_men%27s_basketball_tournament "2013 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament") is also frequently held in San Jose. From 2005 to 2007, the [San Jose Grand Prix](/wiki/San_Jose_Grand_Prix "San Jose Grand Prix"), an annual street circuit race in the [Champ Car World Series](/wiki/Champ_Car_World_Series "Champ Car World Series"), was held in the downtown area. Other races included the [Trans\-Am Series](/wiki/Trans-Am_Series "Trans-Am Series"), the [Toyota Atlantic Championship](/wiki/Toyota_Atlantic_Championship "Toyota Atlantic Championship"), the United States Touring Car Championship, the [Historic Stock Car Racing Series](/wiki/Historic_Stock_Car_Racing_Series "Historic Stock Car Racing Series"), and the [Formula D](/wiki/Formula_D "Formula D") [Drift racing](/wiki/Drifting_%28motorsport%29 "Drifting (motorsport)") competition. In the 2010s, San Jose "aggressively wooed" the [Oakland Athletics](/wiki/Oakland_Athletics "Oakland Athletics") to relocate to San Jose from nearby Oakland, but the [San Francisco Giants](/wiki/San_Francisco_Giants "San Francisco Giants") exercised a veto against this proposal.{{cite news \|url\=http://www.mercurynews.com/southbaybaseball/ci\_15883617 \|title\=How the A's ballpark plans stack up \|work\=San Jose Mercury News \|access\-date\=August 18, 2013 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130426100608/http://www.mercurynews.com/southbaybaseball/ci\_15883617 \|archive\-date\=April 26, 2013 \|url\-status\=live }} In 2013, the city of San Jose sued [Major League Baseball](/wiki/Major_League_Baseball "Major League Baseball") for not allowing the Athletics to relocate to San Jose.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.sacbee.com/2013/06/19/5509860/mark\-purdy\-san\-jose\-takes\-big.html \|title\=San Jose takes big swing at Major League Baseball \|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20130624222013/http://www.sacbee.com/2013/06/19/5509860/mark\-purdy\-san\-jose\-takes\-big.html \|archive\-date\=June 24, 2013 \|access\-date\=October 17, 2014 }} On October 5, 2015, the [United States Supreme Court](/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court "United States Supreme Court") rejected San Jose's bid on the Athletics, who in 2023 announced they would relocate to [Las Vegas](/wiki/Las_Vegas "Las Vegas").{{cite news \|url\=http://www.sfgate.com/athletics/article/U\-S\-Supreme\-Court\-rejects\-San\-Jose\-s\-bid\-to\-6550805\.php \|title\=U.S. Supreme Court rejects San Jose's bid to lure Oakland A's \|work\=San Francisco Chronicle \|access\-date\=October 5, 2015 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151006050342/http://www.sfgate.com/athletics/article/U\-S\-Supreme\-Court\-rejects\-San\-Jose\-s\-bid\-to\-6550805\.php \|archive\-date\=October 6, 2015 \|url\-status\=live}} ### Landmarks {{Main\|List of attractions in Silicon Valley}} Notable landmarks in San Jose include [Children's Discovery Museum of San Jose](/wiki/Children%27s_Discovery_Museum_of_San_Jose "Children's Discovery Museum of San Jose"), [History Park at Kelley Park](/wiki/History_Park_at_Kelley_Park "History Park at Kelley Park"), [Cathedral Basilica of St. Joseph](/wiki/Cathedral_Basilica_of_St._Joseph_%28San_Jose%29 "Cathedral Basilica of St. Joseph (San Jose)"), [Plaza de César Chávez](/wiki/Plaza_de_C%C3%A9sar_Ch%C3%A1vez "Plaza de César Chávez"), [Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Library](/wiki/Dr._Martin_Luther_King%2C_Jr._Library "Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Library"), [Mexican Heritage Plaza](/wiki/Mexican_Heritage_Plaza "Mexican Heritage Plaza"), [Rosicrucian Egyptian Museum](/wiki/Rosicrucian_Egyptian_Museum "Rosicrucian Egyptian Museum"), [Lick Observatory](/wiki/Lick_Observatory "Lick Observatory"), [Hayes Mansion](/wiki/Hayes_Mansion "Hayes Mansion"), [SAP Center at San Jose](/wiki/SAP_Center_at_San_Jose "SAP Center at San Jose"), [Hotel De Anza](/wiki/Hotel_De_Anza "Hotel De Anza"), [San Jose Improv](/wiki/San_Jose_Improv "San Jose Improv"), [Sikh Gurdwara of San Jose](/wiki/Gurdwara_Sahib_of_San_Jose "Gurdwara Sahib of San Jose"), [Peralta Adobe](/wiki/Peralta_Adobe "Peralta Adobe"), [Excite Ballpark](/wiki/Excite_Ballpark "Excite Ballpark"), [Spartan Stadium](/wiki/Spartan_Stadium_%28San_Jose%2C_California%29 "Spartan Stadium (San Jose, California)"), [Japantown San Jose](/wiki/Japantown%2C_San_Jose%2C_California "Japantown, San Jose, California"), [Winchester Mystery House](/wiki/Winchester_Mystery_House "Winchester Mystery House"), [Raging Waters](/wiki/Raging_Waters "Raging Waters"), [Circle of Palms Plaza](/wiki/Circle_of_Palms_Plaza "Circle of Palms Plaza"), [San Jose City Hall](/wiki/San_Jose_City_Hall "San Jose City Hall"), [San Jose Flea Market](/wiki/San_Jose_Flea_Market "San Jose Flea Market"), [Oak Hill Memorial Park](/wiki/Oak_Hill_Memorial_Park "Oak Hill Memorial Park"), [San Jose electric light tower](/wiki/San_Jose_electric_light_tower "San Jose electric light tower"), and [The Tech Museum of Innovation](/wiki/The_Tech_Museum_of_Innovation "The Tech Museum of Innovation"). File:USA\-San Jose\-De Anza Hotel\-3\.jpg\|\[\[Hotel De Anza]] File:Dolce Hayes Mansion at dusk (cropped).jpg\|\[\[Hayes Mansion]] File:StJosephDusk.jpg\|\[\[Cathedral Basilica of St. Joseph (San Jose)\|Cathedral Basilica of St. Joseph]] File:San Pedro Square sign.jpg\|\[\[San Pedro Square]] File:Chinese Cultural Garden Gate.jpg\|The \[\[Chinese Cultural Garden]] File:San Jose Museum of Art \- San Jose, CA \- DSC03781\.JPG\|The \[\[San Jose Museum of Art]] File:USA\-San Jose\-Bank of Italy\-5 (cropped).jpg\|The \[\[Bank of Italy Building (San Jose, California)\|Bank of Italy Building]] File:Winchester Mystery House San Jose 01\.jpg\|\[\[Winchester Mystery House]] File:Church of the Five Wounds, San Jose, California.jpg\|\[\[Five Wounds Portuguese National Church]] File:Tower Hall, San José State University \- DSC03877\.JPG\|\[\[San José State University]] File:Hotel Sainte Claire, on a sunny day.JPG\|The historic Sainte Claire Hotel, today \[\[The Westin San Jose]] File:California Thaeatre in San Jose (cropped).jpg\|\[\[SoFA District\|California Theatre]] #### Museums and institutions {{multiple image \| direction \= vertical \| footer \= The Trianon Theatre, in \[\[Downtown San Jose]] (top), and \[\[Rosicrucian Park]], in \[\[Rose Garden, San Jose, California\|Rose Garden]] (bottom). \| image1 \= Trianon Theatre, San Jose.jpg \| image2 \= Rosicrucian Egyptian Museum grounds2\.jpg }} * [The Tech Museum of Innovation](/wiki/The_Tech_Museum_of_Innovation "The Tech Museum of Innovation") * [Ira F. Brilliant Center for Beethoven Studies](/wiki/Ira_F._Brilliant_Center_for_Beethoven_Studies "Ira F. Brilliant Center for Beethoven Studies"), which houses the largest collection of [Ludwig van Beethoven](/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven "Ludwig van Beethoven") in the world outside of Europe * [Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Library](/wiki/Dr._Martin_Luther_King%2C_Jr._Library "Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Library"), the largest U.S. public library west of the Mississippi River * [San Jose Museum of Art](/wiki/San_Jose_Museum_of_Art "San Jose Museum of Art"), contemporary art museum with a collection of West Coast artists * [Children's Discovery Museum of San Jose](/wiki/Children%27s_Discovery_Museum_of_San_Jose "Children's Discovery Museum of San Jose") * [History Park at Kelley Park](/wiki/History_Park_at_Kelley_Park "History Park at Kelley Park") * [Mexican Heritage Plaza](/wiki/Mexican_Heritage_Plaza "Mexican Heritage Plaza"), a [Chicano](/wiki/Chicano "Chicano") museum and cultural center * [Movimiento de Arte y Cultura Latino Americana](http://maclaarte.org/), is an inclusive contemporary arts museum grounded in the Chicano/Latino experience * [Portuguese Historical Museum](/wiki/Portuguese_Historical_Museum "Portuguese Historical Museum") * [Rosicrucian Egyptian Museum](/wiki/Rosicrucian_Egyptian_Museum "Rosicrucian Egyptian Museum"), the largest collection of Egyptian artifacts on display in the western United States, located at [Rosicrucian Park](/wiki/Rosicrucian_Park "Rosicrucian Park") * [San Jose East Carnegie Branch Library](/wiki/East_San_Jose_Carnegie_Branch_Library "East San Jose Carnegie Branch Library") is notable as it is the last Carnegie library still operating in San Jose, and is on the [National Register of Historic Places](/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places "National Register of Historic Places"). * [San Jose Steam Railroad Museum](/wiki/San_Jose_Steam_Railroad_Museum "San Jose Steam Railroad Museum"), proposed, artifacts and rolling stock are kept at the fairgrounds and Kelley Park * [History San José](/wiki/History_San_Jos%C3%A9 "History San José") * [Japanese American Museum of San Jose](/wiki/Japanese_American_Museum_of_San_Jose "Japanese American Museum of San Jose"), a museum of [Japanese\-American](/wiki/Japanese-American "Japanese-American") history * [Old Bank of America Building](/wiki/Bank_of_America_Building_%28San_Jose%2C_California%29 "Bank of America Building (San Jose, California)"), a historic landmark * [San Jose Museum of Quilts \& Textiles](/wiki/San_Jose_Museum_of_Quilts_%26_Textiles "San Jose Museum of Quilts & Textiles"), the first museum in America dedicated solely to quilts and textiles as an art form * [Viet Museum](/wiki/Viet_Museum "Viet Museum"), a museum of [Vietnamese\-American](/wiki/Vietnamese-American "Vietnamese-American") history
[ "Culture\n-------", "### Architecture", "[thumb\\|left\\|The [Scottish Rite](/wiki/Scottish_Rite \"Scottish Rite\") Temple of San Jose, on St. James Park, built 1924\\.](/wiki/File:USA-San_Jose-Scottish_Rite_Temple-1.jpg \"USA-San Jose-Scottish Rite Temple-1.jpg\")\nBecause the downtown area is in the flight path to nearby [Mineta San Jose International Airport](/wiki/Mineta_San_Jose_International_Airport \"Mineta San Jose International Airport\") (also evidenced in the above panoramic), there is a height limit for buildings in the downtown area, which is underneath the final approach corridor to the airport. The height limit is dictated by local ordinances, driven by the distance from the runway and a slope defined by Federal Aviation Administration regulations. Core downtown buildings are limited to approximately {{cvt\\|300\\|ft\\|m}} but can get taller farther from the airport.{{cite web \\|title\\=Staff Review Agenda \\|url\\=http://www.sanjoseca.gov/planning/pdf/recent/111507\\.pdf \\|publisher\\=City of San Jose \\|date\\=November 15, 2007 \\|access\\-date\\=May 5, 2008 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080528012158/http://www.sanjoseca.gov/planning/pdf/recent/111507\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=May 28, 2008}}", "There has been broad criticism over the past few decades of the city's architecture.{{cite web \\|title\\=Development Services \\|url\\=http://www.sanjoseca.gov/development/developmentcenter/second\\_floor.asp \\|publisher\\=City of San Jose \\|date\\=February 6, 2006 \\|access\\-date\\=May 5, 2008 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080402153817/http://www.sanjoseca.gov/development/developmentcenter/second\\_floor.asp \\|archive\\-date\\=April 2, 2008}} Citizens have complained that San Jose is lacking in aesthetically pleasing architectural styles. Blame for this lack of architectural \"beauty\" can be assigned to the re\\-development of the downtown area from the 1950s onward, in which whole blocks of historic commercial and residential structures were demolished.{{cite web \\|title\\=San Jose Downtown Historic District \\|url\\=https://www.nps.gov/history/nr/travel/santaclara/shd.htm \\|publisher\\=National Park Service \\|access\\-date\\=May 5, 2008 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080512015831/http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/travel/santaclara/shd.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=May 12, 2008 \\|url\\-status\\=live}} Exceptions to this include the [Downtown Historic District](/wiki/Downtown_Historic_District_%28San_Jose%2C_California%29 \"Downtown Historic District (San Jose, California)\"), the [Hotel De Anza](/wiki/Hotel_De_Anza \"Hotel De Anza\"), and the [Hotel Sainte Claire](/wiki/Hotel_Sainte_Claire \"Hotel Sainte Claire\"), both of which are listed in the [National Register of Historic Places](/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places \"National Register of Historic Places\") for their architectural and historical significance.\n[thumb\\|right\\|[San Pedro Square](/wiki/San_Pedro_Square \"San Pedro Square\") is one of San Jose's oldest neighborhoods.](/wiki/File:Firehouse_No._1%2C_San_Pedro_Square%2C_San_Jose_%2844518230154%29.jpg \"Firehouse No. 1, San Pedro Square, San Jose (44518230154).jpg\")\nMunicipal building projects have experimented more with architectural styles than have most private enterprises.{{cite web \\|title\\=Green Building Policy \\|url\\=http://www.sanjoseca.gov/ESD/natural\\-energy\\-resources/gb\\-policy.htm \\|date\\=April 10, 2007 \\|access\\-date\\=May 5, 2008 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080401165425/http://www.sanjoseca.gov/esd/natural\\-energy\\-resources/gb\\-policy.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=April 1, 2008}} The Children's Discovery Museum, Tech Museum of Innovation, and the San Jose Repertory Theater building have experimented with bold colors and unusual exteriors. The new [City Hall](/wiki/San_Jose_City_Hall \"San Jose City Hall\"), designed by Richard Meier \\& Partners, opened in 2005 and is a notable addition to the growing collection of municipal building projects.{{cite news \\|last\\=Yoders \\|first\\=Jeff \\|title\\=San Jose's Richard Meier\\-designed city hall: To Leed, or Not to Leed \\|url\\=http://www.bdcnetwork.com/san\\-joses\\-richard\\-meier\\-designed\\-city\\-hall\\-leed\\-or\\-not\\-leed \\|work\\=Building Design and Construction \\|date\\=November 1, 2005 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090810123942/http://www.bdcnetwork.com/article/CA6281251\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=August 10, 2009 \\|access\\-date\\=November 9, 2013}}", "San Jose has many examples of houses with fine architecture. Late 19th century and early 20th century styles exist in neighborhoods such as [Hanchett Park](/wiki/Shasta/Hanchett_Park%2C_San_Jose%2C_California \"Shasta/Hanchett Park, San Jose, California\"), [Naglee Park](/wiki/Naglee_Park%2C_San_Jose%2C_California \"Naglee Park, San Jose, California\"), [Rose Garden](/wiki/Rose_Garden%2C_San_Jose%2C_California \"Rose Garden, San Jose, California\"), and [Willow Glen](/wiki/Willow_Glen%2C_California \"Willow Glen, California\") (including [Palm Haven](/wiki/Palm_Haven \"Palm Haven\")).", "Styles include [Mediterranean Revival architecture](/wiki/Mediterranean_Revival_architecture \"Mediterranean Revival architecture\"), [Spanish Colonial architecture](/wiki/Spanish_Colonial_architecture \"Spanish Colonial architecture\"), [Neoclassical architecture](/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture \"Neoclassical architecture\"), [Craftsman](/wiki/American_Craftsman \"American Craftsman\"), [Mission Revival](/wiki/Mission_Revival \"Mission Revival\"), [Prairie style](/wiki/Prairie_style \"Prairie style\"), and [Queen Anne style](/wiki/Queen_Anne_style_architecture_in_the_United_States \"Queen Anne style architecture in the United States\") Victorian.", "Notable architects include [Frank Delos Wolfe](/wiki/Frank_Delos_Wolfe \"Frank Delos Wolfe\"), [Theodore Lenzen](/wiki/Theodore_Lenzen \"Theodore Lenzen\"), Charles McKenzie,{{cite news \\|title\\= Photos of homes in San Jose, California, then and now. \\|url\\= http://www.bvnasj.org/SanJoseThenNow3\\.htm \\|author\\= Buena Vista Neighborhood Association \\|date\\= February 21, 2012 \\|access\\-date\\= August 16, 2014 \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20141110020629/http://www.bvnasj.org/SanJoseThenNow3\\.htm \\|archive\\-date\\= November 10, 2014 \\|url\\-status\\= live }} and [Julia Morgan](/wiki/Julia_Morgan \"Julia Morgan\").{{cite news \\|title\\=Julia Morgan\\-designed mansion on The Alameda in San Jose will soon become office space \\|url\\=http://www.mercurynews.com/rose\\-garden/ci\\_15907062 \\|author\\=Mary Gottschalk / San Jose Mercury News \\|date\\=August 26, 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=June 12, 2015 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150614023411/http://www.mercurynews.com/rose\\-garden/ci\\_15907062 \\|archive\\-date\\=June 14, 2015 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "### Visual arts", "[thumb\\|left\\|Celebrations for the 240th anniversary of the founding of San Jose at the [Peralta Adobe](/wiki/Peralta_Adobe \"Peralta Adobe\") in 2017\\.](/wiki/File:Happy_Birthday_San_Jose_%2824637282368%29.jpg \"Happy Birthday San Jose (24637282368).jpg\")\nPublic art is an evolving attraction in the city. The city was one of the first to adopt a public art ordinance at 2% of capital improvement building project budgets,{{cite web \\|title\\=2006–2007 Proposed Capital Budget \\|url\\=http://www.sanjoseca.gov/budget/FY0607/ProposedCapital/28\\.pdf \\|website\\=City of San Jose \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060822225404/http://www.sanjoseca.gov/budget/FY0607/ProposedCapital/28\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=August 22, 2006}} and as a result of this commitment, a considerable number of public art projects exist in the downtown area, and a growing collection in neighborhoods including libraries, parks, and fire stations. In particular, the Mineta Airport expansion incorporated art and technology into its development.\nEarly public art included a statue of [Quetzalcoatl](/wiki/Quetzalcoatl \"Quetzalcoatl\") (the plumed serpent) downtown, controversial in its planning because some called it pagan, and controversial in its implementation because many felt that the final statue by [Robert Graham](/wiki/Robert_Graham_%28sculptor%29 \"Robert Graham (sculptor)\") did not look like a winged serpent, and was more noted for its expense than its aesthetics. Locals joked that the statue resembles a pile of [feces](/wiki/Feces \"Feces\").{{cite web \\|title\\=Herhold: I'll miss the red eyes of San Jose's plumed serpent \\|url\\=http://www.mercurynews.com/scott\\-herhold/ci\\_17274049?nclick\\_check\\=1 \\|work\\=San Jose Mercury News \\|date\\=February 2, 2011 \\|first\\=Scott \\|last\\=Herhold \\|access\\-date\\=April 15, 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120125225457/http://www.mercurynews.com/scott\\-herhold/ci\\_17274049?nclick\\_check\\=1 \\|archive\\-date\\=January 25, 2012 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "A statue of [Thomas Fallon](/wiki/Thomas_Fallon \"Thomas Fallon\") also met strong resistance from those who called him largely responsible for the decimation of early native populations. [Chicano](/wiki/Chicano \"Chicano\")/Latino activists protested because he had captured San Jose by military force in the [Mexican–American War](/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War \"Mexican–American War\") (1846\\). They also protested the perceived \"repression\" of historic documents detailing Fallon's orders expelling many of the city's [Californio](/wiki/Californio \"Californio\") (early Spanish/Mexican/Mestizo) residents. In October 1991 protests at [Columbus Day](/wiki/Columbus_Day \"Columbus Day\") and [Dia de la Raza](/wiki/Dia_de_la_Raza \"Dia de la Raza\") celebrations stalled than plan, and the statue was stored in a warehouse in [Oakland](/wiki/Oakland%2C_California \"Oakland, California\") for more than a decade. The statue returned in 2002 to a less conspicuous location: Pellier Park, a small triangular patch at the merge of West Julian and West St. James streets.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.bizjournals.com/sanjose/stories/2002/09/16/daily78\\.html \\|title\\=Fallon statue unveiled \\|work\\=Silicon Valley/San Jose Business Journal \\|date\\=September 20, 2002 \\|access\\-date\\=June 18, 2007 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20050314193405/http://www.bizjournals.com/sanjose/stories/2002/09/16/daily78\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=March 14, 2005 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}\n[thumb\\|upright\\|Statue of [Thomas Fallon](/wiki/Thomas_Fallon \"Thomas Fallon\"), 10th [Mayor of San Jose](/wiki/Mayor_of_San_Jose%2C_California \"Mayor of San Jose, California\").](/wiki/File:Thomas_Fallon_Statue.jpg \"Thomas Fallon Statue.jpg\")\nIn 2001, the city\\-sponsored SharkByte, an exhibit of decorated [sharks](/wiki/Shark \"Shark\") based on the mascot of the hockey team, the San Jose Sharks, and modeled after Chicago's display of decorated cows.{{cite web \\|author\\=Jim LaFrenere \\|url\\=http://www.chicagotraveler.com/cows\\_on\\_parade.htm \\|title\\=Chicago cows on parade exhibit \\|publisher\\=Chicagotraveler.com \\|access\\-date\\=July 1, 2010 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100924112447/http://chicagotraveler.com/cows\\_on\\_parade.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=September 24, 2010 }} Large models of sharks decorated in clever, colorful, or creative ways by local artists were displayed for months at dozens of locations around the city. After the exhibition, the sharks were auctioned off for charity.", "In 2006, [Adobe Systems](/wiki/Adobe_Systems \"Adobe Systems\") commissioned an art installation titled *San Jose Semaphore* by Ben Rubin,{{cite book \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=ZBJbIP0fMr0C\\&pg\\=PA342 \\|title\\=Entangled: Technology and the Transformation of Performance \\|author\\=Chris Salter \\|first2\\=Peter \\|last2\\=Sellars \\|year\\=2010 \\|page\\=342 \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-262\\-19588\\-1 \\|publisher\\=The MIT Press \\|access\\-date\\=November 20, 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=April 23, 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423094456/https://books.google.com/books?id\\=ZBJbIP0fMr0C\\&pg\\=PA342 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} \\-\\-via Google Books. at the top of its headquarters building. Semaphore is composed of four LED discs which \"rotate\" to transmit a message. The content remained a mystery until it was deciphered in August 2007\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.adobe.com/aboutadobe/philanthropy/sjsemaphore/past.html \\|title\\=San José Semaphore – 2006 Contest – Past Contest – How the code was cracked \\|publisher\\=Adobe.com \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021164919/http://www.adobe.com/aboutadobe/philanthropy/sjsemaphore/past.html \\|archive\\-date\\=October 21, 2012 \\|access\\-date\\=November 10, 2013}}{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.earstudio.com/sanjosesemaphore/decoding.pdf \\|title\\=Decoding the San Jose Semaphore \\|date\\=August 14, 2007 \\|publisher\\=Ear Studio \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304134307/http://www.earstudio.com/sanjosesemaphore/decoding.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=March 4, 2012 \\|access\\-date\\=November 9, 2013}} The visual art installation is supplemented with an audio track, transmitted from the building on a low\\-power AM station. The audio track provides clues to decode the message being transmitted.", "San Jose retains a number of murals in the Chicano history tradition of [Diego Rivera](/wiki/Diego_Rivera \"Diego Rivera\") and [José Clemente Orozco](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Clemente_Orozco \"José Clemente Orozco\") of murals as public textbooks.{{cite news\\| title\\=San Jose's Disappearing Murals: 'It's Like Wiping Away People's History' \\|author\\=Leonardo Castaneda \\|publisher\\=Bay Area News Group \\|work\\=San Jose Mercury\\-News\\| page\\=A1 \\|date\\=December 16, 2018 }}", "Although intended to be permanent monuments to the city's heritage as a mission town founded in 1777, a number of murals have been painted over, notably *Mural de la Raza*, on the side of a Story Rd shoe store, and *Mexicatlan* at the corner of Sunset and Alum Rock. In addition, two of three murals by Mexican artist Gustavo Bernal Navarro have disappeared. The third mural, *La Medicina y la Comunidad* at the Gardner clinic on East Virginia Street, depicts both modern and traditional healers.", "Surviving Chicano history murals include *Nuestra Senora de Guadelupe* at Our Lady of Guadalupe church and the 1970s or 1980s *Virgen de Guadelupe Huelga Bird* at Cal Foods east of downtown. The Guadalajara restaurant has the 1986 *Guadalajara Market No. 2* by Edward Earl Tarver III and a 2013 work by Jesus Rodriguez and Empire 7, *La Gran Culture Resonance*.", "An unknown artist painted the *Huelga Bird and Aztec City* mural in the 1970s or 1980s on the Clyde L. Fisher Middle School. In 1995 Antonio Nava Torres painted *The Aztec Calendar Handball Court* at Biebrach Park, and the unknown artist of *Chaco's Pachuco* painted it on the former Chaco's Restaurant in the 1990s. The *Jerry Hernandez* mural by Frank Torres at Pop's Mini Mart on King Road dates to 2009, and another recent mural by Carlos Rodriguez on the Sidhu Market at Locust and West Virginia depicts a stern\\-looking warrior.", "### Performing arts", "{{multiple image\n\\| direction \\= vertical\n\\| align \\= left\n\\| footer \\= \\[\\[San Jose Civic]] (top) and the \\[\\[San Jose Center for the Performing Arts\\|Center for the Performing Arts]] (bottom).\n\\| image1 \\= Downtown San Jose, California 3 2017\\-06\\-12\\.jpg\\|\n\\| image2 \\= San Jose Center for Performing Arts.jpg\n}}", "The city is home to many performing arts companies, including [Opera San Jose](/wiki/Opera_San_Jose \"Opera San Jose\"), [Symphony Silicon Valley](/wiki/Symphony_Silicon_Valley \"Symphony Silicon Valley\"), [Ballet San Jose Silicon Valley](/wiki/Ballet_San_Jose_Silicon_Valley \"Ballet San Jose Silicon Valley\"), [sjDANCEco](/wiki/SjDANCEco \"SjDANCEco\"), The San Jose Symphonic Choir, [Children's Musical Theater San Jose](/wiki/Children%27s_Musical_Theater_San_Jose \"Children's Musical Theater San Jose\"),{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.cmtsj.org/content/about\\-cmt\\-san\\-jose \\|title\\=ABOUT CMT San Jose \\|publisher\\=Cmtsj.org \\|access\\-date\\=July 8, 2013 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530032014/http://cmtsj.org/content/about\\-cmt\\-san\\-jose \\|archive\\-date\\=May 30, 2013 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} the [San Jose Youth Symphony](/wiki/San_Jose_Youth_Symphony \"San Jose Youth Symphony\"), the [San Jose Repertory Theatre](/wiki/San_Jose_Repertory_Theatre \"San Jose Repertory Theatre\"), City Lights Theatre Company, The Tabard Theatre Company, San Jose Stage Company, and the now\\-defunct [American Musical Theatre of San Jose](/wiki/American_Musical_Theatre_of_San_Jose \"American Musical Theatre of San Jose\") which was replaced by [Broadway San Jose](/wiki/Broadway_San_Jose \"Broadway San Jose\") in partnership with [Team San Jose](/wiki/Team_San_Jose \"Team San Jose\"). San Jose is also home to the [San Jose Museum of Art](/wiki/San_Jose_Museum_of_Art \"San Jose Museum of Art\"),{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.sanjosemuseumofart.org \\|title\\=San Jose Museum of Art \\|publisher\\=San Jose Museum of Art \\|access\\-date\\=July 1, 2010 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140928004102/http://www.sanjosemuseumofart.org/ \\|archive\\-date\\=September 28, 2014 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} one of the nation's premiere Modern Art museums.", "The [SAP Center at San Jose](/wiki/SAP_Center_at_San_Jose \"SAP Center at San Jose\") is one of the most active venues for events in the world. According to [Billboard Magazine](/wiki/Billboard_Magazine \"Billboard Magazine\") and Pollstar, the arena sold the most tickets to non\\-sporting events of any venue in the United States, and third in the world after the [Manchester Evening News Arena](/wiki/Manchester_Evening_News_Arena \"Manchester Evening News Arena\") in [Manchester](/wiki/Manchester \"Manchester\"), England, and the [Bell Centre](/wiki/Bell_Centre \"Bell Centre\") in [Montreal](/wiki/Montreal \"Montreal\"), Canada, for the period from January 1{{spaced ndash}}September 30, 2004\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.siliconvalley.com/mld/mercurynews/news/columnists/leigh\\_weimers/10045287\\.htm?template\\=contentModules/printstory.jsp \\|date\\=October 29, 2004 \\|title\\=Who needs the Sharks? HP Pavilion thriving \\|first\\=Leigh \\|last\\=Weimers \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20050309065548/http://www.siliconvalley.com/mld/mercurynews/news/columnists/leigh\\_weimers/10045287\\.htm?template\\=contentModules%2Fprintstory.jsp \\|archive\\-date\\=March 9, 2005 \\|access\\-date\\=November 9, 2013 }}", "The annual [Cinequest Film Festival](/wiki/Cinequest_Film_Festival \"Cinequest Film Festival\") in downtown has grown to over 60,000 attendees per year, becoming an important festival for independent films. The [San Francisco Asian American Film Festival](/wiki/San_Francisco_Asian_American_Film_Festival \"San Francisco Asian American Film Festival\") is an annual event, which is hosted in San Francisco, [Berkeley](/wiki/Berkeley%2C_California \"Berkeley, California\"), and [Downtown San Jose](/wiki/Downtown_San_Jose \"Downtown San Jose\"). Approximately 30 to 40 films are screened in San Jose each year at the Camera 12 Downtown Cinemas. The [San Jose Jazz Festival](/wiki/San_Jose_Jazz_Festival \"San Jose Jazz Festival\") is another of many events hosted throughout the year.", "The [Ira F. Brilliant Center for Beethoven Studies](/wiki/Ira_F._Brilliant_Center_for_Beethoven_Studies \"Ira F. Brilliant Center for Beethoven Studies\") houses the largest collection of [Ludwig van Beethoven](/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven \"Ludwig van Beethoven\") in the world, outside of Europe, and is the only institution of its kind in [North America](/wiki/North_America \"North America\").", "### Sports", "{{See also\\|Sports in the San Francisco Bay Area}}\n[thumb\\|upright\\|A [San Jose Sharks](/wiki/San_Jose_Sharks \"San Jose Sharks\") hockey game at [SAP Center](/wiki/SAP_Center \"SAP Center\")](/wiki/File:SAP_Center.jpg \"SAP Center.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|right\\|upright\\|[PayPal Park](/wiki/PayPal_Park \"PayPal Park\"), home of the [San Jose Earthquakes](/wiki/San_Jose_Earthquakes \"San Jose Earthquakes\")](/wiki/File:Avaya_Stadium_2016_screenshot_03.jpg \"Avaya Stadium 2016 screenshot 03.jpg\")", "| Club | Sport | Founded | League | Venue (capacity) |\n| [San Jose Sharks](/wiki/San_Jose_Sharks \"San Jose Sharks\") | [Hockey](/wiki/Ice_Hockey \"Ice Hockey\") |1991", "[National Hockey League](/wiki/National_Hockey_League \"National Hockey League\") |\n [SAP Center](/wiki/SAP_Center \"SAP Center\") (17,562\\) |\n| [San Jose Earthquakes](/wiki/San_Jose_Earthquakes \"San Jose Earthquakes\") | [Soccer](/wiki/Association_football \"Association football\") |1995", "[Major League Soccer](/wiki/Major_League_Soccer \"Major League Soccer\") |\n [PayPal Park](/wiki/PayPal_Park \"PayPal Park\") (18,000\\) |\n| [San Jose Barracuda](/wiki/San_Jose_Barracuda \"San Jose Barracuda\") | [Hockey](/wiki/Ice_Hockey \"Ice Hockey\") |2015", "[American Hockey League](/wiki/American_Hockey_League \"American Hockey League\") |\n [Tech CU Arena](/wiki/Tech_CU_Arena \"Tech CU Arena\") (4,200\\) |\n| [San Jose Giants](/wiki/San_Jose_Giants \"San Jose Giants\") | [Baseball](/wiki/Baseball \"Baseball\") |1988", "[California League](/wiki/California_League \"California League\") |\n [Excite Ballpark](/wiki/Excite_Ballpark \"Excite Ballpark\") (4,200\\) |\n| [San Jose State Spartans](/wiki/San_Jose_State_Spartans \"San Jose State Spartans\") | [NCAA](/wiki/National_Collegiate_Athletic_Association \"National Collegiate Athletic Association\") [Football](/wiki/College_football \"College football\") |1893", "[Mountain West Conference](/wiki/Mountain_West_Conference \"Mountain West Conference\") |\n [CEFCU Stadium](/wiki/CEFCU_Stadium \"CEFCU Stadium\") (21,520\\) |", "", "San Jose is home to the [San Jose Sharks](/wiki/San_Jose_Sharks \"San Jose Sharks\") of the NHL, the [San Jose Barracuda](/wiki/San_Jose_Barracuda \"San Jose Barracuda\") of the AHL, and the [San Jose Earthquakes](/wiki/San_Jose_Earthquakes \"San Jose Earthquakes\") of Major League Soccer. The Sharks and the Barracuda play in the [SAP Center at San Jose](/wiki/SAP_Center_at_San_Jose \"SAP Center at San Jose\"). The Earthquakes built an 18,000 seat [new stadium](/wiki/PayPal_Park \"PayPal Park\") that opened in March 2015\\. San Jose was a founding member of both the [California League](/wiki/California_League \"California League\") and [Pacific Coast League](/wiki/Pacific_Coast_League \"Pacific Coast League\") in minor league baseball. San Jose currently fields the [San Jose Giants](/wiki/San_Jose_Giants \"San Jose Giants\"), a Low\\-A affiliate of the [San Francisco Giants](/wiki/San_Francisco_Giants \"San Francisco Giants\").", "San Jose has been host to several [U.S. Olympic team](/wiki/United_States_Olympic_Committee \"United States Olympic Committee\") trials over the years. In 2004, the San Jose Sports Authority held the trials for judo, taekwondo, trampolining and rhythmic gymnastics at the [San Jose State Event Center](/wiki/San_Jose_State_Event_Center \"San Jose State Event Center\"). SAP Center hosted the Gymnastic trials in 2012{{cite web \\|title\\=Field set for 2012 U.S. Olympic Trials – Gymnastics in San Jose, Calif. \\|url\\=https://usagym.org/pages/post.html?PostID\\=10284 \\|website\\=USA Gymnastics \\|date\\=June 12, 2022 \\|access\\-date\\=February 20, 2022 \\|archive\\-date\\=February 20, 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220050112/https://usagym.org/pages/post.html?PostID\\=10284 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} and 2016 (women's only).{{cite web\\|url\\=https://usagym.org/pages/post.html?PostID\\=18902\\|title\\=Women's Olympic trials, Congress bring gymnastics community to San Jose this week\\|work\\=\\[\\[USA Gymnastics]]\\|access\\-date\\=February 20, 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=February 20, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220050115/https://usagym.org/pages/post.html?PostID\\=18902\\|url\\-status\\=live}} and the [U.S. Figure Skating Championships](/wiki/U.S._Figure_Skating_Championships \"U.S. Figure Skating Championships\") (used in Olympic years to select the Olympians) in 1996, 2012, and 2018\\. It was due to host the 2021 Championship, but that was moved to [Las Vegas](/wiki/Las_Vegas \"Las Vegas\") and it will instead host 2023\\.{{cite news \\|title\\=Figure skating nationals moving from San Jose to Las Vegas \\|url\\=https://apnews.com/article/skating\\-winter\\-olympics\\-figure\\-skating\\-san\\-jose\\-olympic\\-trials\\-6496eb677af4e63b5edf6e5c1a569e23 \\|access\\-date\\=February 20, 2022 \\|agency\\=Associated Press \\|date\\=November 9, 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=February 20, 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220050111/https://apnews.com/article/skating\\-winter\\-olympics\\-figure\\-skating\\-san\\-jose\\-olympic\\-trials\\-6496eb677af4e63b5edf6e5c1a569e23 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} In 2008, around 90 percent of the members of the United States Olympic team were processed at San Jose State University prior to traveling to the [2008 Summer Olympics](/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics \"2008 Summer Olympics\") in Beijing.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://origin.mercurynews.com/tv/ci\\_9980596 \\|title\\=Unseen Heroes: Olympians in 'lockdown' at SJSU on way to Beijing \\|author\\=Bruce Newman \\|work\\=\\[\\[San Jose Mercury News]] \\|date\\=July 24, 2008 \\|access\\-date\\=July 29, 2008 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201192559/http://origin.mercurynews.com/tv/ci\\_9980596 \\|archive\\-date\\=February 1, 2015 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} The 2009 Junior Olympics for trampoline were also held here.", "In August 2004, the San Jose Seahawk Rugby Football Club hosted the USA All\\-Star [Rugby Sevens](/wiki/Rugby_Sevens \"Rugby Sevens\") Championships at Watson Bowl, east of Downtown.\nSan Jose State hosted the 2011 [American Collegiate Hockey Association](/wiki/American_Collegiate_Hockey_Association \"American Collegiate Hockey Association\") (ACHA) national tournament.{{cite web \\|title\\=San Jose State Spartans Team History \\|url\\=http://www.sjsuhockey.net/NewHistory.html \\|publisher\\=sjsuhockey.net \\|year\\=2010 \\|access\\-date\\=May 4, 2010 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101012055622/http://www.sjsuhockey.net/NewHistory.html \\|archive\\-date\\=October 12, 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=live}} The [NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament](/wiki/2013_NCAA_Division_I_men%27s_basketball_tournament \"2013 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament\") is also frequently held in San Jose.", "From 2005 to 2007, the [San Jose Grand Prix](/wiki/San_Jose_Grand_Prix \"San Jose Grand Prix\"), an annual street circuit race in the [Champ Car World Series](/wiki/Champ_Car_World_Series \"Champ Car World Series\"), was held in the downtown area. Other races included the [Trans\\-Am Series](/wiki/Trans-Am_Series \"Trans-Am Series\"), the [Toyota Atlantic Championship](/wiki/Toyota_Atlantic_Championship \"Toyota Atlantic Championship\"), the United States Touring Car Championship, the [Historic Stock Car Racing Series](/wiki/Historic_Stock_Car_Racing_Series \"Historic Stock Car Racing Series\"), and the [Formula D](/wiki/Formula_D \"Formula D\") [Drift racing](/wiki/Drifting_%28motorsport%29 \"Drifting (motorsport)\") competition.", "In the 2010s, San Jose \"aggressively wooed\" the [Oakland Athletics](/wiki/Oakland_Athletics \"Oakland Athletics\") to relocate to San Jose from nearby Oakland, but the [San Francisco Giants](/wiki/San_Francisco_Giants \"San Francisco Giants\") exercised a veto against this proposal.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.mercurynews.com/southbaybaseball/ci\\_15883617 \\|title\\=How the A's ballpark plans stack up \\|work\\=San Jose Mercury News \\|access\\-date\\=August 18, 2013 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130426100608/http://www.mercurynews.com/southbaybaseball/ci\\_15883617 \\|archive\\-date\\=April 26, 2013 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} In 2013, the city of San Jose sued [Major League Baseball](/wiki/Major_League_Baseball \"Major League Baseball\") for not allowing the Athletics to relocate to San Jose.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.sacbee.com/2013/06/19/5509860/mark\\-purdy\\-san\\-jose\\-takes\\-big.html \\|title\\=San Jose takes big swing at Major League Baseball \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20130624222013/http://www.sacbee.com/2013/06/19/5509860/mark\\-purdy\\-san\\-jose\\-takes\\-big.html \\|archive\\-date\\=June 24, 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=October 17, 2014 }} On October 5, 2015, the [United States Supreme Court](/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court \"United States Supreme Court\") rejected San Jose's bid on the Athletics, who in 2023 announced they would relocate to [Las Vegas](/wiki/Las_Vegas \"Las Vegas\").{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.sfgate.com/athletics/article/U\\-S\\-Supreme\\-Court\\-rejects\\-San\\-Jose\\-s\\-bid\\-to\\-6550805\\.php \\|title\\=U.S. Supreme Court rejects San Jose's bid to lure Oakland A's \\|work\\=San Francisco Chronicle \\|access\\-date\\=October 5, 2015 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151006050342/http://www.sfgate.com/athletics/article/U\\-S\\-Supreme\\-Court\\-rejects\\-San\\-Jose\\-s\\-bid\\-to\\-6550805\\.php \\|archive\\-date\\=October 6, 2015 \\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "### Landmarks", "{{Main\\|List of attractions in Silicon Valley}}\nNotable landmarks in San Jose include [Children's Discovery Museum of San Jose](/wiki/Children%27s_Discovery_Museum_of_San_Jose \"Children's Discovery Museum of San Jose\"), [History Park at Kelley Park](/wiki/History_Park_at_Kelley_Park \"History Park at Kelley Park\"), [Cathedral Basilica of St. Joseph](/wiki/Cathedral_Basilica_of_St._Joseph_%28San_Jose%29 \"Cathedral Basilica of St. Joseph (San Jose)\"), [Plaza de César Chávez](/wiki/Plaza_de_C%C3%A9sar_Ch%C3%A1vez \"Plaza de César Chávez\"), [Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Library](/wiki/Dr._Martin_Luther_King%2C_Jr._Library \"Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Library\"), [Mexican Heritage Plaza](/wiki/Mexican_Heritage_Plaza \"Mexican Heritage Plaza\"), [Rosicrucian Egyptian Museum](/wiki/Rosicrucian_Egyptian_Museum \"Rosicrucian Egyptian Museum\"), [Lick Observatory](/wiki/Lick_Observatory \"Lick Observatory\"), [Hayes Mansion](/wiki/Hayes_Mansion \"Hayes Mansion\"), [SAP Center at San Jose](/wiki/SAP_Center_at_San_Jose \"SAP Center at San Jose\"), [Hotel De Anza](/wiki/Hotel_De_Anza \"Hotel De Anza\"), [San Jose Improv](/wiki/San_Jose_Improv \"San Jose Improv\"), [Sikh Gurdwara of San Jose](/wiki/Gurdwara_Sahib_of_San_Jose \"Gurdwara Sahib of San Jose\"), [Peralta Adobe](/wiki/Peralta_Adobe \"Peralta Adobe\"), [Excite Ballpark](/wiki/Excite_Ballpark \"Excite Ballpark\"), [Spartan Stadium](/wiki/Spartan_Stadium_%28San_Jose%2C_California%29 \"Spartan Stadium (San Jose, California)\"), [Japantown San Jose](/wiki/Japantown%2C_San_Jose%2C_California \"Japantown, San Jose, California\"), [Winchester Mystery House](/wiki/Winchester_Mystery_House \"Winchester Mystery House\"), [Raging Waters](/wiki/Raging_Waters \"Raging Waters\"), [Circle of Palms Plaza](/wiki/Circle_of_Palms_Plaza \"Circle of Palms Plaza\"), [San Jose City Hall](/wiki/San_Jose_City_Hall \"San Jose City Hall\"), [San Jose Flea Market](/wiki/San_Jose_Flea_Market \"San Jose Flea Market\"), [Oak Hill Memorial Park](/wiki/Oak_Hill_Memorial_Park \"Oak Hill Memorial Park\"), [San Jose electric light tower](/wiki/San_Jose_electric_light_tower \"San Jose electric light tower\"), and [The Tech Museum of Innovation](/wiki/The_Tech_Museum_of_Innovation \"The Tech Museum of Innovation\").", "", "File:USA\\-San Jose\\-De Anza Hotel\\-3\\.jpg\\|\\[\\[Hotel De Anza]]\nFile:Dolce Hayes Mansion at dusk (cropped).jpg\\|\\[\\[Hayes Mansion]]\nFile:StJosephDusk.jpg\\|\\[\\[Cathedral Basilica of St. Joseph (San Jose)\\|Cathedral Basilica of St. Joseph]] \nFile:San Pedro Square sign.jpg\\|\\[\\[San Pedro Square]]\nFile:Chinese Cultural Garden Gate.jpg\\|The \\[\\[Chinese Cultural Garden]]\nFile:San Jose Museum of Art \\- San Jose, CA \\- DSC03781\\.JPG\\|The \\[\\[San Jose Museum of Art]]\nFile:USA\\-San Jose\\-Bank of Italy\\-5 (cropped).jpg\\|The \\[\\[Bank of Italy Building (San Jose, California)\\|Bank of Italy Building]]\nFile:Winchester Mystery House San Jose 01\\.jpg\\|\\[\\[Winchester Mystery House]]\nFile:Church of the Five Wounds, San Jose, California.jpg\\|\\[\\[Five Wounds Portuguese National Church]]\nFile:Tower Hall, San José State University \\- DSC03877\\.JPG\\|\\[\\[San José State University]]\nFile:Hotel Sainte Claire, on a sunny day.JPG\\|The historic Sainte Claire Hotel, today \\[\\[The Westin San Jose]]\nFile:California Thaeatre in San Jose (cropped).jpg\\|\\[\\[SoFA District\\|California Theatre]]", "", "#### Museums and institutions", "{{multiple image\n\\| direction \\= vertical\n\\| footer \\= The Trianon Theatre, in \\[\\[Downtown San Jose]] (top), and \\[\\[Rosicrucian Park]], in \\[\\[Rose Garden, San Jose, California\\|Rose Garden]] (bottom).\n\\| image1 \\= Trianon Theatre, San Jose.jpg\n\\| image2 \\= Rosicrucian Egyptian Museum grounds2\\.jpg\n}}\n* [The Tech Museum of Innovation](/wiki/The_Tech_Museum_of_Innovation \"The Tech Museum of Innovation\")\n* [Ira F. Brilliant Center for Beethoven Studies](/wiki/Ira_F._Brilliant_Center_for_Beethoven_Studies \"Ira F. Brilliant Center for Beethoven Studies\"), which houses the largest collection of [Ludwig van Beethoven](/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven \"Ludwig van Beethoven\") in the world outside of Europe\n* [Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Library](/wiki/Dr._Martin_Luther_King%2C_Jr._Library \"Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Library\"), the largest U.S. public library west of the Mississippi River\n* [San Jose Museum of Art](/wiki/San_Jose_Museum_of_Art \"San Jose Museum of Art\"), contemporary art museum with a collection of West Coast artists\n* [Children's Discovery Museum of San Jose](/wiki/Children%27s_Discovery_Museum_of_San_Jose \"Children's Discovery Museum of San Jose\")\n* [History Park at Kelley Park](/wiki/History_Park_at_Kelley_Park \"History Park at Kelley Park\")\n* [Mexican Heritage Plaza](/wiki/Mexican_Heritage_Plaza \"Mexican Heritage Plaza\"), a [Chicano](/wiki/Chicano \"Chicano\") museum and cultural center\n* [Movimiento de Arte y Cultura Latino Americana](http://maclaarte.org/), is an inclusive contemporary arts museum grounded in the Chicano/Latino experience\n* [Portuguese Historical Museum](/wiki/Portuguese_Historical_Museum \"Portuguese Historical Museum\")\n* [Rosicrucian Egyptian Museum](/wiki/Rosicrucian_Egyptian_Museum \"Rosicrucian Egyptian Museum\"), the largest collection of Egyptian artifacts on display in the western United States, located at [Rosicrucian Park](/wiki/Rosicrucian_Park \"Rosicrucian Park\")\n* [San Jose East Carnegie Branch Library](/wiki/East_San_Jose_Carnegie_Branch_Library \"East San Jose Carnegie Branch Library\") is notable as it is the last Carnegie library still operating in San Jose, and is on the [National Register of Historic Places](/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places \"National Register of Historic Places\").\n* [San Jose Steam Railroad Museum](/wiki/San_Jose_Steam_Railroad_Museum \"San Jose Steam Railroad Museum\"), proposed, artifacts and rolling stock are kept at the fairgrounds and Kelley Park\n* [History San José](/wiki/History_San_Jos%C3%A9 \"History San José\")\n* [Japanese American Museum of San Jose](/wiki/Japanese_American_Museum_of_San_Jose \"Japanese American Museum of San Jose\"), a museum of [Japanese\\-American](/wiki/Japanese-American \"Japanese-American\") history\n* [Old Bank of America Building](/wiki/Bank_of_America_Building_%28San_Jose%2C_California%29 \"Bank of America Building (San Jose, California)\"), a historic landmark\n* [San Jose Museum of Quilts \\& Textiles](/wiki/San_Jose_Museum_of_Quilts_%26_Textiles \"San Jose Museum of Quilts & Textiles\"), the first museum in America dedicated solely to quilts and textiles as an art form\n* [Viet Museum](/wiki/Viet_Museum \"Viet Museum\"), a museum of [Vietnamese\\-American](/wiki/Vietnamese-American \"Vietnamese-American\") history", "" ]
### Visual arts [thumb\|left\|Celebrations for the 240th anniversary of the founding of San Jose at the [Peralta Adobe](/wiki/Peralta_Adobe "Peralta Adobe") in 2017\.](/wiki/File:Happy_Birthday_San_Jose_%2824637282368%29.jpg "Happy Birthday San Jose (24637282368).jpg") Public art is an evolving attraction in the city. The city was one of the first to adopt a public art ordinance at 2% of capital improvement building project budgets,{{cite web \|title\=2006–2007 Proposed Capital Budget \|url\=http://www.sanjoseca.gov/budget/FY0607/ProposedCapital/28\.pdf \|website\=City of San Jose \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060822225404/http://www.sanjoseca.gov/budget/FY0607/ProposedCapital/28\.pdf \|archive\-date\=August 22, 2006}} and as a result of this commitment, a considerable number of public art projects exist in the downtown area, and a growing collection in neighborhoods including libraries, parks, and fire stations. In particular, the Mineta Airport expansion incorporated art and technology into its development. Early public art included a statue of [Quetzalcoatl](/wiki/Quetzalcoatl "Quetzalcoatl") (the plumed serpent) downtown, controversial in its planning because some called it pagan, and controversial in its implementation because many felt that the final statue by [Robert Graham](/wiki/Robert_Graham_%28sculptor%29 "Robert Graham (sculptor)") did not look like a winged serpent, and was more noted for its expense than its aesthetics. Locals joked that the statue resembles a pile of [feces](/wiki/Feces "Feces").{{cite web \|title\=Herhold: I'll miss the red eyes of San Jose's plumed serpent \|url\=http://www.mercurynews.com/scott\-herhold/ci\_17274049?nclick\_check\=1 \|work\=San Jose Mercury News \|date\=February 2, 2011 \|first\=Scott \|last\=Herhold \|access\-date\=April 15, 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120125225457/http://www.mercurynews.com/scott\-herhold/ci\_17274049?nclick\_check\=1 \|archive\-date\=January 25, 2012 \|url\-status\=live }} A statue of [Thomas Fallon](/wiki/Thomas_Fallon "Thomas Fallon") also met strong resistance from those who called him largely responsible for the decimation of early native populations. [Chicano](/wiki/Chicano "Chicano")/Latino activists protested because he had captured San Jose by military force in the [Mexican–American War](/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War "Mexican–American War") (1846\). They also protested the perceived "repression" of historic documents detailing Fallon's orders expelling many of the city's [Californio](/wiki/Californio "Californio") (early Spanish/Mexican/Mestizo) residents. In October 1991 protests at [Columbus Day](/wiki/Columbus_Day "Columbus Day") and [Dia de la Raza](/wiki/Dia_de_la_Raza "Dia de la Raza") celebrations stalled than plan, and the statue was stored in a warehouse in [Oakland](/wiki/Oakland%2C_California "Oakland, California") for more than a decade. The statue returned in 2002 to a less conspicuous location: Pellier Park, a small triangular patch at the merge of West Julian and West St. James streets.{{cite news \|url\=http://www.bizjournals.com/sanjose/stories/2002/09/16/daily78\.html \|title\=Fallon statue unveiled \|work\=Silicon Valley/San Jose Business Journal \|date\=September 20, 2002 \|access\-date\=June 18, 2007 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20050314193405/http://www.bizjournals.com/sanjose/stories/2002/09/16/daily78\.html \|archive\-date\=March 14, 2005 \|url\-status\=live }} [thumb\|upright\|Statue of [Thomas Fallon](/wiki/Thomas_Fallon "Thomas Fallon"), 10th [Mayor of San Jose](/wiki/Mayor_of_San_Jose%2C_California "Mayor of San Jose, California").](/wiki/File:Thomas_Fallon_Statue.jpg "Thomas Fallon Statue.jpg") In 2001, the city\-sponsored SharkByte, an exhibit of decorated [sharks](/wiki/Shark "Shark") based on the mascot of the hockey team, the San Jose Sharks, and modeled after Chicago's display of decorated cows.{{cite web \|author\=Jim LaFrenere \|url\=http://www.chicagotraveler.com/cows\_on\_parade.htm \|title\=Chicago cows on parade exhibit \|publisher\=Chicagotraveler.com \|access\-date\=July 1, 2010 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100924112447/http://chicagotraveler.com/cows\_on\_parade.htm \|archive\-date\=September 24, 2010 }} Large models of sharks decorated in clever, colorful, or creative ways by local artists were displayed for months at dozens of locations around the city. After the exhibition, the sharks were auctioned off for charity. In 2006, [Adobe Systems](/wiki/Adobe_Systems "Adobe Systems") commissioned an art installation titled *San Jose Semaphore* by Ben Rubin,{{cite book \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=ZBJbIP0fMr0C\&pg\=PA342 \|title\=Entangled: Technology and the Transformation of Performance \|author\=Chris Salter \|first2\=Peter \|last2\=Sellars \|year\=2010 \|page\=342 \|isbn\=978\-0\-262\-19588\-1 \|publisher\=The MIT Press \|access\-date\=November 20, 2020 \|archive\-date\=April 23, 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423094456/https://books.google.com/books?id\=ZBJbIP0fMr0C\&pg\=PA342 \|url\-status\=live }} \-\-via Google Books. at the top of its headquarters building. Semaphore is composed of four LED discs which "rotate" to transmit a message. The content remained a mystery until it was deciphered in August 2007\.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.adobe.com/aboutadobe/philanthropy/sjsemaphore/past.html \|title\=San José Semaphore – 2006 Contest – Past Contest – How the code was cracked \|publisher\=Adobe.com \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021164919/http://www.adobe.com/aboutadobe/philanthropy/sjsemaphore/past.html \|archive\-date\=October 21, 2012 \|access\-date\=November 10, 2013}}{{cite web \|url\=http://www.earstudio.com/sanjosesemaphore/decoding.pdf \|title\=Decoding the San Jose Semaphore \|date\=August 14, 2007 \|publisher\=Ear Studio \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304134307/http://www.earstudio.com/sanjosesemaphore/decoding.pdf \|archive\-date\=March 4, 2012 \|access\-date\=November 9, 2013}} The visual art installation is supplemented with an audio track, transmitted from the building on a low\-power AM station. The audio track provides clues to decode the message being transmitted. San Jose retains a number of murals in the Chicano history tradition of [Diego Rivera](/wiki/Diego_Rivera "Diego Rivera") and [José Clemente Orozco](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Clemente_Orozco "José Clemente Orozco") of murals as public textbooks.{{cite news\| title\=San Jose's Disappearing Murals: 'It's Like Wiping Away People's History' \|author\=Leonardo Castaneda \|publisher\=Bay Area News Group \|work\=San Jose Mercury\-News\| page\=A1 \|date\=December 16, 2018 }} Although intended to be permanent monuments to the city's heritage as a mission town founded in 1777, a number of murals have been painted over, notably *Mural de la Raza*, on the side of a Story Rd shoe store, and *Mexicatlan* at the corner of Sunset and Alum Rock. In addition, two of three murals by Mexican artist Gustavo Bernal Navarro have disappeared. The third mural, *La Medicina y la Comunidad* at the Gardner clinic on East Virginia Street, depicts both modern and traditional healers. Surviving Chicano history murals include *Nuestra Senora de Guadelupe* at Our Lady of Guadalupe church and the 1970s or 1980s *Virgen de Guadelupe Huelga Bird* at Cal Foods east of downtown. The Guadalajara restaurant has the 1986 *Guadalajara Market No. 2* by Edward Earl Tarver III and a 2013 work by Jesus Rodriguez and Empire 7, *La Gran Culture Resonance*. An unknown artist painted the *Huelga Bird and Aztec City* mural in the 1970s or 1980s on the Clyde L. Fisher Middle School. In 1995 Antonio Nava Torres painted *The Aztec Calendar Handball Court* at Biebrach Park, and the unknown artist of *Chaco's Pachuco* painted it on the former Chaco's Restaurant in the 1990s. The *Jerry Hernandez* mural by Frank Torres at Pop's Mini Mart on King Road dates to 2009, and another recent mural by Carlos Rodriguez on the Sidhu Market at Locust and West Virginia depicts a stern\-looking warrior.
[ "### Visual arts", "[thumb\\|left\\|Celebrations for the 240th anniversary of the founding of San Jose at the [Peralta Adobe](/wiki/Peralta_Adobe \"Peralta Adobe\") in 2017\\.](/wiki/File:Happy_Birthday_San_Jose_%2824637282368%29.jpg \"Happy Birthday San Jose (24637282368).jpg\")\nPublic art is an evolving attraction in the city. The city was one of the first to adopt a public art ordinance at 2% of capital improvement building project budgets,{{cite web \\|title\\=2006–2007 Proposed Capital Budget \\|url\\=http://www.sanjoseca.gov/budget/FY0607/ProposedCapital/28\\.pdf \\|website\\=City of San Jose \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060822225404/http://www.sanjoseca.gov/budget/FY0607/ProposedCapital/28\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=August 22, 2006}} and as a result of this commitment, a considerable number of public art projects exist in the downtown area, and a growing collection in neighborhoods including libraries, parks, and fire stations. In particular, the Mineta Airport expansion incorporated art and technology into its development.\nEarly public art included a statue of [Quetzalcoatl](/wiki/Quetzalcoatl \"Quetzalcoatl\") (the plumed serpent) downtown, controversial in its planning because some called it pagan, and controversial in its implementation because many felt that the final statue by [Robert Graham](/wiki/Robert_Graham_%28sculptor%29 \"Robert Graham (sculptor)\") did not look like a winged serpent, and was more noted for its expense than its aesthetics. Locals joked that the statue resembles a pile of [feces](/wiki/Feces \"Feces\").{{cite web \\|title\\=Herhold: I'll miss the red eyes of San Jose's plumed serpent \\|url\\=http://www.mercurynews.com/scott\\-herhold/ci\\_17274049?nclick\\_check\\=1 \\|work\\=San Jose Mercury News \\|date\\=February 2, 2011 \\|first\\=Scott \\|last\\=Herhold \\|access\\-date\\=April 15, 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120125225457/http://www.mercurynews.com/scott\\-herhold/ci\\_17274049?nclick\\_check\\=1 \\|archive\\-date\\=January 25, 2012 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "A statue of [Thomas Fallon](/wiki/Thomas_Fallon \"Thomas Fallon\") also met strong resistance from those who called him largely responsible for the decimation of early native populations. [Chicano](/wiki/Chicano \"Chicano\")/Latino activists protested because he had captured San Jose by military force in the [Mexican–American War](/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War \"Mexican–American War\") (1846\\). They also protested the perceived \"repression\" of historic documents detailing Fallon's orders expelling many of the city's [Californio](/wiki/Californio \"Californio\") (early Spanish/Mexican/Mestizo) residents. In October 1991 protests at [Columbus Day](/wiki/Columbus_Day \"Columbus Day\") and [Dia de la Raza](/wiki/Dia_de_la_Raza \"Dia de la Raza\") celebrations stalled than plan, and the statue was stored in a warehouse in [Oakland](/wiki/Oakland%2C_California \"Oakland, California\") for more than a decade. The statue returned in 2002 to a less conspicuous location: Pellier Park, a small triangular patch at the merge of West Julian and West St. James streets.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.bizjournals.com/sanjose/stories/2002/09/16/daily78\\.html \\|title\\=Fallon statue unveiled \\|work\\=Silicon Valley/San Jose Business Journal \\|date\\=September 20, 2002 \\|access\\-date\\=June 18, 2007 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20050314193405/http://www.bizjournals.com/sanjose/stories/2002/09/16/daily78\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=March 14, 2005 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}\n[thumb\\|upright\\|Statue of [Thomas Fallon](/wiki/Thomas_Fallon \"Thomas Fallon\"), 10th [Mayor of San Jose](/wiki/Mayor_of_San_Jose%2C_California \"Mayor of San Jose, California\").](/wiki/File:Thomas_Fallon_Statue.jpg \"Thomas Fallon Statue.jpg\")\nIn 2001, the city\\-sponsored SharkByte, an exhibit of decorated [sharks](/wiki/Shark \"Shark\") based on the mascot of the hockey team, the San Jose Sharks, and modeled after Chicago's display of decorated cows.{{cite web \\|author\\=Jim LaFrenere \\|url\\=http://www.chicagotraveler.com/cows\\_on\\_parade.htm \\|title\\=Chicago cows on parade exhibit \\|publisher\\=Chicagotraveler.com \\|access\\-date\\=July 1, 2010 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100924112447/http://chicagotraveler.com/cows\\_on\\_parade.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=September 24, 2010 }} Large models of sharks decorated in clever, colorful, or creative ways by local artists were displayed for months at dozens of locations around the city. After the exhibition, the sharks were auctioned off for charity.", "In 2006, [Adobe Systems](/wiki/Adobe_Systems \"Adobe Systems\") commissioned an art installation titled *San Jose Semaphore* by Ben Rubin,{{cite book \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=ZBJbIP0fMr0C\\&pg\\=PA342 \\|title\\=Entangled: Technology and the Transformation of Performance \\|author\\=Chris Salter \\|first2\\=Peter \\|last2\\=Sellars \\|year\\=2010 \\|page\\=342 \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-262\\-19588\\-1 \\|publisher\\=The MIT Press \\|access\\-date\\=November 20, 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=April 23, 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423094456/https://books.google.com/books?id\\=ZBJbIP0fMr0C\\&pg\\=PA342 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} \\-\\-via Google Books. at the top of its headquarters building. Semaphore is composed of four LED discs which \"rotate\" to transmit a message. The content remained a mystery until it was deciphered in August 2007\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.adobe.com/aboutadobe/philanthropy/sjsemaphore/past.html \\|title\\=San José Semaphore – 2006 Contest – Past Contest – How the code was cracked \\|publisher\\=Adobe.com \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021164919/http://www.adobe.com/aboutadobe/philanthropy/sjsemaphore/past.html \\|archive\\-date\\=October 21, 2012 \\|access\\-date\\=November 10, 2013}}{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.earstudio.com/sanjosesemaphore/decoding.pdf \\|title\\=Decoding the San Jose Semaphore \\|date\\=August 14, 2007 \\|publisher\\=Ear Studio \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304134307/http://www.earstudio.com/sanjosesemaphore/decoding.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=March 4, 2012 \\|access\\-date\\=November 9, 2013}} The visual art installation is supplemented with an audio track, transmitted from the building on a low\\-power AM station. The audio track provides clues to decode the message being transmitted.", "San Jose retains a number of murals in the Chicano history tradition of [Diego Rivera](/wiki/Diego_Rivera \"Diego Rivera\") and [José Clemente Orozco](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Clemente_Orozco \"José Clemente Orozco\") of murals as public textbooks.{{cite news\\| title\\=San Jose's Disappearing Murals: 'It's Like Wiping Away People's History' \\|author\\=Leonardo Castaneda \\|publisher\\=Bay Area News Group \\|work\\=San Jose Mercury\\-News\\| page\\=A1 \\|date\\=December 16, 2018 }}", "Although intended to be permanent monuments to the city's heritage as a mission town founded in 1777, a number of murals have been painted over, notably *Mural de la Raza*, on the side of a Story Rd shoe store, and *Mexicatlan* at the corner of Sunset and Alum Rock. In addition, two of three murals by Mexican artist Gustavo Bernal Navarro have disappeared. The third mural, *La Medicina y la Comunidad* at the Gardner clinic on East Virginia Street, depicts both modern and traditional healers.", "Surviving Chicano history murals include *Nuestra Senora de Guadelupe* at Our Lady of Guadalupe church and the 1970s or 1980s *Virgen de Guadelupe Huelga Bird* at Cal Foods east of downtown. The Guadalajara restaurant has the 1986 *Guadalajara Market No. 2* by Edward Earl Tarver III and a 2013 work by Jesus Rodriguez and Empire 7, *La Gran Culture Resonance*.", "An unknown artist painted the *Huelga Bird and Aztec City* mural in the 1970s or 1980s on the Clyde L. Fisher Middle School. In 1995 Antonio Nava Torres painted *The Aztec Calendar Handball Court* at Biebrach Park, and the unknown artist of *Chaco's Pachuco* painted it on the former Chaco's Restaurant in the 1990s. The *Jerry Hernandez* mural by Frank Torres at Pop's Mini Mart on King Road dates to 2009, and another recent mural by Carlos Rodriguez on the Sidhu Market at Locust and West Virginia depicts a stern\\-looking warrior.", "" ]
Law and government ------------------ {{main\|Government of San Jose\|San Jose City Council\|Mayor of San Jose}} {{see also\|List of pre\-statehood mayors of San Jose}} {{multiple image \| direction \= vertical \| align \= right \| width \= \| image1 \= San Jose City Hall\-03\.jpg \| caption1 \= \[\[San Jose City Hall]] was designed by \[\[Pritzker Architecture Prize\|Pritzker Prize]]\-winning architect \[\[Richard Meier]]; {{Circa\|2005}}. }} ### Local San Jose is a [charter city](/wiki/Charter_city "Charter city") under California law, giving it the power to enact local ordinances that may conflict with state law, within the limits provided by the charter.{{cite web \|url\=http://ceres.ca.gov/planning/bol/1999/charter.html \|title\=List of California Charter Cities \|work\=The California Planners' Book of Lists \|year\=1999 \|access\-date\=June 9, 2007 \|publisher\=California Governor's Office of Planning and Research \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070208132759/http://ceres.ca.gov/planning/bol/1999/charter.html \|archive\-date\=February 8, 2007}} The city has a [council\-manager government](/wiki/Council-manager_government "Council-manager government") with a [city manager](/wiki/City_manager "City manager") nominated by the mayor and elected by the [city council](/wiki/City_council "City council"). The [San Jose City Council](/wiki/San_Jose_City_Council "San Jose City Council") is made up of ten council members elected by district, and a mayor elected by the entire city. During city council meetings, the mayor presides, and all eleven members can vote on any issue. The mayor has no veto powers. Council members and the mayor are elected to four\-year terms; the even\-numbered district council members beginning in 1994; the mayor and the odd\-numbered district council members beginning in 1996\.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.sanjoseca.gov/clerk/Charter.htm \|title\=San Jose City Charter \|publisher\=Sanjoseca.gov \|access\-date\=July 1, 2010 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100112063906/http://www.sanjoseca.gov/clerk/Charter.htm \|archive\-date\=January 12, 2010}} Each council member represents approximately 100,000 constituents. Council members and the mayor are limited to two successive terms in office, although a council member that has reached the term limit can be elected mayor, and vice versa. The council elects a vice\-mayor from the members of the council at the second meeting of the year following a council election. This council member acts as mayor during the temporary absence of the mayor, but does not succeed to the mayor's office upon a vacancy. [thumb\|left\|upright\|[Matt Mahan](/wiki/Matt_Mahan "Matt Mahan") is the current [Mayor of San Jose](/wiki/Mayor_of_San_Jose%2C_California "Mayor of San Jose, California").](/wiki/File:Matt_Mahan_Web_Summit_2015_3_%28cropped%29.jpg "Matt Mahan Web Summit 2015 3 (cropped).jpg") The City Manager is the chief administrative officer of the city, and must present an annual [budget](/wiki/Budget "Budget") for approval by the city council. When the office is vacant, the Mayor proposes a candidate for City Manager, subject to council approval. The council appoints the Manager for an indefinite term, and may at any time remove the manager, or the electorate may remove the manager through a [recall election](/wiki/Recall_election "Recall election"). Other city officers directly appointed by the council include the City Attorney, City Auditor, City Clerk, and Independent Police Auditor. Like all cities and counties in the state, San Jose has representation in the [state legislature](/wiki/California_State_Legislature "California State Legislature"). Like all California cities except San Francisco, both the levels and the boundaries of what the city government controls are determined by the [Local Agency Formation Commission](/wiki/Local_Agency_Formation_Commission "Local Agency Formation Commission") (LAFCO).{{cite web \|url\=http://www.santaclara.lafco.ca.gov \|title\=Local Agency Formation Commission \|publisher\=Santaclara.lafco.ca.gov \|access\-date\=July 1, 2010 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180212043113/http://www.santaclara.lafco.ca.gov/ \|archive\-date\=February 12, 2018 \|url\-status\=live }} The goal of a LAFCO is to try to avoid uncontrolled [urban sprawl](/wiki/Urban_sprawl "Urban sprawl"). The Santa Clara County LAFCO has set boundaries of San Jose's "Sphere of Influence" (indicated by the blue line in the map near the top of the page) as a superset of the actual city limits (the yellow area in the map), plus parts of the surrounding unincorporated county land, where San Jose can, for example, prevent development of fringe areas to concentrate city growth closer to the city's core. The LAFCO also defines a subset of the Sphere as an 'Urban Service Area' (indicated by the red line in the map), effectively limiting development to areas where urban infrastructure (sewers, electrical service, etc.) already exists. San Jose is the [county seat](/wiki/County_seat "County seat") of [Santa Clara County](/wiki/Santa_Clara_County%2C_California "Santa Clara County, California").{{cite web \|url\=http://www.sccgov.org/SCC/docs%2FSCC%20Public%20Portal%2Fattachments%2F628168County\_Charter.pdf \|archive\-url\=https://wayback.archive\-it.org/all/20071106045551/http://www.sccgov.org/SCC/docs/SCC%20Public%20Portal/attachments/628168County\_Charter.pdf \|archive\-date\=November 6, 2007 \|title\=Charter of the County of Santa Clara, Article 101 \|publisher\=Santa Clara County \|access\-date\=February 16, 2008 }} Accordingly, many county government facilities are located in the city, including the office of the County Executive, the Board of Supervisors, the District Attorney's Office, eight courthouses of the Superior Court, the Sheriff's Office, and the County Clerk.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.sccgov.org/sites/scc/Pages/Search.aspx?svtyp\=Contacts \|title\=County of Santa Clara Contacts \|access\-date\=February 16, 2008 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121184343/http://www.sccgov.org/sites/scc/Pages/Search.aspx?svtyp\=Contacts \|archive\-date\=January 21, 2013 \|url\-status\=live }} San Jose is protected by the [San Jose Police Department](/wiki/San_Jose_Police_Department "San Jose Police Department") and [San Jose Fire Department](/wiki/San_Jose_Fire_Department "San Jose Fire Department"). Drinking water is supplied by the San José Municipal Water System (Muni Water) along with the privately owned [San Jose Water Company](/wiki/San_Jose_Water_Company "San Jose Water Company") and Great Oaks Water Company. The [San José–Santa Clara Regional Wastewater Facility](/wiki/San_Jos%C3%A9%E2%80%93Santa_Clara_Regional_Wastewater_Facility "San José–Santa Clara Regional Wastewater Facility") provides [advanced wastewater treatment](/wiki/Tertiary_treatment "Tertiary treatment") and [reclaimed water](/wiki/Reclaimed_water "Reclaimed water"). ### State and federal [thumb\|right\|[Santa Clara County Superior Court](/wiki/Santa_Clara_County_Superior_Court "Santa Clara County Superior Court")](/wiki/File:Old_Superior_Court_-_San_Jose%2C_CA_-_DSC03821.JPG "Old Superior Court - San Jose, CA - DSC03821.JPG") In the [California State Senate](/wiki/California_State_Senate "California State Senate"), San Jose is split between the [10th](/wiki/California%27s_10th_State_Senate_district "California's 10th State Senate district"), [15th](/wiki/California%27s_15th_State_Senate_district "California's 15th State Senate district"), and [17th](/wiki/California%27s_17th_State_Senate_district "California's 17th State Senate district") districts,{{cite web \|url \= http://wedrawthelines.ca.gov/downloads/meeting\_handouts\_072011/handouts\_20110729\_q2\_sd\_finaldraft\_splits.zip \|title \= Communities of Interest – City \|publisher \= California Citizens Redistricting Commission \|access\-date \= October 10, 2014 \|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20151023054153/http://wedrawthelines.ca.gov/downloads/meeting\_handouts\_072011/handouts\_20110729\_q2\_sd\_finaldraft\_splits.zip \|archive\-date \= October 23, 2015 }} represented by {{Representative\|casd\|10\|fmt\=spfl}}, {{Representative\|casd\|15\|fmt\=spfl}}, and {{Representative\|casd\|17\|fmt\=spfl}} respectively. In the [California State Assembly](/wiki/California_State_Assembly "California State Assembly"), San Jose is split between the [23rd](/wiki/California%27s_23rd_State_Assembly_district "California's 23rd State Assembly district"), [24th](/wiki/California%27s_24th_State_Assembly_district "California's 24th State Assembly district"), [25th](/wiki/California%27s_25th_State_Assembly_district "California's 25th State Assembly district"), [26th](/wiki/California%27s_26th_State_Assembly_district "California's 26th State Assembly district"), and [28th](/wiki/California%27s_28th_State_Assembly_district "California's 28th State Assembly district") districts,{{cite web \|url \= http://wedrawthelines.ca.gov/downloads/meeting\_handouts\_072011/handouts\_20110729\_q2\_ad\_finaldraft\_splits.zip \|title \= Communities of Interest – City \|publisher \= California Citizens Redistricting Commission \|access\-date \= October 10, 2014 \|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20151023054757/http://wedrawthelines.ca.gov/downloads/meeting\_handouts\_072011/handouts\_20110729\_q2\_ad\_finaldraft\_splits.zip \|archive\-date \= October 23, 2015 }} represented by {{Representative\|caad\|23\|fmt\=spfl}}, {{Representative\|caad\|24\|fmt\=spfl}}, {{Representative\|caad\|25\|fmt\=spfl}}, {{Representative\|caad\|26\|fmt\=spfl}}, and {{Representative\|caad\|28\|fmt\=spfl}}, respectively. Federally, San Jose is split between California's [17th](/wiki/California%27s_17th_congressional_district "California's 17th congressional district"), [18th](/wiki/California%27s_18th_congressional_district "California's 18th congressional district"), and [19th](/wiki/California%27s_19th_congressional_district "California's 19th congressional district") congressional districts,{{cite web \|url \= http://wedrawthelines.ca.gov/downloads/meeting\_handouts\_072011/handouts\_20110729\_q2\_cd\_finaldraft\_splits.zip \|title \= Communities of Interest – City \|publisher \= California Citizens Redistricting Commission \|access\-date \= September 27, 2014 \|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20130930184128/http://wedrawthelines.ca.gov/downloads/meeting\_handouts\_072011/handouts\_20110729\_q2\_cd\_finaldraft\_splits.zip \|archive\-date \= September 30, 2013 }} represented by {{Representative\|cacd\|17\|fmt\=pfl}}, {{Representative\|cacd\|18\|fmt\=pfl}}, and {{Representative\|cacd\|19\|fmt\=pfl}}, respectively.{{Cite GovTrack\|CA\|17 \|access\-date\=March 13, 2013}} Several state and federal agencies maintain offices in San Jose. The city is the location of the Sixth District of the [California Courts of Appeal](/wiki/California_Courts_of_Appeal "California Courts of Appeal").{{cite web \|url\=http://www.courtinfo.ca.gov/courts/courtsofappeal/6thDistrict/ \|title\=Courts of Appeal: Sixth District San Jose \|publisher\=California State Courts \|access\-date\=February 16, 2008 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100722014717/http://www.courtinfo.ca.gov/courts/courtsofappeal/6thDistrict/ \|archive\-date\=July 22, 2010 \|url\-status\=live }} It is also home to one of three courthouses of the [United States District Court for the Northern District of California](/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Northern_District_of_California "United States District Court for the Northern District of California"), the other two being in Oakland and San Francisco.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.cand.uscourts.gov/CAND/FAQ.nsf/840afa494a77a59388256d4e007d54ff/de9a30b748bc1e5388256ebc0055acf4?OpenDocument \|title\=Court Info: San Jose \|publisher\=United States District Court for the Northern California District \|access\-date\=February 16, 2008 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080211114946/http://www.cand.uscourts.gov/CAND/FAQ.nsf/840afa494a77a59388256d4e007d54ff/de9a30b748bc1e5388256ebc0055acf4?OpenDocument \|archive\-date\=February 11, 2008}} ### Crime {{main\|San Jose Police Department}} Like most large cities, crime levels had fallen significantly after rising in the 1980s.{{cite web \|title\=FBI Uniform Crime Reports \|url\=http://www.ucrdatatool.gov/Search/Crime/Local/RunCrimeTrendsInOneVarLarge.cfm}} From 2002 to 2006, [Morgan Quitno Press](/wiki/Morgan_Quitno_Press "Morgan Quitno Press") named San Jose the safest city in the United States with a population over 500,000 people.{{cite web \|title\=SJPD Efforts To Maintain Safest Big City Status \|url\=http://www3\.sanjoseca.gov/clerk/Agenda/092507/092507\_08\.02\.pdf \|publisher\=City of San Jose \|access\-date\=August 28, 2021 \|date\=September 11, 2007 \|archive\-date\=August 28, 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828060036/http://www3\.sanjoseca.gov/clerk/Agenda/092507/092507\_08\.02\.pdf \|url\-status\=live }} Crime in San Jose had been lower than in other large American cities until 2013, when crime rates in San Jose climbed above California and U.S. averages.{{cite news \|title\=San Jose crime rate surpasses U.S. average, arrests plummet \|newspaper\=The Mercury News \|date\=December 16, 2013 \|url\=http://www.mercurynews.com/pensions/ci\_24737175/san\-jose\-crime\-rate\-surpasses\-u\-s\-average\-arrests\-plummet \|access\-date\=December 25, 2013 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131218223300/http://www.mercurynews.com/pensions/ci\_24737175/san\-jose\-crime\-rate\-surpasses\-u\-s\-average\-arrests\-plummet \|archive\-date\=December 18, 2013 \|url\-status\=live}} In 2021, [SmartAsset](/wiki/SmartAsset "SmartAsset") ranked San Jose tied as the 10th safest city in the United States.{{cite web \|last1\=Geier \|first1\=Ben \|title\=Safest Cities in America – 2021 Edition \|url\=https://smartasset.com/mortgage/safest\-cities\-in\-america\-2021 \|publisher\=SmartAsset \|access\-date\=August 28, 2021 \|date\=April 7, 2021 \|archive\-date\=August 28, 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828060037/https://smartasset.com/mortgage/safest\-cities\-in\-america\-2021 \|url\-status\=live }} In 2020, violent crime per 100,000 people has been the lowest the city has seen in 2017 while the homicide rate has been the highest since 2016; property crime per 100,000 people has been the lowest the city has seen in over ten years.{{cite web \|title\=Crime Statistics – Annual \|url\=https://www.sjpd.org/records/crime\-stats\-maps/crime\-statistics\-annual \|publisher\=San Jose Police Department \|access\-date\=August 28, 2021 \|archive\-date\=August 28, 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828060031/https://www.sjpd.org/records/crime\-stats\-maps/crime\-statistics\-annual \|url\-status\=live }} 2021 mass shooting {{main\|2021 San Jose shooting}} On May 26, 2021, a [mass shooting](/wiki/Mass_shooting "Mass shooting") occurred at a [Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority](/wiki/Santa_Clara_Valley_Transportation_Authority "Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority") (VTA) [rail yard](/wiki/Rail_yard "Rail yard") in San Jose. Ten people were killed, including the gunman, 57\-year\-old VTA employee Samuel James Cassidy, who shot and killed himself.{{cite news \|url\=https://apnews.com/article/san\-jose\-shootings\-873c4d8b0189f3f985ab3bc31ae5837f \|title\=Authorities ID 8 victims of California railyard shooting \|agency\=Associated Press \|last1\=Gecker \|first1\=Jocelyn \|last2\=Mendoza \|first2\=Martha \|date\=May 26, 2021 \|access\-date\=May 26, 2021 \|archive\-date\=May 26, 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526152444/https://apnews.com/article/san\-jose\-shootings\-873c4d8b0189f3f985ab3bc31ae5837f \|url\-status\=live }}{{cite news \|url\=https://www.nbcbayarea.com/news/local/south\-bay/bomb\-squad\-police\-search\-home\-of\-suspect\-in\-san\-jose\-mass\-shooting/2554947/ \|title\=Bomb Squad, Police Search Home of Suspect in San Jose VTA Yard Mass Shooting \|publisher\=NBC Bay Area \|date\=May 26, 2021 \|access\-date\=May 26, 2021 \|archive\-date\=May 26, 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526184330/https://www.nbcbayarea.com/news/local/south\-bay/bomb\-squad\-police\-search\-home\-of\-suspect\-in\-san\-jose\-mass\-shooting/2554947/ \|url\-status\=live }}{{cite news \|url\=https://www.thedailybeast.com/employee\-samuel\-cassidy\-named\-as\-gunman\-in\-san\-jose\-rail\-yard\-mass\-shooting \|title\=Gunman in San Jose Mass Shooting Identified as Employee Samuel Cassidy \|publisher\=The Daily Beast \|last\=Rohrlich \|first\=Justin \|date\=May 26, 2021 \|access\-date\=May 26, 2021 \|archive\-date\=May 26, 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526185619/https://www.thedailybeast.com/employee\-samuel\-cassidy\-named\-as\-gunman\-in\-san\-jose\-rail\-yard\-mass\-shooting \|url\-status\=live }}{{cite web \|url\=https://www.nbcbayarea.com/news/local/police\-deputies\-respond\-to\-shooting\-near\-downtown\-san\-jose/2554847/ \|title\=Mass Shooting Leaves 8 Dead at VTA Yard in San Jose \|publisher\=NBC Bay Area \|date\=May 26, 2021 \|access\-date\=May 26, 2021 \|archive\-date\=May 26, 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526152619/https://www.nbcbayarea.com/news/local/police\-deputies\-respond\-to\-shooting\-near\-downtown\-san\-jose/2554847/ \|url\-status\=live }} The shooting led to a day\-long suspension of [light rail](/wiki/Light_rail "Light rail") services in the area.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.cnn.com/2021/05/26/us/san\-jose\-shooting/index.html \|title\=Gunman who killed eight co\-workers at California transit facility knew victims well, mayor says \|publisher\=CNN\|last1\=Levenson \|first1\=Eric \|last2\=Chan \|first2\=Stella \|last3\=Mossburg \|first3\=Cheri \|last4\=Murphy \|first4\=Paul P. \|date\=May 26, 2021 \|access\-date\=May 26, 2021 \|archive\-date\=May 26, 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526163614/https://www.cnn.com/2021/05/26/us/san\-jose\-shooting/index.html \|url\-status\=live }}{{cite news \|url\=https://abcnews.go.com/US/police\-respond\-shooting\-san\-jose\-california/story?id\=77916470 \|title\=Co\-workers of suspect among 8 shot to death at California transit facility \|publisher\=ABC News\|location\=United States \|last1\=Shapiro \|first1\=Emily \|last2\=Pereira \|first2\=Ivan \|date\=May 26, 2021 \|access\-date\=May 26, 2021 \|archive\-date\=May 26, 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526144419/https://abcnews.go.com/US/police\-respond\-shooting\-san\-jose\-california/story?id\=77916470 \|url\-status\=live }} It is the deadliest mass shooting in the history of the [San Francisco Bay Area](/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Area "San Francisco Bay Area").{{cite news \|title\=Victims, shooter identified in Bay Area's deadliest mass shooting \|first1\=Maggie \|last1\=Angst \|first2\=John \|last2\=Woolfolk \|first3\=Aldo \|last3\=Toledo \|first4\=Julia Prodis \|last4\=Sulek \|first5\=Robert \|last5\=Salonga \|first6\=Jason \|last6\=Green \|work\=\[\[The Mercury News]]\|location\=San Jose, California \|date\=May 26, 2021 \|access\-date\=May 26, 2021 \|url\=https://www.mercurynews.com/2021/05/26/active\-shooter\-response\-underway\-near\-san\-jose\-vta\-light\-rail\-yard/ \|archive\-date\=May 26, 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526144856/https://www.mercurynews.com/2021/05/26/active\-shooter\-response\-underway\-near\-san\-jose\-vta\-light\-rail\-yard/ \|url\-status\=live}} In June 2021, roughly a month following the shooting, San Jose became the first city in the United States to require gun owners to carry liability insurance after a unanimous vote by the city council.{{cite news \|last\=Thorn \|first\=Dan \|date\=June 30, 2021 \|title\=San Jose becomes 1st city in CA to pass sweeping gun reforms \|url\=https://www.kron4\.com/news/bay\-area/san\-jose\-becomes\-1st\-city\-in\-ca\-to\-pass\-sweeping\-gun\-reforms/amp/ \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210702022108/https://www.kron4\.com/news/bay\-area/san\-jose\-becomes\-1st\-city\-in\-ca\-to\-pass\-sweeping\-gun\-reforms/amp/ \|archive\-date\=July 2, 2021 \|access\-date\=June 30, 2021 \|newspaper\=Kron4}}
[ "Law and government\n------------------", "{{main\\|Government of San Jose\\|San Jose City Council\\|Mayor of San Jose}}\n{{see also\\|List of pre\\-statehood mayors of San Jose}}\n{{multiple image\n\\| direction \\= vertical\n\\| align \\= right\n\\| width \\=\n\\| image1 \\= San Jose City Hall\\-03\\.jpg\n\\| caption1 \\= \\[\\[San Jose City Hall]] was designed by \\[\\[Pritzker Architecture Prize\\|Pritzker Prize]]\\-winning architect \\[\\[Richard Meier]]; {{Circa\\|2005}}.\n}}", "### Local", "San Jose is a [charter city](/wiki/Charter_city \"Charter city\") under California law, giving it the power to enact local ordinances that may conflict with state law, within the limits provided by the charter.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://ceres.ca.gov/planning/bol/1999/charter.html \\|title\\=List of California Charter Cities \\|work\\=The California Planners' Book of Lists \\|year\\=1999 \\|access\\-date\\=June 9, 2007 \\|publisher\\=California Governor's Office of Planning and Research \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070208132759/http://ceres.ca.gov/planning/bol/1999/charter.html \\|archive\\-date\\=February 8, 2007}} The city has a [council\\-manager government](/wiki/Council-manager_government \"Council-manager government\") with a [city manager](/wiki/City_manager \"City manager\") nominated by the mayor and elected by the [city council](/wiki/City_council \"City council\").", "The [San Jose City Council](/wiki/San_Jose_City_Council \"San Jose City Council\") is made up of ten council members elected by district, and a mayor elected by the entire city. During city council meetings, the mayor presides, and all eleven members can vote on any issue. The mayor has no veto powers. Council members and the mayor are elected to four\\-year terms; the even\\-numbered district council members beginning in 1994; the mayor and the odd\\-numbered district council members beginning in 1996\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.sanjoseca.gov/clerk/Charter.htm \\|title\\=San Jose City Charter \\|publisher\\=Sanjoseca.gov \\|access\\-date\\=July 1, 2010 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100112063906/http://www.sanjoseca.gov/clerk/Charter.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=January 12, 2010}} Each council member represents approximately 100,000 constituents.", "Council members and the mayor are limited to two successive terms in office, although a council member that has reached the term limit can be elected mayor, and vice versa. The council elects a vice\\-mayor from the members of the council at the second meeting of the year following a council election. This council member acts as mayor during the temporary absence of the mayor, but does not succeed to the mayor's office upon a vacancy.\n[thumb\\|left\\|upright\\|[Matt Mahan](/wiki/Matt_Mahan \"Matt Mahan\") is the current [Mayor of San Jose](/wiki/Mayor_of_San_Jose%2C_California \"Mayor of San Jose, California\").](/wiki/File:Matt_Mahan_Web_Summit_2015_3_%28cropped%29.jpg \"Matt Mahan Web Summit 2015 3 (cropped).jpg\")\nThe City Manager is the chief administrative officer of the city, and must present an annual [budget](/wiki/Budget \"Budget\") for approval by the city council. When the office is vacant, the Mayor proposes a candidate for City Manager, subject to council approval. The council appoints the Manager for an indefinite term, and may at any time remove the manager, or the electorate may remove the manager through a [recall election](/wiki/Recall_election \"Recall election\"). Other city officers directly appointed by the council include the City Attorney, City Auditor, City Clerk, and Independent Police Auditor. Like all cities and counties in the state, San Jose has representation in the [state legislature](/wiki/California_State_Legislature \"California State Legislature\").", "Like all California cities except San Francisco, both the levels and the boundaries of what the city government controls are determined by the [Local Agency Formation Commission](/wiki/Local_Agency_Formation_Commission \"Local Agency Formation Commission\") (LAFCO).{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.santaclara.lafco.ca.gov \\|title\\=Local Agency Formation Commission \\|publisher\\=Santaclara.lafco.ca.gov \\|access\\-date\\=July 1, 2010 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180212043113/http://www.santaclara.lafco.ca.gov/ \\|archive\\-date\\=February 12, 2018 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} The goal of a LAFCO is to try to avoid uncontrolled [urban sprawl](/wiki/Urban_sprawl \"Urban sprawl\"). The Santa Clara County LAFCO has set boundaries of San Jose's \"Sphere of Influence\" (indicated by the blue line in the map near the top of the page) as a superset of the actual city limits (the yellow area in the map), plus parts of the surrounding unincorporated county land, where San Jose can, for example, prevent development of fringe areas to concentrate city growth closer to the city's core. The LAFCO also defines a subset of the Sphere as an 'Urban Service Area' (indicated by the red line in the map), effectively limiting development to areas where urban infrastructure (sewers, electrical service, etc.) already exists.", "San Jose is the [county seat](/wiki/County_seat \"County seat\") of [Santa Clara County](/wiki/Santa_Clara_County%2C_California \"Santa Clara County, California\").{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.sccgov.org/SCC/docs%2FSCC%20Public%20Portal%2Fattachments%2F628168County\\_Charter.pdf \\|archive\\-url\\=https://wayback.archive\\-it.org/all/20071106045551/http://www.sccgov.org/SCC/docs/SCC%20Public%20Portal/attachments/628168County\\_Charter.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=November 6, 2007 \\|title\\=Charter of the County of Santa Clara, Article 101 \\|publisher\\=Santa Clara County \\|access\\-date\\=February 16, 2008 }} Accordingly, many county government facilities are located in the city, including the office of the County Executive, the Board of Supervisors, the District Attorney's Office, eight courthouses of the Superior Court, the Sheriff's Office, and the County Clerk.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.sccgov.org/sites/scc/Pages/Search.aspx?svtyp\\=Contacts \\|title\\=County of Santa Clara Contacts \\|access\\-date\\=February 16, 2008 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121184343/http://www.sccgov.org/sites/scc/Pages/Search.aspx?svtyp\\=Contacts \\|archive\\-date\\=January 21, 2013 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "San Jose is protected by the [San Jose Police Department](/wiki/San_Jose_Police_Department \"San Jose Police Department\") and [San Jose Fire Department](/wiki/San_Jose_Fire_Department \"San Jose Fire Department\"). Drinking water is supplied by the San José Municipal Water System (Muni Water) along with the privately owned [San Jose Water Company](/wiki/San_Jose_Water_Company \"San Jose Water Company\") and Great Oaks Water Company. The [San José–Santa Clara Regional Wastewater Facility](/wiki/San_Jos%C3%A9%E2%80%93Santa_Clara_Regional_Wastewater_Facility \"San José–Santa Clara Regional Wastewater Facility\") provides [advanced wastewater treatment](/wiki/Tertiary_treatment \"Tertiary treatment\") and [reclaimed water](/wiki/Reclaimed_water \"Reclaimed water\").", "### State and federal", "[thumb\\|right\\|[Santa Clara County Superior Court](/wiki/Santa_Clara_County_Superior_Court \"Santa Clara County Superior Court\")](/wiki/File:Old_Superior_Court_-_San_Jose%2C_CA_-_DSC03821.JPG \"Old Superior Court - San Jose, CA - DSC03821.JPG\")\nIn the [California State Senate](/wiki/California_State_Senate \"California State Senate\"), San Jose is split between the [10th](/wiki/California%27s_10th_State_Senate_district \"California's 10th State Senate district\"), [15th](/wiki/California%27s_15th_State_Senate_district \"California's 15th State Senate district\"), and [17th](/wiki/California%27s_17th_State_Senate_district \"California's 17th State Senate district\") districts,{{cite web\n \\|url \\= http://wedrawthelines.ca.gov/downloads/meeting\\_handouts\\_072011/handouts\\_20110729\\_q2\\_sd\\_finaldraft\\_splits.zip\n \\|title \\= Communities of Interest – City\n \\|publisher \\= California Citizens Redistricting Commission\n \\|access\\-date \\= October 10, 2014\n\\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20151023054153/http://wedrawthelines.ca.gov/downloads/meeting\\_handouts\\_072011/handouts\\_20110729\\_q2\\_sd\\_finaldraft\\_splits.zip\n \\|archive\\-date \\= October 23, 2015\n}} represented by {{Representative\\|casd\\|10\\|fmt\\=spfl}}, {{Representative\\|casd\\|15\\|fmt\\=spfl}}, and {{Representative\\|casd\\|17\\|fmt\\=spfl}} respectively.", "In the [California State Assembly](/wiki/California_State_Assembly \"California State Assembly\"), San Jose is split between the [23rd](/wiki/California%27s_23rd_State_Assembly_district \"California's 23rd State Assembly district\"), [24th](/wiki/California%27s_24th_State_Assembly_district \"California's 24th State Assembly district\"), [25th](/wiki/California%27s_25th_State_Assembly_district \"California's 25th State Assembly district\"), [26th](/wiki/California%27s_26th_State_Assembly_district \"California's 26th State Assembly district\"), and [28th](/wiki/California%27s_28th_State_Assembly_district \"California's 28th State Assembly district\") districts,{{cite web\n \\|url \\= http://wedrawthelines.ca.gov/downloads/meeting\\_handouts\\_072011/handouts\\_20110729\\_q2\\_ad\\_finaldraft\\_splits.zip\n \\|title \\= Communities of Interest – City\n \\|publisher \\= California Citizens Redistricting Commission\n \\|access\\-date \\= October 10, 2014\n\\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20151023054757/http://wedrawthelines.ca.gov/downloads/meeting\\_handouts\\_072011/handouts\\_20110729\\_q2\\_ad\\_finaldraft\\_splits.zip\n \\|archive\\-date \\= October 23, 2015\n}} represented by {{Representative\\|caad\\|23\\|fmt\\=spfl}}, {{Representative\\|caad\\|24\\|fmt\\=spfl}}, {{Representative\\|caad\\|25\\|fmt\\=spfl}}, {{Representative\\|caad\\|26\\|fmt\\=spfl}}, and {{Representative\\|caad\\|28\\|fmt\\=spfl}}, respectively.", "Federally, San Jose is split between California's [17th](/wiki/California%27s_17th_congressional_district \"California's 17th congressional district\"), [18th](/wiki/California%27s_18th_congressional_district \"California's 18th congressional district\"), and [19th](/wiki/California%27s_19th_congressional_district \"California's 19th congressional district\") congressional districts,{{cite web\n \\|url \\= http://wedrawthelines.ca.gov/downloads/meeting\\_handouts\\_072011/handouts\\_20110729\\_q2\\_cd\\_finaldraft\\_splits.zip\n \\|title \\= Communities of Interest – City\n \\|publisher \\= California Citizens Redistricting Commission\n \\|access\\-date \\= September 27, 2014\n\\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20130930184128/http://wedrawthelines.ca.gov/downloads/meeting\\_handouts\\_072011/handouts\\_20110729\\_q2\\_cd\\_finaldraft\\_splits.zip\n \\|archive\\-date \\= September 30, 2013\n}} represented by {{Representative\\|cacd\\|17\\|fmt\\=pfl}}, {{Representative\\|cacd\\|18\\|fmt\\=pfl}}, and {{Representative\\|cacd\\|19\\|fmt\\=pfl}}, respectively.{{Cite GovTrack\\|CA\\|17 \\|access\\-date\\=March 13, 2013}}", "Several state and federal agencies maintain offices in San Jose. The city is the location of the Sixth District of the [California Courts of Appeal](/wiki/California_Courts_of_Appeal \"California Courts of Appeal\").{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.courtinfo.ca.gov/courts/courtsofappeal/6thDistrict/ \\|title\\=Courts of Appeal: Sixth District San Jose \\|publisher\\=California State Courts \\|access\\-date\\=February 16, 2008 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100722014717/http://www.courtinfo.ca.gov/courts/courtsofappeal/6thDistrict/ \\|archive\\-date\\=July 22, 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} It is also home to one of three courthouses of the [United States District Court for the Northern District of California](/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Northern_District_of_California \"United States District Court for the Northern District of California\"), the other two being in Oakland and San Francisco.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.cand.uscourts.gov/CAND/FAQ.nsf/840afa494a77a59388256d4e007d54ff/de9a30b748bc1e5388256ebc0055acf4?OpenDocument \\|title\\=Court Info: San Jose \\|publisher\\=United States District Court for the Northern California District \\|access\\-date\\=February 16, 2008 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080211114946/http://www.cand.uscourts.gov/CAND/FAQ.nsf/840afa494a77a59388256d4e007d54ff/de9a30b748bc1e5388256ebc0055acf4?OpenDocument \\|archive\\-date\\=February 11, 2008}}", "### Crime", "{{main\\|San Jose Police Department}}\nLike most large cities, crime levels had fallen significantly after rising in the 1980s.{{cite web \\|title\\=FBI Uniform Crime Reports \\|url\\=http://www.ucrdatatool.gov/Search/Crime/Local/RunCrimeTrendsInOneVarLarge.cfm}} From 2002 to 2006, [Morgan Quitno Press](/wiki/Morgan_Quitno_Press \"Morgan Quitno Press\") named San Jose the safest city in the United States with a population over 500,000 people.{{cite web \\|title\\=SJPD Efforts To Maintain Safest Big City Status \\|url\\=http://www3\\.sanjoseca.gov/clerk/Agenda/092507/092507\\_08\\.02\\.pdf \\|publisher\\=City of San Jose \\|access\\-date\\=August 28, 2021 \\|date\\=September 11, 2007 \\|archive\\-date\\=August 28, 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828060036/http://www3\\.sanjoseca.gov/clerk/Agenda/092507/092507\\_08\\.02\\.pdf \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Crime in San Jose had been lower than in other large American cities until 2013, when crime rates in San Jose climbed above California and U.S. averages.{{cite news \\|title\\=San Jose crime rate surpasses U.S. average, arrests plummet \\|newspaper\\=The Mercury News \\|date\\=December 16, 2013 \\|url\\=http://www.mercurynews.com/pensions/ci\\_24737175/san\\-jose\\-crime\\-rate\\-surpasses\\-u\\-s\\-average\\-arrests\\-plummet \\|access\\-date\\=December 25, 2013 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131218223300/http://www.mercurynews.com/pensions/ci\\_24737175/san\\-jose\\-crime\\-rate\\-surpasses\\-u\\-s\\-average\\-arrests\\-plummet \\|archive\\-date\\=December 18, 2013 \\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "In 2021, [SmartAsset](/wiki/SmartAsset \"SmartAsset\") ranked San Jose tied as the 10th safest city in the United States.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Geier \\|first1\\=Ben \\|title\\=Safest Cities in America – 2021 Edition \\|url\\=https://smartasset.com/mortgage/safest\\-cities\\-in\\-america\\-2021 \\|publisher\\=SmartAsset \\|access\\-date\\=August 28, 2021 \\|date\\=April 7, 2021 \\|archive\\-date\\=August 28, 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828060037/https://smartasset.com/mortgage/safest\\-cities\\-in\\-america\\-2021 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} In 2020, violent crime per 100,000 people has been the lowest the city has seen in 2017 while the homicide rate has been the highest since 2016; property crime per 100,000 people has been the lowest the city has seen in over ten years.{{cite web \\|title\\=Crime Statistics – Annual \\|url\\=https://www.sjpd.org/records/crime\\-stats\\-maps/crime\\-statistics\\-annual \\|publisher\\=San Jose Police Department \\|access\\-date\\=August 28, 2021 \\|archive\\-date\\=August 28, 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828060031/https://www.sjpd.org/records/crime\\-stats\\-maps/crime\\-statistics\\-annual \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "2021 mass shooting\n{{main\\|2021 San Jose shooting}}\nOn May 26, 2021, a [mass shooting](/wiki/Mass_shooting \"Mass shooting\") occurred at a [Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority](/wiki/Santa_Clara_Valley_Transportation_Authority \"Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority\") (VTA) [rail yard](/wiki/Rail_yard \"Rail yard\") in San Jose. Ten people were killed, including the gunman, 57\\-year\\-old VTA employee Samuel James Cassidy, who shot and killed himself.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://apnews.com/article/san\\-jose\\-shootings\\-873c4d8b0189f3f985ab3bc31ae5837f \\|title\\=Authorities ID 8 victims of California railyard shooting \\|agency\\=Associated Press \\|last1\\=Gecker \\|first1\\=Jocelyn \\|last2\\=Mendoza \\|first2\\=Martha \\|date\\=May 26, 2021 \\|access\\-date\\=May 26, 2021 \\|archive\\-date\\=May 26, 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526152444/https://apnews.com/article/san\\-jose\\-shootings\\-873c4d8b0189f3f985ab3bc31ae5837f \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.nbcbayarea.com/news/local/south\\-bay/bomb\\-squad\\-police\\-search\\-home\\-of\\-suspect\\-in\\-san\\-jose\\-mass\\-shooting/2554947/ \\|title\\=Bomb Squad, Police Search Home of Suspect in San Jose VTA Yard Mass Shooting \\|publisher\\=NBC Bay Area \\|date\\=May 26, 2021 \\|access\\-date\\=May 26, 2021 \\|archive\\-date\\=May 26, 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526184330/https://www.nbcbayarea.com/news/local/south\\-bay/bomb\\-squad\\-police\\-search\\-home\\-of\\-suspect\\-in\\-san\\-jose\\-mass\\-shooting/2554947/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.thedailybeast.com/employee\\-samuel\\-cassidy\\-named\\-as\\-gunman\\-in\\-san\\-jose\\-rail\\-yard\\-mass\\-shooting \\|title\\=Gunman in San Jose Mass Shooting Identified as Employee Samuel Cassidy \\|publisher\\=The Daily Beast \\|last\\=Rohrlich \\|first\\=Justin \\|date\\=May 26, 2021 \\|access\\-date\\=May 26, 2021 \\|archive\\-date\\=May 26, 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526185619/https://www.thedailybeast.com/employee\\-samuel\\-cassidy\\-named\\-as\\-gunman\\-in\\-san\\-jose\\-rail\\-yard\\-mass\\-shooting \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.nbcbayarea.com/news/local/police\\-deputies\\-respond\\-to\\-shooting\\-near\\-downtown\\-san\\-jose/2554847/ \\|title\\=Mass Shooting Leaves 8 Dead at VTA Yard in San Jose \\|publisher\\=NBC Bay Area \\|date\\=May 26, 2021 \\|access\\-date\\=May 26, 2021 \\|archive\\-date\\=May 26, 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526152619/https://www.nbcbayarea.com/news/local/police\\-deputies\\-respond\\-to\\-shooting\\-near\\-downtown\\-san\\-jose/2554847/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} The shooting led to a day\\-long suspension of [light rail](/wiki/Light_rail \"Light rail\") services in the area.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.cnn.com/2021/05/26/us/san\\-jose\\-shooting/index.html \\|title\\=Gunman who killed eight co\\-workers at California transit facility knew victims well, mayor says \\|publisher\\=CNN\\|last1\\=Levenson \\|first1\\=Eric \\|last2\\=Chan \\|first2\\=Stella \\|last3\\=Mossburg \\|first3\\=Cheri \\|last4\\=Murphy \\|first4\\=Paul P. \\|date\\=May 26, 2021 \\|access\\-date\\=May 26, 2021 \\|archive\\-date\\=May 26, 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526163614/https://www.cnn.com/2021/05/26/us/san\\-jose\\-shooting/index.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{cite news \\|url\\=https://abcnews.go.com/US/police\\-respond\\-shooting\\-san\\-jose\\-california/story?id\\=77916470 \\|title\\=Co\\-workers of suspect among 8 shot to death at California transit facility \\|publisher\\=ABC News\\|location\\=United States \\|last1\\=Shapiro \\|first1\\=Emily \\|last2\\=Pereira \\|first2\\=Ivan \\|date\\=May 26, 2021 \\|access\\-date\\=May 26, 2021 \\|archive\\-date\\=May 26, 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526144419/https://abcnews.go.com/US/police\\-respond\\-shooting\\-san\\-jose\\-california/story?id\\=77916470 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} It is the deadliest mass shooting in the history of the [San Francisco Bay Area](/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Area \"San Francisco Bay Area\").{{cite news \\|title\\=Victims, shooter identified in Bay Area's deadliest mass shooting \\|first1\\=Maggie \\|last1\\=Angst \\|first2\\=John \\|last2\\=Woolfolk \\|first3\\=Aldo \\|last3\\=Toledo \\|first4\\=Julia Prodis \\|last4\\=Sulek \\|first5\\=Robert \\|last5\\=Salonga \\|first6\\=Jason \\|last6\\=Green \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Mercury News]]\\|location\\=San Jose, California \\|date\\=May 26, 2021 \\|access\\-date\\=May 26, 2021 \\|url\\=https://www.mercurynews.com/2021/05/26/active\\-shooter\\-response\\-underway\\-near\\-san\\-jose\\-vta\\-light\\-rail\\-yard/ \\|archive\\-date\\=May 26, 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526144856/https://www.mercurynews.com/2021/05/26/active\\-shooter\\-response\\-underway\\-near\\-san\\-jose\\-vta\\-light\\-rail\\-yard/ \\|url\\-status\\=live}}\nIn June 2021, roughly a month following the shooting, San Jose became the first city in the United States to require gun owners to carry liability insurance after a unanimous vote by the city council.{{cite news \\|last\\=Thorn \\|first\\=Dan \\|date\\=June 30, 2021 \\|title\\=San Jose becomes 1st city in CA to pass sweeping gun reforms \\|url\\=https://www.kron4\\.com/news/bay\\-area/san\\-jose\\-becomes\\-1st\\-city\\-in\\-ca\\-to\\-pass\\-sweeping\\-gun\\-reforms/amp/ \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210702022108/https://www.kron4\\.com/news/bay\\-area/san\\-jose\\-becomes\\-1st\\-city\\-in\\-ca\\-to\\-pass\\-sweeping\\-gun\\-reforms/amp/ \\|archive\\-date\\=July 2, 2021 \\|access\\-date\\=June 30, 2021 \\|newspaper\\=Kron4}}", "" ]
### Local San Jose is a [charter city](/wiki/Charter_city "Charter city") under California law, giving it the power to enact local ordinances that may conflict with state law, within the limits provided by the charter.{{cite web \|url\=http://ceres.ca.gov/planning/bol/1999/charter.html \|title\=List of California Charter Cities \|work\=The California Planners' Book of Lists \|year\=1999 \|access\-date\=June 9, 2007 \|publisher\=California Governor's Office of Planning and Research \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070208132759/http://ceres.ca.gov/planning/bol/1999/charter.html \|archive\-date\=February 8, 2007}} The city has a [council\-manager government](/wiki/Council-manager_government "Council-manager government") with a [city manager](/wiki/City_manager "City manager") nominated by the mayor and elected by the [city council](/wiki/City_council "City council"). The [San Jose City Council](/wiki/San_Jose_City_Council "San Jose City Council") is made up of ten council members elected by district, and a mayor elected by the entire city. During city council meetings, the mayor presides, and all eleven members can vote on any issue. The mayor has no veto powers. Council members and the mayor are elected to four\-year terms; the even\-numbered district council members beginning in 1994; the mayor and the odd\-numbered district council members beginning in 1996\.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.sanjoseca.gov/clerk/Charter.htm \|title\=San Jose City Charter \|publisher\=Sanjoseca.gov \|access\-date\=July 1, 2010 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100112063906/http://www.sanjoseca.gov/clerk/Charter.htm \|archive\-date\=January 12, 2010}} Each council member represents approximately 100,000 constituents. Council members and the mayor are limited to two successive terms in office, although a council member that has reached the term limit can be elected mayor, and vice versa. The council elects a vice\-mayor from the members of the council at the second meeting of the year following a council election. This council member acts as mayor during the temporary absence of the mayor, but does not succeed to the mayor's office upon a vacancy. [thumb\|left\|upright\|[Matt Mahan](/wiki/Matt_Mahan "Matt Mahan") is the current [Mayor of San Jose](/wiki/Mayor_of_San_Jose%2C_California "Mayor of San Jose, California").](/wiki/File:Matt_Mahan_Web_Summit_2015_3_%28cropped%29.jpg "Matt Mahan Web Summit 2015 3 (cropped).jpg") The City Manager is the chief administrative officer of the city, and must present an annual [budget](/wiki/Budget "Budget") for approval by the city council. When the office is vacant, the Mayor proposes a candidate for City Manager, subject to council approval. The council appoints the Manager for an indefinite term, and may at any time remove the manager, or the electorate may remove the manager through a [recall election](/wiki/Recall_election "Recall election"). Other city officers directly appointed by the council include the City Attorney, City Auditor, City Clerk, and Independent Police Auditor. Like all cities and counties in the state, San Jose has representation in the [state legislature](/wiki/California_State_Legislature "California State Legislature"). Like all California cities except San Francisco, both the levels and the boundaries of what the city government controls are determined by the [Local Agency Formation Commission](/wiki/Local_Agency_Formation_Commission "Local Agency Formation Commission") (LAFCO).{{cite web \|url\=http://www.santaclara.lafco.ca.gov \|title\=Local Agency Formation Commission \|publisher\=Santaclara.lafco.ca.gov \|access\-date\=July 1, 2010 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180212043113/http://www.santaclara.lafco.ca.gov/ \|archive\-date\=February 12, 2018 \|url\-status\=live }} The goal of a LAFCO is to try to avoid uncontrolled [urban sprawl](/wiki/Urban_sprawl "Urban sprawl"). The Santa Clara County LAFCO has set boundaries of San Jose's "Sphere of Influence" (indicated by the blue line in the map near the top of the page) as a superset of the actual city limits (the yellow area in the map), plus parts of the surrounding unincorporated county land, where San Jose can, for example, prevent development of fringe areas to concentrate city growth closer to the city's core. The LAFCO also defines a subset of the Sphere as an 'Urban Service Area' (indicated by the red line in the map), effectively limiting development to areas where urban infrastructure (sewers, electrical service, etc.) already exists. San Jose is the [county seat](/wiki/County_seat "County seat") of [Santa Clara County](/wiki/Santa_Clara_County%2C_California "Santa Clara County, California").{{cite web \|url\=http://www.sccgov.org/SCC/docs%2FSCC%20Public%20Portal%2Fattachments%2F628168County\_Charter.pdf \|archive\-url\=https://wayback.archive\-it.org/all/20071106045551/http://www.sccgov.org/SCC/docs/SCC%20Public%20Portal/attachments/628168County\_Charter.pdf \|archive\-date\=November 6, 2007 \|title\=Charter of the County of Santa Clara, Article 101 \|publisher\=Santa Clara County \|access\-date\=February 16, 2008 }} Accordingly, many county government facilities are located in the city, including the office of the County Executive, the Board of Supervisors, the District Attorney's Office, eight courthouses of the Superior Court, the Sheriff's Office, and the County Clerk.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.sccgov.org/sites/scc/Pages/Search.aspx?svtyp\=Contacts \|title\=County of Santa Clara Contacts \|access\-date\=February 16, 2008 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121184343/http://www.sccgov.org/sites/scc/Pages/Search.aspx?svtyp\=Contacts \|archive\-date\=January 21, 2013 \|url\-status\=live }} San Jose is protected by the [San Jose Police Department](/wiki/San_Jose_Police_Department "San Jose Police Department") and [San Jose Fire Department](/wiki/San_Jose_Fire_Department "San Jose Fire Department"). Drinking water is supplied by the San José Municipal Water System (Muni Water) along with the privately owned [San Jose Water Company](/wiki/San_Jose_Water_Company "San Jose Water Company") and Great Oaks Water Company. The [San José–Santa Clara Regional Wastewater Facility](/wiki/San_Jos%C3%A9%E2%80%93Santa_Clara_Regional_Wastewater_Facility "San José–Santa Clara Regional Wastewater Facility") provides [advanced wastewater treatment](/wiki/Tertiary_treatment "Tertiary treatment") and [reclaimed water](/wiki/Reclaimed_water "Reclaimed water").
[ "### Local", "San Jose is a [charter city](/wiki/Charter_city \"Charter city\") under California law, giving it the power to enact local ordinances that may conflict with state law, within the limits provided by the charter.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://ceres.ca.gov/planning/bol/1999/charter.html \\|title\\=List of California Charter Cities \\|work\\=The California Planners' Book of Lists \\|year\\=1999 \\|access\\-date\\=June 9, 2007 \\|publisher\\=California Governor's Office of Planning and Research \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070208132759/http://ceres.ca.gov/planning/bol/1999/charter.html \\|archive\\-date\\=February 8, 2007}} The city has a [council\\-manager government](/wiki/Council-manager_government \"Council-manager government\") with a [city manager](/wiki/City_manager \"City manager\") nominated by the mayor and elected by the [city council](/wiki/City_council \"City council\").", "The [San Jose City Council](/wiki/San_Jose_City_Council \"San Jose City Council\") is made up of ten council members elected by district, and a mayor elected by the entire city. During city council meetings, the mayor presides, and all eleven members can vote on any issue. The mayor has no veto powers. Council members and the mayor are elected to four\\-year terms; the even\\-numbered district council members beginning in 1994; the mayor and the odd\\-numbered district council members beginning in 1996\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.sanjoseca.gov/clerk/Charter.htm \\|title\\=San Jose City Charter \\|publisher\\=Sanjoseca.gov \\|access\\-date\\=July 1, 2010 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100112063906/http://www.sanjoseca.gov/clerk/Charter.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=January 12, 2010}} Each council member represents approximately 100,000 constituents.", "Council members and the mayor are limited to two successive terms in office, although a council member that has reached the term limit can be elected mayor, and vice versa. The council elects a vice\\-mayor from the members of the council at the second meeting of the year following a council election. This council member acts as mayor during the temporary absence of the mayor, but does not succeed to the mayor's office upon a vacancy.\n[thumb\\|left\\|upright\\|[Matt Mahan](/wiki/Matt_Mahan \"Matt Mahan\") is the current [Mayor of San Jose](/wiki/Mayor_of_San_Jose%2C_California \"Mayor of San Jose, California\").](/wiki/File:Matt_Mahan_Web_Summit_2015_3_%28cropped%29.jpg \"Matt Mahan Web Summit 2015 3 (cropped).jpg\")\nThe City Manager is the chief administrative officer of the city, and must present an annual [budget](/wiki/Budget \"Budget\") for approval by the city council. When the office is vacant, the Mayor proposes a candidate for City Manager, subject to council approval. The council appoints the Manager for an indefinite term, and may at any time remove the manager, or the electorate may remove the manager through a [recall election](/wiki/Recall_election \"Recall election\"). Other city officers directly appointed by the council include the City Attorney, City Auditor, City Clerk, and Independent Police Auditor. Like all cities and counties in the state, San Jose has representation in the [state legislature](/wiki/California_State_Legislature \"California State Legislature\").", "Like all California cities except San Francisco, both the levels and the boundaries of what the city government controls are determined by the [Local Agency Formation Commission](/wiki/Local_Agency_Formation_Commission \"Local Agency Formation Commission\") (LAFCO).{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.santaclara.lafco.ca.gov \\|title\\=Local Agency Formation Commission \\|publisher\\=Santaclara.lafco.ca.gov \\|access\\-date\\=July 1, 2010 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180212043113/http://www.santaclara.lafco.ca.gov/ \\|archive\\-date\\=February 12, 2018 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} The goal of a LAFCO is to try to avoid uncontrolled [urban sprawl](/wiki/Urban_sprawl \"Urban sprawl\"). The Santa Clara County LAFCO has set boundaries of San Jose's \"Sphere of Influence\" (indicated by the blue line in the map near the top of the page) as a superset of the actual city limits (the yellow area in the map), plus parts of the surrounding unincorporated county land, where San Jose can, for example, prevent development of fringe areas to concentrate city growth closer to the city's core. The LAFCO also defines a subset of the Sphere as an 'Urban Service Area' (indicated by the red line in the map), effectively limiting development to areas where urban infrastructure (sewers, electrical service, etc.) already exists.", "San Jose is the [county seat](/wiki/County_seat \"County seat\") of [Santa Clara County](/wiki/Santa_Clara_County%2C_California \"Santa Clara County, California\").{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.sccgov.org/SCC/docs%2FSCC%20Public%20Portal%2Fattachments%2F628168County\\_Charter.pdf \\|archive\\-url\\=https://wayback.archive\\-it.org/all/20071106045551/http://www.sccgov.org/SCC/docs/SCC%20Public%20Portal/attachments/628168County\\_Charter.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=November 6, 2007 \\|title\\=Charter of the County of Santa Clara, Article 101 \\|publisher\\=Santa Clara County \\|access\\-date\\=February 16, 2008 }} Accordingly, many county government facilities are located in the city, including the office of the County Executive, the Board of Supervisors, the District Attorney's Office, eight courthouses of the Superior Court, the Sheriff's Office, and the County Clerk.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.sccgov.org/sites/scc/Pages/Search.aspx?svtyp\\=Contacts \\|title\\=County of Santa Clara Contacts \\|access\\-date\\=February 16, 2008 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121184343/http://www.sccgov.org/sites/scc/Pages/Search.aspx?svtyp\\=Contacts \\|archive\\-date\\=January 21, 2013 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "San Jose is protected by the [San Jose Police Department](/wiki/San_Jose_Police_Department \"San Jose Police Department\") and [San Jose Fire Department](/wiki/San_Jose_Fire_Department \"San Jose Fire Department\"). Drinking water is supplied by the San José Municipal Water System (Muni Water) along with the privately owned [San Jose Water Company](/wiki/San_Jose_Water_Company \"San Jose Water Company\") and Great Oaks Water Company. The [San José–Santa Clara Regional Wastewater Facility](/wiki/San_Jos%C3%A9%E2%80%93Santa_Clara_Regional_Wastewater_Facility \"San José–Santa Clara Regional Wastewater Facility\") provides [advanced wastewater treatment](/wiki/Tertiary_treatment \"Tertiary treatment\") and [reclaimed water](/wiki/Reclaimed_water \"Reclaimed water\").", "" ]
Education --------- ### Higher education {{multiple image \| direction \= vertical \| align \= right \| width \= 200px \| footer \= \[\[Stanford University]], 20 mi (30 km) outside of San Jose, is one of the top universities in the world. \| image1 \= Stanford University Oval and Quad Aerial View 2007\.jpg }} [thumb\|left\|upright\|[San José State University](/wiki/San_Jos%C3%A9_State_University "San José State University") is the [oldest public university](/wiki/List_of_oldest_schools_in_California "List of oldest schools in California") on the [West Coast](/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States "West Coast of the United States") and the founding campus of the [California State University](/wiki/California_State_University "California State University").](/wiki/File:Tower_Hall%2C_San_Jos%C3%A9_State_University_-_DSC03886.JPG "Tower Hall, San José State University - DSC03886.JPG") [thumb\|upright\=0\.9\|right\|[Santa Clara University](/wiki/Santa_Clara_University "Santa Clara University") is ranked as one of the best universities in the [Western United States](/wiki/Western_United_States "Western United States") by [U.S. News \& World Report](/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report "U.S. News & World Report").](/wiki/File:USA-Santa_Clara-Mission-3.jpg "USA-Santa Clara-Mission-3.jpg") [thumb\|upright\=0\.9\|right\|The [University of California](/wiki/University_of_California "University of California") operates [Lick Observatory](/wiki/Lick_Observatory "Lick Observatory"), on [Mount Hamilton](/wiki/Mount_Hamilton_%28California%29 "Mount Hamilton (California)"), in [East San Jose](/wiki/East_San_Jose "East San Jose").](/wiki/File:Lick_Observatory_Shane_Telescope.jpg "Lick Observatory Shane Telescope.jpg") San Jose is home to several colleges and [universities](/wiki/University "University"). The largest is [San José State University](/wiki/San_Jose_State_University "San Jose State University"), which was founded by the California legislature in 1862 as the California State Normal School, and is the founding campus of the [California State University](/wiki/California_State_University "California State University") (CSU) system. Located in downtown San Jose since 1870, the university enrolls approximately 35,000 students in over 250 different bachelor's, master's and doctoral degree programs.{{cite web \|title\=Majors and Programs \|url\=https://catalog.sjsu.edu/content.php?catoid\=12\&navoid\=4146 \|publisher\=San Jose State University \|access\-date\=February 8, 2023 \|archive\-date\=January 12, 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112233446/https://catalog.sjsu.edu/content.php?catoid\=12\&navoid\=4146 \|url\-status\=live }} The school enjoys a good academic reputation, especially in the fields of engineering, business, computer science, art and design, and journalism, and consistently ranks among the top public universities in the western region of the United States.{{cite web \|title\=San Jose State University Rankings \|url\=https://www.usnews.com/best\-colleges/san\-jose\-state\-university\-1155/overall\-rankings \|website\=US News \|publisher\=US News and World Report \|access\-date\=February 8, 2023 \|archive\-date\=February 3, 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203155324/https://www.usnews.com/best\-colleges/san\-jose\-state\-university\-1155/overall\-rankings \|url\-status\=live }} San Jose State is one of only three Bay Area schools that fields a [Football Bowl Subdivision](/wiki/Football_Bowl_Subdivision "Football Bowl Subdivision") (FBS) [Division I](/wiki/NCAA_Division_I "NCAA Division I") college football team; [Stanford University](/wiki/Stanford_University "Stanford University") and [U.C. Berkeley](/wiki/U.C._Berkeley "U.C. Berkeley") are the other two. [California University of Management and Technology](/wiki/California_University_of_Management_and_Technology "California University of Management and Technology") (CALMAT) offers many degree programs, including MBA, Computer Science, Information Technology. Most classes are offered both online and in the downtown campus. Many of the students are working professionals in the Silicon Valley. The [University of Silicon Valley](/wiki/University_of_Silicon_Valley "University of Silicon Valley") is located in the [Golden Triangle](/wiki/Rincon%2C_San_Jose "Rincon, San Jose") of [North San Jose](/wiki/North_San_Jose "North San Jose"). [Lincoln Law School of San Jose](/wiki/Lincoln_Law_School_of_San_Jose "Lincoln Law School of San Jose") and [University of Silicon Valley Law School](/wiki/University_of_Silicon_Valley_Law_School "University of Silicon Valley Law School") offer law degrees, catering to working professionals. [National University](/wiki/National_University_%28California%29 "National University (California)") maintains a campus in San Jose. The San Jose campus of [Golden Gate University](/wiki/Golden_Gate_University "Golden Gate University") offers business bachelor and [MBA](/wiki/Master_of_Business_Administration "Master of Business Administration") degrees. In the San Jose metropolitan area, [Stanford University](/wiki/Stanford_University "Stanford University") is in [Stanford, California](/wiki/Stanford%2C_California "Stanford, California"), [Santa Clara University](/wiki/Santa_Clara_University "Santa Clara University") is in [Santa Clara, California](/wiki/Santa_Clara%2C_California "Santa Clara, California"), and [U.C. Santa Cruz](/wiki/U.C._Santa_Cruz "U.C. Santa Cruz") is in [Santa Cruz, California](/wiki/Santa_Cruz%2C_California "Santa Cruz, California"). Within the [San Francisco Bay Area](/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Area "San Francisco Bay Area"), other universities include [U.C. Berkeley](/wiki/U.C._Berkeley "U.C. Berkeley"), [U.C. San Francisco](/wiki/U.C._San_Francisco "U.C. San Francisco"), [U.C. Hastings College of Law](/wiki/University_of_California%2C_Hastings_College_of_the_Law "University of California, Hastings College of the Law"), [University of San Francisco](/wiki/University_of_San_Francisco "University of San Francisco"), and [California State University, East Bay](/wiki/California_State_University%2C_East_Bay "California State University, East Bay"). The San Jose area's [community colleges](/wiki/Community_college "Community college"), [San Jose City College](/wiki/San_Jose_City_College "San Jose City College"), [West Valley College](/wiki/West_Valley_College "West Valley College"), [Mission College](/wiki/Mission_College_%28Santa_Clara%2C_California%29 "Mission College (Santa Clara, California)") and [Evergreen Valley College](/wiki/Evergreen_Valley_College "Evergreen Valley College"), offer associate degrees, general education units to transfer to CSU and UC schools, and adult and continuing education programs. The West campus of [Palmer College of Chiropractic](/wiki/Palmer_College_of_Chiropractic "Palmer College of Chiropractic") is also located in San Jose. WestMed College is headquartered in San Jose and offers paramedic training, emergency medical technician training, and licensed vocational nursing programs. The [University of California](/wiki/University_of_California "University of California") operates [Lick Observatory](/wiki/Lick_Observatory "Lick Observatory") atop [Mount Hamilton](/wiki/Mount_Hamilton_%28California%29 "Mount Hamilton (California)"). [Western Seminary](/wiki/Western_Seminary "Western Seminary") has one of its four campuses in San Jose, which opened on the campus of Calvary Church of Los Gatos in 1985\. The campus relocated in 2010 to Santa Clara. Western is an evangelical, Christian graduate school that provides theological training for students who hope to serve in a variety of ministry roles including pastors, marriage and family therapists, educators, missionaries and lay leadership. The San Jose campus offers four master's degrees, and a variety of other graduate\-level programs.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.westernseminary.edu/admissions/why/campuses/sanjose \|title\=Western Seminary San Jose Campus \|publisher\=westernseminary.edu \|access\-date\=November 26, 2013 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202231549/http://www.westernseminary.edu/admissions/why/campuses/sanjose \|archive\-date\=December 2, 2013 \|url\-status\=live }} [National Hispanic University](/wiki/National_Hispanic_University "National Hispanic University") offered associate and bachelor's degrees and teaching credentials to its students, focusing on Hispanic students, until its closing in 2015\.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.nhu.edu/ \|title\=National Hispanic University \|publisher\=National Hispanic University \|access\-date\=May 19, 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170524230213/http://www.nhu.edu/ \|archive\-date\=May 24, 2017 }} ### Primary and secondary education Until the opening of [Lincoln High School](/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_High_School_%28San_Jose%2C_California%29 "Abraham Lincoln High School (San Jose, California)") in 1943, San Jose students only attended [San Jose High School](/wiki/San_Jose_High_Academy "San Jose High Academy"). San Jose has 127 elementary, 47 middle, and 44 public high schools. Public education in the city is provided by four high school districts, fourteen [elementary](/wiki/Elementary_education "Elementary education") districts, and three [unified school districts](/wiki/Unified_school_district "Unified school district") (which provide both elementary and high schools).{{cite web\|url\=https://www2\.census.gov/geo/maps/DC2020/PL20/st06\_ca/schooldistrict\_maps/c06085\_santa\_clara/DC20SD\_C06085\.pdf\|title\=2020 CENSUS – SCHOOL DISTRICT REFERENCE MAP: Santa Clara County, CA\|publisher\=\[\[U.S. Census Bureau]]\|accessdate\=September 5, 2024\|pages\=1\-4 (PDF pp. 2\-5/5\)\|archive\-date\=February 23, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220223072138/https://www2\.census.gov/geo/maps/DC2020/PL20/st06\_ca/schooldistrict\_maps/c06085\_santa\_clara/DC20SD\_C06085\.pdf\|url\-status\=live}} – [Text list](https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/DC2020/PL20/st06_ca/schooldistrict_maps/c06085_santa_clara/DC20SD_C06085_SD2MS.txt) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240919205323/https://www2\.census.gov/geo/maps/DC2020/PL20/st06\_ca/schooldistrict\_maps/c06085\_santa\_clara/DC20SD\_C06085\_SD2MS.txt \|date\=September 19, 2024 }} * Unified school districts include: [San Jose USD](/wiki/San_Jose_Unified_School_District "San Jose Unified School District") (SJUSD), [Morgan Hill USD](/wiki/Morgan_Hill_Unified_School_District "Morgan Hill Unified School District"), and [Santa Clara USD](/wiki/Santa_Clara_Unified_School_District "Santa Clara Unified School District") * Secondary school districts include: [Campbell UHSD](/wiki/Campbell_Union_High_School_District "Campbell Union High School District"), [East Side UHSD](/wiki/East_Side_Union_High_School_District "East Side Union High School District"), [Fremont UHSD](/wiki/Fremont_Union_High_School_District "Fremont Union High School District"), and [Los Gatos\-Saratoga JUSD](/wiki/Los_Gatos-Saratoga_Joint_Union_School_District "Los Gatos-Saratoga Joint Union School District") * Elementary school districts include: [Alum Rock UESD](/wiki/Alum_Rock_Union_Elementary_School_District "Alum Rock Union Elementary School District"), [Berryessa UESD](/wiki/Berryessa_Union_Elementary_School_District "Berryessa Union Elementary School District"), [Cambrian ESD](/wiki/Cambrian_Elementary_School_District "Cambrian Elementary School District"), [Campbell UESD](/wiki/Campbell_Union_Elementary_School_District "Campbell Union Elementary School District"), [Cupertino UESD](/wiki/Cupertino_Union_Elementary_School_District "Cupertino Union Elementary School District"), [Evergreen ESD](/wiki/Evergreen_Elementary_School_District "Evergreen Elementary School District"), [Franklin\-McKinley ESD](/wiki/Franklin-McKinley_Elementary_School_District "Franklin-McKinley Elementary School District"), [Los Gatos UESD](/wiki/Los_Gatos_Union_Elementary_School_District "Los Gatos Union Elementary School District"), [Luther Burbank ESD](/wiki/Luther_Burbank_Elementary_School_District "Luther Burbank Elementary School District"), [Moreland SD](/wiki/Moreland_School_District "Moreland School District"), [Mount Pleasant ESD](/wiki/Mount_Pleasant_Elementary_School_District "Mount Pleasant Elementary School District"), [Oak Grove ESD](/wiki/Oak_Grove_Elementary_School_District "Oak Grove Elementary School District"), [Orchard ESD](/wiki/Orchard_Elementary_School_District "Orchard Elementary School District"), and [Union ESD](/wiki/Union_Elementary_School_District "Union Elementary School District"). SJUSD declared bankruptcy in 1983; at that time, it was the largest US school district to declare bankruptcy.{{cite news \|title\=San Jose Schools Can Cut Pay, U.S. Bankruptcy Court Rules \|date\=August 30, 1983 \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1983/08/30/us/san\-jose\-schools\-can\-cut\-pay\-us\-bankruptcy\-court\-rules.html\|agency\=\[\[United Press International]] \|newspaper\=The New York Times \|page\=B8}} Observers identified the reasons as a drop of 5,000 students in the preceding years, the difficulties imposed on school finances by *[Serrano v. Priest](/wiki/Serrano_v._Priest "Serrano v. Priest")* in 1968, the reduction of tax monies because of [1978 California Proposition 13](/wiki/1978_California_Proposition_13 "1978 California Proposition 13"), and the local teachers' union contract requiring a raise in pay.{{cite magazine \|url\=https://www.edweek.org/education/judge\-upholds\-san\-jose\-bankruptcy\-but\-schools\-to\-open\-on\-time/1983/09 \|date\=September 1983 \|title\=Judge Upholds San Jose Bankruptcy, But Schools To Open on Time \|last\=Hardy \|first\=Charles \|magazine\=\[\[Education Week]] \|access\-date\=September 10, 2021 \|archive\-date\=September 11, 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210911020806/https://www.edweek.org/education/judge\-upholds\-san\-jose\-bankruptcy\-but\-schools\-to\-open\-on\-time/1983/09 \|url\-status\=live }} [Private schools in San Jose](/wiki/Private_schools_in_San_Jose%2C_CA "Private schools in San Jose, CA") are primarily run by religious groups.{{Citation needed\|date\=April 2023}} The [Catholic Diocese of San Jose](/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_San_Jose_in_California "Roman Catholic Diocese of San Jose in California") has the second\-largest student population in Santa Clara County, behind only SJUSD;{{Citation needed\|date\=April 2023}} the diocese and its parishes operate several schools in the city, including five high schools.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.dsj.org/dsj/schools\_results.asp?show\=all \|title\=Schools \|publisher\=\[\[Roman Catholic Diocese of San Jose in California]] \|access\-date\=June 18, 2007 \|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20070927173701/http://www.dsj.org/dsj/schools\_results.asp?show\=all \|archive\-date \= September 27, 2007}} Other private religious schools are [Baptist](/wiki/Baptist "Baptist"),{{cite web \|url\=http://www.christianschoolsanjose.org/ \|title\=Liberty Baptist School\- Christian School, San Jose, CA \|publisher\=Christianschoolsanjose.org \|access\-date\=January 19, 2014 \|archive\-date\=April 23, 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423094459/https://www.libertybaptistschool.org/ \|url\-status\=live }} [non\-denominational Protestant](/wiki/Non-denominational_Christianity "Non-denominational Christianity"), and [Wisconsin Synod Lutheran](/wiki/Wisconsin_Synod "Wisconsin Synod").{{cite web \|title\=Aspire. Learn. Succeed. \|url\=https://school.apostles\-lutheran.net/ \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806225530/https://school.apostles\-lutheran.net/ \|archive\-date\=August 6, 2020 \|access\-date\=April 23, 2020}} Secular private schools include [Cambrian Academy](/wiki/Cambrian_Academy "Cambrian Academy") and [Harker School](/wiki/Harker_School "Harker School"). ### Libraries {{main\|San José Public Library}} [thumb\|right\|[Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Library](/wiki/Dr._Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Library "Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Library") is the single largest library building in the [Western United States](/wiki/Western_United_States "Western United States").](/wiki/File:2008-0817-SJSU-MLKlib.jpg "2008-0817-SJSU-MLKlib.jpg") The [San José Public Library](/wiki/San_Jos%C3%A9_Public_Library "San José Public Library") system is unique in that the [Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Library](/wiki/Dr._Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Library "Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Library") combines the collections of the city's system with the San Jose State University main library. In 2003, construction of the library, which now holds more than 1\.6 million items, was the largest single library construction project west of the Mississippi, with eight floors that result in more than {{cvt\|475000\|sqft\|m2}} of space with a capacity for 2 million volumes.[SJ Library MLK History of the King Library](http://www.sjlibrary.org/history-king-library) {{Webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929185904/http://www.sjlibrary.org/history\-king\-library \|date\=September 29, 2013 }} (Mentions joint university/city status, collection size and size of construction project.) The city has 23 neighborhood branches including the *Biblioteca Latinoamericana* ('Latin American Library') which specializes in Spanish language works.[Locations page at SJ Library site](http://www.sjpl.org/locations) {{Webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928075739/http://www.sjpl.org/locations \|date\=September 28, 2013 }} (See BL article for its references.) The [East San Jose Carnegie Branch Library](/wiki/East_San_Jose_Carnegie_Branch_Library "East San Jose Carnegie Branch Library"), a [Carnegie library](/wiki/Carnegie_library "Carnegie library") opened in 1908, is the last Carnegie library in Santa Clara County still operating as a public library and is listed in the [National Register of Historic Places](/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places "National Register of Historic Places"). As the result of a bond measure passed in November 2000, a number of brand new or completely reconstructed branches have been completed and opened. The yet\-to\-be\-named brand new Southeast Branch is also planned, bringing the bond library project to its completion.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.sjlibrary.org/about/sjpl/bond/index.htm \|title\=Bond Projects for Branch Libraries page at the SJ Library site \|publisher\=Sjlibrary.org \|access\-date\=July 1, 2010 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613044713/http://sjlibrary.org/about/sjpl/bond/index.htm \|archive\-date\=June 13, 2010 }} The San Jose system (along with the university system) were jointly named as "Library of the Year" by *[Library Journal](/wiki/Library_Journal "Library Journal")* in 2004\.[San Jose 2003–2004 Annual Report](http://www.sanjoseca.gov/cityManager/pdf/AnnualReport03-04.pdf) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120514145814/http://www.sanjoseca.gov/cityManager/pdf/AnnualReport03\-04\.pdf \|date\=May 14, 2012 }} "In 2004, San José Public Library and San José State University Library were jointly named Library of the Year by the Library Journal."
[ "Education\n---------", "### Higher education", "{{multiple image\n\\| direction \\= vertical\n\\| align \\= right\n\\| width \\= 200px\n\\| footer \\= \\[\\[Stanford University]], 20 mi (30 km) outside of San Jose, is one of the top universities in the world.\n\\| image1 \\= Stanford University Oval and Quad Aerial View 2007\\.jpg\n}}\n[thumb\\|left\\|upright\\|[San José State University](/wiki/San_Jos%C3%A9_State_University \"San José State University\") is the [oldest public university](/wiki/List_of_oldest_schools_in_California \"List of oldest schools in California\") on the [West Coast](/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States \"West Coast of the United States\") and the founding campus of the [California State University](/wiki/California_State_University \"California State University\").](/wiki/File:Tower_Hall%2C_San_Jos%C3%A9_State_University_-_DSC03886.JPG \"Tower Hall, San José State University - DSC03886.JPG\")\n[thumb\\|upright\\=0\\.9\\|right\\|[Santa Clara University](/wiki/Santa_Clara_University \"Santa Clara University\") is ranked as one of the best universities in the [Western United States](/wiki/Western_United_States \"Western United States\") by [U.S. News \\& World Report](/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report \"U.S. News & World Report\").](/wiki/File:USA-Santa_Clara-Mission-3.jpg \"USA-Santa Clara-Mission-3.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|upright\\=0\\.9\\|right\\|The [University of California](/wiki/University_of_California \"University of California\") operates [Lick Observatory](/wiki/Lick_Observatory \"Lick Observatory\"), on [Mount Hamilton](/wiki/Mount_Hamilton_%28California%29 \"Mount Hamilton (California)\"), in [East San Jose](/wiki/East_San_Jose \"East San Jose\").](/wiki/File:Lick_Observatory_Shane_Telescope.jpg \"Lick Observatory Shane Telescope.jpg\")\nSan Jose is home to several colleges and [universities](/wiki/University \"University\"). The largest is [San José State University](/wiki/San_Jose_State_University \"San Jose State University\"), which was founded by the California legislature in 1862 as the California State Normal School, and is the founding campus of the [California State University](/wiki/California_State_University \"California State University\") (CSU) system. Located in downtown San Jose since 1870, the university enrolls approximately 35,000 students in over 250 different bachelor's, master's and doctoral degree programs.{{cite web \\|title\\=Majors and Programs \\|url\\=https://catalog.sjsu.edu/content.php?catoid\\=12\\&navoid\\=4146 \\|publisher\\=San Jose State University \\|access\\-date\\=February 8, 2023 \\|archive\\-date\\=January 12, 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112233446/https://catalog.sjsu.edu/content.php?catoid\\=12\\&navoid\\=4146 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "The school enjoys a good academic reputation, especially in the fields of engineering, business, computer science, art and design, and journalism, and consistently ranks among the top public universities in the western region of the United States.{{cite web \\|title\\=San Jose State University Rankings \\|url\\=https://www.usnews.com/best\\-colleges/san\\-jose\\-state\\-university\\-1155/overall\\-rankings \\|website\\=US News \\|publisher\\=US News and World Report \\|access\\-date\\=February 8, 2023 \\|archive\\-date\\=February 3, 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203155324/https://www.usnews.com/best\\-colleges/san\\-jose\\-state\\-university\\-1155/overall\\-rankings \\|url\\-status\\=live }} San Jose State is one of only three Bay Area schools that fields a [Football Bowl Subdivision](/wiki/Football_Bowl_Subdivision \"Football Bowl Subdivision\") (FBS) [Division I](/wiki/NCAA_Division_I \"NCAA Division I\") college football team; [Stanford University](/wiki/Stanford_University \"Stanford University\") and [U.C. Berkeley](/wiki/U.C._Berkeley \"U.C. Berkeley\") are the other two.", "[California University of Management and Technology](/wiki/California_University_of_Management_and_Technology \"California University of Management and Technology\") (CALMAT) offers many degree programs, including MBA, Computer Science, Information Technology. Most classes are offered both online and in the downtown campus. Many of the students are working professionals in the Silicon Valley.", "The [University of Silicon Valley](/wiki/University_of_Silicon_Valley \"University of Silicon Valley\") is located in the [Golden Triangle](/wiki/Rincon%2C_San_Jose \"Rincon, San Jose\") of [North San Jose](/wiki/North_San_Jose \"North San Jose\").", "[Lincoln Law School of San Jose](/wiki/Lincoln_Law_School_of_San_Jose \"Lincoln Law School of San Jose\") and [University of Silicon Valley Law School](/wiki/University_of_Silicon_Valley_Law_School \"University of Silicon Valley Law School\") offer law degrees, catering to working professionals.", "[National University](/wiki/National_University_%28California%29 \"National University (California)\") maintains a campus in San Jose.", "The San Jose campus of [Golden Gate University](/wiki/Golden_Gate_University \"Golden Gate University\") offers business bachelor and [MBA](/wiki/Master_of_Business_Administration \"Master of Business Administration\") degrees.", "In the San Jose metropolitan area, [Stanford University](/wiki/Stanford_University \"Stanford University\") is in [Stanford, California](/wiki/Stanford%2C_California \"Stanford, California\"), [Santa Clara University](/wiki/Santa_Clara_University \"Santa Clara University\") is in [Santa Clara, California](/wiki/Santa_Clara%2C_California \"Santa Clara, California\"), and [U.C. Santa Cruz](/wiki/U.C._Santa_Cruz \"U.C. Santa Cruz\") is in [Santa Cruz, California](/wiki/Santa_Cruz%2C_California \"Santa Cruz, California\"). Within the [San Francisco Bay Area](/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Area \"San Francisco Bay Area\"), other universities include [U.C. Berkeley](/wiki/U.C._Berkeley \"U.C. Berkeley\"), [U.C. San Francisco](/wiki/U.C._San_Francisco \"U.C. San Francisco\"), [U.C. Hastings College of Law](/wiki/University_of_California%2C_Hastings_College_of_the_Law \"University of California, Hastings College of the Law\"), [University of San Francisco](/wiki/University_of_San_Francisco \"University of San Francisco\"), and [California State University, East Bay](/wiki/California_State_University%2C_East_Bay \"California State University, East Bay\").", "The San Jose area's [community colleges](/wiki/Community_college \"Community college\"), [San Jose City College](/wiki/San_Jose_City_College \"San Jose City College\"), [West Valley College](/wiki/West_Valley_College \"West Valley College\"), [Mission College](/wiki/Mission_College_%28Santa_Clara%2C_California%29 \"Mission College (Santa Clara, California)\") and [Evergreen Valley College](/wiki/Evergreen_Valley_College \"Evergreen Valley College\"), offer associate degrees, general education units to transfer to CSU and UC schools, and adult and continuing education programs. The West campus of [Palmer College of Chiropractic](/wiki/Palmer_College_of_Chiropractic \"Palmer College of Chiropractic\") is also located in San Jose.", "WestMed College is headquartered in San Jose and offers paramedic training, emergency medical technician training, and licensed vocational nursing programs.", "The [University of California](/wiki/University_of_California \"University of California\") operates [Lick Observatory](/wiki/Lick_Observatory \"Lick Observatory\") atop [Mount Hamilton](/wiki/Mount_Hamilton_%28California%29 \"Mount Hamilton (California)\").", "[Western Seminary](/wiki/Western_Seminary \"Western Seminary\") has one of its four campuses in San Jose, which opened on the campus of Calvary Church of Los Gatos in 1985\\. The campus relocated in 2010 to Santa Clara. Western is an evangelical, Christian graduate school that provides theological training for students who hope to serve in a variety of ministry roles including pastors, marriage and family therapists, educators, missionaries and lay leadership. The San Jose campus offers four master's degrees, and a variety of other graduate\\-level programs.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.westernseminary.edu/admissions/why/campuses/sanjose \\|title\\=Western Seminary San Jose Campus \\|publisher\\=westernseminary.edu \\|access\\-date\\=November 26, 2013 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202231549/http://www.westernseminary.edu/admissions/why/campuses/sanjose \\|archive\\-date\\=December 2, 2013 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "[National Hispanic University](/wiki/National_Hispanic_University \"National Hispanic University\") offered associate and bachelor's degrees and teaching credentials to its students, focusing on Hispanic students, until its closing in 2015\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.nhu.edu/ \\|title\\=National Hispanic University \\|publisher\\=National Hispanic University \\|access\\-date\\=May 19, 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170524230213/http://www.nhu.edu/ \\|archive\\-date\\=May 24, 2017 }}", "### Primary and secondary education", "Until the opening of [Lincoln High School](/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_High_School_%28San_Jose%2C_California%29 \"Abraham Lincoln High School (San Jose, California)\") in 1943, San Jose students only attended [San Jose High School](/wiki/San_Jose_High_Academy \"San Jose High Academy\"). San Jose has 127 elementary, 47 middle, and 44 public high schools.", "Public education in the city is provided by four high school districts, fourteen [elementary](/wiki/Elementary_education \"Elementary education\") districts, and three [unified school districts](/wiki/Unified_school_district \"Unified school district\") (which provide both elementary and high schools).{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www2\\.census.gov/geo/maps/DC2020/PL20/st06\\_ca/schooldistrict\\_maps/c06085\\_santa\\_clara/DC20SD\\_C06085\\.pdf\\|title\\=2020 CENSUS – SCHOOL DISTRICT REFERENCE MAP: Santa Clara County, CA\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[U.S. Census Bureau]]\\|accessdate\\=September 5, 2024\\|pages\\=1\\-4 (PDF pp. 2\\-5/5\\)\\|archive\\-date\\=February 23, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220223072138/https://www2\\.census.gov/geo/maps/DC2020/PL20/st06\\_ca/schooldistrict\\_maps/c06085\\_santa\\_clara/DC20SD\\_C06085\\.pdf\\|url\\-status\\=live}} – [Text list](https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/DC2020/PL20/st06_ca/schooldistrict_maps/c06085_santa_clara/DC20SD_C06085_SD2MS.txt) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240919205323/https://www2\\.census.gov/geo/maps/DC2020/PL20/st06\\_ca/schooldistrict\\_maps/c06085\\_santa\\_clara/DC20SD\\_C06085\\_SD2MS.txt \\|date\\=September 19, 2024 }}\n* Unified school districts include: [San Jose USD](/wiki/San_Jose_Unified_School_District \"San Jose Unified School District\") (SJUSD), [Morgan Hill USD](/wiki/Morgan_Hill_Unified_School_District \"Morgan Hill Unified School District\"), and [Santa Clara USD](/wiki/Santa_Clara_Unified_School_District \"Santa Clara Unified School District\")\n* Secondary school districts include: [Campbell UHSD](/wiki/Campbell_Union_High_School_District \"Campbell Union High School District\"), [East Side UHSD](/wiki/East_Side_Union_High_School_District \"East Side Union High School District\"), [Fremont UHSD](/wiki/Fremont_Union_High_School_District \"Fremont Union High School District\"), and [Los Gatos\\-Saratoga JUSD](/wiki/Los_Gatos-Saratoga_Joint_Union_School_District \"Los Gatos-Saratoga Joint Union School District\")\n* Elementary school districts include: [Alum Rock UESD](/wiki/Alum_Rock_Union_Elementary_School_District \"Alum Rock Union Elementary School District\"), [Berryessa UESD](/wiki/Berryessa_Union_Elementary_School_District \"Berryessa Union Elementary School District\"), [Cambrian ESD](/wiki/Cambrian_Elementary_School_District \"Cambrian Elementary School District\"), [Campbell UESD](/wiki/Campbell_Union_Elementary_School_District \"Campbell Union Elementary School District\"), [Cupertino UESD](/wiki/Cupertino_Union_Elementary_School_District \"Cupertino Union Elementary School District\"), [Evergreen ESD](/wiki/Evergreen_Elementary_School_District \"Evergreen Elementary School District\"), [Franklin\\-McKinley ESD](/wiki/Franklin-McKinley_Elementary_School_District \"Franklin-McKinley Elementary School District\"), [Los Gatos UESD](/wiki/Los_Gatos_Union_Elementary_School_District \"Los Gatos Union Elementary School District\"), [Luther Burbank ESD](/wiki/Luther_Burbank_Elementary_School_District \"Luther Burbank Elementary School District\"), [Moreland SD](/wiki/Moreland_School_District \"Moreland School District\"), [Mount Pleasant ESD](/wiki/Mount_Pleasant_Elementary_School_District \"Mount Pleasant Elementary School District\"), [Oak Grove ESD](/wiki/Oak_Grove_Elementary_School_District \"Oak Grove Elementary School District\"), [Orchard ESD](/wiki/Orchard_Elementary_School_District \"Orchard Elementary School District\"), and [Union ESD](/wiki/Union_Elementary_School_District \"Union Elementary School District\").", "SJUSD declared bankruptcy in 1983; at that time, it was the largest US school district to declare bankruptcy.{{cite news \\|title\\=San Jose Schools Can Cut Pay, U.S. Bankruptcy Court Rules \\|date\\=August 30, 1983 \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1983/08/30/us/san\\-jose\\-schools\\-can\\-cut\\-pay\\-us\\-bankruptcy\\-court\\-rules.html\\|agency\\=\\[\\[United Press International]] \\|newspaper\\=The New York Times \\|page\\=B8}} Observers identified the reasons as a drop of 5,000 students in the preceding years, the difficulties imposed on school finances by *[Serrano v. Priest](/wiki/Serrano_v._Priest \"Serrano v. Priest\")* in 1968, the reduction of tax monies because of [1978 California Proposition 13](/wiki/1978_California_Proposition_13 \"1978 California Proposition 13\"), and the local teachers' union contract requiring a raise in pay.{{cite magazine \\|url\\=https://www.edweek.org/education/judge\\-upholds\\-san\\-jose\\-bankruptcy\\-but\\-schools\\-to\\-open\\-on\\-time/1983/09 \\|date\\=September 1983 \\|title\\=Judge Upholds San Jose Bankruptcy, But Schools To Open on Time \\|last\\=Hardy \\|first\\=Charles \\|magazine\\=\\[\\[Education Week]] \\|access\\-date\\=September 10, 2021 \\|archive\\-date\\=September 11, 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210911020806/https://www.edweek.org/education/judge\\-upholds\\-san\\-jose\\-bankruptcy\\-but\\-schools\\-to\\-open\\-on\\-time/1983/09 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "[Private schools in San Jose](/wiki/Private_schools_in_San_Jose%2C_CA \"Private schools in San Jose, CA\") are primarily run by religious groups.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=April 2023}} The [Catholic Diocese of San Jose](/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_San_Jose_in_California \"Roman Catholic Diocese of San Jose in California\") has the second\\-largest student population in Santa Clara County, behind only SJUSD;{{Citation needed\\|date\\=April 2023}} the diocese and its parishes operate several schools in the city, including five high schools.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.dsj.org/dsj/schools\\_results.asp?show\\=all \\|title\\=Schools \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Roman Catholic Diocese of San Jose in California]] \\|access\\-date\\=June 18, 2007 \\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20070927173701/http://www.dsj.org/dsj/schools\\_results.asp?show\\=all \\|archive\\-date \\= September 27, 2007}} Other private religious schools are [Baptist](/wiki/Baptist \"Baptist\"),{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.christianschoolsanjose.org/ \\|title\\=Liberty Baptist School\\- Christian School, San Jose, CA \\|publisher\\=Christianschoolsanjose.org \\|access\\-date\\=January 19, 2014 \\|archive\\-date\\=April 23, 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423094459/https://www.libertybaptistschool.org/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} [non\\-denominational Protestant](/wiki/Non-denominational_Christianity \"Non-denominational Christianity\"), and [Wisconsin Synod Lutheran](/wiki/Wisconsin_Synod \"Wisconsin Synod\").{{cite web \\|title\\=Aspire. Learn. Succeed. \\|url\\=https://school.apostles\\-lutheran.net/ \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806225530/https://school.apostles\\-lutheran.net/ \\|archive\\-date\\=August 6, 2020 \\|access\\-date\\=April 23, 2020}} Secular private schools include [Cambrian Academy](/wiki/Cambrian_Academy \"Cambrian Academy\") and [Harker School](/wiki/Harker_School \"Harker School\").", "### Libraries", "{{main\\|San José Public Library}}\n[thumb\\|right\\|[Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Library](/wiki/Dr._Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Library \"Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Library\") is the single largest library building in the [Western United States](/wiki/Western_United_States \"Western United States\").](/wiki/File:2008-0817-SJSU-MLKlib.jpg \"2008-0817-SJSU-MLKlib.jpg\")\nThe [San José Public Library](/wiki/San_Jos%C3%A9_Public_Library \"San José Public Library\") system is unique in that the [Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Library](/wiki/Dr._Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Library \"Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Library\") combines the collections of the city's system with the San Jose State University main library. In 2003, construction of the library, which now holds more than 1\\.6 million items, was the largest single library construction project west of the Mississippi, with eight floors that result in more than {{cvt\\|475000\\|sqft\\|m2}} of space with a capacity for 2 million volumes.[SJ Library MLK History of the King Library](http://www.sjlibrary.org/history-king-library) {{Webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929185904/http://www.sjlibrary.org/history\\-king\\-library \\|date\\=September 29, 2013 }} (Mentions joint university/city status, collection size and size of construction project.)", "The city has 23 neighborhood branches including the *Biblioteca Latinoamericana* ('Latin American Library') which specializes in Spanish language works.[Locations page at SJ Library site](http://www.sjpl.org/locations) {{Webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928075739/http://www.sjpl.org/locations \\|date\\=September 28, 2013 }} (See BL article for its references.) The [East San Jose Carnegie Branch Library](/wiki/East_San_Jose_Carnegie_Branch_Library \"East San Jose Carnegie Branch Library\"), a [Carnegie library](/wiki/Carnegie_library \"Carnegie library\") opened in 1908, is the last Carnegie library in Santa Clara County still operating as a public library and is listed in the [National Register of Historic Places](/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places \"National Register of Historic Places\"). As the result of a bond measure passed in November 2000, a number of brand new or completely reconstructed branches have been completed and opened. The yet\\-to\\-be\\-named brand new Southeast Branch is also planned, bringing the bond library project to its completion.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.sjlibrary.org/about/sjpl/bond/index.htm \\|title\\=Bond Projects for Branch Libraries page at the SJ Library site \\|publisher\\=Sjlibrary.org \\|access\\-date\\=July 1, 2010 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613044713/http://sjlibrary.org/about/sjpl/bond/index.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=June 13, 2010 }}", "The San Jose system (along with the university system) were jointly named as \"Library of the Year\" by *[Library Journal](/wiki/Library_Journal \"Library Journal\")* in 2004\\.[San Jose 2003–2004 Annual Report](http://www.sanjoseca.gov/cityManager/pdf/AnnualReport03-04.pdf) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120514145814/http://www.sanjoseca.gov/cityManager/pdf/AnnualReport03\\-04\\.pdf \\|date\\=May 14, 2012 }} \"In 2004, San José Public Library and San José State University Library were jointly named Library of the Year by the Library Journal.\"", "" ]
### Higher education {{multiple image \| direction \= vertical \| align \= right \| width \= 200px \| footer \= \[\[Stanford University]], 20 mi (30 km) outside of San Jose, is one of the top universities in the world. \| image1 \= Stanford University Oval and Quad Aerial View 2007\.jpg }} [thumb\|left\|upright\|[San José State University](/wiki/San_Jos%C3%A9_State_University "San José State University") is the [oldest public university](/wiki/List_of_oldest_schools_in_California "List of oldest schools in California") on the [West Coast](/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States "West Coast of the United States") and the founding campus of the [California State University](/wiki/California_State_University "California State University").](/wiki/File:Tower_Hall%2C_San_Jos%C3%A9_State_University_-_DSC03886.JPG "Tower Hall, San José State University - DSC03886.JPG") [thumb\|upright\=0\.9\|right\|[Santa Clara University](/wiki/Santa_Clara_University "Santa Clara University") is ranked as one of the best universities in the [Western United States](/wiki/Western_United_States "Western United States") by [U.S. News \& World Report](/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report "U.S. News & World Report").](/wiki/File:USA-Santa_Clara-Mission-3.jpg "USA-Santa Clara-Mission-3.jpg") [thumb\|upright\=0\.9\|right\|The [University of California](/wiki/University_of_California "University of California") operates [Lick Observatory](/wiki/Lick_Observatory "Lick Observatory"), on [Mount Hamilton](/wiki/Mount_Hamilton_%28California%29 "Mount Hamilton (California)"), in [East San Jose](/wiki/East_San_Jose "East San Jose").](/wiki/File:Lick_Observatory_Shane_Telescope.jpg "Lick Observatory Shane Telescope.jpg") San Jose is home to several colleges and [universities](/wiki/University "University"). The largest is [San José State University](/wiki/San_Jose_State_University "San Jose State University"), which was founded by the California legislature in 1862 as the California State Normal School, and is the founding campus of the [California State University](/wiki/California_State_University "California State University") (CSU) system. Located in downtown San Jose since 1870, the university enrolls approximately 35,000 students in over 250 different bachelor's, master's and doctoral degree programs.{{cite web \|title\=Majors and Programs \|url\=https://catalog.sjsu.edu/content.php?catoid\=12\&navoid\=4146 \|publisher\=San Jose State University \|access\-date\=February 8, 2023 \|archive\-date\=January 12, 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112233446/https://catalog.sjsu.edu/content.php?catoid\=12\&navoid\=4146 \|url\-status\=live }} The school enjoys a good academic reputation, especially in the fields of engineering, business, computer science, art and design, and journalism, and consistently ranks among the top public universities in the western region of the United States.{{cite web \|title\=San Jose State University Rankings \|url\=https://www.usnews.com/best\-colleges/san\-jose\-state\-university\-1155/overall\-rankings \|website\=US News \|publisher\=US News and World Report \|access\-date\=February 8, 2023 \|archive\-date\=February 3, 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203155324/https://www.usnews.com/best\-colleges/san\-jose\-state\-university\-1155/overall\-rankings \|url\-status\=live }} San Jose State is one of only three Bay Area schools that fields a [Football Bowl Subdivision](/wiki/Football_Bowl_Subdivision "Football Bowl Subdivision") (FBS) [Division I](/wiki/NCAA_Division_I "NCAA Division I") college football team; [Stanford University](/wiki/Stanford_University "Stanford University") and [U.C. Berkeley](/wiki/U.C._Berkeley "U.C. Berkeley") are the other two. [California University of Management and Technology](/wiki/California_University_of_Management_and_Technology "California University of Management and Technology") (CALMAT) offers many degree programs, including MBA, Computer Science, Information Technology. Most classes are offered both online and in the downtown campus. Many of the students are working professionals in the Silicon Valley. The [University of Silicon Valley](/wiki/University_of_Silicon_Valley "University of Silicon Valley") is located in the [Golden Triangle](/wiki/Rincon%2C_San_Jose "Rincon, San Jose") of [North San Jose](/wiki/North_San_Jose "North San Jose"). [Lincoln Law School of San Jose](/wiki/Lincoln_Law_School_of_San_Jose "Lincoln Law School of San Jose") and [University of Silicon Valley Law School](/wiki/University_of_Silicon_Valley_Law_School "University of Silicon Valley Law School") offer law degrees, catering to working professionals. [National University](/wiki/National_University_%28California%29 "National University (California)") maintains a campus in San Jose. The San Jose campus of [Golden Gate University](/wiki/Golden_Gate_University "Golden Gate University") offers business bachelor and [MBA](/wiki/Master_of_Business_Administration "Master of Business Administration") degrees. In the San Jose metropolitan area, [Stanford University](/wiki/Stanford_University "Stanford University") is in [Stanford, California](/wiki/Stanford%2C_California "Stanford, California"), [Santa Clara University](/wiki/Santa_Clara_University "Santa Clara University") is in [Santa Clara, California](/wiki/Santa_Clara%2C_California "Santa Clara, California"), and [U.C. Santa Cruz](/wiki/U.C._Santa_Cruz "U.C. Santa Cruz") is in [Santa Cruz, California](/wiki/Santa_Cruz%2C_California "Santa Cruz, California"). Within the [San Francisco Bay Area](/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Area "San Francisco Bay Area"), other universities include [U.C. Berkeley](/wiki/U.C._Berkeley "U.C. Berkeley"), [U.C. San Francisco](/wiki/U.C._San_Francisco "U.C. San Francisco"), [U.C. Hastings College of Law](/wiki/University_of_California%2C_Hastings_College_of_the_Law "University of California, Hastings College of the Law"), [University of San Francisco](/wiki/University_of_San_Francisco "University of San Francisco"), and [California State University, East Bay](/wiki/California_State_University%2C_East_Bay "California State University, East Bay"). The San Jose area's [community colleges](/wiki/Community_college "Community college"), [San Jose City College](/wiki/San_Jose_City_College "San Jose City College"), [West Valley College](/wiki/West_Valley_College "West Valley College"), [Mission College](/wiki/Mission_College_%28Santa_Clara%2C_California%29 "Mission College (Santa Clara, California)") and [Evergreen Valley College](/wiki/Evergreen_Valley_College "Evergreen Valley College"), offer associate degrees, general education units to transfer to CSU and UC schools, and adult and continuing education programs. The West campus of [Palmer College of Chiropractic](/wiki/Palmer_College_of_Chiropractic "Palmer College of Chiropractic") is also located in San Jose. WestMed College is headquartered in San Jose and offers paramedic training, emergency medical technician training, and licensed vocational nursing programs. The [University of California](/wiki/University_of_California "University of California") operates [Lick Observatory](/wiki/Lick_Observatory "Lick Observatory") atop [Mount Hamilton](/wiki/Mount_Hamilton_%28California%29 "Mount Hamilton (California)"). [Western Seminary](/wiki/Western_Seminary "Western Seminary") has one of its four campuses in San Jose, which opened on the campus of Calvary Church of Los Gatos in 1985\. The campus relocated in 2010 to Santa Clara. Western is an evangelical, Christian graduate school that provides theological training for students who hope to serve in a variety of ministry roles including pastors, marriage and family therapists, educators, missionaries and lay leadership. The San Jose campus offers four master's degrees, and a variety of other graduate\-level programs.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.westernseminary.edu/admissions/why/campuses/sanjose \|title\=Western Seminary San Jose Campus \|publisher\=westernseminary.edu \|access\-date\=November 26, 2013 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202231549/http://www.westernseminary.edu/admissions/why/campuses/sanjose \|archive\-date\=December 2, 2013 \|url\-status\=live }} [National Hispanic University](/wiki/National_Hispanic_University "National Hispanic University") offered associate and bachelor's degrees and teaching credentials to its students, focusing on Hispanic students, until its closing in 2015\.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.nhu.edu/ \|title\=National Hispanic University \|publisher\=National Hispanic University \|access\-date\=May 19, 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170524230213/http://www.nhu.edu/ \|archive\-date\=May 24, 2017 }}
[ "### Higher education", "{{multiple image\n\\| direction \\= vertical\n\\| align \\= right\n\\| width \\= 200px\n\\| footer \\= \\[\\[Stanford University]], 20 mi (30 km) outside of San Jose, is one of the top universities in the world.\n\\| image1 \\= Stanford University Oval and Quad Aerial View 2007\\.jpg\n}}\n[thumb\\|left\\|upright\\|[San José State University](/wiki/San_Jos%C3%A9_State_University \"San José State University\") is the [oldest public university](/wiki/List_of_oldest_schools_in_California \"List of oldest schools in California\") on the [West Coast](/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States \"West Coast of the United States\") and the founding campus of the [California State University](/wiki/California_State_University \"California State University\").](/wiki/File:Tower_Hall%2C_San_Jos%C3%A9_State_University_-_DSC03886.JPG \"Tower Hall, San José State University - DSC03886.JPG\")\n[thumb\\|upright\\=0\\.9\\|right\\|[Santa Clara University](/wiki/Santa_Clara_University \"Santa Clara University\") is ranked as one of the best universities in the [Western United States](/wiki/Western_United_States \"Western United States\") by [U.S. News \\& World Report](/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report \"U.S. News & World Report\").](/wiki/File:USA-Santa_Clara-Mission-3.jpg \"USA-Santa Clara-Mission-3.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|upright\\=0\\.9\\|right\\|The [University of California](/wiki/University_of_California \"University of California\") operates [Lick Observatory](/wiki/Lick_Observatory \"Lick Observatory\"), on [Mount Hamilton](/wiki/Mount_Hamilton_%28California%29 \"Mount Hamilton (California)\"), in [East San Jose](/wiki/East_San_Jose \"East San Jose\").](/wiki/File:Lick_Observatory_Shane_Telescope.jpg \"Lick Observatory Shane Telescope.jpg\")\nSan Jose is home to several colleges and [universities](/wiki/University \"University\"). The largest is [San José State University](/wiki/San_Jose_State_University \"San Jose State University\"), which was founded by the California legislature in 1862 as the California State Normal School, and is the founding campus of the [California State University](/wiki/California_State_University \"California State University\") (CSU) system. Located in downtown San Jose since 1870, the university enrolls approximately 35,000 students in over 250 different bachelor's, master's and doctoral degree programs.{{cite web \\|title\\=Majors and Programs \\|url\\=https://catalog.sjsu.edu/content.php?catoid\\=12\\&navoid\\=4146 \\|publisher\\=San Jose State University \\|access\\-date\\=February 8, 2023 \\|archive\\-date\\=January 12, 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112233446/https://catalog.sjsu.edu/content.php?catoid\\=12\\&navoid\\=4146 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "The school enjoys a good academic reputation, especially in the fields of engineering, business, computer science, art and design, and journalism, and consistently ranks among the top public universities in the western region of the United States.{{cite web \\|title\\=San Jose State University Rankings \\|url\\=https://www.usnews.com/best\\-colleges/san\\-jose\\-state\\-university\\-1155/overall\\-rankings \\|website\\=US News \\|publisher\\=US News and World Report \\|access\\-date\\=February 8, 2023 \\|archive\\-date\\=February 3, 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203155324/https://www.usnews.com/best\\-colleges/san\\-jose\\-state\\-university\\-1155/overall\\-rankings \\|url\\-status\\=live }} San Jose State is one of only three Bay Area schools that fields a [Football Bowl Subdivision](/wiki/Football_Bowl_Subdivision \"Football Bowl Subdivision\") (FBS) [Division I](/wiki/NCAA_Division_I \"NCAA Division I\") college football team; [Stanford University](/wiki/Stanford_University \"Stanford University\") and [U.C. Berkeley](/wiki/U.C._Berkeley \"U.C. Berkeley\") are the other two.", "[California University of Management and Technology](/wiki/California_University_of_Management_and_Technology \"California University of Management and Technology\") (CALMAT) offers many degree programs, including MBA, Computer Science, Information Technology. Most classes are offered both online and in the downtown campus. Many of the students are working professionals in the Silicon Valley.", "The [University of Silicon Valley](/wiki/University_of_Silicon_Valley \"University of Silicon Valley\") is located in the [Golden Triangle](/wiki/Rincon%2C_San_Jose \"Rincon, San Jose\") of [North San Jose](/wiki/North_San_Jose \"North San Jose\").", "[Lincoln Law School of San Jose](/wiki/Lincoln_Law_School_of_San_Jose \"Lincoln Law School of San Jose\") and [University of Silicon Valley Law School](/wiki/University_of_Silicon_Valley_Law_School \"University of Silicon Valley Law School\") offer law degrees, catering to working professionals.", "[National University](/wiki/National_University_%28California%29 \"National University (California)\") maintains a campus in San Jose.", "The San Jose campus of [Golden Gate University](/wiki/Golden_Gate_University \"Golden Gate University\") offers business bachelor and [MBA](/wiki/Master_of_Business_Administration \"Master of Business Administration\") degrees.", "In the San Jose metropolitan area, [Stanford University](/wiki/Stanford_University \"Stanford University\") is in [Stanford, California](/wiki/Stanford%2C_California \"Stanford, California\"), [Santa Clara University](/wiki/Santa_Clara_University \"Santa Clara University\") is in [Santa Clara, California](/wiki/Santa_Clara%2C_California \"Santa Clara, California\"), and [U.C. Santa Cruz](/wiki/U.C._Santa_Cruz \"U.C. Santa Cruz\") is in [Santa Cruz, California](/wiki/Santa_Cruz%2C_California \"Santa Cruz, California\"). Within the [San Francisco Bay Area](/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Area \"San Francisco Bay Area\"), other universities include [U.C. Berkeley](/wiki/U.C._Berkeley \"U.C. Berkeley\"), [U.C. San Francisco](/wiki/U.C._San_Francisco \"U.C. San Francisco\"), [U.C. Hastings College of Law](/wiki/University_of_California%2C_Hastings_College_of_the_Law \"University of California, Hastings College of the Law\"), [University of San Francisco](/wiki/University_of_San_Francisco \"University of San Francisco\"), and [California State University, East Bay](/wiki/California_State_University%2C_East_Bay \"California State University, East Bay\").", "The San Jose area's [community colleges](/wiki/Community_college \"Community college\"), [San Jose City College](/wiki/San_Jose_City_College \"San Jose City College\"), [West Valley College](/wiki/West_Valley_College \"West Valley College\"), [Mission College](/wiki/Mission_College_%28Santa_Clara%2C_California%29 \"Mission College (Santa Clara, California)\") and [Evergreen Valley College](/wiki/Evergreen_Valley_College \"Evergreen Valley College\"), offer associate degrees, general education units to transfer to CSU and UC schools, and adult and continuing education programs. The West campus of [Palmer College of Chiropractic](/wiki/Palmer_College_of_Chiropractic \"Palmer College of Chiropractic\") is also located in San Jose.", "WestMed College is headquartered in San Jose and offers paramedic training, emergency medical technician training, and licensed vocational nursing programs.", "The [University of California](/wiki/University_of_California \"University of California\") operates [Lick Observatory](/wiki/Lick_Observatory \"Lick Observatory\") atop [Mount Hamilton](/wiki/Mount_Hamilton_%28California%29 \"Mount Hamilton (California)\").", "[Western Seminary](/wiki/Western_Seminary \"Western Seminary\") has one of its four campuses in San Jose, which opened on the campus of Calvary Church of Los Gatos in 1985\\. The campus relocated in 2010 to Santa Clara. Western is an evangelical, Christian graduate school that provides theological training for students who hope to serve in a variety of ministry roles including pastors, marriage and family therapists, educators, missionaries and lay leadership. The San Jose campus offers four master's degrees, and a variety of other graduate\\-level programs.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.westernseminary.edu/admissions/why/campuses/sanjose \\|title\\=Western Seminary San Jose Campus \\|publisher\\=westernseminary.edu \\|access\\-date\\=November 26, 2013 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202231549/http://www.westernseminary.edu/admissions/why/campuses/sanjose \\|archive\\-date\\=December 2, 2013 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "[National Hispanic University](/wiki/National_Hispanic_University \"National Hispanic University\") offered associate and bachelor's degrees and teaching credentials to its students, focusing on Hispanic students, until its closing in 2015\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.nhu.edu/ \\|title\\=National Hispanic University \\|publisher\\=National Hispanic University \\|access\\-date\\=May 19, 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170524230213/http://www.nhu.edu/ \\|archive\\-date\\=May 24, 2017 }}", "" ]
Biography --------- Born in [Newport News, Virginia](/wiki/Newport_News%2C_Virginia "Newport News, Virginia") in 1948, Johnson attended [Howard University](/wiki/Howard_University "Howard University") in [Washington, D.C.](/wiki/Washington%2C_D.C. "Washington, D.C.") and while there, co\-founded the [soul](/wiki/Soul_music "Soul music") group, [the Unifics](/wiki/The_Unifics "The Unifics").{{cite web\|first\=Ron\|last\=Wynn\|url\=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/the\-unifics\-mn0000920074/biography\|title\=The Unifics \| Biography\|publisher\=\[\[AllMusic]]\|accessdate\=2013\-10\-29}} The group, with Johnson as lead singer, scored three hits on the [*Billboard* Hot 100](/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100 "Billboard Hot 100") in 1968 and 1969 for the [Kapp Records](/wiki/Kapp_Records "Kapp Records") [label](/wiki/Record_label "Record label"). The first, "Court of Love" climbed to \#25, but reached \#3 on the [US](/wiki/United_States "United States") *[Billboard](/wiki/Billboard_%28magazine%29 "Billboard (magazine)")* [R\&B](/wiki/Hot_R%26B/Hip-Hop_Songs "Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs") [chart](/wiki/Record_chart "Record chart"). The follow\-up, "The Beginning of My End" got to \#36 on the Hot 100 and \#9 R\&B. Two further releases in 1969 reached the R\&B chart. Johnson continued to write songs for other artists throughout the 70s including *[Sparkle](/wiki/Sparkle_%281976_film%29 "Sparkle (1976 film)")* star [Lonette McKee](/wiki/Lonette_McKee "Lonette McKee"), [Tata Vega](/wiki/Tata_Vega "Tata Vega") and [Deniece Williams](/wiki/Deniece_Williams "Deniece Williams"). In 1978 he recorded his debut solo album, *Peaceful* which he co\-produced, as well as arranging and co\-writing, for a small label, Marina, part\-owned by former singer, Lloyd Price. In 1980, Johnson collaborated with jazz/soul producer [Norman Connors](/wiki/Norman_Connors "Norman Connors") for his second solo album, *Back For More*, on [Columbia Records](/wiki/Columbia_Records "Columbia Records").{{cite web\|last1\=Kellman\|first1\=Andy\|title\=Artist Biography\|url\=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/al\-johnson\-mn0000508222/biography \|website\=\[\[AllMusic]]\|access\-date\=13 November 2021}} This came after he had sung on Norman Connors' album, *Invitation* for [Arista Records](/wiki/Arista_Records "Arista Records") in 1979, singing the lead track, "Your Love". *Back for More* peaked at \#48 on the Billboard Black Albums chart. The lead single from the album, "I'm Back for More", a duet with [Jean Carn](/wiki/Jean_Carn "Jean Carn"),{{cite web\|first\=Ed\|last\=Hogan\|url\=http://www.allmusic.com/song/im\-back\-for\-more\-mt0031738230\|title\=I'm Back for More \- Song Review\|publisher\=AllMusic\|date\=2013\-08\-05\|accessdate\=2013\-10\-29}} reached \#26 on the R\&B chart, whilst the follow\-up, "I've Got My Second Wind", hit \#58, both in 1980\. That same year, "Second Wind" was covered in an up\-tempo groove by Tata Vega featuring G. C. Cameron on Motown Records. Around this time, Johnson was writing, arranging and also playing keyboards on recording sessions, including for the Willie Lester\-Rodney Brown production team that released several successful disco/soul albums on [Prelude](/wiki/Prelude_Records "Prelude Records") in the early 1980s, with acts such as [Sharon Redd](/wiki/Sharon_Redd "Sharon Redd"), [Bobby Thurston](/wiki/Bobby_Thurston "Bobby Thurston") and [Gayle Adams](/wiki/Gayle_Adams "Gayle Adams"). In the 1990s, Johnson worked with [The Whispers](/wiki/The_Whispers "The Whispers") on several albums and, in 1998, released his final solo album *My Heart Is an Open Book* for independent label, CLOUT Entertainment. Johnson re\-formed the Unifics with original group member Tom Fauntleroy, and also toured with a solo gospel show. The group issued a new album, *Unifics Return* in 2005\. Johnson, aged 65, died on October 26, 2013\.{{cite magazine\|url\=http://www.soultracks.com/al\-johnson\-dies\|title\=Legendary soul singer Al Johnson dies at age 65\|magazine\=\[\[SoulTracks]]\|date\=October 26, 2013\|accessdate\=2013\-10\-29\|first\=Chris\|last\=Rizik}}
[ "Biography\n---------", "Born in [Newport News, Virginia](/wiki/Newport_News%2C_Virginia \"Newport News, Virginia\") in 1948, Johnson attended [Howard University](/wiki/Howard_University \"Howard University\") in [Washington, D.C.](/wiki/Washington%2C_D.C. \"Washington, D.C.\") and while there, co\\-founded the [soul](/wiki/Soul_music \"Soul music\") group, [the Unifics](/wiki/The_Unifics \"The Unifics\").{{cite web\\|first\\=Ron\\|last\\=Wynn\\|url\\=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/the\\-unifics\\-mn0000920074/biography\\|title\\=The Unifics \\| Biography\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[AllMusic]]\\|accessdate\\=2013\\-10\\-29}} The group, with Johnson as lead singer, scored three hits on the [*Billboard* Hot 100](/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100 \"Billboard Hot 100\") in 1968 and 1969 for the [Kapp Records](/wiki/Kapp_Records \"Kapp Records\") [label](/wiki/Record_label \"Record label\"). The first, \"Court of Love\" climbed to \\#25, but reached \\#3 on the [US](/wiki/United_States \"United States\") *[Billboard](/wiki/Billboard_%28magazine%29 \"Billboard (magazine)\")* [R\\&B](/wiki/Hot_R%26B/Hip-Hop_Songs \"Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs\") [chart](/wiki/Record_chart \"Record chart\"). The follow\\-up, \"The Beginning of My End\" got to \\#36 on the Hot 100 and \\#9 R\\&B. Two further releases in 1969 reached the R\\&B chart.", "Johnson continued to write songs for other artists throughout the 70s including *[Sparkle](/wiki/Sparkle_%281976_film%29 \"Sparkle (1976 film)\")* star [Lonette McKee](/wiki/Lonette_McKee \"Lonette McKee\"), [Tata Vega](/wiki/Tata_Vega \"Tata Vega\") and [Deniece Williams](/wiki/Deniece_Williams \"Deniece Williams\"). In 1978 he recorded his debut solo album, *Peaceful* which he co\\-produced, as well as arranging and co\\-writing, for a small label, Marina, part\\-owned by former singer, Lloyd Price.", "In 1980, Johnson collaborated with jazz/soul producer [Norman Connors](/wiki/Norman_Connors \"Norman Connors\") for his second solo album, *Back For More*, on [Columbia Records](/wiki/Columbia_Records \"Columbia Records\").{{cite web\\|last1\\=Kellman\\|first1\\=Andy\\|title\\=Artist Biography\\|url\\=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/al\\-johnson\\-mn0000508222/biography \\|website\\=\\[\\[AllMusic]]\\|access\\-date\\=13 November 2021}} This came after he had sung on Norman Connors' album, *Invitation* for [Arista Records](/wiki/Arista_Records \"Arista Records\") in 1979, singing the lead track, \"Your Love\". *Back for More* peaked at \\#48 on the Billboard Black Albums chart. The lead single from the album, \"I'm Back for More\", a duet with [Jean Carn](/wiki/Jean_Carn \"Jean Carn\"),{{cite web\\|first\\=Ed\\|last\\=Hogan\\|url\\=http://www.allmusic.com/song/im\\-back\\-for\\-more\\-mt0031738230\\|title\\=I'm Back for More \\- Song Review\\|publisher\\=AllMusic\\|date\\=2013\\-08\\-05\\|accessdate\\=2013\\-10\\-29}} reached \\#26 on the R\\&B chart, whilst the follow\\-up, \"I've Got My Second Wind\", hit \\#58, both in 1980\\. That same year, \"Second Wind\" was covered in an up\\-tempo groove by Tata Vega featuring G. C. Cameron on Motown Records.", "Around this time, Johnson was writing, arranging and also playing keyboards on recording sessions, including for the Willie Lester\\-Rodney Brown production team that released several successful disco/soul albums on [Prelude](/wiki/Prelude_Records \"Prelude Records\") in the early 1980s, with acts such as [Sharon Redd](/wiki/Sharon_Redd \"Sharon Redd\"), [Bobby Thurston](/wiki/Bobby_Thurston \"Bobby Thurston\") and [Gayle Adams](/wiki/Gayle_Adams \"Gayle Adams\").", "In the 1990s, Johnson worked with [The Whispers](/wiki/The_Whispers \"The Whispers\") on several albums and, in 1998, released his final solo album *My Heart Is an Open Book* for independent label, CLOUT Entertainment. Johnson re\\-formed the Unifics with original group member Tom Fauntleroy, and also toured with a solo gospel show. The group issued a new album, *Unifics Return* in 2005\\.", "Johnson, aged 65, died on October 26, 2013\\.{{cite magazine\\|url\\=http://www.soultracks.com/al\\-johnson\\-dies\\|title\\=Legendary soul singer Al Johnson dies at age 65\\|magazine\\=\\[\\[SoulTracks]]\\|date\\=October 26, 2013\\|accessdate\\=2013\\-10\\-29\\|first\\=Chris\\|last\\=Rizik}}", "" ]
Second readers–writers problem ------------------------------ The first solution is suboptimal, because it is possible that a reader *R1* might have the lock, a writer *W* be waiting for the lock, and then a reader *R2* requests access. It would be unfair for *R2* to jump in immediately, ahead of *W*; if that happened often enough, *W* would [starve](/wiki/Resource_starvation "Resource starvation"). Instead, *W* should start as soon as possible. This is the motivation for the **second readers–writers problem**, in which the constraint is added that *no writer, once added to the queue, shall be kept waiting longer than absolutely necessary*. This is also called **writers\-preference**. A solution to the writers\-preference scenario is:{{cite journal \|journal\=Communications of the ACM \|title\=Concurrent Control with "Readers" and "Writers" \|first1\=P. J. \|last1\=Courtois \|first2\=F. \|last2\=Heymans \|first3\=D. L. \|last3\=Parnas \|year\=1971 \|volume\=14 \|issue\=10 \|pages\=667–668 \|doi\=10\.1145/362759\.362813 \|s2cid\=7540747 \|url\=http://cs.nyu.edu/\~lerner/spring10/MCP\-S10\-Read04\-ReadersWriters.pdf}} int readcount, writecount; //(initial value \= 0\) semaphore rmutex, wmutex, readTry, resource; //(initial value \= 1\) //READER reader() { \<ENTRY Section\> ``` readTry.P(); //Indicate a reader is trying to enter rmutex.P(); //lock entry section to avoid race condition with other readers readcount++; //report yourself as a reader if (readcount == 1) //checks if you are first reader resource.P(); //if you are first reader, lock the resource rmutex.V(); //release entry section for other readers readTry.V(); //indicate you are done trying to access the resource ``` \<CRITICAL Section\> //reading is performed \<EXIT Section\> ``` rmutex.P(); //reserve exit section - avoids race condition with readers readcount--; //indicate you're leaving if (readcount == 0) //checks if you are last reader leaving resource.V(); //if last, you must release the locked resource rmutex.V(); //release exit section for other readers ``` } //WRITER writer() { \<ENTRY Section\> ``` wmutex.P(); //reserve entry section for writers - avoids race conditions writecount++; //report yourself as a writer entering if (writecount == 1) //checks if you're first writer readTry.P(); //if you're first, then you must lock the readers out. Prevent them from trying to enter CS wmutex.V(); //release entry section resource.P(); //reserve the resource for yourself - prevents other writers from simultaneously editing the shared resource ``` \<CRITICAL Section\> ``` //writing is performed resource.V(); //release file ``` \<EXIT Section\> ``` wmutex.P(); //reserve exit section writecount--; //indicate you're leaving if (writecount == 0) //checks if you're the last writer readTry.V(); //if you're last writer, you must unlock the readers. Allows them to try enter CS for reading wmutex.V(); //release exit section ``` } In this solution, preference is given to the writers. This is accomplished by forcing every reader to lock and release the readtry semaphore individually. The writers on the other hand don't need to lock it individually. Only the first writer will lock the readtry and then all subsequent writers can simply use the resource as it gets freed by the previous writer. The very last writer must release the readtry semaphore, thus opening the gate for readers to try reading. No reader can engage in the entry section if the readtry semaphore has been set by a writer previously. The reader must wait for the last writer to unlock the resource and readtry semaphores. On the other hand, if a particular reader has locked the readtry semaphore, this will indicate to any potential concurrent writer that there is a reader in the entry section. So the writer will wait for the reader to release the readtry and then the writer will immediately lock it for itself and all subsequent writers. However, the writer will not be able to access the resource until the current reader has released the resource, which only occurs after the reader is finished with the resource in the critical section. The resource semaphore can be locked by both the writer and the reader in their entry section. They are only able to do so after first locking the readtry semaphore, which can only be done by one of them at a time. It will then take control over the resource as soon as the current reader is done reading and lock all future readers out. All subsequent readers will hang up at the readtry semaphore waiting for the writers to be finished with the resource and to open the gate by releasing readtry. The rmutex and wmutex are used in exactly the same way as in the first solution. Their sole purpose is to avoid race conditions on the readers and writers while they are in their entry or exit sections.
[ "Second readers–writers problem\n------------------------------", "The first solution is suboptimal, because it is possible that a reader *R1* might have the lock, a writer *W* be waiting for the lock, and then a reader *R2* requests access. It would be unfair for *R2* to jump in immediately, ahead of *W*; if that happened often enough, *W* would [starve](/wiki/Resource_starvation \"Resource starvation\"). Instead, *W* should start as soon as possible. This is the motivation for the **second readers–writers problem**, in which the constraint is added that *no writer, once added to the queue, shall be kept waiting longer than absolutely necessary*. This is also called **writers\\-preference**.", "A solution to the writers\\-preference scenario is:{{cite journal \\|journal\\=Communications of the ACM \\|title\\=Concurrent Control with \"Readers\" and \"Writers\" \\|first1\\=P. J. \\|last1\\=Courtois \\|first2\\=F. \\|last2\\=Heymans \\|first3\\=D. L. \\|last3\\=Parnas \\|year\\=1971 \\|volume\\=14 \\|issue\\=10 \\|pages\\=667–668 \\|doi\\=10\\.1145/362759\\.362813 \\|s2cid\\=7540747 \\|url\\=http://cs.nyu.edu/\\~lerner/spring10/MCP\\-S10\\-Read04\\-ReadersWriters.pdf}}", "", "int readcount, writecount; //(initial value \\= 0\\)\nsemaphore rmutex, wmutex, readTry, resource; //(initial value \\= 1\\)", "//READER\nreader() {\n\\<ENTRY Section\\>", "```\n readTry.P(); //Indicate a reader is trying to enter\n rmutex.P(); //lock entry section to avoid race condition with other readers\n readcount++; //report yourself as a reader\n if (readcount == 1) //checks if you are first reader\n resource.P(); //if you are first reader, lock the resource\n rmutex.V(); //release entry section for other readers\n readTry.V(); //indicate you are done trying to access the resource", "```", "\\<CRITICAL Section\\>\n//reading is performed\n\\<EXIT Section\\>", "```\n rmutex.P(); //reserve exit section - avoids race condition with readers\n readcount--; //indicate you're leaving\n if (readcount == 0) //checks if you are last reader leaving\n resource.V(); //if last, you must release the locked resource\n rmutex.V(); //release exit section for other readers", "```\n}\n//WRITER\nwriter() {\n\\<ENTRY Section\\>", "```\n wmutex.P(); //reserve entry section for writers - avoids race conditions\n writecount++; //report yourself as a writer entering\n if (writecount == 1) //checks if you're first writer\n readTry.P(); //if you're first, then you must lock the readers out. Prevent them from trying to enter CS\n wmutex.V(); //release entry section\n resource.P(); //reserve the resource for yourself - prevents other writers from simultaneously editing the shared resource", "```\n\\<CRITICAL Section\\>", "```\n //writing is performed\n resource.V(); //release file", "```", "\\<EXIT Section\\>", "```\n wmutex.P(); //reserve exit section\n writecount--; //indicate you're leaving\n if (writecount == 0) //checks if you're the last writer\n readTry.V(); //if you're last writer, you must unlock the readers. Allows them to try enter CS for reading\n wmutex.V(); //release exit section", "```\n}", "In this solution, preference is given to the writers. This is accomplished by forcing every reader to lock and release the readtry semaphore individually. The writers on the other hand don't need to lock it individually. Only the first writer will lock the readtry and then all subsequent writers can simply use the resource as it gets freed by the previous writer. The very last writer must release the readtry semaphore, thus opening the gate for readers to try reading.", "No reader can engage in the entry section if the readtry semaphore has been set by a writer previously. The reader must wait for the last writer to unlock the resource and readtry semaphores. On the other hand, if a particular reader has locked the readtry semaphore, this will indicate to any potential concurrent writer that there is a reader in the entry section. So the writer will wait for the reader to release the readtry and then the writer will immediately lock it for itself and all subsequent writers. However, the writer will not be able to access the resource until the current reader has released the resource, which only occurs after the reader is finished with the resource in the critical section.", "The resource semaphore can be locked by both the writer and the reader in their entry section. They are only able to do so after first locking the readtry semaphore, which can only be done by one of them at a time.", "It will then take control over the resource as soon as the current reader is done reading and lock all future readers out. All subsequent readers will hang up at the readtry semaphore waiting for the writers to be finished with the resource and to open the gate by releasing readtry.", "The rmutex and wmutex are used in exactly the same way as in the first solution. Their sole purpose is to avoid race conditions on the readers and writers while they are in their entry or exit sections.", "" ]
History ------- {{Plain image with caption\|Members of The Pinnacle Club \- a women's climbing club based in the United Kingdom \- thought to date from the late 1920s or early 1930s.jpg\|Pinnacle Club members (photo taken in Coniston, the Lake District, 1933\)\|250px\|right\|bottom}} The Pinnacle Club – the UK’s only national rock\-climbing club for women – was founded in 1921 by [Emily Kelly (known as Pat)](/wiki/Pat_Kelly_%28climber%29 "Pat Kelly (climber)"), who first conceived of the idea and then, through her enthusiasm and energy, made it reality. In the 1920s, although increasing numbers of women were coming to climbing, they remained very much a minority. Though the [Fell \& Rock Climbing Club](/wiki/Fell_%26_Rock_Climbing_Club "Fell & Rock Climbing Club"), established in1906 for [Lake District](/wiki/Lake_District "Lake District") climbing, was open to both men and women, women were excluded from most climbing clubs. Women still tended to be viewed as secondary partners, with men predominantly taking the lead. The Pinnacle Club was founded to offer an alternative – a space where women could literally ‘learn the ropes’ together. Although the [Ladies' Alpine Club](/wiki/Ladies%27_Alpine_Club "Ladies' Alpine Club") and [Ladies' Scottish Climbing Club](/wiki/Ladies%27_Scottish_Climbing_Club "Ladies' Scottish Climbing Club") had been set up in 1907 and 1908 respectively, they were focused on mountaineering. The Pinnacle Club, by contrast, was primarily about rock climbing. Its objectives were – and remain – to ‘foster the independent development of rock climbing amongst women and bring together those interested in the pursuit’.   The Club was officially inaugurated on March 26, 1921 at a meeting in the [Pen y Gwryd](/wiki/Pen-y-Gwryd "Pen-y-Gwryd") Inn, which still stands today just below [Pen y Pass](/wiki/Pen-y-Pass "Pen-y-Pass") in [Snowdonia](/wiki/Snowdonia "Snowdonia"). The Club began with 43 members, with Pat Kelly as Club Secretary and [Eleanor Winthrop\-Young](/wiki/Eleanor_Winthrop_Young "Eleanor Winthrop Young") as President. A letter was published in the Manchester Guardian soon afterwards, advertising the club’s existence and asking interested women to contact Pat Kelly. Tragically, Pat died the following year following a climbing accident in North Wales, but the Club she founded lived on. The Club organised weekend or week\-long ‘meets’ around the UK, where members could come together to climb. Early venues included [North Wales](/wiki/North_Wales "North Wales"), the [Lake District](/wiki/Lake_District "Lake District"), [Skye](/wiki/Isle_of_Skye "Isle of Skye"), the [Yorkshire Dales](/wiki/Yorkshire_Dales "Yorkshire Dales") and the [Peak District](/wiki/Peak_District "Peak District") – all places where the Club runs meets today. In 1921, there were just nine meets in the calendar – in 2019 (before the Covid pandemic), there were 26\. From the start, members also regularly climbed abroad, many having extensive Alpine experience and achieving many Alpine first female ascents. Today members continue to travel throughout Europe and beyond, enjoying all types of climbing: [sport](/wiki/Sport_climbing "Sport climbing"), [trad](/wiki/Traditional_climbing "Traditional climbing") and [mountaineering](/wiki/Mountaineering "Mountaineering"). By 1945, the Club had just under 100 members, and this growth continued through the following decades.{{cite book\|last1\=Angell\|first1\=\[written by] Shirley\|title\=Pinnacle Club : a history of women climbing\|date\=1988\|publisher\=\[Pinnacle Club]\|location\=\[Glasgow]\|isbn\=0951396706}} The Club in 2021 has 170 members, the youngest in their 20s and the oldest in their 90s. Eminent climbers who have been members over the years include [Nea Morin](/wiki/Nea_Morin "Nea Morin"), [Dorothy Pilley](/wiki/Dorothy_Pilley "Dorothy Pilley"),{{cite web\|last1\=Richards\|first1\=Dan\|title\=In the footholds of Dorothy Pilley: how my great\-great aunt became a climbing inspiration\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2016/sep/15/dorothy\-pilley\-climbing\-dan\-richards\-adventure\-travel\|website\=The Guardian\|accessdate\=30 January 2018\|language\=en\|date\=15 September 2016}} [Brede Arkless](/wiki/Brede_Arkless "Brede Arkless"), [Jill Lawrence](/wiki/Jill_Lawrence "Jill Lawrence"), [Gwen Moffat](/wiki/Gwen_Moffat "Gwen Moffat") and [Angela Soper](/wiki/Angela_Soper "Angela Soper").
[ "History\n-------", "{{Plain image with caption\\|Members of The Pinnacle Club \\- a women's climbing club based in the United Kingdom \\- thought to date from the late 1920s or early 1930s.jpg\\|Pinnacle Club members (photo taken in Coniston, the Lake District, 1933\\)\\|250px\\|right\\|bottom}}", "The Pinnacle Club – the UK’s only national rock\\-climbing club for women – was founded in 1921 by [Emily Kelly (known as Pat)](/wiki/Pat_Kelly_%28climber%29 \"Pat Kelly (climber)\"), who first conceived of the idea and then, through her enthusiasm and energy, made it reality.", "In the 1920s, although increasing numbers of women were coming to climbing, they remained very much a minority. Though the [Fell \\& Rock Climbing Club](/wiki/Fell_%26_Rock_Climbing_Club \"Fell & Rock Climbing Club\"), established in1906 for [Lake District](/wiki/Lake_District \"Lake District\") climbing, was open to both men and women, women were excluded from most climbing clubs. Women still tended to be viewed as secondary partners, with men predominantly taking the lead. The Pinnacle Club was founded to offer an alternative – a space where women could literally ‘learn the ropes’ together. Although the [Ladies' Alpine Club](/wiki/Ladies%27_Alpine_Club \"Ladies' Alpine Club\") and [Ladies' Scottish Climbing Club](/wiki/Ladies%27_Scottish_Climbing_Club \"Ladies' Scottish Climbing Club\") had been set up in 1907 and 1908 respectively, they were focused on mountaineering. The Pinnacle Club, by contrast, was primarily about rock climbing. Its objectives were – and remain – to ‘foster the independent development of rock climbing amongst women and bring together those interested in the pursuit’.", "The Club was officially inaugurated on March 26, 1921 at a meeting in the [Pen y Gwryd](/wiki/Pen-y-Gwryd \"Pen-y-Gwryd\") Inn, which still stands today just below [Pen y Pass](/wiki/Pen-y-Pass \"Pen-y-Pass\") in [Snowdonia](/wiki/Snowdonia \"Snowdonia\"). The Club began with 43 members, with Pat Kelly as Club Secretary and [Eleanor Winthrop\\-Young](/wiki/Eleanor_Winthrop_Young \"Eleanor Winthrop Young\") as President. A letter was published in the Manchester Guardian soon afterwards, advertising the club’s existence and asking interested women to contact Pat Kelly. Tragically, Pat died the following year following a climbing accident in North Wales, but the Club she founded lived on.", "The Club organised weekend or week\\-long ‘meets’ around the UK, where members could come together to climb. Early venues included [North Wales](/wiki/North_Wales \"North Wales\"), the [Lake District](/wiki/Lake_District \"Lake District\"), [Skye](/wiki/Isle_of_Skye \"Isle of Skye\"), the [Yorkshire Dales](/wiki/Yorkshire_Dales \"Yorkshire Dales\") and the [Peak District](/wiki/Peak_District \"Peak District\") – all places where the Club runs meets today. In 1921, there were just nine meets in the calendar – in 2019 (before the Covid pandemic), there were 26\\. From the start, members also regularly climbed abroad, many having extensive Alpine experience and achieving many Alpine first female ascents. Today members continue to travel throughout Europe and beyond, enjoying all types of climbing: [sport](/wiki/Sport_climbing \"Sport climbing\"), [trad](/wiki/Traditional_climbing \"Traditional climbing\") and [mountaineering](/wiki/Mountaineering \"Mountaineering\").", "By 1945, the Club had just under 100 members, and this growth continued through the following decades.{{cite book\\|last1\\=Angell\\|first1\\=\\[written by] Shirley\\|title\\=Pinnacle Club : a history of women climbing\\|date\\=1988\\|publisher\\=\\[Pinnacle Club]\\|location\\=\\[Glasgow]\\|isbn\\=0951396706}} The Club in 2021 has 170 members, the youngest in their 20s and the oldest in their 90s. Eminent climbers who have been members over the years include [Nea Morin](/wiki/Nea_Morin \"Nea Morin\"), [Dorothy Pilley](/wiki/Dorothy_Pilley \"Dorothy Pilley\"),{{cite web\\|last1\\=Richards\\|first1\\=Dan\\|title\\=In the footholds of Dorothy Pilley: how my great\\-great aunt became a climbing inspiration\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2016/sep/15/dorothy\\-pilley\\-climbing\\-dan\\-richards\\-adventure\\-travel\\|website\\=The Guardian\\|accessdate\\=30 January 2018\\|language\\=en\\|date\\=15 September 2016}} [Brede Arkless](/wiki/Brede_Arkless \"Brede Arkless\"), [Jill Lawrence](/wiki/Jill_Lawrence \"Jill Lawrence\"), [Gwen Moffat](/wiki/Gwen_Moffat \"Gwen Moffat\") and [Angela Soper](/wiki/Angela_Soper \"Angela Soper\").", "" ]
Military career --------------- ### Royal Air Force Simpson joined the [Royal Air Force](/wiki/Royal_Air_Force "Royal Air Force") (RAF) on 30 December 1927 and completed his basic induction training at the [RAF Central Depot](/wiki/RAF_Uxbridge "RAF Uxbridge"), RAF Uxbridge and two months later transferred to the No. 2 Flying Training School as a pilot under instruction. In December 1928 he qualified as a pilot in the rank of [pilot officer](/wiki/Pilot_officer "Pilot officer") on a short service commission and was posted to the newly reformed [No. 101 Squadron RAF](/wiki/No._101_Squadron_RAF "No. 101 Squadron RAF") at [RAF Bircham Newton](/wiki/RAF_Bircham_Newton "RAF Bircham Newton") flying [Boulton Paul Sidestrand](/wiki/Boulton_Paul_Sidestrand "Boulton Paul Sidestrand") bombers in a day\-bombing role. In June 1929 he was promoted to the rank of [flying officer](/wiki/Flying_officer "Flying officer").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.rafweb.org/Biographies/Simpson\_JHT.htm\|title\=John Herbert Thomas Simpson\|publisher\=Air of Authority\|accessdate\=7 June 2015}} In April 1930 Simpson was posted to a directing staff appointment at the RAF training base at [RAF Leuchars](/wiki/RAF_Leuchars "RAF Leuchars"). In December 1931, he had sat the first exam taken by Short Service Commission holders to undertake specialisation training, successful completion of which would lead to the award of a Permanent Commission. He attended the extended Officer's Engineering Course at the RAF's Home Aircraft Depot [RAF Henlow](/wiki/RAF_Henlow "RAF Henlow") at the same time as Flight Lieutenant [Frank Whittle](/wiki/Frank_Whittle "Frank Whittle"), passing out as a qualified engineer and granted a permanent commission in the rank of [flight lieutenant](/wiki/Flight_lieutenant "Flight lieutenant") in September 1933\. He was posted to the [Royal Air Force College Cranwell](/wiki/Royal_Air_Force_College_Cranwell "Royal Air Force College Cranwell") on the college's engineering staff. In 1935 Simpson was posted overseas for three years as the Engineering Officer at the RAF Depot, India. On 1 August 1937 he returned to flying duties and was promoted to [squadron leader](/wiki/Squadron_leader "Squadron leader"), receiving his first command as Officer Commanding [No. 60 Squadron RAF](/wiki/No._60_Squadron_RAF "No. 60 Squadron RAF") operating in the [North West Frontier](/wiki/North-West_Frontier_Province_%281901%E2%80%931955%29 "North-West Frontier Province (1901–1955)") conflicts with [Afghan tribesmen](/wiki/Afghanistan "Afghanistan") and flying [Airco DH.9A](/wiki/Airco_DH.9A "Airco DH.9A") and [Westland Wapiti](/wiki/Westland_Wapiti "Westland Wapiti") aircraft. Only nine months later he was posted as Engineering Officer at No. 3 Flying Training School at [RAF Ternhill](/wiki/RAF_Ternhill "RAF Ternhill"). In June 1940 he was promoted to temporary [wing commander](/wiki/Wing_commander_%28rank%29 "Wing commander (rank)") and in November 1941 he was posted as a Staff Officer at HQ No. 205 (Bomber) Group in the [North African Campaign](/wiki/North_African_Campaign "North African Campaign"). Further promotion came in June 1942 when he became an acting [group captain](/wiki/Group_captain "Group captain"). On 26 April 1942, he was piloting a [Vickers Wellington IC](/wiki/Vickers_Wellington "Vickers Wellington") (Z1045\) of No 70 Squadron, which was shot down as a result of enemy action. He was awarded the [Distinguished Service Order](/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Order "Distinguished Service Order"). In July 1943 Simpson was promoted to acting [air commodore](/wiki/Air_commodore "Air commodore") and appointed as Air Officer Commanding No. 205 (Bomber) Group, a position he retained until the July 1944 when he returned to the UK. Until the end of the Second World War, he commanded the [No. 1669 Heavy Conversion Unit](/wiki/No._1669_Heavy_Conversion_Unit_RAF "No. 1669 Heavy Conversion Unit RAF") at [RAF Langar](/wiki/RAF_Langar "RAF Langar") from November until December 1944 when he became commander of [RAF Marston Moor](/wiki/RAF_Marston_Moor "RAF Marston Moor"). With the cessation of hostilities Simpson reverted to the rank of group captain, where he took up the position of Station Commander at [RAF Cottesmore](/wiki/RAF_Cottesmore "RAF Cottesmore"). Between late 1945 and 1951 Simpson served in HQ Staff appointments at Bomber Command and latterly as deputy director of RAF Operations. On 18 Jun 1947, he was flying [Spitfire](/wiki/Supermarine_Spitfire "Supermarine Spitfire") No. SL563 of the Central Bomber Establishment on a practice flight when, on approaching to land, he discovered he could not select the undercarriage down and was forced to carry out an emergency wheels up belly skid landing at [RAF Marham](/wiki/RAF_Marham "RAF Marham"), which he managed successfully. For his actions he received the [Air Force Cross](/wiki/Air_Force_Cross_%28United_Kingdom%29 "Air Force Cross (United Kingdom)"). In 1951 Simpson returned to the rank of [air commodore](/wiki/Air_commodore "Air commodore") and after a brief spell as Senior Officer (Administration) at Headquarters No. 61 Group RAF he became Senior Air Staff Officer (SASO) at Headquarters No. 22 (Training) Group. ### Royal Observer Corps Approaching his retirement from the RAF, on 29 March 1954 Simpson was appointed [Commandant of the Royal Observer Corps](/wiki/Commandant_of_the_Royal_Observer_Corps "Commandant of the Royal Observer Corps"), taking over from the retiring Air Commodore [Gordon Herbert Vasse](/wiki/Gordon_Herbert_Vasse "Gordon Herbert Vasse").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.rafweb.org/Organsation/Grp09\.htm\|title\=Units directly responsible to Ministry level\|work\=rafweb.org\|accessdate\=7 June 2015}} Simpson retired on 1 June 1959 and died on 26 August 1967\.
[ "Military career\n---------------", "### Royal Air Force", "Simpson joined the [Royal Air Force](/wiki/Royal_Air_Force \"Royal Air Force\") (RAF) on 30 December 1927 and completed his basic induction training at the [RAF Central Depot](/wiki/RAF_Uxbridge \"RAF Uxbridge\"), RAF Uxbridge and two months later transferred to the No. 2 Flying Training School as a pilot under instruction. In December 1928 he qualified as a pilot in the rank of [pilot officer](/wiki/Pilot_officer \"Pilot officer\") on a short service commission and was posted to the newly reformed [No. 101 Squadron RAF](/wiki/No._101_Squadron_RAF \"No. 101 Squadron RAF\") at [RAF Bircham Newton](/wiki/RAF_Bircham_Newton \"RAF Bircham Newton\") flying [Boulton Paul Sidestrand](/wiki/Boulton_Paul_Sidestrand \"Boulton Paul Sidestrand\") bombers in a day\\-bombing role. In June 1929 he was promoted to the rank of [flying officer](/wiki/Flying_officer \"Flying officer\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.rafweb.org/Biographies/Simpson\\_JHT.htm\\|title\\=John Herbert Thomas Simpson\\|publisher\\=Air of Authority\\|accessdate\\=7 June 2015}}", "In April 1930 Simpson was posted to a directing staff appointment at the RAF training base at [RAF Leuchars](/wiki/RAF_Leuchars \"RAF Leuchars\"). In December 1931, he had sat the first exam taken by Short Service Commission holders to undertake specialisation training, successful completion of which would lead to the award of a Permanent Commission. He attended the extended Officer's Engineering Course at the RAF's Home Aircraft Depot [RAF Henlow](/wiki/RAF_Henlow \"RAF Henlow\") at the same time as Flight Lieutenant [Frank Whittle](/wiki/Frank_Whittle \"Frank Whittle\"), passing out as a qualified engineer and granted a permanent commission in the rank of [flight lieutenant](/wiki/Flight_lieutenant \"Flight lieutenant\") in September 1933\\. He was posted to the [Royal Air Force College Cranwell](/wiki/Royal_Air_Force_College_Cranwell \"Royal Air Force College Cranwell\") on the college's engineering staff.", "In 1935 Simpson was posted overseas for three years as the Engineering Officer at the RAF Depot, India. On 1 August 1937 he returned to flying duties and was promoted to [squadron leader](/wiki/Squadron_leader \"Squadron leader\"), receiving his first command as Officer Commanding [No. 60 Squadron RAF](/wiki/No._60_Squadron_RAF \"No. 60 Squadron RAF\") operating in the [North West Frontier](/wiki/North-West_Frontier_Province_%281901%E2%80%931955%29 \"North-West Frontier Province (1901–1955)\") conflicts with [Afghan tribesmen](/wiki/Afghanistan \"Afghanistan\") and flying [Airco DH.9A](/wiki/Airco_DH.9A \"Airco DH.9A\") and [Westland Wapiti](/wiki/Westland_Wapiti \"Westland Wapiti\") aircraft. Only nine months later he was posted as Engineering Officer at No. 3 Flying Training School at [RAF Ternhill](/wiki/RAF_Ternhill \"RAF Ternhill\"). In June 1940 he was promoted to temporary [wing commander](/wiki/Wing_commander_%28rank%29 \"Wing commander (rank)\") and in November 1941 he was posted as a Staff Officer at HQ No. 205 (Bomber) Group in the [North African Campaign](/wiki/North_African_Campaign \"North African Campaign\"). Further promotion came in June 1942 when he became an acting [group captain](/wiki/Group_captain \"Group captain\"). On 26 April 1942, he was piloting a [Vickers Wellington IC](/wiki/Vickers_Wellington \"Vickers Wellington\") (Z1045\\) of No 70 Squadron, which was shot down as a result of enemy action. He was awarded the [Distinguished Service Order](/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Order \"Distinguished Service Order\").", "In July 1943 Simpson was promoted to acting [air commodore](/wiki/Air_commodore \"Air commodore\") and appointed as Air Officer Commanding No. 205 (Bomber) Group, a position he retained until the July 1944 when he returned to the UK. Until the end of the Second World War, he commanded the [No. 1669 Heavy Conversion Unit](/wiki/No._1669_Heavy_Conversion_Unit_RAF \"No. 1669 Heavy Conversion Unit RAF\") at [RAF Langar](/wiki/RAF_Langar \"RAF Langar\") from November until December 1944 when he became commander of [RAF Marston Moor](/wiki/RAF_Marston_Moor \"RAF Marston Moor\"). With the cessation of hostilities Simpson reverted to the rank of group captain, where he took up the position of Station Commander at [RAF Cottesmore](/wiki/RAF_Cottesmore \"RAF Cottesmore\"). Between late 1945 and 1951 Simpson served in HQ Staff appointments at Bomber Command and latterly as deputy director of RAF Operations. On 18 Jun 1947, he was flying [Spitfire](/wiki/Supermarine_Spitfire \"Supermarine Spitfire\") No. SL563 of the Central Bomber Establishment on a practice flight when, on approaching to land, he discovered he could not select the undercarriage down and was forced to carry out an emergency wheels up belly skid landing at [RAF Marham](/wiki/RAF_Marham \"RAF Marham\"), which he managed successfully. For his actions he received the [Air Force Cross](/wiki/Air_Force_Cross_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"Air Force Cross (United Kingdom)\").", "In 1951 Simpson returned to the rank of [air commodore](/wiki/Air_commodore \"Air commodore\") and after a brief spell as Senior Officer (Administration) at Headquarters No. 61 Group RAF he became Senior Air Staff Officer (SASO) at Headquarters No. 22 (Training) Group.", "### Royal Observer Corps", "Approaching his retirement from the RAF, on 29 March 1954 Simpson was appointed [Commandant of the Royal Observer Corps](/wiki/Commandant_of_the_Royal_Observer_Corps \"Commandant of the Royal Observer Corps\"), taking over from the retiring Air Commodore [Gordon Herbert Vasse](/wiki/Gordon_Herbert_Vasse \"Gordon Herbert Vasse\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.rafweb.org/Organsation/Grp09\\.htm\\|title\\=Units directly responsible to Ministry level\\|work\\=rafweb.org\\|accessdate\\=7 June 2015}} Simpson retired on 1 June 1959 and died on 26 August 1967\\.", "" ]
Professional career ------------------- De Cavel worked in [Zermatt](/wiki/Zermatt "Zermatt"), [Antibes](/wiki/Antibes "Antibes"), and the British West Indies.{{cite web \|date\=July 18, 2015 \|title\=Chef Jean\-Robert de Cavel brings French cuisine to the Dish \|url\=http://www.cbsnews.com/videos/chef\-jean\-robert\-de\-cavel\-brings\-french\-cuisine\-to\-the\-dish/ \|accessdate\=July 27, 2015 \|work\=CBS This Morning}}{{Cite web \|title\=Master Chef Of France Jean\-Robert De Cavel \|url\=https://mcf\-usa.com/chefs/jean\-robert\-de\-cavel/ \|access\-date\=December 24, 2022 \|website\=Maîtres Cuisiniers de France \|language\=en\-US}} He moved to New York City to work for Le Régence at the [Hotel Plaza Athénée](/wiki/Plaza_Ath%C3%A9n%C3%A9e%2C_New_York "Plaza Athénée, New York").{{Cite web \|date\=January 10, 2008 \|title\=Breaking the Mold \|url\=https://www.food\-management.com/archive/breaking\-mold \|access\-date\=December 24, 2022 \|website\=Food Management \|language\=en}}{{Cite news \|last\=Gavin \|first\=Robert \|date\=March 20, 2005 \|title\=We're the Hub of the Universe, but Cincinnati is eating our lunch \|work\=The Boston Globe \|url\=https://archive.boston.com/business/articles/2005/03/20/were\_the\_hub\_of\_the\_universe\_but\_cincinnati\_is\_eating\_our\_lunch/ \|access\-date\=December 24, 2022}} In the 1990s he was considered a rising star, but the opportunities for working as a chef de cuisine in a French restaurant in New York City had become very competitive. In the early 1990s, Cincinnati's The Maisonette was conducting a nationwide search for a new chef de cuisine, and De Cavel's friend [Daniel Boulud](/wiki/Daniel_Boulud "Daniel Boulud") encouraged him to apply.{{Cite web \|last\=Neog \|first\=Anupal Sraban \|title\=What happened to Jean\-Robert de Cavel? Tributes pour in as iconic Cincinnati chef passes away \|url\=https://www.sportskeeda.com/pop\-culture/news\-what\-happened\-jean\-robert\-de\-cavel\-tributes\-pour\-iconic\-cincinnati\-chef\-passes\-away \|access\-date\=2022\-12\-29 \|website\=www.sportskeeda.com \|date\=December 25, 2022 \|language\=en\-us}} At the time de Cavel did not know where Cincinnati was; he described having to pull out a map. De Cavel moved to Cincinnati in 1993 to become [chef de cuisine](/wiki/Chef_de_cuisine "Chef de cuisine") at [The Maisonette](/wiki/The_Maisonette "The Maisonette"), which earned 5 stars from [Mobil](/wiki/Forbes_Travel_Guide "Forbes Travel Guide") during his time there.{{cite web \|title\=Jean\-Robert de Cavel \|url\=http://jrcincy.com/about/ \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614044628/https://www.jrcincy.com/about/ \|archive\-date\=June 14, 2018 \|accessdate\=June 2, 2015}} His plan was to stay for two or three years, develop his reputation, and moved back to New York or Europe. He described the city reminding him of Lille, where he had grown up: a center of industry rather than tourism, and very livable. He "fell in love with the city", and the city with him; he realized that in a metropolitan region of two million, he could become an important influence, opening restaurants rather than simply working in them. He left Maisonette in 2002 to join a partnership to run his own restaurant, [Jean\-Robert at Pigall's](/wiki/Jean-Robert_at_Pigall%27s "Jean-Robert at Pigall's"), which became at the time Ohio's only Mobil four\-star restaurant.{{cite web\|last1\=Cohen\|first1\=Alex\|title\=Ohio's Only Four\-Star Restaurant To Close\|website\=NPR.org \|url\=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId\=100751261\|publisher\=NPR\|accessdate\=June 2, 2015}} With his partners he went on to open JeanRo Bistro, Pho Paris, Greenup Cafe, Twist, and Lavomatic Cafe, all located in the greater Cincinnati area. In 2009 the partnership fell apart and he was left with no restaurants. He considered leaving Cincinnati after the partnership ended, but instead stayed and opened Jean\-Robert's Table in 2010, French Crust in 2011, Le Bar a Boeuf in 2014, Eat at Jean\-Bob's in 2015, Restaurant L, and Frenchie Fresh in 2016\.{{cite web \|author\=Campbell, Polly \|date\=September 18, 2015 \|title\=Jean\-Robert opens burger stand in Paul Brown \|url\=http://www.cincinnati.com/story/entertainment/dining/2015/09/18/jean\-robert\-opens\-burger\-stand\-paul\-brown/72423476/ \|accessdate\=October 17, 2015 \|work\=Cincinnati Enquirer}}{{cite web \|last1\=Begley \|first1\=Emily \|last2\=Mitchell \|first2\=Pama \|title\=J\-Ro's Big Year \|url\=https://www.citybeat.com/food\-drink/the\-dish/article/20856664/jros\-big\-year \|website\=City Beat \|accessdate\=June 13, 2018}} He was called "arguably the most recognizable chef in town"{{cite web\|title\=Best of Cincinnati\|url\=http://citybeat.com/cincinnati/article\-32434\-2015\_eats\_staff\_picks.html\|accessdate\=September 11, 2015}} and "one of the region's most well\-known chefs".{{cite web \| url\=http://www.wcpo.com/news/local\-news/hamilton\-county/cincinnati/renowned\-local\-chef\-aims\-to\-help\-save\-infants \| title\=Renowned local chef aims to help save infants \| publisher\=WCPO\-TV \| date\=October 16, 2015 \| accessdate\=October 17, 2015 \| author\=Folk, Jesse}} The *Cincinnati Business Journal* said he had "shaped Cincinnati's modern dining scene".{{Cite web \|title\=Jean\-Robert de Cavel, Cincinnati's most renowned chef, dies after battle with cancer \|url\=https://www.bizjournals.com/cincinnati/news/2022/12/23/jean\-robert\-obituary.html \|access\-date\=December 24, 2022 \|website\=The Business Journals}} De Cavel appeared in *[Rebel//Rebel](/wiki/Rebel//Rebel "Rebel//Rebel")* as a chef and in *[Three Barbecues: A Blackened Comedy](/wiki/Three_Barbecues:A_Blackened_Comedy "A Blackened Comedy")* (2004\) as himself.{{Cite web \|title\=Jean Robert De\-Cavel \|url\=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1795133/ \|access\-date\=2022\-12\-29 \|website\=IMDb \|language\=en\-US}} ### Teaching From 2009, he was chef\-in\-residence at the [Midwest Culinary Institute](/wiki/Midwest_Culinary_Institute "Midwest Culinary Institute"). ### Recognition and legacy De Cavel was a four\-time semi\-finalist for the James Beard Best Chef in the Great Lakes Region in 2008, 2009, 2012, and 2013\.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.jamesbeard.org/awards/search?categories%5BRestaurant\+%26\+Chef%5D\=1\&year\=\&keyword\=de\+cavel \|website\=James Beard Foundation \|accessdate\=June 13, 2018\|title\=Awards Search \| James Beard Foundation }} He received three James Beard nominations for Best Chef in the Midwest in 2000, 2001, and 2006 and was invited to cook at the foundation's Greenwich Village headquarters six times.{{cite web \|last1\=Drilling \|first1\=Joanne \|title\=House Party \|url\=http://www.cincinnatimagazine.com/forkopolisblog/house\-party/ \|website\=Cincinnati Magazine \|date\=June 26, 2014 \|accessdate\=June 13, 2018}} During his tenure, The Maisonette received five stars from Mobil. Jean\-Robert at Pigall's received four stars from Mobil and was recognized by [Relais \& Châteaux](/wiki/Relais_%26_Ch%C3%A2teaux "Relais & Châteaux"). In 2007 he was named a Master Chef by Maîtres Cuisiniers de France. In early 2022 he was named a Great Living Cincinnatian and a city street was named for him.{{Cite web \|last1\=Planalp \|first1\=Brian \|last2\=Winn \|first2\=Chancelor \|title\=Public memorial Mass planned for Jean\-Robert de Cavel \|url\=https://www.fox19\.com/2022/12/28/funeral\-arrangements\-set\-jean\-robert\-de\-cavel/ \|access\-date\=2022\-12\-29 \|website\=fox19\.com \|date\=December 28, 2022 \|language\=en}}{{Cite web \|title\=Jean\-Robert de Cavel \|url\=https://www.dmefuneral.com/obituaries/obituary\-listings?obId\=26761407 \|access\-date\=2022\-12\-29 \|website\=www.dmefuneral.com \|language\=en\-US}} Cavel is widely credited for leading and influencing the redevelopment of fine dining in the [Greater Cincinnati](/wiki/Greater_Cincinnati "Greater Cincinnati") region.{{Cite web \|title\=Public memorial Mass to be held for renowned chef Jean\-Robert de Cavel \|url\=https://www.cincinnati.com/story/news/local/2022/12/29/cincinnati\-chef\-to\-be\-honored\-in\-mass\-on\-jan\-16/69762997007/ \|access\-date\=2022\-12\-29 \|website\=The Enquirer \|language\=en\-US}}{{Cite news \|title\=Cincinnati chef Jean\-Robert de Cavel dies at 61 \|language\=en\-US \|work\=The Enquirer \|url\=https://www.cincinnati.com/story/news/2022/12/23/cincinnati\-chef\-jean\-robert\-de\-cavel\-dies/69754574007/ \|access\-date\=2022\-12\-29}} According to Cincinnati food writer Keith Pandolfi, "You can’t go into any kitchen in this city and not find someone who worked for him at some point."
[ "Professional career\n-------------------", "De Cavel worked in [Zermatt](/wiki/Zermatt \"Zermatt\"), [Antibes](/wiki/Antibes \"Antibes\"), and the British West Indies.{{cite web \\|date\\=July 18, 2015 \\|title\\=Chef Jean\\-Robert de Cavel brings French cuisine to the Dish \\|url\\=http://www.cbsnews.com/videos/chef\\-jean\\-robert\\-de\\-cavel\\-brings\\-french\\-cuisine\\-to\\-the\\-dish/ \\|accessdate\\=July 27, 2015 \\|work\\=CBS This Morning}}{{Cite web \\|title\\=Master Chef Of France Jean\\-Robert De Cavel \\|url\\=https://mcf\\-usa.com/chefs/jean\\-robert\\-de\\-cavel/ \\|access\\-date\\=December 24, 2022 \\|website\\=Maîtres Cuisiniers de France \\|language\\=en\\-US}} He moved to New York City to work for Le Régence at the [Hotel Plaza Athénée](/wiki/Plaza_Ath%C3%A9n%C3%A9e%2C_New_York \"Plaza Athénée, New York\").{{Cite web \\|date\\=January 10, 2008 \\|title\\=Breaking the Mold \\|url\\=https://www.food\\-management.com/archive/breaking\\-mold \\|access\\-date\\=December 24, 2022 \\|website\\=Food Management \\|language\\=en}}{{Cite news \\|last\\=Gavin \\|first\\=Robert \\|date\\=March 20, 2005 \\|title\\=We're the Hub of the Universe, but Cincinnati is eating our lunch \\|work\\=The Boston Globe \\|url\\=https://archive.boston.com/business/articles/2005/03/20/were\\_the\\_hub\\_of\\_the\\_universe\\_but\\_cincinnati\\_is\\_eating\\_our\\_lunch/ \\|access\\-date\\=December 24, 2022}} In the 1990s he was considered a rising star, but the opportunities for working as a chef de cuisine in a French restaurant in New York City had become very competitive.", "In the early 1990s, Cincinnati's The Maisonette was conducting a nationwide search for a new chef de cuisine, and De Cavel's friend [Daniel Boulud](/wiki/Daniel_Boulud \"Daniel Boulud\") encouraged him to apply.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Neog \\|first\\=Anupal Sraban \\|title\\=What happened to Jean\\-Robert de Cavel? Tributes pour in as iconic Cincinnati chef passes away \\|url\\=https://www.sportskeeda.com/pop\\-culture/news\\-what\\-happened\\-jean\\-robert\\-de\\-cavel\\-tributes\\-pour\\-iconic\\-cincinnati\\-chef\\-passes\\-away \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-12\\-29 \\|website\\=www.sportskeeda.com \\|date\\=December 25, 2022 \\|language\\=en\\-us}} At the time de Cavel did not know where Cincinnati was; he described having to pull out a map.", "De Cavel moved to Cincinnati in 1993 to become [chef de cuisine](/wiki/Chef_de_cuisine \"Chef de cuisine\") at [The Maisonette](/wiki/The_Maisonette \"The Maisonette\"), which earned 5 stars from [Mobil](/wiki/Forbes_Travel_Guide \"Forbes Travel Guide\") during his time there.{{cite web \\|title\\=Jean\\-Robert de Cavel \\|url\\=http://jrcincy.com/about/ \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614044628/https://www.jrcincy.com/about/ \\|archive\\-date\\=June 14, 2018 \\|accessdate\\=June 2, 2015}} His plan was to stay for two or three years, develop his reputation, and moved back to New York or Europe. He described the city reminding him of Lille, where he had grown up: a center of industry rather than tourism, and very livable. He \"fell in love with the city\", and the city with him; he realized that in a metropolitan region of two million, he could become an important influence, opening restaurants rather than simply working in them.", "He left Maisonette in 2002 to join a partnership to run his own restaurant, [Jean\\-Robert at Pigall's](/wiki/Jean-Robert_at_Pigall%27s \"Jean-Robert at Pigall's\"), which became at the time Ohio's only Mobil four\\-star restaurant.{{cite web\\|last1\\=Cohen\\|first1\\=Alex\\|title\\=Ohio's Only Four\\-Star Restaurant To Close\\|website\\=NPR.org \\|url\\=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId\\=100751261\\|publisher\\=NPR\\|accessdate\\=June 2, 2015}}", "With his partners he went on to open JeanRo Bistro, Pho Paris, Greenup Cafe, Twist, and Lavomatic Cafe, all located in the greater Cincinnati area. In 2009 the partnership fell apart and he was left with no restaurants.", "He considered leaving Cincinnati after the partnership ended, but instead stayed and opened Jean\\-Robert's Table in 2010, French Crust in 2011, Le Bar a Boeuf in 2014, Eat at Jean\\-Bob's in 2015, Restaurant L, and Frenchie Fresh in 2016\\.{{cite web \\|author\\=Campbell, Polly \\|date\\=September 18, 2015 \\|title\\=Jean\\-Robert opens burger stand in Paul Brown \\|url\\=http://www.cincinnati.com/story/entertainment/dining/2015/09/18/jean\\-robert\\-opens\\-burger\\-stand\\-paul\\-brown/72423476/ \\|accessdate\\=October 17, 2015 \\|work\\=Cincinnati Enquirer}}{{cite web \\|last1\\=Begley \\|first1\\=Emily \\|last2\\=Mitchell \\|first2\\=Pama \\|title\\=J\\-Ro's Big Year \\|url\\=https://www.citybeat.com/food\\-drink/the\\-dish/article/20856664/jros\\-big\\-year \\|website\\=City Beat \\|accessdate\\=June 13, 2018}} He was called \"arguably the most recognizable chef in town\"{{cite web\\|title\\=Best of Cincinnati\\|url\\=http://citybeat.com/cincinnati/article\\-32434\\-2015\\_eats\\_staff\\_picks.html\\|accessdate\\=September 11, 2015}} and \"one of the region's most well\\-known chefs\".{{cite web \\| url\\=http://www.wcpo.com/news/local\\-news/hamilton\\-county/cincinnati/renowned\\-local\\-chef\\-aims\\-to\\-help\\-save\\-infants \\| title\\=Renowned local chef aims to help save infants \\| publisher\\=WCPO\\-TV \\| date\\=October 16, 2015 \\| accessdate\\=October 17, 2015 \\| author\\=Folk, Jesse}} The *Cincinnati Business Journal* said he had \"shaped Cincinnati's modern dining scene\".{{Cite web \\|title\\=Jean\\-Robert de Cavel, Cincinnati's most renowned chef, dies after battle with cancer \\|url\\=https://www.bizjournals.com/cincinnati/news/2022/12/23/jean\\-robert\\-obituary.html \\|access\\-date\\=December 24, 2022 \\|website\\=The Business Journals}}", "De Cavel appeared in *[Rebel//Rebel](/wiki/Rebel//Rebel \"Rebel//Rebel\")* as a chef and in *[Three Barbecues: A Blackened Comedy](/wiki/Three_Barbecues:A_Blackened_Comedy \"A Blackened Comedy\")* (2004\\) as himself.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Jean Robert De\\-Cavel \\|url\\=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1795133/ \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-12\\-29 \\|website\\=IMDb \\|language\\=en\\-US}}", "### Teaching", "From 2009, he was chef\\-in\\-residence at the [Midwest Culinary Institute](/wiki/Midwest_Culinary_Institute \"Midwest Culinary Institute\").", "### Recognition and legacy", "De Cavel was a four\\-time semi\\-finalist for the James Beard Best Chef in the Great Lakes Region in 2008, 2009, 2012, and 2013\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.jamesbeard.org/awards/search?categories%5BRestaurant\\+%26\\+Chef%5D\\=1\\&year\\=\\&keyword\\=de\\+cavel \\|website\\=James Beard Foundation \\|accessdate\\=June 13, 2018\\|title\\=Awards Search \\| James Beard Foundation }} He received three James Beard nominations for Best Chef in the Midwest in 2000, 2001, and 2006 and was invited to cook at the foundation's Greenwich Village headquarters six times.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Drilling \\|first1\\=Joanne \\|title\\=House Party \\|url\\=http://www.cincinnatimagazine.com/forkopolisblog/house\\-party/ \\|website\\=Cincinnati Magazine \\|date\\=June 26, 2014 \\|accessdate\\=June 13, 2018}}", "During his tenure, The Maisonette received five stars from Mobil. Jean\\-Robert at Pigall's received four stars from Mobil and was recognized by [Relais \\& Châteaux](/wiki/Relais_%26_Ch%C3%A2teaux \"Relais & Châteaux\"). In 2007 he was named a Master Chef by Maîtres Cuisiniers de France. In early 2022 he was named a Great Living Cincinnatian and a city street was named for him.{{Cite web \\|last1\\=Planalp \\|first1\\=Brian \\|last2\\=Winn \\|first2\\=Chancelor \\|title\\=Public memorial Mass planned for Jean\\-Robert de Cavel \\|url\\=https://www.fox19\\.com/2022/12/28/funeral\\-arrangements\\-set\\-jean\\-robert\\-de\\-cavel/ \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-12\\-29 \\|website\\=fox19\\.com \\|date\\=December 28, 2022 \\|language\\=en}}{{Cite web \\|title\\=Jean\\-Robert de Cavel \\|url\\=https://www.dmefuneral.com/obituaries/obituary\\-listings?obId\\=26761407 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-12\\-29 \\|website\\=www.dmefuneral.com \\|language\\=en\\-US}}", "Cavel is widely credited for leading and influencing the redevelopment of fine dining in the [Greater Cincinnati](/wiki/Greater_Cincinnati \"Greater Cincinnati\") region.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Public memorial Mass to be held for renowned chef Jean\\-Robert de Cavel \\|url\\=https://www.cincinnati.com/story/news/local/2022/12/29/cincinnati\\-chef\\-to\\-be\\-honored\\-in\\-mass\\-on\\-jan\\-16/69762997007/ \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-12\\-29 \\|website\\=The Enquirer \\|language\\=en\\-US}}{{Cite news \\|title\\=Cincinnati chef Jean\\-Robert de Cavel dies at 61 \\|language\\=en\\-US \\|work\\=The Enquirer \\|url\\=https://www.cincinnati.com/story/news/2022/12/23/cincinnati\\-chef\\-jean\\-robert\\-de\\-cavel\\-dies/69754574007/ \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-12\\-29}} According to Cincinnati food writer Keith Pandolfi, \"You can’t go into any kitchen in this city and not find someone who worked for him at some point.\"", "" ]
Life and work ------------- ### Early life [thumb\|The Apprentices' Library Association in 1825](/wiki/File:Corner_of_Henry_and_Cranberry_Streets.png "Corner of Henry and Cranberry Streets.png") Whitman was born on May 31, 1819, in [West Hills, New York](/wiki/West_Hills%2C_New_York "West Hills, New York"), the second of nine children of [Quaker](/wiki/Quakers "Quakers") parents Walter and Louisa Van Velsor Whitman,Miller, 17\. of English and Dutch descent respectively.{{cite encyclopedia \|title\=Walt Whitman \|encyclopedia\=Encyclopædia Britannica \|date\=January 12, 2024 \|url\=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Walt\-Whitman \|quote\=His ancestry was typical of the region: his mother, Louisa Van Velsor, was Dutch, and his father, Walter Whitman, was of English descent. \|access\-date\=January 20, 2024 }} He was immediately nicknamed "Walt" to distinguish him from his father.Loving, 29\. At the age of four, Whitman moved with his family from Huntington to [Brooklyn](/wiki/Brooklyn "Brooklyn"), living in a series of homes, in part due to bad investments.Loving, 30\. Whitman looked back on his childhood as generally restless and unhappy, given his family's difficult economic struggles.Reynolds, 24\. One happy moment that he later recalled was when he was lifted in the air and kissed on the cheek by the [Marquis de Lafayette](/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier%2C_marquis_de_Lafayette "Gilbert du Motier, marquis de Lafayette") during a celebration of the setting of the [Brooklyn Apprentices' Library](/wiki/Brooklyn_Apprentices%27_Library "Brooklyn Apprentices' Library")'s cornerstone by Lafayette in Brooklyn on July 4, 1825\.Reynolds, 33–34\. Whitman later worked as a librarian at that institution.{{cite book\|title\=Brooklyn!, 3rd Edition: The Ultimate Guide to New York's Most Happening Borough\|author\=Ellen Freudenheim, Anna Wiener\|year\=2004\|page\=339\|isbn\=9780312323318\|publisher\=\[\[St. Martin's Press]]}} At the age of 11, Whitman ended his formal schoolingLoving, 32\. and sought employment to assist his family, which was struggling economically. He was an office boy for two lawyers and later was an [apprentice](/wiki/Apprenticeship "Apprenticeship") and [printer's devil](/wiki/Printer%27s_devil "Printer's devil") for the weekly Long Island newspaper the *Patriot*, edited by Samuel E. Clements.Reynolds, 44\. There, Whitman learned about the printing press and [typesetting](/wiki/Typesetting "Typesetting").Kaplan, 74\. He may have written "sentimental bits" of filler material for occasional issues.Callow, 30\. Clements aroused controversy when he and two friends attempted to dig up the corpse of the [Quaker](/wiki/Quaker "Quaker") minister [Elias Hicks](/wiki/Elias_Hicks "Elias Hicks") to create a plaster mold of his head.Callow, 29\. Clements left the *Patriot* shortly afterward, possibly as a result of the controversy.Loving, 34\. ### Career [thumb\|upright\=1\|Whitman at the age of 28 in 1848](/wiki/File:Walt_Whitman%2C_age_28%2C_1848.png "Walt Whitman, age 28, 1848.png") The following summer Whitman worked for another printer, Erastus Worthington, in [Brooklyn](/wiki/Brooklyn "Brooklyn").Reynolds, 45\. His family moved back to [West Hills, New York](/wiki/West_Hills%2C_New_York "West Hills, New York"), on [Long Island](/wiki/Long_Island "Long Island") in the spring, but Whitman remained and took a job at the shop of Alden Spooner, editor of the leading [Whig](/wiki/Whig_Party_%28United_States%29 "Whig Party (United States)") weekly newspaper the *Long\-Island Star*. While at the *Star*, Whitman became a regular patron of the local library, joined a town debating society, began attending theater performances,Callow, 32\. and anonymously published some of his earliest poetry in the *[New\-York Mirror](/wiki/New-York_Mirror "New-York Mirror")*.Kaplan, 79\. At the age of 16 in May 1835, Whitman left the *Star* and Brooklyn.Kaplan, 77\. He moved to New York City to work as a [compositor](/wiki/Compositor_%28typesetting%29 "Compositor (typesetting)")Callow, 35\. though, in later years, Whitman could not remember where.Kaplan, 81\. He attempted to find further work but had difficulty, in part due to a severe fire in the printing and publishing district, and in part due to a general collapse in the economy leading up to the [Panic of 1837](/wiki/Panic_of_1837 "Panic of 1837").Loving, 36\. In May 1836, he rejoined his family, now living in [Hempstead, Long Island](/wiki/Hempstead_%28village%29%2C_New_York "Hempstead (village), New York").Callow, 36\. Whitman taught intermittently at various schools until the spring of 1838, though he was not satisfied as a teacher.Loving, 37\. After his teaching attempts, Whitman returned to [Huntington, New York](/wiki/Huntington%2C_New_York "Huntington, New York"), to found his own newspaper, the *[Long\-Islander](/wiki/Long_Islander_News "Long Islander News")*. Whitman served as publisher, editor, pressman, and distributor and even provided home delivery. After ten months, he sold the publication to E. O. Crowell, whose first issue appeared on July 12, 1839\.Reynolds, 60\. There are no known surviving copies of the *Long\-Islander* published under Whitman.Loving, 38\. By the summer of 1839, he found a job as a typesetter in [Jamaica, Queens](/wiki/Jamaica%2C_Queens "Jamaica, Queens"), with the *Long Island Democrat*, edited by James J. Brenton. He left shortly thereafter, and made another attempt at teaching from the winter of 1840 to the spring of 1841\.Kaplan, 93–94\. One story, possibly [apocryphal](/wiki/wiktionary:Apocryphal "Apocryphal"), tells of Whitman's being chased away from a teaching job in [Southold, New York](/wiki/Southold%2C_New_York "Southold, New York"), in 1840\. After a local preacher called him a "[Sodomite](/wiki/Sodomy "Sodomy")", Whitman was allegedly [tarred and feathered](/wiki/Tarring_and_feathering "Tarring and feathering"). Biographer [Justin Kaplan](/wiki/Justin_Kaplan "Justin Kaplan") notes that the story is likely untrue, because Whitman regularly vacationed in the town thereafter.Kaplan, 87\. Biographer [Jerome Loving](/wiki/Jerome_Loving "Jerome Loving") calls the incident a "myth".Loving, 514\. During this time, Whitman published a series of ten editorials, called "Sun\-Down Papers—From the Desk of a Schoolmaster", in three newspapers between the winter of 1840 and July 1841\. In these essays, he adopted a constructed persona, a technique he would employ throughout his career.Stacy, 25\. Whitman moved to New York City in May, initially working a low\-level job at the *New World*, working under [Park Benjamin Sr.](/wiki/Park_Benjamin_Sr. "Park Benjamin Sr.") and [Rufus Wilmot Griswold](/wiki/Rufus_Wilmot_Griswold "Rufus Wilmot Griswold").Callow, 56\. He continued working for short periods of time for various newspapers; in 1842 he was editor of the *[Aurora](/wiki/The_New_York_Aurora "The New York Aurora")* and from 1846 to 1848 he was editor of the *[Brooklyn Eagle](/wiki/Brooklyn_Eagle "Brooklyn Eagle")*.Stacy, 6\. While working for the latter institution, many of his publications were in the area of music criticism, and it is during this time that he became a devoted lover of [Italian opera](/wiki/Italian_opera "Italian opera") through reviewing performances of works by [Bellini](/wiki/Vincenzo_Bellini "Vincenzo Bellini"), [Donizetti](/wiki/Donizetti "Donizetti"), and [Verdi](/wiki/Verdi "Verdi"). This new interest had an impact on his writing in free verse. He later said, "But for the opera, I could never have written *Leaves of Grass*."{{cite journal\|title\= Walt Whitman's Conversion To Opera\|author\=Brasher, Thomas L.\|editor\=Judith Tick, Paul E. Beaudoin\|journal\=Music in the USA: A Documentary Companion\|publisher\=Oxford University Press\|year\=2008\|page\=207}} Throughout the 1840s, Whitman contributed freelance fiction and poetry to various periodicals,Reynolds, 83–84\. including *[Brother Jonathan](/wiki/Brother_Jonathan_%28newspaper%29 "Brother Jonathan (newspaper)")* magazine edited by [John Neal](/wiki/John_Neal_%28writer%29 "John Neal (writer)").{{cite book \| last \= Merlob \| first \= Maya \| editor2\-last \= Carlson \| editor2\-first \= David J. \| editor1\-last \= Watts \| editor1\-first \= Edward \| chapter \= Chapter 5: Celebrated Rubbish: John Neal and the Commercialization of Early American Romanticism \| title \= John Neal and Nineteenth Century American Literature and Culture \| publisher \= Bucknell University Press \| location \= Lewisburg, Pennsylvania \| year \= 2012 \| isbn \= 978\-1\-61148\-420\-5 \| page \= 119, n18}} Whitman lost his position at the *Brooklyn Eagle* in 1848 after siding with the free\-soil "[Barnburner](/wiki/Barnburners_and_Hunkers "Barnburners and Hunkers")" wing of the Democratic party against the newspaper's owner, [Isaac Van Anden](/wiki/Isaac_Van_Anden "Isaac Van Anden"), who belonged to the conservative, or "[Hunker](/wiki/Barnburners_and_Hunkers "Barnburners and Hunkers")", wing of the party.Stacy, 87–91\. Whitman was a delegate to the 1848 founding convention of the [Free Soil Party](/wiki/Free_Soil_Party "Free Soil Party"), which was concerned about the threat slavery would pose to free white labor and northern businessmen moving into the newly colonized western territories. Abolitionist [William Lloyd Garrison](/wiki/William_Lloyd_Garrison "William Lloyd Garrison") derided the party philosophy as "white manism".{{cite book\|title\=Louisa May Alcott on Race, Sex, and Slavery\|author1\=Alcott, Louisa May\|author2\=Elbert, Sarah\|author1\-link\=Louisa May Alcott\|author2\-link\=Sarah Elbert \|date\=1997\|publisher\=Northeastern University Press\|isbn\=978\-1555533076\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=6g6kwxBDzxoC}} In 1852, he serialized a novel, *[Life and Adventures of Jack Engle](/wiki/Life_and_Adventures_of_Jack_Engle "Life and Adventures of Jack Engle")*, in six installments of New York's *The Sunday Dispatch*. In 1858, Whitman published a 47,000 word series, *Manly Health and Training*, under the pen name Mose Velsor.{{cite news\|last\= Schuessler \|first\= Jennifer \|title\= Found: Walt Whitman's Guide to 'Manly Health' \|date\= April 29, 2016 \|access\-date\= May 1, 2016 \|newspaper\= \[\[The New York Times]] \|url\= https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/30/books/walt\-whitman\-promoted\-a\-paleo\-diet\-who\-knew.html \|quote\= Now, Whitman's self\-help\-guide\-meets\-democratic\-manifesto is being published online in its entirety by a scholarly journal, in what some experts are calling the biggest new Whitman discovery in decades.}}{{cite journal\|title\= Special Double Issue: Walt Whitman's Newly Discovered 'Manly Health and Training' \|date\=Winter–Spring 2016 \|access\-date\= May 1, 2016 \|journal\= Walt Whitman Quarterly Review \|issn\= 0737\-0679 \|volume\= 33 \|number\= 3 \|url\= http://ir.uiowa.edu/wwqr/vol33/iss3/\|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20160502103230/http://ir.uiowa.edu/wwqr/vol33/iss3/\|url\-status\= dead\|archive\-date\= May 2, 2016}} Apparently he drew the name Velsor from Van Velsor, his mother's family name.{{cite web\|last\= Whitman \|first\= Walt \|title\= Genealogy – Van Velsor and Whitman \|type\= excerpt from ''Specimen Days'' \|year\= 1882 \|url\= http://www.bartleby.com/229/1003\.html \|website\= \[\[Bartleby.com]] \|access\-date\= May 2, 2016 \|quote\= THE LATER years of the last century found the Van Velsor family, my mother's side, living on their own farm at Cold Spring, Long Island, New York State, ...}} This self\-help guide recommends beards, nude sunbathing, comfortable shoes, bathing daily in cold water, eating meat almost exclusively, plenty of fresh air, and getting up early each morning. Present\-day writers have called *Manly Health and Training* "quirky",{{cite web\|last\= Onion \|first\= Rebecca \|title\= Finding the Poetry in Walt Whitman's Newly Rediscovered Health Advice \|date\= May 2, 2016 \|website\= \[\[Slate.com]] \|access\-date\= May 2, 2016 \|url\= http://www.slate.com/blogs/the\_vault/2016/05/02/walt\_whitman\_s\_manly\_health\_and\_training\_has\_poetry\_hidden\_in\_its\_health.html \|quote\= a quirky document full of prescriptions that seem curiously modern}} "so over the top",{{cite journal\|last\= Cueto \|first\= Emma \|title\= Walt Whitman's Advice Book For Men Has Just Been Discovered And Its Contents Are Surprising \|date\= May 2, 2016 \|journal\= \[\[Bustle (magazine)\|Bustle]] \|access\-date\= May 2, 2016 \|url\= http://www.bustle.com/articles/158277\-walt\-whitmans\-advice\-book\-for\-men\-has\-just\-been\-discovered\-and\-its\-contents\-are\-surprising \|quote\= And there are lots of other tidbits that, with a little modern rewording, would be right at home in the pages of a modern men's magazine—or even satirizing modern ideas about manliness because they're so over the top.}} "a pseudoscientific tract",{{cite journal\|last\= Turpin \|first\= Zachary \|title\= Introduction to Walt Whitman's 'Manly Health and Training' \|date\=Winter–Spring 2016 \|journal\= Walt Whitman Quarterly Review \|issn\= 0737\-0679 \|volume\= 33 \|number\= 3 \|page\= 149 \|doi\=10\.13008/0737\-0679\.2205 \|quote\= a pseudoscientific tract\|doi\-access\= free }} and "wacky". ### *Leaves of Grass* {{Main\|Leaves of Grass}} [thumb\|upright\=1\|Whitman in July 1854, aged 35, from the [frontispiece](/wiki/Book_frontispiece "Book frontispiece") to *[Leaves of Grass](/wiki/Leaves_of_Grass "Leaves of Grass")* from a lost [daguerreotype](/wiki/Daguerreotype "Daguerreotype") by [Gabriel Harrison](/wiki/Gabriel_Harrison "Gabriel Harrison")](/wiki/File:Walt_Whitman%2C_steel_engraving%2C_July_1854.jpg "Walt Whitman, steel engraving, July 1854.jpg") Whitman claimed that after years of competing for "the usual rewards", he determined to become a poet.Kaplan, 185\. He first experimented with a variety of popular literary genres that appealed to the cultural tastes of the period.Reynolds, 85\. As early as 1850, he began writing what would become *Leaves of Grass*,Loving, 154\. a collection of poetry that he would continue editing and revising until his death.Miller, 55\. Whitman intended to write a distinctly American [epic](/wiki/Epic_poetry "Epic poetry")Miller, 155\. and used [free verse](/wiki/Free_verse "Free verse") with a [cadence](/wiki/Cadence_%28music%29 "Cadence (music)") based on the Bible.Kaplan, 187\. At the end of June 1855, Whitman surprised his brothers with the already\-printed first edition of *Leaves of Grass*. George "didn't think it worth reading".Callow, 226\. Whitman paid for the publication of the first edition of *Leaves of Grass* himself and had it printed at a local print shop during its employees' breaks from commercial jobs.Loving, 178\. A total of 795 copies were printed.Kaplan, 198\. No author is named; instead, facing the title page was an engraved portrait done by Samuel Hollyer,Callow, 227\. but 500 lines into the body of the text he calls himself "Walt Whitman, an American, one of the roughs, a kosmos, disorderly, fleshly, and sensual, no sentimentalist, no stander above men or women or apart from them, no more modest than immodest".{{cite web\|url\=http://www.whitmanarchive.org/criticism/reviews/leaves1855/anc.00019\.html\|title\=Review of ''Leaves of Grass'' (1855\)\|publisher\=The Walt Whitman Archive}} The inaugural volume of poetry was preceded by a prose preface of 827 lines. The succeeding untitled twelve poems totaled 2315 lines with 1336 lines belonging to the first untitled poem, later called "[Song of Myself](/wiki/Song_of_Myself "Song of Myself")". The book received its strongest praise from [Ralph Waldo Emerson](/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson "Ralph Waldo Emerson"), who wrote a flattering five\-page letter to Whitman and spoke highly of the book to friends.Kaplan, 203\. Emerson called it “the most extraordinary piece of wit and wisdom that America has yet contributed.” Emerson had called for the first truly American poet, saying that aspects of America "are yet unsung. Yet America is a poem in our eyes."{{Cite web \|last\=Staff \|first\=Harriet \|date\=2024\-07\-18 \|title\=Ralph Waldo Emerson Found His Poets in Whitman \& Dickinson \|url\=https://www.poetryfoundation.org/harriet\-books/2015/09/ralph\-waldo\-emerson\-found\-his\-poets\-in\-whitman\-dickinson \|access\-date\=2024\-07\-18 \|website\=Poetry Foundation \|language\=en}} The first edition of *Leaves of Grass* was widely distributed and stirred up significant interest,Reynolds, 340\. in part due to Emerson's praise,Callow, 232\. but was occasionally criticized for the seemingly "obscene" nature of the poetry.Loving, 414\. Geologist [Peter Lesley](/wiki/Peter_Lesley "Peter Lesley") wrote to Emerson, calling the book "trashy, profane \& obscene" and the author "a pretentious ass".Kaplan, 211\. Whitman embossed a quote from Emerson's letter, "I greet you at the beginning of a great career", in gold leaf on the spine of the second edition. Of this action, [Laura Dassow Walls](/wiki/Laura_Dassow_Walls "Laura Dassow Walls"), professor emerita of English at the [University of Notre Dame](/wiki/University_of_Notre_Dame "University of Notre Dame"),[Department of English](https://english.nd.edu/people/laura-walls/) wrote: "In one stroke, Whitman had given birth to the modern cover [blurb](/wiki/Blurb "Blurb"), quite without Emerson's permission."[Walls, Laura Dassow](/wiki/Laura_Dassow_Walls "Laura Dassow Walls") *Henry David Thoreau: A Life*, 394\. Chicago and London: [The University of Chicago Press](/wiki/The_University_of_Chicago_Press "The University of Chicago Press"), 2017\. {{ISBN\|978\-0\-226\-59937\-3}} On July 11, 1855, a few days after *Leaves of Grass* was published, Whitman's father died at the age of 65\.Kaplan, 229\. In the months following the first edition of *Leaves of Grass*, critical responses began focusing on what some found offensive sexual themes. Though the second edition was already printed and bound, the publisher almost did not release it.Reynolds, 348\. In the end, the edition went to retail, with 20 additional poems,Callow, 238\. in August 1856\.Kaplan, 207\. *Leaves of Grass* was revised and re\-released in 1860,Loving, 238\. again in 1867, and several more times throughout the remainder of Whitman's life. Several well\-known writers admired the work enough to visit Whitman, including [Amos Bronson Alcott](/wiki/Amos_Bronson_Alcott "Amos Bronson Alcott") and [Henry David Thoreau](/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau "Henry David Thoreau").Reynolds, 363\. During the first publications of *Leaves of Grass*, Whitman had financial difficulties and was forced to work as a journalist again, specifically with Brooklyn's *Daily Times* starting in May 1857\.Callow, 225\. As an editor, he oversaw the paper's contents, contributed book reviews, and wrote editorials.Reynolds, 368\. He left the job in 1859, though it is unclear whether he was fired or chose to leave.Loving, 228\. Whitman, who typically kept detailed notebooks and journals, left very little information about himself in the late 1850s.Reynolds, 375\. ### Civil War years [thumb\|upright\=1\|Whitman's handwritten manuscript for "Broadway, 1861"](/wiki/File:Manuscript_Whitman_Broadway_1861.jpg "Manuscript Whitman Broadway 1861.jpg") [thumb\|upright\=1\|An 1862 photograph of Whitman taken by [Mathew Brady](/wiki/Mathew_Brady "Mathew Brady")](/wiki/File:Walt_Whitman_-_Brady-Handy_restored.png "Walt Whitman - Brady-Handy restored.png") As the [American Civil War](/wiki/American_Civil_War "American Civil War") was beginning, Whitman published his poem "[Beat! Beat! Drums!](/wiki/s:Leaves_of_Grass/Book_XXI%23Beat%21_Beat%21_Drums%21 "Leaves of Grass/Book XXI#Beat! Beat! Drums!")" as a patriotic rally call for the [Union](/wiki/Union_%28American_Civil_War%29 "Union (American Civil War)").Callow, 283\. Whitman's brother George had joined the [Union](/wiki/Union_%28American_Civil_War%29 "Union (American Civil War)") army in the [51st New York Infantry Regiment](/wiki/51st_New_York_Infantry_Regiment "51st New York Infantry Regiment") and began sending Whitman several vividly detailed letters of the battle front.Reynolds, 410\. On December 16, 1862, a listing of fallen and wounded soldiers in the *[New\-York Tribune](/wiki/New-York_Tribune "New-York Tribune")* included "First Lieutenant G. W. Whitmore", which Whitman worried was a reference to his brother George.Kaplan, 268\. He made his way south immediately to find him, though his wallet was stolen on the way.Reynolds, 411\. "Walking all day and night, unable to ride, trying to get information, trying to get access to big people", Whitman later wrote,Callow, 286\. he eventually found George alive, with only a superficial wound on his cheek. Whitman, profoundly affected by seeing the wounded soldiers and the heaps of their amputated limbs, left for [Washington, D.C.](/wiki/Washington%2C_D.C. "Washington, D.C."), on December 28, 1862, with the intention of never returning to New York. In Washington, D.C., Whitman's friend Charley Eldridge helped him obtain part\-time work in the army paymaster's office, leaving time for Whitman to volunteer as a nurse in the army hospitals.Callow, 293\. He would write of this experience in "The Great Army of the Sick", published in a New York newspaper in 1863Kaplan, 273\. and, 12 years later, in a book called *Memoranda During the War*.Callow, 297\. He then contacted Emerson, this time to ask for help in obtaining a government post. Another friend, John Trowbridge, passed on a letter of recommendation from Emerson to [Salmon P. Chase](/wiki/Salmon_P._Chase "Salmon P. Chase"), Secretary of the Treasury, hoping he would grant Whitman a position in that department. Chase, however, did not want to hire the author of such a disreputable book as *Leaves of Grass*.Callow, 295\. The Whitman family had a difficult end to 1864\. On September 30, 1864, Whitman's brother George was captured by [Confederate forces](/wiki/Confederate_Army "Confederate Army") in [Virginia](/wiki/Virginia "Virginia"),Loving, 281\. and another brother, Andrew Jackson, died of [tuberculosis](/wiki/Tuberculosis "Tuberculosis") compounded by alcoholism on December 3\.Kaplan, 293–294\. That month, Whitman committed his brother Jesse to the Kings County Lunatic Asylum.Reynolds, 454\. Whitman's spirits were raised, however, when he finally got a better\-paying government post as a low\-grade clerk in the [Bureau of Indian Affairs](/wiki/Bureau_of_Indian_Affairs "Bureau of Indian Affairs") in the [Department of the Interior](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior "United States Department of the Interior"), thanks to his friend [William Douglas O'Connor](/wiki/William_Douglas_O%27Connor "William Douglas O'Connor"). O'Connor, a poet, daguerreotypist, and an editor at *[The Saturday Evening Post](/wiki/The_Saturday_Evening_Post "The Saturday Evening Post")* wrote to [William Tod Otto](/wiki/William_Tod_Otto "William Tod Otto"), Assistant [Secretary of the Interior](/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior "United States Secretary of the Interior"), on Whitman's behalf.Loving, 283\. Whitman began the new appointment on January 24, 1865, with a yearly salary of $1,200\.Reynolds, 455\. A month later, on February 24, 1865, George was released from capture and granted a [furlough](/wiki/Furlough "Furlough") because of his poor health. By May 1, Whitman received a promotion to a slightly higher clerkship and published *Drum\-Taps*.Loving, 290\. Effective June 30, 1865, however, Whitman was fired from his job. His dismissal came from the new Secretary of the Interior, former [Iowa](/wiki/Iowa "Iowa") Senator [James Harlan](/wiki/James_Harlan_%28senator%29 "James Harlan (senator)"). Though Harlan dismissed several clerks who "were seldom at their respective desks", he may have fired Whitman on moral grounds after finding an 1860 edition of *Leaves of Grass*.Loving, 291\. O'Connor protested until J. Hubley Ashton had Whitman transferred to the Attorney General's office on July 1\.Kaplan, 304\. O'Connor, though, was still upset and vindicated Whitman by publishing a biased and exaggerated biographical study, *The Good Gray Poet*, in January 1866\.{{Cite book\|last\=O'Connor\|first\=William Douglas\|url\=https://whitmanarchive.org/criticism/disciples/tei/anc.00170\.html\|title\=The Good Gray Poet\|publisher\=Bunce and Huntington (The Walt Whitman Archive)\|year\=1866\|location\=New York}} The fifty\-cent pamphlet defended Whitman as a wholesome patriot, established the poet's nickname and increased his popularity.Reynolds, 456–457\. Also aiding in his popularity was the publication of "[O Captain! My Captain!](/wiki/O_Captain%21_My_Captain%21 "O Captain! My Captain!")", a conventional poem on the [death of Abraham Lincoln](/wiki/Death_of_Abraham_Lincoln "Death of Abraham Lincoln"), the only poem to appear in anthologies during Whitman's lifetime.Kaplan, 309\. Part of Whitman's role at the Attorney General's office was interviewing former Confederate soldiers for presidential [pardons](/wiki/Pardon "Pardon"). "There are real characters among them", he later wrote, "and you know I have a fancy for anything out of the ordinary."Loving, 293\. In August 1866, he took a month off to prepare a new edition of *Leaves of Grass* which would not be published until 1867 after difficulty in finding a publisher.Kaplan, 318–319\. He hoped it would be its last edition.Loving, 314\. In February 1868, *Poems of Walt Whitman* was published in England thanks to the influence of [William Michael Rossetti](/wiki/William_Michael_Rossetti "William Michael Rossetti"),Callow, 326\. with minor changes that Whitman reluctantly approved.Kaplan, 324\. The edition became popular in England, especially with endorsements from the highly respected writer [Anne Gilchrist](/wiki/Anne_Gilchrist_%28writer%29 "Anne Gilchrist (writer)").Callow, 329\. Another edition of *Leaves of Grass* was issued in 1871, the same year it was mistakenly reported that its author died in a railroad accident.Loving, 331\. As Whitman's international fame increased, he remained at the attorney general's office until January 1872\.Reynolds, 464\. He spent much of 1872 caring for his mother, who was now nearly eighty and struggling with [arthritis](/wiki/Arthritis "Arthritis").Kaplan, 340\. He also traveled and was invited to [Dartmouth College](/wiki/Dartmouth_College "Dartmouth College") to give the commencement address on June 26, 1872\.Loving, 341\. ### Health decline and death [thumb\|upright\=1\|Whitman spent his last years at his home in [Camden, New Jersey](/wiki/Camden%2C_New_Jersey "Camden, New Jersey"), which is open to the public as the [Walt Whitman House](/wiki/Walt_Whitman_House "Walt Whitman House").](/wiki/File:WhitmanHouse-CamdenNJ1.jpg "WhitmanHouse-CamdenNJ1.jpg") After suffering a paralytic stroke in early 1873, Whitman was induced to move from Washington to the home of his brother—George Washington Whitman, an engineer—at 431 Stevens Street in Camden, New Jersey. His mother, having fallen ill, was also there and died that same year in May. Both events were difficult for Whitman and left him depressed. He remained at his brother's home until buying his own in 1884\.Miller, 33\. However, before purchasing his home, he spent the greatest period of his residence in Camden at his brother's home on Stevens Street. While in residence there he was very productive, publishing three versions of *Leaves of Grass* among other works. He was also last fully physically active in this house, receiving both [Oscar Wilde](/wiki/Oscar_Wilde "Oscar Wilde") and [Thomas Eakins](/wiki/Thomas_Eakins "Thomas Eakins"). His other brother, Edward, an "invalid" since birth, lived in the house.{{Cite web \|title\=Camden and the Last Years, 1875\-1892 {{!}} Timeline {{!}} Articles and Essays {{!}} Walt Whitman Papers in the Charles E. Feinberg Collection {{!}} Digital Collections {{!}} Library of Congress \|url\=https://www.loc.gov/collections/feinberg\-whitman/articles\-and\-essays/timeline/camden\-and\-the\-last\-years\-1875\-to\-1892/ \|access\-date\=2024\-07\-29 \|website\=Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA}} When his brother and sister\-in\-law were forced to move for business reasons, he bought his own house at 328 Mickle Street [(now 330 Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard)](/wiki/Walt_Whitman_House "Walt Whitman House").Haas, Irvin. *Historic Homes of American Authors*. Washington, D.C.: The Preservation Press, 1991: 141\. {{ISBN\|0\-89133\-180\-8}}. First taken care of by tenants, he was completely bedridden for most of his time in Mickle Street. During this time, he began socializing with Mary Oakes Davis—the widow of a sea captain. She was a neighbor, boarding with a family in Bridge Avenue just a few blocks from Mickle Street.Loving, 432\. She moved in with Whitman on February 24, 1885, to serve as his housekeeper in exchange for free rent. She brought with her a cat, a dog, two turtledoves, a canary, and other assorted animals.Reynolds, 548\. During this time, Whitman produced further editions of *Leaves of Grass* in 1876, 1881, and 1889\.{{Cite web \|title\=Camden and the Last Years, 1875\-1892 {{!}} Timeline {{!}} Articles and Essays {{!}} Walt Whitman Papers in the Charles E. Feinberg Collection {{!}} Digital Collections {{!}} Library of Congress \|url\=https://www.loc.gov/collections/feinberg\-whitman/articles\-and\-essays/timeline/camden\-and\-the\-last\-years\-1875\-to\-1892/ \|access\-date\=2024\-07\-29 \|website\=Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA}} While in [South Jersey](/wiki/South_Jersey "South Jersey"), Whitman spent a good portion of his time in the then quite pastoral community of [Laurel Springs](/wiki/Laurel_Springs%2C_New_Jersey "Laurel Springs, New Jersey"), between 1876 and 1884, converting one of the Stafford Farm buildings to his summer home. The restored summer home has been preserved as a museum by the local historical society. Part of his *Leaves of Grass* was written here, and in his *Specimen Days* he wrote of the spring, creek and lake. To him, Laurel Lake was "the prettiest lake in: either America or Europe".{{cite web \|url\=http://westfieldnj.com/whs/history/Counties/CamdenCounty/laurelsprings.htm \|title\=Laurel Springs History \|publisher\=WestfieldNJ.com \|author\=1976 Bicentennial publication produced for the Borough of Laurel Springs \|access\-date\=April 30, 2013}} As the end of 1891 approached, he prepared a final edition of *Leaves of Grass*, a version that has been nicknamed the "Deathbed Edition". He wrote, "L. of G. *at last complete*—after 33 y'rs of hackling at it, all times \& moods of my life, fair weather \& foul, all parts of the land, and peace \& war, young \& old."Reynolds, 586\. Preparing for death, Whitman commissioned a [granite](/wiki/Granite "Granite") [mausoleum](/wiki/Mausoleum "Mausoleum") shaped like a house for $4,000Loving, 479\. and visited it often during construction.Kaplan, 49\. In the last week of his life, he was too weak to lift a knife or fork and wrote: "I suffer all the time: I have no relief, no escape: it is monotony—monotony—monotony—in pain."Reynolds, 587\. {{Listen\|type\=speech \|filename\=Walt Whitman \- America.ogg \|title\="America" \|description\=An 1890 recording thought to be Walt Whitman reading the opening four lines of his poem "America" }} Walt Whitman died on March 26, 1892,Callow, 363\. at his home in Camden, New Jersey at the age of 72\.Griffiths, Rhys (March 2017\), ["Death of Walt Whitman"](https://www.historytoday.com/archive/months-past/death-walt-whitman), *History Today*, volume 67, issue 3\. An [autopsy](/wiki/Autopsy "Autopsy") revealed his lungs had diminished to one\-eighth their normal breathing capacity, a result of bronchial pneumonia, and that an egg\-sized abscess on his chest had eroded one of his ribs. The cause of death was officially listed as "[pleurisy](/wiki/Pleurisy "Pleurisy") of the left side, consumption of the right lung, general [miliary tuberculosis](/wiki/Miliary_tuberculosis "Miliary tuberculosis") and parenchymatous [nephritis](/wiki/Nephritis "Nephritis")".Reynolds, 588\. A public viewing of his body was held at his Camden home; more than 1,000 people visited in three hours.Loving, 480\. Whitman's oak coffin was barely visible because of all the flowers and wreaths left for him. Four days after his death, he was buried in his tomb at [Harleigh Cemetery](/wiki/Harleigh_Cemetery%2C_Camden "Harleigh Cemetery, Camden") in Camden. Another public ceremony was held at the cemetery, with friends giving speeches, live music, and refreshments. Whitman's friend, the orator [Robert Ingersoll](/wiki/Robert_G._Ingersoll "Robert G. Ingersoll"), delivered the eulogy.{{cite book \|last1\=Theroux \|first1\=Phyllis \|title\=The Book of Eulogies \|date\=1977 \|publisher\=Simon \& Schuster \|location\=New York \|page\=30}} Later, the remains of Whitman's parents and two of his brothers and their families were moved to the mausoleum.Kaplan, 50\. His brain was donated to the [American Anthropometric Society](/wiki/American_Anthropometric_Society "American Anthropometric Society") in Philadelphia, but it was accidentally destroyed.{{cite journal \|last1\=Spitzka \|first1\=Edw. Anthony \|title\=A Study of the Brains of Six Eminent Scientists and Scholars Belonging to the American Anthropometric Society, together with a Description of the Skull of Professor E. D. Cope \|journal\=Transactions of the American Philosophical Society \|date\=1907 \|volume\=21 \|issue\=4 \|pages\=175–308 \|doi\=10\.2307/1005434 \|jstor\=1005434 \|url\=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1005434 \|access\-date\=December 29, 2023}}
[ "Life and work\n-------------", "### Early life", "[thumb\\|The Apprentices' Library Association in 1825](/wiki/File:Corner_of_Henry_and_Cranberry_Streets.png \"Corner of Henry and Cranberry Streets.png\")\nWhitman was born on May 31, 1819, in [West Hills, New York](/wiki/West_Hills%2C_New_York \"West Hills, New York\"), the second of nine children of [Quaker](/wiki/Quakers \"Quakers\") parents Walter and Louisa Van Velsor Whitman,Miller, 17\\. of English and Dutch descent respectively.{{cite encyclopedia \\|title\\=Walt Whitman \\|encyclopedia\\=Encyclopædia Britannica \\|date\\=January 12, 2024 \\|url\\=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Walt\\-Whitman \\|quote\\=His ancestry was typical of the region: his mother, Louisa Van Velsor, was Dutch, and his father, Walter Whitman, was of English descent. \\|access\\-date\\=January 20, 2024 }} He was immediately nicknamed \"Walt\" to distinguish him from his father.Loving, 29\\. At the age of four, Whitman moved with his family from Huntington to [Brooklyn](/wiki/Brooklyn \"Brooklyn\"), living in a series of homes, in part due to bad investments.Loving, 30\\. Whitman looked back on his childhood as generally restless and unhappy, given his family's difficult economic struggles.Reynolds, 24\\. One happy moment that he later recalled was when he was lifted in the air and kissed on the cheek by the [Marquis de Lafayette](/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier%2C_marquis_de_Lafayette \"Gilbert du Motier, marquis de Lafayette\") during a celebration of the setting of the [Brooklyn Apprentices' Library](/wiki/Brooklyn_Apprentices%27_Library \"Brooklyn Apprentices' Library\")'s cornerstone by Lafayette in Brooklyn on July 4, 1825\\.Reynolds, 33–34\\. Whitman later worked as a librarian at that institution.{{cite book\\|title\\=Brooklyn!, 3rd Edition: The Ultimate Guide to New York's Most Happening Borough\\|author\\=Ellen Freudenheim, Anna Wiener\\|year\\=2004\\|page\\=339\\|isbn\\=9780312323318\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[St. Martin's Press]]}}", "At the age of 11, Whitman ended his formal schoolingLoving, 32\\. and sought employment to assist his family, which was struggling economically. He was an office boy for two lawyers and later was an [apprentice](/wiki/Apprenticeship \"Apprenticeship\") and [printer's devil](/wiki/Printer%27s_devil \"Printer's devil\") for the weekly Long Island newspaper the *Patriot*, edited by Samuel E. Clements.Reynolds, 44\\. There, Whitman learned about the printing press and [typesetting](/wiki/Typesetting \"Typesetting\").Kaplan, 74\\. He may have written \"sentimental bits\" of filler material for occasional issues.Callow, 30\\. Clements aroused controversy when he and two friends attempted to dig up the corpse of the [Quaker](/wiki/Quaker \"Quaker\") minister [Elias Hicks](/wiki/Elias_Hicks \"Elias Hicks\") to create a plaster mold of his head.Callow, 29\\. Clements left the *Patriot* shortly afterward, possibly as a result of the controversy.Loving, 34\\.", "### Career", "[thumb\\|upright\\=1\\|Whitman at the age of 28 in 1848](/wiki/File:Walt_Whitman%2C_age_28%2C_1848.png \"Walt Whitman, age 28, 1848.png\")\nThe following summer Whitman worked for another printer, Erastus Worthington, in [Brooklyn](/wiki/Brooklyn \"Brooklyn\").Reynolds, 45\\. His family moved back to [West Hills, New York](/wiki/West_Hills%2C_New_York \"West Hills, New York\"), on [Long Island](/wiki/Long_Island \"Long Island\") in the spring, but Whitman remained and took a job at the shop of Alden Spooner, editor of the leading [Whig](/wiki/Whig_Party_%28United_States%29 \"Whig Party (United States)\") weekly newspaper the *Long\\-Island Star*. While at the *Star*, Whitman became a regular patron of the local library, joined a town debating society, began attending theater performances,Callow, 32\\. and anonymously published some of his earliest poetry in the *[New\\-York Mirror](/wiki/New-York_Mirror \"New-York Mirror\")*.Kaplan, 79\\. At the age of 16 in May 1835, Whitman left the *Star* and Brooklyn.Kaplan, 77\\. He moved to New York City to work as a [compositor](/wiki/Compositor_%28typesetting%29 \"Compositor (typesetting)\")Callow, 35\\. though, in later years, Whitman could not remember where.Kaplan, 81\\. He attempted to find further work but had difficulty, in part due to a severe fire in the printing and publishing district, and in part due to a general collapse in the economy leading up to the [Panic of 1837](/wiki/Panic_of_1837 \"Panic of 1837\").Loving, 36\\. In May 1836, he rejoined his family, now living in [Hempstead, Long Island](/wiki/Hempstead_%28village%29%2C_New_York \"Hempstead (village), New York\").Callow, 36\\. Whitman taught intermittently at various schools until the spring of 1838, though he was not satisfied as a teacher.Loving, 37\\.", "After his teaching attempts, Whitman returned to [Huntington, New York](/wiki/Huntington%2C_New_York \"Huntington, New York\"), to found his own newspaper, the *[Long\\-Islander](/wiki/Long_Islander_News \"Long Islander News\")*. Whitman served as publisher, editor, pressman, and distributor and even provided home delivery. After ten months, he sold the publication to E. O. Crowell, whose first issue appeared on July 12, 1839\\.Reynolds, 60\\. There are no known surviving copies of the *Long\\-Islander* published under Whitman.Loving, 38\\. By the summer of 1839, he found a job as a typesetter in [Jamaica, Queens](/wiki/Jamaica%2C_Queens \"Jamaica, Queens\"), with the *Long Island Democrat*, edited by James J. Brenton. He left shortly thereafter, and made another attempt at teaching from the winter of 1840 to the spring of 1841\\.Kaplan, 93–94\\. One story, possibly [apocryphal](/wiki/wiktionary:Apocryphal \"Apocryphal\"), tells of Whitman's being chased away from a teaching job in [Southold, New York](/wiki/Southold%2C_New_York \"Southold, New York\"), in 1840\\. After a local preacher called him a \"[Sodomite](/wiki/Sodomy \"Sodomy\")\", Whitman was allegedly [tarred and feathered](/wiki/Tarring_and_feathering \"Tarring and feathering\"). Biographer [Justin Kaplan](/wiki/Justin_Kaplan \"Justin Kaplan\") notes that the story is likely untrue, because Whitman regularly vacationed in the town thereafter.Kaplan, 87\\. Biographer [Jerome Loving](/wiki/Jerome_Loving \"Jerome Loving\") calls the incident a \"myth\".Loving, 514\\. During this time, Whitman published a series of ten editorials, called \"Sun\\-Down Papers—From the Desk of a Schoolmaster\", in three newspapers between the winter of 1840 and July 1841\\. In these essays, he adopted a constructed persona, a technique he would employ throughout his career.Stacy, 25\\.", "Whitman moved to New York City in May, initially working a low\\-level job at the *New World*, working under [Park Benjamin Sr.](/wiki/Park_Benjamin_Sr. \"Park Benjamin Sr.\") and [Rufus Wilmot Griswold](/wiki/Rufus_Wilmot_Griswold \"Rufus Wilmot Griswold\").Callow, 56\\. He continued working for short periods of time for various newspapers; in 1842 he was editor of the *[Aurora](/wiki/The_New_York_Aurora \"The New York Aurora\")* and from 1846 to 1848 he was editor of the *[Brooklyn Eagle](/wiki/Brooklyn_Eagle \"Brooklyn Eagle\")*.Stacy, 6\\. While working for the latter institution, many of his publications were in the area of music criticism, and it is during this time that he became a devoted lover of [Italian opera](/wiki/Italian_opera \"Italian opera\") through reviewing performances of works by [Bellini](/wiki/Vincenzo_Bellini \"Vincenzo Bellini\"), [Donizetti](/wiki/Donizetti \"Donizetti\"), and [Verdi](/wiki/Verdi \"Verdi\"). This new interest had an impact on his writing in free verse. He later said, \"But for the opera, I could never have written *Leaves of Grass*.\"{{cite journal\\|title\\= Walt Whitman's Conversion To Opera\\|author\\=Brasher, Thomas L.\\|editor\\=Judith Tick, Paul E. Beaudoin\\|journal\\=Music in the USA: A Documentary Companion\\|publisher\\=Oxford University Press\\|year\\=2008\\|page\\=207}}", "Throughout the 1840s, Whitman contributed freelance fiction and poetry to various periodicals,Reynolds, 83–84\\. including *[Brother Jonathan](/wiki/Brother_Jonathan_%28newspaper%29 \"Brother Jonathan (newspaper)\")* magazine edited by [John Neal](/wiki/John_Neal_%28writer%29 \"John Neal (writer)\").{{cite book \\| last \\= Merlob \\| first \\= Maya \\| editor2\\-last \\= Carlson \\| editor2\\-first \\= David J. \\| editor1\\-last \\= Watts \\| editor1\\-first \\= Edward \\| chapter \\= Chapter 5: Celebrated Rubbish: John Neal and the Commercialization of Early American Romanticism \\| title \\= John Neal and Nineteenth Century American Literature and Culture \\| publisher \\= Bucknell University Press \\| location \\= Lewisburg, Pennsylvania \\| year \\= 2012 \\| isbn \\= 978\\-1\\-61148\\-420\\-5 \\| page \\= 119, n18}} Whitman lost his position at the *Brooklyn Eagle* in 1848 after siding with the free\\-soil \"[Barnburner](/wiki/Barnburners_and_Hunkers \"Barnburners and Hunkers\")\" wing of the Democratic party against the newspaper's owner, [Isaac Van Anden](/wiki/Isaac_Van_Anden \"Isaac Van Anden\"), who belonged to the conservative, or \"[Hunker](/wiki/Barnburners_and_Hunkers \"Barnburners and Hunkers\")\", wing of the party.Stacy, 87–91\\. Whitman was a delegate to the 1848 founding convention of the [Free Soil Party](/wiki/Free_Soil_Party \"Free Soil Party\"), which was concerned about the threat slavery would pose to free white labor and northern businessmen moving into the newly colonized western territories. Abolitionist [William Lloyd Garrison](/wiki/William_Lloyd_Garrison \"William Lloyd Garrison\") derided the party philosophy as \"white manism\".{{cite book\\|title\\=Louisa May Alcott on Race, Sex, and Slavery\\|author1\\=Alcott, Louisa May\\|author2\\=Elbert, Sarah\\|author1\\-link\\=Louisa May Alcott\\|author2\\-link\\=Sarah Elbert \\|date\\=1997\\|publisher\\=Northeastern University Press\\|isbn\\=978\\-1555533076\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=6g6kwxBDzxoC}}", "In 1852, he serialized a novel, *[Life and Adventures of Jack Engle](/wiki/Life_and_Adventures_of_Jack_Engle \"Life and Adventures of Jack Engle\")*, in six installments of New York's *The Sunday Dispatch*. In 1858, Whitman published a 47,000 word series, *Manly Health and Training*, under the pen name Mose Velsor.{{cite news\\|last\\= Schuessler \\|first\\= Jennifer \\|title\\= Found: Walt Whitman's Guide to 'Manly Health' \\|date\\= April 29, 2016 \\|access\\-date\\= May 1, 2016 \\|newspaper\\= \\[\\[The New York Times]] \\|url\\= https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/30/books/walt\\-whitman\\-promoted\\-a\\-paleo\\-diet\\-who\\-knew.html \\|quote\\= Now, Whitman's self\\-help\\-guide\\-meets\\-democratic\\-manifesto is being published online in its entirety by a scholarly journal, in what some experts are calling the biggest new Whitman discovery in decades.}}{{cite journal\\|title\\= Special Double Issue: Walt Whitman's Newly Discovered 'Manly Health and Training' \\|date\\=Winter–Spring 2016 \\|access\\-date\\= May 1, 2016 \\|journal\\= Walt Whitman Quarterly Review \\|issn\\= 0737\\-0679 \\|volume\\= 33 \\|number\\= 3 \\|url\\= http://ir.uiowa.edu/wwqr/vol33/iss3/\\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20160502103230/http://ir.uiowa.edu/wwqr/vol33/iss3/\\|url\\-status\\= dead\\|archive\\-date\\= May 2, 2016}} Apparently he drew the name Velsor from Van Velsor, his mother's family name.{{cite web\\|last\\= Whitman \\|first\\= Walt \\|title\\= Genealogy – Van Velsor and Whitman \\|type\\= excerpt from ''Specimen Days'' \\|year\\= 1882 \\|url\\= http://www.bartleby.com/229/1003\\.html \\|website\\= \\[\\[Bartleby.com]] \\|access\\-date\\= May 2, 2016 \\|quote\\= THE LATER years of the last century found the Van Velsor family, my mother's side, living on their own farm at Cold Spring, Long Island, New York State, ...}} This self\\-help guide recommends beards, nude sunbathing, comfortable shoes, bathing daily in cold water, eating meat almost exclusively, plenty of fresh air, and getting up early each morning. Present\\-day writers have called *Manly Health and Training* \"quirky\",{{cite web\\|last\\= Onion \\|first\\= Rebecca \\|title\\= Finding the Poetry in Walt Whitman's Newly Rediscovered Health Advice \\|date\\= May 2, 2016 \\|website\\= \\[\\[Slate.com]] \\|access\\-date\\= May 2, 2016 \\|url\\= http://www.slate.com/blogs/the\\_vault/2016/05/02/walt\\_whitman\\_s\\_manly\\_health\\_and\\_training\\_has\\_poetry\\_hidden\\_in\\_its\\_health.html \\|quote\\= a quirky document full of prescriptions that seem curiously modern}} \"so over the top\",{{cite journal\\|last\\= Cueto \\|first\\= Emma \\|title\\= Walt Whitman's Advice Book For Men Has Just Been Discovered And Its Contents Are Surprising \\|date\\= May 2, 2016 \\|journal\\= \\[\\[Bustle (magazine)\\|Bustle]] \\|access\\-date\\= May 2, 2016 \\|url\\= http://www.bustle.com/articles/158277\\-walt\\-whitmans\\-advice\\-book\\-for\\-men\\-has\\-just\\-been\\-discovered\\-and\\-its\\-contents\\-are\\-surprising \\|quote\\= And there are lots of other tidbits that, with a little modern rewording, would be right at home in the pages of a modern men's magazine—or even satirizing modern ideas about manliness because they're so over the top.}} \"a pseudoscientific tract\",{{cite journal\\|last\\= Turpin \\|first\\= Zachary \\|title\\= Introduction to Walt Whitman's 'Manly Health and Training' \\|date\\=Winter–Spring 2016 \\|journal\\= Walt Whitman Quarterly Review \\|issn\\= 0737\\-0679 \\|volume\\= 33 \\|number\\= 3 \\|page\\= 149 \\|doi\\=10\\.13008/0737\\-0679\\.2205 \\|quote\\= a pseudoscientific tract\\|doi\\-access\\= free }} and \"wacky\".", "### *Leaves of Grass*", "{{Main\\|Leaves of Grass}}\n[thumb\\|upright\\=1\\|Whitman in July 1854, aged 35, from the [frontispiece](/wiki/Book_frontispiece \"Book frontispiece\") to *[Leaves of Grass](/wiki/Leaves_of_Grass \"Leaves of Grass\")* from a lost [daguerreotype](/wiki/Daguerreotype \"Daguerreotype\") by [Gabriel Harrison](/wiki/Gabriel_Harrison \"Gabriel Harrison\")](/wiki/File:Walt_Whitman%2C_steel_engraving%2C_July_1854.jpg \"Walt Whitman, steel engraving, July 1854.jpg\")\nWhitman claimed that after years of competing for \"the usual rewards\", he determined to become a poet.Kaplan, 185\\. He first experimented with a variety of popular literary genres that appealed to the cultural tastes of the period.Reynolds, 85\\. As early as 1850, he began writing what would become *Leaves of Grass*,Loving, 154\\. a collection of poetry that he would continue editing and revising until his death.Miller, 55\\. Whitman intended to write a distinctly American [epic](/wiki/Epic_poetry \"Epic poetry\")Miller, 155\\. and used [free verse](/wiki/Free_verse \"Free verse\") with a [cadence](/wiki/Cadence_%28music%29 \"Cadence (music)\") based on the Bible.Kaplan, 187\\. At the end of June 1855, Whitman surprised his brothers with the already\\-printed first edition of *Leaves of Grass*. George \"didn't think it worth reading\".Callow, 226\\.", "Whitman paid for the publication of the first edition of *Leaves of Grass* himself and had it printed at a local print shop during its employees' breaks from commercial jobs.Loving, 178\\. A total of 795 copies were printed.Kaplan, 198\\. No author is named; instead, facing the title page was an engraved portrait done by Samuel Hollyer,Callow, 227\\. but 500 lines into the body of the text he calls himself \"Walt Whitman, an American, one of the roughs, a kosmos, disorderly, fleshly, and sensual, no sentimentalist, no stander above men or women or apart from them, no more modest than immodest\".{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.whitmanarchive.org/criticism/reviews/leaves1855/anc.00019\\.html\\|title\\=Review of ''Leaves of Grass'' (1855\\)\\|publisher\\=The Walt Whitman Archive}} The inaugural volume of poetry was preceded by a prose preface of 827 lines. The succeeding untitled twelve poems totaled 2315 lines with 1336 lines belonging to the first untitled poem, later called \"[Song of Myself](/wiki/Song_of_Myself \"Song of Myself\")\". The book received its strongest praise from [Ralph Waldo Emerson](/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson \"Ralph Waldo Emerson\"), who wrote a flattering five\\-page letter to Whitman and spoke highly of the book to friends.Kaplan, 203\\. Emerson called it “the most extraordinary piece of wit and wisdom that America has yet contributed.” Emerson had called for the first truly American poet, saying that aspects of America \"are yet unsung. Yet America is a poem in our eyes.\"{{Cite web \\|last\\=Staff \\|first\\=Harriet \\|date\\=2024\\-07\\-18 \\|title\\=Ralph Waldo Emerson Found His Poets in Whitman \\& Dickinson \\|url\\=https://www.poetryfoundation.org/harriet\\-books/2015/09/ralph\\-waldo\\-emerson\\-found\\-his\\-poets\\-in\\-whitman\\-dickinson \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-07\\-18 \\|website\\=Poetry Foundation \\|language\\=en}}", "The first edition of *Leaves of Grass* was widely distributed and stirred up significant interest,Reynolds, 340\\. in part due to Emerson's praise,Callow, 232\\. but was occasionally criticized for the seemingly \"obscene\" nature of the poetry.Loving, 414\\. Geologist [Peter Lesley](/wiki/Peter_Lesley \"Peter Lesley\") wrote to Emerson, calling the book \"trashy, profane \\& obscene\" and the author \"a pretentious ass\".Kaplan, 211\\. Whitman embossed a quote from Emerson's letter, \"I greet you at the beginning of a great career\", in gold leaf on the spine of the second edition. Of this action, [Laura Dassow Walls](/wiki/Laura_Dassow_Walls \"Laura Dassow Walls\"), professor emerita of English at the [University of Notre Dame](/wiki/University_of_Notre_Dame \"University of Notre Dame\"),[Department of English](https://english.nd.edu/people/laura-walls/) wrote: \"In one stroke, Whitman had given birth to the modern cover [blurb](/wiki/Blurb \"Blurb\"), quite without Emerson's permission.\"[Walls, Laura Dassow](/wiki/Laura_Dassow_Walls \"Laura Dassow Walls\") *Henry David Thoreau: A Life*, 394\\. Chicago and London: [The University of Chicago Press](/wiki/The_University_of_Chicago_Press \"The University of Chicago Press\"), 2017\\. {{ISBN\\|978\\-0\\-226\\-59937\\-3}}", "On July 11, 1855, a few days after *Leaves of Grass* was published, Whitman's father died at the age of 65\\.Kaplan, 229\\. In the months following the first edition of *Leaves of Grass*, critical responses began focusing on what some found offensive sexual themes. Though the second edition was already printed and bound, the publisher almost did not release it.Reynolds, 348\\. In the end, the edition went to retail, with 20 additional poems,Callow, 238\\. in August 1856\\.Kaplan, 207\\. *Leaves of Grass* was revised and re\\-released in 1860,Loving, 238\\. again in 1867, and several more times throughout the remainder of Whitman's life. Several well\\-known writers admired the work enough to visit Whitman, including [Amos Bronson Alcott](/wiki/Amos_Bronson_Alcott \"Amos Bronson Alcott\") and [Henry David Thoreau](/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau \"Henry David Thoreau\").Reynolds, 363\\.", "During the first publications of *Leaves of Grass*, Whitman had financial difficulties and was forced to work as a journalist again, specifically with Brooklyn's *Daily Times* starting in May 1857\\.Callow, 225\\. As an editor, he oversaw the paper's contents, contributed book reviews, and wrote editorials.Reynolds, 368\\. He left the job in 1859, though it is unclear whether he was fired or chose to leave.Loving, 228\\. Whitman, who typically kept detailed notebooks and journals, left very little information about himself in the late 1850s.Reynolds, 375\\.", "### Civil War years", "[thumb\\|upright\\=1\\|Whitman's handwritten manuscript for \"Broadway, 1861\"](/wiki/File:Manuscript_Whitman_Broadway_1861.jpg \"Manuscript Whitman Broadway 1861.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|upright\\=1\\|An 1862 photograph of Whitman taken by [Mathew Brady](/wiki/Mathew_Brady \"Mathew Brady\")](/wiki/File:Walt_Whitman_-_Brady-Handy_restored.png \"Walt Whitman - Brady-Handy restored.png\")\nAs the [American Civil War](/wiki/American_Civil_War \"American Civil War\") was beginning, Whitman published his poem \"[Beat! Beat! Drums!](/wiki/s:Leaves_of_Grass/Book_XXI%23Beat%21_Beat%21_Drums%21 \"Leaves of Grass/Book XXI#Beat! Beat! Drums!\")\" as a patriotic rally call for the [Union](/wiki/Union_%28American_Civil_War%29 \"Union (American Civil War)\").Callow, 283\\. Whitman's brother George had joined the [Union](/wiki/Union_%28American_Civil_War%29 \"Union (American Civil War)\") army in the [51st New York Infantry Regiment](/wiki/51st_New_York_Infantry_Regiment \"51st New York Infantry Regiment\") and began sending Whitman several vividly detailed letters of the battle front.Reynolds, 410\\. On December 16, 1862, a listing of fallen and wounded soldiers in the *[New\\-York Tribune](/wiki/New-York_Tribune \"New-York Tribune\")* included \"First Lieutenant G. W. Whitmore\", which Whitman worried was a reference to his brother George.Kaplan, 268\\. He made his way south immediately to find him, though his wallet was stolen on the way.Reynolds, 411\\. \"Walking all day and night, unable to ride, trying to get information, trying to get access to big people\", Whitman later wrote,Callow, 286\\. he eventually found George alive, with only a superficial wound on his cheek. Whitman, profoundly affected by seeing the wounded soldiers and the heaps of their amputated limbs, left for [Washington, D.C.](/wiki/Washington%2C_D.C. \"Washington, D.C.\"), on December 28, 1862, with the intention of never returning to New York.", "In Washington, D.C., Whitman's friend Charley Eldridge helped him obtain part\\-time work in the army paymaster's office, leaving time for Whitman to volunteer as a nurse in the army hospitals.Callow, 293\\. He would write of this experience in \"The Great Army of the Sick\", published in a New York newspaper in 1863Kaplan, 273\\. and, 12 years later, in a book called *Memoranda During the War*.Callow, 297\\. He then contacted Emerson, this time to ask for help in obtaining a government post. Another friend, John Trowbridge, passed on a letter of recommendation from Emerson to [Salmon P. Chase](/wiki/Salmon_P._Chase \"Salmon P. Chase\"), Secretary of the Treasury, hoping he would grant Whitman a position in that department. Chase, however, did not want to hire the author of such a disreputable book as *Leaves of Grass*.Callow, 295\\.", "The Whitman family had a difficult end to 1864\\. On September 30, 1864, Whitman's brother George was captured by [Confederate forces](/wiki/Confederate_Army \"Confederate Army\") in [Virginia](/wiki/Virginia \"Virginia\"),Loving, 281\\. and another brother, Andrew Jackson, died of [tuberculosis](/wiki/Tuberculosis \"Tuberculosis\") compounded by alcoholism on December 3\\.Kaplan, 293–294\\. That month, Whitman committed his brother Jesse to the Kings County Lunatic Asylum.Reynolds, 454\\. Whitman's spirits were raised, however, when he finally got a better\\-paying government post as a low\\-grade clerk in the [Bureau of Indian Affairs](/wiki/Bureau_of_Indian_Affairs \"Bureau of Indian Affairs\") in the [Department of the Interior](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior \"United States Department of the Interior\"), thanks to his friend [William Douglas O'Connor](/wiki/William_Douglas_O%27Connor \"William Douglas O'Connor\"). O'Connor, a poet, daguerreotypist, and an editor at *[The Saturday Evening Post](/wiki/The_Saturday_Evening_Post \"The Saturday Evening Post\")* wrote to [William Tod Otto](/wiki/William_Tod_Otto \"William Tod Otto\"), Assistant [Secretary of the Interior](/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior \"United States Secretary of the Interior\"), on Whitman's behalf.Loving, 283\\. Whitman began the new appointment on January 24, 1865, with a yearly salary of $1,200\\.Reynolds, 455\\. A month later, on February 24, 1865, George was released from capture and granted a [furlough](/wiki/Furlough \"Furlough\") because of his poor health. By May 1, Whitman received a promotion to a slightly higher clerkship and published *Drum\\-Taps*.Loving, 290\\.", "Effective June 30, 1865, however, Whitman was fired from his job. His dismissal came from the new Secretary of the Interior, former [Iowa](/wiki/Iowa \"Iowa\") Senator [James Harlan](/wiki/James_Harlan_%28senator%29 \"James Harlan (senator)\"). Though Harlan dismissed several clerks who \"were seldom at their respective desks\", he may have fired Whitman on moral grounds after finding an 1860 edition of *Leaves of Grass*.Loving, 291\\. O'Connor protested until J. Hubley Ashton had Whitman transferred to the Attorney General's office on July 1\\.Kaplan, 304\\. O'Connor, though, was still upset and vindicated Whitman by publishing a biased and exaggerated biographical study, *The Good Gray Poet*, in January 1866\\.{{Cite book\\|last\\=O'Connor\\|first\\=William Douglas\\|url\\=https://whitmanarchive.org/criticism/disciples/tei/anc.00170\\.html\\|title\\=The Good Gray Poet\\|publisher\\=Bunce and Huntington (The Walt Whitman Archive)\\|year\\=1866\\|location\\=New York}} The fifty\\-cent pamphlet defended Whitman as a wholesome patriot, established the poet's nickname and increased his popularity.Reynolds, 456–457\\. Also aiding in his popularity was the publication of \"[O Captain! My Captain!](/wiki/O_Captain%21_My_Captain%21 \"O Captain! My Captain!\")\", a conventional poem on the [death of Abraham Lincoln](/wiki/Death_of_Abraham_Lincoln \"Death of Abraham Lincoln\"), the only poem to appear in anthologies during Whitman's lifetime.Kaplan, 309\\.", "Part of Whitman's role at the Attorney General's office was interviewing former Confederate soldiers for presidential [pardons](/wiki/Pardon \"Pardon\"). \"There are real characters among them\", he later wrote, \"and you know I have a fancy for anything out of the ordinary.\"Loving, 293\\. In August 1866, he took a month off to prepare a new edition of *Leaves of Grass* which would not be published until 1867 after difficulty in finding a publisher.Kaplan, 318–319\\. He hoped it would be its last edition.Loving, 314\\. In February 1868, *Poems of Walt Whitman* was published in England thanks to the influence of [William Michael Rossetti](/wiki/William_Michael_Rossetti \"William Michael Rossetti\"),Callow, 326\\. with minor changes that Whitman reluctantly approved.Kaplan, 324\\. The edition became popular in England, especially with endorsements from the highly respected writer [Anne Gilchrist](/wiki/Anne_Gilchrist_%28writer%29 \"Anne Gilchrist (writer)\").Callow, 329\\. Another edition of *Leaves of Grass* was issued in 1871, the same year it was mistakenly reported that its author died in a railroad accident.Loving, 331\\. As Whitman's international fame increased, he remained at the attorney general's office until January 1872\\.Reynolds, 464\\. He spent much of 1872 caring for his mother, who was now nearly eighty and struggling with [arthritis](/wiki/Arthritis \"Arthritis\").Kaplan, 340\\. He also traveled and was invited to [Dartmouth College](/wiki/Dartmouth_College \"Dartmouth College\") to give the commencement address on June 26, 1872\\.Loving, 341\\.", "### Health decline and death", "[thumb\\|upright\\=1\\|Whitman spent his last years at his home in [Camden, New Jersey](/wiki/Camden%2C_New_Jersey \"Camden, New Jersey\"), which is open to the public as the [Walt Whitman House](/wiki/Walt_Whitman_House \"Walt Whitman House\").](/wiki/File:WhitmanHouse-CamdenNJ1.jpg \"WhitmanHouse-CamdenNJ1.jpg\")\nAfter suffering a paralytic stroke in early 1873, Whitman was induced to move from Washington to the home of his brother—George Washington Whitman, an engineer—at 431 Stevens Street in Camden, New Jersey. His mother, having fallen ill, was also there and died that same year in May. Both events were difficult for Whitman and left him depressed. He remained at his brother's home until buying his own in 1884\\.Miller, 33\\. However, before purchasing his home, he spent the greatest period of his residence in Camden at his brother's home on Stevens Street. While in residence there he was very productive, publishing three versions of *Leaves of Grass* among other works. He was also last fully physically active in this house, receiving both [Oscar Wilde](/wiki/Oscar_Wilde \"Oscar Wilde\") and [Thomas Eakins](/wiki/Thomas_Eakins \"Thomas Eakins\"). His other brother, Edward, an \"invalid\" since birth, lived in the house.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Camden and the Last Years, 1875\\-1892 {{!}} Timeline {{!}} Articles and Essays {{!}} Walt Whitman Papers in the Charles E. Feinberg Collection {{!}} Digital Collections {{!}} Library of Congress \\|url\\=https://www.loc.gov/collections/feinberg\\-whitman/articles\\-and\\-essays/timeline/camden\\-and\\-the\\-last\\-years\\-1875\\-to\\-1892/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-07\\-29 \\|website\\=Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA}}", "When his brother and sister\\-in\\-law were forced to move for business reasons, he bought his own house at 328 Mickle Street [(now 330 Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard)](/wiki/Walt_Whitman_House \"Walt Whitman House\").Haas, Irvin. *Historic Homes of American Authors*. Washington, D.C.: The Preservation Press, 1991: 141\\. {{ISBN\\|0\\-89133\\-180\\-8}}. First taken care of by tenants, he was completely bedridden for most of his time in Mickle Street. During this time, he began socializing with Mary Oakes Davis—the widow of a sea captain. She was a neighbor, boarding with a family in Bridge Avenue just a few blocks from Mickle Street.Loving, 432\\. She moved in with Whitman on February 24, 1885, to serve as his housekeeper in exchange for free rent. She brought with her a cat, a dog, two turtledoves, a canary, and other assorted animals.Reynolds, 548\\. During this time, Whitman produced further editions of *Leaves of Grass* in 1876, 1881, and 1889\\.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Camden and the Last Years, 1875\\-1892 {{!}} Timeline {{!}} Articles and Essays {{!}} Walt Whitman Papers in the Charles E. Feinberg Collection {{!}} Digital Collections {{!}} Library of Congress \\|url\\=https://www.loc.gov/collections/feinberg\\-whitman/articles\\-and\\-essays/timeline/camden\\-and\\-the\\-last\\-years\\-1875\\-to\\-1892/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-07\\-29 \\|website\\=Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA}}", "While in [South Jersey](/wiki/South_Jersey \"South Jersey\"), Whitman spent a good portion of his time in the then quite pastoral community of [Laurel Springs](/wiki/Laurel_Springs%2C_New_Jersey \"Laurel Springs, New Jersey\"), between 1876 and 1884, converting one of the Stafford Farm buildings to his summer home. The restored summer home has been preserved as a museum by the local historical society. Part of his *Leaves of Grass* was written here, and in his *Specimen Days* he wrote of the spring, creek and lake. To him, Laurel Lake was \"the prettiest lake in: either America or Europe\".{{cite web\n \\|url\\=http://westfieldnj.com/whs/history/Counties/CamdenCounty/laurelsprings.htm\n \\|title\\=Laurel Springs History\n \\|publisher\\=WestfieldNJ.com\n \\|author\\=1976 Bicentennial publication produced for the Borough of Laurel Springs\n \\|access\\-date\\=April 30, 2013}}", "As the end of 1891 approached, he prepared a final edition of *Leaves of Grass*, a version that has been nicknamed the \"Deathbed Edition\". He wrote, \"L. of G. *at last complete*—after 33 y'rs of hackling at it, all times \\& moods of my life, fair weather \\& foul, all parts of the land, and peace \\& war, young \\& old.\"Reynolds, 586\\. Preparing for death, Whitman commissioned a [granite](/wiki/Granite \"Granite\") [mausoleum](/wiki/Mausoleum \"Mausoleum\") shaped like a house for $4,000Loving, 479\\. and visited it often during construction.Kaplan, 49\\. In the last week of his life, he was too weak to lift a knife or fork and wrote: \"I suffer all the time: I have no relief, no escape: it is monotony—monotony—monotony—in pain.\"Reynolds, 587\\.\n{{Listen\\|type\\=speech\n\\|filename\\=Walt Whitman \\- America.ogg\n\\|title\\=\"America\"\n\\|description\\=An 1890 recording thought to be Walt Whitman reading the opening four lines of his poem \"America\"\n}}", "Walt Whitman died on March 26, 1892,Callow, 363\\. at his home in Camden, New Jersey at the age of 72\\.Griffiths, Rhys (March 2017\\), [\"Death of Walt Whitman\"](https://www.historytoday.com/archive/months-past/death-walt-whitman), *History Today*, volume 67, issue 3\\. An [autopsy](/wiki/Autopsy \"Autopsy\") revealed his lungs had diminished to one\\-eighth their normal breathing capacity, a result of bronchial pneumonia, and that an egg\\-sized abscess on his chest had eroded one of his ribs. The cause of death was officially listed as \"[pleurisy](/wiki/Pleurisy \"Pleurisy\") of the left side, consumption of the right lung, general [miliary tuberculosis](/wiki/Miliary_tuberculosis \"Miliary tuberculosis\") and parenchymatous [nephritis](/wiki/Nephritis \"Nephritis\")\".Reynolds, 588\\. A public viewing of his body was held at his Camden home; more than 1,000 people visited in three hours.Loving, 480\\. Whitman's oak coffin was barely visible because of all the flowers and wreaths left for him. Four days after his death, he was buried in his tomb at [Harleigh Cemetery](/wiki/Harleigh_Cemetery%2C_Camden \"Harleigh Cemetery, Camden\") in Camden. Another public ceremony was held at the cemetery, with friends giving speeches, live music, and refreshments. Whitman's friend, the orator [Robert Ingersoll](/wiki/Robert_G._Ingersoll \"Robert G. Ingersoll\"), delivered the eulogy.{{cite book \\|last1\\=Theroux \\|first1\\=Phyllis \\|title\\=The Book of Eulogies \\|date\\=1977 \\|publisher\\=Simon \\& Schuster \\|location\\=New York \\|page\\=30}} Later, the remains of Whitman's parents and two of his brothers and their families were moved to the mausoleum.Kaplan, 50\\. His brain was donated to the [American Anthropometric Society](/wiki/American_Anthropometric_Society \"American Anthropometric Society\") in Philadelphia, but it was accidentally destroyed.{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Spitzka \\|first1\\=Edw. Anthony \\|title\\=A Study of the Brains of Six Eminent Scientists and Scholars Belonging to the American Anthropometric Society, together with a Description of the Skull of Professor E. D. Cope \\|journal\\=Transactions of the American Philosophical Society \\|date\\=1907 \\|volume\\=21 \\|issue\\=4 \\|pages\\=175–308 \\|doi\\=10\\.2307/1005434 \\|jstor\\=1005434 \\|url\\=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1005434 \\|access\\-date\\=December 29, 2023}}", "" ]
Biography --------- Neil Nathan was born in [New Brunswick, New Jersey](/wiki/New_Brunswick%2C_New_Jersey "New Brunswick, New Jersey") and raised in [New City, New York](/wiki/New_City%2C_New_York "New City, New York"). Nathan graduated from [Cornell University](/wiki/Cornell_University "Cornell University") with a degree in Economics and soon after moved to New York City, where he simultaneously began his careers as a rock singer and high school teacher. Nathan taught in schools that were consistently rated among the city's most dangerous; [Theodore Roosevelt High School](/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_High_School_%28New_York_City%29 "Theodore Roosevelt High School (New York City)") in [the Bronx](/wiki/The_Bronx "The Bronx"), and [Martin Luther King, Jr. High School](/wiki/Martin_Luther_King%2C_Jr._Educational_Campus "Martin Luther King, Jr. Educational Campus") in [Manhattan](/wiki/Manhattan "Manhattan"). (While at the latter, Neil directed a nationally renowned arts education program and was featured on the cover of American Teacher Magazine.) Nathan fronted the [power pop](/wiki/Power_pop "Power pop") rock band, THIS, featuring drummer [Jonathon Tebeest](/wiki/Jonathon_Tebeest "Jonathon Tebeest") (from the band [Rasputina](/wiki/Rasputina_%28band%29 "Rasputina (band)")). Their final EP was produced by [Barrett Jones](/wiki/Barrett_Jones "Barrett Jones") (who has also worked with the [Foo Fighters](/wiki/Foo_Fighters "Foo Fighters"), [Nirvana](/wiki/Nirvana_%28band%29 "Nirvana (band)"), [Melvins](/wiki/Melvins "Melvins")). Nathan co\-produced and starred in the Off\-Broadway Rock Opera, Automatic Superstar, written by Bob Weidman.{{Cite web\|url\=http://automaticsuperstar.com/\|title\=Automatic Superstar :: The New Rock Opera :: New York City\|website\=automaticsuperstar.com}} It was described as a "glam punk manifesto like [Ziggy Stardust](/wiki/David_Bowie%23Ziggy_Stardust "David Bowie#Ziggy Stardust") or The Wall" by the Daily News. Barrett Jones mixed the show EP, entitled Matic, after Nathan's mirror ball\-masked rock star.{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.whoismatic.com/ \|title\=Who is Matic? \|access\-date\=June 25, 2009 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080704113729/http://www.whoismatic.com/ \|archive\-date\=July 4, 2008 \|url\-status\=dead }} Nathan's first solo composition was written after the death of his close high school and college friend, Fred Gabler, who worked for [Cantor Fitzgerald](/wiki/Cantor_Fitzgerald "Cantor Fitzgerald") and died in the World Trade Center on September 11, 2001\. Neil wrote Freddy's Song to "memorialize his life" and sang it at his funeral a few months later. Nathan also held a fundraiser at the [Lower East Side](/wiki/Lower_East_Side "Lower East Side")'s Living Room where he sold copies of the song to raise money for the Fred Gabler Helping Hand Camp Fund (a charity that sends underprivileged youth to sleep\-away camp). Neil continued to raise money for the fund in Christmas 2009, with a darkly comic video for his cover of [Santa Claus Is Coming To Town](/wiki/Santa_Claus_Is_Coming_To_Town "Santa Claus Is Coming To Town"), and most recently with his 9/11 20th Anniversary Tribute Single, The Guardrail. Nathan recorded three EPs from 2007–2008 (Glide, Songsmiths, and the Nearest Future) and one single (Motor City Recordings). His Glide EP, co\-produced with David Seitz ( [Pete Seeger](/wiki/Pete_Seeger "Pete Seeger"), [Bruce Springsteen](/wiki/Bruce_Springsteen "Bruce Springsteen"), Dar Williams) includes the songs, "The Lucky Ones", and "Glide." These songs were both featured in the film "Descent", starring [Rosario Dawson](/wiki/Rosario_Dawson "Rosario Dawson") (who was Neil Nathan's roommate in the East Village) and written and directed by Talia Lugacy.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0463027/\|title\=Descent\|via\=www.imdb.com}} Talia directed the video for Neil's song, "3 Seconds," also featured on the Glide EP. Neil's song, Gone (Fly Away), was also featured in the film and on his single Motor City Recordings. Nathan completed 'Motor City Recordings' in Detroit with producer [Bobby Harlow](/wiki/Bobby_Harlow "Bobby Harlow"), (from [The Go](/wiki/The_Go "The Go")), with a more '[garage rock](/wiki/Garage_rock "Garage rock")' sound. The two enjoyed working together and planned on doing a full album a year later, which became Nathan's debut LP, The Distance Calls. In the meantime, he recorded an EP of covers called 'Songsmiths' produced by lap\-steel guitarist [Mike "Slo\-Mo" Brenner](/wiki/Mike_%22Slo-Mo%22_Brenner "Mike ") ( [Marah](/wiki/Marah_%28band%29 "Marah (band)"), [Jason Molina](/wiki/Jason_Molina "Jason Molina"), Wild Pink). This 6\-song EP featured a cover of Chris Malcarney of The Donuts' country ballad "Mia", ELO and The Move's "[Do Ya](/wiki/Do_Ya_%28The_Move_song%29 "Do Ya (The Move song)")," Small Faces "[All or Nothing](/wiki/All_or_Nothing_%28Small_Faces_song%29 "All or Nothing (Small Faces song)")", Jesse Hartman's/Laptop's "I'm So Happy You Failed," and a cover of Beethoven's "[Fur Elise](/wiki/Fur_Elise "Fur Elise")" title Darling Friend. Vaj Potenza ([My Brightest Diamond](/wiki/My_Brightest_Diamond "My Brightest Diamond")'s Freak Out Gold Chains Remix) directed the video for it. The last track on 'Songsmiths,' "Old Man Time," was co\-written by Brenner and Nathan for Descent but it was not used in the film. Do Ya was featured on Showtime's Californication Soundtrack. In the spring of 2008, Nathan reconvened with [Bobby Harlow](/wiki/Bobby_Harlow "Bobby Harlow") and recorded his debut album, 'The Distance Calls,' at Tempermill Studios in Detroit. The album features many prominent rock musicians from Detroit, including [Dean Fertita](/wiki/Dean_Fertita "Dean Fertita") ([The Raconteurs](/wiki/The_Raconteurs "The Raconteurs"), [Queens of the Stone Age](/wiki/Queens_of_the_Stone_Age "Queens of the Stone Age")), Kenny Tudrick ([Kid Rock](/wiki/Kid_Rock "Kid Rock"), [Detroit Cobras](/wiki/Detroit_Cobras "Detroit Cobras")), Joey Mazzola ([Detroit Cobras](/wiki/Detroit_Cobras "Detroit Cobras"), Sponge), John Krautner ([The Go](/wiki/The_Go "The Go")), and Danny Methric (The Paybacks, The Muggs). It was engineered and mastered by Jim Kissling. In 2010, Pete Sinjin released his Better Angels Radio LP on Nathan's Pirate Vinyl imprint. It peaked at No. 10 on the EuroAmericana Charts. The album was co\-produced by Mike Davis and Riley McMahon at McMahon's New Warsaw Studios in Brooklyn. Nathan and McMahon then went on to co\-produce three debut EP's at New Warsaw in 2011: Caren Le Vine's Ride, Susannah Conn's Hidden Treasure, and Active Bird Community (Barsuk Records)/Home School lead singer, Tom D'Agustino's debut solo EP, Engines. All were released on the Pirate Vinyl imprint. Neil and Riley loved the band they put together for Engines and used them as the backing band for Neil Nathan Inc.'s raucous power to the people concept LP, Sweep The Nation. Magnet Magazine and The Vinyl District both called the record "Impressive." Huffington Post featured the claymation video for the debut single Jumpstart, calling it "a bizarre good time." The record was released in December 2012\. Nathan returned to his mellower, ethereal sound on his Flowers on the Moon LP, released in April 2017\. On it, he covers [Rodriguez](/wiki/Sixto_Rodriguez "Sixto Rodriguez")'s "[Sugar Man](/wiki/Sugar_Man_%28song%29 "Sugar Man (song)")." Stephen "Sugar" Segerman, author of Sugar Man, The Birth, Death, and Resurrection of Sixto Rodriguez, and subject of the Oscar winning documentary "[Searching for Sugar Man](/wiki/Searching_for_Sugar_Man "Searching for Sugar Man")," is quoted as loving Neil's trippy version. In 2020, [Downtown Music Publishing](/wiki/Downtown_Music_Publishing "Downtown Music Publishing") asked Neil to record covers of some of the well known songs they administer. Neil recorded and released two versions of [John Lennon](/wiki/John_Lennon "John Lennon")'s Power To The People and [Lennon/McCartney](/wiki/Lennon%E2%80%93McCartney "Lennon–McCartney")'s "[Love Me Do](/wiki/Love_Me_Do "Love Me Do")". The songs were produced and recorded by Joey McClellan and Mckenzie Smith of [Midlake](/wiki/Midlake "Midlake"). Neil is currently releasing material he recorded in Philadelphia with co\-producer Mike "Slo\-Mo" Brenner and recording engineer Peter Rydberg at Studio 1935 and with his Brazilian collaborator/co\-producer Thales Posella.
[ "Biography\n---------", "Neil Nathan was born in [New Brunswick, New Jersey](/wiki/New_Brunswick%2C_New_Jersey \"New Brunswick, New Jersey\") and raised in [New City, New York](/wiki/New_City%2C_New_York \"New City, New York\"). Nathan graduated from [Cornell University](/wiki/Cornell_University \"Cornell University\") with a degree in Economics and soon after moved to New York City, where he simultaneously began his careers as a rock singer and high school teacher. Nathan taught in schools that were consistently rated among the city's most dangerous; [Theodore Roosevelt High School](/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_High_School_%28New_York_City%29 \"Theodore Roosevelt High School (New York City)\") in [the Bronx](/wiki/The_Bronx \"The Bronx\"), and [Martin Luther King, Jr. High School](/wiki/Martin_Luther_King%2C_Jr._Educational_Campus \"Martin Luther King, Jr. Educational Campus\") in [Manhattan](/wiki/Manhattan \"Manhattan\"). (While at the latter, Neil directed a nationally renowned arts education program and was featured on the cover of American Teacher Magazine.)", "Nathan fronted the [power pop](/wiki/Power_pop \"Power pop\") rock band, THIS, featuring drummer [Jonathon Tebeest](/wiki/Jonathon_Tebeest \"Jonathon Tebeest\") (from the band [Rasputina](/wiki/Rasputina_%28band%29 \"Rasputina (band)\")). Their final EP was produced by [Barrett Jones](/wiki/Barrett_Jones \"Barrett Jones\") (who has also worked with the [Foo Fighters](/wiki/Foo_Fighters \"Foo Fighters\"), [Nirvana](/wiki/Nirvana_%28band%29 \"Nirvana (band)\"), [Melvins](/wiki/Melvins \"Melvins\")).", "Nathan co\\-produced and starred in the Off\\-Broadway Rock Opera, Automatic Superstar, written by Bob Weidman.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://automaticsuperstar.com/\\|title\\=Automatic Superstar :: The New Rock Opera :: New York City\\|website\\=automaticsuperstar.com}} It was described as a \"glam punk manifesto like [Ziggy Stardust](/wiki/David_Bowie%23Ziggy_Stardust \"David Bowie#Ziggy Stardust\") or The Wall\" by the Daily News. Barrett Jones mixed the show EP, entitled Matic, after Nathan's mirror ball\\-masked rock star.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.whoismatic.com/ \\|title\\=Who is Matic? \\|access\\-date\\=June 25, 2009 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080704113729/http://www.whoismatic.com/ \\|archive\\-date\\=July 4, 2008 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}", "Nathan's first solo composition was written after the death of his close high school and college friend, Fred Gabler, who worked for [Cantor Fitzgerald](/wiki/Cantor_Fitzgerald \"Cantor Fitzgerald\") and died in the World Trade Center on September 11, 2001\\. Neil wrote Freddy's Song to \"memorialize his life\" and sang it at his funeral a few months later. Nathan also held a fundraiser at the [Lower East Side](/wiki/Lower_East_Side \"Lower East Side\")'s Living Room where he sold copies of the song to raise money for the Fred Gabler Helping Hand Camp Fund (a charity that sends underprivileged youth to sleep\\-away camp). Neil continued to raise money for the fund in Christmas 2009, with a darkly comic video for his cover of [Santa Claus Is Coming To Town](/wiki/Santa_Claus_Is_Coming_To_Town \"Santa Claus Is Coming To Town\"), and most recently with his 9/11 20th Anniversary Tribute Single, The Guardrail.", "Nathan recorded three EPs from 2007–2008 (Glide, Songsmiths, and the Nearest Future) and one single (Motor City Recordings). His Glide EP, co\\-produced with David Seitz ( [Pete Seeger](/wiki/Pete_Seeger \"Pete Seeger\"), [Bruce Springsteen](/wiki/Bruce_Springsteen \"Bruce Springsteen\"), Dar Williams) includes the songs, \"The Lucky Ones\", and \"Glide.\" These songs were both featured in the film \"Descent\", starring [Rosario Dawson](/wiki/Rosario_Dawson \"Rosario Dawson\") (who was Neil Nathan's roommate in the East Village) and written and directed by Talia Lugacy.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0463027/\\|title\\=Descent\\|via\\=www.imdb.com}} Talia directed the video for Neil's song, \"3 Seconds,\" also featured on the Glide EP. Neil's song, Gone (Fly Away), was also featured in the film and on his single Motor City Recordings.", "Nathan completed 'Motor City Recordings' in Detroit with producer [Bobby Harlow](/wiki/Bobby_Harlow \"Bobby Harlow\"), (from [The Go](/wiki/The_Go \"The Go\")), with a more '[garage rock](/wiki/Garage_rock \"Garage rock\")' sound. The two enjoyed working together and planned on doing a full album a year later, which became Nathan's debut LP, The Distance Calls. In the meantime, he recorded an EP of covers called 'Songsmiths' produced by lap\\-steel guitarist [Mike \"Slo\\-Mo\" Brenner](/wiki/Mike_%22Slo-Mo%22_Brenner \"Mike \") ( [Marah](/wiki/Marah_%28band%29 \"Marah (band)\"), [Jason Molina](/wiki/Jason_Molina \"Jason Molina\"), Wild Pink). This 6\\-song EP featured a cover of Chris Malcarney of The Donuts' country ballad \"Mia\", ELO and The Move's \"[Do Ya](/wiki/Do_Ya_%28The_Move_song%29 \"Do Ya (The Move song)\"),\" Small Faces \"[All or Nothing](/wiki/All_or_Nothing_%28Small_Faces_song%29 \"All or Nothing (Small Faces song)\")\", Jesse Hartman's/Laptop's \"I'm So Happy You Failed,\" and a cover of Beethoven's \"[Fur Elise](/wiki/Fur_Elise \"Fur Elise\")\" title Darling Friend. Vaj Potenza ([My Brightest Diamond](/wiki/My_Brightest_Diamond \"My Brightest Diamond\")'s Freak Out Gold Chains Remix) directed the video for it. The last track on 'Songsmiths,' \"Old Man Time,\" was co\\-written by Brenner and Nathan for Descent but it was not used in the film. Do Ya was featured on Showtime's Californication Soundtrack.", "In the spring of 2008, Nathan reconvened with [Bobby Harlow](/wiki/Bobby_Harlow \"Bobby Harlow\") and recorded his debut album, 'The Distance Calls,' at Tempermill Studios in Detroit. The album features many prominent rock musicians from Detroit, including [Dean Fertita](/wiki/Dean_Fertita \"Dean Fertita\") ([The Raconteurs](/wiki/The_Raconteurs \"The Raconteurs\"), [Queens of the Stone Age](/wiki/Queens_of_the_Stone_Age \"Queens of the Stone Age\")), Kenny Tudrick ([Kid Rock](/wiki/Kid_Rock \"Kid Rock\"), [Detroit Cobras](/wiki/Detroit_Cobras \"Detroit Cobras\")), Joey Mazzola ([Detroit Cobras](/wiki/Detroit_Cobras \"Detroit Cobras\"), Sponge), John Krautner ([The Go](/wiki/The_Go \"The Go\")), and Danny Methric (The Paybacks, The Muggs). It was engineered and mastered by Jim Kissling.", "In 2010, Pete Sinjin released his Better Angels Radio LP on Nathan's Pirate Vinyl imprint. It peaked at No. 10 on the EuroAmericana Charts. The album was co\\-produced by Mike Davis and Riley McMahon at McMahon's New Warsaw Studios in Brooklyn. Nathan and McMahon then went on to co\\-produce three debut EP's at New Warsaw in 2011: Caren Le Vine's Ride, Susannah Conn's Hidden Treasure, and Active Bird Community (Barsuk Records)/Home School lead singer, Tom D'Agustino's debut solo EP, Engines. All were released on the Pirate Vinyl imprint.", "Neil and Riley loved the band they put together for Engines and used them as the backing band for Neil Nathan Inc.'s raucous power to the people concept LP, Sweep The Nation. Magnet Magazine and The Vinyl District both called the record \"Impressive.\" Huffington Post featured the claymation video for the debut single Jumpstart, calling it \"a bizarre good time.\" The record was released in December 2012\\.", "Nathan returned to his mellower, ethereal sound on his Flowers on the Moon LP, released in April 2017\\. On it, he covers [Rodriguez](/wiki/Sixto_Rodriguez \"Sixto Rodriguez\")'s \"[Sugar Man](/wiki/Sugar_Man_%28song%29 \"Sugar Man (song)\").\" Stephen \"Sugar\" Segerman, author of Sugar Man, The Birth, Death, and Resurrection of Sixto Rodriguez, and subject of the Oscar winning documentary \"[Searching for Sugar Man](/wiki/Searching_for_Sugar_Man \"Searching for Sugar Man\"),\" is quoted as loving Neil's trippy version.", "In 2020, [Downtown Music Publishing](/wiki/Downtown_Music_Publishing \"Downtown Music Publishing\") asked Neil to record covers of some of the well known songs they administer. Neil recorded and released two versions of [John Lennon](/wiki/John_Lennon \"John Lennon\")'s Power To The People and [Lennon/McCartney](/wiki/Lennon%E2%80%93McCartney \"Lennon–McCartney\")'s \"[Love Me Do](/wiki/Love_Me_Do \"Love Me Do\")\". The songs were produced and recorded by Joey McClellan and Mckenzie Smith of [Midlake](/wiki/Midlake \"Midlake\").", "Neil is currently releasing material he recorded in Philadelphia with co\\-producer Mike \"Slo\\-Mo\" Brenner and recording engineer Peter Rydberg at Studio 1935 and with his Brazilian collaborator/co\\-producer Thales Posella.", "" ]
History ------- The Hobart family descends from [Henry Hobart](/wiki/Sir_Henry_Hobart%2C_1st_Baronet "Sir Henry Hobart, 1st Baronet"), who served as [Attorney General](/wiki/Attorney_General_for_England_and_Wales "Attorney General for England and Wales") and [Lord Chief Justice of the Common Pleas](/wiki/Lord_Chief_Justice_of_the_Common_Pleas "Lord Chief Justice of the Common Pleas"). In 1611 he was created a **Baronet**, of Intwood in the County of Norfolk, in the [Baronetage of England](/wiki/Baronetage_of_England "Baronetage of England"). He was succeeded by his son, the second Baronet. He represented [Cambridge](/wiki/Cambridge_%28UK_Parliament_constituency%29 "Cambridge (UK Parliament constituency)"), [Lostwithiel](/wiki/Lostwithiel_%28UK_Parliament_constituency%29 "Lostwithiel (UK Parliament constituency)"), [Brackley](/wiki/Brackley_%28UK_Parliament_constituency%29 "Brackley (UK Parliament constituency)") and [Norfolk](/wiki/Norfolk_%28UK_Parliament_constituency%29 "Norfolk (UK Parliament constituency)") in the [House of Commons](/wiki/British_House_of_Commons "British House of Commons"). He died without surviving male issue and was succeeded by his nephew, the third Baronet. He was the son of Sir Miles Hobart, younger son of the first Baronet. Hobart sat as [Member of Parliament](/wiki/Member_of_Parliament "Member of Parliament") for Norfolk. In 1656 he married Mary, daughter of the prominent politician [John Hampden](/wiki/John_Hampden "John Hampden").{{cite book\|url\=https://archive.org/stream/cu31924092524374\#page/n35/mode/2up\| editor\=George Cokayne \| title\=''Complete Baronetage''\| date\=1900\|page\=37\| via\=archive.org\|quote\=John Hampden}} He was succeeded by his elder son, the fourth Baronet. He was a General of the Horse and was equerry to [King William III](/wiki/William_III_of_England "William III of England") at the [Battle of the Boyne](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Boyne "Battle of the Boyne") in 1690\. He also represented Norfolk, [King's Lynn](/wiki/King%27s_Lynn_%28UK_Parliament_constituency%29 "King's Lynn (UK Parliament constituency)") and [Bere Alston](/wiki/Bere_Alston_%28UK_Parliament_constituency%29 "Bere Alston (UK Parliament constituency)") in Parliament. Hobart was killed in a duel in 1698\. His son, the fifth Baronet, served as [Treasurer of the Chamber](/wiki/Treasurer_of_the_Chamber "Treasurer of the Chamber"), as [Captain of the Honourable Band of Gentlemen Pensioners](/wiki/Captain_of_the_Honourable_Band_of_Gentlemen_Pensioners "Captain of the Honourable Band of Gentlemen Pensioners") and as [Lord Lieutenant of Norfolk](/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Norfolk "Lord Lieutenant of Norfolk"). In 1728 he was raised to the [Peerage of Great Britain](/wiki/Peerage_of_Great_Britain "Peerage of Great Britain") as **Baron Hobart**, of Blickling in the County of Norfolk, and in 1746 he was further honoured when he was made **Earl of Buckinghamshire**, also in the Peerage of Great Britain. On his death, the titles passed to his son from his first marriage, the second Earl. He served as [Comptroller of the Household](/wiki/Comptroller_of_the_Household "Comptroller of the Household"), as [Ambassador to Russia](/wiki/British_Ambassador_to_Russia "British Ambassador to Russia") and as [Lord Lieutenant of Ireland](/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Ireland "Lord Lieutenant of Ireland"). He died without surviving male issue and was succeeded by his half\-brother, the third Earl. He represented [St Ives](/wiki/St_Ives_%28UK_Parliament_constituency%29 "St Ives (UK Parliament constituency)") and Bere Alston in the House of Commons. His eldest son, the fourth Earl, was a prominent politician. He served as [Governor of Madras](/wiki/Governor_of_Madras "Governor of Madras"), as [Secretary of State for War and the Colonies](/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_War_and_the_Colonies "Secretary of State for War and the Colonies"), as [Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster](/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Duchy_of_Lancaster "Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster"), as Joint [Postmaster General](/wiki/United_Kingdom_Postmaster_General "United Kingdom Postmaster General") and as [President of the Board of Control](/wiki/President_of_the_Board_of_Control "President of the Board of Control"). In 1797 he was summoned to the [House of Lords](/wiki/House_of_Lords "House of Lords") through a [writ of acceleration](/wiki/Writ_of_acceleration "Writ of acceleration") in his father's junior title of Baron Hobart. The town of [Hobart, Tasmania](/wiki/Hobart%2C_Tasmania "Hobart, Tasmania"), was named in honour of Lord Buckinghamshire. [thumb\|right\|175px\|Robert Hobart, 4th Earl of Buckinghamshire](/wiki/Image:4thEarlOfBuckinghamshire.jpg "4thEarlOfBuckinghamshire.jpg") He died without male issue and was succeeded by his nephew, the fifth Earl. He was the son of the Hon. [George Vere Hobart](/wiki/George_Vere_Hobart "George Vere Hobart"), second son of the third Earl. Lord Buckinghamshire briefly represented [St Michael's](/wiki/St_Michael%27s_%28UK_Parliament_constituency%29 "St Michael's (UK Parliament constituency)") in Parliament. In 1824 he assumed by Royal licence the additional surname of Hampden. He died childless and was succeeded by his younger brother, the sixth Earl. He was a clergyman. In 1878 he assumed by Royal licence the additional surname of Hampden. He was succeeded by his grandson, the seventh Earl. He was the second but only surviving son of Frederick John Hobart\-Hampden, Lord Hobart, second son of the sixth Earl. Lord Buckinghamshire served briefly as a [Lord\-in\-waiting](/wiki/Lord-in-waiting "Lord-in-waiting") (government whip in the House of Lords) in 1895 in the [Liberal administration](/wiki/Liberal_Government_1892-1895 "Liberal Government 1892-1895") of the [Earl of Rosebery](/wiki/Archibald_Primrose%2C_5th_Earl_of_Rosebery "Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery"). He married Georgiana Wilhelmina Haldane\-Duncan\-Mercer\-Henderson, daughter of the Hon. Hew Adam Dalrymple Hamilton Haldane\-Duncan\-Mercer\-Henderson and Edith Isabella Mercer\-Henderson. In 1903 Lord Buckinghamshire assumed by Royal licence the additional surnames of Mercer\-Henderson. On his death, the titles passed to his only son, the eighth Earl. He was Deputy Chairman of Committees in the House of Lords and a Deputy Speaker of the House of Lords. In 1938 he assumed by Royal licence the surname of Mercer\-Henderson only in lieu of Hobart\-Hampden\-Mercer\-Henderson. He never married and on his death in 1963 the line of the second son of the sixth Earl failed. He was succeeded by his second cousin, the ninth Earl. He was the grandson of the Hon. Charles Edward Hobart\-Hampden, fourth son of the sixth Earl. He was childless and was succeeded by his second cousin once removed, the tenth Earl and ({{As of\|2010}}) present holder of the titles. He is the great\-grandson of the Hon. George Augustus Hobart\-Hampden, fifth son of the sixth Earl (and the eldest from his second marriage). Several other members of the Hobart family have also gained distinction. The Hon. [Henry Hobart](/wiki/Henry_Hobart_%28MP%29 "Henry Hobart (MP)"), younger son of the first Earl from his second marriage, represented [Norwich](/wiki/Norwich_%28UK_Parliament_constituency%29 "Norwich (UK Parliament constituency)") in Parliament and served as [Chairman of Ways and Means](/wiki/Chairman_of_Ways_and_Means "Chairman of Ways and Means"). [Vere Henry Hobart, Lord Hobart](/wiki/Vere_Henry_Hobart%2C_Lord_Hobart "Vere Henry Hobart, Lord Hobart"), eldest son of the sixth Earl, was [Governor of Madras](/wiki/Governor_of_Madras "Governor of Madras"). The Hon. Augustus Charles Hobart\-Hampden, third son of the sixth Earl, was a [vice\-admiral](/wiki/Vice-admiral "Vice-admiral") in the [Royal Navy](/wiki/Royal_Navy "Royal Navy"). Also, [Henrietta Hobart](/wiki/Henrietta_Howard%2C_Countess_of_Suffolk "Henrietta Howard, Countess of Suffolk"), daughter of the fourth Baronet and sister of the first Earl, was a longtime mistress of [King George II](/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain "George II of Great Britain"). The family seat was [Hampden House](/wiki/Hampden_House "Hampden House"), near [Great Hampden](/wiki/Great_and_Little_Hampden "Great and Little Hampden"), [Buckinghamshire](/wiki/Buckinghamshire "Buckinghamshire").
[ "History\n-------", "The Hobart family descends from [Henry Hobart](/wiki/Sir_Henry_Hobart%2C_1st_Baronet \"Sir Henry Hobart, 1st Baronet\"), who served as [Attorney General](/wiki/Attorney_General_for_England_and_Wales \"Attorney General for England and Wales\") and [Lord Chief Justice of the Common Pleas](/wiki/Lord_Chief_Justice_of_the_Common_Pleas \"Lord Chief Justice of the Common Pleas\"). In 1611 he was created a **Baronet**, of Intwood in the County of Norfolk, in the [Baronetage of England](/wiki/Baronetage_of_England \"Baronetage of England\"). He was succeeded by his son, the second Baronet. He represented [Cambridge](/wiki/Cambridge_%28UK_Parliament_constituency%29 \"Cambridge (UK Parliament constituency)\"), [Lostwithiel](/wiki/Lostwithiel_%28UK_Parliament_constituency%29 \"Lostwithiel (UK Parliament constituency)\"), [Brackley](/wiki/Brackley_%28UK_Parliament_constituency%29 \"Brackley (UK Parliament constituency)\") and [Norfolk](/wiki/Norfolk_%28UK_Parliament_constituency%29 \"Norfolk (UK Parliament constituency)\") in the [House of Commons](/wiki/British_House_of_Commons \"British House of Commons\"). He died without surviving male issue and was succeeded by his nephew, the third Baronet. He was the son of Sir Miles Hobart, younger son of the first Baronet. Hobart sat as [Member of Parliament](/wiki/Member_of_Parliament \"Member of Parliament\") for Norfolk. In 1656 he married Mary, daughter of the prominent politician [John Hampden](/wiki/John_Hampden \"John Hampden\").{{cite book\\|url\\=https://archive.org/stream/cu31924092524374\\#page/n35/mode/2up\\| editor\\=George Cokayne \\| title\\=''Complete Baronetage''\\| date\\=1900\\|page\\=37\\| via\\=archive.org\\|quote\\=John Hampden}}", "He was succeeded by his elder son, the fourth Baronet. He was a General of the Horse and was equerry to [King William III](/wiki/William_III_of_England \"William III of England\") at the [Battle of the Boyne](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Boyne \"Battle of the Boyne\") in 1690\\. He also represented Norfolk, [King's Lynn](/wiki/King%27s_Lynn_%28UK_Parliament_constituency%29 \"King's Lynn (UK Parliament constituency)\") and [Bere Alston](/wiki/Bere_Alston_%28UK_Parliament_constituency%29 \"Bere Alston (UK Parliament constituency)\") in Parliament. Hobart was killed in a duel in 1698\\. His son, the fifth Baronet, served as [Treasurer of the Chamber](/wiki/Treasurer_of_the_Chamber \"Treasurer of the Chamber\"), as [Captain of the Honourable Band of Gentlemen Pensioners](/wiki/Captain_of_the_Honourable_Band_of_Gentlemen_Pensioners \"Captain of the Honourable Band of Gentlemen Pensioners\") and as [Lord Lieutenant of Norfolk](/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Norfolk \"Lord Lieutenant of Norfolk\"). In 1728 he was raised to the [Peerage of Great Britain](/wiki/Peerage_of_Great_Britain \"Peerage of Great Britain\") as **Baron Hobart**, of Blickling in the County of Norfolk, and in 1746 he was further honoured when he was made **Earl of Buckinghamshire**, also in the Peerage of Great Britain.", "On his death, the titles passed to his son from his first marriage, the second Earl. He served as [Comptroller of the Household](/wiki/Comptroller_of_the_Household \"Comptroller of the Household\"), as [Ambassador to Russia](/wiki/British_Ambassador_to_Russia \"British Ambassador to Russia\") and as [Lord Lieutenant of Ireland](/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Ireland \"Lord Lieutenant of Ireland\"). He died without surviving male issue and was succeeded by his half\\-brother, the third Earl. He represented [St Ives](/wiki/St_Ives_%28UK_Parliament_constituency%29 \"St Ives (UK Parliament constituency)\") and Bere Alston in the House of Commons. His eldest son, the fourth Earl, was a prominent politician. He served as [Governor of Madras](/wiki/Governor_of_Madras \"Governor of Madras\"), as [Secretary of State for War and the Colonies](/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_War_and_the_Colonies \"Secretary of State for War and the Colonies\"), as [Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster](/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Duchy_of_Lancaster \"Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster\"), as Joint [Postmaster General](/wiki/United_Kingdom_Postmaster_General \"United Kingdom Postmaster General\") and as [President of the Board of Control](/wiki/President_of_the_Board_of_Control \"President of the Board of Control\"). In 1797 he was summoned to the [House of Lords](/wiki/House_of_Lords \"House of Lords\") through a [writ of acceleration](/wiki/Writ_of_acceleration \"Writ of acceleration\") in his father's junior title of Baron Hobart. The town of [Hobart, Tasmania](/wiki/Hobart%2C_Tasmania \"Hobart, Tasmania\"), was named in honour of Lord Buckinghamshire.", "[thumb\\|right\\|175px\\|Robert Hobart, \n 4th Earl of Buckinghamshire](/wiki/Image:4thEarlOfBuckinghamshire.jpg \"4thEarlOfBuckinghamshire.jpg\")\nHe died without male issue and was succeeded by his nephew, the fifth Earl. He was the son of the Hon. [George Vere Hobart](/wiki/George_Vere_Hobart \"George Vere Hobart\"), second son of the third Earl. Lord Buckinghamshire briefly represented [St Michael's](/wiki/St_Michael%27s_%28UK_Parliament_constituency%29 \"St Michael's (UK Parliament constituency)\") in Parliament. In 1824 he assumed by Royal licence the additional surname of Hampden. He died childless and was succeeded by his younger brother, the sixth Earl. He was a clergyman. In 1878 he assumed by Royal licence the additional surname of Hampden. He was succeeded by his grandson, the seventh Earl. He was the second but only surviving son of Frederick John Hobart\\-Hampden, Lord Hobart, second son of the sixth Earl. Lord Buckinghamshire served briefly as a [Lord\\-in\\-waiting](/wiki/Lord-in-waiting \"Lord-in-waiting\") (government whip in the House of Lords) in 1895 in the [Liberal administration](/wiki/Liberal_Government_1892-1895 \"Liberal Government 1892-1895\") of the [Earl of Rosebery](/wiki/Archibald_Primrose%2C_5th_Earl_of_Rosebery \"Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery\"). He married Georgiana Wilhelmina Haldane\\-Duncan\\-Mercer\\-Henderson, daughter of the Hon. Hew Adam Dalrymple Hamilton Haldane\\-Duncan\\-Mercer\\-Henderson and Edith Isabella Mercer\\-Henderson. In 1903 Lord Buckinghamshire assumed by Royal licence the additional surnames of Mercer\\-Henderson.", "On his death, the titles passed to his only son, the eighth Earl. He was Deputy Chairman of Committees in the House of Lords and a Deputy Speaker of the House of Lords. In 1938 he assumed by Royal licence the surname of Mercer\\-Henderson only in lieu of Hobart\\-Hampden\\-Mercer\\-Henderson. He never married and on his death in 1963 the line of the second son of the sixth Earl failed. He was succeeded by his second cousin, the ninth Earl. He was the grandson of the Hon. Charles Edward Hobart\\-Hampden, fourth son of the sixth Earl. He was childless and was succeeded by his second cousin once removed, the tenth Earl and ({{As of\\|2010}}) present holder of the titles. He is the great\\-grandson of the Hon. George Augustus Hobart\\-Hampden, fifth son of the sixth Earl (and the eldest from his second marriage).", "Several other members of the Hobart family have also gained distinction. The Hon. [Henry Hobart](/wiki/Henry_Hobart_%28MP%29 \"Henry Hobart (MP)\"), younger son of the first Earl from his second marriage, represented [Norwich](/wiki/Norwich_%28UK_Parliament_constituency%29 \"Norwich (UK Parliament constituency)\") in Parliament and served as [Chairman of Ways and Means](/wiki/Chairman_of_Ways_and_Means \"Chairman of Ways and Means\"). [Vere Henry Hobart, Lord Hobart](/wiki/Vere_Henry_Hobart%2C_Lord_Hobart \"Vere Henry Hobart, Lord Hobart\"), eldest son of the sixth Earl, was [Governor of Madras](/wiki/Governor_of_Madras \"Governor of Madras\"). The Hon. Augustus Charles Hobart\\-Hampden, third son of the sixth Earl, was a [vice\\-admiral](/wiki/Vice-admiral \"Vice-admiral\") in the [Royal Navy](/wiki/Royal_Navy \"Royal Navy\"). Also, [Henrietta Hobart](/wiki/Henrietta_Howard%2C_Countess_of_Suffolk \"Henrietta Howard, Countess of Suffolk\"), daughter of the fourth Baronet and sister of the first Earl, was a longtime mistress of [King George II](/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain \"George II of Great Britain\").", "The family seat was [Hampden House](/wiki/Hampden_House \"Hampden House\"), near [Great Hampden](/wiki/Great_and_Little_Hampden \"Great and Little Hampden\"), [Buckinghamshire](/wiki/Buckinghamshire \"Buckinghamshire\").", "" ]
Contents of the book -------------------- The theories which guide the IMF's policies are empirically flawed. Free market, neoclassical, and neoliberal are all essentially euphemisms for the disastrous laissez\-faire economics of the late 19th century. This approach seeks to minimize the role of government—arguing that lower wages solve problems of unemployment, and relying upon [trickle\-down economics](/wiki/Trickle-down_economics "Trickle-down economics") (the belief that growth and wealth will trickle down to all segments of society) to address poverty. Stiglitz finds no evidence to support this belief, and considers the 'Washington Consensus' policy of free markets to be a blend of ideology and bad science. [Joseph Stiglitz](/wiki/Joseph_Stiglitz "Joseph Stiglitz") was awarded the 2001 [Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences](/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences "Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences") (shared with [George Akerlof](/wiki/George_Akerlof "George Akerlof") and [Michael Spence](/wiki/Michael_Spence "Michael Spence")) for demonstrating how information affects markets. Without equal access to information between employer and employee, company and consumer, or (in the IMF's case) lender and debtor, there is no chance of "free" markets operating efficiently. (This explanation also owes much to the earlier Nobel work of [Kenneth Arrow](/wiki/Kenneth_Arrow "Kenneth Arrow") and [Gérard Debreu](/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Debreu "Gérard Debreu").) Stiglitz explains that globalization could be either success or failure, depending on its management. There is a success when it is managed by national government by embracing their characteristics of each individual country; however, there is a failure when it is managed by international institutions such as IMF. Globalization is beneficial under the condition that the economic management operated by national government and the example is East Asian countries. Those countries (especially South Korea and Taiwan) were based on exports through which they were able to close technological, capital and knowledge gaps. By managing national pace of change and speed of liberalization on their own, those countries were able to achieve economic growth. The countries who received the benefits from the globalization shared their profits equally. However, Stiglitz believes that if the national economy regulated by international institutions there could be an adverse effect. It is because the international institutions such as IMF, WTO, and World Bank lack transparency and accountability. Without government oversight, they reach decisions without public debate and resolve trade disputes involving "uncompetitive" or "onerous" environmental, labor, and capital laws in secret tribunals—without appeal to a nation's courts. In East Asia's financial crisis, Russia's failed conversion to a market economy, failed development in sub\-Saharan Africa, and financial meltdown in Argentina, Stiglitz argues that IMF policies contributed to a disaster: It failed to promote productive investment opportunities and demand for credit of quality; only well\-planned loans, based on high quality economic and sector work, lead to improved design, effective implementation, and lower cost. It is better to spend more time getting the program right than to lend prematurely. However, none of these were done.[http://lnweb90\.worldbank.org/oed/oeddoclib.nsf/DocUNIDViewForJavaSearch/0E5BD1800024B2CE852567F5005D8617](http://lnweb90.worldbank.org/oed/oeddoclib.nsf/DocUNIDViewForJavaSearch/0E5BD1800024B2CE852567F5005D8617) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303231311/http://lnweb90\.worldbank.org/oed/oeddoclib.nsf/DocUNIDViewForJavaSearch/0E5BD1800024B2CE852567F5005D8617 \|date\=2016\-03\-03 }}, additional text. As a result, loans came with extensive conditions that subverted the growth of [democracy](/wiki/Democracy "Democracy"), hampered local economic growth, and enriched multinational corporations. To evaluate his conclusion, it is instructive to look at those cases where Third World development actually succeeded: South Asia and China are the world's two greatest emerging markets. South Asia repeatedly resisted IMF conditions (especially South Korea and Malaysia) and China declined any IMF money whatsoever. According to Stiglitz, IMF interventions all followed a similar free market formula. The IMF strongly advocated "shock therapy" in a rush to market economies, without first establishing institutions to protect the public and local commerce. Local social, political, and economic considerations were largely ignored. Privatization without land reform or strong competitive policies resulted in [crony capitalism](/wiki/Crony_capitalism "Crony capitalism"), large businesses run by organized crime, and [neo\-feudalism](/wiki/Neo-feudalism "Neo-feudalism") without a middle class. There is no doubt that monetary aid/lending could have an important and effective role in advocating country efforts to sustain external shocks and improve economic status but without strong forefront progress on the policy, the aid of balance of payments help could very well be counterproductive. The consequence will be escalated levels of debt, weakened policy credibility and a lot more difficult task of adjustment in the future. The IMF also foisted premature capital market liberalization (free flow of capital) without institutional regulation of the financial sector. This destabilized entire developing economies by causing massive inflows of 'hot' short\-term investment capital; then when inflation rose, the IMF's loan conditions imposed fiscal austerity and dramatically rising interest rates. This led to widespread bankruptcies without legal protection, massive unemployment without a [social safety net](/wiki/Social_safety_net "Social safety net"), and the prompt withdrawal of foreign capital. The few remaining solvent owners, with zero opportunity for business growth, stripped assets for any value they could. With loans defaulted and entire nations thrown into economic and social chaos, the IMF rushed bailouts directed mainly to foreign creditors. This fueled speculative runs on currency, and most of the bailout money soon wound up in Swiss and Caribbean bank accounts. As a result, Third World citizens carried much of the costs and few of the benefits of IMF loans, and a [moral hazard](/wiki/Moral_hazard "Moral hazard") ensued among the financial community: foreign creditors made bad loans, knowing that if the debtors defaulted, the IMF would pick up the tab (see [Long Term Capital Management](/wiki/Long_Term_Capital_Management "Long Term Capital Management"), whose overexposure in Southeast Asia might have brought down international financial markets without a massive bailout). Meanwhile, the IMF urged cash\-strapped countries to further privatize—in effect selling their assets at a fraction of their value to raise cash. Foreign corporations then bought up the assets at rock\-bottom prices. Predictably, great resentment resulted from the IMF's agenda. Stabilization is on the agenda; job creation is not. Taxation, and its adverse effects, are on the agenda; land reform is off. There is money to bail out banks but not to pay for improved education and health services, let alone to bail out workers who are thrown out of their jobs as a result of the IMF's macroeconomic mismanagement. Ordinary people as well as many government officials and business people continue to refer to the economic and social storm that hit their nations simply as 'the IMF' — the way one would say 'the plague' or 'the Great Depression' \[80\-81, 97]. [John Maynard Keynes](/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes "John Maynard Keynes") helped conceive of the IMF as a fund to help developing countries grow at full employment. So why the consistent and disastrous failure to live up to this mandate? The IMF is pursuing not just the objectives set out in its original mandate, of enhancing global stability and ensuring that there are funds for countries facing a threat of recession to pursue expansionary policies. It is also pursuing the interests of the financial community. This means that the IMF has objectives that are often in conflict with each other \[206\-7]. The global financial community apparently did not see the IMF's track record as one of conflicted interests or consistent failure: IMF managing director Stanley Fischer and Treasury Secretary [Robert Rubin](/wiki/Robert_Rubin "Robert Rubin") both left for multimillion\-dollar jobs at Citigroup. Stiglitz believes the IMF and World Bank should be reformed, not dismantled—with a growing population, malaria and AIDS pandemics, and global environmental challenges, Keynes' mandate for equitable growth is more urgent now than ever. He advocates a gradual, sequential, and selective approach to institutional development, land reform and privatization, capital market liberalization, competition policies, worker safety nets, health infrastructure, and education. Different countries will need to follow different paths. Selective policies would direct funds to programs and governments which had success in the past. He also points out "global governance without global government," and suggests that we need to recognize the inequities of the "global economic architecture." Based on the recognition, there is a need of rectification of the developed nations oriented imbalances, and should focus on developing nations. Lastly, democratic disciplines are needed to ensure that financial institutions serve general interests. Debt forgiveness should be extended, building on the success of the Jubilee Movement. Since the IMF loans primarily benefited foreigners and government officials, he argues it is unjust and onerous that citizens of developing nations be heavily taxed to pay them off. Not coincidentally, Stiglitz believes that promoting local and international democracy is fundamental to reforming global economic policy. Democracy aids social stability, empowers the free flow of information, and promotes a decentralized economy upon which efficient and equitable economies rely. Extending IMF and WTO voting rights to developing countries, along with public accountability, would be a good start. For Stiglitz, promoting democracy comes before promoting business.
[ "Contents of the book\n--------------------", "The theories which guide the IMF's policies are empirically flawed. Free market, neoclassical, and neoliberal are all essentially euphemisms for the disastrous laissez\\-faire economics of the late 19th century. This approach seeks to minimize the role of government—arguing that lower wages solve problems of unemployment, and relying upon [trickle\\-down economics](/wiki/Trickle-down_economics \"Trickle-down economics\") (the belief that growth and wealth will trickle down to all segments of society) to address poverty. Stiglitz finds no evidence to support this belief, and considers the 'Washington Consensus' policy of free markets to be a blend of ideology and bad science.", "[Joseph Stiglitz](/wiki/Joseph_Stiglitz \"Joseph Stiglitz\") was awarded the 2001 [Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences](/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences \"Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences\") (shared with [George Akerlof](/wiki/George_Akerlof \"George Akerlof\") and [Michael Spence](/wiki/Michael_Spence \"Michael Spence\")) for demonstrating how information affects markets. Without equal access to information between employer and employee, company and consumer, or (in the IMF's case) lender and debtor, there is no chance of \"free\" markets operating efficiently. (This explanation also owes much to the earlier Nobel work of [Kenneth Arrow](/wiki/Kenneth_Arrow \"Kenneth Arrow\") and [Gérard Debreu](/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Debreu \"Gérard Debreu\").)", "Stiglitz explains that globalization could be either success or failure, depending on its management. There is a success when it is managed by national government by embracing their characteristics of each individual country; however, there is a failure when it is managed by international institutions such as IMF.", "Globalization is beneficial under the condition that the economic management operated by national government and the example is East Asian countries. Those countries (especially South Korea and Taiwan) were based on exports through which they were able to close technological, capital and knowledge gaps. By managing national pace of change and speed of liberalization on their own, those countries were able to achieve economic growth. The countries who received the benefits from the globalization shared their profits equally.", "However, Stiglitz believes that if the national economy regulated by international institutions there could be an adverse effect. It is because the international institutions such as IMF, WTO, and World Bank lack transparency and accountability. Without government oversight, they reach decisions without public debate and resolve trade disputes involving \"uncompetitive\" or \"onerous\" environmental, labor, and capital laws in secret tribunals—without appeal to a nation's courts.", "In East Asia's financial crisis, Russia's failed conversion to a market economy, failed development in sub\\-Saharan Africa, and financial meltdown in Argentina, Stiglitz argues that IMF policies contributed to a disaster: It failed to promote productive investment opportunities and demand for credit of quality; only well\\-planned loans, based on high quality economic and sector work, lead to improved design, effective implementation, and lower cost. It is better to spend more time getting the program right than to lend prematurely. However, none of these were done.[http://lnweb90\\.worldbank.org/oed/oeddoclib.nsf/DocUNIDViewForJavaSearch/0E5BD1800024B2CE852567F5005D8617](http://lnweb90.worldbank.org/oed/oeddoclib.nsf/DocUNIDViewForJavaSearch/0E5BD1800024B2CE852567F5005D8617) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303231311/http://lnweb90\\.worldbank.org/oed/oeddoclib.nsf/DocUNIDViewForJavaSearch/0E5BD1800024B2CE852567F5005D8617 \\|date\\=2016\\-03\\-03 }}, additional text. As a result, loans came with extensive conditions that subverted the growth of [democracy](/wiki/Democracy \"Democracy\"), hampered local economic growth, and enriched multinational corporations.", "To evaluate his conclusion, it is instructive to look at those cases where Third World development actually succeeded: South Asia and China are the world's two greatest emerging markets. South Asia repeatedly resisted IMF conditions (especially South Korea and Malaysia) and China declined any IMF money whatsoever.", "According to Stiglitz, IMF interventions all followed a similar free market formula. The IMF strongly advocated \"shock therapy\" in a rush to market economies, without first establishing institutions to protect the public and local commerce. Local social, political, and economic considerations were largely ignored. Privatization without land reform or strong competitive policies resulted in [crony capitalism](/wiki/Crony_capitalism \"Crony capitalism\"), large businesses run by organized crime, and [neo\\-feudalism](/wiki/Neo-feudalism \"Neo-feudalism\") without a middle class. There is no doubt that monetary aid/lending could have an important and effective role in advocating country efforts to sustain external shocks and improve economic status but without strong forefront progress on the policy, the aid of balance of payments help could very well be counterproductive. The consequence will be escalated levels of debt, weakened policy credibility and a lot more difficult task of adjustment in the future.", "The IMF also foisted premature capital market liberalization (free flow of capital) without institutional regulation of the financial sector. This destabilized entire developing economies by causing massive inflows of 'hot' short\\-term investment capital; then when inflation rose, the IMF's loan conditions imposed fiscal austerity and dramatically rising interest rates. This led to widespread bankruptcies without legal protection, massive unemployment without a [social safety net](/wiki/Social_safety_net \"Social safety net\"), and the prompt withdrawal of foreign capital. The few remaining solvent owners, with zero opportunity for business growth, stripped assets for any value they could.", "With loans defaulted and entire nations thrown into economic and social chaos, the IMF rushed bailouts directed mainly to foreign creditors. This fueled speculative runs on currency, and most of the bailout money soon wound up in Swiss and Caribbean bank accounts. As a result, Third World citizens carried much of the costs and few of the benefits of IMF loans, and a [moral hazard](/wiki/Moral_hazard \"Moral hazard\") ensued among the financial community: foreign creditors made bad loans, knowing that if the debtors defaulted, the IMF would pick up the tab (see [Long Term Capital Management](/wiki/Long_Term_Capital_Management \"Long Term Capital Management\"), whose overexposure in Southeast Asia might have brought down international financial markets without a massive bailout). Meanwhile, the IMF urged cash\\-strapped countries to further privatize—in effect selling their assets at a fraction of their value to raise cash. Foreign corporations then bought up the assets at rock\\-bottom prices.", "Predictably, great resentment resulted from the IMF's agenda.", "Stabilization is on the agenda; job creation is not. Taxation, and its adverse effects, are on the agenda; land reform is off. There is money to bail out banks but not to pay for improved education and health services, let alone to bail out workers who are thrown out of their jobs as a result of the IMF's macroeconomic mismanagement. Ordinary people as well as many government officials and business people continue to refer to the economic and social storm that hit their nations simply as 'the IMF' — the way one would say 'the plague' or 'the Great Depression' \\[80\\-81, 97].", "[John Maynard Keynes](/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes \"John Maynard Keynes\") helped conceive of the IMF as a fund to help developing countries grow at full employment. So why the consistent and disastrous failure to live up to this mandate?", "The IMF is pursuing not just the objectives set out in its original mandate, of enhancing global stability and ensuring that there are funds for countries facing a threat of recession to pursue expansionary policies. It is also pursuing the interests of the financial community. This means that the IMF has objectives that are often in conflict with each other \\[206\\-7].", "The global financial community apparently did not see the IMF's track record as one of conflicted interests or consistent failure: IMF managing director Stanley Fischer and Treasury Secretary [Robert Rubin](/wiki/Robert_Rubin \"Robert Rubin\") both left for multimillion\\-dollar jobs at Citigroup.", "Stiglitz believes the IMF and World Bank should be reformed, not dismantled—with a growing population, malaria and AIDS pandemics, and global environmental challenges, Keynes' mandate for equitable growth is more urgent now than ever. He advocates a gradual, sequential, and selective approach to institutional development, land reform and privatization, capital market liberalization, competition policies, worker safety nets, health infrastructure, and education. Different countries will need to follow different paths. Selective policies would direct funds to programs and governments which had success in the past. He also points out \"global governance without global government,\" and suggests that we need to recognize the inequities of the \"global economic architecture.\" Based on the recognition, there is a need of rectification of the developed nations oriented imbalances, and should focus on developing nations. Lastly, democratic disciplines are needed to ensure that financial institutions serve general interests.", "Debt forgiveness should be extended, building on the success of the Jubilee Movement. Since the IMF loans primarily benefited foreigners and government officials, he argues it is unjust and onerous that citizens of developing nations be heavily taxed to pay them off.", "Not coincidentally, Stiglitz believes that promoting local and international democracy is fundamental to reforming global economic policy. Democracy aids social stability, empowers the free flow of information, and promotes a decentralized economy upon which efficient and equitable economies rely. Extending IMF and WTO voting rights to developing countries, along with public accountability, would be a good start. For Stiglitz, promoting democracy comes before promoting business.", "" ]
Career ------ In the early 1950s, Gordon began using analog computers for simulation in England. A few years later he began working with digital computers. He moved to the United States in 1955 where he continued working with digital simulation at [Westinghouse Electric Corporation](/wiki/Westinghouse_Electric_Corporation "Westinghouse Electric Corporation"). At the end of following year (1956\) he began working at [Bell Labs](/wiki/Bell_Labs "Bell Labs"), writing simulation software for message switching systems. In 1959, he started work on a project to digitally simulate what was seen across flow\-chart style simulation sequence diagrams, instead of writing new software for each one. These diagrams used nodes to communicate the flow and operations of a simulation. The project, called the "Sequence Diagram Simulator" was completed at the end of that year. In 1960, Gordon became manager of the Advanced Systems Development Division at IBM which experimented with new technology to design more efficient systems, especially in teleprocessing problems.{{Cite book \|last\=Lee \|first\=John \|title\=International Biographical Dictionary of Computer Pioneers \|publisher\=Fitzroy Dearborn \|year\=1995 \|isbn\=9781884964473 \|pages\={{!}}page\=341}} Since the use of simulation was important in creating accurate models, Gordon suggested that a block diagram language be created similar to the Sequence Diagram Simulator. The new program and corresponding language, unofficially called the "Gordon Simulator", was developed in the IBM 704 symbolic assembly language.{{Cite book \|last\=Kaisler \|first\=Stephen \|title\=First Generation Mainframes \|publisher\=Cambridge Scholars Publishing \|year\=2018 \|isbn\=9781527522633}} It became known throughout the company as a useful tool and became officially documented for internal use in the company on October 25, 1960\. The use of the program outside of the company was soon recognized by the Cross Industry Marketing Group of IBM. On October 6, 1961, the program became available publicly outside of IBM as ["GPSS I"](/wiki/GPSS "GPSS") after a complete rewrite. It was initially available for the IBM 704, 709, and 7090\. Gordon retired from IBM as a Consulting Systems Engineer and an IBM Fellow. He then became a professor at Kean University. On December 19, 1989, he died in Washington, New Jersey.
[ "Career\n------", "In the early 1950s, Gordon began using analog computers for simulation in England. A few years later he began working with digital computers.", "He moved to the United States in 1955 where he continued working with digital simulation at [Westinghouse Electric Corporation](/wiki/Westinghouse_Electric_Corporation \"Westinghouse Electric Corporation\"). At the end of following year (1956\\) he began working at [Bell Labs](/wiki/Bell_Labs \"Bell Labs\"), writing simulation software for message switching systems.", "In 1959, he started work on a project to digitally simulate what was seen across flow\\-chart style simulation sequence diagrams, instead of writing new software for each one. These diagrams used nodes to communicate the flow and operations of a simulation. The project, called the \"Sequence Diagram Simulator\" was completed at the end of that year.", "In 1960, Gordon became manager of the Advanced Systems Development Division at IBM which experimented with new technology to design more efficient systems, especially in teleprocessing problems.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Lee \\|first\\=John \\|title\\=International Biographical Dictionary of Computer Pioneers \\|publisher\\=Fitzroy Dearborn \\|year\\=1995 \\|isbn\\=9781884964473 \\|pages\\={{!}}page\\=341}} Since the use of simulation was important in creating accurate models, Gordon suggested that a block diagram language be created similar to the Sequence Diagram Simulator. The new program and corresponding language, unofficially called the \"Gordon Simulator\", was developed in the IBM 704 symbolic assembly language.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Kaisler \\|first\\=Stephen \\|title\\=First Generation Mainframes \\|publisher\\=Cambridge Scholars Publishing \\|year\\=2018 \\|isbn\\=9781527522633}} It became known throughout the company as a useful tool and became officially documented for internal use in the company on October 25, 1960\\. The use of the program outside of the company was soon recognized by the Cross Industry Marketing Group of IBM. On October 6, 1961, the program became available publicly outside of IBM as [\"GPSS I\"](/wiki/GPSS \"GPSS\") after a complete rewrite. It was initially available for the IBM 704, 709, and 7090\\.", "Gordon retired from IBM as a Consulting Systems Engineer and an IBM Fellow. He then became a professor at Kean University.", "On December 19, 1989, he died in Washington, New Jersey.", "" ]
Demographics ------------ {{US Census population \|1880\= 191 \|1890\= 355 \|1900\= 514 \|1910\= 644 \|1920\= 772 \|1930\= 690 \|1940\= 820 \|1950\= 1277 \|1960\= 1660 \|1970\= 2178 \|1980\= 2157 \|1990\= 2118 \|2000\= 1992 \|2010\= 2081 \|2020\= 2079 \|footnote\=U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\|url\=https://www.census.gov/programs\-surveys/decennial\-census.html\|title\=Census of Population and Housing\|publisher\=Census.gov\|access\-date\=June 4, 2015}} }} ### 2010 census As of the [census](/wiki/Census "Census"){{cite web\|title\=U.S. Census website\|url\=https://www.census.gov\|publisher\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]]\|access\-date\=2012\-07\-08}} of 2010, there were 2,081 people, 935 households, and 513 families living in the city. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density "Population density") was {{convert\|571\.7\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|1}}. There were 1,060 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|291\.2\|/sqmi\|/km2\|1}}. The racial makeup of the city was 96\.3% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)"), 0\.2% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "African American (U.S. Census)"), 0\.6% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "Native American (U.S. Census)"), 0\.4% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 "Asian (U.S. Census)"), 0\.5% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28U.S._Census%29 "Race (U.S. Census)"), and 1\.9% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 "Hispanic (U.S. Census)") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 "Latino (U.S. Census)") of any race were 1\.2% of the population. There were 935 households, of which 28\.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 37\.4% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 13\.6% had a female householder with no husband present, 3\.9% had a male householder with no wife present, and 45\.1% were non\-families. 41\.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 21\.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\.08 and the average family size was 2\.78\. The median age in the city was 41\.9 years. 21\.7% of residents were under the age of 18; 8\.4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 22\.3% were from 25 to 44; 22\.7% were from 45 to 64; and 24\.7% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 44\.0% male and 56\.0% female. ### 2000 census As of the [census](/wiki/Census "Census") of 2000, there were 1,992 people, 904 households, and 536 families living in the city. The population density was {{convert\|559\.8\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. There were 1,042 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|292\.8\|/sqmi\|/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. The racial makeup of the city was 96\.13% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)"), 0\.20% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "African American (U.S. Census)"), 0\.80% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "Native American (U.S. Census)"), 0\.30% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 "Asian (U.S. Census)"), 0\.35% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 "Race (United States Census)"), and 2\.21% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 "Hispanic (U.S. Census)") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 "Latino (U.S. Census)") of any race were 1\.46% of the population. There were 904 households, out of which 25\.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43\.6% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 12\.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 40\.6% were non\-families. 37\.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 22\.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\.07 and the average family size was 2\.67\. In the city, the population was spread out, with 20\.7% under the age of 18, 7\.4% from 18 to 24, 22\.2% from 25 to 44, 22\.3% from 45 to 64, and 27\.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 45 years. For every 100 females, there were 73\.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 69\.1 males. The median income for a household in the city was $20,886, and the median income for a family was $28,798\. Males had a median income of $26,371 versus $17,500 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income "Per capita income") for the city was $14,977\. About 20\.6% of families and 26\.2% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line "Poverty line"), including 34\.9% of those under age 18 and 19\.8% of those age 65 or over.
[ "Demographics\n------------", "{{US Census population\n\\|1880\\= 191\n\\|1890\\= 355\n\\|1900\\= 514\n\\|1910\\= 644\n\\|1920\\= 772\n\\|1930\\= 690\n\\|1940\\= 820\n\\|1950\\= 1277\n\\|1960\\= 1660\n\\|1970\\= 2178\n\\|1980\\= 2157\n\\|1990\\= 2118\n\\|2000\\= 1992\n\\|2010\\= 2081\n\\|2020\\= 2079\n\\|footnote\\=U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/programs\\-surveys/decennial\\-census.html\\|title\\=Census of Population and Housing\\|publisher\\=Census.gov\\|access\\-date\\=June 4, 2015}}\n}}", "### 2010 census", "As of the [census](/wiki/Census \"Census\"){{cite web\\|title\\=U.S. Census website\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]]\\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-07\\-08}} of 2010, there were 2,081 people, 935 households, and 513 families living in the city. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density \"Population density\") was {{convert\\|571\\.7\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|1}}. There were 1,060 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|291\\.2\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|1}}. The racial makeup of the city was 96\\.3% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.2% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"African American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.6% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Native American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.4% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Asian (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.5% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Race (U.S. Census)\"), and 1\\.9% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") of any race were 1\\.2% of the population.", "There were 935 households, of which 28\\.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 37\\.4% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 13\\.6% had a female householder with no husband present, 3\\.9% had a male householder with no wife present, and 45\\.1% were non\\-families. 41\\.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 21\\.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.08 and the average family size was 2\\.78\\.", "The median age in the city was 41\\.9 years. 21\\.7% of residents were under the age of 18; 8\\.4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 22\\.3% were from 25 to 44; 22\\.7% were from 45 to 64; and 24\\.7% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 44\\.0% male and 56\\.0% female.", "### 2000 census", "As of the [census](/wiki/Census \"Census\") of 2000, there were 1,992 people, 904 households, and 536 families living in the city. The population density was {{convert\\|559\\.8\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. There were 1,042 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|292\\.8\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. The racial makeup of the city was 96\\.13% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.20% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"African American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.80% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Native American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.30% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Asian (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.35% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\"), and 2\\.21% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") of any race were 1\\.46% of the population.", "There were 904 households, out of which 25\\.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43\\.6% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 12\\.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 40\\.6% were non\\-families. 37\\.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 22\\.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.07 and the average family size was 2\\.67\\.", "In the city, the population was spread out, with 20\\.7% under the age of 18, 7\\.4% from 18 to 24, 22\\.2% from 25 to 44, 22\\.3% from 45 to 64, and 27\\.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 45 years. For every 100 females, there were 73\\.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 69\\.1 males.", "The median income for a household in the city was $20,886, and the median income for a family was $28,798\\. Males had a median income of $26,371 versus $17,500 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income \"Per capita income\") for the city was $14,977\\. About 20\\.6% of families and 26\\.2% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line \"Poverty line\"), including 34\\.9% of those under age 18 and 19\\.8% of those age 65 or over.", "" ]
Biography --------- ### Provenance and early life **Aldo Garòsci** was born at [Meana di Susa](/wiki/Meana_di_Susa "Meana di Susa"), a small mountain town overlooking the [Susa Valley](/wiki/Susa_Valley "Susa Valley"), roughly equidistant between [Turin](/wiki/Turin "Turin"), to the east, and the [mountain pass](/wiki/Mont_Cenis "Mont Cenis") across into [Savoy](/wiki/Pays_de_Savoie "Pays de Savoie"), to the west. Aldo was his father's third son. Antonio Garosci (1861\-1941\) was not originally from [Piedmont](/wiki/Piedmont "Piedmont"). He had been born in [San Remo](/wiki/Sanremo "Sanremo") down [by the coast](/wiki/Liguria "Liguria"). Antonio Garosci worked as a businessman\-entrepreneur in the [agri\-foods](/wiki/Food_industry "Food industry") sector. Despite having arrived as outsiders, by the time of Aldo's birth, the Garosci family were well networked in the valley. His mother, born Alessandra Sampò (1879\-1938\) was significantly younger than her husband. She had been born at [Bene Vagienna](/wiki/Bene_Vagienna "Bene Vagienna") ([Cuneo](/wiki/Province_of_Cuneo "Province of Cuneo")), another small mountain town, located in the extreme south of [Piedmont](/wiki/Piedmont "Piedmont"). Alessandra Sampò had grown up in a family of middle class intellectuals. Her sister Nelda was married to the noted medievalist [Giorgio Falco](/wiki/Giorgio_Falco_%28storico%29 "Giorgio Falco (storico)"), whom she had met at [university](/wiki/University_of_Turin "University of Turin"). ### Education He attended elementary school locally and then moved on, like many sons of the Piedmontese "haute\-bourgeoisie" to the ["Istituto sociale" (Jesuit secondary school)](/wiki/Social_Institute%2C_Turin "Social Institute, Turin") in [Turin](/wiki/Turin "Turin"): contemporaries included the writers [Mario Soldati](/wiki/Mario_Soldati "Mario Soldati") and [Carlo Dionisotti](/wiki/Carlo_Dionisotti "Carlo Dionisotti"). In 1925 Garòsci enrolled at [the university](/wiki/University_of_Turin "University of Turin") in order to study for a degree in literature, as his aunt Nelda Falco had done. After a year he switched to [Law](/wiki/Jurisprudence "Jurisprudence"), however. In 1929 he obtained a degree in Legal Philosophy with a dissertation concerning "[Jean Bodin](/wiki/Jean_Bodin "Jean Bodin")'s [Republic](/wiki/Jean_Bodin%23Les_Six_livres_de_la_R%C3%A9publique_%28The_Six_Books_of_the_Republic%29 "Jean Bodin#Les Six livres de la République (The Six Books of the Republic)")", which subsequently formed the basis for Garòsci's own first published book. His university studies were supervised by [Gioele Solari](/wiki/Gioele_Solari "Gioele Solari"), a strikingly large number of whose students later achieved notability (or, in the eyes of many governments, notoriety) as active anti\-fascists: these included [Piero Gobetti](/wiki/Piero_Gobetti "Piero Gobetti"), [Mario Andreis](/wiki/Mario_Andreis_%28politico%29 "Mario Andreis (politico)"), [Giorgio Agosti](/wiki/Giorgio_Agosti "Giorgio Agosti"), [Dante Livio Bianco](/wiki/Dante_Livio_Bianco "Dante Livio Bianco"), [Norberto Bobbio](/wiki/Norberto_Bobbio "Norberto Bobbio") and [Alessandro Passerin d'Entrèves](/wiki/Alessandro_Passerin_d%27Entr%C3%A8ves "Alessandro Passerin d'Entrèves"). ### Politicisation Three years before Garòsci enrolled at [the university](/wiki/University_of_Turin "University of Turin"), [Mussolini's](/wiki/Benito_Mussolini "Benito Mussolini") [Fascists](/wiki/National_Fascist_Party "National Fascist Party") had [taken power](/wiki/March_on_Rome "March on Rome"). After [1924](/wiki/1924_Italian_general_election "1924 Italian general election") the country's political leaders had abandoned any supposed commitment to democracy, and [thuggery](/wiki/Blackshirts "Blackshirts") was becoming ever more widely accepted as a legitimate tool of government. Turin was emerging in this period as a bedrock of anti\-fascist thought and ideas, due to the presence of personalities such as [Antonio Gramsci](/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci "Antonio Gramsci") and [Piero Gobetti](/wiki/Piero_Gobetti "Piero Gobetti"). For Garòsci, his time as a student was a period of rapid politicisation. He was influenced in particular by two student contemporaries, the would\-be regicide [Fernando de Rosa](/wiki/Fernando_de_Rosa "Fernando de Rosa") and, a little later, by the activist\-artist [Carlo Levi](/wiki/Carlo_Levi "Carlo Levi"). He first came across Levi in the group that had centred round [Piero Gobetti](/wiki/Piero_Gobetti "Piero Gobetti"), to which Garòsci was increasingly drawn during and after 1926\. (1926 was also the year of Gobetti's early death following a savage physical assault by fascist thugs.) Through these friends, and others, Garosci became familiar with antifascist philosophical themes of the time, such as liberal activism (*"attivistica del liberalismo"*), to be viewed more as a process than as some fixed \- and thereby contentious \- objective. He learned to take a closer interest in the [labour movement](/wiki/Labour_movement "Labour movement"), and in international developments involving ["workers' soviets"](/wiki/Marxismo_consiliarista "Marxismo consiliarista"). Towards the end of the 1920s these themes came together to form, for him, a [metapolitical](/wiki/Metapolitics "Metapolitics") and [existential](/wiki/Existentialism "Existentialism") conceptual framework of antifascism which was, in more simple terms, a total opposition to everything that [the government](/wiki/Italian_Fascism "Italian Fascism") represented. After graduating his study in Law in 1929, he began his political career, which for an antifascist in a fascist one\-party state involved illegal political activism. While they were students the antifascist opposition in which Garòsci had engaged was largely restricted to student demonstrations within the university premises. The practical and conspiratorial dimensions of opposition were intensified at the end of 1929 when Aldo Garòsci joined [Giustizia e Libertà (*Justice and Liberty*)](/wiki/Giustizia_e_Libert%C3%A0 "Giustizia e Libertà"), a somewhat disparate movement/grouping of Italian activists united in their hatred of fascism, which had been established a few months earlier by a number of political refugees centred around [Carlo Rosselli](/wiki/Carlo_Rosselli "Carlo Rosselli") and living, by this stage, in [Paris](/wiki/Paris "Paris"). Adherents, who were keen not to be identified simply as "another political party", used for themselves the acronym "Giellisti".{{cite web \|title\=Aldo Garosci \|work\=Nato a Meana di Susa (Torino) il 13 agosto 1907, deceduto a Roma il 3 gennaio 2002, docente universitario. \|url\=https://www.anpi.it/donne\-e\-uomini/1221/aldo\-garosci \|publisher\=\[\[ANPI \|Associazione Nazionale Partigiani d'Italia (ANPI) di Roma]] \|access\-date\=5 April 2021}} In 1929/30 Garòsci also teamed up with [Mario Andreis](/wiki/Mario_Andreis_%28politico%29 "Mario Andreis (politico)") to produce, briefly, an underground newspaper, "Voci d'officina", inspired by [Gobettian ideas](/wiki/Piero_Gobetti "Piero Gobetti") and pursuing the mission of [Il Baretti](/wiki/Il_Baretti "Il Baretti"), a periodical political magazine founded by Gobetti back in 1924 which, following several years of intensifying government harassment had finally been closed down in 1928\.{{cite web\|url\= https://www.accademiadellescienze.it/storiaescienza/personaggi/aldo\_garosci\_20076\|title\= Aldo Garosci \|work\= Antifascista militante fin dalla giovinezza, coltivò parallelamente gli studi storici. Nel 1961 divenne professore di Storia del Risorgimento nell’Università di Torino.\|publisher\=Accademia delle Scienze di Torino\|access\-date\=5 April 2021}} Another important member of the little group of activists operating alongside Garòsci was [Carlo Dionisotti](/wiki/Carlo_Dionisotti "Carlo Dionisotti"), a political soulmate who twenty years later would emigrate to England, becoming a professor of Italian literature first at Oxford and then at London. Garosci and Dionisotti had been good friend since their time [at school](/wiki/Social_Institute%2C_Turin "Social Institute, Turin") together. ### Paris exile Garòsci emerged during this period as a leading organiser of the ["Giellisti"](/wiki/Giustizia_e_Libert%C3%A0 "Giustizia e Libertà") in Turin, which quickly became one of the most resolute and well organised such groups in Italy. The underground journal "Voci d'officina" was designed as a core information and networking medium between antifascists across northern Italy. It was also part of the [Gobettian mission](/wiki/Piero_Gobetti "Piero Gobetti") to build a dialogue between "bourgeois" antifascism and the Italian [labour movement](/wiki/Labour_movement "Labour movement"). Despite the evident paucity on the ground of "bourgeois\-proletarian" connections, these aspirations represented a threat to the [Fascist state](/wiki/Italian_Fascism "Italian Fascism"): during or before 1931 the ["Giellisti"](/wiki/Giustizia_e_Libert%C3%A0 "Giustizia e Libertà") activities in Turin came to the attention of the police, who dismantled the entire Turin network during the Autumn of 1931\. [Andreis](/wiki/Mario_Andreis_%28politico%29 "Mario Andreis (politico)") and others involved in producing "Voci d'officina" were arrested after just three editions had been produced, during December 1931\. Garòsci managed to avoid the police, but the ongoing dangers in Turin were obvious. On 12 January 1932 he succeeded in escaping to [France](/wiki/France "France") where he joined up with the exiled [Giustizia e Libertà leadership](/wiki/Giustizia_e_Libert%C3%A0 "Giustizia e Libertà") in [Paris](/wiki/Paris "Paris"). The nine years during which Aldo Garòsci was based in [Paris](/wiki/Paris "Paris") marked a period of important intellectual and personal development. The group had launched its own Paris\-based weekly "mouth\-piece" (antifascist political journal), also called [Giustizia e Libertà](/wiki/Giustizia_e_Libert%C3%A0 "Giustizia e Libertà"), and he quickly became a key member of the team involved in producing this, along with the movement's other more intermittently produced antifascist publications.{{Cite book\|last\=Pipitone\|first\=Daniele\|title\=Alla ricerca della libertà. Vita di Aldo Garosci\|publisher\=\[\[FrancoAngeli]], Milano\|year\=2017\|isbn\= 978\-8891751003\|location\=\|pages\=}} Among the others involved, those who became particular friends included [Franco Venturi](/wiki/Franco_Venturi "Franco Venturi"), [Carlo Levi](/wiki/Carlo_Levi "Carlo Levi") and, above all, the man to whom the others looked for inspiration and direction, [Carlo Rosselli](/wiki/Carlo_Rosselli "Carlo Rosselli"). Garòsci quickly became a convinced adherent of [Carlo Rosselli](/wiki/Carlo_Rosselli "Carlo Rosselli")'s ["Socialist Liberalism" (with a distinctively Italian flavour)](/wiki/Socialismo_liberale "Socialismo liberale"),Carlo Rosselli, Liberal Socialism. Edited by Nadia Urbinati. Translated by William McCuaig (Princeton: Princeton University Press 1994\) but such backing was necessarily accompanied by appropriately pertinent criticism. Indeed, it was only after [the movement](/wiki/Giustizia_e_Libert%C3%A0 "Giustizia e Libertà") proved receptive to the insistence which Garòsci advanced on behalf of Turin \- and in which he was supported by [Levi](/wiki/Carlo_Levi "Carlo Levi") \- on the need to incorporate critiques of traditional socialism and liberalism in the underlying philosophy of the ["Giellisti"](/wiki/Giustizia_e_Libert%C3%A0 "Giustizia e Libertà"), along with a focus on the importance of the working class as a revolutionary force, that he himself became one of the most strident backers of the [Rosselli line](/wiki/Carlo_Rosselli "Carlo Rosselli"). Endless ideological debates and the weekly production of "[Giustizia e Libertà](/wiki/Giustizia_e_Libert%C3%A0 "Giustizia e Libertà")" (and related publications) were not the only aspects of the political activism pursued by the antifascist ["Giellisti"](/wiki/Giustizia_e_Libert%C3%A0 "Giustizia e Libertà") from their Parisian exile. They sustained contacts to the full extent possible with anti\-government resistance movements back in Italy, providing as much support as possible, with a particular focus on those parts of the country in which antifascism was less deeply entrenched. Compared to some of the comrades, Aldo Garòsci was in a relatively fortunate position. The financial support he received from his family enabled him to devote all his energies to his work as a ["Giellista"](/wiki/Giustizia_e_Libert%C3%A0 "Giustizia e Libertà"). Later during the 1930s he was employed as an assistant to the internationally well\-connected art critic and author, [Lionello Venturi](/wiki/Lionello_Venturi "Lionello Venturi"). Lionello Venturi was the father of Garòsci close friend and school contemporary [Franco Venturi](/wiki/Franco_Venturi "Franco Venturi"). [Lionello Venturi](/wiki/Lionello_Venturi "Lionello Venturi") was one of just eighteen Italian university professors who, in 1931, had refused the government order to sign their ["Oath of Loyalty to Fascism"](/wiki/Giuramento_di_fedelt%C3%A0_al_fascismo "Giuramento di fedeltà al fascismo"). He had therefore been removed from his professorship in [Art History](/wiki/Art_History "Art History") at the [University of Rome](/wiki/Sapienza_University_of_Rome "Sapienza University of Rome") and lived, between 1931 and 1940, in [France](/wiki/France "France"), before living out the final years of the [Mussolini](/wiki/Republican_Fascist_Party "Republican Fascist Party") [nightmare](/wiki/National_Fascist_Party "National Fascist Party") in [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City "New York City"), while lecturing at a range of north American universities.{{cite web \|url\= https://siusa.archivi.beniculturali.it/cgi\-bin/pagina.pl?TipoPag\=prodpersona\&Chiave\=62002\|title\=Venturi Lionello \|author1\= Valeria Di Lucia \|author2\= Elisabetta Reale\|publisher\=Sistema Informativo Unificato per le Soprintendenze Archivistiche (SIUSA) \|access\-date\=6 April 2021}} It was also during his time in Paris that Garòsci teamed up with (Blanche) Madeleine Bride: they now shared their lives till Garòsci's political exile came to an end. There were also a number of new friendships that now became life\-long with his fellow political activists who became, after 1945, prominent members of Italy's post\-war political and journalistic establishment, including [Alberto Cianca](/wiki/Alberto_Cianca "Alberto Cianca"), [Fernando Schiavetti](/wiki/Fernando_Schiavetti "Fernando Schiavetti"), [Paolo Battino Vittorelli](/wiki/Paolo_Battino_Vittorelli "Paolo Battino Vittorelli") and, most importantly, [Leo Valiani](/wiki/Leo_Valiani "Leo Valiani"). It was, in particular, with [Leo Valiani](/wiki/Leo_Valiani "Leo Valiani") and the friend of his school years, [Franco Venturi](/wiki/Franco_Venturi "Franco Venturi"), that he became particularly close, not just in terms of personal friendship but also as enduring intellectual soulmates. ### Spanish Civil War After [several years of growing instability](/wiki/Background_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War%23The_%22black_biennium%22 "Background of the Spanish Civil War#The ") the [Spanish Civil War](/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War "Spanish Civil War") broke out [in 1936](/wiki/Spanish_coup_of_July_1936 "Spanish coup of July 1936"). Among the Italian ["Giellisti"](/wiki/Giustizia_e_Libert%C3%A0 "Giustizia e Libertà") in [Paris](/wiki/Paris "Paris"), Garòsci was among the first to understand what was going on. He took a lead, travelling to [Barcelona](/wiki/Barcelona "Barcelona") that summer to make direct contact with [republican leaders](/wiki/Spanish_Republican_Army "Spanish Republican Army"). He then made his contribution, during the early months of the war, as a member of the Italian unit \- shortly afterwards renamed as the "Matteotti Battalion" \- led by [Rosselli](/wiki/Carlo_Rosselli "Carlo Rosselli").{{cite web \|title\=Hacia España. La Guerra Civil y el intelectual\-soldado \|url\=https://cuadernoshispanoamericanos.com/hacia\-espana\-la\-guerra\-civil\-y\-el\-intelectual\-soldado/5/ \|date\=1 October 2016 \|work\=Punto de Vista \|publisher\=Cuadernos Hispanoamericanos, Madrid \|page\=5 \|author\=Maurizio Serra \|access\-date\=6 April 2021}} The battalion enjoyed early success in August 1936, as part of the army that defeated [the Francoists](/wiki/Nationalist_faction_%28Spanish_Civil_War%29 "Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War)") at [Monte Pelado](/wiki/Battle_of_Monte_Pelado "Battle of Monte Pelado"). But Garòsci was forced by a wound received at [Huesca](/wiki/Huesca "Huesca"), during the battle to abandon the military front, and escape across [the mountains](/wiki/Pyrenees "Pyrenees") to France. After this he became a tireless warrior in the parallel propaganda war through his contributions to the movement's weekly publication, "[Giustizia e Libertà](/wiki/Giustizia_e_Libert%C3%A0 "Giustizia e Libertà")". In the decades that followed, it became clear that those impassioned journalistic contributions were themselves only the introduction to his part in propagating, during the ensuing decades, the legendary and heroic character of the antifascist intervention in the Spanish War. The entire Spanish experience does indeed seem to have represented a decisive juncture in Garòsci's life, and a never to be repeated point of existential commitment to causes in which his belief was seemingly total. The model provided by the ["Catalan Revolution"](/wiki/Revolutionary_Catalonia "Revolutionary Catalonia") in particular, with its peculiar elements of spontaneity and self\-government, became a paradigm which he would continue to reference for many years. ### After Rosselli In June 1936 [Rosselli](/wiki/Carlo_Rosselli "Carlo Rosselli") and his brother Nello were murdered by [Cagoule paramilitaries](/wiki/La_Cagoule "La Cagoule") at [Bagnoles](/wiki/Bagnoles-de-l%27Orne "Bagnoles-de-l'Orne"), west of [Paris](/wiki/Paris "Paris"): evidence later surfaced that the killing was performed under contract from [Mussolini](/wiki/Benito_Mussolini "Benito Mussolini").{{cite book \|author\=Pugliese, Stanislao G. \|date\=1999 \|url\= http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog/PUGCAR.html \|title\=Carlo Rosselli: Socialist Heretic and Antifascist Exile \|publisher\= Harvard University Press \|page\=221 \|isbn\=0\-674\-00053\-6 \|access\-date\=6 April 2021}} Garòsci took on the leadership of [the "Giellisti"](/wiki/Giustizia_e_Libert%C3%A0 "Giustizia e Libertà"), together with [Cianca](/wiki/Alberto_Cianca "Alberto Cianca"), [Schiavetti](/wiki/Fernando_Schiavetti "Fernando Schiavetti"), [Emilio Lussu](/wiki/Emilio_Lussu "Emilio Lussu") and [Silvio Trentin](/wiki/Silvio_Trentin "Silvio Trentin"), all trying, without very much success, to continue along the path [Rosselli](/wiki/Carlo_Rosselli "Carlo Rosselli") had set. That meant attempting to unite the antifascist revolutionary forces, which in turn involved trying to establish dialogue with "proletarian parties". In a decade of intensifying political polarisation, and after his participation in a [civil war](/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War "Spanish Civil War") in which the contribution of [Soviet proxies](/wiki/Soviet_Union "Soviet Union") sometimes seemed to be driven more by [Stalin](/wiki/Stalin "Stalin")'s paranoid determination to confront a [Trotskyite conspiracy](/wiki/Trotskyism "Trotskyism") than by any shared interest in defeating fascism, Garòsci's own deep\-seated suspicion of communist\-authoritarianism precluded meaningful co\-operation with parties of the political left, however. In French historiography the outbreak of the [Second World War](/wiki/Second_World_War "Second World War") is generally set at September 1939, which was when [Germany](/wiki/Nazi_Germany "Nazi Germany") and the [Soviet Union](/wiki/Soviet_Union "Soviet Union") [invaded](/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland "Invasion of Poland") [Poland](/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Poland "Soviet invasion of Poland"), respectively from the west, and from the south and east. The French government, partly in response to British pressure, responded very quickly by [declaring war on Germany](/wiki/French_declaration_of_war_on_Germany_%281939%29 "French declaration of war on Germany (1939)"); but on the streets of Paris \- even, to a lesser extent for foreign political refugees who had taken refuge in the city \- daily life did not change so much. A more traumatic development, in May 1940, was the German [invasion of France](/wiki/Battle_of_France "Battle of France"), which culminated in [French acknowledgement of military defeat](/wiki/Armistice_of_22_June_1940 "Armistice of 22 June 1940"), formalised in a 26 year\-old (but "symbolically important") [railway wagon](/wiki/Compi%C3%A8gne_Wagon "Compiègne Wagon") [near](/wiki/Forest_of_Compi%C3%A8gne "Forest of Compiègne") [Compiègne](/wiki/Compi%C3%A8gne "Compiègne") on 22 June 1940\. The Mussolini government, having hitherto stood back from becoming involved in the European war, declared war on 10 June 1940, launching its own short\-lived [invasion of France from the south\-east](/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_France "Italian invasion of France"): this was intercepted by French forces and terminated through an [armistice formalised on 24 June 1940](/wiki/Franco-Italian_Armistice "Franco-Italian Armistice"). Nevertheless, Italy was now a belligerent in World War II alongside [Germany](/wiki/Nazi_Germany "Nazi Germany") and the northern half of France, including Paris, where Garòsci and the ["Giellisti"](/wiki/Giustizia_e_Libert%C3%A0 "Giustizia e Libertà") had found sanctuary from fascism for the last nine years, was under [German military administration](/wiki/German_military_administration_in_occupied_France_during_World_War_II "German military administration in occupied France during World War II"). Garòsci, with many of the others, now fled to the [United States](/wiki/United_States_of_America "United States of America"). He was, of course, accompanied in New York by Madeleine Bride, though it is unclear whether they actually crossed the Atlantic together. In [New York](/wiki/New_York_city "New York city") Garòsci and Bride kept their distance from the local antifascist community: Garòsci concentrated on producing Italian\-language antifascist propaganda for dissemination in Italy and on works of less transient scholarship.{{cite web \|title\=... Our American exile \|work\=My Political Autobiography .... Please Share This \|author\=\[\[Tullia Zevi]] \|url\=https://primolevicenter.org/my\-political\-autobiography\-tullia\-zevi/ \|publisher\= Centro Primo Levi, New York \|access\-date\=7 April 2021}} ### New York The journey to New York was far from direct. After fleeing to [southern France](/wiki/Vichy_France "Vichy France"), Garòsci travelled in a group of around fourteen Italian antifascist activist comrades via [Marseilles](/wiki/Marseilles "Marseilles"), [Algiers](/wiki/Algiers "Algiers") and [Casablanca](/wiki/Casablanca "Casablanca"). There were long waits in north Africa. Almost certainly, their escape was only possible because of a succession of heroic and skilful interventions at a bureaucratic and logistical level by [Emilio Lussu](/wiki/Emilio_Lussu "Emilio Lussu") and [Varian Fry](/wiki/Varian_Fry "Varian Fry"). They arrived in New York in August 1941\.{{cite journal \|title\="I nostri compagni d'America": The Jewish Labor Committee and the Rescue of Italian Antifascists, 1934\-1941 \|pages\=66–82 \|author\=Catherine Collomp \|date\=January 2004 \|publisher\=Fondazione Giovanni Agnelli, Torino \|journal\=Rivista internazionale di studie sulle popolazioni di origine italiana nel mondo}} During their time in New York Aldo Garòsci and Madeleine Bride were married between August 1941 and June 1943\. The marriage seems to have ended in an amicable annulment when Garòsci returned to Italy to participate in the [fighting](/wiki/Resistenza_romana "Resistenza romana") there. Garòsci's affectionate and philosophically insightful biography of the ["Giellist"](/wiki/Giustizia_e_Libert%C3%A0 "Giustizia e Libertà") leader [Carlo Rosselli](/wiki/Carlo_Rosselli "Carlo Rosselli") was published only in 1945, but he undertook most of the work on it during his time in New York. It incorporates a complex attempt to arrange into a theoretical structure the political perspective which, for the most part, Garòsci and Rosselli had shared: it is probably the best known of Garòsci's books. It presents a comprehensive view of the author's own historiographical vision, combining an effortless authority and scope reminiscent of [Croce](/wiki/Benedetto_Croce "Benedetto Croce") with a singular insistence on differentiating between memory and history, as between personal testimony and documentary research. His historicist vision was on display in his constant search for the underlying spiritual and philosophical elements to be detected inside political and social phenomena, and in his frequent application of an idealist lexicon. The same differentiating strategy led him to distinguish clearly between those elements in historical developments that he identified as "vital", and those that were residual. He insisted on clearly differentiating between the past \- even the recent past\- and the present, and in doing so he included a deep structural continuity in his reading of history that separated it from mere chronology or news.{{cite journal \|title\=Storiografia e militanza Aldo Garosci e La vita di Carlo Rosselli\|author\=Daniele Pipitone \|pages\=382–404 \|url\=https://www.francoangeli.it/riviste/Scheda\_rivista.aspx?IDArticolo\=48305 \|year\=2012 \|journal\=\[\[:it:L'Italia contemporanea\|L'Italia contemporanea]] \|issue\=268 \|publisher\= FrancoAngeli s.r.l. \|doi\=10\.3280/IC2012\-268002 \|access\-date\=7 April 2021}} At the same time Garòsci took time to spell out, in a series of articles in the publication "Quaderni Italiani" (*loosely, "Italian Notebooks"*) published by his fellow New York\-based "Giellista", [Bruno Zevi](/wiki/Bruno_Zevi "Bruno Zevi"), what he would later identify as his own "personal Utopia", and which he himself described as an update, in the light of his experiences in 1930s France, of the [Gobettian perspective](/wiki/Piero_Gobetti "Piero Gobetti") he had picked up as a student in [Turin](/wiki/Turin "Turin"). The centrality of "autonomy" dates back to these, both in its collective dimension concerning the freedom of the socially responsible to organise and manage their own lives, and in terms of the ability of the individual to determine elements of his or her own existence. This was completed and contextualised through his conception of differentiation, postulating a societal model according to which the different spheres (economic, political, cultural, spiritual) were expressly separated and separately ordered, each according to its own independently derived sets of principals. In this model, which was probably influenced by [Croce's](/wiki/Benedetto_Croce "Benedetto Croce") ["theory of distinctions"](/wiki/Dialettica_crociana "Dialettica crociana"), Garòsci brings together his reflections on totalitarianism, with its "tendency to centralize and bureaucratize", and those on a [socialist\-liberal](/wiki/Socialismo_liberale "Socialismo liberale") society, in his contribution to "Quaderni Italiani" of 1944 (vol.4\), drawing on ideas he had formulated with [Valiani](/wiki/Leo_Valiani "Leo Valiani") and [Venturi](/wiki/Franco_Venturi "Franco Venturi") during the later 1930s, and then further developed while living in New York. Finally, the antitotalitarian model adumbrated here, which should have encompassed all the possible political alternatives for a future society, stems directly from [Rosselli's](/wiki/Carlo_Rosselli "Carlo Rosselli") proposal for a single party of the proletariat. ### Resistance and the Action Party Prompted by the [Grand Council](/wiki/Grand_Council_of_Fascism "Grand Council of Fascism"), [the king](/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_III_of_Italy "Victor Emmanuel III of Italy") [had](/wiki/Fall_of_the_Fascist_regime_in_Italy "Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy") [Mussolini](/wiki/Benito_Mussolini "Benito Mussolini") [arrested](/wiki/Caduta_del_fascismo%23L%27arresto_di_Mussolini "Caduta del fascismo#L'arresto di Mussolini") on Sunday, 25 July 1943\. Garòsci returned to Italy and, with the active support of the [American and British armies invading from the south](/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Italy "Allied invasion of Italy"), crossed the battle lines and made his way on to [Rome](/wiki/Rome "Rome"), entering the city in December 1943\. (Large scale fighting in the unforgiving mountains to the south of Rome had temporarily come to a virtual halt out of deference to the winter weather.) He joined up with the rapidly emerging [Rome Resistance](/wiki/Resistenza_romana "Resistenza romana") military operation. Teaming up [Riccardo Bauer](/wiki/Riccardo_Bauer "Riccardo Bauer"), he collaborated with the newly relaunched ["Action Party" *"Partito d'Azione"* / PdA](/wiki/Action_Party_%28Italy%29 "Action Party (Italy)"), while nevertheless at this stage distancing himself from direct political engagement. Garòsci stayed faithful to his own vision of a "autonomous revolution", which he shared with various ["Giellisti"](/wiki/Giustizia_e_Libert%C3%A0 "Giustizia e Libertà") making their own contribution to the liberation struggle in the [fascist puppet state](/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic "Italian Social Republic") [Northern Italy](/wiki/Northern_Italy "Northern Italy") (where the [German armies](/wiki/Wehrmacht "Wehrmacht") continued the fight to hold off any further Anglo\-American military advance). These comrades included many longstanding friends and intellectual heavy\-weights such as [Agosti](/wiki/Giorgio_Agosti "Giorgio Agosti"), [Andreis](/wiki/Mario_Andreis_%28politico%29 "Mario Andreis (politico)"), [Valiani](/wiki/Leo_Valiani "Leo Valiani"), [Venturi](/wiki/Franco_Venturi "Franco Venturi") and [Vittorio Foa](/wiki/Vittorio_Foa "Vittorio Foa"). That meant subordinating any personal preferences of his own to the "bottom up" initiatives to be expected from the [National Liberation Committee (*"Comitato di Liberazione Nazionale,"*/ CLN)](/wiki/National_Liberation_Committee "National Liberation Committee"). It was only after the [war ended in 1945](/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Europe "End of World War II in Europe"), with prospects for the continuity of the state clearly established, that he moved away from his own wilder revolutionary preferences and reverted to a more traditionalist version of [Rosselli's](/wiki/Carlo_Rosselli "Carlo Rosselli") ["Socialist Liberal](/wiki/Socialismo_liberale "Socialismo liberale") [Hendiadys](/wiki/Hendiadys "Hendiadys")". ### After fascism and after the war: politics He now saw it as his duty to establish a "socialist democratic third force", unencumbered by ties to [Christian Democracy](/wiki/Christian_Democracy_%28Italy%29 "Christian Democracy (Italy)") or to the reinvigorated [Communist Party](/wiki/Italian_Communist_Party "Italian Communist Party"), and standing for an agenda of pro\-European reform. The project failed, undermined by [Cold War](/wiki/Cold_War "Cold War") interventionism whereby the [Christian Democracy](/wiki/Christian_Democracy_%28Italy%29 "Christian Democracy (Italy)") could look to Washington and the [Communists](/wiki/Italian_Communist_Party "Italian Communist Party") could trust in Moscow for lavish financial and other "under the table" backing. That left little fertile ground for a late flowering of [social democracy](/wiki/Social_democracy "Social democracy") in post\-war Italy. Fairly soon Garòsci was led to abandon his aspirations to become a hands\-on reformist politician. His own last great political campaign, in 1953, was his battle against the anti\-democratic so\-called ["Fraud Law" (*" legge truffa"*)](/wiki/Legge_31_marzo_1953%2C_n._148 "Legge 31 marzo 1953, n. 148"), which gave ["any party"](/wiki/Christian_Democracy_%28Italy%29 "Christian Democracy (Italy)") winning the most seats in a general election a bonus of extra seats, thereby reducing the propensity of [future Italian parliaments](/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_%28Italy%29 "Chamber of Deputies (Italy)") to hold governments to account. (The law, though passed by the legislators, was never implemented: it was repealed in 1954\.) Garòsci did not give up on his political commitment, but for the most part he sustained it not through the distorting prism of party politics, but through his role as "a public intellectual". ### Irene During the [liberation struggle](/wiki/Resistenza_romana "Resistenza romana") Aldo Garòsci and Irene Nunberg (1911\-1995\) came across one another. Nunberg was originally from [Będzin](/wiki/B%C4%99dzin "Będzin") in [Silesia](/wiki/Silesia "Silesia") (and, after [1918](/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles "Treaty of Versailles"), in [Poland](/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic "Second Polish Republic")). She had been married to Manlio Rossi\-Doria since 1937, and had shared his internal exile in [Basilicata](/wiki/Basilicata "Basilicata") (near the [Gulf of Taranto](/wiki/Gulf_of_Taranto "Gulf of Taranto")) till approximately one year before the [liberation](/wiki/Liberazione_di_Roma "Liberazione di Roma"), when she had returned to the capital and become a [liberation activist](/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement "Italian resistance movement"). During the final year of Rome's German occupation she worked as a contributing editor on "Italia Libera", the clandestine daily newspaper of [the "Action Party"](/wiki/Action_Party_%28Italy%29 "Action Party (Italy)"). Despite the probable annulment of his marriage in 1943, Garòsci may also have considered himself still married at this time, but fascism and the war had separate each from his/her respective spouse. The two of them teamed up permanently in Rome, and at some point after 1945, married one another. Irene already brought two daughters from her first marriage, Anna e Marina. A third daughter, Adriana, was born in 1950 by her marriage to Garòsci.{{cite web \|url\=http://digital\-library.cdec.it/cdec\-web/persone/detail/person\-it\-cdec\-eaccpf0001\-000372/nurnberg\-irene.html?persone\=%22Nurnberg%2C\+Irene%22 \|title\=Nurnberg, Irene \|work\= Biografia \|publisher\= Fondazione Centro di Documentazione Ebraica Contemporanea (CDEC), Milano \|access\-date\=7 April 2021}} ### Journalism During the 1930s Garòsci had fallen into political journalism on behalf of the ["Giellisti"](/wiki/Giustizia_e_Libert%C3%A0 "Giustizia e Libertà"), principally through regular contributions to the movement's weekly newspaper. During the later 1940s he returned to political journalism. Between 1947 and 1949 he took charge at *L’Italia socialista*, an independent daily newspaper that had grown out of *[L'Italia libera](/wiki/L%27Italia_libera "L'Italia libera")*, which had been the newspaper of the former ["Action Party" *"Partito d'Azione"* / PdA](/wiki/Action_Party_%28Italy%29 "Action Party (Italy)") (which had fallen apart in the face of internal divisions and electoral failure in 1946\). This in effect meant taking the place of his old friend [Carlo Levi](/wiki/Carlo_Levi "Carlo Levi") who had been editor\-in\-chief at *[L'Italia libera](/wiki/L%27Italia_libera "L'Italia libera")* during 1945/46\. Publication of *L’Italia socialista* ceased in 1949, and Garòsci found he was able to support himself as a freelance journalist\-commentator specialising in politics and international affairs. By the early 1950s he had become an extremely prolific commentator, with more or less stable links to dozens of Italian and foreign newspapers. Those to which he contributed most frequently included *[Comunità](/wiki/Comunit%C3%A0 "Comunità")*, a monthly magazine that presented itself as a mouth\-piece for [Adriano Olivetti](/wiki/Adriano_Olivetti "Adriano Olivetti")'s so\-called ["Movimento Comunità" (*Community Movement*)](/wiki/Community_Movement "Community Movement") He found a wider readership with his contributions to the weekly political magazine *[Il Mondo](/wiki/Il_Mondo_%28magazine%29 "Il Mondo (magazine)")*, for which he provided the 'XX secolo' international affairs column between 1956 and 1966\. Also worthy of mention are the reviews Garòsci published in the weekly *[L'Espresso](/wiki/L%27Espresso "L'Espresso")* during its early years, and the press reviews and other insightful commentary pieces which he contributed for the [RAI](/wiki/RAI "RAI") to the ["Third Radio Programme" (as Radio 3 was then known)](/wiki/Rai_Radio_3 "Rai Radio 3") for nearly twenty years, starting in 1950\. ### Historian Many of Garòsci's best known works of history date from the first two decades [after World War II](/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_II "Aftermath of World War II"). They were often the result of deeper interrogation of and research into themes that he had previously ventilated in articles published in mainstream political magazines. An early example was "Storia dei fuorusciti" ("History of the exiles") published in 1953, which originated as an essay printed in 1950 in *[Il Mondo](/wiki/Il_Mondo_%28magazine%29 "Il Mondo (magazine)")*.{{cite news \|title\=Emigrazione italiana e antifascismo in esilio \|year\=2008 \|publisher\= "History Camp" \|author\= Simone Duranti \|work\=Racconti di viaggio da Montefiorino }} Another of his more popular books was "Gli intellettuali e la guerra di Spagna" (*The Intellectuals and the Spanish War*), published in 1959, which was based on a series of his conversation\-interviews broadcast on [the radio](/wiki/Rai_Radio_3 "Rai Radio 3").{{cite journal \|url\=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10\.1086/238762 \|title\=Gli Intellettuali e la Guerra di Spagna. Aldo Garosci \|journal\=The Journal of Modern History\|volume\=33/1 \|year\=1961 \|author\=Dante A. Puzzo\|pages\=98–99 \|publisher\=The University of Chicago Press\|doi\=10\.1086/238762 \|access\-date\=8 April 2021}} It could be objected that the "second hand" nature of these books, based as they were on earlier works presented the other media, somehow diminished their impact their authority. The same criticism can be made of his books "San Marino. Mito e storiografia tra i libertini e [il Carducci](/wiki/Giosu%C3%A8_Carducci "Giosuè Carducci")" (loosely, *San Marino: Myth and Historiography between libertines and [Carducci](/wiki/Giosu%C3%A8_Carducci "Giosuè Carducci")* \- 1967\){{cite book\|title\=San Marino. Mito e storiografia tra i libertini e il Carducci\|date\=1967\|publisher\= Edizione Di Comunità \& Biblioteca Stato Beni Librari\|author\=Aldo Garòsci\|isbn\=978\-8898278015}} and "Pensiero politico e storiografia moderna" (*"Political thinking and modern historiography"' \- 1954'). But in fact there is no hint of the "scatter\-gun" about Garòsci's literary output. There is, indeed, an overall coherence and homogeneity, based on an underlying respect for the [Crocean](/wiki/Benedetto_Croce "Benedetto Croce") historiographical approach and an constant ethical\-political historica vision as the "history of the formation of a \[self\-]awareness" (*una "storia del formarsi di una coscienza"*), of the "maturation and evolution of aspirational ideals" (*"...maturare ed evolvere dei fattori ideali"*).* This focus on political aspiration and ideals confers on Garòsci's published output a singular unity of methodology, but it concentrates almost exclusively on the textual output of political and cultural elites, and it sets the author apart from mainstream historical method. There is a tendency to bring everything back to a framework of a [Crocean](/wiki/Benedetto_Croce "Benedetto Croce") vision of liberty. The approach gives rise to a significant ability to contextualise and interpret the phenomena studied within long\-term trends extending over a much longer time\-frame than is commonly contemplated in print by social historians. But there is also a corresponding risk of devising over\-riding [teleological representations](/wiki/Teleology "Teleology") that simply disregard or crush modes of thought and classification considered as conventional among his late twentieth century readership. In addition, where it is not hostile to the disciplines of Economics and the Social Sciences, Garòsci's historiography is indifferent to them, which clearly places him firmly outside contemporary trends in the study of history: that constrained his success as an historian. But it was nevertheless enough to earn him a professorial teaching chair in 1961, albeit not \- as he might have expected \- in Contemporary History. Between 1961 and 1974 Garòsci taught the more traditional (and among students ever\-popular) subject of [Risorgimento History](/wiki/Italian_unification "Italian unification") at the [University of Turin](/wiki/University_of_Turin "University of Turin"), before moving on to teach in a more rarefied historical niche at [the University of Rome](/wiki/Sapienza_University_of_Rome "Sapienza University of Rome").{{cite news\|title\=Garosci storico del Risorgimento\|work\=Saggi e Studi \|pages\=45–67 \|url\=https://www.ojs.unito.it/\#\|publisher\=Università di Torino\|access\-date\=8 April 2021\|author\=Daniele Pipitone}} ### Public impact during the 1950s and 1960s His profile as a popular historian and prolific political commentator and the important role he had played in the struggle against fascism came together to make Aldo Garòsci an important figure in public dialogue during the first three decades of [the](/wiki/1946_Italian_institutional_referendum "1946 Italian institutional referendum") [Italy](/wiki/Republic "Republic"). Having originally been politicised as a Turin law student during the [post\-democratic aftermath](/wiki/Fascist_Italy_%281922%E2%80%931943%29 "Fascist Italy (1922–1943)") of [Mussolini's](/wiki/Benito_Mussolini "Benito Mussolini") [1922 power bid](/wiki/March_on_Rome "March on Rome"), Garòsci never moved away from a conception of political reality predicated on a deep and intricate inter\-relationship between intellectual activity and political activism across society. He applied this insight in a range of situations and contexts, while generally remaining outside (though not ignoring) organised party politics. Garòsci's strong backing for the initially [Milan](/wiki/Milan "Milan")\-based [European Federalist Movement (EFM)](/wiki/European_Federalist_Movement "European Federalist Movement") was probably intensified by his own experiences of war in Spain, France and Italy. He backed the movement at its launch in 1943 and he remained a supporter, without interruption, till his death more than half a century later. He was enthusiastic over the "begin with the west" line propounded by [Altiero Spinelli](/wiki/Altiero_Spinelli "Altiero Spinelli"), whereby European unification might be achieved first between the liberal democracies at the western end of the "old continent" and then extended progressively across central and eastern Europe, while preserving the important western tradition of liberalism and democracy. It is fair to add that the scope of this federalist ambition was met with studied indifference or considerable alarm among all but a small minority of [EFM members](/wiki/European_Federalist_Movement "European Federalist Movement").{{cite book\|url\=http://www.csfederalismo.it/attachments/article/843/RP\_Caraffini\_nov\_2010\.pdf\|type\=Research paper: Giacomo Devoto e l'Unita Europea\|author\=Paolo Caraffini\|date\=November 2010\|isbn\=978\-8896871317\|publisher\=Centro Studi Federalismo, Torino\|title\=Si impone la linea del "cominciare in Occidente" \|access\-date\=8 April 2021}} During the 1950s Garòsci served as a member of the [EFM members](/wiki/European_Federalist_Movement "European Federalist Movement") ruling committees, although his role was evidently a largely passive one. He was very much more active, at least during the later 1950s and early 1960s, in his support [of Spanish](/wiki/Francoist_Spain "Francoist Spain") [anti\-Francoists](/wiki/Francisco_Franco "Francisco Franco"), both those in exile and those involved in the dangerous business of opposition inside Spain. He was a leading member of the "Italian Committee for the freedom of the Spanish People" ("Comitato italiano per la libertà del popolo spagnolo"*).{{cite web \|title\=Comitato italiano per la libertà del popolo spagnolo \|work\= Archives historiques de l'Union Européene: Dossier no. 000185 \|year\=1963 \|url\=https://diazilla.com/doc/849366/comitato\-italiano\-per\-la\-libert%C3%A0\-del\-popolo\-spagnolo \|access\-date\=8 April 2021}} In those early years, the [communists](/wiki/Italian_Communist_Party "Italian Communist Party") played an important role in the organisation. After the split with them the organisation was reconstituted as the "Italian Committee for a Democratic Spain" (*"Comitato italiano per la Spagna democratica"''), thereby drawing attention to the implicitly anti\-democratic threat represented by the [Italian Communist Party](/wiki/Italian_Communist_Party "Italian Communist Party"), which at that time was believed to be strongly influenced from [Moscow](/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union "Communist Party of the Soviet Union"). These anti\-Francoist entities were relatively short\-lived and very loosely organised, which makes it hard to determine with much clarity how much they did or how effective it was. There was an intense acceptance of the need to raise international awareness, at a time when the Spanish government had been remarkably successful in isolating Spain politically and economically from the rest of Europe. Conferences were organised, signatures were collected and appeals were launched, all designed to provide material support for internal opponents of [the larger of the two Iberian dictatorships](/wiki/Francoist_Spain "Francoist Spain"). Garòsci's support for antifascism in Spain represented a form of loyalty to his own past, based on his involvement in the [Spanish Civil War](/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War "Spanish Civil War"). His involvement with Israel, as a founder member in 1960 of the Italy\-Israel Association, was based on more recent and ongoing connections, although he had been made aware of the urgent perils of antisemitism by the [1938 Race Laws](/wiki/Italian_racial_laws "Italian racial laws"). More recently the issues had become personal through his partnership with Irene Nunberg, whom he married at some point between 1945 and 1957\. He was an enthusiastic admirer of the ["Jewish homeland"](/wiki/Homeland_for_the_Jewish_people "Homeland for the Jewish people"), albeit \- at least when it came to the actual [State of Israel](/wiki/Israel "Israel"), from a resolutely secular perspective. The project was based on political idealism: he professed total indifference to religious aspects. True to his wider approach to history, he differentiated completely between the secular and religious perspectives and resolutely implicitly refuted or overlooked any idea that there might exist some overlap between the two. In the eyes of Aldo Garòsci, [the State of Israel](/wiki/Israel "Israel") represented one of the most successful attempts to date to construct a version of socialism that was both autonomous and democratic. (This assessment was widely shared by large swathes of the non\-communist political left across Europe till [1967](/wiki/Six-Day_War "Six-Day War").) But, echoing an awareness that probably dated back to the political convictions of his own youth, he was also conscious of some of the moral tensions involved in the realisation of ideals of liberation and liberty. He worked closely with his wife in the international campaign for Jews in the Soviet Union to be permitted to emigrate to Israel, operating initially in close dialogue with [the communists](/wiki/Italian_Communist_Party "Italian Communist Party") and then, from the later 1960s, in bitter opposition to them. The identification and bond with the [Jewish state](/wiki/Homeland_for_the_Jewish_people "Homeland for the Jewish people") ran deeper, however. Aldo and Irene visited [Israel](/wiki/Israel "Israel") several times, and numbered among their friends formerly Italian Jews who had decided to build new lives as Israeli citizens. Back in Italy they became a point of contact for large sectors of the Jewish community. This arguably idealised attitude to [the State of Israel](/wiki/Israel "Israel") endured at least till June 1982, when it was badly shaken by the [invasion of Lebanon](/wiki/1982_Lebanon_War "1982 Lebanon War").{{cite book \|title\=Le sinistre italiane e il conflitto arabo\-israelo\-palestinese1948\-1973 \|author\= Claudio Brillanti \|type\=Studi politici \|isbn\= 978\-88\-9377\-098\-9 \|publisher\=Sapienza Università Editrice, Roma \|year\=2018 \|url\= http://www.editricesapienza.it/sites/default/files/5843\_Brillanti\_Sinistre\_Conflitto\_arabo\_israelo\_palestinese\_OA.pdf \|access\-date\=9 April 2021}} ### Final years and intensifying anti\-communism During the later 1960s Aldo Garòsci withdrew progressively from much of his public activism. He nevertheless emerged in 1966 to promote a manifesto "of intellectuals" in favour of political unification among socialist parties. His own record reflected the fractiousness f socialist politics in Italy since the war. In 1947, as the [PdA](/wiki/Action_Party_%28Italy%29 "Action Party (Italy)") fell apart, he had joined the short\-lived "Unione dei socialisti" and then, following the break\-up of the [Socialist Party](/wiki/Italian_Socialist_Party "Italian Socialist Party") later that year, became a founder member of [Giuseppe Saragat](/wiki/Giuseppe_Saragat "Giuseppe Saragat")'s [Democratic Socialist Party](/wiki/Italian_Democratic_Socialist_Party "Italian Democratic Socialist Party"). However, this party gained little traction with voters and in 1953 he fell out with Saragat over the party's position on the infamous so\-called ["Fraud Law" (*" legge truffa"*)](/wiki/Legge_31_marzo_1953%2C_n._148 "Legge 31 marzo 1953, n. 148"). Several parties were fractured at this time, and he now joined the short\-lived ["Unità Popolare" / UP](/wiki/Popular_Unity_%28Italy%2C_1953%29 "Popular Unity (Italy, 1953)") party, alongside [Tristano Codignola](/wiki/Tristano_Codignola "Tristano Codignola"), [Piero Calamandrei](/wiki/Piero_Calamandrei "Piero Calamandrei") and [Paolo Battino Vittorelli](/wiki/Paolo_Battino_Vittorelli "Paolo Battino Vittorelli"). After this his own party membership seems to have reverted to the [Socialist Party](/wiki/Italian_Socialist_Party "Italian Socialist Party"). In 1966 he was himself able to join the more broadly based ["Unified Socialist Party" (*"Partito Socialista Unificato"*)](/wiki/Unified_PSI%E2%80%93PSDI "Unified PSI–PSDI"), taking a position in 1969 as editorial director at [L'Umanità](/wiki/L%27Umanit%C3%A0_%28quotidiano%29 "L'Umanità (quotidiano)"), the party's daily newspaper. Changes in the political composition of the paper's management team forced his resignation in 1972, however.{{cite web\|title\=Garòsci, Aldo\|work\=Biografie in Storia .... Enciclopedia online\|url\=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/aldo\-garosci/\|publisher\=\[\[Treccani]], Roma\|access\-date\=9 April 2021}} Since the 1920s Garòsci had made no secret of his misgivings concerning the democratic and liberal credentials of the [Italian Communist Party](/wiki/Italian_Communist_Party "Italian Communist Party"). The [1968 student protests](/wiki/Protests_of_1968 "Protests of 1968"), to which he was always hostile, triggered a hardening of his approach. [Stalinist developments in tyranny](/wiki/Stalinism "Stalinism"), most of which he had experienced from the distanced perspective of exile in Paris and then New York, had triggered incomprehension and mistrust across the political left in western Europe as knowledge of the [purges](/wiki/Great_Purge "Great Purge") and the [camps](/wiki/Gulag "Gulag") had seeped across to the west. The clandestine elements of the [Hitler\-Stalin non\-aggression pact](/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact "Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact") of 1939 became apparent only slowly, but there could be nothing clandestine about the [Soviet take\-over in central Europe after 1945](/wiki/Soviet_Empire "Soviet Empire"). Elsewhere in western Europe, notably in [West Germany](/wiki/West_Germany "West Germany"), those awarenesses served to marginalise the [Communist Party](/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Germany "Communist Party of Germany"), but the [Italian Communist Party](/wiki/Italian_Communist_Party "Italian Communist Party") continued to win between 20% and 30% of the popular vote in general elections through the 1960s, 70s and 80s. Throughout the period, disagreement and unclarity persisted over the extent to which the [party](/wiki/Italian_Communist_Party "Italian Communist Party") should be viewed as no more than a shameless proxy for still unfulfilled Soviet imperial ambitions, and how far it should be applauded for the relative efficiency and absence of flagrant corruption evident in many municipal councils controlled by a democratically elected communist council. During the 1970s Garòsci emerged as an uncompromising battling anti\-communist, lining up with liberal\-conservative elements in the process. His contributions began to appear in [Indro Montanelli](/wiki/Indro_Montanelli "Indro Montanelli")'s [Il Giornale](/wiki/Il_Giornale "Il Giornale"). More rarely even lined up with [Edgardo Sogno](/wiki/Edgardo_Sogno "Edgardo Sogno")'s "difesa democratica", which a decade or two earlier he would surely have condemned as "monarchist". By 1980 anti[\-communism](/wiki/Italian_Communist_Party "Italian Communist Party") had become the focus of his public agenda. Aldo Garòsci died in Rome on 3 January 2000 at the age of 92, having progressively withdrawn from the various commitments to which he would, as a younger man, have devoted his energies. It was, in the words of one source, "a long old\-age".
[ "Biography\n---------", "### Provenance and early life", "**Aldo Garòsci** was born at [Meana di Susa](/wiki/Meana_di_Susa \"Meana di Susa\"), a small mountain town overlooking the [Susa Valley](/wiki/Susa_Valley \"Susa Valley\"), roughly equidistant between [Turin](/wiki/Turin \"Turin\"), to the east, and the [mountain pass](/wiki/Mont_Cenis \"Mont Cenis\") across into [Savoy](/wiki/Pays_de_Savoie \"Pays de Savoie\"), to the west. Aldo was his father's third son. Antonio Garosci (1861\\-1941\\) was not originally from [Piedmont](/wiki/Piedmont \"Piedmont\"). He had been born in [San Remo](/wiki/Sanremo \"Sanremo\") down [by the coast](/wiki/Liguria \"Liguria\"). Antonio Garosci worked as a businessman\\-entrepreneur in the [agri\\-foods](/wiki/Food_industry \"Food industry\") sector. Despite having arrived as outsiders, by the time of Aldo's birth, the Garosci family were well networked in the valley. His mother, born Alessandra Sampò (1879\\-1938\\) was significantly younger than her husband. She had been born at [Bene Vagienna](/wiki/Bene_Vagienna \"Bene Vagienna\") ([Cuneo](/wiki/Province_of_Cuneo \"Province of Cuneo\")), another small mountain town, located in the extreme south of [Piedmont](/wiki/Piedmont \"Piedmont\"). Alessandra Sampò had grown up in a family of middle class intellectuals. Her sister Nelda was married to the noted medievalist [Giorgio Falco](/wiki/Giorgio_Falco_%28storico%29 \"Giorgio Falco (storico)\"), whom she had met at [university](/wiki/University_of_Turin \"University of Turin\").", "### Education", "He attended elementary school locally and then moved on, like many sons of the Piedmontese \"haute\\-bourgeoisie\" to the [\"Istituto sociale\" (Jesuit secondary school)](/wiki/Social_Institute%2C_Turin \"Social Institute, Turin\") in [Turin](/wiki/Turin \"Turin\"): contemporaries included the writers [Mario Soldati](/wiki/Mario_Soldati \"Mario Soldati\") and [Carlo Dionisotti](/wiki/Carlo_Dionisotti \"Carlo Dionisotti\"). In 1925 Garòsci enrolled at [the university](/wiki/University_of_Turin \"University of Turin\") in order to study for a degree in literature, as his aunt Nelda Falco had done. After a year he switched to [Law](/wiki/Jurisprudence \"Jurisprudence\"), however. In 1929 he obtained a degree in Legal Philosophy with a dissertation concerning \"[Jean Bodin](/wiki/Jean_Bodin \"Jean Bodin\")'s [Republic](/wiki/Jean_Bodin%23Les_Six_livres_de_la_R%C3%A9publique_%28The_Six_Books_of_the_Republic%29 \"Jean Bodin#Les Six livres de la République (The Six Books of the Republic)\")\", which subsequently formed the basis for Garòsci's own first published book. His university studies were supervised by [Gioele Solari](/wiki/Gioele_Solari \"Gioele Solari\"), a strikingly large number of whose students later achieved notability (or, in the eyes of many governments, notoriety) as active anti\\-fascists: these included [Piero Gobetti](/wiki/Piero_Gobetti \"Piero Gobetti\"), [Mario Andreis](/wiki/Mario_Andreis_%28politico%29 \"Mario Andreis (politico)\"), [Giorgio Agosti](/wiki/Giorgio_Agosti \"Giorgio Agosti\"), [Dante Livio Bianco](/wiki/Dante_Livio_Bianco \"Dante Livio Bianco\"), [Norberto Bobbio](/wiki/Norberto_Bobbio \"Norberto Bobbio\") and [Alessandro Passerin d'Entrèves](/wiki/Alessandro_Passerin_d%27Entr%C3%A8ves \"Alessandro Passerin d'Entrèves\").", "### Politicisation", "Three years before Garòsci enrolled at [the university](/wiki/University_of_Turin \"University of Turin\"), [Mussolini's](/wiki/Benito_Mussolini \"Benito Mussolini\") [Fascists](/wiki/National_Fascist_Party \"National Fascist Party\") had [taken power](/wiki/March_on_Rome \"March on Rome\"). After [1924](/wiki/1924_Italian_general_election \"1924 Italian general election\") the country's political leaders had abandoned any supposed commitment to democracy, and [thuggery](/wiki/Blackshirts \"Blackshirts\") was becoming ever more widely accepted as a legitimate tool of government. Turin was emerging in this period as a bedrock of anti\\-fascist thought and ideas, due to the presence of personalities such as [Antonio Gramsci](/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci \"Antonio Gramsci\") and [Piero Gobetti](/wiki/Piero_Gobetti \"Piero Gobetti\"). For Garòsci, his time as a student was a period of rapid politicisation. He was influenced in particular by two student contemporaries, the would\\-be regicide [Fernando de Rosa](/wiki/Fernando_de_Rosa \"Fernando de Rosa\") and, a little later, by the activist\\-artist [Carlo Levi](/wiki/Carlo_Levi \"Carlo Levi\"). He first came across Levi in the group that had centred round [Piero Gobetti](/wiki/Piero_Gobetti \"Piero Gobetti\"), to which Garòsci was increasingly drawn during and after 1926\\. (1926 was also the year of Gobetti's early death following a savage physical assault by fascist thugs.) Through these friends, and others, Garosci became familiar with antifascist philosophical themes of the time, such as liberal activism (*\"attivistica del liberalismo\"*), to be viewed more as a process than as some fixed \\- and thereby contentious \\- objective. He learned to take a closer interest in the [labour movement](/wiki/Labour_movement \"Labour movement\"), and in international developments involving [\"workers' soviets\"](/wiki/Marxismo_consiliarista \"Marxismo consiliarista\"). Towards the end of the 1920s these themes came together to form, for him, a [metapolitical](/wiki/Metapolitics \"Metapolitics\") and [existential](/wiki/Existentialism \"Existentialism\") conceptual framework of antifascism which was, in more simple terms, a total opposition to everything that [the government](/wiki/Italian_Fascism \"Italian Fascism\") represented.", "After graduating his study in Law in 1929, he began his political career, which for an antifascist in a fascist one\\-party state involved illegal political activism. While they were students the antifascist opposition in which Garòsci had engaged was largely restricted to student demonstrations within the university premises. The practical and conspiratorial dimensions of opposition were intensified at the end of 1929 when Aldo Garòsci joined [Giustizia e Libertà (*Justice and Liberty*)](/wiki/Giustizia_e_Libert%C3%A0 \"Giustizia e Libertà\"), a somewhat disparate movement/grouping of Italian activists united in their hatred of fascism, which had been established a few months earlier by a number of political refugees centred around [Carlo Rosselli](/wiki/Carlo_Rosselli \"Carlo Rosselli\") and living, by this stage, in [Paris](/wiki/Paris \"Paris\"). Adherents, who were keen not to be identified simply as \"another political party\", used for themselves the acronym \"Giellisti\".{{cite web \\|title\\=Aldo Garosci \\|work\\=Nato a Meana di Susa (Torino) il 13 agosto 1907, deceduto a Roma il 3 gennaio 2002, docente universitario. \\|url\\=https://www.anpi.it/donne\\-e\\-uomini/1221/aldo\\-garosci \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[ANPI \\|Associazione Nazionale Partigiani d'Italia (ANPI) di Roma]] \\|access\\-date\\=5 April 2021}}", "In 1929/30 Garòsci also teamed up with [Mario Andreis](/wiki/Mario_Andreis_%28politico%29 \"Mario Andreis (politico)\") to produce, briefly, an underground newspaper, \"Voci d'officina\", inspired by [Gobettian ideas](/wiki/Piero_Gobetti \"Piero Gobetti\") and pursuing the mission of [Il Baretti](/wiki/Il_Baretti \"Il Baretti\"), a periodical political magazine founded by Gobetti back in 1924 which, following several years of intensifying government harassment had finally been closed down in 1928\\.{{cite web\\|url\\= https://www.accademiadellescienze.it/storiaescienza/personaggi/aldo\\_garosci\\_20076\\|title\\= Aldo Garosci \\|work\\= Antifascista militante fin dalla giovinezza, coltivò parallelamente gli studi storici. Nel 1961 divenne professore di Storia del Risorgimento nell’Università di Torino.\\|publisher\\=Accademia delle Scienze di Torino\\|access\\-date\\=5 April 2021}} Another important member of the little group of activists operating alongside Garòsci was [Carlo Dionisotti](/wiki/Carlo_Dionisotti \"Carlo Dionisotti\"), a political soulmate who twenty years later would emigrate to England, becoming a professor of Italian literature first at Oxford and then at London. Garosci and Dionisotti had been good friend since their time [at school](/wiki/Social_Institute%2C_Turin \"Social Institute, Turin\") together.", "### Paris exile", "Garòsci emerged during this period as a leading organiser of the [\"Giellisti\"](/wiki/Giustizia_e_Libert%C3%A0 \"Giustizia e Libertà\") in Turin, which quickly became one of the most resolute and well organised such groups in Italy. The underground journal \"Voci d'officina\" was designed as a core information and networking medium between antifascists across northern Italy. It was also part of the [Gobettian mission](/wiki/Piero_Gobetti \"Piero Gobetti\") to build a dialogue between \"bourgeois\" antifascism and the Italian [labour movement](/wiki/Labour_movement \"Labour movement\"). Despite the evident paucity on the ground of \"bourgeois\\-proletarian\" connections, these aspirations represented a threat to the [Fascist state](/wiki/Italian_Fascism \"Italian Fascism\"): during or before 1931 the [\"Giellisti\"](/wiki/Giustizia_e_Libert%C3%A0 \"Giustizia e Libertà\") activities in Turin came to the attention of the police, who dismantled the entire Turin network during the Autumn of 1931\\. [Andreis](/wiki/Mario_Andreis_%28politico%29 \"Mario Andreis (politico)\") and others involved in producing \"Voci d'officina\" were arrested after just three editions had been produced, during December 1931\\. Garòsci managed to avoid the police, but the ongoing dangers in Turin were obvious. On 12 January 1932 he succeeded in escaping to [France](/wiki/France \"France\") where he joined up with the exiled [Giustizia e Libertà leadership](/wiki/Giustizia_e_Libert%C3%A0 \"Giustizia e Libertà\") in [Paris](/wiki/Paris \"Paris\").", "The nine years during which Aldo Garòsci was based in [Paris](/wiki/Paris \"Paris\") marked a period of important intellectual and personal development. The group had launched its own Paris\\-based weekly \"mouth\\-piece\" (antifascist political journal), also called [Giustizia e Libertà](/wiki/Giustizia_e_Libert%C3%A0 \"Giustizia e Libertà\"), and he quickly became a key member of the team involved in producing this, along with the movement's other more intermittently produced antifascist publications.{{Cite book\\|last\\=Pipitone\\|first\\=Daniele\\|title\\=Alla ricerca della libertà. Vita di Aldo Garosci\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[FrancoAngeli]], Milano\\|year\\=2017\\|isbn\\= 978\\-8891751003\\|location\\=\\|pages\\=}} Among the others involved, those who became particular friends included [Franco Venturi](/wiki/Franco_Venturi \"Franco Venturi\"), [Carlo Levi](/wiki/Carlo_Levi \"Carlo Levi\") and, above all, the man to whom the others looked for inspiration and direction, [Carlo Rosselli](/wiki/Carlo_Rosselli \"Carlo Rosselli\"). Garòsci quickly became a convinced adherent of [Carlo Rosselli](/wiki/Carlo_Rosselli \"Carlo Rosselli\")'s [\"Socialist Liberalism\" (with a distinctively Italian flavour)](/wiki/Socialismo_liberale \"Socialismo liberale\"),Carlo Rosselli, Liberal Socialism. Edited by Nadia Urbinati. Translated by William McCuaig (Princeton: Princeton University Press 1994\\) but such backing was necessarily accompanied by appropriately pertinent criticism. Indeed, it was only after [the movement](/wiki/Giustizia_e_Libert%C3%A0 \"Giustizia e Libertà\") proved receptive to the insistence which Garòsci advanced on behalf of Turin \\- and in which he was supported by [Levi](/wiki/Carlo_Levi \"Carlo Levi\") \\- on the need to incorporate critiques of traditional socialism and liberalism in the underlying philosophy of the [\"Giellisti\"](/wiki/Giustizia_e_Libert%C3%A0 \"Giustizia e Libertà\"), along with a focus on the importance of the working class as a revolutionary force, that he himself became one of the most strident backers of the [Rosselli line](/wiki/Carlo_Rosselli \"Carlo Rosselli\").", "Endless ideological debates and the weekly production of \"[Giustizia e Libertà](/wiki/Giustizia_e_Libert%C3%A0 \"Giustizia e Libertà\")\" (and related publications) were not the only aspects of the political activism pursued by the antifascist [\"Giellisti\"](/wiki/Giustizia_e_Libert%C3%A0 \"Giustizia e Libertà\") from their Parisian exile. They sustained contacts to the full extent possible with anti\\-government resistance movements back in Italy, providing as much support as possible, with a particular focus on those parts of the country in which antifascism was less deeply entrenched. Compared to some of the comrades, Aldo Garòsci was in a relatively fortunate position. The financial support he received from his family enabled him to devote all his energies to his work as a [\"Giellista\"](/wiki/Giustizia_e_Libert%C3%A0 \"Giustizia e Libertà\"). Later during the 1930s he was employed as an assistant to the internationally well\\-connected art critic and author, [Lionello Venturi](/wiki/Lionello_Venturi \"Lionello Venturi\"). Lionello Venturi was the father of Garòsci close friend and school contemporary [Franco Venturi](/wiki/Franco_Venturi \"Franco Venturi\"). [Lionello Venturi](/wiki/Lionello_Venturi \"Lionello Venturi\") was one of just eighteen Italian university professors who, in 1931, had refused the government order to sign their [\"Oath of Loyalty to Fascism\"](/wiki/Giuramento_di_fedelt%C3%A0_al_fascismo \"Giuramento di fedeltà al fascismo\"). He had therefore been removed from his professorship in [Art History](/wiki/Art_History \"Art History\") at the [University of Rome](/wiki/Sapienza_University_of_Rome \"Sapienza University of Rome\") and lived, between 1931 and 1940, in [France](/wiki/France \"France\"), before living out the final years of the [Mussolini](/wiki/Republican_Fascist_Party \"Republican Fascist Party\") [nightmare](/wiki/National_Fascist_Party \"National Fascist Party\") in [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\"), while lecturing at a range of north American universities.{{cite web \\|url\\= https://siusa.archivi.beniculturali.it/cgi\\-bin/pagina.pl?TipoPag\\=prodpersona\\&Chiave\\=62002\\|title\\=Venturi Lionello \\|author1\\= Valeria Di Lucia \\|author2\\= Elisabetta Reale\\|publisher\\=Sistema Informativo Unificato per le Soprintendenze Archivistiche (SIUSA) \\|access\\-date\\=6 April 2021}}", "It was also during his time in Paris that Garòsci teamed up with (Blanche) Madeleine Bride: they now shared their lives till Garòsci's political exile came to an end. There were also a number of new friendships that now became life\\-long with his fellow political activists who became, after 1945, prominent members of Italy's post\\-war political and journalistic establishment, including [Alberto Cianca](/wiki/Alberto_Cianca \"Alberto Cianca\"), [Fernando Schiavetti](/wiki/Fernando_Schiavetti \"Fernando Schiavetti\"), [Paolo Battino Vittorelli](/wiki/Paolo_Battino_Vittorelli \"Paolo Battino Vittorelli\") and, most importantly, [Leo Valiani](/wiki/Leo_Valiani \"Leo Valiani\"). It was, in particular, with [Leo Valiani](/wiki/Leo_Valiani \"Leo Valiani\") and the friend of his school years, [Franco Venturi](/wiki/Franco_Venturi \"Franco Venturi\"), that he became particularly close, not just in terms of personal friendship but also as enduring intellectual soulmates.", "### Spanish Civil War", "After [several years of growing instability](/wiki/Background_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War%23The_%22black_biennium%22 \"Background of the Spanish Civil War#The \") the [Spanish Civil War](/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War \"Spanish Civil War\") broke out [in 1936](/wiki/Spanish_coup_of_July_1936 \"Spanish coup of July 1936\"). Among the Italian [\"Giellisti\"](/wiki/Giustizia_e_Libert%C3%A0 \"Giustizia e Libertà\") in [Paris](/wiki/Paris \"Paris\"), Garòsci was among the first to understand what was going on. He took a lead, travelling to [Barcelona](/wiki/Barcelona \"Barcelona\") that summer to make direct contact with [republican leaders](/wiki/Spanish_Republican_Army \"Spanish Republican Army\"). He then made his contribution, during the early months of the war, as a member of the Italian unit \\- shortly afterwards renamed as the \"Matteotti Battalion\" \\- led by [Rosselli](/wiki/Carlo_Rosselli \"Carlo Rosselli\").{{cite web \\|title\\=Hacia España. La Guerra Civil y el intelectual\\-soldado \\|url\\=https://cuadernoshispanoamericanos.com/hacia\\-espana\\-la\\-guerra\\-civil\\-y\\-el\\-intelectual\\-soldado/5/ \\|date\\=1 October 2016 \\|work\\=Punto de Vista \\|publisher\\=Cuadernos Hispanoamericanos, Madrid \\|page\\=5 \\|author\\=Maurizio Serra \\|access\\-date\\=6 April 2021}} The battalion enjoyed early success in August 1936, as part of the army that defeated [the Francoists](/wiki/Nationalist_faction_%28Spanish_Civil_War%29 \"Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War)\") at [Monte Pelado](/wiki/Battle_of_Monte_Pelado \"Battle of Monte Pelado\"). But Garòsci was forced by a wound received at [Huesca](/wiki/Huesca \"Huesca\"), during the battle to abandon the military front, and escape across [the mountains](/wiki/Pyrenees \"Pyrenees\") to France. After this he became a tireless warrior in the parallel propaganda war through his contributions to the movement's weekly publication, \"[Giustizia e Libertà](/wiki/Giustizia_e_Libert%C3%A0 \"Giustizia e Libertà\")\". In the decades that followed, it became clear that those impassioned journalistic contributions were themselves only the introduction to his part in propagating, during the ensuing decades, the legendary and heroic character of the antifascist intervention in the Spanish War. The entire Spanish experience does indeed seem to have represented a decisive juncture in Garòsci's life, and a never to be repeated point of existential commitment to causes in which his belief was seemingly total. The model provided by the [\"Catalan Revolution\"](/wiki/Revolutionary_Catalonia \"Revolutionary Catalonia\") in particular, with its peculiar elements of spontaneity and self\\-government, became a paradigm which he would continue to reference for many years.", "### After Rosselli", "In June 1936 [Rosselli](/wiki/Carlo_Rosselli \"Carlo Rosselli\") and his brother Nello were murdered by [Cagoule paramilitaries](/wiki/La_Cagoule \"La Cagoule\") at [Bagnoles](/wiki/Bagnoles-de-l%27Orne \"Bagnoles-de-l'Orne\"), west of [Paris](/wiki/Paris \"Paris\"): evidence later surfaced that the killing was performed under contract from [Mussolini](/wiki/Benito_Mussolini \"Benito Mussolini\").{{cite book \\|author\\=Pugliese, Stanislao G. \\|date\\=1999 \\|url\\= http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog/PUGCAR.html \\|title\\=Carlo Rosselli: Socialist Heretic and Antifascist Exile \\|publisher\\= Harvard University Press \\|page\\=221 \\|isbn\\=0\\-674\\-00053\\-6 \\|access\\-date\\=6 April 2021}} Garòsci took on the leadership of \n[the \"Giellisti\"](/wiki/Giustizia_e_Libert%C3%A0 \"Giustizia e Libertà\"), together with [Cianca](/wiki/Alberto_Cianca \"Alberto Cianca\"), [Schiavetti](/wiki/Fernando_Schiavetti \"Fernando Schiavetti\"), [Emilio Lussu](/wiki/Emilio_Lussu \"Emilio Lussu\") and [Silvio Trentin](/wiki/Silvio_Trentin \"Silvio Trentin\"), all trying, without very much success, to continue along the path [Rosselli](/wiki/Carlo_Rosselli \"Carlo Rosselli\") had set. That meant attempting to unite the antifascist revolutionary forces, which in turn involved trying to establish dialogue with \"proletarian parties\". In a decade of intensifying political polarisation, and after his participation in a [civil war](/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War \"Spanish Civil War\") in which the contribution of [Soviet proxies](/wiki/Soviet_Union \"Soviet Union\") sometimes seemed to be driven more by [Stalin](/wiki/Stalin \"Stalin\")'s paranoid determination to confront a [Trotskyite conspiracy](/wiki/Trotskyism \"Trotskyism\") than by any shared interest in defeating fascism, Garòsci's own deep\\-seated suspicion of communist\\-authoritarianism precluded meaningful co\\-operation with parties of the political left, however.", "In French historiography the outbreak of the [Second World War](/wiki/Second_World_War \"Second World War\") is generally set at September 1939, which was when [Germany](/wiki/Nazi_Germany \"Nazi Germany\") and the [Soviet Union](/wiki/Soviet_Union \"Soviet Union\") [invaded](/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland \"Invasion of Poland\") [Poland](/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Poland \"Soviet invasion of Poland\"), respectively from the west, and from the south and east. The French government, partly in response to British pressure, responded very quickly by [declaring war on Germany](/wiki/French_declaration_of_war_on_Germany_%281939%29 \"French declaration of war on Germany (1939)\"); but on the streets of Paris \\- even, to a lesser extent for foreign political refugees who had taken refuge in the city \\- daily life did not change so much. A more traumatic development, in May 1940, was the German [invasion of France](/wiki/Battle_of_France \"Battle of France\"), which culminated in [French acknowledgement of military defeat](/wiki/Armistice_of_22_June_1940 \"Armistice of 22 June 1940\"), formalised in a 26 year\\-old (but \"symbolically important\") [railway wagon](/wiki/Compi%C3%A8gne_Wagon \"Compiègne Wagon\") [near](/wiki/Forest_of_Compi%C3%A8gne \"Forest of Compiègne\") [Compiègne](/wiki/Compi%C3%A8gne \"Compiègne\") on 22 June 1940\\. The Mussolini government, having hitherto stood back from becoming involved in the European war, declared war on 10 June 1940, launching its own short\\-lived [invasion of France from the south\\-east](/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_France \"Italian invasion of France\"): this was intercepted by French forces and terminated through an [armistice formalised on 24 June 1940](/wiki/Franco-Italian_Armistice \"Franco-Italian Armistice\"). Nevertheless, Italy was now a belligerent in World War II alongside [Germany](/wiki/Nazi_Germany \"Nazi Germany\") and the northern half of France, including Paris, where Garòsci and the [\"Giellisti\"](/wiki/Giustizia_e_Libert%C3%A0 \"Giustizia e Libertà\") had found sanctuary from fascism for the last nine years, was under [German military administration](/wiki/German_military_administration_in_occupied_France_during_World_War_II \"German military administration in occupied France during World War II\"). Garòsci, with many of the others, now fled to the [United States](/wiki/United_States_of_America \"United States of America\"). He was, of course, accompanied in New York by Madeleine Bride, though it is unclear whether they actually crossed the Atlantic together. In [New York](/wiki/New_York_city \"New York city\") Garòsci and Bride kept their distance from the local antifascist community: Garòsci concentrated on producing Italian\\-language antifascist propaganda for dissemination in Italy and on works of less transient scholarship.{{cite web \\|title\\=... Our American exile \\|work\\=My Political Autobiography .... Please Share This \\|author\\=\\[\\[Tullia Zevi]] \\|url\\=https://primolevicenter.org/my\\-political\\-autobiography\\-tullia\\-zevi/ \\|publisher\\= Centro Primo Levi, New York \\|access\\-date\\=7 April 2021}}", "### New York", "The journey to New York was far from direct. After fleeing to [southern France](/wiki/Vichy_France \"Vichy France\"), Garòsci travelled in a group of around fourteen Italian antifascist activist comrades via [Marseilles](/wiki/Marseilles \"Marseilles\"), [Algiers](/wiki/Algiers \"Algiers\") and [Casablanca](/wiki/Casablanca \"Casablanca\"). There were long waits in north Africa. Almost certainly, their escape was only possible because of a succession of heroic and skilful interventions at a bureaucratic and logistical level by [Emilio Lussu](/wiki/Emilio_Lussu \"Emilio Lussu\") and [Varian Fry](/wiki/Varian_Fry \"Varian Fry\"). They arrived in New York in August 1941\\.{{cite journal \\|title\\=\"I nostri compagni d'America\": The Jewish Labor Committee and the Rescue of Italian Antifascists, 1934\\-1941 \\|pages\\=66–82 \\|author\\=Catherine Collomp \\|date\\=January 2004 \\|publisher\\=Fondazione Giovanni Agnelli, Torino \\|journal\\=Rivista internazionale di studie sulle popolazioni di origine italiana nel mondo}} During their time in New York Aldo Garòsci and Madeleine Bride were married between August 1941 and June 1943\\. The marriage seems to have ended in an amicable annulment when Garòsci returned to Italy to participate in the [fighting](/wiki/Resistenza_romana \"Resistenza romana\") there.", "Garòsci's affectionate and philosophically insightful biography of the [\"Giellist\"](/wiki/Giustizia_e_Libert%C3%A0 \"Giustizia e Libertà\") leader [Carlo Rosselli](/wiki/Carlo_Rosselli \"Carlo Rosselli\") was published only in 1945, but he undertook most of the work on it during his time in New York. It incorporates a complex attempt to arrange into a theoretical structure the political perspective which, for the most part, Garòsci and Rosselli had shared: it is probably the best known of Garòsci's books. It presents a comprehensive view of the author's own historiographical vision, combining an effortless authority and scope reminiscent of [Croce](/wiki/Benedetto_Croce \"Benedetto Croce\") with a singular insistence on differentiating between memory and history, as between personal testimony and documentary research. His historicist vision was on display in his constant search for the underlying spiritual and philosophical elements to be detected inside political and social phenomena, and in his frequent application of an idealist lexicon. The same differentiating strategy led him to distinguish clearly between those elements in historical developments that he identified as \"vital\", and those that were residual. He insisted on clearly differentiating between the past \\- even the recent past\\- and the present, and in doing so he included a deep structural continuity in his reading of history that separated it from mere chronology or news.{{cite journal \\|title\\=Storiografia e militanza Aldo Garosci e La vita di Carlo Rosselli\\|author\\=Daniele Pipitone \\|pages\\=382–404 \\|url\\=https://www.francoangeli.it/riviste/Scheda\\_rivista.aspx?IDArticolo\\=48305 \\|year\\=2012 \\|journal\\=\\[\\[:it:L'Italia contemporanea\\|L'Italia contemporanea]] \\|issue\\=268 \\|publisher\\= FrancoAngeli s.r.l. \\|doi\\=10\\.3280/IC2012\\-268002 \\|access\\-date\\=7 April 2021}}", "At the same time Garòsci took time to spell out, in a series of articles in the publication \"Quaderni Italiani\" (*loosely, \"Italian Notebooks\"*) published by his fellow New York\\-based \"Giellista\", [Bruno Zevi](/wiki/Bruno_Zevi \"Bruno Zevi\"), what he would later identify as his own \"personal Utopia\", and which he himself described as an update, in the light of his experiences in 1930s France, of the [Gobettian perspective](/wiki/Piero_Gobetti \"Piero Gobetti\") he had picked up as a student in [Turin](/wiki/Turin \"Turin\"). The centrality of \"autonomy\" dates back to these, both in its collective dimension concerning the freedom of the socially responsible to organise and manage their own lives, and in terms of the ability of the individual to determine elements of his or her own existence. This was completed and contextualised through his conception of differentiation, postulating a societal model according to which the different spheres (economic, political, cultural, spiritual) were expressly separated and separately ordered, each according to its own independently derived sets of principals. In this model, which was probably influenced by [Croce's](/wiki/Benedetto_Croce \"Benedetto Croce\") [\"theory of distinctions\"](/wiki/Dialettica_crociana \"Dialettica crociana\"), Garòsci brings together his reflections on totalitarianism, with its \"tendency to centralize and bureaucratize\", and those on a [socialist\\-liberal](/wiki/Socialismo_liberale \"Socialismo liberale\") society, in his contribution to \"Quaderni Italiani\" of 1944 (vol.4\\), drawing on ideas he had formulated with [Valiani](/wiki/Leo_Valiani \"Leo Valiani\") and [Venturi](/wiki/Franco_Venturi \"Franco Venturi\") during the later 1930s, and then further developed while living in New York. Finally, the antitotalitarian model adumbrated here, which should have encompassed all the possible political alternatives for a future society, stems directly from [Rosselli's](/wiki/Carlo_Rosselli \"Carlo Rosselli\") proposal for a single party of the proletariat.", "### Resistance and the Action Party", "Prompted by the [Grand Council](/wiki/Grand_Council_of_Fascism \"Grand Council of Fascism\"), [the king](/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_III_of_Italy \"Victor Emmanuel III of Italy\") [had](/wiki/Fall_of_the_Fascist_regime_in_Italy \"Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy\") [Mussolini](/wiki/Benito_Mussolini \"Benito Mussolini\") [arrested](/wiki/Caduta_del_fascismo%23L%27arresto_di_Mussolini \"Caduta del fascismo#L'arresto di Mussolini\") on Sunday, 25 July 1943\\. Garòsci returned to Italy and, with the active support of the [American and British armies invading from the south](/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Italy \"Allied invasion of Italy\"), crossed the battle lines and made his way on to [Rome](/wiki/Rome \"Rome\"), entering the city in December 1943\\. (Large scale fighting in the unforgiving mountains to the south of Rome had temporarily come to a virtual halt out of deference to the winter weather.) He joined up with the rapidly emerging [Rome Resistance](/wiki/Resistenza_romana \"Resistenza romana\") military operation. Teaming up [Riccardo Bauer](/wiki/Riccardo_Bauer \"Riccardo Bauer\"), he collaborated with the newly relaunched [\"Action Party\" *\"Partito d'Azione\"* / PdA](/wiki/Action_Party_%28Italy%29 \"Action Party (Italy)\"), while nevertheless at this stage distancing himself from direct political engagement.", "Garòsci stayed faithful to his own vision of a \"autonomous revolution\", which he shared with various [\"Giellisti\"](/wiki/Giustizia_e_Libert%C3%A0 \"Giustizia e Libertà\") making their own contribution to the liberation struggle in the [fascist puppet state](/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic \"Italian Social Republic\") [Northern Italy](/wiki/Northern_Italy \"Northern Italy\") (where the [German armies](/wiki/Wehrmacht \"Wehrmacht\") continued the fight to hold off any further Anglo\\-American military advance). These comrades included many longstanding friends and intellectual heavy\\-weights such as [Agosti](/wiki/Giorgio_Agosti \"Giorgio Agosti\"), [Andreis](/wiki/Mario_Andreis_%28politico%29 \"Mario Andreis (politico)\"), [Valiani](/wiki/Leo_Valiani \"Leo Valiani\"), [Venturi](/wiki/Franco_Venturi \"Franco Venturi\") and [Vittorio Foa](/wiki/Vittorio_Foa \"Vittorio Foa\"). That meant subordinating any personal preferences of his own to the \"bottom up\" initiatives to be expected from the [National Liberation Committee (*\"Comitato di Liberazione Nazionale,\"*/ CLN)](/wiki/National_Liberation_Committee \"National Liberation Committee\"). It was only after the [war ended in 1945](/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Europe \"End of World War II in Europe\"), with prospects for the continuity of the state clearly established, that he moved away from his own wilder revolutionary preferences and reverted to a more traditionalist version of [Rosselli's](/wiki/Carlo_Rosselli \"Carlo Rosselli\") [\"Socialist Liberal](/wiki/Socialismo_liberale \"Socialismo liberale\") [Hendiadys](/wiki/Hendiadys \"Hendiadys\")\".", "### After fascism and after the war: politics", "He now saw it as his duty to establish a \"socialist democratic third force\", unencumbered by ties to [Christian Democracy](/wiki/Christian_Democracy_%28Italy%29 \"Christian Democracy (Italy)\") or to the reinvigorated [Communist Party](/wiki/Italian_Communist_Party \"Italian Communist Party\"), and standing for an agenda of pro\\-European reform. The project failed, undermined by [Cold War](/wiki/Cold_War \"Cold War\") interventionism whereby the [Christian Democracy](/wiki/Christian_Democracy_%28Italy%29 \"Christian Democracy (Italy)\") could look to Washington and the [Communists](/wiki/Italian_Communist_Party \"Italian Communist Party\") could trust in Moscow for lavish financial and other \"under the table\" backing. That left little fertile ground for a late flowering of [social democracy](/wiki/Social_democracy \"Social democracy\") in post\\-war Italy. Fairly soon Garòsci was led to abandon his aspirations to become a hands\\-on reformist politician. His own last great political campaign, in 1953, was his battle against the anti\\-democratic so\\-called [\"Fraud Law\" (*\" legge truffa\"*)](/wiki/Legge_31_marzo_1953%2C_n._148 \"Legge 31 marzo 1953, n. 148\"), which gave [\"any party\"](/wiki/Christian_Democracy_%28Italy%29 \"Christian Democracy (Italy)\") winning the most seats in a general election a bonus of extra seats, thereby reducing the propensity of [future Italian parliaments](/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_%28Italy%29 \"Chamber of Deputies (Italy)\") to hold governments to account. (The law, though passed by the legislators, was never implemented: it was repealed in 1954\\.) Garòsci did not give up on his political commitment, but for the most part he sustained it not through the distorting prism of party politics, but through his role as \"a public intellectual\".", "### Irene", "During the [liberation struggle](/wiki/Resistenza_romana \"Resistenza romana\") Aldo Garòsci and Irene Nunberg (1911\\-1995\\) came across one another. Nunberg was originally from [Będzin](/wiki/B%C4%99dzin \"Będzin\") in [Silesia](/wiki/Silesia \"Silesia\") (and, after [1918](/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles \"Treaty of Versailles\"), in [Poland](/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic \"Second Polish Republic\")). She had been married to Manlio Rossi\\-Doria since 1937, and had shared his internal exile in [Basilicata](/wiki/Basilicata \"Basilicata\") (near the [Gulf of Taranto](/wiki/Gulf_of_Taranto \"Gulf of Taranto\")) till approximately one year before the [liberation](/wiki/Liberazione_di_Roma \"Liberazione di Roma\"), when she had returned to the capital and become a [liberation activist](/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement \"Italian resistance movement\"). During the final year of Rome's German occupation she worked as a contributing editor on \"Italia Libera\", the clandestine daily newspaper of [the \"Action Party\"](/wiki/Action_Party_%28Italy%29 \"Action Party (Italy)\"). Despite the probable annulment of his marriage in 1943, Garòsci may also have considered himself still married at this time, but fascism and the war had separate each from his/her respective spouse. The two of them teamed up permanently in Rome, and at some point after 1945, married one another. Irene already brought two daughters from her first marriage, Anna e Marina. A third daughter, Adriana, was born in 1950 by her marriage to Garòsci.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://digital\\-library.cdec.it/cdec\\-web/persone/detail/person\\-it\\-cdec\\-eaccpf0001\\-000372/nurnberg\\-irene.html?persone\\=%22Nurnberg%2C\\+Irene%22 \\|title\\=Nurnberg, Irene \\|work\\= Biografia \\|publisher\\= Fondazione Centro di Documentazione Ebraica Contemporanea (CDEC), Milano \\|access\\-date\\=7 April 2021}}", "### Journalism", "During the 1930s Garòsci had fallen into political journalism on behalf of the [\"Giellisti\"](/wiki/Giustizia_e_Libert%C3%A0 \"Giustizia e Libertà\"), principally through regular contributions to the movement's weekly newspaper. During the later 1940s he returned to political journalism. Between 1947 and 1949 he took charge at *L’Italia socialista*, an independent daily newspaper that had grown out of *[L'Italia libera](/wiki/L%27Italia_libera \"L'Italia libera\")*, which had been the newspaper of the former [\"Action Party\" *\"Partito d'Azione\"* / PdA](/wiki/Action_Party_%28Italy%29 \"Action Party (Italy)\") (which had fallen apart in the face of internal divisions and electoral failure in 1946\\). This in effect meant taking the place of his old friend [Carlo Levi](/wiki/Carlo_Levi \"Carlo Levi\") who had been editor\\-in\\-chief at *[L'Italia libera](/wiki/L%27Italia_libera \"L'Italia libera\")* during 1945/46\\. Publication of *L’Italia socialista* ceased in 1949, and Garòsci found he was able to support himself as a freelance journalist\\-commentator specialising in politics and international affairs.", "By the early 1950s he had become an extremely prolific commentator, with more or less stable links to dozens of Italian and foreign newspapers. Those to which he contributed most frequently included *[Comunità](/wiki/Comunit%C3%A0 \"Comunità\")*, a monthly magazine that presented itself as a mouth\\-piece for [Adriano Olivetti](/wiki/Adriano_Olivetti \"Adriano Olivetti\")'s so\\-called [\"Movimento Comunità\" (*Community Movement*)](/wiki/Community_Movement \"Community Movement\") He found a wider readership with his contributions to the weekly political magazine *[Il Mondo](/wiki/Il_Mondo_%28magazine%29 \"Il Mondo (magazine)\")*, for which he provided the 'XX secolo' international affairs column between 1956 and 1966\\. Also worthy of mention are the reviews Garòsci published in the weekly *[L'Espresso](/wiki/L%27Espresso \"L'Espresso\")* during its early years, and the press reviews and other insightful commentary pieces which he contributed for the [RAI](/wiki/RAI \"RAI\") to the [\"Third Radio Programme\" (as Radio 3 was then known)](/wiki/Rai_Radio_3 \"Rai Radio 3\") for nearly twenty years, starting in 1950\\.", "### Historian", "Many of Garòsci's best known works of history date from the first two decades [after World War II](/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_II \"Aftermath of World War II\"). They were often the result of deeper interrogation of and research into themes that he had previously ventilated in articles published in mainstream political magazines. An early example was \"Storia dei fuorusciti\" (\"History of the exiles\") published in 1953, which originated as an essay printed in 1950 in *[Il Mondo](/wiki/Il_Mondo_%28magazine%29 \"Il Mondo (magazine)\")*.{{cite news \\|title\\=Emigrazione italiana e antifascismo in esilio \\|year\\=2008 \\|publisher\\= \"History Camp\" \\|author\\= Simone Duranti \\|work\\=Racconti di viaggio da Montefiorino }} Another of his more popular books was \"Gli intellettuali e la guerra di Spagna\" (*The Intellectuals and the Spanish War*), published in 1959, which was based on a series of his conversation\\-interviews broadcast on [the radio](/wiki/Rai_Radio_3 \"Rai Radio 3\").{{cite journal \\|url\\=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10\\.1086/238762 \\|title\\=Gli Intellettuali e la Guerra di Spagna. Aldo Garosci \\|journal\\=The Journal of Modern History\\|volume\\=33/1 \\|year\\=1961 \\|author\\=Dante A. Puzzo\\|pages\\=98–99 \\|publisher\\=The University of Chicago Press\\|doi\\=10\\.1086/238762 \\|access\\-date\\=8 April 2021}} It could be objected that the \"second hand\" nature of these books, based as they were on earlier works presented the other media, somehow diminished their impact their authority. The same criticism can be made of his books \"San Marino. Mito e storiografia tra i libertini e [il Carducci](/wiki/Giosu%C3%A8_Carducci \"Giosuè Carducci\")\" (loosely, *San Marino: Myth and Historiography between libertines and [Carducci](/wiki/Giosu%C3%A8_Carducci \"Giosuè Carducci\")* \\- 1967\\){{cite book\\|title\\=San Marino. Mito e storiografia tra i libertini e il Carducci\\|date\\=1967\\|publisher\\= Edizione Di Comunità \\& Biblioteca Stato Beni Librari\\|author\\=Aldo Garòsci\\|isbn\\=978\\-8898278015}} and \"Pensiero politico e storiografia moderna\" (*\"Political thinking and modern historiography\"' \\- 1954'). But in fact there is no hint of the \"scatter\\-gun\" about Garòsci's literary output. There is, indeed, an overall coherence and homogeneity, based on an underlying respect for the [Crocean](/wiki/Benedetto_Croce \"Benedetto Croce\") historiographical approach and an constant ethical\\-political historica vision as the \"history of the formation of a \\[self\\-]awareness\" (*una \"storia del formarsi di una coscienza\"*), of the \"maturation and evolution of aspirational ideals\" (*\"...maturare ed evolvere dei fattori ideali\"*).*", "This focus on political aspiration and ideals confers on Garòsci's published output a singular unity of methodology, but it concentrates almost exclusively on the textual output of political and cultural elites, and it sets the author apart from mainstream historical method. There is a tendency to bring everything back to a framework of a [Crocean](/wiki/Benedetto_Croce \"Benedetto Croce\") vision of liberty. The approach gives rise to a significant ability to contextualise and interpret the phenomena studied within long\\-term trends extending over a much longer time\\-frame than is commonly contemplated in print by social historians. But there is also a corresponding risk of devising over\\-riding [teleological representations](/wiki/Teleology \"Teleology\") that simply disregard or crush modes of thought and classification considered as conventional among his late twentieth century readership. In addition, where it is not hostile to the disciplines of Economics and the Social Sciences, Garòsci's historiography is indifferent to them, which clearly places him firmly outside contemporary trends in the study of history: that constrained his success as an historian. But it was nevertheless enough to earn him a professorial teaching chair in 1961, albeit not \\- as he might have expected \\- in Contemporary History. Between 1961 and 1974 Garòsci taught the more traditional (and among students ever\\-popular) subject of [Risorgimento History](/wiki/Italian_unification \"Italian unification\") at the [University of Turin](/wiki/University_of_Turin \"University of Turin\"), before moving on to teach in a more rarefied historical niche at [the University of Rome](/wiki/Sapienza_University_of_Rome \"Sapienza University of Rome\").{{cite news\\|title\\=Garosci storico del Risorgimento\\|work\\=Saggi e Studi \\|pages\\=45–67 \\|url\\=https://www.ojs.unito.it/\\#\\|publisher\\=Università di Torino\\|access\\-date\\=8 April 2021\\|author\\=Daniele Pipitone}}\n### Public impact during the 1950s and 1960s", "His profile as a popular historian and prolific political commentator and the important role he had played in the struggle against fascism came together to make Aldo Garòsci an important figure in public dialogue during the first three decades of [the](/wiki/1946_Italian_institutional_referendum \"1946 Italian institutional referendum\") [Italy](/wiki/Republic \"Republic\"). Having originally been politicised as a Turin law student during the [post\\-democratic aftermath](/wiki/Fascist_Italy_%281922%E2%80%931943%29 \"Fascist Italy (1922–1943)\") of [Mussolini's](/wiki/Benito_Mussolini \"Benito Mussolini\") [1922 power bid](/wiki/March_on_Rome \"March on Rome\"), Garòsci never moved away from a conception of political reality predicated on a deep and intricate inter\\-relationship between intellectual activity and political activism across society. He applied this insight in a range of situations and contexts, while generally remaining outside (though not ignoring) organised party politics.\nGaròsci's strong backing for the initially [Milan](/wiki/Milan \"Milan\")\\-based [European Federalist Movement (EFM)](/wiki/European_Federalist_Movement \"European Federalist Movement\") was probably intensified by his own experiences of war in Spain, France and Italy. He backed the movement at its launch in 1943 and he remained a supporter, without interruption, till his death more than half a century later. He was enthusiastic over the \"begin with the west\" line propounded by [Altiero Spinelli](/wiki/Altiero_Spinelli \"Altiero Spinelli\"), whereby European unification might be achieved first between the liberal democracies at the western end of the \"old continent\" and then extended progressively across central and eastern Europe, while preserving the important western tradition of liberalism and democracy. It is fair to add that the scope of this federalist ambition was met with studied indifference or considerable alarm among all but a small minority of [EFM members](/wiki/European_Federalist_Movement \"European Federalist Movement\").{{cite book\\|url\\=http://www.csfederalismo.it/attachments/article/843/RP\\_Caraffini\\_nov\\_2010\\.pdf\\|type\\=Research paper: Giacomo Devoto e l'Unita Europea\\|author\\=Paolo Caraffini\\|date\\=November 2010\\|isbn\\=978\\-8896871317\\|publisher\\=Centro Studi Federalismo, Torino\\|title\\=Si impone la linea del \"cominciare in Occidente\" \\|access\\-date\\=8 April 2021}} During the 1950s Garòsci served as a member of the [EFM members](/wiki/European_Federalist_Movement \"European Federalist Movement\") ruling committees, although his role was evidently a largely passive one. He was very much more active, at least during the later 1950s and early 1960s, in his support [of Spanish](/wiki/Francoist_Spain \"Francoist Spain\") [anti\\-Francoists](/wiki/Francisco_Franco \"Francisco Franco\"), both those in exile and those involved in the dangerous business of opposition inside Spain. He was a leading member of the \"Italian Committee for the freedom of the Spanish People\" (\"Comitato italiano per la libertà del popolo spagnolo\"*).{{cite web \\|title\\=Comitato italiano per la libertà del popolo spagnolo \\|work\\= Archives historiques de l'Union Européene: Dossier no. 000185 \\|year\\=1963 \\|url\\=https://diazilla.com/doc/849366/comitato\\-italiano\\-per\\-la\\-libert%C3%A0\\-del\\-popolo\\-spagnolo \\|access\\-date\\=8 April 2021}} In those early years, the [communists](/wiki/Italian_Communist_Party \"Italian Communist Party\") played an important role in the organisation. After the split with them the organisation was reconstituted as the \"Italian Committee for a Democratic Spain\" (*\"Comitato italiano per la Spagna democratica\"''), thereby drawing attention to the implicitly anti\\-democratic threat represented by the [Italian Communist Party](/wiki/Italian_Communist_Party \"Italian Communist Party\"), which at that time was believed to be strongly influenced from [Moscow](/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union \"Communist Party of the Soviet Union\"). These anti\\-Francoist entities were relatively short\\-lived and very loosely organised, which makes it hard to determine with much clarity how much they did or how effective it was. There was an intense acceptance of the need to raise international awareness, at a time when the Spanish government had been remarkably successful in isolating Spain politically and economically from the rest of Europe. Conferences were organised, signatures were collected and appeals were launched, all designed to provide material support for internal opponents of [the larger of the two Iberian dictatorships](/wiki/Francoist_Spain \"Francoist Spain\").", "Garòsci's support for antifascism in Spain represented a form of loyalty to his own past, based on his involvement in the [Spanish Civil War](/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War \"Spanish Civil War\"). His involvement with Israel, as a founder member in 1960 of the Italy\\-Israel Association, was based on more recent and ongoing connections, although he had been made aware of the urgent perils of antisemitism by the [1938 Race Laws](/wiki/Italian_racial_laws \"Italian racial laws\"). More recently the issues had become personal through his partnership with Irene Nunberg, whom he married at some point between 1945 and 1957\\. He was an enthusiastic admirer of the [\"Jewish homeland\"](/wiki/Homeland_for_the_Jewish_people \"Homeland for the Jewish people\"), albeit \\- at least when it came to the actual [State of Israel](/wiki/Israel \"Israel\"), from a resolutely secular perspective. The project was based on political idealism: he professed total indifference to religious aspects. True to his wider approach to history, he differentiated completely between the secular and religious perspectives and resolutely implicitly refuted or overlooked any idea that there might exist some overlap between the two. In the eyes of Aldo Garòsci, [the State of Israel](/wiki/Israel \"Israel\") represented one of the most successful attempts to date to construct a version of socialism that was both autonomous and democratic. (This assessment was widely shared by large swathes of the non\\-communist political left across Europe till [1967](/wiki/Six-Day_War \"Six-Day War\").) But, echoing an awareness that probably dated back to the political convictions of his own youth, he was also conscious of some of the moral tensions involved in the realisation of ideals of liberation and liberty. He worked closely with his wife in the international campaign for Jews in the Soviet Union to be permitted to emigrate to Israel, operating initially in close dialogue with [the communists](/wiki/Italian_Communist_Party \"Italian Communist Party\") and then, from the later 1960s, in bitter opposition to them. The identification and bond with the [Jewish state](/wiki/Homeland_for_the_Jewish_people \"Homeland for the Jewish people\") ran deeper, however. Aldo and Irene visited [Israel](/wiki/Israel \"Israel\") several times, and numbered among their friends formerly Italian Jews who had decided to build new lives as Israeli citizens. Back in Italy they became a point of contact for large sectors of the Jewish community. This arguably idealised attitude to [the State of Israel](/wiki/Israel \"Israel\") endured at least till June 1982, when it was badly shaken by the [invasion of Lebanon](/wiki/1982_Lebanon_War \"1982 Lebanon War\").{{cite book \\|title\\=Le sinistre italiane e il conflitto arabo\\-israelo\\-palestinese1948\\-1973 \\|author\\= Claudio Brillanti \\|type\\=Studi politici \\|isbn\\= 978\\-88\\-9377\\-098\\-9 \\|publisher\\=Sapienza Università Editrice, Roma \\|year\\=2018 \\|url\\= http://www.editricesapienza.it/sites/default/files/5843\\_Brillanti\\_Sinistre\\_Conflitto\\_arabo\\_israelo\\_palestinese\\_OA.pdf \\|access\\-date\\=9 April 2021}}", "### Final years and intensifying anti\\-communism", "During the later 1960s Aldo Garòsci withdrew progressively from much of his public activism. He nevertheless emerged in 1966 to promote a manifesto \"of intellectuals\" in favour of political unification among socialist parties. His own record reflected the fractiousness f socialist politics in Italy since the war. In 1947, as the [PdA](/wiki/Action_Party_%28Italy%29 \"Action Party (Italy)\") fell apart, he had joined the short\\-lived \"Unione dei socialisti\" and then, following the break\\-up of the [Socialist Party](/wiki/Italian_Socialist_Party \"Italian Socialist Party\") later that year, became a founder member of [Giuseppe Saragat](/wiki/Giuseppe_Saragat \"Giuseppe Saragat\")'s [Democratic Socialist Party](/wiki/Italian_Democratic_Socialist_Party \"Italian Democratic Socialist Party\"). However, this party gained little traction with voters and in 1953 he fell out with Saragat over the party's position on the infamous so\\-called [\"Fraud Law\" (*\" legge truffa\"*)](/wiki/Legge_31_marzo_1953%2C_n._148 \"Legge 31 marzo 1953, n. 148\"). Several parties were fractured at this time, and he now joined the short\\-lived [\"Unità Popolare\" / UP](/wiki/Popular_Unity_%28Italy%2C_1953%29 \"Popular Unity (Italy, 1953)\") party, alongside [Tristano Codignola](/wiki/Tristano_Codignola \"Tristano Codignola\"), [Piero Calamandrei](/wiki/Piero_Calamandrei \"Piero Calamandrei\") and [Paolo Battino Vittorelli](/wiki/Paolo_Battino_Vittorelli \"Paolo Battino Vittorelli\"). After this his own party membership seems to have reverted to the [Socialist Party](/wiki/Italian_Socialist_Party \"Italian Socialist Party\"). In 1966 he was himself able to join the more broadly based [\"Unified Socialist Party\" (*\"Partito Socialista Unificato\"*)](/wiki/Unified_PSI%E2%80%93PSDI \"Unified PSI–PSDI\"), taking a position in 1969 as editorial director at [L'Umanità](/wiki/L%27Umanit%C3%A0_%28quotidiano%29 \"L'Umanità (quotidiano)\"), the party's daily newspaper. Changes in the political composition of the paper's management team forced his resignation in 1972, however.{{cite web\\|title\\=Garòsci, Aldo\\|work\\=Biografie in Storia .... Enciclopedia online\\|url\\=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/aldo\\-garosci/\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Treccani]], Roma\\|access\\-date\\=9 April 2021}}", "Since the 1920s Garòsci had made no secret of his misgivings concerning the democratic and liberal credentials of the [Italian Communist Party](/wiki/Italian_Communist_Party \"Italian Communist Party\"). The [1968 student protests](/wiki/Protests_of_1968 \"Protests of 1968\"), to which he was always hostile, triggered a hardening of his approach. [Stalinist developments in tyranny](/wiki/Stalinism \"Stalinism\"), most of which he had experienced from the distanced perspective of exile in Paris and then New York, had triggered incomprehension and mistrust across the political left in western Europe as knowledge of the [purges](/wiki/Great_Purge \"Great Purge\") and the [camps](/wiki/Gulag \"Gulag\") had seeped across to the west. The clandestine elements of the [Hitler\\-Stalin non\\-aggression pact](/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact \"Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact\") of 1939 became apparent only slowly, but there could be nothing clandestine about the [Soviet take\\-over in central Europe after 1945](/wiki/Soviet_Empire \"Soviet Empire\"). Elsewhere in western Europe, notably in [West Germany](/wiki/West_Germany \"West Germany\"), those awarenesses served to marginalise the [Communist Party](/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Germany \"Communist Party of Germany\"), but the [Italian Communist Party](/wiki/Italian_Communist_Party \"Italian Communist Party\") continued to win between 20% and 30% of the popular vote in general elections through the 1960s, 70s and 80s. Throughout the period, disagreement and unclarity persisted over the extent to which the [party](/wiki/Italian_Communist_Party \"Italian Communist Party\") should be viewed as no more than a shameless proxy for still unfulfilled Soviet imperial ambitions, and how far it should be applauded for the relative efficiency and absence of flagrant corruption evident in many municipal councils controlled by a democratically elected communist council. During the 1970s Garòsci emerged as an uncompromising battling anti\\-communist, lining up with liberal\\-conservative elements in the process. His contributions began to appear in [Indro Montanelli](/wiki/Indro_Montanelli \"Indro Montanelli\")'s [Il Giornale](/wiki/Il_Giornale \"Il Giornale\"). More rarely even lined up with [Edgardo Sogno](/wiki/Edgardo_Sogno \"Edgardo Sogno\")'s \"difesa democratica\", which a decade or two earlier he would surely have condemned as \"monarchist\". By 1980 anti[\\-communism](/wiki/Italian_Communist_Party \"Italian Communist Party\") had become the focus of his public agenda.", "Aldo Garòsci died in Rome on 3 January 2000 at the age of 92, having progressively withdrawn from the various commitments to which he would, as a younger man, have devoted his energies. It was, in the words of one source, \"a long old\\-age\".", "" ]
Route description ----------------- ### Iowa {{See also\|Avenue of the Saints}} US 218 begins in downtown [Keokuk](/wiki/Keokuk%2C_Iowa "Keokuk, Iowa") at an intersection with [US 136](/wiki/U.S._Route_136_in_Iowa "U.S. Route 136 in Iowa") and [US 61 Business](/wiki/U.S._Route_61_Business_%28Keokuk%2C_Iowa%29 "U.S. Route 61 Business (Keokuk, Iowa)") (US 61 Bus.) at Main and 7th streets. The highway heads north along Main Street with US 61 Bus. As they exit Keokuk, the business route ends at an intersection with the mainline [US 61](/wiki/U.S._Route_61_in_Iowa "U.S. Route 61 in Iowa"), which bypasses the city. US 218 and US 61 head north [concurrently](/wiki/Concurrency_%28road%29 "Concurrency (road)") for a few miles before US 218 exits to the northwest; US 61 follows the [Mississippi River](/wiki/Mississippi_River "Mississippi River") north towards [Fort Madison](/wiki/Fort_Madison%2C_Iowa "Fort Madison, Iowa"). US 218 travels northwesterly for almost {{convert\|10\|mi\|spell\=in}} along a two\-lane road. As it approaches [Donnellson](/wiki/Donnellson%2C_Iowa "Donnellson, Iowa"), it meets up with and joins [Iowa Highway 27](/wiki/Iowa_Highway_27 "Iowa Highway 27") (Iowa 27\), the Avenue of the Saints. The two highways head north on a four\-lane [expressway](/wiki/Limited-access_road "Limited-access road"). In Donnellson, they meet [Iowa 2](/wiki/Iowa_Highway_2 "Iowa Highway 2") at a [diamond interchange](/wiki/Diamond_interchange "Diamond interchange"). Further north, and east of [Houghton](/wiki/Houghton%2C_Iowa "Houghton, Iowa"), they intersect [Iowa 16](/wiki/Iowa_Highway_16 "Iowa Highway 16") at an [at\-grade intersection](/wiki/At-grade_intersection "At-grade intersection"). Prior to crossing the [Skunk River](/wiki/Skunk_River_%28Iowa%29 "Skunk River (Iowa)"), the roadway angles to the northeast and a [freeway](/wiki/Controlled-access_highway "Controlled-access highway") bypass of [Mount Pleasant](/wiki/Mount_Pleasant%2C_Iowa "Mount Pleasant, Iowa") begins. From the east, the highways are joined by [US 34](/wiki/U.S._Route_34_in_Iowa "U.S. Route 34 in Iowa") and [Iowa 163](/wiki/Iowa_Highway_163 "Iowa Highway 163"). The four highways loop around the city's eastern side and begin traversing the northern side when US 34 and Iowa 163 split away to continue bypassing Mount Pleasant; US 218 and Iowa 27 continue north. From Mount Pleasant it continues to the [Iowa City](/wiki/Iowa_City%2C_Iowa "Iowa City, Iowa") area, which it bypasses to the south and west. The US 218/IA27 concurrency intersects with I\-80, and continues north with [I\-380](/wiki/Interstate_380_%28Iowa%29 "Interstate 380 (Iowa)") towards [Cedar Rapids](/wiki/Cedar_Rapids%2C_Iowa "Cedar Rapids, Iowa"). There US 218 diverges from IA 27 and joins the US30/US151 bypass of south Cedar Rapids. US 151 heads south at Exit 248, and the US 30/218 concurrency continues west for 15 miles, where US 30 continues on as a 4 lane highway and US 218 exits north as a rural 2 lane highway. US 218 heads northwest through [Vinton](/wiki/Vinton%2C_Iowa "Vinton, Iowa") and [La Porte City](/wiki/La_Porte_City%2C_Iowa "La Porte City, Iowa") before it reaches the Waterloo area. Route 218 remains a 2 lane highway until it becomes a freeway right before [US 20](/wiki/U.S._Route_20 "U.S. Route 20") and once again joins I\-380 for a couple miles to downtown [Waterloo](/wiki/Waterloo%2C_Iowa "Waterloo, Iowa"). When I\-380 ends, US 218 continues through downtown Waterloo and then to [Cedar Falls](/wiki/Cedar_Falls%2C_Iowa "Cedar Falls, Iowa"), where it crosses the [Cedar River](/wiki/Cedar_River_%28Iowa_River_tributary%29 "Cedar River (Iowa River tributary)"). It continues northwest as a 4 lane highway through [Waverly](/wiki/Waverly%2C_Iowa "Waverly, Iowa"), [Charles City](/wiki/Charles_City%2C_Iowa "Charles City, Iowa"), and [Osage](/wiki/Osage%2C_Iowa "Osage, Iowa") until the Minnesota state line. ### Minnesota US 218 enters the state at [Lyle](/wiki/Lyle%2C_Minnesota "Lyle, Minnesota"), in [Mower County](/wiki/Mower_County%2C_Minnesota "Mower County, Minnesota"). It follows along the east side of the [Iowa, Chicago, and Eastern Railroad](/wiki/Iowa%2C_Chicago%2C_and_Eastern_Railroad "Iowa, Chicago, and Eastern Railroad") line as it continues northward through farm fields. Southeast of [Austin](/wiki/Austin%2C_Minnesota "Austin, Minnesota"), US 218 angles northeastward to bypass the city, its former route following County Road 45 (CR 45\) into town.{{cite map \|author \= \[\[Minnesota Department of Transportation]] \|year \= 2010 \|url \= http://www.dot.state.mn.us/maps/cadd/county/mower.pdf \|title \= General Highway Map of Mower County, Minnesota \|scale \= 1:126,720 \|location \= St. Paul \|publisher \= Minnesota Department of Transportation \|access\-date \= December 29, 2010 \|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20120910162716/https://www.dot.state.mn.us/maps/cadd/county/mower.pdf \|archive\-date \= September 10, 2012 }} US 218 passes by the Austin Municipal Airport just before its interchange with [I\-90](/wiki/Interstate_90_in_Minnesota "Interstate 90 in Minnesota"). The highway runs concurrently with I\-90 for nearly {{convert\|3\|mi\|km\|spell\=in}} through northern Austin. When US 218 departs from the Interstate and turns back north, it becomes a four\-lane divided highway for a short distance. After its junction with [State Highway 251](/wiki/Minnesota_State_Highway_251 "Minnesota State Highway 251") (MN 251\), the highway angles north\-northwestward again following the IC\&E rail line, this time on the west side of the tracks. The highway enters [Dodge County](/wiki/Dodge_County%2C_Minnesota "Dodge County, Minnesota") for less than a mile, then reaches [Steele County](/wiki/Steele_County%2C_Minnesota "Steele County, Minnesota"), [Blooming Prairie](/wiki/Blooming_Prairie%2C_Minnesota "Blooming Prairie, Minnesota"), and an eight\-block\-long concurrency with [MN 30](/wiki/Minnesota_State_Highway_30 "Minnesota State Highway 30"). It continues north\-northwesterly after leaving Blooming Prairie, traveling through predominantly agricultural scenery. It passes by Oak Glen Lake before going through the unincorporated community of [Bixby](/wiki/Bixby%2C_Minnesota "Bixby, Minnesota"). After passing through the unincorporated community of [Pratt](/wiki/Pratt%2C_Minnesota "Pratt, Minnesota"), US 218 meets [US 14](/wiki/U.S._Route_14_in_Minnesota "U.S. Route 14 in Minnesota") at a folded diamond interchange. US 218 runs westward concurrently with US 14, while its historic route through downtown [Owatonna](/wiki/Owatonna%2C_Minnesota "Owatonna, Minnesota") continues ahead as CR 48\. After an interchange with CR 45 (former [US 65](/wiki/U.S._Route_65 "U.S. Route 65")), US 14/US 218 passes by Kaplan's Woods Park and reaches [I\-35](/wiki/Interstate_35_in_Minnesota "Interstate 35 in Minnesota"), where US 218 ends. Legally, the Minnesota section of US 218 is defined as Route 40 in Minnesota Statutes § 161\.114(2\).[Minnesota Codified Laws](https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/161.114) [center\|thumb\|US\-218 in Southern Minnesota](/wiki/File:US_218.jpg "US 218.jpg")
[ "Route description\n-----------------", "### Iowa", "{{See also\\|Avenue of the Saints}}\nUS 218 begins in downtown [Keokuk](/wiki/Keokuk%2C_Iowa \"Keokuk, Iowa\") at an intersection with [US 136](/wiki/U.S._Route_136_in_Iowa \"U.S. Route 136 in Iowa\") and [US 61 Business](/wiki/U.S._Route_61_Business_%28Keokuk%2C_Iowa%29 \"U.S. Route 61 Business (Keokuk, Iowa)\") (US 61 Bus.) at Main and 7th streets. The highway heads north along Main Street with US 61 Bus. As they exit Keokuk, the business route ends at an intersection with the mainline [US 61](/wiki/U.S._Route_61_in_Iowa \"U.S. Route 61 in Iowa\"), which bypasses the city. US 218 and US 61 head north [concurrently](/wiki/Concurrency_%28road%29 \"Concurrency (road)\") for a few miles before US 218 exits to the northwest; US 61 follows the [Mississippi River](/wiki/Mississippi_River \"Mississippi River\") north towards [Fort Madison](/wiki/Fort_Madison%2C_Iowa \"Fort Madison, Iowa\"). US 218 travels northwesterly for almost {{convert\\|10\\|mi\\|spell\\=in}} along a two\\-lane road. As it approaches [Donnellson](/wiki/Donnellson%2C_Iowa \"Donnellson, Iowa\"), it meets up with and joins [Iowa Highway 27](/wiki/Iowa_Highway_27 \"Iowa Highway 27\") (Iowa 27\\), the Avenue of the Saints.", "The two highways head north on a four\\-lane [expressway](/wiki/Limited-access_road \"Limited-access road\"). In Donnellson, they meet [Iowa 2](/wiki/Iowa_Highway_2 \"Iowa Highway 2\") at a [diamond interchange](/wiki/Diamond_interchange \"Diamond interchange\"). Further north, and east of [Houghton](/wiki/Houghton%2C_Iowa \"Houghton, Iowa\"), they intersect [Iowa 16](/wiki/Iowa_Highway_16 \"Iowa Highway 16\") at an [at\\-grade intersection](/wiki/At-grade_intersection \"At-grade intersection\"). Prior to crossing the [Skunk River](/wiki/Skunk_River_%28Iowa%29 \"Skunk River (Iowa)\"), the roadway angles to the northeast and a [freeway](/wiki/Controlled-access_highway \"Controlled-access highway\") bypass of [Mount Pleasant](/wiki/Mount_Pleasant%2C_Iowa \"Mount Pleasant, Iowa\") begins. From the east, the highways are joined by [US 34](/wiki/U.S._Route_34_in_Iowa \"U.S. Route 34 in Iowa\") and [Iowa 163](/wiki/Iowa_Highway_163 \"Iowa Highway 163\"). The four highways loop around the city's eastern side and begin traversing the northern side when US 34 and Iowa 163 split away to continue bypassing Mount Pleasant; US 218 and Iowa 27 continue north.", "From Mount Pleasant it continues to the [Iowa City](/wiki/Iowa_City%2C_Iowa \"Iowa City, Iowa\") area, which it bypasses to the south and west. The US 218/IA27 concurrency intersects with I\\-80, and continues north with [I\\-380](/wiki/Interstate_380_%28Iowa%29 \"Interstate 380 (Iowa)\") towards [Cedar Rapids](/wiki/Cedar_Rapids%2C_Iowa \"Cedar Rapids, Iowa\"). There US 218 diverges from IA 27 and joins the US30/US151 bypass of south Cedar Rapids. US 151 heads south at Exit 248, and the US 30/218 concurrency continues west for 15 miles, where US 30 continues on as a 4 lane highway and US 218 exits north as a rural 2 lane highway. US 218 heads northwest through [Vinton](/wiki/Vinton%2C_Iowa \"Vinton, Iowa\") and [La Porte City](/wiki/La_Porte_City%2C_Iowa \"La Porte City, Iowa\") before it reaches the Waterloo area.", "Route 218 remains a 2 lane highway until it becomes a freeway right before [US 20](/wiki/U.S._Route_20 \"U.S. Route 20\") and once again joins I\\-380 for a couple miles to downtown [Waterloo](/wiki/Waterloo%2C_Iowa \"Waterloo, Iowa\"). When I\\-380 ends, US 218 continues through downtown Waterloo and then to [Cedar Falls](/wiki/Cedar_Falls%2C_Iowa \"Cedar Falls, Iowa\"), where it crosses the [Cedar River](/wiki/Cedar_River_%28Iowa_River_tributary%29 \"Cedar River (Iowa River tributary)\"). It continues northwest as a 4 lane highway through [Waverly](/wiki/Waverly%2C_Iowa \"Waverly, Iowa\"), [Charles City](/wiki/Charles_City%2C_Iowa \"Charles City, Iowa\"), and [Osage](/wiki/Osage%2C_Iowa \"Osage, Iowa\") until the Minnesota state line.", "### Minnesota", "US 218 enters the state at [Lyle](/wiki/Lyle%2C_Minnesota \"Lyle, Minnesota\"), in [Mower County](/wiki/Mower_County%2C_Minnesota \"Mower County, Minnesota\"). It follows along the east side of the [Iowa, Chicago, and Eastern Railroad](/wiki/Iowa%2C_Chicago%2C_and_Eastern_Railroad \"Iowa, Chicago, and Eastern Railroad\") line as it continues northward through farm fields. Southeast of [Austin](/wiki/Austin%2C_Minnesota \"Austin, Minnesota\"), US 218 angles northeastward to bypass the city, its former route following County Road 45 (CR 45\\) into town.{{cite map \\|author \\= \\[\\[Minnesota Department of Transportation]] \\|year \\= 2010 \\|url \\= http://www.dot.state.mn.us/maps/cadd/county/mower.pdf \\|title \\= General Highway Map of Mower County, Minnesota \\|scale \\= 1:126,720 \\|location \\= St. Paul \\|publisher \\= Minnesota Department of Transportation \\|access\\-date \\= December 29, 2010 \\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20120910162716/https://www.dot.state.mn.us/maps/cadd/county/mower.pdf \\|archive\\-date \\= September 10, 2012 }}", "US 218 passes by the Austin Municipal Airport just before its interchange with [I\\-90](/wiki/Interstate_90_in_Minnesota \"Interstate 90 in Minnesota\"). The highway runs concurrently with I\\-90 for nearly {{convert\\|3\\|mi\\|km\\|spell\\=in}} through northern Austin. When US 218 departs from the Interstate and turns back north, it becomes a four\\-lane divided highway for a short distance. After its junction with [State Highway 251](/wiki/Minnesota_State_Highway_251 \"Minnesota State Highway 251\") (MN 251\\), the highway angles north\\-northwestward again following the IC\\&E rail line, this time on the west side of the tracks.", "The highway enters [Dodge County](/wiki/Dodge_County%2C_Minnesota \"Dodge County, Minnesota\") for less than a mile, then reaches [Steele County](/wiki/Steele_County%2C_Minnesota \"Steele County, Minnesota\"), [Blooming Prairie](/wiki/Blooming_Prairie%2C_Minnesota \"Blooming Prairie, Minnesota\"), and an eight\\-block\\-long concurrency with [MN 30](/wiki/Minnesota_State_Highway_30 \"Minnesota State Highway 30\"). It continues north\\-northwesterly after leaving Blooming Prairie, traveling through predominantly agricultural scenery. It passes by Oak Glen Lake before going through the unincorporated community of [Bixby](/wiki/Bixby%2C_Minnesota \"Bixby, Minnesota\").", "After passing through the unincorporated community of [Pratt](/wiki/Pratt%2C_Minnesota \"Pratt, Minnesota\"), US 218 meets [US 14](/wiki/U.S._Route_14_in_Minnesota \"U.S. Route 14 in Minnesota\") at a folded diamond interchange. US 218 runs westward concurrently with US 14, while its historic route through downtown [Owatonna](/wiki/Owatonna%2C_Minnesota \"Owatonna, Minnesota\") continues ahead as CR 48\\. After an interchange with CR 45 (former [US 65](/wiki/U.S._Route_65 \"U.S. Route 65\")), US 14/US 218 passes by Kaplan's Woods Park and reaches [I\\-35](/wiki/Interstate_35_in_Minnesota \"Interstate 35 in Minnesota\"), where US 218 ends.", "Legally, the Minnesota section of US 218 is defined as Route 40 in Minnesota Statutes § 161\\.114(2\\).[Minnesota Codified Laws](https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/161.114)\n[center\\|thumb\\|US\\-218 in Southern Minnesota](/wiki/File:US_218.jpg \"US 218.jpg\")", "" ]
Controversies ------------- ### Enrollment controversies The Beverly Hills Unified School District has faced controversies in student enrollment, mainly regarding diversity, and more recently, legacy enrollment (alumni preference).{{cite web\|url\=https://www.latimes.com/news/local/la\-me\-legacy16\-2009may16,0,474770\.story\|title\=Legacy enrollments offered in two top L.A.\-area schools districts\|first\=Seema\|last\=Mehta\|date\=16 May 2009\|access\-date\=23 March 2018\|via\=Los Angeles Times\|archive\-date\=19 May 2009\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090519114725/http://www.latimes.com/news/local/la\-me\-legacy16\-2009may16,0,474770\.story\|url\-status\=live}} For many years Beverly has selected high\-achieving students from twelve [LAUSD](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Unified_School_District "Los Angeles Unified School District") middle schools on diversity permits in an attempt to increase the number of minorities enrolled. Selections have been made based on test scores, grades and writing samples. According to enrollment data for the 2006–2007 school year, however, seven out of ten students who entered the school this way were of Asian ethnicity. In April 2007, due to pressure from parents and activist [Earl Ofari Hutchinson](/wiki/Earl_Ofari_Hutchinson "Earl Ofari Hutchinson"), who criticized the school for not recruiting more African\-American and Latino students, Superintendent Kari McVeigh agreed to extend the application deadline until April 27, as reported in the *[Los Angeles Times](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times "Los Angeles Times")* and *[The Beverly Hills Courier](/wiki/The_Beverly_Hills_Courier "The Beverly Hills Courier")*, hoping that more students from these minority groups would seek to enroll. According to the *Beverly Hills Courier* (May 25, 2007\), "civil rights leaders hailed the final student selections" as "an honest effort to obtain ethnic diversity."{{cite web\|url\=https://www.latimes.com/news/education/la\-me\-bevhills13apr13,1,5857081\.story?coll\=la\-news\-learning\|title\=Beverly Hills addresses diversity issue\|first\=Joel\|last\=Rubin\|date\=13 April 2007\|access\-date\=23 March 2018\|via\=Los Angeles Times\|archive\-date\=24 September 2023\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230924224045/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\-xpm\-2007\-apr\-13\-me\-bevhills13\-story.html\|url\-status\=live}}[Beverly Hills Courier article – page 4](http://www.thebeverlyhillscourier.com/editions/files/05-04%20Issue.pdf) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928061130/http://www.thebeverlyhillscourier.com/editions/files/05\-04%20Issue.pdf \|date\=2007\-09\-28 }} The school board voted 3–2 in the spring of 2008 to offer the children of alumni, who live outside the district's boundaries, preference in enrollment. The intended purpose is to influence these alumni to support the school district regarding bond measure or tax issues and fund\-raising. Critics protest that, while [legacy preferences](/wiki/Legacy_preferences "Legacy preferences") are long established and [constitutional](/wiki/Constitution "Constitution") for institutions of [higher education](/wiki/Higher_education "Higher education") ([colleges](/wiki/College "College") and [universities](/wiki/University "University")), legacy enrollment in public schools is anti\-democratic and constitutionally questionable, and subverts [public education](/wiki/Public_education "Public education") to the benefit of the wealthy. In 2012, the school board voted not to issue new inter\-district permits for the upcoming school year, which effectively shut out students who could apply for special permission to attend BHHS.{{Cite web\|url\=https://latimesblogs.latimes.com/lanow/2012/04/beverly\-hills\-school\-district\-renews\-move\-to\-end\-permits\-for\-nonresident\-students.html\|title\=Beverly Hills school district renews move to end permits for nonresident students\|date\=25 April 2012\|access\-date\=3 August 2020\|archive\-date\=5 October 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201005022141/https://latimesblogs.latimes.com/lanow/2012/04/beverly\-hills\-school\-district\-renews\-move\-to\-end\-permits\-for\-nonresident\-students.html\|url\-status\=live}} ### Subway tunnel underneath school In 2008, voters approved a half\-cent increase in the sales tax in order to expand the [L.A. subway system](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Metro_Rail "Los Angeles Metro Rail").{{Cite web \|date\=2019\-01\-09 \|title\=The ultimate test of Trump's local cronyism is playing out in Beverly Hills \|url\=https://www.revealnews.org/article/the\-ultimate\-test\-of\-trumps\-local\-cronyism\-is\-playing\-out\-in\-beverly\-hills/ \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507180811/https://www.revealnews.org/article/the\-ultimate\-test\-of\-trumps\-local\-cronyism\-is\-playing\-out\-in\-beverly\-hills/ \|archive\-date\=2019\-05\-07 \|access\-date\=2019\-05\-07 \|website\=Reveal \|language\=en}} The so\-called [D Line Extension](/wiki/D_Line_Extension "D Line Extension") would build out the subway through Beverly Hills at an estimated cost of $2\.5 billion, adding 7 new subway stations.{{Cite web \|date\=2018\-10\-12 \|title\=Dozens Of Beverly Hills High Students Rally Against Metro Extension \|url\=https://losangeles.cbslocal.com/2018/10/12/beverly\-hills\-high\-students\-rally\-against\-metro\-extension/ \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507172248/https://losangeles.cbslocal.com/2018/10/12/beverly\-hills\-high\-students\-rally\-against\-metro\-extension/ \|archive\-date\=2019\-05\-07 \|access\-date\=2019\-05\-07 \|language\=en}} Ultimately, the new extension – called the “Subway to the Sea” – would connect downtown’s [Union Station](/wiki/Union_Station_%28Los_Angeles%29 "Union Station (Los Angeles)") to the Pacific Ocean in Santa Monica.{{Cite news \|last\=Nagourney \|first\=Adam \|date\=2010\-11\-25 \|title\=Los Angeles Mass Transit Is Expanding \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/26/us/26transit.html \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507172849/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/26/us/26transit.html \|archive\-date\=2019\-05\-07 \|access\-date\=2019\-05\-07 \|work\=The New York Times \|language\=en\-US \|issn\=0362\-4331}} The next year, Beverly Hills voters elected [Lisa Korbatov](/wiki/Lisa_Korbatov "Lisa Korbatov") to the school board, where she served as president. For 9 years, until she left office in 2018, Korbatov led the school board and Beverly Hills city officials to oppose the expansion of the subway tunnel beneath BHHS, citing worries about explosions, carcinogens from seeping fumes, and even a possible terrorist attack. In October 2018, BHHS students protested against the plans to build the Metro D Line extension beneath the high school. In addition to its 2,200 students, BHHS also serves as the emergency preparedness center for the city of Beverly Hills.{{Cite web \|date\=2010\-10\-29 \|title\=Westside subway could hit the brakes in Beverly Hills \|url\=https://latimesblogs.latimes.com/lanow/2010/10/westside\-subway\-could\-hit\-the\-brakes\-in\-beverly\-hills.html \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507172357/https://latimesblogs.latimes.com/lanow/2010/10/westside\-subway\-could\-hit\-the\-brakes\-in\-beverly\-hills.html \|archive\-date\=2019\-05\-07 \|access\-date\=2019\-05\-07 \|website\=Los Angeles Times Blogs \- L.A. NOW \|language\=en\-US}} The city of Beverly Hills also sued the subway project in court in an effort to prevent it from building a tunnel underneath BHHS. The high school is built over an oil field (which is still active) and is located near an earthquake fault, so the city and school contended that the tunnel would pose a safety threat to students.{{Cite news \|last\=Nagourney \|first\=Adam \|date\=2012\-07\-15 \|title\=Subway Line Under Beverly Hills High Faces Roadblock \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/16/us/subway\-line\-under\-beverly\-hills\-high\-faces\-roadblock.html \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507172710/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/16/us/subway\-line\-under\-beverly\-hills\-high\-faces\-roadblock.html \|archive\-date\=2019\-05\-07 \|access\-date\=2019\-05\-07 \|work\=The New York Times \|language\=en\-US \|issn\=0362\-4331}} Despite over $15 million expended on the litigation, much of it funded from school improvement bonds, the use of which was questioned by a citizen's oversight committee,{{Cite news \|date\=2019\-07\-29 \|title\=Beverly Hills oversight committee questions use of $15M in bond money to fight Metro's subway to the Westside \|url\=https://la.curbed.com/2019/7/29/8932166/beverly\-hills\-purple\-line\-lawsuits\-cost \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017083323/https://la.curbed.com/2019/7/29/8932166/beverly\-hills\-purple\-line\-lawsuits\-cost \|archive\-date\=2020\-10\-17 \|access\-date\=2020\-10\-12 \|work\=Curbed Los Angeles}}{{cite news \|date\=2019\-08\-07 \|title\=BHUSD's Citizen's Oversight Committee Voices Concern over Legal Fees \|url\=http://bhweekly.com/issues/pdf/2019\_1035\.pdf \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102133046/https://bhweekly.com/issues/pdf/2019\_1035\.pdf \|archive\-date\=2021\-11\-02 \|access\-date\=2020\-10\-12 \|work\=Beverly Hills Weekly}} the District was ultimately unsuccessful and on May 18, 2020, Judge George H. Wu ruled in favor of the Metro that it had satisfied the requirements of the National Environmental Policy Act in documenting its choice of route.{{Cite news \|date\=2020\-05\-19 \|title\=Court Sides With Metro on Beverly Hills Subway Lawsuit, Again \|url\=https://la.streetsblog.org/2020/05/18/court\-sides\-with\-metro\-on\-beverly\-hills\-subway\-lawsuit\-again/ \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201016032518/https://la.streetsblog.org/2020/05/18/court\-sides\-with\-metro\-on\-beverly\-hills\-subway\-lawsuit\-again/ \|archive\-date\=2020\-10\-16 \|access\-date\=2020\-10\-12 \|work\=StreetsBlog LA}} ### Oil wells A cluster of nineteen oil wells in a single "drilling island" on Beverly's campus can easily be seen by drivers heading west on [Olympic Boulevard](/wiki/Olympic_Boulevard_%28Los_Angeles%29 "Olympic Boulevard (Los Angeles)") toward [Century City](/wiki/Century_City "Century City"). The oil wells have pumped much of the oil from under Beverly's campus, and many have been [slant drilling](/wiki/Slant_drilling "Slant drilling") into productive regions of the western part of the [Beverly Hills Oil Field](/wiki/Beverly_Hills_Oil_Field "Beverly Hills Oil Field") under many homes and apartment buildings in Beverly Hills for decades.[West Beverly Hills Field query](http://opi.consrv.ca.gov/opi/opi.dll/WellList?UsrP_ID=100124496&SortFields=WMtr_LeaseName&NewSortFields=WMtr_WellStatus&StartRow=1&FormStack=Main%2CField%2CWellList&PriorState=Fld__Code%3D054) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721033651/http://opi.consrv.ca.gov/opi/opi.dll/WellList?UsrP\_ID\=100124496\&SortFields\=WMtr\_LeaseName\&NewSortFields\=WMtr\_WellStatus\&StartRow\=1\&FormStack\=Main,Field,WellList\&PriorState\=Fld\_\_Code\=054\|date\=2011\-07\-21}}: 15 active oil wells, in the O.S. and "High School" leases, as well as four waterflood wells, are in the cluster at Olympic Blvd. and Heath Ave. As of May 2006, the Beverly Hills High School wells were pumping out {{convert\|400\|oilbbl\|m3}} to {{convert\|500\|oilbbl\|m3}} a day, earning the school approximately $300,000 a year in royalties.{{cite news \|last\=Rutherford \|first\=Jessica \|date\=2006\-05\-10 \|title\=Black Gold at Beverly Hills High \|url\=https://abcnews.go.com/US/story?id\=1942646 \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301215722/https://abcnews.go.com/US/story?id\=1942646 \|archive\-date\=2022\-03\-01 \|access\-date\=March 1, 2022 \|work\=ABC News \|quote\=The location at Beverly Hills High School is one of those still in production, pumping out 400 to 500 barrels each day.}} In the late\-1990s an art studio run by two Beverly High graduates volunteered to cover the well enclosure, which at that time was solid gray in color, with individual tiles that had been painted by kids with cancer.{{Cite web \|title\=Archived copy \|url\=http://www.portraitsofhope.org/news/tower\_of\_hope/tower\_hope37\.pdf \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130904011621/http://www.portraitsofhope.org/news/tower\_of\_hope/tower\_hope37\.pdf \|archive\-date\=2013\-09\-04 \|access\-date\=2012\-04\-20}} The studio created the design and drew the lines on the tiles, but children painted the tiles in between the lines. The studio made the design rather abstract: the design consists of random shapes on different\-colored backgrounds. A ceremony inaugurating the design was held in 2001\. Beverly gained more notoriety when [Erin Brockovich](/wiki/Erin_Brockovich "Erin Brockovich") and [Ed Masry](/wiki/Ed_Masry "Ed Masry") announced having filed three lawsuits in 2003 and 2004 on behalf of 25, 400, and 300 (respectively) former students who attended Beverly from the 1970s until the 1990s. In April 2003, the Texas\-based lawfirm of [Baron \& Budd](/wiki/Baron_%26_Budd "Baron & Budd") partnered with the law office of Masry \& Vititoe to lend its expertise in lawsuits related to health risks of volatile chemicals.{{cite web \|title\=bhhs\+lawsuit\+3\.jpg (image) \|url\=http://1\.bp.blogspot.com/\_AbslM0KC0tk/STxKvKFmoEI/AAAAAAAAAGQ/5svi4380hqA/s1600\-h/bhhs\+lawsuit\+3\.jpg \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004205613/http://1\.bp.blogspot.com/\_AbslM0KC0tk/STxKvKFmoEI/AAAAAAAAAGQ/5svi4380hqA/s1600\-h/bhhs\+lawsuit\+3\.jpg \|archive\-date\=2011\-10\-04 \|access\-date\=2012\-06\-12 \|publisher\=1\.bp.blogspot.com}} The number of actual cancer claims filed in Santa Monica was ninety\-four.{{cite web \|title\=Players \|url\=http://www.cjr.org/issues/2004/2/umansky\-muck.asp \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20040321121814/http://www.cjr.org/issues/2004/2/umansky\-muck.asp \|archive\-date\=21 March 2004 \|access\-date\=11 January 2022 \|website\=cjr.org}} The lawsuits claimed that toxic fumes from the oil wells caused the former students{{cite web \|title\=The Jewish Journal Of Greater Los Angeles \|url\=http://www.jewishjournal.com/home/preview.php?id\=10745 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20030919173454/http://www.jewishjournal.com/home/preview.php?id\=10745 \|archive\-date\=2003\-09\-19}} to develop [cancer](/wiki/Cancer "Cancer"). The oil wells are very close to all of Beverly's sports facilities, including the soccer field, the football field, and the racetrack. Beverly students—not just athletes but students taking required physical education classes from the 1970s until the 1990s—were required to run near the oil wells. The city, the school district, and the oil companies named as defendants disputed this assertion, claiming that they had conducted air quality tests with results showing that air quality is normal at the high school.{{cite news \|date\=April 29, 2003 \|title\=Brockovich Zeroes In On Beverly Hills \|url\=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/brockovich\-zeroes\-in\-on\-beverly\-hills/ \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017165241/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2003/04/29/national/main551421\.shtml \|archive\-date\=October 17, 2012 \|access\-date\=April 16, 2020 \|work\=CBS News}} In 2003, the University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine published a "Community Cancer Assessment Regarding Beverly Hills, California" which failed to support Masry's claims.{{cite web \|title\=Archived copy \|url\=http://www.usc.edu/schools/medicine/departments/preventive\_medicine/divisions/epidemiology/research/csp/assets/pdf/BHHSreportfinal3\.pdf \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511143036/http://www.usc.edu/schools/medicine/departments/preventive\_medicine/divisions/epidemiology/research/csp/assets/pdf/BHHSreportfinal3\.pdf \|archive\-date\=2008\-05\-11 \|access\-date\=2008\-01\-25}} After receiving complaints about Beverly's oil installation, the region's air\-quality agency investigated [Venoco](/wiki/Venoco "Venoco") and in 2003 issued three Notices of Violation regarding the operation of the drilling island. The penalty settlement included requirements that Venoco maintain continuous air quality monitoring at the high school, and prevent any oilfield gas (which is primarily methane gas) from being released into the atmosphere.{{cite news \|last\=Horowitz \|first\=Joy \|date\=March 12, 2004 \|title\=Finally, a Chance to Clear the Air at Beverly Hills High \|url\=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\-xpm\-2004\-mar\-12\-oe\-horowitz12\-story.html \|url\-access\=subscription \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190810120455/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\-xpm\-2004\-mar\-12\-oe\-horowitz12\-story.html \|archive\-date\=August 10, 2019 \|access\-date\=August 10, 2019 \|work\=\[\[Los Angeles Times]]}}{{cite news \|last\=Groves \|first\=Martha \|date\=October 21, 2003 \|title\=Beverly Hills Oil Rig Operator to Pay Fine \|url\=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\-xpm\-2003\-oct\-21\-me\-bevhills21\-story.html \|url\-access\=subscription \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190810120455/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\-xpm\-2003\-oct\-21\-me\-bevhills21\-story.html \|archive\-date\=August 10, 2019 \|access\-date\= \|work\=\[\[Los Angeles Times]]}} On December 12, 2006, the first 12 plaintiffs (of over 1000 total) were dismissed on [summary judgment](/wiki/Summary_judgment "Summary judgment") because there was no indication that the contaminant (benzene) caused the diseases involved and the concentrations were hundreds to thousands of times lower than levels associated with any risk.{{cite web \|title\= \|url\=http://www.cjac.org/publications/news/files/SUMMARY%20JUDGMENT%20ORDER%20\-%202006\-12\-12\.pdf \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927045456/http://www.cjac.org/publications/news/files/SUMMARY%20JUDGMENT%20ORDER%20\-%202006\-12\-12\.pdf \|archive\-date\=September 27, 2007 \|website\=cjac.org}} In the fall of 2007, the plaintiffs agreed to pay the School District and the City up to $450,000 for expenses from the lawsuits.<http://www.bhusd.org/ourpages/auto/2007/10/8/1191872207118/Oil%20Well%20Litigation%20Pr%20Release%20FINAL.pdf> {{dead link\|date\=June 2012}} This payment of expenses is without prejudice to any of the plaintiffs in the case, which is on appeal. In June 2004 *Beverly Hills Courier* Editor Norma Zager was named "Journalist of the Year" in the Los Angeles Press Club's Southern California Journalism Awards competition for her coverage of the Erin Brockovich\-Ed Masry lawsuit.{{cite web \|title\=CJAC \- Civil Justice Association of California \|url\=http://www.cjac.org/publications/news/detail.cfm?HeadlineID\=1090 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070608044842/http://www.cjac.org/publications/news/detail.cfm?HeadlineID\=1090 \|archive\-date\=June 8, 2007 \|website\=cjac.org}} Two books about the oil wells and lawsuit have been published, *Parts Per Million: The Poisoning of Beverly Hills High School* by Joy Horowitz was published in July 2007 and *Erin Brockovich and the Beverly Hills: Greenscam* by Norma Zager was published in October 2010\. In 2017, Venoco filed bankruptcy and was liquidated. By January 2021 the oil wells were plugged and capped, and the derricks had been demolished.{{cite web \|title\=Oil Well Plugging Project Map and Details \|url\=https://www.bhusd.org/apps/pages/index.jsp?uREC\_ID\=41863\&type\=d\&pREC\_ID\=1382619 \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705035315/https://www.bhusd.org/apps/pages/index.jsp?uREC\_ID\=41863\&type\=d\&pREC\_ID\=1382619 \|archive\-date\=5 July 2022 \|access\-date\=13 June 2022 \|publisher\=Beverly Hills Unified School District}}{{cite web \|title\=B1/B2 Modernization nears completion as construction persists on BHHS campus \|url\=https://beverlyhighlights.com/2021/01/29/b1\-b2\-modernization\-nears\-completion\-as\-construction\-persists\-on\-bhhs\-campus/ \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524025801/https://beverlyhighlights.com/2021/01/29/b1\-b2\-modernization\-nears\-completion\-as\-construction\-persists\-on\-bhhs\-campus/ \|archive\-date\=24 May 2022 \|access\-date\=13 June 2022 \|website\=Highlights \|publisher\=Beverly Hills High School}}
[ "Controversies\n-------------", "### Enrollment controversies", "The Beverly Hills Unified School District has faced controversies in student enrollment, mainly regarding diversity, and more recently, legacy enrollment (alumni preference).{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.latimes.com/news/local/la\\-me\\-legacy16\\-2009may16,0,474770\\.story\\|title\\=Legacy enrollments offered in two top L.A.\\-area schools districts\\|first\\=Seema\\|last\\=Mehta\\|date\\=16 May 2009\\|access\\-date\\=23 March 2018\\|via\\=Los Angeles Times\\|archive\\-date\\=19 May 2009\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090519114725/http://www.latimes.com/news/local/la\\-me\\-legacy16\\-2009may16,0,474770\\.story\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "For many years Beverly has selected high\\-achieving students from twelve [LAUSD](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Unified_School_District \"Los Angeles Unified School District\") middle schools on diversity permits in an attempt to increase the number of minorities enrolled. Selections have been made based on test scores, grades and writing samples. According to enrollment data for the 2006–2007 school year, however, seven out of ten students who entered the school this way were of Asian ethnicity. In April 2007, due to pressure from parents and activist [Earl Ofari Hutchinson](/wiki/Earl_Ofari_Hutchinson \"Earl Ofari Hutchinson\"), who criticized the school for not recruiting more African\\-American and Latino students, Superintendent Kari McVeigh agreed to extend the application deadline until April 27, as reported in the *[Los Angeles Times](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times \"Los Angeles Times\")* and *[The Beverly Hills Courier](/wiki/The_Beverly_Hills_Courier \"The Beverly Hills Courier\")*, hoping that more students from these minority groups would seek to enroll. According to the *Beverly Hills Courier* (May 25, 2007\\), \"civil rights leaders hailed the final student selections\" as \"an honest effort to obtain ethnic diversity.\"{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.latimes.com/news/education/la\\-me\\-bevhills13apr13,1,5857081\\.story?coll\\=la\\-news\\-learning\\|title\\=Beverly Hills addresses diversity issue\\|first\\=Joel\\|last\\=Rubin\\|date\\=13 April 2007\\|access\\-date\\=23 March 2018\\|via\\=Los Angeles Times\\|archive\\-date\\=24 September 2023\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230924224045/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\\-xpm\\-2007\\-apr\\-13\\-me\\-bevhills13\\-story.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}}[Beverly Hills Courier article – page 4](http://www.thebeverlyhillscourier.com/editions/files/05-04%20Issue.pdf) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928061130/http://www.thebeverlyhillscourier.com/editions/files/05\\-04%20Issue.pdf \\|date\\=2007\\-09\\-28 }}", "The school board voted 3–2 in the spring of 2008 to offer the children of alumni, who live outside the district's boundaries, preference in enrollment. The intended purpose is to influence these alumni to support the school district regarding bond measure or tax issues and fund\\-raising. Critics protest that, while [legacy preferences](/wiki/Legacy_preferences \"Legacy preferences\") are long established and [constitutional](/wiki/Constitution \"Constitution\") for institutions of [higher education](/wiki/Higher_education \"Higher education\") ([colleges](/wiki/College \"College\") and [universities](/wiki/University \"University\")), legacy enrollment in public schools is anti\\-democratic and constitutionally questionable, and subverts [public education](/wiki/Public_education \"Public education\") to the benefit of the wealthy.", "In 2012, the school board voted not to issue new inter\\-district permits for the upcoming school year, which effectively shut out students who could apply for special permission to attend BHHS.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://latimesblogs.latimes.com/lanow/2012/04/beverly\\-hills\\-school\\-district\\-renews\\-move\\-to\\-end\\-permits\\-for\\-nonresident\\-students.html\\|title\\=Beverly Hills school district renews move to end permits for nonresident students\\|date\\=25 April 2012\\|access\\-date\\=3 August 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=5 October 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201005022141/https://latimesblogs.latimes.com/lanow/2012/04/beverly\\-hills\\-school\\-district\\-renews\\-move\\-to\\-end\\-permits\\-for\\-nonresident\\-students.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "### Subway tunnel underneath school", "In 2008, voters approved a half\\-cent increase in the sales tax in order to expand the [L.A. subway system](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Metro_Rail \"Los Angeles Metro Rail\").{{Cite web \\|date\\=2019\\-01\\-09 \\|title\\=The ultimate test of Trump's local cronyism is playing out in Beverly Hills \\|url\\=https://www.revealnews.org/article/the\\-ultimate\\-test\\-of\\-trumps\\-local\\-cronyism\\-is\\-playing\\-out\\-in\\-beverly\\-hills/ \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507180811/https://www.revealnews.org/article/the\\-ultimate\\-test\\-of\\-trumps\\-local\\-cronyism\\-is\\-playing\\-out\\-in\\-beverly\\-hills/ \\|archive\\-date\\=2019\\-05\\-07 \\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-05\\-07 \\|website\\=Reveal \\|language\\=en}} The so\\-called [D Line Extension](/wiki/D_Line_Extension \"D Line Extension\") would build out the subway through Beverly Hills at an estimated cost of $2\\.5 billion, adding 7 new subway stations.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2018\\-10\\-12 \\|title\\=Dozens Of Beverly Hills High Students Rally Against Metro Extension \\|url\\=https://losangeles.cbslocal.com/2018/10/12/beverly\\-hills\\-high\\-students\\-rally\\-against\\-metro\\-extension/ \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507172248/https://losangeles.cbslocal.com/2018/10/12/beverly\\-hills\\-high\\-students\\-rally\\-against\\-metro\\-extension/ \\|archive\\-date\\=2019\\-05\\-07 \\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-05\\-07 \\|language\\=en}} Ultimately, the new extension – called the “Subway to the Sea” – would connect downtown’s [Union Station](/wiki/Union_Station_%28Los_Angeles%29 \"Union Station (Los Angeles)\") to the Pacific Ocean in Santa Monica.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Nagourney \\|first\\=Adam \\|date\\=2010\\-11\\-25 \\|title\\=Los Angeles Mass Transit Is Expanding \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/26/us/26transit.html \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507172849/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/26/us/26transit.html \\|archive\\-date\\=2019\\-05\\-07 \\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-05\\-07 \\|work\\=The New York Times \\|language\\=en\\-US \\|issn\\=0362\\-4331}}", "The next year, Beverly Hills voters elected [Lisa Korbatov](/wiki/Lisa_Korbatov \"Lisa Korbatov\") to the school board, where she served as president. For 9 years, until she left office in 2018, Korbatov led the school board and Beverly Hills city officials to oppose the expansion of the subway tunnel beneath BHHS, citing worries about explosions, carcinogens from seeping fumes, and even a possible terrorist attack.", "In October 2018, BHHS students protested against the plans to build the Metro D Line extension beneath the high school. In addition to its 2,200 students, BHHS also serves as the emergency preparedness center for the city of Beverly Hills.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2010\\-10\\-29 \\|title\\=Westside subway could hit the brakes in Beverly Hills \\|url\\=https://latimesblogs.latimes.com/lanow/2010/10/westside\\-subway\\-could\\-hit\\-the\\-brakes\\-in\\-beverly\\-hills.html \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507172357/https://latimesblogs.latimes.com/lanow/2010/10/westside\\-subway\\-could\\-hit\\-the\\-brakes\\-in\\-beverly\\-hills.html \\|archive\\-date\\=2019\\-05\\-07 \\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-05\\-07 \\|website\\=Los Angeles Times Blogs \\- L.A. NOW \\|language\\=en\\-US}} The city of Beverly Hills also sued the subway project in court in an effort to prevent it from building a tunnel underneath BHHS. The high school is built over an oil field (which is still active) and is located near an earthquake fault, so the city and school contended that the tunnel would pose a safety threat to students.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Nagourney \\|first\\=Adam \\|date\\=2012\\-07\\-15 \\|title\\=Subway Line Under Beverly Hills High Faces Roadblock \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/16/us/subway\\-line\\-under\\-beverly\\-hills\\-high\\-faces\\-roadblock.html \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507172710/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/16/us/subway\\-line\\-under\\-beverly\\-hills\\-high\\-faces\\-roadblock.html \\|archive\\-date\\=2019\\-05\\-07 \\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-05\\-07 \\|work\\=The New York Times \\|language\\=en\\-US \\|issn\\=0362\\-4331}}", "Despite over $15 million expended on the litigation, much of it funded from school improvement bonds, the use of which was questioned by a citizen's oversight committee,{{Cite news \\|date\\=2019\\-07\\-29 \\|title\\=Beverly Hills oversight committee questions use of $15M in bond money to fight Metro's subway to the Westside \\|url\\=https://la.curbed.com/2019/7/29/8932166/beverly\\-hills\\-purple\\-line\\-lawsuits\\-cost \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017083323/https://la.curbed.com/2019/7/29/8932166/beverly\\-hills\\-purple\\-line\\-lawsuits\\-cost \\|archive\\-date\\=2020\\-10\\-17 \\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-10\\-12 \\|work\\=Curbed Los Angeles}}{{cite news \\|date\\=2019\\-08\\-07 \\|title\\=BHUSD's Citizen's Oversight Committee Voices Concern over Legal Fees \\|url\\=http://bhweekly.com/issues/pdf/2019\\_1035\\.pdf \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102133046/https://bhweekly.com/issues/pdf/2019\\_1035\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=2021\\-11\\-02 \\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-10\\-12 \\|work\\=Beverly Hills Weekly}} the District was ultimately unsuccessful and on May 18, 2020, Judge George H. Wu ruled in favor of the Metro that it had satisfied the requirements of the National Environmental Policy Act in documenting its choice of route.{{Cite news \\|date\\=2020\\-05\\-19 \\|title\\=Court Sides With Metro on Beverly Hills Subway Lawsuit, Again \\|url\\=https://la.streetsblog.org/2020/05/18/court\\-sides\\-with\\-metro\\-on\\-beverly\\-hills\\-subway\\-lawsuit\\-again/ \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201016032518/https://la.streetsblog.org/2020/05/18/court\\-sides\\-with\\-metro\\-on\\-beverly\\-hills\\-subway\\-lawsuit\\-again/ \\|archive\\-date\\=2020\\-10\\-16 \\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-10\\-12 \\|work\\=StreetsBlog LA}}", "### Oil wells", "A cluster of nineteen oil wells in a single \"drilling island\" on Beverly's campus can easily be seen by drivers heading west on [Olympic Boulevard](/wiki/Olympic_Boulevard_%28Los_Angeles%29 \"Olympic Boulevard (Los Angeles)\") toward [Century City](/wiki/Century_City \"Century City\"). The oil wells have pumped much of the oil from under Beverly's campus, and many have been [slant drilling](/wiki/Slant_drilling \"Slant drilling\") into productive regions of the western part of the [Beverly Hills Oil Field](/wiki/Beverly_Hills_Oil_Field \"Beverly Hills Oil Field\") under many homes and apartment buildings in Beverly Hills for decades.[West Beverly Hills Field query](http://opi.consrv.ca.gov/opi/opi.dll/WellList?UsrP_ID=100124496&SortFields=WMtr_LeaseName&NewSortFields=WMtr_WellStatus&StartRow=1&FormStack=Main%2CField%2CWellList&PriorState=Fld__Code%3D054) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721033651/http://opi.consrv.ca.gov/opi/opi.dll/WellList?UsrP\\_ID\\=100124496\\&SortFields\\=WMtr\\_LeaseName\\&NewSortFields\\=WMtr\\_WellStatus\\&StartRow\\=1\\&FormStack\\=Main,Field,WellList\\&PriorState\\=Fld\\_\\_Code\\=054\\|date\\=2011\\-07\\-21}}: 15 active oil wells, in the O.S. and \"High School\" leases, as well as four waterflood wells, are in the cluster at Olympic Blvd. and Heath Ave.", "As of May 2006, the Beverly Hills High School wells were pumping out {{convert\\|400\\|oilbbl\\|m3}} to {{convert\\|500\\|oilbbl\\|m3}} a day, earning the school approximately $300,000 a year in royalties.{{cite news \\|last\\=Rutherford \\|first\\=Jessica \\|date\\=2006\\-05\\-10 \\|title\\=Black Gold at Beverly Hills High \\|url\\=https://abcnews.go.com/US/story?id\\=1942646 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301215722/https://abcnews.go.com/US/story?id\\=1942646 \\|archive\\-date\\=2022\\-03\\-01 \\|access\\-date\\=March 1, 2022 \\|work\\=ABC News \\|quote\\=The location at Beverly Hills High School is one of those still in production, pumping out 400 to 500 barrels each day.}}", "In the late\\-1990s an art studio run by two Beverly High graduates volunteered to cover the well enclosure, which at that time was solid gray in color, with individual tiles that had been painted by kids with cancer.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Archived copy \\|url\\=http://www.portraitsofhope.org/news/tower\\_of\\_hope/tower\\_hope37\\.pdf \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130904011621/http://www.portraitsofhope.org/news/tower\\_of\\_hope/tower\\_hope37\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=2013\\-09\\-04 \\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-04\\-20}} The studio created the design and drew the lines on the tiles, but children painted the tiles in between the lines. The studio made the design rather abstract: the design consists of random shapes on different\\-colored backgrounds. A ceremony inaugurating the design was held in 2001\\.", "Beverly gained more notoriety when [Erin Brockovich](/wiki/Erin_Brockovich \"Erin Brockovich\") and [Ed Masry](/wiki/Ed_Masry \"Ed Masry\") announced having filed three lawsuits in 2003 and 2004 on behalf of 25, 400, and 300 (respectively) former students who attended Beverly from the 1970s until the 1990s. In April 2003, the Texas\\-based lawfirm of [Baron \\& Budd](/wiki/Baron_%26_Budd \"Baron & Budd\") partnered with the law office of Masry \\& Vititoe to lend its expertise in lawsuits related to health risks of volatile chemicals.{{cite web \\|title\\=bhhs\\+lawsuit\\+3\\.jpg (image) \\|url\\=http://1\\.bp.blogspot.com/\\_AbslM0KC0tk/STxKvKFmoEI/AAAAAAAAAGQ/5svi4380hqA/s1600\\-h/bhhs\\+lawsuit\\+3\\.jpg \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004205613/http://1\\.bp.blogspot.com/\\_AbslM0KC0tk/STxKvKFmoEI/AAAAAAAAAGQ/5svi4380hqA/s1600\\-h/bhhs\\+lawsuit\\+3\\.jpg \\|archive\\-date\\=2011\\-10\\-04 \\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-06\\-12 \\|publisher\\=1\\.bp.blogspot.com}} The number of actual cancer claims filed in Santa Monica was ninety\\-four.{{cite web \\|title\\=Players \\|url\\=http://www.cjr.org/issues/2004/2/umansky\\-muck.asp \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20040321121814/http://www.cjr.org/issues/2004/2/umansky\\-muck.asp \\|archive\\-date\\=21 March 2004 \\|access\\-date\\=11 January 2022 \\|website\\=cjr.org}}", "The lawsuits claimed that toxic fumes from the oil wells caused the former students{{cite web \\|title\\=The Jewish Journal Of Greater Los Angeles \\|url\\=http://www.jewishjournal.com/home/preview.php?id\\=10745 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20030919173454/http://www.jewishjournal.com/home/preview.php?id\\=10745 \\|archive\\-date\\=2003\\-09\\-19}} to develop [cancer](/wiki/Cancer \"Cancer\"). The oil wells are very close to all of Beverly's sports facilities, including the soccer field, the football field, and the racetrack. Beverly students—not just athletes but students taking required physical education classes from the 1970s until the 1990s—were required to run near the oil wells.", "The city, the school district, and the oil companies named as defendants disputed this assertion, claiming that they had conducted air quality tests with results showing that air quality is normal at the high school.{{cite news \\|date\\=April 29, 2003 \\|title\\=Brockovich Zeroes In On Beverly Hills \\|url\\=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/brockovich\\-zeroes\\-in\\-on\\-beverly\\-hills/ \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017165241/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2003/04/29/national/main551421\\.shtml \\|archive\\-date\\=October 17, 2012 \\|access\\-date\\=April 16, 2020 \\|work\\=CBS News}} In 2003, the University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine published a \"Community Cancer Assessment Regarding Beverly Hills, California\" which failed to support Masry's claims.{{cite web \\|title\\=Archived copy \\|url\\=http://www.usc.edu/schools/medicine/departments/preventive\\_medicine/divisions/epidemiology/research/csp/assets/pdf/BHHSreportfinal3\\.pdf \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511143036/http://www.usc.edu/schools/medicine/departments/preventive\\_medicine/divisions/epidemiology/research/csp/assets/pdf/BHHSreportfinal3\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=2008\\-05\\-11 \\|access\\-date\\=2008\\-01\\-25}}", "After receiving complaints about Beverly's oil installation, the region's air\\-quality agency investigated [Venoco](/wiki/Venoco \"Venoco\") and in 2003 issued three Notices of Violation regarding the operation of the drilling island. The penalty settlement included requirements that Venoco maintain continuous air quality monitoring at the high school, and prevent any oilfield gas (which is primarily methane gas) from being released into the atmosphere.{{cite news \\|last\\=Horowitz \\|first\\=Joy \\|date\\=March 12, 2004 \\|title\\=Finally, a Chance to Clear the Air at Beverly Hills High \\|url\\=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\\-xpm\\-2004\\-mar\\-12\\-oe\\-horowitz12\\-story.html \\|url\\-access\\=subscription \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190810120455/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\\-xpm\\-2004\\-mar\\-12\\-oe\\-horowitz12\\-story.html \\|archive\\-date\\=August 10, 2019 \\|access\\-date\\=August 10, 2019 \\|work\\=\\[\\[Los Angeles Times]]}}{{cite news \\|last\\=Groves \\|first\\=Martha \\|date\\=October 21, 2003 \\|title\\=Beverly Hills Oil Rig Operator to Pay Fine \\|url\\=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\\-xpm\\-2003\\-oct\\-21\\-me\\-bevhills21\\-story.html \\|url\\-access\\=subscription \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190810120455/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\\-xpm\\-2003\\-oct\\-21\\-me\\-bevhills21\\-story.html \\|archive\\-date\\=August 10, 2019 \\|access\\-date\\= \\|work\\=\\[\\[Los Angeles Times]]}}", "On December 12, 2006, the first 12 plaintiffs (of over 1000 total) were dismissed on [summary judgment](/wiki/Summary_judgment \"Summary judgment\") because there was no indication that the contaminant (benzene) caused the diseases involved and the concentrations were hundreds to thousands of times lower than levels associated with any risk.{{cite web \\|title\\= \\|url\\=http://www.cjac.org/publications/news/files/SUMMARY%20JUDGMENT%20ORDER%20\\-%202006\\-12\\-12\\.pdf \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927045456/http://www.cjac.org/publications/news/files/SUMMARY%20JUDGMENT%20ORDER%20\\-%202006\\-12\\-12\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=September 27, 2007 \\|website\\=cjac.org}} In the fall of 2007, the plaintiffs agreed to pay the School District and the City up to $450,000 for expenses from the lawsuits.<http://www.bhusd.org/ourpages/auto/2007/10/8/1191872207118/Oil%20Well%20Litigation%20Pr%20Release%20FINAL.pdf> {{dead link\\|date\\=June 2012}} This payment of expenses is without prejudice to any of the plaintiffs in the case, which is on appeal.", "In June 2004 *Beverly Hills Courier* Editor Norma Zager was named \"Journalist of the Year\" in the Los Angeles Press Club's Southern California Journalism Awards competition for her coverage of the Erin Brockovich\\-Ed Masry lawsuit.{{cite web \\|title\\=CJAC \\- Civil Justice Association of California \\|url\\=http://www.cjac.org/publications/news/detail.cfm?HeadlineID\\=1090 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070608044842/http://www.cjac.org/publications/news/detail.cfm?HeadlineID\\=1090 \\|archive\\-date\\=June 8, 2007 \\|website\\=cjac.org}} Two books about the oil wells and lawsuit have been published, *Parts Per Million: The Poisoning of Beverly Hills High School* by Joy Horowitz was published in July 2007 and *Erin Brockovich and the Beverly Hills: Greenscam* by Norma Zager was published in October 2010\\.", "In 2017, Venoco filed bankruptcy and was liquidated. By January 2021 the oil wells were plugged and capped, and the derricks had been demolished.{{cite web \\|title\\=Oil Well Plugging Project Map and Details \\|url\\=https://www.bhusd.org/apps/pages/index.jsp?uREC\\_ID\\=41863\\&type\\=d\\&pREC\\_ID\\=1382619 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705035315/https://www.bhusd.org/apps/pages/index.jsp?uREC\\_ID\\=41863\\&type\\=d\\&pREC\\_ID\\=1382619 \\|archive\\-date\\=5 July 2022 \\|access\\-date\\=13 June 2022 \\|publisher\\=Beverly Hills Unified School District}}{{cite web \\|title\\=B1/B2 Modernization nears completion as construction persists on BHHS campus \\|url\\=https://beverlyhighlights.com/2021/01/29/b1\\-b2\\-modernization\\-nears\\-completion\\-as\\-construction\\-persists\\-on\\-bhhs\\-campus/ \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524025801/https://beverlyhighlights.com/2021/01/29/b1\\-b2\\-modernization\\-nears\\-completion\\-as\\-construction\\-persists\\-on\\-bhhs\\-campus/ \\|archive\\-date\\=24 May 2022 \\|access\\-date\\=13 June 2022 \\|website\\=Highlights \\|publisher\\=Beverly Hills High School}}", "" ]
### Oil wells A cluster of nineteen oil wells in a single "drilling island" on Beverly's campus can easily be seen by drivers heading west on [Olympic Boulevard](/wiki/Olympic_Boulevard_%28Los_Angeles%29 "Olympic Boulevard (Los Angeles)") toward [Century City](/wiki/Century_City "Century City"). The oil wells have pumped much of the oil from under Beverly's campus, and many have been [slant drilling](/wiki/Slant_drilling "Slant drilling") into productive regions of the western part of the [Beverly Hills Oil Field](/wiki/Beverly_Hills_Oil_Field "Beverly Hills Oil Field") under many homes and apartment buildings in Beverly Hills for decades.[West Beverly Hills Field query](http://opi.consrv.ca.gov/opi/opi.dll/WellList?UsrP_ID=100124496&SortFields=WMtr_LeaseName&NewSortFields=WMtr_WellStatus&StartRow=1&FormStack=Main%2CField%2CWellList&PriorState=Fld__Code%3D054) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721033651/http://opi.consrv.ca.gov/opi/opi.dll/WellList?UsrP\_ID\=100124496\&SortFields\=WMtr\_LeaseName\&NewSortFields\=WMtr\_WellStatus\&StartRow\=1\&FormStack\=Main,Field,WellList\&PriorState\=Fld\_\_Code\=054\|date\=2011\-07\-21}}: 15 active oil wells, in the O.S. and "High School" leases, as well as four waterflood wells, are in the cluster at Olympic Blvd. and Heath Ave. As of May 2006, the Beverly Hills High School wells were pumping out {{convert\|400\|oilbbl\|m3}} to {{convert\|500\|oilbbl\|m3}} a day, earning the school approximately $300,000 a year in royalties.{{cite news \|last\=Rutherford \|first\=Jessica \|date\=2006\-05\-10 \|title\=Black Gold at Beverly Hills High \|url\=https://abcnews.go.com/US/story?id\=1942646 \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301215722/https://abcnews.go.com/US/story?id\=1942646 \|archive\-date\=2022\-03\-01 \|access\-date\=March 1, 2022 \|work\=ABC News \|quote\=The location at Beverly Hills High School is one of those still in production, pumping out 400 to 500 barrels each day.}} In the late\-1990s an art studio run by two Beverly High graduates volunteered to cover the well enclosure, which at that time was solid gray in color, with individual tiles that had been painted by kids with cancer.{{Cite web \|title\=Archived copy \|url\=http://www.portraitsofhope.org/news/tower\_of\_hope/tower\_hope37\.pdf \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130904011621/http://www.portraitsofhope.org/news/tower\_of\_hope/tower\_hope37\.pdf \|archive\-date\=2013\-09\-04 \|access\-date\=2012\-04\-20}} The studio created the design and drew the lines on the tiles, but children painted the tiles in between the lines. The studio made the design rather abstract: the design consists of random shapes on different\-colored backgrounds. A ceremony inaugurating the design was held in 2001\. Beverly gained more notoriety when [Erin Brockovich](/wiki/Erin_Brockovich "Erin Brockovich") and [Ed Masry](/wiki/Ed_Masry "Ed Masry") announced having filed three lawsuits in 2003 and 2004 on behalf of 25, 400, and 300 (respectively) former students who attended Beverly from the 1970s until the 1990s. In April 2003, the Texas\-based lawfirm of [Baron \& Budd](/wiki/Baron_%26_Budd "Baron & Budd") partnered with the law office of Masry \& Vititoe to lend its expertise in lawsuits related to health risks of volatile chemicals.{{cite web \|title\=bhhs\+lawsuit\+3\.jpg (image) \|url\=http://1\.bp.blogspot.com/\_AbslM0KC0tk/STxKvKFmoEI/AAAAAAAAAGQ/5svi4380hqA/s1600\-h/bhhs\+lawsuit\+3\.jpg \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004205613/http://1\.bp.blogspot.com/\_AbslM0KC0tk/STxKvKFmoEI/AAAAAAAAAGQ/5svi4380hqA/s1600\-h/bhhs\+lawsuit\+3\.jpg \|archive\-date\=2011\-10\-04 \|access\-date\=2012\-06\-12 \|publisher\=1\.bp.blogspot.com}} The number of actual cancer claims filed in Santa Monica was ninety\-four.{{cite web \|title\=Players \|url\=http://www.cjr.org/issues/2004/2/umansky\-muck.asp \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20040321121814/http://www.cjr.org/issues/2004/2/umansky\-muck.asp \|archive\-date\=21 March 2004 \|access\-date\=11 January 2022 \|website\=cjr.org}} The lawsuits claimed that toxic fumes from the oil wells caused the former students{{cite web \|title\=The Jewish Journal Of Greater Los Angeles \|url\=http://www.jewishjournal.com/home/preview.php?id\=10745 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20030919173454/http://www.jewishjournal.com/home/preview.php?id\=10745 \|archive\-date\=2003\-09\-19}} to develop [cancer](/wiki/Cancer "Cancer"). The oil wells are very close to all of Beverly's sports facilities, including the soccer field, the football field, and the racetrack. Beverly students—not just athletes but students taking required physical education classes from the 1970s until the 1990s—were required to run near the oil wells. The city, the school district, and the oil companies named as defendants disputed this assertion, claiming that they had conducted air quality tests with results showing that air quality is normal at the high school.{{cite news \|date\=April 29, 2003 \|title\=Brockovich Zeroes In On Beverly Hills \|url\=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/brockovich\-zeroes\-in\-on\-beverly\-hills/ \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017165241/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2003/04/29/national/main551421\.shtml \|archive\-date\=October 17, 2012 \|access\-date\=April 16, 2020 \|work\=CBS News}} In 2003, the University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine published a "Community Cancer Assessment Regarding Beverly Hills, California" which failed to support Masry's claims.{{cite web \|title\=Archived copy \|url\=http://www.usc.edu/schools/medicine/departments/preventive\_medicine/divisions/epidemiology/research/csp/assets/pdf/BHHSreportfinal3\.pdf \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511143036/http://www.usc.edu/schools/medicine/departments/preventive\_medicine/divisions/epidemiology/research/csp/assets/pdf/BHHSreportfinal3\.pdf \|archive\-date\=2008\-05\-11 \|access\-date\=2008\-01\-25}} After receiving complaints about Beverly's oil installation, the region's air\-quality agency investigated [Venoco](/wiki/Venoco "Venoco") and in 2003 issued three Notices of Violation regarding the operation of the drilling island. The penalty settlement included requirements that Venoco maintain continuous air quality monitoring at the high school, and prevent any oilfield gas (which is primarily methane gas) from being released into the atmosphere.{{cite news \|last\=Horowitz \|first\=Joy \|date\=March 12, 2004 \|title\=Finally, a Chance to Clear the Air at Beverly Hills High \|url\=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\-xpm\-2004\-mar\-12\-oe\-horowitz12\-story.html \|url\-access\=subscription \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190810120455/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\-xpm\-2004\-mar\-12\-oe\-horowitz12\-story.html \|archive\-date\=August 10, 2019 \|access\-date\=August 10, 2019 \|work\=\[\[Los Angeles Times]]}}{{cite news \|last\=Groves \|first\=Martha \|date\=October 21, 2003 \|title\=Beverly Hills Oil Rig Operator to Pay Fine \|url\=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\-xpm\-2003\-oct\-21\-me\-bevhills21\-story.html \|url\-access\=subscription \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190810120455/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\-xpm\-2003\-oct\-21\-me\-bevhills21\-story.html \|archive\-date\=August 10, 2019 \|access\-date\= \|work\=\[\[Los Angeles Times]]}} On December 12, 2006, the first 12 plaintiffs (of over 1000 total) were dismissed on [summary judgment](/wiki/Summary_judgment "Summary judgment") because there was no indication that the contaminant (benzene) caused the diseases involved and the concentrations were hundreds to thousands of times lower than levels associated with any risk.{{cite web \|title\= \|url\=http://www.cjac.org/publications/news/files/SUMMARY%20JUDGMENT%20ORDER%20\-%202006\-12\-12\.pdf \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927045456/http://www.cjac.org/publications/news/files/SUMMARY%20JUDGMENT%20ORDER%20\-%202006\-12\-12\.pdf \|archive\-date\=September 27, 2007 \|website\=cjac.org}} In the fall of 2007, the plaintiffs agreed to pay the School District and the City up to $450,000 for expenses from the lawsuits.<http://www.bhusd.org/ourpages/auto/2007/10/8/1191872207118/Oil%20Well%20Litigation%20Pr%20Release%20FINAL.pdf> {{dead link\|date\=June 2012}} This payment of expenses is without prejudice to any of the plaintiffs in the case, which is on appeal. In June 2004 *Beverly Hills Courier* Editor Norma Zager was named "Journalist of the Year" in the Los Angeles Press Club's Southern California Journalism Awards competition for her coverage of the Erin Brockovich\-Ed Masry lawsuit.{{cite web \|title\=CJAC \- Civil Justice Association of California \|url\=http://www.cjac.org/publications/news/detail.cfm?HeadlineID\=1090 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070608044842/http://www.cjac.org/publications/news/detail.cfm?HeadlineID\=1090 \|archive\-date\=June 8, 2007 \|website\=cjac.org}} Two books about the oil wells and lawsuit have been published, *Parts Per Million: The Poisoning of Beverly Hills High School* by Joy Horowitz was published in July 2007 and *Erin Brockovich and the Beverly Hills: Greenscam* by Norma Zager was published in October 2010\. In 2017, Venoco filed bankruptcy and was liquidated. By January 2021 the oil wells were plugged and capped, and the derricks had been demolished.{{cite web \|title\=Oil Well Plugging Project Map and Details \|url\=https://www.bhusd.org/apps/pages/index.jsp?uREC\_ID\=41863\&type\=d\&pREC\_ID\=1382619 \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705035315/https://www.bhusd.org/apps/pages/index.jsp?uREC\_ID\=41863\&type\=d\&pREC\_ID\=1382619 \|archive\-date\=5 July 2022 \|access\-date\=13 June 2022 \|publisher\=Beverly Hills Unified School District}}{{cite web \|title\=B1/B2 Modernization nears completion as construction persists on BHHS campus \|url\=https://beverlyhighlights.com/2021/01/29/b1\-b2\-modernization\-nears\-completion\-as\-construction\-persists\-on\-bhhs\-campus/ \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524025801/https://beverlyhighlights.com/2021/01/29/b1\-b2\-modernization\-nears\-completion\-as\-construction\-persists\-on\-bhhs\-campus/ \|archive\-date\=24 May 2022 \|access\-date\=13 June 2022 \|website\=Highlights \|publisher\=Beverly Hills High School}}
[ "### Oil wells", "A cluster of nineteen oil wells in a single \"drilling island\" on Beverly's campus can easily be seen by drivers heading west on [Olympic Boulevard](/wiki/Olympic_Boulevard_%28Los_Angeles%29 \"Olympic Boulevard (Los Angeles)\") toward [Century City](/wiki/Century_City \"Century City\"). The oil wells have pumped much of the oil from under Beverly's campus, and many have been [slant drilling](/wiki/Slant_drilling \"Slant drilling\") into productive regions of the western part of the [Beverly Hills Oil Field](/wiki/Beverly_Hills_Oil_Field \"Beverly Hills Oil Field\") under many homes and apartment buildings in Beverly Hills for decades.[West Beverly Hills Field query](http://opi.consrv.ca.gov/opi/opi.dll/WellList?UsrP_ID=100124496&SortFields=WMtr_LeaseName&NewSortFields=WMtr_WellStatus&StartRow=1&FormStack=Main%2CField%2CWellList&PriorState=Fld__Code%3D054) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721033651/http://opi.consrv.ca.gov/opi/opi.dll/WellList?UsrP\\_ID\\=100124496\\&SortFields\\=WMtr\\_LeaseName\\&NewSortFields\\=WMtr\\_WellStatus\\&StartRow\\=1\\&FormStack\\=Main,Field,WellList\\&PriorState\\=Fld\\_\\_Code\\=054\\|date\\=2011\\-07\\-21}}: 15 active oil wells, in the O.S. and \"High School\" leases, as well as four waterflood wells, are in the cluster at Olympic Blvd. and Heath Ave.", "As of May 2006, the Beverly Hills High School wells were pumping out {{convert\\|400\\|oilbbl\\|m3}} to {{convert\\|500\\|oilbbl\\|m3}} a day, earning the school approximately $300,000 a year in royalties.{{cite news \\|last\\=Rutherford \\|first\\=Jessica \\|date\\=2006\\-05\\-10 \\|title\\=Black Gold at Beverly Hills High \\|url\\=https://abcnews.go.com/US/story?id\\=1942646 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301215722/https://abcnews.go.com/US/story?id\\=1942646 \\|archive\\-date\\=2022\\-03\\-01 \\|access\\-date\\=March 1, 2022 \\|work\\=ABC News \\|quote\\=The location at Beverly Hills High School is one of those still in production, pumping out 400 to 500 barrels each day.}}", "In the late\\-1990s an art studio run by two Beverly High graduates volunteered to cover the well enclosure, which at that time was solid gray in color, with individual tiles that had been painted by kids with cancer.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Archived copy \\|url\\=http://www.portraitsofhope.org/news/tower\\_of\\_hope/tower\\_hope37\\.pdf \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130904011621/http://www.portraitsofhope.org/news/tower\\_of\\_hope/tower\\_hope37\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=2013\\-09\\-04 \\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-04\\-20}} The studio created the design and drew the lines on the tiles, but children painted the tiles in between the lines. The studio made the design rather abstract: the design consists of random shapes on different\\-colored backgrounds. A ceremony inaugurating the design was held in 2001\\.", "Beverly gained more notoriety when [Erin Brockovich](/wiki/Erin_Brockovich \"Erin Brockovich\") and [Ed Masry](/wiki/Ed_Masry \"Ed Masry\") announced having filed three lawsuits in 2003 and 2004 on behalf of 25, 400, and 300 (respectively) former students who attended Beverly from the 1970s until the 1990s. In April 2003, the Texas\\-based lawfirm of [Baron \\& Budd](/wiki/Baron_%26_Budd \"Baron & Budd\") partnered with the law office of Masry \\& Vititoe to lend its expertise in lawsuits related to health risks of volatile chemicals.{{cite web \\|title\\=bhhs\\+lawsuit\\+3\\.jpg (image) \\|url\\=http://1\\.bp.blogspot.com/\\_AbslM0KC0tk/STxKvKFmoEI/AAAAAAAAAGQ/5svi4380hqA/s1600\\-h/bhhs\\+lawsuit\\+3\\.jpg \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004205613/http://1\\.bp.blogspot.com/\\_AbslM0KC0tk/STxKvKFmoEI/AAAAAAAAAGQ/5svi4380hqA/s1600\\-h/bhhs\\+lawsuit\\+3\\.jpg \\|archive\\-date\\=2011\\-10\\-04 \\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-06\\-12 \\|publisher\\=1\\.bp.blogspot.com}} The number of actual cancer claims filed in Santa Monica was ninety\\-four.{{cite web \\|title\\=Players \\|url\\=http://www.cjr.org/issues/2004/2/umansky\\-muck.asp \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20040321121814/http://www.cjr.org/issues/2004/2/umansky\\-muck.asp \\|archive\\-date\\=21 March 2004 \\|access\\-date\\=11 January 2022 \\|website\\=cjr.org}}", "The lawsuits claimed that toxic fumes from the oil wells caused the former students{{cite web \\|title\\=The Jewish Journal Of Greater Los Angeles \\|url\\=http://www.jewishjournal.com/home/preview.php?id\\=10745 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20030919173454/http://www.jewishjournal.com/home/preview.php?id\\=10745 \\|archive\\-date\\=2003\\-09\\-19}} to develop [cancer](/wiki/Cancer \"Cancer\"). The oil wells are very close to all of Beverly's sports facilities, including the soccer field, the football field, and the racetrack. Beverly students—not just athletes but students taking required physical education classes from the 1970s until the 1990s—were required to run near the oil wells.", "The city, the school district, and the oil companies named as defendants disputed this assertion, claiming that they had conducted air quality tests with results showing that air quality is normal at the high school.{{cite news \\|date\\=April 29, 2003 \\|title\\=Brockovich Zeroes In On Beverly Hills \\|url\\=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/brockovich\\-zeroes\\-in\\-on\\-beverly\\-hills/ \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017165241/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2003/04/29/national/main551421\\.shtml \\|archive\\-date\\=October 17, 2012 \\|access\\-date\\=April 16, 2020 \\|work\\=CBS News}} In 2003, the University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine published a \"Community Cancer Assessment Regarding Beverly Hills, California\" which failed to support Masry's claims.{{cite web \\|title\\=Archived copy \\|url\\=http://www.usc.edu/schools/medicine/departments/preventive\\_medicine/divisions/epidemiology/research/csp/assets/pdf/BHHSreportfinal3\\.pdf \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511143036/http://www.usc.edu/schools/medicine/departments/preventive\\_medicine/divisions/epidemiology/research/csp/assets/pdf/BHHSreportfinal3\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=2008\\-05\\-11 \\|access\\-date\\=2008\\-01\\-25}}", "After receiving complaints about Beverly's oil installation, the region's air\\-quality agency investigated [Venoco](/wiki/Venoco \"Venoco\") and in 2003 issued three Notices of Violation regarding the operation of the drilling island. The penalty settlement included requirements that Venoco maintain continuous air quality monitoring at the high school, and prevent any oilfield gas (which is primarily methane gas) from being released into the atmosphere.{{cite news \\|last\\=Horowitz \\|first\\=Joy \\|date\\=March 12, 2004 \\|title\\=Finally, a Chance to Clear the Air at Beverly Hills High \\|url\\=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\\-xpm\\-2004\\-mar\\-12\\-oe\\-horowitz12\\-story.html \\|url\\-access\\=subscription \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190810120455/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\\-xpm\\-2004\\-mar\\-12\\-oe\\-horowitz12\\-story.html \\|archive\\-date\\=August 10, 2019 \\|access\\-date\\=August 10, 2019 \\|work\\=\\[\\[Los Angeles Times]]}}{{cite news \\|last\\=Groves \\|first\\=Martha \\|date\\=October 21, 2003 \\|title\\=Beverly Hills Oil Rig Operator to Pay Fine \\|url\\=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\\-xpm\\-2003\\-oct\\-21\\-me\\-bevhills21\\-story.html \\|url\\-access\\=subscription \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190810120455/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\\-xpm\\-2003\\-oct\\-21\\-me\\-bevhills21\\-story.html \\|archive\\-date\\=August 10, 2019 \\|access\\-date\\= \\|work\\=\\[\\[Los Angeles Times]]}}", "On December 12, 2006, the first 12 plaintiffs (of over 1000 total) were dismissed on [summary judgment](/wiki/Summary_judgment \"Summary judgment\") because there was no indication that the contaminant (benzene) caused the diseases involved and the concentrations were hundreds to thousands of times lower than levels associated with any risk.{{cite web \\|title\\= \\|url\\=http://www.cjac.org/publications/news/files/SUMMARY%20JUDGMENT%20ORDER%20\\-%202006\\-12\\-12\\.pdf \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927045456/http://www.cjac.org/publications/news/files/SUMMARY%20JUDGMENT%20ORDER%20\\-%202006\\-12\\-12\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=September 27, 2007 \\|website\\=cjac.org}} In the fall of 2007, the plaintiffs agreed to pay the School District and the City up to $450,000 for expenses from the lawsuits.<http://www.bhusd.org/ourpages/auto/2007/10/8/1191872207118/Oil%20Well%20Litigation%20Pr%20Release%20FINAL.pdf> {{dead link\\|date\\=June 2012}} This payment of expenses is without prejudice to any of the plaintiffs in the case, which is on appeal.", "In June 2004 *Beverly Hills Courier* Editor Norma Zager was named \"Journalist of the Year\" in the Los Angeles Press Club's Southern California Journalism Awards competition for her coverage of the Erin Brockovich\\-Ed Masry lawsuit.{{cite web \\|title\\=CJAC \\- Civil Justice Association of California \\|url\\=http://www.cjac.org/publications/news/detail.cfm?HeadlineID\\=1090 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070608044842/http://www.cjac.org/publications/news/detail.cfm?HeadlineID\\=1090 \\|archive\\-date\\=June 8, 2007 \\|website\\=cjac.org}} Two books about the oil wells and lawsuit have been published, *Parts Per Million: The Poisoning of Beverly Hills High School* by Joy Horowitz was published in July 2007 and *Erin Brockovich and the Beverly Hills: Greenscam* by Norma Zager was published in October 2010\\.", "In 2017, Venoco filed bankruptcy and was liquidated. By January 2021 the oil wells were plugged and capped, and the derricks had been demolished.{{cite web \\|title\\=Oil Well Plugging Project Map and Details \\|url\\=https://www.bhusd.org/apps/pages/index.jsp?uREC\\_ID\\=41863\\&type\\=d\\&pREC\\_ID\\=1382619 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705035315/https://www.bhusd.org/apps/pages/index.jsp?uREC\\_ID\\=41863\\&type\\=d\\&pREC\\_ID\\=1382619 \\|archive\\-date\\=5 July 2022 \\|access\\-date\\=13 June 2022 \\|publisher\\=Beverly Hills Unified School District}}{{cite web \\|title\\=B1/B2 Modernization nears completion as construction persists on BHHS campus \\|url\\=https://beverlyhighlights.com/2021/01/29/b1\\-b2\\-modernization\\-nears\\-completion\\-as\\-construction\\-persists\\-on\\-bhhs\\-campus/ \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524025801/https://beverlyhighlights.com/2021/01/29/b1\\-b2\\-modernization\\-nears\\-completion\\-as\\-construction\\-persists\\-on\\-bhhs\\-campus/ \\|archive\\-date\\=24 May 2022 \\|access\\-date\\=13 June 2022 \\|website\\=Highlights \\|publisher\\=Beverly Hills High School}}", "" ]
History ------- [Hinduism](/wiki/Hinduism "Hinduism") has been in [England](/wiki/England "England") since the early 19th century. Occasionally there were Hindu scholars, philosophers, reformers and also visitors from the princely states of [India](/wiki/India "India"). [Raja Ram Mohan Roy](/wiki/Raja_Ram_Mohan_Roy "Raja Ram Mohan Roy") (born in India in 1772\) was founder of a [Hindu reform movement](/wiki/Hindu_reform_movement "Hindu reform movement") in India. He was in England in 1829 to visit his Christian friends. He also had audience with King [William IV](/wiki/William_IV "William IV"). Roy died in [Stapleton, Bristol](/wiki/Stapleton%2C_Bristol "Stapleton, Bristol") four years later. The orientalist and reformer [Sir R.G. Bhandarkar](/wiki/Ramakrishna_Gopal_Bhandarkar "Ramakrishna Gopal Bhandarkar") visited London in 1874\. In 1879 [Aurobindo](/wiki/Aurobindo "Aurobindo") went to England as a boy with his two brothers to study, living in Manchester, London ([St. Paul's School](/wiki/St._Paul%27s_School%2C_London "St. Paul's School, London")) and Cambridge ([King's College](/wiki/King%27s_College%2C_Cambridge "King's College, Cambridge")) where he stayed until 1893\. [Swami Vivekananda](/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda "Swami Vivekananda") visited England in 1895 and 1896, having addressed the [World's Parliament of Religions](/wiki/World%27s_Parliament_of_Religions "World's Parliament of Religions") in Chicago in 1893\.[Romain Rolland](/wiki/Romain_Rolland "Romain Rolland") (1997\), The life of Vivekananda and the Universal Gospel (translated from the original French by E.F. Malcolm\-Smith), page 86, fifteenth impression published by Advaita Ashrama, Calcutta (first published in 1931\). In England Vivekananda's talk on [Hindu philosophy](/wiki/Hindu_philosophy "Hindu philosophy") and particularly on [Vedanta](/wiki/Vedanta "Vedanta") deeply influenced Miss Margaret Elizabeth Noble, who was later known as [Sister Nivedita](/wiki/Sister_Nivedita "Sister Nivedita").Pravrajika Atmaprana (1992\), Sister Nivedita of Ramakrishna\-Vivekananda, page 5, published by Sister Nivedita Girls' School, 5 Nivedita Lane, Calcutta 3 (first published in 1961\). Early Hindus in England were usually students. [Rabindranath Tagore](/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore "Rabindranath Tagore") (later a [Nobel Laureate](/wiki/Nobel_Laureate "Nobel Laureate")) went to England in 1878, returning to India in 1880\. Fifty years later Tagore was at Oxford Sen K. M. (1961\), Hinduism, The World's Oldest Faith, page 109, Penguin Books, London, England delivering [Hibbert Lectures](/wiki/Hibbert_Lectures "Hibbert Lectures") (1930\) on the Religion of Man.Tagore, Rabindranath (1963\), The Religion of Man, Unwin Books, London England (first published in 1931\) [Ramanujan](/wiki/Ramanujan "Ramanujan"), a mathematical genius and an orthodox Hindu, spent almost five years (1914–19\) at [Cambridge University](/wiki/Cambridge_University "Cambridge University"). [Professor Sir Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan](/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan "Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan") was [Spalding Professor of Eastern Religions and Ethics](/wiki/Spalding_Professor_of_Eastern_Religions_and_Ethics "Spalding Professor of Eastern Religions and Ethics") at the [University of Oxford](/wiki/University_of_Oxford "University of Oxford") from 1939 until 1952\. Hinduism had already received widespread attention in the [Victorian era](/wiki/Victorian_era "Victorian era") largely due to the work of the [Theosophical Society](/wiki/Theosophical_Society "Theosophical Society") and emergence of the new field, [Indology](/wiki/Indology "Indology"). In 1878 [Max Muller](/wiki/Max_Muller "Max Muller"), an Indologist, delivered inaugural Hibbert Lectures at Oxford on the Religions of India. In 1929 Dr. Hari Prasad Shastri (1882\-1956\),{{Cite web\|title\=Hari Prasad Shastri: Life and Work\|url\=http://www.worldwisdom.com/public/authors/Hari\-Prasad\-Shastri.aspx\|access\-date\=2020\-08\-27\|website\=www.worldwisdom.com}} who was a highly learned teacher ([Acharya](/wiki/Acharya "Acharya")) of Adhyatma Yoga in India, went to England having taught for many years in Japan at [Imperial](/wiki/Imperial_University_of_Tokyo "Imperial University of Tokyo") and [Waseda](/wiki/Waseda_University "Waseda University") Universities and then in China also as a professor of philosophy. Hari Prasad Shastri founded Shanti Sadan{{Cite web\|title\=Center of Non Duality {{!}} Advaita Vedanta {{!}} London\|url\=https://www.shantisadan.org/\|access\-date\=2020\-08\-27\|website\=Shanti Sadan\|language\=en\-GB}} (temple of inner peace) in London. [Trevor Leggett](/wiki/Trevor_Leggett "Trevor Leggett"), an English [Judo](/wiki/Judo "Judo") teacher, met Shastri in 1936\. He was deeply influenced by Hari Prasad Shastri's yoga teachings. In 1935 [Paramahansa Yogananda](/wiki/Paramahansa_Yogananda "Paramahansa Yogananda") visited England, returning from the USA. In London he addressed a large meeting at Caxton Hall introduced by [Sir Francis Younghusband](/wiki/Sir_Francis_Younghusband "Sir Francis Younghusband"). He again visited England in 1936 addressing more meetings and especially a large gathering at Whitefield Congregational Church, organised by the British National Council of the World Fellowship of Faiths. A [Self\-Realization Fellowship](/wiki/Self-Realization_Fellowship "Self-Realization Fellowship") Centre in London was formed after Yogananda's departure. In his [autobiography](/wiki/Autobiography_of_a_Yogi "Autobiography of a Yogi") Yogananda commented that the 'English tenacity has an admirable expression in a spiritual relationship'.Paramahansa Yogananda (1986\), [Autobiography of a Yogi](/wiki/Autobiography_of_a_Yogi "Autobiography of a Yogi") (sixth impression), pages 360, 465, published by Jaico Books, Bombay (first Indian edition in English was puiblished in 1963\). There have been three waves of migration of Hindus to England. The first wave was before [India's Independence](/wiki/India_independence "India independence") in 1947\. Before the [second world war](/wiki/Second_World_War "Second World War") Hindu migration to England was minuscule and largely temporary. During the [post\-war era](/wiki/Post-war_era "Post-war era"), economic conditions compelled many Indians including Hindus to leave their country in search of better opportunities. The fact that Indians, as [Commonwealth](/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations "Commonwealth of Nations") [citizens](/wiki/Citizens "Citizens"), didn't require a [visa](/wiki/Visa_%28document%29 "Visa (document)") to enter or live in the United Kingdom was a factor. In the early 1960s, in order to save the [NHS](/wiki/National_Health_Service "National Health Service"), the Conservative Health Minister [The Rt Hon Enoch Powell](/wiki/Enoch_Powell "Enoch Powell") recruited a large number of [doctors](/wiki/Medical_doctor "Medical doctor") including Hindus from the Indian sub\-continent The second wave of migration occurred in the 1970s after [Idi Amin](/wiki/Idi_Amin "Idi Amin")'s [expulsion](/wiki/Expulsion_of_Asians_from_Uganda "Expulsion of Asians from Uganda") of [Gujarati](/wiki/Gujarat "Gujarat") and other Asians (who were [British Overseas Citizens](/wiki/British_nationality_law "British nationality law")) from [Uganda](/wiki/Uganda "Uganda"). Initially, Hindu Immigration was limited to Punjabis and Gujaratis. Later Hindu communities from other regions of the Indian sub\-continent and countries like [Guyana](/wiki/Guyana "Guyana"), [Trinidad and Tobago](/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago "Trinidad and Tobago"), [Mauritius](/wiki/Mauritius "Mauritius") and [Fiji](/wiki/Fiji "Fiji") could be found in England. The last wave of migration began in the 1990s with two types of people settling in England – [Tamil](/wiki/Tamil_people "Tamil people") refugees from [Sri Lanka](/wiki/Sri_Lanka "Sri Lanka") and professionals including doctors and software engineers from [India](/wiki/India "India").
[ "History\n-------", "[Hinduism](/wiki/Hinduism \"Hinduism\") has been in [England](/wiki/England \"England\") since the early 19th century. Occasionally there were Hindu scholars, philosophers, reformers and also visitors from the princely states of [India](/wiki/India \"India\"). [Raja Ram Mohan Roy](/wiki/Raja_Ram_Mohan_Roy \"Raja Ram Mohan Roy\") (born in India in 1772\\) was founder of a [Hindu reform movement](/wiki/Hindu_reform_movement \"Hindu reform movement\") in India. He was in England in 1829 to visit his Christian friends. He also had audience with King [William IV](/wiki/William_IV \"William IV\"). Roy died in [Stapleton, Bristol](/wiki/Stapleton%2C_Bristol \"Stapleton, Bristol\") four years later.", "The orientalist and reformer [Sir R.G. Bhandarkar](/wiki/Ramakrishna_Gopal_Bhandarkar \"Ramakrishna Gopal Bhandarkar\") visited London in 1874\\. In 1879 [Aurobindo](/wiki/Aurobindo \"Aurobindo\") went to England as a boy with his two brothers to study, living in Manchester, London ([St. Paul's School](/wiki/St._Paul%27s_School%2C_London \"St. Paul's School, London\")) and Cambridge ([King's College](/wiki/King%27s_College%2C_Cambridge \"King's College, Cambridge\")) where he stayed until 1893\\. [Swami Vivekananda](/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda \"Swami Vivekananda\") visited England in 1895 and 1896, having addressed the [World's Parliament of Religions](/wiki/World%27s_Parliament_of_Religions \"World's Parliament of Religions\") in Chicago in 1893\\.[Romain Rolland](/wiki/Romain_Rolland \"Romain Rolland\") (1997\\), The life of Vivekananda and the Universal Gospel (translated from the original French by E.F. Malcolm\\-Smith), page 86, fifteenth impression published by Advaita Ashrama, Calcutta (first published in 1931\\). In England Vivekananda's talk on [Hindu philosophy](/wiki/Hindu_philosophy \"Hindu philosophy\") and particularly on [Vedanta](/wiki/Vedanta \"Vedanta\") deeply influenced Miss Margaret Elizabeth Noble, who was later known as [Sister Nivedita](/wiki/Sister_Nivedita \"Sister Nivedita\").Pravrajika Atmaprana (1992\\), Sister Nivedita of Ramakrishna\\-Vivekananda, page 5, published by Sister Nivedita Girls' School, 5 Nivedita Lane, Calcutta 3 (first published in 1961\\).", "Early Hindus in England were usually students. [Rabindranath Tagore](/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore \"Rabindranath Tagore\") (later a [Nobel Laureate](/wiki/Nobel_Laureate \"Nobel Laureate\")) went to England in 1878, returning to India in 1880\\. Fifty years later Tagore was at Oxford Sen K. M. (1961\\), Hinduism, The World's Oldest Faith, page 109, Penguin Books, London, England delivering [Hibbert Lectures](/wiki/Hibbert_Lectures \"Hibbert Lectures\") (1930\\) on the Religion of Man.Tagore, Rabindranath (1963\\), The Religion of Man, Unwin Books, London England (first published in 1931\\) [Ramanujan](/wiki/Ramanujan \"Ramanujan\"), a mathematical genius and an orthodox Hindu, spent almost five years (1914–19\\) at [Cambridge University](/wiki/Cambridge_University \"Cambridge University\"). [Professor Sir Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan](/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan \"Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan\") was [Spalding Professor of Eastern Religions and Ethics](/wiki/Spalding_Professor_of_Eastern_Religions_and_Ethics \"Spalding Professor of Eastern Religions and Ethics\") at the [University of Oxford](/wiki/University_of_Oxford \"University of Oxford\") from 1939 until 1952\\. Hinduism had already received widespread attention in the [Victorian era](/wiki/Victorian_era \"Victorian era\") largely due to the work of the [Theosophical Society](/wiki/Theosophical_Society \"Theosophical Society\") and emergence of the new field, [Indology](/wiki/Indology \"Indology\"). In 1878 [Max Muller](/wiki/Max_Muller \"Max Muller\"), an Indologist, delivered inaugural Hibbert Lectures at Oxford on the Religions of India.", "In 1929 Dr. Hari Prasad Shastri (1882\\-1956\\),{{Cite web\\|title\\=Hari Prasad Shastri: Life and Work\\|url\\=http://www.worldwisdom.com/public/authors/Hari\\-Prasad\\-Shastri.aspx\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-08\\-27\\|website\\=www.worldwisdom.com}} who was a highly learned teacher ([Acharya](/wiki/Acharya \"Acharya\")) of Adhyatma Yoga in India, went to England having taught for many years in Japan at [Imperial](/wiki/Imperial_University_of_Tokyo \"Imperial University of Tokyo\") and [Waseda](/wiki/Waseda_University \"Waseda University\") Universities and then in China also as a professor of philosophy. Hari Prasad Shastri founded Shanti Sadan{{Cite web\\|title\\=Center of Non Duality {{!}} Advaita Vedanta {{!}} London\\|url\\=https://www.shantisadan.org/\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-08\\-27\\|website\\=Shanti Sadan\\|language\\=en\\-GB}} (temple of inner peace) in London. [Trevor Leggett](/wiki/Trevor_Leggett \"Trevor Leggett\"), an English [Judo](/wiki/Judo \"Judo\") teacher, met Shastri in 1936\\. He was deeply influenced by Hari Prasad Shastri's yoga teachings.", "In 1935 [Paramahansa Yogananda](/wiki/Paramahansa_Yogananda \"Paramahansa Yogananda\") visited England, returning from the USA. In London he addressed a large meeting at Caxton Hall introduced by [Sir Francis Younghusband](/wiki/Sir_Francis_Younghusband \"Sir Francis Younghusband\"). He again visited England in 1936 addressing more meetings and especially a large gathering at Whitefield Congregational Church, organised by the British National Council of the World Fellowship of Faiths. A [Self\\-Realization Fellowship](/wiki/Self-Realization_Fellowship \"Self-Realization Fellowship\") Centre in London was formed after Yogananda's departure. In his [autobiography](/wiki/Autobiography_of_a_Yogi \"Autobiography of a Yogi\") Yogananda commented that the 'English tenacity has an admirable expression in a spiritual relationship'.Paramahansa Yogananda (1986\\), [Autobiography of a Yogi](/wiki/Autobiography_of_a_Yogi \"Autobiography of a Yogi\") (sixth impression), pages 360, 465, published by Jaico Books, Bombay (first Indian edition in English was puiblished in 1963\\).", "There have been three waves of migration of Hindus to England. The first wave was before [India's Independence](/wiki/India_independence \"India independence\") in 1947\\. Before the [second world war](/wiki/Second_World_War \"Second World War\") Hindu migration to England was minuscule and largely temporary. During the [post\\-war era](/wiki/Post-war_era \"Post-war era\"), economic conditions compelled many Indians including Hindus to leave their country in search of better opportunities. The fact that Indians, as [Commonwealth](/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations \"Commonwealth of Nations\") [citizens](/wiki/Citizens \"Citizens\"), didn't require a [visa](/wiki/Visa_%28document%29 \"Visa (document)\") to enter or live in the United Kingdom was a factor. In the early 1960s, in order to save the [NHS](/wiki/National_Health_Service \"National Health Service\"), the Conservative Health Minister [The Rt Hon Enoch Powell](/wiki/Enoch_Powell \"Enoch Powell\") recruited a large number of [doctors](/wiki/Medical_doctor \"Medical doctor\") including Hindus from the Indian sub\\-continent", "The second wave of migration occurred in the 1970s after [Idi Amin](/wiki/Idi_Amin \"Idi Amin\")'s [expulsion](/wiki/Expulsion_of_Asians_from_Uganda \"Expulsion of Asians from Uganda\") of [Gujarati](/wiki/Gujarat \"Gujarat\") and other Asians (who were [British Overseas Citizens](/wiki/British_nationality_law \"British nationality law\")) from [Uganda](/wiki/Uganda \"Uganda\"). Initially, Hindu Immigration was limited to Punjabis and Gujaratis. Later Hindu communities from other regions of the Indian sub\\-continent and countries like [Guyana](/wiki/Guyana \"Guyana\"), [Trinidad and Tobago](/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago \"Trinidad and Tobago\"), [Mauritius](/wiki/Mauritius \"Mauritius\") and [Fiji](/wiki/Fiji \"Fiji\") could be found in England.", "The last wave of migration began in the 1990s with two types of people settling in England – [Tamil](/wiki/Tamil_people \"Tamil people\") refugees from [Sri Lanka](/wiki/Sri_Lanka \"Sri Lanka\") and professionals including doctors and software engineers from [India](/wiki/India \"India\").", "" ]
History ------- The local population of Palestine used [Semitic languages](/wiki/Semitic_languages "Semitic languages"), such as [Hebrew](/wiki/Hebrew_language "Hebrew language"), [Jewish Palestinian Aramaic](/wiki/Jewish_Palestinian_Aramaic "Jewish Palestinian Aramaic"), [Christian Palestinian Aramaic](/wiki/Christian_Palestinian_Aramaic "Christian Palestinian Aramaic"), [Samaritan Aramaic](/wiki/Samaritan_Aramaic_language "Samaritan Aramaic language") and [Arabic](/wiki/Arabic "Arabic") for thousands of years.Ellenblum, 2003, p. 256\. Almost all place names in the region have Semitic roots, with only a few place names being of [Latin](/wiki/Latin "Latin") origin, and hardly any of [Greek](/wiki/Greek_language "Greek language") or [Turkish](/wiki/Turkish_language "Turkish language") origins. The Semitic roots of the oldest names continued to be used by [the local population](/wiki/Demographic_history_of_Palestine_%28region%29 "Demographic history of Palestine (region)"), though during [classical antiquity](/wiki/Classical_antiquity "Classical antiquity"), many names underwent modifications due to the influence of local ruling elites well versed in [Greek](/wiki/Greek_language "Greek language") and [Latin](/wiki/Latin "Latin"). In his 4th\-century work, the *[Onomasticon](/wiki/Onomasticon_%28Eusebius%29 "Onomasticon (Eusebius)")*, [Eusebius of Caesarea](/wiki/Eusebius_of_Caesarea "Eusebius of Caesarea") provides a listing of the place\-names of Palestine with geographical and historical commentary, and his text was later translated into Latin and edited and corrected by [Jerome](/wiki/Jerome "Jerome").Richard, 2003, p. 442\. Following the [Arab conquest of the Levant](/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Levant "Muslim conquest of the Levant"), many of the pre\-classical Semitic names were revived, though often the spelling and pronunciation differed. Of course, for places where the old name had been lost or for new settlements established during this period, new Arabic names were coined. According to [Roy Marom](/wiki/Roy_Marom "Roy Marom") and Ran Zadok, the general outlines of the Palestinian nomenclature of space were well developed, by the 16th century, "instead of being the more recent linguistic product of later centuries as previously thought." Palestinian place\-names "traditionally regarded as the product of modern Palestinian rural society, reflect instead a long\-lasting linguistic continuity of the country’s Arabic speaking village communities."{{Cite journal \|last\=Marom \|first\=Roy \|date\=2023 \|title\=Early\-Ottoman Palestinian Toponymy: A Linguistic Analysis of the (Micro\-)Toponyms in Haseki Sultan's Endowment Deed (1552\) \|url\=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0cs6f5k5 \|journal\=Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina\-Vereins \|language\=en \|volume\=139 \|issue\=2}} A local study of place\-names around [Hamama](/wiki/Hamama "Hamama") has shown that Palestinian toponymy contained a limited [stratum](/wiki/Stratum_%28linguistics%29 "Stratum (linguistics)") of pre\-Ottoman place\-names, to which residents added new toponyms, referring in cases to families living in or around the village.{{Cite web \|title\=Arabic Toponymy around Ashkelon: The Village of Hamama as a Case Study \|url\=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0h50791z \|access\-date\=2024\-04\-23 \|website\=escholarship.org}} European travelers composed travel accounts describing its [topography](/wiki/Topography "Topography") and [demography](/wiki/Demography "Demography"). However, even in last century of [Ottoman imperial rule](/wiki/Ottoman_empire "Ottoman empire"), there was still much confusion over the place names in Palestine.Kramer and Harman, 2008, p. 128\. Existing [Turkish](/wiki/Turkish_language "Turkish language") transliterations of the Arabic and Arabicized names made identification and study into the [etymology](/wiki/Etymology "Etymology") of the place names even more challenging. [Edward Robinson](/wiki/Edward_Robinson_%28scholar%29 "Edward Robinson (scholar)") identified more than 100 biblical place names in Palestine, by pursuing his belief that linguistic analysis of the place names used by the [Arab](/wiki/Arab "Arab") [fellahin](/wiki/Fellahin "Fellahin") would reveal preserved traces of their ancient roots.Swedenburg, 2003, p. 49\.Davis, 2004, p. 6\. The PEF's *Names and Places in the Old and New Testaments and the Apocrypha, with their Modern Identifications* (1895\) lists more than 1,150 place names related to the Old Testament and 162 related to the New, most of which are located in Palestine.Macalister, 1977, p. 79\. These surveys by Robinson the PEF, and other [Western](/wiki/Western_world "Western world") biblical geographers in late 19th and early 20th centuries, also eventually contributed to the shape of the borders delineated for the [British Mandate in Palestine](/wiki/Mandate_for_Palestine "Mandate for Palestine"), as proposed by the [League of Nations](/wiki/League_of_Nations "League of Nations"). With the establishment of [Israel](/wiki/Israel "Israel"), in parts of Palestine, many place names have since been [Hebraized](/wiki/wikt:Hebraize "Hebraize") or are referred to by their revived [Biblical names](/wiki/Biblical_names "Biblical names"). In some cases, even sites with only Arabic names and no pre\-existing ancient Hebrew names or associations have been given new Hebrew names. ### Preservation A systematic study of place\-names showed very high levels of pre\-modern name preservation rates along the Eastern Mediterranean highland chain, primarily of site names, and [oronyms](/wiki/Oronym_%28toponomastics%29 "Oronym (toponomastics)").{{Cite journal \|last\=Zadok \|first\=Ran \|date\=1997 \|title\=A Preliminary Analysis of Ancient Survivals in Modern Palestinian Toponymy \|url\=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10\.13173/medilangrevi.9\.1997\.0093 \|journal\=Mediterranean Language Review \|volume\=9 \|pages\=93–171 \|jstor\=10\.13173/medilangrevi.9\.1997\.0093 \|issn\=0724\-7567}} The preservation of place names "with amazing consistency" is noted by [Yohanan Aharoni](/wiki/Yohanan_Aharoni "Yohanan Aharoni") in *The Land of the Bible* (1979\).Cansdale, 1997, p. 111\. He attributes this continuity to the common Semitic background of Palestine's local inhabitants throughout the ages, and the fact that place names tended to reflect extant agricultural features at the site in question. According to Aharoni, 190 out of the 475 placenames in the southern Levant may be identified based on name preservation. Ahituv wrote that out of the 358 placenames referenced in the Book of Joshua, he was able to identify 149 (41%) of them using this method. On the same time, out of the 450 names mentioned, names from [Second Temple](/wiki/Second_Temple_period "Second Temple period"), [Mishnaic](/wiki/Mishnah "Mishnah"), and [Talmudic](/wiki/Talmud "Talmud") sources, roughly 75% have been preserved.{{Cite book \|last\=בן דוד \|first\=חיים \|title\=השתמרות שמות יישובים קדומים ביהודה בהשוואה לגליל \- היבטים גיאוגרפיים\-היסטוריים \|publisher\=מכון המחקר, המכללה האקדמית יהודה ושומרון, אריאל \|year\=2001 \|editor\-last\=דגני \|editor\-first\=אבי \|volume\=10 \|pages\=153–156 \|language\=Hebrew \|issn\=0792\-8416}} According to Uzi Leibner, this preservation of names is "a function of continuity of settlement at the site itself, or at least in the immediate region", and most of the sites in question were inhabited during the [Byzantine](/wiki/Byzantine "Byzantine") and Middle Islamic{{clarify\|reason\=Not a clear term. What is "Middle Islamic"? Leibner's definition is needed.\|date\=December 2021}} periods.Leibner, 2009, pp. 395–396\. A study of place\-name preservation between [Jerusalem](/wiki/Jerusalem "Jerusalem") and [Jaffa](/wiki/Jaffa "Jaffa") (1550\-2000 CE), found that the lowest levels of preservation of recorded toponyms were in the lowlands (20–25%), while the highlands werecharacterized by much higher preservation rate of 40%–60%.
[ "History\n-------", "The local population of Palestine used [Semitic languages](/wiki/Semitic_languages \"Semitic languages\"), such as [Hebrew](/wiki/Hebrew_language \"Hebrew language\"), [Jewish Palestinian Aramaic](/wiki/Jewish_Palestinian_Aramaic \"Jewish Palestinian Aramaic\"), [Christian Palestinian Aramaic](/wiki/Christian_Palestinian_Aramaic \"Christian Palestinian Aramaic\"), [Samaritan Aramaic](/wiki/Samaritan_Aramaic_language \"Samaritan Aramaic language\") and [Arabic](/wiki/Arabic \"Arabic\") for thousands of years.Ellenblum, 2003, p. 256\\. Almost all place names in the region have Semitic roots, with only a few place names being of [Latin](/wiki/Latin \"Latin\") origin, and hardly any of [Greek](/wiki/Greek_language \"Greek language\") or [Turkish](/wiki/Turkish_language \"Turkish language\") origins. The Semitic roots of the oldest names continued to be used by [the local population](/wiki/Demographic_history_of_Palestine_%28region%29 \"Demographic history of Palestine (region)\"), though during [classical antiquity](/wiki/Classical_antiquity \"Classical antiquity\"), many names underwent modifications due to the influence of local ruling elites well versed in [Greek](/wiki/Greek_language \"Greek language\") and [Latin](/wiki/Latin \"Latin\").", "In his 4th\\-century work, the *[Onomasticon](/wiki/Onomasticon_%28Eusebius%29 \"Onomasticon (Eusebius)\")*, [Eusebius of Caesarea](/wiki/Eusebius_of_Caesarea \"Eusebius of Caesarea\") provides a listing of the place\\-names of Palestine with geographical and historical commentary, and his text was later translated into Latin and edited and corrected by [Jerome](/wiki/Jerome \"Jerome\").Richard, 2003, p. 442\\.", "Following the [Arab conquest of the Levant](/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Levant \"Muslim conquest of the Levant\"), many of the pre\\-classical Semitic names were revived, though often the spelling and pronunciation differed. Of course, for places where the old name had been lost or for new settlements established during this period, new Arabic names were coined.", "According to [Roy Marom](/wiki/Roy_Marom \"Roy Marom\") and Ran Zadok, the general outlines of the Palestinian nomenclature of space were well developed, by the 16th century, \"instead of being the more recent linguistic product of later centuries as previously thought.\" Palestinian place\\-names \"traditionally regarded as the product of modern Palestinian rural society, reflect instead a long\\-lasting linguistic continuity of the country’s Arabic speaking village communities.\"{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Marom \\|first\\=Roy \\|date\\=2023 \\|title\\=Early\\-Ottoman Palestinian Toponymy: A Linguistic Analysis of the (Micro\\-)Toponyms in Haseki Sultan's Endowment Deed (1552\\) \\|url\\=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0cs6f5k5 \\|journal\\=Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina\\-Vereins \\|language\\=en \\|volume\\=139 \\|issue\\=2}} A local study of place\\-names around [Hamama](/wiki/Hamama \"Hamama\") has shown that Palestinian toponymy contained a limited [stratum](/wiki/Stratum_%28linguistics%29 \"Stratum (linguistics)\") of pre\\-Ottoman place\\-names, to which residents added new toponyms, referring in cases to families living in or around the village.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Arabic Toponymy around Ashkelon: The Village of Hamama as a Case Study \\|url\\=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0h50791z \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-04\\-23 \\|website\\=escholarship.org}}", "European travelers composed travel accounts describing its [topography](/wiki/Topography \"Topography\") and [demography](/wiki/Demography \"Demography\"). However, even in last century of [Ottoman imperial rule](/wiki/Ottoman_empire \"Ottoman empire\"), there was still much confusion over the place names in Palestine.Kramer and Harman, 2008, p. 128\\. Existing [Turkish](/wiki/Turkish_language \"Turkish language\") transliterations of the Arabic and Arabicized names made identification and study into the [etymology](/wiki/Etymology \"Etymology\") of the place names even more challenging.", "[Edward Robinson](/wiki/Edward_Robinson_%28scholar%29 \"Edward Robinson (scholar)\") identified more than 100 biblical place names in Palestine, by pursuing his belief that linguistic analysis of the place names used by the [Arab](/wiki/Arab \"Arab\") [fellahin](/wiki/Fellahin \"Fellahin\") would reveal preserved traces of their ancient roots.Swedenburg, 2003, p. 49\\.Davis, 2004, p. 6\\. The PEF's *Names and Places in the Old and New Testaments and the Apocrypha, with their Modern Identifications* (1895\\) lists more than 1,150 place names related to the Old Testament and 162 related to the New, most of which are located in Palestine.Macalister, 1977, p. 79\\. These surveys by Robinson the PEF, and other [Western](/wiki/Western_world \"Western world\") biblical geographers in late 19th and early 20th centuries, also eventually contributed to the shape of the borders delineated for the [British Mandate in Palestine](/wiki/Mandate_for_Palestine \"Mandate for Palestine\"), as proposed by the [League of Nations](/wiki/League_of_Nations \"League of Nations\").", "With the establishment of [Israel](/wiki/Israel \"Israel\"), in parts of Palestine, many place names have since been [Hebraized](/wiki/wikt:Hebraize \"Hebraize\") or are referred to by their revived [Biblical names](/wiki/Biblical_names \"Biblical names\"). In some cases, even sites with only Arabic names and no pre\\-existing ancient Hebrew names or associations have been given new Hebrew names.", "### Preservation", "A systematic study of place\\-names showed very high levels of pre\\-modern name preservation rates along the Eastern Mediterranean highland chain, primarily of site names, and [oronyms](/wiki/Oronym_%28toponomastics%29 \"Oronym (toponomastics)\").{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Zadok \\|first\\=Ran \\|date\\=1997 \\|title\\=A Preliminary Analysis of Ancient Survivals in Modern Palestinian Toponymy \\|url\\=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10\\.13173/medilangrevi.9\\.1997\\.0093 \\|journal\\=Mediterranean Language Review \\|volume\\=9 \\|pages\\=93–171 \\|jstor\\=10\\.13173/medilangrevi.9\\.1997\\.0093 \\|issn\\=0724\\-7567}} The preservation of place names \"with amazing consistency\" is noted by [Yohanan Aharoni](/wiki/Yohanan_Aharoni \"Yohanan Aharoni\") in *The Land of the Bible* (1979\\).Cansdale, 1997, p. 111\\. He attributes this continuity to the common Semitic background of Palestine's local inhabitants throughout the ages, and the fact that place names tended to reflect extant agricultural features at the site in question. According to Aharoni, 190 out of the 475 placenames in the southern Levant may be identified based on name preservation. Ahituv wrote that out of the 358 placenames referenced in the Book of Joshua, he was able to identify 149 (41%) of them using this method. On the same time, out of the 450 names mentioned, names from [Second Temple](/wiki/Second_Temple_period \"Second Temple period\"), [Mishnaic](/wiki/Mishnah \"Mishnah\"), and [Talmudic](/wiki/Talmud \"Talmud\") sources, roughly 75% have been preserved.{{Cite book \\|last\\=בן דוד \\|first\\=חיים \\|title\\=השתמרות שמות יישובים קדומים ביהודה בהשוואה לגליל \\- היבטים גיאוגרפיים\\-היסטוריים \\|publisher\\=מכון המחקר, המכללה האקדמית יהודה ושומרון, אריאל \\|year\\=2001 \\|editor\\-last\\=דגני \\|editor\\-first\\=אבי \\|volume\\=10 \\|pages\\=153–156 \\|language\\=Hebrew \\|issn\\=0792\\-8416}}", "According to Uzi Leibner, this preservation of names is \"a function of continuity of settlement at the site itself, or at least in the immediate region\", and most of the sites in question were inhabited during the [Byzantine](/wiki/Byzantine \"Byzantine\") and Middle Islamic{{clarify\\|reason\\=Not a clear term. What is \"Middle Islamic\"? Leibner's definition is needed.\\|date\\=December 2021}} periods.Leibner, 2009, pp. 395–396\\.", "A study of place\\-name preservation between [Jerusalem](/wiki/Jerusalem \"Jerusalem\") and [Jaffa](/wiki/Jaffa \"Jaffa\") (1550\\-2000 CE), found that the lowest levels of preservation of recorded toponyms were in the lowlands (20–25%), while the highlands werecharacterized by much higher preservation rate of 40%–60%.", "" ]
History ------- ### Arena Pro Football and the Can\-Am Indoor Football League Arena Pro Football (APF) was originally announced as the National Arena Football League in 2016 following the dissolution of [American Indoor Football](/wiki/American_Indoor_Football "American Indoor Football") (AIF).{{cite web \|url\=http://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/weekly\-sports\-league\-\-franchise\-report/n\-5212559 \|title\=Weekly Sports League \& Franchise Report \|publisher\=OurSports Central \|date\=October 31, 2016 \|access\-date\=February 9, 2018 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728042200/http://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/weekly\-sports\-league\-\-franchise\-report/n\-5212559 \|archive\-date\=July 28, 2017 \|url\-status\=live }} The league announced their first three teams as the Birmingham Outlawz, Myrtle Beach Sharks, and Savannah Coastal Outlaws. The league changed its name to Arena Pro Football (APF) in September 2016 after the Birmingham Outlawz accidentally posted the NAFL logo of the proposed [North American Football League](/wiki/North_American_Football_League "North American Football League") as their league logo. They added expansion teams in the Cape Fear Wildcats and [Richmond Roughriders](/wiki/Richmond_Roughriders "Richmond Roughriders"). The league also added the [Florida Tarpons](/wiki/Florida_Tarpons "Florida Tarpons") and [River City Raiders](/wiki/River_City_Raiders "River City Raiders") from the recently defunct AIF. The [Central Florida Jaguars](/wiki/Central_Florida_Jaguars "Central Florida Jaguars") and [Palm Beach Phantoms](/wiki/Palm_Beach_Phantoms "Palm Beach Phantoms") were also listed as members until both moved to the Jaguars' self\-created league, Elite Indoor Football Conference. The Cape Fear Wildcats were later postponed to a presumed 2018 season. The Birmingham Outlawz later changed their name back to [Alabama Outlawz](/wiki/Alabama_Outlawz "Alabama Outlawz") after they failed to secure an arena in Birmingham. The Myrtle Beach Sharks announced they had joined the outdoor [Gridiron Developmental Football League](/wiki/Gridiron_Developmental_Football_League "Gridiron Developmental Football League") on March 7 and had left the APF.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.gdfl.org/news/pro\-arena\-team\-joins\-gdfl \|title\=PRO ARENA TEAM JOINS GDFL \|publisher\=GDFL \|date\=March 7, 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728043521/http://www.gdfl.org/news/pro\-arena\-team\-joins\-gdfl \|archive\-date\=July 28, 2017 \|url\-status\=live }} The Can\-Am Indoor Football League (Can\-Am) was also formed from the remnants of the AIF when [Tim Viens](/wiki/Tim_Viens "Tim Viens"), the owner of the announced 2017 AIF expansion team [Vermont Bucks](/wiki/Vermont_Bucks "Vermont Bucks"), started his own league. With Viens serving as league president, the league added the [Buffalo Blitz](/wiki/Buffalo_Blitz "Buffalo Blitz") and Ontario\-Niagara Spartans (both run by owners of established [semi\-professional](/wiki/Semi-professional "Semi-professional") teams, the Buffalo Gladiators and Steel City Patriots, respectively), as well as the Connecticut Chiefs (travel\-only), Glens Falls Gladiators (travel\-only), Niagara Falls Thunder (also operated by the Blitz ownership), New Hampshire Brigade, Rochester Kings, as well as Viens' Vermont Bucks. During the Can\-Am's first few months, it added and removed the Baltimore Lightning,{{cite web \|url\=http://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/can\-am\-indoor\-football\-league\-to\-begin\-play\-in\-2017/n\-5204320 \|title\=CAN\-AM INDOOR FOOTBALL LEAGUE TO BEGIN PLAY IN 2017 \|publisher\=OurSports Central \|date\=September 17, 2016 \|access\-date\=February 9, 2018 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810211330/http://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/can\-am\-indoor\-football\-league\-to\-begin\-play\-in\-2017/n\-5204320 \|archive\-date\=August 10, 2017 \|url\-status\=live }} [Cleveland Saints](/wiki/Cleveland_Saints "Cleveland Saints"), an unnamed team in [Erie, Pennsylvania](/wiki/Erie%2C_Pennsylvania "Erie, Pennsylvania"), Lockport Lightning, and Reading Raptors as league members without playing a game. Prior to its first season, the APF formed several agreements with other upstart leagues. The first affiliation was with United States Indoor Football, a summer league that was to play all its games in [Savannah, Georgia](/wiki/Savannah%2C_Georgia "Savannah, Georgia"), and operated by the Coastal Outlaws (the organization that also runs the Savannah Coastal Outlaws). On November 3, 2016, the league announced inter\-league play with the Central Florida Jaguars' Elite Indoor Football Conference.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/apf\-and\-eifc\-join\-forces\-for\-2017\-season/n\-5213305 \|title\=APF and EIFC Join Forces for 2017 Season \|publisher\=OurSports Central \|date\=November 3, 2016 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180210002532/http://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/apf\-and\-eifc\-join\-forces\-for\-2017\-season/n\-5213305 \|archive\-date\=February 10, 2018 \|url\-status\=live }} However, all references to the EIFC were removed in January 2017 even after the Jaguars and Phantoms had attended the December 2016 league meetings as APF affiliates. None of these inter\-league games were ever played and the EIFC played one weekend outdoors before ceasing operations. On November 14, 2016, both the APF and Can\-Am announced an alliance with each other where the playoff champions of each league meet for an inter\-league championship game. The APF played its first game on March 10, 2017, between the Alabama Outlawz and Florida Tarpons, which Florida won, 42–18\. After playing three away games, all losses, the Alabama Outlawz canceled their first home game. On April 26, they then announced that they had canceled the rest of their season, which had originally been scheduled as all home games. The Myrtle Beach Sharks appeared to have rejoined the APF mid\-season; however, it was for away games only and the team called the Sharks were wearing the defunct [Myrtle Beach Freedom](/wiki/Myrtle_Beach_Freedom "Myrtle Beach Freedom") uniforms. After playing all five home games to open the season, the [River City Raiders](/wiki/River_City_Raiders "River City Raiders") declined to travel to play the Richmond Roughriders for their scheduled May 20 game. The Roughriders were able to secure an opponent in the Atlanta Furious, a team that primarily played in the [Southern Steam](/wiki/Southern_Steam "Southern Steam")'s Elite Indoor Football (although many of those league's games were played outdoors). The only other away games the Raiders had originally been scheduled for was one of the canceled Alabama home games and against the Myrtle Beach Sharks. By the end of the season, the only remaining teams operating were the Richmond Roughriders and Florida Tarpons. The Roughriders defeated the Tarpons, 74–61, in the championship game on June 10, 2017, after the Roughriders finished the season undefeated.{{cite web \|url\=http://wric.com/2017/06/11/richmond\-roughriders\-win\-apf\-championship/ \|title\=Richmond Roughriders win APF Championship \|publisher\=\[\[WRIC\-TV]] \|date\=June 11, 2017 \|access\-date\=February 9, 2018 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180210002942/http://wric.com/2017/06/11/richmond\-roughriders\-win\-apf\-championship/ \|archive\-date\=February 10, 2018 \|url\-status\=live }} The Can\-Am also had significant inconsistencies in team members and scheduling. By the end of the season, there were only five teams remaining: the Buffalo Blitz, Glens Falls Gladiators (as a travel\-only team, had a short winless season and were disqualified from playoff participation), Rochester Kings, Vermont Bucks, and the Tim Viens\-owned Boston Blaze, a travel\-only team that only played the second half of the season. The Rochester Kings finished their season undefeated with the Vermont Bucks and Boston Blaze each losing one game (Vermont lost to Boston, and Boston to Rochester). The Kings announced they were to host the Buffalo Blitz in the Western Division championship on June 3\. The Bucks were to host the Boston Blaze in the Eastern Division championship. However, the Bucks later announced they were facing the semi\-professional Central Penn Chargers, a team that primarily played in the Mid\-Atlantic Indoor Football League, in their postseason game. The Kings defeated the Blitz 64–12 and the Bucks defeated the Chargers 46–6\. The Bucks defeated the Kings in Rochester for the league championship on June 12 by a score of 61–41\. ### American Arena League #### First season [125px\|right\|thumb\|Original logo (2017–2021\)](/wiki/File:American_Arena_League.png "American Arena League.png") During the two league's first seasons, the Can\-Am's founder [Tim Viens](/wiki/Tim_Viens "Tim Viens") announced on April 14, 2017, that for the 2018 season the APF and Can\-Am leagues would officially merge and create the American Arena League, which the APF would later confirm.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.americanarenaleague.com/ \|title\=AAL Homepage \|publisher\=American Arena League \|access\-date\=April 14, 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170415011405/http://www.americanarenaleague.com/ \|archive\-date\=April 15, 2017 \|url\-status\=live }} The championship between the two leagues was never played or referenced by either league again. In June 2017, the now\-merged league announced its inaugural members over its [social media](/wiki/Social_media "Social media") page. From the Can\-Am, the league added the Boston Blaze, [Buffalo Blitz](/wiki/Buffalo_Blitz "Buffalo Blitz"), Connecticut Chiefs, Glens Falls Gladiators, Rochester Kings, [Vermont Bucks](/wiki/Vermont_Bucks "Vermont Bucks"), and the Central Penn Chargers (the team that played in Can\-Am playoff game against the Bucks). From the APF, the league added the [Florida Tarpons](/wiki/Florida_Tarpons "Florida Tarpons"), [Richmond Roughriders](/wiki/Richmond_Roughriders "Richmond Roughriders"), and the announced expansion team Hampton Roads Riptides.{{cite web \|url\=https://insidethearena.org/2017/06/20/american\-arena\-league\-announces\-first\-10\-teams/ \|title\=American Arena League Announces First 10 Teams \|author\=Stephen Ur \|publisher\=InsideTheArena.org \|date\=June 20, 2017 \|access\-date\=June 22, 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811224531/https://insidethearena.org/2017/06/20/american\-arena\-league\-announces\-first\-10\-teams/ \|archive\-date\=August 11, 2017 \|url\-status\=dead }}{{cite web \|url\=https://hotsprotstakes.com/2017/06/20/american\-arena\-league\-announces\-first\-10\-teams/ \|title\=American Arena League announces first 10 teams \|publisher\=Hot Sprots \|date\=June 20, 2017 \|access\-date\=June 22, 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170812021050/https://hotsprotstakes.com/2017/06/20/american\-arena\-league\-announces\-first\-10\-teams/ \|archive\-date\=August 12, 2017 \|url\-status\=live }} The Roughriders had previously stated that they were looking to join to the [Indoor Football League](/wiki/Indoor_Football_League "Indoor Football League") (IFL) or the [National Arena League](/wiki/National_Arena_League "National Arena League") (NAL) and that they had not committed to joining the AAL yet. The AAL then deleted all references of the Roughriders from their social media posts within two days and the Roughriders later announced they had joined the [National Arena League](/wiki/National_Arena_League "National Arena League") (NAL). By early July, the only teams that had not been deleted from their social media posts were the Bucks, Gladiators, Kings, and Tarpons. On July 13, the league added the [Georgia Doom](/wiki/Georgia_Doom "Georgia Doom") of [Macon, Georgia](/wiki/Macon%2C_Georgia "Macon, Georgia"). The Doom organization had played a few games as a travel team fill\-in for the [Dayton Wolfpack](/wiki/Dayton_Wolfpack "Dayton Wolfpack") of the NAL the previous season.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.13wmaz.com/news/local/georgia\-doom\-football\-coming\-to\-macon\-centreplex/452430926 \|title\=Georgia Doom football coming to Macon Centreplex \|publisher\=\[\[WMAZ]] \|date\=June 27, 2017}}{{cite web \|url\=https://insidethearena.org/2017/07/13/georgia\-doom\-to\-join\-american\-arena\-league/ \|title\=Georgia Doom to Join American Arena League \|publisher\=Inside the Arena \|date\=July 13, 2017 \|access\-date\=July 13, 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811224023/https://insidethearena.org/2017/07/13/georgia\-doom\-to\-join\-american\-arena\-league/ \|archive\-date\=August 11, 2017 \|url\-status\=dead }}{{cite web \|url\=http://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/weekly\-sports\-league\-\-franchise\-report/n\-5255836 \|title\=WEEKLY SPORTS LEAGUE \& FRANCHISE REPORT \|publisher\=OurSports Central \|date\=May 8, 2017 \|access\-date\=July 13, 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170617212051/http://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/weekly\-sports\-league\-\-franchise\-report/n\-5255836 \|archive\-date\=June 17, 2017 \|url\-status\=live }} The league also added the [Triangle Torch](/wiki/Triangle_Torch "Triangle Torch") and [Upstate Dragons](/wiki/Upstate_Dragons "Upstate Dragons") after they previously played in [Supreme Indoor Football](/wiki/Supreme_Indoor_Football "Supreme Indoor Football") (SIF),{{cite web \|url\=http://andersonobserver.com/news/2017/8/7/upstate\-dragons\-to\-bring\-arena\-football\-to\-civic\-center.html \|title\=Upstate Dragons to Bring Arena Football to Civic Center \|work\=Anderson Observer \|date\=August 7, 2017 \|access\-date\=August 11, 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811223822/http://andersonobserver.com/news/2017/8/7/upstate\-dragons\-to\-bring\-arena\-football\-to\-civic\-center.html \|archive\-date\=August 11, 2017 \|url\-status\=live }} with the SIF's [Cape Fear Heroes](/wiki/Cape_Fear_Heroes "Cape Fear Heroes") (the ownership group that operates the SIF) joining the AAL shortly thereafter.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.fayobserver.com/sports/20170823/heroes\-unveil\-new\-practice\-facility\-announce\-new\-league?fref\=gc \|title\=Heroes unveil new practice facility, announce new league \|work\=\[\[The Fayetteville Observer]] \|date\=August 23, 2017 \|access\-date\=August 28, 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824220848/http://www.fayobserver.com/sports/20170823/heroes\-unveil\-new\-practice\-facility\-announce\-new\-league?fref\=gc \|archive\-date\=August 24, 2017 \|url\-status\=live }} By September 13, the Roughriders returned to the AAL when the NAL had increased its criteria for new teams. On September 20, the [High Country Grizzlies](/wiki/High_Country_Grizzlies "High Country Grizzlies"), formerly of the NAL, also joined the AAL.{{cite web \|url\=http://lastwordonsports.com/2017/09/20/high\-country\-grizzlies\-leave\-nal\-join\-aal/ \|title\=High Country Grizzlies Leave NAL; Join AAL \|publisher\=Last Word on Sports \|date\=September 20, 2017 \|access\-date\=September 20, 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170921001843/http://lastwordonsports.com/2017/09/20/high\-country\-grizzlies\-leave\-nal\-join\-aal/ \|archive\-date\=September 21, 2017 \|url\-status\=live }} By fall 2017, the teams began releasing their inaugural schedules and expansion teams, the [Atlanta Havoc](/wiki/Atlanta_Havoc "Atlanta Havoc") (owned by league president Viens) and the [Carolina Energy](/wiki/Carolina_Energy "Carolina Energy"), were added to the league. The AAL also added three affiliated teams that would fill in for home games of the league members and count for league games: the [Austin Wild](/wiki/Austin_Wild "Austin Wild") (formerly the Cap City Bulls of [Austin, Texas](/wiki/Austin%2C_Texas "Austin, Texas"), which had played as a [traveling team](/wiki/Traveling_team "Traveling team") in the SIF during 2017\), the New England Cavalry (operated by the outdoor semi\-professional organization out of [Concord, New Hampshire](/wiki/Concord%2C_New_Hampshire "Concord, New Hampshire")), and the Savannah Coastal Outlaws (originally announced as an AAL member from the APF merger). In December 2017, another previously announced NAL expansion team, the [Jersey Flight](/wiki/Jersey_Flight "Jersey Flight") of [Trenton, New Jersey](/wiki/Trenton%2C_New_Jersey "Trenton, New Jersey"), was added to the league. In January 2018, Tim Viens sold his first team, the Vermont Bucks, to solely operate the Atlanta Havoc. The new Bucks' owners then folded the team a month later and another new team, called the [Peach State Cats](/wiki/Peach_State_Cats "Peach State Cats") (originally announced in the [semi\-professional](/wiki/Semi-professional "Semi-professional") Elite Indoor Football), was added but were only scheduled for away games. The Glens Falls Gladiators ceased operations just prior to the season, while the Coastal Outlaws would also never play an AAL game with many of their games replaced with the Carolina Cowboyz, also originally of Elite Indoor Football, to bring the league to twelve members and three affiliates to start the 2018 season. Partway through the first AAL season, co\-founder Tim Viens resigned from his positions within the league on April 14, 2018, and would also no longer be involved with his team, the [Atlanta Havoc](/wiki/Atlanta_Havoc "Atlanta Havoc").{{cite web \|url\=https://insidethearena.org/2018/04/17/american\-arena\-league\-co\-founder\-tim\-viens\-steps\-down/ \|title\=American Arena League Co\-Founder Tim Viens Steps Down \|work\=Inside the Arena \|date\=April 17, 2018 \|access\-date\=April 17, 2018 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418032451/https://insidethearena.org/2018/04/17/american\-arena\-league\-co\-founder\-tim\-viens\-steps\-down/ \|archive\-date\=April 18, 2018 \|url\-status\=dead }} The league then moved their website and retroactively claimed to have been founded as Arena Pro Football and changed its name when the Can\-Am teams joined.{{cite web \|url\=http://americanarenaleague.com:80/index.php/league/league\-history \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015011427/http://americanarenaleague.com/index.php/league/league\-history \|title\=League History \|access\-date\=April 23, 2018 \|archive\-date\=October 15, 2017 \|work\=AAL \|url\-status\=dead \|df\=mdy\-all }}{{cite web \|url\=http://aalfootball.com/index.php/league/league\-history \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180425193852/http://aalfootball.com/index.php/league/league\-history \|title\=League History \|access\-date\=April 23, 2018 \|archive\-date\=April 25, 2018 \|work\=AAL}} The league continued to have scheduling issues and canceled games, leading to the [Florida Tarpons](/wiki/Florida_Tarpons "Florida Tarpons"),{{cite web \|url\=http://www.floridatarpons.com/news/tarpons\-will\-bring\-2018\-season\-to\-close\-at\-home\-ma \|title\=TARPONS WILL BRING 2018 SEASON TO CLOSE AT HOME MAY 26 VS. UPSTATE DRAGONS \|publisher\=\[\[Florida Tarpons]] \|date\=May 19, 2018 \|access\-date\=May 26, 2018 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180525063127/http://www.floridatarpons.com/news/tarpons\-will\-bring\-2018\-season\-to\-close\-at\-home\-ma \|archive\-date\=May 25, 2018 \|url\-status\=live }} [East Carolina Torch](/wiki/East_Carolina_Torch "East Carolina Torch") (formerly the [Triangle Torch](/wiki/Triangle_Torch "Triangle Torch") until they were forced to relocate), and [Upstate Dragons](/wiki/Upstate_Dragons "Upstate Dragons"){{cite web \|url\=https://insidethearena.org/2018/06/02/downhill\-2018\-season\-for\-upstate\-dragons/ \|title\=Downhill 2018 Season for Upstate Dragons \|website\=InsidetheArena.org \|date\=June 2, 2018 \|access\-date\=June 2, 2018 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612210519/https://insidethearena.org/2018/06/02/downhill\-2018\-season\-for\-upstate\-dragons/ \|archive\-date\=June 12, 2018 \|url\-status\=dead }} choosing to end their seasons early. The last Can\-Am team, the Rochester Kings, also appeared to have ceased playing league games altogether during the season. The [Georgia Doom](/wiki/Georgia_Doom "Georgia Doom") defeated both the league\-leading teams, the [Atlanta Havoc](/wiki/Atlanta_Havoc "Atlanta Havoc") and [Richmond Roughriders](/wiki/Richmond_Roughriders "Richmond Roughriders"), but then chose not to participate in the playoffs.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.41nbc.com/2018/06/11/georgia\-doom\-wont\-play\-american\-arena\-league\-playoffs/ \|title\=GEORGIA DOOM WON'T PLAY IN AMERICAN ARENA LEAGUE PLAYOFFS \|work\=\[\[WMGT\-TV]] \|date\=June 11, 2018 \|access\-date\=June 12, 2018 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190125112448/https://www.41nbc.com/2018/06/11/georgia\-doom\-wont\-play\-american\-arena\-league\-playoffs/ \|archive\-date\=January 25, 2019 \|url\-status\=live }} The Havoc went on to win the championship over the top\-seeded Roughriders 58–50\. Shortly after the 2018 season ended, the Atlanta Havoc announced their relocation to [Florence, South Carolina](/wiki/Florence%2C_South_Carolina "Florence, South Carolina"), as the [Carolina Havoc](/wiki/Carolina_Havoc "Carolina Havoc") and that they would host the All\-Star Game at their new arena. The AAL then announced the game would be broadcast on [ESPN3](/wiki/ESPN3 "ESPN3") with Mick Moninghoff as play\-by\-play commentator on August 25\. The game was held and the Stripes defeated the Stars by a score of 34–29, but the game was broadcast on [Facebook](/wiki/Facebook "Facebook") instead and all references to their ESPN3 announcement were taken down on game day.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.arenafootballtalk.com/blog/broadcast\-controversy\-player\-roster\-issues\-steal\-show\-in\-aal\-all\-star\-game \|title\=Broadcast Controversy, Player Roster Issues Steal Show in AAL All\-Star Game \|work\=Arena Football Talk \|date\=August 29, 2018 \|access\-date\=August 29, 2018 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830012154/https://www.arenafootballtalk.com/blog/broadcast\-controversy\-player\-roster\-issues\-steal\-show\-in\-aal\-all\-star\-game \|archive\-date\=August 30, 2018 \|url\-status\=live }} #### 2018–2020 On August 15, 2018, Richmond Roughriders' owner Gregg Fornario announced his intentions of creating a new league called Northern Arena Football (NAF).{{cite web \|url\=https://www.arenafootballtalk.com/blog/northern\-arena\-football\-a\-new\-league\-coming\-in\-2019 \|title\=Northern Arena Football, a new league coming in 2019 \|website\=ArenaFootballTalk.com \|date\=August 15, 2018 \|access\-date\=August 30, 2018 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830180630/https://www.arenafootballtalk.com/blog/northern\-arena\-football\-a\-new\-league\-coming\-in\-2019 \|archive\-date\=August 30, 2018 \|url\-status\=live }} His Roughriders team, despite the possibility of losing its home arena in Richmond for 2019, was not initially planning on leaving the AAL with the NAF only having teams north of the Maryland\-Pennsylvania border.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.richmond.com/sports/professional/roughriders\-owner\-looking\-at\-winston\-salem\-will\-open\-new\-indoor/article\_0eef0c8c\-d3cf\-59ce\-bdec\-e4d5378aecec.html \|title\=Roughriders owner looking at Winston\-Salem, will open new indoor football league \|work\=\[\[Richmond Times\-Dispatch]] \|date\=August 9, 2018 \|access\-date\=August 30, 2018 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228184350/https://www.richmond.com/sports/professional/roughriders\-owner\-looking\-at\-winston\-salem\-will\-open\-new\-indoor/article\_0eef0c8c\-d3cf\-59ce\-bdec\-e4d5378aecec.html \|archive\-date\=February 28, 2020 \|url\-status\=live }} The AAL affiliate team, the New England Cavalry, were the first team added to the NAF. However, by August 28, Fornario had rebranded the new league as [Professional Arena Football](/wiki/Professional_Arena_Football "Professional Arena Football") (PAF) with multiple divisions, Northern Arena Football and Southern Arena Football,{{cite web \|url\=https://insidethearena.co/f/what\-to\-watch\-for\-in\-2019\-arena\-football\-season \|title\=What to Watch For in 2019 Arena Football Season \|website\=InsideTheArena.com \|date\=August 29, 2018 \|access\-date\=August 30, 2018 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830174317/https://insidethearena.co/f/what\-to\-watch\-for\-in\-2019\-arena\-football\-season \|archive\-date\=August 30, 2018 \|url\-status\=dead }} and the Roughriders were announced as part of Professional Arena Football on August 30, leaving the AAL.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.facebook.com/richmondroughriders/photos/a.231465747275602/541700816252092/?type\=3\&theater \|title\=Roughriders Join Professional Arena Football \|website\=Facebook.com \|date\=August 30, 2018}} By September 2018, the AAL confirmed five teams were returning for a 2019 season: the [Cape Fear Heroes](/wiki/Cape_Fear_Heroes "Cape Fear Heroes"), [Carolina Energy](/wiki/Carolina_Energy "Carolina Energy"), [Georgia Doom](/wiki/Georgia_Doom "Georgia Doom"), [High Country Grizzlies](/wiki/High_Country_Grizzlies "High Country Grizzlies"), and [Peach State Cats](/wiki/Peach_State_Cats "Peach State Cats") (with the Cats relocating to [Athens, Georgia](/wiki/Athens%2C_Georgia "Athens, Georgia"), and no longer a travel\-only team).{{Cite web \|url\=https://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/american\-arena\-league\-announces\-2019\-teams/n\-5402571 \|title\=American Arena League Announces 2019 Teams \|website\=OurSportsCentral.com \|date\=September 17, 2018 \|access\-date\=September 19, 2018 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919211520/https://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/american\-arena\-league\-announces\-2019\-teams/n\-5402571 \|archive\-date\=September 19, 2018 \|url\-status\=live }} The Florida Tarpons left the league and formed a new Florida\-based league while rebranding as the [Lakeland Tarpons](/wiki/Lakeland_Tarpons "Lakeland Tarpons"). The defending champion [Carolina Havoc](/wiki/Carolina_Havoc "Carolina Havoc") later announced they would remain in the league. The Roughriders returned to AAL, now as the [Wheeling](/wiki/Wheeling%2C_West_Virginia "Wheeling, West Virginia")\-based [West Virginia Roughriders](/wiki/West_Virginia_Roughriders "West Virginia Roughriders"), after Fornario's plans for the PAF fell through.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.westvirginiaroughriders.com/news\-h/344\-roughriders\-return\-to\-the\-american\-arena\-league\-for\-2019\.html \|title\=Roughriders Return to the American Arena League for 2019 \|publisher\=West Virginia Roughriders \|date\=December 10, 2018 \|access\-date\=December 10, 2018 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130212841/http://westvirginiaroughriders.com/news\-h/344\-roughriders\-return\-to\-the\-american\-arena\-league\-for\-2019\.html \|archive\-date\=January 30, 2019 \|url\-status\=live }} On December 12, 2018, the league announced its 2019 alignment split into a four\-team Northern Division and an eight\-team Southern Division. The league also announced the return of the [Jersey Flight](/wiki/Jersey_Flight "Jersey Flight"), as well as the additions of the Carolina Cowboyz (now full\-time members with a home arena in [Pendleton, South Carolina](/wiki/Pendleton%2C_South_Carolina "Pendleton, South Carolina")), the traveling team Carolina Predators, the New England Bobcats (formerly of Elite Indoor Football), and the Burgh Defenders ([Pittsburgh](/wiki/Pittsburgh "Pittsburgh")). The AAL then split the Southern Division into a Southern and Mid\-Atlantic Division prior to the scheduled release. In January 2019, the league then added a Midwest Division composed of three teams that had been in the developmental Midwest Professional Indoor Football (MPIF): the Chicago Aztecs, [Indianapolis Enforcers](/wiki/Indianapolis_Enforcers "Indianapolis Enforcers"), and [West Michigan Ironmen](/wiki/West_Michigan_Ironmen "West Michigan Ironmen").{{cite web \|url\=https://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/its\-official\-the\-american\-arena\-league\-aal\-\-midwest\-professional\-indoor\-football\-league\-mpif\-come\-to\-terms/n\-5439726 \|title\=It's Official: The American Arena League (AAL) \& Midwest Professional Indoor Football League (MPIF) Come to Terms \|website\=OurSportsCentral.com \|date\=January 19, 2019 \|access\-date\=January 20, 2019 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190120043103/https://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/its\-official\-the\-american\-arena\-league\-aal\-\-midwest\-professional\-indoor\-football\-league\-mpif\-come\-to\-terms/n\-5439726 \|archive\-date\=January 20, 2019 \|url\-status\=live }} Less than a month prior to the start of the 2019 season, the [High Country Grizzlies](/wiki/High_Country_Grizzlies "High Country Grizzlies") ceased operations and the Chicago Aztecs withdrew for the season reducing the league to 13 teams. The [Georgia Doom](/wiki/Georgia_Doom "Georgia Doom") and New England Bobcats later folded during the season. There were many other canceled or rescheduled home games either due to arena issues or the away team not traveling. On April 27, 2019, league co\-founder and president Jack Bowman died after an illness and the league championship was then named the Jack Bowman Trophy.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/aal\-president\-jack\-bowman\-passes\-away/n\-5478297 \|title\=AAL President Jack Bowman Passes Away \|website\=OurSports Central \|date\=April 27, 2019 \|access\-date\=April 27, 2019 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427221028/https://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/aal\-president\-jack\-bowman\-passes\-away/n\-5478297 \|archive\-date\=April 27, 2019 \|url\-status\=live }} The [Carolina Energy](/wiki/Carolina_Energy "Carolina Energy") traveled to face the [West Virginia Roughriders](/wiki/West_Virginia_Roughriders "West Virginia Roughriders") for the newly renamed championship on June 29, and the Roughriders won 55–29\. After the season, Fornario again stated he was removing the Roughriders from the AAL.{{cite web \|url\=https://insidethearena.co/f/west\-virginia\-roughriders\-not\-to\-return\-to\-aal\-in\-2020 \|title\=West Virginia Roughriders Not to Return to AAL in 2020 \|website\=Inside the Arena \|date\=August 2, 2019 \|access\-date\=August 3, 2019 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190803215621/https://insidethearena.co/f/west\-virginia\-roughriders\-not\-to\-return\-to\-aal\-in\-2020 \|archive\-date\=August 3, 2019 \|url\-status\=dead }} The Roughriders, as well as the [Jersey Flight](/wiki/Jersey_Flight "Jersey Flight"), were accepted to join the [National Arena League](/wiki/National_Arena_League "National Arena League") (NAL) for the 2020 season. The league also lost the Burgh Defenders (removed from league), Carolina Havoc (loss of lease), and Peach State Cats (left league). #### 2020–2021: COVID\-19 pandemic The AAL announced several new teams for the 2020 season including the [Louisville Xtreme](/wiki/Kentucky_Xtreme "Kentucky Xtreme"), Music City Fire,{{cite web \|url\=https://www.instagram.com/p/B4xD8HRFeOz/ \|archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/instagram/themusiccityfire/2175537420107637683 \|archive\-date\=2021\-12\-23 \|url\-access\=subscription\|title\=Music City Fire November 12, 2019, Instagram post \|website\=Instagram \|date\=November 12, 2019}}{{cbignore}} Pennsylvania Copperheads,{{cite web \|url\=https://www.facebook.com/PACopperheads/photos/a.102014737906827/137491381025829/?type\=3\&theater \|title\=Pennsylvania Copperheads December 23, 2019, Facebook Post \|website\=Facebook \|date\=December 23, 2019}} Pennsylvania Union,{{cite web \|url\=https://www.facebook.com/unionfootball1/posts/174453087265391?\_\_xts\_\_\[0]\=68\.ARDQcJuM7obZy3bYHjk5pv\_6fl7Jnqi\-euCQSLnrctRxEJMwvcXRAfXBCUfWxG20trpzN6sjIaSLhHsnhFKLGrUAlsTr5bnpj\_RloCFVShfzedpsjWbbudw\_Donr\_gxEsSKi2dU9l3rFW\-gNqMtC1kENrnlTJnRCdOQ3hr5Wk2ZumP\-ufeK\_2FmRBN8bcO0OBg2nLYbZ7nl5ws1o4fRFyjM5vSYu\_vKn61LXXHy1ItvhfyGsWr8WBJMMpLDVaD\_qcxwrPDPEsX\-exVUqeRFa9mY7ibxNwjhiLxl\_CZLEfhTbNUqtj0OsdGYNb0Ffc\_h6suWdf8SFdsai3QFcUum6l2o\&\_\_tn\_\_\=\-R \|title\=Pennsylvania Union January 11, 2020, Facebook Post \|website\=Facebook \|date\=January 11, 2020}} South Florida Thunder (as a travel\-only team), and the [Tampa Bay Tornadoes](/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Tornadoes "Tampa Bay Tornadoes").{{cite web \|url\=http://www.usforacle.com/2020/07/12/podcast\-preview\-alton\-walker\-covid\-was\-a\-curse\-and\-a\-blessing/ \|title\=Podcast Preview: Alton Walker: 'COVID was a curse and a blessing' \|date\=July 12, 2020 \|website\=usforacle.com}} The league also merged with the semiprofessional Mid\-Atlantic Indoor Football League, adding the Central Penn Chargers, Jersey Bearcats, Maryland Eagles, Reading Raptors, and Western Maryland Warriors. However, before the season could start, most venues were closed due to the [COVID\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic") and the season was subsequently cancelled. During the following offseason, the league lost the Louisville Xtreme and Tampa Bay Tornadoes to the NAL without the teams playing a game in the AAL. By December 2020, the league had not confirmed any new teams and repeatedly stated it would not announce any 2021 season plans or teams until there were further developments in regards to teams being able to actually play due to the ongoing COVID\-19 pandemic.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.americanarenaleague.com/home \|title\=AAL home page \|access\-date\=October 28, 2020 \|website\=AAL}}{{cite web \|url\=https://www.facebook.com/AmericanArenaLeague/posts/2993941767402231 \|title\=Thank you for your interest in the AAL. Due to the Corona virus, we are all experiencing unique situations in our society. Instead of updating our information daily, we have decided it best to be patient. Although we currently have teams under contract for next season and additional teams waiting arena approval, we do not want to prematurely announce a team when some states may determine that it is not safe to play in 2021\. Thank you for your patience and please be safe! \|website\=Facebook \|date\=August 27, 2020}}{{cite web \|url\=https://www.facebook.com/AmericanArenaLeague/posts/3135126126617127 \|title\=Thank you for your interest in the AAL, in the "AAL Official" facebook page. and your patience as society is going through unique times. Most of the teams in the American Arena League have now received their arena dates for 2021\. Some AAL teams have already received their 2021 Tentative Schedule. Again, instead of updating our information daily, we have decided it best to be patient. As we have all learned, some states have stricter regulations which has slowed arena discussions. We will release the 2021 schedule as soon as possible. Thank you for your patience. Please be safe! \|website\=Facebook \|date\=October 13, 2020}} However, several teams have announced they would be joining the league in 2021\. In September 2020, a new team called the West Texas Buccaneers in [El Paso, Texas](/wiki/El_Paso%2C_Texas "El Paso, Texas"), announced itself as a league member of a Texas\-based division, along with several other potential cities for the 2021 season.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.elpasotimes.com/story/sports/2020/09/04/west\-texas\-buccaneers\-el\-paso\-join\-aal\-football/5716628002/\|title\=El Paso will be home to a new American Arena League football team \|website\=El Paso Times \|date\=September 4, 2020}} New Texas teams called the [San Antonio Gunslingers](/wiki/San_Antonio_Gunslingers_%28indoor_football%29 "San Antonio Gunslingers (indoor football)"){{cite web \|url\=https://www.ktvn.com/story/42374726/san\-antonio\-gunslingers\-to\-kick\-off\-in\-the\-american\-arena\-league\-in\-2021\|title\=San Antonio Gunslingers to kick off in the American Arena league in 2021 \|website\=KTVN \|date\=July 15, 2020}} and Allen Tiger\-Cats then announced they were joining the AAL. The Topeka Thundercats then announced they would join the AAL in a new Midwest\-based division.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.facebook.com/thundercatsfootball/photos/a.361393421271416/817230159021071/?type\=3\&theater\|title\=Indoor Football to return to Topeka in 2021 \|website\=Facebook \|date\=October 7, 2020}}{{cite web \|url\=https://www.facebook.com/thundercatsfootball/posts/799811390762948\|title\=Coaching Announcement and League Announcement \|website\=Facebook \|date\=September 14, 2020}} In December, the league announced that some of the teams that had announced themselves had already been evaluated and were not members of the AAL.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.facebook.com/AmericanArenaLeague/posts/3277369492392789 \|title\=Three months ago the AAL found professional ownership groups in Texas and added a Western Division. Since then, other owners have requested to join the AAL. For a variety of reasons, their requests were turned down. For the second time in a month, this weekend a team attempted to elevate their organization and claimed to play an AAL team. This is not accurate. American Arena League teams have their TENTATIVE Schedules which will be released soon. There will be no AAL games or scrimmages until March!! Please be safe!! \|website\=Facebook \|date\=December 6, 2020}} The league then updated its website in December 2020 with a list of 17 teams in three divisions for the 2021 season, including Allen, San Antonio, and El Paso. It also re\-added the [Austin Wild](/wiki/Austin_Wild "Austin Wild") and [Tampa Bay Tornadoes](/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Tornadoes "Tampa Bay Tornadoes"), as well as new teams in the Chicago Power, [North Texas Bulls](/wiki/North_Texas_Bulls "North Texas Bulls"), Mississippi Raiders, and St. Louis Bandits. Previously listed 2020 teams, the Carolina Cowboyz, Central Penn Chargers, Maryland Eagles, South Florida Thunder, and Western Maryland Warriors were no longer listed as members.{{Cite web \|url\=https://www.americanarenaleague.com/home \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201215182812/https://www.americanarenaleague.com/home \|title\=AAL homepage \|website\=AAL \|access\-date\=December 15, 2020 \|archive\-date\=December 15, 2020}} The Music City Fire remained listed as a member, but were not scheduled to play any games. Allen was removed in January 2021 and replaced with a team called the Texas Takeover based in Fort Worth, which was also removed in February.{{Cite web \|url\=https://www.americanarenaleague.com/home \|title\=AAL homepage \|website\=AAL \|access\-date\=December 31, 2020}} The season started with two games on March 13, 2021\. Reading left the league March 27 without playing a game. St. Louis withdrew from the season in May after two league games played citing COVID\-19 concerns.{{Cite web \|url\=https://www.facebook.com/stlbanditsfootball/posts/313563120486332 \|title\=St. Louis Bandits Fans: We want to thank you for a great first season but sadly our season got cut short due to Covid. Our game this week has been cancelled. Covid 19 has impacted everyone over the last year and we are sad to end so soon. We will be back next year bigger and better. Bandits Football \|website\=St. Louis Bandits Facebook \|date\=May 8, 2021}} Tampa Bay did not play its final three scheduled games. The league announced it would not have a championship game and would instead name three division champions.{{Cite tweet \|user\=ArenaAmerican \|number\=1395712905430114310 \|title\=Team owners in the AAL have decided to take the lead from Major League Baseball and implement the same format that will take place in minor league baseball. This season will conclude with Champions from the East, Mid\-West and Western Divisions.\|date\=May 21, 2021}} The East Division champion [Charlotte Thunder](/wiki/Charlotte_Thunder "Charlotte Thunder") and West Division champion [North Texas Bulls](/wiki/North_Texas_Bulls "North Texas Bulls") then scheduled their own league championship game regardless of the league's approval; the Midwest Division champion [West Michigan Ironmen](/wiki/West_Michigan_Ironmen "West Michigan Ironmen") were not involved. In June 2021, it was reported that league president and commissioner Tony Zefiretto had sold the league to the ownership of the Jersey Bearcats and [Indianapolis Enforcers](/wiki/Indianapolis_Enforcers "Indianapolis Enforcers").{{cite web \|url\=https://lockedinmagazine.com/the\-brand\-new\-american\-arena\-league/ \|title\=The Brand New American Arena League \|website\=lockedinmagazine.com \|date\=June 11, 2021}} The new ownership reportedly approved of the game between the Thunder and Bulls,{{Cite web \|url\=https://lockedinmagazine.com/the\-aal\-will\-crown\-a\-champion\-in\-2021/ \|title\=The AAL Will Crown A Champion in 2021 \|website\=lockedinmagazine.com \|date\=June 14, 2021}} which was won by the North Texas Bulls 60–43 on June 26\.{{cite web \|url\=https://lockedinmagazine.com/no\-bull\-about\-it/ \|title\=No Bull About It \|website\=lockedinmagazine.com \|date\=June 28, 2021}} ### American Arena League 2 After the 2021 season concluded, four members of the East Division (Carolina Predators, [Tampa Bay Tornadoes](/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Tornadoes "Tampa Bay Tornadoes"), Pennsylvania Union and Mississippi Raiders) announced that they would leave the AAL to form new league called [Arena Indoor Football Alliance](/wiki/American_Indoor_Football_Alliance "American Indoor Football Alliance").{{cite web \|url\=https://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/weekly\-sports\-league\-and\-franchise\-report/n\-5718668\|title\=Weekly Sports League and Franchise Report \|website\=oursportscentral.com \|date\=July 12, 2021}} The Charlotte Thunder and [West Michigan Ironmen](/wiki/West_Michigan_Ironmen "West Michigan Ironmen") left to form their own league (Arena Professional Football League, later succeeded by [Great Lakes Arena Football](/wiki/Great_Lakes_Arena_Football "Great Lakes Arena Football") after the Ironmen took sole control over the league),{{Cite web \|url\=https://www.facebook.com/Charlottethunderllc/posts/1498588813840384 \|title\=Get ready!!!!!!!!!! \|website\=Charlotte Thunder Facebook page \|date\=October 27, 2021}} the North Texas Bulls left to join the new Texas\-based [Arena Football Association](/wiki/Arena_Football_Association "Arena Football Association"),{{Cite press release \|url\=https://www.prnewswire.com/news\-releases/sponsors\-and\-investors\-see\-ground\-floor\-opportunities\-with\-the\-expansion\-of\-arena\-football\-association\-301416552\.html \|title\=Sponsors And Investors See Ground\-Floor Opportunities With The Expansion Of Arena Football Association \|website\=\[\[PR Newswire]] \|date\=November 4, 2021}} and the [San Antonio Gunslingers](/wiki/San_Antonio_Gunslingers_%28indoor_football%29 "San Antonio Gunslingers (indoor football)") were announced as an expansion team in the NAL.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.nationalarenaleague.com/news/nal\-announces\-san\-antonio\-gunslingers\-as\-expansion \|title\=NAL ANNOUNCES SAN ANTONIO GUNSLINGERS AS EXPANSION FRANCHISE \|website\=National Arena League \|date\=November 11, 2021}} In December 2021, the new ownership led by AJ Roque and Jermaine Sanders, the owners of the Jersey Bearcats, launched the new website for league following the completion of the sale from Tony Zefiretto.{{Cite web \|url\=https://www.americanarenaleague.com/post/the\-brand\-new\-american\-arena\-league \|title\=The Brand New American Arena League \|website\=americanarenaleague.com \|date\=December 2, 2021 \|access\-date\=December 3, 2021}} They then hired Kevin O'Hanlon as commissioner.{{Cite web \|url\=https://www.americanarenaleague.com/post/meet\-aal\-s\-new\-commissioner \|title\=Meet AAL's New Commissioner \|website\=americanarenaleague.com \|date\=December 2, 2021 \|access\-date\=December 3, 2021}} They announced they would be launching "American Arena League 2" in 2022\.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.americanarenaleague.com/post/aal\-2\-2022 \|title\=THE AAL BRINGS YOU THE AAL 2 \|website\=americanarenaleague.com \|date\=December 7, 2021 \|access\-date\=December 7, 2021}} AAL2 was delayed until 2023 and was initially to serve as the AAL's minor league, which was supposed to also relaunch in 2023,{{Cite web \|url\=https://www.facebook.com/AmericanArenaLeagueFootball/posts/224116799937303 \|title\=The American Arena League will launch the AAL and AAL 2 season in 2023\. \|website\=American Arena League – AAL Facebook \|date\=February 1, 2022}} but by the time of the start of the 2023 season, only the AAL2 was active. The 2023 AAL2 season saw the Steel City Stampede finishing first after a perfect regular season (6–0\).{{cite web\|url\=https://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/weekly\-sports\-league\-and\-franchise\-report/n\-5936130\|title\=Weekly Sports League and Franchise Report\|work\=OurSports Central\|date\=March 20, 2023 }}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.americanarenaleague.com/aal2standings\|title\=AAL2 standings\|work\=American Arena League }} The Jersey Bearcats{{cite web\|url\=https://njurbannews.com/2023/06/06/more\-than\-just\-a\-team\-playoff\-bound\-jersey\-bearcats\-are\-like\-a\-family/\|title\=More than just a team, playoff\-bound Jersey Bearcats are like a family\|work\=NJ Urban News\|date\=June 6, 2023 }} won the AAL2's first championship after defeating the Stampede 39–18 in the league final.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=8NJHz9OoB0U\&ab\_channel\=PDFSportsNetwork\|title\=AAL2 Championship: Jersey Bearcats vs. Steel City Stampede\|work\=youtube.com \|date\=July 9, 2023 }} #### 2024 season In January 2023 the league announced that [Wilmington, Delaware](/wiki/Wilmington%2C_Delaware "Wilmington, Delaware") based Delaware Bull Sharks will be joining for the 2024 season.{{citation\|url\=https://www.americanarenaleague.com/post/kicking\-off\-the\-new\-year\-with\-our\-1st\-expansion\-team\-for\-2024 \|title\=Kicking off the 2023 New Year with our 1st Expansion Team for 2024 SEASON \|date\=January 2, 2023 }} In September 2023 the league announced that two [Dallas, Texas](/wiki/Dallas%2C_Texas "Dallas, Texas"), based teams—the Dallas Falcons (from the [American Indoor Football Alliance](/wiki/American_Indoor_Football_Alliance "American Indoor Football Alliance")) and the Texas Hotshots—will join the league's newly formed Texas Division for the 2024 season.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/weekly\-sports\-league\-and\-franchise\-report/n\-6010114\|title\=Weekly Sports League and Franchise Report\|work\=OurSports Central\|date\=September 4, 2023 }} In October, former AAL member, Carolina Predators announced they're joining for the 2024\.{{Cite web \|title\=Carolina Predators Arena Football Team\|website\=\[\[Facebook]] \|url\=https://www.facebook.com/carolinapredatorsarenafootball/videos/aal2\-here\-we\-come/1126574381643196/}} On November 1, 2023, the league added a new team for 2024, the [Wheeling Miners](/wiki/Wheeling_Miners "Wheeling Miners"), who were originally slated for [American Indoor Football](/wiki/American_Indoor_Football "American Indoor Football"). In December 2023, the league announced that the 2024 season will feature 13 teams split into East and West Divisions, with teams playing six to eight games from April 13 through June 7, 2024\. The teams include: The Jersey Bearcats, Maryland Eagles, Western Maryland Warriors, Steel City Stampede, Carolina Predators, Peach State Cats, Delaware Bullsharks and [Wheeling Miners](/wiki/Wheeling_Miners "Wheeling Miners") in the East Division and the Dallas Falcons, Austin Wolverines, Texas Hotshots, Waco Tornadoes and West Texas Warriors in the west division.{{Cite web\|title\=Weekly Sports League and Franchise Report by Dan Krieger December 11, 2023\|url\=https://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/weekly\-sports\-league\-and\-franchise\-report/n\-6038525\|website\=OurSports Central\|date\=December 11, 2023 }} The Falcons briefly assumed the identity of the [Philadelphia Soul](/wiki/Philadelphia_Soul "Philadelphia Soul") of the [Arena Football League](/wiki/Arena_Football_League "Arena Football League") for one game in 2024, serving as [replacement players](/wiki/Replacement_player "Replacement player") after the head coach and most of the roster were unable to travel to the game against the [Louisiana VooDoo](/wiki/Louisiana_VooDoo "Louisiana VooDoo").{{Cite web \|last\=Florio \|first\=Mike \|date\=2024\-04\-29 \|title\=Arena Football League returns with a thud \|url\=https://www.nbcsports.com/nfl/profootballtalk/rumor\-mill/news/arena\-football\-league\-returns\-with\-a\-thud \|access\-date\=2024\-04\-30 \|website\=Pro Football Talk \|language\=en\-US}}{{Cite web \|last\=Red \|first\=Christian \|date\=2024\-04\-29 \|title\=Soul are back playing arena football, but as a replacement team amid claims of 'clown behavior,' unpaid bills \|url\=https://www.inquirer.com/sports/philadelphia\-soul\-arena\-football\-league\-20240429\.html \|access\-date\=2024\-04\-30 \|website\=\[\[The Philadelphia Inquirer]] \|language\=en}}{{Cite web \|last\=Molski \|first\=Max \|date\=April 30, 2024 \|title\=Arena Football League relaunch marred by issues \|url\=https://www.nbcphiladelphia.com/news/sports/arena\-football\-league\-relaunch\-philadelphia\-soul\-issues/3845579/ \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240430140454/https://www.nbcphiladelphia.com/news/sports/arena\-football\-league\-relaunch\-philadelphia\-soul\-issues/3845579/ \|archive\-date\=April 30, 2024 \|access\-date\=April 30, 2024 \|website\=NBC Philadelphia}} Wheeling announced its intent to depart for the [National Arena League](/wiki/National_Arena_League "National Arena League") in June 2024, prior to the AAL2 playoffs.{{Cite web \|date\=2024\-06\-21 \|title\=Wheeling Miners Changing Leagues, Sign Extension With WesBanco Arena \|url\=https://www.wtrf.com/sports/wheeling\-miners\-changing\-leagues\-sign\-extension\-with\-wesbanco\-arena/ \|access\-date\=2024\-06\-21 \|website\=WTRF \|language\=en\-US}} After the end of the regular season, the Texas Hotshots claimed that none of the league teams paid salaries to players.{{Cite web\|title\=Today is a disappointment. June 8 will our very last game in the American Arena League 2 as we will have completed our season. For those who are thinking about joining this league next year or in the upcoming years please avoid this organization. \|url\=https://www.facebook.com/story.php?story\_fbid\=389977537412255\&id\=100092000360485\&mibextid\=oFDknk\&rdid\=TC29wO54NIqOQgd4\|website\=Texas Hotshots }} #### 2025 Season On October 2nd, 2024, the AAL2 announced "Part 1" of their new teams for the 2025 season. The Georgia Indians, Mississippi Wolfpack, New York Smash, Pittsburgh Outlaws, and Tri\-City Rivergators were announced to be joining the league for the spring 2025 season.
[ "History\n-------", "### Arena Pro Football and the Can\\-Am Indoor Football League", "Arena Pro Football (APF) was originally announced as the National Arena Football League in 2016 following the dissolution of [American Indoor Football](/wiki/American_Indoor_Football \"American Indoor Football\") (AIF).{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/weekly\\-sports\\-league\\-\\-franchise\\-report/n\\-5212559 \\|title\\=Weekly Sports League \\& Franchise Report \\|publisher\\=OurSports Central \\|date\\=October 31, 2016 \\|access\\-date\\=February 9, 2018 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728042200/http://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/weekly\\-sports\\-league\\-\\-franchise\\-report/n\\-5212559 \\|archive\\-date\\=July 28, 2017 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} The league announced their first three teams as the Birmingham Outlawz, Myrtle Beach Sharks, and Savannah Coastal Outlaws. The league changed its name to Arena Pro Football (APF) in September 2016 after the Birmingham Outlawz accidentally posted the NAFL logo of the proposed [North American Football League](/wiki/North_American_Football_League \"North American Football League\") as their league logo. They added expansion teams in the Cape Fear Wildcats and [Richmond Roughriders](/wiki/Richmond_Roughriders \"Richmond Roughriders\"). The league also added the [Florida Tarpons](/wiki/Florida_Tarpons \"Florida Tarpons\") and [River City Raiders](/wiki/River_City_Raiders \"River City Raiders\") from the recently defunct AIF. The [Central Florida Jaguars](/wiki/Central_Florida_Jaguars \"Central Florida Jaguars\") and [Palm Beach Phantoms](/wiki/Palm_Beach_Phantoms \"Palm Beach Phantoms\") were also listed as members until both moved to the Jaguars' self\\-created league, Elite Indoor Football Conference. The Cape Fear Wildcats were later postponed to a presumed 2018 season. The Birmingham Outlawz later changed their name back to [Alabama Outlawz](/wiki/Alabama_Outlawz \"Alabama Outlawz\") after they failed to secure an arena in Birmingham. The Myrtle Beach Sharks announced they had joined the outdoor [Gridiron Developmental Football League](/wiki/Gridiron_Developmental_Football_League \"Gridiron Developmental Football League\") on March 7 and had left the APF.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.gdfl.org/news/pro\\-arena\\-team\\-joins\\-gdfl \\|title\\=PRO ARENA TEAM JOINS GDFL \\|publisher\\=GDFL \\|date\\=March 7, 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728043521/http://www.gdfl.org/news/pro\\-arena\\-team\\-joins\\-gdfl \\|archive\\-date\\=July 28, 2017 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "The Can\\-Am Indoor Football League (Can\\-Am) was also formed from the remnants of the AIF when [Tim Viens](/wiki/Tim_Viens \"Tim Viens\"), the owner of the announced 2017 AIF expansion team [Vermont Bucks](/wiki/Vermont_Bucks \"Vermont Bucks\"), started his own league. With Viens serving as league president, the league added the [Buffalo Blitz](/wiki/Buffalo_Blitz \"Buffalo Blitz\") and Ontario\\-Niagara Spartans (both run by owners of established [semi\\-professional](/wiki/Semi-professional \"Semi-professional\") teams, the Buffalo Gladiators and Steel City Patriots, respectively), as well as the Connecticut Chiefs (travel\\-only), Glens Falls Gladiators (travel\\-only), Niagara Falls Thunder (also operated by the Blitz ownership), New Hampshire Brigade, Rochester Kings, as well as Viens' Vermont Bucks. During the Can\\-Am's first few months, it added and removed the Baltimore Lightning,{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/can\\-am\\-indoor\\-football\\-league\\-to\\-begin\\-play\\-in\\-2017/n\\-5204320 \\|title\\=CAN\\-AM INDOOR FOOTBALL LEAGUE TO BEGIN PLAY IN 2017 \\|publisher\\=OurSports Central \\|date\\=September 17, 2016 \\|access\\-date\\=February 9, 2018 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810211330/http://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/can\\-am\\-indoor\\-football\\-league\\-to\\-begin\\-play\\-in\\-2017/n\\-5204320 \\|archive\\-date\\=August 10, 2017 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} [Cleveland Saints](/wiki/Cleveland_Saints \"Cleveland Saints\"), an unnamed team in [Erie, Pennsylvania](/wiki/Erie%2C_Pennsylvania \"Erie, Pennsylvania\"), Lockport Lightning, and Reading Raptors as league members without playing a game.", "Prior to its first season, the APF formed several agreements with other upstart leagues. The first affiliation was with United States Indoor Football, a summer league that was to play all its games in [Savannah, Georgia](/wiki/Savannah%2C_Georgia \"Savannah, Georgia\"), and operated by the Coastal Outlaws (the organization that also runs the Savannah Coastal Outlaws). On November 3, 2016, the league announced inter\\-league play with the Central Florida Jaguars' Elite Indoor Football Conference.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/apf\\-and\\-eifc\\-join\\-forces\\-for\\-2017\\-season/n\\-5213305 \\|title\\=APF and EIFC Join Forces for 2017 Season \\|publisher\\=OurSports Central \\|date\\=November 3, 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180210002532/http://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/apf\\-and\\-eifc\\-join\\-forces\\-for\\-2017\\-season/n\\-5213305 \\|archive\\-date\\=February 10, 2018 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} However, all references to the EIFC were removed in January 2017 even after the Jaguars and Phantoms had attended the December 2016 league meetings as APF affiliates. None of these inter\\-league games were ever played and the EIFC played one weekend outdoors before ceasing operations. On November 14, 2016, both the APF and Can\\-Am announced an alliance with each other where the playoff champions of each league meet for an inter\\-league championship game.", "The APF played its first game on March 10, 2017, between the Alabama Outlawz and Florida Tarpons, which Florida won, 42–18\\. After playing three away games, all losses, the Alabama Outlawz canceled their first home game. On April 26, they then announced that they had canceled the rest of their season, which had originally been scheduled as all home games. The Myrtle Beach Sharks appeared to have rejoined the APF mid\\-season; however, it was for away games only and the team called the Sharks were wearing the defunct [Myrtle Beach Freedom](/wiki/Myrtle_Beach_Freedom \"Myrtle Beach Freedom\") uniforms. After playing all five home games to open the season, the [River City Raiders](/wiki/River_City_Raiders \"River City Raiders\") declined to travel to play the Richmond Roughriders for their scheduled May 20 game. The Roughriders were able to secure an opponent in the Atlanta Furious, a team that primarily played in the [Southern Steam](/wiki/Southern_Steam \"Southern Steam\")'s Elite Indoor Football (although many of those league's games were played outdoors). The only other away games the Raiders had originally been scheduled for was one of the canceled Alabama home games and against the Myrtle Beach Sharks. By the end of the season, the only remaining teams operating were the Richmond Roughriders and Florida Tarpons. The Roughriders defeated the Tarpons, 74–61, in the championship game on June 10, 2017, after the Roughriders finished the season undefeated.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://wric.com/2017/06/11/richmond\\-roughriders\\-win\\-apf\\-championship/ \\|title\\=Richmond Roughriders win APF Championship \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[WRIC\\-TV]] \\|date\\=June 11, 2017 \\|access\\-date\\=February 9, 2018 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180210002942/http://wric.com/2017/06/11/richmond\\-roughriders\\-win\\-apf\\-championship/ \\|archive\\-date\\=February 10, 2018 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "The Can\\-Am also had significant inconsistencies in team members and scheduling. By the end of the season, there were only five teams remaining: the Buffalo Blitz, Glens Falls Gladiators (as a travel\\-only team, had a short winless season and were disqualified from playoff participation), Rochester Kings, Vermont Bucks, and the Tim Viens\\-owned Boston Blaze, a travel\\-only team that only played the second half of the season. The Rochester Kings finished their season undefeated with the Vermont Bucks and Boston Blaze each losing one game (Vermont lost to Boston, and Boston to Rochester). The Kings announced they were to host the Buffalo Blitz in the Western Division championship on June 3\\. The Bucks were to host the Boston Blaze in the Eastern Division championship. However, the Bucks later announced they were facing the semi\\-professional Central Penn Chargers, a team that primarily played in the Mid\\-Atlantic Indoor Football League, in their postseason game. The Kings defeated the Blitz 64–12 and the Bucks defeated the Chargers 46–6\\. The Bucks defeated the Kings in Rochester for the league championship on June 12 by a score of 61–41\\.", "### American Arena League", "#### First season", "[125px\\|right\\|thumb\\|Original logo (2017–2021\\)](/wiki/File:American_Arena_League.png \"American Arena League.png\")\nDuring the two league's first seasons, the Can\\-Am's founder [Tim Viens](/wiki/Tim_Viens \"Tim Viens\") announced on April 14, 2017, that for the 2018 season the APF and Can\\-Am leagues would officially merge and create the American Arena League, which the APF would later confirm.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.americanarenaleague.com/ \\|title\\=AAL Homepage \\|publisher\\=American Arena League \\|access\\-date\\=April 14, 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170415011405/http://www.americanarenaleague.com/ \\|archive\\-date\\=April 15, 2017 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} The championship between the two leagues was never played or referenced by either league again.", "In June 2017, the now\\-merged league announced its inaugural members over its [social media](/wiki/Social_media \"Social media\") page. From the Can\\-Am, the league added the Boston Blaze, [Buffalo Blitz](/wiki/Buffalo_Blitz \"Buffalo Blitz\"), Connecticut Chiefs, Glens Falls Gladiators, Rochester Kings, [Vermont Bucks](/wiki/Vermont_Bucks \"Vermont Bucks\"), and the Central Penn Chargers (the team that played in Can\\-Am playoff game against the Bucks). From the APF, the league added the [Florida Tarpons](/wiki/Florida_Tarpons \"Florida Tarpons\"), [Richmond Roughriders](/wiki/Richmond_Roughriders \"Richmond Roughriders\"), and the announced expansion team Hampton Roads Riptides.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://insidethearena.org/2017/06/20/american\\-arena\\-league\\-announces\\-first\\-10\\-teams/ \\|title\\=American Arena League Announces First 10 Teams \\|author\\=Stephen Ur \\|publisher\\=InsideTheArena.org \\|date\\=June 20, 2017 \\|access\\-date\\=June 22, 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811224531/https://insidethearena.org/2017/06/20/american\\-arena\\-league\\-announces\\-first\\-10\\-teams/ \\|archive\\-date\\=August 11, 2017 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}{{cite web \\|url\\=https://hotsprotstakes.com/2017/06/20/american\\-arena\\-league\\-announces\\-first\\-10\\-teams/ \\|title\\=American Arena League announces first 10 teams \\|publisher\\=Hot Sprots \\|date\\=June 20, 2017 \\|access\\-date\\=June 22, 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170812021050/https://hotsprotstakes.com/2017/06/20/american\\-arena\\-league\\-announces\\-first\\-10\\-teams/ \\|archive\\-date\\=August 12, 2017 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} The Roughriders had previously stated that they were looking to join to the [Indoor Football League](/wiki/Indoor_Football_League \"Indoor Football League\") (IFL) or the [National Arena League](/wiki/National_Arena_League \"National Arena League\") (NAL) and that they had not committed to joining the AAL yet. The AAL then deleted all references of the Roughriders from their social media posts within two days and the Roughriders later announced they had joined the [National Arena League](/wiki/National_Arena_League \"National Arena League\") (NAL). By early July, the only teams that had not been deleted from their social media posts were the Bucks, Gladiators, Kings, and Tarpons. On July 13, the league added the [Georgia Doom](/wiki/Georgia_Doom \"Georgia Doom\") of [Macon, Georgia](/wiki/Macon%2C_Georgia \"Macon, Georgia\"). The Doom organization had played a few games as a travel team fill\\-in for the [Dayton Wolfpack](/wiki/Dayton_Wolfpack \"Dayton Wolfpack\") of the NAL the previous season.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.13wmaz.com/news/local/georgia\\-doom\\-football\\-coming\\-to\\-macon\\-centreplex/452430926 \\|title\\=Georgia Doom football coming to Macon Centreplex \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[WMAZ]] \\|date\\=June 27, 2017}}{{cite web \\|url\\=https://insidethearena.org/2017/07/13/georgia\\-doom\\-to\\-join\\-american\\-arena\\-league/ \\|title\\=Georgia Doom to Join American Arena League \\|publisher\\=Inside the Arena \\|date\\=July 13, 2017 \\|access\\-date\\=July 13, 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811224023/https://insidethearena.org/2017/07/13/georgia\\-doom\\-to\\-join\\-american\\-arena\\-league/ \\|archive\\-date\\=August 11, 2017 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/weekly\\-sports\\-league\\-\\-franchise\\-report/n\\-5255836 \\|title\\=WEEKLY SPORTS LEAGUE \\& FRANCHISE REPORT \\|publisher\\=OurSports Central \\|date\\=May 8, 2017 \\|access\\-date\\=July 13, 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170617212051/http://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/weekly\\-sports\\-league\\-\\-franchise\\-report/n\\-5255836 \\|archive\\-date\\=June 17, 2017 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} The league also added the [Triangle Torch](/wiki/Triangle_Torch \"Triangle Torch\") and [Upstate Dragons](/wiki/Upstate_Dragons \"Upstate Dragons\") after they previously played in [Supreme Indoor Football](/wiki/Supreme_Indoor_Football \"Supreme Indoor Football\") (SIF),{{cite web \\|url\\=http://andersonobserver.com/news/2017/8/7/upstate\\-dragons\\-to\\-bring\\-arena\\-football\\-to\\-civic\\-center.html \\|title\\=Upstate Dragons to Bring Arena Football to Civic Center \\|work\\=Anderson Observer \\|date\\=August 7, 2017 \\|access\\-date\\=August 11, 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811223822/http://andersonobserver.com/news/2017/8/7/upstate\\-dragons\\-to\\-bring\\-arena\\-football\\-to\\-civic\\-center.html \\|archive\\-date\\=August 11, 2017 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} with the SIF's [Cape Fear Heroes](/wiki/Cape_Fear_Heroes \"Cape Fear Heroes\") (the ownership group that operates the SIF) joining the AAL shortly thereafter.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.fayobserver.com/sports/20170823/heroes\\-unveil\\-new\\-practice\\-facility\\-announce\\-new\\-league?fref\\=gc \\|title\\=Heroes unveil new practice facility, announce new league \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Fayetteville Observer]] \\|date\\=August 23, 2017 \\|access\\-date\\=August 28, 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824220848/http://www.fayobserver.com/sports/20170823/heroes\\-unveil\\-new\\-practice\\-facility\\-announce\\-new\\-league?fref\\=gc \\|archive\\-date\\=August 24, 2017 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} By September 13, the Roughriders returned to the AAL when the NAL had increased its criteria for new teams. On September 20, the [High Country Grizzlies](/wiki/High_Country_Grizzlies \"High Country Grizzlies\"), formerly of the NAL, also joined the AAL.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://lastwordonsports.com/2017/09/20/high\\-country\\-grizzlies\\-leave\\-nal\\-join\\-aal/ \\|title\\=High Country Grizzlies Leave NAL; Join AAL \\|publisher\\=Last Word on Sports \\|date\\=September 20, 2017 \\|access\\-date\\=September 20, 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170921001843/http://lastwordonsports.com/2017/09/20/high\\-country\\-grizzlies\\-leave\\-nal\\-join\\-aal/ \\|archive\\-date\\=September 21, 2017 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "By fall 2017, the teams began releasing their inaugural schedules and expansion teams, the [Atlanta Havoc](/wiki/Atlanta_Havoc \"Atlanta Havoc\") (owned by league president Viens) and the [Carolina Energy](/wiki/Carolina_Energy \"Carolina Energy\"), were added to the league. The AAL also added three affiliated teams that would fill in for home games of the league members and count for league games: the [Austin Wild](/wiki/Austin_Wild \"Austin Wild\") (formerly the Cap City Bulls of [Austin, Texas](/wiki/Austin%2C_Texas \"Austin, Texas\"), which had played as a [traveling team](/wiki/Traveling_team \"Traveling team\") in the SIF during 2017\\), the New England Cavalry (operated by the outdoor semi\\-professional organization out of [Concord, New Hampshire](/wiki/Concord%2C_New_Hampshire \"Concord, New Hampshire\")), and the Savannah Coastal Outlaws (originally announced as an AAL member from the APF merger). In December 2017, another previously announced NAL expansion team, the [Jersey Flight](/wiki/Jersey_Flight \"Jersey Flight\") of [Trenton, New Jersey](/wiki/Trenton%2C_New_Jersey \"Trenton, New Jersey\"), was added to the league. In January 2018, Tim Viens sold his first team, the Vermont Bucks, to solely operate the Atlanta Havoc. The new Bucks' owners then folded the team a month later and another new team, called the [Peach State Cats](/wiki/Peach_State_Cats \"Peach State Cats\") (originally announced in the [semi\\-professional](/wiki/Semi-professional \"Semi-professional\") Elite Indoor Football), was added but were only scheduled for away games. The Glens Falls Gladiators ceased operations just prior to the season, while the Coastal Outlaws would also never play an AAL game with many of their games replaced with the Carolina Cowboyz, also originally of Elite Indoor Football, to bring the league to twelve members and three affiliates to start the 2018 season.", "Partway through the first AAL season, co\\-founder Tim Viens resigned from his positions within the league on April 14, 2018, and would also no longer be involved with his team, the [Atlanta Havoc](/wiki/Atlanta_Havoc \"Atlanta Havoc\").{{cite web \\|url\\=https://insidethearena.org/2018/04/17/american\\-arena\\-league\\-co\\-founder\\-tim\\-viens\\-steps\\-down/ \\|title\\=American Arena League Co\\-Founder Tim Viens Steps Down \\|work\\=Inside the Arena \\|date\\=April 17, 2018 \\|access\\-date\\=April 17, 2018 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418032451/https://insidethearena.org/2018/04/17/american\\-arena\\-league\\-co\\-founder\\-tim\\-viens\\-steps\\-down/ \\|archive\\-date\\=April 18, 2018 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} The league then moved their website and retroactively claimed to have been founded as Arena Pro Football and changed its name when the Can\\-Am teams joined.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://americanarenaleague.com:80/index.php/league/league\\-history \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015011427/http://americanarenaleague.com/index.php/league/league\\-history \\|title\\=League History \\|access\\-date\\=April 23, 2018 \\|archive\\-date\\=October 15, 2017 \\|work\\=AAL \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|df\\=mdy\\-all }}{{cite web \\|url\\=http://aalfootball.com/index.php/league/league\\-history \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180425193852/http://aalfootball.com/index.php/league/league\\-history \\|title\\=League History \\|access\\-date\\=April 23, 2018 \\|archive\\-date\\=April 25, 2018 \\|work\\=AAL}} The league continued to have scheduling issues and canceled games, leading to the [Florida Tarpons](/wiki/Florida_Tarpons \"Florida Tarpons\"),{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.floridatarpons.com/news/tarpons\\-will\\-bring\\-2018\\-season\\-to\\-close\\-at\\-home\\-ma \\|title\\=TARPONS WILL BRING 2018 SEASON TO CLOSE AT HOME MAY 26 VS. UPSTATE DRAGONS \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Florida Tarpons]] \\|date\\=May 19, 2018 \\|access\\-date\\=May 26, 2018 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180525063127/http://www.floridatarpons.com/news/tarpons\\-will\\-bring\\-2018\\-season\\-to\\-close\\-at\\-home\\-ma \\|archive\\-date\\=May 25, 2018 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} [East Carolina Torch](/wiki/East_Carolina_Torch \"East Carolina Torch\") (formerly the [Triangle Torch](/wiki/Triangle_Torch \"Triangle Torch\") until they were forced to relocate), and [Upstate Dragons](/wiki/Upstate_Dragons \"Upstate Dragons\"){{cite web \\|url\\=https://insidethearena.org/2018/06/02/downhill\\-2018\\-season\\-for\\-upstate\\-dragons/ \\|title\\=Downhill 2018 Season for Upstate Dragons \\|website\\=InsidetheArena.org \\|date\\=June 2, 2018 \\|access\\-date\\=June 2, 2018 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612210519/https://insidethearena.org/2018/06/02/downhill\\-2018\\-season\\-for\\-upstate\\-dragons/ \\|archive\\-date\\=June 12, 2018 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} choosing to end their seasons early. The last Can\\-Am team, the Rochester Kings, also appeared to have ceased playing league games altogether during the season. The [Georgia Doom](/wiki/Georgia_Doom \"Georgia Doom\") defeated both the league\\-leading teams, the [Atlanta Havoc](/wiki/Atlanta_Havoc \"Atlanta Havoc\") and [Richmond Roughriders](/wiki/Richmond_Roughriders \"Richmond Roughriders\"), but then chose not to participate in the playoffs.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.41nbc.com/2018/06/11/georgia\\-doom\\-wont\\-play\\-american\\-arena\\-league\\-playoffs/ \\|title\\=GEORGIA DOOM WON'T PLAY IN AMERICAN ARENA LEAGUE PLAYOFFS \\|work\\=\\[\\[WMGT\\-TV]] \\|date\\=June 11, 2018 \\|access\\-date\\=June 12, 2018 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190125112448/https://www.41nbc.com/2018/06/11/georgia\\-doom\\-wont\\-play\\-american\\-arena\\-league\\-playoffs/ \\|archive\\-date\\=January 25, 2019 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} The Havoc went on to win the championship over the top\\-seeded Roughriders 58–50\\.", "Shortly after the 2018 season ended, the Atlanta Havoc announced their relocation to [Florence, South Carolina](/wiki/Florence%2C_South_Carolina \"Florence, South Carolina\"), as the [Carolina Havoc](/wiki/Carolina_Havoc \"Carolina Havoc\") and that they would host the All\\-Star Game at their new arena. The AAL then announced the game would be broadcast on [ESPN3](/wiki/ESPN3 \"ESPN3\") with Mick Moninghoff as play\\-by\\-play commentator on August 25\\. The game was held and the Stripes defeated the Stars by a score of 34–29, but the game was broadcast on [Facebook](/wiki/Facebook \"Facebook\") instead and all references to their ESPN3 announcement were taken down on game day.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.arenafootballtalk.com/blog/broadcast\\-controversy\\-player\\-roster\\-issues\\-steal\\-show\\-in\\-aal\\-all\\-star\\-game \\|title\\=Broadcast Controversy, Player Roster Issues Steal Show in AAL All\\-Star Game \\|work\\=Arena Football Talk \\|date\\=August 29, 2018 \\|access\\-date\\=August 29, 2018 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830012154/https://www.arenafootballtalk.com/blog/broadcast\\-controversy\\-player\\-roster\\-issues\\-steal\\-show\\-in\\-aal\\-all\\-star\\-game \\|archive\\-date\\=August 30, 2018 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "#### 2018–2020", "On August 15, 2018, Richmond Roughriders' owner Gregg Fornario announced his intentions of creating a new league called Northern Arena Football (NAF).{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.arenafootballtalk.com/blog/northern\\-arena\\-football\\-a\\-new\\-league\\-coming\\-in\\-2019 \\|title\\=Northern Arena Football, a new league coming in 2019 \\|website\\=ArenaFootballTalk.com \\|date\\=August 15, 2018 \\|access\\-date\\=August 30, 2018 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830180630/https://www.arenafootballtalk.com/blog/northern\\-arena\\-football\\-a\\-new\\-league\\-coming\\-in\\-2019 \\|archive\\-date\\=August 30, 2018 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} His Roughriders team, despite the possibility of losing its home arena in Richmond for 2019, was not initially planning on leaving the AAL with the NAF only having teams north of the Maryland\\-Pennsylvania border.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.richmond.com/sports/professional/roughriders\\-owner\\-looking\\-at\\-winston\\-salem\\-will\\-open\\-new\\-indoor/article\\_0eef0c8c\\-d3cf\\-59ce\\-bdec\\-e4d5378aecec.html \\|title\\=Roughriders owner looking at Winston\\-Salem, will open new indoor football league \\|work\\=\\[\\[Richmond Times\\-Dispatch]] \\|date\\=August 9, 2018 \\|access\\-date\\=August 30, 2018 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228184350/https://www.richmond.com/sports/professional/roughriders\\-owner\\-looking\\-at\\-winston\\-salem\\-will\\-open\\-new\\-indoor/article\\_0eef0c8c\\-d3cf\\-59ce\\-bdec\\-e4d5378aecec.html \\|archive\\-date\\=February 28, 2020 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} The AAL affiliate team, the New England Cavalry, were the first team added to the NAF. However, by August 28, Fornario had rebranded the new league as [Professional Arena Football](/wiki/Professional_Arena_Football \"Professional Arena Football\") (PAF) with multiple divisions, Northern Arena Football and Southern Arena Football,{{cite web \\|url\\=https://insidethearena.co/f/what\\-to\\-watch\\-for\\-in\\-2019\\-arena\\-football\\-season \\|title\\=What to Watch For in 2019 Arena Football Season \\|website\\=InsideTheArena.com \\|date\\=August 29, 2018 \\|access\\-date\\=August 30, 2018 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830174317/https://insidethearena.co/f/what\\-to\\-watch\\-for\\-in\\-2019\\-arena\\-football\\-season \\|archive\\-date\\=August 30, 2018 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} and the Roughriders were announced as part of Professional Arena Football on August 30, leaving the AAL.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.facebook.com/richmondroughriders/photos/a.231465747275602/541700816252092/?type\\=3\\&theater \\|title\\=Roughriders Join Professional Arena Football \\|website\\=Facebook.com \\|date\\=August 30, 2018}}", "By September 2018, the AAL confirmed five teams were returning for a 2019 season: the [Cape Fear Heroes](/wiki/Cape_Fear_Heroes \"Cape Fear Heroes\"), [Carolina Energy](/wiki/Carolina_Energy \"Carolina Energy\"), [Georgia Doom](/wiki/Georgia_Doom \"Georgia Doom\"), [High Country Grizzlies](/wiki/High_Country_Grizzlies \"High Country Grizzlies\"), and [Peach State Cats](/wiki/Peach_State_Cats \"Peach State Cats\") (with the Cats relocating to [Athens, Georgia](/wiki/Athens%2C_Georgia \"Athens, Georgia\"), and no longer a travel\\-only team).{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/american\\-arena\\-league\\-announces\\-2019\\-teams/n\\-5402571 \\|title\\=American Arena League Announces 2019 Teams \\|website\\=OurSportsCentral.com \\|date\\=September 17, 2018 \\|access\\-date\\=September 19, 2018 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919211520/https://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/american\\-arena\\-league\\-announces\\-2019\\-teams/n\\-5402571 \\|archive\\-date\\=September 19, 2018 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} The Florida Tarpons left the league and formed a new Florida\\-based league while rebranding as the [Lakeland Tarpons](/wiki/Lakeland_Tarpons \"Lakeland Tarpons\"). The defending champion [Carolina Havoc](/wiki/Carolina_Havoc \"Carolina Havoc\") later announced they would remain in the league. The Roughriders returned to AAL, now as the [Wheeling](/wiki/Wheeling%2C_West_Virginia \"Wheeling, West Virginia\")\\-based [West Virginia Roughriders](/wiki/West_Virginia_Roughriders \"West Virginia Roughriders\"), after Fornario's plans for the PAF fell through.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.westvirginiaroughriders.com/news\\-h/344\\-roughriders\\-return\\-to\\-the\\-american\\-arena\\-league\\-for\\-2019\\.html \\|title\\=Roughriders Return to the American Arena League for 2019 \\|publisher\\=West Virginia Roughriders \\|date\\=December 10, 2018 \\|access\\-date\\=December 10, 2018 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130212841/http://westvirginiaroughriders.com/news\\-h/344\\-roughriders\\-return\\-to\\-the\\-american\\-arena\\-league\\-for\\-2019\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=January 30, 2019 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} On December 12, 2018, the league announced its 2019 alignment split into a four\\-team Northern Division and an eight\\-team Southern Division. The league also announced the return of the [Jersey Flight](/wiki/Jersey_Flight \"Jersey Flight\"), as well as the additions of the Carolina Cowboyz (now full\\-time members with a home arena in [Pendleton, South Carolina](/wiki/Pendleton%2C_South_Carolina \"Pendleton, South Carolina\")), the traveling team Carolina Predators, the New England Bobcats (formerly of Elite Indoor Football), and the Burgh Defenders ([Pittsburgh](/wiki/Pittsburgh \"Pittsburgh\")). The AAL then split the Southern Division into a Southern and Mid\\-Atlantic Division prior to the scheduled release. In January 2019, the league then added a Midwest Division composed of three teams that had been in the developmental Midwest Professional Indoor Football (MPIF): the Chicago Aztecs, [Indianapolis Enforcers](/wiki/Indianapolis_Enforcers \"Indianapolis Enforcers\"), and [West Michigan Ironmen](/wiki/West_Michigan_Ironmen \"West Michigan Ironmen\").{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/its\\-official\\-the\\-american\\-arena\\-league\\-aal\\-\\-midwest\\-professional\\-indoor\\-football\\-league\\-mpif\\-come\\-to\\-terms/n\\-5439726 \\|title\\=It's Official: The American Arena League (AAL) \\& Midwest Professional Indoor Football League (MPIF) Come to Terms \\|website\\=OurSportsCentral.com \\|date\\=January 19, 2019 \\|access\\-date\\=January 20, 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190120043103/https://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/its\\-official\\-the\\-american\\-arena\\-league\\-aal\\-\\-midwest\\-professional\\-indoor\\-football\\-league\\-mpif\\-come\\-to\\-terms/n\\-5439726 \\|archive\\-date\\=January 20, 2019 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Less than a month prior to the start of the 2019 season, the [High Country Grizzlies](/wiki/High_Country_Grizzlies \"High Country Grizzlies\") ceased operations and the Chicago Aztecs withdrew for the season reducing the league to 13 teams. The [Georgia Doom](/wiki/Georgia_Doom \"Georgia Doom\") and New England Bobcats later folded during the season. There were many other canceled or rescheduled home games either due to arena issues or the away team not traveling.", "On April 27, 2019, league co\\-founder and president Jack Bowman died after an illness and the league championship was then named the Jack Bowman Trophy.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/aal\\-president\\-jack\\-bowman\\-passes\\-away/n\\-5478297 \\|title\\=AAL President Jack Bowman Passes Away \\|website\\=OurSports Central \\|date\\=April 27, 2019 \\|access\\-date\\=April 27, 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427221028/https://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/aal\\-president\\-jack\\-bowman\\-passes\\-away/n\\-5478297 \\|archive\\-date\\=April 27, 2019 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} The [Carolina Energy](/wiki/Carolina_Energy \"Carolina Energy\") traveled to face the [West Virginia Roughriders](/wiki/West_Virginia_Roughriders \"West Virginia Roughriders\") for the newly renamed championship on June 29, and the Roughriders won 55–29\\. After the season, Fornario again stated he was removing the Roughriders from the AAL.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://insidethearena.co/f/west\\-virginia\\-roughriders\\-not\\-to\\-return\\-to\\-aal\\-in\\-2020 \\|title\\=West Virginia Roughriders Not to Return to AAL in 2020 \\|website\\=Inside the Arena \\|date\\=August 2, 2019 \\|access\\-date\\=August 3, 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190803215621/https://insidethearena.co/f/west\\-virginia\\-roughriders\\-not\\-to\\-return\\-to\\-aal\\-in\\-2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=August 3, 2019 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} The Roughriders, as well as the [Jersey Flight](/wiki/Jersey_Flight \"Jersey Flight\"), were accepted to join the [National Arena League](/wiki/National_Arena_League \"National Arena League\") (NAL) for the 2020 season. The league also lost the Burgh Defenders (removed from league), Carolina Havoc (loss of lease), and Peach State Cats (left league).", "#### 2020–2021: COVID\\-19 pandemic", "The AAL announced several new teams for the 2020 season including the [Louisville Xtreme](/wiki/Kentucky_Xtreme \"Kentucky Xtreme\"), Music City Fire,{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.instagram.com/p/B4xD8HRFeOz/ \\|archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/instagram/themusiccityfire/2175537420107637683 \\|archive\\-date\\=2021\\-12\\-23 \\|url\\-access\\=subscription\\|title\\=Music City Fire November 12, 2019, Instagram post \\|website\\=Instagram \\|date\\=November 12, 2019}}{{cbignore}} Pennsylvania Copperheads,{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.facebook.com/PACopperheads/photos/a.102014737906827/137491381025829/?type\\=3\\&theater \\|title\\=Pennsylvania Copperheads December 23, 2019, Facebook Post \\|website\\=Facebook \\|date\\=December 23, 2019}} Pennsylvania Union,{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.facebook.com/unionfootball1/posts/174453087265391?\\_\\_xts\\_\\_\\[0]\\=68\\.ARDQcJuM7obZy3bYHjk5pv\\_6fl7Jnqi\\-euCQSLnrctRxEJMwvcXRAfXBCUfWxG20trpzN6sjIaSLhHsnhFKLGrUAlsTr5bnpj\\_RloCFVShfzedpsjWbbudw\\_Donr\\_gxEsSKi2dU9l3rFW\\-gNqMtC1kENrnlTJnRCdOQ3hr5Wk2ZumP\\-ufeK\\_2FmRBN8bcO0OBg2nLYbZ7nl5ws1o4fRFyjM5vSYu\\_vKn61LXXHy1ItvhfyGsWr8WBJMMpLDVaD\\_qcxwrPDPEsX\\-exVUqeRFa9mY7ibxNwjhiLxl\\_CZLEfhTbNUqtj0OsdGYNb0Ffc\\_h6suWdf8SFdsai3QFcUum6l2o\\&\\_\\_tn\\_\\_\\=\\-R \\|title\\=Pennsylvania Union January 11, 2020, Facebook Post \\|website\\=Facebook \\|date\\=January 11, 2020}} South Florida Thunder (as a travel\\-only team), and the [Tampa Bay Tornadoes](/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Tornadoes \"Tampa Bay Tornadoes\").{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.usforacle.com/2020/07/12/podcast\\-preview\\-alton\\-walker\\-covid\\-was\\-a\\-curse\\-and\\-a\\-blessing/ \\|title\\=Podcast Preview: Alton Walker: 'COVID was a curse and a blessing' \\|date\\=July 12, 2020 \\|website\\=usforacle.com}} The league also merged with the semiprofessional Mid\\-Atlantic Indoor Football League, adding the Central Penn Chargers, Jersey Bearcats, Maryland Eagles, Reading Raptors, and Western Maryland Warriors. However, before the season could start, most venues were closed due to the [COVID\\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic \"COVID-19 pandemic\") and the season was subsequently cancelled. During the following offseason, the league lost the Louisville Xtreme and Tampa Bay Tornadoes to the NAL without the teams playing a game in the AAL.", "By December 2020, the league had not confirmed any new teams and repeatedly stated it would not announce any 2021 season plans or teams until there were further developments in regards to teams being able to actually play due to the ongoing COVID\\-19 pandemic.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.americanarenaleague.com/home \\|title\\=AAL home page \\|access\\-date\\=October 28, 2020 \\|website\\=AAL}}{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.facebook.com/AmericanArenaLeague/posts/2993941767402231 \\|title\\=Thank you for your interest in the AAL. Due to the Corona virus, we are all experiencing unique situations in our society. Instead of updating our information daily, we have decided it best to be patient. Although we currently have teams under contract for next season and additional teams waiting arena approval, we do not want to prematurely announce a team when some states may determine that it is not safe to play in 2021\\. Thank you for your patience and please be safe! \\|website\\=Facebook \\|date\\=August 27, 2020}}{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.facebook.com/AmericanArenaLeague/posts/3135126126617127 \\|title\\=Thank you for your interest in the AAL, in the \"AAL Official\" facebook page. and your patience as society is going through unique times. Most of the teams in the American Arena League have now received their arena dates for 2021\\. Some AAL teams have already received their 2021 Tentative Schedule. Again, instead of updating our information daily, we have decided it best to be patient. As we have all learned, some states have stricter regulations which has slowed arena discussions. We will release the 2021 schedule as soon as possible. Thank you for your patience. Please be safe! \\|website\\=Facebook \\|date\\=October 13, 2020}} However, several teams have announced they would be joining the league in 2021\\. In September 2020, a new team called the West Texas Buccaneers in [El Paso, Texas](/wiki/El_Paso%2C_Texas \"El Paso, Texas\"), announced itself as a league member of a Texas\\-based division, along with several other potential cities for the 2021 season.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.elpasotimes.com/story/sports/2020/09/04/west\\-texas\\-buccaneers\\-el\\-paso\\-join\\-aal\\-football/5716628002/\\|title\\=El Paso will be home to a new American Arena League football team \\|website\\=El Paso Times \\|date\\=September 4, 2020}} New Texas teams called the [San Antonio Gunslingers](/wiki/San_Antonio_Gunslingers_%28indoor_football%29 \"San Antonio Gunslingers (indoor football)\"){{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.ktvn.com/story/42374726/san\\-antonio\\-gunslingers\\-to\\-kick\\-off\\-in\\-the\\-american\\-arena\\-league\\-in\\-2021\\|title\\=San Antonio Gunslingers to kick off in the American Arena league in 2021 \\|website\\=KTVN \\|date\\=July 15, 2020}} and Allen Tiger\\-Cats then announced they were joining the AAL. The Topeka Thundercats then announced they would join the AAL in a new Midwest\\-based division.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.facebook.com/thundercatsfootball/photos/a.361393421271416/817230159021071/?type\\=3\\&theater\\|title\\=Indoor Football to return to Topeka in 2021 \\|website\\=Facebook \\|date\\=October 7, 2020}}{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.facebook.com/thundercatsfootball/posts/799811390762948\\|title\\=Coaching Announcement and League Announcement \\|website\\=Facebook \\|date\\=September 14, 2020}} In December, the league announced that some of the teams that had announced themselves had already been evaluated and were not members of the AAL.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.facebook.com/AmericanArenaLeague/posts/3277369492392789 \\|title\\=Three months ago the AAL found professional ownership groups in Texas and added a Western Division. Since then, other owners have requested to join the AAL. For a variety of reasons, their requests were turned down. For the second time in a month, this weekend a team attempted to elevate their organization and claimed to play an AAL team. This is not accurate. American Arena League teams have their TENTATIVE Schedules which will be released soon. There will be no AAL games or scrimmages until March!! Please be safe!! \\|website\\=Facebook \\|date\\=December 6, 2020}}", "The league then updated its website in December 2020 with a list of 17 teams in three divisions for the 2021 season, including Allen, San Antonio, and El Paso. It also re\\-added the [Austin Wild](/wiki/Austin_Wild \"Austin Wild\") and [Tampa Bay Tornadoes](/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Tornadoes \"Tampa Bay Tornadoes\"), as well as new teams in the Chicago Power, [North Texas Bulls](/wiki/North_Texas_Bulls \"North Texas Bulls\"), Mississippi Raiders, and St. Louis Bandits. Previously listed 2020 teams, the Carolina Cowboyz, Central Penn Chargers, Maryland Eagles, South Florida Thunder, and Western Maryland Warriors were no longer listed as members.{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://www.americanarenaleague.com/home \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201215182812/https://www.americanarenaleague.com/home \\|title\\=AAL homepage \\|website\\=AAL \\|access\\-date\\=December 15, 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=December 15, 2020}} The Music City Fire remained listed as a member, but were not scheduled to play any games. Allen was removed in January 2021 and replaced with a team called the Texas Takeover based in Fort Worth, which was also removed in February.{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://www.americanarenaleague.com/home \\|title\\=AAL homepage \\|website\\=AAL \\|access\\-date\\=December 31, 2020}} The season started with two games on March 13, 2021\\. Reading left the league March 27 without playing a game. St. Louis withdrew from the season in May after two league games played citing COVID\\-19 concerns.{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://www.facebook.com/stlbanditsfootball/posts/313563120486332 \\|title\\=St. Louis Bandits Fans: We want to thank you for a great first season but sadly our season got cut short due to Covid. Our game this week has been cancelled. Covid 19 has impacted everyone over the last year and we are sad to end so soon. We will be back next year bigger and better. Bandits Football \\|website\\=St. Louis Bandits Facebook \\|date\\=May 8, 2021}} Tampa Bay did not play its final three scheduled games.", "The league announced it would not have a championship game and would instead name three division champions.{{Cite tweet \\|user\\=ArenaAmerican \\|number\\=1395712905430114310 \\|title\\=Team owners in the AAL have decided to take the lead from Major League Baseball and implement the same format that will take place in minor league baseball. This season will conclude with Champions from the East, Mid\\-West and Western Divisions.\\|date\\=May 21, 2021}} The East Division champion [Charlotte Thunder](/wiki/Charlotte_Thunder \"Charlotte Thunder\") and West Division champion [North Texas Bulls](/wiki/North_Texas_Bulls \"North Texas Bulls\") then scheduled their own league championship game regardless of the league's approval; the Midwest Division champion [West Michigan Ironmen](/wiki/West_Michigan_Ironmen \"West Michigan Ironmen\") were not involved.", "In June 2021, it was reported that league president and commissioner Tony Zefiretto had sold the league to the ownership of the Jersey Bearcats and [Indianapolis Enforcers](/wiki/Indianapolis_Enforcers \"Indianapolis Enforcers\").{{cite web \\|url\\=https://lockedinmagazine.com/the\\-brand\\-new\\-american\\-arena\\-league/ \\|title\\=The Brand New American Arena League \\|website\\=lockedinmagazine.com \\|date\\=June 11, 2021}} The new ownership reportedly approved of the game between the Thunder and Bulls,{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://lockedinmagazine.com/the\\-aal\\-will\\-crown\\-a\\-champion\\-in\\-2021/ \\|title\\=The AAL Will Crown A Champion in 2021 \\|website\\=lockedinmagazine.com \\|date\\=June 14, 2021}} which was won by the North Texas Bulls 60–43 on June 26\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://lockedinmagazine.com/no\\-bull\\-about\\-it/ \\|title\\=No Bull About It \\|website\\=lockedinmagazine.com \\|date\\=June 28, 2021}}", "### American Arena League 2", "After the 2021 season concluded, four members of the East Division (Carolina Predators, [Tampa Bay Tornadoes](/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Tornadoes \"Tampa Bay Tornadoes\"), Pennsylvania Union and Mississippi Raiders) announced that they would leave the AAL to form new league called [Arena Indoor Football Alliance](/wiki/American_Indoor_Football_Alliance \"American Indoor Football Alliance\").{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/weekly\\-sports\\-league\\-and\\-franchise\\-report/n\\-5718668\\|title\\=Weekly Sports League and Franchise Report \\|website\\=oursportscentral.com \\|date\\=July 12, 2021}} The Charlotte Thunder and [West Michigan Ironmen](/wiki/West_Michigan_Ironmen \"West Michigan Ironmen\") left to form their own league (Arena Professional Football League, later succeeded by [Great Lakes Arena Football](/wiki/Great_Lakes_Arena_Football \"Great Lakes Arena Football\") after the Ironmen took sole control over the league),{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://www.facebook.com/Charlottethunderllc/posts/1498588813840384 \\|title\\=Get ready!!!!!!!!!! \\|website\\=Charlotte Thunder Facebook page \\|date\\=October 27, 2021}} the North Texas Bulls left to join the new Texas\\-based [Arena Football Association](/wiki/Arena_Football_Association \"Arena Football Association\"),{{Cite press release \\|url\\=https://www.prnewswire.com/news\\-releases/sponsors\\-and\\-investors\\-see\\-ground\\-floor\\-opportunities\\-with\\-the\\-expansion\\-of\\-arena\\-football\\-association\\-301416552\\.html \\|title\\=Sponsors And Investors See Ground\\-Floor Opportunities With The Expansion Of Arena Football Association \\|website\\=\\[\\[PR Newswire]] \\|date\\=November 4, 2021}} and the [San Antonio Gunslingers](/wiki/San_Antonio_Gunslingers_%28indoor_football%29 \"San Antonio Gunslingers (indoor football)\") were announced as an expansion team in the NAL.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.nationalarenaleague.com/news/nal\\-announces\\-san\\-antonio\\-gunslingers\\-as\\-expansion \\|title\\=NAL ANNOUNCES SAN ANTONIO GUNSLINGERS AS EXPANSION FRANCHISE \\|website\\=National Arena League \\|date\\=November 11, 2021}}", "In December 2021, the new ownership led by AJ Roque and Jermaine Sanders, the owners of the Jersey Bearcats, launched the new website for league following the completion of the sale from Tony Zefiretto.{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://www.americanarenaleague.com/post/the\\-brand\\-new\\-american\\-arena\\-league \\|title\\=The Brand New American Arena League \\|website\\=americanarenaleague.com \\|date\\=December 2, 2021 \\|access\\-date\\=December 3, 2021}} They then hired Kevin O'Hanlon as commissioner.{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://www.americanarenaleague.com/post/meet\\-aal\\-s\\-new\\-commissioner \\|title\\=Meet AAL's New Commissioner \\|website\\=americanarenaleague.com \\|date\\=December 2, 2021 \\|access\\-date\\=December 3, 2021}} They announced they would be launching \"American Arena League 2\" in 2022\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.americanarenaleague.com/post/aal\\-2\\-2022 \\|title\\=THE AAL BRINGS YOU THE AAL 2 \\|website\\=americanarenaleague.com \\|date\\=December 7, 2021 \\|access\\-date\\=December 7, 2021}} AAL2 was delayed until 2023 and was initially to serve as the AAL's minor league, which was supposed to also relaunch in 2023,{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://www.facebook.com/AmericanArenaLeagueFootball/posts/224116799937303 \\|title\\=The American Arena League will launch the AAL and AAL 2 season in 2023\\. \\|website\\=American Arena League – AAL Facebook \\|date\\=February 1, 2022}} but by the time of the start of the 2023 season, only the AAL2 was active.", "The 2023 AAL2 season saw the Steel City Stampede finishing first after a perfect regular season (6–0\\).{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/weekly\\-sports\\-league\\-and\\-franchise\\-report/n\\-5936130\\|title\\=Weekly Sports League and Franchise Report\\|work\\=OurSports Central\\|date\\=March 20, 2023 }}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.americanarenaleague.com/aal2standings\\|title\\=AAL2 standings\\|work\\=American Arena League }} The Jersey Bearcats{{cite web\\|url\\=https://njurbannews.com/2023/06/06/more\\-than\\-just\\-a\\-team\\-playoff\\-bound\\-jersey\\-bearcats\\-are\\-like\\-a\\-family/\\|title\\=More than just a team, playoff\\-bound Jersey Bearcats are like a family\\|work\\=NJ Urban News\\|date\\=June 6, 2023 }} won the AAL2's first championship after defeating the Stampede 39–18 in the league final.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=8NJHz9OoB0U\\&ab\\_channel\\=PDFSportsNetwork\\|title\\=AAL2 Championship: Jersey Bearcats vs. Steel City Stampede\\|work\\=youtube.com \\|date\\=July 9, 2023 }}", "#### 2024 season", "In January 2023 the league announced that [Wilmington, Delaware](/wiki/Wilmington%2C_Delaware \"Wilmington, Delaware\") based Delaware Bull Sharks will be joining for the 2024 season.{{citation\\|url\\=https://www.americanarenaleague.com/post/kicking\\-off\\-the\\-new\\-year\\-with\\-our\\-1st\\-expansion\\-team\\-for\\-2024 \\|title\\=Kicking off the 2023 New Year with our 1st Expansion Team for 2024 SEASON \\|date\\=January 2, 2023 }} In September 2023 the league announced that two [Dallas, Texas](/wiki/Dallas%2C_Texas \"Dallas, Texas\"), based teams—the Dallas Falcons (from the [American Indoor Football Alliance](/wiki/American_Indoor_Football_Alliance \"American Indoor Football Alliance\")) and the Texas Hotshots—will join the league's newly formed Texas Division for the 2024 season.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/weekly\\-sports\\-league\\-and\\-franchise\\-report/n\\-6010114\\|title\\=Weekly Sports League and Franchise Report\\|work\\=OurSports Central\\|date\\=September 4, 2023 }} In October, former AAL member, Carolina Predators announced they're joining for the 2024\\.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Carolina Predators Arena Football Team\\|website\\=\\[\\[Facebook]] \\|url\\=https://www.facebook.com/carolinapredatorsarenafootball/videos/aal2\\-here\\-we\\-come/1126574381643196/}} On November 1, 2023, the league added a new team for 2024, the [Wheeling Miners](/wiki/Wheeling_Miners \"Wheeling Miners\"), who were originally slated for [American Indoor Football](/wiki/American_Indoor_Football \"American Indoor Football\").", "In December 2023, the league announced that the 2024 season will feature 13 teams split into East and West Divisions, with teams playing six to eight games from April 13 through June 7, 2024\\. The teams include: The Jersey Bearcats, Maryland Eagles, Western Maryland Warriors, Steel City Stampede, Carolina Predators, Peach State Cats, Delaware Bullsharks and [Wheeling Miners](/wiki/Wheeling_Miners \"Wheeling Miners\") in the East Division and the Dallas Falcons, Austin Wolverines, Texas Hotshots, Waco Tornadoes and West Texas Warriors in the west division.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Weekly Sports League and Franchise Report by Dan Krieger December 11, 2023\\|url\\=https://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/weekly\\-sports\\-league\\-and\\-franchise\\-report/n\\-6038525\\|website\\=OurSports Central\\|date\\=December 11, 2023 }} The Falcons briefly assumed the identity of the [Philadelphia Soul](/wiki/Philadelphia_Soul \"Philadelphia Soul\") of the [Arena Football League](/wiki/Arena_Football_League \"Arena Football League\") for one game in 2024, serving as [replacement players](/wiki/Replacement_player \"Replacement player\") after the head coach and most of the roster were unable to travel to the game against the [Louisiana VooDoo](/wiki/Louisiana_VooDoo \"Louisiana VooDoo\").{{Cite web \\|last\\=Florio \\|first\\=Mike \\|date\\=2024\\-04\\-29 \\|title\\=Arena Football League returns with a thud \\|url\\=https://www.nbcsports.com/nfl/profootballtalk/rumor\\-mill/news/arena\\-football\\-league\\-returns\\-with\\-a\\-thud \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-04\\-30 \\|website\\=Pro Football Talk \\|language\\=en\\-US}}{{Cite web \\|last\\=Red \\|first\\=Christian \\|date\\=2024\\-04\\-29 \\|title\\=Soul are back playing arena football, but as a replacement team amid claims of 'clown behavior,' unpaid bills \\|url\\=https://www.inquirer.com/sports/philadelphia\\-soul\\-arena\\-football\\-league\\-20240429\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-04\\-30 \\|website\\=\\[\\[The Philadelphia Inquirer]] \\|language\\=en}}{{Cite web \\|last\\=Molski \\|first\\=Max \\|date\\=April 30, 2024 \\|title\\=Arena Football League relaunch marred by issues \\|url\\=https://www.nbcphiladelphia.com/news/sports/arena\\-football\\-league\\-relaunch\\-philadelphia\\-soul\\-issues/3845579/ \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240430140454/https://www.nbcphiladelphia.com/news/sports/arena\\-football\\-league\\-relaunch\\-philadelphia\\-soul\\-issues/3845579/ \\|archive\\-date\\=April 30, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=April 30, 2024 \\|website\\=NBC Philadelphia}} Wheeling announced its intent to depart for the [National Arena League](/wiki/National_Arena_League \"National Arena League\") in June 2024, prior to the AAL2 playoffs.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2024\\-06\\-21 \\|title\\=Wheeling Miners Changing Leagues, Sign Extension With WesBanco Arena \\|url\\=https://www.wtrf.com/sports/wheeling\\-miners\\-changing\\-leagues\\-sign\\-extension\\-with\\-wesbanco\\-arena/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-06\\-21 \\|website\\=WTRF \\|language\\=en\\-US}} After the end of the regular season, the Texas Hotshots claimed that none of the league teams paid salaries to players.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Today is a disappointment. June 8 will our very last game in the American Arena League 2 as we will have completed our season. For those who are thinking about joining this league next year or in the upcoming years please avoid this organization. \\|url\\=https://www.facebook.com/story.php?story\\_fbid\\=389977537412255\\&id\\=100092000360485\\&mibextid\\=oFDknk\\&rdid\\=TC29wO54NIqOQgd4\\|website\\=Texas Hotshots }}", "#### 2025 Season", "On October 2nd, 2024, the AAL2 announced \"Part 1\" of their new teams for the 2025 season. The Georgia Indians, Mississippi Wolfpack, New York Smash, Pittsburgh Outlaws, and Tri\\-City Rivergators were announced to be joining the league for the spring 2025 season.", "" ]
### American Arena League #### First season [125px\|right\|thumb\|Original logo (2017–2021\)](/wiki/File:American_Arena_League.png "American Arena League.png") During the two league's first seasons, the Can\-Am's founder [Tim Viens](/wiki/Tim_Viens "Tim Viens") announced on April 14, 2017, that for the 2018 season the APF and Can\-Am leagues would officially merge and create the American Arena League, which the APF would later confirm.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.americanarenaleague.com/ \|title\=AAL Homepage \|publisher\=American Arena League \|access\-date\=April 14, 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170415011405/http://www.americanarenaleague.com/ \|archive\-date\=April 15, 2017 \|url\-status\=live }} The championship between the two leagues was never played or referenced by either league again. In June 2017, the now\-merged league announced its inaugural members over its [social media](/wiki/Social_media "Social media") page. From the Can\-Am, the league added the Boston Blaze, [Buffalo Blitz](/wiki/Buffalo_Blitz "Buffalo Blitz"), Connecticut Chiefs, Glens Falls Gladiators, Rochester Kings, [Vermont Bucks](/wiki/Vermont_Bucks "Vermont Bucks"), and the Central Penn Chargers (the team that played in Can\-Am playoff game against the Bucks). From the APF, the league added the [Florida Tarpons](/wiki/Florida_Tarpons "Florida Tarpons"), [Richmond Roughriders](/wiki/Richmond_Roughriders "Richmond Roughriders"), and the announced expansion team Hampton Roads Riptides.{{cite web \|url\=https://insidethearena.org/2017/06/20/american\-arena\-league\-announces\-first\-10\-teams/ \|title\=American Arena League Announces First 10 Teams \|author\=Stephen Ur \|publisher\=InsideTheArena.org \|date\=June 20, 2017 \|access\-date\=June 22, 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811224531/https://insidethearena.org/2017/06/20/american\-arena\-league\-announces\-first\-10\-teams/ \|archive\-date\=August 11, 2017 \|url\-status\=dead }}{{cite web \|url\=https://hotsprotstakes.com/2017/06/20/american\-arena\-league\-announces\-first\-10\-teams/ \|title\=American Arena League announces first 10 teams \|publisher\=Hot Sprots \|date\=June 20, 2017 \|access\-date\=June 22, 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170812021050/https://hotsprotstakes.com/2017/06/20/american\-arena\-league\-announces\-first\-10\-teams/ \|archive\-date\=August 12, 2017 \|url\-status\=live }} The Roughriders had previously stated that they were looking to join to the [Indoor Football League](/wiki/Indoor_Football_League "Indoor Football League") (IFL) or the [National Arena League](/wiki/National_Arena_League "National Arena League") (NAL) and that they had not committed to joining the AAL yet. The AAL then deleted all references of the Roughriders from their social media posts within two days and the Roughriders later announced they had joined the [National Arena League](/wiki/National_Arena_League "National Arena League") (NAL). By early July, the only teams that had not been deleted from their social media posts were the Bucks, Gladiators, Kings, and Tarpons. On July 13, the league added the [Georgia Doom](/wiki/Georgia_Doom "Georgia Doom") of [Macon, Georgia](/wiki/Macon%2C_Georgia "Macon, Georgia"). The Doom organization had played a few games as a travel team fill\-in for the [Dayton Wolfpack](/wiki/Dayton_Wolfpack "Dayton Wolfpack") of the NAL the previous season.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.13wmaz.com/news/local/georgia\-doom\-football\-coming\-to\-macon\-centreplex/452430926 \|title\=Georgia Doom football coming to Macon Centreplex \|publisher\=\[\[WMAZ]] \|date\=June 27, 2017}}{{cite web \|url\=https://insidethearena.org/2017/07/13/georgia\-doom\-to\-join\-american\-arena\-league/ \|title\=Georgia Doom to Join American Arena League \|publisher\=Inside the Arena \|date\=July 13, 2017 \|access\-date\=July 13, 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811224023/https://insidethearena.org/2017/07/13/georgia\-doom\-to\-join\-american\-arena\-league/ \|archive\-date\=August 11, 2017 \|url\-status\=dead }}{{cite web \|url\=http://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/weekly\-sports\-league\-\-franchise\-report/n\-5255836 \|title\=WEEKLY SPORTS LEAGUE \& FRANCHISE REPORT \|publisher\=OurSports Central \|date\=May 8, 2017 \|access\-date\=July 13, 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170617212051/http://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/weekly\-sports\-league\-\-franchise\-report/n\-5255836 \|archive\-date\=June 17, 2017 \|url\-status\=live }} The league also added the [Triangle Torch](/wiki/Triangle_Torch "Triangle Torch") and [Upstate Dragons](/wiki/Upstate_Dragons "Upstate Dragons") after they previously played in [Supreme Indoor Football](/wiki/Supreme_Indoor_Football "Supreme Indoor Football") (SIF),{{cite web \|url\=http://andersonobserver.com/news/2017/8/7/upstate\-dragons\-to\-bring\-arena\-football\-to\-civic\-center.html \|title\=Upstate Dragons to Bring Arena Football to Civic Center \|work\=Anderson Observer \|date\=August 7, 2017 \|access\-date\=August 11, 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811223822/http://andersonobserver.com/news/2017/8/7/upstate\-dragons\-to\-bring\-arena\-football\-to\-civic\-center.html \|archive\-date\=August 11, 2017 \|url\-status\=live }} with the SIF's [Cape Fear Heroes](/wiki/Cape_Fear_Heroes "Cape Fear Heroes") (the ownership group that operates the SIF) joining the AAL shortly thereafter.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.fayobserver.com/sports/20170823/heroes\-unveil\-new\-practice\-facility\-announce\-new\-league?fref\=gc \|title\=Heroes unveil new practice facility, announce new league \|work\=\[\[The Fayetteville Observer]] \|date\=August 23, 2017 \|access\-date\=August 28, 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824220848/http://www.fayobserver.com/sports/20170823/heroes\-unveil\-new\-practice\-facility\-announce\-new\-league?fref\=gc \|archive\-date\=August 24, 2017 \|url\-status\=live }} By September 13, the Roughriders returned to the AAL when the NAL had increased its criteria for new teams. On September 20, the [High Country Grizzlies](/wiki/High_Country_Grizzlies "High Country Grizzlies"), formerly of the NAL, also joined the AAL.{{cite web \|url\=http://lastwordonsports.com/2017/09/20/high\-country\-grizzlies\-leave\-nal\-join\-aal/ \|title\=High Country Grizzlies Leave NAL; Join AAL \|publisher\=Last Word on Sports \|date\=September 20, 2017 \|access\-date\=September 20, 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170921001843/http://lastwordonsports.com/2017/09/20/high\-country\-grizzlies\-leave\-nal\-join\-aal/ \|archive\-date\=September 21, 2017 \|url\-status\=live }} By fall 2017, the teams began releasing their inaugural schedules and expansion teams, the [Atlanta Havoc](/wiki/Atlanta_Havoc "Atlanta Havoc") (owned by league president Viens) and the [Carolina Energy](/wiki/Carolina_Energy "Carolina Energy"), were added to the league. The AAL also added three affiliated teams that would fill in for home games of the league members and count for league games: the [Austin Wild](/wiki/Austin_Wild "Austin Wild") (formerly the Cap City Bulls of [Austin, Texas](/wiki/Austin%2C_Texas "Austin, Texas"), which had played as a [traveling team](/wiki/Traveling_team "Traveling team") in the SIF during 2017\), the New England Cavalry (operated by the outdoor semi\-professional organization out of [Concord, New Hampshire](/wiki/Concord%2C_New_Hampshire "Concord, New Hampshire")), and the Savannah Coastal Outlaws (originally announced as an AAL member from the APF merger). In December 2017, another previously announced NAL expansion team, the [Jersey Flight](/wiki/Jersey_Flight "Jersey Flight") of [Trenton, New Jersey](/wiki/Trenton%2C_New_Jersey "Trenton, New Jersey"), was added to the league. In January 2018, Tim Viens sold his first team, the Vermont Bucks, to solely operate the Atlanta Havoc. The new Bucks' owners then folded the team a month later and another new team, called the [Peach State Cats](/wiki/Peach_State_Cats "Peach State Cats") (originally announced in the [semi\-professional](/wiki/Semi-professional "Semi-professional") Elite Indoor Football), was added but were only scheduled for away games. The Glens Falls Gladiators ceased operations just prior to the season, while the Coastal Outlaws would also never play an AAL game with many of their games replaced with the Carolina Cowboyz, also originally of Elite Indoor Football, to bring the league to twelve members and three affiliates to start the 2018 season. Partway through the first AAL season, co\-founder Tim Viens resigned from his positions within the league on April 14, 2018, and would also no longer be involved with his team, the [Atlanta Havoc](/wiki/Atlanta_Havoc "Atlanta Havoc").{{cite web \|url\=https://insidethearena.org/2018/04/17/american\-arena\-league\-co\-founder\-tim\-viens\-steps\-down/ \|title\=American Arena League Co\-Founder Tim Viens Steps Down \|work\=Inside the Arena \|date\=April 17, 2018 \|access\-date\=April 17, 2018 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418032451/https://insidethearena.org/2018/04/17/american\-arena\-league\-co\-founder\-tim\-viens\-steps\-down/ \|archive\-date\=April 18, 2018 \|url\-status\=dead }} The league then moved their website and retroactively claimed to have been founded as Arena Pro Football and changed its name when the Can\-Am teams joined.{{cite web \|url\=http://americanarenaleague.com:80/index.php/league/league\-history \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015011427/http://americanarenaleague.com/index.php/league/league\-history \|title\=League History \|access\-date\=April 23, 2018 \|archive\-date\=October 15, 2017 \|work\=AAL \|url\-status\=dead \|df\=mdy\-all }}{{cite web \|url\=http://aalfootball.com/index.php/league/league\-history \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180425193852/http://aalfootball.com/index.php/league/league\-history \|title\=League History \|access\-date\=April 23, 2018 \|archive\-date\=April 25, 2018 \|work\=AAL}} The league continued to have scheduling issues and canceled games, leading to the [Florida Tarpons](/wiki/Florida_Tarpons "Florida Tarpons"),{{cite web \|url\=http://www.floridatarpons.com/news/tarpons\-will\-bring\-2018\-season\-to\-close\-at\-home\-ma \|title\=TARPONS WILL BRING 2018 SEASON TO CLOSE AT HOME MAY 26 VS. UPSTATE DRAGONS \|publisher\=\[\[Florida Tarpons]] \|date\=May 19, 2018 \|access\-date\=May 26, 2018 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180525063127/http://www.floridatarpons.com/news/tarpons\-will\-bring\-2018\-season\-to\-close\-at\-home\-ma \|archive\-date\=May 25, 2018 \|url\-status\=live }} [East Carolina Torch](/wiki/East_Carolina_Torch "East Carolina Torch") (formerly the [Triangle Torch](/wiki/Triangle_Torch "Triangle Torch") until they were forced to relocate), and [Upstate Dragons](/wiki/Upstate_Dragons "Upstate Dragons"){{cite web \|url\=https://insidethearena.org/2018/06/02/downhill\-2018\-season\-for\-upstate\-dragons/ \|title\=Downhill 2018 Season for Upstate Dragons \|website\=InsidetheArena.org \|date\=June 2, 2018 \|access\-date\=June 2, 2018 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612210519/https://insidethearena.org/2018/06/02/downhill\-2018\-season\-for\-upstate\-dragons/ \|archive\-date\=June 12, 2018 \|url\-status\=dead }} choosing to end their seasons early. The last Can\-Am team, the Rochester Kings, also appeared to have ceased playing league games altogether during the season. The [Georgia Doom](/wiki/Georgia_Doom "Georgia Doom") defeated both the league\-leading teams, the [Atlanta Havoc](/wiki/Atlanta_Havoc "Atlanta Havoc") and [Richmond Roughriders](/wiki/Richmond_Roughriders "Richmond Roughriders"), but then chose not to participate in the playoffs.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.41nbc.com/2018/06/11/georgia\-doom\-wont\-play\-american\-arena\-league\-playoffs/ \|title\=GEORGIA DOOM WON'T PLAY IN AMERICAN ARENA LEAGUE PLAYOFFS \|work\=\[\[WMGT\-TV]] \|date\=June 11, 2018 \|access\-date\=June 12, 2018 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190125112448/https://www.41nbc.com/2018/06/11/georgia\-doom\-wont\-play\-american\-arena\-league\-playoffs/ \|archive\-date\=January 25, 2019 \|url\-status\=live }} The Havoc went on to win the championship over the top\-seeded Roughriders 58–50\. Shortly after the 2018 season ended, the Atlanta Havoc announced their relocation to [Florence, South Carolina](/wiki/Florence%2C_South_Carolina "Florence, South Carolina"), as the [Carolina Havoc](/wiki/Carolina_Havoc "Carolina Havoc") and that they would host the All\-Star Game at their new arena. The AAL then announced the game would be broadcast on [ESPN3](/wiki/ESPN3 "ESPN3") with Mick Moninghoff as play\-by\-play commentator on August 25\. The game was held and the Stripes defeated the Stars by a score of 34–29, but the game was broadcast on [Facebook](/wiki/Facebook "Facebook") instead and all references to their ESPN3 announcement were taken down on game day.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.arenafootballtalk.com/blog/broadcast\-controversy\-player\-roster\-issues\-steal\-show\-in\-aal\-all\-star\-game \|title\=Broadcast Controversy, Player Roster Issues Steal Show in AAL All\-Star Game \|work\=Arena Football Talk \|date\=August 29, 2018 \|access\-date\=August 29, 2018 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830012154/https://www.arenafootballtalk.com/blog/broadcast\-controversy\-player\-roster\-issues\-steal\-show\-in\-aal\-all\-star\-game \|archive\-date\=August 30, 2018 \|url\-status\=live }} #### 2018–2020 On August 15, 2018, Richmond Roughriders' owner Gregg Fornario announced his intentions of creating a new league called Northern Arena Football (NAF).{{cite web \|url\=https://www.arenafootballtalk.com/blog/northern\-arena\-football\-a\-new\-league\-coming\-in\-2019 \|title\=Northern Arena Football, a new league coming in 2019 \|website\=ArenaFootballTalk.com \|date\=August 15, 2018 \|access\-date\=August 30, 2018 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830180630/https://www.arenafootballtalk.com/blog/northern\-arena\-football\-a\-new\-league\-coming\-in\-2019 \|archive\-date\=August 30, 2018 \|url\-status\=live }} His Roughriders team, despite the possibility of losing its home arena in Richmond for 2019, was not initially planning on leaving the AAL with the NAF only having teams north of the Maryland\-Pennsylvania border.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.richmond.com/sports/professional/roughriders\-owner\-looking\-at\-winston\-salem\-will\-open\-new\-indoor/article\_0eef0c8c\-d3cf\-59ce\-bdec\-e4d5378aecec.html \|title\=Roughriders owner looking at Winston\-Salem, will open new indoor football league \|work\=\[\[Richmond Times\-Dispatch]] \|date\=August 9, 2018 \|access\-date\=August 30, 2018 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228184350/https://www.richmond.com/sports/professional/roughriders\-owner\-looking\-at\-winston\-salem\-will\-open\-new\-indoor/article\_0eef0c8c\-d3cf\-59ce\-bdec\-e4d5378aecec.html \|archive\-date\=February 28, 2020 \|url\-status\=live }} The AAL affiliate team, the New England Cavalry, were the first team added to the NAF. However, by August 28, Fornario had rebranded the new league as [Professional Arena Football](/wiki/Professional_Arena_Football "Professional Arena Football") (PAF) with multiple divisions, Northern Arena Football and Southern Arena Football,{{cite web \|url\=https://insidethearena.co/f/what\-to\-watch\-for\-in\-2019\-arena\-football\-season \|title\=What to Watch For in 2019 Arena Football Season \|website\=InsideTheArena.com \|date\=August 29, 2018 \|access\-date\=August 30, 2018 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830174317/https://insidethearena.co/f/what\-to\-watch\-for\-in\-2019\-arena\-football\-season \|archive\-date\=August 30, 2018 \|url\-status\=dead }} and the Roughriders were announced as part of Professional Arena Football on August 30, leaving the AAL.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.facebook.com/richmondroughriders/photos/a.231465747275602/541700816252092/?type\=3\&theater \|title\=Roughriders Join Professional Arena Football \|website\=Facebook.com \|date\=August 30, 2018}} By September 2018, the AAL confirmed five teams were returning for a 2019 season: the [Cape Fear Heroes](/wiki/Cape_Fear_Heroes "Cape Fear Heroes"), [Carolina Energy](/wiki/Carolina_Energy "Carolina Energy"), [Georgia Doom](/wiki/Georgia_Doom "Georgia Doom"), [High Country Grizzlies](/wiki/High_Country_Grizzlies "High Country Grizzlies"), and [Peach State Cats](/wiki/Peach_State_Cats "Peach State Cats") (with the Cats relocating to [Athens, Georgia](/wiki/Athens%2C_Georgia "Athens, Georgia"), and no longer a travel\-only team).{{Cite web \|url\=https://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/american\-arena\-league\-announces\-2019\-teams/n\-5402571 \|title\=American Arena League Announces 2019 Teams \|website\=OurSportsCentral.com \|date\=September 17, 2018 \|access\-date\=September 19, 2018 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919211520/https://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/american\-arena\-league\-announces\-2019\-teams/n\-5402571 \|archive\-date\=September 19, 2018 \|url\-status\=live }} The Florida Tarpons left the league and formed a new Florida\-based league while rebranding as the [Lakeland Tarpons](/wiki/Lakeland_Tarpons "Lakeland Tarpons"). The defending champion [Carolina Havoc](/wiki/Carolina_Havoc "Carolina Havoc") later announced they would remain in the league. The Roughriders returned to AAL, now as the [Wheeling](/wiki/Wheeling%2C_West_Virginia "Wheeling, West Virginia")\-based [West Virginia Roughriders](/wiki/West_Virginia_Roughriders "West Virginia Roughriders"), after Fornario's plans for the PAF fell through.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.westvirginiaroughriders.com/news\-h/344\-roughriders\-return\-to\-the\-american\-arena\-league\-for\-2019\.html \|title\=Roughriders Return to the American Arena League for 2019 \|publisher\=West Virginia Roughriders \|date\=December 10, 2018 \|access\-date\=December 10, 2018 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130212841/http://westvirginiaroughriders.com/news\-h/344\-roughriders\-return\-to\-the\-american\-arena\-league\-for\-2019\.html \|archive\-date\=January 30, 2019 \|url\-status\=live }} On December 12, 2018, the league announced its 2019 alignment split into a four\-team Northern Division and an eight\-team Southern Division. The league also announced the return of the [Jersey Flight](/wiki/Jersey_Flight "Jersey Flight"), as well as the additions of the Carolina Cowboyz (now full\-time members with a home arena in [Pendleton, South Carolina](/wiki/Pendleton%2C_South_Carolina "Pendleton, South Carolina")), the traveling team Carolina Predators, the New England Bobcats (formerly of Elite Indoor Football), and the Burgh Defenders ([Pittsburgh](/wiki/Pittsburgh "Pittsburgh")). The AAL then split the Southern Division into a Southern and Mid\-Atlantic Division prior to the scheduled release. In January 2019, the league then added a Midwest Division composed of three teams that had been in the developmental Midwest Professional Indoor Football (MPIF): the Chicago Aztecs, [Indianapolis Enforcers](/wiki/Indianapolis_Enforcers "Indianapolis Enforcers"), and [West Michigan Ironmen](/wiki/West_Michigan_Ironmen "West Michigan Ironmen").{{cite web \|url\=https://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/its\-official\-the\-american\-arena\-league\-aal\-\-midwest\-professional\-indoor\-football\-league\-mpif\-come\-to\-terms/n\-5439726 \|title\=It's Official: The American Arena League (AAL) \& Midwest Professional Indoor Football League (MPIF) Come to Terms \|website\=OurSportsCentral.com \|date\=January 19, 2019 \|access\-date\=January 20, 2019 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190120043103/https://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/its\-official\-the\-american\-arena\-league\-aal\-\-midwest\-professional\-indoor\-football\-league\-mpif\-come\-to\-terms/n\-5439726 \|archive\-date\=January 20, 2019 \|url\-status\=live }} Less than a month prior to the start of the 2019 season, the [High Country Grizzlies](/wiki/High_Country_Grizzlies "High Country Grizzlies") ceased operations and the Chicago Aztecs withdrew for the season reducing the league to 13 teams. The [Georgia Doom](/wiki/Georgia_Doom "Georgia Doom") and New England Bobcats later folded during the season. There were many other canceled or rescheduled home games either due to arena issues or the away team not traveling. On April 27, 2019, league co\-founder and president Jack Bowman died after an illness and the league championship was then named the Jack Bowman Trophy.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/aal\-president\-jack\-bowman\-passes\-away/n\-5478297 \|title\=AAL President Jack Bowman Passes Away \|website\=OurSports Central \|date\=April 27, 2019 \|access\-date\=April 27, 2019 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427221028/https://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/aal\-president\-jack\-bowman\-passes\-away/n\-5478297 \|archive\-date\=April 27, 2019 \|url\-status\=live }} The [Carolina Energy](/wiki/Carolina_Energy "Carolina Energy") traveled to face the [West Virginia Roughriders](/wiki/West_Virginia_Roughriders "West Virginia Roughriders") for the newly renamed championship on June 29, and the Roughriders won 55–29\. After the season, Fornario again stated he was removing the Roughriders from the AAL.{{cite web \|url\=https://insidethearena.co/f/west\-virginia\-roughriders\-not\-to\-return\-to\-aal\-in\-2020 \|title\=West Virginia Roughriders Not to Return to AAL in 2020 \|website\=Inside the Arena \|date\=August 2, 2019 \|access\-date\=August 3, 2019 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190803215621/https://insidethearena.co/f/west\-virginia\-roughriders\-not\-to\-return\-to\-aal\-in\-2020 \|archive\-date\=August 3, 2019 \|url\-status\=dead }} The Roughriders, as well as the [Jersey Flight](/wiki/Jersey_Flight "Jersey Flight"), were accepted to join the [National Arena League](/wiki/National_Arena_League "National Arena League") (NAL) for the 2020 season. The league also lost the Burgh Defenders (removed from league), Carolina Havoc (loss of lease), and Peach State Cats (left league). #### 2020–2021: COVID\-19 pandemic The AAL announced several new teams for the 2020 season including the [Louisville Xtreme](/wiki/Kentucky_Xtreme "Kentucky Xtreme"), Music City Fire,{{cite web \|url\=https://www.instagram.com/p/B4xD8HRFeOz/ \|archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/instagram/themusiccityfire/2175537420107637683 \|archive\-date\=2021\-12\-23 \|url\-access\=subscription\|title\=Music City Fire November 12, 2019, Instagram post \|website\=Instagram \|date\=November 12, 2019}}{{cbignore}} Pennsylvania Copperheads,{{cite web \|url\=https://www.facebook.com/PACopperheads/photos/a.102014737906827/137491381025829/?type\=3\&theater \|title\=Pennsylvania Copperheads December 23, 2019, Facebook Post \|website\=Facebook \|date\=December 23, 2019}} Pennsylvania Union,{{cite web \|url\=https://www.facebook.com/unionfootball1/posts/174453087265391?\_\_xts\_\_\[0]\=68\.ARDQcJuM7obZy3bYHjk5pv\_6fl7Jnqi\-euCQSLnrctRxEJMwvcXRAfXBCUfWxG20trpzN6sjIaSLhHsnhFKLGrUAlsTr5bnpj\_RloCFVShfzedpsjWbbudw\_Donr\_gxEsSKi2dU9l3rFW\-gNqMtC1kENrnlTJnRCdOQ3hr5Wk2ZumP\-ufeK\_2FmRBN8bcO0OBg2nLYbZ7nl5ws1o4fRFyjM5vSYu\_vKn61LXXHy1ItvhfyGsWr8WBJMMpLDVaD\_qcxwrPDPEsX\-exVUqeRFa9mY7ibxNwjhiLxl\_CZLEfhTbNUqtj0OsdGYNb0Ffc\_h6suWdf8SFdsai3QFcUum6l2o\&\_\_tn\_\_\=\-R \|title\=Pennsylvania Union January 11, 2020, Facebook Post \|website\=Facebook \|date\=January 11, 2020}} South Florida Thunder (as a travel\-only team), and the [Tampa Bay Tornadoes](/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Tornadoes "Tampa Bay Tornadoes").{{cite web \|url\=http://www.usforacle.com/2020/07/12/podcast\-preview\-alton\-walker\-covid\-was\-a\-curse\-and\-a\-blessing/ \|title\=Podcast Preview: Alton Walker: 'COVID was a curse and a blessing' \|date\=July 12, 2020 \|website\=usforacle.com}} The league also merged with the semiprofessional Mid\-Atlantic Indoor Football League, adding the Central Penn Chargers, Jersey Bearcats, Maryland Eagles, Reading Raptors, and Western Maryland Warriors. However, before the season could start, most venues were closed due to the [COVID\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic") and the season was subsequently cancelled. During the following offseason, the league lost the Louisville Xtreme and Tampa Bay Tornadoes to the NAL without the teams playing a game in the AAL. By December 2020, the league had not confirmed any new teams and repeatedly stated it would not announce any 2021 season plans or teams until there were further developments in regards to teams being able to actually play due to the ongoing COVID\-19 pandemic.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.americanarenaleague.com/home \|title\=AAL home page \|access\-date\=October 28, 2020 \|website\=AAL}}{{cite web \|url\=https://www.facebook.com/AmericanArenaLeague/posts/2993941767402231 \|title\=Thank you for your interest in the AAL. Due to the Corona virus, we are all experiencing unique situations in our society. Instead of updating our information daily, we have decided it best to be patient. Although we currently have teams under contract for next season and additional teams waiting arena approval, we do not want to prematurely announce a team when some states may determine that it is not safe to play in 2021\. Thank you for your patience and please be safe! \|website\=Facebook \|date\=August 27, 2020}}{{cite web \|url\=https://www.facebook.com/AmericanArenaLeague/posts/3135126126617127 \|title\=Thank you for your interest in the AAL, in the "AAL Official" facebook page. and your patience as society is going through unique times. Most of the teams in the American Arena League have now received their arena dates for 2021\. Some AAL teams have already received their 2021 Tentative Schedule. Again, instead of updating our information daily, we have decided it best to be patient. As we have all learned, some states have stricter regulations which has slowed arena discussions. We will release the 2021 schedule as soon as possible. Thank you for your patience. Please be safe! \|website\=Facebook \|date\=October 13, 2020}} However, several teams have announced they would be joining the league in 2021\. In September 2020, a new team called the West Texas Buccaneers in [El Paso, Texas](/wiki/El_Paso%2C_Texas "El Paso, Texas"), announced itself as a league member of a Texas\-based division, along with several other potential cities for the 2021 season.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.elpasotimes.com/story/sports/2020/09/04/west\-texas\-buccaneers\-el\-paso\-join\-aal\-football/5716628002/\|title\=El Paso will be home to a new American Arena League football team \|website\=El Paso Times \|date\=September 4, 2020}} New Texas teams called the [San Antonio Gunslingers](/wiki/San_Antonio_Gunslingers_%28indoor_football%29 "San Antonio Gunslingers (indoor football)"){{cite web \|url\=https://www.ktvn.com/story/42374726/san\-antonio\-gunslingers\-to\-kick\-off\-in\-the\-american\-arena\-league\-in\-2021\|title\=San Antonio Gunslingers to kick off in the American Arena league in 2021 \|website\=KTVN \|date\=July 15, 2020}} and Allen Tiger\-Cats then announced they were joining the AAL. The Topeka Thundercats then announced they would join the AAL in a new Midwest\-based division.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.facebook.com/thundercatsfootball/photos/a.361393421271416/817230159021071/?type\=3\&theater\|title\=Indoor Football to return to Topeka in 2021 \|website\=Facebook \|date\=October 7, 2020}}{{cite web \|url\=https://www.facebook.com/thundercatsfootball/posts/799811390762948\|title\=Coaching Announcement and League Announcement \|website\=Facebook \|date\=September 14, 2020}} In December, the league announced that some of the teams that had announced themselves had already been evaluated and were not members of the AAL.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.facebook.com/AmericanArenaLeague/posts/3277369492392789 \|title\=Three months ago the AAL found professional ownership groups in Texas and added a Western Division. Since then, other owners have requested to join the AAL. For a variety of reasons, their requests were turned down. For the second time in a month, this weekend a team attempted to elevate their organization and claimed to play an AAL team. This is not accurate. American Arena League teams have their TENTATIVE Schedules which will be released soon. There will be no AAL games or scrimmages until March!! Please be safe!! \|website\=Facebook \|date\=December 6, 2020}} The league then updated its website in December 2020 with a list of 17 teams in three divisions for the 2021 season, including Allen, San Antonio, and El Paso. It also re\-added the [Austin Wild](/wiki/Austin_Wild "Austin Wild") and [Tampa Bay Tornadoes](/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Tornadoes "Tampa Bay Tornadoes"), as well as new teams in the Chicago Power, [North Texas Bulls](/wiki/North_Texas_Bulls "North Texas Bulls"), Mississippi Raiders, and St. Louis Bandits. Previously listed 2020 teams, the Carolina Cowboyz, Central Penn Chargers, Maryland Eagles, South Florida Thunder, and Western Maryland Warriors were no longer listed as members.{{Cite web \|url\=https://www.americanarenaleague.com/home \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201215182812/https://www.americanarenaleague.com/home \|title\=AAL homepage \|website\=AAL \|access\-date\=December 15, 2020 \|archive\-date\=December 15, 2020}} The Music City Fire remained listed as a member, but were not scheduled to play any games. Allen was removed in January 2021 and replaced with a team called the Texas Takeover based in Fort Worth, which was also removed in February.{{Cite web \|url\=https://www.americanarenaleague.com/home \|title\=AAL homepage \|website\=AAL \|access\-date\=December 31, 2020}} The season started with two games on March 13, 2021\. Reading left the league March 27 without playing a game. St. Louis withdrew from the season in May after two league games played citing COVID\-19 concerns.{{Cite web \|url\=https://www.facebook.com/stlbanditsfootball/posts/313563120486332 \|title\=St. Louis Bandits Fans: We want to thank you for a great first season but sadly our season got cut short due to Covid. Our game this week has been cancelled. Covid 19 has impacted everyone over the last year and we are sad to end so soon. We will be back next year bigger and better. Bandits Football \|website\=St. Louis Bandits Facebook \|date\=May 8, 2021}} Tampa Bay did not play its final three scheduled games. The league announced it would not have a championship game and would instead name three division champions.{{Cite tweet \|user\=ArenaAmerican \|number\=1395712905430114310 \|title\=Team owners in the AAL have decided to take the lead from Major League Baseball and implement the same format that will take place in minor league baseball. This season will conclude with Champions from the East, Mid\-West and Western Divisions.\|date\=May 21, 2021}} The East Division champion [Charlotte Thunder](/wiki/Charlotte_Thunder "Charlotte Thunder") and West Division champion [North Texas Bulls](/wiki/North_Texas_Bulls "North Texas Bulls") then scheduled their own league championship game regardless of the league's approval; the Midwest Division champion [West Michigan Ironmen](/wiki/West_Michigan_Ironmen "West Michigan Ironmen") were not involved. In June 2021, it was reported that league president and commissioner Tony Zefiretto had sold the league to the ownership of the Jersey Bearcats and [Indianapolis Enforcers](/wiki/Indianapolis_Enforcers "Indianapolis Enforcers").{{cite web \|url\=https://lockedinmagazine.com/the\-brand\-new\-american\-arena\-league/ \|title\=The Brand New American Arena League \|website\=lockedinmagazine.com \|date\=June 11, 2021}} The new ownership reportedly approved of the game between the Thunder and Bulls,{{Cite web \|url\=https://lockedinmagazine.com/the\-aal\-will\-crown\-a\-champion\-in\-2021/ \|title\=The AAL Will Crown A Champion in 2021 \|website\=lockedinmagazine.com \|date\=June 14, 2021}} which was won by the North Texas Bulls 60–43 on June 26\.{{cite web \|url\=https://lockedinmagazine.com/no\-bull\-about\-it/ \|title\=No Bull About It \|website\=lockedinmagazine.com \|date\=June 28, 2021}}
[ "### American Arena League", "#### First season", "[125px\\|right\\|thumb\\|Original logo (2017–2021\\)](/wiki/File:American_Arena_League.png \"American Arena League.png\")\nDuring the two league's first seasons, the Can\\-Am's founder [Tim Viens](/wiki/Tim_Viens \"Tim Viens\") announced on April 14, 2017, that for the 2018 season the APF and Can\\-Am leagues would officially merge and create the American Arena League, which the APF would later confirm.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.americanarenaleague.com/ \\|title\\=AAL Homepage \\|publisher\\=American Arena League \\|access\\-date\\=April 14, 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170415011405/http://www.americanarenaleague.com/ \\|archive\\-date\\=April 15, 2017 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} The championship between the two leagues was never played or referenced by either league again.", "In June 2017, the now\\-merged league announced its inaugural members over its [social media](/wiki/Social_media \"Social media\") page. From the Can\\-Am, the league added the Boston Blaze, [Buffalo Blitz](/wiki/Buffalo_Blitz \"Buffalo Blitz\"), Connecticut Chiefs, Glens Falls Gladiators, Rochester Kings, [Vermont Bucks](/wiki/Vermont_Bucks \"Vermont Bucks\"), and the Central Penn Chargers (the team that played in Can\\-Am playoff game against the Bucks). From the APF, the league added the [Florida Tarpons](/wiki/Florida_Tarpons \"Florida Tarpons\"), [Richmond Roughriders](/wiki/Richmond_Roughriders \"Richmond Roughriders\"), and the announced expansion team Hampton Roads Riptides.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://insidethearena.org/2017/06/20/american\\-arena\\-league\\-announces\\-first\\-10\\-teams/ \\|title\\=American Arena League Announces First 10 Teams \\|author\\=Stephen Ur \\|publisher\\=InsideTheArena.org \\|date\\=June 20, 2017 \\|access\\-date\\=June 22, 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811224531/https://insidethearena.org/2017/06/20/american\\-arena\\-league\\-announces\\-first\\-10\\-teams/ \\|archive\\-date\\=August 11, 2017 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}{{cite web \\|url\\=https://hotsprotstakes.com/2017/06/20/american\\-arena\\-league\\-announces\\-first\\-10\\-teams/ \\|title\\=American Arena League announces first 10 teams \\|publisher\\=Hot Sprots \\|date\\=June 20, 2017 \\|access\\-date\\=June 22, 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170812021050/https://hotsprotstakes.com/2017/06/20/american\\-arena\\-league\\-announces\\-first\\-10\\-teams/ \\|archive\\-date\\=August 12, 2017 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} The Roughriders had previously stated that they were looking to join to the [Indoor Football League](/wiki/Indoor_Football_League \"Indoor Football League\") (IFL) or the [National Arena League](/wiki/National_Arena_League \"National Arena League\") (NAL) and that they had not committed to joining the AAL yet. The AAL then deleted all references of the Roughriders from their social media posts within two days and the Roughriders later announced they had joined the [National Arena League](/wiki/National_Arena_League \"National Arena League\") (NAL). By early July, the only teams that had not been deleted from their social media posts were the Bucks, Gladiators, Kings, and Tarpons. On July 13, the league added the [Georgia Doom](/wiki/Georgia_Doom \"Georgia Doom\") of [Macon, Georgia](/wiki/Macon%2C_Georgia \"Macon, Georgia\"). The Doom organization had played a few games as a travel team fill\\-in for the [Dayton Wolfpack](/wiki/Dayton_Wolfpack \"Dayton Wolfpack\") of the NAL the previous season.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.13wmaz.com/news/local/georgia\\-doom\\-football\\-coming\\-to\\-macon\\-centreplex/452430926 \\|title\\=Georgia Doom football coming to Macon Centreplex \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[WMAZ]] \\|date\\=June 27, 2017}}{{cite web \\|url\\=https://insidethearena.org/2017/07/13/georgia\\-doom\\-to\\-join\\-american\\-arena\\-league/ \\|title\\=Georgia Doom to Join American Arena League \\|publisher\\=Inside the Arena \\|date\\=July 13, 2017 \\|access\\-date\\=July 13, 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811224023/https://insidethearena.org/2017/07/13/georgia\\-doom\\-to\\-join\\-american\\-arena\\-league/ \\|archive\\-date\\=August 11, 2017 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/weekly\\-sports\\-league\\-\\-franchise\\-report/n\\-5255836 \\|title\\=WEEKLY SPORTS LEAGUE \\& FRANCHISE REPORT \\|publisher\\=OurSports Central \\|date\\=May 8, 2017 \\|access\\-date\\=July 13, 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170617212051/http://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/weekly\\-sports\\-league\\-\\-franchise\\-report/n\\-5255836 \\|archive\\-date\\=June 17, 2017 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} The league also added the [Triangle Torch](/wiki/Triangle_Torch \"Triangle Torch\") and [Upstate Dragons](/wiki/Upstate_Dragons \"Upstate Dragons\") after they previously played in [Supreme Indoor Football](/wiki/Supreme_Indoor_Football \"Supreme Indoor Football\") (SIF),{{cite web \\|url\\=http://andersonobserver.com/news/2017/8/7/upstate\\-dragons\\-to\\-bring\\-arena\\-football\\-to\\-civic\\-center.html \\|title\\=Upstate Dragons to Bring Arena Football to Civic Center \\|work\\=Anderson Observer \\|date\\=August 7, 2017 \\|access\\-date\\=August 11, 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811223822/http://andersonobserver.com/news/2017/8/7/upstate\\-dragons\\-to\\-bring\\-arena\\-football\\-to\\-civic\\-center.html \\|archive\\-date\\=August 11, 2017 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} with the SIF's [Cape Fear Heroes](/wiki/Cape_Fear_Heroes \"Cape Fear Heroes\") (the ownership group that operates the SIF) joining the AAL shortly thereafter.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.fayobserver.com/sports/20170823/heroes\\-unveil\\-new\\-practice\\-facility\\-announce\\-new\\-league?fref\\=gc \\|title\\=Heroes unveil new practice facility, announce new league \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Fayetteville Observer]] \\|date\\=August 23, 2017 \\|access\\-date\\=August 28, 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824220848/http://www.fayobserver.com/sports/20170823/heroes\\-unveil\\-new\\-practice\\-facility\\-announce\\-new\\-league?fref\\=gc \\|archive\\-date\\=August 24, 2017 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} By September 13, the Roughriders returned to the AAL when the NAL had increased its criteria for new teams. On September 20, the [High Country Grizzlies](/wiki/High_Country_Grizzlies \"High Country Grizzlies\"), formerly of the NAL, also joined the AAL.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://lastwordonsports.com/2017/09/20/high\\-country\\-grizzlies\\-leave\\-nal\\-join\\-aal/ \\|title\\=High Country Grizzlies Leave NAL; Join AAL \\|publisher\\=Last Word on Sports \\|date\\=September 20, 2017 \\|access\\-date\\=September 20, 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170921001843/http://lastwordonsports.com/2017/09/20/high\\-country\\-grizzlies\\-leave\\-nal\\-join\\-aal/ \\|archive\\-date\\=September 21, 2017 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "By fall 2017, the teams began releasing their inaugural schedules and expansion teams, the [Atlanta Havoc](/wiki/Atlanta_Havoc \"Atlanta Havoc\") (owned by league president Viens) and the [Carolina Energy](/wiki/Carolina_Energy \"Carolina Energy\"), were added to the league. The AAL also added three affiliated teams that would fill in for home games of the league members and count for league games: the [Austin Wild](/wiki/Austin_Wild \"Austin Wild\") (formerly the Cap City Bulls of [Austin, Texas](/wiki/Austin%2C_Texas \"Austin, Texas\"), which had played as a [traveling team](/wiki/Traveling_team \"Traveling team\") in the SIF during 2017\\), the New England Cavalry (operated by the outdoor semi\\-professional organization out of [Concord, New Hampshire](/wiki/Concord%2C_New_Hampshire \"Concord, New Hampshire\")), and the Savannah Coastal Outlaws (originally announced as an AAL member from the APF merger). In December 2017, another previously announced NAL expansion team, the [Jersey Flight](/wiki/Jersey_Flight \"Jersey Flight\") of [Trenton, New Jersey](/wiki/Trenton%2C_New_Jersey \"Trenton, New Jersey\"), was added to the league. In January 2018, Tim Viens sold his first team, the Vermont Bucks, to solely operate the Atlanta Havoc. The new Bucks' owners then folded the team a month later and another new team, called the [Peach State Cats](/wiki/Peach_State_Cats \"Peach State Cats\") (originally announced in the [semi\\-professional](/wiki/Semi-professional \"Semi-professional\") Elite Indoor Football), was added but were only scheduled for away games. The Glens Falls Gladiators ceased operations just prior to the season, while the Coastal Outlaws would also never play an AAL game with many of their games replaced with the Carolina Cowboyz, also originally of Elite Indoor Football, to bring the league to twelve members and three affiliates to start the 2018 season.", "Partway through the first AAL season, co\\-founder Tim Viens resigned from his positions within the league on April 14, 2018, and would also no longer be involved with his team, the [Atlanta Havoc](/wiki/Atlanta_Havoc \"Atlanta Havoc\").{{cite web \\|url\\=https://insidethearena.org/2018/04/17/american\\-arena\\-league\\-co\\-founder\\-tim\\-viens\\-steps\\-down/ \\|title\\=American Arena League Co\\-Founder Tim Viens Steps Down \\|work\\=Inside the Arena \\|date\\=April 17, 2018 \\|access\\-date\\=April 17, 2018 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418032451/https://insidethearena.org/2018/04/17/american\\-arena\\-league\\-co\\-founder\\-tim\\-viens\\-steps\\-down/ \\|archive\\-date\\=April 18, 2018 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} The league then moved their website and retroactively claimed to have been founded as Arena Pro Football and changed its name when the Can\\-Am teams joined.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://americanarenaleague.com:80/index.php/league/league\\-history \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015011427/http://americanarenaleague.com/index.php/league/league\\-history \\|title\\=League History \\|access\\-date\\=April 23, 2018 \\|archive\\-date\\=October 15, 2017 \\|work\\=AAL \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|df\\=mdy\\-all }}{{cite web \\|url\\=http://aalfootball.com/index.php/league/league\\-history \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180425193852/http://aalfootball.com/index.php/league/league\\-history \\|title\\=League History \\|access\\-date\\=April 23, 2018 \\|archive\\-date\\=April 25, 2018 \\|work\\=AAL}} The league continued to have scheduling issues and canceled games, leading to the [Florida Tarpons](/wiki/Florida_Tarpons \"Florida Tarpons\"),{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.floridatarpons.com/news/tarpons\\-will\\-bring\\-2018\\-season\\-to\\-close\\-at\\-home\\-ma \\|title\\=TARPONS WILL BRING 2018 SEASON TO CLOSE AT HOME MAY 26 VS. UPSTATE DRAGONS \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Florida Tarpons]] \\|date\\=May 19, 2018 \\|access\\-date\\=May 26, 2018 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180525063127/http://www.floridatarpons.com/news/tarpons\\-will\\-bring\\-2018\\-season\\-to\\-close\\-at\\-home\\-ma \\|archive\\-date\\=May 25, 2018 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} [East Carolina Torch](/wiki/East_Carolina_Torch \"East Carolina Torch\") (formerly the [Triangle Torch](/wiki/Triangle_Torch \"Triangle Torch\") until they were forced to relocate), and [Upstate Dragons](/wiki/Upstate_Dragons \"Upstate Dragons\"){{cite web \\|url\\=https://insidethearena.org/2018/06/02/downhill\\-2018\\-season\\-for\\-upstate\\-dragons/ \\|title\\=Downhill 2018 Season for Upstate Dragons \\|website\\=InsidetheArena.org \\|date\\=June 2, 2018 \\|access\\-date\\=June 2, 2018 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612210519/https://insidethearena.org/2018/06/02/downhill\\-2018\\-season\\-for\\-upstate\\-dragons/ \\|archive\\-date\\=June 12, 2018 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} choosing to end their seasons early. The last Can\\-Am team, the Rochester Kings, also appeared to have ceased playing league games altogether during the season. The [Georgia Doom](/wiki/Georgia_Doom \"Georgia Doom\") defeated both the league\\-leading teams, the [Atlanta Havoc](/wiki/Atlanta_Havoc \"Atlanta Havoc\") and [Richmond Roughriders](/wiki/Richmond_Roughriders \"Richmond Roughriders\"), but then chose not to participate in the playoffs.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.41nbc.com/2018/06/11/georgia\\-doom\\-wont\\-play\\-american\\-arena\\-league\\-playoffs/ \\|title\\=GEORGIA DOOM WON'T PLAY IN AMERICAN ARENA LEAGUE PLAYOFFS \\|work\\=\\[\\[WMGT\\-TV]] \\|date\\=June 11, 2018 \\|access\\-date\\=June 12, 2018 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190125112448/https://www.41nbc.com/2018/06/11/georgia\\-doom\\-wont\\-play\\-american\\-arena\\-league\\-playoffs/ \\|archive\\-date\\=January 25, 2019 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} The Havoc went on to win the championship over the top\\-seeded Roughriders 58–50\\.", "Shortly after the 2018 season ended, the Atlanta Havoc announced their relocation to [Florence, South Carolina](/wiki/Florence%2C_South_Carolina \"Florence, South Carolina\"), as the [Carolina Havoc](/wiki/Carolina_Havoc \"Carolina Havoc\") and that they would host the All\\-Star Game at their new arena. The AAL then announced the game would be broadcast on [ESPN3](/wiki/ESPN3 \"ESPN3\") with Mick Moninghoff as play\\-by\\-play commentator on August 25\\. The game was held and the Stripes defeated the Stars by a score of 34–29, but the game was broadcast on [Facebook](/wiki/Facebook \"Facebook\") instead and all references to their ESPN3 announcement were taken down on game day.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.arenafootballtalk.com/blog/broadcast\\-controversy\\-player\\-roster\\-issues\\-steal\\-show\\-in\\-aal\\-all\\-star\\-game \\|title\\=Broadcast Controversy, Player Roster Issues Steal Show in AAL All\\-Star Game \\|work\\=Arena Football Talk \\|date\\=August 29, 2018 \\|access\\-date\\=August 29, 2018 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830012154/https://www.arenafootballtalk.com/blog/broadcast\\-controversy\\-player\\-roster\\-issues\\-steal\\-show\\-in\\-aal\\-all\\-star\\-game \\|archive\\-date\\=August 30, 2018 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "#### 2018–2020", "On August 15, 2018, Richmond Roughriders' owner Gregg Fornario announced his intentions of creating a new league called Northern Arena Football (NAF).{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.arenafootballtalk.com/blog/northern\\-arena\\-football\\-a\\-new\\-league\\-coming\\-in\\-2019 \\|title\\=Northern Arena Football, a new league coming in 2019 \\|website\\=ArenaFootballTalk.com \\|date\\=August 15, 2018 \\|access\\-date\\=August 30, 2018 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830180630/https://www.arenafootballtalk.com/blog/northern\\-arena\\-football\\-a\\-new\\-league\\-coming\\-in\\-2019 \\|archive\\-date\\=August 30, 2018 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} His Roughriders team, despite the possibility of losing its home arena in Richmond for 2019, was not initially planning on leaving the AAL with the NAF only having teams north of the Maryland\\-Pennsylvania border.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.richmond.com/sports/professional/roughriders\\-owner\\-looking\\-at\\-winston\\-salem\\-will\\-open\\-new\\-indoor/article\\_0eef0c8c\\-d3cf\\-59ce\\-bdec\\-e4d5378aecec.html \\|title\\=Roughriders owner looking at Winston\\-Salem, will open new indoor football league \\|work\\=\\[\\[Richmond Times\\-Dispatch]] \\|date\\=August 9, 2018 \\|access\\-date\\=August 30, 2018 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228184350/https://www.richmond.com/sports/professional/roughriders\\-owner\\-looking\\-at\\-winston\\-salem\\-will\\-open\\-new\\-indoor/article\\_0eef0c8c\\-d3cf\\-59ce\\-bdec\\-e4d5378aecec.html \\|archive\\-date\\=February 28, 2020 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} The AAL affiliate team, the New England Cavalry, were the first team added to the NAF. However, by August 28, Fornario had rebranded the new league as [Professional Arena Football](/wiki/Professional_Arena_Football \"Professional Arena Football\") (PAF) with multiple divisions, Northern Arena Football and Southern Arena Football,{{cite web \\|url\\=https://insidethearena.co/f/what\\-to\\-watch\\-for\\-in\\-2019\\-arena\\-football\\-season \\|title\\=What to Watch For in 2019 Arena Football Season \\|website\\=InsideTheArena.com \\|date\\=August 29, 2018 \\|access\\-date\\=August 30, 2018 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830174317/https://insidethearena.co/f/what\\-to\\-watch\\-for\\-in\\-2019\\-arena\\-football\\-season \\|archive\\-date\\=August 30, 2018 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} and the Roughriders were announced as part of Professional Arena Football on August 30, leaving the AAL.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.facebook.com/richmondroughriders/photos/a.231465747275602/541700816252092/?type\\=3\\&theater \\|title\\=Roughriders Join Professional Arena Football \\|website\\=Facebook.com \\|date\\=August 30, 2018}}", "By September 2018, the AAL confirmed five teams were returning for a 2019 season: the [Cape Fear Heroes](/wiki/Cape_Fear_Heroes \"Cape Fear Heroes\"), [Carolina Energy](/wiki/Carolina_Energy \"Carolina Energy\"), [Georgia Doom](/wiki/Georgia_Doom \"Georgia Doom\"), [High Country Grizzlies](/wiki/High_Country_Grizzlies \"High Country Grizzlies\"), and [Peach State Cats](/wiki/Peach_State_Cats \"Peach State Cats\") (with the Cats relocating to [Athens, Georgia](/wiki/Athens%2C_Georgia \"Athens, Georgia\"), and no longer a travel\\-only team).{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/american\\-arena\\-league\\-announces\\-2019\\-teams/n\\-5402571 \\|title\\=American Arena League Announces 2019 Teams \\|website\\=OurSportsCentral.com \\|date\\=September 17, 2018 \\|access\\-date\\=September 19, 2018 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919211520/https://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/american\\-arena\\-league\\-announces\\-2019\\-teams/n\\-5402571 \\|archive\\-date\\=September 19, 2018 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} The Florida Tarpons left the league and formed a new Florida\\-based league while rebranding as the [Lakeland Tarpons](/wiki/Lakeland_Tarpons \"Lakeland Tarpons\"). The defending champion [Carolina Havoc](/wiki/Carolina_Havoc \"Carolina Havoc\") later announced they would remain in the league. The Roughriders returned to AAL, now as the [Wheeling](/wiki/Wheeling%2C_West_Virginia \"Wheeling, West Virginia\")\\-based [West Virginia Roughriders](/wiki/West_Virginia_Roughriders \"West Virginia Roughriders\"), after Fornario's plans for the PAF fell through.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.westvirginiaroughriders.com/news\\-h/344\\-roughriders\\-return\\-to\\-the\\-american\\-arena\\-league\\-for\\-2019\\.html \\|title\\=Roughriders Return to the American Arena League for 2019 \\|publisher\\=West Virginia Roughriders \\|date\\=December 10, 2018 \\|access\\-date\\=December 10, 2018 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130212841/http://westvirginiaroughriders.com/news\\-h/344\\-roughriders\\-return\\-to\\-the\\-american\\-arena\\-league\\-for\\-2019\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=January 30, 2019 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} On December 12, 2018, the league announced its 2019 alignment split into a four\\-team Northern Division and an eight\\-team Southern Division. The league also announced the return of the [Jersey Flight](/wiki/Jersey_Flight \"Jersey Flight\"), as well as the additions of the Carolina Cowboyz (now full\\-time members with a home arena in [Pendleton, South Carolina](/wiki/Pendleton%2C_South_Carolina \"Pendleton, South Carolina\")), the traveling team Carolina Predators, the New England Bobcats (formerly of Elite Indoor Football), and the Burgh Defenders ([Pittsburgh](/wiki/Pittsburgh \"Pittsburgh\")). The AAL then split the Southern Division into a Southern and Mid\\-Atlantic Division prior to the scheduled release. In January 2019, the league then added a Midwest Division composed of three teams that had been in the developmental Midwest Professional Indoor Football (MPIF): the Chicago Aztecs, [Indianapolis Enforcers](/wiki/Indianapolis_Enforcers \"Indianapolis Enforcers\"), and [West Michigan Ironmen](/wiki/West_Michigan_Ironmen \"West Michigan Ironmen\").{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/its\\-official\\-the\\-american\\-arena\\-league\\-aal\\-\\-midwest\\-professional\\-indoor\\-football\\-league\\-mpif\\-come\\-to\\-terms/n\\-5439726 \\|title\\=It's Official: The American Arena League (AAL) \\& Midwest Professional Indoor Football League (MPIF) Come to Terms \\|website\\=OurSportsCentral.com \\|date\\=January 19, 2019 \\|access\\-date\\=January 20, 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190120043103/https://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/its\\-official\\-the\\-american\\-arena\\-league\\-aal\\-\\-midwest\\-professional\\-indoor\\-football\\-league\\-mpif\\-come\\-to\\-terms/n\\-5439726 \\|archive\\-date\\=January 20, 2019 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Less than a month prior to the start of the 2019 season, the [High Country Grizzlies](/wiki/High_Country_Grizzlies \"High Country Grizzlies\") ceased operations and the Chicago Aztecs withdrew for the season reducing the league to 13 teams. The [Georgia Doom](/wiki/Georgia_Doom \"Georgia Doom\") and New England Bobcats later folded during the season. There were many other canceled or rescheduled home games either due to arena issues or the away team not traveling.", "On April 27, 2019, league co\\-founder and president Jack Bowman died after an illness and the league championship was then named the Jack Bowman Trophy.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/aal\\-president\\-jack\\-bowman\\-passes\\-away/n\\-5478297 \\|title\\=AAL President Jack Bowman Passes Away \\|website\\=OurSports Central \\|date\\=April 27, 2019 \\|access\\-date\\=April 27, 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427221028/https://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/aal\\-president\\-jack\\-bowman\\-passes\\-away/n\\-5478297 \\|archive\\-date\\=April 27, 2019 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} The [Carolina Energy](/wiki/Carolina_Energy \"Carolina Energy\") traveled to face the [West Virginia Roughriders](/wiki/West_Virginia_Roughriders \"West Virginia Roughriders\") for the newly renamed championship on June 29, and the Roughriders won 55–29\\. After the season, Fornario again stated he was removing the Roughriders from the AAL.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://insidethearena.co/f/west\\-virginia\\-roughriders\\-not\\-to\\-return\\-to\\-aal\\-in\\-2020 \\|title\\=West Virginia Roughriders Not to Return to AAL in 2020 \\|website\\=Inside the Arena \\|date\\=August 2, 2019 \\|access\\-date\\=August 3, 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190803215621/https://insidethearena.co/f/west\\-virginia\\-roughriders\\-not\\-to\\-return\\-to\\-aal\\-in\\-2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=August 3, 2019 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} The Roughriders, as well as the [Jersey Flight](/wiki/Jersey_Flight \"Jersey Flight\"), were accepted to join the [National Arena League](/wiki/National_Arena_League \"National Arena League\") (NAL) for the 2020 season. The league also lost the Burgh Defenders (removed from league), Carolina Havoc (loss of lease), and Peach State Cats (left league).", "#### 2020–2021: COVID\\-19 pandemic", "The AAL announced several new teams for the 2020 season including the [Louisville Xtreme](/wiki/Kentucky_Xtreme \"Kentucky Xtreme\"), Music City Fire,{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.instagram.com/p/B4xD8HRFeOz/ \\|archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/instagram/themusiccityfire/2175537420107637683 \\|archive\\-date\\=2021\\-12\\-23 \\|url\\-access\\=subscription\\|title\\=Music City Fire November 12, 2019, Instagram post \\|website\\=Instagram \\|date\\=November 12, 2019}}{{cbignore}} Pennsylvania Copperheads,{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.facebook.com/PACopperheads/photos/a.102014737906827/137491381025829/?type\\=3\\&theater \\|title\\=Pennsylvania Copperheads December 23, 2019, Facebook Post \\|website\\=Facebook \\|date\\=December 23, 2019}} Pennsylvania Union,{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.facebook.com/unionfootball1/posts/174453087265391?\\_\\_xts\\_\\_\\[0]\\=68\\.ARDQcJuM7obZy3bYHjk5pv\\_6fl7Jnqi\\-euCQSLnrctRxEJMwvcXRAfXBCUfWxG20trpzN6sjIaSLhHsnhFKLGrUAlsTr5bnpj\\_RloCFVShfzedpsjWbbudw\\_Donr\\_gxEsSKi2dU9l3rFW\\-gNqMtC1kENrnlTJnRCdOQ3hr5Wk2ZumP\\-ufeK\\_2FmRBN8bcO0OBg2nLYbZ7nl5ws1o4fRFyjM5vSYu\\_vKn61LXXHy1ItvhfyGsWr8WBJMMpLDVaD\\_qcxwrPDPEsX\\-exVUqeRFa9mY7ibxNwjhiLxl\\_CZLEfhTbNUqtj0OsdGYNb0Ffc\\_h6suWdf8SFdsai3QFcUum6l2o\\&\\_\\_tn\\_\\_\\=\\-R \\|title\\=Pennsylvania Union January 11, 2020, Facebook Post \\|website\\=Facebook \\|date\\=January 11, 2020}} South Florida Thunder (as a travel\\-only team), and the [Tampa Bay Tornadoes](/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Tornadoes \"Tampa Bay Tornadoes\").{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.usforacle.com/2020/07/12/podcast\\-preview\\-alton\\-walker\\-covid\\-was\\-a\\-curse\\-and\\-a\\-blessing/ \\|title\\=Podcast Preview: Alton Walker: 'COVID was a curse and a blessing' \\|date\\=July 12, 2020 \\|website\\=usforacle.com}} The league also merged with the semiprofessional Mid\\-Atlantic Indoor Football League, adding the Central Penn Chargers, Jersey Bearcats, Maryland Eagles, Reading Raptors, and Western Maryland Warriors. However, before the season could start, most venues were closed due to the [COVID\\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic \"COVID-19 pandemic\") and the season was subsequently cancelled. During the following offseason, the league lost the Louisville Xtreme and Tampa Bay Tornadoes to the NAL without the teams playing a game in the AAL.", "By December 2020, the league had not confirmed any new teams and repeatedly stated it would not announce any 2021 season plans or teams until there were further developments in regards to teams being able to actually play due to the ongoing COVID\\-19 pandemic.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.americanarenaleague.com/home \\|title\\=AAL home page \\|access\\-date\\=October 28, 2020 \\|website\\=AAL}}{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.facebook.com/AmericanArenaLeague/posts/2993941767402231 \\|title\\=Thank you for your interest in the AAL. Due to the Corona virus, we are all experiencing unique situations in our society. Instead of updating our information daily, we have decided it best to be patient. Although we currently have teams under contract for next season and additional teams waiting arena approval, we do not want to prematurely announce a team when some states may determine that it is not safe to play in 2021\\. Thank you for your patience and please be safe! \\|website\\=Facebook \\|date\\=August 27, 2020}}{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.facebook.com/AmericanArenaLeague/posts/3135126126617127 \\|title\\=Thank you for your interest in the AAL, in the \"AAL Official\" facebook page. and your patience as society is going through unique times. Most of the teams in the American Arena League have now received their arena dates for 2021\\. Some AAL teams have already received their 2021 Tentative Schedule. Again, instead of updating our information daily, we have decided it best to be patient. As we have all learned, some states have stricter regulations which has slowed arena discussions. We will release the 2021 schedule as soon as possible. Thank you for your patience. Please be safe! \\|website\\=Facebook \\|date\\=October 13, 2020}} However, several teams have announced they would be joining the league in 2021\\. In September 2020, a new team called the West Texas Buccaneers in [El Paso, Texas](/wiki/El_Paso%2C_Texas \"El Paso, Texas\"), announced itself as a league member of a Texas\\-based division, along with several other potential cities for the 2021 season.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.elpasotimes.com/story/sports/2020/09/04/west\\-texas\\-buccaneers\\-el\\-paso\\-join\\-aal\\-football/5716628002/\\|title\\=El Paso will be home to a new American Arena League football team \\|website\\=El Paso Times \\|date\\=September 4, 2020}} New Texas teams called the [San Antonio Gunslingers](/wiki/San_Antonio_Gunslingers_%28indoor_football%29 \"San Antonio Gunslingers (indoor football)\"){{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.ktvn.com/story/42374726/san\\-antonio\\-gunslingers\\-to\\-kick\\-off\\-in\\-the\\-american\\-arena\\-league\\-in\\-2021\\|title\\=San Antonio Gunslingers to kick off in the American Arena league in 2021 \\|website\\=KTVN \\|date\\=July 15, 2020}} and Allen Tiger\\-Cats then announced they were joining the AAL. The Topeka Thundercats then announced they would join the AAL in a new Midwest\\-based division.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.facebook.com/thundercatsfootball/photos/a.361393421271416/817230159021071/?type\\=3\\&theater\\|title\\=Indoor Football to return to Topeka in 2021 \\|website\\=Facebook \\|date\\=October 7, 2020}}{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.facebook.com/thundercatsfootball/posts/799811390762948\\|title\\=Coaching Announcement and League Announcement \\|website\\=Facebook \\|date\\=September 14, 2020}} In December, the league announced that some of the teams that had announced themselves had already been evaluated and were not members of the AAL.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.facebook.com/AmericanArenaLeague/posts/3277369492392789 \\|title\\=Three months ago the AAL found professional ownership groups in Texas and added a Western Division. Since then, other owners have requested to join the AAL. For a variety of reasons, their requests were turned down. For the second time in a month, this weekend a team attempted to elevate their organization and claimed to play an AAL team. This is not accurate. American Arena League teams have their TENTATIVE Schedules which will be released soon. There will be no AAL games or scrimmages until March!! Please be safe!! \\|website\\=Facebook \\|date\\=December 6, 2020}}", "The league then updated its website in December 2020 with a list of 17 teams in three divisions for the 2021 season, including Allen, San Antonio, and El Paso. It also re\\-added the [Austin Wild](/wiki/Austin_Wild \"Austin Wild\") and [Tampa Bay Tornadoes](/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Tornadoes \"Tampa Bay Tornadoes\"), as well as new teams in the Chicago Power, [North Texas Bulls](/wiki/North_Texas_Bulls \"North Texas Bulls\"), Mississippi Raiders, and St. Louis Bandits. Previously listed 2020 teams, the Carolina Cowboyz, Central Penn Chargers, Maryland Eagles, South Florida Thunder, and Western Maryland Warriors were no longer listed as members.{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://www.americanarenaleague.com/home \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201215182812/https://www.americanarenaleague.com/home \\|title\\=AAL homepage \\|website\\=AAL \\|access\\-date\\=December 15, 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=December 15, 2020}} The Music City Fire remained listed as a member, but were not scheduled to play any games. Allen was removed in January 2021 and replaced with a team called the Texas Takeover based in Fort Worth, which was also removed in February.{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://www.americanarenaleague.com/home \\|title\\=AAL homepage \\|website\\=AAL \\|access\\-date\\=December 31, 2020}} The season started with two games on March 13, 2021\\. Reading left the league March 27 without playing a game. St. Louis withdrew from the season in May after two league games played citing COVID\\-19 concerns.{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://www.facebook.com/stlbanditsfootball/posts/313563120486332 \\|title\\=St. Louis Bandits Fans: We want to thank you for a great first season but sadly our season got cut short due to Covid. Our game this week has been cancelled. Covid 19 has impacted everyone over the last year and we are sad to end so soon. We will be back next year bigger and better. Bandits Football \\|website\\=St. Louis Bandits Facebook \\|date\\=May 8, 2021}} Tampa Bay did not play its final three scheduled games.", "The league announced it would not have a championship game and would instead name three division champions.{{Cite tweet \\|user\\=ArenaAmerican \\|number\\=1395712905430114310 \\|title\\=Team owners in the AAL have decided to take the lead from Major League Baseball and implement the same format that will take place in minor league baseball. This season will conclude with Champions from the East, Mid\\-West and Western Divisions.\\|date\\=May 21, 2021}} The East Division champion [Charlotte Thunder](/wiki/Charlotte_Thunder \"Charlotte Thunder\") and West Division champion [North Texas Bulls](/wiki/North_Texas_Bulls \"North Texas Bulls\") then scheduled their own league championship game regardless of the league's approval; the Midwest Division champion [West Michigan Ironmen](/wiki/West_Michigan_Ironmen \"West Michigan Ironmen\") were not involved.", "In June 2021, it was reported that league president and commissioner Tony Zefiretto had sold the league to the ownership of the Jersey Bearcats and [Indianapolis Enforcers](/wiki/Indianapolis_Enforcers \"Indianapolis Enforcers\").{{cite web \\|url\\=https://lockedinmagazine.com/the\\-brand\\-new\\-american\\-arena\\-league/ \\|title\\=The Brand New American Arena League \\|website\\=lockedinmagazine.com \\|date\\=June 11, 2021}} The new ownership reportedly approved of the game between the Thunder and Bulls,{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://lockedinmagazine.com/the\\-aal\\-will\\-crown\\-a\\-champion\\-in\\-2021/ \\|title\\=The AAL Will Crown A Champion in 2021 \\|website\\=lockedinmagazine.com \\|date\\=June 14, 2021}} which was won by the North Texas Bulls 60–43 on June 26\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://lockedinmagazine.com/no\\-bull\\-about\\-it/ \\|title\\=No Bull About It \\|website\\=lockedinmagazine.com \\|date\\=June 28, 2021}}", "" ]
Career ------ ### 1959–1995: early years Born in 1959 in Barovon village near Kokopo in East New Britain Province, Telek is one of the few Papua New Guinean singers to gain an international following.{{cite web\|url\=https://jazztimes.com/archives/george\-mamua\-telek\-serious\-tam/\|title\=George Mamua Telek: Serious Tam \|website\=Jazztimes\|date\=2019\|accessdate\=26 April 2020}} Telek sang with various bands in Papua New Guinea early in his career \- most notably with the contemporary [Tolai](/wiki/Tolai_people "Tolai people") group Painim Wok where he was the lead vocalist. In 1989, Telek met [David Bridie](/wiki/David_Bridie "David Bridie") of the Australian band [Not Drowning, Waving](/wiki/Not_Drowning%2C_Waving "Not Drowning, Waving"), and they recorded the album *[Tabaran](/wiki/Tabaran "Tabaran")*, which was released in 1990\. At the [ARIA Music Awards of 1992](/wiki/ARIA_Music_Awards_of_1992 "ARIA Music Awards of 1992"), the album was nominated for [ARIA Award for Best Indigenous Release](/wiki/ARIA_Award_for_Best_Indigenous_Release "ARIA Award for Best Indigenous Release"). ### 1997–2002: *Talek* and *Serious Tam* Telek released his debut solo album, *[Telek](/wiki/Telek_%28album%29 "Telek (album)")* in 1997\. At the [ARIA Music Awards of 1997](/wiki/ARIA_Music_Awards_of_1997 "ARIA Music Awards of 1997"), the album won [ARIA Award for Best World Music Album](/wiki/ARIA_Award_for_Best_World_Music_Album "ARIA Award for Best World Music Album"). Telek recorded his second studio album *[Serious Tam](/wiki/Serious_Tam "Serious Tam")* in 2000 at [Peter Gabriel](/wiki/Peter_Gabriel "Peter Gabriel")'s [Real World Studios](/wiki/Real_World_Studios "Real World Studios") in England. The album was released in July 2000\.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.cede.com/en/music/?view\=detail\&branch\_sub\=0\&branch\=1\&aid\=100358378\|title\=Telek Serious Tam Audio CD \|website\=Cede\|date\=July 2000\|accessdate\=26 April 2020}} Malek toured the album across Europe, Australia, United Kingdom and the United States of America. [The Times](/wiki/The_Times "The Times") voted the album as 'Best Pop Album of 2000\. In December 2000, Telek was awarded an MBE for services to Papua New Guinea music.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.telek.com/html\_news/fr\_news.htm\|title\=News \|website\=Telek\|accessdate\=26 April 2020}} ### 2003–2011: *Amette*, *Matogo* and *Akave* In March 2003, Talek recorded his third studio album, again with David Bridie as producer. The album sees a slight departure from his previous two efforts focusing on the more acoustic side of Telek's writing, featuring a mix of string band, Pacific roots pop and traditional Tolais songs.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.moshtix.com.au/v2/event/george\-telek\-and\-david\-bridie/5119\|title\= George Telek and David Bridie\| website\=Moshtix\|date\=2004\|accessdate\=26 April 2020}} *Amette* was released in October 2004\. In 2006, Telek's three studio album were repackaged and rereleased to coincide with an Australian tour with his band The Moab Stringband. This tour featured a range of the Melanesian artists including Not Drowning, Waving, Tony Subam, Pius Wasi, Albert David, Djakapurra, Frank Yamma and Airi Ingram. Whilst in Australia for Sing Sing 2006, The Moab Stringband spent two weeks in David Bridie's studios and recorded the album *Matogo*. The album comprises 12 stringband tunes as is the first international stringband album to be recorded. The album was released in 2007\. *Akave*, released in 2010 was described by Limelight Magazine as "balancing respect for traditional village music with just enough technology to satisfy contemporary sensibilities" and as "The pop album of the year" by The Sunday Times UK.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.cairnspost.com.au/entertainment/george\-telek\-and\-david\-bridie\-unite\-at\-centre\-of\-contemporary\-arts\-in\-cairns/news\-story/16d7a629b67ff0a5a8fdd57ded4fa5c0\|title\=George Telek and David Bridie unite at Centre Of Contemporary Arts in Cairns \|website\=Cairns Post\|date\=15 May 2014\|accessdate\=26 April 2020}} ### 2012–present: *A Bit na Ta* and cancer In 2016, Talek again joined with David Bridie for the project *A Bit na Ta* (Source of the Sea); a multimedia installation based on the lives of the Tolai people. An album of the same name was released.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/godforbid/david\-bridie\-and\-a\-bit\-na\-ta/9066918\|title\=David Bridie and 'a Bit na Ta' \|website\=ABC\|date\= 2017\|accessdate\=26 April 2020}}{{cite web\|url\=https://theconversation.com/the\-a\-bit\-na\-ta\-exhibition\-reminds\-us\-of\-our\-forgotten\-links\-to\-papua\-new\-guinea\-89034\|title\=The A Bit na Ta exhibition reminds us of our forgotten links to Papua New Guinea \|website\=The Conversation\|date\= 5 January 2018\|accessdate\=26 April 2020}} The album was nominated for Best Global/Reggae Act at the 2017 Victorian Music Awards.{{cite web\|url\=https://musicvictoria.com.au/news/the\-age\-music\-victoria\-awards\-2017\-nominees\-revealed\-and\-public\-voting\-now\-open\|title\=The Age Music Victoria Awards 2017 Nominees Revealed\|website\=Music Victoria\|date\=13 October 2017 \|accessdate\=26 April 2020}} In 2018, Telek was diagnosed with mouth cancer.{{cite web\|url\=https://chuffed.org/project/help\-george\-telek\|title\=Help George Telek in his time of need\|website\=Chuffed\|date\=2018\|accessdate\=24 April 2020}} The cancer was successfully removed by a surgeon in [Brisbane](/wiki/Brisbane "Brisbane"), and Telek's voice was not affected. He was quoted as saying "I'm okay because they took the tumour from my lips. It didn't go into my mouth, it was just on the outside".{{cite web\|url\=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018\-07\-22/how\-a\-habit\-as\-common\-as\-chewing\-gum\-nearly\-cost\-aria\-award\-win/10013786\|title\='Scared to chew': How a betel nut chewing habit nearly cost an ARIA\-award winning singer his gift\|website\=ABC News\|date\= 22 July 2018\|accessdate\=24 February 2021}}
[ "Career\n------", "### 1959–1995: early years", "Born in 1959 in Barovon village near Kokopo in East New Britain Province, Telek is one of the few Papua New Guinean singers to gain an international following.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://jazztimes.com/archives/george\\-mamua\\-telek\\-serious\\-tam/\\|title\\=George Mamua Telek: Serious Tam \\|website\\=Jazztimes\\|date\\=2019\\|accessdate\\=26 April 2020}} Telek sang with various bands in Papua New Guinea early in his career \\- most notably with the contemporary [Tolai](/wiki/Tolai_people \"Tolai people\") group Painim Wok where he was the lead vocalist.", "In 1989, Telek met [David Bridie](/wiki/David_Bridie \"David Bridie\") of the Australian band [Not Drowning, Waving](/wiki/Not_Drowning%2C_Waving \"Not Drowning, Waving\"), and they recorded the album *[Tabaran](/wiki/Tabaran \"Tabaran\")*, which was released in 1990\\. At the [ARIA Music Awards of 1992](/wiki/ARIA_Music_Awards_of_1992 \"ARIA Music Awards of 1992\"), the album was nominated for [ARIA Award for Best Indigenous Release](/wiki/ARIA_Award_for_Best_Indigenous_Release \"ARIA Award for Best Indigenous Release\").", "### 1997–2002: *Talek* and *Serious Tam*", "Telek released his debut solo album, *[Telek](/wiki/Telek_%28album%29 \"Telek (album)\")* in 1997\\. At the [ARIA Music Awards of 1997](/wiki/ARIA_Music_Awards_of_1997 \"ARIA Music Awards of 1997\"), the album won [ARIA Award for Best World Music Album](/wiki/ARIA_Award_for_Best_World_Music_Album \"ARIA Award for Best World Music Album\").", "Telek recorded his second studio album *[Serious Tam](/wiki/Serious_Tam \"Serious Tam\")* in 2000 at [Peter Gabriel](/wiki/Peter_Gabriel \"Peter Gabriel\")'s [Real World Studios](/wiki/Real_World_Studios \"Real World Studios\") in England. The album was released in July 2000\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.cede.com/en/music/?view\\=detail\\&branch\\_sub\\=0\\&branch\\=1\\&aid\\=100358378\\|title\\=Telek Serious Tam Audio CD \\|website\\=Cede\\|date\\=July 2000\\|accessdate\\=26 April 2020}} Malek toured the album across Europe, Australia, United Kingdom and the United States of America. [The Times](/wiki/The_Times \"The Times\") voted the album as 'Best Pop Album of 2000\\.", "In December 2000, Telek was awarded an MBE for services to Papua New Guinea music.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.telek.com/html\\_news/fr\\_news.htm\\|title\\=News \\|website\\=Telek\\|accessdate\\=26 April 2020}}", "### 2003–2011: *Amette*, *Matogo* and *Akave*", "In March 2003, Talek recorded his third studio album, again with David Bridie as producer. The album sees a slight departure from his previous two efforts focusing on the more acoustic side of Telek's writing, featuring a mix of string band, Pacific roots pop and traditional Tolais songs.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.moshtix.com.au/v2/event/george\\-telek\\-and\\-david\\-bridie/5119\\|title\\= George Telek and David Bridie\\| website\\=Moshtix\\|date\\=2004\\|accessdate\\=26 April 2020}} *Amette* was released in October 2004\\.", "In 2006, Telek's three studio album were repackaged and rereleased to coincide with an Australian tour with his band The Moab Stringband. This tour featured a range of the Melanesian artists including Not Drowning, Waving, Tony Subam, Pius Wasi, Albert David, Djakapurra, Frank Yamma and Airi Ingram.", "Whilst in Australia for Sing Sing 2006, The Moab Stringband spent two weeks in David Bridie's studios and recorded the album *Matogo*. The album comprises 12 stringband tunes as is the first international stringband album to be recorded. The album was released in 2007\\.", "*Akave*, released in 2010 was described by Limelight Magazine as \"balancing respect for traditional village music with just enough technology to satisfy contemporary sensibilities\" and as \"The pop album of the year\" by The Sunday Times UK.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.cairnspost.com.au/entertainment/george\\-telek\\-and\\-david\\-bridie\\-unite\\-at\\-centre\\-of\\-contemporary\\-arts\\-in\\-cairns/news\\-story/16d7a629b67ff0a5a8fdd57ded4fa5c0\\|title\\=George Telek and David Bridie unite at Centre Of Contemporary Arts in Cairns \\|website\\=Cairns Post\\|date\\=15 May 2014\\|accessdate\\=26 April 2020}}", "### 2012–present: *A Bit na Ta* and cancer", "In 2016, Talek again joined with David Bridie for the project *A Bit na Ta* (Source of the Sea); a multimedia installation based on the lives of the Tolai people. An album of the same name was released.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/godforbid/david\\-bridie\\-and\\-a\\-bit\\-na\\-ta/9066918\\|title\\=David Bridie and 'a Bit na Ta' \\|website\\=ABC\\|date\\= 2017\\|accessdate\\=26 April 2020}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://theconversation.com/the\\-a\\-bit\\-na\\-ta\\-exhibition\\-reminds\\-us\\-of\\-our\\-forgotten\\-links\\-to\\-papua\\-new\\-guinea\\-89034\\|title\\=The A Bit na Ta exhibition reminds us of our forgotten links to Papua New Guinea \\|website\\=The Conversation\\|date\\= 5 January 2018\\|accessdate\\=26 April 2020}} The album was nominated for Best Global/Reggae Act at the 2017 Victorian Music Awards.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://musicvictoria.com.au/news/the\\-age\\-music\\-victoria\\-awards\\-2017\\-nominees\\-revealed\\-and\\-public\\-voting\\-now\\-open\\|title\\=The Age Music Victoria Awards 2017 Nominees Revealed\\|website\\=Music Victoria\\|date\\=13 October 2017 \\|accessdate\\=26 April 2020}}", "In 2018, Telek was diagnosed with mouth cancer.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://chuffed.org/project/help\\-george\\-telek\\|title\\=Help George Telek in his time of need\\|website\\=Chuffed\\|date\\=2018\\|accessdate\\=24 April 2020}} The cancer was successfully removed by a surgeon in [Brisbane](/wiki/Brisbane \"Brisbane\"), and Telek's voice was not affected. He was quoted as saying \"I'm okay because they took the tumour from my lips. It didn't go into my mouth, it was just on the outside\".{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018\\-07\\-22/how\\-a\\-habit\\-as\\-common\\-as\\-chewing\\-gum\\-nearly\\-cost\\-aria\\-award\\-win/10013786\\|title\\='Scared to chew': How a betel nut chewing habit nearly cost an ARIA\\-award winning singer his gift\\|website\\=ABC News\\|date\\= 22 July 2018\\|accessdate\\=24 February 2021}}", "" ]
Flora and fauna --------------- On 14 July 1994, a virgin little forest patch of Dhubri District but mostly that is 95% in Kokrajhar district of Assam was declared as a wildlife sanctuary by the gazette notification of the Assam Government. This sanctuary has been named as "[Chakrashila Wildlife Sanctuary](/wiki/Chakrashila_Wildlife_Sanctuary "Chakrashila Wildlife Sanctuary")". This is the youngest sanctuary of the North East India having an area of {{convert\|11260\.00\|acre\|km2}}. Chakrasila is unique because of the presence of [golden langur](/wiki/Golden_langur "Golden langur") (*Presbytis geei*) which is found nowhere else except along the Assam and Bhutan border. Besides, the virgin forest of Chakrasila Wildlife Sanctuary is endowed with rare specimens of trees, shrubs, medicinal plants, mammals, reptiles and exquisite birds and insects. Geographical location of the Chakrasila Wildlife Sanctuary is in the latitude 26° 15' to 26° 26' N and longitude 90° 15' to 90 ° 20' E. It is in the District of Dhubri that is only 5% but mostly that is 95% in Kokrajhar district, the westernmost region of Assam. It is 68 km from the District headquarters Dhubri and 219 km from the Borjhar Airport of Guwahati City. There are several small springs for quenching the thirst of the wild animals of this hilly forest. But the two major perennial springs in the sanctuary are howhowi Jhora and Bamuni Jhora, which flow over the rocks, sparkling and spattering throughout the year, adding to the scenic beauty of the sanctuary. Climatic conditions of Chakrasila Wildlife Sanctuary is like that of temperate zone with dry winter and hot summer followed by heavy rains. Annual rainfall is between 200 and 400 cm. Soil is azonal, forestlike and hilly. temperature throughout the year generally varies between 8 °C to 30 °C. The diverse ecosystems of Chakrasila present a model [habitat diversity](/wiki/Habitat_diversity "Habitat diversity") and support various mammalian species like tiger, leopard, golden langur, leopard cat, gaur, mongoose, porcupine, pangolin, flying squirrel, civet cat, etc. Along with all these prolific gifts of the nature Chakrasila has a wide variety of avifauna. The two internationally recognized wetlands namely Dhir and Deeplai has not been yet taken inside the declared boundary of the sanctuary. But they are very a part of the Chakrasila eco\-system. It is expected that in due course they will be included within the sanctuary. Courtesy : [Nature's Beckon](/wiki/Nature%27s_Beckon "Nature's Beckon") ( An Environmental Activist of North\-East ) {{cite web \|url\=http://www.citypincode.in/ASSAM/DHUBRI/Dhubri\_\_PINCODE \|title\=Pin Code of Dhubri \|publisher\=citypincode.in \|access\-date\=2014\-05\-13}}
[ "Flora and fauna\n---------------", "On 14 July 1994, a virgin little forest patch of Dhubri District but mostly that is 95% in Kokrajhar district of Assam was declared as a wildlife sanctuary by the gazette notification of the Assam Government. This sanctuary has been named as \"[Chakrashila Wildlife Sanctuary](/wiki/Chakrashila_Wildlife_Sanctuary \"Chakrashila Wildlife Sanctuary\")\". This is the youngest sanctuary of the North East India having an area of {{convert\\|11260\\.00\\|acre\\|km2}}. Chakrasila is unique because of the presence of [golden langur](/wiki/Golden_langur \"Golden langur\") (*Presbytis geei*) which is found nowhere else except along the Assam and Bhutan border. Besides, the virgin forest of Chakrasila Wildlife Sanctuary is endowed with rare specimens of trees, shrubs, medicinal plants, mammals, reptiles and exquisite birds and insects.", "Geographical location of the Chakrasila Wildlife Sanctuary is in the latitude 26° 15' to 26° 26' N and longitude 90° 15' to 90 ° 20' E. It is in the District of Dhubri that is only 5% but mostly that is 95% in Kokrajhar district, the westernmost region of Assam. It is 68 km from the District headquarters Dhubri and 219 km from the Borjhar Airport of Guwahati City.", "There are several small springs for quenching the thirst of the wild animals of this hilly forest. But the two major perennial springs in the sanctuary are howhowi Jhora and Bamuni Jhora, which flow over the rocks, sparkling and spattering throughout the year, adding to the scenic beauty of the sanctuary.", "Climatic conditions of Chakrasila Wildlife Sanctuary is like that of temperate zone with dry winter and hot summer followed by heavy rains. Annual rainfall is between 200 and 400 cm. Soil is azonal, forestlike and hilly. temperature throughout the year generally varies between 8 °C to 30 °C.", "The diverse ecosystems of Chakrasila present a model [habitat diversity](/wiki/Habitat_diversity \"Habitat diversity\") and support various mammalian species like tiger, leopard, golden langur, leopard cat, gaur, mongoose, porcupine, pangolin, flying squirrel, civet cat, etc. Along with all these prolific gifts of the nature Chakrasila has a wide variety of avifauna.", "The two internationally recognized wetlands namely Dhir and Deeplai has not been yet taken inside the declared boundary of the sanctuary. But they are very a part of the Chakrasila eco\\-system. It is expected that in due course they will be included within the sanctuary.\nCourtesy : [Nature's Beckon](/wiki/Nature%27s_Beckon \"Nature's Beckon\") ( An Environmental Activist of North\\-East )", "{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.citypincode.in/ASSAM/DHUBRI/Dhubri\\_\\_PINCODE \\|title\\=Pin Code of Dhubri \\|publisher\\=citypincode.in \\|access\\-date\\=2014\\-05\\-13}}", "" ]
Civil War --------- During the secession crisis of late 1860 and early 1861, Cate remained loyal to the Union. His family was very divided over the issue, however. His father and two younger brothers supported secession, while three other brothers— William T. Cate, George O. Cate, and Thomas L. Cate— supported the Union. Alfred and his brother, George, were members of the Hamilton County delegation at the first session of the [East Tennessee Convention](/wiki/East_Tennessee_Convention "East Tennessee Convention") in [Knoxville](/wiki/Knoxville%2C_Tennessee "Knoxville, Tennessee") in May 1861\. This convention denounced secession, and would subsequently petition the Tennessee state government to allow [East Tennessee](/wiki/East_Tennessee "East Tennessee") to form a separate, Union\-aligned state. After Confederate troops occupied East Tennessee in August 1861, William B. Carter, a staunch Unionist from [Carter County](/wiki/Carter_County%2C_Tennessee "Carter County, Tennessee"), organized a conspiracy to [burn nine railroad bridges](/wiki/East_Tennessee_bridge_burnings "East Tennessee bridge burnings") across the region to make way for a Union invasion. Carter recruited Cate to burn the four bridges in the [Chattanooga](/wiki/Chattanooga%2C_Tennessee "Chattanooga, Tennessee") vicinity, namely the bridge over the [Hiwassee River](/wiki/Hiwassee_River "Hiwassee River") near [Charleston](/wiki/Charleston%2C_Tennessee "Charleston, Tennessee"), two bridges over [Chickamauga Creek](/wiki/Chickamauga_Creek "Chickamauga Creek") outside Chattanooga, and the bridge over the [Tennessee River](/wiki/Tennessee_River "Tennessee River") near [Bridgeport, Alabama](/wiki/Bridgeport%2C_Alabama "Bridgeport, Alabama"). Cate in turn recruited R.B. Rogan and James Keener to burn the Bridgeport bridge and entrusted the Chickamauga Creek bridges to William T. Cate and W.H. Crowder. Considering the Hiwassee bridge the most dangerous due to its location near a populated area (increasing the risk of getting caught), he decided to personally oversee its destruction. He was aided by Thomas L. Cate, Jesse Cleveland and Adam Thomas. The bridge burners executed their plan on the night of November 8, 1861\. Rogan and Keener found the Bridgeport bridge too heavily guarded by Confederate troops, and abandoned their attempt to burn it. William Cate and W.H. Crowder, however, managed to burn the two Chickamauga Creek bridges (which were relatively close to one another, though on different rail lines). Alfred Cate and his men also managed to destroy the Hiwassee bridge and escape undetected. Cate and the southeastern Tennesseans thus accounted for three of the five bridges destroyed that night. Unbeknownst to the bridge burners, however, the Union Army had decided against an immediate invasion of the region, and Confederate authorities launched a crackdown against the region's Unionists in the weeks following the bridge\-burnings. Though not suspected of being a bridge\-burner, Cate's reputation as a Unionist nevertheless made him a target of the Confederate crackdown. Under threat of arrest, Cate left home for [Kentucky](/wiki/Kentucky "Kentucky") on November 14, 1861\. He briefly linked up with a group headed by fellow Hamilton County Unionist William J. Clift, but with more than a thousand Confederate troops in pursuit, this group disbanded. After a {{convert\|300\|mi\|km\|adj\=on}} journey in which he frequently hid out in caves to avoid capture, Cate arrived in [Somerset, Kentucky](/wiki/Somerset%2C_Kentucky "Somerset, Kentucky"), in early January 1862\. Cate initially joined the 1st Tennessee Brigade, commanded by [James G. Spears](/wiki/James_G._Spears "James G. Spears"), with the rank of lieutenant. During the Summer of 1862, he led a raid near [Jonesville, Virginia](/wiki/Jonesville%2C_Virginia "Jonesville, Virginia"), that captured several horses, wagons, and supplies, and took several Confederate troops prisoner. In September 1862, Cate was promoted to captain and placed in charge of the brigade's commissary. He accompanied the 1st Tennessee on its invasion of Middle Tennessee in late 1862, and was present at the [Battle of Stones River](/wiki/Battle_of_Stones_River "Battle of Stones River"). He later took part several battles in the Chattanooga vicinity, including [Marietta](/wiki/Battle_of_Marietta "Battle of Marietta"), Lost Mountain, and [Kennesaw Mountain](/wiki/Battle_of_Kennesaw_Mountain "Battle of Kennesaw Mountain")."[The Roll of the General Assembly of Tennessee](http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85038553/1867-10-18/ed-1/seq-1/#date1=1836&sort=date&date2=1872&words=A+CATE+M&searchType=basic&sequence=0&index=17&state=Tennessee&rows=20&proxtext=%22a.+m.+cate%22&y=0&x=0&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=1)," *The Union Flag*, 18 October 1867, p. 1\. Originally published in the *Nashville Press and Times*. In June 1864, Cate was appointed captain of Company G of the [6th Regiment Tennessee Volunteer Infantry](/wiki/6th_Regiment_Tennessee_Volunteer_Infantry "6th Regiment Tennessee Volunteer Infantry"), commanded by General [Joseph A. Cooper](/wiki/Joseph_Alexander_Cooper "Joseph Alexander Cooper"). He resigned his commission just two months later, however.*[Report of the Adjutant General of the State of Tennessee](https://books.google.com/books?id=Vh4wAQAAMAAJ&dq=%22alfred+m.+cate%22&pg=PA130)* (S.C. Mercer, 1866\), p. 130\. After the Union Army had secured control of East Tennessee in April 1864, the East Tennessee Convention reconvened in Knoxville. Cate attended this meeting as a member of the Hamilton County delegation. He and the rest of the Hamilton delegation joined Governor [Andrew Johnson](/wiki/Andrew_Johnson "Andrew Johnson") and in calling for "immediate and unconditional emancipation." There was still substantial opposition to emancipation at the Convention, however, and after four days of infighting, the Convention adjourned without taking any action."[Unconditional Union Meeting](http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83025718/1864-03-15/ed-1/seq-1/#date1=1836&sort=date&date2=1872&words=A+Cate+M&searchType=basic&sequence=0&index=6&state=Tennessee&rows=20&proxtext=%22a.+m.+cate%22&y=0&x=0&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=1)," *Nashville Daily Union*, 15 March 1864, p. 1\."[Hamilton County Convention](http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83025718/1864-04-10/ed-1/seq-1/#date1=1836&sort=date&date2=1872&words=A+Cate+M&searchType=basic&sequence=0&index=7&state=Tennessee&rows=20&proxtext=%22a.+m.+cate%22&y=0&x=0&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=1)," *Nashville Daily Union*, 10 April 1864, p. 1\.
[ "Civil War\n---------", "During the secession crisis of late 1860 and early 1861, Cate remained loyal to the Union. His family was very divided over the issue, however. His father and two younger brothers supported secession, while three other brothers— William T. Cate, George O. Cate, and Thomas L. Cate— supported the Union. Alfred and his brother, George, were members of the Hamilton County delegation at the first session of the [East Tennessee Convention](/wiki/East_Tennessee_Convention \"East Tennessee Convention\") in [Knoxville](/wiki/Knoxville%2C_Tennessee \"Knoxville, Tennessee\") in May 1861\\. This convention denounced secession, and would subsequently petition the Tennessee state government to allow [East Tennessee](/wiki/East_Tennessee \"East Tennessee\") to form a separate, Union\\-aligned state.", "After Confederate troops occupied East Tennessee in August 1861, William B. Carter, a staunch Unionist from [Carter County](/wiki/Carter_County%2C_Tennessee \"Carter County, Tennessee\"), organized a conspiracy to [burn nine railroad bridges](/wiki/East_Tennessee_bridge_burnings \"East Tennessee bridge burnings\") across the region to make way for a Union invasion. Carter recruited Cate to burn the four bridges in the [Chattanooga](/wiki/Chattanooga%2C_Tennessee \"Chattanooga, Tennessee\") vicinity, namely the bridge over the [Hiwassee River](/wiki/Hiwassee_River \"Hiwassee River\") near [Charleston](/wiki/Charleston%2C_Tennessee \"Charleston, Tennessee\"), two bridges over [Chickamauga Creek](/wiki/Chickamauga_Creek \"Chickamauga Creek\") outside Chattanooga, and the bridge over the [Tennessee River](/wiki/Tennessee_River \"Tennessee River\") near [Bridgeport, Alabama](/wiki/Bridgeport%2C_Alabama \"Bridgeport, Alabama\"). Cate in turn recruited R.B. Rogan and James Keener to burn the Bridgeport bridge and entrusted the Chickamauga Creek bridges to William T. Cate and W.H. Crowder. Considering the Hiwassee bridge the most dangerous due to its location near a populated area (increasing the risk of getting caught), he decided to personally oversee its destruction. He was aided by Thomas L. Cate, Jesse Cleveland and Adam Thomas.", "The bridge burners executed their plan on the night of November 8, 1861\\. Rogan and Keener found the Bridgeport bridge too heavily guarded by Confederate troops, and abandoned their attempt to burn it. William Cate and W.H. Crowder, however, managed to burn the two Chickamauga Creek bridges (which were relatively close to one another, though on different rail lines). Alfred Cate and his men also managed to destroy the Hiwassee bridge and escape undetected. Cate and the southeastern Tennesseans thus accounted for three of the five bridges destroyed that night. Unbeknownst to the bridge burners, however, the Union Army had decided against an immediate invasion of the region, and Confederate authorities launched a crackdown against the region's Unionists in the weeks following the bridge\\-burnings.", "Though not suspected of being a bridge\\-burner, Cate's reputation as a Unionist nevertheless made him a target of the Confederate crackdown. Under threat of arrest, Cate left home for [Kentucky](/wiki/Kentucky \"Kentucky\") on November 14, 1861\\. He briefly linked up with a group headed by fellow Hamilton County Unionist William J. Clift, but with more than a thousand Confederate troops in pursuit, this group disbanded. After a {{convert\\|300\\|mi\\|km\\|adj\\=on}} journey in which he frequently hid out in caves to avoid capture, Cate arrived in [Somerset, Kentucky](/wiki/Somerset%2C_Kentucky \"Somerset, Kentucky\"), in early January 1862\\.", "Cate initially joined the 1st Tennessee Brigade, commanded by [James G. Spears](/wiki/James_G._Spears \"James G. Spears\"), with the rank of lieutenant. During the Summer of 1862, he led a raid near [Jonesville, Virginia](/wiki/Jonesville%2C_Virginia \"Jonesville, Virginia\"), that captured several horses, wagons, and supplies, and took several Confederate troops prisoner. In September 1862, Cate was promoted to captain and placed in charge of the brigade's commissary. He accompanied the 1st Tennessee on its invasion of Middle Tennessee in late 1862, and was present at the [Battle of Stones River](/wiki/Battle_of_Stones_River \"Battle of Stones River\"). He later took part several battles in the Chattanooga vicinity, including [Marietta](/wiki/Battle_of_Marietta \"Battle of Marietta\"), Lost Mountain, and [Kennesaw Mountain](/wiki/Battle_of_Kennesaw_Mountain \"Battle of Kennesaw Mountain\").\"[The Roll of the General Assembly of Tennessee](http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85038553/1867-10-18/ed-1/seq-1/#date1=1836&sort=date&date2=1872&words=A+CATE+M&searchType=basic&sequence=0&index=17&state=Tennessee&rows=20&proxtext=%22a.+m.+cate%22&y=0&x=0&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=1),\" *The Union Flag*, 18 October 1867, p. 1\\. Originally published in the *Nashville Press and Times*. In June 1864, Cate was appointed captain of Company G of the [6th Regiment Tennessee Volunteer Infantry](/wiki/6th_Regiment_Tennessee_Volunteer_Infantry \"6th Regiment Tennessee Volunteer Infantry\"), commanded by General [Joseph A. Cooper](/wiki/Joseph_Alexander_Cooper \"Joseph Alexander Cooper\"). He resigned his commission just two months later, however.*[Report of the Adjutant General of the State of Tennessee](https://books.google.com/books?id=Vh4wAQAAMAAJ&dq=%22alfred+m.+cate%22&pg=PA130)* (S.C. Mercer, 1866\\), p. 130\\.", "After the Union Army had secured control of East Tennessee in April 1864, the East Tennessee Convention reconvened in Knoxville. Cate attended this meeting as a member of the Hamilton County delegation. He and the rest of the Hamilton delegation joined Governor [Andrew Johnson](/wiki/Andrew_Johnson \"Andrew Johnson\") and in calling for \"immediate and unconditional emancipation.\" There was still substantial opposition to emancipation at the Convention, however, and after four days of infighting, the Convention adjourned without taking any action.\"[Unconditional Union Meeting](http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83025718/1864-03-15/ed-1/seq-1/#date1=1836&sort=date&date2=1872&words=A+Cate+M&searchType=basic&sequence=0&index=6&state=Tennessee&rows=20&proxtext=%22a.+m.+cate%22&y=0&x=0&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=1),\" *Nashville Daily Union*, 15 March 1864, p. 1\\.\"[Hamilton County Convention](http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83025718/1864-04-10/ed-1/seq-1/#date1=1836&sort=date&date2=1872&words=A+Cate+M&searchType=basic&sequence=0&index=7&state=Tennessee&rows=20&proxtext=%22a.+m.+cate%22&y=0&x=0&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=1),\" *Nashville Daily Union*, 10 April 1864, p. 1\\.", "" ]
State legislature ----------------- During the reorganization of the state government in 1865, Cate was elected to the [Tennessee Senate](/wiki/Tennessee_Senate "Tennessee Senate") seat for the Eighth district, which included the counties of Hamilton, [Marion](/wiki/Marion_County%2C_Tennessee "Marion County, Tennessee"), [Rhea](/wiki/Rhea_County%2C_Tennessee "Rhea County, Tennessee"), [Bledsoe](/wiki/Bledsoe_County%2C_Tennessee "Bledsoe County, Tennessee"), [Bradley](/wiki/Bradley_County%2C_Tennessee "Bradley County, Tennessee"), and [Sequatchie](/wiki/Sequatchie_County%2C_Tennessee "Sequatchie County, Tennessee")."[Tennessee Senators](http://www.tennessee.gov/tsla/history/misc/tga-senate3.pdf) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140528103310/http://www.tennessee.gov/tsla/history/misc/tga\-senate3\.pdf \|date\=May 28, 2014 }}," Tennessee State Library and Archives, 2010\. Retrieved: 21 December 2014\. Cate aligned with the [Radical Republicans](/wiki/Radical_Republican "Radical Republican"), supporters of Governor [William G. Brownlow](/wiki/William_Gannaway_Brownlow "William Gannaway Brownlow") who sought retribution against ex\-Confederates and civil rights for freed slaves. This legislative session quickly ratified the [Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution](/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution "Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution"), and passed a controversial measure giving Brownlow unprecedented control over state elections. In July 1866, Cate was one of fourteen state senators who voted to ratify the [Fourteenth Amendment](/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution "Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution"), which extended civil rights to African Americans."[Amendments Ratified](http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045629/1866-07-18/ed-1/seq-2/)!" *Knoxville Whig*, 18 July 1866, p. 2\. Cate was reelected to a second term in 1867\. He was also elected chairman of the Republican State Central Committee, which coordinated party strategy and nominated candidates for elections. During the Summer of 1868, Cate angered the party's Radical wing when he voted against two contentious bills Brownlow had proposed to quell rising [Ku Klux Klan](/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan "Ku Klux Klan") violence. One bill imposed stiff penalties on anyone who aided the Klan or interfered with the election process, while the other empowered Governor Brownlow to call the state militia into service and declare martial law (with the consent of officials in the affected counties). Some leaders opposed to the bill felt that fears over Klan violence were exaggerated, while others were worried the bills would merely bring more bloodshed to the state.William Edward Hardy, "['Fare well to all Radicals': Redeeming Tennessee, 1869\-1870](http://trace.tennessee.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2938&context=utk_graddiss)," PhD. diss., University of Tennessee, 2013, pp. 106\-108, 118\-124\. During Cate's second term, he became embroiled in the conflict between Congressman [William B. Stokes](/wiki/William_B._Stokes "William B. Stokes"), leader of the party's Radical wing, and Speaker of the Tennessee Senate [Dewitt Clinton Senter](/wiki/Dewitt_Clinton_Senter "Dewitt Clinton Senter"), the leader of the party's moderate wing. In October 1868, Cate, at the urging of Stokes, motioned to have Senter expelled from the state senate, based on a clause in the Fourteenth Amendment that barred anyone who had served in the Confederate government from serving in public office. This move stunned both Radicals and moderates, and the motion was promptly tabled (Senter had served in the state legislature in 1861 after Tennessee had joined the Confederacy, though he was generally still considered a Unionist). Cate and Stokes were assailed for this move in subsequent months. In May 1869, Cate chaired a chaotic meeting of the Republican state committee in Nashville. Although Senter had become governor following Brownlow's resignation earlier in the year, Radicals, including Cate, supported Stokes as the party's gubernatorial nominee in elections slated for that August. When Senter's supporters tried to have Knoxville minister Thomas H. Pearne installed as chairman, Cate used a parliamentary maneuver to block the motion, sparking an angry debate that lasted throughout the day. When the committee reconvened on the following day, both Cate and Pearne stood at the chairman's desk, each attempting to act as chairman. Several scuffles broke out, and Nashville police had to intervene at one point to prevent a gunfight. Failing to agree on a candidate, Radicals and moderates held separate meetings to nominate their own tickets. The Senter ticket dominated the August elections, however, effectively ending Radical control of the state government.
[ "State legislature\n-----------------", "During the reorganization of the state government in 1865, Cate was elected to the [Tennessee Senate](/wiki/Tennessee_Senate \"Tennessee Senate\") seat for the Eighth district, which included the counties of Hamilton, [Marion](/wiki/Marion_County%2C_Tennessee \"Marion County, Tennessee\"), [Rhea](/wiki/Rhea_County%2C_Tennessee \"Rhea County, Tennessee\"), [Bledsoe](/wiki/Bledsoe_County%2C_Tennessee \"Bledsoe County, Tennessee\"), [Bradley](/wiki/Bradley_County%2C_Tennessee \"Bradley County, Tennessee\"), and [Sequatchie](/wiki/Sequatchie_County%2C_Tennessee \"Sequatchie County, Tennessee\").\"[Tennessee Senators](http://www.tennessee.gov/tsla/history/misc/tga-senate3.pdf) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140528103310/http://www.tennessee.gov/tsla/history/misc/tga\\-senate3\\.pdf \\|date\\=May 28, 2014 }},\" Tennessee State Library and Archives, 2010\\. Retrieved: 21 December 2014\\. Cate aligned with the [Radical Republicans](/wiki/Radical_Republican \"Radical Republican\"), supporters of Governor [William G. Brownlow](/wiki/William_Gannaway_Brownlow \"William Gannaway Brownlow\") who sought retribution against ex\\-Confederates and civil rights for freed slaves. This legislative session quickly ratified the [Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution](/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution \"Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution\"), and passed a controversial measure giving Brownlow unprecedented control over state elections. In July 1866, Cate was one of fourteen state senators who voted to ratify the [Fourteenth Amendment](/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution \"Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution\"), which extended civil rights to African Americans.\"[Amendments Ratified](http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045629/1866-07-18/ed-1/seq-2/)!\" *Knoxville Whig*, 18 July 1866, p. 2\\.", "Cate was reelected to a second term in 1867\\. He was also elected chairman of the Republican State Central Committee, which coordinated party strategy and nominated candidates for elections. During the Summer of 1868, Cate angered the party's Radical wing when he voted against two contentious bills Brownlow had proposed to quell rising [Ku Klux Klan](/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan \"Ku Klux Klan\") violence. One bill imposed stiff penalties on anyone who aided the Klan or interfered with the election process, while the other empowered Governor Brownlow to call the state militia into service and declare martial law (with the consent of officials in the affected counties). Some leaders opposed to the bill felt that fears over Klan violence were exaggerated, while others were worried the bills would merely bring more bloodshed to the state.William Edward Hardy, \"['Fare well to all Radicals': Redeeming Tennessee, 1869\\-1870](http://trace.tennessee.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2938&context=utk_graddiss),\" PhD. diss., University of Tennessee, 2013, pp. 106\\-108, 118\\-124\\.", "During Cate's second term, he became embroiled in the conflict between Congressman [William B. Stokes](/wiki/William_B._Stokes \"William B. Stokes\"), leader of the party's Radical wing, and Speaker of the Tennessee Senate [Dewitt Clinton Senter](/wiki/Dewitt_Clinton_Senter \"Dewitt Clinton Senter\"), the leader of the party's moderate wing. In October 1868, Cate, at the urging of Stokes, motioned to have Senter expelled from the state senate, based on a clause in the Fourteenth Amendment that barred anyone who had served in the Confederate government from serving in public office. This move stunned both Radicals and moderates, and the motion was promptly tabled (Senter had served in the state legislature in 1861 after Tennessee had joined the Confederacy, though he was generally still considered a Unionist). Cate and Stokes were assailed for this move in subsequent months.", "In May 1869, Cate chaired a chaotic meeting of the Republican state committee in Nashville. Although Senter had become governor following Brownlow's resignation earlier in the year, Radicals, including Cate, supported Stokes as the party's gubernatorial nominee in elections slated for that August. When Senter's supporters tried to have Knoxville minister Thomas H. Pearne installed as chairman, Cate used a parliamentary maneuver to block the motion, sparking an angry debate that lasted throughout the day. When the committee reconvened on the following day, both Cate and Pearne stood at the chairman's desk, each attempting to act as chairman. Several scuffles broke out, and Nashville police had to intervene at one point to prevent a gunfight.", "Failing to agree on a candidate, Radicals and moderates held separate meetings to nominate their own tickets. The Senter ticket dominated the August elections, however, effectively ending Radical control of the state government.", "" ]
History ------- The former assay office was constructed in 1899 to process ore samples from the Mt Garnet Freehold Copper and Silver Mine. The copper, silver and zinc lode at Mount Garnet was discovered in 1882 by Albert Vollenweider and Henry Faasch, who, with James McLeod, manager for [John Moffat](/wiki/John_Moffat_%28mining_pioneer%29 "John Moffat (mining pioneer)"), applied for a selection of {{cvt\|60\|acre}} in October 1882\. Moffat bought his first shares from Vollenweider, Faasch and other partners in 1884 and through the 1880s acquired further shares until he had full control. He did not develop the site until the resurgence of copper prices in the 1890s when he opened up the Mount Garnet lodes in late 1896\. In May 1898, crushing machinery was delivered to the site from Glen Linedale and [Montalbion](/wiki/Irvinebank "Irvinebank") and a report was prepared to promote the mine to investors. By October 1898 mining leases and town lots at Mount Garnet were being purchased. On 23 December 1898, the Mt Garnet Freehold Copper and Silver Mining Company was incorporated in [Melbourne](/wiki/Melbourne "Melbourne") by Moffat and his associates in that city, though it was not floated until September 1899\. A metallurgist and a construction engineer were appointed, assaying equipment was ordered and a brickworks and sawmill were set up in 1898 to supply building materials. The clay for the bricks was obtained from the banks of Return Creek nearby and the bricks made were used for a wide variety of constructions on site, commencing with the furnaces. Work began in 1899 on an assay office to service the mine and it was finished by 1900\. Assaying on site was important in order to test ore quality and so provide a guide for the exploitation of the mine and the smelting operations. The assay building was used as a laboratory for determining the level of metal contained within the ore and the level of impurities contained within the metal after smelting. The building constructed for this purpose measured approximately {{convert\|17\.5\|by\|11\|m}} and contained seven rooms, including a furnace room and offices, a room for chemical treatments and a room to house the scales. Throughout 1899 the company employed about 150 men in sinking and driving shafts to test ore reserves. Six shafts aggregating {{convert\|440\|ft}} were sunk, and nearly {{convert\|1200\|ft}} of tunnels and drives were completed. By early 1900, an ore lode {{convert\|96\|ft}} wide but of uncertain depth had been found. Assays were encouraging and it was estimated that reserves totalled over {{convert\|200000\|LT}} of ore averaging between three and twenty\-five per cent copper, with fifteen ounces of silver to the ton. It was decided to install new large smelters, with a {{convert\|200\|LT\|adj\=on}} daily capacity and powerful mining machinery, and to dam Return Creek to provide adequate water for the treatment plant. Also, multi\-tubular boilers, a powerful double cylinder hoisting engine, stone crushers, air compressors, a sawmill and water pumping station were established in association with the mining of the Mount Garnet lode. A railway to serve the mine was also planned. On 15 January 1901, the first smelter became operational and in that year the smelters treated {{convert\|35616\|LT}} of ore for copper and silver valued at {{A£\|163,000}}. In the following year a total of {{convert\|43284\|LT}} of ore were treated for {{convert\|2057\|LT}} of copper and {{convert\|486651\|oz}} of silver valued at {{A£\|164,267}}. The mine employed about 1,800 men and Mount Garnet became the second\-largest inland town in Queensland. However, the large sums committed to infrastructure, falling prices and problems with ore quality caused the mine to close as the company admitted it was unable to meet its interest and redemption commitments. The smelter opened again in June 1902, but Willcocks and Overend, the contractors for the railway which opened on 22 February 1902, foreclosed on 1 October 1902\. A new company was floated but in 1903 it was found that the main shaft, down {{convert\|181\|ft}}, tapped a sizeable body, which proved to be refractory, having high zinc content and thus being uneconomic to treat by conventional means on site. Further, the open\-cut section of the mine collapsed. The smelter ceased operation in May 1903 and the smelters were dismantled and removed. Willcocks and Overend operated the railway privately to help recoup their costs and the [New Chillagoe Railway and Mines Ltd](/wiki/Chillagoe_Railway_%26_Mining_Co. "Chillagoe Railway & Mining Co.") worked the mine on tribute from the beginning of 1904, although much of the machinery was removed to the OK mine the same year. Attempts were made to reopen the mine in 1906 and again in 1915, when the mine remained open for a couple of years. In 1914 the [Queensland Government](/wiki/Queensland_Government "Queensland Government") purchased the railway. The assay office was then used for many years to accommodate pastoral workers from Mount Lucey station, although it was unused when purchased in the late 1980s and renovated. It has been adapted as a residence and although the fume cupboard and sample table are still present, alterations include the replacement of the sample furnaces with a fireplace and conversion of the scale room to a bathroom and the chemical treatment room to a kitchen. The furnace area is now a living room and the offices in this section are bedrooms. It is the only building surviving from the Mount Garnet mine on site.
[ "History\n-------", "The former assay office was constructed in 1899 to process ore samples from the Mt Garnet Freehold Copper and Silver Mine.", "The copper, silver and zinc lode at Mount Garnet was discovered in 1882 by Albert Vollenweider and Henry Faasch, who, with James McLeod, manager for [John Moffat](/wiki/John_Moffat_%28mining_pioneer%29 \"John Moffat (mining pioneer)\"), applied for a selection of {{cvt\\|60\\|acre}} in October 1882\\. Moffat bought his first shares from Vollenweider, Faasch and other partners in 1884 and through the 1880s acquired further shares until he had full control. He did not develop the site until the resurgence of copper prices in the 1890s when he opened up the Mount Garnet lodes in late 1896\\. In May 1898, crushing machinery was delivered to the site from Glen Linedale and [Montalbion](/wiki/Irvinebank \"Irvinebank\") and a report was prepared to promote the mine to investors. By October 1898 mining leases and town lots at Mount Garnet were being purchased.", "On 23 December 1898, the Mt Garnet Freehold Copper and Silver Mining Company was incorporated in [Melbourne](/wiki/Melbourne \"Melbourne\") by Moffat and his associates in that city, though it was not floated until September 1899\\. A metallurgist and a construction engineer were appointed, assaying equipment was ordered and a brickworks and sawmill were set up in 1898 to supply building materials. The clay for the bricks was obtained from the banks of Return Creek nearby and the bricks made were used for a wide variety of constructions on site, commencing with the furnaces. Work began in 1899 on an assay office to service the mine and it was finished by 1900\\. Assaying on site was important in order to test ore quality and so provide a guide for the exploitation of the mine and the smelting operations. The assay building was used as a laboratory for determining the level of metal contained within the ore and the level of impurities contained within the metal after smelting. The building constructed for this purpose measured approximately {{convert\\|17\\.5\\|by\\|11\\|m}} and contained seven rooms, including a furnace room and offices, a room for chemical treatments and a room to house the scales.", "Throughout 1899 the company employed about 150 men in sinking and driving shafts to test ore reserves. Six shafts aggregating {{convert\\|440\\|ft}} were sunk, and nearly {{convert\\|1200\\|ft}} of tunnels and drives were completed. By early 1900, an ore lode {{convert\\|96\\|ft}} wide but of uncertain depth had been found. Assays were encouraging and it was estimated that reserves totalled over {{convert\\|200000\\|LT}} of ore averaging between three and twenty\\-five per cent copper, with fifteen ounces of silver to the ton.", "It was decided to install new large smelters, with a {{convert\\|200\\|LT\\|adj\\=on}} daily capacity and powerful mining machinery, and to dam Return Creek to provide adequate water for the treatment plant. Also, multi\\-tubular boilers, a powerful double cylinder hoisting engine, stone crushers, air compressors, a sawmill and water pumping station were established in association with the mining of the Mount Garnet lode. A railway to serve the mine was also planned.", "On 15 January 1901, the first smelter became operational and in that year the smelters treated {{convert\\|35616\\|LT}} of ore for copper and silver valued at {{A£\\|163,000}}. In the following year a total of {{convert\\|43284\\|LT}} of ore were treated for {{convert\\|2057\\|LT}} of copper and {{convert\\|486651\\|oz}} of silver valued at {{A£\\|164,267}}. The mine employed about 1,800 men and Mount Garnet became the second\\-largest inland town in Queensland.", "However, the large sums committed to infrastructure, falling prices and problems with ore quality caused the mine to close as the company admitted it was unable to meet its interest and redemption commitments. The smelter opened again in June 1902, but Willcocks and Overend, the contractors for the railway which opened on 22 February 1902, foreclosed on 1 October 1902\\. A new company was floated but in 1903 it was found that the main shaft, down {{convert\\|181\\|ft}}, tapped a sizeable body, which proved to be refractory, having high zinc content and thus being uneconomic to treat by conventional means on site. Further, the open\\-cut section of the mine collapsed. The smelter ceased operation in May 1903 and the smelters were dismantled and removed. Willcocks and Overend operated the railway privately to help recoup their costs and the [New Chillagoe Railway and Mines Ltd](/wiki/Chillagoe_Railway_%26_Mining_Co. \"Chillagoe Railway & Mining Co.\") worked the mine on tribute from the beginning of 1904, although much of the machinery was removed to the OK mine the same year. Attempts were made to reopen the mine in 1906 and again in 1915, when the mine remained open for a couple of years. In 1914 the [Queensland Government](/wiki/Queensland_Government \"Queensland Government\") purchased the railway.", "The assay office was then used for many years to accommodate pastoral workers from Mount Lucey station, although it was unused when purchased in the late 1980s and renovated. It has been adapted as a residence and although the fume cupboard and sample table are still present, alterations include the replacement of the sample furnaces with a fireplace and conversion of the scale room to a bathroom and the chemical treatment room to a kitchen. The furnace area is now a living room and the offices in this section are bedrooms. It is the only building surviving from the Mount Garnet mine on site.", "" ]
History ------- ### World War II The original airfield was built in 1942 as **Matagorda Island General Bombing and Gunnery Range**. It supported the USAAF [Gulf Coast Training Center](/wiki/Gulf_Coast_Training_Center "Gulf Coast Training Center") pilot training in the [Southeast United States](/wiki/Southeast_United_States "Southeast United States"). The airfield originally had three runways, with a large L\-shaped concrete parking apron. It was under the control of [Foster Field](/wiki/Foster_Field "Foster Field"), Victoria, Texas, as a sub\-base. The range had four squadrons (856th, 857th, 858th, 859th) Single\-Engine Gunnery Squadrons assigned, flying the [North American T\-6 Texan](/wiki/North_American_T-6_Texan "North American T-6 Texan"), under the control of the 62d Single\-Engined Flying Training Group, [79th Flying Training Wing](/wiki/79th_Flying_Training_Wing_%28U.S._Army_Air_Forces%29 "79th Flying Training Wing (U.S. Army Air Forces)"). Aircraft from other training schools also used the airfield. The range was supported by the [Matagorda Peninsula Army Airfield](/wiki/Matagorda_Peninsula_Army_Airfield "Matagorda Peninsula Army Airfield"), a separate facility north of the range. During the war, an additional three runways were built to accommodate the large number of landings and takeoffs.{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.airfields\-freeman.com/TX/Airfields\_TX\_Corpus\_NE.html\#matagordapenaaf \|title\=Abandoned \& Little\-Known Airfields: Texas, Northeastern Corpus Christi area \|access\-date\=2014\-03\-21 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140321013519/http://www.airfields\-freeman.com/TX/Airfields\_TX\_Corpus\_NE.html\#matagordapenaaf \|archive\-date\=2014\-03\-21 \|url\-status\=dead }}[Air Force Historical Research Agency, Matagorda Island Air Force Range, Texas](http://airforcehistoryindex.org/search.php?q=MATAGORDA+TX&c=u&h=100&F=1935&L=1945) The facility was closed on 3 February 1945, and placed in a standby status. [Document 00172239, Foster Field, Texas](http://airforcehistoryindex.org/data/000/172/239.xml) ### Strategic Air Command During the [Cold War](/wiki/Cold_War "Cold War"), in 1949, the United States Air Force [Strategic Air Command](/wiki/Strategic_Air_Command "Strategic Air Command") reactivated the range and refurbished the runways. Runway 03/21 was extended to 8,000 ft to accommodate jet fighters, along with SAC [B\-29](/wiki/B-29_Superfortress "B-29 Superfortress") and [B\-50 Superfortress](/wiki/B-50_Superfortress "B-50 Superfortress") bombers. The Air Force renamed the facility **Matagorda Island Air Force Base**. It built a dock, a large number of roads, and buildings on the base to accommodate personnel to support the gunnery and bombing range. During its operational lifetime, the range was controlled by [Carswell AFB](/wiki/Carswell_AFB "Carswell AFB") and [Bergstrom AFB](/wiki/Bergstrom_AFB "Bergstrom AFB"), Texas, and [Chennault Air Force Base](/wiki/Chennault_Air_Force_Base "Chennault Air Force Base") and [Barksdale AFB](/wiki/Barksdale_AFB "Barksdale AFB"), Louisiana as a sub\-base. Aircraft from both SAC and [Tactical Air Command](/wiki/Tactical_Air_Command "Tactical Air Command") (TAC) and various [Air National Guard](/wiki/Air_National_Guard "Air National Guard") squadrons used the facility. In 1965, the [Reeves AN/MSQ\-77 Bomb Directing Central](/wiki/Reeves_AN/MSQ-77_Bomb_Directing_Central "Reeves AN/MSQ-77 Bomb Directing Central") system was tested by the [1st Combat Evaluation Group](/wiki/1st_Combat_Evaluation_Group "1st Combat Evaluation Group") at the range for [Combat Skyspot](/wiki/Combat_Skyspot "Combat Skyspot") [ground\-directed bombing](/wiki/Ground_directed_bombing "Ground directed bombing") in the [Vietnam War](/wiki/Vietnam_War "Vietnam War"). Because of its remote island location with limited access, during the Vietnam War, the facility was also used by [Air Commando](/wiki/Air_Commando "Air Commando") and other units, possibly under the direction of national intelligence agencies for training. ### Current use The base was deactivated in 1975 after the end of United States' involvement in Vietnam. The property was subsequently turned over to the [Department of the Interior](/wiki/Department_of_the_Interior "Department of the Interior") as a federal wildlife refuge. Today, the runways and taxiways, although infested with vegetation, are in very good condition. The several structures, hangars, and buildings of various types are in various stages of deterioration. Also, a usable dock and a small port facility are available.
[ "History\n-------", "### World War II", "The original airfield was built in 1942 as **Matagorda Island General Bombing and Gunnery Range**. It supported the USAAF [Gulf Coast Training Center](/wiki/Gulf_Coast_Training_Center \"Gulf Coast Training Center\") pilot training in the [Southeast United States](/wiki/Southeast_United_States \"Southeast United States\"). The airfield originally had three runways, with a large L\\-shaped concrete parking apron. It was under the control of [Foster Field](/wiki/Foster_Field \"Foster Field\"), Victoria, Texas, as a sub\\-base. The range had four squadrons (856th, 857th, 858th, 859th) Single\\-Engine Gunnery Squadrons assigned, flying the [North American T\\-6 Texan](/wiki/North_American_T-6_Texan \"North American T-6 Texan\"), under the control of the 62d Single\\-Engined Flying Training Group, [79th Flying Training Wing](/wiki/79th_Flying_Training_Wing_%28U.S._Army_Air_Forces%29 \"79th Flying Training Wing (U.S. Army Air Forces)\"). Aircraft from other training schools also used the airfield. The range was supported by the [Matagorda Peninsula Army Airfield](/wiki/Matagorda_Peninsula_Army_Airfield \"Matagorda Peninsula Army Airfield\"), a separate facility north of the range. During the war, an additional three runways were built to accommodate the large number of landings and takeoffs.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.airfields\\-freeman.com/TX/Airfields\\_TX\\_Corpus\\_NE.html\\#matagordapenaaf \\|title\\=Abandoned \\& Little\\-Known Airfields: Texas, Northeastern Corpus Christi area \\|access\\-date\\=2014\\-03\\-21 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140321013519/http://www.airfields\\-freeman.com/TX/Airfields\\_TX\\_Corpus\\_NE.html\\#matagordapenaaf \\|archive\\-date\\=2014\\-03\\-21 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}[Air Force Historical Research Agency, Matagorda Island Air Force Range, Texas](http://airforcehistoryindex.org/search.php?q=MATAGORDA+TX&c=u&h=100&F=1935&L=1945)", "The facility was closed on 3 February 1945, and placed in a standby status. [Document 00172239, Foster Field, Texas](http://airforcehistoryindex.org/data/000/172/239.xml)", "### Strategic Air Command", "During the [Cold War](/wiki/Cold_War \"Cold War\"), in 1949, the United States Air Force [Strategic Air Command](/wiki/Strategic_Air_Command \"Strategic Air Command\") reactivated the range and refurbished the runways. Runway 03/21 was extended to 8,000 ft to accommodate jet fighters, along with SAC [B\\-29](/wiki/B-29_Superfortress \"B-29 Superfortress\") and [B\\-50 Superfortress](/wiki/B-50_Superfortress \"B-50 Superfortress\") bombers. The Air Force renamed the facility **Matagorda Island Air Force Base**. It built a dock, a large number of roads, and buildings on the base to accommodate personnel to support the gunnery and bombing range.", "During its operational lifetime, the range was controlled by [Carswell AFB](/wiki/Carswell_AFB \"Carswell AFB\") and [Bergstrom AFB](/wiki/Bergstrom_AFB \"Bergstrom AFB\"), Texas, and [Chennault Air Force Base](/wiki/Chennault_Air_Force_Base \"Chennault Air Force Base\") and [Barksdale AFB](/wiki/Barksdale_AFB \"Barksdale AFB\"), Louisiana as a sub\\-base. Aircraft from both SAC and [Tactical Air Command](/wiki/Tactical_Air_Command \"Tactical Air Command\") (TAC) and various [Air National Guard](/wiki/Air_National_Guard \"Air National Guard\") squadrons used the facility.", "In 1965, the [Reeves AN/MSQ\\-77 Bomb Directing Central](/wiki/Reeves_AN/MSQ-77_Bomb_Directing_Central \"Reeves AN/MSQ-77 Bomb Directing Central\") system was tested by the [1st Combat Evaluation Group](/wiki/1st_Combat_Evaluation_Group \"1st Combat Evaluation Group\") at the range for [Combat Skyspot](/wiki/Combat_Skyspot \"Combat Skyspot\") [ground\\-directed bombing](/wiki/Ground_directed_bombing \"Ground directed bombing\") in the [Vietnam War](/wiki/Vietnam_War \"Vietnam War\"). Because of its remote island location with limited access, during the Vietnam War, the facility was also used by [Air Commando](/wiki/Air_Commando \"Air Commando\") and other units, possibly under the direction of national intelligence agencies for training.", "### Current use", "The base was deactivated in 1975 after the end of United States' involvement in Vietnam. The property was subsequently turned over to the [Department of the Interior](/wiki/Department_of_the_Interior \"Department of the Interior\") as a federal wildlife refuge.", "Today, the runways and taxiways, although infested with vegetation, are in very good condition. The several structures, hangars, and buildings of various types are in various stages of deterioration. Also, a usable dock and a small port facility are available.", "" ]
Performing the maneuvers ------------------------ Leopold maneuvers are difficult to perform on [obese](/wiki/Obesity "Obesity") [women](/wiki/Woman "Woman") and women who have [polyhydramnios](/wiki/Polyhydramnios "Polyhydramnios"). The [palpation](/wiki/Palpation "Palpation") can sometimes be [uncomfortable](/wiki/Pain_and_nociception "Pain and nociception") for the woman if care is not taken to ensure she is relaxed and adequately positioned. To aid in this, the [health care provider](/wiki/Health_care_provider "Health care provider") should first ensure that the woman has recently emptied her [bladder](/wiki/Urinary_bladder "Urinary bladder"). If she has not, she may need to have a straight urinary [catheter](/wiki/Catheter "Catheter") inserted to empty it if she is unable to [micturate](/wiki/Micturate "Micturate") herself. The woman should lie on her back with her [shoulders](/wiki/Shoulder "Shoulder") raised slightly on a pillow and her [knees](/wiki/Knee "Knee") drawn up a little. Her [abdomen](/wiki/Abdomen "Abdomen") should be uncovered, and most women appreciate it if the individual performing the maneuver warms their hands prior to palpation. ### First maneuver: fundal grip While facing the woman, palpate the woman's upper abdomen with both hands. An obstetrician can often determine the size, consistency, shape, and mobility of the form that is felt. The [fetal](/wiki/Fetal "Fetal") head is hard, round, and moves independently of the [trunk](/wiki/Torso "Torso") while the [buttocks](/wiki/Buttocks "Buttocks") feel softer, are symmetric, and the shoulders and limbs have small bony [processes](/wiki/Bone "Bone"); unlike the [head](/wiki/Human_head "Human head"), they move with the trunk. ### Second maneuver: lateral grip After the upper [abdomen](/wiki/Abdomen "Abdomen") has been palpated and the form that is found is identified, the individual performing the maneuver attempts to determine the location of the fetal back. Still facing the woman, the health care provider palpates the abdomen with gentle but also deep pressure using the palm of the hands. First the right hand remains steady on one side of the abdomen while the left hand explores the right side of the woman's [uterus](/wiki/Uterus "Uterus"). This is then repeated using the opposite side and hands. The fetal back will feel firm and smooth while fetal [extremities](/wiki/Limb_%28anatomy%29 "Limb (anatomy)") (arms, legs, etc.) should feel like small irregularities and protrusions. The fetal back, once determined, should connect with the form found in the upper abdomen and also a mass in the [maternal inlet](/wiki/Pelvimetry "Pelvimetry"), lower abdomen. ### Third maneuver: second pelvic grip or Pawlik's grip In the third maneuver the health care provider attempts to determine what fetal part is lying above the inlet, or lower abdomen.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/bhcv2/bhcarticles.nsf/pages/Antenatal\_checks\_of\_your\_baby?OpenDocument \|title\=Pregnancy – antenatal checks of your baby \|publisher\=Better Health Channel \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091005005846/http://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/bhcv2/bhcarticles.nsf/pages/Antenatal\_checks\_of\_your\_baby?OpenDocument \|archive\-date\=2009\-10\-05 \|url\-status\=dead }} The individual performing the maneuver first grasps the lower portion of the abdomen just above the [pubic symphysis](/wiki/Pubic_symphysis "Pubic symphysis") with the thumb and fingers of the right hand. This maneuver should yield the opposite information and validate the findings of the first maneuver. If the woman enters [labor](/wiki/Childbirth "Childbirth"), this is the part which will most likely come first in a [vaginal birth](/wiki/Childbirth "Childbirth"). If it is the head and is not actively engaged in the [birthing process](/wiki/Childbirth "Childbirth"), it may be gently pushed back and forth. ### Fourth maneuver: Leopold's first pelvic grip The last maneuver requires that the health care provider face the woman's feet, as he or she will attempt to locate the fetus' [brow](/wiki/Forehead "Forehead"). The fingers of both hands are moved gently down the sides of the [uterus](/wiki/Uterus "Uterus") toward the [pubis](/wiki/Pubis_%28bone%29 "Pubis (bone)"). The side where there is resistance to the descent of the fingers toward the pubis is greatest is where the brow is located. If the head of the fetus is well\-flexed, it should be on the opposite side from the fetal [back](/wiki/Human_back "Human back"). If the fetal head is extended though, the [occiput](/wiki/Occiput "Occiput") is instead felt and is located on the same side as the back.
[ "Performing the maneuvers\n------------------------", "Leopold maneuvers are difficult to perform on [obese](/wiki/Obesity \"Obesity\") [women](/wiki/Woman \"Woman\") and women who have [polyhydramnios](/wiki/Polyhydramnios \"Polyhydramnios\"). The [palpation](/wiki/Palpation \"Palpation\") can sometimes be [uncomfortable](/wiki/Pain_and_nociception \"Pain and nociception\") for the woman if care is not taken to ensure she is relaxed and adequately positioned. To aid in this, the [health care provider](/wiki/Health_care_provider \"Health care provider\") should first ensure that the woman has recently emptied her [bladder](/wiki/Urinary_bladder \"Urinary bladder\"). If she has not, she may need to have a straight urinary [catheter](/wiki/Catheter \"Catheter\") inserted to empty it if she is unable to [micturate](/wiki/Micturate \"Micturate\") herself. The woman should lie on her back with her [shoulders](/wiki/Shoulder \"Shoulder\") raised slightly on a pillow and her [knees](/wiki/Knee \"Knee\") drawn up a little. Her [abdomen](/wiki/Abdomen \"Abdomen\") should be uncovered, and most women appreciate it if the individual performing the maneuver warms their hands prior to palpation.", "### First maneuver: fundal grip", "While facing the woman, palpate the woman's upper abdomen with both hands. An obstetrician can often determine the size, consistency, shape, and mobility of the form that is felt. The [fetal](/wiki/Fetal \"Fetal\") head is hard, round, and moves independently of the [trunk](/wiki/Torso \"Torso\") while the [buttocks](/wiki/Buttocks \"Buttocks\") feel softer, are symmetric, and the shoulders and limbs have small bony [processes](/wiki/Bone \"Bone\"); unlike the [head](/wiki/Human_head \"Human head\"), they move with the trunk.", "### Second maneuver: lateral grip", "After the upper [abdomen](/wiki/Abdomen \"Abdomen\") has been palpated and the form that is found is identified, the individual performing the maneuver attempts to determine the location of the fetal back. Still facing the woman, the health care provider palpates the abdomen with gentle but also deep pressure using the palm of the hands. First the right hand remains steady on one side of the abdomen while the left hand explores the right side of the woman's [uterus](/wiki/Uterus \"Uterus\"). This is then repeated using the opposite side and hands. The fetal back will feel firm and smooth while fetal [extremities](/wiki/Limb_%28anatomy%29 \"Limb (anatomy)\") (arms, legs, etc.) should feel like small irregularities and protrusions. The fetal back, once determined, should connect with the form found in the upper abdomen and also a mass in the [maternal inlet](/wiki/Pelvimetry \"Pelvimetry\"), lower abdomen.", "### Third maneuver: second pelvic grip or Pawlik's grip", "In the third maneuver the health care provider attempts to determine what fetal part is lying above the inlet, or lower abdomen.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/bhcv2/bhcarticles.nsf/pages/Antenatal\\_checks\\_of\\_your\\_baby?OpenDocument \\|title\\=Pregnancy – antenatal checks of your baby \\|publisher\\=Better Health Channel \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091005005846/http://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/bhcv2/bhcarticles.nsf/pages/Antenatal\\_checks\\_of\\_your\\_baby?OpenDocument \\|archive\\-date\\=2009\\-10\\-05 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} The individual performing the maneuver first grasps the lower portion of the abdomen just above the [pubic symphysis](/wiki/Pubic_symphysis \"Pubic symphysis\") with the thumb and fingers of the right hand. This maneuver should yield the opposite information and validate the findings of the first maneuver. If the woman enters [labor](/wiki/Childbirth \"Childbirth\"), this is the part which will most likely come first in a [vaginal birth](/wiki/Childbirth \"Childbirth\"). If it is the head and is not actively engaged in the [birthing process](/wiki/Childbirth \"Childbirth\"), it may be gently pushed back and forth.", "### Fourth maneuver: Leopold's first pelvic grip", "The last maneuver requires that the health care provider face the woman's feet, as he or she will attempt to locate the fetus' [brow](/wiki/Forehead \"Forehead\"). The fingers of both hands are moved gently down the sides of the [uterus](/wiki/Uterus \"Uterus\") toward the [pubis](/wiki/Pubis_%28bone%29 \"Pubis (bone)\"). The side where there is resistance to the descent of the fingers toward the pubis is greatest is where the brow is located. If the head of the fetus is well\\-flexed, it should be on the opposite side from the fetal [back](/wiki/Human_back \"Human back\"). If the fetal head is extended though, the [occiput](/wiki/Occiput \"Occiput\") is instead felt and is located on the same side as the back.", "" ]
Publication history ------------------- ### 1935–1965: Pearson [thumb\|*Men Only* cover, March 1944](/wiki/Image:Menonly.jpg "Menonly.jpg") *Men Only* was founded in 1935{{cite journal\|author\=Justin Bengry\|title\=Courting the Pink Pound: Men Only and the Queer Consumer, 1935—39\|journal\=History Workshop Journal\|year\=2009\|issue\=68\|pages\=122–148\|jstor\=40646167}} by [C. Arthur Pearson Ltd](/wiki/C._Arthur_Pearson_Ltd "C. Arthur Pearson Ltd") (at that point an imprint of [George Newnes Ltd](/wiki/George_Newnes_Ltd "George Newnes Ltd")) as a [pocket magazine](/wiki/Digest_magazine "Digest magazine") (4½" x 6½"; 115×165 mm). It set out its editorial stall in the first issue: "We don't want women readers. We won't have women readers...." It sought "bright articles on current male topics." Humour was at the heart of the title, though from the start it carried fiction (including by [P. G. Wodehouse](/wiki/P._G._Wodehouse "P. G. Wodehouse")),McIlvaine, Eileen; Sherby, Louise S; Heineman, James H (1990\). *P.G. Wodehouse: A Comprehensive Bibliography and Checklist*. New York: James H Heineman. {{ISBN\|978\-0\-87008\-125\-5}}, p. 173, D109\.1\. wide\-ranging articles, and plates of "art" nudes. Covers were initially text\-only, then carried caricatures of famous people until mid\-1958, when photographic covers took over; photographers included [John Everard](/wiki/John_Everard_%28photographer%29 "John Everard (photographer)"){{cite book\|author\=Marcus Collins\|title\=Modern Love: Personal Relationships in Twentieth\-century Britain\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=iEONY4zolqgC\&pg\=PA259\|year\=2006\|publisher\=University of Delaware Press\|isbn\=978\-0\-87413\-915\-0\|page\=259}} and [Joan Craven](/wiki/Joan_Craven "Joan Craven"). It published colour illustrations of models by artists such as [Archie Dickens](/wiki/Archie_Dickens "Archie Dickens"), [Blas Gallego](/wiki/Blas_Gallego "Blas Gallego"), [David Wright](/wiki/David_Wright_%28artist%29 "David Wright (artist)"), and [Vargas](/wiki/Alberto_Vargas "Alberto Vargas") (as published in *[Esquire](/wiki/Esquire_%28magazine%29 "Esquire (magazine)")* in the US), on a page labelled *Let's Join the Ladies*. Cartoons were by illustrators such as [Belsky](/wiki/Belsky_%28cartoonist%29 "Belsky (cartoonist)"), [Antonia Yeoman](/wiki/Antonia_Yeoman "Antonia Yeoman"), [Carl Giles](/wiki/Carl_Giles "Carl Giles"), [Frank Hoar](/wiki/Frank_Hoar "Frank Hoar"), [Keith Waite](/wiki/Keith_Waite "Keith Waite"),{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/keith\-waite\-social\-and\-political\-cartoonist\-whose\-50\-year\-career\-took\-in\-newspapers\-including\-the\-9395516\.html \|archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220512/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/keith\-waite\-social\-and\-political\-cartoonist\-whose\-50\-year\-career\-took\-in\-newspapers\-including\-the\-9395516\.html \|archive\-date\=12 May 2022 \|url\-access\=subscription \|url\-status\=live\|title\=Keith Waite: Social and political cartoonist whose 50\-year career took\|date\=2014\-05\-19\|website\=The Independent\|language\=en\|access\-date\=2019\-05\-24}} and [Bernard Hollowood](/wiki/Bernard_Hollowood "Bernard Hollowood"). When Pearson closed *[The Strand Magazine](/wiki/The_Strand_Magazine "The Strand Magazine")* in 1950, it was castigated by *[The Economist](/wiki/The_Economist "The Economist")* for concentrating its resources on *[London Opinion](/wiki/London_Opinion "London Opinion")* and *Men Only*.["Timeline: a history of magazines,"](http://www.magforum.com/time1.htm) Magforum. *Men Only* had coloured [frontispieces](/wiki/Book_frontispiece "Book frontispiece") and rather trivial main pages.[some 1954 editions](http://robertpriddy.com/Curios/Ephemera/ephemeral_men_only.html), RobertPriddy.com. (*Men Only* absorbed *London Opinion* in 1954, at that point relaunching the magazine in a racier style.) The magazine was at the height of its popularity in 1955, with some issues reaching 200 pages in size. *Men Only*'s publisher Newnes/Pearson became part of [International Publishing Corporation](/wiki/International_Publishing_Corporation "International Publishing Corporation") (IPC) in 1959–1960\. Another pocket title, [Hulton](/wiki/Hulton_Press "Hulton Press")'s *[Lilliput](/wiki/Lilliput_%28magazine%29 "Lilliput (magazine)")*, was better known, but *Men Only* took over *Lilliput* in 1960\. All these titles were affected by the growth of television; it also lost readers to titles such as [Haymarket's](/wiki/Haymarket_Group "Haymarket Group") *Man About Town* (later *Town*) and *[Playboy](/wiki/Playboy "Playboy")*. In response, in 1963 *Men Only* adopted a larger format and more pin\-ups — but also reduced its frequency to bimonthly. ### 1965–1971: City Magazines IPC sold *Men Only* to [City Magazines](/wiki/City_Magazines "City Magazines") in 1965 — at that point City Magazines was already publishing the pin\-up magazines *[Carnival](/wiki/Carnival_%28magazine%29 "Carnival (magazine)")*, *[Escort](/wiki/Escort_%28magazine%29 "Escort (magazine)")*, and *[Parade](/wiki/Parade_%28British_magazine%29 "Parade (British magazine)")*."Men Only," Magforum. [Archived at the Wayback Machine](https://web.archive.org/web/20131012060347/http://www.magforum.com/mens/mensmagazinesatoz8.htm#333). Retrieved Apr. 20, 2021\. The magazine returned to a monthly schedule, but was still mainly in black\-and\-white with a colour pin\-up centre spread. Cartoonists published in *Men Only* during this period included [Ian Miller](/wiki/Ian_Miller_%28illustrator%29 "Ian Miller (illustrator)"), [Paul Sample](/wiki/Paul_Sample_%28cartoonist%29 "Paul Sample (cartoonist)"), and [Pete Dredge](/wiki/Pete_Dredge "Pete Dredge"). ### 1971–present: Paul Raymond Publications/Blue Media Publishing Group In 1971, [Paul Raymond](/wiki/Paul_Raymond_%28publisher%29 "Paul Raymond (publisher)"), who ran nightclubs in London's Soho district, acquired *Men Only* ["Porn baron Raymond dies aged 82,"](http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7275177.stm) *BBC NEWS* (3 March 2008\). and relaunched it as the start of a [top\-shelf](/wiki/Pornographic_magazine "Pornographic magazine") publishing empire, increasing its circulation to 400,000 copies a month.{{cite news\|title\=My nights of passion with Paul Raymond\|url\=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts\-entertainment/films/features/my\-nights\-of\-passion\-with\-paul\-raymond\-8585173\.html \|archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220512/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts\-entertainment/films/features/my\-nights\-of\-passion\-with\-paul\-raymond\-8585173\.html \|archive\-date\=12 May 2022 \|url\-access\=subscription \|url\-status\=live\|newspaper\=The Independent\|first\=Pierre\|last\=Perrone\|date\=23 April 2013}} It was the main competitor to Fisk Publishing's *[Mayfair](/wiki/Mayfair_%28magazine%29 "Mayfair (magazine)")* as well as US magazines such as *[Playboy](/wiki/Playboy "Playboy")* and *[Penthouse](/wiki/Penthouse_%28magazine%29 "Penthouse (magazine)")* during the 1970s and 1980s (Raymond latterly took over *Mayfair* in 1990\). Early issues of Paul Raymond's *Men Only* often included serious articles and interviews, though since the 1980s these have largely been omitted. Photographers from the early years included Fred Enke, R. B. Kane, [Harrison Marks](/wiki/Harrison_Marks "Harrison Marks"),{{cite news\|url\=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary\-harrison\-marks\-1249894\.html \|archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220512/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary\-harrison\-marks\-1249894\.html \|archive\-date\=12 May 2022 \|url\-access\=subscription \|url\-status\=live\|title\=Obituary: Harrison Marks\|date\=10 July 1997\|author\=Tony Sloman\|newspaper\=The Independent}} [Bob Carlos Clarke](/wiki/Bob_Carlos_Clarke "Bob Carlos Clarke"), and more recently Bob Twigg. Models have included [Mary Millington](/wiki/Mary_Millington "Mary Millington"),Upton, Julian (2004\). *Fallen stars: tragic lives and lost careers*. Headpress/Critical Vision. {{ISBN\|9781900486385}}, p. 40\. [Jo Guest](/wiki/Jo_Guest "Jo Guest"), [Anette Dawn](/wiki/Anette_Dawn "Anette Dawn"), [Linsey Dawn McKenzie](/wiki/Linsey_Dawn_McKenzie "Linsey Dawn McKenzie"),*Men Only* Vol. 60, Issue 12 (December 1995\). and [Bobbi Eden](/wiki/Bobbi_Eden "Bobbi Eden"). Over the years, models featured in *Men Only* have also appeared in different photoshoots in Paul Raymond's *[Club International](/wiki/Club_International "Club International")* (a title bought from [IPC Magazines](/wiki/IPC_Magazines "IPC Magazines")). Centerfold models were called *Men Only Girl* or *Men Only Miss*.{{cite magazine \|author\=\|date\=1975 \|title\=Men Only Girl: Miss Arabella Hart \|magazine\=Men Only \|location\= London \|publisher\=Paul Raymond Publications \|volume\=40 \|issue\=1 }} In September 2012, [Paul Chapin](/wiki/Paul_Baxendale-Walker "Paul Baxendale-Walker") purchased the [Paul Raymond Publications](/wiki/Paul_Raymond_Publications "Paul Raymond Publications") stable of magazines, including *Men Only*, *[Mayfair](/wiki/Mayfair_%28magazine%29 "Mayfair (magazine)")*, and *[Club International](/wiki/Club_International "Club International")* on behalf of Blue Media Publishing Group.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2012/apr/29/loaded\-magazine\-men\-baxendale\-walker\|title\=Loaded magazine snapped up by multimillionaire 'porn star'\|work\=Guardian.co.uk\|date\=29 April 2012\|accessdate\=29 July 2013}} Blue Publishing, however, entered [administration](/wiki/Administration_%28law%29 "Administration (law)") a year later.{{cite news \| last \= Turvill \| first \= William \| title \= Loaded magazine publisher goes into administration \| url \= http://www.pressgazette.co.uk/loaded\-magazine\-publisher\-goes\-administration \| accessdate \= 9 August 2013 \| newspaper \= Press Gazette \| date \= 18 June 2013 }} The publishers of *Men Only* also publish *Club International*, *[Escort](/wiki/Escort_%28magazine%29 "Escort (magazine)")*, *Mayfair*, *[Men's World](/wiki/Men%27s_World_%28magazine%29 "Men's World (magazine)")* and *[Razzle](/wiki/Razzle_%28magazine%29 "Razzle (magazine)")*. Their magazines are available in most newsagents, although some larger retailers require a modesty bag to protect minors from seeing nudity on the cover. *Men Only* is also sold in digital format at the main Paul Raymond website. Digital sales initially took place via the Paul Raymond [digital newsstand](/wiki/Digital_newsstand "Digital newsstand") from 2013 until that website closed.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.digitalmagazines.xxx\|website\=Paul Raymond Digital Magazine Store\|title\=Sadly, DigitalMagazines.xxx has now closed for good\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806213303/https://www.paulraymond.xxx/digitalmagazines.html\|archive\-date\=6 August 2020}}
[ "Publication history\n-------------------", "### 1935–1965: Pearson", "[thumb\\|*Men Only* cover, March 1944](/wiki/Image:Menonly.jpg \"Menonly.jpg\")\n*Men Only* was founded in 1935{{cite journal\\|author\\=Justin Bengry\\|title\\=Courting the Pink Pound: Men Only and the Queer Consumer, 1935—39\\|journal\\=History Workshop Journal\\|year\\=2009\\|issue\\=68\\|pages\\=122–148\\|jstor\\=40646167}} by [C. Arthur Pearson Ltd](/wiki/C._Arthur_Pearson_Ltd \"C. Arthur Pearson Ltd\") (at that point an imprint of [George Newnes Ltd](/wiki/George_Newnes_Ltd \"George Newnes Ltd\")) as a [pocket magazine](/wiki/Digest_magazine \"Digest magazine\") (4½\" x 6½\"; 115×165 mm). It set out its editorial stall in the first issue: \"We don't want women readers. We won't have women readers....\" It sought \"bright articles on current male topics.\"", "Humour was at the heart of the title, though from the start it carried fiction (including by [P. G. Wodehouse](/wiki/P._G._Wodehouse \"P. G. Wodehouse\")),McIlvaine, Eileen; Sherby, Louise S; Heineman, James H (1990\\). *P.G. Wodehouse: A Comprehensive Bibliography and Checklist*. New York: James H Heineman. {{ISBN\\|978\\-0\\-87008\\-125\\-5}}, p. 173, D109\\.1\\. wide\\-ranging articles, and plates of \"art\" nudes. Covers were initially text\\-only, then carried caricatures of famous people until mid\\-1958, when photographic covers took over; photographers included [John Everard](/wiki/John_Everard_%28photographer%29 \"John Everard (photographer)\"){{cite book\\|author\\=Marcus Collins\\|title\\=Modern Love: Personal Relationships in Twentieth\\-century Britain\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=iEONY4zolqgC\\&pg\\=PA259\\|year\\=2006\\|publisher\\=University of Delaware Press\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-87413\\-915\\-0\\|page\\=259}} and [Joan Craven](/wiki/Joan_Craven \"Joan Craven\"). It published colour illustrations of models by artists such as [Archie Dickens](/wiki/Archie_Dickens \"Archie Dickens\"), [Blas Gallego](/wiki/Blas_Gallego \"Blas Gallego\"), [David Wright](/wiki/David_Wright_%28artist%29 \"David Wright (artist)\"), and [Vargas](/wiki/Alberto_Vargas \"Alberto Vargas\") (as published in *[Esquire](/wiki/Esquire_%28magazine%29 \"Esquire (magazine)\")* in the US), on a page labelled *Let's Join the Ladies*. Cartoons were by illustrators such as [Belsky](/wiki/Belsky_%28cartoonist%29 \"Belsky (cartoonist)\"), [Antonia Yeoman](/wiki/Antonia_Yeoman \"Antonia Yeoman\"), [Carl Giles](/wiki/Carl_Giles \"Carl Giles\"), [Frank Hoar](/wiki/Frank_Hoar \"Frank Hoar\"), [Keith Waite](/wiki/Keith_Waite \"Keith Waite\"),{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/keith\\-waite\\-social\\-and\\-political\\-cartoonist\\-whose\\-50\\-year\\-career\\-took\\-in\\-newspapers\\-including\\-the\\-9395516\\.html \\|archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220512/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/keith\\-waite\\-social\\-and\\-political\\-cartoonist\\-whose\\-50\\-year\\-career\\-took\\-in\\-newspapers\\-including\\-the\\-9395516\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=12 May 2022 \\|url\\-access\\=subscription \\|url\\-status\\=live\\|title\\=Keith Waite: Social and political cartoonist whose 50\\-year career took\\|date\\=2014\\-05\\-19\\|website\\=The Independent\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-05\\-24}} and [Bernard Hollowood](/wiki/Bernard_Hollowood \"Bernard Hollowood\").", "When Pearson closed *[The Strand Magazine](/wiki/The_Strand_Magazine \"The Strand Magazine\")* in 1950, it was castigated by *[The Economist](/wiki/The_Economist \"The Economist\")* for concentrating its resources on *[London Opinion](/wiki/London_Opinion \"London Opinion\")* and *Men Only*.[\"Timeline: a history of magazines,\"](http://www.magforum.com/time1.htm) Magforum. *Men Only* had coloured [frontispieces](/wiki/Book_frontispiece \"Book frontispiece\") and rather trivial main pages.[some 1954 editions](http://robertpriddy.com/Curios/Ephemera/ephemeral_men_only.html), RobertPriddy.com. (*Men Only* absorbed *London Opinion* in 1954, at that point relaunching the magazine in a racier style.) The magazine was at the height of its popularity in 1955, with some issues reaching 200 pages in size.", "*Men Only*'s publisher Newnes/Pearson became part of [International Publishing Corporation](/wiki/International_Publishing_Corporation \"International Publishing Corporation\") (IPC) in 1959–1960\\.", "Another pocket title, [Hulton](/wiki/Hulton_Press \"Hulton Press\")'s *[Lilliput](/wiki/Lilliput_%28magazine%29 \"Lilliput (magazine)\")*, was better known, but *Men Only* took over *Lilliput* in 1960\\. All these titles were affected by the growth of television; it also lost readers to titles such as [Haymarket's](/wiki/Haymarket_Group \"Haymarket Group\") *Man About Town* (later *Town*) and *[Playboy](/wiki/Playboy \"Playboy\")*. In response, in 1963 *Men Only* adopted a larger format and more pin\\-ups — but also reduced its frequency to bimonthly.", "### 1965–1971: City Magazines", "IPC sold *Men Only* to [City Magazines](/wiki/City_Magazines \"City Magazines\") in 1965 — at that point City Magazines was already publishing the pin\\-up magazines *[Carnival](/wiki/Carnival_%28magazine%29 \"Carnival (magazine)\")*, *[Escort](/wiki/Escort_%28magazine%29 \"Escort (magazine)\")*, and *[Parade](/wiki/Parade_%28British_magazine%29 \"Parade (British magazine)\")*.\"Men Only,\" Magforum. [Archived at the Wayback Machine](https://web.archive.org/web/20131012060347/http://www.magforum.com/mens/mensmagazinesatoz8.htm#333). Retrieved Apr. 20, 2021\\. The magazine returned to a monthly schedule, but was still mainly in black\\-and\\-white with a colour pin\\-up centre spread. Cartoonists published in *Men Only* during this period included [Ian Miller](/wiki/Ian_Miller_%28illustrator%29 \"Ian Miller (illustrator)\"), [Paul Sample](/wiki/Paul_Sample_%28cartoonist%29 \"Paul Sample (cartoonist)\"), and [Pete Dredge](/wiki/Pete_Dredge \"Pete Dredge\").", "### 1971–present: Paul Raymond Publications/Blue Media Publishing Group", "In 1971, [Paul Raymond](/wiki/Paul_Raymond_%28publisher%29 \"Paul Raymond (publisher)\"), who ran nightclubs in London's Soho district, acquired *Men Only* [\"Porn baron Raymond dies aged 82,\"](http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7275177.stm) *BBC NEWS* (3 March 2008\\). and relaunched it as the start of a [top\\-shelf](/wiki/Pornographic_magazine \"Pornographic magazine\") publishing empire, increasing its circulation to 400,000 copies a month.{{cite news\\|title\\=My nights of passion with Paul Raymond\\|url\\=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts\\-entertainment/films/features/my\\-nights\\-of\\-passion\\-with\\-paul\\-raymond\\-8585173\\.html \\|archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220512/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts\\-entertainment/films/features/my\\-nights\\-of\\-passion\\-with\\-paul\\-raymond\\-8585173\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=12 May 2022 \\|url\\-access\\=subscription \\|url\\-status\\=live\\|newspaper\\=The Independent\\|first\\=Pierre\\|last\\=Perrone\\|date\\=23 April 2013}} It was the main competitor to Fisk Publishing's *[Mayfair](/wiki/Mayfair_%28magazine%29 \"Mayfair (magazine)\")* as well as US magazines such as *[Playboy](/wiki/Playboy \"Playboy\")* and *[Penthouse](/wiki/Penthouse_%28magazine%29 \"Penthouse (magazine)\")* during the 1970s and 1980s (Raymond latterly took over *Mayfair* in 1990\\).", "Early issues of Paul Raymond's *Men Only* often included serious articles and interviews, though since the 1980s these have largely been omitted. Photographers from the early years included Fred Enke, R. B. Kane, [Harrison Marks](/wiki/Harrison_Marks \"Harrison Marks\"),{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary\\-harrison\\-marks\\-1249894\\.html \\|archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220512/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary\\-harrison\\-marks\\-1249894\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=12 May 2022 \\|url\\-access\\=subscription \\|url\\-status\\=live\\|title\\=Obituary: Harrison Marks\\|date\\=10 July 1997\\|author\\=Tony Sloman\\|newspaper\\=The Independent}} [Bob Carlos Clarke](/wiki/Bob_Carlos_Clarke \"Bob Carlos Clarke\"), and more recently Bob Twigg. Models have included [Mary Millington](/wiki/Mary_Millington \"Mary Millington\"),Upton, Julian (2004\\). *Fallen stars: tragic lives and lost careers*. Headpress/Critical Vision. {{ISBN\\|9781900486385}}, p. 40\\. [Jo Guest](/wiki/Jo_Guest \"Jo Guest\"), [Anette Dawn](/wiki/Anette_Dawn \"Anette Dawn\"), [Linsey Dawn McKenzie](/wiki/Linsey_Dawn_McKenzie \"Linsey Dawn McKenzie\"),*Men Only* Vol. 60, Issue 12 (December 1995\\). and [Bobbi Eden](/wiki/Bobbi_Eden \"Bobbi Eden\"). Over the years, models featured in *Men Only* have also appeared in different photoshoots in Paul Raymond's *[Club International](/wiki/Club_International \"Club International\")* (a title bought from [IPC Magazines](/wiki/IPC_Magazines \"IPC Magazines\")). Centerfold models were called *Men Only Girl* or *Men Only Miss*.{{cite magazine \\|author\\=\\|date\\=1975 \\|title\\=Men Only Girl: Miss Arabella Hart \\|magazine\\=Men Only \\|location\\= London \\|publisher\\=Paul Raymond Publications \\|volume\\=40 \\|issue\\=1 }}", "In September 2012, [Paul Chapin](/wiki/Paul_Baxendale-Walker \"Paul Baxendale-Walker\") purchased the [Paul Raymond Publications](/wiki/Paul_Raymond_Publications \"Paul Raymond Publications\") stable of magazines, including *Men Only*, *[Mayfair](/wiki/Mayfair_%28magazine%29 \"Mayfair (magazine)\")*, and *[Club International](/wiki/Club_International \"Club International\")* on behalf of Blue Media Publishing Group.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2012/apr/29/loaded\\-magazine\\-men\\-baxendale\\-walker\\|title\\=Loaded magazine snapped up by multimillionaire 'porn star'\\|work\\=Guardian.co.uk\\|date\\=29 April 2012\\|accessdate\\=29 July 2013}} Blue Publishing, however, entered [administration](/wiki/Administration_%28law%29 \"Administration (law)\") a year later.{{cite news \\| last \\= Turvill \\| first \\= William \\| title \\= Loaded magazine publisher goes into administration \\| url \\= http://www.pressgazette.co.uk/loaded\\-magazine\\-publisher\\-goes\\-administration \\| accessdate \\= 9 August 2013 \\| newspaper \\= Press Gazette \\| date \\= 18 June 2013 }}", "The publishers of *Men Only* also publish *Club International*, *[Escort](/wiki/Escort_%28magazine%29 \"Escort (magazine)\")*, *Mayfair*, *[Men's World](/wiki/Men%27s_World_%28magazine%29 \"Men's World (magazine)\")* and *[Razzle](/wiki/Razzle_%28magazine%29 \"Razzle (magazine)\")*. Their magazines are available in most newsagents, although some larger retailers require a modesty bag to protect minors from seeing nudity on the cover.", "*Men Only* is also sold in digital format at the main Paul Raymond website. Digital sales initially took place via the Paul Raymond [digital newsstand](/wiki/Digital_newsstand \"Digital newsstand\") from 2013 until that website closed.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.digitalmagazines.xxx\\|website\\=Paul Raymond Digital Magazine Store\\|title\\=Sadly, DigitalMagazines.xxx has now closed for good\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806213303/https://www.paulraymond.xxx/digitalmagazines.html\\|archive\\-date\\=6 August 2020}}", "" ]
Biography --------- Freeman was born in [Vanceboro, North Carolina](/wiki/Vanceboro%2C_North_Carolina "Vanceboro, North Carolina"), to Rose Lee Smith and Joseph Freeman, Sr.{{harvnb\|Freeman\|1979\|pp\=7–8}} His paternal great\-grandparents, William and Ellen Freeman, were [slaves](/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States "Slavery in the United States") in [Craven County, North Carolina](/wiki/Craven_County%2C_North_Carolina "Craven County, North Carolina"), who gained their freedom by escaping to Brushton, North Carolina, during the [American Civil War](/wiki/American_Civil_War "American Civil War"), where they received help from Union soldiers until finding land to settle.{{harvnb\|Freeman\|1979\|pp\=18–19}} At the age of ten, Freeman was baptized and became a member of the [Holiness Church](/wiki/Holiness_movement "Holiness movement"), the faith his father's family had supported for at least three generations. After graduating from high school he obtained an evangelist's license fulfilling his childhood dream of becoming a lay minister in the faith.{{harvnb\|Freeman\|1979\|pp\=21, 36}} In 1972, at age 19, Freeman enlisted in the [United States Army](/wiki/United_States_Army "United States Army") and was stationed in [Hawaii](/wiki/Hawaii "Hawaii").{{harvnb\|Freeman\|1979\|p\=38}} While in Hawaii he became dissatisfied with the Holiness congregations he attended and began to study other [Christian](/wiki/Christianity "Christianity") [denominations](/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations "List of Christian denominations"). During this time, he met several people who were [Latter\-day Saints](/wiki/Latter-day_Saints "Latter-day Saints"), including a sergeant in his unit. After several months of studying with LDS Church [missionaries](/wiki/Mormon_missionaries "Mormon missionaries"), reading the [Book of Mormon](/wiki/Book_of_Mormon "Book of Mormon"), and being fully informed of the restriction of priesthood ordination for men of African descent, Freeman stepped down from his role in the Holiness faith and was baptized and confirmed a member of the LDS Church on September 30, 1973\. During the period of investigation prior to his baptism he met Toe Isapela Leituala, a [Samoan](/wiki/Samoans "Samoans") convert to the faith of six years. The two were married on June 15, 1974\.{{harvnb\|Freeman\|1979\|pp\= 47, 48, 65, 81}} In 1975, Freeman left the military and the couple eventually moved to [Salt Lake City, Utah](/wiki/Salt_Lake_City%2C_Utah "Salt Lake City, Utah"). On June 8, 1978 the LDS Church's [First Presidency](/wiki/First_Presidency_%28LDS_Church%29 "First Presidency (LDS Church)") announced that [church president](/wiki/President_of_the_Church_%28LDS_Church%29 "President of the Church (LDS Church)") [Spencer W. Kimball](/wiki/Spencer_W._Kimball "Spencer W. Kimball") had received a [revelation](/wiki/Revelation_%28Latter_Day_Saints%29 "Revelation (Latter Day Saints)") and that the Lord "has heard our prayers, and ... has confirmed that the long\-promised day has come when every faithful, worthy man in the Church may receive the holy priesthood, with power to exercise its divine authority, and enjoy with his loved ones every blessing that flows there from, including the blessings of the temple ... without regard for race or color".{{cite book \|title\= \[\[Doctrine and Covenants]] \|chapter\-url\= https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/dc\-testament/od/2?lang\=eng \|chapter\= Official Declaration—2 \|publisher\= LDS Church }} On June 10, 1978, at a [stake](/wiki/Stake_%28Latter_Day_Saints%29 "Stake (Latter Day Saints)") priesthood meeting, Freeman's name was presented and received unanimous approval for ordination to the Melchizedek priesthood.{{harvnb\|Freeman\|1979\|p\=4}} On June 11, 1978, three days after the announcement of the revelation, Freeman was ordained to the office of elder in the Melchizedek priesthood. The ordination was performed by his [bishop](/wiki/Bishop_%28Latter_Day_Saints%29 "Bishop (Latter Day Saints)"), Jay Harold Swain. Typically, men are ordained to the office of a [priest](/wiki/Priest_%28Latter_Day_Saints%29 "Priest (Latter Day Saints)") in the [Aaronic priesthood](/wiki/Aaronic_priesthood_%28LDS_Church%29 "Aaronic priesthood (LDS Church)") approximately one year prior to ordination as an elder in the Melchizedek priesthood. Due to his years of faithfulness and spiritual aptitude, Freeman's ecclesiastical leaders felt that it would be appropriate to ordain him to the office of elder without prior ordination to the Aaronic priesthood. Thus, unlike many men of black African descent who were ordained to the office of priest in the Aaronic priesthood that same day, Freeman is recognized as the first to be ordained an elder as a result of the revelation.Elijah Abel—grandson of early Latter Day Saint [Elijah Abel](/wiki/Elijah_Abel "Elijah Abel")—received the Melchizedek priesthood and was ordained an elder on 29 September 1935, 99 years after his grandfather was also so ordained. {{cite book \|first\= Newell G. \|last\= Bringhurst \|chapter\= The 'Missouri Thesis' Revisited: Early Mormonism, Slavery, and the Status of Black People \|editor1\-first\= Newell G. \|editor1\-last\= Bringhurst \|editor2\-first\= Darron T. \|editor2\-last\= Smith \|year\= 2004 \|title\= Black and Mormon \|location\= Urbana \|publisher\= \[\[University of Illinois Press]] \|pages\= 13–33 (30\) \|isbn\= 978\-0\-252\-02947\-9 \|oclc\= 54487437 }} On July 23, 1978,{{harvnb\|Freeman\|1979\|p\=110}} Freeman was [sealed](/wiki/Celestial_marriage "Celestial marriage") to his wife and their two sons, Alexander and Zechariah, in the [Salt Lake Temple](/wiki/Salt_Lake_Temple "Salt Lake Temple") and thereby became one of the first men of black African descent to receive this ordinance.{{cite magazine \|url\= http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,948228,00\.html \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20070228160608/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C948228%2C00\.html \|archive\-date\= February 28, 2007 \|title\= Mormonism Enters a New Era \|magazine\= \[\[Time (magazine)\|Time]] \|date\= 1978\-08\-07 \|access\-date\= 10 March 2011 }} [Thomas S. Monson](/wiki/Thomas_S._Monson "Thomas S. Monson"), then a member of the [Quorum of the Twelve Apostles](/wiki/Quorum_of_the_Twelve_Apostles_%28LDS_Church%29 "Quorum of the Twelve Apostles (LDS Church)"), officiated at the ceremony. In 1986, Freeman moved to [Denver, Colorado](/wiki/Denver%2C_Colorado "Denver, Colorado"), where he was employed as the overseer of maintenance of the LDS Church's [Denver Colorado Temple](/wiki/Denver_Colorado_Temple "Denver Colorado Temple") for 15 years. He moved back to Salt Lake City in 2001\.{{citation \|last\= Gorski \|first\= Eric \|date\= June 9, 2003 \|title\= Mormons mark '78 end of ban on black priests: Halt of inexplicable policy hasn't boosted membership \|newspaper\= \[\[Denver Post]] \|page\= A\-01 \|id\= Archive Article ID: 1153738 (\[\[NewsBank]]) }} In 1993, Freeman adopted his daughter's son, J.J. Freeman. J.J. lived with Freeman for the next seven years. After moving back to the Salt Lake Valley in 2001, Freeman served for a time as an LDS Church bishop.{{cite web \|url\= http://www.angelfire.com/mo2/blackmormon/000H14\.html \|title\= Some Prominent Black Mormons \|work\= The Black Mormon Homepage \|author\= Darrick Evenson \|access\-date\= 10 March 2011 \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20110628195806/http://www.angelfire.com/mo2/blackmormon/000H14\.html \|archive\-date\= 28 June 2011 }} In October 2020, Freeman became first counselor in the [presidency](/wiki/Stake_presidency "Stake presidency") of the Salt Lake Granger North Stake.["Read about these 20 new stake presidents and their counselors"](https://www.thechurchnews.com/callings/2020-12-06/new-stake-presidents-australia-germany-costa-rica-boston-belgium-new-jersey-texas-california-mexico-198392), *[The Church News](/wiki/The_Church_News "The Church News")*, December 7, 2020\.
[ "Biography\n---------", "Freeman was born in [Vanceboro, North Carolina](/wiki/Vanceboro%2C_North_Carolina \"Vanceboro, North Carolina\"), to Rose Lee Smith and Joseph Freeman, Sr.{{harvnb\\|Freeman\\|1979\\|pp\\=7–8}} His paternal great\\-grandparents, William and Ellen Freeman, were [slaves](/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States \"Slavery in the United States\") in [Craven County, North Carolina](/wiki/Craven_County%2C_North_Carolina \"Craven County, North Carolina\"), who gained their freedom by escaping to Brushton, North Carolina, during the [American Civil War](/wiki/American_Civil_War \"American Civil War\"), where they received help from Union soldiers until finding land to settle.{{harvnb\\|Freeman\\|1979\\|pp\\=18–19}}", "At the age of ten, Freeman was baptized and became a member of the [Holiness Church](/wiki/Holiness_movement \"Holiness movement\"), the faith his father's family had supported for at least three generations. After graduating from high school he obtained an evangelist's license fulfilling his childhood dream of becoming a lay minister in the faith.{{harvnb\\|Freeman\\|1979\\|pp\\=21, 36}}", "In 1972, at age 19, Freeman enlisted in the [United States Army](/wiki/United_States_Army \"United States Army\") and was stationed in [Hawaii](/wiki/Hawaii \"Hawaii\").{{harvnb\\|Freeman\\|1979\\|p\\=38}} While in Hawaii he became dissatisfied with the Holiness congregations he attended and began to study other [Christian](/wiki/Christianity \"Christianity\") [denominations](/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations \"List of Christian denominations\"). During this time, he met several people who were [Latter\\-day Saints](/wiki/Latter-day_Saints \"Latter-day Saints\"), including a sergeant in his unit. After several months of studying with LDS Church [missionaries](/wiki/Mormon_missionaries \"Mormon missionaries\"), reading the [Book of Mormon](/wiki/Book_of_Mormon \"Book of Mormon\"), and being fully informed of the restriction of priesthood ordination for men of African descent, Freeman stepped down from his role in the Holiness faith and was baptized and confirmed a member of the LDS Church on September 30, 1973\\. During the period of investigation prior to his baptism he met Toe Isapela Leituala, a [Samoan](/wiki/Samoans \"Samoans\") convert to the faith of six years. The two were married on June 15, 1974\\.{{harvnb\\|Freeman\\|1979\\|pp\\= 47, 48, 65, 81}} In 1975, Freeman left the military and the couple eventually moved to [Salt Lake City, Utah](/wiki/Salt_Lake_City%2C_Utah \"Salt Lake City, Utah\").", "On June 8, 1978 the LDS Church's [First Presidency](/wiki/First_Presidency_%28LDS_Church%29 \"First Presidency (LDS Church)\") announced that [church president](/wiki/President_of_the_Church_%28LDS_Church%29 \"President of the Church (LDS Church)\") [Spencer W. Kimball](/wiki/Spencer_W._Kimball \"Spencer W. Kimball\") had received a [revelation](/wiki/Revelation_%28Latter_Day_Saints%29 \"Revelation (Latter Day Saints)\") and that the Lord \"has heard our prayers, and ... has confirmed that the long\\-promised day has come when every faithful, worthy man in the Church may receive the holy priesthood, with power to exercise its divine authority, and enjoy with his loved ones every blessing that flows there from, including the blessings of the temple ... without regard for race or color\".{{cite book \\|title\\= \\[\\[Doctrine and Covenants]] \\|chapter\\-url\\= https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/dc\\-testament/od/2?lang\\=eng \\|chapter\\= Official Declaration—2 \\|publisher\\= LDS Church }}", "On June 10, 1978, at a [stake](/wiki/Stake_%28Latter_Day_Saints%29 \"Stake (Latter Day Saints)\") priesthood meeting, Freeman's name was presented and received unanimous approval for ordination to the Melchizedek priesthood.{{harvnb\\|Freeman\\|1979\\|p\\=4}} On June 11, 1978, three days after the announcement of the revelation, Freeman was ordained to the office of elder in the Melchizedek priesthood. The ordination was performed by his [bishop](/wiki/Bishop_%28Latter_Day_Saints%29 \"Bishop (Latter Day Saints)\"), Jay Harold Swain.", "Typically, men are ordained to the office of a [priest](/wiki/Priest_%28Latter_Day_Saints%29 \"Priest (Latter Day Saints)\") in the [Aaronic priesthood](/wiki/Aaronic_priesthood_%28LDS_Church%29 \"Aaronic priesthood (LDS Church)\") approximately one year prior to ordination as an elder in the Melchizedek priesthood. Due to his years of faithfulness and spiritual aptitude, Freeman's ecclesiastical leaders felt that it would be appropriate to ordain him to the office of elder without prior ordination to the Aaronic priesthood. Thus, unlike many men of black African descent who were ordained to the office of priest in the Aaronic priesthood that same day, Freeman is recognized as the first to be ordained an elder as a result of the revelation.Elijah Abel—grandson of early Latter Day Saint [Elijah Abel](/wiki/Elijah_Abel \"Elijah Abel\")—received the Melchizedek priesthood and was ordained an elder on 29 September 1935, 99 years after his grandfather was also so ordained. \n {{cite book \\|first\\= Newell G. \\|last\\= Bringhurst \\|chapter\\= The 'Missouri Thesis' Revisited: Early Mormonism, Slavery, and the Status of Black People \\|editor1\\-first\\= Newell G. \\|editor1\\-last\\= Bringhurst \\|editor2\\-first\\= Darron T. \\|editor2\\-last\\= Smith \\|year\\= 2004 \\|title\\= Black and Mormon \\|location\\= Urbana \\|publisher\\= \\[\\[University of Illinois Press]] \\|pages\\= 13–33 (30\\) \\|isbn\\= 978\\-0\\-252\\-02947\\-9 \\|oclc\\= 54487437 }}", "On July 23, 1978,{{harvnb\\|Freeman\\|1979\\|p\\=110}} Freeman was [sealed](/wiki/Celestial_marriage \"Celestial marriage\") to his wife and their two sons, Alexander and Zechariah, in the [Salt Lake Temple](/wiki/Salt_Lake_Temple \"Salt Lake Temple\") and thereby became one of the first men of black African descent to receive this ordinance.{{cite magazine \\|url\\= http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,948228,00\\.html \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20070228160608/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C948228%2C00\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\= February 28, 2007 \\|title\\= Mormonism Enters a New Era \\|magazine\\= \\[\\[Time (magazine)\\|Time]] \\|date\\= 1978\\-08\\-07 \\|access\\-date\\= 10 March 2011 }} [Thomas S. Monson](/wiki/Thomas_S._Monson \"Thomas S. Monson\"), then a member of the [Quorum of the Twelve Apostles](/wiki/Quorum_of_the_Twelve_Apostles_%28LDS_Church%29 \"Quorum of the Twelve Apostles (LDS Church)\"), officiated at the ceremony.", "In 1986, Freeman moved to [Denver, Colorado](/wiki/Denver%2C_Colorado \"Denver, Colorado\"), where he was employed as the overseer of maintenance of the LDS Church's [Denver Colorado Temple](/wiki/Denver_Colorado_Temple \"Denver Colorado Temple\") for 15 years. He moved back to Salt Lake City in 2001\\.{{citation \\|last\\= Gorski \\|first\\= Eric \\|date\\= June 9, 2003 \\|title\\= Mormons mark '78 end of ban on black priests: Halt of inexplicable policy hasn't boosted membership \\|newspaper\\= \\[\\[Denver Post]] \\|page\\= A\\-01 \\|id\\= Archive Article ID: 1153738 (\\[\\[NewsBank]]) }}", "In 1993, Freeman adopted his daughter's son, J.J. Freeman. J.J. lived with Freeman for the next seven years.", "After moving back to the Salt Lake Valley in 2001, Freeman served for a time as an LDS Church bishop.{{cite web \\|url\\= http://www.angelfire.com/mo2/blackmormon/000H14\\.html \\|title\\= Some Prominent Black Mormons \\|work\\= The Black Mormon Homepage \\|author\\= Darrick Evenson \\|access\\-date\\= 10 March 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20110628195806/http://www.angelfire.com/mo2/blackmormon/000H14\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\= 28 June 2011 }} In October 2020, Freeman became first counselor in the [presidency](/wiki/Stake_presidency \"Stake presidency\") of the Salt Lake Granger North Stake.[\"Read about these 20 new stake presidents and their counselors\"](https://www.thechurchnews.com/callings/2020-12-06/new-stake-presidents-australia-germany-costa-rica-boston-belgium-new-jersey-texas-california-mexico-198392), *[The Church News](/wiki/The_Church_News \"The Church News\")*, December 7, 2020\\.", "" ]
Plot ---- At the beginning of the special, Charlie Brown, Linus, Sally, and a girl named Janice Emmons — a new friend and classmate of Charlie Brown and Linus — are seen waiting for the school bus. It's heavily implied that Linus is in love with Janice. While getting on the bus, Janice accidentally hits her arm on the bus railing, causing it to bruise. Linus notices that Janice bruises easily, and she mentions that she never used to. When they arrive at school, Janice starts feeling so ill that she has to go home sick. Three days later, her classmates discover that she is in the hospital. After school, Linus and Charlie Brown decide to visit Janice in the hospital, where she tells them that she has leukemia. Charlie Brown asks if Janice is going to die, which upsets Linus for a moment, but Janice assures them otherwise. She explains what tests the doctors did to discover that she had leukemia and explains that while some of the tests were painful, not all of them were. She then shows them her IV line and explains her chemotherapy. Janice expresses her determination to recover from her illness, vowing to return to school someday. The news of his friend's illness hits Linus especially hard, and when he and Charlie Brown leave the hospital, Linus turns to him and asks, "Why, Charlie Brown, why?" before then going home, feeling disgruntled about what happened to Janice. Once at home, Linus tells his sister Lucy about Janice's illness. Lucy at first does not seem to care, but when Linus mentions that he touched Janice's forehead when she felt ill at school, Lucy is immediately worried that Janice's illness might be contagious. Linus explains that leukemia is not contagious, but Lucy refuses to change her ignorant attitude towards Janice's condition. She demands that Linus take back the glass of milk he handed her earlier, fearing that he might be transmitting the illness. Linus gets back at Lucy by refusing to accept, so as not to get her "crabbiness". Sometime later, Janice comes back to school, wearing a cap to cover her bald head, as she has lost her hair because of the chemotherapy. This attracts the attention of a schoolyard bully, who makes fun of Janice's baldness until an enraged Linus explains that she has leukemia and asks the other boy if he would like to go through what she has gone through. The bully quickly softens and apologizes. As Christmas approaches, Linus goes to Janice's house to give her a present, but her sisters inform Linus that she is at the hospital again, receiving treatment. One of the sisters complains about the attention Janice has been receiving, but later admits she and her other sister feel excluded due to Janice's illness. Linus gives her the present and leaves. By the beginning of spring, Janice returns from the hospital and tells Linus she has a surprise for him, and she reveals the surprise at the end of the special while playing on the swings: her long blonde hair has grown back even longer than it was before, marking the end of her chemotherapy and her apparent recovery and presumed remission from the illness. As the credits roll, her cap falls to the ground, and Janice laughs one last time.
[ "Plot\n----", "At the beginning of the special, Charlie Brown, Linus, Sally, and a girl named Janice Emmons — a new friend and classmate of Charlie Brown and Linus — are seen waiting for the school bus. It's heavily implied that Linus is in love with Janice. While getting on the bus, Janice accidentally hits her arm on the bus railing, causing it to bruise. Linus notices that Janice bruises easily, and she mentions that she never used to. When they arrive at school, Janice starts feeling so ill that she has to go home sick. Three days later, her classmates discover that she is in the hospital.", "After school, Linus and Charlie Brown decide to visit Janice in the hospital, where she tells them that she has leukemia. Charlie Brown asks if Janice is going to die, which upsets Linus for a moment, but Janice assures them otherwise. She explains what tests the doctors did to discover that she had leukemia and explains that while some of the tests were painful, not all of them were. She then shows them her IV line and explains her chemotherapy. Janice expresses her determination to recover from her illness, vowing to return to school someday. The news of his friend's illness hits Linus especially hard, and when he and Charlie Brown leave the hospital, Linus turns to him and asks, \"Why, Charlie Brown, why?\" before then going home, feeling disgruntled about what happened to Janice.", "Once at home, Linus tells his sister Lucy about Janice's illness. Lucy at first does not seem to care, but when Linus mentions that he touched Janice's forehead when she felt ill at school, Lucy is immediately worried that Janice's illness might be contagious. Linus explains that leukemia is not contagious, but Lucy refuses to change her ignorant attitude towards Janice's condition. She demands that Linus take back the glass of milk he handed her earlier, fearing that he might be transmitting the illness. Linus gets back at Lucy by refusing to accept, so as not to get her \"crabbiness\".", "Sometime later, Janice comes back to school, wearing a cap to cover her bald head, as she has lost her hair because of the chemotherapy. This attracts the attention of a schoolyard bully, who makes fun of Janice's baldness until an enraged Linus explains that she has leukemia and asks the other boy if he would like to go through what she has gone through. The bully quickly softens and apologizes.", "As Christmas approaches, Linus goes to Janice's house to give her a present, but her sisters inform Linus that she is at the hospital again, receiving treatment. One of the sisters complains about the attention Janice has been receiving, but later admits she and her other sister feel excluded due to Janice's illness. Linus gives her the present and leaves.", "By the beginning of spring, Janice returns from the hospital and tells Linus she has a surprise for him, and she reveals the surprise at the end of the special while playing on the swings: her long blonde hair has grown back even longer than it was before, marking the end of her chemotherapy and her apparent recovery and presumed remission from the illness. As the credits roll, her cap falls to the ground, and Janice laughs one last time.", "" ]
Italian Futurism ---------------- [thumb\|Umberto Boccioni, *Unique Forms of Continuity in Space* (1913\)\|alt\=](/wiki/File:%27Unique_Forms_of_Continuity_in_Space%27%2C_1913_bronze_by_Umberto_Boccioni.jpg "'Unique Forms of Continuity in Space', 1913 bronze by Umberto Boccioni.jpg") Futurism is an avant\-garde movement founded in Milan in 1909 by the Italian poet [Filippo Tommaso Marinetti](/wiki/Filippo_Tommaso_Marinetti "Filippo Tommaso Marinetti"). Marinetti launched the movement in his *[Manifesto of Futurism](/wiki/Manifesto_of_Futurism "Manifesto of Futurism")*,[Filippo Tommaso Marinetti, *I manifesti del futurismo*, February 20, 2009](https://archive.org/details/imanifestidelfut28144gut) which he published for the first time on 5 February 1909 in *La gazzetta dell'Emilia*, an article then reproduced in the French daily newspaper {{Lang\|fr\|\[\[Le Figaro]]}} on Saturday 20 February 1909\.[Le Figaro, *Le Futurisme*, 1909/02/20 (Numéro 51\)](http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k2883730/f1.image). Gallica, Bibliothèque nationale de France[Filippo Tommaso Marinetti, *Declaration of Futurism*, published in Poesia, Volume 5, Number 6, April 1909](http://bluemountain.princeton.edu/bluemtn/cgi-bin/bluemtn?a=d&d=bmtnaai190904-01.2.3&srpos=8&e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN-futurism------) (Futurist manifesto translated to English). Blue Mountain Project[Futurist Manifesto, reproduced in *Futurist Aristocracy*, New York, April 1923](http://monoskop.org/images/7/73/Futurist_Aristocracy_1_1923.pdf) He was soon joined by the painters [Umberto Boccioni](/wiki/Umberto_Boccioni "Umberto Boccioni"), [Carlo Carrà](/wiki/Carlo_Carr%C3%A0 "Carlo Carrà"), [Giacomo Balla](/wiki/Giacomo_Balla "Giacomo Balla"), [Gino Severini](/wiki/Gino_Severini "Gino Severini") and the composer [Luigi Russolo](/wiki/Luigi_Russolo "Luigi Russolo"). Marinetti expressed a passionate loathing of everything old, especially political and artistic tradition. "We want no part of it, the past," he wrote, "we the young and strong *Futurists!*" The Futurists admired [speed](/wiki/Speed "Speed"), [technology](/wiki/Technology "Technology"), youth and [violence](/wiki/Violence "Violence"), the car, the airplane and the industrial city, all that represented the technological triumph of humanity over [nature](/wiki/Nature "Nature"), and they were passionate nationalists. They repudiated the cult of the past and all imitation, praised originality "however daring, however violent," bore proudly "the smear of madness," dismissed art critics as useless, rebelled against harmony and good taste, swept away all the themes and subjects of all previous art, and glorified science. Publishing manifestos was a feature of Futurism, and the Futurists (usually led or prompted by Marinetti) wrote them on many topics, including painting, architecture, music, literature, theatre, cinema, photography, religion, women, fashion, and cuisine.Umbro Apollonio (ed.), *Futurist Manifestos*, MFA Publications, 2001 {{ISBN\|978\-0\-87846\-627\-6}} [Jessica Palmieri, *Futurist manifestos*, 1909–1933](https://www.italianfuturism.org/manifestos/), italianfuturism.org In their manifestos, Futurists described their beliefs and appreciations of various methods. They also detailed their disdain for traditional Italian Renaissance works of art and their subjects. According to the Manifesto of the Futurist Painters (1910\) by Umberto Boccioni, Luigi Russolo, Gino Severini, Giacomo Balla, and Carlo Carrà: "We want to fight implacably against the mindless, snobbish, and fanatical religion of the past, religion nurtured by the pernicious existence of the museums. We rebel against the spineless admiration for old canvases, old statues, and old objects, and against the enthusiasm for everything worm\-eaten, grimy, or corroded by time; and we deem it unjust and criminal that people habitually disdain whatever is young, new, and trembling with life."{{Citation \|last1\=Boccioni \|first1\=Umberto \|title\=Manifesto of the Futurist Painters \|date\=2019\-12\-31 \|url\=http://dx.doi.org/10\.1515/9783839437322\-046 \|work\=Anthologie Kulturpolitik \|pages\=665–668 \|access\-date\=2023\-04\-18 \|publisher\=transcript Verlag \|last2\=Carrà \|first2\=Carlo \|last3\=Russolo \|first3\=Luigi \|last4\=Balla \|first4\=Giacomo \|last5\=Severini \|first5\=Gino\|doi\=10\.1515/9783839437322\-046 \|isbn\=9783839437322 }} The Futurists believed that art should be inspired by the modern marvels of their newly technological world. “Just as our forebears took the subject of art from the religious atmosphere that enveloped them, so we must draw inspiration from the tangible miracles of contemporary life." The founding manifesto did not contain a positive artistic programme, which the Futurists attempted to create in their subsequent *Technical Manifesto of Futurist Painting* (published in Italian as a leaflet by *[Poesia](/wiki/Poesia_%28magazine%29 "Poesia (magazine)")*, Milan, 11 April 1910\).[I Manifesti del futurismo, lanciati da Marinetti, et al, 1914](https://archive.org/details/imanifestidelfut00mariuoft) (in Italian) This committed them to a "universal dynamism," which was to be directly represented in painting. Objects in reality were not separate from one another or from their surroundings: "The sixteen people around you in a rolling motor bus are in turn and at the same time one, ten four three; they are motionless and they change places. ... The motor bus rushes into the houses which it passes, and in their turn the houses throw themselves upon the motor bus and are blended with it."{{cite web\|url\=http://www.unknown.nu/futurism/techpaint.html \|title\=Technical Manifesto of Futurist Painting \|publisher\=Unknown.nu \|access\-date\=2011\-06\-11}} The Futurist painters were slow to develop a distinctive style and subject matter. In 1910 and 1911, they used the techniques of [Divisionism](/wiki/Divisionism "Divisionism"), breaking light and color down into a field of stippled dots and stripes, which had been adopted from Divisionism by [Giovanni Segantini](/wiki/Giovanni_Segantini "Giovanni Segantini") and others. Later, Severini, who lived in Paris, attributed their backwardness in style and method at this time to their distance from Paris, the centre of avant\-garde art.Severini, G., *The Life of a Painter*, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1995\. {{ISBN\|0\-691\-04419\-8}} [Cubism](/wiki/Cubism "Cubism") contributed to the formation of Italian Futurism's artistic style.{{cite book\|last1\=Arnason\|last2\=Harvard\|first2\=H.\|last3\=Mansfield\|first3\=Elizabeth\|title\=History of Modern Art: Painting, Sculpture, Architecture, Photography\|date\=December 2012\|publisher\=Pearson\|isbn\=978\-0205259472\|pages\=189\|edition\=Seventh}} Severini was the first to come into contact with [Cubism](/wiki/Cubism "Cubism"), and following a visit to Paris in 1911, the Futurist painters adopted the methods of the Cubists. Cubism offered them a means of analyzing energy in paintings and expressing dynamism. [thumb\|left\|250px\|[Umberto Boccioni](/wiki/Umberto_Boccioni "Umberto Boccioni"), sketch of *[The City Rises](/wiki/The_City_Rises "The City Rises")* (1910\)](/wiki/File:Umberto_Boccioni_001.jpg "Umberto Boccioni 001.jpg") They often painted modern urban scenes. Carrà's *[Funeral of the Anarchist Galli](/wiki/The_Funeral_of_the_Anarchist_Galli "The Funeral of the Anarchist Galli")* (1910–11\) is a large canvas representing events that the artist himself had been involved with in 1904\. The action of a police attack and riot is rendered energetically with diagonals and broken planes. His *Leaving the Theatre* (1910–11\) uses a Divisionist technique to render isolated and faceless figures trudging home at night under street lights. Boccioni's [*The City Rises*](/wiki/The_City_Rises_%28Boccioni%29 "The City Rises (Boccioni)") (1910\) represents scenes of construction and manual labour with a huge, rearing red horse in the centre foreground, which workmen struggle to control. His *States of Mind*, in three large panels — *The Farewell*, *Those who Go*, and *Those Who Stay* — "made his first great statement of Futurist painting, bringing his interests in [Bergson](/wiki/Bergson "Bergson"), Cubism and the individual's complex experience of the modern world together in what has been described as one of the 'minor masterpieces' of early twentieth century painting."Humphreys, R. *Futurism*, Tate Gallery, 1999 The work attempts to convey feelings and sensations experienced in time, using new means of expression, including "lines of force," which intend to convey the directional tendencies of objects through space; "simultaneity," which combines memories, present impressions and anticipation of future events; and "emotional ambience" in which the artist seeks by intuition to link sympathies between the exterior scene and interior emotion. Boccioni's intentions in art were strongly influenced by the ideas of Bergson, including the idea of [intuition](/wiki/Intuition_%28Bergson%29 "Intuition (Bergson)"), which Bergson defined as a simple, indivisible experience of sympathy through which one is moved into the inner being of an object to grasp what is unique and ineffable within it. The Futurists aimed through their art thus to enable the viewer to apprehend the inner being of what they depicted. Boccioni developed these ideas at length in his book, *Pittura scultura Futuriste: Dinamismo plastico* (*Futurist Painting Sculpture: Plastic Dynamism*) (1914\).For detailed discussions of Boccioni's debt to Bergson, see Petrie, Brian, "Boccioni and Bergson", *The Burlington Magazine*, Vol. 116, No.852, March 1974, pp.140\-147, and Antliff, Mark "The Fourth Dimension and Futurism: A Politicized Space", *The Art Bulletin*, December 2000, pp.720\-733\. [thumb\|left\|[Giacomo Balla](/wiki/Giacomo_Balla "Giacomo Balla"), 1912, *[Dinamismo di un Cane al Guinzaglio](/wiki/Dinamismo_di_un_Cane_al_Guinzaglio "Dinamismo di un Cane al Guinzaglio")* (*Dynamism of a Dog on a Leash*), [Albright\-Knox Art Gallery](/wiki/Albright-Knox_Art_Gallery "Albright-Knox Art Gallery")](/wiki/File:Giacomo_Balla%2C_1912%2C_Dynamism_of_a_Dog_on_a_Leash%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_89.8_x_109.8_cm%2C_Albright-Knox_Art_Gallery.jpg "Giacomo Balla, 1912, Dynamism of a Dog on a Leash, oil on canvas, 89.8 x 109.8 cm, Albright-Knox Art Gallery.jpg") Balla's *Dynamism of a Dog on a Leash* (1912\) exemplifies the Futurists' insistence that the perceived world is in constant movement. The painting depicts a dog whose legs, tail and leash—and the feet of the woman walking it—have been multiplied to a blur of movement. It illustrates the precepts of the *Technical Manifesto of Futurist Painting* that, "on account of the persistency of an image upon the retina, moving objects constantly multiply themselves; their form changes like rapid vibrations, in their mad career. Thus a running horse has not four legs, but twenty, and their movements are triangular." His *Rhythm of the Bow* (1912\) similarly depicts the movements of a violinist's hand and instrument, rendered in rapid strokes within a triangular frame. The adoption of Cubism determined the style of much subsequent Futurist painting, which Boccioni and Severini in particular continued to render in the broken colors and short brush\-strokes of divisionism. But Futurist painting differed in both subject matter and treatment from the quiet and static Cubism of [Picasso](/wiki/Picasso "Picasso"), [Braque](/wiki/Braque "Braque") and [Gris](/wiki/Juan_Gris "Juan Gris"). As the art critic Robert Hughes observed: "In Futurism, the eye is fixed and the object moves, but it is still the basic vocabulary of Cubism—fragmented and overlapping planes."{{Cite book\|last\=Hughes\|first\=Robert\|title\=Nothing If Not Critical\|publisher\=Alfred A. Knopf\|year\=1990\|isbn\=978\-0\-307\-80959\-9\|location\=New York\|pages\=220}} Futurist art tended to disdain traditional subjects, specifically those of photographically realistic portraits and landscapes. Futurists thought of "imitation" art that copied from life to be lazy, unimaginative, cowardly, and boring. While there were Futurist portraits — Carrà's *Woman with Absinthe* (1911\), Severini's *Self\-Portrait* (1912\), and Boccioni's *Matter* (1912\) — it was the urban scene and vehicles in motion that typified Futurist painting; Boccioni's *[The Street Enters the House](/wiki/The_Street_Enters_the_House "The Street Enters the House")* (1911\), Severini's *Dynamic Hieroglyph of the Bal Tabarin* (1912\), and Russolo's *Automobile at Speed* (1913\) for example. [thumb\|[Umberto Boccioni](/wiki/Umberto_Boccioni "Umberto Boccioni"), 1913, *[Dynamism of a Cyclist](/wiki/Dynamism_of_a_Cyclist "Dynamism of a Cyclist")* (*Dinamismo di un ciclista*), oil on canvas, 70 x 95 cm, [Gianni Mattioli](/wiki/Gianni_Mattioli "Gianni Mattioli") Collection, on long\-term loan to the [Peggy Guggenheim Collection](/wiki/Peggy_Guggenheim_Collection "Peggy Guggenheim Collection"), Venice](/wiki/File:Umberto_Boccioni%2C_1913%2C_Dynamism_of_a_Cyclist_%28Dinamismo_di_un_ciclista%29%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_70_x_95_cm%2C_Gianni_Mattioli_Collection%2C_on_long-term_loan_to_the_Peggy_Guggenheim_Collection%2C_Venice.jpg "Umberto Boccioni, 1913, Dynamism of a Cyclist (Dinamismo di un ciclista), oil on canvas, 70 x 95 cm, Gianni Mattioli Collection, on long-term loan to the Peggy Guggenheim Collection, Venice.jpg") [thumb\|[Joseph Stella](/wiki/Joseph_Stella "Joseph Stella"), *Battle of Lights, Coney Island*, 1913–14, oil on canvas, 195\.6 × 215\.3 cm (77 × 84\.75 in), [Yale University Art Gallery](/wiki/Yale_University_Art_Gallery "Yale University Art Gallery"), New Haven, CT](/wiki/File:Joseph_Stella%2C_1913%E2%80%9314%2C_Battle_of_Lights%2C_Coney_Island%2C_Mardi_Gras%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_195.6_%C3%97_215.3_cm%2C_Yale_University_Art_Gallery.tif "Joseph Stella, 1913–14, Battle of Lights, Coney Island, Mardi Gras, oil on canvas, 195.6 × 215.3 cm, Yale University Art Gallery.tif") The Futurists held their first exhibition outside of Italy in 1912 at the [Bernheim\-Jeune](/wiki/Bernheim-Jeune "Bernheim-Jeune") gallery, Paris, which included works by Umberto Boccioni, Gino Severini, Carlo Carrà, Luigi Russolo and Giacomo Balla.[*Les Peintres futuristes italiens*, Galerie Bernheim\-Jeune, Paris, 5–24 February 1912](https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb358388602)[R. Bruce Elder, *Cubism and Futurism: Spiritual Machines and the Cinematic Effect*, Wilfrid Laurier Univ. Press, 2018](https://books.google.com/books?id=8nFlDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22Les+Peintres+futuristes+italiens%22+Galerie+Bernheim-Jeune%2C+1912&pg=PT1035), {{ISBN\|1771122722}} In 1912 and 1913, Boccioni turned to sculpture to translate into three dimensions his Futurist ideas. In *[Unique Forms of Continuity in Space](/wiki/Unique_Forms_of_Continuity_in_Space "Unique Forms of Continuity in Space")* (1913\), he attempted to realize the relationship between the object and its environment, which was central to his theory of "dynamism." The sculpture represents a striding figure, cast in bronze posthumously and exhibited in the [Tate Modern](/wiki/Tate_Modern "Tate Modern") (it now appears on the national side of [Italian 20 eurocent coins](/wiki/Italian_euro_coins "Italian euro coins")). He explored the theme further in *Synthesis of Human Dynamism* (1912\), *Speeding Muscles* (1913\), and *Spiral Expansion of Speeding Muscles* (1913\); his ideas on sculpture were published in the *Technical Manifesto of Futurist Sculpture.*{{cite web\|url\=http://www.unknown.nu/futurism/techsculpt.html \|title\=Technical Manifesto of Futurist Sculpture \|publisher\=Unknown.nu \|date\=1910\-04\-11 \|access\-date\=2011\-06\-11}} In 1915, Balla also turned to sculpture making abstract "reconstructions," which were created out of various materials, were apparently moveable, and even made noises. He said that, after making twenty pictures in which he had studied the velocity of automobiles, he understood that "the single plane of the canvas did not permit the suggestion of the dynamic volume of speed in depth ... I felt the need to construct the first dynamic plastic complex with iron wires, cardboard planes, cloth and tissue paper, etc."Martin, Marianne W. *Futurist Art and Theory*, Hacker Art Books, New York, 1978 [thumb\|[Aldo Palazzeschi](/wiki/Aldo_Palazzeschi "Aldo Palazzeschi"), [Carlo Carrà](/wiki/Carlo_Carr%C3%A0 "Carlo Carrà"), [Giovanni Papini](/wiki/Giovanni_Papini "Giovanni Papini"), [Umberto Boccioni](/wiki/Umberto_Boccioni "Umberto Boccioni"), and [Filippo Tommaso Marinetti](/wiki/Filippo_Tommaso_Marinetti "Filippo Tommaso Marinetti"), 1914\|alt\=\|left](/wiki/File:Aldo_Palazzeschi%2C_Carlo_Carr%C3%A0%2C_Giovanni_Papini%2C_Umberto_Boccioni%2C_Filippo_Tommaso_Marinetti%2C_1914.jpg "Aldo Palazzeschi, Carlo Carrà, Giovanni Papini, Umberto Boccioni, Filippo Tommaso Marinetti, 1914.jpg") In 1914, personal quarrels and artistic differences between the Milan group around Marinetti, Boccioni, and Balla, and the Florence group around Carrà, [Ardengo Soffici](/wiki/Ardengo_Soffici "Ardengo Soffici") (1879–1964\) and [Giovanni Papini](/wiki/Giovanni_Papini "Giovanni Papini") (1881–1956\), created a rift in Italian Futurism. The Florence group resented the dominance of Marinetti and Boccioni, whom they accused of trying to establish "an immobile church with an infallible creed," and each group dismissed the other as *passéiste.* Futurism had, from the outset, admired violence and was intensely patriotic. The *Futurist Manifesto* had declared: "We will glorify war—the world's only hygiene—militarism, patriotism, the destructive gesture of freedom\-bringers, beautiful ideas worth dying for, and scorn for woman."{{cite web\|url\=http://www.unknown.nu/futurism/manifesto.html \|title\=The Founding and Manifesto of Futurism \|publisher\=Unknown.nu \|access\-date\=2011\-06\-11}} Although it owed much of its character and some of its ideas to radical political movements, it was not much involved in politics until the autumn of 1913\. Then, fearing the re\-election of [Giolitti](/wiki/Giovanni_Giolitti "Giovanni Giolitti"), Marinetti published a political manifesto. In 1914, the Futurists began to campaign actively against the [Austro\-Hungarian empire](/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_empire "Austro-Hungarian empire"), which still controlled some Italian territories, and Italian neutrality between the major powers. In September, Boccioni, seated in the balcony of the Teatro dal Verme in Milan, tore up an Austrian flag and threw it into the audience while Marinetti waved an Italian flag. When Italy entered the [First World War](/wiki/First_World_War "First World War") in 1915, many Futurists enlisted.Adler, Jerry, "Back to the Future", The New Yorker, September 6, 2004, p.103 The experience of the war marked several Futurists — particularly Marinetti, who fought in the mountains of Trentino at the border of Italy and Austria\-Hungary — actively engaging in propaganda.{{Cite journal\|title \= 'The Futurist mountains': Filippo Tommaso Marinetti's experiences of mountain combat in the First World War\|journal \= Modern Italy\|date \= 2013\-11\-01\|issn \= 1353\-2944\|pages \= 323–338\|volume \= 18\|issue \= 4\|doi \= 10\.1080/13532944\.2013\.806289\|first \= Selena\|last \= Daly\|doi\-access \= free\|hdl \= 10197/4507\|hdl\-access \= free}} Italian futurists included "visual poetry in futurist periodicals” to promote their cause or campaign, thus swaying public opinion in their favor after the war;{{cite web \|last1\=Daly \|first1\=Selena \|title\=How the Italian avant\-garde survived the trenches of World War 1 \|url\=https://www.ucd.ie/newsandopinion/news/2016/december/09/howtheitalianavant\-gardesurvivedthetrenchesofworldwari/ \|website\=University College Dublin \|publisher\=n.d. \|access\-date\=9 September 2023}} the combat experience also influenced Futurist music.{{Cite journal\|title \= Futurist War Noises: Confronting and Coping with the First World War\|url \= http://escholarship.org/uc/item/8fx1p115\#page\-1\|journal \= California Italian Studies\|access\-date \= 2015\-09\-13\|last \= Daly\|first \= Selena\|year \= 2013\|volume \= 4\|doi \= 10\.5070/C341015976\|doi\-access \= free}} The outbreak of war disguised the fact that Italian Futurism had come to an end. The Florence group had formally acknowledged their withdrawal from the movement by the end of 1914\. Boccioni produced only one war picture and was killed in 1916\. Severini painted some significant war pictures in 1915 (e.g. *War*, *Armored Train*, and *Red Cross Train*), but in Paris turned towards Cubism; post\-war, he was associated with the [Return to Order](/wiki/Return_to_Order "Return to Order"). After the war, Marinetti revived the movement. This revival was called *il secondo Futurismo* (Second Futurism) by writers in the 1960s. The art historian [Giovanni Lista](/wiki/Giovanni_Lista "Giovanni Lista") groups Futurism into three distinct decades according to characteristics of each: "Plastic Dynamism" of the 1910s, "Mechanical Art" of the 1920s, and "Aeroaesthetics" of the 1930s.
[ "Italian Futurism\n----------------", "[thumb\\|Umberto Boccioni, *Unique Forms of Continuity in Space* (1913\\)\\|alt\\=](/wiki/File:%27Unique_Forms_of_Continuity_in_Space%27%2C_1913_bronze_by_Umberto_Boccioni.jpg \"'Unique Forms of Continuity in Space', 1913 bronze by Umberto Boccioni.jpg\")\nFuturism is an avant\\-garde movement founded in Milan in 1909 by the Italian poet [Filippo Tommaso Marinetti](/wiki/Filippo_Tommaso_Marinetti \"Filippo Tommaso Marinetti\"). Marinetti launched the movement in his *[Manifesto of Futurism](/wiki/Manifesto_of_Futurism \"Manifesto of Futurism\")*,[Filippo Tommaso Marinetti, *I manifesti del futurismo*, February 20, 2009](https://archive.org/details/imanifestidelfut28144gut) which he published for the first time on 5 February 1909 in *La gazzetta dell'Emilia*, an article then reproduced in the French daily newspaper {{Lang\\|fr\\|\\[\\[Le Figaro]]}} on Saturday 20 February 1909\\.[Le Figaro, *Le Futurisme*, 1909/02/20 (Numéro 51\\)](http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k2883730/f1.image). Gallica, Bibliothèque nationale de France[Filippo Tommaso Marinetti, *Declaration of Futurism*, published in Poesia, Volume 5, Number 6, April 1909](http://bluemountain.princeton.edu/bluemtn/cgi-bin/bluemtn?a=d&d=bmtnaai190904-01.2.3&srpos=8&e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN-futurism------) (Futurist manifesto translated to English). Blue Mountain Project[Futurist Manifesto, reproduced in *Futurist Aristocracy*, New York, April 1923](http://monoskop.org/images/7/73/Futurist_Aristocracy_1_1923.pdf) He was soon joined by the painters [Umberto Boccioni](/wiki/Umberto_Boccioni \"Umberto Boccioni\"), [Carlo Carrà](/wiki/Carlo_Carr%C3%A0 \"Carlo Carrà\"), [Giacomo Balla](/wiki/Giacomo_Balla \"Giacomo Balla\"), [Gino Severini](/wiki/Gino_Severini \"Gino Severini\") and the composer [Luigi Russolo](/wiki/Luigi_Russolo \"Luigi Russolo\"). Marinetti expressed a passionate loathing of everything old, especially political and artistic tradition. \"We want no part of it, the past,\" he wrote, \"we the young and strong *Futurists!*\" The Futurists admired [speed](/wiki/Speed \"Speed\"), [technology](/wiki/Technology \"Technology\"), youth and [violence](/wiki/Violence \"Violence\"), the car, the airplane and the industrial city, all that represented the technological triumph of humanity over [nature](/wiki/Nature \"Nature\"), and they were passionate nationalists. They repudiated the cult of the past and all imitation, praised originality \"however daring, however violent,\" bore proudly \"the smear of madness,\" dismissed art critics as useless, rebelled against harmony and good taste, swept away all the themes and subjects of all previous art, and glorified science.", "Publishing manifestos was a feature of Futurism, and the Futurists (usually led or prompted by Marinetti) wrote them on many topics, including painting, architecture, music, literature, theatre, cinema, photography, religion, women, fashion, and cuisine.Umbro Apollonio (ed.), *Futurist Manifestos*, MFA Publications, 2001 {{ISBN\\|978\\-0\\-87846\\-627\\-6}} [Jessica Palmieri, *Futurist manifestos*, 1909–1933](https://www.italianfuturism.org/manifestos/), italianfuturism.org In their manifestos, Futurists described their beliefs and appreciations of various methods. They also detailed their disdain for traditional Italian Renaissance works of art and their subjects. According to the Manifesto of the Futurist Painters (1910\\) by Umberto Boccioni, Luigi Russolo, Gino Severini, Giacomo Balla, and Carlo Carrà: \"We want to fight implacably against the mindless, snobbish, and fanatical religion of the past, religion nurtured by the pernicious existence of the museums. We rebel against the spineless admiration for old canvases, old statues, and old objects, and against the enthusiasm for everything worm\\-eaten, grimy, or corroded by time; and we deem it unjust and criminal that people habitually disdain whatever is young, new, and trembling with life.\"{{Citation \\|last1\\=Boccioni \\|first1\\=Umberto \\|title\\=Manifesto of the Futurist Painters \\|date\\=2019\\-12\\-31 \\|url\\=http://dx.doi.org/10\\.1515/9783839437322\\-046 \\|work\\=Anthologie Kulturpolitik \\|pages\\=665–668 \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-04\\-18 \\|publisher\\=transcript Verlag \\|last2\\=Carrà \\|first2\\=Carlo \\|last3\\=Russolo \\|first3\\=Luigi \\|last4\\=Balla \\|first4\\=Giacomo \\|last5\\=Severini \\|first5\\=Gino\\|doi\\=10\\.1515/9783839437322\\-046 \\|isbn\\=9783839437322 }} The Futurists believed that art should be inspired by the modern marvels of their newly technological world. “Just as our forebears took the subject of art from the religious atmosphere that enveloped them, so we must draw inspiration from the tangible miracles of contemporary life.\"", "The founding manifesto did not contain a positive artistic programme, which the Futurists attempted to create in their subsequent *Technical Manifesto of Futurist Painting* (published in Italian as a leaflet by *[Poesia](/wiki/Poesia_%28magazine%29 \"Poesia (magazine)\")*, Milan, 11 April 1910\\).[I Manifesti del futurismo, lanciati da Marinetti, et al, 1914](https://archive.org/details/imanifestidelfut00mariuoft) (in Italian) This committed them to a \"universal dynamism,\" which was to be directly represented in painting. Objects in reality were not separate from one another or from their surroundings: \"The sixteen people around you in a rolling motor bus are in turn and at the same time one, ten four three; they are motionless and they change places. ... The motor bus rushes into the houses which it passes, and in their turn the houses throw themselves upon the motor bus and are blended with it.\"{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.unknown.nu/futurism/techpaint.html \\|title\\=Technical Manifesto of Futurist Painting \\|publisher\\=Unknown.nu \\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-06\\-11}}", "The Futurist painters were slow to develop a distinctive style and subject matter. In 1910 and 1911, they used the techniques of [Divisionism](/wiki/Divisionism \"Divisionism\"), breaking light and color down into a field of stippled dots and stripes, which had been adopted from Divisionism by [Giovanni Segantini](/wiki/Giovanni_Segantini \"Giovanni Segantini\") and others. Later, Severini, who lived in Paris, attributed their backwardness in style and method at this time to their distance from Paris, the centre of avant\\-garde art.Severini, G., *The Life of a Painter*, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1995\\. {{ISBN\\|0\\-691\\-04419\\-8}} [Cubism](/wiki/Cubism \"Cubism\") contributed to the formation of Italian Futurism's artistic style.{{cite book\\|last1\\=Arnason\\|last2\\=Harvard\\|first2\\=H.\\|last3\\=Mansfield\\|first3\\=Elizabeth\\|title\\=History of Modern Art: Painting, Sculpture, Architecture, Photography\\|date\\=December 2012\\|publisher\\=Pearson\\|isbn\\=978\\-0205259472\\|pages\\=189\\|edition\\=Seventh}} Severini was the first to come into contact with [Cubism](/wiki/Cubism \"Cubism\"), and following a visit to Paris in 1911, the Futurist painters adopted the methods of the Cubists. Cubism offered them a means of analyzing energy in paintings and expressing dynamism.", "[thumb\\|left\\|250px\\|[Umberto Boccioni](/wiki/Umberto_Boccioni \"Umberto Boccioni\"), sketch of *[The City Rises](/wiki/The_City_Rises \"The City Rises\")* (1910\\)](/wiki/File:Umberto_Boccioni_001.jpg \"Umberto Boccioni 001.jpg\")\nThey often painted modern urban scenes. Carrà's *[Funeral of the Anarchist Galli](/wiki/The_Funeral_of_the_Anarchist_Galli \"The Funeral of the Anarchist Galli\")* (1910–11\\) is a large canvas representing events that the artist himself had been involved with in 1904\\. The action of a police attack and riot is rendered energetically with diagonals and broken planes. His *Leaving the Theatre* (1910–11\\) uses a Divisionist technique to render isolated and faceless figures trudging home at night under street lights.", "Boccioni's [*The City Rises*](/wiki/The_City_Rises_%28Boccioni%29 \"The City Rises (Boccioni)\") (1910\\) represents scenes of construction and manual labour with a huge, rearing red horse in the centre foreground, which workmen struggle to control. His *States of Mind*, in three large panels — *The Farewell*, *Those who Go*, and *Those Who Stay* — \"made his first great statement of Futurist painting, bringing his interests in [Bergson](/wiki/Bergson \"Bergson\"), Cubism and the individual's complex experience of the modern world together in what has been described as one of the 'minor masterpieces' of early twentieth century painting.\"Humphreys, R. *Futurism*, Tate Gallery, 1999 The work attempts to convey feelings and sensations experienced in time, using new means of expression, including \"lines of force,\" which intend to convey the directional tendencies of objects through space; \"simultaneity,\" which combines memories, present impressions and anticipation of future events; and \"emotional ambience\" in which the artist seeks by intuition to link sympathies between the exterior scene and interior emotion.", "Boccioni's intentions in art were strongly influenced by the ideas of Bergson, including the idea of [intuition](/wiki/Intuition_%28Bergson%29 \"Intuition (Bergson)\"), which Bergson defined as a simple, indivisible experience of sympathy through which one is moved into the inner being of an object to grasp what is unique and ineffable within it. The Futurists aimed through their art thus to enable the viewer to apprehend the inner being of what they depicted. Boccioni developed these ideas at length in his book, *Pittura scultura Futuriste: Dinamismo plastico* (*Futurist Painting Sculpture: Plastic Dynamism*) (1914\\).For detailed discussions of Boccioni's debt to Bergson, see Petrie, Brian, \"Boccioni and Bergson\", *The Burlington Magazine*, Vol. 116, No.852, March 1974, pp.140\\-147, and Antliff, Mark \"The Fourth Dimension and Futurism: A Politicized Space\", *The Art Bulletin*, December 2000, pp.720\\-733\\.", "[thumb\\|left\\|[Giacomo Balla](/wiki/Giacomo_Balla \"Giacomo Balla\"), 1912, *[Dinamismo di un Cane al Guinzaglio](/wiki/Dinamismo_di_un_Cane_al_Guinzaglio \"Dinamismo di un Cane al Guinzaglio\")* (*Dynamism of a Dog on a Leash*), [Albright\\-Knox Art Gallery](/wiki/Albright-Knox_Art_Gallery \"Albright-Knox Art Gallery\")](/wiki/File:Giacomo_Balla%2C_1912%2C_Dynamism_of_a_Dog_on_a_Leash%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_89.8_x_109.8_cm%2C_Albright-Knox_Art_Gallery.jpg \"Giacomo Balla, 1912, Dynamism of a Dog on a Leash, oil on canvas, 89.8 x 109.8 cm, Albright-Knox Art Gallery.jpg\")\nBalla's *Dynamism of a Dog on a Leash* (1912\\) exemplifies the Futurists' insistence that the perceived world is in constant movement. The painting depicts a dog whose legs, tail and leash—and the feet of the woman walking it—have been multiplied to a blur of movement. It illustrates the precepts of the *Technical Manifesto of Futurist Painting* that, \"on account of the persistency of an image upon the retina, moving objects constantly multiply themselves; their form changes like rapid vibrations, in their mad career. Thus a running horse has not four legs, but twenty, and their movements are triangular.\" His *Rhythm of the Bow* (1912\\) similarly depicts the movements of a violinist's hand and instrument, rendered in rapid strokes within a triangular frame.", "The adoption of Cubism determined the style of much subsequent Futurist painting, which Boccioni and Severini in particular continued to render in the broken colors and short brush\\-strokes of divisionism. But Futurist painting differed in both subject matter and treatment from the quiet and static Cubism of [Picasso](/wiki/Picasso \"Picasso\"), [Braque](/wiki/Braque \"Braque\") and [Gris](/wiki/Juan_Gris \"Juan Gris\"). As the art critic Robert Hughes observed: \"In Futurism, the eye is fixed and the object moves, but it is still the basic vocabulary of Cubism—fragmented and overlapping planes.\"{{Cite book\\|last\\=Hughes\\|first\\=Robert\\|title\\=Nothing If Not Critical\\|publisher\\=Alfred A. Knopf\\|year\\=1990\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-307\\-80959\\-9\\|location\\=New York\\|pages\\=220}} Futurist art tended to disdain traditional subjects, specifically those of photographically realistic portraits and landscapes. Futurists thought of \"imitation\" art that copied from life to be lazy, unimaginative, cowardly, and boring. While there were Futurist portraits — Carrà's *Woman with Absinthe* (1911\\), Severini's *Self\\-Portrait* (1912\\), and Boccioni's *Matter* (1912\\) — it was the urban scene and vehicles in motion that typified Futurist painting; Boccioni's *[The Street Enters the House](/wiki/The_Street_Enters_the_House \"The Street Enters the House\")* (1911\\), Severini's *Dynamic Hieroglyph of the Bal Tabarin* (1912\\), and Russolo's *Automobile at Speed* (1913\\) for example.", "[thumb\\|[Umberto Boccioni](/wiki/Umberto_Boccioni \"Umberto Boccioni\"), 1913, *[Dynamism of a Cyclist](/wiki/Dynamism_of_a_Cyclist \"Dynamism of a Cyclist\")* (*Dinamismo di un ciclista*), oil on canvas, 70 x 95 cm, [Gianni Mattioli](/wiki/Gianni_Mattioli \"Gianni Mattioli\") Collection, on long\\-term loan to the [Peggy Guggenheim Collection](/wiki/Peggy_Guggenheim_Collection \"Peggy Guggenheim Collection\"), Venice](/wiki/File:Umberto_Boccioni%2C_1913%2C_Dynamism_of_a_Cyclist_%28Dinamismo_di_un_ciclista%29%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_70_x_95_cm%2C_Gianni_Mattioli_Collection%2C_on_long-term_loan_to_the_Peggy_Guggenheim_Collection%2C_Venice.jpg \"Umberto Boccioni, 1913, Dynamism of a Cyclist (Dinamismo di un ciclista), oil on canvas, 70 x 95 cm, Gianni Mattioli Collection, on long-term loan to the Peggy Guggenheim Collection, Venice.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|[Joseph Stella](/wiki/Joseph_Stella \"Joseph Stella\"), *Battle of Lights, Coney Island*, 1913–14, oil on canvas, 195\\.6 × 215\\.3 cm (77 × 84\\.75 in), [Yale University Art Gallery](/wiki/Yale_University_Art_Gallery \"Yale University Art Gallery\"), New Haven, CT](/wiki/File:Joseph_Stella%2C_1913%E2%80%9314%2C_Battle_of_Lights%2C_Coney_Island%2C_Mardi_Gras%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_195.6_%C3%97_215.3_cm%2C_Yale_University_Art_Gallery.tif \"Joseph Stella, 1913–14, Battle of Lights, Coney Island, Mardi Gras, oil on canvas, 195.6 × 215.3 cm, Yale University Art Gallery.tif\")", "The Futurists held their first exhibition outside of Italy in 1912 at the [Bernheim\\-Jeune](/wiki/Bernheim-Jeune \"Bernheim-Jeune\") gallery, Paris, which included works by Umberto Boccioni, Gino Severini, Carlo Carrà, Luigi Russolo and Giacomo Balla.[*Les Peintres futuristes italiens*, Galerie Bernheim\\-Jeune, Paris, 5–24 February 1912](https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb358388602)[R. Bruce Elder, *Cubism and Futurism: Spiritual Machines and the Cinematic Effect*, Wilfrid Laurier Univ. Press, 2018](https://books.google.com/books?id=8nFlDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22Les+Peintres+futuristes+italiens%22+Galerie+Bernheim-Jeune%2C+1912&pg=PT1035), {{ISBN\\|1771122722}}", "In 1912 and 1913, Boccioni turned to sculpture to translate into three dimensions his Futurist ideas. In *[Unique Forms of Continuity in Space](/wiki/Unique_Forms_of_Continuity_in_Space \"Unique Forms of Continuity in Space\")* (1913\\), he attempted to realize the relationship between the object and its environment, which was central to his theory of \"dynamism.\" The sculpture represents a striding figure, cast in bronze posthumously and exhibited in the [Tate Modern](/wiki/Tate_Modern \"Tate Modern\") (it now appears on the national side of [Italian 20 eurocent coins](/wiki/Italian_euro_coins \"Italian euro coins\")). He explored the theme further in *Synthesis of Human Dynamism* (1912\\), *Speeding Muscles* (1913\\), and *Spiral Expansion of Speeding Muscles* (1913\\); his ideas on sculpture were published in the *Technical Manifesto of Futurist Sculpture.*{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.unknown.nu/futurism/techsculpt.html \\|title\\=Technical Manifesto of Futurist Sculpture \\|publisher\\=Unknown.nu \\|date\\=1910\\-04\\-11 \\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-06\\-11}} In 1915, Balla also turned to sculpture making abstract \"reconstructions,\" which were created out of various materials, were apparently moveable, and even made noises. He said that, after making twenty pictures in which he had studied the velocity of automobiles, he understood that \"the single plane of the canvas did not permit the suggestion of the dynamic volume of speed in depth ... I felt the need to construct the first dynamic plastic complex with iron wires, cardboard planes, cloth and tissue paper, etc.\"Martin, Marianne W. *Futurist Art and Theory*, Hacker Art Books, New York, 1978", "[thumb\\|[Aldo Palazzeschi](/wiki/Aldo_Palazzeschi \"Aldo Palazzeschi\"), [Carlo Carrà](/wiki/Carlo_Carr%C3%A0 \"Carlo Carrà\"), [Giovanni Papini](/wiki/Giovanni_Papini \"Giovanni Papini\"), [Umberto Boccioni](/wiki/Umberto_Boccioni \"Umberto Boccioni\"), and [Filippo Tommaso Marinetti](/wiki/Filippo_Tommaso_Marinetti \"Filippo Tommaso Marinetti\"), 1914\\|alt\\=\\|left](/wiki/File:Aldo_Palazzeschi%2C_Carlo_Carr%C3%A0%2C_Giovanni_Papini%2C_Umberto_Boccioni%2C_Filippo_Tommaso_Marinetti%2C_1914.jpg \"Aldo Palazzeschi, Carlo Carrà, Giovanni Papini, Umberto Boccioni, Filippo Tommaso Marinetti, 1914.jpg\")\nIn 1914, personal quarrels and artistic differences between the Milan group around Marinetti, Boccioni, and Balla, and the Florence group around Carrà, [Ardengo Soffici](/wiki/Ardengo_Soffici \"Ardengo Soffici\") (1879–1964\\) and [Giovanni Papini](/wiki/Giovanni_Papini \"Giovanni Papini\") (1881–1956\\), created a rift in Italian Futurism. The Florence group resented the dominance of Marinetti and Boccioni, whom they accused of trying to establish \"an immobile church with an infallible creed,\" and each group dismissed the other as *passéiste.*", "Futurism had, from the outset, admired violence and was intensely patriotic. The *Futurist Manifesto* had declared: \"We will glorify war—the world's only hygiene—militarism, patriotism, the destructive gesture of freedom\\-bringers, beautiful ideas worth dying for, and scorn for woman.\"{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.unknown.nu/futurism/manifesto.html \\|title\\=The Founding and Manifesto of Futurism \\|publisher\\=Unknown.nu \\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-06\\-11}} Although it owed much of its character and some of its ideas to radical political movements, it was not much involved in politics until the autumn of 1913\\. Then, fearing the re\\-election of [Giolitti](/wiki/Giovanni_Giolitti \"Giovanni Giolitti\"), Marinetti published a political manifesto. In 1914, the Futurists began to campaign actively against the [Austro\\-Hungarian empire](/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_empire \"Austro-Hungarian empire\"), which still controlled some Italian territories, and Italian neutrality between the major powers. In September, Boccioni, seated in the balcony of the Teatro dal Verme in Milan, tore up an Austrian flag and threw it into the audience while Marinetti waved an Italian flag. When Italy entered the [First World War](/wiki/First_World_War \"First World War\") in 1915, many Futurists enlisted.Adler, Jerry, \"Back to the Future\", The New Yorker, September 6, 2004, p.103 The experience of the war marked several Futurists — particularly Marinetti, who fought in the mountains of Trentino at the border of Italy and Austria\\-Hungary — actively engaging in propaganda.{{Cite journal\\|title \\= 'The Futurist mountains': Filippo Tommaso Marinetti's experiences of mountain combat in the First World War\\|journal \\= Modern Italy\\|date \\= 2013\\-11\\-01\\|issn \\= 1353\\-2944\\|pages \\= 323–338\\|volume \\= 18\\|issue \\= 4\\|doi \\= 10\\.1080/13532944\\.2013\\.806289\\|first \\= Selena\\|last \\= Daly\\|doi\\-access \\= free\\|hdl \\= 10197/4507\\|hdl\\-access \\= free}} Italian futurists included \"visual poetry in futurist periodicals” to promote their cause or campaign, thus swaying public opinion in their favor after the war;{{cite web \\|last1\\=Daly \\|first1\\=Selena \\|title\\=How the Italian avant\\-garde survived the trenches of World War 1 \\|url\\=https://www.ucd.ie/newsandopinion/news/2016/december/09/howtheitalianavant\\-gardesurvivedthetrenchesofworldwari/ \\|website\\=University College Dublin \\|publisher\\=n.d. \\|access\\-date\\=9 September 2023}} the combat experience also influenced Futurist music.{{Cite journal\\|title \\= Futurist War Noises: Confronting and Coping with the First World War\\|url \\= http://escholarship.org/uc/item/8fx1p115\\#page\\-1\\|journal \\= California Italian Studies\\|access\\-date \\= 2015\\-09\\-13\\|last \\= Daly\\|first \\= Selena\\|year \\= 2013\\|volume \\= 4\\|doi \\= 10\\.5070/C341015976\\|doi\\-access \\= free}}", "The outbreak of war disguised the fact that Italian Futurism had come to an end. The Florence group had formally acknowledged their withdrawal from the movement by the end of 1914\\. Boccioni produced only one war picture and was killed in 1916\\. Severini painted some significant war pictures in 1915 (e.g. *War*, *Armored Train*, and *Red Cross Train*), but in Paris turned towards Cubism; post\\-war, he was associated with the [Return to Order](/wiki/Return_to_Order \"Return to Order\").", "After the war, Marinetti revived the movement. This revival was called *il secondo Futurismo* (Second Futurism) by writers in the 1960s. The art historian [Giovanni Lista](/wiki/Giovanni_Lista \"Giovanni Lista\") groups Futurism into three distinct decades according to characteristics of each: \"Plastic Dynamism\" of the 1910s, \"Mechanical Art\" of the 1920s, and \"Aeroaesthetics\" of the 1930s.", "" ]
Airfields --------- The following is the four airfields which compose the Sargodha Airfield Complex. ### Sargodha (Main) Location: Sargodha (Main) is located in the center of Sargodha at {{Coord\|32\|2\|32\|N\|72\|40\|16\|E\|type:airport}}. **Sargodha (Main)** was the main airfield of the four satellite fields. After the Second World War, the disused Sargodha airstrip was first occupied by a PAF Care and Maintenance Party. In 1959, it was commissioned to become PAF Station Sargodha (now known as [PAF Base Mushaf](/wiki/PAF_Base_Mushaf "PAF Base Mushaf")). The first squadrons No. 5, No. 11, and No. 16 were deployed at the air base, equipped with [F\-86F](/wiki/F-86F "F-86F") aircraft. In 1965, PAF Station Sargodha proved to be the most important airbase in Pakistan’s Defense during the [Indo\-Pakistani war](/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1965 "Indo-Pakistani war of 1965"). Due to this factor, Chinese [Shenyang F\-6s](/wiki/Shenyang_J-6 "Shenyang J-6") were donated to the base. {{cite web \|url\=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/pakistan/sargodha\-ab.htm \|title\=Pakistan Air Force Base Sargodha (PAF Mushaf) \|website\=GlobalSecurity.org \|publisher\=GlobalSecurity \|access\-date\=29 September 2024}} ### Chota Sargodha Location: Chota Sargodha Airstrip is located 16\.5 kilometres west from Sargodha at {{Coord\|32\|3\|41\|N\|72\|31\|4\|E\|type:airport}}. **Chota Sargodha Airstrip** (also known as **Abbaspur Airfield**) was the first airstrip to be built by the RAF in Sargodha. From 1965 to 1971, the airfield was heavily bombed by the [Indian Air Force](/wiki/Indian_Air_Force "Indian Air Force"). It was a category C airfield by the Pakistan AF. Chota Sargodha is currently abandoned and is operated by two concrete runways. On August 9, 2011, a [Pakistan Air Force](/wiki/Pakistan_Air_Force "Pakistan Air Force") [Mil Mi\-171](/wiki/Mil_Mi-17 "Mil Mi-17") made an [emergency landing](/wiki/Emergency_landing "Emergency landing") on the abandoned airfield during routine flight training. No injuries were reported, and the fault was due to technical issues with the tail.{{cite web \|url\=https://historyofpia.com/forums/viewtopic.php?t\=19350 \|title\=History of PIA \- Sargodha Airbase \|website\=History of PIA \|publisher\=Forum \|access\-date\=29 September 2024}} ### Wagowal Location: Wagowal Airstrip is located 22 kilometres north from Sargodha at {{Coord\|32\|10\|50\|N\|72\|32\|32\|E\|type:airport}}. In 1965, a Type 15 mobile radar unit was deployed at Wagowal. The unit was hooked up to a makeshift Sector Operations Centre located at the Tiwana House in Sargodha cantonment. Wagowal Airstrip is currently abandoned and is operated by two runways.. ### Bhagatanwala Location: Bhagatanwala Airstrip is located 28 kilometres east of Sargodha at {{Coord\|32\|3\|19\|N\|72\|56\|59\|E\|type:airport}}. **Bhagatanwala Airstrip** was commonly mistaken as Sargodha (Main) during the [Indo\-Pakistani air war of 1965](/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_air_war_of_1965 "Indo-Pakistani air war of 1965"), and subsequently received many bombings on its dummy planes. Currently, the airfield is known as Sargodha Domestic Airport and operates occasional domestic flights served by runway 07/25\. The airfield is also an advanced attack base, known as PAF Bhagatanwala. {{cite web \|url\=https://aerospacian.tripod.com/id18\.html \|title\=Aerospace Defence Review \|website\=Aerospacian \|publisher\=Tripod \|access\-date\=29 September 2024}} Chota Sargodha, Wagowal, and Bhagatanwala’s runways, [revetments](/wiki/Revetment_%28aircraft%29 "Revetment (aircraft)"), and [circular dispersals](/wiki/Dispersal_%28military%29 "Dispersal (military)") appear to remain intact, but in a state of disrepair.
[ "Airfields\n---------", "The following is the four airfields which compose the Sargodha Airfield Complex.", "### Sargodha (Main)", "Location: Sargodha (Main) is located in the center of Sargodha at {{Coord\\|32\\|2\\|32\\|N\\|72\\|40\\|16\\|E\\|type:airport}}.", "**Sargodha (Main)** was the main airfield of the four satellite fields. After the Second World War, the disused Sargodha airstrip was first occupied by a PAF Care and Maintenance Party. In 1959, it was commissioned to become PAF Station Sargodha (now known as [PAF Base Mushaf](/wiki/PAF_Base_Mushaf \"PAF Base Mushaf\")). The first squadrons No. 5, No. 11, and No. 16 were deployed at the air base, equipped with [F\\-86F](/wiki/F-86F \"F-86F\") aircraft. In 1965, PAF Station Sargodha proved to be the most important airbase in Pakistan’s Defense during the [Indo\\-Pakistani war](/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1965 \"Indo-Pakistani war of 1965\"). Due to this factor, Chinese [Shenyang F\\-6s](/wiki/Shenyang_J-6 \"Shenyang J-6\") were donated to the base. {{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/pakistan/sargodha\\-ab.htm \\|title\\=Pakistan Air Force Base Sargodha (PAF Mushaf) \\|website\\=GlobalSecurity.org \\|publisher\\=GlobalSecurity \\|access\\-date\\=29 September 2024}}", "### Chota Sargodha", "Location: Chota Sargodha Airstrip is located 16\\.5 kilometres west from Sargodha at {{Coord\\|32\\|3\\|41\\|N\\|72\\|31\\|4\\|E\\|type:airport}}.", "**Chota Sargodha Airstrip** (also known as **Abbaspur Airfield**) was the first airstrip to be built by the RAF in Sargodha. From 1965 to 1971, the airfield was heavily bombed by the [Indian Air Force](/wiki/Indian_Air_Force \"Indian Air Force\"). It was a category C airfield by the Pakistan AF. Chota Sargodha is currently abandoned and is operated by two concrete runways.", "On August 9, 2011, a [Pakistan Air Force](/wiki/Pakistan_Air_Force \"Pakistan Air Force\") [Mil Mi\\-171](/wiki/Mil_Mi-17 \"Mil Mi-17\") made an [emergency landing](/wiki/Emergency_landing \"Emergency landing\") on the abandoned airfield during routine flight training. No injuries were reported, and the fault was due to technical issues with the tail.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://historyofpia.com/forums/viewtopic.php?t\\=19350 \\|title\\=History of PIA \\- Sargodha Airbase \\|website\\=History of PIA \\|publisher\\=Forum \\|access\\-date\\=29 September 2024}}", "### Wagowal", "Location: Wagowal Airstrip is located 22 kilometres north from Sargodha at {{Coord\\|32\\|10\\|50\\|N\\|72\\|32\\|32\\|E\\|type:airport}}.", "In 1965, a Type 15 mobile radar unit was deployed at Wagowal. The unit was hooked up to a makeshift Sector Operations Centre located at the Tiwana House in Sargodha cantonment. Wagowal Airstrip is currently abandoned and is operated by two runways..", "### Bhagatanwala", "Location: Bhagatanwala Airstrip is located 28 kilometres east of Sargodha at {{Coord\\|32\\|3\\|19\\|N\\|72\\|56\\|59\\|E\\|type:airport}}.", "**Bhagatanwala Airstrip** was commonly mistaken as Sargodha (Main) during the [Indo\\-Pakistani air war of 1965](/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_air_war_of_1965 \"Indo-Pakistani air war of 1965\"), and subsequently received many bombings on its dummy planes. Currently, the airfield is known as Sargodha Domestic Airport and operates occasional domestic flights served by runway 07/25\\. The airfield is also an advanced attack base, known as PAF Bhagatanwala.\n{{cite web \\|url\\=https://aerospacian.tripod.com/id18\\.html \\|title\\=Aerospace Defence Review \\|website\\=Aerospacian \\|publisher\\=Tripod \\|access\\-date\\=29 September 2024}}", "", "Chota Sargodha, Wagowal, and Bhagatanwala’s runways, [revetments](/wiki/Revetment_%28aircraft%29 \"Revetment (aircraft)\"), and [circular dispersals](/wiki/Dispersal_%28military%29 \"Dispersal (military)\") appear to remain intact, but in a state of disrepair.", "" ]
Biography --------- Morgan was part of The [Smith Quartet](/wiki/Smith_Quartet "Smith Quartet") and the music collective Noszferatu, and was Artistic Director of Music at Drumcliffe, a chamber music festival in the west of Ireland. He plays with the piano group The Fidelio Trio,[Journal of Music website, *Fidelio Trio Winter Chamber Music Festival 2023* listing, 2023\-11\-04](https://journalofmusic.com/listing/04-11-23/species-darragh-morgan-violin-jane-atkins-viola-tim-gill-cello-fidelio-trio-winter)[University of Cambridge website, Faculty of Music, *Composers' Workshop: Fidelio Trio*, retrieved 2023\-11\-07](https://www.mus.cam.ac.uk/events/composers-workshop-fidelio-trio-0) which gave the European premiere of [Michael Nyman](/wiki/Michael_Nyman "Michael Nyman")'s "The Photography of Chance". Morgan has performed at international festivals including [Warsaw Autumn](/wiki/Warsaw_Autumn "Warsaw Autumn"), Ars Musica Brussels, [Darmstadt](/wiki/Darmstadt "Darmstadt"), Aldeburgh, Spitalfields, Cheltenham, OCM, [Dubrovnik Summer Festival](/wiki/Dubrovnik_Summer_Festival "Dubrovnik Summer Festival"), New Music Evenings Bratislava, BBC Proms Chamber Music, National Arts Festival Grahamstown, South Africa, Cutting Edge London, Festival D'Automne Paris, Besançon Festival de Musique, Lucerne Festival and Jazz sous les Pommiers, Coutance. He has performed with many of the world's contemporary music groups including [Ensemble Modern](/wiki/Ensemble_Modern "Ensemble Modern"), London Sinfonietta, Musik Fabrik, Icebreaker, Birmingham Contemporary Music Group, Remix Ensemble, Jane's Minstrels and Topologies. He broadcasts for BBC Radio 3, was chosen as [BBC Radio 4](/wiki/BBC_Radio_4 "BBC Radio 4")'s Pick of the Week, and has appeared on The South Bank Show, [SABC](/wiki/SABC "SABC"), CYBC, RTHK, WDR and [RTÉ lyric fm](/wiki/RT%C3%89_lyric_fm "RTÉ lyric fm"). He appears as soloist with The Ulster Orchestra and performed in the world premiere of Sir John Tavener's Hymn of Dawn. From 1999 to 2001, Morgan was leader of the [Cyprus](/wiki/Cyprus "Cyprus") State Orchestra, and in 2004 was Concertmaster of the KZN Philharmonic in [Durban](/wiki/Durban "Durban"), South Africa. During that year he also became Director of Baroque 2000, South Africa's period instrument orchestra. He leads [English Touring Opera](/wiki/English_Touring_Opera "English Touring Opera") and was featured as leader of the orchestra in BBC 2's TV series *The Genius of Beethoven*. Morgan is a faculty member of Apple Hill Chamber Music in New Hampshire, USA.[Apple Hill website, Team profile, retrieved 2023\-11\-07](https://applehill.org/team/darragh-morgan-violin/) He coaches at the Britten\-Pears Young Artists Programme, has worked with The Mostar Sinfonietta in Bosnia and has given workshops for Buskaid in [Soweto](/wiki/Soweto "Soweto"). He gives lecture\-recitals on extended violin techniques at [Queen's University Belfast](/wiki/Queen%27s_University_Belfast "Queen's University Belfast"), Trinity College Dublin and the Royal Conservatoire of Scotland.[Royal Conservatoire of Scotland website, *Spotlight on: Dr Oliver Searle, Interim Head of Composition*](https://www.rcs.ac.uk/blog/spotlight-on-dr-oliver-searle-interim-head-of-composition/) He teaches at Goldsmiths College, University of London, and was appointed 'Musician in Residence' at the [University of Ulster](/wiki/University_of_Ulster "University of Ulster"). Morgan has worked with a diverse range of international artists, such as [Travis](/wiki/Travis_%28band%29 "Travis (band)"), Paul McCartney, [The Divine Comedy](/wiki/The_Divine_Comedy_%28band%29 "The Divine Comedy (band)"), [David Bowie](/wiki/David_Bowie "David Bowie"), [The Spice Girls](/wiki/Spice_Girls "Spice Girls"), [The Corrs](/wiki/The_Corrs "The Corrs"), [Jamiroquai](/wiki/Jamiroquai "Jamiroquai"), Yvonne Chaka Chaka, [Incognito](/wiki/Incognito_%28band%29 "Incognito (band)"), The Lemon Heads and [Brian Kennedy](/wiki/Brian_Kennedy_%28singer%29 "Brian Kennedy (singer)"). In the world of Irish Traditional Music he has worked with Mícheál Ó Súilleabháin, [Nóirín Ní Riain](/wiki/N%C3%B3ir%C3%ADn_N%C3%AD_Riain "Nóirín Ní Riain") and [Derek Bell](/wiki/Derek_Bell_%28musician%29 "Derek Bell (musician)") of [The Chieftains](/wiki/The_Chieftains "The Chieftains"). In 2020, during the [COVID\-19](/wiki/COVID-19 "COVID-19") pandemic, he hosted a week\-long masterclass over [Zoom](/wiki/Zoom_Video_Communications "Zoom Video Communications"), teaching students in [Mozambique](/wiki/Mozambique "Mozambique") how to play the violin. He said, “It was such a positive experience to work with young musicians who have an insatiable appetite for learning and want to improve. They are so musically intelligent that their progress was really instantaneous.” {{Cite web \|last\=Morgan \|first\=Darragh \|title\=How I started teaching students in Mozambique over Zoom \|url\=https://www.thestrad.com/playing\-hub/how\-i\-started\-teaching\-students\-in\-mozambique\-over\-zoom/11287\.article \|access\-date\=2024\-02\-17 \|website\=The Strad \|language\=en}}
[ "Biography\n---------", "Morgan was part of The [Smith Quartet](/wiki/Smith_Quartet \"Smith Quartet\") and the music collective Noszferatu, and was Artistic Director of Music at Drumcliffe, a chamber music festival in the west of Ireland. He plays with the piano group The Fidelio Trio,[Journal of Music website, *Fidelio Trio Winter Chamber Music Festival 2023* listing, 2023\\-11\\-04](https://journalofmusic.com/listing/04-11-23/species-darragh-morgan-violin-jane-atkins-viola-tim-gill-cello-fidelio-trio-winter)[University of Cambridge website, Faculty of Music, *Composers' Workshop: Fidelio Trio*, retrieved 2023\\-11\\-07](https://www.mus.cam.ac.uk/events/composers-workshop-fidelio-trio-0) which gave the European premiere of [Michael Nyman](/wiki/Michael_Nyman \"Michael Nyman\")'s \"The Photography of Chance\".", "Morgan has performed at international festivals including [Warsaw Autumn](/wiki/Warsaw_Autumn \"Warsaw Autumn\"), Ars Musica Brussels, [Darmstadt](/wiki/Darmstadt \"Darmstadt\"), Aldeburgh, Spitalfields, Cheltenham, OCM, [Dubrovnik Summer Festival](/wiki/Dubrovnik_Summer_Festival \"Dubrovnik Summer Festival\"), New Music Evenings Bratislava, BBC Proms Chamber Music, National Arts Festival Grahamstown, South Africa, Cutting Edge London, Festival D'Automne Paris, Besançon Festival de Musique, Lucerne Festival and Jazz sous les Pommiers, Coutance.", "He has performed with many of the world's contemporary music groups including [Ensemble Modern](/wiki/Ensemble_Modern \"Ensemble Modern\"), London Sinfonietta, Musik Fabrik, Icebreaker, Birmingham Contemporary Music Group, Remix Ensemble, Jane's Minstrels and Topologies. He broadcasts for BBC Radio 3, was chosen as [BBC Radio 4](/wiki/BBC_Radio_4 \"BBC Radio 4\")'s Pick of the Week, and has appeared on The South Bank Show, [SABC](/wiki/SABC \"SABC\"), CYBC, RTHK, WDR and [RTÉ lyric fm](/wiki/RT%C3%89_lyric_fm \"RTÉ lyric fm\"). He appears as soloist with The Ulster Orchestra and performed in the world premiere of Sir John Tavener's Hymn of Dawn.", "From 1999 to 2001, Morgan was leader of the [Cyprus](/wiki/Cyprus \"Cyprus\") State Orchestra, and in 2004 was Concertmaster of the KZN Philharmonic in [Durban](/wiki/Durban \"Durban\"), South Africa. During that year he also became Director of Baroque 2000, South Africa's period instrument orchestra. He leads [English Touring Opera](/wiki/English_Touring_Opera \"English Touring Opera\") and was featured as leader of the orchestra in BBC 2's TV series *The Genius of Beethoven*.", "Morgan is a faculty member of Apple Hill Chamber Music in New Hampshire, USA.[Apple Hill website, Team profile, retrieved 2023\\-11\\-07](https://applehill.org/team/darragh-morgan-violin/) He coaches at the Britten\\-Pears Young Artists Programme, has worked with The Mostar Sinfonietta in Bosnia and has given workshops for Buskaid in [Soweto](/wiki/Soweto \"Soweto\"). He gives lecture\\-recitals on extended violin techniques at [Queen's University Belfast](/wiki/Queen%27s_University_Belfast \"Queen's University Belfast\"), Trinity College Dublin and the Royal Conservatoire of Scotland.[Royal Conservatoire of Scotland website, *Spotlight on: Dr Oliver Searle, Interim Head of Composition*](https://www.rcs.ac.uk/blog/spotlight-on-dr-oliver-searle-interim-head-of-composition/) He teaches at Goldsmiths College, University of London, and was appointed 'Musician in Residence' at the [University of Ulster](/wiki/University_of_Ulster \"University of Ulster\").", "Morgan has worked with a diverse range of international artists, such as [Travis](/wiki/Travis_%28band%29 \"Travis (band)\"), Paul McCartney, [The Divine Comedy](/wiki/The_Divine_Comedy_%28band%29 \"The Divine Comedy (band)\"), [David Bowie](/wiki/David_Bowie \"David Bowie\"), [The Spice Girls](/wiki/Spice_Girls \"Spice Girls\"), [The Corrs](/wiki/The_Corrs \"The Corrs\"), [Jamiroquai](/wiki/Jamiroquai \"Jamiroquai\"), Yvonne Chaka Chaka, [Incognito](/wiki/Incognito_%28band%29 \"Incognito (band)\"), The Lemon Heads and [Brian Kennedy](/wiki/Brian_Kennedy_%28singer%29 \"Brian Kennedy (singer)\"). In the world of Irish Traditional Music he has worked with Mícheál Ó Súilleabháin, [Nóirín Ní Riain](/wiki/N%C3%B3ir%C3%ADn_N%C3%AD_Riain \"Nóirín Ní Riain\") and [Derek Bell](/wiki/Derek_Bell_%28musician%29 \"Derek Bell (musician)\") of [The Chieftains](/wiki/The_Chieftains \"The Chieftains\").", "In 2020, during the [COVID\\-19](/wiki/COVID-19 \"COVID-19\") pandemic, he hosted a week\\-long masterclass over [Zoom](/wiki/Zoom_Video_Communications \"Zoom Video Communications\"), teaching students in [Mozambique](/wiki/Mozambique \"Mozambique\") how to play the violin. He said, “It was such a positive experience to work with young musicians who have an insatiable appetite for learning and want to improve. They are so musically intelligent that their progress was really instantaneous.” {{Cite web \\|last\\=Morgan \\|first\\=Darragh \\|title\\=How I started teaching students in Mozambique over Zoom \\|url\\=https://www.thestrad.com/playing\\-hub/how\\-i\\-started\\-teaching\\-students\\-in\\-mozambique\\-over\\-zoom/11287\\.article \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-02\\-17 \\|website\\=The Strad \\|language\\=en}}", "" ]