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Event
-----
| \+ **Other on\-screen personnel** | Role: | Name: |
|English commentators
[Michael Cole](/wiki/Michael_Cole_%28wrestling%29 "Michael Cole (wrestling)") |
| [Corey Graves](/wiki/Corey_Graves "Corey Graves") |
|Arabic commentators
Faisal Almughaisib |
| Jude Aldajani |
| [Ring announcer](/wiki/Ring_announcer "Ring announcer") | Greg Hamilton |
|[Referees](/wiki/Referee_%28professional_wrestling%29 "Referee (professional wrestling)")
Shawn Bennett |
| [John Cone](/wiki/John_Cone "John Cone") |
| Darrick Moore |
| Eddie Orengo |
| Chad Patton |
| Interviewer | [Byron Saxton](/wiki/Byron_Saxton "Byron Saxton") |
|Pre\-show panel
[Charly Caruso](/wiki/Charly_Arnolt "Charly Arnolt") |
| [Scott Stanford](/wiki/Scott_Stanford "Scott Stanford") |
| [Booker T](/wiki/Booker_T_%28wrestler%29 "Booker T (wrestler)") |
| [David Otunga](/wiki/David_Otunga "David Otunga") |
### Pre\-show
During the Crown Jewel Kickoff pre\-show, the 20\-man over the top rope battle royal was contested to determine AJ Styles' challenger for the United States Championship. Midway through the match, after both [R\-Truth](/wiki/R-Truth "R-Truth") and [Sunil Singh](/wiki/Gurvinder_Sihra "Gurvinder Sihra") had been eliminated, Truth pinned Sunil with a roll up on the entrance ramp to win the [24/7 Championship](/wiki/WWE_24/7_Championship "WWE 24/7 Championship"). At the end of the battle royal, [Humberto Carrillo](/wiki/Humberto_Carrillo "Humberto Carrillo") eliminated [Erick Rowan](/wiki/Erick_Rowan "Erick Rowan") to win the match and earn a United States Championship match later in the night. This match would also serve as [Luke Harper](/wiki/Luke_Harper "Luke Harper")'s last match in WWE before his release on December 8{{cite web\|url\=https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/wwe\-has\-granted\-luke\-harper\-his\-release\|title\=WWE Has Granted Luke Harper His Release\|access\-date\=December 8, 2019\|work\=Fightful\|last\=Defelice\|first\=Robert\|date\=December 8, 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304071927/https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/wwe\-has\-granted\-luke\-harper\-his\-release\|archive\-date\=March 4, 2021\|url\-status\=live}} and untimely [death](/wiki/Brodie_Lee_Celebration_of_Life "Brodie Lee Celebration of Life") the following year.{{cite web\|title\=Brodie Lee Passes Away At The Age Of 41\|url\=https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/brodie\-lee\-passes\-away\-age\-41\|last\=Lambert\|first\=Jeremy\|work\=Fightful\|date\=December 26, 2020\|access\-date\=December 26, 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201227015108/https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/brodie\-lee\-passes\-away\-age\-41\|archive\-date\=December 27, 2020\|url\-status\=live}}
### Preliminary matches
The actual pay\-per\-view opened with Brock Lesnar (accompanied by Paul Heyman) defending the WWE Championship against Cain Velasquez (accompanied by Rey Mysterio). After the two traded strikes, Velasquez went for the ground and pound, but Lesnar forced Velasquez to submit to the Kimura Lock to retain the title. After the match, Lesnar kept the hold applied until Mysterio struck Lesnar with a chair. Lesnar threw Mysterio out of the ring and struck Velasquez with the chair. Lesnar performed an [F\-5](/wiki/F-5_%28professional_wrestling%29 "F-5 (professional wrestling)") on Velasquez onto the chair. Mysterio struck Lesnar with a chair, forcing Lesnar to retreat.
Next was the tag team turmoil match for the Best in the World WWE Tag Team World Cup. The teams of Dolph Ziggler and [Robert Roode](/wiki/Robert_Roode "Robert Roode") and Lucha House Party (Lince Dorado and Gran Metalik, accompanied by Kalisto) started the match. Roode performed a Glorious DDT on Dorado to eliminate Lucha House Party. The next team to enter was [Curt Hawkins](/wiki/Curt_Hawkins "Curt Hawkins") and [Zack Ryder](/wiki/Zack_Ryder "Zack Ryder"), who were eliminated quickly by Ziggler and Roode following a Spinebuster/Zig\-Zag combination on Ryder. Next was Heavy Machinery (Otis and Tucker). Otis and Tucker performed a Compactor on Ziggler to eliminate him and Roode. The New Day (Big E and Kofi Kingston) then entered and eliminated Heavy Machinery after the Midnight Hour on Tucker. The sixth team was Curtis Axel and Bo Dallas, who were eliminated after Big E performed a Big Ending on Axel. The seventh team to enter were SmackDown Tag Team Champions The Revival (Scott Dawson and Dash Wilder), who attacked The New Day after being eliminated by them. The penultimate team to enter was The O.C. ([Luke Gallows](/wiki/Luke_Gallows "Luke Gallows") and [Karl Anderson](/wiki/Karl_Anderson "Karl Anderson")), who eliminated The New Day after performing the Magic Killer on Kingston. The final team to enter were Raw Tag Team Champions The Viking Raiders (Erik and Ivar). Gallows and Anderson performed Magic Killer on Erik to win the match and the Tag Team World Cup trophy.
After that, Mansoor faced Cesaro. After a back and forth match, Mansoor performed a Moonsault on Cesaro to win. Following the match, Mansoor delivered an emotional heartfelt speech to his home country.
In the fourth match, Braun Strowman faced Tyson Fury. In the closing moments, as Strowman returned to the ring, Fury attacked Strowman, who was on the turnbuckle, with a knockout punch. Strowman was counted out, meaning Fury won the match. Afterwards, an irate Strowman performed a Running Powerslam on Fury.
In a backstage segment, [Samir Singh](/wiki/Samir_Singh "Samir Singh") pinned R\-Truth to win the 24/7 Championship after Truth ran into a door.
Next, AJ Styles (accompanied by his O.C. stablemates Karl Anderson and Luke Gallows) defended the United States Championship against battle royal winner Humberto Carrillo. In the end, Carrillo attempted a Moonsault, but Styles moved out of the way and performed a Phenomenal Forearm on Carrillo to retain the title.
After that, Natalya faced Lacey Evans in the first\-ever women's match in Saudi Arabia. Natalya forced Evans to submit to the Sharpshooter to win the match. Following the match, Natalya and Evans shared an emotional embrace in the ring, and then embraced several audience members before departing backstage. [Byron Saxton](/wiki/Byron_Saxton "Byron Saxton") then joined commentators [Michael Cole](/wiki/Michael_Cole_%28wrestling%29 "Michael Cole (wrestling)") and [Corey Graves](/wiki/Corey_Graves "Corey Graves") for the remainder of the event.
The penultimate match was the 5\-on\-5 tag team match between Team Hogan (Roman Reigns, Rusev, Ricochet, Ali, and Shorty G; accompanied by Hulk Hogan and Jimmy Hart) and Team Flair (Randy Orton, Bobby Lashley, King Corbin, Intercontinental Champion Shinsuke Nakamura, and Drew McIntyre; accompanied by Ric Flair). In the climax, Orton performed an RKO on Reigns for a nearfall. Orton attempted a Punt Kick on Reigns, but Shorty G grabbed Orton's leg, after which, Ali and Ricochet took everyone else out. Reigns then performed a Spear on Orton to win the match for Team Hogan.
### Main event
In the main event, Seth Rollins defended the Universal Championship against "The Fiend" Bray Wyatt in a Falls Count Anywhere match that could not be stopped for any reason. Before the match, Michael Cole explained that if The Fiend won, the title would be taken with him to the SmackDown brand. During the match, as The Fiend attempted a Running Senton through an announce table, Rollins avoided The Fiend, causing The Fiend to break an announce table. The Fiend pushed Rollins, who fell through tables that were stacked on the floor. On a platform, The Fiend performed Sister Abigail on Rollins for a two count. On the entrance ramp, Rollins executed several Curb Stomps on The Fiend. Rollins performed a superkick on The Fiend, who fell onto electrical equipment; this caused the equipment to briefly catch fire. A spark incapacitated Rollins and The Fiend then appeared behind Rollins. The Fiend applied the Mandible Claw on Rollins before performing Sister Abigail on Rollins to win the title. Following the match, The Fiend posed with the title on the entrance ramp.
|
[
"Event\n-----",
"",
"| \\+ **Other on\\-screen personnel** | Role: | Name: |",
"|English commentators",
"[Michael Cole](/wiki/Michael_Cole_%28wrestling%29 \"Michael Cole (wrestling)\") |\n| [Corey Graves](/wiki/Corey_Graves \"Corey Graves\") |\n|Arabic commentators",
"Faisal Almughaisib |\n| Jude Aldajani |\n| [Ring announcer](/wiki/Ring_announcer \"Ring announcer\") | Greg Hamilton |\n|[Referees](/wiki/Referee_%28professional_wrestling%29 \"Referee (professional wrestling)\")",
"Shawn Bennett |\n| [John Cone](/wiki/John_Cone \"John Cone\") |\n| Darrick Moore |\n| Eddie Orengo |\n| Chad Patton |\n| Interviewer | [Byron Saxton](/wiki/Byron_Saxton \"Byron Saxton\") |\n|Pre\\-show panel",
"[Charly Caruso](/wiki/Charly_Arnolt \"Charly Arnolt\") |\n| [Scott Stanford](/wiki/Scott_Stanford \"Scott Stanford\") |\n| [Booker T](/wiki/Booker_T_%28wrestler%29 \"Booker T (wrestler)\") |\n| [David Otunga](/wiki/David_Otunga \"David Otunga\") |",
"### Pre\\-show",
"During the Crown Jewel Kickoff pre\\-show, the 20\\-man over the top rope battle royal was contested to determine AJ Styles' challenger for the United States Championship. Midway through the match, after both [R\\-Truth](/wiki/R-Truth \"R-Truth\") and [Sunil Singh](/wiki/Gurvinder_Sihra \"Gurvinder Sihra\") had been eliminated, Truth pinned Sunil with a roll up on the entrance ramp to win the [24/7 Championship](/wiki/WWE_24/7_Championship \"WWE 24/7 Championship\"). At the end of the battle royal, [Humberto Carrillo](/wiki/Humberto_Carrillo \"Humberto Carrillo\") eliminated [Erick Rowan](/wiki/Erick_Rowan \"Erick Rowan\") to win the match and earn a United States Championship match later in the night. This match would also serve as [Luke Harper](/wiki/Luke_Harper \"Luke Harper\")'s last match in WWE before his release on December 8{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/wwe\\-has\\-granted\\-luke\\-harper\\-his\\-release\\|title\\=WWE Has Granted Luke Harper His Release\\|access\\-date\\=December 8, 2019\\|work\\=Fightful\\|last\\=Defelice\\|first\\=Robert\\|date\\=December 8, 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304071927/https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/wwe\\-has\\-granted\\-luke\\-harper\\-his\\-release\\|archive\\-date\\=March 4, 2021\\|url\\-status\\=live}} and untimely [death](/wiki/Brodie_Lee_Celebration_of_Life \"Brodie Lee Celebration of Life\") the following year.{{cite web\\|title\\=Brodie Lee Passes Away At The Age Of 41\\|url\\=https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/brodie\\-lee\\-passes\\-away\\-age\\-41\\|last\\=Lambert\\|first\\=Jeremy\\|work\\=Fightful\\|date\\=December 26, 2020\\|access\\-date\\=December 26, 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201227015108/https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/brodie\\-lee\\-passes\\-away\\-age\\-41\\|archive\\-date\\=December 27, 2020\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"### Preliminary matches",
"The actual pay\\-per\\-view opened with Brock Lesnar (accompanied by Paul Heyman) defending the WWE Championship against Cain Velasquez (accompanied by Rey Mysterio). After the two traded strikes, Velasquez went for the ground and pound, but Lesnar forced Velasquez to submit to the Kimura Lock to retain the title. After the match, Lesnar kept the hold applied until Mysterio struck Lesnar with a chair. Lesnar threw Mysterio out of the ring and struck Velasquez with the chair. Lesnar performed an [F\\-5](/wiki/F-5_%28professional_wrestling%29 \"F-5 (professional wrestling)\") on Velasquez onto the chair. Mysterio struck Lesnar with a chair, forcing Lesnar to retreat.",
"Next was the tag team turmoil match for the Best in the World WWE Tag Team World Cup. The teams of Dolph Ziggler and [Robert Roode](/wiki/Robert_Roode \"Robert Roode\") and Lucha House Party (Lince Dorado and Gran Metalik, accompanied by Kalisto) started the match. Roode performed a Glorious DDT on Dorado to eliminate Lucha House Party. The next team to enter was [Curt Hawkins](/wiki/Curt_Hawkins \"Curt Hawkins\") and [Zack Ryder](/wiki/Zack_Ryder \"Zack Ryder\"), who were eliminated quickly by Ziggler and Roode following a Spinebuster/Zig\\-Zag combination on Ryder. Next was Heavy Machinery (Otis and Tucker). Otis and Tucker performed a Compactor on Ziggler to eliminate him and Roode. The New Day (Big E and Kofi Kingston) then entered and eliminated Heavy Machinery after the Midnight Hour on Tucker. The sixth team was Curtis Axel and Bo Dallas, who were eliminated after Big E performed a Big Ending on Axel. The seventh team to enter were SmackDown Tag Team Champions The Revival (Scott Dawson and Dash Wilder), who attacked The New Day after being eliminated by them. The penultimate team to enter was The O.C. ([Luke Gallows](/wiki/Luke_Gallows \"Luke Gallows\") and [Karl Anderson](/wiki/Karl_Anderson \"Karl Anderson\")), who eliminated The New Day after performing the Magic Killer on Kingston. The final team to enter were Raw Tag Team Champions The Viking Raiders (Erik and Ivar). Gallows and Anderson performed Magic Killer on Erik to win the match and the Tag Team World Cup trophy.",
"After that, Mansoor faced Cesaro. After a back and forth match, Mansoor performed a Moonsault on Cesaro to win. Following the match, Mansoor delivered an emotional heartfelt speech to his home country.",
"In the fourth match, Braun Strowman faced Tyson Fury. In the closing moments, as Strowman returned to the ring, Fury attacked Strowman, who was on the turnbuckle, with a knockout punch. Strowman was counted out, meaning Fury won the match. Afterwards, an irate Strowman performed a Running Powerslam on Fury.",
"In a backstage segment, [Samir Singh](/wiki/Samir_Singh \"Samir Singh\") pinned R\\-Truth to win the 24/7 Championship after Truth ran into a door.",
"Next, AJ Styles (accompanied by his O.C. stablemates Karl Anderson and Luke Gallows) defended the United States Championship against battle royal winner Humberto Carrillo. In the end, Carrillo attempted a Moonsault, but Styles moved out of the way and performed a Phenomenal Forearm on Carrillo to retain the title.",
"After that, Natalya faced Lacey Evans in the first\\-ever women's match in Saudi Arabia. Natalya forced Evans to submit to the Sharpshooter to win the match. Following the match, Natalya and Evans shared an emotional embrace in the ring, and then embraced several audience members before departing backstage. [Byron Saxton](/wiki/Byron_Saxton \"Byron Saxton\") then joined commentators [Michael Cole](/wiki/Michael_Cole_%28wrestling%29 \"Michael Cole (wrestling)\") and [Corey Graves](/wiki/Corey_Graves \"Corey Graves\") for the remainder of the event.",
"The penultimate match was the 5\\-on\\-5 tag team match between Team Hogan (Roman Reigns, Rusev, Ricochet, Ali, and Shorty G; accompanied by Hulk Hogan and Jimmy Hart) and Team Flair (Randy Orton, Bobby Lashley, King Corbin, Intercontinental Champion Shinsuke Nakamura, and Drew McIntyre; accompanied by Ric Flair). In the climax, Orton performed an RKO on Reigns for a nearfall. Orton attempted a Punt Kick on Reigns, but Shorty G grabbed Orton's leg, after which, Ali and Ricochet took everyone else out. Reigns then performed a Spear on Orton to win the match for Team Hogan.",
"### Main event",
"In the main event, Seth Rollins defended the Universal Championship against \"The Fiend\" Bray Wyatt in a Falls Count Anywhere match that could not be stopped for any reason. Before the match, Michael Cole explained that if The Fiend won, the title would be taken with him to the SmackDown brand. During the match, as The Fiend attempted a Running Senton through an announce table, Rollins avoided The Fiend, causing The Fiend to break an announce table. The Fiend pushed Rollins, who fell through tables that were stacked on the floor. On a platform, The Fiend performed Sister Abigail on Rollins for a two count. On the entrance ramp, Rollins executed several Curb Stomps on The Fiend. Rollins performed a superkick on The Fiend, who fell onto electrical equipment; this caused the equipment to briefly catch fire. A spark incapacitated Rollins and The Fiend then appeared behind Rollins. The Fiend applied the Mandible Claw on Rollins before performing Sister Abigail on Rollins to win the title. Following the match, The Fiend posed with the title on the entrance ramp.",
""
] |
### Preliminary matches
The actual pay\-per\-view opened with Brock Lesnar (accompanied by Paul Heyman) defending the WWE Championship against Cain Velasquez (accompanied by Rey Mysterio). After the two traded strikes, Velasquez went for the ground and pound, but Lesnar forced Velasquez to submit to the Kimura Lock to retain the title. After the match, Lesnar kept the hold applied until Mysterio struck Lesnar with a chair. Lesnar threw Mysterio out of the ring and struck Velasquez with the chair. Lesnar performed an [F\-5](/wiki/F-5_%28professional_wrestling%29 "F-5 (professional wrestling)") on Velasquez onto the chair. Mysterio struck Lesnar with a chair, forcing Lesnar to retreat.
Next was the tag team turmoil match for the Best in the World WWE Tag Team World Cup. The teams of Dolph Ziggler and [Robert Roode](/wiki/Robert_Roode "Robert Roode") and Lucha House Party (Lince Dorado and Gran Metalik, accompanied by Kalisto) started the match. Roode performed a Glorious DDT on Dorado to eliminate Lucha House Party. The next team to enter was [Curt Hawkins](/wiki/Curt_Hawkins "Curt Hawkins") and [Zack Ryder](/wiki/Zack_Ryder "Zack Ryder"), who were eliminated quickly by Ziggler and Roode following a Spinebuster/Zig\-Zag combination on Ryder. Next was Heavy Machinery (Otis and Tucker). Otis and Tucker performed a Compactor on Ziggler to eliminate him and Roode. The New Day (Big E and Kofi Kingston) then entered and eliminated Heavy Machinery after the Midnight Hour on Tucker. The sixth team was Curtis Axel and Bo Dallas, who were eliminated after Big E performed a Big Ending on Axel. The seventh team to enter were SmackDown Tag Team Champions The Revival (Scott Dawson and Dash Wilder), who attacked The New Day after being eliminated by them. The penultimate team to enter was The O.C. ([Luke Gallows](/wiki/Luke_Gallows "Luke Gallows") and [Karl Anderson](/wiki/Karl_Anderson "Karl Anderson")), who eliminated The New Day after performing the Magic Killer on Kingston. The final team to enter were Raw Tag Team Champions The Viking Raiders (Erik and Ivar). Gallows and Anderson performed Magic Killer on Erik to win the match and the Tag Team World Cup trophy.
After that, Mansoor faced Cesaro. After a back and forth match, Mansoor performed a Moonsault on Cesaro to win. Following the match, Mansoor delivered an emotional heartfelt speech to his home country.
In the fourth match, Braun Strowman faced Tyson Fury. In the closing moments, as Strowman returned to the ring, Fury attacked Strowman, who was on the turnbuckle, with a knockout punch. Strowman was counted out, meaning Fury won the match. Afterwards, an irate Strowman performed a Running Powerslam on Fury.
In a backstage segment, [Samir Singh](/wiki/Samir_Singh "Samir Singh") pinned R\-Truth to win the 24/7 Championship after Truth ran into a door.
Next, AJ Styles (accompanied by his O.C. stablemates Karl Anderson and Luke Gallows) defended the United States Championship against battle royal winner Humberto Carrillo. In the end, Carrillo attempted a Moonsault, but Styles moved out of the way and performed a Phenomenal Forearm on Carrillo to retain the title.
After that, Natalya faced Lacey Evans in the first\-ever women's match in Saudi Arabia. Natalya forced Evans to submit to the Sharpshooter to win the match. Following the match, Natalya and Evans shared an emotional embrace in the ring, and then embraced several audience members before departing backstage. [Byron Saxton](/wiki/Byron_Saxton "Byron Saxton") then joined commentators [Michael Cole](/wiki/Michael_Cole_%28wrestling%29 "Michael Cole (wrestling)") and [Corey Graves](/wiki/Corey_Graves "Corey Graves") for the remainder of the event.
The penultimate match was the 5\-on\-5 tag team match between Team Hogan (Roman Reigns, Rusev, Ricochet, Ali, and Shorty G; accompanied by Hulk Hogan and Jimmy Hart) and Team Flair (Randy Orton, Bobby Lashley, King Corbin, Intercontinental Champion Shinsuke Nakamura, and Drew McIntyre; accompanied by Ric Flair). In the climax, Orton performed an RKO on Reigns for a nearfall. Orton attempted a Punt Kick on Reigns, but Shorty G grabbed Orton's leg, after which, Ali and Ricochet took everyone else out. Reigns then performed a Spear on Orton to win the match for Team Hogan.
|
[
"### Preliminary matches",
"The actual pay\\-per\\-view opened with Brock Lesnar (accompanied by Paul Heyman) defending the WWE Championship against Cain Velasquez (accompanied by Rey Mysterio). After the two traded strikes, Velasquez went for the ground and pound, but Lesnar forced Velasquez to submit to the Kimura Lock to retain the title. After the match, Lesnar kept the hold applied until Mysterio struck Lesnar with a chair. Lesnar threw Mysterio out of the ring and struck Velasquez with the chair. Lesnar performed an [F\\-5](/wiki/F-5_%28professional_wrestling%29 \"F-5 (professional wrestling)\") on Velasquez onto the chair. Mysterio struck Lesnar with a chair, forcing Lesnar to retreat.",
"Next was the tag team turmoil match for the Best in the World WWE Tag Team World Cup. The teams of Dolph Ziggler and [Robert Roode](/wiki/Robert_Roode \"Robert Roode\") and Lucha House Party (Lince Dorado and Gran Metalik, accompanied by Kalisto) started the match. Roode performed a Glorious DDT on Dorado to eliminate Lucha House Party. The next team to enter was [Curt Hawkins](/wiki/Curt_Hawkins \"Curt Hawkins\") and [Zack Ryder](/wiki/Zack_Ryder \"Zack Ryder\"), who were eliminated quickly by Ziggler and Roode following a Spinebuster/Zig\\-Zag combination on Ryder. Next was Heavy Machinery (Otis and Tucker). Otis and Tucker performed a Compactor on Ziggler to eliminate him and Roode. The New Day (Big E and Kofi Kingston) then entered and eliminated Heavy Machinery after the Midnight Hour on Tucker. The sixth team was Curtis Axel and Bo Dallas, who were eliminated after Big E performed a Big Ending on Axel. The seventh team to enter were SmackDown Tag Team Champions The Revival (Scott Dawson and Dash Wilder), who attacked The New Day after being eliminated by them. The penultimate team to enter was The O.C. ([Luke Gallows](/wiki/Luke_Gallows \"Luke Gallows\") and [Karl Anderson](/wiki/Karl_Anderson \"Karl Anderson\")), who eliminated The New Day after performing the Magic Killer on Kingston. The final team to enter were Raw Tag Team Champions The Viking Raiders (Erik and Ivar). Gallows and Anderson performed Magic Killer on Erik to win the match and the Tag Team World Cup trophy.",
"After that, Mansoor faced Cesaro. After a back and forth match, Mansoor performed a Moonsault on Cesaro to win. Following the match, Mansoor delivered an emotional heartfelt speech to his home country.",
"In the fourth match, Braun Strowman faced Tyson Fury. In the closing moments, as Strowman returned to the ring, Fury attacked Strowman, who was on the turnbuckle, with a knockout punch. Strowman was counted out, meaning Fury won the match. Afterwards, an irate Strowman performed a Running Powerslam on Fury.",
"In a backstage segment, [Samir Singh](/wiki/Samir_Singh \"Samir Singh\") pinned R\\-Truth to win the 24/7 Championship after Truth ran into a door.",
"Next, AJ Styles (accompanied by his O.C. stablemates Karl Anderson and Luke Gallows) defended the United States Championship against battle royal winner Humberto Carrillo. In the end, Carrillo attempted a Moonsault, but Styles moved out of the way and performed a Phenomenal Forearm on Carrillo to retain the title.",
"After that, Natalya faced Lacey Evans in the first\\-ever women's match in Saudi Arabia. Natalya forced Evans to submit to the Sharpshooter to win the match. Following the match, Natalya and Evans shared an emotional embrace in the ring, and then embraced several audience members before departing backstage. [Byron Saxton](/wiki/Byron_Saxton \"Byron Saxton\") then joined commentators [Michael Cole](/wiki/Michael_Cole_%28wrestling%29 \"Michael Cole (wrestling)\") and [Corey Graves](/wiki/Corey_Graves \"Corey Graves\") for the remainder of the event.",
"The penultimate match was the 5\\-on\\-5 tag team match between Team Hogan (Roman Reigns, Rusev, Ricochet, Ali, and Shorty G; accompanied by Hulk Hogan and Jimmy Hart) and Team Flair (Randy Orton, Bobby Lashley, King Corbin, Intercontinental Champion Shinsuke Nakamura, and Drew McIntyre; accompanied by Ric Flair). In the climax, Orton performed an RKO on Reigns for a nearfall. Orton attempted a Punt Kick on Reigns, but Shorty G grabbed Orton's leg, after which, Ali and Ricochet took everyone else out. Reigns then performed a Spear on Orton to win the match for Team Hogan.",
""
] |
History
-------
### 2001–2009: Power grid before the privatization of operations and maintenance
#### 2001–2003: National Power Corporation (NAPOCOR/NPC) as power grid owner and operator, turnover of power grid operations, maintenance, and ownership from NAPOCOR/NPC to TransCo
On June 8, 2001, [President](/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines "President of the Philippines") [Gloria Macapagal Arroyo](/wiki/Gloria_Macapagal_Arroyo "Gloria Macapagal Arroyo") signed RA 9136 (Electric Power Industry Reform Act), which introduced market competition in the energy sector and mandated the creation of TransCo 18 days after the law was approved on June 26, 2001\. TransCo was created to take over the operations, maintenance, management, expansion, construction, and [eminent domain](/wiki/Eminent_domain "Eminent domain") of the country's power grid and its related assets and facilities from another government\-owned corporation [National Power Corporation](/wiki/National_Power_Corporation "National Power Corporation") (NAPOCOR/NPC). TransCo was a unit of NAPOCOR before the transfer of the grid to the former.{{cite web\|url\=https://tribune.net.ph/index.php/2021/06/16/ngcp\-wields\-absolute\-power\-in\-transco\-deal/\|title\=NGCP wields absolute power in TransCo deal\|publisher\=\[\[Daily Tribune (Philippines)\|Daily Tribune]]\|access\-date\=August 6, 2021\|archive\-date\=August 6, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806035425/https://tribune.net.ph/index.php/2021/06/16/ngcp\-wields\-absolute\-power\-in\-transco\-deal/\|url\-status\=dead}}
Two months after TransCo's creation, Asisclo T. Gonzaga became the agency's first president on August 30, 2001\.
TransCo's System Operations (SO) Group obtained an ISO 9001:2000 Certification where it is the first SO group in the Southeast Asia to obtain the said certification in 2001\.
In October 2002, as mandated on Section 21 of EPIRA which will privatize the soon\-to\-be successor of NAPOCOR in power grid operations, maintenance, and ownership TransCo by March 1, 2003, Gloria Macapagal Arroyo proved a plan to privatize the latter through a 25\-year Operation and Management Concession Agreement.
Asisclo T. Gonzaga stepped down as president on January 1, 2003, and he was replaced by [Dr. Alan T. Ortiz](/wiki/Alan_Ortiz "Alan Ortiz") five days later on January 6, 2003, two months before the turnover of operations, maintenance, management, expansion, construction, and eminent domain of the country's power grid from NAPOCOR to TransCo in March 2003\.
TransCo started to operate, maintain, and own the Philippine power grid which turned over from NAPOCOR on March 1, 2003 as mandated on RA 9136 or EPIRA that organized the industry into four sectors: generation, transmission, distribution and supply, with Dr. Alan T. Ortiz (which appointed two months earlier) also became the first TransCo president to serve after the turnover of operations, management, and ownership of the grid from NAPOCOR to TransCo. Its transmission lines links various power plants, distribution utilities (such as [Manila Electric Company](/wiki/Meralco "Meralco")), and electric cooperatives.
#### 2003–2009: TransCo as power grid operator
TransCo served as power grid operator from March 1, 2003, until the turnover of operations, maintenance, management, expansion, construction, and eminent domain of the grid to privately\-owned [National Grid Corporation of the Philippines](/wiki/National_Grid_Corporation_of_the_Philippines "National Grid Corporation of the Philippines") (NGCP) on January 15, 2009\.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2023/05/17/2266966/govt\-take\-back\-control\-ngcp\-if\-necessary\-malacaang\|title\=Gov’t to take back control of NGCP ‘if necessary’ — Malacañang\|author\=Xave Gregorio\|date\=May 17, 2023\|access\-date\=July 25, 2023\|archive\-date\=July 25, 2023\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230725032231/https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2023/05/17/2266966/govt\-take\-back\-control\-ngcp\-if\-necessary\-malacaang\|url\-status\=live}}
In September 2004, Power Sector Assets and Liabilities Management (PSALM) received but rejected proposals from four groups with different offers for the TransCo contract that eventually led to a decision to conduct a public bidding.
In June 2005, TransCo garnered the fifth highest score in the Corporate Governance Scorecard for GOCCs \& GFIs in the field of Corporate Governance from the Institute of Corporate Directors (ICD).
On September 22, 2005, PSALM filed at the Energy Regulatory Commission (ERC) a petition for a regulatory reset of the maximum annual revenue for TransCo and other concessionaires. From 2003 to 2006, three auctions failed mostly as a result of issues regarding regulatory framework and right\-of\-way.
In January 2006, TransCo wrote history by bagging the Philippine Quality Award Recognition for Commitment to Quality Management.
In August 2006, TransCo's implementation of Spatial Data Infrastructure Project received a Special Achievement in Geographic Information System (GIS) Award, conferred by the Environmental Systems Research Institute, Inc. (ESRI) in California, United States.
On December 12, 2007, 2 consortia bid for a 25\-year license to run the Philippine power grid – privatization of the management of TransCo: the [consortium](/wiki/Consortium "Consortium") of Monte Oro Grid Resources Corp., comprising the [State Grid Corporation of China](/wiki/State_Grid_Corporation_of_China "State Grid Corporation of China"), and Calaca High Power Corp., won in an [auction](/wiki/Auction "Auction") conducted by the Power Sector Assets and Liabilities Management (PSALM) Corp. as it submitted the highest offer of $3\.95 billion, for the right to operate TransCo for 25 years, outbidding San Miguel Energy, a unit of [San Miguel Corporation](/wiki/San_Miguel_Corporation "San Miguel Corporation") (bid of $3\.59 billion), Dutch firm TPG Aurora BV and Malaysia's TNB Prai Sdn Bhd. Jose Ibazeta, PSALM president and CEO remarked: “We are very happy about the successful turnout of the bidding for TransCo. PSALM handled the privatization of the government’s transmission business with utmost transparency and judiciousness."{{Cite news \|work\=The Manila Times\|url\=http://www.manilatimes.net/national/2007/dec/13/yehey/top\_stories/20071213top1\.html \|title\=Manila Times, RP\-China group wins $3\.95\-B TransCo bid \|access\-date\=December 13, 2007 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213224736/http://www.manilatimes.net/national/2007/dec/13/yehey/top\_stories/20071213top1\.html \|archive\-date\=December 13, 2007 \|url\-status\=dead }} [Reuters, Two groups vie for multi\-billion dlr Manila power deal](https://archive.today/20120722033304/http://uk.reuters.com/article/oilRpt/idUKMNT00056220071212){{Cite news \|work\=ABS\-CBN News\|url\=http://www.abs\-cbnnews.com/storypage.aspx?StoryId\=102205 \|title\=Abs\-Cbn Interactive, Monte Oro consortium wins TransCo bidding \|access\-date\=December 12, 2007 \|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20070709212017/http://www.abs\-cbnnews.com/storypage.aspx?StoryId\=102205 \|archive\-date\=July 9, 2007 \|url\-status\=dead }} This initiated the privatization process for the transmission sector.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.rappler.com/business/explainer\-ngcp\-how\-china\-got\-philippines\-power\-grid/?fbclid\=IwAR3t5apIf0zbauFuLj57ld7sG3yLLPIAGaf9ENHCdyQu27JzZiURkHBFElo\|title\=EXPLAINER: How China got into the Philippines' power grid\|author\=Ralf Rivas\|publisher\=\[\[Rappler]]\|date\=May 29, 2023\|access\-date\=May 31, 2023\|archive\-date\=May 31, 2023\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531042051/https://www.rappler.com/business/explainer\-ngcp\-how\-china\-got\-philippines\-power\-grid/?fbclid\=IwAR3t5apIf0zbauFuLj57ld7sG3yLLPIAGaf9ENHCdyQu27JzZiURkHBFElo\|url\-status\=live}}
On February 28, 2008, TransCo's concession agreement with NGCP was executed and became effective.
TransCo bagged the Mother Nature Award where it is given annually to companies that demonstrate effective compliance with environmental regulations and those that design and successfully implement sound Environmental Management System (EMS) and Environmental Management Programs (EMP) beyond mere compliance with existing laws in 2008\.
Congress approved bicameral resolution granting franchise to NGCP to manage and operate its transmission facilities nationwide in November 2008\.
President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo signed RA 9511 into law granting franchise to NGCP in December of that same year.
On January 15, 2009, TransCo privatized the operations, maintenance, management, expansion, construction, and eminent domain of the transmission system by turning them over to NGCP which marked the start of the 25\-year concession period and renewable for another 25 years with a total of 50 years. Ownership of the country's power grid, however, remains with the [Philippine government](/wiki/Government_of_the_Philippines "Government of the Philippines") through TransCo.{{Cite web \|url\=http://transco.ph/about\#22688 \|title\=TransCo Corporate Profile \|access\-date\=December 6, 2016 \|archive\-date\=September 24, 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924000732/https://www.transco.ph/about\#22688 \|url\-status\=dead }}{{Cite web \|url\=http://ngcp.ph/history.asp \|title\=CORPORATE PROFILE: History \|access\-date\=December 6, 2016 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202233332/http://www.ngcp.ph/history.asp \|archive\-date\=December 2, 2016 \|url\-status\=dead }}[NGCP \- National Grid Corporation of the Philippines Corporate Profile, previous version](https://web.archive.org/web/20160218054206/http://ngcp.ph/corporate.asp)
### 2009–present: TransCo after the turnover of operations and maintenance to NGCP, privatized power grid operations and maintenance
TransCo assumed its new role as a result of the privatization of operations, maintenance, management, expansion, construction, and eminent domain upon their turnover to NGCP on January 15, 2009, which was to protect the national government's interest by ensuring NGCP's compliance with the terms and conditions of its concession agreement with NGCP, policies of the [Department of Energy](/wiki/Department_of_Energy_%28Philippines%29 "Department of Energy (Philippines)") (DOE) and other relevant laws, handle existing cases, divest the remaining sub\-transmission assets, and administer the Feed\-in\-Tariff Allowance Fund for renewable energy generators. Arthur N. Aguilar continued to serve as TransCo president even after the turnover to NGCP on January 15, 2009, until he was replaced by [Moslemen T. Macarambon, Sr.](/wiki/Moslemen_T._Macarambon_Sr. "Moslemen T. Macarambon Sr.") six months later on July 16, 2009, as a result of taking a new oath of office of the new table of TransCo organization.
The [Department of Budget and Management](/wiki/Department_of_Budget_and_Management "Department of Budget and Management") approved the new structure of TransCo on April 20, 2009 consequent to the privatization of its transmission business three months earlier on January 15, 2009\.
The new table of organization employees took a new oath of office on July 16, 2009, which results in the formation of a new TransCo.
In November 2012, ERC named TransCo as fit\-allowance fund administrator and was given an added role in renewable energy sector.
On March 24, 2017, TransCo receives its ISO certification for Quality Management System from [TÜV](/wiki/Technischer_%C3%9Cberwachungsverein "Technischer Überwachungsverein") Rheinland.[TransCo's Milestones section.](http://www.transco.ph/about#226886)
On June 8, 2018, the [Department of Information and Communications Technology](/wiki/Department_of_Information_and_Communications_Technology "Department of Information and Communications Technology") (DICT), NGCP, and TransCo signed an agreement on Friday for a national broadband plan that will help accelerate internet connectivity nationwide. Under the agreement, the DICT will utilize TransCo's reserved optical fiber to distribute connectivity from [Luzon](/wiki/Luzon "Luzon") to [Mindanao](/wiki/Mindanao "Mindanao") using the submarine cables that will be laid down by [Facebook](/wiki/Meta_Platforms "Meta Platforms") from the [United States](/wiki/United_States "United States") to [Asia](/wiki/Asia "Asia"). The agreement plans to expand the internet connectivity in public places for free by building an additional 200,000 access points nationwide by 2022, DICT Officer\-In\-Charge Eliseo Rio said.{{Cite news \|work\=ABS\-CBN News \|url\=https://news.abs\-cbn.com/business/06/08/18/dict\-ngcp\-transco\-sign\-deal\-on\-internet\-connectivity \|title\=DICT, NGCP, TransCo sign deal on internet connectivity \|access\-date\=March 2, 2022 \|archive\-date\=March 1, 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301220411/https://news.abs\-cbn.com/business/06/08/18/dict\-ngcp\-transco\-sign\-deal\-on\-internet\-connectivity \|url\-status\=live }}
In 2022, the [Presidential Communications Operations Office](/wiki/Presidential_Communications_Operations_Office "Presidential Communications Operations Office") (PCOO) presented the Certificate of Compliance to TransCo for meeting the necessary requirements pursuant to Section 5\.7\.b of Memorandum Circular No. 2020–1 on the Harmonization of National Government Performance, Monitoring, Information, and Reporting Systems.
In January 2022, TransCo has succeeded in testing and applying emerging ICT technologies that will make use of existing power line infrastructures to help the [Department of Education](/wiki/Department_of_Education_%28Philippines%29 "Department of Education (Philippines)") (DepEd) to implement the Public Education Network program of DepEd that will provide connectivity and high\-speed internet to public schools nationwide amid the pandemic. TransCo president Melvin Matibag said the Public Education Network\-Communications Infrastructure for Learning (PEN\-CIL) project would address the challenges of DepEd in ensuring the continuity of learning amid the pandemic and the expected transition to the New Normal by providing Internet connectivity in all public schools.{{Cite news\|work\=\[\[Department of Finance (Philippines)\|Department of Finance]]\|url\=https://www.dof.gov.ph/transco\-teams\-up\-with\-deped\-on\-high\-speed\-internet\-for\-public\-schools/\|title\=TRANSCO teams up with DepEd on high\-speed internet for public schools\|access\-date\=March 2, 2022\|archive\-date\=March 1, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301201530/https://www.dof.gov.ph/transco\-teams\-up\-with\-deped\-on\-high\-speed\-internet\-for\-public\-schools/\|url\-status\=live}}
In May 2022, TransCo and Palawan Electric Cooperative (PALECO) signed a memorandum of agreement (MOA) mandating the corporation to perform all functions of Small Grid System Operator to address the lingering power issues in Palawan. Said MOA signing is in accordance with the Department of Energy (DOE) Department Circular No. 2021\-11\-0039 “Mandating the National Transmission Corporation as Small Grid System Operator in Specific Areas."
|
[
"History\n-------",
"### 2001–2009: Power grid before the privatization of operations and maintenance",
"#### 2001–2003: National Power Corporation (NAPOCOR/NPC) as power grid owner and operator, turnover of power grid operations, maintenance, and ownership from NAPOCOR/NPC to TransCo",
"On June 8, 2001, [President](/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines \"President of the Philippines\") [Gloria Macapagal Arroyo](/wiki/Gloria_Macapagal_Arroyo \"Gloria Macapagal Arroyo\") signed RA 9136 (Electric Power Industry Reform Act), which introduced market competition in the energy sector and mandated the creation of TransCo 18 days after the law was approved on June 26, 2001\\. TransCo was created to take over the operations, maintenance, management, expansion, construction, and [eminent domain](/wiki/Eminent_domain \"Eminent domain\") of the country's power grid and its related assets and facilities from another government\\-owned corporation [National Power Corporation](/wiki/National_Power_Corporation \"National Power Corporation\") (NAPOCOR/NPC). TransCo was a unit of NAPOCOR before the transfer of the grid to the former.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://tribune.net.ph/index.php/2021/06/16/ngcp\\-wields\\-absolute\\-power\\-in\\-transco\\-deal/\\|title\\=NGCP wields absolute power in TransCo deal\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Daily Tribune (Philippines)\\|Daily Tribune]]\\|access\\-date\\=August 6, 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=August 6, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806035425/https://tribune.net.ph/index.php/2021/06/16/ngcp\\-wields\\-absolute\\-power\\-in\\-transco\\-deal/\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"Two months after TransCo's creation, Asisclo T. Gonzaga became the agency's first president on August 30, 2001\\.",
"TransCo's System Operations (SO) Group obtained an ISO 9001:2000 Certification where it is the first SO group in the Southeast Asia to obtain the said certification in 2001\\.",
"In October 2002, as mandated on Section 21 of EPIRA which will privatize the soon\\-to\\-be successor of NAPOCOR in power grid operations, maintenance, and ownership TransCo by March 1, 2003, Gloria Macapagal Arroyo proved a plan to privatize the latter through a 25\\-year Operation and Management Concession Agreement.",
"Asisclo T. Gonzaga stepped down as president on January 1, 2003, and he was replaced by [Dr. Alan T. Ortiz](/wiki/Alan_Ortiz \"Alan Ortiz\") five days later on January 6, 2003, two months before the turnover of operations, maintenance, management, expansion, construction, and eminent domain of the country's power grid from NAPOCOR to TransCo in March 2003\\.",
"TransCo started to operate, maintain, and own the Philippine power grid which turned over from NAPOCOR on March 1, 2003 as mandated on RA 9136 or EPIRA that organized the industry into four sectors: generation, transmission, distribution and supply, with Dr. Alan T. Ortiz (which appointed two months earlier) also became the first TransCo president to serve after the turnover of operations, management, and ownership of the grid from NAPOCOR to TransCo. Its transmission lines links various power plants, distribution utilities (such as [Manila Electric Company](/wiki/Meralco \"Meralco\")), and electric cooperatives.",
"#### 2003–2009: TransCo as power grid operator",
"TransCo served as power grid operator from March 1, 2003, until the turnover of operations, maintenance, management, expansion, construction, and eminent domain of the grid to privately\\-owned [National Grid Corporation of the Philippines](/wiki/National_Grid_Corporation_of_the_Philippines \"National Grid Corporation of the Philippines\") (NGCP) on January 15, 2009\\.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2023/05/17/2266966/govt\\-take\\-back\\-control\\-ngcp\\-if\\-necessary\\-malacaang\\|title\\=Gov’t to take back control of NGCP ‘if necessary’ — Malacañang\\|author\\=Xave Gregorio\\|date\\=May 17, 2023\\|access\\-date\\=July 25, 2023\\|archive\\-date\\=July 25, 2023\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230725032231/https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2023/05/17/2266966/govt\\-take\\-back\\-control\\-ngcp\\-if\\-necessary\\-malacaang\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"In September 2004, Power Sector Assets and Liabilities Management (PSALM) received but rejected proposals from four groups with different offers for the TransCo contract that eventually led to a decision to conduct a public bidding.",
"In June 2005, TransCo garnered the fifth highest score in the Corporate Governance Scorecard for GOCCs \\& GFIs in the field of Corporate Governance from the Institute of Corporate Directors (ICD).",
"On September 22, 2005, PSALM filed at the Energy Regulatory Commission (ERC) a petition for a regulatory reset of the maximum annual revenue for TransCo and other concessionaires. From 2003 to 2006, three auctions failed mostly as a result of issues regarding regulatory framework and right\\-of\\-way.",
"In January 2006, TransCo wrote history by bagging the Philippine Quality Award Recognition for Commitment to Quality Management.",
"In August 2006, TransCo's implementation of Spatial Data Infrastructure Project received a Special Achievement in Geographic Information System (GIS) Award, conferred by the Environmental Systems Research Institute, Inc. (ESRI) in California, United States.",
"On December 12, 2007, 2 consortia bid for a 25\\-year license to run the Philippine power grid – privatization of the management of TransCo: the [consortium](/wiki/Consortium \"Consortium\") of Monte Oro Grid Resources Corp., comprising the [State Grid Corporation of China](/wiki/State_Grid_Corporation_of_China \"State Grid Corporation of China\"), and Calaca High Power Corp., won in an [auction](/wiki/Auction \"Auction\") conducted by the Power Sector Assets and Liabilities Management (PSALM) Corp. as it submitted the highest offer of $3\\.95 billion, for the right to operate TransCo for 25 years, outbidding San Miguel Energy, a unit of [San Miguel Corporation](/wiki/San_Miguel_Corporation \"San Miguel Corporation\") (bid of $3\\.59 billion), Dutch firm TPG Aurora BV and Malaysia's TNB Prai Sdn Bhd. Jose Ibazeta, PSALM president and CEO remarked: “We are very happy about the successful turnout of the bidding for TransCo. PSALM handled the privatization of the government’s transmission business with utmost transparency and judiciousness.\"{{Cite news \\|work\\=The Manila Times\\|url\\=http://www.manilatimes.net/national/2007/dec/13/yehey/top\\_stories/20071213top1\\.html \\|title\\=Manila Times, RP\\-China group wins $3\\.95\\-B TransCo bid \\|access\\-date\\=December 13, 2007 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213224736/http://www.manilatimes.net/national/2007/dec/13/yehey/top\\_stories/20071213top1\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=December 13, 2007 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} [Reuters, Two groups vie for multi\\-billion dlr Manila power deal](https://archive.today/20120722033304/http://uk.reuters.com/article/oilRpt/idUKMNT00056220071212){{Cite news \\|work\\=ABS\\-CBN News\\|url\\=http://www.abs\\-cbnnews.com/storypage.aspx?StoryId\\=102205 \\|title\\=Abs\\-Cbn Interactive, Monte Oro consortium wins TransCo bidding \\|access\\-date\\=December 12, 2007 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20070709212017/http://www.abs\\-cbnnews.com/storypage.aspx?StoryId\\=102205 \\|archive\\-date\\=July 9, 2007 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} This initiated the privatization process for the transmission sector.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.rappler.com/business/explainer\\-ngcp\\-how\\-china\\-got\\-philippines\\-power\\-grid/?fbclid\\=IwAR3t5apIf0zbauFuLj57ld7sG3yLLPIAGaf9ENHCdyQu27JzZiURkHBFElo\\|title\\=EXPLAINER: How China got into the Philippines' power grid\\|author\\=Ralf Rivas\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Rappler]]\\|date\\=May 29, 2023\\|access\\-date\\=May 31, 2023\\|archive\\-date\\=May 31, 2023\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531042051/https://www.rappler.com/business/explainer\\-ngcp\\-how\\-china\\-got\\-philippines\\-power\\-grid/?fbclid\\=IwAR3t5apIf0zbauFuLj57ld7sG3yLLPIAGaf9ENHCdyQu27JzZiURkHBFElo\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"On February 28, 2008, TransCo's concession agreement with NGCP was executed and became effective.",
"TransCo bagged the Mother Nature Award where it is given annually to companies that demonstrate effective compliance with environmental regulations and those that design and successfully implement sound Environmental Management System (EMS) and Environmental Management Programs (EMP) beyond mere compliance with existing laws in 2008\\.",
"Congress approved bicameral resolution granting franchise to NGCP to manage and operate its transmission facilities nationwide in November 2008\\.",
"President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo signed RA 9511 into law granting franchise to NGCP in December of that same year.",
"On January 15, 2009, TransCo privatized the operations, maintenance, management, expansion, construction, and eminent domain of the transmission system by turning them over to NGCP which marked the start of the 25\\-year concession period and renewable for another 25 years with a total of 50 years. Ownership of the country's power grid, however, remains with the [Philippine government](/wiki/Government_of_the_Philippines \"Government of the Philippines\") through TransCo.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://transco.ph/about\\#22688 \\|title\\=TransCo Corporate Profile \\|access\\-date\\=December 6, 2016 \\|archive\\-date\\=September 24, 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924000732/https://www.transco.ph/about\\#22688 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://ngcp.ph/history.asp \\|title\\=CORPORATE PROFILE: History \\|access\\-date\\=December 6, 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202233332/http://www.ngcp.ph/history.asp \\|archive\\-date\\=December 2, 2016 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}[NGCP \\- National Grid Corporation of the Philippines Corporate Profile, previous version](https://web.archive.org/web/20160218054206/http://ngcp.ph/corporate.asp)",
"### 2009–present: TransCo after the turnover of operations and maintenance to NGCP, privatized power grid operations and maintenance",
"TransCo assumed its new role as a result of the privatization of operations, maintenance, management, expansion, construction, and eminent domain upon their turnover to NGCP on January 15, 2009, which was to protect the national government's interest by ensuring NGCP's compliance with the terms and conditions of its concession agreement with NGCP, policies of the [Department of Energy](/wiki/Department_of_Energy_%28Philippines%29 \"Department of Energy (Philippines)\") (DOE) and other relevant laws, handle existing cases, divest the remaining sub\\-transmission assets, and administer the Feed\\-in\\-Tariff Allowance Fund for renewable energy generators. Arthur N. Aguilar continued to serve as TransCo president even after the turnover to NGCP on January 15, 2009, until he was replaced by [Moslemen T. Macarambon, Sr.](/wiki/Moslemen_T._Macarambon_Sr. \"Moslemen T. Macarambon Sr.\") six months later on July 16, 2009, as a result of taking a new oath of office of the new table of TransCo organization.",
"The [Department of Budget and Management](/wiki/Department_of_Budget_and_Management \"Department of Budget and Management\") approved the new structure of TransCo on April 20, 2009 consequent to the privatization of its transmission business three months earlier on January 15, 2009\\.",
"The new table of organization employees took a new oath of office on July 16, 2009, which results in the formation of a new TransCo.",
"In November 2012, ERC named TransCo as fit\\-allowance fund administrator and was given an added role in renewable energy sector.",
"On March 24, 2017, TransCo receives its ISO certification for Quality Management System from [TÜV](/wiki/Technischer_%C3%9Cberwachungsverein \"Technischer Überwachungsverein\") Rheinland.[TransCo's Milestones section.](http://www.transco.ph/about#226886)",
"On June 8, 2018, the [Department of Information and Communications Technology](/wiki/Department_of_Information_and_Communications_Technology \"Department of Information and Communications Technology\") (DICT), NGCP, and TransCo signed an agreement on Friday for a national broadband plan that will help accelerate internet connectivity nationwide. Under the agreement, the DICT will utilize TransCo's reserved optical fiber to distribute connectivity from [Luzon](/wiki/Luzon \"Luzon\") to [Mindanao](/wiki/Mindanao \"Mindanao\") using the submarine cables that will be laid down by [Facebook](/wiki/Meta_Platforms \"Meta Platforms\") from the [United States](/wiki/United_States \"United States\") to [Asia](/wiki/Asia \"Asia\"). The agreement plans to expand the internet connectivity in public places for free by building an additional 200,000 access points nationwide by 2022, DICT Officer\\-In\\-Charge Eliseo Rio said.{{Cite news \\|work\\=ABS\\-CBN News \\|url\\=https://news.abs\\-cbn.com/business/06/08/18/dict\\-ngcp\\-transco\\-sign\\-deal\\-on\\-internet\\-connectivity \\|title\\=DICT, NGCP, TransCo sign deal on internet connectivity \\|access\\-date\\=March 2, 2022 \\|archive\\-date\\=March 1, 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301220411/https://news.abs\\-cbn.com/business/06/08/18/dict\\-ngcp\\-transco\\-sign\\-deal\\-on\\-internet\\-connectivity \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"In 2022, the [Presidential Communications Operations Office](/wiki/Presidential_Communications_Operations_Office \"Presidential Communications Operations Office\") (PCOO) presented the Certificate of Compliance to TransCo for meeting the necessary requirements pursuant to Section 5\\.7\\.b of Memorandum Circular No. 2020–1 on the Harmonization of National Government Performance, Monitoring, Information, and Reporting Systems.",
"In January 2022, TransCo has succeeded in testing and applying emerging ICT technologies that will make use of existing power line infrastructures to help the [Department of Education](/wiki/Department_of_Education_%28Philippines%29 \"Department of Education (Philippines)\") (DepEd) to implement the Public Education Network program of DepEd that will provide connectivity and high\\-speed internet to public schools nationwide amid the pandemic. TransCo president Melvin Matibag said the Public Education Network\\-Communications Infrastructure for Learning (PEN\\-CIL) project would address the challenges of DepEd in ensuring the continuity of learning amid the pandemic and the expected transition to the New Normal by providing Internet connectivity in all public schools.{{Cite news\\|work\\=\\[\\[Department of Finance (Philippines)\\|Department of Finance]]\\|url\\=https://www.dof.gov.ph/transco\\-teams\\-up\\-with\\-deped\\-on\\-high\\-speed\\-internet\\-for\\-public\\-schools/\\|title\\=TRANSCO teams up with DepEd on high\\-speed internet for public schools\\|access\\-date\\=March 2, 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=March 1, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301201530/https://www.dof.gov.ph/transco\\-teams\\-up\\-with\\-deped\\-on\\-high\\-speed\\-internet\\-for\\-public\\-schools/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"In May 2022, TransCo and Palawan Electric Cooperative (PALECO) signed a memorandum of agreement (MOA) mandating the corporation to perform all functions of Small Grid System Operator to address the lingering power issues in Palawan. Said MOA signing is in accordance with the Department of Energy (DOE) Department Circular No. 2021\\-11\\-0039 “Mandating the National Transmission Corporation as Small Grid System Operator in Specific Areas.\"",
""
] |
### 2001–2009: Power grid before the privatization of operations and maintenance
#### 2001–2003: National Power Corporation (NAPOCOR/NPC) as power grid owner and operator, turnover of power grid operations, maintenance, and ownership from NAPOCOR/NPC to TransCo
On June 8, 2001, [President](/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines "President of the Philippines") [Gloria Macapagal Arroyo](/wiki/Gloria_Macapagal_Arroyo "Gloria Macapagal Arroyo") signed RA 9136 (Electric Power Industry Reform Act), which introduced market competition in the energy sector and mandated the creation of TransCo 18 days after the law was approved on June 26, 2001\. TransCo was created to take over the operations, maintenance, management, expansion, construction, and [eminent domain](/wiki/Eminent_domain "Eminent domain") of the country's power grid and its related assets and facilities from another government\-owned corporation [National Power Corporation](/wiki/National_Power_Corporation "National Power Corporation") (NAPOCOR/NPC). TransCo was a unit of NAPOCOR before the transfer of the grid to the former.{{cite web\|url\=https://tribune.net.ph/index.php/2021/06/16/ngcp\-wields\-absolute\-power\-in\-transco\-deal/\|title\=NGCP wields absolute power in TransCo deal\|publisher\=\[\[Daily Tribune (Philippines)\|Daily Tribune]]\|access\-date\=August 6, 2021\|archive\-date\=August 6, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806035425/https://tribune.net.ph/index.php/2021/06/16/ngcp\-wields\-absolute\-power\-in\-transco\-deal/\|url\-status\=dead}}
Two months after TransCo's creation, Asisclo T. Gonzaga became the agency's first president on August 30, 2001\.
TransCo's System Operations (SO) Group obtained an ISO 9001:2000 Certification where it is the first SO group in the Southeast Asia to obtain the said certification in 2001\.
In October 2002, as mandated on Section 21 of EPIRA which will privatize the soon\-to\-be successor of NAPOCOR in power grid operations, maintenance, and ownership TransCo by March 1, 2003, Gloria Macapagal Arroyo proved a plan to privatize the latter through a 25\-year Operation and Management Concession Agreement.
Asisclo T. Gonzaga stepped down as president on January 1, 2003, and he was replaced by [Dr. Alan T. Ortiz](/wiki/Alan_Ortiz "Alan Ortiz") five days later on January 6, 2003, two months before the turnover of operations, maintenance, management, expansion, construction, and eminent domain of the country's power grid from NAPOCOR to TransCo in March 2003\.
TransCo started to operate, maintain, and own the Philippine power grid which turned over from NAPOCOR on March 1, 2003 as mandated on RA 9136 or EPIRA that organized the industry into four sectors: generation, transmission, distribution and supply, with Dr. Alan T. Ortiz (which appointed two months earlier) also became the first TransCo president to serve after the turnover of operations, management, and ownership of the grid from NAPOCOR to TransCo. Its transmission lines links various power plants, distribution utilities (such as [Manila Electric Company](/wiki/Meralco "Meralco")), and electric cooperatives.
#### 2003–2009: TransCo as power grid operator
TransCo served as power grid operator from March 1, 2003, until the turnover of operations, maintenance, management, expansion, construction, and eminent domain of the grid to privately\-owned [National Grid Corporation of the Philippines](/wiki/National_Grid_Corporation_of_the_Philippines "National Grid Corporation of the Philippines") (NGCP) on January 15, 2009\.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2023/05/17/2266966/govt\-take\-back\-control\-ngcp\-if\-necessary\-malacaang\|title\=Gov’t to take back control of NGCP ‘if necessary’ — Malacañang\|author\=Xave Gregorio\|date\=May 17, 2023\|access\-date\=July 25, 2023\|archive\-date\=July 25, 2023\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230725032231/https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2023/05/17/2266966/govt\-take\-back\-control\-ngcp\-if\-necessary\-malacaang\|url\-status\=live}}
In September 2004, Power Sector Assets and Liabilities Management (PSALM) received but rejected proposals from four groups with different offers for the TransCo contract that eventually led to a decision to conduct a public bidding.
In June 2005, TransCo garnered the fifth highest score in the Corporate Governance Scorecard for GOCCs \& GFIs in the field of Corporate Governance from the Institute of Corporate Directors (ICD).
On September 22, 2005, PSALM filed at the Energy Regulatory Commission (ERC) a petition for a regulatory reset of the maximum annual revenue for TransCo and other concessionaires. From 2003 to 2006, three auctions failed mostly as a result of issues regarding regulatory framework and right\-of\-way.
In January 2006, TransCo wrote history by bagging the Philippine Quality Award Recognition for Commitment to Quality Management.
In August 2006, TransCo's implementation of Spatial Data Infrastructure Project received a Special Achievement in Geographic Information System (GIS) Award, conferred by the Environmental Systems Research Institute, Inc. (ESRI) in California, United States.
On December 12, 2007, 2 consortia bid for a 25\-year license to run the Philippine power grid – privatization of the management of TransCo: the [consortium](/wiki/Consortium "Consortium") of Monte Oro Grid Resources Corp., comprising the [State Grid Corporation of China](/wiki/State_Grid_Corporation_of_China "State Grid Corporation of China"), and Calaca High Power Corp., won in an [auction](/wiki/Auction "Auction") conducted by the Power Sector Assets and Liabilities Management (PSALM) Corp. as it submitted the highest offer of $3\.95 billion, for the right to operate TransCo for 25 years, outbidding San Miguel Energy, a unit of [San Miguel Corporation](/wiki/San_Miguel_Corporation "San Miguel Corporation") (bid of $3\.59 billion), Dutch firm TPG Aurora BV and Malaysia's TNB Prai Sdn Bhd. Jose Ibazeta, PSALM president and CEO remarked: “We are very happy about the successful turnout of the bidding for TransCo. PSALM handled the privatization of the government’s transmission business with utmost transparency and judiciousness."{{Cite news \|work\=The Manila Times\|url\=http://www.manilatimes.net/national/2007/dec/13/yehey/top\_stories/20071213top1\.html \|title\=Manila Times, RP\-China group wins $3\.95\-B TransCo bid \|access\-date\=December 13, 2007 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213224736/http://www.manilatimes.net/national/2007/dec/13/yehey/top\_stories/20071213top1\.html \|archive\-date\=December 13, 2007 \|url\-status\=dead }} [Reuters, Two groups vie for multi\-billion dlr Manila power deal](https://archive.today/20120722033304/http://uk.reuters.com/article/oilRpt/idUKMNT00056220071212){{Cite news \|work\=ABS\-CBN News\|url\=http://www.abs\-cbnnews.com/storypage.aspx?StoryId\=102205 \|title\=Abs\-Cbn Interactive, Monte Oro consortium wins TransCo bidding \|access\-date\=December 12, 2007 \|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20070709212017/http://www.abs\-cbnnews.com/storypage.aspx?StoryId\=102205 \|archive\-date\=July 9, 2007 \|url\-status\=dead }} This initiated the privatization process for the transmission sector.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.rappler.com/business/explainer\-ngcp\-how\-china\-got\-philippines\-power\-grid/?fbclid\=IwAR3t5apIf0zbauFuLj57ld7sG3yLLPIAGaf9ENHCdyQu27JzZiURkHBFElo\|title\=EXPLAINER: How China got into the Philippines' power grid\|author\=Ralf Rivas\|publisher\=\[\[Rappler]]\|date\=May 29, 2023\|access\-date\=May 31, 2023\|archive\-date\=May 31, 2023\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531042051/https://www.rappler.com/business/explainer\-ngcp\-how\-china\-got\-philippines\-power\-grid/?fbclid\=IwAR3t5apIf0zbauFuLj57ld7sG3yLLPIAGaf9ENHCdyQu27JzZiURkHBFElo\|url\-status\=live}}
On February 28, 2008, TransCo's concession agreement with NGCP was executed and became effective.
TransCo bagged the Mother Nature Award where it is given annually to companies that demonstrate effective compliance with environmental regulations and those that design and successfully implement sound Environmental Management System (EMS) and Environmental Management Programs (EMP) beyond mere compliance with existing laws in 2008\.
Congress approved bicameral resolution granting franchise to NGCP to manage and operate its transmission facilities nationwide in November 2008\.
President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo signed RA 9511 into law granting franchise to NGCP in December of that same year.
On January 15, 2009, TransCo privatized the operations, maintenance, management, expansion, construction, and eminent domain of the transmission system by turning them over to NGCP which marked the start of the 25\-year concession period and renewable for another 25 years with a total of 50 years. Ownership of the country's power grid, however, remains with the [Philippine government](/wiki/Government_of_the_Philippines "Government of the Philippines") through TransCo.{{Cite web \|url\=http://transco.ph/about\#22688 \|title\=TransCo Corporate Profile \|access\-date\=December 6, 2016 \|archive\-date\=September 24, 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924000732/https://www.transco.ph/about\#22688 \|url\-status\=dead }}{{Cite web \|url\=http://ngcp.ph/history.asp \|title\=CORPORATE PROFILE: History \|access\-date\=December 6, 2016 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202233332/http://www.ngcp.ph/history.asp \|archive\-date\=December 2, 2016 \|url\-status\=dead }}[NGCP \- National Grid Corporation of the Philippines Corporate Profile, previous version](https://web.archive.org/web/20160218054206/http://ngcp.ph/corporate.asp)
|
[
"### 2001–2009: Power grid before the privatization of operations and maintenance",
"#### 2001–2003: National Power Corporation (NAPOCOR/NPC) as power grid owner and operator, turnover of power grid operations, maintenance, and ownership from NAPOCOR/NPC to TransCo",
"On June 8, 2001, [President](/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines \"President of the Philippines\") [Gloria Macapagal Arroyo](/wiki/Gloria_Macapagal_Arroyo \"Gloria Macapagal Arroyo\") signed RA 9136 (Electric Power Industry Reform Act), which introduced market competition in the energy sector and mandated the creation of TransCo 18 days after the law was approved on June 26, 2001\\. TransCo was created to take over the operations, maintenance, management, expansion, construction, and [eminent domain](/wiki/Eminent_domain \"Eminent domain\") of the country's power grid and its related assets and facilities from another government\\-owned corporation [National Power Corporation](/wiki/National_Power_Corporation \"National Power Corporation\") (NAPOCOR/NPC). TransCo was a unit of NAPOCOR before the transfer of the grid to the former.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://tribune.net.ph/index.php/2021/06/16/ngcp\\-wields\\-absolute\\-power\\-in\\-transco\\-deal/\\|title\\=NGCP wields absolute power in TransCo deal\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Daily Tribune (Philippines)\\|Daily Tribune]]\\|access\\-date\\=August 6, 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=August 6, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806035425/https://tribune.net.ph/index.php/2021/06/16/ngcp\\-wields\\-absolute\\-power\\-in\\-transco\\-deal/\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"Two months after TransCo's creation, Asisclo T. Gonzaga became the agency's first president on August 30, 2001\\.",
"TransCo's System Operations (SO) Group obtained an ISO 9001:2000 Certification where it is the first SO group in the Southeast Asia to obtain the said certification in 2001\\.",
"In October 2002, as mandated on Section 21 of EPIRA which will privatize the soon\\-to\\-be successor of NAPOCOR in power grid operations, maintenance, and ownership TransCo by March 1, 2003, Gloria Macapagal Arroyo proved a plan to privatize the latter through a 25\\-year Operation and Management Concession Agreement.",
"Asisclo T. Gonzaga stepped down as president on January 1, 2003, and he was replaced by [Dr. Alan T. Ortiz](/wiki/Alan_Ortiz \"Alan Ortiz\") five days later on January 6, 2003, two months before the turnover of operations, maintenance, management, expansion, construction, and eminent domain of the country's power grid from NAPOCOR to TransCo in March 2003\\.",
"TransCo started to operate, maintain, and own the Philippine power grid which turned over from NAPOCOR on March 1, 2003 as mandated on RA 9136 or EPIRA that organized the industry into four sectors: generation, transmission, distribution and supply, with Dr. Alan T. Ortiz (which appointed two months earlier) also became the first TransCo president to serve after the turnover of operations, management, and ownership of the grid from NAPOCOR to TransCo. Its transmission lines links various power plants, distribution utilities (such as [Manila Electric Company](/wiki/Meralco \"Meralco\")), and electric cooperatives.",
"#### 2003–2009: TransCo as power grid operator",
"TransCo served as power grid operator from March 1, 2003, until the turnover of operations, maintenance, management, expansion, construction, and eminent domain of the grid to privately\\-owned [National Grid Corporation of the Philippines](/wiki/National_Grid_Corporation_of_the_Philippines \"National Grid Corporation of the Philippines\") (NGCP) on January 15, 2009\\.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2023/05/17/2266966/govt\\-take\\-back\\-control\\-ngcp\\-if\\-necessary\\-malacaang\\|title\\=Gov’t to take back control of NGCP ‘if necessary’ — Malacañang\\|author\\=Xave Gregorio\\|date\\=May 17, 2023\\|access\\-date\\=July 25, 2023\\|archive\\-date\\=July 25, 2023\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230725032231/https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2023/05/17/2266966/govt\\-take\\-back\\-control\\-ngcp\\-if\\-necessary\\-malacaang\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"In September 2004, Power Sector Assets and Liabilities Management (PSALM) received but rejected proposals from four groups with different offers for the TransCo contract that eventually led to a decision to conduct a public bidding.",
"In June 2005, TransCo garnered the fifth highest score in the Corporate Governance Scorecard for GOCCs \\& GFIs in the field of Corporate Governance from the Institute of Corporate Directors (ICD).",
"On September 22, 2005, PSALM filed at the Energy Regulatory Commission (ERC) a petition for a regulatory reset of the maximum annual revenue for TransCo and other concessionaires. From 2003 to 2006, three auctions failed mostly as a result of issues regarding regulatory framework and right\\-of\\-way.",
"In January 2006, TransCo wrote history by bagging the Philippine Quality Award Recognition for Commitment to Quality Management.",
"In August 2006, TransCo's implementation of Spatial Data Infrastructure Project received a Special Achievement in Geographic Information System (GIS) Award, conferred by the Environmental Systems Research Institute, Inc. (ESRI) in California, United States.",
"On December 12, 2007, 2 consortia bid for a 25\\-year license to run the Philippine power grid – privatization of the management of TransCo: the [consortium](/wiki/Consortium \"Consortium\") of Monte Oro Grid Resources Corp., comprising the [State Grid Corporation of China](/wiki/State_Grid_Corporation_of_China \"State Grid Corporation of China\"), and Calaca High Power Corp., won in an [auction](/wiki/Auction \"Auction\") conducted by the Power Sector Assets and Liabilities Management (PSALM) Corp. as it submitted the highest offer of $3\\.95 billion, for the right to operate TransCo for 25 years, outbidding San Miguel Energy, a unit of [San Miguel Corporation](/wiki/San_Miguel_Corporation \"San Miguel Corporation\") (bid of $3\\.59 billion), Dutch firm TPG Aurora BV and Malaysia's TNB Prai Sdn Bhd. Jose Ibazeta, PSALM president and CEO remarked: “We are very happy about the successful turnout of the bidding for TransCo. PSALM handled the privatization of the government’s transmission business with utmost transparency and judiciousness.\"{{Cite news \\|work\\=The Manila Times\\|url\\=http://www.manilatimes.net/national/2007/dec/13/yehey/top\\_stories/20071213top1\\.html \\|title\\=Manila Times, RP\\-China group wins $3\\.95\\-B TransCo bid \\|access\\-date\\=December 13, 2007 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213224736/http://www.manilatimes.net/national/2007/dec/13/yehey/top\\_stories/20071213top1\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=December 13, 2007 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} [Reuters, Two groups vie for multi\\-billion dlr Manila power deal](https://archive.today/20120722033304/http://uk.reuters.com/article/oilRpt/idUKMNT00056220071212){{Cite news \\|work\\=ABS\\-CBN News\\|url\\=http://www.abs\\-cbnnews.com/storypage.aspx?StoryId\\=102205 \\|title\\=Abs\\-Cbn Interactive, Monte Oro consortium wins TransCo bidding \\|access\\-date\\=December 12, 2007 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20070709212017/http://www.abs\\-cbnnews.com/storypage.aspx?StoryId\\=102205 \\|archive\\-date\\=July 9, 2007 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} This initiated the privatization process for the transmission sector.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.rappler.com/business/explainer\\-ngcp\\-how\\-china\\-got\\-philippines\\-power\\-grid/?fbclid\\=IwAR3t5apIf0zbauFuLj57ld7sG3yLLPIAGaf9ENHCdyQu27JzZiURkHBFElo\\|title\\=EXPLAINER: How China got into the Philippines' power grid\\|author\\=Ralf Rivas\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Rappler]]\\|date\\=May 29, 2023\\|access\\-date\\=May 31, 2023\\|archive\\-date\\=May 31, 2023\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531042051/https://www.rappler.com/business/explainer\\-ngcp\\-how\\-china\\-got\\-philippines\\-power\\-grid/?fbclid\\=IwAR3t5apIf0zbauFuLj57ld7sG3yLLPIAGaf9ENHCdyQu27JzZiURkHBFElo\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"On February 28, 2008, TransCo's concession agreement with NGCP was executed and became effective.",
"TransCo bagged the Mother Nature Award where it is given annually to companies that demonstrate effective compliance with environmental regulations and those that design and successfully implement sound Environmental Management System (EMS) and Environmental Management Programs (EMP) beyond mere compliance with existing laws in 2008\\.",
"Congress approved bicameral resolution granting franchise to NGCP to manage and operate its transmission facilities nationwide in November 2008\\.",
"President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo signed RA 9511 into law granting franchise to NGCP in December of that same year.",
"On January 15, 2009, TransCo privatized the operations, maintenance, management, expansion, construction, and eminent domain of the transmission system by turning them over to NGCP which marked the start of the 25\\-year concession period and renewable for another 25 years with a total of 50 years. Ownership of the country's power grid, however, remains with the [Philippine government](/wiki/Government_of_the_Philippines \"Government of the Philippines\") through TransCo.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://transco.ph/about\\#22688 \\|title\\=TransCo Corporate Profile \\|access\\-date\\=December 6, 2016 \\|archive\\-date\\=September 24, 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924000732/https://www.transco.ph/about\\#22688 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://ngcp.ph/history.asp \\|title\\=CORPORATE PROFILE: History \\|access\\-date\\=December 6, 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202233332/http://www.ngcp.ph/history.asp \\|archive\\-date\\=December 2, 2016 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}[NGCP \\- National Grid Corporation of the Philippines Corporate Profile, previous version](https://web.archive.org/web/20160218054206/http://ngcp.ph/corporate.asp)",
""
] |
#### 2001–2003: National Power Corporation (NAPOCOR/NPC) as power grid owner and operator, turnover of power grid operations, maintenance, and ownership from NAPOCOR/NPC to TransCo
On June 8, 2001, [President](/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines "President of the Philippines") [Gloria Macapagal Arroyo](/wiki/Gloria_Macapagal_Arroyo "Gloria Macapagal Arroyo") signed RA 9136 (Electric Power Industry Reform Act), which introduced market competition in the energy sector and mandated the creation of TransCo 18 days after the law was approved on June 26, 2001\. TransCo was created to take over the operations, maintenance, management, expansion, construction, and [eminent domain](/wiki/Eminent_domain "Eminent domain") of the country's power grid and its related assets and facilities from another government\-owned corporation [National Power Corporation](/wiki/National_Power_Corporation "National Power Corporation") (NAPOCOR/NPC). TransCo was a unit of NAPOCOR before the transfer of the grid to the former.{{cite web\|url\=https://tribune.net.ph/index.php/2021/06/16/ngcp\-wields\-absolute\-power\-in\-transco\-deal/\|title\=NGCP wields absolute power in TransCo deal\|publisher\=\[\[Daily Tribune (Philippines)\|Daily Tribune]]\|access\-date\=August 6, 2021\|archive\-date\=August 6, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806035425/https://tribune.net.ph/index.php/2021/06/16/ngcp\-wields\-absolute\-power\-in\-transco\-deal/\|url\-status\=dead}}
Two months after TransCo's creation, Asisclo T. Gonzaga became the agency's first president on August 30, 2001\.
TransCo's System Operations (SO) Group obtained an ISO 9001:2000 Certification where it is the first SO group in the Southeast Asia to obtain the said certification in 2001\.
In October 2002, as mandated on Section 21 of EPIRA which will privatize the soon\-to\-be successor of NAPOCOR in power grid operations, maintenance, and ownership TransCo by March 1, 2003, Gloria Macapagal Arroyo proved a plan to privatize the latter through a 25\-year Operation and Management Concession Agreement.
Asisclo T. Gonzaga stepped down as president on January 1, 2003, and he was replaced by [Dr. Alan T. Ortiz](/wiki/Alan_Ortiz "Alan Ortiz") five days later on January 6, 2003, two months before the turnover of operations, maintenance, management, expansion, construction, and eminent domain of the country's power grid from NAPOCOR to TransCo in March 2003\.
TransCo started to operate, maintain, and own the Philippine power grid which turned over from NAPOCOR on March 1, 2003 as mandated on RA 9136 or EPIRA that organized the industry into four sectors: generation, transmission, distribution and supply, with Dr. Alan T. Ortiz (which appointed two months earlier) also became the first TransCo president to serve after the turnover of operations, management, and ownership of the grid from NAPOCOR to TransCo. Its transmission lines links various power plants, distribution utilities (such as [Manila Electric Company](/wiki/Meralco "Meralco")), and electric cooperatives.
|
[
"#### 2001–2003: National Power Corporation (NAPOCOR/NPC) as power grid owner and operator, turnover of power grid operations, maintenance, and ownership from NAPOCOR/NPC to TransCo",
"On June 8, 2001, [President](/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines \"President of the Philippines\") [Gloria Macapagal Arroyo](/wiki/Gloria_Macapagal_Arroyo \"Gloria Macapagal Arroyo\") signed RA 9136 (Electric Power Industry Reform Act), which introduced market competition in the energy sector and mandated the creation of TransCo 18 days after the law was approved on June 26, 2001\\. TransCo was created to take over the operations, maintenance, management, expansion, construction, and [eminent domain](/wiki/Eminent_domain \"Eminent domain\") of the country's power grid and its related assets and facilities from another government\\-owned corporation [National Power Corporation](/wiki/National_Power_Corporation \"National Power Corporation\") (NAPOCOR/NPC). TransCo was a unit of NAPOCOR before the transfer of the grid to the former.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://tribune.net.ph/index.php/2021/06/16/ngcp\\-wields\\-absolute\\-power\\-in\\-transco\\-deal/\\|title\\=NGCP wields absolute power in TransCo deal\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Daily Tribune (Philippines)\\|Daily Tribune]]\\|access\\-date\\=August 6, 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=August 6, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806035425/https://tribune.net.ph/index.php/2021/06/16/ngcp\\-wields\\-absolute\\-power\\-in\\-transco\\-deal/\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"Two months after TransCo's creation, Asisclo T. Gonzaga became the agency's first president on August 30, 2001\\.",
"TransCo's System Operations (SO) Group obtained an ISO 9001:2000 Certification where it is the first SO group in the Southeast Asia to obtain the said certification in 2001\\.",
"In October 2002, as mandated on Section 21 of EPIRA which will privatize the soon\\-to\\-be successor of NAPOCOR in power grid operations, maintenance, and ownership TransCo by March 1, 2003, Gloria Macapagal Arroyo proved a plan to privatize the latter through a 25\\-year Operation and Management Concession Agreement.",
"Asisclo T. Gonzaga stepped down as president on January 1, 2003, and he was replaced by [Dr. Alan T. Ortiz](/wiki/Alan_Ortiz \"Alan Ortiz\") five days later on January 6, 2003, two months before the turnover of operations, maintenance, management, expansion, construction, and eminent domain of the country's power grid from NAPOCOR to TransCo in March 2003\\.",
"TransCo started to operate, maintain, and own the Philippine power grid which turned over from NAPOCOR on March 1, 2003 as mandated on RA 9136 or EPIRA that organized the industry into four sectors: generation, transmission, distribution and supply, with Dr. Alan T. Ortiz (which appointed two months earlier) also became the first TransCo president to serve after the turnover of operations, management, and ownership of the grid from NAPOCOR to TransCo. Its transmission lines links various power plants, distribution utilities (such as [Manila Electric Company](/wiki/Meralco \"Meralco\")), and electric cooperatives.",
""
] |
#### 2003–2009: TransCo as power grid operator
TransCo served as power grid operator from March 1, 2003, until the turnover of operations, maintenance, management, expansion, construction, and eminent domain of the grid to privately\-owned [National Grid Corporation of the Philippines](/wiki/National_Grid_Corporation_of_the_Philippines "National Grid Corporation of the Philippines") (NGCP) on January 15, 2009\.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2023/05/17/2266966/govt\-take\-back\-control\-ngcp\-if\-necessary\-malacaang\|title\=Gov’t to take back control of NGCP ‘if necessary’ — Malacañang\|author\=Xave Gregorio\|date\=May 17, 2023\|access\-date\=July 25, 2023\|archive\-date\=July 25, 2023\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230725032231/https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2023/05/17/2266966/govt\-take\-back\-control\-ngcp\-if\-necessary\-malacaang\|url\-status\=live}}
In September 2004, Power Sector Assets and Liabilities Management (PSALM) received but rejected proposals from four groups with different offers for the TransCo contract that eventually led to a decision to conduct a public bidding.
In June 2005, TransCo garnered the fifth highest score in the Corporate Governance Scorecard for GOCCs \& GFIs in the field of Corporate Governance from the Institute of Corporate Directors (ICD).
On September 22, 2005, PSALM filed at the Energy Regulatory Commission (ERC) a petition for a regulatory reset of the maximum annual revenue for TransCo and other concessionaires. From 2003 to 2006, three auctions failed mostly as a result of issues regarding regulatory framework and right\-of\-way.
In January 2006, TransCo wrote history by bagging the Philippine Quality Award Recognition for Commitment to Quality Management.
In August 2006, TransCo's implementation of Spatial Data Infrastructure Project received a Special Achievement in Geographic Information System (GIS) Award, conferred by the Environmental Systems Research Institute, Inc. (ESRI) in California, United States.
On December 12, 2007, 2 consortia bid for a 25\-year license to run the Philippine power grid – privatization of the management of TransCo: the [consortium](/wiki/Consortium "Consortium") of Monte Oro Grid Resources Corp., comprising the [State Grid Corporation of China](/wiki/State_Grid_Corporation_of_China "State Grid Corporation of China"), and Calaca High Power Corp., won in an [auction](/wiki/Auction "Auction") conducted by the Power Sector Assets and Liabilities Management (PSALM) Corp. as it submitted the highest offer of $3\.95 billion, for the right to operate TransCo for 25 years, outbidding San Miguel Energy, a unit of [San Miguel Corporation](/wiki/San_Miguel_Corporation "San Miguel Corporation") (bid of $3\.59 billion), Dutch firm TPG Aurora BV and Malaysia's TNB Prai Sdn Bhd. Jose Ibazeta, PSALM president and CEO remarked: “We are very happy about the successful turnout of the bidding for TransCo. PSALM handled the privatization of the government’s transmission business with utmost transparency and judiciousness."{{Cite news \|work\=The Manila Times\|url\=http://www.manilatimes.net/national/2007/dec/13/yehey/top\_stories/20071213top1\.html \|title\=Manila Times, RP\-China group wins $3\.95\-B TransCo bid \|access\-date\=December 13, 2007 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213224736/http://www.manilatimes.net/national/2007/dec/13/yehey/top\_stories/20071213top1\.html \|archive\-date\=December 13, 2007 \|url\-status\=dead }} [Reuters, Two groups vie for multi\-billion dlr Manila power deal](https://archive.today/20120722033304/http://uk.reuters.com/article/oilRpt/idUKMNT00056220071212){{Cite news \|work\=ABS\-CBN News\|url\=http://www.abs\-cbnnews.com/storypage.aspx?StoryId\=102205 \|title\=Abs\-Cbn Interactive, Monte Oro consortium wins TransCo bidding \|access\-date\=December 12, 2007 \|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20070709212017/http://www.abs\-cbnnews.com/storypage.aspx?StoryId\=102205 \|archive\-date\=July 9, 2007 \|url\-status\=dead }} This initiated the privatization process for the transmission sector.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.rappler.com/business/explainer\-ngcp\-how\-china\-got\-philippines\-power\-grid/?fbclid\=IwAR3t5apIf0zbauFuLj57ld7sG3yLLPIAGaf9ENHCdyQu27JzZiURkHBFElo\|title\=EXPLAINER: How China got into the Philippines' power grid\|author\=Ralf Rivas\|publisher\=\[\[Rappler]]\|date\=May 29, 2023\|access\-date\=May 31, 2023\|archive\-date\=May 31, 2023\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531042051/https://www.rappler.com/business/explainer\-ngcp\-how\-china\-got\-philippines\-power\-grid/?fbclid\=IwAR3t5apIf0zbauFuLj57ld7sG3yLLPIAGaf9ENHCdyQu27JzZiURkHBFElo\|url\-status\=live}}
On February 28, 2008, TransCo's concession agreement with NGCP was executed and became effective.
TransCo bagged the Mother Nature Award where it is given annually to companies that demonstrate effective compliance with environmental regulations and those that design and successfully implement sound Environmental Management System (EMS) and Environmental Management Programs (EMP) beyond mere compliance with existing laws in 2008\.
Congress approved bicameral resolution granting franchise to NGCP to manage and operate its transmission facilities nationwide in November 2008\.
President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo signed RA 9511 into law granting franchise to NGCP in December of that same year.
On January 15, 2009, TransCo privatized the operations, maintenance, management, expansion, construction, and eminent domain of the transmission system by turning them over to NGCP which marked the start of the 25\-year concession period and renewable for another 25 years with a total of 50 years. Ownership of the country's power grid, however, remains with the [Philippine government](/wiki/Government_of_the_Philippines "Government of the Philippines") through TransCo.{{Cite web \|url\=http://transco.ph/about\#22688 \|title\=TransCo Corporate Profile \|access\-date\=December 6, 2016 \|archive\-date\=September 24, 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924000732/https://www.transco.ph/about\#22688 \|url\-status\=dead }}{{Cite web \|url\=http://ngcp.ph/history.asp \|title\=CORPORATE PROFILE: History \|access\-date\=December 6, 2016 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202233332/http://www.ngcp.ph/history.asp \|archive\-date\=December 2, 2016 \|url\-status\=dead }}[NGCP \- National Grid Corporation of the Philippines Corporate Profile, previous version](https://web.archive.org/web/20160218054206/http://ngcp.ph/corporate.asp)
|
[
"#### 2003–2009: TransCo as power grid operator",
"TransCo served as power grid operator from March 1, 2003, until the turnover of operations, maintenance, management, expansion, construction, and eminent domain of the grid to privately\\-owned [National Grid Corporation of the Philippines](/wiki/National_Grid_Corporation_of_the_Philippines \"National Grid Corporation of the Philippines\") (NGCP) on January 15, 2009\\.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2023/05/17/2266966/govt\\-take\\-back\\-control\\-ngcp\\-if\\-necessary\\-malacaang\\|title\\=Gov’t to take back control of NGCP ‘if necessary’ — Malacañang\\|author\\=Xave Gregorio\\|date\\=May 17, 2023\\|access\\-date\\=July 25, 2023\\|archive\\-date\\=July 25, 2023\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230725032231/https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2023/05/17/2266966/govt\\-take\\-back\\-control\\-ngcp\\-if\\-necessary\\-malacaang\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"In September 2004, Power Sector Assets and Liabilities Management (PSALM) received but rejected proposals from four groups with different offers for the TransCo contract that eventually led to a decision to conduct a public bidding.",
"In June 2005, TransCo garnered the fifth highest score in the Corporate Governance Scorecard for GOCCs \\& GFIs in the field of Corporate Governance from the Institute of Corporate Directors (ICD).",
"On September 22, 2005, PSALM filed at the Energy Regulatory Commission (ERC) a petition for a regulatory reset of the maximum annual revenue for TransCo and other concessionaires. From 2003 to 2006, three auctions failed mostly as a result of issues regarding regulatory framework and right\\-of\\-way.",
"In January 2006, TransCo wrote history by bagging the Philippine Quality Award Recognition for Commitment to Quality Management.",
"In August 2006, TransCo's implementation of Spatial Data Infrastructure Project received a Special Achievement in Geographic Information System (GIS) Award, conferred by the Environmental Systems Research Institute, Inc. (ESRI) in California, United States.",
"On December 12, 2007, 2 consortia bid for a 25\\-year license to run the Philippine power grid – privatization of the management of TransCo: the [consortium](/wiki/Consortium \"Consortium\") of Monte Oro Grid Resources Corp., comprising the [State Grid Corporation of China](/wiki/State_Grid_Corporation_of_China \"State Grid Corporation of China\"), and Calaca High Power Corp., won in an [auction](/wiki/Auction \"Auction\") conducted by the Power Sector Assets and Liabilities Management (PSALM) Corp. as it submitted the highest offer of $3\\.95 billion, for the right to operate TransCo for 25 years, outbidding San Miguel Energy, a unit of [San Miguel Corporation](/wiki/San_Miguel_Corporation \"San Miguel Corporation\") (bid of $3\\.59 billion), Dutch firm TPG Aurora BV and Malaysia's TNB Prai Sdn Bhd. Jose Ibazeta, PSALM president and CEO remarked: “We are very happy about the successful turnout of the bidding for TransCo. PSALM handled the privatization of the government’s transmission business with utmost transparency and judiciousness.\"{{Cite news \\|work\\=The Manila Times\\|url\\=http://www.manilatimes.net/national/2007/dec/13/yehey/top\\_stories/20071213top1\\.html \\|title\\=Manila Times, RP\\-China group wins $3\\.95\\-B TransCo bid \\|access\\-date\\=December 13, 2007 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213224736/http://www.manilatimes.net/national/2007/dec/13/yehey/top\\_stories/20071213top1\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=December 13, 2007 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} [Reuters, Two groups vie for multi\\-billion dlr Manila power deal](https://archive.today/20120722033304/http://uk.reuters.com/article/oilRpt/idUKMNT00056220071212){{Cite news \\|work\\=ABS\\-CBN News\\|url\\=http://www.abs\\-cbnnews.com/storypage.aspx?StoryId\\=102205 \\|title\\=Abs\\-Cbn Interactive, Monte Oro consortium wins TransCo bidding \\|access\\-date\\=December 12, 2007 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20070709212017/http://www.abs\\-cbnnews.com/storypage.aspx?StoryId\\=102205 \\|archive\\-date\\=July 9, 2007 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} This initiated the privatization process for the transmission sector.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.rappler.com/business/explainer\\-ngcp\\-how\\-china\\-got\\-philippines\\-power\\-grid/?fbclid\\=IwAR3t5apIf0zbauFuLj57ld7sG3yLLPIAGaf9ENHCdyQu27JzZiURkHBFElo\\|title\\=EXPLAINER: How China got into the Philippines' power grid\\|author\\=Ralf Rivas\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Rappler]]\\|date\\=May 29, 2023\\|access\\-date\\=May 31, 2023\\|archive\\-date\\=May 31, 2023\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531042051/https://www.rappler.com/business/explainer\\-ngcp\\-how\\-china\\-got\\-philippines\\-power\\-grid/?fbclid\\=IwAR3t5apIf0zbauFuLj57ld7sG3yLLPIAGaf9ENHCdyQu27JzZiURkHBFElo\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"On February 28, 2008, TransCo's concession agreement with NGCP was executed and became effective.",
"TransCo bagged the Mother Nature Award where it is given annually to companies that demonstrate effective compliance with environmental regulations and those that design and successfully implement sound Environmental Management System (EMS) and Environmental Management Programs (EMP) beyond mere compliance with existing laws in 2008\\.",
"Congress approved bicameral resolution granting franchise to NGCP to manage and operate its transmission facilities nationwide in November 2008\\.",
"President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo signed RA 9511 into law granting franchise to NGCP in December of that same year.",
"On January 15, 2009, TransCo privatized the operations, maintenance, management, expansion, construction, and eminent domain of the transmission system by turning them over to NGCP which marked the start of the 25\\-year concession period and renewable for another 25 years with a total of 50 years. Ownership of the country's power grid, however, remains with the [Philippine government](/wiki/Government_of_the_Philippines \"Government of the Philippines\") through TransCo.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://transco.ph/about\\#22688 \\|title\\=TransCo Corporate Profile \\|access\\-date\\=December 6, 2016 \\|archive\\-date\\=September 24, 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924000732/https://www.transco.ph/about\\#22688 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://ngcp.ph/history.asp \\|title\\=CORPORATE PROFILE: History \\|access\\-date\\=December 6, 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202233332/http://www.ngcp.ph/history.asp \\|archive\\-date\\=December 2, 2016 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}[NGCP \\- National Grid Corporation of the Philippines Corporate Profile, previous version](https://web.archive.org/web/20160218054206/http://ngcp.ph/corporate.asp)",
""
] |
### 2009–present: TransCo after the turnover of operations and maintenance to NGCP, privatized power grid operations and maintenance
TransCo assumed its new role as a result of the privatization of operations, maintenance, management, expansion, construction, and eminent domain upon their turnover to NGCP on January 15, 2009, which was to protect the national government's interest by ensuring NGCP's compliance with the terms and conditions of its concession agreement with NGCP, policies of the [Department of Energy](/wiki/Department_of_Energy_%28Philippines%29 "Department of Energy (Philippines)") (DOE) and other relevant laws, handle existing cases, divest the remaining sub\-transmission assets, and administer the Feed\-in\-Tariff Allowance Fund for renewable energy generators. Arthur N. Aguilar continued to serve as TransCo president even after the turnover to NGCP on January 15, 2009, until he was replaced by [Moslemen T. Macarambon, Sr.](/wiki/Moslemen_T._Macarambon_Sr. "Moslemen T. Macarambon Sr.") six months later on July 16, 2009, as a result of taking a new oath of office of the new table of TransCo organization.
The [Department of Budget and Management](/wiki/Department_of_Budget_and_Management "Department of Budget and Management") approved the new structure of TransCo on April 20, 2009 consequent to the privatization of its transmission business three months earlier on January 15, 2009\.
The new table of organization employees took a new oath of office on July 16, 2009, which results in the formation of a new TransCo.
In November 2012, ERC named TransCo as fit\-allowance fund administrator and was given an added role in renewable energy sector.
On March 24, 2017, TransCo receives its ISO certification for Quality Management System from [TÜV](/wiki/Technischer_%C3%9Cberwachungsverein "Technischer Überwachungsverein") Rheinland.[TransCo's Milestones section.](http://www.transco.ph/about#226886)
On June 8, 2018, the [Department of Information and Communications Technology](/wiki/Department_of_Information_and_Communications_Technology "Department of Information and Communications Technology") (DICT), NGCP, and TransCo signed an agreement on Friday for a national broadband plan that will help accelerate internet connectivity nationwide. Under the agreement, the DICT will utilize TransCo's reserved optical fiber to distribute connectivity from [Luzon](/wiki/Luzon "Luzon") to [Mindanao](/wiki/Mindanao "Mindanao") using the submarine cables that will be laid down by [Facebook](/wiki/Meta_Platforms "Meta Platforms") from the [United States](/wiki/United_States "United States") to [Asia](/wiki/Asia "Asia"). The agreement plans to expand the internet connectivity in public places for free by building an additional 200,000 access points nationwide by 2022, DICT Officer\-In\-Charge Eliseo Rio said.{{Cite news \|work\=ABS\-CBN News \|url\=https://news.abs\-cbn.com/business/06/08/18/dict\-ngcp\-transco\-sign\-deal\-on\-internet\-connectivity \|title\=DICT, NGCP, TransCo sign deal on internet connectivity \|access\-date\=March 2, 2022 \|archive\-date\=March 1, 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301220411/https://news.abs\-cbn.com/business/06/08/18/dict\-ngcp\-transco\-sign\-deal\-on\-internet\-connectivity \|url\-status\=live }}
In 2022, the [Presidential Communications Operations Office](/wiki/Presidential_Communications_Operations_Office "Presidential Communications Operations Office") (PCOO) presented the Certificate of Compliance to TransCo for meeting the necessary requirements pursuant to Section 5\.7\.b of Memorandum Circular No. 2020–1 on the Harmonization of National Government Performance, Monitoring, Information, and Reporting Systems.
In January 2022, TransCo has succeeded in testing and applying emerging ICT technologies that will make use of existing power line infrastructures to help the [Department of Education](/wiki/Department_of_Education_%28Philippines%29 "Department of Education (Philippines)") (DepEd) to implement the Public Education Network program of DepEd that will provide connectivity and high\-speed internet to public schools nationwide amid the pandemic. TransCo president Melvin Matibag said the Public Education Network\-Communications Infrastructure for Learning (PEN\-CIL) project would address the challenges of DepEd in ensuring the continuity of learning amid the pandemic and the expected transition to the New Normal by providing Internet connectivity in all public schools.{{Cite news\|work\=\[\[Department of Finance (Philippines)\|Department of Finance]]\|url\=https://www.dof.gov.ph/transco\-teams\-up\-with\-deped\-on\-high\-speed\-internet\-for\-public\-schools/\|title\=TRANSCO teams up with DepEd on high\-speed internet for public schools\|access\-date\=March 2, 2022\|archive\-date\=March 1, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301201530/https://www.dof.gov.ph/transco\-teams\-up\-with\-deped\-on\-high\-speed\-internet\-for\-public\-schools/\|url\-status\=live}}
In May 2022, TransCo and Palawan Electric Cooperative (PALECO) signed a memorandum of agreement (MOA) mandating the corporation to perform all functions of Small Grid System Operator to address the lingering power issues in Palawan. Said MOA signing is in accordance with the Department of Energy (DOE) Department Circular No. 2021\-11\-0039 “Mandating the National Transmission Corporation as Small Grid System Operator in Specific Areas."
|
[
"### 2009–present: TransCo after the turnover of operations and maintenance to NGCP, privatized power grid operations and maintenance",
"TransCo assumed its new role as a result of the privatization of operations, maintenance, management, expansion, construction, and eminent domain upon their turnover to NGCP on January 15, 2009, which was to protect the national government's interest by ensuring NGCP's compliance with the terms and conditions of its concession agreement with NGCP, policies of the [Department of Energy](/wiki/Department_of_Energy_%28Philippines%29 \"Department of Energy (Philippines)\") (DOE) and other relevant laws, handle existing cases, divest the remaining sub\\-transmission assets, and administer the Feed\\-in\\-Tariff Allowance Fund for renewable energy generators. Arthur N. Aguilar continued to serve as TransCo president even after the turnover to NGCP on January 15, 2009, until he was replaced by [Moslemen T. Macarambon, Sr.](/wiki/Moslemen_T._Macarambon_Sr. \"Moslemen T. Macarambon Sr.\") six months later on July 16, 2009, as a result of taking a new oath of office of the new table of TransCo organization.",
"The [Department of Budget and Management](/wiki/Department_of_Budget_and_Management \"Department of Budget and Management\") approved the new structure of TransCo on April 20, 2009 consequent to the privatization of its transmission business three months earlier on January 15, 2009\\.",
"The new table of organization employees took a new oath of office on July 16, 2009, which results in the formation of a new TransCo.",
"In November 2012, ERC named TransCo as fit\\-allowance fund administrator and was given an added role in renewable energy sector.",
"On March 24, 2017, TransCo receives its ISO certification for Quality Management System from [TÜV](/wiki/Technischer_%C3%9Cberwachungsverein \"Technischer Überwachungsverein\") Rheinland.[TransCo's Milestones section.](http://www.transco.ph/about#226886)",
"On June 8, 2018, the [Department of Information and Communications Technology](/wiki/Department_of_Information_and_Communications_Technology \"Department of Information and Communications Technology\") (DICT), NGCP, and TransCo signed an agreement on Friday for a national broadband plan that will help accelerate internet connectivity nationwide. Under the agreement, the DICT will utilize TransCo's reserved optical fiber to distribute connectivity from [Luzon](/wiki/Luzon \"Luzon\") to [Mindanao](/wiki/Mindanao \"Mindanao\") using the submarine cables that will be laid down by [Facebook](/wiki/Meta_Platforms \"Meta Platforms\") from the [United States](/wiki/United_States \"United States\") to [Asia](/wiki/Asia \"Asia\"). The agreement plans to expand the internet connectivity in public places for free by building an additional 200,000 access points nationwide by 2022, DICT Officer\\-In\\-Charge Eliseo Rio said.{{Cite news \\|work\\=ABS\\-CBN News \\|url\\=https://news.abs\\-cbn.com/business/06/08/18/dict\\-ngcp\\-transco\\-sign\\-deal\\-on\\-internet\\-connectivity \\|title\\=DICT, NGCP, TransCo sign deal on internet connectivity \\|access\\-date\\=March 2, 2022 \\|archive\\-date\\=March 1, 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301220411/https://news.abs\\-cbn.com/business/06/08/18/dict\\-ngcp\\-transco\\-sign\\-deal\\-on\\-internet\\-connectivity \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"In 2022, the [Presidential Communications Operations Office](/wiki/Presidential_Communications_Operations_Office \"Presidential Communications Operations Office\") (PCOO) presented the Certificate of Compliance to TransCo for meeting the necessary requirements pursuant to Section 5\\.7\\.b of Memorandum Circular No. 2020–1 on the Harmonization of National Government Performance, Monitoring, Information, and Reporting Systems.",
"In January 2022, TransCo has succeeded in testing and applying emerging ICT technologies that will make use of existing power line infrastructures to help the [Department of Education](/wiki/Department_of_Education_%28Philippines%29 \"Department of Education (Philippines)\") (DepEd) to implement the Public Education Network program of DepEd that will provide connectivity and high\\-speed internet to public schools nationwide amid the pandemic. TransCo president Melvin Matibag said the Public Education Network\\-Communications Infrastructure for Learning (PEN\\-CIL) project would address the challenges of DepEd in ensuring the continuity of learning amid the pandemic and the expected transition to the New Normal by providing Internet connectivity in all public schools.{{Cite news\\|work\\=\\[\\[Department of Finance (Philippines)\\|Department of Finance]]\\|url\\=https://www.dof.gov.ph/transco\\-teams\\-up\\-with\\-deped\\-on\\-high\\-speed\\-internet\\-for\\-public\\-schools/\\|title\\=TRANSCO teams up with DepEd on high\\-speed internet for public schools\\|access\\-date\\=March 2, 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=March 1, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301201530/https://www.dof.gov.ph/transco\\-teams\\-up\\-with\\-deped\\-on\\-high\\-speed\\-internet\\-for\\-public\\-schools/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"In May 2022, TransCo and Palawan Electric Cooperative (PALECO) signed a memorandum of agreement (MOA) mandating the corporation to perform all functions of Small Grid System Operator to address the lingering power issues in Palawan. Said MOA signing is in accordance with the Department of Energy (DOE) Department Circular No. 2021\\-11\\-0039 “Mandating the National Transmission Corporation as Small Grid System Operator in Specific Areas.\"",
""
] |
History
-------
The Philanthropinum, or "School of Philanthropy," was founded on 27 December 1774 by the German educational reformers [Johann Bernhard Basedow](/wiki/Johann_Bernhard_Basedow "Johann Bernhard Basedow") (1724–1790\) and [Christian Heinrich Wolke](/wiki/Christian_Heinrich_Wolke "Christian Heinrich Wolke") (1741–1825\). Basedow was influenced by ideas on childhood and education as proposed by [John Locke](/wiki/John_Locke "John Locke") (1632–1704\) and [Jean\-Jacques Rousseau](/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau "Jean-Jacques Rousseau") (1712–1778\).{{cite book\|last1\=Parry\|first1\=Geraint\|editor1\-last\=Haakonssen\|editor1\-first\=Knud\|title\=The Cambridge History of Eighteenth\-Century Philosophy\|date\=2006\|publisher\=Cambridge University Press\|location\=Cambridge\|page\=623\|chapter\=Education}} At the beginning the Philanthropinum had only one teacher and three students, but numbers rapidly grew as its reputation spread beyond Dessau. [Prince Franz](/wiki/Leopold_III%2C_Duke_of_Anhalt-Dessau "Leopold III, Duke of Anhalt-Dessau") supported the school, both financially and with his gift of the Palais Dietrich as a venue.[Philanthropinum Dessau](http://www.haraldfischerverlag.de/hfv/dessau_philanthropinum_engl.php) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719034917/http://www.haraldfischerverlag.de/hfv/dessau\_philanthropinum\_engl.php \|date\=2011\-07\-19 }} (Microfiched documents relating to the Philanthropinum – Harald Fischer Verlag, 3 March 2011\).
The Philanthropinum was, apart from Basedow and Wolke, also shaped by reformers such as [Ernst Christian Trapp](/wiki/Ernst_Christian_Trapp "Ernst Christian Trapp") (1745–1818\), the first Professor of Education, and [Christian Gotthilf Salzmann](/wiki/Christian_Gotthilf_Salzmann "Christian Gotthilf Salzmann") (1744–1811\). From 1779 to 1787, [August Friedrich Wilhelm Crome](/wiki/August_Friedrich_Wilhelm_Crome "August Friedrich Wilhelm Crome") (1753–1833\) worked at the school. Artist [Carl Wilhelm Kolbe](/wiki/Carl_Wilhelm_Kolbe_the_Elder "Carl Wilhelm Kolbe the Elder") (1759–1835\) taught art and French at the school from 1780 to 1782 and 1782 to 1784\. Basedow and Wolke tried to persuade businessman and educational pioneer [Johann Peter Hundeiker](/wiki/Johann_Peter_Hundeiker "Johann Peter Hundeiker") (1751–1836\) to teach at the school – he turned down their request, but went on to found his own school in [Vechelde](/wiki/Vechelde "Vechelde") near [Braunschweig](/wiki/Braunschweig "Braunschweig") inspired by the Dessau model. Poet [Friedrich von Matthisson](/wiki/Friedrich_von_Matthisson "Friedrich von Matthisson") and artist [Friedrich Rehberg](/wiki/Friedrich_Rehberg "Friedrich Rehberg") also found employment here.
In 1776, Basedow stepped down as head of the institution. His successor was [Joachim Heinrich Campe](/wiki/Joachim_Heinrich_Campe "Joachim Heinrich Campe") (1746–1818\), but he quit in 1777 due to conflict with the younger teachers, and went on to found a similar school in Hamburg. Afterwards the school was run by a board of directors. In 1777, Prince Franz made parts of the Palais Dietrich available for the use of the school, and from 1780 to 1793 the school was allowed to occupy the entire palace.
The first three students included [Prince Frederick of Anhalt\-Dessau](/wiki/Frederick%2C_Hereditary_Prince_of_Anhalt-Dessau "Frederick, Hereditary Prince of Anhalt-Dessau") (1769–1814\). At its peak in 1782–83, the Philanthropinum had 53 pupils, usually from families with enlightened parents, some of whom came from western, northern and eastern Europe. [Immanuel Kant](/wiki/Immanuel_Kant "Immanuel Kant") was a great supporter of the school, calling for a "quick revolution" in education rather than "slow reform".Kant, Immanuel \& Buchner, E F. *[The educational theory of Immanuel Kant](https://archive.org/details/educationaltheor00kant)* (Philadelphia \& London, J.B. Lippincott company, 1908\) pp. 242–6\.
In 1793, the Philanthropinum closed, quietly, after the number of students decreased greatly. The concept behind the school, however, was the model for a large number of similar establishments; in Germany alone, over 60 similar schools were founded: For example, [Carl Gottfried Neuendorf](/wiki/Carl_Gottfried_Neuendorf "Carl Gottfried Neuendorf") (1750–1798\), who had taught for a while at the Philanthropinum, went on to found the "Hauptschule" in Dessau in 1786; [Christian Gotthilf Salzmann](/wiki/Christian_Gotthilf_Salzmann "Christian Gotthilf Salzmann") (1744–1811\) founded another school in [Schnepfenthal](/wiki/Schnepfenthal_Salzmann_School "Schnepfenthal Salzmann School"). Other similar institutions were to be found in France, Switzerland, Russia and North America.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"The Philanthropinum, or \"School of Philanthropy,\" was founded on 27 December 1774 by the German educational reformers [Johann Bernhard Basedow](/wiki/Johann_Bernhard_Basedow \"Johann Bernhard Basedow\") (1724–1790\\) and [Christian Heinrich Wolke](/wiki/Christian_Heinrich_Wolke \"Christian Heinrich Wolke\") (1741–1825\\). Basedow was influenced by ideas on childhood and education as proposed by [John Locke](/wiki/John_Locke \"John Locke\") (1632–1704\\) and [Jean\\-Jacques Rousseau](/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau \"Jean-Jacques Rousseau\") (1712–1778\\).{{cite book\\|last1\\=Parry\\|first1\\=Geraint\\|editor1\\-last\\=Haakonssen\\|editor1\\-first\\=Knud\\|title\\=The Cambridge History of Eighteenth\\-Century Philosophy\\|date\\=2006\\|publisher\\=Cambridge University Press\\|location\\=Cambridge\\|page\\=623\\|chapter\\=Education}} At the beginning the Philanthropinum had only one teacher and three students, but numbers rapidly grew as its reputation spread beyond Dessau. [Prince Franz](/wiki/Leopold_III%2C_Duke_of_Anhalt-Dessau \"Leopold III, Duke of Anhalt-Dessau\") supported the school, both financially and with his gift of the Palais Dietrich as a venue.[Philanthropinum Dessau](http://www.haraldfischerverlag.de/hfv/dessau_philanthropinum_engl.php) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719034917/http://www.haraldfischerverlag.de/hfv/dessau\\_philanthropinum\\_engl.php \\|date\\=2011\\-07\\-19 }} (Microfiched documents relating to the Philanthropinum – Harald Fischer Verlag, 3 March 2011\\).",
"The Philanthropinum was, apart from Basedow and Wolke, also shaped by reformers such as [Ernst Christian Trapp](/wiki/Ernst_Christian_Trapp \"Ernst Christian Trapp\") (1745–1818\\), the first Professor of Education, and [Christian Gotthilf Salzmann](/wiki/Christian_Gotthilf_Salzmann \"Christian Gotthilf Salzmann\") (1744–1811\\). From 1779 to 1787, [August Friedrich Wilhelm Crome](/wiki/August_Friedrich_Wilhelm_Crome \"August Friedrich Wilhelm Crome\") (1753–1833\\) worked at the school. Artist [Carl Wilhelm Kolbe](/wiki/Carl_Wilhelm_Kolbe_the_Elder \"Carl Wilhelm Kolbe the Elder\") (1759–1835\\) taught art and French at the school from 1780 to 1782 and 1782 to 1784\\. Basedow and Wolke tried to persuade businessman and educational pioneer [Johann Peter Hundeiker](/wiki/Johann_Peter_Hundeiker \"Johann Peter Hundeiker\") (1751–1836\\) to teach at the school – he turned down their request, but went on to found his own school in [Vechelde](/wiki/Vechelde \"Vechelde\") near [Braunschweig](/wiki/Braunschweig \"Braunschweig\") inspired by the Dessau model. Poet [Friedrich von Matthisson](/wiki/Friedrich_von_Matthisson \"Friedrich von Matthisson\") and artist [Friedrich Rehberg](/wiki/Friedrich_Rehberg \"Friedrich Rehberg\") also found employment here.",
"In 1776, Basedow stepped down as head of the institution. His successor was [Joachim Heinrich Campe](/wiki/Joachim_Heinrich_Campe \"Joachim Heinrich Campe\") (1746–1818\\), but he quit in 1777 due to conflict with the younger teachers, and went on to found a similar school in Hamburg. Afterwards the school was run by a board of directors. In 1777, Prince Franz made parts of the Palais Dietrich available for the use of the school, and from 1780 to 1793 the school was allowed to occupy the entire palace.",
"The first three students included [Prince Frederick of Anhalt\\-Dessau](/wiki/Frederick%2C_Hereditary_Prince_of_Anhalt-Dessau \"Frederick, Hereditary Prince of Anhalt-Dessau\") (1769–1814\\). At its peak in 1782–83, the Philanthropinum had 53 pupils, usually from families with enlightened parents, some of whom came from western, northern and eastern Europe. [Immanuel Kant](/wiki/Immanuel_Kant \"Immanuel Kant\") was a great supporter of the school, calling for a \"quick revolution\" in education rather than \"slow reform\".Kant, Immanuel \\& Buchner, E F. *[The educational theory of Immanuel Kant](https://archive.org/details/educationaltheor00kant)* (Philadelphia \\& London, J.B. Lippincott company, 1908\\) pp. 242–6\\.",
"In 1793, the Philanthropinum closed, quietly, after the number of students decreased greatly. The concept behind the school, however, was the model for a large number of similar establishments; in Germany alone, over 60 similar schools were founded: For example, [Carl Gottfried Neuendorf](/wiki/Carl_Gottfried_Neuendorf \"Carl Gottfried Neuendorf\") (1750–1798\\), who had taught for a while at the Philanthropinum, went on to found the \"Hauptschule\" in Dessau in 1786; [Christian Gotthilf Salzmann](/wiki/Christian_Gotthilf_Salzmann \"Christian Gotthilf Salzmann\") (1744–1811\\) founded another school in [Schnepfenthal](/wiki/Schnepfenthal_Salzmann_School \"Schnepfenthal Salzmann School\"). Other similar institutions were to be found in France, Switzerland, Russia and North America.",
""
] |
Defeats
-------
However, the Seven Years' War ended on February 10, 1763, with the signing of the [Treaty of Paris (1763\)](/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_%281763%29 "Treaty of Paris (1763)") in [Paris](/wiki/Paris "Paris"), [France](/wiki/France "France"). Also, Silang was assassinated on May 28, 1763, by an Indio under the employ of the friars. The Spanish were then able to focus on the uprising and mustered forces to surround Palaris.
The Spanish friars, who were allowed to stay in the province, also started a campaign to persuade Pangasinan residents of the futility of the Palaris Revolt.
By September 1763, news of the peace treaty reached Pangasinan and army of Palaris' men surrendered and returned to normal life amid the Spanish offensive.
Palaris tried to fend off the offensive at the village of Mabalitec near the [Agno River](/wiki/Agno_River "Agno River") between Binalatongan and [Bayambang](/wiki/Bayambang "Bayambang") in December 1763\. To prevent the Spanish from seeking lodging in his hometown, he ordered his men to raze Binalatongan.
But the Spanish won the Battle of Mabalitec, demoralizing Palaris' forces. The town of Binalatongan was rebuilt in another site between December 1763 to June 1764 and renamed San Carlos (now [San Carlos City, Pangasinan](/wiki/San_Carlos_City%2C_Pangasinan "San Carlos City, Pangasinan")), in honor of the reigning King Carlos III of Spain.
Palaris' forces made a last stand at the town of [San Jacinto](/wiki/San_Jacinto%2C_Pangasinan "San Jacinto, Pangasinan"), [Pangasinan](/wiki/Pangasinan "Pangasinan"), but they were defeated. Palaris' advisers, Andrés López and Juan de Vera Oncantin, were captured. They would later be hanged.
|
[
"Defeats\n-------",
"However, the Seven Years' War ended on February 10, 1763, with the signing of the [Treaty of Paris (1763\\)](/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_%281763%29 \"Treaty of Paris (1763)\") in [Paris](/wiki/Paris \"Paris\"), [France](/wiki/France \"France\"). Also, Silang was assassinated on May 28, 1763, by an Indio under the employ of the friars. The Spanish were then able to focus on the uprising and mustered forces to surround Palaris.",
"The Spanish friars, who were allowed to stay in the province, also started a campaign to persuade Pangasinan residents of the futility of the Palaris Revolt.",
"By September 1763, news of the peace treaty reached Pangasinan and army of Palaris' men surrendered and returned to normal life amid the Spanish offensive.",
"Palaris tried to fend off the offensive at the village of Mabalitec near the [Agno River](/wiki/Agno_River \"Agno River\") between Binalatongan and [Bayambang](/wiki/Bayambang \"Bayambang\") in December 1763\\. To prevent the Spanish from seeking lodging in his hometown, he ordered his men to raze Binalatongan.",
"But the Spanish won the Battle of Mabalitec, demoralizing Palaris' forces. The town of Binalatongan was rebuilt in another site between December 1763 to June 1764 and renamed San Carlos (now [San Carlos City, Pangasinan](/wiki/San_Carlos_City%2C_Pangasinan \"San Carlos City, Pangasinan\")), in honor of the reigning King Carlos III of Spain.",
"Palaris' forces made a last stand at the town of [San Jacinto](/wiki/San_Jacinto%2C_Pangasinan \"San Jacinto, Pangasinan\"), [Pangasinan](/wiki/Pangasinan \"Pangasinan\"), but they were defeated. Palaris' advisers, Andrés López and Juan de Vera Oncantin, were captured. They would later be hanged.",
""
] |
Political career
----------------
Having previously been affiliated with the [Socialist Party](/wiki/Socialist_Party_%28France%29 "Socialist Party (France)"), Julien\-Laferrière joined LREM in 2017\.Aurélie Delmas (24 June 2017\), [La galaxie Macron sur les bancs de l’Assemblée](https://www.liberation.fr/apps/2017/07/galaxie-macron-assemblee/) *[Libération](/wiki/Lib%C3%A9ration "Libération")*.
In parliament, Julien\-Laferrière serves on the Committee on Foreign Affairs.[Hubert Julien\-Laferrière](http://www2.assemblee-nationale.fr/deputes/fiche/OMC_PA722344) [French National Assembly](/wiki/National_Assembly_%28France%29 "National Assembly (France)"). In this capacity, he is the parliament’s [rapporteur](/wiki/Rapporteur "Rapporteur") for the [official development assistance](/wiki/Official_development_assistance "Official development assistance") (ODA) budget.Cécile Barbière (12 February 2018\), [France unveils plans for 2022 goal](https://www.euractiv.com/section/africa/news/france-unveils-plans-for-2022-goal/1212662/) *[Euractiv](/wiki/Euractiv "Euractiv")*.
In addition to his committee assignments, Julien\-Laferrière is a member of the French delegation to the [Inter\-Parliamentary Union](/wiki/Inter-Parliamentary_Union "Inter-Parliamentary Union") (IPU) and the parliamentary friendship groups with [Suriname](/wiki/Suriname "Suriname"), [Kenya](/wiki/Kenya "Kenya"), [Uganda](/wiki/Uganda "Uganda"), [Tanzania](/wiki/Tanzania "Tanzania"), [Burundi](/wiki/Burundi "Burundi"), [Rwanda](/wiki/Rwanda "Rwanda"), among others.[Hubert Julien\-Laferrière](http://www2.assemblee-nationale.fr/deputes/fiche/OMC_PA722344) [French National Assembly](/wiki/National_Assembly_%28France%29 "National Assembly (France)").
In light of the [2019–20 French pension reform strike](/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_French_pension_reform_strike "2019–20 French pension reform strike"), Julien\-Laferrière called for compromise between trade unions and the government.[France braces for major rallies, more transport disruptions as pension strike continues](https://www.france24.com/en/20200109-france-french-pension-strike-macron-transport-protest-retirement-trade-union-talks-philippe-pivotal-cgt-cfdt-julien-laferri%C3%A8re) *[France 24](/wiki/France_24 "France 24")*, 9 January 2020\. In March 2020, he left LREM after [Prime Minister](/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_France "Prime Minister of France") [Edouard Philippe](/wiki/Edouard_Philippe "Edouard Philippe") announced he would push through the bill by executive decree.[Le groupe LRM perd deux députés, mécontents du recours au 49\.3 pour la réforme des retraites](https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2020/03/02/retraites-hubert-julien-laferriere-et-delphine-bagarry-quittent-le-groupe-lrm-a-l-assemblee_6031584_823448.html) *[Le Monde](/wiki/Le_Monde "Le Monde")*, 2 March 2020\.[French PM faces confidence vote ahead of fresh pension reform protests](http://www.rfi.fr/en/france/20200303-france-philippe-faces-votes-no-confidence-over-pension-reform-decree-49-3-strike) *[Radio France Internationale](/wiki/Radio_France_Internationale "Radio France Internationale")*, 3 March 2020\.
In May 2020, Julie\-Laferrière was one of the 17 initial members of the new [Ecology Democracy Solidarity](/wiki/Ecology_Democracy_Solidarity "Ecology Democracy Solidarity") group in the National Assembly. By June, he and five other ex\-LREM deputies announced the establishment of \#Nous Demain, a "humanist, ecologist and feminist" political movement.[Le député Aurélien Taché et d'autres ex\-Marcheurs créent leur mouvement politique](https://www.lefigaro.fr/politique/le-depute-aurelien-tache-et-d-autres-ex-marcheurs-creent-leur-mouvement-politique-20200628) *[Le Figaro](/wiki/Le_Figaro "Le Figaro")*, 28 June 2020\.
Also in 2020, Julien\-Laferrière joined [Sylvie Guillaume](/wiki/Sylvie_Guillaume "Sylvie Guillaume"), [Mounir Satouri](/wiki/Mounir_Satouri "Mounir Satouri") and [Frédérique Dumas](/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9rique_Dumas "Frédérique Dumas") in visiting several [refugee camps](/wiki/Refugee_camp "Refugee camp") in northern [Syria](/wiki/Syria "Syria") that hold [individuals displaced](/wiki/Internally_displaced_person "Internally displaced person") from the [Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant](/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant "Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant"), including [al\-Hawl](/wiki/Al-Hawl_refugee_camp "Al-Hawl refugee camp") and Roj.Paule Gonzalès (2 March 2021\), [Retour de Syrie: le brûlant dilemme des femmes et des enfants](https://www.lefigaro.fr/actualite-france/retour-de-syrie-le-brulant-dilemme-des-femmes-et-des-enfants-20210302) *[Le Figaro](/wiki/Le_Figaro "Le Figaro")*.
|
[
"Political career\n----------------",
"Having previously been affiliated with the [Socialist Party](/wiki/Socialist_Party_%28France%29 \"Socialist Party (France)\"), Julien\\-Laferrière joined LREM in 2017\\.Aurélie Delmas (24 June 2017\\), [La galaxie Macron sur les bancs de l’Assemblée](https://www.liberation.fr/apps/2017/07/galaxie-macron-assemblee/) *[Libération](/wiki/Lib%C3%A9ration \"Libération\")*.",
"In parliament, Julien\\-Laferrière serves on the Committee on Foreign Affairs.[Hubert Julien\\-Laferrière](http://www2.assemblee-nationale.fr/deputes/fiche/OMC_PA722344) [French National Assembly](/wiki/National_Assembly_%28France%29 \"National Assembly (France)\"). In this capacity, he is the parliament’s [rapporteur](/wiki/Rapporteur \"Rapporteur\") for the [official development assistance](/wiki/Official_development_assistance \"Official development assistance\") (ODA) budget.Cécile Barbière (12 February 2018\\), [France unveils plans for 2022 goal](https://www.euractiv.com/section/africa/news/france-unveils-plans-for-2022-goal/1212662/) *[Euractiv](/wiki/Euractiv \"Euractiv\")*.",
"In addition to his committee assignments, Julien\\-Laferrière is a member of the French delegation to the [Inter\\-Parliamentary Union](/wiki/Inter-Parliamentary_Union \"Inter-Parliamentary Union\") (IPU) and the parliamentary friendship groups with [Suriname](/wiki/Suriname \"Suriname\"), [Kenya](/wiki/Kenya \"Kenya\"), [Uganda](/wiki/Uganda \"Uganda\"), [Tanzania](/wiki/Tanzania \"Tanzania\"), [Burundi](/wiki/Burundi \"Burundi\"), [Rwanda](/wiki/Rwanda \"Rwanda\"), among others.[Hubert Julien\\-Laferrière](http://www2.assemblee-nationale.fr/deputes/fiche/OMC_PA722344) [French National Assembly](/wiki/National_Assembly_%28France%29 \"National Assembly (France)\").",
"In light of the [2019–20 French pension reform strike](/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_French_pension_reform_strike \"2019–20 French pension reform strike\"), Julien\\-Laferrière called for compromise between trade unions and the government.[France braces for major rallies, more transport disruptions as pension strike continues](https://www.france24.com/en/20200109-france-french-pension-strike-macron-transport-protest-retirement-trade-union-talks-philippe-pivotal-cgt-cfdt-julien-laferri%C3%A8re) *[France 24](/wiki/France_24 \"France 24\")*, 9 January 2020\\. In March 2020, he left LREM after [Prime Minister](/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_France \"Prime Minister of France\") [Edouard Philippe](/wiki/Edouard_Philippe \"Edouard Philippe\") announced he would push through the bill by executive decree.[Le groupe LRM perd deux députés, mécontents du recours au 49\\.3 pour la réforme des retraites](https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2020/03/02/retraites-hubert-julien-laferriere-et-delphine-bagarry-quittent-le-groupe-lrm-a-l-assemblee_6031584_823448.html) *[Le Monde](/wiki/Le_Monde \"Le Monde\")*, 2 March 2020\\.[French PM faces confidence vote ahead of fresh pension reform protests](http://www.rfi.fr/en/france/20200303-france-philippe-faces-votes-no-confidence-over-pension-reform-decree-49-3-strike) *[Radio France Internationale](/wiki/Radio_France_Internationale \"Radio France Internationale\")*, 3 March 2020\\.",
"In May 2020, Julie\\-Laferrière was one of the 17 initial members of the new [Ecology Democracy Solidarity](/wiki/Ecology_Democracy_Solidarity \"Ecology Democracy Solidarity\") group in the National Assembly. By June, he and five other ex\\-LREM deputies announced the establishment of \\#Nous Demain, a \"humanist, ecologist and feminist\" political movement.[Le député Aurélien Taché et d'autres ex\\-Marcheurs créent leur mouvement politique](https://www.lefigaro.fr/politique/le-depute-aurelien-tache-et-d-autres-ex-marcheurs-creent-leur-mouvement-politique-20200628) *[Le Figaro](/wiki/Le_Figaro \"Le Figaro\")*, 28 June 2020\\.",
"Also in 2020, Julien\\-Laferrière joined [Sylvie Guillaume](/wiki/Sylvie_Guillaume \"Sylvie Guillaume\"), [Mounir Satouri](/wiki/Mounir_Satouri \"Mounir Satouri\") and [Frédérique Dumas](/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9rique_Dumas \"Frédérique Dumas\") in visiting several [refugee camps](/wiki/Refugee_camp \"Refugee camp\") in northern [Syria](/wiki/Syria \"Syria\") that hold [individuals displaced](/wiki/Internally_displaced_person \"Internally displaced person\") from the [Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant](/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant \"Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant\"), including [al\\-Hawl](/wiki/Al-Hawl_refugee_camp \"Al-Hawl refugee camp\") and Roj.Paule Gonzalès (2 March 2021\\), [Retour de Syrie: le brûlant dilemme des femmes et des enfants](https://www.lefigaro.fr/actualite-france/retour-de-syrie-le-brulant-dilemme-des-femmes-et-des-enfants-20210302) *[Le Figaro](/wiki/Le_Figaro \"Le Figaro\")*.",
""
] |
Synopsis
--------
### Act I
The story begins with a **(Pilgrimage Procession)**, led by Queen [Eleanor of Aquitaine](/wiki/Eleanor_of_Aquitaine "Eleanor of Aquitaine") on her way to Canterbury through a wooded area where King Henry II has been pursuing peasant wenches. Henry tries to encourage his friend Thomas Becket to join him **(Look Around You)**. Thomas meets Jennie, a peasant girl who wants to better herself even though it means yielding her maidenhood to Henry. Left alone, she expresses her insecurities **(Am I Beautiful?**). Thomas warns Henry that Jennie is an intelligent girl, but this fails to discourage Henry. Thomas reprimands him for his ribaldry and reminds him that it is the King's responsibility to leave the world a better place. Henry prefers to be remembered as a **(Man Of Love)**.
Theobold, Archbishop of Canterbury, challenges Thomas' inability to reform Henry's ways, which leads to a discussion between Henry and Thomas as to the true nature of love **(The Question)**.
In the palace, Queen Eleanor finds Jennie on her way to Henry's bedchamber and she tries to make Jennie unattractive to Henry by dressing her in a royal manner. Thomas suggests that Eleanor will have done Jennie a favour in keeping her from Henry's bed but Jennie is now unable to return to her village and her previous way of life **(What Choice Have I?)**.
At a council meeting, in a challenge to the Archbishop, Henry makes Thomas the Lord Chancellor, bridging the gap between church and state. This is seen by Henry as a way to build a better England **(We Shall Do It!)**.
A jealous Eleanor reminds herself that she can handle Henry as well as Thomas and Jennie who has, in a gesture of both lust and ambition, come to Henry's bed again and he finds that feeling of affection for the peasant wench is **(Improbable As Spring)**. Eleanor is a woman of **(Power)** and masterminds a war against France. The Archbishop is killed and Henry is defeated. Eleanor is delighted. However, to gain popularity again with the people of England Henry decides to make Thomas the new Archbishop of Canterbury. Thomas pleads with Henry to reconsider, realising that Henry will expect him to speak for the King rather than for the Church. But Henry says that he will go ahead with his plan but Thomas pledges that he will speak for God **(The Question \- Reprise)**.
### Act II
The second act opens with the **(Consecration)** of Thomas as Archbishop of Canterbury, but Eleanor is plotting to bring Thomas to trial for his past misdeeds. While Eleanor has been otherwise engaged Henry has fallen in love with Jennie **('Tis Love)**. Henry will not allow Thomas to be tried by the Church Court but Thomas defies him by supporting the right of the Church in this matter and he goes to Rome to see the Pope.
In Rome the Cardinals are not kindly disposed towards Thomas and privately plot to have him excommunicated **(Sincerity)**. The Pope is afraid that if he sends Thomas to England, Henry will invade Rome, so, exile is the only solution. Thomas ponders the challenge and the dichotomy with which he is now faced **(The Test)**.
Back in England, Jennie suggests that Henry forgive Thomas **(Replay The Game)** and that they should try to build their dream for England **(A New Way To Turn)**.
Thomas returns to England and he agrees to obey Henry in legal matters but not on Church matters. Unable to compromise, Henry realises that he will have to destroy Thomas in order to keep his kingdom **(Will No One Rid Me?)**.
While kneeling in prayer, Thomas is murdered. Henry finds that it is in death that Thomas has achieved martyrdom and, from his grief, Henry vows to build their dream for England **(So Many Worlds \- Finale)**.Thomas And The King, Original London Cast, TER, Jay Productions Ltd., 1998
|
[
"Synopsis\n--------",
"### Act I",
"The story begins with a **(Pilgrimage Procession)**, led by Queen [Eleanor of Aquitaine](/wiki/Eleanor_of_Aquitaine \"Eleanor of Aquitaine\") on her way to Canterbury through a wooded area where King Henry II has been pursuing peasant wenches. Henry tries to encourage his friend Thomas Becket to join him **(Look Around You)**. Thomas meets Jennie, a peasant girl who wants to better herself even though it means yielding her maidenhood to Henry. Left alone, she expresses her insecurities **(Am I Beautiful?**). Thomas warns Henry that Jennie is an intelligent girl, but this fails to discourage Henry. Thomas reprimands him for his ribaldry and reminds him that it is the King's responsibility to leave the world a better place. Henry prefers to be remembered as a **(Man Of Love)**.",
"Theobold, Archbishop of Canterbury, challenges Thomas' inability to reform Henry's ways, which leads to a discussion between Henry and Thomas as to the true nature of love **(The Question)**.\nIn the palace, Queen Eleanor finds Jennie on her way to Henry's bedchamber and she tries to make Jennie unattractive to Henry by dressing her in a royal manner. Thomas suggests that Eleanor will have done Jennie a favour in keeping her from Henry's bed but Jennie is now unable to return to her village and her previous way of life **(What Choice Have I?)**.",
"At a council meeting, in a challenge to the Archbishop, Henry makes Thomas the Lord Chancellor, bridging the gap between church and state. This is seen by Henry as a way to build a better England **(We Shall Do It!)**.\nA jealous Eleanor reminds herself that she can handle Henry as well as Thomas and Jennie who has, in a gesture of both lust and ambition, come to Henry's bed again and he finds that feeling of affection for the peasant wench is **(Improbable As Spring)**. Eleanor is a woman of **(Power)** and masterminds a war against France. The Archbishop is killed and Henry is defeated. Eleanor is delighted. However, to gain popularity again with the people of England Henry decides to make Thomas the new Archbishop of Canterbury. Thomas pleads with Henry to reconsider, realising that Henry will expect him to speak for the King rather than for the Church. But Henry says that he will go ahead with his plan but Thomas pledges that he will speak for God **(The Question \\- Reprise)**.",
"### Act II",
"The second act opens with the **(Consecration)** of Thomas as Archbishop of Canterbury, but Eleanor is plotting to bring Thomas to trial for his past misdeeds. While Eleanor has been otherwise engaged Henry has fallen in love with Jennie **('Tis Love)**. Henry will not allow Thomas to be tried by the Church Court but Thomas defies him by supporting the right of the Church in this matter and he goes to Rome to see the Pope.",
"In Rome the Cardinals are not kindly disposed towards Thomas and privately plot to have him excommunicated **(Sincerity)**. The Pope is afraid that if he sends Thomas to England, Henry will invade Rome, so, exile is the only solution. Thomas ponders the challenge and the dichotomy with which he is now faced **(The Test)**.",
"Back in England, Jennie suggests that Henry forgive Thomas **(Replay The Game)** and that they should try to build their dream for England **(A New Way To Turn)**.",
"Thomas returns to England and he agrees to obey Henry in legal matters but not on Church matters. Unable to compromise, Henry realises that he will have to destroy Thomas in order to keep his kingdom **(Will No One Rid Me?)**.\nWhile kneeling in prayer, Thomas is murdered. Henry finds that it is in death that Thomas has achieved martyrdom and, from his grief, Henry vows to build their dream for England **(So Many Worlds \\- Finale)**.Thomas And The King, Original London Cast, TER, Jay Productions Ltd., 1998",
""
] |
Political developments
----------------------
Article 77 of the [Constitution of France](/wiki/Constitution_of_France "Constitution of France") and the [Organic Law](/wiki/Organic_Law "Organic Law") 99\-209 confers a unique status on New Caledonia between that of an independent country and a regular *[collectivité d'outre\-mer](/wiki/Collectivit%C3%A9_d%27outre-mer "Collectivité d'outre-mer")* or overseas *collectivité* of France. A territorial congress and government have been established, and the 1998 [Nouméa Accord](/wiki/Noum%C3%A9a_Accord "Nouméa Accord") organized a devolution of powers. Key areas such as taxation, labor law, health and hygiene and foreign trade are already in the hands of the Congress. Further powers will supposedly be given to the Congress in the near future.
Under article 4 of the [Organic Law](/wiki/Organic_Law "Organic Law") 99\-209 a [New Caledonian citizenship](/wiki/Subnational_citizenship "Subnational citizenship") has also been introduced: only New Caledonian citizens (defined by article 188\) have the right to vote in the local elections. This measure has been criticized, because it creates a second\-class status for French citizens living in New Caledonia who do not possess New Caledonian citizenship (because they settled in the territory only recently). New Caledonia is also allowed to engage in international cooperation with independent countries of the [Pacific Ocean](/wiki/Pacific_Ocean "Pacific Ocean"). Finally, the territorial Congress is allowed to pass statutes that are contrary{{elucidate\|date\=September 2012}} to [French law](/wiki/French_law "French law") in a certain number of areas.
On the other hand, New Caledonia remains an integral part of the French Republic. Inhabitants of New Caledonia are French citizens and carry French passports. They take part in the legislative and presidential French elections. New Caledonia sends [two representatives](/wiki/French_legislative_constituencies_in_New_Caledonia "French legislative constituencies in New Caledonia") to the [French National Assembly](/wiki/French_National_Assembly "French National Assembly") and two senators to the [French Senate](/wiki/French_Senate "French Senate"). The representative of the French central state in New Caledonia is the [High Commissioner of the Republic](/wiki/High_Commissioner_of_the_Republic "High Commissioner of the Republic") (*Haut\-Commissaire de la République*, locally known as "*haussaire*"), who is the head of civil services, and who sits in the government of the territory.
The [Nouméa Accord](/wiki/Noum%C3%A9a_Accord "Nouméa Accord") stipulates that the Congress will have the right to call for a [referendum](/wiki/Referendum "Referendum") on [independence](/wiki/Independence "Independence") after 2014, at a time of its choosing. Following the timeline set by the Nouméa Accord, the groundwork was laid for a Referendum on full independence from France at a meeting chaired by the French Prime Minister [Édouard Philippe](/wiki/%C3%89douard_Philippe "Édouard Philippe") on 2 November 2017, with the referendum to be held by [November 2018](/wiki/2018_New_Caledonian_independence_referendum "2018 New Caledonian independence referendum"). Voter list eligibility had been a subject of a long dispute, but the details were resolved at this meeting.{{cite web\| url \= http://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2017/11/03/referendum\-d\-autodetermination\-en\-nouvelle\-caledonie\-un\-accord\-politique\-trouve\_5209433\_823448\.html\| title \= Nouvelle\-Calédonie : ce que contient l'" accord politique " sur le référendum d'autodétermination\| website \= \[\[Le Monde]]}} In the 2018 referendum, voters narrowly chose to remain a part of France. Two further referendums were permitted, being held in [2020](/wiki/2020_New_Caledonian_independence_referendum "2020 New Caledonian independence referendum") and [2021](/wiki/2021_New_Caledonian_independence_referendum "2021 New Caledonian independence referendum"). 2020 saw slimmer margins than in the 2018 referendum, with 46\.74% in favor of independence, while the 2021 vote overwhelmingly rejected independence, with 96\.49% against it but on only a 43\.87% turnout.{{Cite web\|date\=2021\-12\-12\|title\=New Caledonia rejects independence in final vote amid boycott\|url\=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/new\-caledonia\-begins\-voting\-independence\-referendum\-2021\-12\-12/\|access\-date\=2021\-12\-12\|website\=Reuters\|language\=en}} Kanak communities largely boycotted this referendum, advised by their leadership and still in mourning following mortality in the covid\-19 pandemic.[2021 New Caledonian independence referendum](/wiki/2021_New_Caledonian_independence_referendum "2021 New Caledonian independence referendum")
The current president of the government elected by the Congress is [Louis Mapou](/wiki/Louis_Mapou "Louis Mapou"), from the pro\-independence [Palika](/wiki/Party_of_Kanak_Liberation "Party of Kanak Liberation") political party.
In May 2024, riots broke out following controversial voting reforms. See [2024 New Caledonia unrest](/wiki/2024_New_Caledonia_unrest "2024 New Caledonia unrest").
|
[
"Political developments\n----------------------",
"Article 77 of the [Constitution of France](/wiki/Constitution_of_France \"Constitution of France\") and the [Organic Law](/wiki/Organic_Law \"Organic Law\") 99\\-209 confers a unique status on New Caledonia between that of an independent country and a regular *[collectivité d'outre\\-mer](/wiki/Collectivit%C3%A9_d%27outre-mer \"Collectivité d'outre-mer\")* or overseas *collectivité* of France. A territorial congress and government have been established, and the 1998 [Nouméa Accord](/wiki/Noum%C3%A9a_Accord \"Nouméa Accord\") organized a devolution of powers. Key areas such as taxation, labor law, health and hygiene and foreign trade are already in the hands of the Congress. Further powers will supposedly be given to the Congress in the near future.",
"Under article 4 of the [Organic Law](/wiki/Organic_Law \"Organic Law\") 99\\-209 a [New Caledonian citizenship](/wiki/Subnational_citizenship \"Subnational citizenship\") has also been introduced: only New Caledonian citizens (defined by article 188\\) have the right to vote in the local elections. This measure has been criticized, because it creates a second\\-class status for French citizens living in New Caledonia who do not possess New Caledonian citizenship (because they settled in the territory only recently). New Caledonia is also allowed to engage in international cooperation with independent countries of the [Pacific Ocean](/wiki/Pacific_Ocean \"Pacific Ocean\"). Finally, the territorial Congress is allowed to pass statutes that are contrary{{elucidate\\|date\\=September 2012}} to [French law](/wiki/French_law \"French law\") in a certain number of areas.",
"On the other hand, New Caledonia remains an integral part of the French Republic. Inhabitants of New Caledonia are French citizens and carry French passports. They take part in the legislative and presidential French elections. New Caledonia sends [two representatives](/wiki/French_legislative_constituencies_in_New_Caledonia \"French legislative constituencies in New Caledonia\") to the [French National Assembly](/wiki/French_National_Assembly \"French National Assembly\") and two senators to the [French Senate](/wiki/French_Senate \"French Senate\"). The representative of the French central state in New Caledonia is the [High Commissioner of the Republic](/wiki/High_Commissioner_of_the_Republic \"High Commissioner of the Republic\") (*Haut\\-Commissaire de la République*, locally known as \"*haussaire*\"), who is the head of civil services, and who sits in the government of the territory.",
"The [Nouméa Accord](/wiki/Noum%C3%A9a_Accord \"Nouméa Accord\") stipulates that the Congress will have the right to call for a [referendum](/wiki/Referendum \"Referendum\") on [independence](/wiki/Independence \"Independence\") after 2014, at a time of its choosing. Following the timeline set by the Nouméa Accord, the groundwork was laid for a Referendum on full independence from France at a meeting chaired by the French Prime Minister [Édouard Philippe](/wiki/%C3%89douard_Philippe \"Édouard Philippe\") on 2 November 2017, with the referendum to be held by [November 2018](/wiki/2018_New_Caledonian_independence_referendum \"2018 New Caledonian independence referendum\"). Voter list eligibility had been a subject of a long dispute, but the details were resolved at this meeting.{{cite web\\| url \\= http://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2017/11/03/referendum\\-d\\-autodetermination\\-en\\-nouvelle\\-caledonie\\-un\\-accord\\-politique\\-trouve\\_5209433\\_823448\\.html\\| title \\= Nouvelle\\-Calédonie : ce que contient l'\" accord politique \" sur le référendum d'autodétermination\\| website \\= \\[\\[Le Monde]]}} In the 2018 referendum, voters narrowly chose to remain a part of France. Two further referendums were permitted, being held in [2020](/wiki/2020_New_Caledonian_independence_referendum \"2020 New Caledonian independence referendum\") and [2021](/wiki/2021_New_Caledonian_independence_referendum \"2021 New Caledonian independence referendum\"). 2020 saw slimmer margins than in the 2018 referendum, with 46\\.74% in favor of independence, while the 2021 vote overwhelmingly rejected independence, with 96\\.49% against it but on only a 43\\.87% turnout.{{Cite web\\|date\\=2021\\-12\\-12\\|title\\=New Caledonia rejects independence in final vote amid boycott\\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/new\\-caledonia\\-begins\\-voting\\-independence\\-referendum\\-2021\\-12\\-12/\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-12\\-12\\|website\\=Reuters\\|language\\=en}} Kanak communities largely boycotted this referendum, advised by their leadership and still in mourning following mortality in the covid\\-19 pandemic.[2021 New Caledonian independence referendum](/wiki/2021_New_Caledonian_independence_referendum \"2021 New Caledonian independence referendum\")",
"The current president of the government elected by the Congress is [Louis Mapou](/wiki/Louis_Mapou \"Louis Mapou\"), from the pro\\-independence [Palika](/wiki/Party_of_Kanak_Liberation \"Party of Kanak Liberation\") political party.",
"In May 2024, riots broke out following controversial voting reforms. See [2024 New Caledonia unrest](/wiki/2024_New_Caledonia_unrest \"2024 New Caledonia unrest\").",
""
] |
Career
------
### Kansas City Royals
Bayliss was originally a seventh\-round draft pick of the [Kansas City Royals](/wiki/Kansas_City_Royals "Kansas City Royals") in {{Baseball year\|2002}}, and he made his major league debut with that team on June 21, {{mlby\|2005}}. Bayliss pitched 11{{fraction\|2\|3}} innings in relief for the Royals that year.
### Pittsburgh Pirates
He and minor league reliever Chad Blackwell were traded to the [Pittsburgh Pirates](/wiki/Pittsburgh_Pirates "Pittsburgh Pirates") for [starting pitcher](/wiki/Starting_pitcher "Starting pitcher") [Mark Redman](/wiki/Mark_Redman "Mark Redman") on December 7\.
On March 28, {{Baseball year\|2008}}, the Pittsburgh Pirates designated Bayliss for assignment.[Pirates add Rivas to roster](http://mvn.com/mlb-pirates/2008/03/25/pirates-add-rivas-to-roster) According to Pirates manager [Neal Huntington](/wiki/Neal_Huntington "Neal Huntington"), "Bayliss is the type of player that teams should be looking for on the waiver wire. He has good stuff, but has struggled with control. If he can figure that out, he can be a very solid reliever."
### Toronto Blue Jays
On June 19, 2008, Bayliss was traded by the Pirates to the [Toronto Blue Jays](/wiki/Toronto_Blue_Jays "Toronto Blue Jays"). He became a [free agent](/wiki/Free_agent "Free agent") at the end of the season and re\-signed with Toronto in February {{Baseball year\|2009}}.
Bayliss did not make the Toronto Blue Jays 40\-man roster and started the 2009 season with the Triple A [Las Vegas 51s](/wiki/Las_Vegas_51s "Las Vegas 51s").
### Saitma Seibu Lions
On July 28, 2009, Bayliss was released by the Blue Jays so that he could sign with The [Saitama Seibu Lions](/wiki/Saitama_Seibu_Lions "Saitama Seibu Lions") of the Japan Pacific League.
### Houston Astros
On February 1, 2010, Bayliss was re\-signed as a free agent by the Blue Jays.[March 2010 Blue Jays Transactions](https://web.archive.org/web/20070204103444/http://toronto.bluejays.mlb.com/team/transactions.jsp?c_id=tor#month=3&year=2010&team_id=141) but he was released on March 31 and subsequently signed by the [Houston Astros](/wiki/Houston_Astros "Houston Astros"). He played for Triple\-A [Round Rock](/wiki/Round_Rock_Express "Round Rock Express") in 2010, and posted a 3\.58 ERA.
### Tampa Bay Rays
On December 15, 2010, Bayliss got out of Free Agency and the [Tampa Bay Rays](/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Rays "Tampa Bay Rays") inked him to a minor league deal. The Rays released him on March 24, 2011\.
### Atlantic League
He joined the [Atlantic League of Professional Baseball](/wiki/Atlantic_League_of_Professional_Baseball "Atlantic League of Professional Baseball") with the [Lancaster Barnstormers](/wiki/Lancaster_Barnstormers "Lancaster Barnstormers") for 2011 season and the [Bridgeport Bluefish](/wiki/Bridgeport_Bluefish "Bridgeport Bluefish") for 2012\.
### After Baseball
Jonah is currently a personal pitching coach and owner at the A1 pitching academy in Adams, MA.
Bayliss currently serves as the [North Adams SteepleCats](/wiki/North_Adams_SteepleCats "North Adams SteepleCats") general manager and pitching coach.
|
[
"Career\n------",
"### Kansas City Royals",
"Bayliss was originally a seventh\\-round draft pick of the [Kansas City Royals](/wiki/Kansas_City_Royals \"Kansas City Royals\") in {{Baseball year\\|2002}}, and he made his major league debut with that team on June 21, {{mlby\\|2005}}. Bayliss pitched 11{{fraction\\|2\\|3}} innings in relief for the Royals that year.",
"### Pittsburgh Pirates",
"He and minor league reliever Chad Blackwell were traded to the [Pittsburgh Pirates](/wiki/Pittsburgh_Pirates \"Pittsburgh Pirates\") for [starting pitcher](/wiki/Starting_pitcher \"Starting pitcher\") [Mark Redman](/wiki/Mark_Redman \"Mark Redman\") on December 7\\.",
"On March 28, {{Baseball year\\|2008}}, the Pittsburgh Pirates designated Bayliss for assignment.[Pirates add Rivas to roster](http://mvn.com/mlb-pirates/2008/03/25/pirates-add-rivas-to-roster) According to Pirates manager [Neal Huntington](/wiki/Neal_Huntington \"Neal Huntington\"), \"Bayliss is the type of player that teams should be looking for on the waiver wire. He has good stuff, but has struggled with control. If he can figure that out, he can be a very solid reliever.\"",
"### Toronto Blue Jays",
"On June 19, 2008, Bayliss was traded by the Pirates to the [Toronto Blue Jays](/wiki/Toronto_Blue_Jays \"Toronto Blue Jays\"). He became a [free agent](/wiki/Free_agent \"Free agent\") at the end of the season and re\\-signed with Toronto in February {{Baseball year\\|2009}}.",
"Bayliss did not make the Toronto Blue Jays 40\\-man roster and started the 2009 season with the Triple A [Las Vegas 51s](/wiki/Las_Vegas_51s \"Las Vegas 51s\").",
"### Saitma Seibu Lions",
"On July 28, 2009, Bayliss was released by the Blue Jays so that he could sign with The [Saitama Seibu Lions](/wiki/Saitama_Seibu_Lions \"Saitama Seibu Lions\") of the Japan Pacific League.",
"### Houston Astros",
"On February 1, 2010, Bayliss was re\\-signed as a free agent by the Blue Jays.[March 2010 Blue Jays Transactions](https://web.archive.org/web/20070204103444/http://toronto.bluejays.mlb.com/team/transactions.jsp?c_id=tor#month=3&year=2010&team_id=141) but he was released on March 31 and subsequently signed by the [Houston Astros](/wiki/Houston_Astros \"Houston Astros\"). He played for Triple\\-A [Round Rock](/wiki/Round_Rock_Express \"Round Rock Express\") in 2010, and posted a 3\\.58 ERA.",
"### Tampa Bay Rays",
"On December 15, 2010, Bayliss got out of Free Agency and the [Tampa Bay Rays](/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Rays \"Tampa Bay Rays\") inked him to a minor league deal. The Rays released him on March 24, 2011\\.",
"### Atlantic League",
"He joined the [Atlantic League of Professional Baseball](/wiki/Atlantic_League_of_Professional_Baseball \"Atlantic League of Professional Baseball\") with the [Lancaster Barnstormers](/wiki/Lancaster_Barnstormers \"Lancaster Barnstormers\") for 2011 season and the [Bridgeport Bluefish](/wiki/Bridgeport_Bluefish \"Bridgeport Bluefish\") for 2012\\.",
"### After Baseball",
"Jonah is currently a personal pitching coach and owner at the A1 pitching academy in Adams, MA.",
"Bayliss currently serves as the [North Adams SteepleCats](/wiki/North_Adams_SteepleCats \"North Adams SteepleCats\") general manager and pitching coach.",
""
] |
The Argonauts
-------------
The *Argonauts Club* was open to Australian boys and girls aged from 7 to 17\. It proved hugely popular with young Australians: by 1950 there were over 50,000 members, with 10,000 new members joining each year through the 1950s (national membership reached 43,000 in 1953\).[*Sydney Morning Herald* 19 November 1953](http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article18396944), Nla.gov.au Applications for membership (and subsequent contributions) were made by post. The new member received an enamelled badge and handsome membership certificate with the Pledge (brought over from 1931\):
[thumb\|200px\|right\|Argonauts' membership badge](/wiki/Image:Argo_badge.JPG "Argo badge.JPG")
Before the sun and night and the blue sea, I vow
To stand faithfully by all that is brave and beautiful;
To seek adventure and having discovered aught of wonder, or delight, of merriment or loveliness,
To share it freely with my comrades, the Band of Happy Rowers.
and the new member's allocated pseudonym (Ship name and number) were sent out to the new member. With no indication given of age, sex or origin, the only comparisons that could be made were between contributions; the members' only competitors were themselves.
A card system held the member's real name and address and Club name and number, together with a record of contributions and awards.*Out of the Bakelite Box* Jacqueline Kent, Angus \& Robertson 1983 {{ISBN\|978\-0\-207\-14486\-8}} The Club encouraged children's contributions of writing, music, poetry and art. Contributions from members were awarded Blue Certificates (worth 1 point) or Purple Certificates for particularly impressive work worth 3\. Members reaching 6 points redeemed the tear\-off ends for a book prize. Higher achievements won for the member a title to be attached to their Ship Name and Number: *The Order of the Dragon's Tooth* for 150 points and *The Order of the Golden Fleece* for 400 points. A further award *Golden Fleece and Bar* (for 600 points) was instituted later to cater for particularly talented and industrious Argonauts. The certificates were designed by "Joe". Reading of the 'Log of Progress', when these awards were announced, was an essential part of Club business.
Throughout the *Argonauts Club* segment, the studio team strictly adhered to the policy of only using Club names. So Atholl Fleming was 'Jason', Elizabeth Osbourne was Argo 1\. Some others are given below.
The segment was opened and closed with a specially commissioned theme written by Elizabeth Osbourne and [Cecil Fraser](/wiki/Cecil_Fraser "Cecil Fraser") and sung by [Harold Williams](/wiki/Harold_Williams_%28baritone%29 "Harold Williams (baritone)") and the male members of the ABC Wireless Singers"The Argonaut's Song" *Fraser* Harold Williams, voc; ABC Radio Orch. ABC Audio {{ISBN\|978\-0\-642\-17766\-7}}
Fifty mighty Argonauts, bending to the oars,
Today will go adventuring to yet uncharted shores.
Fifty young adventurers today set forth and so
We cry with Jason "Man the boats, and Row! Row! Row!"
Row! Row! Merry oarsmen, Row!
That dangers lie ahead we know, we know.
But bend with all your might
As you sail into the night
And wrong will bow to right "Jason" cry,
Adventure know,
Argonauts Row! Row! Row!
A further touch was a call to sick members: "The Ship of Limping Men", as notified by parents. Whenever possible, Atholl Fleming would visit Argonauts who were seriously ill in hospital.
On Saturdays a major segment was the Argonauts Brains Trust{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.abc.net.au/archives/av/radsamp.htm \|title\=A sample program may be heard here \|publisher\=\[\[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] \|access\-date\=8 October 2009 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100125060443/http://www.abc.net.au/archives/av/radsamp.htm \|archive\-date\=25 January 2010 \|url\-status\=dead }}
From December 1944, the [ABC Weekly](/wiki/ABC_Weekly "ABC Weekly") carried an Argonauts' Page devoted to selected contributions from members and relevant news items. A prominent contributor was one Ithome 32, now known as [Barry Humphries](/wiki/Barry_Humphries "Barry Humphries"), creator of "Edna Everage".
Annual 'live' productions of the Children's Session (and *Argonauts Club*) were a feature of [Royal Shows](/wiki/Royal_Shows "Royal Shows") in each State from 1947\. The showground in each Capital City had its own purpose\-built ABC studio, double\-glazed on three sides.
|
[
"The Argonauts\n-------------",
"The *Argonauts Club* was open to Australian boys and girls aged from 7 to 17\\. It proved hugely popular with young Australians: by 1950 there were over 50,000 members, with 10,000 new members joining each year through the 1950s (national membership reached 43,000 in 1953\\).[*Sydney Morning Herald* 19 November 1953](http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article18396944), Nla.gov.au Applications for membership (and subsequent contributions) were made by post. The new member received an enamelled badge and handsome membership certificate with the Pledge (brought over from 1931\\):\n[thumb\\|200px\\|right\\|Argonauts' membership badge](/wiki/Image:Argo_badge.JPG \"Argo badge.JPG\")\nBefore the sun and night and the blue sea, I vow\nTo stand faithfully by all that is brave and beautiful;\nTo seek adventure and having discovered aught of wonder, or delight, of merriment or loveliness,\nTo share it freely with my comrades, the Band of Happy Rowers.",
"and the new member's allocated pseudonym (Ship name and number) were sent out to the new member. With no indication given of age, sex or origin, the only comparisons that could be made were between contributions; the members' only competitors were themselves.",
"A card system held the member's real name and address and Club name and number, together with a record of contributions and awards.*Out of the Bakelite Box* Jacqueline Kent, Angus \\& Robertson 1983 {{ISBN\\|978\\-0\\-207\\-14486\\-8}} The Club encouraged children's contributions of writing, music, poetry and art. Contributions from members were awarded Blue Certificates (worth 1 point) or Purple Certificates for particularly impressive work worth 3\\. Members reaching 6 points redeemed the tear\\-off ends for a book prize. Higher achievements won for the member a title to be attached to their Ship Name and Number: *The Order of the Dragon's Tooth* for 150 points and *The Order of the Golden Fleece* for 400 points. A further award *Golden Fleece and Bar* (for 600 points) was instituted later to cater for particularly talented and industrious Argonauts. The certificates were designed by \"Joe\". Reading of the 'Log of Progress', when these awards were announced, was an essential part of Club business.",
"Throughout the *Argonauts Club* segment, the studio team strictly adhered to the policy of only using Club names. So Atholl Fleming was 'Jason', Elizabeth Osbourne was Argo 1\\. Some others are given below.",
"The segment was opened and closed with a specially commissioned theme written by Elizabeth Osbourne and [Cecil Fraser](/wiki/Cecil_Fraser \"Cecil Fraser\") and sung by [Harold Williams](/wiki/Harold_Williams_%28baritone%29 \"Harold Williams (baritone)\") and the male members of the ABC Wireless Singers\"The Argonaut's Song\" *Fraser* Harold Williams, voc; ABC Radio Orch. ABC Audio {{ISBN\\|978\\-0\\-642\\-17766\\-7}}\nFifty mighty Argonauts, bending to the oars,\nToday will go adventuring to yet uncharted shores.\nFifty young adventurers today set forth and so\nWe cry with Jason \"Man the boats, and Row! Row! Row!\"\nRow! Row! Merry oarsmen, Row!\nThat dangers lie ahead we know, we know.\nBut bend with all your might\nAs you sail into the night\nAnd wrong will bow to right \"Jason\" cry,\nAdventure know,\nArgonauts Row! Row! Row!",
"A further touch was a call to sick members: \"The Ship of Limping Men\", as notified by parents. Whenever possible, Atholl Fleming would visit Argonauts who were seriously ill in hospital.",
"On Saturdays a major segment was the Argonauts Brains Trust{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.abc.net.au/archives/av/radsamp.htm \\|title\\=A sample program may be heard here \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] \\|access\\-date\\=8 October 2009 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100125060443/http://www.abc.net.au/archives/av/radsamp.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=25 January 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}",
"From December 1944, the [ABC Weekly](/wiki/ABC_Weekly \"ABC Weekly\") carried an Argonauts' Page devoted to selected contributions from members and relevant news items. A prominent contributor was one Ithome 32, now known as [Barry Humphries](/wiki/Barry_Humphries \"Barry Humphries\"), creator of \"Edna Everage\".",
"Annual 'live' productions of the Children's Session (and *Argonauts Club*) were a feature of [Royal Shows](/wiki/Royal_Shows \"Royal Shows\") in each State from 1947\\. The showground in each Capital City had its own purpose\\-built ABC studio, double\\-glazed on three sides.",
""
] |
Artwork
-------
In the 1990s he went on to develop a highly personalized and controversial style of carving, using masks to comment and editorialize contemporary history and society. He came to believe that "tradition is a foundation to build upon, not a set of rules to restrain creativity." Examples of these masks are the "Mask of International Commerce," which was exhibited in [London, England](/wiki/London%2C_England "London, England"), for the Royal Opening of Canada House, and the "Mask of the Injustice System," which was exhibited at the 1999 [Venice Biennale](/wiki/Venice_Biennale "Venice Biennale").Szeemann, Harald and Cecilia Liveriero Lavelli. [*La Biennale di Venezia: 48a Esposizione internazionale d'arte.*](https://books.google.com/books?id=Y8NPAAAAMAAJ&q=%22David+Neel%22+art+-Alexandra) Venice: La Biennale di Venezia, 1999: 249 (retrieved through Google Books, 27 May 2009\). {{ISBN\|978\-88\-208\-0414\-5}} For the Biennale, Neel exhibited his contemporary masks in a site\-specific installation and did a performance on the Grand Canal using his 26\-foot dugout canoe, the "Walas\-Kwis\-Gila" (Travels Great Distances). Following the publication of *The Great Canoes* in 1995, he carved two canoes; a 26\-foot and 32\-foot, which were used on a number of canoe journeys.
Also in the 1990s Neel produced a number of limited edition prints, some of traditional Kwakwaka'wakw subjects and others of dealing with contemporary history, much like the masks. The best known of these is Life on the 18th Hole, which portrays a Mohawk warrior from the 1990 [Oka Crisis](/wiki/Oka_Crisis "Oka Crisis") in [Quebec](/wiki/Quebec "Quebec"), Canada.
His original media, photography, resulted in two books about Native culture: *Our Chiefs and Elders* in 1992 and *The Great Canoes* in 1995\. Like the prints and masks, these also dealt with contemporary Native history. He continued to work as a professional photographer, specializing in contemporary Native people. Major commissions include a series of portraits for the [National Museum of the American Indian](/wiki/National_Museum_of_the_American_Indian "National Museum of the American Indian"), [New York, New York](/wiki/New_York%2C_New_York "New York, New York"), in 1992, and a permanent installation of his portraits in the [Mashantucket Pequot](/wiki/Mashantucket_Pequot "Mashantucket Pequot") Museum, [Groton, Connecticut](/wiki/Groton%2C_Connecticut "Groton, Connecticut") (2001–2008\).
In 1991 he began hand engraving jewelry in the Kwakwaka'wakw style, working in silver, gold and platinum. From 1998 to 2000 he did a series of elaborate gold and silver boxes, inspired by traditional bentwood cedar chests. He continues to work in jewelry, working primarily with gold and diamonds.
His work came full circle in 2000 when he began painting on canvas, the media of choice of his late father. The paintings, oil and acrylic paint on canvas, originally dealt with traditional legends in a highly personalized style. Following this series he evolved into abstractions and later stylized depictions of masks from museum collections. Neel continues to be an active artist, working primarily in jewelry and painting.
|
[
"Artwork\n-------",
"In the 1990s he went on to develop a highly personalized and controversial style of carving, using masks to comment and editorialize contemporary history and society. He came to believe that \"tradition is a foundation to build upon, not a set of rules to restrain creativity.\" Examples of these masks are the \"Mask of International Commerce,\" which was exhibited in [London, England](/wiki/London%2C_England \"London, England\"), for the Royal Opening of Canada House, and the \"Mask of the Injustice System,\" which was exhibited at the 1999 [Venice Biennale](/wiki/Venice_Biennale \"Venice Biennale\").Szeemann, Harald and Cecilia Liveriero Lavelli. [*La Biennale di Venezia: 48a Esposizione internazionale d'arte.*](https://books.google.com/books?id=Y8NPAAAAMAAJ&q=%22David+Neel%22+art+-Alexandra) Venice: La Biennale di Venezia, 1999: 249 (retrieved through Google Books, 27 May 2009\\). {{ISBN\\|978\\-88\\-208\\-0414\\-5}} For the Biennale, Neel exhibited his contemporary masks in a site\\-specific installation and did a performance on the Grand Canal using his 26\\-foot dugout canoe, the \"Walas\\-Kwis\\-Gila\" (Travels Great Distances). Following the publication of *The Great Canoes* in 1995, he carved two canoes; a 26\\-foot and 32\\-foot, which were used on a number of canoe journeys.",
"Also in the 1990s Neel produced a number of limited edition prints, some of traditional Kwakwaka'wakw subjects and others of dealing with contemporary history, much like the masks. The best known of these is Life on the 18th Hole, which portrays a Mohawk warrior from the 1990 [Oka Crisis](/wiki/Oka_Crisis \"Oka Crisis\") in [Quebec](/wiki/Quebec \"Quebec\"), Canada.",
"His original media, photography, resulted in two books about Native culture: *Our Chiefs and Elders* in 1992 and *The Great Canoes* in 1995\\. Like the prints and masks, these also dealt with contemporary Native history. He continued to work as a professional photographer, specializing in contemporary Native people. Major commissions include a series of portraits for the [National Museum of the American Indian](/wiki/National_Museum_of_the_American_Indian \"National Museum of the American Indian\"), [New York, New York](/wiki/New_York%2C_New_York \"New York, New York\"), in 1992, and a permanent installation of his portraits in the [Mashantucket Pequot](/wiki/Mashantucket_Pequot \"Mashantucket Pequot\") Museum, [Groton, Connecticut](/wiki/Groton%2C_Connecticut \"Groton, Connecticut\") (2001–2008\\).",
"In 1991 he began hand engraving jewelry in the Kwakwaka'wakw style, working in silver, gold and platinum. From 1998 to 2000 he did a series of elaborate gold and silver boxes, inspired by traditional bentwood cedar chests. He continues to work in jewelry, working primarily with gold and diamonds.",
"His work came full circle in 2000 when he began painting on canvas, the media of choice of his late father. The paintings, oil and acrylic paint on canvas, originally dealt with traditional legends in a highly personalized style. Following this series he evolved into abstractions and later stylized depictions of masks from museum collections. Neel continues to be an active artist, working primarily in jewelry and painting.",
""
] |
Duties
------
### Chief track marshal
Often a Chief Track Marshal's responsibilities will include the supervision and briefing of marshals for all daily activities, allocation of day\-to\-day marshaling duties; provision of marshal's vehicles, training of all marshals for incident handling, flag signalling, fire fighting, communications and basic track first aid as well as monitoring of [health and safety](/wiki/Health_and_safety_law "Health and safety law") on site to ensure the safety of all guests and personnel off\-track. During the race the Chief Track Marshal's role is running the radio "network" and communication with all other track marshals as "net control".
Successful Chief Track Marshals are highly organized with good communication skills and have previous experience in track marshaling or similar motor sport roles.
Chief Marshal's line of command is Clerk of the Course. Chief Marshal works closely with Race Director, Chief Steward, and other senior race officials throughout preparation for the race, during the race, and post\-race.
### Off\-track workers
[thumb\|A track marshal at the [2015 Mexican Grand Prix](/wiki/2015_Mexican_Grand_Prix "2015 Mexican Grand Prix")](/wiki/File:Marshall_in_pitwall_-_Mexican_Grand_Prix_08.JPG "Marshall in pitwall - Mexican Grand Prix 08.JPG")
#### Time and scoring
In the dry, air\-conditioned comfort of the tower with their stopwatches and computers, the timing and scoring personnel keep track of the progress of every car on each lap. They provide the qualifying times, lap charts, and determine the finishing order.
#### Pit and grid
Wearing distinctive shirts to set them apart from the pit crews and drivers, the pit and grid workers position the cars on the false grid, make last\-minute safety checks, and are responsible for safety in the pit areas.
#### Registration
The registrars organize the official entries and provide passes and credentials. They are also the first people to meet the drivers, workers, and officials when they arrive at the track.
#### Sound control
Armed with sensitive detection equipment set up in a quiet portion on the track, these workers are responsible for ensuring that cars do not violate local or national sound control regulations.
#### Starters
Perched on their stand above the start/finish line, the starters control the start and finish of the practice and qualifying sessions and the races themselves. They also display the black flag signals when required.
#### Scrutineers
The tech inspectors make sure that every car meets series technical specifications and safety regulations before it is allowed onto the track. They also perform the post\-race inspections.
#### Stewards
{{anchor\|Stewards}}
The stewards are responsible for the overall organization and operation of the event, and are particularly concerned with issues involving safety and the enforcement of the rules. Most stewards hold, or have held, a national competition license.
### On\-track workers
[thumb\|A flag marshal at the 2005 United States Grand Prix](/wiki/File:F1_green_flag.jpg "F1 green flag.jpg")
#### Course marshals
The course marshals ensure that all required emergency equipment and vehicles (fire trucks, ambulances, wreckers etc.) are in place and ready to respond to an incident at a moment's notice. They are to give consistent information to drivers with [racing flags](/wiki/Racing_flags "Racing flags") and signals; assess the track surface condition; observe competitors for driving behavior and their cars' mechanical condition; help drivers and others in an incident; and communicate information to the stewards who are in charge of the event and rely on the accuracy of the workers' reports to make correct decisions.
#### Emergency services
These workers have training in medical response, fire fighting, and vehicle recovery.
#### Flagging and communications
Next to the competitors, these marshals are the most visible people on the track. They are viewed by the spectator as an integral part of the race, keeping the track clear, giving instructions to the drivers, and responding to incidents. These are the people who have the front row seats, with no\-one getting any closer to the action unless they get their own racing car. They are highly trained to handle crashes, fire, the needs of drivers who may be injured, and track cleanup. They have other duties, too, including signalling the drivers with flags, helping spectators, and keeping their sections of the track organized so that racing can proceed efficiently. When handling crashes and fires, these volunteers have been called the "shock troops" of racing, because until the ambulances, fire trucks, and crash/rescue vehicles arrive, the safety and efficiency of the track is in their hands.
|
[
"Duties\n------",
"### Chief track marshal",
"Often a Chief Track Marshal's responsibilities will include the supervision and briefing of marshals for all daily activities, allocation of day\\-to\\-day marshaling duties; provision of marshal's vehicles, training of all marshals for incident handling, flag signalling, fire fighting, communications and basic track first aid as well as monitoring of [health and safety](/wiki/Health_and_safety_law \"Health and safety law\") on site to ensure the safety of all guests and personnel off\\-track. During the race the Chief Track Marshal's role is running the radio \"network\" and communication with all other track marshals as \"net control\".",
"Successful Chief Track Marshals are highly organized with good communication skills and have previous experience in track marshaling or similar motor sport roles.",
"Chief Marshal's line of command is Clerk of the Course. Chief Marshal works closely with Race Director, Chief Steward, and other senior race officials throughout preparation for the race, during the race, and post\\-race.",
"### Off\\-track workers",
"[thumb\\|A track marshal at the [2015 Mexican Grand Prix](/wiki/2015_Mexican_Grand_Prix \"2015 Mexican Grand Prix\")](/wiki/File:Marshall_in_pitwall_-_Mexican_Grand_Prix_08.JPG \"Marshall in pitwall - Mexican Grand Prix 08.JPG\")",
"#### Time and scoring",
"In the dry, air\\-conditioned comfort of the tower with their stopwatches and computers, the timing and scoring personnel keep track of the progress of every car on each lap. They provide the qualifying times, lap charts, and determine the finishing order.",
"#### Pit and grid",
"Wearing distinctive shirts to set them apart from the pit crews and drivers, the pit and grid workers position the cars on the false grid, make last\\-minute safety checks, and are responsible for safety in the pit areas.",
"#### Registration",
"The registrars organize the official entries and provide passes and credentials. They are also the first people to meet the drivers, workers, and officials when they arrive at the track.",
"#### Sound control",
"Armed with sensitive detection equipment set up in a quiet portion on the track, these workers are responsible for ensuring that cars do not violate local or national sound control regulations.",
"#### Starters",
"Perched on their stand above the start/finish line, the starters control the start and finish of the practice and qualifying sessions and the races themselves. They also display the black flag signals when required.",
"#### Scrutineers",
"The tech inspectors make sure that every car meets series technical specifications and safety regulations before it is allowed onto the track. They also perform the post\\-race inspections.",
"#### Stewards",
"{{anchor\\|Stewards}}",
"The stewards are responsible for the overall organization and operation of the event, and are particularly concerned with issues involving safety and the enforcement of the rules. Most stewards hold, or have held, a national competition license.",
"### On\\-track workers",
"[thumb\\|A flag marshal at the 2005 United States Grand Prix](/wiki/File:F1_green_flag.jpg \"F1 green flag.jpg\")\n#### Course marshals",
"",
"The course marshals ensure that all required emergency equipment and vehicles (fire trucks, ambulances, wreckers etc.) are in place and ready to respond to an incident at a moment's notice. They are to give consistent information to drivers with [racing flags](/wiki/Racing_flags \"Racing flags\") and signals; assess the track surface condition; observe competitors for driving behavior and their cars' mechanical condition; help drivers and others in an incident; and communicate information to the stewards who are in charge of the event and rely on the accuracy of the workers' reports to make correct decisions.",
"#### Emergency services",
"These workers have training in medical response, fire fighting, and vehicle recovery.",
"#### Flagging and communications",
"Next to the competitors, these marshals are the most visible people on the track. They are viewed by the spectator as an integral part of the race, keeping the track clear, giving instructions to the drivers, and responding to incidents. These are the people who have the front row seats, with no\\-one getting any closer to the action unless they get their own racing car. They are highly trained to handle crashes, fire, the needs of drivers who may be injured, and track cleanup. They have other duties, too, including signalling the drivers with flags, helping spectators, and keeping their sections of the track organized so that racing can proceed efficiently. When handling crashes and fires, these volunteers have been called the \"shock troops\" of racing, because until the ambulances, fire trucks, and crash/rescue vehicles arrive, the safety and efficiency of the track is in their hands.",
""
] |
### Off\-track workers
[thumb\|A track marshal at the [2015 Mexican Grand Prix](/wiki/2015_Mexican_Grand_Prix "2015 Mexican Grand Prix")](/wiki/File:Marshall_in_pitwall_-_Mexican_Grand_Prix_08.JPG "Marshall in pitwall - Mexican Grand Prix 08.JPG")
#### Time and scoring
In the dry, air\-conditioned comfort of the tower with their stopwatches and computers, the timing and scoring personnel keep track of the progress of every car on each lap. They provide the qualifying times, lap charts, and determine the finishing order.
#### Pit and grid
Wearing distinctive shirts to set them apart from the pit crews and drivers, the pit and grid workers position the cars on the false grid, make last\-minute safety checks, and are responsible for safety in the pit areas.
#### Registration
The registrars organize the official entries and provide passes and credentials. They are also the first people to meet the drivers, workers, and officials when they arrive at the track.
#### Sound control
Armed with sensitive detection equipment set up in a quiet portion on the track, these workers are responsible for ensuring that cars do not violate local or national sound control regulations.
#### Starters
Perched on their stand above the start/finish line, the starters control the start and finish of the practice and qualifying sessions and the races themselves. They also display the black flag signals when required.
#### Scrutineers
The tech inspectors make sure that every car meets series technical specifications and safety regulations before it is allowed onto the track. They also perform the post\-race inspections.
#### Stewards
{{anchor\|Stewards}}
The stewards are responsible for the overall organization and operation of the event, and are particularly concerned with issues involving safety and the enforcement of the rules. Most stewards hold, or have held, a national competition license.
|
[
"### Off\\-track workers",
"[thumb\\|A track marshal at the [2015 Mexican Grand Prix](/wiki/2015_Mexican_Grand_Prix \"2015 Mexican Grand Prix\")](/wiki/File:Marshall_in_pitwall_-_Mexican_Grand_Prix_08.JPG \"Marshall in pitwall - Mexican Grand Prix 08.JPG\")",
"#### Time and scoring",
"In the dry, air\\-conditioned comfort of the tower with their stopwatches and computers, the timing and scoring personnel keep track of the progress of every car on each lap. They provide the qualifying times, lap charts, and determine the finishing order.",
"#### Pit and grid",
"Wearing distinctive shirts to set them apart from the pit crews and drivers, the pit and grid workers position the cars on the false grid, make last\\-minute safety checks, and are responsible for safety in the pit areas.",
"#### Registration",
"The registrars organize the official entries and provide passes and credentials. They are also the first people to meet the drivers, workers, and officials when they arrive at the track.",
"#### Sound control",
"Armed with sensitive detection equipment set up in a quiet portion on the track, these workers are responsible for ensuring that cars do not violate local or national sound control regulations.",
"#### Starters",
"Perched on their stand above the start/finish line, the starters control the start and finish of the practice and qualifying sessions and the races themselves. They also display the black flag signals when required.",
"#### Scrutineers",
"The tech inspectors make sure that every car meets series technical specifications and safety regulations before it is allowed onto the track. They also perform the post\\-race inspections.",
"#### Stewards",
"{{anchor\\|Stewards}}",
"The stewards are responsible for the overall organization and operation of the event, and are particularly concerned with issues involving safety and the enforcement of the rules. Most stewards hold, or have held, a national competition license.",
""
] |
Marshal post organization
-------------------------
All posts are organized essentially the same. The person in charge is called the corner captain. He or she directs the assignments of workers to such duties as flagging, incident response, and communications. The corner captain determines the section of track that the crew will maintain and coordinates this with corner stations "upstream" and "downstream" of race traffic direction. He or she assures that the communication link is working; that corner equipment (see below) is complete, functional, and properly distributed; that all guard rails and barriers are intact; and that the track is free of obstacles and is "ready to race". He or she coordinates with any emergency response vehicles in the area; assures that the station and surrounding area is kept free of press personnel and irrelevant officials; is responsible for keeping visiting personnel out of danger areas; and warns officials of any problems in the spectator areas like illness, altercations, or unsafe conduct.
In dealing with the corner "crew", the captain briefs the worker team about the day's activities; monitors crew levels of alertness and tactfully corrects anything that is wrong; monitors proper and quick flag use; directs the corner crew in the event of an incident; may dispatch a vehicle during an event at the directions of the stewards; and reports all incidents, including crashes and driver misconduct, in writing.
Besides the corner captain, the worker team is composed of these positions and duties:
The Communicator relays information between the station and the stewards, who receive this information through a head communicator known informally as "Control". The station communicator may maintain an informal log of events, and acts as an observer at the station.
The Yellow Flagger watches the track from his or her station to the next downstream station, assesses incidents, and displays yellow flag(s) as required. This worker always remains standing and ready while vehicles are on course, keeping the yellow flag ready for use, tucked under the arm and out of the competitor's sight.
The Blue Flagger watches upstream traffic for overtaking cars and displays the blue flag and other flags as required. He is responsible for keeping all flags other than the yellow flag available for instant display. He also is responsible for alerting the other workers if an incident is heading toward them requiring them to move.
The First Responder goes to incidents on or off the racing surface, assesses the situation and relays information to the stations. The worker assigned to this duty must understand vehicle velocities and trajectories. A worker responding to an incident with a fire extinguisher can run at about 8 mph. Therefore, to cross a track that is {{convert\|40\|ft\|m}} wide will require about 4 seconds, running at full speed. A race car traveling at 100 mph will require only 1/4 of a second to travel the same distance.
The Secondary Responder assists all other corner workers as requested by the corner captain. This worker also acts as an observer and reports to the Corner Captain as required.
Depending on the design of the race track, the main corner station may also have other subordinate stations behind barricades or protective safety fencing, where workers are stationed (a) to be closer to a possible area where crashes are likely, or (b) to be in a position where they can respond to an incident without crossing the track.
Corner equipment can vary from track to track, but usually includes a communication system of either telephone lines or radios: a set of race control flags; brooms and oil/coolant absorbent material; fire extinguishers and fire\-resistant gloves; pry bar; a supply of corner report forms; and perhaps a first aid kit, bug spray, and other amenities. Most, though not all, corners have gazebos for protection from sun and wind. The average station area is about {{convert\|400\|sqft\|abbr\=on}}, and may be square where concrete or grass pad is available, or long and narrow behind barriers. No matter what the shape, the station must be visible so approaching drivers can see flags and hand signals.
|
[
"Marshal post organization\n-------------------------",
"All posts are organized essentially the same. The person in charge is called the corner captain. He or she directs the assignments of workers to such duties as flagging, incident response, and communications. The corner captain determines the section of track that the crew will maintain and coordinates this with corner stations \"upstream\" and \"downstream\" of race traffic direction. He or she assures that the communication link is working; that corner equipment (see below) is complete, functional, and properly distributed; that all guard rails and barriers are intact; and that the track is free of obstacles and is \"ready to race\". He or she coordinates with any emergency response vehicles in the area; assures that the station and surrounding area is kept free of press personnel and irrelevant officials; is responsible for keeping visiting personnel out of danger areas; and warns officials of any problems in the spectator areas like illness, altercations, or unsafe conduct.",
"In dealing with the corner \"crew\", the captain briefs the worker team about the day's activities; monitors crew levels of alertness and tactfully corrects anything that is wrong; monitors proper and quick flag use; directs the corner crew in the event of an incident; may dispatch a vehicle during an event at the directions of the stewards; and reports all incidents, including crashes and driver misconduct, in writing.",
"Besides the corner captain, the worker team is composed of these positions and duties:",
"The Communicator relays information between the station and the stewards, who receive this information through a head communicator known informally as \"Control\". The station communicator may maintain an informal log of events, and acts as an observer at the station.",
"The Yellow Flagger watches the track from his or her station to the next downstream station, assesses incidents, and displays yellow flag(s) as required. This worker always remains standing and ready while vehicles are on course, keeping the yellow flag ready for use, tucked under the arm and out of the competitor's sight.",
"The Blue Flagger watches upstream traffic for overtaking cars and displays the blue flag and other flags as required. He is responsible for keeping all flags other than the yellow flag available for instant display. He also is responsible for alerting the other workers if an incident is heading toward them requiring them to move.",
"The First Responder goes to incidents on or off the racing surface, assesses the situation and relays information to the stations. The worker assigned to this duty must understand vehicle velocities and trajectories. A worker responding to an incident with a fire extinguisher can run at about 8 mph. Therefore, to cross a track that is {{convert\\|40\\|ft\\|m}} wide will require about 4 seconds, running at full speed. A race car traveling at 100 mph will require only 1/4 of a second to travel the same distance.",
"The Secondary Responder assists all other corner workers as requested by the corner captain. This worker also acts as an observer and reports to the Corner Captain as required.",
"Depending on the design of the race track, the main corner station may also have other subordinate stations behind barricades or protective safety fencing, where workers are stationed (a) to be closer to a possible area where crashes are likely, or (b) to be in a position where they can respond to an incident without crossing the track.",
"Corner equipment can vary from track to track, but usually includes a communication system of either telephone lines or radios: a set of race control flags; brooms and oil/coolant absorbent material; fire extinguishers and fire\\-resistant gloves; pry bar; a supply of corner report forms; and perhaps a first aid kit, bug spray, and other amenities. Most, though not all, corners have gazebos for protection from sun and wind. The average station area is about {{convert\\|400\\|sqft\\|abbr\\=on}}, and may be square where concrete or grass pad is available, or long and narrow behind barriers. No matter what the shape, the station must be visible so approaching drivers can see flags and hand signals.",
""
] |
Marshal organizations
---------------------
### United Kingdom
Almost all British marshals are unpaid volunteers supplemented occasionally by certain paid crews for special duties. Marshals are registered with the British governing body, [Motorsport UK](/wiki/Motorsport_UK "Motorsport UK") and are often members of organisations such as the [British Motorsport Marshals Club](/wiki/British_Motorsport_Marshals_Club "British Motorsport Marshals Club") (BMMC), [Scottish Motorsport Marshals Club](/wiki/Scottish_Motorsport_Marshals_Club "Scottish Motorsport Marshals Club") (SMMC), [British Automobile Racing Club](/wiki/British_Automobile_Racing_Club "British Automobile Racing Club") (BARC) and the Silverstone Marshals Team amongst many others. British marshals have been known to attend foreign events such as [IndyCar](/wiki/IndyCar "IndyCar"), the [Abu Dhabi Grand Prix](/wiki/Abu_Dhabi_Grand_Prix "Abu Dhabi Grand Prix") and many F1 events worldwide. Motorcycle marshals are organized differently, with support for FIM events coming from [Racesafe](/wiki/Racesafe_Marshals_Association "Racesafe Marshals Association") and Racesafe\-accredited marshals.
### North America
Volunteer workers, usually members of the [Sports Car Club of America](/wiki/Sports_Car_Club_of_America "Sports Car Club of America") (SCCA), are unpaid, incurring their own expenses and buying their own equipment to support a sport they love. These volunteers represent the majority of the workers for all other United States road racing activities.
Although they are SCCA members, the workers themselves organize into either loose or highly regulated operational units that are separate from their membership in SCCA. Two of the oldest and most well known are the United States Auto Race Marshals (USARM), organized in 1964, and Lake Erie Communications, organised in 1962\. Other less regulated worker organizations include the Texas Turn Marshals \& Racer Chasers, the Leaping Lizards Corner Crew of Kansas City, the Swamp Rats from Florida, Michigan Turn Marshals (MTM), Race Services Inc. at [Watkins Glen International](/wiki/Watkins_Glen_International "Watkins Glen International") and others. All of these worker groups emphasise camaraderie and professionalism among the workers to complement the competition of the drivers.
[Bobby Unser](/wiki/Bobby_Unser "Bobby Unser"), three\-time [Indianapolis 500](/wiki/Indianapolis_500 "Indianapolis 500") champion and competitor in all forms of racing, once paid SCCA workers a great compliment, albeit an ironic one, when he said during a televised racing broadcast: "These SCCA workers may be volunteers, but they're no amateurs. They're as professional as anyone in the sport."
### Azerbaijan
Baku Marshals Club was established by Baku City Circuit Operations Company on February 16, 2016, to develop communication and coordination, empower team spirit and build a strong relationship among Marshals.
"Baku Marshals Club" is also responsible for branding, promo, organizing events and communicating with local and international Marshals as well as managing Baku Marshals Center.
One of the main objectives is to evolve Marshalling movement and expand this type of activity in Azerbaijan.
|
[
"Marshal organizations\n---------------------",
"### United Kingdom",
"Almost all British marshals are unpaid volunteers supplemented occasionally by certain paid crews for special duties. Marshals are registered with the British governing body, [Motorsport UK](/wiki/Motorsport_UK \"Motorsport UK\") and are often members of organisations such as the [British Motorsport Marshals Club](/wiki/British_Motorsport_Marshals_Club \"British Motorsport Marshals Club\") (BMMC), [Scottish Motorsport Marshals Club](/wiki/Scottish_Motorsport_Marshals_Club \"Scottish Motorsport Marshals Club\") (SMMC), [British Automobile Racing Club](/wiki/British_Automobile_Racing_Club \"British Automobile Racing Club\") (BARC) and the Silverstone Marshals Team amongst many others. British marshals have been known to attend foreign events such as [IndyCar](/wiki/IndyCar \"IndyCar\"), the [Abu Dhabi Grand Prix](/wiki/Abu_Dhabi_Grand_Prix \"Abu Dhabi Grand Prix\") and many F1 events worldwide. Motorcycle marshals are organized differently, with support for FIM events coming from [Racesafe](/wiki/Racesafe_Marshals_Association \"Racesafe Marshals Association\") and Racesafe\\-accredited marshals.",
"### North America",
"Volunteer workers, usually members of the [Sports Car Club of America](/wiki/Sports_Car_Club_of_America \"Sports Car Club of America\") (SCCA), are unpaid, incurring their own expenses and buying their own equipment to support a sport they love. These volunteers represent the majority of the workers for all other United States road racing activities.",
"Although they are SCCA members, the workers themselves organize into either loose or highly regulated operational units that are separate from their membership in SCCA. Two of the oldest and most well known are the United States Auto Race Marshals (USARM), organized in 1964, and Lake Erie Communications, organised in 1962\\. Other less regulated worker organizations include the Texas Turn Marshals \\& Racer Chasers, the Leaping Lizards Corner Crew of Kansas City, the Swamp Rats from Florida, Michigan Turn Marshals (MTM), Race Services Inc. at [Watkins Glen International](/wiki/Watkins_Glen_International \"Watkins Glen International\") and others. All of these worker groups emphasise camaraderie and professionalism among the workers to complement the competition of the drivers.",
"[Bobby Unser](/wiki/Bobby_Unser \"Bobby Unser\"), three\\-time [Indianapolis 500](/wiki/Indianapolis_500 \"Indianapolis 500\") champion and competitor in all forms of racing, once paid SCCA workers a great compliment, albeit an ironic one, when he said during a televised racing broadcast: \"These SCCA workers may be volunteers, but they're no amateurs. They're as professional as anyone in the sport.\"",
"### Azerbaijan",
"Baku Marshals Club was established by Baku City Circuit Operations Company on February 16, 2016, to develop communication and coordination, empower team spirit and build a strong relationship among Marshals.",
"\"Baku Marshals Club\" is also responsible for branding, promo, organizing events and communicating with local and international Marshals as well as managing Baku Marshals Center.",
"One of the main objectives is to evolve Marshalling movement and expand this type of activity in Azerbaijan.",
""
] |
Main characters
---------------
### James Gordon
{{main\|James Gordon (Gotham)}}
[thumb\|right\|upright\|Ben McKenzie](/wiki/File:WW_Chicago_2015_-_Ben_McKenzie_01_%2820861231919%29.jpg "WW Chicago 2015 - Ben McKenzie 01 (20861231919).jpg")
**James "Jim" Gordon** (portrayed by [Ben McKenzie](/wiki/Ben_McKenzie "Ben McKenzie"); season 1–5\) is a war veteran and homicide detective at the [Gotham City Police Department](/wiki/Gotham_City_Police_Department "Gotham City Police Department") in its 1st Grade working to find the man who killed Bruce Wayne's parents and battling the corruption of Gotham City's Police Department.{{cite web\|url\=https://deadline.com/2014/02/ben\-mckenzie\-fox\-batman\-gotham\-tv\-show\|title\=Ben McKenzie To Star As Detective James Gordon In Fox's Batman Series 'Gotham'\|last\=Andreeva\|first\=Nellie\|website\=Deadline Hollywood\|date\=February 8, 2014\|access\-date\=February 8, 2014}} His father was Gotham City's District Attorney before his death in a car accident when Gordon was 13 years old.
[Fox](/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company "Fox Broadcasting Company") began to develop a TV series centered on James Gordon's early days as a police detective and the origin stories of various [Batman villains](/wiki/List_of_Batman_Family_adversaries "List of Batman Family adversaries") in September 2013\. McKenzie was cast as the lead character. When describing his character in an interview, McKenzie stated that Gordon "is a truly honest man. The last honest man in a city full of crooked people. He's not an anti\-hero, he's a true hero – but he will have to compromise". McKenzie did not audition for the role. Heller, with whom he had worked before, wrote the role for McKenzie, who described the character as "an old\-fashioned hero in an age of anti\-heroes. A throwback. Jim's a lawman, that restricts him in some ways. But also means he can become powerful within the system and change things for the better".{{cite web\|url\=https://deadline.com/2013/09/commissioner\-gordon\-fox\-tv\-series\-drama\-595831\|title\=Fox Nabs Gotham City Origin Drama About Commissioner Gordon From Bruno Heller \& Warner Bros. TV With Series Commitment\|website\=Deadline Hollywood\|publisher\=\[\[Penske Media Corporation]]\|date\=September 24, 2013\|access\-date\=September 24, 2013\|first\=Nellie\|last\=Andreeva}}{{cite web\|date\=February 8, 2014\|access\-date\=February 8, 2014\|url\=https://deadline.com/2014/02/ben\-mckenzie\-fox\-batman\-gotham\-tv\-show\-679949\|title\=Ben McKenzie To Star As James Gordon in Fox's Batman Series 'Gotham'\|author\=Nellie Andreeva\|website\=Deadline Hollywood\|publisher\=\[\[Penske Media Corporation]]}}{{cite magazine\|url\=https://www.ew.com/article/2014/06/12/ben\-mckenzie\-gotham\-city\|title\=Ben McKenzie 'Gotham' interview\|magazine\=\[\[Entertainment Weekly]]\|date\=June 12, 2014\|access\-date\=June 12, 2014\|first\=James\|last\=Hibberd}} In the show, Gordon is assigned to investigate the murder of Thomas and Martha Wayne, with Bruce being the surviving witness. During the first season, he is assigned with a new partner, Harvey Bullock, serving also to police captain Sarah Essen. In addition to the Wayne's murder case, Gordon solves various cases in Gotham, some of them which are connected to the powerful mob figures, like Fish Mooney, Carmine Falcone and Sal Maroni. Jim also fights against corruption in the GCPD, like the police commissioner Gillian B. Loeb and Narcotics Officer Arnold Flass. To better fight against criminals and corrupt cops, Gordon gets allies such as police detectives Renee Montoya and Crispus Allen and District Attorney Harvey Dent. Gordon soon becomes reluctant ally to a criminal named Oswald Cobblepot, often calling him for the favor in some cases. He also meets a small street thief Selina Kyle, who reluctantly helps him regarding the Wayne murders. At one point, when he is assigned to Arkham Asylum, he meets physician Leslie Thompkins who works in the female ward, later working as a medical examiner in GCPD. Gordon later falls in love with her; he was previously in a relationship with Barbara Kean, but due to his police duty and her life being put in danger by crime families, he advised her to temporarily leave him until they meet again. When Barbara sees Gordon and Leslie together, she becomes heartbroken and later psychotic. When the gang war reaches its climax, Gordon and Bullock attempt to save Carmine Falcone. He, Falcone, Oswald and Butch Gilzean are captured by Fish Mooney and her gang. When Sal Maroni advises her to join, calling her "babe", she shoots him. Gordon manages to end gang war, but Cobblepot kills Fish Mooney in her apparent death when she falls in the river, becoming a new king of Gotham.
Six months after the gang war, in the second season, Jim is fired by Loeb after scolding police cop Franks, in addition getting a revenge on him. He returned on duty thanks to Cobblepot who accepted to help him. Jim soon faces a criminal group The Maniax, led by Jerome Valeska, the latter killing a new police commissioner and a former captain Sarah Essen. After Jerome is killed by Galavan, he soon joins new commissioner Nathaniel Barnes in the creation of the GCPD unit Strike Force to better fight against crime, terrorism, and corruption in Gotham. Gordon later discovers that some cases are masterminded by a billionaire and mayor's candidate Theo Galavan and his sister Tabitha. Initially unaware of his schemes, Jim realizes this after Cobblepot tells him that his mother was captured and later killed when Oswald was coerced to work for them. He soon faces him and a religious group The Order of St. Dumas who intend to kill Bruce Wayne as a revenge for their injustice for Galavan's (Dumas) dynasty in the past. When the Order was finished, Gordon later kills Galavan. A month after Galavan was killed, Gordon was put in testimony to the court, telling them that Oswald killed Galavan. This backfires when a former forensic, now rogue criminal Edward Nygma discovers a source who got a clue of Galavan's murder, a cop named Carl Pinkney. Exploiting it, Nygma gets the contact and kills him, framing Gordon for murder and putting him in Blackgate Penintentiary. He escapes from a corrupt warden, Carlson Grey (with the help of Bullock, Carmine Falcone, and his contacts), who he later finds out is Nygma, finally arresting him and Nygma going into Arkham. During that time, Gordon soon goes into the conflict with a new director of Arkham, a scientist Hugo Strange, who makes inhuman experimentations in Indian Hill, including the resurrections of Theo Galavan and Fish Mooney. Gordon learns that Hugo Strange hired the hitman Patrick "Matches" Malone to kill the Waynes when Hugo was friends with, but later betrayed them. Gordon, Bruce and Lucius Fox enter the Arkham to take down Strange and his workers, accidentally releasing the "monsters" on the Gotham's streets. They also save Selina Kyle who was searching for a friend called Bridget Pike. After the conflict with Hugo Strange at Arkham Asylum, Gordon left Gotham to find Leslie Thompkins, who had left Gotham,{{cite web\|url\=https://www.reddit.com/r/IAmA/comments/32hy72/i\_am\_actor\_ben\_mckenzie\_you\_might\_know\_me\_as\_jim\|title\=I am actor Ben McKenzie. You might know me as Jim Gordon on GOTHAM, AMAA!\|publisher\=Reddit\|date\=April 13, 2015\|access\-date\=April 14, 2015\|author\=McKenzie, Ben}} only later discovering that she was in a new relationship with Mario Calvi, discouraging him from pursuing her.
Six months later, in season 3, Gordon is working as a bounty hunter, forming an uneasy alliance with reporter Valerie Vale. After experiencing a hallucination of his father, Gordon decides to rejoin the department. After Mario is infected by Alice Tetch's poisonous blood, Mario manipulates Lee into turning against Gordon. Before Mario can kill Lee, Gordon kills him in self\-defense. This destroys any relationship Jim or Lee ever had. As his career goes on, Jim finds out his father and Uncle Frank were members of the Court of Owls. After Frank reveals he killed Gordon's father to prevent him from spreading info about the Court, Frank commits suicide, but not before telling Gordon that he must join the Court. Gordon takes the blame for Frank's death and meets with the Court.
After saving some of his fellow police officers and some of Oswald Cobblepot's men from Professor Pyg, Jim is promoted to captain by mayor Burke.
Following the defeat of Bane and Nyssa al Ghul, Jim Gordon is promoted to police commissioner by Mayor Cheng. His relationship with Lee blooms\-up again and the two of them get married.
10 years later, Jim is planning to step down until Batman saves his daughter from Jeremiah.
### Harvey Bullock
{{main\|Harvey Bullock (character)}}
[thumb\|right\|upright\|Donal Logue](/wiki/File:Donal_Logue_at_NY_PaleyFest_2014_for_Gotham.jpg "Donal Logue at NY PaleyFest 2014 for Gotham.jpg")
**Harvey Bullock** (portrayed by [Donal Logue](/wiki/Donal_Logue "Donal Logue"); season 1–5\) is a detective who is Gordon's loyal partner and ally. Bullock is a seemingly corrupt and brutish detective who has gradually become loyal to Jim Gordon. He also had a somewhat amicable relationship with Fish Mooney before turning against her. Bullock helps Gordon in solving various cases and later enters in a gang war near the end of the first season.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.ign.com/articles/2014/02/12/donal\-logue\-cast\-as\-harvey\-bullock\-in\-gotham\|title\=Donal Logue Cast as Harvey Bullock in Gotham\|work\=\[\[IGN]]\|publisher\=\[\[j2 Global]]\|date\=February 12, 2014\|access\-date\=February 12, 2014\|first\=Jim\|last\=Vejvoda}}
At the beginning of the second season, Bullock resigns from the police force but rejoins following the Maniax attack on the GCPD. After Gordon is framed for the murder of Carl Pinkney, Bullock enlists Carmine Falcone to help break Jim out of prison. When Captain Barnes is hospitalized after an attack by Azrael, Harvey is declared the de facto Captain until further notice and is trusted by Jim to protect Gotham after new threats emerge while he is away.{{cite web\|url\=https://variety.com/2014/tv/news/donal\-logue\-joins\-foxs\-batman\-prequel\-gotham\-1201098921\|title\=Donal Logue Joins Fox's Batman Prequel 'Gotham'\|last\=Littleton\|first\=Cynthia\|work\=Variety\|date\=February 12, 2014\|access\-date\=February 12, 2014}}
Six months later, Harvey is working with Barnes to protect Gotham and while Jim refuses to return to the department, Harvey vows to never turn his back on him. When Nathaniel Barnes gets infected with the Alice Tetch virus and is remanded to Arkham Asylum, Harvey becomes the acting captain.
In light of being promoted to captain by Mayor Burke after saving some police officers and some of Oswald Cobblepot's men from Professor Pyg's trap, Gordon reluctantly relieves Bullock of his position of acting captain.
In the series finale 10 years later, he is framed for murder, only for Gordon to deduce that it was a setup by Jeremiah, whom Bruce then subdues during his first outing as Batman. At the end of the episode, Bullock joins Gordon in witnessing Batman watching over them.
{{clear}}
### Bruce Wayne
{{main\|Bruce Wayne (Gotham)}}
[thumb\|right\|upright\|David Mazouz](/wiki/File:David_Mazouz_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg "David Mazouz by Gage Skidmore.jpg")
**Bruce Wayne** (portrayed by [David Mazouz](/wiki/David_Mazouz "David Mazouz"); season 1–5\) is the orphaned son of Thomas and Martha Wayne, who is under the care of Alfred Pennyworth. Traumatised by the murder of his parents, which he witnessed, Bruce has been doing his part to find the identity of his parents' killer, while showing concern of some illegal activities performed by members of his father's company.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live\-feed/bruce\-wayne\-catwoman\-cast\-foxs\-677210\|title\=Fox's Batman Prequel 'Gotham' Casts Its Young Bruce Wayne, Catwoman\|work\=\[\[The Hollywood Reporter]]\|date\=March 4, 2014\|access\-date\=March 4, 2014}}{{cite web\|first\=Christina\|url\=https://collider.com/gotham\-davie\-mazouz\-interview/\|access\-date\=November 7, 2014\|title\=David Mazouz Talks Playing Bruce Wayne On Gotham\|work\=Collider\|last\=Radish\|date\=November 6, 2014}}
Bruce displays a fervent tendency to train himself as investigator and combatant but is still navigating the remainder of his childhood with Alfred's guidance.
After he is kidnapped by the Court, Bruce finds himself in a dungeon surrounded by snowy mountains. Meeting a Shaman there, Bruce begins his combat training. After breaking free from Ra's al Ghul's control, Bruce makes plans to protect Gotham City.
In the series finale, set 10 years after main events of the fifth season, the adult Bruce goes on to fight crime as the masked vigilante [Batman](/wiki/Batman "Batman").{{cite web\|url\=https://www.thewrap.com/gotham\-fox\-bruce\-wayne\-david\-mazouz\|title\='Gotham' Finds Its Bruce Wayne in "Touch" Star David Mazouz\|last\=Maglio\|first\=Tony\|work\=The Wrap\|date\=March 4, 2014\|access\-date\=March 4, 2014}} In his first outing under this persona, he apprehends Penguin and Riddler, helps Gordon rescue his daughter by defeating Jeremiah Valeska, and has an emotional exchange with Selina Kyle before silently observing Gordon, Bullock, and Alfred from a distance.
{{clear}}
### Oswald Cobblepot / Penguin
{{main\|Oswald Cobblepot (Gotham)}}
[thumb\|right\|upright\|Robin Lord Taylor](/wiki/File:Robin_Lord_Taylor_at_NY_PaleyFest_2014_for_Gotham.jpg "Robin Lord Taylor at NY PaleyFest 2014 for Gotham.jpg")
**Oswald Chesterfield (Kapelput) Cobblepot** (portrayed by [Robin Lord Taylor](/wiki/Robin_Lord_Taylor "Robin Lord Taylor"); season 1–5\) is a cunning, well\-spoken criminal "snitch." He starts out as an attendant for Fish Mooney at her nightclub, and early on displays a sadistic, violent streak despite his small size. After he is discovered to be an [informant](/wiki/Informant "Informant") for the GCPD, he is brutally beaten, leaving him with an odd way of walking furthering his nickname "Penguin". He escapes an attempt on his life, collaborating with Don Falcone when Gordon deliberately misfires at the pier where Oswald has been sent for execution. After a stint in the Maroni crime family as a restaurant manager, he convinces Maroni of his loyalty, even setting up a robbery by some actors in which he feigns heroism to show his devotion. He later kills the three actors with poisoned cannolis and presumably keeps the stolen cash they had on them. Oswald later assumes Mooney's position in the Falcone crime family when Mooney's plot against the Don is uncovered. At the end of season one, Oswald is Gotham City's sole remaining mob boss, with all of his rivals either dead, missing, or having fled Gotham.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.thefutoncritic.com/listings/20140903fox01\|title\=(GTH\-101\) "Pilot"\|publisher\=The Futon Critic\|access\-date\=September 3, 2014}}
Theo Galavan and Tabitha kidnap his mother, forcing him to help them. After they kill her, Oswald swears revenge and is later wounded during an attack on an event where Theo is holding his victory party for his election. After recuperating at Edward Nygma's place, he and Gabe follow Theo Galavan's henchmen where they save Jim Gordon from him. After the battle against the Saint Dumas, Oswald knocks out Nathaniel Barnes and convinces Gordon that Theo may never be convicted and must be killed. He and Jim then take Galavan to an isolated area, and Oswald mercilessly beats Galavan for killing his mother, before Gordon finishes Theo off with a gunshot.
After Theo's death, Oswald's men abandon him, and he is later found and arrested by the GCPD. After telling Barnes he's "insane," Oswald is taken to Arkham Asylum, where he meets Hugo Strange. After noticing and asking a fellow inmate at Arkham, he later finds out that he is to be experimented on. Following some experiments, Oswald is released from Arkham. He later meets his biological father Elijah Van Dahl when visiting his mother's grave. After his step\-family murders Elijah to gain the family's fortune, Oswald awakens from his condition and slaughters his step\-family in vengeance. After finding out that Azrael happens to be the resurrected Theo Galavan, Oswald and Butch kill Galavan with an RPG. After finding out about Hugo Strange's experiments, Oswald, Butch, and his gang knock down the bus supposedly containing Strange, but a shocked Oswald is knocked out by a resurrected Fish Mooney, prompting Butch and the gang to flee.
The third season of Gotham explores Oswald's continued struggle against the monsters, a final confrontation with Fish Mooney, and his rise and fall as Mayor of Gotham. After working with Edward Nygma to get into office, Oswald develops romantic feelings for him, resulting in consequences within the political and criminal worlds of the city. After his downfall, Oswald forms an alliance with Ivy Pepper and exacts revenge on those who betrayed him.
Upon establishing the Pax Penguina where criminals can get a license from him to commit a crime, Oswald Cobblepot has his encounter with Sofia Falcone. After figuring out Sofia's plot, Oswald ends up in a gang war with her. Later on when Gotham City becomes a no man's land, Oswald kills Butch Gilzean as part of his revenge on Tabitha for killing his mother. He then has Hugo Strange work on saving the lives of Leslie Thompkins and Riddler while he claims some territory.
10 years later, Penguin is released from Blackgate Penitentiary. He tries to shoot Gordon at the pier only to fail. After helping to rescue Riddler, Penguin drives off with him only for them to be defeated by Bruce Wayne in his first outing as Batman. En route to their incarcerations, Penguin and Riddler escape and plan to get revenge, but when they see their new enemy using a grappling hook to glide between rooftops, they decide to start the next day.
### Barbara Kean
{{copy edit\|section\|for\=excessive step\-by\-step plot detail, grammar, style, layout, cohesion, tone, or spelling\|date\=July 2023}}
[thumb\|right\|upright\|Erin Richards](/wiki/File:Erin_Richards_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg "Erin Richards by Gage Skidmore.jpg")
**Barbara Kean** (portrayed by [Erin Richards](/wiki/Erin_Richards "Erin Richards"); season 1–5\) is the daughter of a wealthy couple and the owner of an art gallery. Barbara Kean is the ex\-[fiancée](/wiki/Engagement "Engagement") of James Gordon. It is also revealed that this version of Barbara Kean is bisexual and for a year before the start of the series was in a [lesbian](/wiki/Lesbian "Lesbian") relationship with Renee Montoya. After a hiatus from Gordon following attempts on her life by the Maroni and Falcone crime families, Barbara stayed with Renee Montoya. It is also revealed that they were once again in a sexual relationship for a time, before planning to rekindle her relationship with James Gordon. Barbara even befriends Selina Kyle and Ivy Pepper when they took refuge in her penthouse. After finding out that Gordon had moved on to a relationship with Leslie Tompkins, Barbara later had a romantic encounter with the wealthy Jason Lennon, the serial killer known as the Ogre. She was [severely traumatized](/wiki/Posttraumatic_stress_disorder "Posttraumatic stress disorder") after she was kidnapped by Lennon and forced to murder her own parents. The Ogre's malevolent insanity appears to live on in her psyche. When she attempted to kill Leslie during an informal counseling session, the latter rendered her unconscious.
She was incarcerated in Arkham Asylum until she is among those sprung from Arkham Asylum by Tabitha Galavan on her brother Theo's orders, with Barbara and Tabitha starting a new lesbian relationship. A convoluted and failed attempt on Gordon's life at Gotham Cathedral occurs when Barbara wears the wedding dress she had originally ordered for their wedding and has Arkham escapees as priest and witnesses. During an apparent last attempt to kill Gordon, Barbara falls out a window and is grabbed by Gordon. She lets go and falls, ending up in the hospital and put into some sort of induced coma before being transferred to Arkham Asylum's medical wing. When news of James Gordon being found guilty and being sentenced to 40 years at Blackgate Penitentiary is heard on Arkham Asylum's radio, Barbara awakens from her coma. A nurse notices this and shouts for someone to get Hugo Strange. Hugo Strange later releases Barbara from Arkham so that he can study her. After helping Gordon get info about who contracted the hit on Thomas Wayne and Martha Wayne, Barbara found her way to where Butch Gilzean and Tabitha Galavan were residing. Butch later kicks Barbara out. She later exposes "Gordon" at the Police Station as being [an imposter](/wiki/Clayface "Clayface") when visiting the Police Station, thus causing Harvey Bullock and Alfred Pennyworth to quickly realize the real Gordon{{snd}}alongside Bruce Wayne and Lucius Fox{{snd}}were being held at Arkham Asylum.
Six months later, Barbara and Tabitha have opened Sirens Nightclub, and while she and Barbara are shown to be in a romantic relationship, she still harbors some feelings for Gordon. After Barbara learns that Penguin has romantic feelings for Nygma, she informs Nygma of this after correctly deducing that Penguin killed Nygma's girlfriend, Isabella. Afterward, Nygma forms a partnership with Barbara, Tabitha, and Butch to destroy everything Penguin loves. After Nygma shoots Penguin at the harbour docks, Barbara is hired by Jim to interrogate a worker at the docks to find info on a Court weapon. Before they can get more info, Barbara and Tabitha are attacked by Talon, who kills their henchmen, although Barbara and Tabitha manage to escape.
As the chaos caused by the Alice Tetch Virus comes to a close, Barbara (apparently) kills Butch, having heard his and Tabitha's plans to betray her. During a fight against Tabitha at her safe house, Barbara dies by electrocution.
She later returns to life upon Ra's al Ghul bathing her in the Lazarus Pit. She tries to get Tabitha Galavan and Selina Kyle to work for her in an arms race against Cobblepot, while also targeting an embalming knife. When Ra's al Ghul was in Blackgate, he transferred some energy for Barbara to use at a later date.
After the incident with the Speed Demonz biker gang, Cobblepot sends Barbara, Tabitha, and Selina to the Narrows to bring him Nygma. When Firefly crashes the fight between Tabitha and Solomon Grundy, Barbara shoots Cherry after Leslie Thompkins disabled Firefly. Barbara then declares to the crowd that they are defecting from Cobblepot's services. After abducting Sofia while thinking that she is on Cobblepot's side, Barbara learns that Sofia is against Cobblepot while seeing that she was right about her claim when Victor Zsasz uses a rocket launcher to destroy her lair. Afterward, Barbara, Tabitha, and Selina side with Sofia in her war against Cobblepot.
The energy that Ra's al Ghul placed in Barbara turned out to be a beacon for the rest of the League of Shadows, who arrive at The Sirens club. After relinquishing it to a revived Ra's al Ghul, she assists Alfred in rescuing Bruce as she manipulates events that have her forcing Bruce's hand into thrusting the embalming knife into Ra's al Ghul. After hearing from Tabitha about Butch's death at the hands of Cobblepot, Barbara blames men for the troubles they have been dealing with and decides to kill the males from the League of Shadows that offered to follow her after Ra's al Ghul's defeat.
A few weeks after the government abandons Gotham, Tabitha is killed by Penguin, and an enraged Barbara vows revenge. She later rescues Gordon while he is on a mission to rescue children being used for slave labor and then has a one\-night stand with him. Barbara becomes pregnant with his child, and she requests that Lee provides prenatal care for her. Barbara gives birth to a daughter, and after giving birth, she and Lee are chased by Bane, at the request of [Nyssa al Ghul](/wiki/Nyssa_Raatko%23Gotham "Nyssa Raatko#Gotham"), for her involvement in her father's death. Once Bane is defeated, she reveals that she named her daughter [Barbara Lee](/wiki/Barbara_Gordon_in_other_media%23Gotham "Barbara Gordon in other media#Gotham") after the people she trusts the most. She ends her feud with Lee Thompkins, and Gordon, Lee, and Barbara all agree to raise the child together.
10 years later, Barbara is no longer in the criminal business, working on a tower to outdo the size of the rebuilt Wayne Tower. After discovering a plot to blow up Wayne Tower, she helps Selina to subdue Nygma and then helps disarm the bombs. Then, Barbara picks up her daughter and goes to get a gun from the Sirens, but is ambushed by Jeremiah and Ecco. After stabbing Ecco, Barbara is subdued by Jeremiah and has her leave a message for Gordon while making off with Barbara's daughter. Luckily, when Gordon goes after Jeremiah, although they are almost killed, Gordon and Barbara Lee are saved when [Batman](/wiki/Batman "Batman") arrives.
{{clear}}
### Sarah Essen
{{main\|Sarah Essen}}
[thumb\|right\|upright\|Zabryna Guevara](/wiki/File:Zabryna_Guevara_at_NY_PaleyFest_2014_for_Gotham.jpg "Zabryna Guevara at NY PaleyFest 2014 for Gotham.jpg")
**Sarah Essen** (portrayed by [Zabryna Guevara](/wiki/Zabryna_Guevara "Zabryna Guevara"); season 1–2\) is the Captain of the Gotham City Police Department's homicide squad and the boss of James Gordon and Harvey Bullock.{{cite web\|url\=https://variety.com/2014/tv/news/foxs\-gotham\-casts\-classic\-batman\-characters\-the\-penguin\-alfred\-pennyworth\-1201097899\|title\=Fox's 'Gotham' Casts Classic 'Batman' Characters the Penguin, Alfred Pennyworth\|last\=Marechal\|first\=AJ\|work\=\[\[Variety (magazine)\|Variety]]\|date\=February 11, 2014\|access\-date\=February 11, 2014}} She is an honest cop who wants to do something about the rampant corruption in her department but fears for her family's safety.
Following Gillian Loeb's resignation, Sarah Essen is sworn in as the new police commissioner. She is later killed by Jerome Valeska during the Maniax's raid on the Gotham City Police Department.
{{clear}}
### Alfred Pennyworth
{{main\|Alfred Pennyworth}}
[thumb\|right\|upright\|Sean Pertwee](/wiki/File:Sean_Pertwee_at_NY_PaleyFest_2014_for_Gotham.jpg "Sean Pertwee at NY PaleyFest 2014 for Gotham.jpg")
**Alfred Pennyworth** (portrayed by [Sean Pertwee](/wiki/Sean_Pertwee "Sean Pertwee"); season 1–5; [Jack Bannon](/wiki/Jack_Bannon_%28English_actor%29 "Jack Bannon (English actor)"); *[Pennyworth](/wiki/Pennyworth_%28TV_series%29 "Pennyworth (TV series)")*{{cite web\|title\=New "''Pennyworth''" Series Confirmed Same Universe as "''Gotham''"\|url\=https://bleedingcool.com/tv/new\-pennyworth\-series\-confirmed\-same\-universe\-as\-gotham\|work\=\[\[Bleeding Cool]]\|last\=Kade\|first\=Leigh\|date\=July 19, 2019\|access\-date\=July 19, 2019}}), an ex\-[Special Air Service](/wiki/Special_Air_Service "Special Air Service") operative, is the [butler](/wiki/Butler "Butler") and legal guardian of Bruce Wayne.episode "Red Hood" Though technically Bruce's legal guardian, Alfred is still more willing to go along with Bruce's whims of investigating leads to the murder of his parents. Alfred is teaching Bruce basic self\-defense.
At one point, he even let Bruce use his father's watch as improvised [brass knuckles](/wiki/Brass_knuckles "Brass knuckles") to beat up Thomas Elliot for insulting the late Waynes. He often helps Bruce and Jim with certain situations. Although he still looks after Bruce, Alfred allows him to go his own way sometimes.
During the chaos caused by the Alice Tetch Virus outbreak, Bruce stabs Alfred and then uses the Lazarus Pit's waters to cauterise the wound as Alfred recuperates in the hospital.
Following the incident where Bruce ended up having to stab Ra's al Ghul with the embalming knife, Alfred works to get Bruce back to normal when he starts partying with his friends from school.
When Gotham City is made a no man's land, Bruce persuades Alfred to be evacuated with a recuperating Selina. Alfred vows to come back when Selina fully recovers.
10 years later, Alfred represents Bruce at the opening of the new Wayne Tower. After being with Lucius when the police find Penguin and Riddler tied up, Alfred goes to the rooftop of the Gotham City Police Department and witnesses Gordon and Bullock's first sighting of Bruce as Batman.
{{clear}}
### Selina Kyle
{{Overly detailed\|section\|date\=May 2019}}
{{Main\|Selina Kyle (Gotham character)}}
[thumb\|right\|upright\|Camren Bicondova](/wiki/File:Camren_Bicondova_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg "Camren Bicondova by Gage Skidmore.jpg")
**Selina Kyle** (portrayed by [Camren Bicondova](/wiki/Camren_Bicondova "Camren Bicondova"); season 1–5; [Lili Simmons](/wiki/Lili_Simmons "Lili Simmons") in "The Beginning...") is a young street orphan and skilled thief who was a childhood friend of Bridget Pike. Since witnessing the murders of Thomas and Martha Wayne while memorizing what the murderer looked like without the mask, Cat has been lingering around the borders of Wayne Manor which leads to her befriending Bruce Wayne. Cat also has connections with Ivy Pepper and later befriends Barbara Kean. During the gang war between Carmine Falcone and Sal Maroni, Selina is among the street children recruited into Fish Mooney's gang. When it came to Oswald Cobblepot's fight with Fish Mooney, Selina disappeared during the conflict.
She later appears as part of Cobblepot's gang and develops a rivalry with Silver St. Cloud for the affection of Bruce. Selina later helps Bruce to expose Silver and find a hint to who killed his parents while also helping to rescue Bruce from the Order of St. Dumas. She allowed Bruce to live on the streets with her for a while until Gordon ended up on the lam and played a part in Edward Nygma's arrest. When Bruce decided to go back home, Selina to storm out in anger. Selina later infiltrated Arkham Asylum to find Hugo Strange's experiments and a newly reformed Pike, calling herself Firefly, after being told about her survival by Bruce. Selina later asks to be Firefly's servant and is released later from Arkham after freeing Gordon, Bruce, and Lucius.
Selina is later shown to have re\-aligned with Fish Mooney following her revival. When one of Fish Mooney's minions catches Ivy, Selina tries to intervene which led to her witnessing Fish Mooney's minion Marv touching Ivy prior to her falling into the river.
Unable to get Bruce's help to find Ivy, Selina is approached by James Gordon if she knows any info about Alice Tetch. She did tell him that she was a one\-time member of Fish Mooney's latest gang before she parted ways with her. Later on, she encounters Subject 514A who was posing as Bruce Wayne. While suspicious about Bruce Wayne's look\-a\-like, Selina decides to go out to dinner with him. Eventually, after 514A saves Selina after she fails to rob a bar, she sees 514A's scars and realizes he isn't Bruce. 514A explains the situation, and Selina tells him he's more normal than Bruce. With that, 514A kisses Selina and the two part ways. Later, while Selina is stealing wallets at the Penguin's party, she encounters an older Ivy, though she doesn't recognize her. After Bruce confesses his feelings for her, Selina kisses him. Once Ivy reveals herself, Selina is shocked and unclear of whether she and Bruce are in a relationship or not. After trying to help Bruce and Alfred break into a Court building, they are assisted by Selina's long\-lost mother. Although Selina's mother seems to want to reconnect with her daughter, Selina later discovers that her mother only returned to extort money from Bruce Wayne. Selina then tearfully tells her mother to never return to Gotham. Selina gets mad at Bruce once she finds out he kept it from her. Later, however, Selina and Bruce show some signs of reconciling.
Upon her latest encounter with Subject 514A and being surprised that Bruce is not in Gotham City, Selina tries to warn Alfred only to be pushed out the window by 514A. The stray cats then swarm over her body. Her body was found by the police and was taken to the hospital. Thanks to Ivy Pepper's plants, Selina recovered and plans to go to Wayne Manor to get revenge on Subject 514A. Even though she and Alfred fail to defeat Subject 514A, Selina wasn't interested in helping Alfred find Bruce.
After her friendship with Bruce is strained during the chaos caused by Alice Tetch Virus and Alfred getting stabbed, Selina meets up with Tabitha Galavan where she tests her talents on Tabitha's whip upon telling Tabitha that she is "done just surviving". Eventually, Selina and Tabitha work for a revived Barbara Kean after she made amends with them even when Barbara aligns herself with Sofia Falcone. Though she reconciles with Bruce, Selina is later shot in the waist by Jeremiah Valeska, leaving her with a severed spine. When Gotham City becomes a no man's land, Bruce convinces Alfred to go with Selina to oversee her recovery.
Many days later, Selina has undergone an operation to keep her spine from collapsing. After an attempt to take her life is thwarted by the doctors, Bruce takes the advice of a nurse to seek out "the witch" as he asks where to find her. Selina gets healed and later assists Bruce and Gordon in their fight against Jeremiah Valeska and Delta Force. She is saddened by Bruce's decision to leave the city soon afterward.
Ten years later, Selina has become a jewel thief. She attends the opening of the new Wayne Tower and drags Barbara into subduing Riddler, who has been manipulated by Jeremiah to bomb the building. Later that night, Selina has an emotional exchange with Bruce, whom she deeply misses, in his first outing as Batman. Before leaving, Batman advises Selina to return a diamond she had stolen. After he leaves, Selina mutters "like hell."
### Edward Nygma / Riddler
{{Overly detailed\|section\|date\=May 2019}}
[thumb\|right\|upright\|Cory Michael Smith](/wiki/File:Cory_Michael_Smith_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg "Cory Michael Smith by Gage Skidmore.jpg")
**Edward "Ed" Nygma** (portrayed by [Cory Michael Smith](/wiki/Cory_Michael_Smith "Cory Michael Smith"); season 1–5\) is a [forensics](/wiki/Forensic_science "Forensic science") operative who works for the Gotham City Police Department and often presents his information in riddles. He initially starts off as an awkward but intelligent man with an unrequited crush on archivist Kristen Kringle. After being constantly mistreated by his fellow co\-workers, he murders a fellow officer named Tom, Kringle's abusive boyfriend, which causes him to suffer a mental breakdown that results in a second personality.{{cite web\|url\=https://hollywoodreporter.com/live\-feed/foxs\-gotham\-promotes\-three\-series\-703147\|title\=Fox's 'Gotham' Promotes Three to Series Regular\|last\=Goldberg\|first\=Lesley\|work\=\[\[The Hollywood Reporter]]\|date\=May 12, 2014\|access\-date\=May 12, 2014}} He eventually became Kristen's boyfriend, but after revealing the truth of his murder to Kringle, he accidentally strangles her in an attempt to stop her from calling the police. Following this, his [narcissistic](/wiki/Narcissistic_personality_disorder "Narcissistic personality disorder") dark side manipulates him, eventually taking over. While burying her body in the woods, a passerby approaches and interferes, whom Nygma kills. After finding him in the woods hiding from Theo Galavan, Nygma allows Oswald Cobblepot to live with him, later assisting him in healing Gordon.
Nygma later figures out Gordon's hand in Theo Galavan's death and orchestrates his arrest by framing him for the death of Carl Pinkney. During a confrontation with Gordon at the spot where Kristin Kringle was buried, Nygma's plot was exposed with Nathaniel Barnes and the other police officers nearby. Nygma is arrested by the police and remanded to Arkham Asylum. After he investigates and finds out who Hugo Strange is and his experiments, Nygma briefly escapes but is caught and recaptured after a brief encounter with Selina. He later aids Hugo Strange in interrogating Bruce Wayne and Lucius Fox but was re\-incarcerated afterwards.
Six months later, Oswald has him declared sane and has him released from Arkham Asylum so that he can help Penguin become mayor. Nygma buys back the money that Butch was bribing people with in order to vote for Oswald, in order to prove a point that the people of Gotham loved him regardless. Later, Nygma meets and becomes infatuated with a woman striking the resemblance to Kringle and also likes riddles named Isabella. After forming a relationship with her, Oswald, who secretly harbors feelings for Nygma, orders Gabriel to cut the brakes off of Isabella's car, killing her. After Nygma is informed by Barbara of Oswald's romantic feelings for him, he discovers that he indeed killed Isabella. Nygma then forms a partnership with Barbara, Tabitha, and Butch to destroy everything Penguin loves, and after breaking his sanity and destroying his reputation, Nygma shoots Oswald in the harbor docks, although Oswald claims to love Nygma still, and Nygma is nothing without him. Nygma then begins a killing spree in order to prove his superiority, taking pills that cause him to hallucinate Oswald, before taking the moniker of the Riddler.
In order to get the Court of Owls to reveal themselves, the Riddler takes Mayor Aubrey James captive. Meeting with Gordon at the police station, Riddler agrees to Gordon's terms to accompany him. When on a road, Riddler agrees to go along with Kathryn and the Talon after Kathryn referenced the fact that Hugo Strange left Riddler's "who actually runs Gotham" question. As the Talon loads Nygma into the car, Kathryn tells Gordon that they'll find a use for Riddler before departing. Nygma later discovered that Oswald Cobblepot is his neighbouring prisoner. Both of them work together to escape from their prison.
At the conclusion of the chaos caused by the Alice Tetch Virus, Oswald outsmarts Riddler and has Victor Fries use his freeze gun on him, in order to use his frozen body as the centerpiece of his Iceberg Lounge and as a reminder to never let love be his downfall again.
Riddler is later freed by a woman named Myrtle Jenkins who tries to get him back to good health, only to discover he has become mentally impaired after being frozen. After knocking Myrtle out, Riddler leaves her apartment and heads out to plan revenge on Oswald. Due to his brain still recovering from the ice, Riddler was unable to do his usual riddles on Oswald who ended up sparing Riddler from Victor Fries. Riddler later encountered Butch Gilzean, now known as Solomon Grundy. Nygma has Grundy accompany him to a nearby club, using him as the champion of The Narrows.
When Selina captures Nygma, under orders by Oswald, Leslie Thompkins suggests pitting the champions of both sides against each other for the fate of Edward Nygma. Tabitha wins, only for Firefly to crash the fight to finish the job that Oswald Cobblepot gave her. While Solomon Grundy was having his wounds tended to, Nygma suggests to Leslie that she takes the position as Queen of the Narrows.
Nygma goes on to become Thompkins right\-hand, where he falls in love with her, before she eventually reveals that his intelligence has already returned. This causes the return of Nygma's alternate Riddler personality, who causes problems for Nygma, causing him to resort to suicide by hanging before opting to return to Arkham. As he contemplates signing the papers, a delighted Oswald reveals that he sent a letter to him hoping the Riddler would read it and Nygma would return to Arkham. He adds that he can truly see who he is and finally calls him Riddler, allowing Riddler to take over Nygma.
When Gotham City becomes a no man's land, Riddler ends up in a mutual stabbing with Leslie Thompkins. Their bodies are found by Oswald's men as Hugo Strange is instructed to work on them.
In season five, Riddler begins waking multiple times, unaware of previous events, hoping to discover what Edward was up to. It was revealed that Nyssa Al Ghul had Hugo Strange place a control chip in Riddler's brain, causing him to do orders such as blow up Haven, until it was fried by Gordon using a respirator. Riddler then helps Bruce, Alfred, Barbara, and Lucius reclaim the Gotham City Police Department in a hazmat suit, doing a bomb ruse where the code is provided by the answer to how many times a [Pallid beach mouse](/wiki/Pallid_beach_mouse "Pallid beach mouse") can give birth in a year. He later teams up with Oswald and Barbara to construct a submarine in order to escape Gotham, before instead to choosing to assist Gordon in fending off Bane and his men.
10 years later, in the series finale, he is sprung from Arkham Asylum by Jerimiah Valeska, assuming it to be Cobblepot, and proceeds to capture Mayor Aubrey James in order to detonate the newly rebuilt Wayne Tower. He and Oswald are ultimately captured by Bruce Wayne in his first outing as Batman and left for the police. After escaping a prisoner transport van, Riddler and Penguin see their new adversary using a grappling hook to glide between rooftops and plan to get revenge tomorrow.
### Fish Mooney
{{Main\|Fish Mooney}}
[thumb\|right\|upright\|Jada Pinkett Smith](/wiki/File:Jada_Pinkett_Smith_at_NY_PaleyFest_2014_for_Gotham.jpg "Jada Pinkett Smith at NY PaleyFest 2014 for Gotham.jpg")
**Maria Mercedes "Fish" Mooney** (portrayed by [Jada Pinkett Smith](/wiki/Jada_Pinkett_Smith "Jada Pinkett Smith"); main: season 1; guest: season 2; recurring: season 3\) is a former [nightclub](/wiki/Nightclub "Nightclub") owner and [mobster](/wiki/Gangster "Gangster") who led a gang under Don Falcone and was the former boss of Oswald Cobblepot. She operated in Gotham City's [red\-light district](/wiki/Red-light_district "Red-light district") despite the heavy presence of the [Italian Mafia](/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia "Sicilian Mafia"). Mooney sometimes provides information to Detective Bullock, who has a sweet spot for her. Mooney has secret plans to overthrow Falcone, whom she hates for his otherwise unspecified role in Fish's own mother's death, makes her as the main antagonist of season 1\. Her plan involved hiring a girl named Liza to seduce Falcone and secretly blowing up Falcone's money supply.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.deadline.com/2014/02/jada\-pinkett\-smith\-fox\-gotham\-villain\|title\=Jada Pinkett Smith To Play Villain In Fox's Batman Drama 'Gotham'\|last\=Andreeva\|first\=Nellie\|date\=February 19, 2014\|website\=Deadline Hollywood\|access\-date\=February 19, 2014}} After her plans to overthrow Falcone are exposed by Oswald Cobblepot, who has been blackmailing Liza to get information about both Falcone and Mooney, Don Falcone strangles Liza to death and has Mooney and Butch Gilzean was taken prisoner while the remnants ended up on Oswald Cobblepot's side. After escaping from Falcone's men, Mooney tries to leave Gotham City by water and is captured by the minions of the Dollmaker. Mooney was eventually able to escape with some of her fellow prisoners. She returned to Gotham City during the gang war between Falcone and Maroni and formed her gang from street children, including Selina Kyle. Mooney was pushed off of a building into the ocean in a battle with the Penguin, which seemingly killed her.
In the second season's fall finale, Fish's body is seen at Indian Hill, a scientific division of Wayne Enterprises that secretly performs illegal experiments. Fish is eventually revived in the second season finale while augmented with the help of [cuttlefish](/wiki/Cuttlefish "Cuttlefish") DNA, being the only one of Hugo Strange's patients have her memories intact for unknown reasons. The side\-effects of the revival gave Mooney the ability to take control of anyone that comes in contact with her. She manages to escape from Arkham and knocks out a shocked Penguin on the street.{{cite web\|url\=http://tvline.com/2016/01/29/jada\-pinkett\-smith\-gotham\-returning\-season\-2\-fish\-mooney/\|title\=Jada Pinkett Smith Sets Gotham Return\|first1\=Michael\|last1\=Ausiello\|date\=January 29, 2016\|access\-date\=November 11, 2016\|archive\-date\=May 14, 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160514004519/http://tvline.com/2016/01/29/jada\-pinkett\-smith\-gotham\-returning\-season\-2\-fish\-mooney/\|url\-status\=dead}}
With some of the Indian Hill escapees on her side as members of her latest gang and even realigning herself with Selina Kyle, Fish Mooney begins raiding every pharmacy for drugs. After learning from Ethel Peabody about the new cells being rejected by her body and that Hugo Strange would fix her, Fish Mooney has her fellow escapee Marv steal her youth. Then Fish Mooney plans to find Hugo Strange in order to get him to make more monsters for her gang. When Fish Mooney's follower Nancy catches Ivy Pepper, Selina tries to vouch for her only for Fish Mooney to sic Marv on her.
Fish Mooney was successful at freeing Hugo Strange. Because of what Mooney said to him, Cobblepot decides not to kill her and allows her to leave with Hugo Strange while telling her not to return.
Fish Mooney later returned to Gotham City with some armed men where she saves Cobblepot from Riddler, Barbara Kean, Tabitha Galavan, and Butch Gilzean. She then makes off with Cobblepot where she forgives him and mends her relationship with Cobblepot.
After obtaining a fleeing Hugo Strange, Fish Mooney has him take her, Oswald Cobblepot, Victor Fries, and Bridgit Pike to the slaughterhouse where the antidotes to Alice Tetch's blood is. During a fight between Fish Mooney's followers, James Gordon, and the League of Assassins' ninjas, Fish Mooney is accidentally stabbed by James Gordon. When Cobblepot tells Mooney that they'll get her some help, Mooney turns him down stating that this would happen and for Cobblepot to either take control of Gotham City or burn it to the ground as she dies again.
{{clear}}
### Renee Montoya
{{main\|Renee Montoya}}
[thumb\|170x170px\|Victoria Cartagena](/wiki/File:Victoria_Cartagena_%22Come_Find_Me%22_interview.jpg "Victoria Cartagena ")
**Renee Montoya** (portrayed by [Victoria Cartagena](/wiki/Victoria_Cartagena "Victoria Cartagena"); season 1\) is a detective in the Major Crimes Unit of the Gotham City Police Department who is dedicated to fighting police corruption. She initially believed that Jim had actually murdered Oswald Cobblepot and was obsessed with arresting him, mostly due to her past relationship with Barbara Kean mixing with her sense of duty, until it was shown that Cobblepot was still alive. She later occasionally assists him in fighting Gotham's corruption after she and Crispus save Jim from being killed by [Victor Zsasz](/wiki/Victor_Zsasz "Victor Zsasz"). Renee was revealed to have had a relationship with Barbara Kean.
{{clear}}
### Crispus Allen
{{main\|Crispus Allen}}
**Crispus Allen** (portrayed by [Andrew Stewart\-Jones](/wiki/Andrew_Stewart-Jones "Andrew Stewart-Jones"); season 1\) is a detective in the Major Crimes Unit of the Gotham City Police Department who is Renee Montoya's partner. He was with Renee when she was looking for clues to see if Jim Gordon had actually killed Oswald Cobblepot or not. Crispus later occasionally assists Gordon in fighting Gotham's corruption after he and Renee save Jim from being killed by Victor Zsasz.
{{clear}}
### Carmine Falcone
{{main\|Carmine Falcone}}
[thumb\|right\|upright\|John Doman](/wiki/File:John_Doman_2013.jpg "John Doman 2013.jpg")
**Carmine Falcone** (portrayed by [John Doman](/wiki/John_Doman "John Doman"); main: season 1; guest: seasons 2 and 4; recurring: season 3\) is the [Don](/wiki/Boss_%28crime%29 "Boss (crime)") of the Falcone Crime Family and businessman who is the father of Mario Calvi. He is Fish Mooney's superior and has specific members of both the Gotham City government and the Gotham City Police Department on his payroll (examples being Commissioner Gillian B. Loeb and Mayor Aubrey James) as well as having connections with the Court of Owls. While heading a traditional [Cosa Nostra](/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia "Sicilian Mafia") family, Carmine also controls a series of various other criminal organizations in Gotham City including the [Triads](/wiki/Triad_%28organized_crime%29 "Triad (organized crime)"), the [Irish Mob](/wiki/Irish_Mob "Irish Mob"), and Russian Mob as well as other Gotham City gangs such as Fish Mooney's gang.
Upon first encountering Gordon after preventing Fish Mooney's men from killing him and Bullock, he at first dismisses his idealism as naive. His hold on Gotham City is challenged by the rival Maroni family and his allies such as Fish Mooney and the [Russian Mob](/wiki/Russian_mafia "Russian mafia"). Several of his [caporegimes](/wiki/Caporegimes "Caporegimes") like Jimmy Saviano have also shown signs of treachery. Following the end of his mob war with the late Sal Maroni and Fish Mooney, Falcone retired and leaves Gotham. Before leaving, he reveals that he used to be friends with Gordon's father prior to being in the mob and gives Gordon a knife that had belonged to Gordon's father and parts on good terms stating that it is time for some real law and order in Gotham.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.ign.com/articles/2014/08/21/gotham\-pilot\-review\|title\=Gotham: "Pilot" Review\|last\=Fowler\|first\=Matt\|date\=August 21, 2014\|publisher\=IGN\|access\-date\=August 24, 2014}}
Falcone later returned to help Harvey Bullock get Jim Gordon out of Blackgate Penitentiary with help from his contacts from within the prison.
Upon Leslie and Mario returning to Gotham City, he gives his approval to Mario for his relationship to Leslie. He also wanted to throw an engagement party for them and was shown to be angered at the Court of Owls for targeting Mario when it later turns out that he was infected with Alice Tetch's poisonous blood. While he was displeased that Gordon gunned down Mario in self\-defense, Leslie talked Falcone into calling off Victor Zsasz's hit on Gordon knowing that Mario would've ended up like Nathaniel Barnes did. Carmine later reluctantly helped Gordon by giving him the information on the person who had him hire a lawyer for the drunk driver that caused the car accident that killed Peter Gordon.
Upon heading down to Florida, Gordon tries to get Carmine Falcone to help in the war against Oswald Cobblepot. Carmine declines due to the fact that he is dying and that being in warmer climates would help him but agrees to let his daughter Sofia go in his place. Hearing reports of Sofia's ruthless pursuit of Gotham, Falcone arrives to take her home, telling her she has failed their family and is endangering the family reputation to get revenge for her brother's death. Before he can take her, Falcone is shot and killed by a group of gunmen. Sofia is wounded but later reveals that she is responsible for her father's murder.
{{clear}}
### Leslie Thompkins
{{Main\|Leslie Thompkins}}
[thumb\|right\|upright\|Morena Baccarin](/wiki/File:Morena_Baccarin_by_Gage_Skidmore_3.jpg "Morena Baccarin by Gage Skidmore 3.jpg")
**Leslie "Lee" Thompkins** (portrayed by [Morena Baccarin](/wiki/Morena_Baccarin "Morena Baccarin"); main: season 2–5; recurring: season 1\) is a [physician](/wiki/Physician "Physician") at [Arkham Asylum](/wiki/Arkham_Asylum "Arkham Asylum") who works in the female ward. After enlisting as a medical examiner at Gotham City Police Department, she enters into a relationship with James Gordon.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.avclub.com/article/morena\-baccarin\-joins\-gotham\-dr\-leslie\-thompkins\-210839\|title\=Morena Baccarin joins Gotham as Dr. Leslie Thompkins\|publisher\=The Onion\|last1\=Hughes\|first1\=William\|work\=The A.V. Club\|date\=October 22, 2014 \|access\-date\=October 22, 2014}}{{cite web\|url\=http://tvline.com/2015/05/11/gotham\-season\-2\-morena\-baccarin\-series\-regular\-cast\|title\=Gotham Promotes Morena Baccarin to Series Regular in season 2\|last\=Ausiello\|first\=Michael\|date\=May 11, 2015\|publisher\=TVLine\|access\-date\=May 13, 2015\|archive\-date\=May 13, 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150513062442/http://tvline.com/2015/05/11/gotham\-season\-2\-morena\-baccarin\-series\-regular\-cast/\|url\-status\=dead}} Proving herself an observant and energetic partner at the GCPD, she often persists in trying to keep actively involved as a means to further Jim's work, making him uncomfortable with potentially endangering her as with Barbara following Cobblepot's return. She is later revealed to be pregnant and Jim proposes to her after Theo Galavan's death. At the time when Gordon was incarcerated at Blackgate, he learned from Harvey that Leslie miscarried and that she went south.
When Gordon tracks down Leslie outside of Gotham City in order to repair their relationship. However, he discovers that she is engaged to Mario Calvi, the son of the former crime lord Carmine Falcone. However, Gordon made peace with it by the time Leslie returned to Gotham with Mario. Gordon and Leslie reconciled after Gordon gave his best wishes to Mario. She and Valerie Vale were eventually kidnapped by Jervis Tetch as part of his revenge against Jim Gordon. Tetch then forced Gordon to choose between Lee or Valerie being killed, and after Gordon chooses Lee to be killed, Tetch shoots Valerie instead. It is implied that Gordon knew Tetch would shoot Valerie instead of Lee; as he is still in love with the latter. It is also implied that Lee is still in love with Gordon, despite her being in engaged to Mario Calvi. However, after Mario is infected by the Tetch Virus and shot dead by Gordon, she begins to grow hostile towards Gordon due to grief and rage (mainly because Leslie is unwilling/refuses to accept the truth; that Mario tried to kill her when he was infected by Alice Tetch's blood) by doing everything she can to make Gordon uncomfortable.
Due to Gordon refusing to tell her about what's happening in Gotham out of fear that the Court of Owls will take action, Leslie resigns from the police department. She later takes a sample of Alice Tetch's blood that Hugo Strange gave James Gordon and injects herself with it. She was eventually cured along with Gordon. She then left Gotham, leaving behind a note saying that while she's not sure if Gotham deserves to be saved, Leslie does have hope that Gordon would save the city before reaffirming her love for him.
Leslie later appeared at Cherry's fight club working as its doctor when she is called to tend to the burns on Solomon Grundy. She does agree to a partnership with Edward Nygma in order to help her side\-job. At the time when Barbara Kean, Tabitha Galavan, and Selina Kyle arrived at Cherry's fight club to look for Edward Nygma, Leslie was approached by Barbara Kean where Leslie is not pleased with her appearance. She also stated that she doesn't know who Jim is. When Selina Kyle manages to catch Edward Nygma while Barbara Kean and Tabitha Galavan were busy with their side\-agendas, Leslie Thompkins suggested a "Code of the Narrows" to pit the champions of both sides against each other for the fate of Edward Nygma. When Firefly crashes the fight to finish the job that Oswald Cobblepot gave her, Riddler witnessed Leslie disabling Firefly and Barbara shooting Cherry. While Solomon Grundy was having his wounds tended to, Nygma suggests to Leslie that she takes the position that Cherry had. Leslie takes that suggestion and her first decree was "drinks on the house".
Leslie later solves some issues with the inhabitants of the Narrows like dealing with competitive street businesses and even uses mixed medicines and an antidote to get Sampson out of the southern parts of the Narrows.
When Gotham City becomes a no man's land, Leslie Thompkins ends up in a mutual stabbing with Riddler. Their bodies are found by Penguin's men as Hugo Strange is instructed to work on them.
In season five, Delta Force found Leslie Thompkins in a hideaway in the North Side of Gotham as Eduardo Dorrance plans to use her as a bargaining chip for Riddler. While Gordon fought Eduardo, she shot the soldier that tried to kill her. It was discovered that the same control chip used in Riddler was also in Leslie when Theresa Walker triggered it. Gordon struck the area with an electrical lamp snapping Leslie out of the mind\-control.
10 years later, Leslie is still married to Gordon. She later helps in disarming the bombs that would detonate the newly rebuilt Wayne Tower.
{{clear}}
### Theo Galavan / Azrael
{{main\|Azrael (DC Comics)}}
[thumb\|right\|upright\|James Frain](/wiki/File:James_Frain_2010_%28cropped%29.jpg "James Frain 2010 (cropped).jpg")
**Theodore "Theo" Galavan** (portrayed by [James Frain](/wiki/James_Frain "James Frain"); season 2\) is a charismatic [billionaire](/wiki/Billionaire "Billionaire") industrialist whose sister is Tabitha Galavan and whose step\-niece is [Silver St. Cloud](/wiki/Silver_St._Cloud "Silver St. Cloud"), both of whom do his bidding.{{cite web\|url\=https://deadline.com/2015/06/gotham\-james\-frain\-cast\-villain\-tigress\-brother\-1201454198\|title\='Gotham' Casts James Frain As Regular, Will Play New Villain \& Tigress' Brother\|author\=Nellie Andreeva\|website\=Deadline Hollywood\|date\=June 25, 2015}} He is the main antagonist of the first half of season 2 *Rise of the Villains*, who's responsible for creating chaos and violence in [Gotham City](/wiki/Gotham_City "Gotham City"), as part of his master plan to finally carry out a centuries\-old vendetta. Galavan's family, originally called the Dumas family, were one of Gotham City's most prominent families and said to have built Gotham City. But the family was ruined financially and socially by the Wayne family after an act of violence was perpetrated by a member of the Dumas family against a member of the Wayne family many years earlier. Those Dumas who remained in Gotham changed their surname to Galavan while those who left joined a religious faction of their family called the [Order of St. Dumas](/wiki/Order_of_St._Dumas "Order of St. Dumas").
Theo starts his campaign by orchestrating the abduction of Mayor Aubrey James. As the chairman of the Gotham Chamber of Commerce, he oversaw Gillian Loeb's resignation as police commissioner and Sarah Essen being sworn in as the new police commissioner. Using Zaardon the Soul Reaper, Theo has Tabitha spring Jerome Valeska, Barbara Kean, Aaron Helzinger, Richard Sionis, Robert Greenwood, and Arnold Dobkins from Arkham Asylum to assist him. Sionis was the only one who declined and he had Tabitha kill him to serve as a warning to the others. Theo poses as a caring father figure to Bruce Wayne after ostensibly saving him from Jerome Valeska during a hostage crisis. With Mayor James still missing and Deputy Mayor Harrison Kane dead, Theo then exhorts Oswald Cobblepot into targeting the mayoral candidates by holding Oswald's mother Gertrud hostage while acting like he missed Galavan. While Oswald was successful at killing Janice Caulfield, Victor Zsasz fails at kidnapping Randall Hobbs who drops out of the race. As the only remaining candidate, Theo wins the election, but his true goal is to avenge the Dumas family against the Wayne family. After Tabitha killed Gertrud, Oswald swore revenge on Theo which led to a fight between Cobblepot's group and the police which ended with Oswald getting wounded and Gordon getting suspicious. He is later arrested by Jim Gordon after Mayor James is found alive following Barbara Kean ending up hospitalized. While Gordon and Barnes were searching Galavan's apartment, they did find a cassock behind one of the paintings where they assumed that Galavan had some religious connections. While awaiting trial, Theo reprimanded Tabitha for acting out against his orders and states that his next plan is in motion.
During the trial, Mayor James testifies in court that it was Oswald Cobblepot who abducted him. The judge drops the case against Theo whose henchmen, posing as police officers, abduct Gordon while he was being taken out of the courthouse. With Gordon in his clutches, Galavan stated that the Order of St. Dumas protected his family and that his real surname is Dumas. Galavan toys with Gordon but quickly overpowers him, using some martial arts skills which Theo not previously displayed. He orders his henchmen to kill Gordon slowly and leaves to claim Bruce Wayne's life. During the final battle at Galavan's tower, Tabitha tells Theo he has lost and she is going to look out for herself, saving Silver and Bruce Wayne, as Gordon and Penguin come to the rescue, albeit for very different reasons. Gordon and Cobblepot take him to an isolated place outside Gotham where Cobblepot beats him mercilessly until Gordon stops him and shoots Galavan dead. Cobblepot puts an umbrella in the corpse's mouth to make it look like that he killed Galavan. Galavan's body is then taken to the underground Indian Hill facility.
As Patient 44, he is successfully resurrected by the Indian Hill facility's doctors but the shock of the process scrambled his memories. Strange, inspired by Nygma, misleads Galavan to believe himself to be the order's legendary knight Azrael before sending him after Gordon. When it came to the fight at the Gotham City Police Department, Theo was unmasked upon his helm being knocked off by Nathaniel Barnes. He manages to use the broken part of the fake Sword of Sin to stab Nathaniel Barnes. As he makes his escape, his face was shown to the reporters as Oswald Cobblepot, Tabitha Galavan, and Bruce Wayne sees it on the news. Theo then began to look for the real Sword of Sin where he confronted Gordon and Bullock at a crypt which ends with Tabitha ending up hospitalised. During the fight with Gordon and Bruce Wayne at Wayne Manor, Azrael is eventually confronted by Cobblepot and then blasted by an [RPG](/wiki/Rocket-propelled_grenade "Rocket-propelled grenade") wielded by Butch Gilzean, ending his life once and for all. His body become shreds before police can get a DNA variation.
### Tabitha Galavan
[thumb\|right\|upright\|Jessica Lucas](/wiki/File:Jessica_Lucas_WonderCon_2013.jpg "Jessica Lucas WonderCon 2013.jpg")
**Tabitha Galavan (**portrayed by [Jessica Lucas](/wiki/Jessica_Lucas "Jessica Lucas"); seasons 2–5\) is Theo Galavan's whip\-wielding, violent, loyal sister and the step\-aunt of Silver St. Cloud.{{cite web\|url\=http://tvline.com/2015/06/26/gotham\-season\-2\-tigress\-cast\-jessica\-lucas\|title\=Exclusive Gotham Season 2 Casts Jessica Lucas as the Bullwhip\-Cracking Tigress\|author\=Matt Webb Mitovich\|work\=tvline.com\|date\=June 26, 2015\|access\-date\=June 27, 2015\|archive\-date\=December 5, 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151205163430/http://tvline.com/2015/06/26/gotham\-season\-2\-tigress\-cast\-jessica\-lucas/\|url\-status\=dead}} She serves as her brother's henchwoman and lead enforcer who gets pleasure from causing mayhem even when it comes to making sure that none of the criminal activities is traced back to her brother, with whom she enjoys an unhealthy relationship. She always wears a cover over her nose and mouth to avoid being identified. She even develops a relationship with Barbara Kean and found a way to reprogram Butch Gilzean to serve Theo. During the fight between Gordon and Kean, Tabitha was shot in the shoulder and managed to escape. When it comes to the battle between Oswald Cobbleport's group and the Order of St. Dumas, Tabitha turns against Theo telling him he has lost and that she needs to look out for herself as she escapes with Silver.
Four weeks later, Tabitha visits Butch Gilzean and becomes his partner while starting a relationship with her. After the warrior Azrael is revealed to be the resurrected Theo Galavan, Tabitha teams up with Gordon and Bullock to find him. After helping Theo regain some of his memory, Theo remembers his mission and stabs Tabitha, resulting in her being hospitalised.
Six weeks after the Indian Hill incident, Tabitha and Barbara started a club called Sirens Nightclub. After Butch was exposed by Edward Nygma as the leader of the new Red Hood gang, Tabitha broke him out of the prison transport bus and took him to a safe house.
After Barbara killed Butch Gilzean, Tabitha fought Barbara at her safe house which ended with Barbara getting electrocuted. Later on, she is approached by Selina Kyle where she states to Tabitha that she is done surviving. Before they begin to work together, Tabitha does allow Selina to test her abilities with her whip.
Tabitha and Selina end up aligning with a revived Barbara. At the time when Barbara, Tabitha, and Selina were sent to Cherry's fight club to find Edward Nygma, Tabitha found Butch Gilzean having transformed into Solomon Grundy where he barely remembers her. When Leslie Thompkins calls for the "Code of the Narrows" upon Selina apprehending Nygma, Tabitha (referred to as [The Tigress](/wiki/Tigress_%28DC_Comics%29 "Tigress (DC Comics)")) is paired up against Solomon Grundy where the fight doesn't go well. Firefly crashes the fight to finish the job that Oswald Cobblepot gave her. Tabitha then witnessed Leslie disabling Firefly and Barbara shooting Cherry. Tabitha, Barbara, and Selina later abduct Sofia Falcone upon thinking that she was friends with Cobblepot until she states that she is against Cobblepot. After Victor Zsasz destroys Barbara's club, Tabitha was present when Barbara sides with Sofia Falcone.
Tabitha hears about what happened to Selina Kyle as she assists Barbara, Alfred, and Penguin into fighting Jeremiah Valeska and Ra's al Ghul's men. When Gotham City becomes a no man's land, she finds that Butch is restored. However, Penguin kills him as part of his revenge on Tabitha for what she did to his mother and then shoots her in the leg. When Barbara hears from Tabitha what happened to Butch, they make their territory a female\-only territory as they kill the males that were with Ra's al Ghul.
Many days later, Tabitha begins her plot to get revenge on Penguin where she ambushes him and his men in the Lo Boyz' territory. Due to a misfired gun, Tabitha is stabbed by Penguin as Barbara arrives. Her final words before succumbing to her wound are "Barbara don't." This causes Barbara to plan revenge on Penguin.
{{clear}}
### Lucius Fox
{{main\|Lucius Fox}}
**Lucius Fox** (portrayed by [Chris Chalk](/wiki/Chris_Chalk "Chris Chalk"); main: seasons 2–5; guest: season 1\) is a junior executive and tech genius at Wayne Enterprises who in the shadow of the company's corrupt activities emerges as a moral beacon for Bruce Wayne as he attempts to help him uphold the legacy of his parents, Thomas and Martha Wayne.{{cite web\|url\=https://deadline.com/2015/03/chris\-chalk\-cast\-lucius\-fox\-gotham\-1201387789\|title\=Chris Chalk Cast As Lucius Fox On 'Gotham'\|last\=Andreeva\|first\=Nellie\|date\=March 6, 2015\|website\=Deadline Hollywood\|access\-date\=March 9, 2015}}{{cite web\|url\=http://tvline.com/2015/05/29/gotham\-season\-2\-chris\-chalk\-series\-regular\-lucius\-fox\|title\=''Gotham'' Season 2: Chris Chalk Upped to Series Regular, as Lucius Fox\|last\=Mitovich\|first\=Matt Webb\|date\=May 29, 2015\|publisher\=TVLine\|access\-date\=May 29, 2015\|archive\-date\=May 30, 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530231108/http://tvline.com/2015/05/29/gotham\-season\-2\-chris\-chalk\-series\-regular\-lucius\-fox/\|url\-status\=dead}} Fox was an ally to the Wayne family and one of the few people to know the Waynes were not as corrupt as they had to pretend to be to Wayne Enterprises' board of directors. He first appeared in "The Anvil and the Hammer" where he entered Sid Bunderslaw's office at the time of Bruce Wayne's unexpected visit. Before allowing Bruce to leave Wayne Enterprises, Fox warns Bruce that his father was a very guarded man.
Fox later encountered Alfred at a bar. Alfred convinced Fox to help Bruce Wayne repair a computer that Alfred had wrecked. After Bruce is kidnapped by Theo Galavan, Lucius finishes fixing the computer hard drive and does his part to help the Gotham City Police Department locate Bruce Wayne. He later helps identify "The Philosopher", the man who ordered the Waynes to be killed. He and Bruce are later kidnapped by Hugo Strange but are freed by Selina Kyle afterwards.
Lucius later leaves Wayne Enterprises and becomes a science expert at the Gotham City Police Department.
When Gotham City becomes a no man's land, Lucius is among the GCPD members that remain behind.
10 years later, Lucius attends the opening of the newly rebuilt Wayne Tower. After Riddler was subdued, Lucius helps Lee in disarming the bomb. He and Alfred later find Penguin and Riddler tied up on a pole by Batman.
{{clear}}
### Butch Gilzean / Cyrus Gold / Solomon Grundy
{{Main\|Solomon Grundy (character)}}
[thumb\|right\|upright\|Drew Powell](/wiki/File:Drew_Powell_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg "Drew Powell by Gage Skidmore.jpg") **Butch Gilzean** (portrayed by [Drew Powell](/wiki/Drew_Powell_%28actor%29 "Drew Powell (actor)"); main: seasons 2–4; recurring: season 1\) is Fish Mooney's right\-hand man and [mob enforcer](/wiki/Contract_killing "Contract killing") who is the uncle of Sonny Gilzean.{{cite web\|url\=https://deadline.com/2015/07/gotham\-drew\-powell\-promoted\-regular\-season\-2\-1201486095\|title\='Gotham' Promotes Drew Powell To Regular In season 2\|author\=Nellie Andreeva\|website\=Deadline Hollywood\|date\=July 28, 2015}} Victor Zsasz brainwashed Butch into obeying Oswald Cobblepot's every command.
To infiltrate Theo Galavan's group, Cobblepot cut off Gilzean's left hand so that Gilzean would win sympathy from the Galavans, who gave Gilzean a new mallet\-shaped left hand and other attachments. Tabitha later freed Gilzean from Cobblepot's control.
Four weeks following the death of Theo Galavan, Butch Gilzean rose to power and started a relationship with Tabitha Galavan. After Azrael was revealed to be the resurrected Theo Galavan, Butch and Penguin killed Theo with an RPG. Butch and his gang later accompanied Oswald into going after Hugo Strange. After a resurrected Fish Mooney knocked out Penguin on the street, Butch and his gang fled.
During the man\-hunt for Fish Mooney, Gilzean supports Penguin's campaign by paying people to vote for him. He starts to get suspicious with Edward Nygma during his campaign. He realizes that Nygma bought back the money, but Penguin wins regardless, which causes Butch to feel left out while Penguin and Nygma start to work together more. Butch starts being the benefactor of a second version of the Red Hood gang and kills them so he can win back Penguin's approval, but Nygma later exposes him. While being transported on a prison bus, Tabitha breaks him out and takes him to a safe house.
After Isabella was murdered, Nygma put the clues together and claims to Mayor Cobblepot that Butch killed her in revenge on both of them.
As the chaos caused by the Alice Tetch Virus is winding down, Butch and Tabitha plan to dispose of Barbara Kean. During the confrontation, Barbara shoots Butch in the head. His body is reviewed by doctors and his birth name is revealed as Cyrus Gold.
When his body is dumped into Slaughter Swamp by the hospital's orderlies, chemicals associated with Indian Hill revived Cyrus Gold while regenerating his hand. The transformation also gave him super\-strength while also making him have a fear of fire. He makes his way to Gotham City and runs into Riddler who asks for his help remembering who he is. After getting a burn from one of the men he earlier attacked, Riddler takes him to Cherry's nightclub to enter him in a fight where Cherry has her latest doctor Leslie Thompkins tend to his burn. Solomon Grundy manages to win most of his death matches.
During his fight with Mr. Murder Face, Solomon Grundy started experiencing fragments of memories of his life as Butch Gilzean upon being hit in the head. At the time when Barbara Kean, Tabitha Galavan, and Selina Kyle arrived at Cherry's fight club to find Edward Nygma, Tabitha encountered Solomon Grundy where he doesn't remember him. When Selina calls for the "Code of the Narrows" while trying to apprehend Nygma, Tabitha is paired up against Solomon Grundy where the fight doesn't go well. Firefly crashes the fight to finish the job that Oswald Cobblepot gave her. Solomon Grundy prepares to attack only to be frightened by Firefly's fire attacks. After Firefly was disabled by Leslie Thompkins and Barbara Kean shot Cherry, Solomon Grundy's injuries were tended to by Leslie.
Penguin later instructs Hugo Strange to restore Butch Gilzean back to normal. While Strange was successful, Penguin kills Butch anyway as part of his revenge on Tabitha for killing his mother.
{{clear}}
### Harvey Dent
{{main\|Two\-Face}}
[thumb\|right\|upright\|Nicholas D'Agosto](/wiki/File:Nicholas_D%27Agosto_filming_Final_Destination_5_in_Vancouver%2C_October_2010.jpg "Nicholas D'Agosto filming Final Destination 5 in Vancouver, October 2010.jpg")
**Harvey Dent** (portrayed by [Nicholas D'Agosto](/wiki/Nicholas_D%27Agosto "Nicholas D'Agosto"); main: season 2; guest: season 1\) is a "handsome, warm and engaging" [Assistant District Attorney](/wiki/District_attorney "District attorney").{{cite web\|url\=http://tvline.com/2014/10/02/gotham\-harvey\-dent\-nicholas\-dagosto\-two\-face\-season\-1\-cast\|title\=Gotham Scoop: Nicholas D'Agosto Joins Fox Drama as Harvey Dent\|last\=Swift\|first\=Andy\|publisher\=TVLine\|date\=October 2, 2014\|access\-date\=October 3, 2014}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.zap2it.com/blogs/gotham\_season\_2\_nicholas\_dagosto\_harvey\_dent\_regular\-2014\-11\|title\='Gotham' season 2 will make Harvey Dent a regular\|website\=\[\[Zap2it]]\|date\=November 13, 2014\|access\-date\=November 11, 2016\|archive\-date\=May 30, 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530071516/http://www.zap2it.com/blogs/gotham\_season\_2\_nicholas\_dagosto\_harvey\_dent\_regular\-2014\-11\|url\-status\=dead}} He works with Gordon to find the man who killed Thomas and Martha Wayne. At one point he accuses billionaire Dick Lovecraft of involvement in the Wayne murders. He further accuses him of sending the assassins to kill Bruce Wayne and Selina Kyle, but Gordon and Bullock discover that he wasn't responsible. Soon afterward, Lovecraft is killed by the same assassins. Dent also helps Gordon and Bullock investigate the corrupt acts of Commissioner Gillian B. Loeb regarding the release of corrupt Narcotics Officer Arnold Flass.
Harvey Dent was initially a supporter of Theo Galavan's candidacy for mayor of Gotham, but following Gordon's discovery of Galavan's true machinations and his arrest, he became the prosecutor at Theo Galavan's trial where Aubrey James fearfully told him that Oswald Cobblepot was the one who abducted him and not Theo Galavan.
Along with Captain Nathaniel Barnes, Harvey later questioned Jim about his role in Theo's death.
When Gordon has been framed for the death of police cop Carl Pinkney and sentenced to Blackgate Penitentiary, the news reporter stated that Harvey Dent could not be reached for a comment. After Warden Carlson Grey moved Gordon into Blackgate Penitentiary's F\-Wing, Bullock calls up Dent telling him what happened and to do everything he can to get Gordon out like either a transfer to another prison, a retrial, or reopening the case.
### Nathaniel Barnes / Executioner
[thumb\|right\|upright\|Michael Chiklis](/wiki/File:Michael_Chiklis_at_PaleyFest_2014.jpg "Michael Chiklis at PaleyFest 2014.jpg")
**Nathaniel Barnes** (portrayed by [Michael Chiklis](/wiki/Michael_Chiklis "Michael Chiklis"); season 2–3\), a tough, no\-nonsense martinet of a police captain at Gotham City Police Department after the death of Sarah Essen, he serves a strong ally to James Gordon, but will one day become Gordon's enemy.{{cite web\|url\=https://variety.com/2015/tv/news/michael\-chiklis\-cast\-gotham\-1201545334\|title\=Michael Chiklis Joins Cast of 'Gotham'\|author\=Debra Birnbaum\|work\=variety.com\|date\=July 22, 2015}} Unafraid to make such enemies, Barnes is a strict "law and order zealot". He first appears when he dismisses Officers Pollard, Guthrie, Coulson, Drowler, Brooks, and Hightower and Detective Perez for corruption, bribery, drug abuse, racketeering, and extortion. Nathaniel promotes Gordon to his second\-in\-command as they start a Strike Team made up of the graduates from the Gotham City Police Academy.
In "[Rise of the Villains: A Bitter Pill to Swallow](/wiki/Rise_of_the_Villains:A_Bitter_Pill_to_Swallow "A Bitter Pill to Swallow")", it was revealed that Nathaniel once served in the [United States Marine Corps](/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps "United States Marine Corps"). After Gordon becomes a fugitive for punching Theo Galavan in court after being found innocent, Barnes attempts to arrest Gordon after the battle with the Order of Saint Dumas but is knocked out by Cobblepot.
After Cobblepot was apprehended and backed up Gordon's claim, Barnes told Gordon not to make a fool out of him. When Jim was framed for the murder of Carl Pinkney at the hands of Edward Nygma, Barnes believed that Jim committed the crime and the judge sentenced him to Blackgate Penitentiary. After Jim was proven innocent and Nygma was arrested upon the police being in the listening distance of Nygma's confession, Barnes apologised and told Jim he owed him a favour. He also gave Jim the remaining Wayne files and Lee's number. During Azrael's attack on the Gotham City Police Department, Barnes fought Azrael on the roof which led to Azrael's mask coming off and Barnes getting stabbed by Azrael. This led to Barnes being hospitalised.
While still recuperating, Nathaniel initiates a manhunt for Fish Mooney and the Indian Hill escapees, which ends with Fish and Strange fleeing Gotham and the rest of the minions being burned to death by an angry mob.
Later, Barnes is infected with Alice Tetch's poisonous blood that dropped onto him. He then goes on a vigilante spree killing criminals until he is subjected by James Gordon and remanded to Arkham Asylum while in a straitjacket. While incarcerated at Arkham, Barnes keeps screaming "Guilty!".
Leslie Thompkins later talks to Nathaniel Barnes about the blood he is infected with that also infected Mario Calvic. Barnes calls it a gift and states that when he gets out of Arkham, he is going to bathe the corruption of Gotham City in blood, starting with Jim Gordon's.
Barnes is taken to a private lab owned by the Court of Owls where Kathryn had Hugo Strange extract Alice Tetch's poisonous blood from him. After James Gordon used Penguin to interfere with the Court of Owls' plans to use the weaponized blood on a Daughters of Gotham event, Kathryn cuts a deal with Nathaniel Barnes to dispose of Gordon. With a special outfit and an axe\-tipped glove, Nathaniel Barnes targets James Gordon. During the fight at the Gotham City Police Department, Nathaniel Barnes beheads Kathryn and has his left hand shot off by James Gordon. Even though Barnes was detained, Alvarez told Gordon and Bullock that Barnes escaped from the Arkham Asylum transport upon killing the three guards.
{{clear}}
### Ivy "Pamela" Pepper
{{main\|Poison Ivy (character)}}
[thumb\|216x216px\|Maggie Geha](/wiki/File:Maggie_Geha_2017.jpg "Maggie Geha 2017.jpg")
[thumb\|187x187px\|Peyton List](/wiki/File:Peyton_List_April_2014_%28close-up%29.jpg "Peyton List April 2014 (close-up).jpg")
**Ivy Pepper** (portrayed by [Clare Foley](/wiki/Clare_Foley "Clare Foley"); recurring: season 1; guest: seasons 2–3; [Maggie Geha](/wiki/Maggie_Geha "Maggie Geha"); main: season 3; guest: season 4; [Peyton List](/wiki/Peyton_List_%28actress%2C_born_1986%29 "Peyton List (actress, born 1986)"); guest: seasons 4–5\) is a young vegan girl who is the abused daughter of Mario Pepper (who was framed for the Wayne murders).{{cite web\|url\=https://www.ign.com/articles/2014/07/20/gotham\-producer\-on\-those\-joker\-rumors\-and\-why\-poison\-ivy\-is\-ivy\-pepper\|title\=Gotham Producer on Those Joker Rumors and Why Poison Ivy is Ivy Pepper\|work\=IGN\|date\=July 20, 2014 }}{{cite web\|url\=http://gothamchronicle.com/post/106575104731/teen\-runaway\-spotted\-at\-the\-flea\-ivy\-pepper\|title\=Teen Runaway Spotted at "the Flea"\|publisher\=Gotham Chronicle (viral site)\|access\-date\=August 19, 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003021428/http://gothamchronicle.com/post/106575104731/teen\-runaway\-spotted\-at\-the\-flea\-ivy\-pepper\|archive\-date\=October 3, 2015\|url\-status\=dead}} She enjoys tending to her plants.
After her mother committed suicide sometime after her father's death, Ivy is adopted by a foster family and renamed Pamela, but runs away from their home and lives on the streets while maintaining contact with Selina Kyle. Like Selina Kyle, Ivy Pepper has befriended Barbara Kean.
Ivy later works for Sonny Gilzean where she grows his "magic mushrooms" to sell on the streets.
After an encounter with a Bruce Wayne look\-a\-like, Ivy gets caught by Fish Mooney's minion Nancy while trying to warn Selina. After Selina fails to vouch for her, Ivy is then chased by Fish Mooney's minion Marv. After being briefly touched by Marv, Ivy falls into the drain pipe and is swept away by the current.
The effects of Marv's brief touch causes Ivy to turn into an adult enough to outgrow her clothes by the time she awakens on the shore of the river. She later obtains the clothes belonging to the ex\-wife of the man who found her where she knocked out offscreen for neglecting his plants.
At some point, Ivy takes refuge in an abandoned house that has a greenhouse. After Oswald Cobblepot was shot by Edward Nygma, Ivy Pepper nurses him back to good health and helps to dispose of Gabe and those who came with them by having them buried in her garden of moving plants. Ivy then persuades Oswald Cobblepot to let her help in his plans to get revenge on Edward Nygma by stating that they will need an army of freaks. The two of them managed to get Victor Fries and Bridgit Pike on their side. Upon hearing what happened to Selina Kyle, Ivy Pepper uses her special perfume to control the nurses into bringing plants into Selina's room. When Selina finally was awoken, Ivy was against her plan to go to Wayne Manor.
Following the chaos caused by the Alice Tetch Virus, Ivy Pepper assists Oswald Cobblepot in the development of the Iceberg Lounge. She starts to feel neglected and goes to an apothecary where she consumes some chemicals held in the owner's safe. She then transforms a third time and gains the ability to be more connected to plant life, with a scratch from her poisoning people and causing them to essentially become a human plant. Ivy plans to wipe out the city with her plants, but is stopped by Selina before taking off. Ivy becomes a fugitive and also becomes known as Poison Ivy.
When Gotham City is declared a "no man's land," Ivy Pepper takes refuge in Robinson Park. After she was freed from a salt trap by Bruce, Ivy stated that the plants in Robinson Park are feeding off anyone that enters. She gives Bruce a plant that successfully heals Selina's spinal injury.
Ivy later controls Victor Zsasz into wounding James Gordon. Then she brings the Mutant Leader to have a revenge match against Selina Kyle while she mesmerizes Bruce to take her to the factory that is helping to decontaminate the river so that Lucius can deactivate the machines ther. Mesmerizing a police officer, Ivy frees Zsasz to buy her some time to finish off Gordon. She fought against Lee Thompkins. Although Lee shot Ivy, she managed to get away while Zsasz was subdued by Harvey Bullock.
{{clear}}
### Jervis Tetch / Mad Hatter
{{main\|Mad Hatter (DC Comics)}}
[thumb\|227x227px\|Benedict Samuel](/wiki/File:Benedict_Samuel_%2830608967915%29_%28cropped%29.jpg "Benedict Samuel (30608967915) (cropped).jpg")
**Jervis Tetch** (portrayed by [Benedict Samuel](/wiki/Benedict_Samuel "Benedict Samuel"); main: season 3; recurring: season 4; guest: season 5\) is a talented hypnotist teetering on the edge of madness. He arrives in Gotham with an unwavering desire to find his sister Alice, a young woman who went missing in the city years ago.{{cite web\|url\=https://comicbook.com/2015/04/05/gotham\-to\-introduce\-clayface\-mr\-freeze\-and\-mad\-hatter\-in\-season\-/\|title\=Gotham To Introduce Clayface, Mr. Freeze and Mad Hatter in Season Two\|publisher\=Comic Book.com\|last\= Burlingame\|first\=Russ\|date\=April 5, 2015}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=3N\_dwZ6M0t0\|title\=Fish Mooney Returns to Gotham? – \#DCTV\|last\=DC Entertainment\|date\=October 19, 2015\|access\-date\=November 11, 2016\|via\=YouTube}}{{cite web\|url\=https://tvline.com/2016/07/18/gotham\-mad\-hatter\-benedict\-samuel\-season\-3\-cast/\|title\=Walking Dead Alum Joins Gotham Season 3 as Mad Hatter\|publisher\=TVLine\|last\=Ausiello\|first\=Michael\|date\=July 18, 2016\|access\-date\=July 18, 2016\|archive\-date\=February 2, 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202001116/http://tvline.com/2016/07/18/gotham\-mad\-hatter\-benedict\-samuel\-season\-3\-cast/\|url\-status\=dead}}{{cite magazine\|url\=https://www.ew.com/article/2016/08/11/gotham\-mad\-hatter\-benedict\-samuel\-photo\|title\='Gotham' first look: Meet Benedict Samuel's Mad Hatter — exclusive\|magazine\=\[\[Entertainment Weekly]] \|access\-date\=November 11, 2016}} It is heavily implied that Jervis has sexual feelings for his sister.
After hypnotizing a doctor during a show at the Sirens, he has him kill his wife and then himself in order to get his residence. Jervis approaches James Gordon to help find Alice. Following his hypnosis on Barbara Kean during another show at The Sirens, Gordon visits him again where he starts to ask about Alice's condition. Jervis ends up hypnotizing him. Before he can have Gordon jump off the roof of The Sirens, Jervis is attacked by Alice who doesn't want to go with him with the resulting fight snapping Gordon out of his hypnosis. After Jervis escapes, Alice is handcuffed by Gordon. Alice later reveals that Jervis controlled most of Alice when they were kids, and put thoughts in her head that "no brother should have".
Later, Tetch hires the wrestlers known as the "Tweedle Brothers" to break Alice out of the GCPD. While Jervis, Dumfree, and Deever made off with Alice, the other two Tweeds were killed and the youngest of them was placed in police custody. Jervis then dressed Alice in the Alice costume from "Alice in Wonderland" and tries to have a tea party with her and the two remaining Tweedle Brothers, telling Alice that she is the only thing in his life keeping him from going mad. Gordon and Harvey arrive and a fight ensues. When Alice tries to escape, she accidentally falls on a pipe, impaling her. A devastated Tetch flees the scene.
Jervis Tetch later uses the Red Queen plant on Jim Gordon to incapacitate him. Then he crashes the Gotham City Founders' Dinner presided over by Mayor Oswald Cobblepot in order to make them drink the tainted water. His plans are thwarted by the Gotham City Police Department as Jervis starts to see some of his sister in Nathaniel Barnes due to him being infected with her blood. Jervis, Dumfree Tweed, and Deever Tweed are arrested and remanded to Arkham Asylum.
Jervis Tetch later witnessed the Court of Owls obtaining Nathaniel Barnes. Leslie Thompkins later visited Jervis at Arkham Asylum to know if he infected Mario Calvi. Jervis stated that he did it after seeing how Gordon look at her the day he wounded Valerie Vale and states that she's to blame for Mario's suffering.
The transport carrying Jervis Tetch was later intercepted by Butch Gilzean and Tabitha Galavan so that Barbara Kean can hold him for ransom. After being freed by Gordon, Jervis was drained of some of his blood with the part the blood came from being patched up. It was later mentioned by Harvey Bullock that the doctors patched Jervis back up and had him shipped back to Arkham Asylum. He is referred to as the Mad Hatter by Penguin after he escapes from Arkham with Jerome and his Legion of Horribles.
In season five, Jeremiah Valeska enlisted Mad Hatter to help Ecco oversee the chemical production at Ace Chemicals by hypnotizing some people to work at Ace Chemicals. When Gordon and Lee came across this operation, Mad Hatter unleashed his hypnotized slaves on them as Ecco subdues Gordon. Under orders from Jeremiah Valeska, Mad Hatter hypnotized them to pass off as Thomas and Martha Wayne near the Monarch Theater where they will be freed from the hypnotism when Jeremiah shooting them will cause the pearls to fall off Lee. Jeremiah's shooting plot was thwarted by Selina.
{{clear}}
### Ra's al Ghul
{{main\|Ra's al Ghul}}
[thumb\|right\|upright\|Alexander Siddig](/wiki/File:AlexanderSiddig09TIFF.jpg "AlexanderSiddig09TIFF.jpg")
**Ra's al Ghul** (portrayed by [Alexander Siddig](/wiki/Alexander_Siddig "Alexander Siddig"); main: season 4; guest: season 3\) is the enigmatic person behind the Court of Owls' activities and leader of the [League of Shadows](/wiki/League_of_Assassins "League of Assassins").{{cite web\|last\=Webb Mitovich\|first\=Matt\|title\=Gotham Casts Big Bad Ra's al Ghul With Deep Space Nine's Alexander Siddig\|url\=http://tvline.com/2017/03/02/gotham\-ras\-al\-ghul\-season\-3\-alexander\-siddig/\|publisher\=TVLine\|date\=March 2, 2017\|access\-date\=March 3, 2017\|archive\-date\=April 16, 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170416202535/https://tvline.com/2017/03/02/gotham\-ras\-al\-ghul\-season\-3\-alexander\-siddig/\|url\-status\=dead}} With a past shrouded in mystery, the powerful supervillain uses cunning and deception to lay waste to his foes. His identity is foreshadowed upon the death of Shaman who works for Ra's al Ghul. When Bruce Wayne meets Ra's al Ghul in the bowels of the Yuyan Building, Ra's al Ghul mentioned that he wanted Bruce to be his heir and does a final test where he wants him to kill Alfred Pennyworth. After Bruce stabs Alfred, he angrily tries to attack Ra's al Ghul who gets away where he advises to Bruce to use the Lazarus Pit's waters to heal Alfred.
Siddig was promoted to a series regular for season 4\.{{cite web\|url\=http://tvline.com/2017/09/20/gotham\-season\-4\-cast\-photo\-ras\-al\-ghul\-sofia\-falcone/\|title\=Gotham Season 4 Cast Photo Reveals Haunting Skyline of Villains and Heroes\|first\=Matt Webb\|last\=Mitovich\|date\=September 20, 2017\|access\-date\=September 26, 2017}} During this time, it is revealed that he had revived Barbara Kean through the Lazarus Pit and is seeking a specific embalming knife.
After killing Niles Winthrop and later Alex Winthrop in front of Bruce and Gordon, Ra's al Ghul surrenders and is remanded to Blackgate Penitentiary to await trial. While also transferring some of his energy to a visiting Barbara, Ra's al Ghul also had some of his men infiltrate Blackgate Penitentiary by posing as the prison guards. After doing a threat to Bruce Wayne to return to bother him when he starts a family, Bruce reluctantly uses the embalming knife on Ra's al Ghul which reduces him to a skeleton just as Gordon and Alfred arrive. Gordon came up with a cover story that Ra's al Ghul's men infiltrated the prison and made off with him.
The League of Shadows members that were loyal to Ra's al Ghul used a ritual that involved Bruce Wayne's blood to bring Ra's al Ghul to life when they think that Barbara is not living up to her potential. Following a duel where her abilities show her different outcomes like her getting stabbed or Tabitha's neck getting slit, Barbara relinquishes the abilities which fully restores Ra's al Ghul. Afterwards, he later pays a visit to Bruce when Selina is around where he states that an upcoming fire in Gotham City will shape him into a Dark Knight....if it doesn't consume him first.
After Ra's al Ghul's men help Jeremiah Valeska abduct Bruce in order to further his destiny, Ra's al Ghul and Jeremiah come into conflict with Alfred Pennyworth, Barbara Kean, Penguin, and Tabitha Galavan. Barbara manipulates Bruce's hand into using the reforged embalming knife to stab Ra's al Ghul again. As Gotham City starts to become a no man's land, Ra's al Ghul advises Bruce in his dying breath to embrace his destiny.
### Sofia Falcone
{{main\|Sofia Falcone Gigante}}
[thumb\|right\|upright\|Crystal Reed](/wiki/File:Crystal_Reed_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg "Crystal Reed by Gage Skidmore.jpg")
**Sofia Falcone** (portrayed by [Crystal Reed](/wiki/Crystal_Reed "Crystal Reed"); season 4\), the only daughter of Carmine Falcone and the sister of Mario Calvi. She is a strong, intelligent and calculating woman who has run the Falcone operation in the south for the past 10 years and is returning to Gotham to help Gordon take down the Penguin.{{cite web\|url\=https://deadline.com/2017/07/gotham\-season\-4\-trailer\-crystal\-reed\-sofia\-falcone\-comic\-con\-1202134006/\|title\=Gotham Season 4 – Crystal Reed Cast as Sofia Falcone\|date\=July 22, 2017\|website\=Deadline Hollywood\|access\-date\=July 23, 2017}}
Reed joined as a series regular for season 4\. At the time when James Gordon visits Carmine Falcone to ask for his help in dealing with Oswald Cobblepot, Sofia wanted to take over her father's business to which Carmine wouldn't let her. She ends up secretly following Gordon back to Gotham City to do so anyway.
Sofia started by meeting with Mayor Burke and the zoning commissioner where she established the Falcone Home and School for Orphans.
Following Professor Pyg's attack, Cobblepot had the Dentist torture her but bluffed her way out. She is then abducted by Barbara Kean, Tabitha Galavan, and Selina Kyle where they think she is allies with Cobblepot. Sofia tells them that she is against Cobblepot and her point is proven when Victor Zsasz shows up outside of Barbara's lair with a rocket launcher that destroys the lair. Following the confrontation with Cobblepot, Sofia persuades Barbara's group to ally with her.
During a gunfight with Gordon when targeting Arthur Penn, Sofia is shot by Leslie Thompkins and slips into a coma.
|
[
"Main characters\n---------------",
"### James Gordon",
"{{main\\|James Gordon (Gotham)}} \n[thumb\\|right\\|upright\\|Ben McKenzie](/wiki/File:WW_Chicago_2015_-_Ben_McKenzie_01_%2820861231919%29.jpg \"WW Chicago 2015 - Ben McKenzie 01 (20861231919).jpg\")\n**James \"Jim\" Gordon** (portrayed by [Ben McKenzie](/wiki/Ben_McKenzie \"Ben McKenzie\"); season 1–5\\) is a war veteran and homicide detective at the [Gotham City Police Department](/wiki/Gotham_City_Police_Department \"Gotham City Police Department\") in its 1st Grade working to find the man who killed Bruce Wayne's parents and battling the corruption of Gotham City's Police Department.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://deadline.com/2014/02/ben\\-mckenzie\\-fox\\-batman\\-gotham\\-tv\\-show\\|title\\=Ben McKenzie To Star As Detective James Gordon In Fox's Batman Series 'Gotham'\\|last\\=Andreeva\\|first\\=Nellie\\|website\\=Deadline Hollywood\\|date\\=February 8, 2014\\|access\\-date\\=February 8, 2014}} His father was Gotham City's District Attorney before his death in a car accident when Gordon was 13 years old.",
"[Fox](/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company \"Fox Broadcasting Company\") began to develop a TV series centered on James Gordon's early days as a police detective and the origin stories of various [Batman villains](/wiki/List_of_Batman_Family_adversaries \"List of Batman Family adversaries\") in September 2013\\. McKenzie was cast as the lead character. When describing his character in an interview, McKenzie stated that Gordon \"is a truly honest man. The last honest man in a city full of crooked people. He's not an anti\\-hero, he's a true hero – but he will have to compromise\". McKenzie did not audition for the role. Heller, with whom he had worked before, wrote the role for McKenzie, who described the character as \"an old\\-fashioned hero in an age of anti\\-heroes. A throwback. Jim's a lawman, that restricts him in some ways. But also means he can become powerful within the system and change things for the better\".{{cite web\\|url\\=https://deadline.com/2013/09/commissioner\\-gordon\\-fox\\-tv\\-series\\-drama\\-595831\\|title\\=Fox Nabs Gotham City Origin Drama About Commissioner Gordon From Bruno Heller \\& Warner Bros. TV With Series Commitment\\|website\\=Deadline Hollywood\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Penske Media Corporation]]\\|date\\=September 24, 2013\\|access\\-date\\=September 24, 2013\\|first\\=Nellie\\|last\\=Andreeva}}{{cite web\\|date\\=February 8, 2014\\|access\\-date\\=February 8, 2014\\|url\\=https://deadline.com/2014/02/ben\\-mckenzie\\-fox\\-batman\\-gotham\\-tv\\-show\\-679949\\|title\\=Ben McKenzie To Star As James Gordon in Fox's Batman Series 'Gotham'\\|author\\=Nellie Andreeva\\|website\\=Deadline Hollywood\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Penske Media Corporation]]}}{{cite magazine\\|url\\=https://www.ew.com/article/2014/06/12/ben\\-mckenzie\\-gotham\\-city\\|title\\=Ben McKenzie 'Gotham' interview\\|magazine\\=\\[\\[Entertainment Weekly]]\\|date\\=June 12, 2014\\|access\\-date\\=June 12, 2014\\|first\\=James\\|last\\=Hibberd}} In the show, Gordon is assigned to investigate the murder of Thomas and Martha Wayne, with Bruce being the surviving witness. During the first season, he is assigned with a new partner, Harvey Bullock, serving also to police captain Sarah Essen. In addition to the Wayne's murder case, Gordon solves various cases in Gotham, some of them which are connected to the powerful mob figures, like Fish Mooney, Carmine Falcone and Sal Maroni. Jim also fights against corruption in the GCPD, like the police commissioner Gillian B. Loeb and Narcotics Officer Arnold Flass. To better fight against criminals and corrupt cops, Gordon gets allies such as police detectives Renee Montoya and Crispus Allen and District Attorney Harvey Dent. Gordon soon becomes reluctant ally to a criminal named Oswald Cobblepot, often calling him for the favor in some cases. He also meets a small street thief Selina Kyle, who reluctantly helps him regarding the Wayne murders. At one point, when he is assigned to Arkham Asylum, he meets physician Leslie Thompkins who works in the female ward, later working as a medical examiner in GCPD. Gordon later falls in love with her; he was previously in a relationship with Barbara Kean, but due to his police duty and her life being put in danger by crime families, he advised her to temporarily leave him until they meet again. When Barbara sees Gordon and Leslie together, she becomes heartbroken and later psychotic. When the gang war reaches its climax, Gordon and Bullock attempt to save Carmine Falcone. He, Falcone, Oswald and Butch Gilzean are captured by Fish Mooney and her gang. When Sal Maroni advises her to join, calling her \"babe\", she shoots him. Gordon manages to end gang war, but Cobblepot kills Fish Mooney in her apparent death when she falls in the river, becoming a new king of Gotham.",
"Six months after the gang war, in the second season, Jim is fired by Loeb after scolding police cop Franks, in addition getting a revenge on him. He returned on duty thanks to Cobblepot who accepted to help him. Jim soon faces a criminal group The Maniax, led by Jerome Valeska, the latter killing a new police commissioner and a former captain Sarah Essen. After Jerome is killed by Galavan, he soon joins new commissioner Nathaniel Barnes in the creation of the GCPD unit Strike Force to better fight against crime, terrorism, and corruption in Gotham. Gordon later discovers that some cases are masterminded by a billionaire and mayor's candidate Theo Galavan and his sister Tabitha. Initially unaware of his schemes, Jim realizes this after Cobblepot tells him that his mother was captured and later killed when Oswald was coerced to work for them. He soon faces him and a religious group The Order of St. Dumas who intend to kill Bruce Wayne as a revenge for their injustice for Galavan's (Dumas) dynasty in the past. When the Order was finished, Gordon later kills Galavan. A month after Galavan was killed, Gordon was put in testimony to the court, telling them that Oswald killed Galavan. This backfires when a former forensic, now rogue criminal Edward Nygma discovers a source who got a clue of Galavan's murder, a cop named Carl Pinkney. Exploiting it, Nygma gets the contact and kills him, framing Gordon for murder and putting him in Blackgate Penintentiary. He escapes from a corrupt warden, Carlson Grey (with the help of Bullock, Carmine Falcone, and his contacts), who he later finds out is Nygma, finally arresting him and Nygma going into Arkham. During that time, Gordon soon goes into the conflict with a new director of Arkham, a scientist Hugo Strange, who makes inhuman experimentations in Indian Hill, including the resurrections of Theo Galavan and Fish Mooney. Gordon learns that Hugo Strange hired the hitman Patrick \"Matches\" Malone to kill the Waynes when Hugo was friends with, but later betrayed them. Gordon, Bruce and Lucius Fox enter the Arkham to take down Strange and his workers, accidentally releasing the \"monsters\" on the Gotham's streets. They also save Selina Kyle who was searching for a friend called Bridget Pike. After the conflict with Hugo Strange at Arkham Asylum, Gordon left Gotham to find Leslie Thompkins, who had left Gotham,{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.reddit.com/r/IAmA/comments/32hy72/i\\_am\\_actor\\_ben\\_mckenzie\\_you\\_might\\_know\\_me\\_as\\_jim\\|title\\=I am actor Ben McKenzie. You might know me as Jim Gordon on GOTHAM, AMAA!\\|publisher\\=Reddit\\|date\\=April 13, 2015\\|access\\-date\\=April 14, 2015\\|author\\=McKenzie, Ben}} only later discovering that she was in a new relationship with Mario Calvi, discouraging him from pursuing her.",
"Six months later, in season 3, Gordon is working as a bounty hunter, forming an uneasy alliance with reporter Valerie Vale. After experiencing a hallucination of his father, Gordon decides to rejoin the department. After Mario is infected by Alice Tetch's poisonous blood, Mario manipulates Lee into turning against Gordon. Before Mario can kill Lee, Gordon kills him in self\\-defense. This destroys any relationship Jim or Lee ever had. As his career goes on, Jim finds out his father and Uncle Frank were members of the Court of Owls. After Frank reveals he killed Gordon's father to prevent him from spreading info about the Court, Frank commits suicide, but not before telling Gordon that he must join the Court. Gordon takes the blame for Frank's death and meets with the Court.",
"After saving some of his fellow police officers and some of Oswald Cobblepot's men from Professor Pyg, Jim is promoted to captain by mayor Burke.",
"Following the defeat of Bane and Nyssa al Ghul, Jim Gordon is promoted to police commissioner by Mayor Cheng. His relationship with Lee blooms\\-up again and the two of them get married.",
"10 years later, Jim is planning to step down until Batman saves his daughter from Jeremiah.",
"### Harvey Bullock",
"{{main\\|Harvey Bullock (character)}}\n[thumb\\|right\\|upright\\|Donal Logue](/wiki/File:Donal_Logue_at_NY_PaleyFest_2014_for_Gotham.jpg \"Donal Logue at NY PaleyFest 2014 for Gotham.jpg\")\n**Harvey Bullock** (portrayed by [Donal Logue](/wiki/Donal_Logue \"Donal Logue\"); season 1–5\\) is a detective who is Gordon's loyal partner and ally. Bullock is a seemingly corrupt and brutish detective who has gradually become loyal to Jim Gordon. He also had a somewhat amicable relationship with Fish Mooney before turning against her. Bullock helps Gordon in solving various cases and later enters in a gang war near the end of the first season.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.ign.com/articles/2014/02/12/donal\\-logue\\-cast\\-as\\-harvey\\-bullock\\-in\\-gotham\\|title\\=Donal Logue Cast as Harvey Bullock in Gotham\\|work\\=\\[\\[IGN]]\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[j2 Global]]\\|date\\=February 12, 2014\\|access\\-date\\=February 12, 2014\\|first\\=Jim\\|last\\=Vejvoda}}",
"At the beginning of the second season, Bullock resigns from the police force but rejoins following the Maniax attack on the GCPD. After Gordon is framed for the murder of Carl Pinkney, Bullock enlists Carmine Falcone to help break Jim out of prison. When Captain Barnes is hospitalized after an attack by Azrael, Harvey is declared the de facto Captain until further notice and is trusted by Jim to protect Gotham after new threats emerge while he is away.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://variety.com/2014/tv/news/donal\\-logue\\-joins\\-foxs\\-batman\\-prequel\\-gotham\\-1201098921\\|title\\=Donal Logue Joins Fox's Batman Prequel 'Gotham'\\|last\\=Littleton\\|first\\=Cynthia\\|work\\=Variety\\|date\\=February 12, 2014\\|access\\-date\\=February 12, 2014}}",
"Six months later, Harvey is working with Barnes to protect Gotham and while Jim refuses to return to the department, Harvey vows to never turn his back on him. When Nathaniel Barnes gets infected with the Alice Tetch virus and is remanded to Arkham Asylum, Harvey becomes the acting captain.",
"In light of being promoted to captain by Mayor Burke after saving some police officers and some of Oswald Cobblepot's men from Professor Pyg's trap, Gordon reluctantly relieves Bullock of his position of acting captain.",
"In the series finale 10 years later, he is framed for murder, only for Gordon to deduce that it was a setup by Jeremiah, whom Bruce then subdues during his first outing as Batman. At the end of the episode, Bullock joins Gordon in witnessing Batman watching over them.",
"{{clear}}",
"### Bruce Wayne",
"{{main\\|Bruce Wayne (Gotham)}}\n[thumb\\|right\\|upright\\|David Mazouz](/wiki/File:David_Mazouz_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg \"David Mazouz by Gage Skidmore.jpg\")\n**Bruce Wayne** (portrayed by [David Mazouz](/wiki/David_Mazouz \"David Mazouz\"); season 1–5\\) is the orphaned son of Thomas and Martha Wayne, who is under the care of Alfred Pennyworth. Traumatised by the murder of his parents, which he witnessed, Bruce has been doing his part to find the identity of his parents' killer, while showing concern of some illegal activities performed by members of his father's company.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live\\-feed/bruce\\-wayne\\-catwoman\\-cast\\-foxs\\-677210\\|title\\=Fox's Batman Prequel 'Gotham' Casts Its Young Bruce Wayne, Catwoman\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Hollywood Reporter]]\\|date\\=March 4, 2014\\|access\\-date\\=March 4, 2014}}{{cite web\\|first\\=Christina\\|url\\=https://collider.com/gotham\\-davie\\-mazouz\\-interview/\\|access\\-date\\=November 7, 2014\\|title\\=David Mazouz Talks Playing Bruce Wayne On Gotham\\|work\\=Collider\\|last\\=Radish\\|date\\=November 6, 2014}}",
"Bruce displays a fervent tendency to train himself as investigator and combatant but is still navigating the remainder of his childhood with Alfred's guidance.",
"After he is kidnapped by the Court, Bruce finds himself in a dungeon surrounded by snowy mountains. Meeting a Shaman there, Bruce begins his combat training. After breaking free from Ra's al Ghul's control, Bruce makes plans to protect Gotham City.",
"In the series finale, set 10 years after main events of the fifth season, the adult Bruce goes on to fight crime as the masked vigilante [Batman](/wiki/Batman \"Batman\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.thewrap.com/gotham\\-fox\\-bruce\\-wayne\\-david\\-mazouz\\|title\\='Gotham' Finds Its Bruce Wayne in \"Touch\" Star David Mazouz\\|last\\=Maglio\\|first\\=Tony\\|work\\=The Wrap\\|date\\=March 4, 2014\\|access\\-date\\=March 4, 2014}} In his first outing under this persona, he apprehends Penguin and Riddler, helps Gordon rescue his daughter by defeating Jeremiah Valeska, and has an emotional exchange with Selina Kyle before silently observing Gordon, Bullock, and Alfred from a distance.\n{{clear}}",
"### Oswald Cobblepot / Penguin",
"{{main\\|Oswald Cobblepot (Gotham)}}\n[thumb\\|right\\|upright\\|Robin Lord Taylor](/wiki/File:Robin_Lord_Taylor_at_NY_PaleyFest_2014_for_Gotham.jpg \"Robin Lord Taylor at NY PaleyFest 2014 for Gotham.jpg\")\n**Oswald Chesterfield (Kapelput) Cobblepot** (portrayed by [Robin Lord Taylor](/wiki/Robin_Lord_Taylor \"Robin Lord Taylor\"); season 1–5\\) is a cunning, well\\-spoken criminal \"snitch.\" He starts out as an attendant for Fish Mooney at her nightclub, and early on displays a sadistic, violent streak despite his small size. After he is discovered to be an [informant](/wiki/Informant \"Informant\") for the GCPD, he is brutally beaten, leaving him with an odd way of walking furthering his nickname \"Penguin\". He escapes an attempt on his life, collaborating with Don Falcone when Gordon deliberately misfires at the pier where Oswald has been sent for execution. After a stint in the Maroni crime family as a restaurant manager, he convinces Maroni of his loyalty, even setting up a robbery by some actors in which he feigns heroism to show his devotion. He later kills the three actors with poisoned cannolis and presumably keeps the stolen cash they had on them. Oswald later assumes Mooney's position in the Falcone crime family when Mooney's plot against the Don is uncovered. At the end of season one, Oswald is Gotham City's sole remaining mob boss, with all of his rivals either dead, missing, or having fled Gotham.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.thefutoncritic.com/listings/20140903fox01\\|title\\=(GTH\\-101\\) \"Pilot\"\\|publisher\\=The Futon Critic\\|access\\-date\\=September 3, 2014}}",
"Theo Galavan and Tabitha kidnap his mother, forcing him to help them. After they kill her, Oswald swears revenge and is later wounded during an attack on an event where Theo is holding his victory party for his election. After recuperating at Edward Nygma's place, he and Gabe follow Theo Galavan's henchmen where they save Jim Gordon from him. After the battle against the Saint Dumas, Oswald knocks out Nathaniel Barnes and convinces Gordon that Theo may never be convicted and must be killed. He and Jim then take Galavan to an isolated area, and Oswald mercilessly beats Galavan for killing his mother, before Gordon finishes Theo off with a gunshot.",
"After Theo's death, Oswald's men abandon him, and he is later found and arrested by the GCPD. After telling Barnes he's \"insane,\" Oswald is taken to Arkham Asylum, where he meets Hugo Strange. After noticing and asking a fellow inmate at Arkham, he later finds out that he is to be experimented on. Following some experiments, Oswald is released from Arkham. He later meets his biological father Elijah Van Dahl when visiting his mother's grave. After his step\\-family murders Elijah to gain the family's fortune, Oswald awakens from his condition and slaughters his step\\-family in vengeance. After finding out that Azrael happens to be the resurrected Theo Galavan, Oswald and Butch kill Galavan with an RPG. After finding out about Hugo Strange's experiments, Oswald, Butch, and his gang knock down the bus supposedly containing Strange, but a shocked Oswald is knocked out by a resurrected Fish Mooney, prompting Butch and the gang to flee.",
"The third season of Gotham explores Oswald's continued struggle against the monsters, a final confrontation with Fish Mooney, and his rise and fall as Mayor of Gotham. After working with Edward Nygma to get into office, Oswald develops romantic feelings for him, resulting in consequences within the political and criminal worlds of the city. After his downfall, Oswald forms an alliance with Ivy Pepper and exacts revenge on those who betrayed him.",
"Upon establishing the Pax Penguina where criminals can get a license from him to commit a crime, Oswald Cobblepot has his encounter with Sofia Falcone. After figuring out Sofia's plot, Oswald ends up in a gang war with her. Later on when Gotham City becomes a no man's land, Oswald kills Butch Gilzean as part of his revenge on Tabitha for killing his mother. He then has Hugo Strange work on saving the lives of Leslie Thompkins and Riddler while he claims some territory.",
"10 years later, Penguin is released from Blackgate Penitentiary. He tries to shoot Gordon at the pier only to fail. After helping to rescue Riddler, Penguin drives off with him only for them to be defeated by Bruce Wayne in his first outing as Batman. En route to their incarcerations, Penguin and Riddler escape and plan to get revenge, but when they see their new enemy using a grappling hook to glide between rooftops, they decide to start the next day.",
"### Barbara Kean",
"{{copy edit\\|section\\|for\\=excessive step\\-by\\-step plot detail, grammar, style, layout, cohesion, tone, or spelling\\|date\\=July 2023}}\n[thumb\\|right\\|upright\\|Erin Richards](/wiki/File:Erin_Richards_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg \"Erin Richards by Gage Skidmore.jpg\")\n**Barbara Kean** (portrayed by [Erin Richards](/wiki/Erin_Richards \"Erin Richards\"); season 1–5\\) is the daughter of a wealthy couple and the owner of an art gallery. Barbara Kean is the ex\\-[fiancée](/wiki/Engagement \"Engagement\") of James Gordon. It is also revealed that this version of Barbara Kean is bisexual and for a year before the start of the series was in a [lesbian](/wiki/Lesbian \"Lesbian\") relationship with Renee Montoya. After a hiatus from Gordon following attempts on her life by the Maroni and Falcone crime families, Barbara stayed with Renee Montoya. It is also revealed that they were once again in a sexual relationship for a time, before planning to rekindle her relationship with James Gordon. Barbara even befriends Selina Kyle and Ivy Pepper when they took refuge in her penthouse. After finding out that Gordon had moved on to a relationship with Leslie Tompkins, Barbara later had a romantic encounter with the wealthy Jason Lennon, the serial killer known as the Ogre. She was [severely traumatized](/wiki/Posttraumatic_stress_disorder \"Posttraumatic stress disorder\") after she was kidnapped by Lennon and forced to murder her own parents. The Ogre's malevolent insanity appears to live on in her psyche. When she attempted to kill Leslie during an informal counseling session, the latter rendered her unconscious.",
"She was incarcerated in Arkham Asylum until she is among those sprung from Arkham Asylum by Tabitha Galavan on her brother Theo's orders, with Barbara and Tabitha starting a new lesbian relationship. A convoluted and failed attempt on Gordon's life at Gotham Cathedral occurs when Barbara wears the wedding dress she had originally ordered for their wedding and has Arkham escapees as priest and witnesses. During an apparent last attempt to kill Gordon, Barbara falls out a window and is grabbed by Gordon. She lets go and falls, ending up in the hospital and put into some sort of induced coma before being transferred to Arkham Asylum's medical wing. When news of James Gordon being found guilty and being sentenced to 40 years at Blackgate Penitentiary is heard on Arkham Asylum's radio, Barbara awakens from her coma. A nurse notices this and shouts for someone to get Hugo Strange. Hugo Strange later releases Barbara from Arkham so that he can study her. After helping Gordon get info about who contracted the hit on Thomas Wayne and Martha Wayne, Barbara found her way to where Butch Gilzean and Tabitha Galavan were residing. Butch later kicks Barbara out. She later exposes \"Gordon\" at the Police Station as being [an imposter](/wiki/Clayface \"Clayface\") when visiting the Police Station, thus causing Harvey Bullock and Alfred Pennyworth to quickly realize the real Gordon{{snd}}alongside Bruce Wayne and Lucius Fox{{snd}}were being held at Arkham Asylum.",
"Six months later, Barbara and Tabitha have opened Sirens Nightclub, and while she and Barbara are shown to be in a romantic relationship, she still harbors some feelings for Gordon. After Barbara learns that Penguin has romantic feelings for Nygma, she informs Nygma of this after correctly deducing that Penguin killed Nygma's girlfriend, Isabella. Afterward, Nygma forms a partnership with Barbara, Tabitha, and Butch to destroy everything Penguin loves. After Nygma shoots Penguin at the harbour docks, Barbara is hired by Jim to interrogate a worker at the docks to find info on a Court weapon. Before they can get more info, Barbara and Tabitha are attacked by Talon, who kills their henchmen, although Barbara and Tabitha manage to escape.",
"As the chaos caused by the Alice Tetch Virus comes to a close, Barbara (apparently) kills Butch, having heard his and Tabitha's plans to betray her. During a fight against Tabitha at her safe house, Barbara dies by electrocution.",
"She later returns to life upon Ra's al Ghul bathing her in the Lazarus Pit. She tries to get Tabitha Galavan and Selina Kyle to work for her in an arms race against Cobblepot, while also targeting an embalming knife. When Ra's al Ghul was in Blackgate, he transferred some energy for Barbara to use at a later date.",
"After the incident with the Speed Demonz biker gang, Cobblepot sends Barbara, Tabitha, and Selina to the Narrows to bring him Nygma. When Firefly crashes the fight between Tabitha and Solomon Grundy, Barbara shoots Cherry after Leslie Thompkins disabled Firefly. Barbara then declares to the crowd that they are defecting from Cobblepot's services. After abducting Sofia while thinking that she is on Cobblepot's side, Barbara learns that Sofia is against Cobblepot while seeing that she was right about her claim when Victor Zsasz uses a rocket launcher to destroy her lair. Afterward, Barbara, Tabitha, and Selina side with Sofia in her war against Cobblepot.",
"The energy that Ra's al Ghul placed in Barbara turned out to be a beacon for the rest of the League of Shadows, who arrive at The Sirens club. After relinquishing it to a revived Ra's al Ghul, she assists Alfred in rescuing Bruce as she manipulates events that have her forcing Bruce's hand into thrusting the embalming knife into Ra's al Ghul. After hearing from Tabitha about Butch's death at the hands of Cobblepot, Barbara blames men for the troubles they have been dealing with and decides to kill the males from the League of Shadows that offered to follow her after Ra's al Ghul's defeat.",
"A few weeks after the government abandons Gotham, Tabitha is killed by Penguin, and an enraged Barbara vows revenge. She later rescues Gordon while he is on a mission to rescue children being used for slave labor and then has a one\\-night stand with him. Barbara becomes pregnant with his child, and she requests that Lee provides prenatal care for her. Barbara gives birth to a daughter, and after giving birth, she and Lee are chased by Bane, at the request of [Nyssa al Ghul](/wiki/Nyssa_Raatko%23Gotham \"Nyssa Raatko#Gotham\"), for her involvement in her father's death. Once Bane is defeated, she reveals that she named her daughter [Barbara Lee](/wiki/Barbara_Gordon_in_other_media%23Gotham \"Barbara Gordon in other media#Gotham\") after the people she trusts the most. She ends her feud with Lee Thompkins, and Gordon, Lee, and Barbara all agree to raise the child together.",
"10 years later, Barbara is no longer in the criminal business, working on a tower to outdo the size of the rebuilt Wayne Tower. After discovering a plot to blow up Wayne Tower, she helps Selina to subdue Nygma and then helps disarm the bombs. Then, Barbara picks up her daughter and goes to get a gun from the Sirens, but is ambushed by Jeremiah and Ecco. After stabbing Ecco, Barbara is subdued by Jeremiah and has her leave a message for Gordon while making off with Barbara's daughter. Luckily, when Gordon goes after Jeremiah, although they are almost killed, Gordon and Barbara Lee are saved when [Batman](/wiki/Batman \"Batman\") arrives.\n{{clear}}",
"### Sarah Essen",
"{{main\\|Sarah Essen}}\n[thumb\\|right\\|upright\\|Zabryna Guevara](/wiki/File:Zabryna_Guevara_at_NY_PaleyFest_2014_for_Gotham.jpg \"Zabryna Guevara at NY PaleyFest 2014 for Gotham.jpg\")\n**Sarah Essen** (portrayed by [Zabryna Guevara](/wiki/Zabryna_Guevara \"Zabryna Guevara\"); season 1–2\\) is the Captain of the Gotham City Police Department's homicide squad and the boss of James Gordon and Harvey Bullock.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://variety.com/2014/tv/news/foxs\\-gotham\\-casts\\-classic\\-batman\\-characters\\-the\\-penguin\\-alfred\\-pennyworth\\-1201097899\\|title\\=Fox's 'Gotham' Casts Classic 'Batman' Characters the Penguin, Alfred Pennyworth\\|last\\=Marechal\\|first\\=AJ\\|work\\=\\[\\[Variety (magazine)\\|Variety]]\\|date\\=February 11, 2014\\|access\\-date\\=February 11, 2014}} She is an honest cop who wants to do something about the rampant corruption in her department but fears for her family's safety.",
"Following Gillian Loeb's resignation, Sarah Essen is sworn in as the new police commissioner. She is later killed by Jerome Valeska during the Maniax's raid on the Gotham City Police Department.\n{{clear}}",
"### Alfred Pennyworth",
"{{main\\|Alfred Pennyworth}}\n[thumb\\|right\\|upright\\|Sean Pertwee](/wiki/File:Sean_Pertwee_at_NY_PaleyFest_2014_for_Gotham.jpg \"Sean Pertwee at NY PaleyFest 2014 for Gotham.jpg\")\n**Alfred Pennyworth** (portrayed by [Sean Pertwee](/wiki/Sean_Pertwee \"Sean Pertwee\"); season 1–5; [Jack Bannon](/wiki/Jack_Bannon_%28English_actor%29 \"Jack Bannon (English actor)\"); *[Pennyworth](/wiki/Pennyworth_%28TV_series%29 \"Pennyworth (TV series)\")*{{cite web\\|title\\=New \"''Pennyworth''\" Series Confirmed Same Universe as \"''Gotham''\"\\|url\\=https://bleedingcool.com/tv/new\\-pennyworth\\-series\\-confirmed\\-same\\-universe\\-as\\-gotham\\|work\\=\\[\\[Bleeding Cool]]\\|last\\=Kade\\|first\\=Leigh\\|date\\=July 19, 2019\\|access\\-date\\=July 19, 2019}}), an ex\\-[Special Air Service](/wiki/Special_Air_Service \"Special Air Service\") operative, is the [butler](/wiki/Butler \"Butler\") and legal guardian of Bruce Wayne.episode \"Red Hood\" Though technically Bruce's legal guardian, Alfred is still more willing to go along with Bruce's whims of investigating leads to the murder of his parents. Alfred is teaching Bruce basic self\\-defense.",
"At one point, he even let Bruce use his father's watch as improvised [brass knuckles](/wiki/Brass_knuckles \"Brass knuckles\") to beat up Thomas Elliot for insulting the late Waynes. He often helps Bruce and Jim with certain situations. Although he still looks after Bruce, Alfred allows him to go his own way sometimes.",
"During the chaos caused by the Alice Tetch Virus outbreak, Bruce stabs Alfred and then uses the Lazarus Pit's waters to cauterise the wound as Alfred recuperates in the hospital.",
"Following the incident where Bruce ended up having to stab Ra's al Ghul with the embalming knife, Alfred works to get Bruce back to normal when he starts partying with his friends from school.",
"When Gotham City is made a no man's land, Bruce persuades Alfred to be evacuated with a recuperating Selina. Alfred vows to come back when Selina fully recovers.",
"10 years later, Alfred represents Bruce at the opening of the new Wayne Tower. After being with Lucius when the police find Penguin and Riddler tied up, Alfred goes to the rooftop of the Gotham City Police Department and witnesses Gordon and Bullock's first sighting of Bruce as Batman.\n{{clear}}",
"### Selina Kyle",
"{{Overly detailed\\|section\\|date\\=May 2019}}\n{{Main\\|Selina Kyle (Gotham character)}}\n[thumb\\|right\\|upright\\|Camren Bicondova](/wiki/File:Camren_Bicondova_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg \"Camren Bicondova by Gage Skidmore.jpg\")\n**Selina Kyle** (portrayed by [Camren Bicondova](/wiki/Camren_Bicondova \"Camren Bicondova\"); season 1–5; [Lili Simmons](/wiki/Lili_Simmons \"Lili Simmons\") in \"The Beginning...\") is a young street orphan and skilled thief who was a childhood friend of Bridget Pike. Since witnessing the murders of Thomas and Martha Wayne while memorizing what the murderer looked like without the mask, Cat has been lingering around the borders of Wayne Manor which leads to her befriending Bruce Wayne. Cat also has connections with Ivy Pepper and later befriends Barbara Kean. During the gang war between Carmine Falcone and Sal Maroni, Selina is among the street children recruited into Fish Mooney's gang. When it came to Oswald Cobblepot's fight with Fish Mooney, Selina disappeared during the conflict.",
"She later appears as part of Cobblepot's gang and develops a rivalry with Silver St. Cloud for the affection of Bruce. Selina later helps Bruce to expose Silver and find a hint to who killed his parents while also helping to rescue Bruce from the Order of St. Dumas. She allowed Bruce to live on the streets with her for a while until Gordon ended up on the lam and played a part in Edward Nygma's arrest. When Bruce decided to go back home, Selina to storm out in anger. Selina later infiltrated Arkham Asylum to find Hugo Strange's experiments and a newly reformed Pike, calling herself Firefly, after being told about her survival by Bruce. Selina later asks to be Firefly's servant and is released later from Arkham after freeing Gordon, Bruce, and Lucius.",
"Selina is later shown to have re\\-aligned with Fish Mooney following her revival. When one of Fish Mooney's minions catches Ivy, Selina tries to intervene which led to her witnessing Fish Mooney's minion Marv touching Ivy prior to her falling into the river.",
"Unable to get Bruce's help to find Ivy, Selina is approached by James Gordon if she knows any info about Alice Tetch. She did tell him that she was a one\\-time member of Fish Mooney's latest gang before she parted ways with her. Later on, she encounters Subject 514A who was posing as Bruce Wayne. While suspicious about Bruce Wayne's look\\-a\\-like, Selina decides to go out to dinner with him. Eventually, after 514A saves Selina after she fails to rob a bar, she sees 514A's scars and realizes he isn't Bruce. 514A explains the situation, and Selina tells him he's more normal than Bruce. With that, 514A kisses Selina and the two part ways. Later, while Selina is stealing wallets at the Penguin's party, she encounters an older Ivy, though she doesn't recognize her. After Bruce confesses his feelings for her, Selina kisses him. Once Ivy reveals herself, Selina is shocked and unclear of whether she and Bruce are in a relationship or not. After trying to help Bruce and Alfred break into a Court building, they are assisted by Selina's long\\-lost mother. Although Selina's mother seems to want to reconnect with her daughter, Selina later discovers that her mother only returned to extort money from Bruce Wayne. Selina then tearfully tells her mother to never return to Gotham. Selina gets mad at Bruce once she finds out he kept it from her. Later, however, Selina and Bruce show some signs of reconciling.",
"Upon her latest encounter with Subject 514A and being surprised that Bruce is not in Gotham City, Selina tries to warn Alfred only to be pushed out the window by 514A. The stray cats then swarm over her body. Her body was found by the police and was taken to the hospital. Thanks to Ivy Pepper's plants, Selina recovered and plans to go to Wayne Manor to get revenge on Subject 514A. Even though she and Alfred fail to defeat Subject 514A, Selina wasn't interested in helping Alfred find Bruce.",
"After her friendship with Bruce is strained during the chaos caused by Alice Tetch Virus and Alfred getting stabbed, Selina meets up with Tabitha Galavan where she tests her talents on Tabitha's whip upon telling Tabitha that she is \"done just surviving\". Eventually, Selina and Tabitha work for a revived Barbara Kean after she made amends with them even when Barbara aligns herself with Sofia Falcone. Though she reconciles with Bruce, Selina is later shot in the waist by Jeremiah Valeska, leaving her with a severed spine. When Gotham City becomes a no man's land, Bruce convinces Alfred to go with Selina to oversee her recovery.",
"Many days later, Selina has undergone an operation to keep her spine from collapsing. After an attempt to take her life is thwarted by the doctors, Bruce takes the advice of a nurse to seek out \"the witch\" as he asks where to find her. Selina gets healed and later assists Bruce and Gordon in their fight against Jeremiah Valeska and Delta Force. She is saddened by Bruce's decision to leave the city soon afterward.",
"Ten years later, Selina has become a jewel thief. She attends the opening of the new Wayne Tower and drags Barbara into subduing Riddler, who has been manipulated by Jeremiah to bomb the building. Later that night, Selina has an emotional exchange with Bruce, whom she deeply misses, in his first outing as Batman. Before leaving, Batman advises Selina to return a diamond she had stolen. After he leaves, Selina mutters \"like hell.\"",
"### Edward Nygma / Riddler",
"{{Overly detailed\\|section\\|date\\=May 2019}}\n[thumb\\|right\\|upright\\|Cory Michael Smith](/wiki/File:Cory_Michael_Smith_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg \"Cory Michael Smith by Gage Skidmore.jpg\")\n**Edward \"Ed\" Nygma** (portrayed by [Cory Michael Smith](/wiki/Cory_Michael_Smith \"Cory Michael Smith\"); season 1–5\\) is a [forensics](/wiki/Forensic_science \"Forensic science\") operative who works for the Gotham City Police Department and often presents his information in riddles. He initially starts off as an awkward but intelligent man with an unrequited crush on archivist Kristen Kringle. After being constantly mistreated by his fellow co\\-workers, he murders a fellow officer named Tom, Kringle's abusive boyfriend, which causes him to suffer a mental breakdown that results in a second personality.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://hollywoodreporter.com/live\\-feed/foxs\\-gotham\\-promotes\\-three\\-series\\-703147\\|title\\=Fox's 'Gotham' Promotes Three to Series Regular\\|last\\=Goldberg\\|first\\=Lesley\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Hollywood Reporter]]\\|date\\=May 12, 2014\\|access\\-date\\=May 12, 2014}} He eventually became Kristen's boyfriend, but after revealing the truth of his murder to Kringle, he accidentally strangles her in an attempt to stop her from calling the police. Following this, his [narcissistic](/wiki/Narcissistic_personality_disorder \"Narcissistic personality disorder\") dark side manipulates him, eventually taking over. While burying her body in the woods, a passerby approaches and interferes, whom Nygma kills. After finding him in the woods hiding from Theo Galavan, Nygma allows Oswald Cobblepot to live with him, later assisting him in healing Gordon.",
"Nygma later figures out Gordon's hand in Theo Galavan's death and orchestrates his arrest by framing him for the death of Carl Pinkney. During a confrontation with Gordon at the spot where Kristin Kringle was buried, Nygma's plot was exposed with Nathaniel Barnes and the other police officers nearby. Nygma is arrested by the police and remanded to Arkham Asylum. After he investigates and finds out who Hugo Strange is and his experiments, Nygma briefly escapes but is caught and recaptured after a brief encounter with Selina. He later aids Hugo Strange in interrogating Bruce Wayne and Lucius Fox but was re\\-incarcerated afterwards.",
"Six months later, Oswald has him declared sane and has him released from Arkham Asylum so that he can help Penguin become mayor. Nygma buys back the money that Butch was bribing people with in order to vote for Oswald, in order to prove a point that the people of Gotham loved him regardless. Later, Nygma meets and becomes infatuated with a woman striking the resemblance to Kringle and also likes riddles named Isabella. After forming a relationship with her, Oswald, who secretly harbors feelings for Nygma, orders Gabriel to cut the brakes off of Isabella's car, killing her. After Nygma is informed by Barbara of Oswald's romantic feelings for him, he discovers that he indeed killed Isabella. Nygma then forms a partnership with Barbara, Tabitha, and Butch to destroy everything Penguin loves, and after breaking his sanity and destroying his reputation, Nygma shoots Oswald in the harbor docks, although Oswald claims to love Nygma still, and Nygma is nothing without him. Nygma then begins a killing spree in order to prove his superiority, taking pills that cause him to hallucinate Oswald, before taking the moniker of the Riddler.",
"In order to get the Court of Owls to reveal themselves, the Riddler takes Mayor Aubrey James captive. Meeting with Gordon at the police station, Riddler agrees to Gordon's terms to accompany him. When on a road, Riddler agrees to go along with Kathryn and the Talon after Kathryn referenced the fact that Hugo Strange left Riddler's \"who actually runs Gotham\" question. As the Talon loads Nygma into the car, Kathryn tells Gordon that they'll find a use for Riddler before departing. Nygma later discovered that Oswald Cobblepot is his neighbouring prisoner. Both of them work together to escape from their prison.",
"At the conclusion of the chaos caused by the Alice Tetch Virus, Oswald outsmarts Riddler and has Victor Fries use his freeze gun on him, in order to use his frozen body as the centerpiece of his Iceberg Lounge and as a reminder to never let love be his downfall again.",
"Riddler is later freed by a woman named Myrtle Jenkins who tries to get him back to good health, only to discover he has become mentally impaired after being frozen. After knocking Myrtle out, Riddler leaves her apartment and heads out to plan revenge on Oswald. Due to his brain still recovering from the ice, Riddler was unable to do his usual riddles on Oswald who ended up sparing Riddler from Victor Fries. Riddler later encountered Butch Gilzean, now known as Solomon Grundy. Nygma has Grundy accompany him to a nearby club, using him as the champion of The Narrows.",
"When Selina captures Nygma, under orders by Oswald, Leslie Thompkins suggests pitting the champions of both sides against each other for the fate of Edward Nygma. Tabitha wins, only for Firefly to crash the fight to finish the job that Oswald Cobblepot gave her. While Solomon Grundy was having his wounds tended to, Nygma suggests to Leslie that she takes the position as Queen of the Narrows.",
"Nygma goes on to become Thompkins right\\-hand, where he falls in love with her, before she eventually reveals that his intelligence has already returned. This causes the return of Nygma's alternate Riddler personality, who causes problems for Nygma, causing him to resort to suicide by hanging before opting to return to Arkham. As he contemplates signing the papers, a delighted Oswald reveals that he sent a letter to him hoping the Riddler would read it and Nygma would return to Arkham. He adds that he can truly see who he is and finally calls him Riddler, allowing Riddler to take over Nygma.",
"When Gotham City becomes a no man's land, Riddler ends up in a mutual stabbing with Leslie Thompkins. Their bodies are found by Oswald's men as Hugo Strange is instructed to work on them.",
"In season five, Riddler begins waking multiple times, unaware of previous events, hoping to discover what Edward was up to. It was revealed that Nyssa Al Ghul had Hugo Strange place a control chip in Riddler's brain, causing him to do orders such as blow up Haven, until it was fried by Gordon using a respirator. Riddler then helps Bruce, Alfred, Barbara, and Lucius reclaim the Gotham City Police Department in a hazmat suit, doing a bomb ruse where the code is provided by the answer to how many times a [Pallid beach mouse](/wiki/Pallid_beach_mouse \"Pallid beach mouse\") can give birth in a year. He later teams up with Oswald and Barbara to construct a submarine in order to escape Gotham, before instead to choosing to assist Gordon in fending off Bane and his men.",
"10 years later, in the series finale, he is sprung from Arkham Asylum by Jerimiah Valeska, assuming it to be Cobblepot, and proceeds to capture Mayor Aubrey James in order to detonate the newly rebuilt Wayne Tower. He and Oswald are ultimately captured by Bruce Wayne in his first outing as Batman and left for the police. After escaping a prisoner transport van, Riddler and Penguin see their new adversary using a grappling hook to glide between rooftops and plan to get revenge tomorrow.",
"### Fish Mooney",
"{{Main\\|Fish Mooney}}\n[thumb\\|right\\|upright\\|Jada Pinkett Smith](/wiki/File:Jada_Pinkett_Smith_at_NY_PaleyFest_2014_for_Gotham.jpg \"Jada Pinkett Smith at NY PaleyFest 2014 for Gotham.jpg\")\n**Maria Mercedes \"Fish\" Mooney** (portrayed by [Jada Pinkett Smith](/wiki/Jada_Pinkett_Smith \"Jada Pinkett Smith\"); main: season 1; guest: season 2; recurring: season 3\\) is a former [nightclub](/wiki/Nightclub \"Nightclub\") owner and [mobster](/wiki/Gangster \"Gangster\") who led a gang under Don Falcone and was the former boss of Oswald Cobblepot. She operated in Gotham City's [red\\-light district](/wiki/Red-light_district \"Red-light district\") despite the heavy presence of the [Italian Mafia](/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia \"Sicilian Mafia\"). Mooney sometimes provides information to Detective Bullock, who has a sweet spot for her. Mooney has secret plans to overthrow Falcone, whom she hates for his otherwise unspecified role in Fish's own mother's death, makes her as the main antagonist of season 1\\. Her plan involved hiring a girl named Liza to seduce Falcone and secretly blowing up Falcone's money supply.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.deadline.com/2014/02/jada\\-pinkett\\-smith\\-fox\\-gotham\\-villain\\|title\\=Jada Pinkett Smith To Play Villain In Fox's Batman Drama 'Gotham'\\|last\\=Andreeva\\|first\\=Nellie\\|date\\=February 19, 2014\\|website\\=Deadline Hollywood\\|access\\-date\\=February 19, 2014}} After her plans to overthrow Falcone are exposed by Oswald Cobblepot, who has been blackmailing Liza to get information about both Falcone and Mooney, Don Falcone strangles Liza to death and has Mooney and Butch Gilzean was taken prisoner while the remnants ended up on Oswald Cobblepot's side. After escaping from Falcone's men, Mooney tries to leave Gotham City by water and is captured by the minions of the Dollmaker. Mooney was eventually able to escape with some of her fellow prisoners. She returned to Gotham City during the gang war between Falcone and Maroni and formed her gang from street children, including Selina Kyle. Mooney was pushed off of a building into the ocean in a battle with the Penguin, which seemingly killed her.",
"In the second season's fall finale, Fish's body is seen at Indian Hill, a scientific division of Wayne Enterprises that secretly performs illegal experiments. Fish is eventually revived in the second season finale while augmented with the help of [cuttlefish](/wiki/Cuttlefish \"Cuttlefish\") DNA, being the only one of Hugo Strange's patients have her memories intact for unknown reasons. The side\\-effects of the revival gave Mooney the ability to take control of anyone that comes in contact with her. She manages to escape from Arkham and knocks out a shocked Penguin on the street.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://tvline.com/2016/01/29/jada\\-pinkett\\-smith\\-gotham\\-returning\\-season\\-2\\-fish\\-mooney/\\|title\\=Jada Pinkett Smith Sets Gotham Return\\|first1\\=Michael\\|last1\\=Ausiello\\|date\\=January 29, 2016\\|access\\-date\\=November 11, 2016\\|archive\\-date\\=May 14, 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160514004519/http://tvline.com/2016/01/29/jada\\-pinkett\\-smith\\-gotham\\-returning\\-season\\-2\\-fish\\-mooney/\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"With some of the Indian Hill escapees on her side as members of her latest gang and even realigning herself with Selina Kyle, Fish Mooney begins raiding every pharmacy for drugs. After learning from Ethel Peabody about the new cells being rejected by her body and that Hugo Strange would fix her, Fish Mooney has her fellow escapee Marv steal her youth. Then Fish Mooney plans to find Hugo Strange in order to get him to make more monsters for her gang. When Fish Mooney's follower Nancy catches Ivy Pepper, Selina tries to vouch for her only for Fish Mooney to sic Marv on her.",
"Fish Mooney was successful at freeing Hugo Strange. Because of what Mooney said to him, Cobblepot decides not to kill her and allows her to leave with Hugo Strange while telling her not to return.",
"Fish Mooney later returned to Gotham City with some armed men where she saves Cobblepot from Riddler, Barbara Kean, Tabitha Galavan, and Butch Gilzean. She then makes off with Cobblepot where she forgives him and mends her relationship with Cobblepot.",
"After obtaining a fleeing Hugo Strange, Fish Mooney has him take her, Oswald Cobblepot, Victor Fries, and Bridgit Pike to the slaughterhouse where the antidotes to Alice Tetch's blood is. During a fight between Fish Mooney's followers, James Gordon, and the League of Assassins' ninjas, Fish Mooney is accidentally stabbed by James Gordon. When Cobblepot tells Mooney that they'll get her some help, Mooney turns him down stating that this would happen and for Cobblepot to either take control of Gotham City or burn it to the ground as she dies again.\n{{clear}}",
"### Renee Montoya",
"{{main\\|Renee Montoya}}\n[thumb\\|170x170px\\|Victoria Cartagena](/wiki/File:Victoria_Cartagena_%22Come_Find_Me%22_interview.jpg \"Victoria Cartagena \")\n**Renee Montoya** (portrayed by [Victoria Cartagena](/wiki/Victoria_Cartagena \"Victoria Cartagena\"); season 1\\) is a detective in the Major Crimes Unit of the Gotham City Police Department who is dedicated to fighting police corruption. She initially believed that Jim had actually murdered Oswald Cobblepot and was obsessed with arresting him, mostly due to her past relationship with Barbara Kean mixing with her sense of duty, until it was shown that Cobblepot was still alive. She later occasionally assists him in fighting Gotham's corruption after she and Crispus save Jim from being killed by [Victor Zsasz](/wiki/Victor_Zsasz \"Victor Zsasz\"). Renee was revealed to have had a relationship with Barbara Kean.\n{{clear}}",
"### Crispus Allen",
"{{main\\|Crispus Allen}}\n**Crispus Allen** (portrayed by [Andrew Stewart\\-Jones](/wiki/Andrew_Stewart-Jones \"Andrew Stewart-Jones\"); season 1\\) is a detective in the Major Crimes Unit of the Gotham City Police Department who is Renee Montoya's partner. He was with Renee when she was looking for clues to see if Jim Gordon had actually killed Oswald Cobblepot or not. Crispus later occasionally assists Gordon in fighting Gotham's corruption after he and Renee save Jim from being killed by Victor Zsasz.\n{{clear}}",
"### Carmine Falcone",
"{{main\\|Carmine Falcone}}\n[thumb\\|right\\|upright\\|John Doman](/wiki/File:John_Doman_2013.jpg \"John Doman 2013.jpg\")\n**Carmine Falcone** (portrayed by [John Doman](/wiki/John_Doman \"John Doman\"); main: season 1; guest: seasons 2 and 4; recurring: season 3\\) is the [Don](/wiki/Boss_%28crime%29 \"Boss (crime)\") of the Falcone Crime Family and businessman who is the father of Mario Calvi. He is Fish Mooney's superior and has specific members of both the Gotham City government and the Gotham City Police Department on his payroll (examples being Commissioner Gillian B. Loeb and Mayor Aubrey James) as well as having connections with the Court of Owls. While heading a traditional [Cosa Nostra](/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia \"Sicilian Mafia\") family, Carmine also controls a series of various other criminal organizations in Gotham City including the [Triads](/wiki/Triad_%28organized_crime%29 \"Triad (organized crime)\"), the [Irish Mob](/wiki/Irish_Mob \"Irish Mob\"), and Russian Mob as well as other Gotham City gangs such as Fish Mooney's gang.",
"Upon first encountering Gordon after preventing Fish Mooney's men from killing him and Bullock, he at first dismisses his idealism as naive. His hold on Gotham City is challenged by the rival Maroni family and his allies such as Fish Mooney and the [Russian Mob](/wiki/Russian_mafia \"Russian mafia\"). Several of his [caporegimes](/wiki/Caporegimes \"Caporegimes\") like Jimmy Saviano have also shown signs of treachery. Following the end of his mob war with the late Sal Maroni and Fish Mooney, Falcone retired and leaves Gotham. Before leaving, he reveals that he used to be friends with Gordon's father prior to being in the mob and gives Gordon a knife that had belonged to Gordon's father and parts on good terms stating that it is time for some real law and order in Gotham.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.ign.com/articles/2014/08/21/gotham\\-pilot\\-review\\|title\\=Gotham: \"Pilot\" Review\\|last\\=Fowler\\|first\\=Matt\\|date\\=August 21, 2014\\|publisher\\=IGN\\|access\\-date\\=August 24, 2014}}",
"Falcone later returned to help Harvey Bullock get Jim Gordon out of Blackgate Penitentiary with help from his contacts from within the prison.",
"Upon Leslie and Mario returning to Gotham City, he gives his approval to Mario for his relationship to Leslie. He also wanted to throw an engagement party for them and was shown to be angered at the Court of Owls for targeting Mario when it later turns out that he was infected with Alice Tetch's poisonous blood. While he was displeased that Gordon gunned down Mario in self\\-defense, Leslie talked Falcone into calling off Victor Zsasz's hit on Gordon knowing that Mario would've ended up like Nathaniel Barnes did. Carmine later reluctantly helped Gordon by giving him the information on the person who had him hire a lawyer for the drunk driver that caused the car accident that killed Peter Gordon.",
"Upon heading down to Florida, Gordon tries to get Carmine Falcone to help in the war against Oswald Cobblepot. Carmine declines due to the fact that he is dying and that being in warmer climates would help him but agrees to let his daughter Sofia go in his place. Hearing reports of Sofia's ruthless pursuit of Gotham, Falcone arrives to take her home, telling her she has failed their family and is endangering the family reputation to get revenge for her brother's death. Before he can take her, Falcone is shot and killed by a group of gunmen. Sofia is wounded but later reveals that she is responsible for her father's murder.\n{{clear}}",
"### Leslie Thompkins",
"{{Main\\|Leslie Thompkins}}\n[thumb\\|right\\|upright\\|Morena Baccarin](/wiki/File:Morena_Baccarin_by_Gage_Skidmore_3.jpg \"Morena Baccarin by Gage Skidmore 3.jpg\")\n**Leslie \"Lee\" Thompkins** (portrayed by [Morena Baccarin](/wiki/Morena_Baccarin \"Morena Baccarin\"); main: season 2–5; recurring: season 1\\) is a [physician](/wiki/Physician \"Physician\") at [Arkham Asylum](/wiki/Arkham_Asylum \"Arkham Asylum\") who works in the female ward. After enlisting as a medical examiner at Gotham City Police Department, she enters into a relationship with James Gordon.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.avclub.com/article/morena\\-baccarin\\-joins\\-gotham\\-dr\\-leslie\\-thompkins\\-210839\\|title\\=Morena Baccarin joins Gotham as Dr. Leslie Thompkins\\|publisher\\=The Onion\\|last1\\=Hughes\\|first1\\=William\\|work\\=The A.V. Club\\|date\\=October 22, 2014 \\|access\\-date\\=October 22, 2014}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://tvline.com/2015/05/11/gotham\\-season\\-2\\-morena\\-baccarin\\-series\\-regular\\-cast\\|title\\=Gotham Promotes Morena Baccarin to Series Regular in season 2\\|last\\=Ausiello\\|first\\=Michael\\|date\\=May 11, 2015\\|publisher\\=TVLine\\|access\\-date\\=May 13, 2015\\|archive\\-date\\=May 13, 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150513062442/http://tvline.com/2015/05/11/gotham\\-season\\-2\\-morena\\-baccarin\\-series\\-regular\\-cast/\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} Proving herself an observant and energetic partner at the GCPD, she often persists in trying to keep actively involved as a means to further Jim's work, making him uncomfortable with potentially endangering her as with Barbara following Cobblepot's return. She is later revealed to be pregnant and Jim proposes to her after Theo Galavan's death. At the time when Gordon was incarcerated at Blackgate, he learned from Harvey that Leslie miscarried and that she went south.",
"When Gordon tracks down Leslie outside of Gotham City in order to repair their relationship. However, he discovers that she is engaged to Mario Calvi, the son of the former crime lord Carmine Falcone. However, Gordon made peace with it by the time Leslie returned to Gotham with Mario. Gordon and Leslie reconciled after Gordon gave his best wishes to Mario. She and Valerie Vale were eventually kidnapped by Jervis Tetch as part of his revenge against Jim Gordon. Tetch then forced Gordon to choose between Lee or Valerie being killed, and after Gordon chooses Lee to be killed, Tetch shoots Valerie instead. It is implied that Gordon knew Tetch would shoot Valerie instead of Lee; as he is still in love with the latter. It is also implied that Lee is still in love with Gordon, despite her being in engaged to Mario Calvi. However, after Mario is infected by the Tetch Virus and shot dead by Gordon, she begins to grow hostile towards Gordon due to grief and rage (mainly because Leslie is unwilling/refuses to accept the truth; that Mario tried to kill her when he was infected by Alice Tetch's blood) by doing everything she can to make Gordon uncomfortable.",
"Due to Gordon refusing to tell her about what's happening in Gotham out of fear that the Court of Owls will take action, Leslie resigns from the police department. She later takes a sample of Alice Tetch's blood that Hugo Strange gave James Gordon and injects herself with it. She was eventually cured along with Gordon. She then left Gotham, leaving behind a note saying that while she's not sure if Gotham deserves to be saved, Leslie does have hope that Gordon would save the city before reaffirming her love for him.",
"Leslie later appeared at Cherry's fight club working as its doctor when she is called to tend to the burns on Solomon Grundy. She does agree to a partnership with Edward Nygma in order to help her side\\-job. At the time when Barbara Kean, Tabitha Galavan, and Selina Kyle arrived at Cherry's fight club to look for Edward Nygma, Leslie was approached by Barbara Kean where Leslie is not pleased with her appearance. She also stated that she doesn't know who Jim is. When Selina Kyle manages to catch Edward Nygma while Barbara Kean and Tabitha Galavan were busy with their side\\-agendas, Leslie Thompkins suggested a \"Code of the Narrows\" to pit the champions of both sides against each other for the fate of Edward Nygma. When Firefly crashes the fight to finish the job that Oswald Cobblepot gave her, Riddler witnessed Leslie disabling Firefly and Barbara shooting Cherry. While Solomon Grundy was having his wounds tended to, Nygma suggests to Leslie that she takes the position that Cherry had. Leslie takes that suggestion and her first decree was \"drinks on the house\".",
"Leslie later solves some issues with the inhabitants of the Narrows like dealing with competitive street businesses and even uses mixed medicines and an antidote to get Sampson out of the southern parts of the Narrows.",
"When Gotham City becomes a no man's land, Leslie Thompkins ends up in a mutual stabbing with Riddler. Their bodies are found by Penguin's men as Hugo Strange is instructed to work on them.",
"In season five, Delta Force found Leslie Thompkins in a hideaway in the North Side of Gotham as Eduardo Dorrance plans to use her as a bargaining chip for Riddler. While Gordon fought Eduardo, she shot the soldier that tried to kill her. It was discovered that the same control chip used in Riddler was also in Leslie when Theresa Walker triggered it. Gordon struck the area with an electrical lamp snapping Leslie out of the mind\\-control.",
"10 years later, Leslie is still married to Gordon. She later helps in disarming the bombs that would detonate the newly rebuilt Wayne Tower.\n{{clear}}",
"### Theo Galavan / Azrael",
"{{main\\|Azrael (DC Comics)}}\n[thumb\\|right\\|upright\\|James Frain](/wiki/File:James_Frain_2010_%28cropped%29.jpg \"James Frain 2010 (cropped).jpg\")\n**Theodore \"Theo\" Galavan** (portrayed by [James Frain](/wiki/James_Frain \"James Frain\"); season 2\\) is a charismatic [billionaire](/wiki/Billionaire \"Billionaire\") industrialist whose sister is Tabitha Galavan and whose step\\-niece is [Silver St. Cloud](/wiki/Silver_St._Cloud \"Silver St. Cloud\"), both of whom do his bidding.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://deadline.com/2015/06/gotham\\-james\\-frain\\-cast\\-villain\\-tigress\\-brother\\-1201454198\\|title\\='Gotham' Casts James Frain As Regular, Will Play New Villain \\& Tigress' Brother\\|author\\=Nellie Andreeva\\|website\\=Deadline Hollywood\\|date\\=June 25, 2015}} He is the main antagonist of the first half of season 2 *Rise of the Villains*, who's responsible for creating chaos and violence in [Gotham City](/wiki/Gotham_City \"Gotham City\"), as part of his master plan to finally carry out a centuries\\-old vendetta. Galavan's family, originally called the Dumas family, were one of Gotham City's most prominent families and said to have built Gotham City. But the family was ruined financially and socially by the Wayne family after an act of violence was perpetrated by a member of the Dumas family against a member of the Wayne family many years earlier. Those Dumas who remained in Gotham changed their surname to Galavan while those who left joined a religious faction of their family called the [Order of St. Dumas](/wiki/Order_of_St._Dumas \"Order of St. Dumas\").",
"Theo starts his campaign by orchestrating the abduction of Mayor Aubrey James. As the chairman of the Gotham Chamber of Commerce, he oversaw Gillian Loeb's resignation as police commissioner and Sarah Essen being sworn in as the new police commissioner. Using Zaardon the Soul Reaper, Theo has Tabitha spring Jerome Valeska, Barbara Kean, Aaron Helzinger, Richard Sionis, Robert Greenwood, and Arnold Dobkins from Arkham Asylum to assist him. Sionis was the only one who declined and he had Tabitha kill him to serve as a warning to the others. Theo poses as a caring father figure to Bruce Wayne after ostensibly saving him from Jerome Valeska during a hostage crisis. With Mayor James still missing and Deputy Mayor Harrison Kane dead, Theo then exhorts Oswald Cobblepot into targeting the mayoral candidates by holding Oswald's mother Gertrud hostage while acting like he missed Galavan. While Oswald was successful at killing Janice Caulfield, Victor Zsasz fails at kidnapping Randall Hobbs who drops out of the race. As the only remaining candidate, Theo wins the election, but his true goal is to avenge the Dumas family against the Wayne family. After Tabitha killed Gertrud, Oswald swore revenge on Theo which led to a fight between Cobblepot's group and the police which ended with Oswald getting wounded and Gordon getting suspicious. He is later arrested by Jim Gordon after Mayor James is found alive following Barbara Kean ending up hospitalized. While Gordon and Barnes were searching Galavan's apartment, they did find a cassock behind one of the paintings where they assumed that Galavan had some religious connections. While awaiting trial, Theo reprimanded Tabitha for acting out against his orders and states that his next plan is in motion.",
"During the trial, Mayor James testifies in court that it was Oswald Cobblepot who abducted him. The judge drops the case against Theo whose henchmen, posing as police officers, abduct Gordon while he was being taken out of the courthouse. With Gordon in his clutches, Galavan stated that the Order of St. Dumas protected his family and that his real surname is Dumas. Galavan toys with Gordon but quickly overpowers him, using some martial arts skills which Theo not previously displayed. He orders his henchmen to kill Gordon slowly and leaves to claim Bruce Wayne's life. During the final battle at Galavan's tower, Tabitha tells Theo he has lost and she is going to look out for herself, saving Silver and Bruce Wayne, as Gordon and Penguin come to the rescue, albeit for very different reasons. Gordon and Cobblepot take him to an isolated place outside Gotham where Cobblepot beats him mercilessly until Gordon stops him and shoots Galavan dead. Cobblepot puts an umbrella in the corpse's mouth to make it look like that he killed Galavan. Galavan's body is then taken to the underground Indian Hill facility.",
"As Patient 44, he is successfully resurrected by the Indian Hill facility's doctors but the shock of the process scrambled his memories. Strange, inspired by Nygma, misleads Galavan to believe himself to be the order's legendary knight Azrael before sending him after Gordon. When it came to the fight at the Gotham City Police Department, Theo was unmasked upon his helm being knocked off by Nathaniel Barnes. He manages to use the broken part of the fake Sword of Sin to stab Nathaniel Barnes. As he makes his escape, his face was shown to the reporters as Oswald Cobblepot, Tabitha Galavan, and Bruce Wayne sees it on the news. Theo then began to look for the real Sword of Sin where he confronted Gordon and Bullock at a crypt which ends with Tabitha ending up hospitalised. During the fight with Gordon and Bruce Wayne at Wayne Manor, Azrael is eventually confronted by Cobblepot and then blasted by an [RPG](/wiki/Rocket-propelled_grenade \"Rocket-propelled grenade\") wielded by Butch Gilzean, ending his life once and for all. His body become shreds before police can get a DNA variation.",
"### Tabitha Galavan",
"[thumb\\|right\\|upright\\|Jessica Lucas](/wiki/File:Jessica_Lucas_WonderCon_2013.jpg \"Jessica Lucas WonderCon 2013.jpg\")\n**Tabitha Galavan (**portrayed by [Jessica Lucas](/wiki/Jessica_Lucas \"Jessica Lucas\"); seasons 2–5\\) is Theo Galavan's whip\\-wielding, violent, loyal sister and the step\\-aunt of Silver St. Cloud.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://tvline.com/2015/06/26/gotham\\-season\\-2\\-tigress\\-cast\\-jessica\\-lucas\\|title\\=Exclusive Gotham Season 2 Casts Jessica Lucas as the Bullwhip\\-Cracking Tigress\\|author\\=Matt Webb Mitovich\\|work\\=tvline.com\\|date\\=June 26, 2015\\|access\\-date\\=June 27, 2015\\|archive\\-date\\=December 5, 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151205163430/http://tvline.com/2015/06/26/gotham\\-season\\-2\\-tigress\\-cast\\-jessica\\-lucas/\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} She serves as her brother's henchwoman and lead enforcer who gets pleasure from causing mayhem even when it comes to making sure that none of the criminal activities is traced back to her brother, with whom she enjoys an unhealthy relationship. She always wears a cover over her nose and mouth to avoid being identified. She even develops a relationship with Barbara Kean and found a way to reprogram Butch Gilzean to serve Theo. During the fight between Gordon and Kean, Tabitha was shot in the shoulder and managed to escape. When it comes to the battle between Oswald Cobbleport's group and the Order of St. Dumas, Tabitha turns against Theo telling him he has lost and that she needs to look out for herself as she escapes with Silver.",
"Four weeks later, Tabitha visits Butch Gilzean and becomes his partner while starting a relationship with her. After the warrior Azrael is revealed to be the resurrected Theo Galavan, Tabitha teams up with Gordon and Bullock to find him. After helping Theo regain some of his memory, Theo remembers his mission and stabs Tabitha, resulting in her being hospitalised.",
"Six weeks after the Indian Hill incident, Tabitha and Barbara started a club called Sirens Nightclub. After Butch was exposed by Edward Nygma as the leader of the new Red Hood gang, Tabitha broke him out of the prison transport bus and took him to a safe house.",
"After Barbara killed Butch Gilzean, Tabitha fought Barbara at her safe house which ended with Barbara getting electrocuted. Later on, she is approached by Selina Kyle where she states to Tabitha that she is done surviving. Before they begin to work together, Tabitha does allow Selina to test her abilities with her whip.",
"Tabitha and Selina end up aligning with a revived Barbara. At the time when Barbara, Tabitha, and Selina were sent to Cherry's fight club to find Edward Nygma, Tabitha found Butch Gilzean having transformed into Solomon Grundy where he barely remembers her. When Leslie Thompkins calls for the \"Code of the Narrows\" upon Selina apprehending Nygma, Tabitha (referred to as [The Tigress](/wiki/Tigress_%28DC_Comics%29 \"Tigress (DC Comics)\")) is paired up against Solomon Grundy where the fight doesn't go well. Firefly crashes the fight to finish the job that Oswald Cobblepot gave her. Tabitha then witnessed Leslie disabling Firefly and Barbara shooting Cherry. Tabitha, Barbara, and Selina later abduct Sofia Falcone upon thinking that she was friends with Cobblepot until she states that she is against Cobblepot. After Victor Zsasz destroys Barbara's club, Tabitha was present when Barbara sides with Sofia Falcone.",
"Tabitha hears about what happened to Selina Kyle as she assists Barbara, Alfred, and Penguin into fighting Jeremiah Valeska and Ra's al Ghul's men. When Gotham City becomes a no man's land, she finds that Butch is restored. However, Penguin kills him as part of his revenge on Tabitha for what she did to his mother and then shoots her in the leg. When Barbara hears from Tabitha what happened to Butch, they make their territory a female\\-only territory as they kill the males that were with Ra's al Ghul.",
"Many days later, Tabitha begins her plot to get revenge on Penguin where she ambushes him and his men in the Lo Boyz' territory. Due to a misfired gun, Tabitha is stabbed by Penguin as Barbara arrives. Her final words before succumbing to her wound are \"Barbara don't.\" This causes Barbara to plan revenge on Penguin.\n{{clear}}",
"### Lucius Fox",
"{{main\\|Lucius Fox}}\n**Lucius Fox** (portrayed by [Chris Chalk](/wiki/Chris_Chalk \"Chris Chalk\"); main: seasons 2–5; guest: season 1\\) is a junior executive and tech genius at Wayne Enterprises who in the shadow of the company's corrupt activities emerges as a moral beacon for Bruce Wayne as he attempts to help him uphold the legacy of his parents, Thomas and Martha Wayne.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://deadline.com/2015/03/chris\\-chalk\\-cast\\-lucius\\-fox\\-gotham\\-1201387789\\|title\\=Chris Chalk Cast As Lucius Fox On 'Gotham'\\|last\\=Andreeva\\|first\\=Nellie\\|date\\=March 6, 2015\\|website\\=Deadline Hollywood\\|access\\-date\\=March 9, 2015}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://tvline.com/2015/05/29/gotham\\-season\\-2\\-chris\\-chalk\\-series\\-regular\\-lucius\\-fox\\|title\\=''Gotham'' Season 2: Chris Chalk Upped to Series Regular, as Lucius Fox\\|last\\=Mitovich\\|first\\=Matt Webb\\|date\\=May 29, 2015\\|publisher\\=TVLine\\|access\\-date\\=May 29, 2015\\|archive\\-date\\=May 30, 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530231108/http://tvline.com/2015/05/29/gotham\\-season\\-2\\-chris\\-chalk\\-series\\-regular\\-lucius\\-fox/\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} Fox was an ally to the Wayne family and one of the few people to know the Waynes were not as corrupt as they had to pretend to be to Wayne Enterprises' board of directors. He first appeared in \"The Anvil and the Hammer\" where he entered Sid Bunderslaw's office at the time of Bruce Wayne's unexpected visit. Before allowing Bruce to leave Wayne Enterprises, Fox warns Bruce that his father was a very guarded man.",
"Fox later encountered Alfred at a bar. Alfred convinced Fox to help Bruce Wayne repair a computer that Alfred had wrecked. After Bruce is kidnapped by Theo Galavan, Lucius finishes fixing the computer hard drive and does his part to help the Gotham City Police Department locate Bruce Wayne. He later helps identify \"The Philosopher\", the man who ordered the Waynes to be killed. He and Bruce are later kidnapped by Hugo Strange but are freed by Selina Kyle afterwards.",
"Lucius later leaves Wayne Enterprises and becomes a science expert at the Gotham City Police Department.",
"When Gotham City becomes a no man's land, Lucius is among the GCPD members that remain behind.",
"10 years later, Lucius attends the opening of the newly rebuilt Wayne Tower. After Riddler was subdued, Lucius helps Lee in disarming the bomb. He and Alfred later find Penguin and Riddler tied up on a pole by Batman.\n{{clear}}",
"### Butch Gilzean / Cyrus Gold / Solomon Grundy",
"{{Main\\|Solomon Grundy (character)}}\n[thumb\\|right\\|upright\\|Drew Powell](/wiki/File:Drew_Powell_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg \"Drew Powell by Gage Skidmore.jpg\") **Butch Gilzean** (portrayed by [Drew Powell](/wiki/Drew_Powell_%28actor%29 \"Drew Powell (actor)\"); main: seasons 2–4; recurring: season 1\\) is Fish Mooney's right\\-hand man and [mob enforcer](/wiki/Contract_killing \"Contract killing\") who is the uncle of Sonny Gilzean.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://deadline.com/2015/07/gotham\\-drew\\-powell\\-promoted\\-regular\\-season\\-2\\-1201486095\\|title\\='Gotham' Promotes Drew Powell To Regular In season 2\\|author\\=Nellie Andreeva\\|website\\=Deadline Hollywood\\|date\\=July 28, 2015}} Victor Zsasz brainwashed Butch into obeying Oswald Cobblepot's every command.",
"To infiltrate Theo Galavan's group, Cobblepot cut off Gilzean's left hand so that Gilzean would win sympathy from the Galavans, who gave Gilzean a new mallet\\-shaped left hand and other attachments. Tabitha later freed Gilzean from Cobblepot's control.",
"Four weeks following the death of Theo Galavan, Butch Gilzean rose to power and started a relationship with Tabitha Galavan. After Azrael was revealed to be the resurrected Theo Galavan, Butch and Penguin killed Theo with an RPG. Butch and his gang later accompanied Oswald into going after Hugo Strange. After a resurrected Fish Mooney knocked out Penguin on the street, Butch and his gang fled.",
"During the man\\-hunt for Fish Mooney, Gilzean supports Penguin's campaign by paying people to vote for him. He starts to get suspicious with Edward Nygma during his campaign. He realizes that Nygma bought back the money, but Penguin wins regardless, which causes Butch to feel left out while Penguin and Nygma start to work together more. Butch starts being the benefactor of a second version of the Red Hood gang and kills them so he can win back Penguin's approval, but Nygma later exposes him. While being transported on a prison bus, Tabitha breaks him out and takes him to a safe house.",
"After Isabella was murdered, Nygma put the clues together and claims to Mayor Cobblepot that Butch killed her in revenge on both of them.",
"As the chaos caused by the Alice Tetch Virus is winding down, Butch and Tabitha plan to dispose of Barbara Kean. During the confrontation, Barbara shoots Butch in the head. His body is reviewed by doctors and his birth name is revealed as Cyrus Gold.",
"When his body is dumped into Slaughter Swamp by the hospital's orderlies, chemicals associated with Indian Hill revived Cyrus Gold while regenerating his hand. The transformation also gave him super\\-strength while also making him have a fear of fire. He makes his way to Gotham City and runs into Riddler who asks for his help remembering who he is. After getting a burn from one of the men he earlier attacked, Riddler takes him to Cherry's nightclub to enter him in a fight where Cherry has her latest doctor Leslie Thompkins tend to his burn. Solomon Grundy manages to win most of his death matches.",
"During his fight with Mr. Murder Face, Solomon Grundy started experiencing fragments of memories of his life as Butch Gilzean upon being hit in the head. At the time when Barbara Kean, Tabitha Galavan, and Selina Kyle arrived at Cherry's fight club to find Edward Nygma, Tabitha encountered Solomon Grundy where he doesn't remember him. When Selina calls for the \"Code of the Narrows\" while trying to apprehend Nygma, Tabitha is paired up against Solomon Grundy where the fight doesn't go well. Firefly crashes the fight to finish the job that Oswald Cobblepot gave her. Solomon Grundy prepares to attack only to be frightened by Firefly's fire attacks. After Firefly was disabled by Leslie Thompkins and Barbara Kean shot Cherry, Solomon Grundy's injuries were tended to by Leslie.",
"Penguin later instructs Hugo Strange to restore Butch Gilzean back to normal. While Strange was successful, Penguin kills Butch anyway as part of his revenge on Tabitha for killing his mother.\n{{clear}}",
"### Harvey Dent",
"{{main\\|Two\\-Face}}\n[thumb\\|right\\|upright\\|Nicholas D'Agosto](/wiki/File:Nicholas_D%27Agosto_filming_Final_Destination_5_in_Vancouver%2C_October_2010.jpg \"Nicholas D'Agosto filming Final Destination 5 in Vancouver, October 2010.jpg\")\n**Harvey Dent** (portrayed by [Nicholas D'Agosto](/wiki/Nicholas_D%27Agosto \"Nicholas D'Agosto\"); main: season 2; guest: season 1\\) is a \"handsome, warm and engaging\" [Assistant District Attorney](/wiki/District_attorney \"District attorney\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://tvline.com/2014/10/02/gotham\\-harvey\\-dent\\-nicholas\\-dagosto\\-two\\-face\\-season\\-1\\-cast\\|title\\=Gotham Scoop: Nicholas D'Agosto Joins Fox Drama as Harvey Dent\\|last\\=Swift\\|first\\=Andy\\|publisher\\=TVLine\\|date\\=October 2, 2014\\|access\\-date\\=October 3, 2014}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.zap2it.com/blogs/gotham\\_season\\_2\\_nicholas\\_dagosto\\_harvey\\_dent\\_regular\\-2014\\-11\\|title\\='Gotham' season 2 will make Harvey Dent a regular\\|website\\=\\[\\[Zap2it]]\\|date\\=November 13, 2014\\|access\\-date\\=November 11, 2016\\|archive\\-date\\=May 30, 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530071516/http://www.zap2it.com/blogs/gotham\\_season\\_2\\_nicholas\\_dagosto\\_harvey\\_dent\\_regular\\-2014\\-11\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} He works with Gordon to find the man who killed Thomas and Martha Wayne. At one point he accuses billionaire Dick Lovecraft of involvement in the Wayne murders. He further accuses him of sending the assassins to kill Bruce Wayne and Selina Kyle, but Gordon and Bullock discover that he wasn't responsible. Soon afterward, Lovecraft is killed by the same assassins. Dent also helps Gordon and Bullock investigate the corrupt acts of Commissioner Gillian B. Loeb regarding the release of corrupt Narcotics Officer Arnold Flass.",
"Harvey Dent was initially a supporter of Theo Galavan's candidacy for mayor of Gotham, but following Gordon's discovery of Galavan's true machinations and his arrest, he became the prosecutor at Theo Galavan's trial where Aubrey James fearfully told him that Oswald Cobblepot was the one who abducted him and not Theo Galavan.",
"Along with Captain Nathaniel Barnes, Harvey later questioned Jim about his role in Theo's death.",
"When Gordon has been framed for the death of police cop Carl Pinkney and sentenced to Blackgate Penitentiary, the news reporter stated that Harvey Dent could not be reached for a comment. After Warden Carlson Grey moved Gordon into Blackgate Penitentiary's F\\-Wing, Bullock calls up Dent telling him what happened and to do everything he can to get Gordon out like either a transfer to another prison, a retrial, or reopening the case.",
"### Nathaniel Barnes / Executioner",
"[thumb\\|right\\|upright\\|Michael Chiklis](/wiki/File:Michael_Chiklis_at_PaleyFest_2014.jpg \"Michael Chiklis at PaleyFest 2014.jpg\")\n**Nathaniel Barnes** (portrayed by [Michael Chiklis](/wiki/Michael_Chiklis \"Michael Chiklis\"); season 2–3\\), a tough, no\\-nonsense martinet of a police captain at Gotham City Police Department after the death of Sarah Essen, he serves a strong ally to James Gordon, but will one day become Gordon's enemy.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://variety.com/2015/tv/news/michael\\-chiklis\\-cast\\-gotham\\-1201545334\\|title\\=Michael Chiklis Joins Cast of 'Gotham'\\|author\\=Debra Birnbaum\\|work\\=variety.com\\|date\\=July 22, 2015}} Unafraid to make such enemies, Barnes is a strict \"law and order zealot\". He first appears when he dismisses Officers Pollard, Guthrie, Coulson, Drowler, Brooks, and Hightower and Detective Perez for corruption, bribery, drug abuse, racketeering, and extortion. Nathaniel promotes Gordon to his second\\-in\\-command as they start a Strike Team made up of the graduates from the Gotham City Police Academy.",
"In \"[Rise of the Villains: A Bitter Pill to Swallow](/wiki/Rise_of_the_Villains:A_Bitter_Pill_to_Swallow \"A Bitter Pill to Swallow\")\", it was revealed that Nathaniel once served in the [United States Marine Corps](/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps \"United States Marine Corps\"). After Gordon becomes a fugitive for punching Theo Galavan in court after being found innocent, Barnes attempts to arrest Gordon after the battle with the Order of Saint Dumas but is knocked out by Cobblepot.",
"After Cobblepot was apprehended and backed up Gordon's claim, Barnes told Gordon not to make a fool out of him. When Jim was framed for the murder of Carl Pinkney at the hands of Edward Nygma, Barnes believed that Jim committed the crime and the judge sentenced him to Blackgate Penitentiary. After Jim was proven innocent and Nygma was arrested upon the police being in the listening distance of Nygma's confession, Barnes apologised and told Jim he owed him a favour. He also gave Jim the remaining Wayne files and Lee's number. During Azrael's attack on the Gotham City Police Department, Barnes fought Azrael on the roof which led to Azrael's mask coming off and Barnes getting stabbed by Azrael. This led to Barnes being hospitalised.",
"While still recuperating, Nathaniel initiates a manhunt for Fish Mooney and the Indian Hill escapees, which ends with Fish and Strange fleeing Gotham and the rest of the minions being burned to death by an angry mob.",
"Later, Barnes is infected with Alice Tetch's poisonous blood that dropped onto him. He then goes on a vigilante spree killing criminals until he is subjected by James Gordon and remanded to Arkham Asylum while in a straitjacket. While incarcerated at Arkham, Barnes keeps screaming \"Guilty!\".",
"Leslie Thompkins later talks to Nathaniel Barnes about the blood he is infected with that also infected Mario Calvic. Barnes calls it a gift and states that when he gets out of Arkham, he is going to bathe the corruption of Gotham City in blood, starting with Jim Gordon's.",
"Barnes is taken to a private lab owned by the Court of Owls where Kathryn had Hugo Strange extract Alice Tetch's poisonous blood from him. After James Gordon used Penguin to interfere with the Court of Owls' plans to use the weaponized blood on a Daughters of Gotham event, Kathryn cuts a deal with Nathaniel Barnes to dispose of Gordon. With a special outfit and an axe\\-tipped glove, Nathaniel Barnes targets James Gordon. During the fight at the Gotham City Police Department, Nathaniel Barnes beheads Kathryn and has his left hand shot off by James Gordon. Even though Barnes was detained, Alvarez told Gordon and Bullock that Barnes escaped from the Arkham Asylum transport upon killing the three guards.\n{{clear}}",
"### Ivy \"Pamela\" Pepper",
"{{main\\|Poison Ivy (character)}}\n[thumb\\|216x216px\\|Maggie Geha](/wiki/File:Maggie_Geha_2017.jpg \"Maggie Geha 2017.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|187x187px\\|Peyton List](/wiki/File:Peyton_List_April_2014_%28close-up%29.jpg \"Peyton List April 2014 (close-up).jpg\")\n**Ivy Pepper** (portrayed by [Clare Foley](/wiki/Clare_Foley \"Clare Foley\"); recurring: season 1; guest: seasons 2–3; [Maggie Geha](/wiki/Maggie_Geha \"Maggie Geha\"); main: season 3; guest: season 4; [Peyton List](/wiki/Peyton_List_%28actress%2C_born_1986%29 \"Peyton List (actress, born 1986)\"); guest: seasons 4–5\\) is a young vegan girl who is the abused daughter of Mario Pepper (who was framed for the Wayne murders).{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.ign.com/articles/2014/07/20/gotham\\-producer\\-on\\-those\\-joker\\-rumors\\-and\\-why\\-poison\\-ivy\\-is\\-ivy\\-pepper\\|title\\=Gotham Producer on Those Joker Rumors and Why Poison Ivy is Ivy Pepper\\|work\\=IGN\\|date\\=July 20, 2014 }}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://gothamchronicle.com/post/106575104731/teen\\-runaway\\-spotted\\-at\\-the\\-flea\\-ivy\\-pepper\\|title\\=Teen Runaway Spotted at \"the Flea\"\\|publisher\\=Gotham Chronicle (viral site)\\|access\\-date\\=August 19, 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003021428/http://gothamchronicle.com/post/106575104731/teen\\-runaway\\-spotted\\-at\\-the\\-flea\\-ivy\\-pepper\\|archive\\-date\\=October 3, 2015\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} She enjoys tending to her plants.",
"After her mother committed suicide sometime after her father's death, Ivy is adopted by a foster family and renamed Pamela, but runs away from their home and lives on the streets while maintaining contact with Selina Kyle. Like Selina Kyle, Ivy Pepper has befriended Barbara Kean.",
"Ivy later works for Sonny Gilzean where she grows his \"magic mushrooms\" to sell on the streets.",
"After an encounter with a Bruce Wayne look\\-a\\-like, Ivy gets caught by Fish Mooney's minion Nancy while trying to warn Selina. After Selina fails to vouch for her, Ivy is then chased by Fish Mooney's minion Marv. After being briefly touched by Marv, Ivy falls into the drain pipe and is swept away by the current.",
"The effects of Marv's brief touch causes Ivy to turn into an adult enough to outgrow her clothes by the time she awakens on the shore of the river. She later obtains the clothes belonging to the ex\\-wife of the man who found her where she knocked out offscreen for neglecting his plants.",
"At some point, Ivy takes refuge in an abandoned house that has a greenhouse. After Oswald Cobblepot was shot by Edward Nygma, Ivy Pepper nurses him back to good health and helps to dispose of Gabe and those who came with them by having them buried in her garden of moving plants. Ivy then persuades Oswald Cobblepot to let her help in his plans to get revenge on Edward Nygma by stating that they will need an army of freaks. The two of them managed to get Victor Fries and Bridgit Pike on their side. Upon hearing what happened to Selina Kyle, Ivy Pepper uses her special perfume to control the nurses into bringing plants into Selina's room. When Selina finally was awoken, Ivy was against her plan to go to Wayne Manor.",
"Following the chaos caused by the Alice Tetch Virus, Ivy Pepper assists Oswald Cobblepot in the development of the Iceberg Lounge. She starts to feel neglected and goes to an apothecary where she consumes some chemicals held in the owner's safe. She then transforms a third time and gains the ability to be more connected to plant life, with a scratch from her poisoning people and causing them to essentially become a human plant. Ivy plans to wipe out the city with her plants, but is stopped by Selina before taking off. Ivy becomes a fugitive and also becomes known as Poison Ivy.",
"When Gotham City is declared a \"no man's land,\" Ivy Pepper takes refuge in Robinson Park. After she was freed from a salt trap by Bruce, Ivy stated that the plants in Robinson Park are feeding off anyone that enters. She gives Bruce a plant that successfully heals Selina's spinal injury.",
"Ivy later controls Victor Zsasz into wounding James Gordon. Then she brings the Mutant Leader to have a revenge match against Selina Kyle while she mesmerizes Bruce to take her to the factory that is helping to decontaminate the river so that Lucius can deactivate the machines ther. Mesmerizing a police officer, Ivy frees Zsasz to buy her some time to finish off Gordon. She fought against Lee Thompkins. Although Lee shot Ivy, she managed to get away while Zsasz was subdued by Harvey Bullock.\n{{clear}}",
"### Jervis Tetch / Mad Hatter",
"{{main\\|Mad Hatter (DC Comics)}}\n[thumb\\|227x227px\\|Benedict Samuel](/wiki/File:Benedict_Samuel_%2830608967915%29_%28cropped%29.jpg \"Benedict Samuel (30608967915) (cropped).jpg\")\n**Jervis Tetch** (portrayed by [Benedict Samuel](/wiki/Benedict_Samuel \"Benedict Samuel\"); main: season 3; recurring: season 4; guest: season 5\\) is a talented hypnotist teetering on the edge of madness. He arrives in Gotham with an unwavering desire to find his sister Alice, a young woman who went missing in the city years ago.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://comicbook.com/2015/04/05/gotham\\-to\\-introduce\\-clayface\\-mr\\-freeze\\-and\\-mad\\-hatter\\-in\\-season\\-/\\|title\\=Gotham To Introduce Clayface, Mr. Freeze and Mad Hatter in Season Two\\|publisher\\=Comic Book.com\\|last\\= Burlingame\\|first\\=Russ\\|date\\=April 5, 2015}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=3N\\_dwZ6M0t0\\|title\\=Fish Mooney Returns to Gotham? – \\#DCTV\\|last\\=DC Entertainment\\|date\\=October 19, 2015\\|access\\-date\\=November 11, 2016\\|via\\=YouTube}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://tvline.com/2016/07/18/gotham\\-mad\\-hatter\\-benedict\\-samuel\\-season\\-3\\-cast/\\|title\\=Walking Dead Alum Joins Gotham Season 3 as Mad Hatter\\|publisher\\=TVLine\\|last\\=Ausiello\\|first\\=Michael\\|date\\=July 18, 2016\\|access\\-date\\=July 18, 2016\\|archive\\-date\\=February 2, 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202001116/http://tvline.com/2016/07/18/gotham\\-mad\\-hatter\\-benedict\\-samuel\\-season\\-3\\-cast/\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}{{cite magazine\\|url\\=https://www.ew.com/article/2016/08/11/gotham\\-mad\\-hatter\\-benedict\\-samuel\\-photo\\|title\\='Gotham' first look: Meet Benedict Samuel's Mad Hatter — exclusive\\|magazine\\=\\[\\[Entertainment Weekly]] \\|access\\-date\\=November 11, 2016}} It is heavily implied that Jervis has sexual feelings for his sister.",
"After hypnotizing a doctor during a show at the Sirens, he has him kill his wife and then himself in order to get his residence. Jervis approaches James Gordon to help find Alice. Following his hypnosis on Barbara Kean during another show at The Sirens, Gordon visits him again where he starts to ask about Alice's condition. Jervis ends up hypnotizing him. Before he can have Gordon jump off the roof of The Sirens, Jervis is attacked by Alice who doesn't want to go with him with the resulting fight snapping Gordon out of his hypnosis. After Jervis escapes, Alice is handcuffed by Gordon. Alice later reveals that Jervis controlled most of Alice when they were kids, and put thoughts in her head that \"no brother should have\".",
"Later, Tetch hires the wrestlers known as the \"Tweedle Brothers\" to break Alice out of the GCPD. While Jervis, Dumfree, and Deever made off with Alice, the other two Tweeds were killed and the youngest of them was placed in police custody. Jervis then dressed Alice in the Alice costume from \"Alice in Wonderland\" and tries to have a tea party with her and the two remaining Tweedle Brothers, telling Alice that she is the only thing in his life keeping him from going mad. Gordon and Harvey arrive and a fight ensues. When Alice tries to escape, she accidentally falls on a pipe, impaling her. A devastated Tetch flees the scene.",
"Jervis Tetch later uses the Red Queen plant on Jim Gordon to incapacitate him. Then he crashes the Gotham City Founders' Dinner presided over by Mayor Oswald Cobblepot in order to make them drink the tainted water. His plans are thwarted by the Gotham City Police Department as Jervis starts to see some of his sister in Nathaniel Barnes due to him being infected with her blood. Jervis, Dumfree Tweed, and Deever Tweed are arrested and remanded to Arkham Asylum.",
"Jervis Tetch later witnessed the Court of Owls obtaining Nathaniel Barnes. Leslie Thompkins later visited Jervis at Arkham Asylum to know if he infected Mario Calvi. Jervis stated that he did it after seeing how Gordon look at her the day he wounded Valerie Vale and states that she's to blame for Mario's suffering.",
"The transport carrying Jervis Tetch was later intercepted by Butch Gilzean and Tabitha Galavan so that Barbara Kean can hold him for ransom. After being freed by Gordon, Jervis was drained of some of his blood with the part the blood came from being patched up. It was later mentioned by Harvey Bullock that the doctors patched Jervis back up and had him shipped back to Arkham Asylum. He is referred to as the Mad Hatter by Penguin after he escapes from Arkham with Jerome and his Legion of Horribles.",
"In season five, Jeremiah Valeska enlisted Mad Hatter to help Ecco oversee the chemical production at Ace Chemicals by hypnotizing some people to work at Ace Chemicals. When Gordon and Lee came across this operation, Mad Hatter unleashed his hypnotized slaves on them as Ecco subdues Gordon. Under orders from Jeremiah Valeska, Mad Hatter hypnotized them to pass off as Thomas and Martha Wayne near the Monarch Theater where they will be freed from the hypnotism when Jeremiah shooting them will cause the pearls to fall off Lee. Jeremiah's shooting plot was thwarted by Selina.\n{{clear}}",
"### Ra's al Ghul",
"{{main\\|Ra's al Ghul}}\n[thumb\\|right\\|upright\\|Alexander Siddig](/wiki/File:AlexanderSiddig09TIFF.jpg \"AlexanderSiddig09TIFF.jpg\")\n**Ra's al Ghul** (portrayed by [Alexander Siddig](/wiki/Alexander_Siddig \"Alexander Siddig\"); main: season 4; guest: season 3\\) is the enigmatic person behind the Court of Owls' activities and leader of the [League of Shadows](/wiki/League_of_Assassins \"League of Assassins\").{{cite web\\|last\\=Webb Mitovich\\|first\\=Matt\\|title\\=Gotham Casts Big Bad Ra's al Ghul With Deep Space Nine's Alexander Siddig\\|url\\=http://tvline.com/2017/03/02/gotham\\-ras\\-al\\-ghul\\-season\\-3\\-alexander\\-siddig/\\|publisher\\=TVLine\\|date\\=March 2, 2017\\|access\\-date\\=March 3, 2017\\|archive\\-date\\=April 16, 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170416202535/https://tvline.com/2017/03/02/gotham\\-ras\\-al\\-ghul\\-season\\-3\\-alexander\\-siddig/\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} With a past shrouded in mystery, the powerful supervillain uses cunning and deception to lay waste to his foes. His identity is foreshadowed upon the death of Shaman who works for Ra's al Ghul. When Bruce Wayne meets Ra's al Ghul in the bowels of the Yuyan Building, Ra's al Ghul mentioned that he wanted Bruce to be his heir and does a final test where he wants him to kill Alfred Pennyworth. After Bruce stabs Alfred, he angrily tries to attack Ra's al Ghul who gets away where he advises to Bruce to use the Lazarus Pit's waters to heal Alfred.",
"Siddig was promoted to a series regular for season 4\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://tvline.com/2017/09/20/gotham\\-season\\-4\\-cast\\-photo\\-ras\\-al\\-ghul\\-sofia\\-falcone/\\|title\\=Gotham Season 4 Cast Photo Reveals Haunting Skyline of Villains and Heroes\\|first\\=Matt Webb\\|last\\=Mitovich\\|date\\=September 20, 2017\\|access\\-date\\=September 26, 2017}} During this time, it is revealed that he had revived Barbara Kean through the Lazarus Pit and is seeking a specific embalming knife.",
"After killing Niles Winthrop and later Alex Winthrop in front of Bruce and Gordon, Ra's al Ghul surrenders and is remanded to Blackgate Penitentiary to await trial. While also transferring some of his energy to a visiting Barbara, Ra's al Ghul also had some of his men infiltrate Blackgate Penitentiary by posing as the prison guards. After doing a threat to Bruce Wayne to return to bother him when he starts a family, Bruce reluctantly uses the embalming knife on Ra's al Ghul which reduces him to a skeleton just as Gordon and Alfred arrive. Gordon came up with a cover story that Ra's al Ghul's men infiltrated the prison and made off with him.",
"The League of Shadows members that were loyal to Ra's al Ghul used a ritual that involved Bruce Wayne's blood to bring Ra's al Ghul to life when they think that Barbara is not living up to her potential. Following a duel where her abilities show her different outcomes like her getting stabbed or Tabitha's neck getting slit, Barbara relinquishes the abilities which fully restores Ra's al Ghul. Afterwards, he later pays a visit to Bruce when Selina is around where he states that an upcoming fire in Gotham City will shape him into a Dark Knight....if it doesn't consume him first.",
"After Ra's al Ghul's men help Jeremiah Valeska abduct Bruce in order to further his destiny, Ra's al Ghul and Jeremiah come into conflict with Alfred Pennyworth, Barbara Kean, Penguin, and Tabitha Galavan. Barbara manipulates Bruce's hand into using the reforged embalming knife to stab Ra's al Ghul again. As Gotham City starts to become a no man's land, Ra's al Ghul advises Bruce in his dying breath to embrace his destiny.",
"### Sofia Falcone",
"{{main\\|Sofia Falcone Gigante}}\n[thumb\\|right\\|upright\\|Crystal Reed](/wiki/File:Crystal_Reed_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg \"Crystal Reed by Gage Skidmore.jpg\")\n**Sofia Falcone** (portrayed by [Crystal Reed](/wiki/Crystal_Reed \"Crystal Reed\"); season 4\\), the only daughter of Carmine Falcone and the sister of Mario Calvi. She is a strong, intelligent and calculating woman who has run the Falcone operation in the south for the past 10 years and is returning to Gotham to help Gordon take down the Penguin.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://deadline.com/2017/07/gotham\\-season\\-4\\-trailer\\-crystal\\-reed\\-sofia\\-falcone\\-comic\\-con\\-1202134006/\\|title\\=Gotham Season 4 – Crystal Reed Cast as Sofia Falcone\\|date\\=July 22, 2017\\|website\\=Deadline Hollywood\\|access\\-date\\=July 23, 2017}}",
"Reed joined as a series regular for season 4\\. At the time when James Gordon visits Carmine Falcone to ask for his help in dealing with Oswald Cobblepot, Sofia wanted to take over her father's business to which Carmine wouldn't let her. She ends up secretly following Gordon back to Gotham City to do so anyway.",
"Sofia started by meeting with Mayor Burke and the zoning commissioner where she established the Falcone Home and School for Orphans.",
"Following Professor Pyg's attack, Cobblepot had the Dentist torture her but bluffed her way out. She is then abducted by Barbara Kean, Tabitha Galavan, and Selina Kyle where they think she is allies with Cobblepot. Sofia tells them that she is against Cobblepot and her point is proven when Victor Zsasz shows up outside of Barbara's lair with a rocket launcher that destroys the lair. Following the confrontation with Cobblepot, Sofia persuades Barbara's group to ally with her.",
"During a gunfight with Gordon when targeting Arthur Penn, Sofia is shot by Leslie Thompkins and slips into a coma.",
""
] |
### Barbara Kean
{{copy edit\|section\|for\=excessive step\-by\-step plot detail, grammar, style, layout, cohesion, tone, or spelling\|date\=July 2023}}
[thumb\|right\|upright\|Erin Richards](/wiki/File:Erin_Richards_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg "Erin Richards by Gage Skidmore.jpg")
**Barbara Kean** (portrayed by [Erin Richards](/wiki/Erin_Richards "Erin Richards"); season 1–5\) is the daughter of a wealthy couple and the owner of an art gallery. Barbara Kean is the ex\-[fiancée](/wiki/Engagement "Engagement") of James Gordon. It is also revealed that this version of Barbara Kean is bisexual and for a year before the start of the series was in a [lesbian](/wiki/Lesbian "Lesbian") relationship with Renee Montoya. After a hiatus from Gordon following attempts on her life by the Maroni and Falcone crime families, Barbara stayed with Renee Montoya. It is also revealed that they were once again in a sexual relationship for a time, before planning to rekindle her relationship with James Gordon. Barbara even befriends Selina Kyle and Ivy Pepper when they took refuge in her penthouse. After finding out that Gordon had moved on to a relationship with Leslie Tompkins, Barbara later had a romantic encounter with the wealthy Jason Lennon, the serial killer known as the Ogre. She was [severely traumatized](/wiki/Posttraumatic_stress_disorder "Posttraumatic stress disorder") after she was kidnapped by Lennon and forced to murder her own parents. The Ogre's malevolent insanity appears to live on in her psyche. When she attempted to kill Leslie during an informal counseling session, the latter rendered her unconscious.
She was incarcerated in Arkham Asylum until she is among those sprung from Arkham Asylum by Tabitha Galavan on her brother Theo's orders, with Barbara and Tabitha starting a new lesbian relationship. A convoluted and failed attempt on Gordon's life at Gotham Cathedral occurs when Barbara wears the wedding dress she had originally ordered for their wedding and has Arkham escapees as priest and witnesses. During an apparent last attempt to kill Gordon, Barbara falls out a window and is grabbed by Gordon. She lets go and falls, ending up in the hospital and put into some sort of induced coma before being transferred to Arkham Asylum's medical wing. When news of James Gordon being found guilty and being sentenced to 40 years at Blackgate Penitentiary is heard on Arkham Asylum's radio, Barbara awakens from her coma. A nurse notices this and shouts for someone to get Hugo Strange. Hugo Strange later releases Barbara from Arkham so that he can study her. After helping Gordon get info about who contracted the hit on Thomas Wayne and Martha Wayne, Barbara found her way to where Butch Gilzean and Tabitha Galavan were residing. Butch later kicks Barbara out. She later exposes "Gordon" at the Police Station as being [an imposter](/wiki/Clayface "Clayface") when visiting the Police Station, thus causing Harvey Bullock and Alfred Pennyworth to quickly realize the real Gordon{{snd}}alongside Bruce Wayne and Lucius Fox{{snd}}were being held at Arkham Asylum.
Six months later, Barbara and Tabitha have opened Sirens Nightclub, and while she and Barbara are shown to be in a romantic relationship, she still harbors some feelings for Gordon. After Barbara learns that Penguin has romantic feelings for Nygma, she informs Nygma of this after correctly deducing that Penguin killed Nygma's girlfriend, Isabella. Afterward, Nygma forms a partnership with Barbara, Tabitha, and Butch to destroy everything Penguin loves. After Nygma shoots Penguin at the harbour docks, Barbara is hired by Jim to interrogate a worker at the docks to find info on a Court weapon. Before they can get more info, Barbara and Tabitha are attacked by Talon, who kills their henchmen, although Barbara and Tabitha manage to escape.
As the chaos caused by the Alice Tetch Virus comes to a close, Barbara (apparently) kills Butch, having heard his and Tabitha's plans to betray her. During a fight against Tabitha at her safe house, Barbara dies by electrocution.
She later returns to life upon Ra's al Ghul bathing her in the Lazarus Pit. She tries to get Tabitha Galavan and Selina Kyle to work for her in an arms race against Cobblepot, while also targeting an embalming knife. When Ra's al Ghul was in Blackgate, he transferred some energy for Barbara to use at a later date.
After the incident with the Speed Demonz biker gang, Cobblepot sends Barbara, Tabitha, and Selina to the Narrows to bring him Nygma. When Firefly crashes the fight between Tabitha and Solomon Grundy, Barbara shoots Cherry after Leslie Thompkins disabled Firefly. Barbara then declares to the crowd that they are defecting from Cobblepot's services. After abducting Sofia while thinking that she is on Cobblepot's side, Barbara learns that Sofia is against Cobblepot while seeing that she was right about her claim when Victor Zsasz uses a rocket launcher to destroy her lair. Afterward, Barbara, Tabitha, and Selina side with Sofia in her war against Cobblepot.
The energy that Ra's al Ghul placed in Barbara turned out to be a beacon for the rest of the League of Shadows, who arrive at The Sirens club. After relinquishing it to a revived Ra's al Ghul, she assists Alfred in rescuing Bruce as she manipulates events that have her forcing Bruce's hand into thrusting the embalming knife into Ra's al Ghul. After hearing from Tabitha about Butch's death at the hands of Cobblepot, Barbara blames men for the troubles they have been dealing with and decides to kill the males from the League of Shadows that offered to follow her after Ra's al Ghul's defeat.
A few weeks after the government abandons Gotham, Tabitha is killed by Penguin, and an enraged Barbara vows revenge. She later rescues Gordon while he is on a mission to rescue children being used for slave labor and then has a one\-night stand with him. Barbara becomes pregnant with his child, and she requests that Lee provides prenatal care for her. Barbara gives birth to a daughter, and after giving birth, she and Lee are chased by Bane, at the request of [Nyssa al Ghul](/wiki/Nyssa_Raatko%23Gotham "Nyssa Raatko#Gotham"), for her involvement in her father's death. Once Bane is defeated, she reveals that she named her daughter [Barbara Lee](/wiki/Barbara_Gordon_in_other_media%23Gotham "Barbara Gordon in other media#Gotham") after the people she trusts the most. She ends her feud with Lee Thompkins, and Gordon, Lee, and Barbara all agree to raise the child together.
10 years later, Barbara is no longer in the criminal business, working on a tower to outdo the size of the rebuilt Wayne Tower. After discovering a plot to blow up Wayne Tower, she helps Selina to subdue Nygma and then helps disarm the bombs. Then, Barbara picks up her daughter and goes to get a gun from the Sirens, but is ambushed by Jeremiah and Ecco. After stabbing Ecco, Barbara is subdued by Jeremiah and has her leave a message for Gordon while making off with Barbara's daughter. Luckily, when Gordon goes after Jeremiah, although they are almost killed, Gordon and Barbara Lee are saved when [Batman](/wiki/Batman "Batman") arrives.
{{clear}}
|
[
"### Barbara Kean",
"{{copy edit\\|section\\|for\\=excessive step\\-by\\-step plot detail, grammar, style, layout, cohesion, tone, or spelling\\|date\\=July 2023}}\n[thumb\\|right\\|upright\\|Erin Richards](/wiki/File:Erin_Richards_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg \"Erin Richards by Gage Skidmore.jpg\")\n**Barbara Kean** (portrayed by [Erin Richards](/wiki/Erin_Richards \"Erin Richards\"); season 1–5\\) is the daughter of a wealthy couple and the owner of an art gallery. Barbara Kean is the ex\\-[fiancée](/wiki/Engagement \"Engagement\") of James Gordon. It is also revealed that this version of Barbara Kean is bisexual and for a year before the start of the series was in a [lesbian](/wiki/Lesbian \"Lesbian\") relationship with Renee Montoya. After a hiatus from Gordon following attempts on her life by the Maroni and Falcone crime families, Barbara stayed with Renee Montoya. It is also revealed that they were once again in a sexual relationship for a time, before planning to rekindle her relationship with James Gordon. Barbara even befriends Selina Kyle and Ivy Pepper when they took refuge in her penthouse. After finding out that Gordon had moved on to a relationship with Leslie Tompkins, Barbara later had a romantic encounter with the wealthy Jason Lennon, the serial killer known as the Ogre. She was [severely traumatized](/wiki/Posttraumatic_stress_disorder \"Posttraumatic stress disorder\") after she was kidnapped by Lennon and forced to murder her own parents. The Ogre's malevolent insanity appears to live on in her psyche. When she attempted to kill Leslie during an informal counseling session, the latter rendered her unconscious.",
"She was incarcerated in Arkham Asylum until she is among those sprung from Arkham Asylum by Tabitha Galavan on her brother Theo's orders, with Barbara and Tabitha starting a new lesbian relationship. A convoluted and failed attempt on Gordon's life at Gotham Cathedral occurs when Barbara wears the wedding dress she had originally ordered for their wedding and has Arkham escapees as priest and witnesses. During an apparent last attempt to kill Gordon, Barbara falls out a window and is grabbed by Gordon. She lets go and falls, ending up in the hospital and put into some sort of induced coma before being transferred to Arkham Asylum's medical wing. When news of James Gordon being found guilty and being sentenced to 40 years at Blackgate Penitentiary is heard on Arkham Asylum's radio, Barbara awakens from her coma. A nurse notices this and shouts for someone to get Hugo Strange. Hugo Strange later releases Barbara from Arkham so that he can study her. After helping Gordon get info about who contracted the hit on Thomas Wayne and Martha Wayne, Barbara found her way to where Butch Gilzean and Tabitha Galavan were residing. Butch later kicks Barbara out. She later exposes \"Gordon\" at the Police Station as being [an imposter](/wiki/Clayface \"Clayface\") when visiting the Police Station, thus causing Harvey Bullock and Alfred Pennyworth to quickly realize the real Gordon{{snd}}alongside Bruce Wayne and Lucius Fox{{snd}}were being held at Arkham Asylum.",
"Six months later, Barbara and Tabitha have opened Sirens Nightclub, and while she and Barbara are shown to be in a romantic relationship, she still harbors some feelings for Gordon. After Barbara learns that Penguin has romantic feelings for Nygma, she informs Nygma of this after correctly deducing that Penguin killed Nygma's girlfriend, Isabella. Afterward, Nygma forms a partnership with Barbara, Tabitha, and Butch to destroy everything Penguin loves. After Nygma shoots Penguin at the harbour docks, Barbara is hired by Jim to interrogate a worker at the docks to find info on a Court weapon. Before they can get more info, Barbara and Tabitha are attacked by Talon, who kills their henchmen, although Barbara and Tabitha manage to escape.",
"As the chaos caused by the Alice Tetch Virus comes to a close, Barbara (apparently) kills Butch, having heard his and Tabitha's plans to betray her. During a fight against Tabitha at her safe house, Barbara dies by electrocution.",
"She later returns to life upon Ra's al Ghul bathing her in the Lazarus Pit. She tries to get Tabitha Galavan and Selina Kyle to work for her in an arms race against Cobblepot, while also targeting an embalming knife. When Ra's al Ghul was in Blackgate, he transferred some energy for Barbara to use at a later date.",
"After the incident with the Speed Demonz biker gang, Cobblepot sends Barbara, Tabitha, and Selina to the Narrows to bring him Nygma. When Firefly crashes the fight between Tabitha and Solomon Grundy, Barbara shoots Cherry after Leslie Thompkins disabled Firefly. Barbara then declares to the crowd that they are defecting from Cobblepot's services. After abducting Sofia while thinking that she is on Cobblepot's side, Barbara learns that Sofia is against Cobblepot while seeing that she was right about her claim when Victor Zsasz uses a rocket launcher to destroy her lair. Afterward, Barbara, Tabitha, and Selina side with Sofia in her war against Cobblepot.",
"The energy that Ra's al Ghul placed in Barbara turned out to be a beacon for the rest of the League of Shadows, who arrive at The Sirens club. After relinquishing it to a revived Ra's al Ghul, she assists Alfred in rescuing Bruce as she manipulates events that have her forcing Bruce's hand into thrusting the embalming knife into Ra's al Ghul. After hearing from Tabitha about Butch's death at the hands of Cobblepot, Barbara blames men for the troubles they have been dealing with and decides to kill the males from the League of Shadows that offered to follow her after Ra's al Ghul's defeat.",
"A few weeks after the government abandons Gotham, Tabitha is killed by Penguin, and an enraged Barbara vows revenge. She later rescues Gordon while he is on a mission to rescue children being used for slave labor and then has a one\\-night stand with him. Barbara becomes pregnant with his child, and she requests that Lee provides prenatal care for her. Barbara gives birth to a daughter, and after giving birth, she and Lee are chased by Bane, at the request of [Nyssa al Ghul](/wiki/Nyssa_Raatko%23Gotham \"Nyssa Raatko#Gotham\"), for her involvement in her father's death. Once Bane is defeated, she reveals that she named her daughter [Barbara Lee](/wiki/Barbara_Gordon_in_other_media%23Gotham \"Barbara Gordon in other media#Gotham\") after the people she trusts the most. She ends her feud with Lee Thompkins, and Gordon, Lee, and Barbara all agree to raise the child together.",
"10 years later, Barbara is no longer in the criminal business, working on a tower to outdo the size of the rebuilt Wayne Tower. After discovering a plot to blow up Wayne Tower, she helps Selina to subdue Nygma and then helps disarm the bombs. Then, Barbara picks up her daughter and goes to get a gun from the Sirens, but is ambushed by Jeremiah and Ecco. After stabbing Ecco, Barbara is subdued by Jeremiah and has her leave a message for Gordon while making off with Barbara's daughter. Luckily, when Gordon goes after Jeremiah, although they are almost killed, Gordon and Barbara Lee are saved when [Batman](/wiki/Batman \"Batman\") arrives.\n{{clear}}",
""
] |
### Selina Kyle
{{Overly detailed\|section\|date\=May 2019}}
{{Main\|Selina Kyle (Gotham character)}}
[thumb\|right\|upright\|Camren Bicondova](/wiki/File:Camren_Bicondova_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg "Camren Bicondova by Gage Skidmore.jpg")
**Selina Kyle** (portrayed by [Camren Bicondova](/wiki/Camren_Bicondova "Camren Bicondova"); season 1–5; [Lili Simmons](/wiki/Lili_Simmons "Lili Simmons") in "The Beginning...") is a young street orphan and skilled thief who was a childhood friend of Bridget Pike. Since witnessing the murders of Thomas and Martha Wayne while memorizing what the murderer looked like without the mask, Cat has been lingering around the borders of Wayne Manor which leads to her befriending Bruce Wayne. Cat also has connections with Ivy Pepper and later befriends Barbara Kean. During the gang war between Carmine Falcone and Sal Maroni, Selina is among the street children recruited into Fish Mooney's gang. When it came to Oswald Cobblepot's fight with Fish Mooney, Selina disappeared during the conflict.
She later appears as part of Cobblepot's gang and develops a rivalry with Silver St. Cloud for the affection of Bruce. Selina later helps Bruce to expose Silver and find a hint to who killed his parents while also helping to rescue Bruce from the Order of St. Dumas. She allowed Bruce to live on the streets with her for a while until Gordon ended up on the lam and played a part in Edward Nygma's arrest. When Bruce decided to go back home, Selina to storm out in anger. Selina later infiltrated Arkham Asylum to find Hugo Strange's experiments and a newly reformed Pike, calling herself Firefly, after being told about her survival by Bruce. Selina later asks to be Firefly's servant and is released later from Arkham after freeing Gordon, Bruce, and Lucius.
Selina is later shown to have re\-aligned with Fish Mooney following her revival. When one of Fish Mooney's minions catches Ivy, Selina tries to intervene which led to her witnessing Fish Mooney's minion Marv touching Ivy prior to her falling into the river.
Unable to get Bruce's help to find Ivy, Selina is approached by James Gordon if she knows any info about Alice Tetch. She did tell him that she was a one\-time member of Fish Mooney's latest gang before she parted ways with her. Later on, she encounters Subject 514A who was posing as Bruce Wayne. While suspicious about Bruce Wayne's look\-a\-like, Selina decides to go out to dinner with him. Eventually, after 514A saves Selina after she fails to rob a bar, she sees 514A's scars and realizes he isn't Bruce. 514A explains the situation, and Selina tells him he's more normal than Bruce. With that, 514A kisses Selina and the two part ways. Later, while Selina is stealing wallets at the Penguin's party, she encounters an older Ivy, though she doesn't recognize her. After Bruce confesses his feelings for her, Selina kisses him. Once Ivy reveals herself, Selina is shocked and unclear of whether she and Bruce are in a relationship or not. After trying to help Bruce and Alfred break into a Court building, they are assisted by Selina's long\-lost mother. Although Selina's mother seems to want to reconnect with her daughter, Selina later discovers that her mother only returned to extort money from Bruce Wayne. Selina then tearfully tells her mother to never return to Gotham. Selina gets mad at Bruce once she finds out he kept it from her. Later, however, Selina and Bruce show some signs of reconciling.
Upon her latest encounter with Subject 514A and being surprised that Bruce is not in Gotham City, Selina tries to warn Alfred only to be pushed out the window by 514A. The stray cats then swarm over her body. Her body was found by the police and was taken to the hospital. Thanks to Ivy Pepper's plants, Selina recovered and plans to go to Wayne Manor to get revenge on Subject 514A. Even though she and Alfred fail to defeat Subject 514A, Selina wasn't interested in helping Alfred find Bruce.
After her friendship with Bruce is strained during the chaos caused by Alice Tetch Virus and Alfred getting stabbed, Selina meets up with Tabitha Galavan where she tests her talents on Tabitha's whip upon telling Tabitha that she is "done just surviving". Eventually, Selina and Tabitha work for a revived Barbara Kean after she made amends with them even when Barbara aligns herself with Sofia Falcone. Though she reconciles with Bruce, Selina is later shot in the waist by Jeremiah Valeska, leaving her with a severed spine. When Gotham City becomes a no man's land, Bruce convinces Alfred to go with Selina to oversee her recovery.
Many days later, Selina has undergone an operation to keep her spine from collapsing. After an attempt to take her life is thwarted by the doctors, Bruce takes the advice of a nurse to seek out "the witch" as he asks where to find her. Selina gets healed and later assists Bruce and Gordon in their fight against Jeremiah Valeska and Delta Force. She is saddened by Bruce's decision to leave the city soon afterward.
Ten years later, Selina has become a jewel thief. She attends the opening of the new Wayne Tower and drags Barbara into subduing Riddler, who has been manipulated by Jeremiah to bomb the building. Later that night, Selina has an emotional exchange with Bruce, whom she deeply misses, in his first outing as Batman. Before leaving, Batman advises Selina to return a diamond she had stolen. After he leaves, Selina mutters "like hell."
|
[
"### Selina Kyle",
"{{Overly detailed\\|section\\|date\\=May 2019}}\n{{Main\\|Selina Kyle (Gotham character)}}\n[thumb\\|right\\|upright\\|Camren Bicondova](/wiki/File:Camren_Bicondova_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg \"Camren Bicondova by Gage Skidmore.jpg\")\n**Selina Kyle** (portrayed by [Camren Bicondova](/wiki/Camren_Bicondova \"Camren Bicondova\"); season 1–5; [Lili Simmons](/wiki/Lili_Simmons \"Lili Simmons\") in \"The Beginning...\") is a young street orphan and skilled thief who was a childhood friend of Bridget Pike. Since witnessing the murders of Thomas and Martha Wayne while memorizing what the murderer looked like without the mask, Cat has been lingering around the borders of Wayne Manor which leads to her befriending Bruce Wayne. Cat also has connections with Ivy Pepper and later befriends Barbara Kean. During the gang war between Carmine Falcone and Sal Maroni, Selina is among the street children recruited into Fish Mooney's gang. When it came to Oswald Cobblepot's fight with Fish Mooney, Selina disappeared during the conflict.",
"She later appears as part of Cobblepot's gang and develops a rivalry with Silver St. Cloud for the affection of Bruce. Selina later helps Bruce to expose Silver and find a hint to who killed his parents while also helping to rescue Bruce from the Order of St. Dumas. She allowed Bruce to live on the streets with her for a while until Gordon ended up on the lam and played a part in Edward Nygma's arrest. When Bruce decided to go back home, Selina to storm out in anger. Selina later infiltrated Arkham Asylum to find Hugo Strange's experiments and a newly reformed Pike, calling herself Firefly, after being told about her survival by Bruce. Selina later asks to be Firefly's servant and is released later from Arkham after freeing Gordon, Bruce, and Lucius.",
"Selina is later shown to have re\\-aligned with Fish Mooney following her revival. When one of Fish Mooney's minions catches Ivy, Selina tries to intervene which led to her witnessing Fish Mooney's minion Marv touching Ivy prior to her falling into the river.",
"Unable to get Bruce's help to find Ivy, Selina is approached by James Gordon if she knows any info about Alice Tetch. She did tell him that she was a one\\-time member of Fish Mooney's latest gang before she parted ways with her. Later on, she encounters Subject 514A who was posing as Bruce Wayne. While suspicious about Bruce Wayne's look\\-a\\-like, Selina decides to go out to dinner with him. Eventually, after 514A saves Selina after she fails to rob a bar, she sees 514A's scars and realizes he isn't Bruce. 514A explains the situation, and Selina tells him he's more normal than Bruce. With that, 514A kisses Selina and the two part ways. Later, while Selina is stealing wallets at the Penguin's party, she encounters an older Ivy, though she doesn't recognize her. After Bruce confesses his feelings for her, Selina kisses him. Once Ivy reveals herself, Selina is shocked and unclear of whether she and Bruce are in a relationship or not. After trying to help Bruce and Alfred break into a Court building, they are assisted by Selina's long\\-lost mother. Although Selina's mother seems to want to reconnect with her daughter, Selina later discovers that her mother only returned to extort money from Bruce Wayne. Selina then tearfully tells her mother to never return to Gotham. Selina gets mad at Bruce once she finds out he kept it from her. Later, however, Selina and Bruce show some signs of reconciling.",
"Upon her latest encounter with Subject 514A and being surprised that Bruce is not in Gotham City, Selina tries to warn Alfred only to be pushed out the window by 514A. The stray cats then swarm over her body. Her body was found by the police and was taken to the hospital. Thanks to Ivy Pepper's plants, Selina recovered and plans to go to Wayne Manor to get revenge on Subject 514A. Even though she and Alfred fail to defeat Subject 514A, Selina wasn't interested in helping Alfred find Bruce.",
"After her friendship with Bruce is strained during the chaos caused by Alice Tetch Virus and Alfred getting stabbed, Selina meets up with Tabitha Galavan where she tests her talents on Tabitha's whip upon telling Tabitha that she is \"done just surviving\". Eventually, Selina and Tabitha work for a revived Barbara Kean after she made amends with them even when Barbara aligns herself with Sofia Falcone. Though she reconciles with Bruce, Selina is later shot in the waist by Jeremiah Valeska, leaving her with a severed spine. When Gotham City becomes a no man's land, Bruce convinces Alfred to go with Selina to oversee her recovery.",
"Many days later, Selina has undergone an operation to keep her spine from collapsing. After an attempt to take her life is thwarted by the doctors, Bruce takes the advice of a nurse to seek out \"the witch\" as he asks where to find her. Selina gets healed and later assists Bruce and Gordon in their fight against Jeremiah Valeska and Delta Force. She is saddened by Bruce's decision to leave the city soon afterward.",
"Ten years later, Selina has become a jewel thief. She attends the opening of the new Wayne Tower and drags Barbara into subduing Riddler, who has been manipulated by Jeremiah to bomb the building. Later that night, Selina has an emotional exchange with Bruce, whom she deeply misses, in his first outing as Batman. Before leaving, Batman advises Selina to return a diamond she had stolen. After he leaves, Selina mutters \"like hell.\"",
""
] |
### Edward Nygma / Riddler
{{Overly detailed\|section\|date\=May 2019}}
[thumb\|right\|upright\|Cory Michael Smith](/wiki/File:Cory_Michael_Smith_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg "Cory Michael Smith by Gage Skidmore.jpg")
**Edward "Ed" Nygma** (portrayed by [Cory Michael Smith](/wiki/Cory_Michael_Smith "Cory Michael Smith"); season 1–5\) is a [forensics](/wiki/Forensic_science "Forensic science") operative who works for the Gotham City Police Department and often presents his information in riddles. He initially starts off as an awkward but intelligent man with an unrequited crush on archivist Kristen Kringle. After being constantly mistreated by his fellow co\-workers, he murders a fellow officer named Tom, Kringle's abusive boyfriend, which causes him to suffer a mental breakdown that results in a second personality.{{cite web\|url\=https://hollywoodreporter.com/live\-feed/foxs\-gotham\-promotes\-three\-series\-703147\|title\=Fox's 'Gotham' Promotes Three to Series Regular\|last\=Goldberg\|first\=Lesley\|work\=\[\[The Hollywood Reporter]]\|date\=May 12, 2014\|access\-date\=May 12, 2014}} He eventually became Kristen's boyfriend, but after revealing the truth of his murder to Kringle, he accidentally strangles her in an attempt to stop her from calling the police. Following this, his [narcissistic](/wiki/Narcissistic_personality_disorder "Narcissistic personality disorder") dark side manipulates him, eventually taking over. While burying her body in the woods, a passerby approaches and interferes, whom Nygma kills. After finding him in the woods hiding from Theo Galavan, Nygma allows Oswald Cobblepot to live with him, later assisting him in healing Gordon.
Nygma later figures out Gordon's hand in Theo Galavan's death and orchestrates his arrest by framing him for the death of Carl Pinkney. During a confrontation with Gordon at the spot where Kristin Kringle was buried, Nygma's plot was exposed with Nathaniel Barnes and the other police officers nearby. Nygma is arrested by the police and remanded to Arkham Asylum. After he investigates and finds out who Hugo Strange is and his experiments, Nygma briefly escapes but is caught and recaptured after a brief encounter with Selina. He later aids Hugo Strange in interrogating Bruce Wayne and Lucius Fox but was re\-incarcerated afterwards.
Six months later, Oswald has him declared sane and has him released from Arkham Asylum so that he can help Penguin become mayor. Nygma buys back the money that Butch was bribing people with in order to vote for Oswald, in order to prove a point that the people of Gotham loved him regardless. Later, Nygma meets and becomes infatuated with a woman striking the resemblance to Kringle and also likes riddles named Isabella. After forming a relationship with her, Oswald, who secretly harbors feelings for Nygma, orders Gabriel to cut the brakes off of Isabella's car, killing her. After Nygma is informed by Barbara of Oswald's romantic feelings for him, he discovers that he indeed killed Isabella. Nygma then forms a partnership with Barbara, Tabitha, and Butch to destroy everything Penguin loves, and after breaking his sanity and destroying his reputation, Nygma shoots Oswald in the harbor docks, although Oswald claims to love Nygma still, and Nygma is nothing without him. Nygma then begins a killing spree in order to prove his superiority, taking pills that cause him to hallucinate Oswald, before taking the moniker of the Riddler.
In order to get the Court of Owls to reveal themselves, the Riddler takes Mayor Aubrey James captive. Meeting with Gordon at the police station, Riddler agrees to Gordon's terms to accompany him. When on a road, Riddler agrees to go along with Kathryn and the Talon after Kathryn referenced the fact that Hugo Strange left Riddler's "who actually runs Gotham" question. As the Talon loads Nygma into the car, Kathryn tells Gordon that they'll find a use for Riddler before departing. Nygma later discovered that Oswald Cobblepot is his neighbouring prisoner. Both of them work together to escape from their prison.
At the conclusion of the chaos caused by the Alice Tetch Virus, Oswald outsmarts Riddler and has Victor Fries use his freeze gun on him, in order to use his frozen body as the centerpiece of his Iceberg Lounge and as a reminder to never let love be his downfall again.
Riddler is later freed by a woman named Myrtle Jenkins who tries to get him back to good health, only to discover he has become mentally impaired after being frozen. After knocking Myrtle out, Riddler leaves her apartment and heads out to plan revenge on Oswald. Due to his brain still recovering from the ice, Riddler was unable to do his usual riddles on Oswald who ended up sparing Riddler from Victor Fries. Riddler later encountered Butch Gilzean, now known as Solomon Grundy. Nygma has Grundy accompany him to a nearby club, using him as the champion of The Narrows.
When Selina captures Nygma, under orders by Oswald, Leslie Thompkins suggests pitting the champions of both sides against each other for the fate of Edward Nygma. Tabitha wins, only for Firefly to crash the fight to finish the job that Oswald Cobblepot gave her. While Solomon Grundy was having his wounds tended to, Nygma suggests to Leslie that she takes the position as Queen of the Narrows.
Nygma goes on to become Thompkins right\-hand, where he falls in love with her, before she eventually reveals that his intelligence has already returned. This causes the return of Nygma's alternate Riddler personality, who causes problems for Nygma, causing him to resort to suicide by hanging before opting to return to Arkham. As he contemplates signing the papers, a delighted Oswald reveals that he sent a letter to him hoping the Riddler would read it and Nygma would return to Arkham. He adds that he can truly see who he is and finally calls him Riddler, allowing Riddler to take over Nygma.
When Gotham City becomes a no man's land, Riddler ends up in a mutual stabbing with Leslie Thompkins. Their bodies are found by Oswald's men as Hugo Strange is instructed to work on them.
In season five, Riddler begins waking multiple times, unaware of previous events, hoping to discover what Edward was up to. It was revealed that Nyssa Al Ghul had Hugo Strange place a control chip in Riddler's brain, causing him to do orders such as blow up Haven, until it was fried by Gordon using a respirator. Riddler then helps Bruce, Alfred, Barbara, and Lucius reclaim the Gotham City Police Department in a hazmat suit, doing a bomb ruse where the code is provided by the answer to how many times a [Pallid beach mouse](/wiki/Pallid_beach_mouse "Pallid beach mouse") can give birth in a year. He later teams up with Oswald and Barbara to construct a submarine in order to escape Gotham, before instead to choosing to assist Gordon in fending off Bane and his men.
10 years later, in the series finale, he is sprung from Arkham Asylum by Jerimiah Valeska, assuming it to be Cobblepot, and proceeds to capture Mayor Aubrey James in order to detonate the newly rebuilt Wayne Tower. He and Oswald are ultimately captured by Bruce Wayne in his first outing as Batman and left for the police. After escaping a prisoner transport van, Riddler and Penguin see their new adversary using a grappling hook to glide between rooftops and plan to get revenge tomorrow.
|
[
"### Edward Nygma / Riddler",
"{{Overly detailed\\|section\\|date\\=May 2019}}\n[thumb\\|right\\|upright\\|Cory Michael Smith](/wiki/File:Cory_Michael_Smith_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg \"Cory Michael Smith by Gage Skidmore.jpg\")\n**Edward \"Ed\" Nygma** (portrayed by [Cory Michael Smith](/wiki/Cory_Michael_Smith \"Cory Michael Smith\"); season 1–5\\) is a [forensics](/wiki/Forensic_science \"Forensic science\") operative who works for the Gotham City Police Department and often presents his information in riddles. He initially starts off as an awkward but intelligent man with an unrequited crush on archivist Kristen Kringle. After being constantly mistreated by his fellow co\\-workers, he murders a fellow officer named Tom, Kringle's abusive boyfriend, which causes him to suffer a mental breakdown that results in a second personality.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://hollywoodreporter.com/live\\-feed/foxs\\-gotham\\-promotes\\-three\\-series\\-703147\\|title\\=Fox's 'Gotham' Promotes Three to Series Regular\\|last\\=Goldberg\\|first\\=Lesley\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Hollywood Reporter]]\\|date\\=May 12, 2014\\|access\\-date\\=May 12, 2014}} He eventually became Kristen's boyfriend, but after revealing the truth of his murder to Kringle, he accidentally strangles her in an attempt to stop her from calling the police. Following this, his [narcissistic](/wiki/Narcissistic_personality_disorder \"Narcissistic personality disorder\") dark side manipulates him, eventually taking over. While burying her body in the woods, a passerby approaches and interferes, whom Nygma kills. After finding him in the woods hiding from Theo Galavan, Nygma allows Oswald Cobblepot to live with him, later assisting him in healing Gordon.",
"Nygma later figures out Gordon's hand in Theo Galavan's death and orchestrates his arrest by framing him for the death of Carl Pinkney. During a confrontation with Gordon at the spot where Kristin Kringle was buried, Nygma's plot was exposed with Nathaniel Barnes and the other police officers nearby. Nygma is arrested by the police and remanded to Arkham Asylum. After he investigates and finds out who Hugo Strange is and his experiments, Nygma briefly escapes but is caught and recaptured after a brief encounter with Selina. He later aids Hugo Strange in interrogating Bruce Wayne and Lucius Fox but was re\\-incarcerated afterwards.",
"Six months later, Oswald has him declared sane and has him released from Arkham Asylum so that he can help Penguin become mayor. Nygma buys back the money that Butch was bribing people with in order to vote for Oswald, in order to prove a point that the people of Gotham loved him regardless. Later, Nygma meets and becomes infatuated with a woman striking the resemblance to Kringle and also likes riddles named Isabella. After forming a relationship with her, Oswald, who secretly harbors feelings for Nygma, orders Gabriel to cut the brakes off of Isabella's car, killing her. After Nygma is informed by Barbara of Oswald's romantic feelings for him, he discovers that he indeed killed Isabella. Nygma then forms a partnership with Barbara, Tabitha, and Butch to destroy everything Penguin loves, and after breaking his sanity and destroying his reputation, Nygma shoots Oswald in the harbor docks, although Oswald claims to love Nygma still, and Nygma is nothing without him. Nygma then begins a killing spree in order to prove his superiority, taking pills that cause him to hallucinate Oswald, before taking the moniker of the Riddler.",
"In order to get the Court of Owls to reveal themselves, the Riddler takes Mayor Aubrey James captive. Meeting with Gordon at the police station, Riddler agrees to Gordon's terms to accompany him. When on a road, Riddler agrees to go along with Kathryn and the Talon after Kathryn referenced the fact that Hugo Strange left Riddler's \"who actually runs Gotham\" question. As the Talon loads Nygma into the car, Kathryn tells Gordon that they'll find a use for Riddler before departing. Nygma later discovered that Oswald Cobblepot is his neighbouring prisoner. Both of them work together to escape from their prison.",
"At the conclusion of the chaos caused by the Alice Tetch Virus, Oswald outsmarts Riddler and has Victor Fries use his freeze gun on him, in order to use his frozen body as the centerpiece of his Iceberg Lounge and as a reminder to never let love be his downfall again.",
"Riddler is later freed by a woman named Myrtle Jenkins who tries to get him back to good health, only to discover he has become mentally impaired after being frozen. After knocking Myrtle out, Riddler leaves her apartment and heads out to plan revenge on Oswald. Due to his brain still recovering from the ice, Riddler was unable to do his usual riddles on Oswald who ended up sparing Riddler from Victor Fries. Riddler later encountered Butch Gilzean, now known as Solomon Grundy. Nygma has Grundy accompany him to a nearby club, using him as the champion of The Narrows.",
"When Selina captures Nygma, under orders by Oswald, Leslie Thompkins suggests pitting the champions of both sides against each other for the fate of Edward Nygma. Tabitha wins, only for Firefly to crash the fight to finish the job that Oswald Cobblepot gave her. While Solomon Grundy was having his wounds tended to, Nygma suggests to Leslie that she takes the position as Queen of the Narrows.",
"Nygma goes on to become Thompkins right\\-hand, where he falls in love with her, before she eventually reveals that his intelligence has already returned. This causes the return of Nygma's alternate Riddler personality, who causes problems for Nygma, causing him to resort to suicide by hanging before opting to return to Arkham. As he contemplates signing the papers, a delighted Oswald reveals that he sent a letter to him hoping the Riddler would read it and Nygma would return to Arkham. He adds that he can truly see who he is and finally calls him Riddler, allowing Riddler to take over Nygma.",
"When Gotham City becomes a no man's land, Riddler ends up in a mutual stabbing with Leslie Thompkins. Their bodies are found by Oswald's men as Hugo Strange is instructed to work on them.",
"In season five, Riddler begins waking multiple times, unaware of previous events, hoping to discover what Edward was up to. It was revealed that Nyssa Al Ghul had Hugo Strange place a control chip in Riddler's brain, causing him to do orders such as blow up Haven, until it was fried by Gordon using a respirator. Riddler then helps Bruce, Alfred, Barbara, and Lucius reclaim the Gotham City Police Department in a hazmat suit, doing a bomb ruse where the code is provided by the answer to how many times a [Pallid beach mouse](/wiki/Pallid_beach_mouse \"Pallid beach mouse\") can give birth in a year. He later teams up with Oswald and Barbara to construct a submarine in order to escape Gotham, before instead to choosing to assist Gordon in fending off Bane and his men.",
"10 years later, in the series finale, he is sprung from Arkham Asylum by Jerimiah Valeska, assuming it to be Cobblepot, and proceeds to capture Mayor Aubrey James in order to detonate the newly rebuilt Wayne Tower. He and Oswald are ultimately captured by Bruce Wayne in his first outing as Batman and left for the police. After escaping a prisoner transport van, Riddler and Penguin see their new adversary using a grappling hook to glide between rooftops and plan to get revenge tomorrow.",
""
] |
### Leslie Thompkins
{{Main\|Leslie Thompkins}}
[thumb\|right\|upright\|Morena Baccarin](/wiki/File:Morena_Baccarin_by_Gage_Skidmore_3.jpg "Morena Baccarin by Gage Skidmore 3.jpg")
**Leslie "Lee" Thompkins** (portrayed by [Morena Baccarin](/wiki/Morena_Baccarin "Morena Baccarin"); main: season 2–5; recurring: season 1\) is a [physician](/wiki/Physician "Physician") at [Arkham Asylum](/wiki/Arkham_Asylum "Arkham Asylum") who works in the female ward. After enlisting as a medical examiner at Gotham City Police Department, she enters into a relationship with James Gordon.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.avclub.com/article/morena\-baccarin\-joins\-gotham\-dr\-leslie\-thompkins\-210839\|title\=Morena Baccarin joins Gotham as Dr. Leslie Thompkins\|publisher\=The Onion\|last1\=Hughes\|first1\=William\|work\=The A.V. Club\|date\=October 22, 2014 \|access\-date\=October 22, 2014}}{{cite web\|url\=http://tvline.com/2015/05/11/gotham\-season\-2\-morena\-baccarin\-series\-regular\-cast\|title\=Gotham Promotes Morena Baccarin to Series Regular in season 2\|last\=Ausiello\|first\=Michael\|date\=May 11, 2015\|publisher\=TVLine\|access\-date\=May 13, 2015\|archive\-date\=May 13, 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150513062442/http://tvline.com/2015/05/11/gotham\-season\-2\-morena\-baccarin\-series\-regular\-cast/\|url\-status\=dead}} Proving herself an observant and energetic partner at the GCPD, she often persists in trying to keep actively involved as a means to further Jim's work, making him uncomfortable with potentially endangering her as with Barbara following Cobblepot's return. She is later revealed to be pregnant and Jim proposes to her after Theo Galavan's death. At the time when Gordon was incarcerated at Blackgate, he learned from Harvey that Leslie miscarried and that she went south.
When Gordon tracks down Leslie outside of Gotham City in order to repair their relationship. However, he discovers that she is engaged to Mario Calvi, the son of the former crime lord Carmine Falcone. However, Gordon made peace with it by the time Leslie returned to Gotham with Mario. Gordon and Leslie reconciled after Gordon gave his best wishes to Mario. She and Valerie Vale were eventually kidnapped by Jervis Tetch as part of his revenge against Jim Gordon. Tetch then forced Gordon to choose between Lee or Valerie being killed, and after Gordon chooses Lee to be killed, Tetch shoots Valerie instead. It is implied that Gordon knew Tetch would shoot Valerie instead of Lee; as he is still in love with the latter. It is also implied that Lee is still in love with Gordon, despite her being in engaged to Mario Calvi. However, after Mario is infected by the Tetch Virus and shot dead by Gordon, she begins to grow hostile towards Gordon due to grief and rage (mainly because Leslie is unwilling/refuses to accept the truth; that Mario tried to kill her when he was infected by Alice Tetch's blood) by doing everything she can to make Gordon uncomfortable.
Due to Gordon refusing to tell her about what's happening in Gotham out of fear that the Court of Owls will take action, Leslie resigns from the police department. She later takes a sample of Alice Tetch's blood that Hugo Strange gave James Gordon and injects herself with it. She was eventually cured along with Gordon. She then left Gotham, leaving behind a note saying that while she's not sure if Gotham deserves to be saved, Leslie does have hope that Gordon would save the city before reaffirming her love for him.
Leslie later appeared at Cherry's fight club working as its doctor when she is called to tend to the burns on Solomon Grundy. She does agree to a partnership with Edward Nygma in order to help her side\-job. At the time when Barbara Kean, Tabitha Galavan, and Selina Kyle arrived at Cherry's fight club to look for Edward Nygma, Leslie was approached by Barbara Kean where Leslie is not pleased with her appearance. She also stated that she doesn't know who Jim is. When Selina Kyle manages to catch Edward Nygma while Barbara Kean and Tabitha Galavan were busy with their side\-agendas, Leslie Thompkins suggested a "Code of the Narrows" to pit the champions of both sides against each other for the fate of Edward Nygma. When Firefly crashes the fight to finish the job that Oswald Cobblepot gave her, Riddler witnessed Leslie disabling Firefly and Barbara shooting Cherry. While Solomon Grundy was having his wounds tended to, Nygma suggests to Leslie that she takes the position that Cherry had. Leslie takes that suggestion and her first decree was "drinks on the house".
Leslie later solves some issues with the inhabitants of the Narrows like dealing with competitive street businesses and even uses mixed medicines and an antidote to get Sampson out of the southern parts of the Narrows.
When Gotham City becomes a no man's land, Leslie Thompkins ends up in a mutual stabbing with Riddler. Their bodies are found by Penguin's men as Hugo Strange is instructed to work on them.
In season five, Delta Force found Leslie Thompkins in a hideaway in the North Side of Gotham as Eduardo Dorrance plans to use her as a bargaining chip for Riddler. While Gordon fought Eduardo, she shot the soldier that tried to kill her. It was discovered that the same control chip used in Riddler was also in Leslie when Theresa Walker triggered it. Gordon struck the area with an electrical lamp snapping Leslie out of the mind\-control.
10 years later, Leslie is still married to Gordon. She later helps in disarming the bombs that would detonate the newly rebuilt Wayne Tower.
{{clear}}
|
[
"### Leslie Thompkins",
"{{Main\\|Leslie Thompkins}}\n[thumb\\|right\\|upright\\|Morena Baccarin](/wiki/File:Morena_Baccarin_by_Gage_Skidmore_3.jpg \"Morena Baccarin by Gage Skidmore 3.jpg\")\n**Leslie \"Lee\" Thompkins** (portrayed by [Morena Baccarin](/wiki/Morena_Baccarin \"Morena Baccarin\"); main: season 2–5; recurring: season 1\\) is a [physician](/wiki/Physician \"Physician\") at [Arkham Asylum](/wiki/Arkham_Asylum \"Arkham Asylum\") who works in the female ward. After enlisting as a medical examiner at Gotham City Police Department, she enters into a relationship with James Gordon.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.avclub.com/article/morena\\-baccarin\\-joins\\-gotham\\-dr\\-leslie\\-thompkins\\-210839\\|title\\=Morena Baccarin joins Gotham as Dr. Leslie Thompkins\\|publisher\\=The Onion\\|last1\\=Hughes\\|first1\\=William\\|work\\=The A.V. Club\\|date\\=October 22, 2014 \\|access\\-date\\=October 22, 2014}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://tvline.com/2015/05/11/gotham\\-season\\-2\\-morena\\-baccarin\\-series\\-regular\\-cast\\|title\\=Gotham Promotes Morena Baccarin to Series Regular in season 2\\|last\\=Ausiello\\|first\\=Michael\\|date\\=May 11, 2015\\|publisher\\=TVLine\\|access\\-date\\=May 13, 2015\\|archive\\-date\\=May 13, 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150513062442/http://tvline.com/2015/05/11/gotham\\-season\\-2\\-morena\\-baccarin\\-series\\-regular\\-cast/\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} Proving herself an observant and energetic partner at the GCPD, she often persists in trying to keep actively involved as a means to further Jim's work, making him uncomfortable with potentially endangering her as with Barbara following Cobblepot's return. She is later revealed to be pregnant and Jim proposes to her after Theo Galavan's death. At the time when Gordon was incarcerated at Blackgate, he learned from Harvey that Leslie miscarried and that she went south.",
"When Gordon tracks down Leslie outside of Gotham City in order to repair their relationship. However, he discovers that she is engaged to Mario Calvi, the son of the former crime lord Carmine Falcone. However, Gordon made peace with it by the time Leslie returned to Gotham with Mario. Gordon and Leslie reconciled after Gordon gave his best wishes to Mario. She and Valerie Vale were eventually kidnapped by Jervis Tetch as part of his revenge against Jim Gordon. Tetch then forced Gordon to choose between Lee or Valerie being killed, and after Gordon chooses Lee to be killed, Tetch shoots Valerie instead. It is implied that Gordon knew Tetch would shoot Valerie instead of Lee; as he is still in love with the latter. It is also implied that Lee is still in love with Gordon, despite her being in engaged to Mario Calvi. However, after Mario is infected by the Tetch Virus and shot dead by Gordon, she begins to grow hostile towards Gordon due to grief and rage (mainly because Leslie is unwilling/refuses to accept the truth; that Mario tried to kill her when he was infected by Alice Tetch's blood) by doing everything she can to make Gordon uncomfortable.",
"Due to Gordon refusing to tell her about what's happening in Gotham out of fear that the Court of Owls will take action, Leslie resigns from the police department. She later takes a sample of Alice Tetch's blood that Hugo Strange gave James Gordon and injects herself with it. She was eventually cured along with Gordon. She then left Gotham, leaving behind a note saying that while she's not sure if Gotham deserves to be saved, Leslie does have hope that Gordon would save the city before reaffirming her love for him.",
"Leslie later appeared at Cherry's fight club working as its doctor when she is called to tend to the burns on Solomon Grundy. She does agree to a partnership with Edward Nygma in order to help her side\\-job. At the time when Barbara Kean, Tabitha Galavan, and Selina Kyle arrived at Cherry's fight club to look for Edward Nygma, Leslie was approached by Barbara Kean where Leslie is not pleased with her appearance. She also stated that she doesn't know who Jim is. When Selina Kyle manages to catch Edward Nygma while Barbara Kean and Tabitha Galavan were busy with their side\\-agendas, Leslie Thompkins suggested a \"Code of the Narrows\" to pit the champions of both sides against each other for the fate of Edward Nygma. When Firefly crashes the fight to finish the job that Oswald Cobblepot gave her, Riddler witnessed Leslie disabling Firefly and Barbara shooting Cherry. While Solomon Grundy was having his wounds tended to, Nygma suggests to Leslie that she takes the position that Cherry had. Leslie takes that suggestion and her first decree was \"drinks on the house\".",
"Leslie later solves some issues with the inhabitants of the Narrows like dealing with competitive street businesses and even uses mixed medicines and an antidote to get Sampson out of the southern parts of the Narrows.",
"When Gotham City becomes a no man's land, Leslie Thompkins ends up in a mutual stabbing with Riddler. Their bodies are found by Penguin's men as Hugo Strange is instructed to work on them.",
"In season five, Delta Force found Leslie Thompkins in a hideaway in the North Side of Gotham as Eduardo Dorrance plans to use her as a bargaining chip for Riddler. While Gordon fought Eduardo, she shot the soldier that tried to kill her. It was discovered that the same control chip used in Riddler was also in Leslie when Theresa Walker triggered it. Gordon struck the area with an electrical lamp snapping Leslie out of the mind\\-control.",
"10 years later, Leslie is still married to Gordon. She later helps in disarming the bombs that would detonate the newly rebuilt Wayne Tower.\n{{clear}}",
""
] |
### Tabitha Galavan
[thumb\|right\|upright\|Jessica Lucas](/wiki/File:Jessica_Lucas_WonderCon_2013.jpg "Jessica Lucas WonderCon 2013.jpg")
**Tabitha Galavan (**portrayed by [Jessica Lucas](/wiki/Jessica_Lucas "Jessica Lucas"); seasons 2–5\) is Theo Galavan's whip\-wielding, violent, loyal sister and the step\-aunt of Silver St. Cloud.{{cite web\|url\=http://tvline.com/2015/06/26/gotham\-season\-2\-tigress\-cast\-jessica\-lucas\|title\=Exclusive Gotham Season 2 Casts Jessica Lucas as the Bullwhip\-Cracking Tigress\|author\=Matt Webb Mitovich\|work\=tvline.com\|date\=June 26, 2015\|access\-date\=June 27, 2015\|archive\-date\=December 5, 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151205163430/http://tvline.com/2015/06/26/gotham\-season\-2\-tigress\-cast\-jessica\-lucas/\|url\-status\=dead}} She serves as her brother's henchwoman and lead enforcer who gets pleasure from causing mayhem even when it comes to making sure that none of the criminal activities is traced back to her brother, with whom she enjoys an unhealthy relationship. She always wears a cover over her nose and mouth to avoid being identified. She even develops a relationship with Barbara Kean and found a way to reprogram Butch Gilzean to serve Theo. During the fight between Gordon and Kean, Tabitha was shot in the shoulder and managed to escape. When it comes to the battle between Oswald Cobbleport's group and the Order of St. Dumas, Tabitha turns against Theo telling him he has lost and that she needs to look out for herself as she escapes with Silver.
Four weeks later, Tabitha visits Butch Gilzean and becomes his partner while starting a relationship with her. After the warrior Azrael is revealed to be the resurrected Theo Galavan, Tabitha teams up with Gordon and Bullock to find him. After helping Theo regain some of his memory, Theo remembers his mission and stabs Tabitha, resulting in her being hospitalised.
Six weeks after the Indian Hill incident, Tabitha and Barbara started a club called Sirens Nightclub. After Butch was exposed by Edward Nygma as the leader of the new Red Hood gang, Tabitha broke him out of the prison transport bus and took him to a safe house.
After Barbara killed Butch Gilzean, Tabitha fought Barbara at her safe house which ended with Barbara getting electrocuted. Later on, she is approached by Selina Kyle where she states to Tabitha that she is done surviving. Before they begin to work together, Tabitha does allow Selina to test her abilities with her whip.
Tabitha and Selina end up aligning with a revived Barbara. At the time when Barbara, Tabitha, and Selina were sent to Cherry's fight club to find Edward Nygma, Tabitha found Butch Gilzean having transformed into Solomon Grundy where he barely remembers her. When Leslie Thompkins calls for the "Code of the Narrows" upon Selina apprehending Nygma, Tabitha (referred to as [The Tigress](/wiki/Tigress_%28DC_Comics%29 "Tigress (DC Comics)")) is paired up against Solomon Grundy where the fight doesn't go well. Firefly crashes the fight to finish the job that Oswald Cobblepot gave her. Tabitha then witnessed Leslie disabling Firefly and Barbara shooting Cherry. Tabitha, Barbara, and Selina later abduct Sofia Falcone upon thinking that she was friends with Cobblepot until she states that she is against Cobblepot. After Victor Zsasz destroys Barbara's club, Tabitha was present when Barbara sides with Sofia Falcone.
Tabitha hears about what happened to Selina Kyle as she assists Barbara, Alfred, and Penguin into fighting Jeremiah Valeska and Ra's al Ghul's men. When Gotham City becomes a no man's land, she finds that Butch is restored. However, Penguin kills him as part of his revenge on Tabitha for what she did to his mother and then shoots her in the leg. When Barbara hears from Tabitha what happened to Butch, they make their territory a female\-only territory as they kill the males that were with Ra's al Ghul.
Many days later, Tabitha begins her plot to get revenge on Penguin where she ambushes him and his men in the Lo Boyz' territory. Due to a misfired gun, Tabitha is stabbed by Penguin as Barbara arrives. Her final words before succumbing to her wound are "Barbara don't." This causes Barbara to plan revenge on Penguin.
{{clear}}
|
[
"### Tabitha Galavan",
"[thumb\\|right\\|upright\\|Jessica Lucas](/wiki/File:Jessica_Lucas_WonderCon_2013.jpg \"Jessica Lucas WonderCon 2013.jpg\")\n**Tabitha Galavan (**portrayed by [Jessica Lucas](/wiki/Jessica_Lucas \"Jessica Lucas\"); seasons 2–5\\) is Theo Galavan's whip\\-wielding, violent, loyal sister and the step\\-aunt of Silver St. Cloud.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://tvline.com/2015/06/26/gotham\\-season\\-2\\-tigress\\-cast\\-jessica\\-lucas\\|title\\=Exclusive Gotham Season 2 Casts Jessica Lucas as the Bullwhip\\-Cracking Tigress\\|author\\=Matt Webb Mitovich\\|work\\=tvline.com\\|date\\=June 26, 2015\\|access\\-date\\=June 27, 2015\\|archive\\-date\\=December 5, 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151205163430/http://tvline.com/2015/06/26/gotham\\-season\\-2\\-tigress\\-cast\\-jessica\\-lucas/\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} She serves as her brother's henchwoman and lead enforcer who gets pleasure from causing mayhem even when it comes to making sure that none of the criminal activities is traced back to her brother, with whom she enjoys an unhealthy relationship. She always wears a cover over her nose and mouth to avoid being identified. She even develops a relationship with Barbara Kean and found a way to reprogram Butch Gilzean to serve Theo. During the fight between Gordon and Kean, Tabitha was shot in the shoulder and managed to escape. When it comes to the battle between Oswald Cobbleport's group and the Order of St. Dumas, Tabitha turns against Theo telling him he has lost and that she needs to look out for herself as she escapes with Silver.",
"Four weeks later, Tabitha visits Butch Gilzean and becomes his partner while starting a relationship with her. After the warrior Azrael is revealed to be the resurrected Theo Galavan, Tabitha teams up with Gordon and Bullock to find him. After helping Theo regain some of his memory, Theo remembers his mission and stabs Tabitha, resulting in her being hospitalised.",
"Six weeks after the Indian Hill incident, Tabitha and Barbara started a club called Sirens Nightclub. After Butch was exposed by Edward Nygma as the leader of the new Red Hood gang, Tabitha broke him out of the prison transport bus and took him to a safe house.",
"After Barbara killed Butch Gilzean, Tabitha fought Barbara at her safe house which ended with Barbara getting electrocuted. Later on, she is approached by Selina Kyle where she states to Tabitha that she is done surviving. Before they begin to work together, Tabitha does allow Selina to test her abilities with her whip.",
"Tabitha and Selina end up aligning with a revived Barbara. At the time when Barbara, Tabitha, and Selina were sent to Cherry's fight club to find Edward Nygma, Tabitha found Butch Gilzean having transformed into Solomon Grundy where he barely remembers her. When Leslie Thompkins calls for the \"Code of the Narrows\" upon Selina apprehending Nygma, Tabitha (referred to as [The Tigress](/wiki/Tigress_%28DC_Comics%29 \"Tigress (DC Comics)\")) is paired up against Solomon Grundy where the fight doesn't go well. Firefly crashes the fight to finish the job that Oswald Cobblepot gave her. Tabitha then witnessed Leslie disabling Firefly and Barbara shooting Cherry. Tabitha, Barbara, and Selina later abduct Sofia Falcone upon thinking that she was friends with Cobblepot until she states that she is against Cobblepot. After Victor Zsasz destroys Barbara's club, Tabitha was present when Barbara sides with Sofia Falcone.",
"Tabitha hears about what happened to Selina Kyle as she assists Barbara, Alfred, and Penguin into fighting Jeremiah Valeska and Ra's al Ghul's men. When Gotham City becomes a no man's land, she finds that Butch is restored. However, Penguin kills him as part of his revenge on Tabitha for what she did to his mother and then shoots her in the leg. When Barbara hears from Tabitha what happened to Butch, they make their territory a female\\-only territory as they kill the males that were with Ra's al Ghul.",
"Many days later, Tabitha begins her plot to get revenge on Penguin where she ambushes him and his men in the Lo Boyz' territory. Due to a misfired gun, Tabitha is stabbed by Penguin as Barbara arrives. Her final words before succumbing to her wound are \"Barbara don't.\" This causes Barbara to plan revenge on Penguin.\n{{clear}}",
""
] |
### Butch Gilzean / Cyrus Gold / Solomon Grundy
{{Main\|Solomon Grundy (character)}}
[thumb\|right\|upright\|Drew Powell](/wiki/File:Drew_Powell_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg "Drew Powell by Gage Skidmore.jpg") **Butch Gilzean** (portrayed by [Drew Powell](/wiki/Drew_Powell_%28actor%29 "Drew Powell (actor)"); main: seasons 2–4; recurring: season 1\) is Fish Mooney's right\-hand man and [mob enforcer](/wiki/Contract_killing "Contract killing") who is the uncle of Sonny Gilzean.{{cite web\|url\=https://deadline.com/2015/07/gotham\-drew\-powell\-promoted\-regular\-season\-2\-1201486095\|title\='Gotham' Promotes Drew Powell To Regular In season 2\|author\=Nellie Andreeva\|website\=Deadline Hollywood\|date\=July 28, 2015}} Victor Zsasz brainwashed Butch into obeying Oswald Cobblepot's every command.
To infiltrate Theo Galavan's group, Cobblepot cut off Gilzean's left hand so that Gilzean would win sympathy from the Galavans, who gave Gilzean a new mallet\-shaped left hand and other attachments. Tabitha later freed Gilzean from Cobblepot's control.
Four weeks following the death of Theo Galavan, Butch Gilzean rose to power and started a relationship with Tabitha Galavan. After Azrael was revealed to be the resurrected Theo Galavan, Butch and Penguin killed Theo with an RPG. Butch and his gang later accompanied Oswald into going after Hugo Strange. After a resurrected Fish Mooney knocked out Penguin on the street, Butch and his gang fled.
During the man\-hunt for Fish Mooney, Gilzean supports Penguin's campaign by paying people to vote for him. He starts to get suspicious with Edward Nygma during his campaign. He realizes that Nygma bought back the money, but Penguin wins regardless, which causes Butch to feel left out while Penguin and Nygma start to work together more. Butch starts being the benefactor of a second version of the Red Hood gang and kills them so he can win back Penguin's approval, but Nygma later exposes him. While being transported on a prison bus, Tabitha breaks him out and takes him to a safe house.
After Isabella was murdered, Nygma put the clues together and claims to Mayor Cobblepot that Butch killed her in revenge on both of them.
As the chaos caused by the Alice Tetch Virus is winding down, Butch and Tabitha plan to dispose of Barbara Kean. During the confrontation, Barbara shoots Butch in the head. His body is reviewed by doctors and his birth name is revealed as Cyrus Gold.
When his body is dumped into Slaughter Swamp by the hospital's orderlies, chemicals associated with Indian Hill revived Cyrus Gold while regenerating his hand. The transformation also gave him super\-strength while also making him have a fear of fire. He makes his way to Gotham City and runs into Riddler who asks for his help remembering who he is. After getting a burn from one of the men he earlier attacked, Riddler takes him to Cherry's nightclub to enter him in a fight where Cherry has her latest doctor Leslie Thompkins tend to his burn. Solomon Grundy manages to win most of his death matches.
During his fight with Mr. Murder Face, Solomon Grundy started experiencing fragments of memories of his life as Butch Gilzean upon being hit in the head. At the time when Barbara Kean, Tabitha Galavan, and Selina Kyle arrived at Cherry's fight club to find Edward Nygma, Tabitha encountered Solomon Grundy where he doesn't remember him. When Selina calls for the "Code of the Narrows" while trying to apprehend Nygma, Tabitha is paired up against Solomon Grundy where the fight doesn't go well. Firefly crashes the fight to finish the job that Oswald Cobblepot gave her. Solomon Grundy prepares to attack only to be frightened by Firefly's fire attacks. After Firefly was disabled by Leslie Thompkins and Barbara Kean shot Cherry, Solomon Grundy's injuries were tended to by Leslie.
Penguin later instructs Hugo Strange to restore Butch Gilzean back to normal. While Strange was successful, Penguin kills Butch anyway as part of his revenge on Tabitha for killing his mother.
{{clear}}
|
[
"### Butch Gilzean / Cyrus Gold / Solomon Grundy",
"{{Main\\|Solomon Grundy (character)}}\n[thumb\\|right\\|upright\\|Drew Powell](/wiki/File:Drew_Powell_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg \"Drew Powell by Gage Skidmore.jpg\") **Butch Gilzean** (portrayed by [Drew Powell](/wiki/Drew_Powell_%28actor%29 \"Drew Powell (actor)\"); main: seasons 2–4; recurring: season 1\\) is Fish Mooney's right\\-hand man and [mob enforcer](/wiki/Contract_killing \"Contract killing\") who is the uncle of Sonny Gilzean.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://deadline.com/2015/07/gotham\\-drew\\-powell\\-promoted\\-regular\\-season\\-2\\-1201486095\\|title\\='Gotham' Promotes Drew Powell To Regular In season 2\\|author\\=Nellie Andreeva\\|website\\=Deadline Hollywood\\|date\\=July 28, 2015}} Victor Zsasz brainwashed Butch into obeying Oswald Cobblepot's every command.",
"To infiltrate Theo Galavan's group, Cobblepot cut off Gilzean's left hand so that Gilzean would win sympathy from the Galavans, who gave Gilzean a new mallet\\-shaped left hand and other attachments. Tabitha later freed Gilzean from Cobblepot's control.",
"Four weeks following the death of Theo Galavan, Butch Gilzean rose to power and started a relationship with Tabitha Galavan. After Azrael was revealed to be the resurrected Theo Galavan, Butch and Penguin killed Theo with an RPG. Butch and his gang later accompanied Oswald into going after Hugo Strange. After a resurrected Fish Mooney knocked out Penguin on the street, Butch and his gang fled.",
"During the man\\-hunt for Fish Mooney, Gilzean supports Penguin's campaign by paying people to vote for him. He starts to get suspicious with Edward Nygma during his campaign. He realizes that Nygma bought back the money, but Penguin wins regardless, which causes Butch to feel left out while Penguin and Nygma start to work together more. Butch starts being the benefactor of a second version of the Red Hood gang and kills them so he can win back Penguin's approval, but Nygma later exposes him. While being transported on a prison bus, Tabitha breaks him out and takes him to a safe house.",
"After Isabella was murdered, Nygma put the clues together and claims to Mayor Cobblepot that Butch killed her in revenge on both of them.",
"As the chaos caused by the Alice Tetch Virus is winding down, Butch and Tabitha plan to dispose of Barbara Kean. During the confrontation, Barbara shoots Butch in the head. His body is reviewed by doctors and his birth name is revealed as Cyrus Gold.",
"When his body is dumped into Slaughter Swamp by the hospital's orderlies, chemicals associated with Indian Hill revived Cyrus Gold while regenerating his hand. The transformation also gave him super\\-strength while also making him have a fear of fire. He makes his way to Gotham City and runs into Riddler who asks for his help remembering who he is. After getting a burn from one of the men he earlier attacked, Riddler takes him to Cherry's nightclub to enter him in a fight where Cherry has her latest doctor Leslie Thompkins tend to his burn. Solomon Grundy manages to win most of his death matches.",
"During his fight with Mr. Murder Face, Solomon Grundy started experiencing fragments of memories of his life as Butch Gilzean upon being hit in the head. At the time when Barbara Kean, Tabitha Galavan, and Selina Kyle arrived at Cherry's fight club to find Edward Nygma, Tabitha encountered Solomon Grundy where he doesn't remember him. When Selina calls for the \"Code of the Narrows\" while trying to apprehend Nygma, Tabitha is paired up against Solomon Grundy where the fight doesn't go well. Firefly crashes the fight to finish the job that Oswald Cobblepot gave her. Solomon Grundy prepares to attack only to be frightened by Firefly's fire attacks. After Firefly was disabled by Leslie Thompkins and Barbara Kean shot Cherry, Solomon Grundy's injuries were tended to by Leslie.",
"Penguin later instructs Hugo Strange to restore Butch Gilzean back to normal. While Strange was successful, Penguin kills Butch anyway as part of his revenge on Tabitha for killing his mother.\n{{clear}}",
""
] |
### Nathaniel Barnes / Executioner
[thumb\|right\|upright\|Michael Chiklis](/wiki/File:Michael_Chiklis_at_PaleyFest_2014.jpg "Michael Chiklis at PaleyFest 2014.jpg")
**Nathaniel Barnes** (portrayed by [Michael Chiklis](/wiki/Michael_Chiklis "Michael Chiklis"); season 2–3\), a tough, no\-nonsense martinet of a police captain at Gotham City Police Department after the death of Sarah Essen, he serves a strong ally to James Gordon, but will one day become Gordon's enemy.{{cite web\|url\=https://variety.com/2015/tv/news/michael\-chiklis\-cast\-gotham\-1201545334\|title\=Michael Chiklis Joins Cast of 'Gotham'\|author\=Debra Birnbaum\|work\=variety.com\|date\=July 22, 2015}} Unafraid to make such enemies, Barnes is a strict "law and order zealot". He first appears when he dismisses Officers Pollard, Guthrie, Coulson, Drowler, Brooks, and Hightower and Detective Perez for corruption, bribery, drug abuse, racketeering, and extortion. Nathaniel promotes Gordon to his second\-in\-command as they start a Strike Team made up of the graduates from the Gotham City Police Academy.
In "[Rise of the Villains: A Bitter Pill to Swallow](/wiki/Rise_of_the_Villains:A_Bitter_Pill_to_Swallow "A Bitter Pill to Swallow")", it was revealed that Nathaniel once served in the [United States Marine Corps](/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps "United States Marine Corps"). After Gordon becomes a fugitive for punching Theo Galavan in court after being found innocent, Barnes attempts to arrest Gordon after the battle with the Order of Saint Dumas but is knocked out by Cobblepot.
After Cobblepot was apprehended and backed up Gordon's claim, Barnes told Gordon not to make a fool out of him. When Jim was framed for the murder of Carl Pinkney at the hands of Edward Nygma, Barnes believed that Jim committed the crime and the judge sentenced him to Blackgate Penitentiary. After Jim was proven innocent and Nygma was arrested upon the police being in the listening distance of Nygma's confession, Barnes apologised and told Jim he owed him a favour. He also gave Jim the remaining Wayne files and Lee's number. During Azrael's attack on the Gotham City Police Department, Barnes fought Azrael on the roof which led to Azrael's mask coming off and Barnes getting stabbed by Azrael. This led to Barnes being hospitalised.
While still recuperating, Nathaniel initiates a manhunt for Fish Mooney and the Indian Hill escapees, which ends with Fish and Strange fleeing Gotham and the rest of the minions being burned to death by an angry mob.
Later, Barnes is infected with Alice Tetch's poisonous blood that dropped onto him. He then goes on a vigilante spree killing criminals until he is subjected by James Gordon and remanded to Arkham Asylum while in a straitjacket. While incarcerated at Arkham, Barnes keeps screaming "Guilty!".
Leslie Thompkins later talks to Nathaniel Barnes about the blood he is infected with that also infected Mario Calvic. Barnes calls it a gift and states that when he gets out of Arkham, he is going to bathe the corruption of Gotham City in blood, starting with Jim Gordon's.
Barnes is taken to a private lab owned by the Court of Owls where Kathryn had Hugo Strange extract Alice Tetch's poisonous blood from him. After James Gordon used Penguin to interfere with the Court of Owls' plans to use the weaponized blood on a Daughters of Gotham event, Kathryn cuts a deal with Nathaniel Barnes to dispose of Gordon. With a special outfit and an axe\-tipped glove, Nathaniel Barnes targets James Gordon. During the fight at the Gotham City Police Department, Nathaniel Barnes beheads Kathryn and has his left hand shot off by James Gordon. Even though Barnes was detained, Alvarez told Gordon and Bullock that Barnes escaped from the Arkham Asylum transport upon killing the three guards.
{{clear}}
|
[
"### Nathaniel Barnes / Executioner",
"[thumb\\|right\\|upright\\|Michael Chiklis](/wiki/File:Michael_Chiklis_at_PaleyFest_2014.jpg \"Michael Chiklis at PaleyFest 2014.jpg\")\n**Nathaniel Barnes** (portrayed by [Michael Chiklis](/wiki/Michael_Chiklis \"Michael Chiklis\"); season 2–3\\), a tough, no\\-nonsense martinet of a police captain at Gotham City Police Department after the death of Sarah Essen, he serves a strong ally to James Gordon, but will one day become Gordon's enemy.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://variety.com/2015/tv/news/michael\\-chiklis\\-cast\\-gotham\\-1201545334\\|title\\=Michael Chiklis Joins Cast of 'Gotham'\\|author\\=Debra Birnbaum\\|work\\=variety.com\\|date\\=July 22, 2015}} Unafraid to make such enemies, Barnes is a strict \"law and order zealot\". He first appears when he dismisses Officers Pollard, Guthrie, Coulson, Drowler, Brooks, and Hightower and Detective Perez for corruption, bribery, drug abuse, racketeering, and extortion. Nathaniel promotes Gordon to his second\\-in\\-command as they start a Strike Team made up of the graduates from the Gotham City Police Academy.",
"In \"[Rise of the Villains: A Bitter Pill to Swallow](/wiki/Rise_of_the_Villains:A_Bitter_Pill_to_Swallow \"A Bitter Pill to Swallow\")\", it was revealed that Nathaniel once served in the [United States Marine Corps](/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps \"United States Marine Corps\"). After Gordon becomes a fugitive for punching Theo Galavan in court after being found innocent, Barnes attempts to arrest Gordon after the battle with the Order of Saint Dumas but is knocked out by Cobblepot.",
"After Cobblepot was apprehended and backed up Gordon's claim, Barnes told Gordon not to make a fool out of him. When Jim was framed for the murder of Carl Pinkney at the hands of Edward Nygma, Barnes believed that Jim committed the crime and the judge sentenced him to Blackgate Penitentiary. After Jim was proven innocent and Nygma was arrested upon the police being in the listening distance of Nygma's confession, Barnes apologised and told Jim he owed him a favour. He also gave Jim the remaining Wayne files and Lee's number. During Azrael's attack on the Gotham City Police Department, Barnes fought Azrael on the roof which led to Azrael's mask coming off and Barnes getting stabbed by Azrael. This led to Barnes being hospitalised.",
"While still recuperating, Nathaniel initiates a manhunt for Fish Mooney and the Indian Hill escapees, which ends with Fish and Strange fleeing Gotham and the rest of the minions being burned to death by an angry mob.",
"Later, Barnes is infected with Alice Tetch's poisonous blood that dropped onto him. He then goes on a vigilante spree killing criminals until he is subjected by James Gordon and remanded to Arkham Asylum while in a straitjacket. While incarcerated at Arkham, Barnes keeps screaming \"Guilty!\".",
"Leslie Thompkins later talks to Nathaniel Barnes about the blood he is infected with that also infected Mario Calvic. Barnes calls it a gift and states that when he gets out of Arkham, he is going to bathe the corruption of Gotham City in blood, starting with Jim Gordon's.",
"Barnes is taken to a private lab owned by the Court of Owls where Kathryn had Hugo Strange extract Alice Tetch's poisonous blood from him. After James Gordon used Penguin to interfere with the Court of Owls' plans to use the weaponized blood on a Daughters of Gotham event, Kathryn cuts a deal with Nathaniel Barnes to dispose of Gordon. With a special outfit and an axe\\-tipped glove, Nathaniel Barnes targets James Gordon. During the fight at the Gotham City Police Department, Nathaniel Barnes beheads Kathryn and has his left hand shot off by James Gordon. Even though Barnes was detained, Alvarez told Gordon and Bullock that Barnes escaped from the Arkham Asylum transport upon killing the three guards.\n{{clear}}",
""
] |
### Ivy "Pamela" Pepper
{{main\|Poison Ivy (character)}}
[thumb\|216x216px\|Maggie Geha](/wiki/File:Maggie_Geha_2017.jpg "Maggie Geha 2017.jpg")
[thumb\|187x187px\|Peyton List](/wiki/File:Peyton_List_April_2014_%28close-up%29.jpg "Peyton List April 2014 (close-up).jpg")
**Ivy Pepper** (portrayed by [Clare Foley](/wiki/Clare_Foley "Clare Foley"); recurring: season 1; guest: seasons 2–3; [Maggie Geha](/wiki/Maggie_Geha "Maggie Geha"); main: season 3; guest: season 4; [Peyton List](/wiki/Peyton_List_%28actress%2C_born_1986%29 "Peyton List (actress, born 1986)"); guest: seasons 4–5\) is a young vegan girl who is the abused daughter of Mario Pepper (who was framed for the Wayne murders).{{cite web\|url\=https://www.ign.com/articles/2014/07/20/gotham\-producer\-on\-those\-joker\-rumors\-and\-why\-poison\-ivy\-is\-ivy\-pepper\|title\=Gotham Producer on Those Joker Rumors and Why Poison Ivy is Ivy Pepper\|work\=IGN\|date\=July 20, 2014 }}{{cite web\|url\=http://gothamchronicle.com/post/106575104731/teen\-runaway\-spotted\-at\-the\-flea\-ivy\-pepper\|title\=Teen Runaway Spotted at "the Flea"\|publisher\=Gotham Chronicle (viral site)\|access\-date\=August 19, 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003021428/http://gothamchronicle.com/post/106575104731/teen\-runaway\-spotted\-at\-the\-flea\-ivy\-pepper\|archive\-date\=October 3, 2015\|url\-status\=dead}} She enjoys tending to her plants.
After her mother committed suicide sometime after her father's death, Ivy is adopted by a foster family and renamed Pamela, but runs away from their home and lives on the streets while maintaining contact with Selina Kyle. Like Selina Kyle, Ivy Pepper has befriended Barbara Kean.
Ivy later works for Sonny Gilzean where she grows his "magic mushrooms" to sell on the streets.
After an encounter with a Bruce Wayne look\-a\-like, Ivy gets caught by Fish Mooney's minion Nancy while trying to warn Selina. After Selina fails to vouch for her, Ivy is then chased by Fish Mooney's minion Marv. After being briefly touched by Marv, Ivy falls into the drain pipe and is swept away by the current.
The effects of Marv's brief touch causes Ivy to turn into an adult enough to outgrow her clothes by the time she awakens on the shore of the river. She later obtains the clothes belonging to the ex\-wife of the man who found her where she knocked out offscreen for neglecting his plants.
At some point, Ivy takes refuge in an abandoned house that has a greenhouse. After Oswald Cobblepot was shot by Edward Nygma, Ivy Pepper nurses him back to good health and helps to dispose of Gabe and those who came with them by having them buried in her garden of moving plants. Ivy then persuades Oswald Cobblepot to let her help in his plans to get revenge on Edward Nygma by stating that they will need an army of freaks. The two of them managed to get Victor Fries and Bridgit Pike on their side. Upon hearing what happened to Selina Kyle, Ivy Pepper uses her special perfume to control the nurses into bringing plants into Selina's room. When Selina finally was awoken, Ivy was against her plan to go to Wayne Manor.
Following the chaos caused by the Alice Tetch Virus, Ivy Pepper assists Oswald Cobblepot in the development of the Iceberg Lounge. She starts to feel neglected and goes to an apothecary where she consumes some chemicals held in the owner's safe. She then transforms a third time and gains the ability to be more connected to plant life, with a scratch from her poisoning people and causing them to essentially become a human plant. Ivy plans to wipe out the city with her plants, but is stopped by Selina before taking off. Ivy becomes a fugitive and also becomes known as Poison Ivy.
When Gotham City is declared a "no man's land," Ivy Pepper takes refuge in Robinson Park. After she was freed from a salt trap by Bruce, Ivy stated that the plants in Robinson Park are feeding off anyone that enters. She gives Bruce a plant that successfully heals Selina's spinal injury.
Ivy later controls Victor Zsasz into wounding James Gordon. Then she brings the Mutant Leader to have a revenge match against Selina Kyle while she mesmerizes Bruce to take her to the factory that is helping to decontaminate the river so that Lucius can deactivate the machines ther. Mesmerizing a police officer, Ivy frees Zsasz to buy her some time to finish off Gordon. She fought against Lee Thompkins. Although Lee shot Ivy, she managed to get away while Zsasz was subdued by Harvey Bullock.
{{clear}}
|
[
"### Ivy \"Pamela\" Pepper",
"{{main\\|Poison Ivy (character)}}\n[thumb\\|216x216px\\|Maggie Geha](/wiki/File:Maggie_Geha_2017.jpg \"Maggie Geha 2017.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|187x187px\\|Peyton List](/wiki/File:Peyton_List_April_2014_%28close-up%29.jpg \"Peyton List April 2014 (close-up).jpg\")\n**Ivy Pepper** (portrayed by [Clare Foley](/wiki/Clare_Foley \"Clare Foley\"); recurring: season 1; guest: seasons 2–3; [Maggie Geha](/wiki/Maggie_Geha \"Maggie Geha\"); main: season 3; guest: season 4; [Peyton List](/wiki/Peyton_List_%28actress%2C_born_1986%29 \"Peyton List (actress, born 1986)\"); guest: seasons 4–5\\) is a young vegan girl who is the abused daughter of Mario Pepper (who was framed for the Wayne murders).{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.ign.com/articles/2014/07/20/gotham\\-producer\\-on\\-those\\-joker\\-rumors\\-and\\-why\\-poison\\-ivy\\-is\\-ivy\\-pepper\\|title\\=Gotham Producer on Those Joker Rumors and Why Poison Ivy is Ivy Pepper\\|work\\=IGN\\|date\\=July 20, 2014 }}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://gothamchronicle.com/post/106575104731/teen\\-runaway\\-spotted\\-at\\-the\\-flea\\-ivy\\-pepper\\|title\\=Teen Runaway Spotted at \"the Flea\"\\|publisher\\=Gotham Chronicle (viral site)\\|access\\-date\\=August 19, 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003021428/http://gothamchronicle.com/post/106575104731/teen\\-runaway\\-spotted\\-at\\-the\\-flea\\-ivy\\-pepper\\|archive\\-date\\=October 3, 2015\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} She enjoys tending to her plants.",
"After her mother committed suicide sometime after her father's death, Ivy is adopted by a foster family and renamed Pamela, but runs away from their home and lives on the streets while maintaining contact with Selina Kyle. Like Selina Kyle, Ivy Pepper has befriended Barbara Kean.",
"Ivy later works for Sonny Gilzean where she grows his \"magic mushrooms\" to sell on the streets.",
"After an encounter with a Bruce Wayne look\\-a\\-like, Ivy gets caught by Fish Mooney's minion Nancy while trying to warn Selina. After Selina fails to vouch for her, Ivy is then chased by Fish Mooney's minion Marv. After being briefly touched by Marv, Ivy falls into the drain pipe and is swept away by the current.",
"The effects of Marv's brief touch causes Ivy to turn into an adult enough to outgrow her clothes by the time she awakens on the shore of the river. She later obtains the clothes belonging to the ex\\-wife of the man who found her where she knocked out offscreen for neglecting his plants.",
"At some point, Ivy takes refuge in an abandoned house that has a greenhouse. After Oswald Cobblepot was shot by Edward Nygma, Ivy Pepper nurses him back to good health and helps to dispose of Gabe and those who came with them by having them buried in her garden of moving plants. Ivy then persuades Oswald Cobblepot to let her help in his plans to get revenge on Edward Nygma by stating that they will need an army of freaks. The two of them managed to get Victor Fries and Bridgit Pike on their side. Upon hearing what happened to Selina Kyle, Ivy Pepper uses her special perfume to control the nurses into bringing plants into Selina's room. When Selina finally was awoken, Ivy was against her plan to go to Wayne Manor.",
"Following the chaos caused by the Alice Tetch Virus, Ivy Pepper assists Oswald Cobblepot in the development of the Iceberg Lounge. She starts to feel neglected and goes to an apothecary where she consumes some chemicals held in the owner's safe. She then transforms a third time and gains the ability to be more connected to plant life, with a scratch from her poisoning people and causing them to essentially become a human plant. Ivy plans to wipe out the city with her plants, but is stopped by Selina before taking off. Ivy becomes a fugitive and also becomes known as Poison Ivy.",
"When Gotham City is declared a \"no man's land,\" Ivy Pepper takes refuge in Robinson Park. After she was freed from a salt trap by Bruce, Ivy stated that the plants in Robinson Park are feeding off anyone that enters. She gives Bruce a plant that successfully heals Selina's spinal injury.",
"Ivy later controls Victor Zsasz into wounding James Gordon. Then she brings the Mutant Leader to have a revenge match against Selina Kyle while she mesmerizes Bruce to take her to the factory that is helping to decontaminate the river so that Lucius can deactivate the machines ther. Mesmerizing a police officer, Ivy frees Zsasz to buy her some time to finish off Gordon. She fought against Lee Thompkins. Although Lee shot Ivy, she managed to get away while Zsasz was subdued by Harvey Bullock.\n{{clear}}",
""
] |
### Jervis Tetch / Mad Hatter
{{main\|Mad Hatter (DC Comics)}}
[thumb\|227x227px\|Benedict Samuel](/wiki/File:Benedict_Samuel_%2830608967915%29_%28cropped%29.jpg "Benedict Samuel (30608967915) (cropped).jpg")
**Jervis Tetch** (portrayed by [Benedict Samuel](/wiki/Benedict_Samuel "Benedict Samuel"); main: season 3; recurring: season 4; guest: season 5\) is a talented hypnotist teetering on the edge of madness. He arrives in Gotham with an unwavering desire to find his sister Alice, a young woman who went missing in the city years ago.{{cite web\|url\=https://comicbook.com/2015/04/05/gotham\-to\-introduce\-clayface\-mr\-freeze\-and\-mad\-hatter\-in\-season\-/\|title\=Gotham To Introduce Clayface, Mr. Freeze and Mad Hatter in Season Two\|publisher\=Comic Book.com\|last\= Burlingame\|first\=Russ\|date\=April 5, 2015}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=3N\_dwZ6M0t0\|title\=Fish Mooney Returns to Gotham? – \#DCTV\|last\=DC Entertainment\|date\=October 19, 2015\|access\-date\=November 11, 2016\|via\=YouTube}}{{cite web\|url\=https://tvline.com/2016/07/18/gotham\-mad\-hatter\-benedict\-samuel\-season\-3\-cast/\|title\=Walking Dead Alum Joins Gotham Season 3 as Mad Hatter\|publisher\=TVLine\|last\=Ausiello\|first\=Michael\|date\=July 18, 2016\|access\-date\=July 18, 2016\|archive\-date\=February 2, 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202001116/http://tvline.com/2016/07/18/gotham\-mad\-hatter\-benedict\-samuel\-season\-3\-cast/\|url\-status\=dead}}{{cite magazine\|url\=https://www.ew.com/article/2016/08/11/gotham\-mad\-hatter\-benedict\-samuel\-photo\|title\='Gotham' first look: Meet Benedict Samuel's Mad Hatter — exclusive\|magazine\=\[\[Entertainment Weekly]] \|access\-date\=November 11, 2016}} It is heavily implied that Jervis has sexual feelings for his sister.
After hypnotizing a doctor during a show at the Sirens, he has him kill his wife and then himself in order to get his residence. Jervis approaches James Gordon to help find Alice. Following his hypnosis on Barbara Kean during another show at The Sirens, Gordon visits him again where he starts to ask about Alice's condition. Jervis ends up hypnotizing him. Before he can have Gordon jump off the roof of The Sirens, Jervis is attacked by Alice who doesn't want to go with him with the resulting fight snapping Gordon out of his hypnosis. After Jervis escapes, Alice is handcuffed by Gordon. Alice later reveals that Jervis controlled most of Alice when they were kids, and put thoughts in her head that "no brother should have".
Later, Tetch hires the wrestlers known as the "Tweedle Brothers" to break Alice out of the GCPD. While Jervis, Dumfree, and Deever made off with Alice, the other two Tweeds were killed and the youngest of them was placed in police custody. Jervis then dressed Alice in the Alice costume from "Alice in Wonderland" and tries to have a tea party with her and the two remaining Tweedle Brothers, telling Alice that she is the only thing in his life keeping him from going mad. Gordon and Harvey arrive and a fight ensues. When Alice tries to escape, she accidentally falls on a pipe, impaling her. A devastated Tetch flees the scene.
Jervis Tetch later uses the Red Queen plant on Jim Gordon to incapacitate him. Then he crashes the Gotham City Founders' Dinner presided over by Mayor Oswald Cobblepot in order to make them drink the tainted water. His plans are thwarted by the Gotham City Police Department as Jervis starts to see some of his sister in Nathaniel Barnes due to him being infected with her blood. Jervis, Dumfree Tweed, and Deever Tweed are arrested and remanded to Arkham Asylum.
Jervis Tetch later witnessed the Court of Owls obtaining Nathaniel Barnes. Leslie Thompkins later visited Jervis at Arkham Asylum to know if he infected Mario Calvi. Jervis stated that he did it after seeing how Gordon look at her the day he wounded Valerie Vale and states that she's to blame for Mario's suffering.
The transport carrying Jervis Tetch was later intercepted by Butch Gilzean and Tabitha Galavan so that Barbara Kean can hold him for ransom. After being freed by Gordon, Jervis was drained of some of his blood with the part the blood came from being patched up. It was later mentioned by Harvey Bullock that the doctors patched Jervis back up and had him shipped back to Arkham Asylum. He is referred to as the Mad Hatter by Penguin after he escapes from Arkham with Jerome and his Legion of Horribles.
In season five, Jeremiah Valeska enlisted Mad Hatter to help Ecco oversee the chemical production at Ace Chemicals by hypnotizing some people to work at Ace Chemicals. When Gordon and Lee came across this operation, Mad Hatter unleashed his hypnotized slaves on them as Ecco subdues Gordon. Under orders from Jeremiah Valeska, Mad Hatter hypnotized them to pass off as Thomas and Martha Wayne near the Monarch Theater where they will be freed from the hypnotism when Jeremiah shooting them will cause the pearls to fall off Lee. Jeremiah's shooting plot was thwarted by Selina.
{{clear}}
|
[
"### Jervis Tetch / Mad Hatter",
"{{main\\|Mad Hatter (DC Comics)}}\n[thumb\\|227x227px\\|Benedict Samuel](/wiki/File:Benedict_Samuel_%2830608967915%29_%28cropped%29.jpg \"Benedict Samuel (30608967915) (cropped).jpg\")\n**Jervis Tetch** (portrayed by [Benedict Samuel](/wiki/Benedict_Samuel \"Benedict Samuel\"); main: season 3; recurring: season 4; guest: season 5\\) is a talented hypnotist teetering on the edge of madness. He arrives in Gotham with an unwavering desire to find his sister Alice, a young woman who went missing in the city years ago.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://comicbook.com/2015/04/05/gotham\\-to\\-introduce\\-clayface\\-mr\\-freeze\\-and\\-mad\\-hatter\\-in\\-season\\-/\\|title\\=Gotham To Introduce Clayface, Mr. Freeze and Mad Hatter in Season Two\\|publisher\\=Comic Book.com\\|last\\= Burlingame\\|first\\=Russ\\|date\\=April 5, 2015}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=3N\\_dwZ6M0t0\\|title\\=Fish Mooney Returns to Gotham? – \\#DCTV\\|last\\=DC Entertainment\\|date\\=October 19, 2015\\|access\\-date\\=November 11, 2016\\|via\\=YouTube}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://tvline.com/2016/07/18/gotham\\-mad\\-hatter\\-benedict\\-samuel\\-season\\-3\\-cast/\\|title\\=Walking Dead Alum Joins Gotham Season 3 as Mad Hatter\\|publisher\\=TVLine\\|last\\=Ausiello\\|first\\=Michael\\|date\\=July 18, 2016\\|access\\-date\\=July 18, 2016\\|archive\\-date\\=February 2, 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202001116/http://tvline.com/2016/07/18/gotham\\-mad\\-hatter\\-benedict\\-samuel\\-season\\-3\\-cast/\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}{{cite magazine\\|url\\=https://www.ew.com/article/2016/08/11/gotham\\-mad\\-hatter\\-benedict\\-samuel\\-photo\\|title\\='Gotham' first look: Meet Benedict Samuel's Mad Hatter — exclusive\\|magazine\\=\\[\\[Entertainment Weekly]] \\|access\\-date\\=November 11, 2016}} It is heavily implied that Jervis has sexual feelings for his sister.",
"After hypnotizing a doctor during a show at the Sirens, he has him kill his wife and then himself in order to get his residence. Jervis approaches James Gordon to help find Alice. Following his hypnosis on Barbara Kean during another show at The Sirens, Gordon visits him again where he starts to ask about Alice's condition. Jervis ends up hypnotizing him. Before he can have Gordon jump off the roof of The Sirens, Jervis is attacked by Alice who doesn't want to go with him with the resulting fight snapping Gordon out of his hypnosis. After Jervis escapes, Alice is handcuffed by Gordon. Alice later reveals that Jervis controlled most of Alice when they were kids, and put thoughts in her head that \"no brother should have\".",
"Later, Tetch hires the wrestlers known as the \"Tweedle Brothers\" to break Alice out of the GCPD. While Jervis, Dumfree, and Deever made off with Alice, the other two Tweeds were killed and the youngest of them was placed in police custody. Jervis then dressed Alice in the Alice costume from \"Alice in Wonderland\" and tries to have a tea party with her and the two remaining Tweedle Brothers, telling Alice that she is the only thing in his life keeping him from going mad. Gordon and Harvey arrive and a fight ensues. When Alice tries to escape, she accidentally falls on a pipe, impaling her. A devastated Tetch flees the scene.",
"Jervis Tetch later uses the Red Queen plant on Jim Gordon to incapacitate him. Then he crashes the Gotham City Founders' Dinner presided over by Mayor Oswald Cobblepot in order to make them drink the tainted water. His plans are thwarted by the Gotham City Police Department as Jervis starts to see some of his sister in Nathaniel Barnes due to him being infected with her blood. Jervis, Dumfree Tweed, and Deever Tweed are arrested and remanded to Arkham Asylum.",
"Jervis Tetch later witnessed the Court of Owls obtaining Nathaniel Barnes. Leslie Thompkins later visited Jervis at Arkham Asylum to know if he infected Mario Calvi. Jervis stated that he did it after seeing how Gordon look at her the day he wounded Valerie Vale and states that she's to blame for Mario's suffering.",
"The transport carrying Jervis Tetch was later intercepted by Butch Gilzean and Tabitha Galavan so that Barbara Kean can hold him for ransom. After being freed by Gordon, Jervis was drained of some of his blood with the part the blood came from being patched up. It was later mentioned by Harvey Bullock that the doctors patched Jervis back up and had him shipped back to Arkham Asylum. He is referred to as the Mad Hatter by Penguin after he escapes from Arkham with Jerome and his Legion of Horribles.",
"In season five, Jeremiah Valeska enlisted Mad Hatter to help Ecco oversee the chemical production at Ace Chemicals by hypnotizing some people to work at Ace Chemicals. When Gordon and Lee came across this operation, Mad Hatter unleashed his hypnotized slaves on them as Ecco subdues Gordon. Under orders from Jeremiah Valeska, Mad Hatter hypnotized them to pass off as Thomas and Martha Wayne near the Monarch Theater where they will be freed from the hypnotism when Jeremiah shooting them will cause the pearls to fall off Lee. Jeremiah's shooting plot was thwarted by Selina.\n{{clear}}",
""
] |
Recurring characters
--------------------
### Introduced in season 1
#### Aubrey James
{{main\|Aubrey James}}
[thumb\|248x248px\|Richard Kind](/wiki/File:Richard_Kind_%2829692170902%29.jpg "Richard Kind (29692170902).jpg")
**Aubrey James** (portrayed by [Richard Kind](/wiki/Richard_Kind "Richard Kind")) is the Mayor of Gotham City who is in Carmine Falcone's pocket and is also revealed to do what the Court of Owls says. Superficially congenial, he is indifferent and contemptuous of most of Gotham's citizens and ruthless towards anyone who would endanger his political standing and criminal associations.
Following Falcone's retirement, James is later held captive by Theo Galavan in an elaborate scheme of Galavan's in order for Galavan to become the new mayor. Sometime later, James is found at a safehouse in China Docks, which leads to Galavan's arrest. At Galavan's trial, James fearfully testifies that Galavan did not abduct him but rather that Oswald Cobblepot was responsible.
James later assists Nathaniel Barnes at a press conference where they state that they have no knowledge if Wayne Enterprises is connected with Indian Hill. At another press conference, James states that the elected Gotham City Officials have been running Gotham City since Theo Galavan's death and want him to be reinstated as the Mayor of Gotham City. Oswald Cobblepot crashes the press conference, stating that he challenges James for that role after driving out the "abominations" that plagued their city. Later, Oswald is elected the new mayor of Gotham. When Oswald goes missing, a news report states that the elected Gotham City Officials have reinstated Aubrey James. He is briefly held hostage by the Riddler in order to get the Court of Owls' identity out of him. During the chaos caused by the Alice Tetch Virus, it is mentioned that Mayor Aubrey James has called in the National Guard to help. Sometime later, Aubrey James is succeeded by Burke.
10 years later, Aubrey James is mayor again, and he is dismayed that Gordon wants to resign. He is later captured by the Riddler as part of his employer's plot to bomb the newly rebuilt Wayne Tower. Barbara and Selina rescue him, and the police get the mayor to safety and remove the bombs on him.
#### Gertrud Kapelput
[thumb\|251x251px\|Carol Kane](/wiki/File:Carol_Kane_%282018%29_%28cropped%29.jpg "Carol Kane (2018) (cropped).jpg")
**Gertrud Kapelput** (portrayed by [Carol Kane](/wiki/Carol_Kane "Carol Kane")) is the overly possessive, heavily accented mother of Oswald Cobblepot. In her earlier life, she was the cook for Elijah Van Dahl's parents where they fell in love which Elijah's parents disapproved. Even though Elijah stood up to his parents, Gertrud was already gone and she later gave birth to Oswald. She and her son share an unusually close bond.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.tvguide.com/news/gotham\-carol\-kane\-1083972\.aspx\|title\=''Gotham'' Adds Carol Kane, Kyle Massey\|last\=Raftery\|first\=Liz\|work\=TV Guide\|date\=July 3, 2014\|access\-date\=October 24, 2014}} Gertrud is responsible for Oswald's desires to move up in the world, claiming it's his birthright.
She is later held captive by Theo Galavan so that Penguin could help him in his goals. Although Oswald Cobblepot persuades Theo to have his mother freed in exchange that he continues to work for him, Gertrud is stabbed in the back by Tabitha Galavan. Before dying from her wounds, Gertrud learns more about Oswald's activities and still considers her son a good boy.
#### Sal Maroni
{{main\|Sal Maroni}}
[thumb\|253x253px\|David Zayas](/wiki/File:David_Zayas.jpg "David Zayas.jpg")
**Salvatore Maroni** (portrayed by [David Zayas](/wiki/David_Zayas "David Zayas")){{cite web\|last\=Andreeva \|first\=Nellie \|url\=https://www.deadline.com/2014/08/gotham\-batman\-prequel\-series\-adds\-mobster\-sal\-maroni\-david\-zayas\-portrays/\#more\-798620 \|title\=David Zayas To Play Mobster Sal Maroni In 'Gotham' \|publisher\=Deadline \|date\=2014\-07\-31 \|access\-date\=2014\-07\-31}} is the owner of a local Italian restaurant that serves as a front for his crime family. Maroni takes an interest in one of his employees, petty criminal [Oswald Cobblepot](/wiki/Oswald_Cobblepot_%28Gotham%29 "Oswald Cobblepot (Gotham)"), promoting him to manager and using him as a source of information on Falcone's operations; he is unaware that Cobblepot is secretly an [informant](/wiki/Informant "Informant") for Falcone. When [Jack Buchinsky](/wiki/Electrocutioner "Electrocutioner") targets Maroni for abandoning him years ago during a heist, he and his associates seek refuge in the GCPD. There, he begins to suspect Cobblepot's duplicity when he deliriously stammers about meeting Falcone.{{Cite episode\|title\=Rogues' Gallery\|episode\-link\=Gotham season 1\#ep11\|series\=Gotham (TV series)\|series\-link\=Gotham (TV series)\|network\=Fox\|airdate\= January 5, 2015\|season\=1\|number\=11}} When Falcone's lieutenant [Fish Mooney](/wiki/Fish_Mooney "Fish Mooney") goes into exile from Gotham City, she contacts Maroni and informs him of Cobblepot's deception, resulting in Maroni interrogating Cobblepot into confessing the truth, and eventually attempting to have him executed in a junkyard car compactor.{{Cite episode\|title\=The Fearsome Dr. Crane\|episode\-link\=Gotham season 1\#ep14\|series\=Gotham (TV series)\|series\-link\=Gotham (TV series)\|network\=Fox\|airdate\= February 2, 2015\|season\=1\|number\=14}} When Cobblepot manages to escape and obtains Falcone's protection, Maroni and Falcone make a deal: Maroni will get rid of one of Falcone's enemies and Cobblepot will stay out of his territory. Maroni appears at the newly christened "Oswald's" nightclub to tell his former associate that he is safe for now, but that he will perish as soon as Falcone dies.{{Cite episode\|title\=The Scarecrow\|episode\-link\=Gotham season 1\#ep15\|series\=Gotham (TV series)\|series\-link\=Gotham (TV series)\|network\=Fox\|airdate\= February 9, 2015\|season\=1\|number\=15}} Maroni also tries to ruin Cobblepot's business by cutting off his liquor supplies. Cobblepot then sends a hitman to one of Maroni's establishments to tell Maroni that Falcone wants him dead. Cobblepot sabotages his own hit in order to ignite a turf war between Maroni and Falcone.{{Cite episode\|title\=The Anvil or the Hammer\|episode\-link\=Gotham season 1\#ep21\|series\=Gotham (TV series)\|series\-link\=Gotham (TV series)\|network\=Fox\|airdate\= April 27, 2015\|season\=1\|number\=21}} In the season finale "[All Happy Families Are Alike](/wiki/All_Happy_Families_Are_Alike "All Happy Families Are Alike")", Mooney takes Falcone, Cobblepot, [James Gordon](/wiki/James_Gordon_%28Gotham%29 "James Gordon (Gotham)"), and [Harvey Bullock](/wiki/Harvey_Bullock_%28character%29 "Harvey Bullock (character)") prisoner where she intends to kill them all in exchange for Sal Maroni returning all her old territories back to her. While Mooney wants an equal partnership, however, Maroni insists on her being his second\-in\-command. When Maroni belittles Mooney with sexist nicknames, she turns on him and shoots him in the head before slaughtering his gang.{{Cite episode\|title\=All Happy Families Are Alike\|episode\-link\=Gotham season 1\#ep22\|series\=Gotham (TV series)\|series\-link\=Gotham (TV series)\|network\=Fox\|airdate\= April 28, 2015\|season\=1\|number\=22}}
#### Jennifer Luree
**Jennifer Luree** (portrayed by Krista Braun) is a reporter in Gotham City who appears as a minor character, usually seen narrating important events and happenings in Gotham City. She is a recurring character appearing in all five seasons.
#### Frankie Carbone
{{main\|Frankie Carbone}}
**Frankie Carbone** (portrayed by Danny Mastrogiorgio) is the chief enforcer and a made man in the Maroni Crime Family. He is later killed by Oswald Cobblepot, Gabriel, and an unnamed former Maroni crime family member who is on Oswald's side.
#### Liza
[thumb\|230x230px\|Makenzie Leigh](/wiki/File:Makenzie_Leigh_%2830503788681%29_%28cropped%29.jpg "Makenzie Leigh (30503788681) (cropped).jpg")
**Liza** (portrayed by [Makenzie Leigh](/wiki/Makenzie_Leigh "Makenzie Leigh")) is a singer who has applied for an opening at Fish Mooney's nightclub and subsequently became an agent for Mooney to seduce Don Carmine Falcone. She is subsequently blackmailed by Oswald Cobblepot. Upon Mooney faking Liza's kidnapping, Liza is later strangled to death by Falcone in front of Mooney and Gilzean after Oswald tells Falcone the whole story.
#### Alvarez
**Alvarez** (portrayed by [J.W. Cortes](/wiki/J.W._Cortes "J.W. Cortes")) is a detective of the Gotham City Police Department. During the chaos caused by the Alice Tetch Virus, Alvarez got infected and started shooting his fellow police officers until he was knocked out by Lucius Fox. He was later among those cured.
#### Kristen Kringle
**Kristen Kringle** (portrayed by [Chelsea Spack](/wiki/Chelsea_Spack "Chelsea Spack")) is an [archivist](/wiki/Archivist "Archivist") at Gotham City Police Department to whom Edward Nygma is attracted to. After Edward finds out Kringle is being abused by her boyfriend Tom Doughtery, Edward accidentally stabs him multiple times outside of Kringle's apartment after he told him to leave Kringle alone. He then tries to cover up the death by leaving Kringle notes and riddles which leave her suspicious. Later when Edward saves her from the Maniax GCPD massacre, the two start dating. However, during one of their dates, she finds out that Edward murdered her ex\-boyfriend Tom, and she threatens to call the police on Edward and he accidentally chokes her to death. Initially grief\-stricken, the darker side of his personality soon emerges, and he chops up Kringle's body and buries her in the woods where he meets Oswald Cobblepot. Soon, however, Jim Gordon starts investigating Kringle's disappearance and tricks Edward into revealing the location of her body after Edward tries to kill Jim. After Edward is caught by the GCPD, he is placed in Arkham until he is eventually let out by Oswald to help him run for mayor.
#### Victor Zsasz
{{main\|Victor Zsasz}}
[thumb\|284x284px\|Anthony Carrigan](/wiki/File:Anthony_Carrigan_2024_Emmys_01.png "Anthony Carrigan 2024 Emmys 01.png")
**Victor Zsasz** (portrayed by [Anthony Carrigan](/wiki/Anthony_Carrigan_%28actor%29 "Anthony Carrigan (actor)")) is a sadistic [hitman](/wiki/Contract_killing "Contract killing") who is loyal to Carmine Falcone and is assisted by a number of female associates. He carves a [tally mark](/wiki/Tally_mark "Tally mark") into his skin for every person he kills.{{cite web\|url\=https://screenrant.com/gotham\-tv\-show\-preview\-nycc\-2014\-panel\-harvey\-dent\-victor\-zsasz\|title\='Gotham' NYCC Panel: When We Will See Victor Zsasz \& Harvey Dent\|author\=Ben Kendrick\|work\=Screen Rant\|date\=October 12, 2014}}
Following Carmine Falcone's retirement, Zsasz becomes loyal to Cobblepot.
Zsasz is later hired by Falcone to kill Gordon after the death of Falcone's son Mario and attempts to kill him twice before the job is cancelled by Falcone at the persuasion of Leslie.
Three months following the chaos caused by the Alice Tetch Virus, Victor Zsasz works with Cobblepot to make sure that the specific criminals in Gotham City have specific licenses to commit crimes and to dispose of anyone that gets in Cobblepot's way.
#### Gabriel
**Gabriel** (portrayed by Alex Corrado) is a thug who works as Oswald Cobblepot's bodyguard. He previously worked as a bodyguard for Frankie Carbone as a member of the Maroni crime family until he assisted Oswald and another operative into killing him during the attack on Nikolai's warehouse. After that, he began to follow Oswald's every command, he always seemed loyal to Oswald, but secretly, he followed him only out of fear.
After Oswald's life was saved by Ivy Pepper, Gabriel and those with him tried to have him planned for an auction where he'll be killed off only for Ivy to use her perfume on them which led to those who came with Gabriel to end up killed. Upon admitting the truth that he followed Oswald out of fear when under the control of Ivy's perfume, Oswald angrily stabbed Gabriel to death and buried him in Ivy's plants him alongside those who came with him.
#### Gillian B. Loeb
{{main\|Gillian B. Loeb}}
[thumb\|231x231px\|Peter Scolari](/wiki/File:Peter_Scolari_%2827023529024%29.jpg "Peter Scolari (27023529024).jpg")
**Gillian B. Loeb** (portrayed by [Peter Scolari](/wiki/Peter_Scolari "Peter Scolari")) is the corrupt [Commissioner](/wiki/Police_commissioner "Police commissioner") of the Gotham City Police Department who is allied with Carmine Falcone until he switches to being an ally to Sal Maroni by the end of the season.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.bustle.com/articles/59303\-who\-is\-commissioner\-loeb\-on\-gotham\-his\-dc\-comics\-background\-suggests\-a\-darker\-side\-ahead\|title\=Bustle\|work\=bustle.com\|date\=January 19, 2015 }} He is initially Jim Gordon's enemy and even has him fired after he stopped Zaardon the Soul Reaper.
After Jim does a favor for Oswald Cobblepot, he and Victor Zsasz force Loeb at gunpoint to resign from the Gotham City Police Department. Loeb does that enabling Sarah Essen to be sworn in as the new commissioner. At the time when Jim Gordon was incarcerated at Blackgate Penitentiary, Warden Carlson Grey tells Gordon that ex\-Commissioner Loeb says "hi".
#### Jonathan Crane
{{main\|Scarecrow (DC Comics)}}
[thumb\|218x218px\|Charlie Tahan](/wiki/File:Charlie_Tahan%2C_Frankenweenie_premiere.jpg "Charlie Tahan, Frankenweenie premiere.jpg")
**Jonathan Crane / The Scarecrow** (portrayed by [Charlie Tahan](/wiki/Charlie_Tahan "Charlie Tahan")),{{cite web\|url\=http://www.dccomics.com/blog/2015/02/09/the\-dctv\-secrets\-of\-gotham\-episode\-15\-the\-scarecrow\|title\=The \#DCTV Secrets of GOTHAM: episode 15 – "The Scarecrow"\|work\=DC Comics\|date\=February 9, 2015}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.cbr.com/gotham\-debuts\-first\-look\-scarecrow/\|title\=Gotham Debuts First Look at Scarecrow's Comics\-Accurate Costume\|last\=Gerding\|first\=Stephen\|work\=\[\[Comic Book Resources]]\|date\=July 22, 2017\|access\-date\=July 27, 2017}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.avclub.com/tvclub/gotham\-scarecrow\-215001\|title\=Review: Gotham: "The Scarecrow"\|work\=avclub.com\|date\=February 10, 2015 \|access\-date\=November 11, 2015}} but was played by [David W. Thompson](/wiki/David_W._Thompson "David W. Thompson") during Season 4\-5\.{{cite web \| url\=https://screenrant.com/gotham\-scarecrow\-new\-actor\-david\-thompson/ \| title\=Gotham Officially Casts New Actor as Scarecrow \| website\=\[\[Screen Rant]] \| date\=January 26, 2018 }}
He is introduced in the first\-season episodes "[The Fearsome Dr. Crane](/wiki/The_Fearsome_Dr._Crane "The Fearsome Dr. Crane")" and "[The Scarecrow](/wiki/The_Scarecrow_%28Gotham_episode%29 "The Scarecrow (Gotham episode)")". His father Gerald Crane (portrayed by [Julian Sands](/wiki/Julian_Sands "Julian Sands")) creates the 'fear toxin', a serum designed to eliminate fear, and then injects Jonathan with it. Detectives [Jim Gordon](/wiki/James_Gordon_%28comics%29 "James Gordon (comics)") and [Harvey Bullock](/wiki/Harvey_Bullock_%28comics%29 "Harvey Bullock (comics)") save Jonathan's life, but are too late to save his father and his sanity; the toxin has left him in a state of perpetual terror, plagued by hallucinations of his greatest fear: scarecrows.Stephens, John (writer) \& Behring, John (director) (February 2, 2015\). "The Fearsome Dr. Crane". Gotham. Season 1\. Episode 14\. FOX.Woodruff, Ken (writer) \& Copus, Nick (director) (February 9, 2015\). "The Scarecrow". Gotham. Season 1\. Episode 15\. FOX. He is next seen in the season four episode "[Pax Penguina](/wiki/Pax_Penguina "Pax Penguina")", in which he is institutionalized in [Arkham Asylum](/wiki/Arkham_Asylum "Arkham Asylum"), where the corrupt warden Reed uses his fears to keep him under control. A gang of criminals led by Grady Harris and Merton bribe Reed to give them Crane and forces him to re\-create his father's fear toxin so they can use it to control Gotham City. Jonathan eventually embraces his fear and uses the toxin against Grady Harris after Merton and his fellow gang members were arrested. He then wreaks havoc on Gotham with the toxin as "The Scarecrow".Stephens, John (writer) \& Cannon, Danny (director) (September 21, 2017\). "A Dark Knight: Pax Penguina". Gotham. Season 4\. Episode 1\. FOX. In "[The Fear Reaper](/wiki/The_Fear_Reaper "The Fear Reaper")", Crane invades Arkham Asylum and uses the fear gas on Warden Reed and other inmates causing the guards to flee. When Gordon confronts Scarecrow, he gets infected with fear gas until he overcomes it. After Gordon turns on the sprinklers and neutralizes the fear gas' effects on the inmates, Scarecrow got away.Cannon, Danny (writer) \& Milito, Lous Shaw (director) (September 28, 2017\). "A Dark Knight: The Fear Reaper". Gotham. Season 4\. Episode 2\. FOX. In "[One of My Three Soups](/wiki/One_of_My_Three_Soups "One of My Three Soups")", Scarecrow is shown as an inmate at Arkham Asylum after getting apprehended at some point. He is freed by the [Mad Hatter](/wiki/Mad_Hatter_%28DC_Comics%29 "Mad Hatter (DC Comics)") where they, along with [Jerome Valeska](/wiki/Jerome_Valeska "Jerome Valeska"), collaborate in a plot that involves releasing all the inmates of Arkham Asylum.Huston, Charlie (writer) \& McKenzie, Ben (director) (March 29, 2018\) "A Dark Knight: One of My Three Soups". Gotham. Season 4\. Episode 16\. After the Hatter is defeated by Jim Gordon, Scarecrow gasses the driver of his transport as he and Jerome free him for their next plot. In "[Mandatory Brunch Meeting](/wiki/Mandatory_Brunch_Meeting "Mandatory Brunch Meeting")", the Scarecrow is one of the criminals assembled by Jerome to be part of his "Legion of Horribles". He and the Mad Hatter break out Jerome from his twin brother Jeremiah's custody but are chased off by Gordon and Bullock. At the end of the episode, it is revealed that Jerome secretly tasked Scarecrow to concocts a [laughing gas](/wiki/Joker_venom "Joker venom") for him to spread across the city.Lilien, Steven \& Wynbrandt, Bryan (writer) \& Vrvilo, Maja (director) (April 5, 2018\) "A Dark Knight: Mandatory Brunch Meeting" Gotham. Season 4\. Episode 17\. In "That's Entertainment," Scarecrow, along with [Mr. Freeze](/wiki/Mr._Freeze "Mr. Freeze"), carries out a raid on [Wayne Enterprises](/wiki/Wayne_Enterprises "Wayne Enterprises")' chemical lab to brew more of the dangerous toxin. Later, Scarecrow, Mad Hatter and the [Penguin](/wiki/Oswald_Cobblepot_%28Gotham%29 "Oswald Cobblepot (Gotham)") go to a hangar to load the laughing gas onto a blimp and release it upon Gotham. There, he reveals to Penguin that the other Legion members anticipated his betrayal and that he knew Penguin would go to Jim Gordon, and then proceeding to knock him out.Cannon, Danny (writer) \& Copus, Nick (director) (April 12, 2018\) "A Dark Knight: That's Entertainment" Gotham. Season 4\. Episode 18\. In the episode "One Bad Day", Scarecrow assists Jeremiah Valeska in his plot to drive Bruce Wayne insane; using his fear toxin, Scarecrow makes Bruce hallucinate an insane Alfred attacking him, but Selina sneaks in and fights the Scarecrow, who is outmatched by her and then escapes as she frees Alfred and Bruce.Chun, Tze (writer) \& Bailey, Rob (director) (May 10, 2018\) "A Dark Knight: One Bad Day" Gotham. Season 4\. Episode 21\. In [season 5](/wiki/Gotham_season_5 "Gotham season 5"), with Gotham now a "[no man's land](/wiki/No_Man%27s_Land_%28comic%29 "No Man's Land (comic)")", Scarecrow leads his own gang as they take over a laboratory for Scarecrow's experiments, with Scarecrow killing the scientist who owns the lab.Stephens, John \& Boston, Seth (writer) \& Hope, Nathan (director) (May 17, 2018\) "A Dark Knight: No Man's Land" Gotham. Season 4\. Episode 22\. In the episode "Year Zero", Scarecrow then leads his gang on an attack against the GCPD's territory to steal their supplies, where he faces Gordon, who manages to drive him off.Stephens, John (writer) \& Cannon, Danny (director) (January 3, 2019\) "Legend of the Dark Knight: Year Zero" Gotham. Season 5\. Episode 1\. In the episode "Pena Dura", Gordon mentions Scarecrow to [Eduardo Dorrance](/wiki/Bane_%28comics%29 "Bane (comics)") about the various criminals and their territories.Sosa, Iturri (writer) \& Tonderai, Mark (director) (January 31, 2019\) "Legend of the Dark Knight: Pena Dura" Gotham. Season 5\. Episode 5\. In the episode "The Trial of Jim Gordon", Scarecrow made a cameo during Gordon's hallucination of his trial as a member of his jury and then attends his funeral.McKenzie, Ben (writer) \& Richards, Erin (director) (March 7, 2019\) "Legend of the Dark Knight: The Trial of Jim Gordon" Gotham. Season 5\. Episode 9\.
#### Jerome Valeska
{{main\|Jerome and Jeremiah Valeska}}
[thumb\|270x270px\|Cameron Monaghan](/wiki/File:Cameron_Monaghan.jpg "Cameron Monaghan.jpg")
**Jerome Valeska** (portrayed by [Cameron Monaghan](/wiki/Cameron_Monaghan "Cameron Monaghan")) is the psychopathic son of circus snake dancer Lila Valeska and blind [fortune teller](/wiki/Fortune-telling "Fortune-telling") Paul Cicero, and the twin brother of Jeremiah Valeska. After confessing to the murder of his mother and telling of her abusive nature, Jerome seemingly breaks down before beginning to laugh maniacally.
He is among the maniacal inmates who are later freed from Arkham Asylum by Theo and Tabitha Galavan, as part of their plot to create chaos in Gotham City. Jerome proceeds to kill his father, who foretells of Jerome's legacy of death and madness. Jerome then takes hostages at the Gotham Children's Hospital Gala and murders Deputy Mayor Harrison Kane. As Jerome prepares to execute Bruce Wayne, Theo kills Jerome to make himself look like a hero. Following Jerome's death, random civilians in Gotham who watched the televised hostage crisis suffer mental breakdowns and begin to [imitate Jerome's murderous actions](/wiki/Copycat_crime "Copycat crime"), thus affirming Cicero's vision.
Former Indian Hill scientist Dwight Pollard, who has become the leader of a fanatic cult worshipping Jerome, later conducts several experiments in an attempt to resurrect him. When Pollard's project appears to fail, he cuts off Jerome's face and wears it as a mask to command respect. Despite this, Jerome comes back to life hours later and kidnaps Pollard before stapling his face back onto his head. Jerome then sets off a series of explosives at a power plant, killing Pollard and causing a citywide blackout in Gotham. After abducting Bruce Wayne from Wayne Manor, Jerome takes him to a carnival occupied by his followers. Bruce manages to defeat Jerome and the latter is once more incarcerated at Arkham Asylum, where his face is surgically reattached. Nearly a year later, Jerome escapes along with Jervis Tetch and Jonathan Crane. He hatches a plot to plunge Gotham into anarchy with an insanity\-inducing gas and exact revenge upon Bruce Wayne and Jeremiah. Before falling to his death during a confrontation with Police Captain Jim Gordon, Jerome arranges for a post\-mortem "gift" to be sent to Jeremiah in the form of a jack\-in\-the\-box; this package sprayed Jeremiah with a special version of the insanity gas, causing Jeremiah to continue his brother's legacy.
#### Tommy Bones
**Tommy Bones** (portrayed by James Andrew O'Connor) is a made man and hitman for the Maroni crime family who just got out of prison. During the gang war between the Falcone Crime Family and the Maroni Crime Family, Tommy was injured in a gunfight with Gordon.
He is later seen to be a member of Oswald Cobblepot's crime syndicate. As part of Edward Nygma's plot to break Mayor Oswald Cobblepot's mind, Tabitha holds Tommy at gunpoint in order to issue a threat to Mayor Cobblepot. Afterwards, Tommy is killed by Tabitha.
### Introduced in season 2
#### Silver St. Cloud
{{main\|Silver St. Cloud}}
[thumb\|235x235px\|Natalie Alyn Lind](/wiki/File:Natalie_Alyn_Lind_2023_%28cropped%29.jpg "Natalie Alyn Lind 2023 (cropped).jpg")
**Silver St. Cloud** (portrayed by [Natalie Alyn Lind](/wiki/Natalie_Alyn_Lind "Natalie Alyn Lind")){{cite web\|url\=https://www.ew.com/article/2015/07/17/gotham\-natalie\-alyn\-lind\-silver\-st\-cloud\|title\=The Goldbergs' star joins Gotham as Silver St. Cloud\|author\=Samantha Highfill\|work\=ew.com}} is the mannerly niece of Theo Galavan and Tabitha Galavan who serves as a love interest to Bruce Wayne, despite having dark intentions. She was orphaned at a young age and her father was Theo's stepbrother. Theo then forced her to show fake affection for Bruce. After Theo abducts Bruce Wayne, he has Silver work to get Bruce to admit his love to her before the Order of St. Dumas can begin their ritual. During the fight against the Order of St. Dumas, Silver flees with Tabitha.
#### Bridgit Pike / Firefly
{{main\|Firefly (DC Comics)}}
**Bridgit Pike / Firefly** (portrayed by [Michelle Veintimilla](/wiki/Michelle_Veintimilla "Michelle Veintimilla") in season 2 and 4,{{cite web\|url\=https://www.ign.com/videos/2015/07/11/gotham\-ben\-mckenzie\-robin\-lord\-taylor\-bruno\-heller\-season\-2\-interview\-comic\-con\-2015\|title\=Gotham: Ben McKenzie, Robin Lord Taylor, Bruno Heller Season 2 Interview – Comic\-Con 2015\|date\=July 11, 2015 \|publisher\=IGN}}{{cite web\|url\=http://tvline.com/2015/08/17/gotham\-firefly\-season\-2\-michelle\-veintimilla\|title\=Gotham Launching Season 2 Firefly Arc (and There's a Cool Casting Twist)\|date\=August 17, 2015\|publisher\=TVLine\|access\-date\=August 18, 2015\|archive\-date\=December 17, 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151217193916/http://tvline.com/2015/08/17/gotham\-firefly\-season\-2\-michelle\-veintimilla/\|url\-status\=dead}} [Camila Perez](/wiki/Camila_Perez "Camila Perez") in season 3–4\) is the quasi "stepsister" of Joe, Cale, and Evan Pike. She was a childhood friend of Selina Kyle and had once met Ivy Pepper. Bridgit was forced by her stepbrothers to join the family business and was abused by them. After much abuse, Bridgit eventually snapped, burning Joe and Cale to death, and beginning a vigilante spree. In a confrontation with the GCPD, her entire body was severely scarred from the burns sustained from her tank leaking from a bullet shot caused by one of the police officers. She was then taken to the underground Indian Hill facility as the scientists believe she is immune to fire as it was mentioned in a discussion between two orderlies that protective clothing was "fused" to her. Selina Kyle later encountered Pike at the Indian Hill facility where she has no memory of Selina, calls herself Firefly, and is sporting a new outfit. Strange brainwashed Bridget into thinking she was a fire goddess. She then accepted Selina as her servant, after being convinced all "deities" need one. During the Indian Hill conflict, she got into a fight with Victor Fries and Strange accidentally got caught in their crossfire.
Oswald Cobblepot and Ivy Pepper later find her working at a factory. After learning about Ivy Pepper's encounter with Marv and some persuasion, Bridgit Pike agrees to help Oswald and Ivy where she starts by throwing hot coal into her abusive boss' face. Though she is still at odds with Victor Fries, Bridgit Pike was with Penguin when they interfered in the Court of Owls' plans to use the weaponized version of Alice Tetch's blood on a Daughters of Gotham event where Bridgit Pike burned the Talon present. Later that night, she was knocked out by a Talon that was sent to abduct Penguin. Bridgit Pike later assisted Fish Mooney into obtaining the earlier antidotes for the Alice Tetch Virus and fighting the ninjas from the League of Shadows at the time when the chaos caused by the Alice Tetch Virus was caused. After Fish Mooney was accidentally killed by James Gordon, she and Victor Fries disappeared before the police arrived.
Firefly was later sent by Oswald Cobblepot to do away with Edward Nygma in the event that Barbara Kean, Tabitha Galavan, and Selina Kyle failed to bring Nygma to him. She crashed the fight between Solomon Grundy and Tabitha at Cherry's fight club where her fire attacks struck fear into Solomon Grundy. Leslie Thompkins disabled Firefly by shooting her flamethrower tank which sent her flying into a wall. Veintimilla returned to the role with the season 4 episode "Mandatory Brunch Meeting".{{Cite web\|url\=https://tvmoviefix.com/gotham\-season\-4\-episode\-17\-mandatory\-brunch\-meeting\-recap\-review\-spoilers/\|title \= 'Gotham' Season 4, episode 17: 'Mandatory Brunch Meeting' Recap: 'Legion of Terror' \[SPOILERS]\|date \= April 5, 2018}}
When Gotham City became a no man's land, Firefly started her own gang in order to develop her territory. It was mentioned by Gordon that Firefly is in a turf war with Mr. Freeze.
#### Father Creel
[thumb\|257x257px\|Ron Rifkin](/wiki/File:RonRifkin2004.jpg "RonRifkin2004.jpg")
**Father Creel** (portrayed by [Ron Rifkin](/wiki/Ron_Rifkin "Ron Rifkin")) is a priest who is a high\-ranking member of the [religious sect of the Dumas family](/wiki/Order_of_St._Dumas "Order of St. Dumas") that left Gotham City with connections with Theo Galavan. Galavan met up with Father Creel and gives him the knife that was used by Jonathan Wayne to cut off Caleb Dumas' right hand. Creel tells Galavan that the rest of the religious sect is en route to Gotham City. Father Creel later welcomes his brothers when they arrive in Gotham City. During the fight between Oswald Cobblepot's group and the Order of St. Dumas to free Bruce Wayne, Father Creel is killed by Harvey Bullock.
{{Clear}}
#### Hugo Strange
{{main\|Hugo Strange}}
[thumb\|240x240px\|BD Wong](/wiki/File:BD_Wong_%282016%29.jpg "BD Wong (2016).jpg")
**Hugo Strange** (portrayed by [BD Wong](/wiki/BD_Wong "BD Wong")){{cite web\|url\=https://www.ign.com/articles/2014/07/21/gotham\-showrunner\-professor\-hugo\-strange\-and\-how\-arkham\-asylum\-came\-to\-be\-part\-of\-season\-one\|title\=Gotham Showrunner: Professor Hugo Strange and How Arkham Asylum Came to Be Part of Season One\|author\=Jim Vejvoda\|work\=ign.com\|date\=July 21, 2014 }}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.ign.com/videos/2015/04/06/gotham\-john\-stephens\-interview\-at\-wondercon\-2015?adbid\=1029582067071783\&adbpl\=fb\&adbpr\=693029617393698\|title\=John Stephens Interview at WonderCon 2015\|author\=IGN\|work\=ign.com\|date\=April 6, 2015 }}{{cite web\|url\=https://comicbook.com/2015/10/30/exclusive\-bd\-wong\-cast\-as\-professor\-hugo\-strange\-on\-gotham/\|title\=EXCLUSIVE: BD Wong Cast as Professor Hugo Strange on Gotham\|publisher\=ComicBook.com\|last\=Siegel\|first\=Lucas\|date\=October 30, 2015}} is obsessed with understanding and manipulating the human mind, he is a [professor](/wiki/Professor "Professor") and Chief of Psychiatry at Arkham Asylum who is connected to the asylum's creation and uses it for his personal experiments on patients, which often results in the worsening of their mental conditions. He is the main antagonist of the second half of season 2 *Wrath of the Villains*, for his involvement with the secret underground Indian Hill facility owned by Wayne Enterprises that performs inhumane medical experiments on super\-powered beings, later revealed to have been an overseer of the abandoned Pinewood program that Thomas Wayne started years ago. After Thomas disapproved of the project, Strange contracted Patrick Malone to kill the Waynes to keep his continued project a secret. While his scientists use experimental reprogramming on Oswald Cobblepot, Strange manages to win Victor Fries's assistance in his experiments of reviving corpses of recently killed criminals. After having Victor kill a former Pinewood patient named Karen Jennings in an attempt to conceal his involvement, Strange manages to fully resurrect Theo Galavan and reinvents him into Azrael to have him kill Gordon. Later, Strange shredded all his documents to avoid suspicion from the GCPD. Strange then managed to resurrect Fish Mooney, also giving her the ability to get people to do her bidding just by making contact. In the final battle at the Indian Hill facility, Hugo Strange was caught in the crossfire between Victor Fries and Bridgit Pike only to be resuscitated by Gordon. After the bomb was deactivated, Hugo Strange was arrested by the police.
Six months later, Fish freed Strange from his cell to help find a cure for her disease. When Strange said he couldn't do it, Penguin allowed the two of them to flee Gotham, telling them to never come back. Kathryn later brought Hugo Strange back to Gotham City so that he can extract Alice Tetch's poisonous blood from Nathaniel Barnes into weaponizing it. Gordon and Bullock later found the secret lab where he was working. After tranquilizing the test subject, Hugo Strange gave them the research on the weaponized blood and a sample that he secretly kept from the Court of Owls in exchange that they don't arrest him and cause the Court of Owls to go ahead with their plans. After telling Alfred about the Court of Owls plans, Hugo Strange tried to leave Gotham City only to be intercepted by Fish Mooney's men in order to find the earlier antidotes for the Alice Tetch Virus which he kept at a slaughterhouse as he also still promised Fish Mooney an army of monsters. They did run into some resistance from the League of Shadows' ninjas. After Fish Mooney was accidentally killed by James Gordon, Strange was arrested again by the police. Though he did agree to help in the development of the antidotes. Penguin later enlisted Hugo Strange to cure Butch Gilzean which he managed to do. Later on, Strange is instructed to work on a wounded Leslie Thompkins and Riddler.
Theresa Walker and Delta Force later used Hugo Strange in planting mind\-control chips in Leslie and Riddler as he is still experimenting on dead bodies. Gordon finds Riddler and Hugo Strange in his hideout until Delta Force arrives and takes Hugo Strange away. Upon finding Eduardo wounded, Theresa plans to have Hugo Strange fix him up.
#### Ethel Peabody
[thumb\|180x180px\|Tonya Pinkins](/wiki/File:Tonya_Pinkins_Throws_Down_The_Gauntlet.jpg "Tonya Pinkins Throws Down The Gauntlet.jpg")
**Ethel Peabody** (portrayed by [Tonya Pinkins](/wiki/Tonya_Pinkins "Tonya Pinkins")){{cite magazine\|url\=https://www.ew.com/article/2016/02/26/gotham\-nathan\-darrow\-bd\-wong\-mr\-freeze\-hugo\-strange?sf21599367\=1\|title\=Gotham: What to expect from Hugo Strange and Mr. Freeze\|magazine\=\[\[Entertainment Weekly]]\|access\-date\=February 26, 2016}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.thefutoncritic.com/listings/20160210fox01/\|title\=(GTH\-212\) "Rise of the Villains: Mr. Freeze"\|work\=\[\[The Futon Critic]]\|access\-date\=February 11, 2016}} is a scientist and assistant of Hugo Strange who works at the Indian Hill facility and Arkham Asylum.
After Strange was arrested, Fish approached her for a cure, but she didn't have any way of making one. She is then killed by Strange's experiment Marv after he turns her old and near death.
#### Victor Fries / Mr. Freeze
{{main\|Mr. Freeze}}
**Victor Fries / Mr. Freeze** (portrayed by [Nathan Darrow](/wiki/Nathan_Darrow "Nathan Darrow")){{cite web\|url\=http://www.thefutoncritic.com/listings/20151112fox01\|title\=(GTH\-211\) "Rise of the Villains: "Worse Than A Crime"\|work\=\[\[The Futon Critic]]\|access\-date\=November 13, 2015}}{{cite web\|url\=https://comicbook.com/2015/06/25/gotham\-season\-two\-premiere\-date\-synopsis\-released\|title\=Gotham Season Two Premiere Date \& Synopsis Released\|publisher\=comicbook.com\|date\=June 25, 2015\|access\-date\=July 2, 2015}}{{cite web\|url\=http://tvline.com/2015/10/28/gotham\-mr\-freeze\-cast\-nathan\-darrow\-season\-2\|title\=Gotham Scoop: Mr. Freeze to Be Played by House of Cards' Nathan Darrow\|author\=Michael Ausiello\|work\=\[\[TVLine]]\|date\=October 28, 2015}} is one of Gotham's preeminent cryogenics engineers. Bruno Heller has stated that Victor will be a tragic character. He started abducting people for his experiments to find the right coolant combination that would enable him to freeze his wife Nora until he found a cure for her illness. After Nora was brought in by the police, Victor turns himself over to the police. One of the frozen people successfully revived as it proved that A16 worked as Victor works to save Nora. Upon the police converging on his house, Victor turned the chemicals on himself after it was discovered that Nora switched the cryogenic chemicals. Although Hugo Strange claimed that Victor died in the infirmary, he was actually placed in the Indian Hill facility within a special refrigerated cell at −20 degrees as the result of his attempted suicide. Hugo also states that he modified Victor Fries' suit to keep him alive in temperatures above subzero temperatures so that Victor can help Hugo with his project with dead bodies. Victor was later sent by Strange to kill former Pinewood patient Karen Jennings. After being questioned by Gordon, Strange claimed that Fries was cremated. During the Indian Hill conflict, Victor Fries ends up in a fight against Firefly which ended when Hugo Strange got caught in the crossfire of their elemental attacks.
Oswald Cobblepot and Ivy Pepper later find Victor Fries in a frigid location. As a way to persuade Victor to help, Oswald and Ivy returned his special suit that was held in Wayne Enterprises. Though he is still at odds with Bridgit Pike. Victor Fries later assisted Fish Mooney into obtaining the earlier antidotes for the Alice Tetch Virus and fighting the ninjas from the League of Shadows at the time when the chaos caused by the Alice Tetch Virus was caused. After Fish Mooney was accidentally killed by James Gordon, he and Bridgit disappeared from the scene before police arrived. After the chaos caused by the Alice Tetch Virus had ended, Oswald Cobblepot had Victor Fries use his freeze gun on Riddler. Oswald Cobblepot later called in Victor Fries to refreeze Edward Nygma when he was freed from the ice.
As Edward Nygma was not acting like his usual way, Cobblepot had to spare Nygma from being frozen by Victor Fries again.
When Gotham City became a no man's land, Mr. Freeze started claiming his territory. It was mentioned by Gordon that Mr. Freeze is in a turf war with Firefly.
#### Subject 514A
**"Subject 514A"** (portrayed by David Mazouz) is an unnamed look\-a\-like clone of Bruce with longer hair and a mark over his right eyebrow that is one of the experiments that escaped from the Indian Hill bus. He later had an encounter with Ivy Pepper who ran from him while he asked who Bruce Wayne is. After meeting Bruce Wayne and Alfred Pennyworth, Subject 514A started to mimic Bruce's voice and started to resemble him. He took Selina out for dinner and helped her escape after she failed to rob a bank. Selina eventually realized that 514A wasn't Bruce, and after 514A explained the situation, revealing that all he ever wanted was a friend. Selina told him that he's more normal then he thinks, and while saying goodbye, 514A kisses Selina. 514A is later approached by Kathryn of the Court of Owls who states that she is one of her "parents." He is then loaded into Kathryn's car by Talon. Following Jerome's defeat, 514A has had his scars "erased" by the Court of Owls as they make their plans to "save" Gotham City. After having Bruce Wayne sent to the Shaman and posing as him, 514A reports to Kathryn that the nosebleeds he's been having has been happening more as Kathryn predicts that 514A will be dead by the time Bruce Wayne returns. When he is unable to persuade Selina Kyle into leaving town and she threatened to inform Alfred, Subject 514A pushed her out the window. Selina later recovered and attacked 514A with Alfred joining the fight causing 514A to defeat them and leave Wayne Manor. After speaking to Kathryn Monroe, Subject 514A later dies offscreen after succumbing to his injuries.
### Introduced in season 3
#### Valerie Vale
[thumb\|217x217px\|Jamie Chung](/wiki/File:Jamie_Chung_2009.jpg "Jamie Chung 2009.jpg")
**Valerie Vale** (portrayed by [Jamie Chung](/wiki/Jamie_Chung "Jamie Chung")){{cite web\|last\=Ausiello\|first\=Michael\|title\=Gotham Casts Once Upon a Time's Jamie Chung as Valerie Vale\|url\=http://tvline.com/2016/06/20/gotham\-season\-3\-jamie\-chung\-valerie\-vale\-cast\-fox/\|publisher\=TVLine\|date\=June 20, 2016}} is a journalist for the *Gotham Gazette* and the aunt of Vicki Vale. She briefly serves as Jim Gordon's love interest, but after she got kidnapped and shot by Jervis Tetch, she realized Gordon was still in love with Lee and broke up with him.
{{Clear}}
#### Mario Calvi
{{main\|Mario Falcone (DC Comics)}}
[thumb\|279x279px\|James Carpinello](/wiki/File:James_Carpinello_%28cropped%29.jpg "James Carpinello (cropped).jpg")
**Mario Calvi** (portrayed by [James Carpinello](/wiki/James_Carpinello "James Carpinello")){{cite web\|last\=Ausiello\|first\=Michael\|title\=Gotham Casts Mob Scion Mario Falcone\|url\=http://tvline.com/2016/06/23/gotham\-season\-3\-mario\-falcone\-cast\-mario\-falcone/\|publisher\=TVLine\|date\=June 24, 2016}} is the son of Carmine Falcone who is an expert doctor and the fiancée of Leslie Thompkins. While he wasn't born with the Falcone name and served as a disappointment to the family business, he did bring honor to the Falcone family. He is later revealed to have Alice Tetch's blood in him which enhances his jealousy. When he tries to stab Leslie at Carmine Falcone's lakehouse, Gordon shoots him dead in self\-defense to save Leslie.
#### Court of Owls
{{main\|Court of Owls}}
The Court of Owls is a [secret society](/wiki/Secret_society "Secret society") that existed in Gotham for centuries, formed by members of Gotham's wealthiest families, and the main antagonists of season 3\. They are with connections to Indian Hill with plans to "save" Gotham City from its corruption. They have been known to tell specific people like Carmine Falcone and Aubrey James what to do. Before they planning to release Tetch\-Virus and wipe out Gotham's crimes once again, all members of the court has been executed by Talons on Shaman's order, as punishment for murdering Thomas and Martha Wayne without his approval, leaving the court officially defunct.
##### Kathryn Monroe
**Kathryn Monroe** (portrayed by Kit Flanagan in Season Two, [Leslie Hendrix](/wiki/Leslie_Hendrix "Leslie Hendrix") in Season Three) is a white\-haired spokeswoman of the Court of Owls, a high\-ranking member that Hugo Strange and Ethel Peabody answer to. When she has Talon bring Bruce to her, Bruce recognizes her as someone he's seen at the Wayne Enterprises parties. Due to a deal Bruce reluctantly had to agreed to where he wouldn't do any more investigating. Kathryn has the Court operative return Bruce to Wayne Manor while stating that he won't see her again. Kathryn and Talon later encountered Subject 514A stating that she is one of his "parents" and has him loaded into her car. After being apprehended by the Gotham City Police Department, Kathryn tries to get Nathaniel Barnes to stop his rampage there and retreat only for her to be beheaded by Barnes.
##### Frank Gordon
[thumb\|270x270px\|James Remar](/wiki/File:James-Remar-SAG-Awards.jpg "James-Remar-SAG-Awards.jpg")
**Frank Gordon** (portrayed by [James Remar](/wiki/James_Remar "James Remar")){{cite web\|last\=Lawrence\|first\=Derek\|title\=Dexter alum James Remar joins Gotham as Jim's uncle\|url\=https://www.ew.com/article/2016/11/22/gotham\-james\-remar\|publisher\=Entertainment Weekly\|date\=November 22, 2016}} is the estranged uncle of Jim Gordon and brother of Peter Gordon who returns to the city after Peter died 25 years ago. He is a member of the Court of Owls where he possesses the same ring as Peter did. After Jim managed to stop the chaos caused by Jerome Valeska's resurrection, Frank appears at Jim's apartment for the first time in years. After Jim learns about his uncle's involvement with his father's death and that the Court of Owls has a weapon from Indian Hill held at Dock 9C that they planned to use on Gotham City, Frank tells Jim to play along with Kathryn and then commits suicide by shooting himself in the head.
##### The Talons
[**The Talons**](/wiki/Court_of_Owls%23The_Talons "Court of Owls#The Talons") (Various Actors) are a group of masked deadly assassins that are loyal to the Court of Owls. They are all well\-trained, following every command, and willing to sacrifice their life to protect the court.
#### Sensei / Shaman
{{main\|Sensei (DC Comics)}}
[thumb\|270x270px\|Raymond J. Barry](/wiki/File:Raymond_J._Barry_by_Nathan_Morgan.jpg "Raymond J. Barry by Nathan Morgan.jpg")
**The Sensei / Shaman** (portrayed by [Raymond J. Barry](/wiki/Raymond_J._Barry "Raymond J. Barry")){{cite web\|url\=https://deadline.com/2017/01/gotham\-cast\-raymond\-j\-barry\-tembi\-locke\-animal\-kingdom\-1201882036/\|title\='Gotham' Casts Raymond J. Barry; Tembi Locke Joins 'Animal Kingdom'\|website\=Deadline Hollywood\|last\=Petski\|first\=Denise\|date\=January 10, 2017}} is a mysterious figure, associate of the Court of Owls, and servant of Ra's al Ghul who enters Bruce Wayne's life with the stated intention of unlocking the potential of his own mind. Bruce Wayne first meets him in a mountainous temple after being placed there by the Court of Owls. Shaman works to help Bruce get out of the alley in his mind and shape him to be a "protector of Gotham City." In a call with Kathryn, it is stated by Shaman that he is leading Gotham into his claim to shape his destiny. In a flashback, it was revealed that Shaman respected Thomas and Martha Wayne enough to have an unnamed Court of Owls member killed for carrying out the murder. It was also revealed that he was behind the part of the Talons' mental training. Upon forcing Bruce Wayne's hand to push the detonator to the bomb containing the weaponized version of Alice Tetch's poisonous blood, Shaman is shot by Alfred Pennyworth. Before dying of his wounds, Shaman tells Bruce to go to the Yuyan Building and "seek out the Demon's Head" as his last request.
### Introduced in season 4
#### Arthur Penn / Ventriloquist
{{main\|Ventriloquist (character)}}
**Arthur Penn / Ventriloquist** (portrayed by Andrew Sellon) is an accountant that works for Penguin. He originally worked for Carmine Falcone before working for Cobblepot and then Sofia Falcone.
When Gotham City was declared "no man's land," Arthur Penn stuck by Penguin's side. He is later shot by the Street Demonz leader. In his dying words, he told Cobblepot that his workers at the time hated him.
Somehow, Arthur Penn came back from the dead and found his way to a magic shop where he met the dummy of Scarface. When they made their way to Riddler's refuge where Penguin was, Scarface wanted Penguin to give him his treasure and grant him a way off the island. Thanks to a sonar attack by Riddler, Penguin struggled with Arthur which resulted in Scarface's head getting shot. When Arthur thanked Penguin for freeing him, he is shot in the head by Riddler.
#### Vanessa Harper
**Vanessa Harper** (portrayed by Kelcy Griffin) is a detective that transferred to Jim Gordon and Harvey Bullock's precinct from the 3–5\.
#### Cherry
**Cherry** (portrayed by [Marina Benedict](/wiki/Marina_Benedict "Marina Benedict")){{cite web\|url\=http://tvline.com/2017/08/18/gotham\-season\-4\-marina\-benedict\-benjamin\-stockham/\|title\=Gotham Season 4 Adds Prison Break Baddie, Casts Buddy for Bruce\|last\=Webb Mitovich\|first\=Matt\|work\=\[\[TVLine]]\|date\=August 18, 2017\|access\-date\=August 18, 2017\|archive\-date\=August 18, 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818232452/https://tvline.com/2017/08/18/gotham\-season\-4\-marina\-benedict\-benjamin\-stockham/\|url\-status\=dead}} is the owner of a fight club in The Narrows. Riddler approaches her to let Solomon Grundy take part in the fight club. First, Cherry has her latest doctor Leslie Thompkins tend to Solomon Grundy's burn. After Leslie disabled Firefly, Cherry revealed that she tipped off Oswald Cobblepot and is shot in the head by Barbara Kean.
#### Lazlo Valentin / Professor Pyg
{{main\|Professor Pyg}}
[thumb\|350x350px\|Michael Cerveris](/wiki/File:Sweeney_Todd_with_Michael_Cerveris_cropped.jpg "Sweeney Todd with Michael Cerveris cropped.jpg")
**Lazlo Valentin / Professor Pyg** (portrayed by [Michael Cerveris](/wiki/Michael_Cerveris "Michael Cerveris")){{cite web\|url\=https://screenrant.com/gotham\-season\-4\-professor\-pyg/\|title\=Gotham Season 4 Will Introduce Professor Pyg\|date\=July 22, 2017\|website\=Screen Rant\|access\-date\=July 23, 2017}}{{cite web\|url\=http://tvline.com/2017/09/01/gotham\-season\-4\-professor\-pyg\-michael\-cerveris/\|title\=Gotham Casts Fringe's Michael Cerveris as DC Comics Baddie Professor Pyg\|last\=Webb Mitovich\|first\=Matt\|work\=\[\[TVLine]]\|date\=September 1, 2017\|access\-date\=September 1, 2017}} is a [pig](/wiki/Pig "Pig")\-masked killer who targets dirty cops and other "greedy pigs" of Gotham City. After killing some corrupt police officers, Professor Pyg moved on to Phase 2 of his plan that involved harvesting the organs of dead less fortunate people that he poisoned and cooking them into the [meat pies](/wiki/Meat_pies "Meat pies") he made for a charity event at the Falcone Home and School for Orphans. During his fight with Jim Gordon, Professor Pyg was defeated by Gordon and was arrested by the police. While incarcerated at Arkham Asylum, Gordon gets a clue about his true identity and his surgeries where he was previously arrested down south in his unaltered state. After tricking a guard into coming into his cell, Professor Pyg kills the guard, leaves a message in blood for Gordon, and escapes.
When it was discovered that Professor Pyg was brought to Gotham City by Sofia Falcone, he planned to incarcerate him in Blackgate only for Sofia to shoot Professor Pyg to cover tracks.
#### Martin
**Martin** (portrayed by [Christopher Convery](/wiki/Christopher_Convery "Christopher Convery")) is a mute boy at the Falcone Home and School for Orphans who "speaks" by writing things on the blank pad hanging around his neck. Oswald Cobblepot takes a liking to the boy as he gives him some life advice. After faking his death following his capture at the hands of Sofia Falcone and Barbara Kean, Cobblepot says goodbye to Martin as Victor Zsasz takes Martin to somewhere safe and far from Gotham City. He was later rescued from Sofia's clutches by Riddler.
#### Jeremiah Valeska
{{main\|Jerome and Jeremiah Valeska}}
**Jeremiah Valeska** (portrayed by [Cameron Monaghan](/wiki/Cameron_Monaghan "Cameron Monaghan")) is the brilliant and calculating son of circus snake dancer Lila Valeska and blind [fortune teller](/wiki/Fortune-telling "Fortune-telling") Paul Cicero, and the twin brother of Jerome Valeska. Like Jerome, he is heavily tied to the origins of [the Joker](/wiki/Joker_%28character%29 "Joker (character)"), and is possibly the shows version of him (although this is mainly left up to interpretation.)
After allegedly suffering severe abuse at the hands of Jerome as a child, Jeremiah was sent to a shelter where he was adopted by a wealthy couple and renamed "Xander Wilde"; Jerome conversely claimed that Jeremiah was a sociopath who feigned being a victim to orchestrate these events. Jeremiah becomes a successful [engineer](/wiki/Engineer "Engineer") for [Wayne Enterprises](/wiki/Wayne_Enterprises "Wayne Enterprises") as an adult and develops a friendship with Bruce Wayne, who agrees to fund his prototype high\-energy generators to improve Gotham City. Jerome eventually captures Jeremiah and promises to "drive him mad". Following Jerome's death, Jeremiah is exposed to the Scarecrow's insanity\-inducing gas at Jerome's final request, turning his skin white, dyeing his hair dark green, and staining his lips red. After gaining the loyalty of Jerome's followers at his late brother's grave, Jeremiah reveals himself to Bruce as the mastermind behind these events and proclaims victory over his deceased twin. Revealing his plan to use the high\-energy generators as explosives, Jeremiah declares Bruce as his "very best friend" and unsuccessfully attempts to drive him insane in "[one bad day](/wiki/Batman:The_Killing_Joke "The Killing Joke")" with Scarecrow's gas. Jeremiah is then approached by the immortal Ra's al Ghul, who proposes an alliance to "help" Bruce fulfill his destiny as "Gotham's Dark Knight". Jeremiah breaks into Wayne Manor and shoots Bruce's love\-interest, Selina Kyle, and later abducts him. Although Ra's is killed, he and Jeremiah's plan to blow up Gotham's bridges with the generators and render the city a "[No Man's Land](/wiki/No_Man%27s_Land "No Man's Land")" succeeds, and an ecstatic Jeremiah manages to vanish in the ensuing chaos.
After Gotham is cut\-off from the rest of the world, Jeremiah forms his own fanatic cult with the help of his assistant Ecco, and occupies a large portion of the city designated as the "Dark Zone". He forces his men to dig a series of tunnels as a means of escape should the government decide to [nuke](/wiki/Nuclear_warfare "Nuclear warfare") the city. Jeremiah works with the Mad Hatter to produce a toxic gas at the abandoned Ace Chemicals plant, which he plans to release into Gotham's skies so that the government will no longer be able to send supplies into the city. Jeremiah subsequently has a surgeon perform plastic surgery on two kidnapped civilians to make them resemble Thomas and Martha Wayne, Bruce's deceased parents, in an attempt to re\-enact the night of the Waynes' deaths so that he will become the most important person in Bruce's life; Jeremiah later captures James Gordon and Leslie Thompkins and decides to use them instead due to their personal connection to Bruce. With Selina's help, Bruce thwarts Jeremiah's scheme and pursues him while Gordon drives the armed canisters of toxic gas into the river. Jeremiah falls into a vat of green liquid during his confrontation with Bruce at Ace Chemicals, after which his body is salvaged and placed in a hospital. Bruce tells to Selina that Jeremiah currently registers no brain activity in his comatose state.
Ten years later, a seemingly brain\-dead Jeremiah is incarcerated in Arkham Asylum until it is revealed that he feigned being in a vegetative state to wait for Bruce's eventual return to Gotham. Jeremiah frames Harvey Bullock for murder, manipulates Oswald Cobblepot and Edward Nygma into taking the initial blame for his scheme, and has Ecco break him out of Arkham. After his escape, Jeremiah kidnaps James Gordon and Barbara Kean's daughter, but Ecco is stabbed in the confrontation. Jeremiah kills Ecco and takes Barbara Lee Gordon to Ace Chemicals, where he reveals to Gordon that he lost most of his memories after his fall into the green solutions over a decade ago. After telling Gordon to address him as "J", Jeremiah prepares to drop Barbara into the same vat only for Bruce to appear as Batman. Overjoyed by Bruce's arrival, Jeremiah simply laughs maniacally even when being slashed with [batarangs](/wiki/Batarangs "Batarangs") but falls unconscious as one slashes his head.
#### Ecco
[thumb\|239x239px\|Francesca Root\-Dodson](/wiki/File:Francesca_Root-Dodson_by_Megan_Kapler_%28cropped%29.jpg "Francesca Root-Dodson by Megan Kapler (cropped).jpg")
**Ecco** (portrayed by [Francesca Root\-Dodson](/wiki/Francesca_Root-Dodson "Francesca Root-Dodson")) is the assistant and proxy of Jeremiah Valeska. After his transformation into a criminal and terrorist, Ecco continues acting as Jeremiah's right\-hand woman and begins donning a jester costume, earning her the nickname "Mummer." She traps Jim Gordon inside the bunker with the bombs and later kills two guards for Jeremiah at Wayne Enterprises and the two of them use their keycards to break inside. After Gotham becomes No Man's Land, Ecco continues to work as Jeremiah's accomplice and henchwoman, breaking into GCPD and vandalizing their map with Jeremiah's symbol. In addition, she helps Jeremiah to establish the Church of Jeremiah Valeska as a way to gain followers.
10 years later, Ecco poses as a nurse at Arkham Asylum. When Gordon is onto Jeremiah orchestrating the frame\-up of Harvey Bullock, Ecco kills the two inmates bothering Jeremiah and tells him that the jig is up. Both of them head to the Sirens where they ambush Barbara Kean. Ecco is stabbed by Barbara and is critically injured. Jeremiah sadly muses on how Ecco is no longer his Ecco, and there’ll be no one like her. Ecco smiles at this sentiment, before Jeremiah shoots and kills her, simply stating, “there’ll be plenty more fish in the sea.” Ecco is a precursor to and is inspired by [Harley Quinn](/wiki/Harley_Quinn "Harley Quinn").
#### Lelia
**Lelia** (portrayed by Shiva Kalaiselvan) is a female member of the League of Shadows that becomes loyal to Barbara Kean.{{Cite news \|url\=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2018/03/30/malaysian\-actress\-lands\-gotham\-role/ \|title\=Malaysian actress lands 'Gotham' role \|last\=Toh \|first\=Terence \|date\=March 30, 2018 \|work\=\[\[The Star (Malaysia)\|The Star]] \|access\-date\=February 20, 2019}}
### Introduced in season 5
#### Nyssa al Ghul / Theresa Walker
{{main\|Nyssa Raatko}}
[thumb\|226x226px\|Jaime Murray](/wiki/File:Jaime_Murray_Comic-Con_2012.jpg "Jaime Murray Comic-Con 2012.jpg")
**Nyssa al Ghul / Theresa Walker** (portrayed by [Jaime Murray](/wiki/Jaime_Murray "Jaime Murray"){{cite web \|last\=Petski\|first\=Denise\|title\='Gotham': Jaime Murray Set For Key Role On Fox's Batman Prequel\|url\=https://deadline.com/2018/10/gotham\-jaime\-murray\-recurring\-role\-fox\-batman\-prequel\-1202492082/\|website\=Deadline\|access\-date\=October 30, 2018\|date\=October 30, 2018}}) is the daughter of Ra's al Ghul. She emerges as Jim Gordon's principal nemesis in the season, who comes to Gotham harbouring a dark secret about her past. Theresa Walker sent Delta Force into Gotham City to reclaim it from the criminals and also manipulated Hugo Strange into putting a control chip in Riddler and Leslie Thompkins' brains. After the broadcast of her ordering Riddler to use an RPG on Haven, Walker appeared in Gotham City and found Eduardo impaled but still alive on a bar. She provides him with a special mask as she plans to have Hugo Strange fix him up.
After Hugo Strange was done with the experiment that turned Eduardo into Bane and led in the capture of Jim Gordon, Bruce Wayne, and General Wade, Nyssa had Bane beat up Gordon in order to get Bruce to say the name of a certain person she knows. When he finally knows what Walker is talking about and quotes Ra's al Ghul, Walker introduces herself as his daughter Nyssa. While Gordon is taken away for Hugo Strange to work on, Nyssa states that she is going to take advantage of Special Order 386 (an order to reduce a city to rubble if it is irretrievably lost) to make Bruce suffer. Nyssa then heads out to target Barbara Kean due to her hand in her father's death. After Bane failed to catch Barbara, Nyssa headed to the Sirens and killed the female League of Assassins members present. Nyssa then knocked out Leslie Thompkins and proceeded to introduce herself to Barbara while rubbing her hand on her newborn child.
When Gordon confronts Nyssa at City Hall during Special Order 386, both of them fight each other until Barbara stabbed her. Nyssa ordered General Wade to activate the fail\-safe that results in General Wade's suicide as Nyssa escapes. She makes off in Penguin and Riddler's submarine with Penguin's dog Edward still inside.
#### Eduardo Dorrance / Bane
{{main\|Bane (DC Comics)}}
[thumb\|256x256px\|Shane West](/wiki/File:Shane_West_April_2015_%28cropped%29.jpg "Shane West April 2015 (cropped).jpg")
**Eduardo Dorrance / Bane** (portrayed by [Shane West](/wiki/Shane_West "Shane West"){{cite web\|url\=https://deadline.com/2018/09/shane\-west\-cast\-gotham\-season\-5\-final\-season\-eduardo\-dorrance\-bane\-edmund\-batman\-prequel\-fox\-1202462923/\|title\='Gotham': Shane West Set For Key Role On Final Season Of Fox's Batman Prequel\|last\=Andreeva\|first\=Nellie\|publisher\=Deadline\|date\=September 11, 2018\|access\-date\=September 12, 2018}}{{cite web \|last\=Vick\|first\=Megan\|title\=Shane West's Character Is Finally Confirmed in Gotham Final Season\|url\=https://www.tvguide.com/news/gotham\-shane\-west\-bane\-first\-look\-trailer/\|website\=TV Guide\|access\-date\=October 7, 2018\|date\=October 7, 2018}}) is a former army buddy of James Gordon who returns with a group of elite soldiers called Delta Force to help restore Gotham City from its "No Man's Land" state. In the past after Gordon's line of duty was over, Eduardo and his men became prisoners of war and were incarcerated at Pena Duro where he was put through one of the games where the guards bury someone alive and hold wagers to see if any prisoners would dig their way out. He is later freed by Nyssa al Ghul under the alias of Theresa Walker. Eduardo is in league with Theresa in her goals. When confronting Gordon at the ruins of Haven, Eduardo fought Gordon until he was impaled onto a pipe. Theresa found him and provided him with a special mask as she plans to have Hugo Strange fix him up.
After Hugo Strange was done working on him, Eduardo became Bane and led the mission to capture Jim Gordon, Bruce Wayne, and General Wade. Bane then tortured Gordon to the point when Bruce learned of Theresa's connection with Ra's al Ghul as she states that she is his daughter Nyssa. After figuring out Barbara Kean's hand in her father's death, Nyssa sends Bane to bring her Barbara. Bane raided the hospital and chased after Barbara and Leslie Thompkins. He did catch up to Barbara and Leslie after Barbara gave birth in the ambulance lot. Alfred and Selina bought the two of them time to get away. While Bane knocked Selina to the ground, he beat up Alfred and threw him back first into a nearby pole before getting away.
As Special Order 386 is activated, Bane led the Delta Force and the army into leveling Gotham. He briefly fought Bruce Wayne and Selina Kyle following Wayne Enterprise's detonation. Bruce was able to use a beacon on Bane that caused him to be attacked by bats. As Bane and Angel lead their forces into confronting Gordon, Bullock, Bruce, Selina, Penguin, Riddler, and Lee, Barbara arrived with the refugees as Gordon asks the army if they are with Gotham or against Gotham. The army turned against Bane as he, Angel, and those on his side are arrested. It was mentioned that Bane has been remanded to a prison.
#### Will Thomas
**Will Thomas** (portrayed by Hunter Jones) is an orphan enslaved to the Soothsayers who escapes where he receives help from Jim Gordon. He is killed when Haven was blown up by a mind\-controlled Riddler using an RPG. Will appears in a near\-death hallucination that Jim has after he was wounded by Victor Zsasz.
|
[
"Recurring characters\n--------------------",
"### Introduced in season 1",
"#### Aubrey James",
"{{main\\|Aubrey James}}\n[thumb\\|248x248px\\|Richard Kind](/wiki/File:Richard_Kind_%2829692170902%29.jpg \"Richard Kind (29692170902).jpg\")\n**Aubrey James** (portrayed by [Richard Kind](/wiki/Richard_Kind \"Richard Kind\")) is the Mayor of Gotham City who is in Carmine Falcone's pocket and is also revealed to do what the Court of Owls says. Superficially congenial, he is indifferent and contemptuous of most of Gotham's citizens and ruthless towards anyone who would endanger his political standing and criminal associations.",
"Following Falcone's retirement, James is later held captive by Theo Galavan in an elaborate scheme of Galavan's in order for Galavan to become the new mayor. Sometime later, James is found at a safehouse in China Docks, which leads to Galavan's arrest. At Galavan's trial, James fearfully testifies that Galavan did not abduct him but rather that Oswald Cobblepot was responsible.",
"James later assists Nathaniel Barnes at a press conference where they state that they have no knowledge if Wayne Enterprises is connected with Indian Hill. At another press conference, James states that the elected Gotham City Officials have been running Gotham City since Theo Galavan's death and want him to be reinstated as the Mayor of Gotham City. Oswald Cobblepot crashes the press conference, stating that he challenges James for that role after driving out the \"abominations\" that plagued their city. Later, Oswald is elected the new mayor of Gotham. When Oswald goes missing, a news report states that the elected Gotham City Officials have reinstated Aubrey James. He is briefly held hostage by the Riddler in order to get the Court of Owls' identity out of him. During the chaos caused by the Alice Tetch Virus, it is mentioned that Mayor Aubrey James has called in the National Guard to help. Sometime later, Aubrey James is succeeded by Burke.",
"10 years later, Aubrey James is mayor again, and he is dismayed that Gordon wants to resign. He is later captured by the Riddler as part of his employer's plot to bomb the newly rebuilt Wayne Tower. Barbara and Selina rescue him, and the police get the mayor to safety and remove the bombs on him.",
"#### Gertrud Kapelput",
"[thumb\\|251x251px\\|Carol Kane](/wiki/File:Carol_Kane_%282018%29_%28cropped%29.jpg \"Carol Kane (2018) (cropped).jpg\")\n**Gertrud Kapelput** (portrayed by [Carol Kane](/wiki/Carol_Kane \"Carol Kane\")) is the overly possessive, heavily accented mother of Oswald Cobblepot. In her earlier life, she was the cook for Elijah Van Dahl's parents where they fell in love which Elijah's parents disapproved. Even though Elijah stood up to his parents, Gertrud was already gone and she later gave birth to Oswald. She and her son share an unusually close bond.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.tvguide.com/news/gotham\\-carol\\-kane\\-1083972\\.aspx\\|title\\=''Gotham'' Adds Carol Kane, Kyle Massey\\|last\\=Raftery\\|first\\=Liz\\|work\\=TV Guide\\|date\\=July 3, 2014\\|access\\-date\\=October 24, 2014}} Gertrud is responsible for Oswald's desires to move up in the world, claiming it's his birthright.",
"She is later held captive by Theo Galavan so that Penguin could help him in his goals. Although Oswald Cobblepot persuades Theo to have his mother freed in exchange that he continues to work for him, Gertrud is stabbed in the back by Tabitha Galavan. Before dying from her wounds, Gertrud learns more about Oswald's activities and still considers her son a good boy.",
"#### Sal Maroni",
"{{main\\|Sal Maroni}}\n[thumb\\|253x253px\\|David Zayas](/wiki/File:David_Zayas.jpg \"David Zayas.jpg\")\n**Salvatore Maroni** (portrayed by [David Zayas](/wiki/David_Zayas \"David Zayas\")){{cite web\\|last\\=Andreeva \\|first\\=Nellie \\|url\\=https://www.deadline.com/2014/08/gotham\\-batman\\-prequel\\-series\\-adds\\-mobster\\-sal\\-maroni\\-david\\-zayas\\-portrays/\\#more\\-798620 \\|title\\=David Zayas To Play Mobster Sal Maroni In 'Gotham' \\|publisher\\=Deadline \\|date\\=2014\\-07\\-31 \\|access\\-date\\=2014\\-07\\-31}} is the owner of a local Italian restaurant that serves as a front for his crime family. Maroni takes an interest in one of his employees, petty criminal [Oswald Cobblepot](/wiki/Oswald_Cobblepot_%28Gotham%29 \"Oswald Cobblepot (Gotham)\"), promoting him to manager and using him as a source of information on Falcone's operations; he is unaware that Cobblepot is secretly an [informant](/wiki/Informant \"Informant\") for Falcone. When [Jack Buchinsky](/wiki/Electrocutioner \"Electrocutioner\") targets Maroni for abandoning him years ago during a heist, he and his associates seek refuge in the GCPD. There, he begins to suspect Cobblepot's duplicity when he deliriously stammers about meeting Falcone.{{Cite episode\\|title\\=Rogues' Gallery\\|episode\\-link\\=Gotham season 1\\#ep11\\|series\\=Gotham (TV series)\\|series\\-link\\=Gotham (TV series)\\|network\\=Fox\\|airdate\\= January 5, 2015\\|season\\=1\\|number\\=11}} When Falcone's lieutenant [Fish Mooney](/wiki/Fish_Mooney \"Fish Mooney\") goes into exile from Gotham City, she contacts Maroni and informs him of Cobblepot's deception, resulting in Maroni interrogating Cobblepot into confessing the truth, and eventually attempting to have him executed in a junkyard car compactor.{{Cite episode\\|title\\=The Fearsome Dr. Crane\\|episode\\-link\\=Gotham season 1\\#ep14\\|series\\=Gotham (TV series)\\|series\\-link\\=Gotham (TV series)\\|network\\=Fox\\|airdate\\= February 2, 2015\\|season\\=1\\|number\\=14}} When Cobblepot manages to escape and obtains Falcone's protection, Maroni and Falcone make a deal: Maroni will get rid of one of Falcone's enemies and Cobblepot will stay out of his territory. Maroni appears at the newly christened \"Oswald's\" nightclub to tell his former associate that he is safe for now, but that he will perish as soon as Falcone dies.{{Cite episode\\|title\\=The Scarecrow\\|episode\\-link\\=Gotham season 1\\#ep15\\|series\\=Gotham (TV series)\\|series\\-link\\=Gotham (TV series)\\|network\\=Fox\\|airdate\\= February 9, 2015\\|season\\=1\\|number\\=15}} Maroni also tries to ruin Cobblepot's business by cutting off his liquor supplies. Cobblepot then sends a hitman to one of Maroni's establishments to tell Maroni that Falcone wants him dead. Cobblepot sabotages his own hit in order to ignite a turf war between Maroni and Falcone.{{Cite episode\\|title\\=The Anvil or the Hammer\\|episode\\-link\\=Gotham season 1\\#ep21\\|series\\=Gotham (TV series)\\|series\\-link\\=Gotham (TV series)\\|network\\=Fox\\|airdate\\= April 27, 2015\\|season\\=1\\|number\\=21}} In the season finale \"[All Happy Families Are Alike](/wiki/All_Happy_Families_Are_Alike \"All Happy Families Are Alike\")\", Mooney takes Falcone, Cobblepot, [James Gordon](/wiki/James_Gordon_%28Gotham%29 \"James Gordon (Gotham)\"), and [Harvey Bullock](/wiki/Harvey_Bullock_%28character%29 \"Harvey Bullock (character)\") prisoner where she intends to kill them all in exchange for Sal Maroni returning all her old territories back to her. While Mooney wants an equal partnership, however, Maroni insists on her being his second\\-in\\-command. When Maroni belittles Mooney with sexist nicknames, she turns on him and shoots him in the head before slaughtering his gang.{{Cite episode\\|title\\=All Happy Families Are Alike\\|episode\\-link\\=Gotham season 1\\#ep22\\|series\\=Gotham (TV series)\\|series\\-link\\=Gotham (TV series)\\|network\\=Fox\\|airdate\\= April 28, 2015\\|season\\=1\\|number\\=22}}",
"#### Jennifer Luree",
"**Jennifer Luree** (portrayed by Krista Braun) is a reporter in Gotham City who appears as a minor character, usually seen narrating important events and happenings in Gotham City. She is a recurring character appearing in all five seasons.",
"#### Frankie Carbone",
"{{main\\|Frankie Carbone}}",
"**Frankie Carbone** (portrayed by Danny Mastrogiorgio) is the chief enforcer and a made man in the Maroni Crime Family. He is later killed by Oswald Cobblepot, Gabriel, and an unnamed former Maroni crime family member who is on Oswald's side.",
"#### Liza",
"[thumb\\|230x230px\\|Makenzie Leigh](/wiki/File:Makenzie_Leigh_%2830503788681%29_%28cropped%29.jpg \"Makenzie Leigh (30503788681) (cropped).jpg\")\n**Liza** (portrayed by [Makenzie Leigh](/wiki/Makenzie_Leigh \"Makenzie Leigh\")) is a singer who has applied for an opening at Fish Mooney's nightclub and subsequently became an agent for Mooney to seduce Don Carmine Falcone. She is subsequently blackmailed by Oswald Cobblepot. Upon Mooney faking Liza's kidnapping, Liza is later strangled to death by Falcone in front of Mooney and Gilzean after Oswald tells Falcone the whole story.",
"#### Alvarez",
"**Alvarez** (portrayed by [J.W. Cortes](/wiki/J.W._Cortes \"J.W. Cortes\")) is a detective of the Gotham City Police Department. During the chaos caused by the Alice Tetch Virus, Alvarez got infected and started shooting his fellow police officers until he was knocked out by Lucius Fox. He was later among those cured.",
"#### Kristen Kringle",
"**Kristen Kringle** (portrayed by [Chelsea Spack](/wiki/Chelsea_Spack \"Chelsea Spack\")) is an [archivist](/wiki/Archivist \"Archivist\") at Gotham City Police Department to whom Edward Nygma is attracted to. After Edward finds out Kringle is being abused by her boyfriend Tom Doughtery, Edward accidentally stabs him multiple times outside of Kringle's apartment after he told him to leave Kringle alone. He then tries to cover up the death by leaving Kringle notes and riddles which leave her suspicious. Later when Edward saves her from the Maniax GCPD massacre, the two start dating. However, during one of their dates, she finds out that Edward murdered her ex\\-boyfriend Tom, and she threatens to call the police on Edward and he accidentally chokes her to death. Initially grief\\-stricken, the darker side of his personality soon emerges, and he chops up Kringle's body and buries her in the woods where he meets Oswald Cobblepot. Soon, however, Jim Gordon starts investigating Kringle's disappearance and tricks Edward into revealing the location of her body after Edward tries to kill Jim. After Edward is caught by the GCPD, he is placed in Arkham until he is eventually let out by Oswald to help him run for mayor.",
"#### Victor Zsasz",
"{{main\\|Victor Zsasz}}\n[thumb\\|284x284px\\|Anthony Carrigan](/wiki/File:Anthony_Carrigan_2024_Emmys_01.png \"Anthony Carrigan 2024 Emmys 01.png\")\n**Victor Zsasz** (portrayed by [Anthony Carrigan](/wiki/Anthony_Carrigan_%28actor%29 \"Anthony Carrigan (actor)\")) is a sadistic [hitman](/wiki/Contract_killing \"Contract killing\") who is loyal to Carmine Falcone and is assisted by a number of female associates. He carves a [tally mark](/wiki/Tally_mark \"Tally mark\") into his skin for every person he kills.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://screenrant.com/gotham\\-tv\\-show\\-preview\\-nycc\\-2014\\-panel\\-harvey\\-dent\\-victor\\-zsasz\\|title\\='Gotham' NYCC Panel: When We Will See Victor Zsasz \\& Harvey Dent\\|author\\=Ben Kendrick\\|work\\=Screen Rant\\|date\\=October 12, 2014}}",
"Following Carmine Falcone's retirement, Zsasz becomes loyal to Cobblepot.",
"Zsasz is later hired by Falcone to kill Gordon after the death of Falcone's son Mario and attempts to kill him twice before the job is cancelled by Falcone at the persuasion of Leslie.",
"Three months following the chaos caused by the Alice Tetch Virus, Victor Zsasz works with Cobblepot to make sure that the specific criminals in Gotham City have specific licenses to commit crimes and to dispose of anyone that gets in Cobblepot's way.",
"#### Gabriel",
"**Gabriel** (portrayed by Alex Corrado) is a thug who works as Oswald Cobblepot's bodyguard. He previously worked as a bodyguard for Frankie Carbone as a member of the Maroni crime family until he assisted Oswald and another operative into killing him during the attack on Nikolai's warehouse. After that, he began to follow Oswald's every command, he always seemed loyal to Oswald, but secretly, he followed him only out of fear.",
"After Oswald's life was saved by Ivy Pepper, Gabriel and those with him tried to have him planned for an auction where he'll be killed off only for Ivy to use her perfume on them which led to those who came with Gabriel to end up killed. Upon admitting the truth that he followed Oswald out of fear when under the control of Ivy's perfume, Oswald angrily stabbed Gabriel to death and buried him in Ivy's plants him alongside those who came with him.",
"#### Gillian B. Loeb",
"{{main\\|Gillian B. Loeb}}\n[thumb\\|231x231px\\|Peter Scolari](/wiki/File:Peter_Scolari_%2827023529024%29.jpg \"Peter Scolari (27023529024).jpg\")\n**Gillian B. Loeb** (portrayed by [Peter Scolari](/wiki/Peter_Scolari \"Peter Scolari\")) is the corrupt [Commissioner](/wiki/Police_commissioner \"Police commissioner\") of the Gotham City Police Department who is allied with Carmine Falcone until he switches to being an ally to Sal Maroni by the end of the season.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.bustle.com/articles/59303\\-who\\-is\\-commissioner\\-loeb\\-on\\-gotham\\-his\\-dc\\-comics\\-background\\-suggests\\-a\\-darker\\-side\\-ahead\\|title\\=Bustle\\|work\\=bustle.com\\|date\\=January 19, 2015 }} He is initially Jim Gordon's enemy and even has him fired after he stopped Zaardon the Soul Reaper.",
"After Jim does a favor for Oswald Cobblepot, he and Victor Zsasz force Loeb at gunpoint to resign from the Gotham City Police Department. Loeb does that enabling Sarah Essen to be sworn in as the new commissioner. At the time when Jim Gordon was incarcerated at Blackgate Penitentiary, Warden Carlson Grey tells Gordon that ex\\-Commissioner Loeb says \"hi\".",
"#### Jonathan Crane",
"{{main\\|Scarecrow (DC Comics)}}\n[thumb\\|218x218px\\|Charlie Tahan](/wiki/File:Charlie_Tahan%2C_Frankenweenie_premiere.jpg \"Charlie Tahan, Frankenweenie premiere.jpg\")\n**Jonathan Crane / The Scarecrow** (portrayed by [Charlie Tahan](/wiki/Charlie_Tahan \"Charlie Tahan\")),{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.dccomics.com/blog/2015/02/09/the\\-dctv\\-secrets\\-of\\-gotham\\-episode\\-15\\-the\\-scarecrow\\|title\\=The \\#DCTV Secrets of GOTHAM: episode 15 – \"The Scarecrow\"\\|work\\=DC Comics\\|date\\=February 9, 2015}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.cbr.com/gotham\\-debuts\\-first\\-look\\-scarecrow/\\|title\\=Gotham Debuts First Look at Scarecrow's Comics\\-Accurate Costume\\|last\\=Gerding\\|first\\=Stephen\\|work\\=\\[\\[Comic Book Resources]]\\|date\\=July 22, 2017\\|access\\-date\\=July 27, 2017}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.avclub.com/tvclub/gotham\\-scarecrow\\-215001\\|title\\=Review: Gotham: \"The Scarecrow\"\\|work\\=avclub.com\\|date\\=February 10, 2015 \\|access\\-date\\=November 11, 2015}} but was played by [David W. Thompson](/wiki/David_W._Thompson \"David W. Thompson\") during Season 4\\-5\\.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://screenrant.com/gotham\\-scarecrow\\-new\\-actor\\-david\\-thompson/ \\| title\\=Gotham Officially Casts New Actor as Scarecrow \\| website\\=\\[\\[Screen Rant]] \\| date\\=January 26, 2018 }}",
"He is introduced in the first\\-season episodes \"[The Fearsome Dr. Crane](/wiki/The_Fearsome_Dr._Crane \"The Fearsome Dr. Crane\")\" and \"[The Scarecrow](/wiki/The_Scarecrow_%28Gotham_episode%29 \"The Scarecrow (Gotham episode)\")\". His father Gerald Crane (portrayed by [Julian Sands](/wiki/Julian_Sands \"Julian Sands\")) creates the 'fear toxin', a serum designed to eliminate fear, and then injects Jonathan with it. Detectives [Jim Gordon](/wiki/James_Gordon_%28comics%29 \"James Gordon (comics)\") and [Harvey Bullock](/wiki/Harvey_Bullock_%28comics%29 \"Harvey Bullock (comics)\") save Jonathan's life, but are too late to save his father and his sanity; the toxin has left him in a state of perpetual terror, plagued by hallucinations of his greatest fear: scarecrows.Stephens, John (writer) \\& Behring, John (director) (February 2, 2015\\). \"The Fearsome Dr. Crane\". Gotham. Season 1\\. Episode 14\\. FOX.Woodruff, Ken (writer) \\& Copus, Nick (director) (February 9, 2015\\). \"The Scarecrow\". Gotham. Season 1\\. Episode 15\\. FOX. He is next seen in the season four episode \"[Pax Penguina](/wiki/Pax_Penguina \"Pax Penguina\")\", in which he is institutionalized in [Arkham Asylum](/wiki/Arkham_Asylum \"Arkham Asylum\"), where the corrupt warden Reed uses his fears to keep him under control. A gang of criminals led by Grady Harris and Merton bribe Reed to give them Crane and forces him to re\\-create his father's fear toxin so they can use it to control Gotham City. Jonathan eventually embraces his fear and uses the toxin against Grady Harris after Merton and his fellow gang members were arrested. He then wreaks havoc on Gotham with the toxin as \"The Scarecrow\".Stephens, John (writer) \\& Cannon, Danny (director) (September 21, 2017\\). \"A Dark Knight: Pax Penguina\". Gotham. Season 4\\. Episode 1\\. FOX. In \"[The Fear Reaper](/wiki/The_Fear_Reaper \"The Fear Reaper\")\", Crane invades Arkham Asylum and uses the fear gas on Warden Reed and other inmates causing the guards to flee. When Gordon confronts Scarecrow, he gets infected with fear gas until he overcomes it. After Gordon turns on the sprinklers and neutralizes the fear gas' effects on the inmates, Scarecrow got away.Cannon, Danny (writer) \\& Milito, Lous Shaw (director) (September 28, 2017\\). \"A Dark Knight: The Fear Reaper\". Gotham. Season 4\\. Episode 2\\. FOX. In \"[One of My Three Soups](/wiki/One_of_My_Three_Soups \"One of My Three Soups\")\", Scarecrow is shown as an inmate at Arkham Asylum after getting apprehended at some point. He is freed by the [Mad Hatter](/wiki/Mad_Hatter_%28DC_Comics%29 \"Mad Hatter (DC Comics)\") where they, along with [Jerome Valeska](/wiki/Jerome_Valeska \"Jerome Valeska\"), collaborate in a plot that involves releasing all the inmates of Arkham Asylum.Huston, Charlie (writer) \\& McKenzie, Ben (director) (March 29, 2018\\) \"A Dark Knight: One of My Three Soups\". Gotham. Season 4\\. Episode 16\\. After the Hatter is defeated by Jim Gordon, Scarecrow gasses the driver of his transport as he and Jerome free him for their next plot. In \"[Mandatory Brunch Meeting](/wiki/Mandatory_Brunch_Meeting \"Mandatory Brunch Meeting\")\", the Scarecrow is one of the criminals assembled by Jerome to be part of his \"Legion of Horribles\". He and the Mad Hatter break out Jerome from his twin brother Jeremiah's custody but are chased off by Gordon and Bullock. At the end of the episode, it is revealed that Jerome secretly tasked Scarecrow to concocts a [laughing gas](/wiki/Joker_venom \"Joker venom\") for him to spread across the city.Lilien, Steven \\& Wynbrandt, Bryan (writer) \\& Vrvilo, Maja (director) (April 5, 2018\\) \"A Dark Knight: Mandatory Brunch Meeting\" Gotham. Season 4\\. Episode 17\\. In \"That's Entertainment,\" Scarecrow, along with [Mr. Freeze](/wiki/Mr._Freeze \"Mr. Freeze\"), carries out a raid on [Wayne Enterprises](/wiki/Wayne_Enterprises \"Wayne Enterprises\")' chemical lab to brew more of the dangerous toxin. Later, Scarecrow, Mad Hatter and the [Penguin](/wiki/Oswald_Cobblepot_%28Gotham%29 \"Oswald Cobblepot (Gotham)\") go to a hangar to load the laughing gas onto a blimp and release it upon Gotham. There, he reveals to Penguin that the other Legion members anticipated his betrayal and that he knew Penguin would go to Jim Gordon, and then proceeding to knock him out.Cannon, Danny (writer) \\& Copus, Nick (director) (April 12, 2018\\) \"A Dark Knight: That's Entertainment\" Gotham. Season 4\\. Episode 18\\. In the episode \"One Bad Day\", Scarecrow assists Jeremiah Valeska in his plot to drive Bruce Wayne insane; using his fear toxin, Scarecrow makes Bruce hallucinate an insane Alfred attacking him, but Selina sneaks in and fights the Scarecrow, who is outmatched by her and then escapes as she frees Alfred and Bruce.Chun, Tze (writer) \\& Bailey, Rob (director) (May 10, 2018\\) \"A Dark Knight: One Bad Day\" Gotham. Season 4\\. Episode 21\\. In [season 5](/wiki/Gotham_season_5 \"Gotham season 5\"), with Gotham now a \"[no man's land](/wiki/No_Man%27s_Land_%28comic%29 \"No Man's Land (comic)\")\", Scarecrow leads his own gang as they take over a laboratory for Scarecrow's experiments, with Scarecrow killing the scientist who owns the lab.Stephens, John \\& Boston, Seth (writer) \\& Hope, Nathan (director) (May 17, 2018\\) \"A Dark Knight: No Man's Land\" Gotham. Season 4\\. Episode 22\\. In the episode \"Year Zero\", Scarecrow then leads his gang on an attack against the GCPD's territory to steal their supplies, where he faces Gordon, who manages to drive him off.Stephens, John (writer) \\& Cannon, Danny (director) (January 3, 2019\\) \"Legend of the Dark Knight: Year Zero\" Gotham. Season 5\\. Episode 1\\. In the episode \"Pena Dura\", Gordon mentions Scarecrow to [Eduardo Dorrance](/wiki/Bane_%28comics%29 \"Bane (comics)\") about the various criminals and their territories.Sosa, Iturri (writer) \\& Tonderai, Mark (director) (January 31, 2019\\) \"Legend of the Dark Knight: Pena Dura\" Gotham. Season 5\\. Episode 5\\. In the episode \"The Trial of Jim Gordon\", Scarecrow made a cameo during Gordon's hallucination of his trial as a member of his jury and then attends his funeral.McKenzie, Ben (writer) \\& Richards, Erin (director) (March 7, 2019\\) \"Legend of the Dark Knight: The Trial of Jim Gordon\" Gotham. Season 5\\. Episode 9\\.",
"#### Jerome Valeska",
"{{main\\|Jerome and Jeremiah Valeska}}\n[thumb\\|270x270px\\|Cameron Monaghan](/wiki/File:Cameron_Monaghan.jpg \"Cameron Monaghan.jpg\")\n**Jerome Valeska** (portrayed by [Cameron Monaghan](/wiki/Cameron_Monaghan \"Cameron Monaghan\")) is the psychopathic son of circus snake dancer Lila Valeska and blind [fortune teller](/wiki/Fortune-telling \"Fortune-telling\") Paul Cicero, and the twin brother of Jeremiah Valeska. After confessing to the murder of his mother and telling of her abusive nature, Jerome seemingly breaks down before beginning to laugh maniacally.",
"He is among the maniacal inmates who are later freed from Arkham Asylum by Theo and Tabitha Galavan, as part of their plot to create chaos in Gotham City. Jerome proceeds to kill his father, who foretells of Jerome's legacy of death and madness. Jerome then takes hostages at the Gotham Children's Hospital Gala and murders Deputy Mayor Harrison Kane. As Jerome prepares to execute Bruce Wayne, Theo kills Jerome to make himself look like a hero. Following Jerome's death, random civilians in Gotham who watched the televised hostage crisis suffer mental breakdowns and begin to [imitate Jerome's murderous actions](/wiki/Copycat_crime \"Copycat crime\"), thus affirming Cicero's vision.",
"Former Indian Hill scientist Dwight Pollard, who has become the leader of a fanatic cult worshipping Jerome, later conducts several experiments in an attempt to resurrect him. When Pollard's project appears to fail, he cuts off Jerome's face and wears it as a mask to command respect. Despite this, Jerome comes back to life hours later and kidnaps Pollard before stapling his face back onto his head. Jerome then sets off a series of explosives at a power plant, killing Pollard and causing a citywide blackout in Gotham. After abducting Bruce Wayne from Wayne Manor, Jerome takes him to a carnival occupied by his followers. Bruce manages to defeat Jerome and the latter is once more incarcerated at Arkham Asylum, where his face is surgically reattached. Nearly a year later, Jerome escapes along with Jervis Tetch and Jonathan Crane. He hatches a plot to plunge Gotham into anarchy with an insanity\\-inducing gas and exact revenge upon Bruce Wayne and Jeremiah. Before falling to his death during a confrontation with Police Captain Jim Gordon, Jerome arranges for a post\\-mortem \"gift\" to be sent to Jeremiah in the form of a jack\\-in\\-the\\-box; this package sprayed Jeremiah with a special version of the insanity gas, causing Jeremiah to continue his brother's legacy.",
"#### Tommy Bones",
"**Tommy Bones** (portrayed by James Andrew O'Connor) is a made man and hitman for the Maroni crime family who just got out of prison. During the gang war between the Falcone Crime Family and the Maroni Crime Family, Tommy was injured in a gunfight with Gordon.",
"He is later seen to be a member of Oswald Cobblepot's crime syndicate. As part of Edward Nygma's plot to break Mayor Oswald Cobblepot's mind, Tabitha holds Tommy at gunpoint in order to issue a threat to Mayor Cobblepot. Afterwards, Tommy is killed by Tabitha.",
"### Introduced in season 2",
"#### Silver St. Cloud",
"{{main\\|Silver St. Cloud}}\n[thumb\\|235x235px\\|Natalie Alyn Lind](/wiki/File:Natalie_Alyn_Lind_2023_%28cropped%29.jpg \"Natalie Alyn Lind 2023 (cropped).jpg\")\n**Silver St. Cloud** (portrayed by [Natalie Alyn Lind](/wiki/Natalie_Alyn_Lind \"Natalie Alyn Lind\")){{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.ew.com/article/2015/07/17/gotham\\-natalie\\-alyn\\-lind\\-silver\\-st\\-cloud\\|title\\=The Goldbergs' star joins Gotham as Silver St. Cloud\\|author\\=Samantha Highfill\\|work\\=ew.com}} is the mannerly niece of Theo Galavan and Tabitha Galavan who serves as a love interest to Bruce Wayne, despite having dark intentions. She was orphaned at a young age and her father was Theo's stepbrother. Theo then forced her to show fake affection for Bruce. After Theo abducts Bruce Wayne, he has Silver work to get Bruce to admit his love to her before the Order of St. Dumas can begin their ritual. During the fight against the Order of St. Dumas, Silver flees with Tabitha.",
"#### Bridgit Pike / Firefly",
"{{main\\|Firefly (DC Comics)}}",
"**Bridgit Pike / Firefly** (portrayed by [Michelle Veintimilla](/wiki/Michelle_Veintimilla \"Michelle Veintimilla\") in season 2 and 4,{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.ign.com/videos/2015/07/11/gotham\\-ben\\-mckenzie\\-robin\\-lord\\-taylor\\-bruno\\-heller\\-season\\-2\\-interview\\-comic\\-con\\-2015\\|title\\=Gotham: Ben McKenzie, Robin Lord Taylor, Bruno Heller Season 2 Interview – Comic\\-Con 2015\\|date\\=July 11, 2015 \\|publisher\\=IGN}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://tvline.com/2015/08/17/gotham\\-firefly\\-season\\-2\\-michelle\\-veintimilla\\|title\\=Gotham Launching Season 2 Firefly Arc (and There's a Cool Casting Twist)\\|date\\=August 17, 2015\\|publisher\\=TVLine\\|access\\-date\\=August 18, 2015\\|archive\\-date\\=December 17, 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151217193916/http://tvline.com/2015/08/17/gotham\\-firefly\\-season\\-2\\-michelle\\-veintimilla/\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} [Camila Perez](/wiki/Camila_Perez \"Camila Perez\") in season 3–4\\) is the quasi \"stepsister\" of Joe, Cale, and Evan Pike. She was a childhood friend of Selina Kyle and had once met Ivy Pepper. Bridgit was forced by her stepbrothers to join the family business and was abused by them. After much abuse, Bridgit eventually snapped, burning Joe and Cale to death, and beginning a vigilante spree. In a confrontation with the GCPD, her entire body was severely scarred from the burns sustained from her tank leaking from a bullet shot caused by one of the police officers. She was then taken to the underground Indian Hill facility as the scientists believe she is immune to fire as it was mentioned in a discussion between two orderlies that protective clothing was \"fused\" to her. Selina Kyle later encountered Pike at the Indian Hill facility where she has no memory of Selina, calls herself Firefly, and is sporting a new outfit. Strange brainwashed Bridget into thinking she was a fire goddess. She then accepted Selina as her servant, after being convinced all \"deities\" need one. During the Indian Hill conflict, she got into a fight with Victor Fries and Strange accidentally got caught in their crossfire.",
"Oswald Cobblepot and Ivy Pepper later find her working at a factory. After learning about Ivy Pepper's encounter with Marv and some persuasion, Bridgit Pike agrees to help Oswald and Ivy where she starts by throwing hot coal into her abusive boss' face. Though she is still at odds with Victor Fries, Bridgit Pike was with Penguin when they interfered in the Court of Owls' plans to use the weaponized version of Alice Tetch's blood on a Daughters of Gotham event where Bridgit Pike burned the Talon present. Later that night, she was knocked out by a Talon that was sent to abduct Penguin. Bridgit Pike later assisted Fish Mooney into obtaining the earlier antidotes for the Alice Tetch Virus and fighting the ninjas from the League of Shadows at the time when the chaos caused by the Alice Tetch Virus was caused. After Fish Mooney was accidentally killed by James Gordon, she and Victor Fries disappeared before the police arrived.",
"Firefly was later sent by Oswald Cobblepot to do away with Edward Nygma in the event that Barbara Kean, Tabitha Galavan, and Selina Kyle failed to bring Nygma to him. She crashed the fight between Solomon Grundy and Tabitha at Cherry's fight club where her fire attacks struck fear into Solomon Grundy. Leslie Thompkins disabled Firefly by shooting her flamethrower tank which sent her flying into a wall. Veintimilla returned to the role with the season 4 episode \"Mandatory Brunch Meeting\".{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://tvmoviefix.com/gotham\\-season\\-4\\-episode\\-17\\-mandatory\\-brunch\\-meeting\\-recap\\-review\\-spoilers/\\|title \\= 'Gotham' Season 4, episode 17: 'Mandatory Brunch Meeting' Recap: 'Legion of Terror' \\[SPOILERS]\\|date \\= April 5, 2018}}",
"When Gotham City became a no man's land, Firefly started her own gang in order to develop her territory. It was mentioned by Gordon that Firefly is in a turf war with Mr. Freeze.",
"#### Father Creel",
"[thumb\\|257x257px\\|Ron Rifkin](/wiki/File:RonRifkin2004.jpg \"RonRifkin2004.jpg\")\n**Father Creel** (portrayed by [Ron Rifkin](/wiki/Ron_Rifkin \"Ron Rifkin\")) is a priest who is a high\\-ranking member of the [religious sect of the Dumas family](/wiki/Order_of_St._Dumas \"Order of St. Dumas\") that left Gotham City with connections with Theo Galavan. Galavan met up with Father Creel and gives him the knife that was used by Jonathan Wayne to cut off Caleb Dumas' right hand. Creel tells Galavan that the rest of the religious sect is en route to Gotham City. Father Creel later welcomes his brothers when they arrive in Gotham City. During the fight between Oswald Cobblepot's group and the Order of St. Dumas to free Bruce Wayne, Father Creel is killed by Harvey Bullock.\n{{Clear}}",
"#### Hugo Strange",
"{{main\\|Hugo Strange}}\n[thumb\\|240x240px\\|BD Wong](/wiki/File:BD_Wong_%282016%29.jpg \"BD Wong (2016).jpg\")\n**Hugo Strange** (portrayed by [BD Wong](/wiki/BD_Wong \"BD Wong\")){{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.ign.com/articles/2014/07/21/gotham\\-showrunner\\-professor\\-hugo\\-strange\\-and\\-how\\-arkham\\-asylum\\-came\\-to\\-be\\-part\\-of\\-season\\-one\\|title\\=Gotham Showrunner: Professor Hugo Strange and How Arkham Asylum Came to Be Part of Season One\\|author\\=Jim Vejvoda\\|work\\=ign.com\\|date\\=July 21, 2014 }}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.ign.com/videos/2015/04/06/gotham\\-john\\-stephens\\-interview\\-at\\-wondercon\\-2015?adbid\\=1029582067071783\\&adbpl\\=fb\\&adbpr\\=693029617393698\\|title\\=John Stephens Interview at WonderCon 2015\\|author\\=IGN\\|work\\=ign.com\\|date\\=April 6, 2015 }}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://comicbook.com/2015/10/30/exclusive\\-bd\\-wong\\-cast\\-as\\-professor\\-hugo\\-strange\\-on\\-gotham/\\|title\\=EXCLUSIVE: BD Wong Cast as Professor Hugo Strange on Gotham\\|publisher\\=ComicBook.com\\|last\\=Siegel\\|first\\=Lucas\\|date\\=October 30, 2015}} is obsessed with understanding and manipulating the human mind, he is a [professor](/wiki/Professor \"Professor\") and Chief of Psychiatry at Arkham Asylum who is connected to the asylum's creation and uses it for his personal experiments on patients, which often results in the worsening of their mental conditions. He is the main antagonist of the second half of season 2 *Wrath of the Villains*, for his involvement with the secret underground Indian Hill facility owned by Wayne Enterprises that performs inhumane medical experiments on super\\-powered beings, later revealed to have been an overseer of the abandoned Pinewood program that Thomas Wayne started years ago. After Thomas disapproved of the project, Strange contracted Patrick Malone to kill the Waynes to keep his continued project a secret. While his scientists use experimental reprogramming on Oswald Cobblepot, Strange manages to win Victor Fries's assistance in his experiments of reviving corpses of recently killed criminals. After having Victor kill a former Pinewood patient named Karen Jennings in an attempt to conceal his involvement, Strange manages to fully resurrect Theo Galavan and reinvents him into Azrael to have him kill Gordon. Later, Strange shredded all his documents to avoid suspicion from the GCPD. Strange then managed to resurrect Fish Mooney, also giving her the ability to get people to do her bidding just by making contact. In the final battle at the Indian Hill facility, Hugo Strange was caught in the crossfire between Victor Fries and Bridgit Pike only to be resuscitated by Gordon. After the bomb was deactivated, Hugo Strange was arrested by the police.",
"Six months later, Fish freed Strange from his cell to help find a cure for her disease. When Strange said he couldn't do it, Penguin allowed the two of them to flee Gotham, telling them to never come back. Kathryn later brought Hugo Strange back to Gotham City so that he can extract Alice Tetch's poisonous blood from Nathaniel Barnes into weaponizing it. Gordon and Bullock later found the secret lab where he was working. After tranquilizing the test subject, Hugo Strange gave them the research on the weaponized blood and a sample that he secretly kept from the Court of Owls in exchange that they don't arrest him and cause the Court of Owls to go ahead with their plans. After telling Alfred about the Court of Owls plans, Hugo Strange tried to leave Gotham City only to be intercepted by Fish Mooney's men in order to find the earlier antidotes for the Alice Tetch Virus which he kept at a slaughterhouse as he also still promised Fish Mooney an army of monsters. They did run into some resistance from the League of Shadows' ninjas. After Fish Mooney was accidentally killed by James Gordon, Strange was arrested again by the police. Though he did agree to help in the development of the antidotes. Penguin later enlisted Hugo Strange to cure Butch Gilzean which he managed to do. Later on, Strange is instructed to work on a wounded Leslie Thompkins and Riddler.",
"Theresa Walker and Delta Force later used Hugo Strange in planting mind\\-control chips in Leslie and Riddler as he is still experimenting on dead bodies. Gordon finds Riddler and Hugo Strange in his hideout until Delta Force arrives and takes Hugo Strange away. Upon finding Eduardo wounded, Theresa plans to have Hugo Strange fix him up.",
"#### Ethel Peabody",
"[thumb\\|180x180px\\|Tonya Pinkins](/wiki/File:Tonya_Pinkins_Throws_Down_The_Gauntlet.jpg \"Tonya Pinkins Throws Down The Gauntlet.jpg\")\n**Ethel Peabody** (portrayed by [Tonya Pinkins](/wiki/Tonya_Pinkins \"Tonya Pinkins\")){{cite magazine\\|url\\=https://www.ew.com/article/2016/02/26/gotham\\-nathan\\-darrow\\-bd\\-wong\\-mr\\-freeze\\-hugo\\-strange?sf21599367\\=1\\|title\\=Gotham: What to expect from Hugo Strange and Mr. Freeze\\|magazine\\=\\[\\[Entertainment Weekly]]\\|access\\-date\\=February 26, 2016}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.thefutoncritic.com/listings/20160210fox01/\\|title\\=(GTH\\-212\\) \"Rise of the Villains: Mr. Freeze\"\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Futon Critic]]\\|access\\-date\\=February 11, 2016}} is a scientist and assistant of Hugo Strange who works at the Indian Hill facility and Arkham Asylum.",
"After Strange was arrested, Fish approached her for a cure, but she didn't have any way of making one. She is then killed by Strange's experiment Marv after he turns her old and near death.",
"#### Victor Fries / Mr. Freeze",
"{{main\\|Mr. Freeze}}",
"**Victor Fries / Mr. Freeze** (portrayed by [Nathan Darrow](/wiki/Nathan_Darrow \"Nathan Darrow\")){{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.thefutoncritic.com/listings/20151112fox01\\|title\\=(GTH\\-211\\) \"Rise of the Villains: \"Worse Than A Crime\"\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Futon Critic]]\\|access\\-date\\=November 13, 2015}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://comicbook.com/2015/06/25/gotham\\-season\\-two\\-premiere\\-date\\-synopsis\\-released\\|title\\=Gotham Season Two Premiere Date \\& Synopsis Released\\|publisher\\=comicbook.com\\|date\\=June 25, 2015\\|access\\-date\\=July 2, 2015}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://tvline.com/2015/10/28/gotham\\-mr\\-freeze\\-cast\\-nathan\\-darrow\\-season\\-2\\|title\\=Gotham Scoop: Mr. Freeze to Be Played by House of Cards' Nathan Darrow\\|author\\=Michael Ausiello\\|work\\=\\[\\[TVLine]]\\|date\\=October 28, 2015}} is one of Gotham's preeminent cryogenics engineers. Bruno Heller has stated that Victor will be a tragic character. He started abducting people for his experiments to find the right coolant combination that would enable him to freeze his wife Nora until he found a cure for her illness. After Nora was brought in by the police, Victor turns himself over to the police. One of the frozen people successfully revived as it proved that A16 worked as Victor works to save Nora. Upon the police converging on his house, Victor turned the chemicals on himself after it was discovered that Nora switched the cryogenic chemicals. Although Hugo Strange claimed that Victor died in the infirmary, he was actually placed in the Indian Hill facility within a special refrigerated cell at −20 degrees as the result of his attempted suicide. Hugo also states that he modified Victor Fries' suit to keep him alive in temperatures above subzero temperatures so that Victor can help Hugo with his project with dead bodies. Victor was later sent by Strange to kill former Pinewood patient Karen Jennings. After being questioned by Gordon, Strange claimed that Fries was cremated. During the Indian Hill conflict, Victor Fries ends up in a fight against Firefly which ended when Hugo Strange got caught in the crossfire of their elemental attacks.",
"Oswald Cobblepot and Ivy Pepper later find Victor Fries in a frigid location. As a way to persuade Victor to help, Oswald and Ivy returned his special suit that was held in Wayne Enterprises. Though he is still at odds with Bridgit Pike. Victor Fries later assisted Fish Mooney into obtaining the earlier antidotes for the Alice Tetch Virus and fighting the ninjas from the League of Shadows at the time when the chaos caused by the Alice Tetch Virus was caused. After Fish Mooney was accidentally killed by James Gordon, he and Bridgit disappeared from the scene before police arrived. After the chaos caused by the Alice Tetch Virus had ended, Oswald Cobblepot had Victor Fries use his freeze gun on Riddler. Oswald Cobblepot later called in Victor Fries to refreeze Edward Nygma when he was freed from the ice.",
"As Edward Nygma was not acting like his usual way, Cobblepot had to spare Nygma from being frozen by Victor Fries again.",
"When Gotham City became a no man's land, Mr. Freeze started claiming his territory. It was mentioned by Gordon that Mr. Freeze is in a turf war with Firefly.",
"#### Subject 514A",
"**\"Subject 514A\"** (portrayed by David Mazouz) is an unnamed look\\-a\\-like clone of Bruce with longer hair and a mark over his right eyebrow that is one of the experiments that escaped from the Indian Hill bus. He later had an encounter with Ivy Pepper who ran from him while he asked who Bruce Wayne is. After meeting Bruce Wayne and Alfred Pennyworth, Subject 514A started to mimic Bruce's voice and started to resemble him. He took Selina out for dinner and helped her escape after she failed to rob a bank. Selina eventually realized that 514A wasn't Bruce, and after 514A explained the situation, revealing that all he ever wanted was a friend. Selina told him that he's more normal then he thinks, and while saying goodbye, 514A kisses Selina. 514A is later approached by Kathryn of the Court of Owls who states that she is one of her \"parents.\" He is then loaded into Kathryn's car by Talon. Following Jerome's defeat, 514A has had his scars \"erased\" by the Court of Owls as they make their plans to \"save\" Gotham City. After having Bruce Wayne sent to the Shaman and posing as him, 514A reports to Kathryn that the nosebleeds he's been having has been happening more as Kathryn predicts that 514A will be dead by the time Bruce Wayne returns. When he is unable to persuade Selina Kyle into leaving town and she threatened to inform Alfred, Subject 514A pushed her out the window. Selina later recovered and attacked 514A with Alfred joining the fight causing 514A to defeat them and leave Wayne Manor. After speaking to Kathryn Monroe, Subject 514A later dies offscreen after succumbing to his injuries.",
"### Introduced in season 3",
"#### Valerie Vale",
"[thumb\\|217x217px\\|Jamie Chung](/wiki/File:Jamie_Chung_2009.jpg \"Jamie Chung 2009.jpg\")\n**Valerie Vale** (portrayed by [Jamie Chung](/wiki/Jamie_Chung \"Jamie Chung\")){{cite web\\|last\\=Ausiello\\|first\\=Michael\\|title\\=Gotham Casts Once Upon a Time's Jamie Chung as Valerie Vale\\|url\\=http://tvline.com/2016/06/20/gotham\\-season\\-3\\-jamie\\-chung\\-valerie\\-vale\\-cast\\-fox/\\|publisher\\=TVLine\\|date\\=June 20, 2016}} is a journalist for the *Gotham Gazette* and the aunt of Vicki Vale. She briefly serves as Jim Gordon's love interest, but after she got kidnapped and shot by Jervis Tetch, she realized Gordon was still in love with Lee and broke up with him.\n{{Clear}}",
"#### Mario Calvi",
"{{main\\|Mario Falcone (DC Comics)}}\n[thumb\\|279x279px\\|James Carpinello](/wiki/File:James_Carpinello_%28cropped%29.jpg \"James Carpinello (cropped).jpg\")\n**Mario Calvi** (portrayed by [James Carpinello](/wiki/James_Carpinello \"James Carpinello\")){{cite web\\|last\\=Ausiello\\|first\\=Michael\\|title\\=Gotham Casts Mob Scion Mario Falcone\\|url\\=http://tvline.com/2016/06/23/gotham\\-season\\-3\\-mario\\-falcone\\-cast\\-mario\\-falcone/\\|publisher\\=TVLine\\|date\\=June 24, 2016}} is the son of Carmine Falcone who is an expert doctor and the fiancée of Leslie Thompkins. While he wasn't born with the Falcone name and served as a disappointment to the family business, he did bring honor to the Falcone family. He is later revealed to have Alice Tetch's blood in him which enhances his jealousy. When he tries to stab Leslie at Carmine Falcone's lakehouse, Gordon shoots him dead in self\\-defense to save Leslie.",
"#### Court of Owls",
"{{main\\|Court of Owls}}",
"The Court of Owls is a [secret society](/wiki/Secret_society \"Secret society\") that existed in Gotham for centuries, formed by members of Gotham's wealthiest families, and the main antagonists of season 3\\. They are with connections to Indian Hill with plans to \"save\" Gotham City from its corruption. They have been known to tell specific people like Carmine Falcone and Aubrey James what to do. Before they planning to release Tetch\\-Virus and wipe out Gotham's crimes once again, all members of the court has been executed by Talons on Shaman's order, as punishment for murdering Thomas and Martha Wayne without his approval, leaving the court officially defunct.",
"##### Kathryn Monroe",
"**Kathryn Monroe** (portrayed by Kit Flanagan in Season Two, [Leslie Hendrix](/wiki/Leslie_Hendrix \"Leslie Hendrix\") in Season Three) is a white\\-haired spokeswoman of the Court of Owls, a high\\-ranking member that Hugo Strange and Ethel Peabody answer to. When she has Talon bring Bruce to her, Bruce recognizes her as someone he's seen at the Wayne Enterprises parties. Due to a deal Bruce reluctantly had to agreed to where he wouldn't do any more investigating. Kathryn has the Court operative return Bruce to Wayne Manor while stating that he won't see her again. Kathryn and Talon later encountered Subject 514A stating that she is one of his \"parents\" and has him loaded into her car. After being apprehended by the Gotham City Police Department, Kathryn tries to get Nathaniel Barnes to stop his rampage there and retreat only for her to be beheaded by Barnes.",
"##### Frank Gordon",
"[thumb\\|270x270px\\|James Remar](/wiki/File:James-Remar-SAG-Awards.jpg \"James-Remar-SAG-Awards.jpg\")\n**Frank Gordon** (portrayed by [James Remar](/wiki/James_Remar \"James Remar\")){{cite web\\|last\\=Lawrence\\|first\\=Derek\\|title\\=Dexter alum James Remar joins Gotham as Jim's uncle\\|url\\=https://www.ew.com/article/2016/11/22/gotham\\-james\\-remar\\|publisher\\=Entertainment Weekly\\|date\\=November 22, 2016}} is the estranged uncle of Jim Gordon and brother of Peter Gordon who returns to the city after Peter died 25 years ago. He is a member of the Court of Owls where he possesses the same ring as Peter did. After Jim managed to stop the chaos caused by Jerome Valeska's resurrection, Frank appears at Jim's apartment for the first time in years. After Jim learns about his uncle's involvement with his father's death and that the Court of Owls has a weapon from Indian Hill held at Dock 9C that they planned to use on Gotham City, Frank tells Jim to play along with Kathryn and then commits suicide by shooting himself in the head.",
"##### The Talons",
"[**The Talons**](/wiki/Court_of_Owls%23The_Talons \"Court of Owls#The Talons\") (Various Actors) are a group of masked deadly assassins that are loyal to the Court of Owls. They are all well\\-trained, following every command, and willing to sacrifice their life to protect the court.",
"#### Sensei / Shaman",
"{{main\\|Sensei (DC Comics)}}\n[thumb\\|270x270px\\|Raymond J. Barry](/wiki/File:Raymond_J._Barry_by_Nathan_Morgan.jpg \"Raymond J. Barry by Nathan Morgan.jpg\")\n**The Sensei / Shaman** (portrayed by [Raymond J. Barry](/wiki/Raymond_J._Barry \"Raymond J. Barry\")){{cite web\\|url\\=https://deadline.com/2017/01/gotham\\-cast\\-raymond\\-j\\-barry\\-tembi\\-locke\\-animal\\-kingdom\\-1201882036/\\|title\\='Gotham' Casts Raymond J. Barry; Tembi Locke Joins 'Animal Kingdom'\\|website\\=Deadline Hollywood\\|last\\=Petski\\|first\\=Denise\\|date\\=January 10, 2017}} is a mysterious figure, associate of the Court of Owls, and servant of Ra's al Ghul who enters Bruce Wayne's life with the stated intention of unlocking the potential of his own mind. Bruce Wayne first meets him in a mountainous temple after being placed there by the Court of Owls. Shaman works to help Bruce get out of the alley in his mind and shape him to be a \"protector of Gotham City.\" In a call with Kathryn, it is stated by Shaman that he is leading Gotham into his claim to shape his destiny. In a flashback, it was revealed that Shaman respected Thomas and Martha Wayne enough to have an unnamed Court of Owls member killed for carrying out the murder. It was also revealed that he was behind the part of the Talons' mental training. Upon forcing Bruce Wayne's hand to push the detonator to the bomb containing the weaponized version of Alice Tetch's poisonous blood, Shaman is shot by Alfred Pennyworth. Before dying of his wounds, Shaman tells Bruce to go to the Yuyan Building and \"seek out the Demon's Head\" as his last request.",
"### Introduced in season 4",
"#### Arthur Penn / Ventriloquist",
"{{main\\|Ventriloquist (character)}}",
"**Arthur Penn / Ventriloquist** (portrayed by Andrew Sellon) is an accountant that works for Penguin. He originally worked for Carmine Falcone before working for Cobblepot and then Sofia Falcone.",
"When Gotham City was declared \"no man's land,\" Arthur Penn stuck by Penguin's side. He is later shot by the Street Demonz leader. In his dying words, he told Cobblepot that his workers at the time hated him.",
"Somehow, Arthur Penn came back from the dead and found his way to a magic shop where he met the dummy of Scarface. When they made their way to Riddler's refuge where Penguin was, Scarface wanted Penguin to give him his treasure and grant him a way off the island. Thanks to a sonar attack by Riddler, Penguin struggled with Arthur which resulted in Scarface's head getting shot. When Arthur thanked Penguin for freeing him, he is shot in the head by Riddler.",
"#### Vanessa Harper",
"**Vanessa Harper** (portrayed by Kelcy Griffin) is a detective that transferred to Jim Gordon and Harvey Bullock's precinct from the 3–5\\.",
"#### Cherry",
"**Cherry** (portrayed by [Marina Benedict](/wiki/Marina_Benedict \"Marina Benedict\")){{cite web\\|url\\=http://tvline.com/2017/08/18/gotham\\-season\\-4\\-marina\\-benedict\\-benjamin\\-stockham/\\|title\\=Gotham Season 4 Adds Prison Break Baddie, Casts Buddy for Bruce\\|last\\=Webb Mitovich\\|first\\=Matt\\|work\\=\\[\\[TVLine]]\\|date\\=August 18, 2017\\|access\\-date\\=August 18, 2017\\|archive\\-date\\=August 18, 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818232452/https://tvline.com/2017/08/18/gotham\\-season\\-4\\-marina\\-benedict\\-benjamin\\-stockham/\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} is the owner of a fight club in The Narrows. Riddler approaches her to let Solomon Grundy take part in the fight club. First, Cherry has her latest doctor Leslie Thompkins tend to Solomon Grundy's burn. After Leslie disabled Firefly, Cherry revealed that she tipped off Oswald Cobblepot and is shot in the head by Barbara Kean.",
"#### Lazlo Valentin / Professor Pyg",
"{{main\\|Professor Pyg}}\n[thumb\\|350x350px\\|Michael Cerveris](/wiki/File:Sweeney_Todd_with_Michael_Cerveris_cropped.jpg \"Sweeney Todd with Michael Cerveris cropped.jpg\")\n**Lazlo Valentin / Professor Pyg** (portrayed by [Michael Cerveris](/wiki/Michael_Cerveris \"Michael Cerveris\")){{cite web\\|url\\=https://screenrant.com/gotham\\-season\\-4\\-professor\\-pyg/\\|title\\=Gotham Season 4 Will Introduce Professor Pyg\\|date\\=July 22, 2017\\|website\\=Screen Rant\\|access\\-date\\=July 23, 2017}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://tvline.com/2017/09/01/gotham\\-season\\-4\\-professor\\-pyg\\-michael\\-cerveris/\\|title\\=Gotham Casts Fringe's Michael Cerveris as DC Comics Baddie Professor Pyg\\|last\\=Webb Mitovich\\|first\\=Matt\\|work\\=\\[\\[TVLine]]\\|date\\=September 1, 2017\\|access\\-date\\=September 1, 2017}} is a [pig](/wiki/Pig \"Pig\")\\-masked killer who targets dirty cops and other \"greedy pigs\" of Gotham City. After killing some corrupt police officers, Professor Pyg moved on to Phase 2 of his plan that involved harvesting the organs of dead less fortunate people that he poisoned and cooking them into the [meat pies](/wiki/Meat_pies \"Meat pies\") he made for a charity event at the Falcone Home and School for Orphans. During his fight with Jim Gordon, Professor Pyg was defeated by Gordon and was arrested by the police. While incarcerated at Arkham Asylum, Gordon gets a clue about his true identity and his surgeries where he was previously arrested down south in his unaltered state. After tricking a guard into coming into his cell, Professor Pyg kills the guard, leaves a message in blood for Gordon, and escapes.",
"When it was discovered that Professor Pyg was brought to Gotham City by Sofia Falcone, he planned to incarcerate him in Blackgate only for Sofia to shoot Professor Pyg to cover tracks.",
"#### Martin",
"**Martin** (portrayed by [Christopher Convery](/wiki/Christopher_Convery \"Christopher Convery\")) is a mute boy at the Falcone Home and School for Orphans who \"speaks\" by writing things on the blank pad hanging around his neck. Oswald Cobblepot takes a liking to the boy as he gives him some life advice. After faking his death following his capture at the hands of Sofia Falcone and Barbara Kean, Cobblepot says goodbye to Martin as Victor Zsasz takes Martin to somewhere safe and far from Gotham City. He was later rescued from Sofia's clutches by Riddler.",
"#### Jeremiah Valeska",
"{{main\\|Jerome and Jeremiah Valeska}}",
"**Jeremiah Valeska** (portrayed by [Cameron Monaghan](/wiki/Cameron_Monaghan \"Cameron Monaghan\")) is the brilliant and calculating son of circus snake dancer Lila Valeska and blind [fortune teller](/wiki/Fortune-telling \"Fortune-telling\") Paul Cicero, and the twin brother of Jerome Valeska. Like Jerome, he is heavily tied to the origins of [the Joker](/wiki/Joker_%28character%29 \"Joker (character)\"), and is possibly the shows version of him (although this is mainly left up to interpretation.)",
"After allegedly suffering severe abuse at the hands of Jerome as a child, Jeremiah was sent to a shelter where he was adopted by a wealthy couple and renamed \"Xander Wilde\"; Jerome conversely claimed that Jeremiah was a sociopath who feigned being a victim to orchestrate these events. Jeremiah becomes a successful [engineer](/wiki/Engineer \"Engineer\") for [Wayne Enterprises](/wiki/Wayne_Enterprises \"Wayne Enterprises\") as an adult and develops a friendship with Bruce Wayne, who agrees to fund his prototype high\\-energy generators to improve Gotham City. Jerome eventually captures Jeremiah and promises to \"drive him mad\". Following Jerome's death, Jeremiah is exposed to the Scarecrow's insanity\\-inducing gas at Jerome's final request, turning his skin white, dyeing his hair dark green, and staining his lips red. After gaining the loyalty of Jerome's followers at his late brother's grave, Jeremiah reveals himself to Bruce as the mastermind behind these events and proclaims victory over his deceased twin. Revealing his plan to use the high\\-energy generators as explosives, Jeremiah declares Bruce as his \"very best friend\" and unsuccessfully attempts to drive him insane in \"[one bad day](/wiki/Batman:The_Killing_Joke \"The Killing Joke\")\" with Scarecrow's gas. Jeremiah is then approached by the immortal Ra's al Ghul, who proposes an alliance to \"help\" Bruce fulfill his destiny as \"Gotham's Dark Knight\". Jeremiah breaks into Wayne Manor and shoots Bruce's love\\-interest, Selina Kyle, and later abducts him. Although Ra's is killed, he and Jeremiah's plan to blow up Gotham's bridges with the generators and render the city a \"[No Man's Land](/wiki/No_Man%27s_Land \"No Man's Land\")\" succeeds, and an ecstatic Jeremiah manages to vanish in the ensuing chaos.",
"After Gotham is cut\\-off from the rest of the world, Jeremiah forms his own fanatic cult with the help of his assistant Ecco, and occupies a large portion of the city designated as the \"Dark Zone\". He forces his men to dig a series of tunnels as a means of escape should the government decide to [nuke](/wiki/Nuclear_warfare \"Nuclear warfare\") the city. Jeremiah works with the Mad Hatter to produce a toxic gas at the abandoned Ace Chemicals plant, which he plans to release into Gotham's skies so that the government will no longer be able to send supplies into the city. Jeremiah subsequently has a surgeon perform plastic surgery on two kidnapped civilians to make them resemble Thomas and Martha Wayne, Bruce's deceased parents, in an attempt to re\\-enact the night of the Waynes' deaths so that he will become the most important person in Bruce's life; Jeremiah later captures James Gordon and Leslie Thompkins and decides to use them instead due to their personal connection to Bruce. With Selina's help, Bruce thwarts Jeremiah's scheme and pursues him while Gordon drives the armed canisters of toxic gas into the river. Jeremiah falls into a vat of green liquid during his confrontation with Bruce at Ace Chemicals, after which his body is salvaged and placed in a hospital. Bruce tells to Selina that Jeremiah currently registers no brain activity in his comatose state.",
"Ten years later, a seemingly brain\\-dead Jeremiah is incarcerated in Arkham Asylum until it is revealed that he feigned being in a vegetative state to wait for Bruce's eventual return to Gotham. Jeremiah frames Harvey Bullock for murder, manipulates Oswald Cobblepot and Edward Nygma into taking the initial blame for his scheme, and has Ecco break him out of Arkham. After his escape, Jeremiah kidnaps James Gordon and Barbara Kean's daughter, but Ecco is stabbed in the confrontation. Jeremiah kills Ecco and takes Barbara Lee Gordon to Ace Chemicals, where he reveals to Gordon that he lost most of his memories after his fall into the green solutions over a decade ago. After telling Gordon to address him as \"J\", Jeremiah prepares to drop Barbara into the same vat only for Bruce to appear as Batman. Overjoyed by Bruce's arrival, Jeremiah simply laughs maniacally even when being slashed with [batarangs](/wiki/Batarangs \"Batarangs\") but falls unconscious as one slashes his head.",
"#### Ecco",
"[thumb\\|239x239px\\|Francesca Root\\-Dodson](/wiki/File:Francesca_Root-Dodson_by_Megan_Kapler_%28cropped%29.jpg \"Francesca Root-Dodson by Megan Kapler (cropped).jpg\")\n**Ecco** (portrayed by [Francesca Root\\-Dodson](/wiki/Francesca_Root-Dodson \"Francesca Root-Dodson\")) is the assistant and proxy of Jeremiah Valeska. After his transformation into a criminal and terrorist, Ecco continues acting as Jeremiah's right\\-hand woman and begins donning a jester costume, earning her the nickname \"Mummer.\" She traps Jim Gordon inside the bunker with the bombs and later kills two guards for Jeremiah at Wayne Enterprises and the two of them use their keycards to break inside. After Gotham becomes No Man's Land, Ecco continues to work as Jeremiah's accomplice and henchwoman, breaking into GCPD and vandalizing their map with Jeremiah's symbol. In addition, she helps Jeremiah to establish the Church of Jeremiah Valeska as a way to gain followers.",
"10 years later, Ecco poses as a nurse at Arkham Asylum. When Gordon is onto Jeremiah orchestrating the frame\\-up of Harvey Bullock, Ecco kills the two inmates bothering Jeremiah and tells him that the jig is up. Both of them head to the Sirens where they ambush Barbara Kean. Ecco is stabbed by Barbara and is critically injured. Jeremiah sadly muses on how Ecco is no longer his Ecco, and there’ll be no one like her. Ecco smiles at this sentiment, before Jeremiah shoots and kills her, simply stating, “there’ll be plenty more fish in the sea.” Ecco is a precursor to and is inspired by [Harley Quinn](/wiki/Harley_Quinn \"Harley Quinn\").",
"#### Lelia",
"**Lelia** (portrayed by Shiva Kalaiselvan) is a female member of the League of Shadows that becomes loyal to Barbara Kean.{{Cite news \\|url\\=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2018/03/30/malaysian\\-actress\\-lands\\-gotham\\-role/ \\|title\\=Malaysian actress lands 'Gotham' role \\|last\\=Toh \\|first\\=Terence \\|date\\=March 30, 2018 \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Star (Malaysia)\\|The Star]] \\|access\\-date\\=February 20, 2019}}",
"### Introduced in season 5",
"#### Nyssa al Ghul / Theresa Walker",
"{{main\\|Nyssa Raatko}}\n[thumb\\|226x226px\\|Jaime Murray](/wiki/File:Jaime_Murray_Comic-Con_2012.jpg \"Jaime Murray Comic-Con 2012.jpg\")\n**Nyssa al Ghul / Theresa Walker** (portrayed by [Jaime Murray](/wiki/Jaime_Murray \"Jaime Murray\"){{cite web \\|last\\=Petski\\|first\\=Denise\\|title\\='Gotham': Jaime Murray Set For Key Role On Fox's Batman Prequel\\|url\\=https://deadline.com/2018/10/gotham\\-jaime\\-murray\\-recurring\\-role\\-fox\\-batman\\-prequel\\-1202492082/\\|website\\=Deadline\\|access\\-date\\=October 30, 2018\\|date\\=October 30, 2018}}) is the daughter of Ra's al Ghul. She emerges as Jim Gordon's principal nemesis in the season, who comes to Gotham harbouring a dark secret about her past. Theresa Walker sent Delta Force into Gotham City to reclaim it from the criminals and also manipulated Hugo Strange into putting a control chip in Riddler and Leslie Thompkins' brains. After the broadcast of her ordering Riddler to use an RPG on Haven, Walker appeared in Gotham City and found Eduardo impaled but still alive on a bar. She provides him with a special mask as she plans to have Hugo Strange fix him up.",
"After Hugo Strange was done with the experiment that turned Eduardo into Bane and led in the capture of Jim Gordon, Bruce Wayne, and General Wade, Nyssa had Bane beat up Gordon in order to get Bruce to say the name of a certain person she knows. When he finally knows what Walker is talking about and quotes Ra's al Ghul, Walker introduces herself as his daughter Nyssa. While Gordon is taken away for Hugo Strange to work on, Nyssa states that she is going to take advantage of Special Order 386 (an order to reduce a city to rubble if it is irretrievably lost) to make Bruce suffer. Nyssa then heads out to target Barbara Kean due to her hand in her father's death. After Bane failed to catch Barbara, Nyssa headed to the Sirens and killed the female League of Assassins members present. Nyssa then knocked out Leslie Thompkins and proceeded to introduce herself to Barbara while rubbing her hand on her newborn child.",
"When Gordon confronts Nyssa at City Hall during Special Order 386, both of them fight each other until Barbara stabbed her. Nyssa ordered General Wade to activate the fail\\-safe that results in General Wade's suicide as Nyssa escapes. She makes off in Penguin and Riddler's submarine with Penguin's dog Edward still inside.",
"#### Eduardo Dorrance / Bane",
"{{main\\|Bane (DC Comics)}}\n[thumb\\|256x256px\\|Shane West](/wiki/File:Shane_West_April_2015_%28cropped%29.jpg \"Shane West April 2015 (cropped).jpg\")\n**Eduardo Dorrance / Bane** (portrayed by [Shane West](/wiki/Shane_West \"Shane West\"){{cite web\\|url\\=https://deadline.com/2018/09/shane\\-west\\-cast\\-gotham\\-season\\-5\\-final\\-season\\-eduardo\\-dorrance\\-bane\\-edmund\\-batman\\-prequel\\-fox\\-1202462923/\\|title\\='Gotham': Shane West Set For Key Role On Final Season Of Fox's Batman Prequel\\|last\\=Andreeva\\|first\\=Nellie\\|publisher\\=Deadline\\|date\\=September 11, 2018\\|access\\-date\\=September 12, 2018}}{{cite web \\|last\\=Vick\\|first\\=Megan\\|title\\=Shane West's Character Is Finally Confirmed in Gotham Final Season\\|url\\=https://www.tvguide.com/news/gotham\\-shane\\-west\\-bane\\-first\\-look\\-trailer/\\|website\\=TV Guide\\|access\\-date\\=October 7, 2018\\|date\\=October 7, 2018}}) is a former army buddy of James Gordon who returns with a group of elite soldiers called Delta Force to help restore Gotham City from its \"No Man's Land\" state. In the past after Gordon's line of duty was over, Eduardo and his men became prisoners of war and were incarcerated at Pena Duro where he was put through one of the games where the guards bury someone alive and hold wagers to see if any prisoners would dig their way out. He is later freed by Nyssa al Ghul under the alias of Theresa Walker. Eduardo is in league with Theresa in her goals. When confronting Gordon at the ruins of Haven, Eduardo fought Gordon until he was impaled onto a pipe. Theresa found him and provided him with a special mask as she plans to have Hugo Strange fix him up.",
"After Hugo Strange was done working on him, Eduardo became Bane and led the mission to capture Jim Gordon, Bruce Wayne, and General Wade. Bane then tortured Gordon to the point when Bruce learned of Theresa's connection with Ra's al Ghul as she states that she is his daughter Nyssa. After figuring out Barbara Kean's hand in her father's death, Nyssa sends Bane to bring her Barbara. Bane raided the hospital and chased after Barbara and Leslie Thompkins. He did catch up to Barbara and Leslie after Barbara gave birth in the ambulance lot. Alfred and Selina bought the two of them time to get away. While Bane knocked Selina to the ground, he beat up Alfred and threw him back first into a nearby pole before getting away.",
"As Special Order 386 is activated, Bane led the Delta Force and the army into leveling Gotham. He briefly fought Bruce Wayne and Selina Kyle following Wayne Enterprise's detonation. Bruce was able to use a beacon on Bane that caused him to be attacked by bats. As Bane and Angel lead their forces into confronting Gordon, Bullock, Bruce, Selina, Penguin, Riddler, and Lee, Barbara arrived with the refugees as Gordon asks the army if they are with Gotham or against Gotham. The army turned against Bane as he, Angel, and those on his side are arrested. It was mentioned that Bane has been remanded to a prison.",
"#### Will Thomas",
"**Will Thomas** (portrayed by Hunter Jones) is an orphan enslaved to the Soothsayers who escapes where he receives help from Jim Gordon. He is killed when Haven was blown up by a mind\\-controlled Riddler using an RPG. Will appears in a near\\-death hallucination that Jim has after he was wounded by Victor Zsasz.",
""
] |
### Introduced in season 1
#### Aubrey James
{{main\|Aubrey James}}
[thumb\|248x248px\|Richard Kind](/wiki/File:Richard_Kind_%2829692170902%29.jpg "Richard Kind (29692170902).jpg")
**Aubrey James** (portrayed by [Richard Kind](/wiki/Richard_Kind "Richard Kind")) is the Mayor of Gotham City who is in Carmine Falcone's pocket and is also revealed to do what the Court of Owls says. Superficially congenial, he is indifferent and contemptuous of most of Gotham's citizens and ruthless towards anyone who would endanger his political standing and criminal associations.
Following Falcone's retirement, James is later held captive by Theo Galavan in an elaborate scheme of Galavan's in order for Galavan to become the new mayor. Sometime later, James is found at a safehouse in China Docks, which leads to Galavan's arrest. At Galavan's trial, James fearfully testifies that Galavan did not abduct him but rather that Oswald Cobblepot was responsible.
James later assists Nathaniel Barnes at a press conference where they state that they have no knowledge if Wayne Enterprises is connected with Indian Hill. At another press conference, James states that the elected Gotham City Officials have been running Gotham City since Theo Galavan's death and want him to be reinstated as the Mayor of Gotham City. Oswald Cobblepot crashes the press conference, stating that he challenges James for that role after driving out the "abominations" that plagued their city. Later, Oswald is elected the new mayor of Gotham. When Oswald goes missing, a news report states that the elected Gotham City Officials have reinstated Aubrey James. He is briefly held hostage by the Riddler in order to get the Court of Owls' identity out of him. During the chaos caused by the Alice Tetch Virus, it is mentioned that Mayor Aubrey James has called in the National Guard to help. Sometime later, Aubrey James is succeeded by Burke.
10 years later, Aubrey James is mayor again, and he is dismayed that Gordon wants to resign. He is later captured by the Riddler as part of his employer's plot to bomb the newly rebuilt Wayne Tower. Barbara and Selina rescue him, and the police get the mayor to safety and remove the bombs on him.
#### Gertrud Kapelput
[thumb\|251x251px\|Carol Kane](/wiki/File:Carol_Kane_%282018%29_%28cropped%29.jpg "Carol Kane (2018) (cropped).jpg")
**Gertrud Kapelput** (portrayed by [Carol Kane](/wiki/Carol_Kane "Carol Kane")) is the overly possessive, heavily accented mother of Oswald Cobblepot. In her earlier life, she was the cook for Elijah Van Dahl's parents where they fell in love which Elijah's parents disapproved. Even though Elijah stood up to his parents, Gertrud was already gone and she later gave birth to Oswald. She and her son share an unusually close bond.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.tvguide.com/news/gotham\-carol\-kane\-1083972\.aspx\|title\=''Gotham'' Adds Carol Kane, Kyle Massey\|last\=Raftery\|first\=Liz\|work\=TV Guide\|date\=July 3, 2014\|access\-date\=October 24, 2014}} Gertrud is responsible for Oswald's desires to move up in the world, claiming it's his birthright.
She is later held captive by Theo Galavan so that Penguin could help him in his goals. Although Oswald Cobblepot persuades Theo to have his mother freed in exchange that he continues to work for him, Gertrud is stabbed in the back by Tabitha Galavan. Before dying from her wounds, Gertrud learns more about Oswald's activities and still considers her son a good boy.
#### Sal Maroni
{{main\|Sal Maroni}}
[thumb\|253x253px\|David Zayas](/wiki/File:David_Zayas.jpg "David Zayas.jpg")
**Salvatore Maroni** (portrayed by [David Zayas](/wiki/David_Zayas "David Zayas")){{cite web\|last\=Andreeva \|first\=Nellie \|url\=https://www.deadline.com/2014/08/gotham\-batman\-prequel\-series\-adds\-mobster\-sal\-maroni\-david\-zayas\-portrays/\#more\-798620 \|title\=David Zayas To Play Mobster Sal Maroni In 'Gotham' \|publisher\=Deadline \|date\=2014\-07\-31 \|access\-date\=2014\-07\-31}} is the owner of a local Italian restaurant that serves as a front for his crime family. Maroni takes an interest in one of his employees, petty criminal [Oswald Cobblepot](/wiki/Oswald_Cobblepot_%28Gotham%29 "Oswald Cobblepot (Gotham)"), promoting him to manager and using him as a source of information on Falcone's operations; he is unaware that Cobblepot is secretly an [informant](/wiki/Informant "Informant") for Falcone. When [Jack Buchinsky](/wiki/Electrocutioner "Electrocutioner") targets Maroni for abandoning him years ago during a heist, he and his associates seek refuge in the GCPD. There, he begins to suspect Cobblepot's duplicity when he deliriously stammers about meeting Falcone.{{Cite episode\|title\=Rogues' Gallery\|episode\-link\=Gotham season 1\#ep11\|series\=Gotham (TV series)\|series\-link\=Gotham (TV series)\|network\=Fox\|airdate\= January 5, 2015\|season\=1\|number\=11}} When Falcone's lieutenant [Fish Mooney](/wiki/Fish_Mooney "Fish Mooney") goes into exile from Gotham City, she contacts Maroni and informs him of Cobblepot's deception, resulting in Maroni interrogating Cobblepot into confessing the truth, and eventually attempting to have him executed in a junkyard car compactor.{{Cite episode\|title\=The Fearsome Dr. Crane\|episode\-link\=Gotham season 1\#ep14\|series\=Gotham (TV series)\|series\-link\=Gotham (TV series)\|network\=Fox\|airdate\= February 2, 2015\|season\=1\|number\=14}} When Cobblepot manages to escape and obtains Falcone's protection, Maroni and Falcone make a deal: Maroni will get rid of one of Falcone's enemies and Cobblepot will stay out of his territory. Maroni appears at the newly christened "Oswald's" nightclub to tell his former associate that he is safe for now, but that he will perish as soon as Falcone dies.{{Cite episode\|title\=The Scarecrow\|episode\-link\=Gotham season 1\#ep15\|series\=Gotham (TV series)\|series\-link\=Gotham (TV series)\|network\=Fox\|airdate\= February 9, 2015\|season\=1\|number\=15}} Maroni also tries to ruin Cobblepot's business by cutting off his liquor supplies. Cobblepot then sends a hitman to one of Maroni's establishments to tell Maroni that Falcone wants him dead. Cobblepot sabotages his own hit in order to ignite a turf war between Maroni and Falcone.{{Cite episode\|title\=The Anvil or the Hammer\|episode\-link\=Gotham season 1\#ep21\|series\=Gotham (TV series)\|series\-link\=Gotham (TV series)\|network\=Fox\|airdate\= April 27, 2015\|season\=1\|number\=21}} In the season finale "[All Happy Families Are Alike](/wiki/All_Happy_Families_Are_Alike "All Happy Families Are Alike")", Mooney takes Falcone, Cobblepot, [James Gordon](/wiki/James_Gordon_%28Gotham%29 "James Gordon (Gotham)"), and [Harvey Bullock](/wiki/Harvey_Bullock_%28character%29 "Harvey Bullock (character)") prisoner where she intends to kill them all in exchange for Sal Maroni returning all her old territories back to her. While Mooney wants an equal partnership, however, Maroni insists on her being his second\-in\-command. When Maroni belittles Mooney with sexist nicknames, she turns on him and shoots him in the head before slaughtering his gang.{{Cite episode\|title\=All Happy Families Are Alike\|episode\-link\=Gotham season 1\#ep22\|series\=Gotham (TV series)\|series\-link\=Gotham (TV series)\|network\=Fox\|airdate\= April 28, 2015\|season\=1\|number\=22}}
#### Jennifer Luree
**Jennifer Luree** (portrayed by Krista Braun) is a reporter in Gotham City who appears as a minor character, usually seen narrating important events and happenings in Gotham City. She is a recurring character appearing in all five seasons.
#### Frankie Carbone
{{main\|Frankie Carbone}}
**Frankie Carbone** (portrayed by Danny Mastrogiorgio) is the chief enforcer and a made man in the Maroni Crime Family. He is later killed by Oswald Cobblepot, Gabriel, and an unnamed former Maroni crime family member who is on Oswald's side.
#### Liza
[thumb\|230x230px\|Makenzie Leigh](/wiki/File:Makenzie_Leigh_%2830503788681%29_%28cropped%29.jpg "Makenzie Leigh (30503788681) (cropped).jpg")
**Liza** (portrayed by [Makenzie Leigh](/wiki/Makenzie_Leigh "Makenzie Leigh")) is a singer who has applied for an opening at Fish Mooney's nightclub and subsequently became an agent for Mooney to seduce Don Carmine Falcone. She is subsequently blackmailed by Oswald Cobblepot. Upon Mooney faking Liza's kidnapping, Liza is later strangled to death by Falcone in front of Mooney and Gilzean after Oswald tells Falcone the whole story.
#### Alvarez
**Alvarez** (portrayed by [J.W. Cortes](/wiki/J.W._Cortes "J.W. Cortes")) is a detective of the Gotham City Police Department. During the chaos caused by the Alice Tetch Virus, Alvarez got infected and started shooting his fellow police officers until he was knocked out by Lucius Fox. He was later among those cured.
#### Kristen Kringle
**Kristen Kringle** (portrayed by [Chelsea Spack](/wiki/Chelsea_Spack "Chelsea Spack")) is an [archivist](/wiki/Archivist "Archivist") at Gotham City Police Department to whom Edward Nygma is attracted to. After Edward finds out Kringle is being abused by her boyfriend Tom Doughtery, Edward accidentally stabs him multiple times outside of Kringle's apartment after he told him to leave Kringle alone. He then tries to cover up the death by leaving Kringle notes and riddles which leave her suspicious. Later when Edward saves her from the Maniax GCPD massacre, the two start dating. However, during one of their dates, she finds out that Edward murdered her ex\-boyfriend Tom, and she threatens to call the police on Edward and he accidentally chokes her to death. Initially grief\-stricken, the darker side of his personality soon emerges, and he chops up Kringle's body and buries her in the woods where he meets Oswald Cobblepot. Soon, however, Jim Gordon starts investigating Kringle's disappearance and tricks Edward into revealing the location of her body after Edward tries to kill Jim. After Edward is caught by the GCPD, he is placed in Arkham until he is eventually let out by Oswald to help him run for mayor.
#### Victor Zsasz
{{main\|Victor Zsasz}}
[thumb\|284x284px\|Anthony Carrigan](/wiki/File:Anthony_Carrigan_2024_Emmys_01.png "Anthony Carrigan 2024 Emmys 01.png")
**Victor Zsasz** (portrayed by [Anthony Carrigan](/wiki/Anthony_Carrigan_%28actor%29 "Anthony Carrigan (actor)")) is a sadistic [hitman](/wiki/Contract_killing "Contract killing") who is loyal to Carmine Falcone and is assisted by a number of female associates. He carves a [tally mark](/wiki/Tally_mark "Tally mark") into his skin for every person he kills.{{cite web\|url\=https://screenrant.com/gotham\-tv\-show\-preview\-nycc\-2014\-panel\-harvey\-dent\-victor\-zsasz\|title\='Gotham' NYCC Panel: When We Will See Victor Zsasz \& Harvey Dent\|author\=Ben Kendrick\|work\=Screen Rant\|date\=October 12, 2014}}
Following Carmine Falcone's retirement, Zsasz becomes loyal to Cobblepot.
Zsasz is later hired by Falcone to kill Gordon after the death of Falcone's son Mario and attempts to kill him twice before the job is cancelled by Falcone at the persuasion of Leslie.
Three months following the chaos caused by the Alice Tetch Virus, Victor Zsasz works with Cobblepot to make sure that the specific criminals in Gotham City have specific licenses to commit crimes and to dispose of anyone that gets in Cobblepot's way.
#### Gabriel
**Gabriel** (portrayed by Alex Corrado) is a thug who works as Oswald Cobblepot's bodyguard. He previously worked as a bodyguard for Frankie Carbone as a member of the Maroni crime family until he assisted Oswald and another operative into killing him during the attack on Nikolai's warehouse. After that, he began to follow Oswald's every command, he always seemed loyal to Oswald, but secretly, he followed him only out of fear.
After Oswald's life was saved by Ivy Pepper, Gabriel and those with him tried to have him planned for an auction where he'll be killed off only for Ivy to use her perfume on them which led to those who came with Gabriel to end up killed. Upon admitting the truth that he followed Oswald out of fear when under the control of Ivy's perfume, Oswald angrily stabbed Gabriel to death and buried him in Ivy's plants him alongside those who came with him.
#### Gillian B. Loeb
{{main\|Gillian B. Loeb}}
[thumb\|231x231px\|Peter Scolari](/wiki/File:Peter_Scolari_%2827023529024%29.jpg "Peter Scolari (27023529024).jpg")
**Gillian B. Loeb** (portrayed by [Peter Scolari](/wiki/Peter_Scolari "Peter Scolari")) is the corrupt [Commissioner](/wiki/Police_commissioner "Police commissioner") of the Gotham City Police Department who is allied with Carmine Falcone until he switches to being an ally to Sal Maroni by the end of the season.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.bustle.com/articles/59303\-who\-is\-commissioner\-loeb\-on\-gotham\-his\-dc\-comics\-background\-suggests\-a\-darker\-side\-ahead\|title\=Bustle\|work\=bustle.com\|date\=January 19, 2015 }} He is initially Jim Gordon's enemy and even has him fired after he stopped Zaardon the Soul Reaper.
After Jim does a favor for Oswald Cobblepot, he and Victor Zsasz force Loeb at gunpoint to resign from the Gotham City Police Department. Loeb does that enabling Sarah Essen to be sworn in as the new commissioner. At the time when Jim Gordon was incarcerated at Blackgate Penitentiary, Warden Carlson Grey tells Gordon that ex\-Commissioner Loeb says "hi".
#### Jonathan Crane
{{main\|Scarecrow (DC Comics)}}
[thumb\|218x218px\|Charlie Tahan](/wiki/File:Charlie_Tahan%2C_Frankenweenie_premiere.jpg "Charlie Tahan, Frankenweenie premiere.jpg")
**Jonathan Crane / The Scarecrow** (portrayed by [Charlie Tahan](/wiki/Charlie_Tahan "Charlie Tahan")),{{cite web\|url\=http://www.dccomics.com/blog/2015/02/09/the\-dctv\-secrets\-of\-gotham\-episode\-15\-the\-scarecrow\|title\=The \#DCTV Secrets of GOTHAM: episode 15 – "The Scarecrow"\|work\=DC Comics\|date\=February 9, 2015}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.cbr.com/gotham\-debuts\-first\-look\-scarecrow/\|title\=Gotham Debuts First Look at Scarecrow's Comics\-Accurate Costume\|last\=Gerding\|first\=Stephen\|work\=\[\[Comic Book Resources]]\|date\=July 22, 2017\|access\-date\=July 27, 2017}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.avclub.com/tvclub/gotham\-scarecrow\-215001\|title\=Review: Gotham: "The Scarecrow"\|work\=avclub.com\|date\=February 10, 2015 \|access\-date\=November 11, 2015}} but was played by [David W. Thompson](/wiki/David_W._Thompson "David W. Thompson") during Season 4\-5\.{{cite web \| url\=https://screenrant.com/gotham\-scarecrow\-new\-actor\-david\-thompson/ \| title\=Gotham Officially Casts New Actor as Scarecrow \| website\=\[\[Screen Rant]] \| date\=January 26, 2018 }}
He is introduced in the first\-season episodes "[The Fearsome Dr. Crane](/wiki/The_Fearsome_Dr._Crane "The Fearsome Dr. Crane")" and "[The Scarecrow](/wiki/The_Scarecrow_%28Gotham_episode%29 "The Scarecrow (Gotham episode)")". His father Gerald Crane (portrayed by [Julian Sands](/wiki/Julian_Sands "Julian Sands")) creates the 'fear toxin', a serum designed to eliminate fear, and then injects Jonathan with it. Detectives [Jim Gordon](/wiki/James_Gordon_%28comics%29 "James Gordon (comics)") and [Harvey Bullock](/wiki/Harvey_Bullock_%28comics%29 "Harvey Bullock (comics)") save Jonathan's life, but are too late to save his father and his sanity; the toxin has left him in a state of perpetual terror, plagued by hallucinations of his greatest fear: scarecrows.Stephens, John (writer) \& Behring, John (director) (February 2, 2015\). "The Fearsome Dr. Crane". Gotham. Season 1\. Episode 14\. FOX.Woodruff, Ken (writer) \& Copus, Nick (director) (February 9, 2015\). "The Scarecrow". Gotham. Season 1\. Episode 15\. FOX. He is next seen in the season four episode "[Pax Penguina](/wiki/Pax_Penguina "Pax Penguina")", in which he is institutionalized in [Arkham Asylum](/wiki/Arkham_Asylum "Arkham Asylum"), where the corrupt warden Reed uses his fears to keep him under control. A gang of criminals led by Grady Harris and Merton bribe Reed to give them Crane and forces him to re\-create his father's fear toxin so they can use it to control Gotham City. Jonathan eventually embraces his fear and uses the toxin against Grady Harris after Merton and his fellow gang members were arrested. He then wreaks havoc on Gotham with the toxin as "The Scarecrow".Stephens, John (writer) \& Cannon, Danny (director) (September 21, 2017\). "A Dark Knight: Pax Penguina". Gotham. Season 4\. Episode 1\. FOX. In "[The Fear Reaper](/wiki/The_Fear_Reaper "The Fear Reaper")", Crane invades Arkham Asylum and uses the fear gas on Warden Reed and other inmates causing the guards to flee. When Gordon confronts Scarecrow, he gets infected with fear gas until he overcomes it. After Gordon turns on the sprinklers and neutralizes the fear gas' effects on the inmates, Scarecrow got away.Cannon, Danny (writer) \& Milito, Lous Shaw (director) (September 28, 2017\). "A Dark Knight: The Fear Reaper". Gotham. Season 4\. Episode 2\. FOX. In "[One of My Three Soups](/wiki/One_of_My_Three_Soups "One of My Three Soups")", Scarecrow is shown as an inmate at Arkham Asylum after getting apprehended at some point. He is freed by the [Mad Hatter](/wiki/Mad_Hatter_%28DC_Comics%29 "Mad Hatter (DC Comics)") where they, along with [Jerome Valeska](/wiki/Jerome_Valeska "Jerome Valeska"), collaborate in a plot that involves releasing all the inmates of Arkham Asylum.Huston, Charlie (writer) \& McKenzie, Ben (director) (March 29, 2018\) "A Dark Knight: One of My Three Soups". Gotham. Season 4\. Episode 16\. After the Hatter is defeated by Jim Gordon, Scarecrow gasses the driver of his transport as he and Jerome free him for their next plot. In "[Mandatory Brunch Meeting](/wiki/Mandatory_Brunch_Meeting "Mandatory Brunch Meeting")", the Scarecrow is one of the criminals assembled by Jerome to be part of his "Legion of Horribles". He and the Mad Hatter break out Jerome from his twin brother Jeremiah's custody but are chased off by Gordon and Bullock. At the end of the episode, it is revealed that Jerome secretly tasked Scarecrow to concocts a [laughing gas](/wiki/Joker_venom "Joker venom") for him to spread across the city.Lilien, Steven \& Wynbrandt, Bryan (writer) \& Vrvilo, Maja (director) (April 5, 2018\) "A Dark Knight: Mandatory Brunch Meeting" Gotham. Season 4\. Episode 17\. In "That's Entertainment," Scarecrow, along with [Mr. Freeze](/wiki/Mr._Freeze "Mr. Freeze"), carries out a raid on [Wayne Enterprises](/wiki/Wayne_Enterprises "Wayne Enterprises")' chemical lab to brew more of the dangerous toxin. Later, Scarecrow, Mad Hatter and the [Penguin](/wiki/Oswald_Cobblepot_%28Gotham%29 "Oswald Cobblepot (Gotham)") go to a hangar to load the laughing gas onto a blimp and release it upon Gotham. There, he reveals to Penguin that the other Legion members anticipated his betrayal and that he knew Penguin would go to Jim Gordon, and then proceeding to knock him out.Cannon, Danny (writer) \& Copus, Nick (director) (April 12, 2018\) "A Dark Knight: That's Entertainment" Gotham. Season 4\. Episode 18\. In the episode "One Bad Day", Scarecrow assists Jeremiah Valeska in his plot to drive Bruce Wayne insane; using his fear toxin, Scarecrow makes Bruce hallucinate an insane Alfred attacking him, but Selina sneaks in and fights the Scarecrow, who is outmatched by her and then escapes as she frees Alfred and Bruce.Chun, Tze (writer) \& Bailey, Rob (director) (May 10, 2018\) "A Dark Knight: One Bad Day" Gotham. Season 4\. Episode 21\. In [season 5](/wiki/Gotham_season_5 "Gotham season 5"), with Gotham now a "[no man's land](/wiki/No_Man%27s_Land_%28comic%29 "No Man's Land (comic)")", Scarecrow leads his own gang as they take over a laboratory for Scarecrow's experiments, with Scarecrow killing the scientist who owns the lab.Stephens, John \& Boston, Seth (writer) \& Hope, Nathan (director) (May 17, 2018\) "A Dark Knight: No Man's Land" Gotham. Season 4\. Episode 22\. In the episode "Year Zero", Scarecrow then leads his gang on an attack against the GCPD's territory to steal their supplies, where he faces Gordon, who manages to drive him off.Stephens, John (writer) \& Cannon, Danny (director) (January 3, 2019\) "Legend of the Dark Knight: Year Zero" Gotham. Season 5\. Episode 1\. In the episode "Pena Dura", Gordon mentions Scarecrow to [Eduardo Dorrance](/wiki/Bane_%28comics%29 "Bane (comics)") about the various criminals and their territories.Sosa, Iturri (writer) \& Tonderai, Mark (director) (January 31, 2019\) "Legend of the Dark Knight: Pena Dura" Gotham. Season 5\. Episode 5\. In the episode "The Trial of Jim Gordon", Scarecrow made a cameo during Gordon's hallucination of his trial as a member of his jury and then attends his funeral.McKenzie, Ben (writer) \& Richards, Erin (director) (March 7, 2019\) "Legend of the Dark Knight: The Trial of Jim Gordon" Gotham. Season 5\. Episode 9\.
#### Jerome Valeska
{{main\|Jerome and Jeremiah Valeska}}
[thumb\|270x270px\|Cameron Monaghan](/wiki/File:Cameron_Monaghan.jpg "Cameron Monaghan.jpg")
**Jerome Valeska** (portrayed by [Cameron Monaghan](/wiki/Cameron_Monaghan "Cameron Monaghan")) is the psychopathic son of circus snake dancer Lila Valeska and blind [fortune teller](/wiki/Fortune-telling "Fortune-telling") Paul Cicero, and the twin brother of Jeremiah Valeska. After confessing to the murder of his mother and telling of her abusive nature, Jerome seemingly breaks down before beginning to laugh maniacally.
He is among the maniacal inmates who are later freed from Arkham Asylum by Theo and Tabitha Galavan, as part of their plot to create chaos in Gotham City. Jerome proceeds to kill his father, who foretells of Jerome's legacy of death and madness. Jerome then takes hostages at the Gotham Children's Hospital Gala and murders Deputy Mayor Harrison Kane. As Jerome prepares to execute Bruce Wayne, Theo kills Jerome to make himself look like a hero. Following Jerome's death, random civilians in Gotham who watched the televised hostage crisis suffer mental breakdowns and begin to [imitate Jerome's murderous actions](/wiki/Copycat_crime "Copycat crime"), thus affirming Cicero's vision.
Former Indian Hill scientist Dwight Pollard, who has become the leader of a fanatic cult worshipping Jerome, later conducts several experiments in an attempt to resurrect him. When Pollard's project appears to fail, he cuts off Jerome's face and wears it as a mask to command respect. Despite this, Jerome comes back to life hours later and kidnaps Pollard before stapling his face back onto his head. Jerome then sets off a series of explosives at a power plant, killing Pollard and causing a citywide blackout in Gotham. After abducting Bruce Wayne from Wayne Manor, Jerome takes him to a carnival occupied by his followers. Bruce manages to defeat Jerome and the latter is once more incarcerated at Arkham Asylum, where his face is surgically reattached. Nearly a year later, Jerome escapes along with Jervis Tetch and Jonathan Crane. He hatches a plot to plunge Gotham into anarchy with an insanity\-inducing gas and exact revenge upon Bruce Wayne and Jeremiah. Before falling to his death during a confrontation with Police Captain Jim Gordon, Jerome arranges for a post\-mortem "gift" to be sent to Jeremiah in the form of a jack\-in\-the\-box; this package sprayed Jeremiah with a special version of the insanity gas, causing Jeremiah to continue his brother's legacy.
#### Tommy Bones
**Tommy Bones** (portrayed by James Andrew O'Connor) is a made man and hitman for the Maroni crime family who just got out of prison. During the gang war between the Falcone Crime Family and the Maroni Crime Family, Tommy was injured in a gunfight with Gordon.
He is later seen to be a member of Oswald Cobblepot's crime syndicate. As part of Edward Nygma's plot to break Mayor Oswald Cobblepot's mind, Tabitha holds Tommy at gunpoint in order to issue a threat to Mayor Cobblepot. Afterwards, Tommy is killed by Tabitha.
|
[
"### Introduced in season 1",
"#### Aubrey James",
"{{main\\|Aubrey James}}\n[thumb\\|248x248px\\|Richard Kind](/wiki/File:Richard_Kind_%2829692170902%29.jpg \"Richard Kind (29692170902).jpg\")\n**Aubrey James** (portrayed by [Richard Kind](/wiki/Richard_Kind \"Richard Kind\")) is the Mayor of Gotham City who is in Carmine Falcone's pocket and is also revealed to do what the Court of Owls says. Superficially congenial, he is indifferent and contemptuous of most of Gotham's citizens and ruthless towards anyone who would endanger his political standing and criminal associations.",
"Following Falcone's retirement, James is later held captive by Theo Galavan in an elaborate scheme of Galavan's in order for Galavan to become the new mayor. Sometime later, James is found at a safehouse in China Docks, which leads to Galavan's arrest. At Galavan's trial, James fearfully testifies that Galavan did not abduct him but rather that Oswald Cobblepot was responsible.",
"James later assists Nathaniel Barnes at a press conference where they state that they have no knowledge if Wayne Enterprises is connected with Indian Hill. At another press conference, James states that the elected Gotham City Officials have been running Gotham City since Theo Galavan's death and want him to be reinstated as the Mayor of Gotham City. Oswald Cobblepot crashes the press conference, stating that he challenges James for that role after driving out the \"abominations\" that plagued their city. Later, Oswald is elected the new mayor of Gotham. When Oswald goes missing, a news report states that the elected Gotham City Officials have reinstated Aubrey James. He is briefly held hostage by the Riddler in order to get the Court of Owls' identity out of him. During the chaos caused by the Alice Tetch Virus, it is mentioned that Mayor Aubrey James has called in the National Guard to help. Sometime later, Aubrey James is succeeded by Burke.",
"10 years later, Aubrey James is mayor again, and he is dismayed that Gordon wants to resign. He is later captured by the Riddler as part of his employer's plot to bomb the newly rebuilt Wayne Tower. Barbara and Selina rescue him, and the police get the mayor to safety and remove the bombs on him.",
"#### Gertrud Kapelput",
"[thumb\\|251x251px\\|Carol Kane](/wiki/File:Carol_Kane_%282018%29_%28cropped%29.jpg \"Carol Kane (2018) (cropped).jpg\")\n**Gertrud Kapelput** (portrayed by [Carol Kane](/wiki/Carol_Kane \"Carol Kane\")) is the overly possessive, heavily accented mother of Oswald Cobblepot. In her earlier life, she was the cook for Elijah Van Dahl's parents where they fell in love which Elijah's parents disapproved. Even though Elijah stood up to his parents, Gertrud was already gone and she later gave birth to Oswald. She and her son share an unusually close bond.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.tvguide.com/news/gotham\\-carol\\-kane\\-1083972\\.aspx\\|title\\=''Gotham'' Adds Carol Kane, Kyle Massey\\|last\\=Raftery\\|first\\=Liz\\|work\\=TV Guide\\|date\\=July 3, 2014\\|access\\-date\\=October 24, 2014}} Gertrud is responsible for Oswald's desires to move up in the world, claiming it's his birthright.",
"She is later held captive by Theo Galavan so that Penguin could help him in his goals. Although Oswald Cobblepot persuades Theo to have his mother freed in exchange that he continues to work for him, Gertrud is stabbed in the back by Tabitha Galavan. Before dying from her wounds, Gertrud learns more about Oswald's activities and still considers her son a good boy.",
"#### Sal Maroni",
"{{main\\|Sal Maroni}}\n[thumb\\|253x253px\\|David Zayas](/wiki/File:David_Zayas.jpg \"David Zayas.jpg\")\n**Salvatore Maroni** (portrayed by [David Zayas](/wiki/David_Zayas \"David Zayas\")){{cite web\\|last\\=Andreeva \\|first\\=Nellie \\|url\\=https://www.deadline.com/2014/08/gotham\\-batman\\-prequel\\-series\\-adds\\-mobster\\-sal\\-maroni\\-david\\-zayas\\-portrays/\\#more\\-798620 \\|title\\=David Zayas To Play Mobster Sal Maroni In 'Gotham' \\|publisher\\=Deadline \\|date\\=2014\\-07\\-31 \\|access\\-date\\=2014\\-07\\-31}} is the owner of a local Italian restaurant that serves as a front for his crime family. Maroni takes an interest in one of his employees, petty criminal [Oswald Cobblepot](/wiki/Oswald_Cobblepot_%28Gotham%29 \"Oswald Cobblepot (Gotham)\"), promoting him to manager and using him as a source of information on Falcone's operations; he is unaware that Cobblepot is secretly an [informant](/wiki/Informant \"Informant\") for Falcone. When [Jack Buchinsky](/wiki/Electrocutioner \"Electrocutioner\") targets Maroni for abandoning him years ago during a heist, he and his associates seek refuge in the GCPD. There, he begins to suspect Cobblepot's duplicity when he deliriously stammers about meeting Falcone.{{Cite episode\\|title\\=Rogues' Gallery\\|episode\\-link\\=Gotham season 1\\#ep11\\|series\\=Gotham (TV series)\\|series\\-link\\=Gotham (TV series)\\|network\\=Fox\\|airdate\\= January 5, 2015\\|season\\=1\\|number\\=11}} When Falcone's lieutenant [Fish Mooney](/wiki/Fish_Mooney \"Fish Mooney\") goes into exile from Gotham City, she contacts Maroni and informs him of Cobblepot's deception, resulting in Maroni interrogating Cobblepot into confessing the truth, and eventually attempting to have him executed in a junkyard car compactor.{{Cite episode\\|title\\=The Fearsome Dr. Crane\\|episode\\-link\\=Gotham season 1\\#ep14\\|series\\=Gotham (TV series)\\|series\\-link\\=Gotham (TV series)\\|network\\=Fox\\|airdate\\= February 2, 2015\\|season\\=1\\|number\\=14}} When Cobblepot manages to escape and obtains Falcone's protection, Maroni and Falcone make a deal: Maroni will get rid of one of Falcone's enemies and Cobblepot will stay out of his territory. Maroni appears at the newly christened \"Oswald's\" nightclub to tell his former associate that he is safe for now, but that he will perish as soon as Falcone dies.{{Cite episode\\|title\\=The Scarecrow\\|episode\\-link\\=Gotham season 1\\#ep15\\|series\\=Gotham (TV series)\\|series\\-link\\=Gotham (TV series)\\|network\\=Fox\\|airdate\\= February 9, 2015\\|season\\=1\\|number\\=15}} Maroni also tries to ruin Cobblepot's business by cutting off his liquor supplies. Cobblepot then sends a hitman to one of Maroni's establishments to tell Maroni that Falcone wants him dead. Cobblepot sabotages his own hit in order to ignite a turf war between Maroni and Falcone.{{Cite episode\\|title\\=The Anvil or the Hammer\\|episode\\-link\\=Gotham season 1\\#ep21\\|series\\=Gotham (TV series)\\|series\\-link\\=Gotham (TV series)\\|network\\=Fox\\|airdate\\= April 27, 2015\\|season\\=1\\|number\\=21}} In the season finale \"[All Happy Families Are Alike](/wiki/All_Happy_Families_Are_Alike \"All Happy Families Are Alike\")\", Mooney takes Falcone, Cobblepot, [James Gordon](/wiki/James_Gordon_%28Gotham%29 \"James Gordon (Gotham)\"), and [Harvey Bullock](/wiki/Harvey_Bullock_%28character%29 \"Harvey Bullock (character)\") prisoner where she intends to kill them all in exchange for Sal Maroni returning all her old territories back to her. While Mooney wants an equal partnership, however, Maroni insists on her being his second\\-in\\-command. When Maroni belittles Mooney with sexist nicknames, she turns on him and shoots him in the head before slaughtering his gang.{{Cite episode\\|title\\=All Happy Families Are Alike\\|episode\\-link\\=Gotham season 1\\#ep22\\|series\\=Gotham (TV series)\\|series\\-link\\=Gotham (TV series)\\|network\\=Fox\\|airdate\\= April 28, 2015\\|season\\=1\\|number\\=22}}",
"#### Jennifer Luree",
"**Jennifer Luree** (portrayed by Krista Braun) is a reporter in Gotham City who appears as a minor character, usually seen narrating important events and happenings in Gotham City. She is a recurring character appearing in all five seasons.",
"#### Frankie Carbone",
"{{main\\|Frankie Carbone}}",
"**Frankie Carbone** (portrayed by Danny Mastrogiorgio) is the chief enforcer and a made man in the Maroni Crime Family. He is later killed by Oswald Cobblepot, Gabriel, and an unnamed former Maroni crime family member who is on Oswald's side.",
"#### Liza",
"[thumb\\|230x230px\\|Makenzie Leigh](/wiki/File:Makenzie_Leigh_%2830503788681%29_%28cropped%29.jpg \"Makenzie Leigh (30503788681) (cropped).jpg\")\n**Liza** (portrayed by [Makenzie Leigh](/wiki/Makenzie_Leigh \"Makenzie Leigh\")) is a singer who has applied for an opening at Fish Mooney's nightclub and subsequently became an agent for Mooney to seduce Don Carmine Falcone. She is subsequently blackmailed by Oswald Cobblepot. Upon Mooney faking Liza's kidnapping, Liza is later strangled to death by Falcone in front of Mooney and Gilzean after Oswald tells Falcone the whole story.",
"#### Alvarez",
"**Alvarez** (portrayed by [J.W. Cortes](/wiki/J.W._Cortes \"J.W. Cortes\")) is a detective of the Gotham City Police Department. During the chaos caused by the Alice Tetch Virus, Alvarez got infected and started shooting his fellow police officers until he was knocked out by Lucius Fox. He was later among those cured.",
"#### Kristen Kringle",
"**Kristen Kringle** (portrayed by [Chelsea Spack](/wiki/Chelsea_Spack \"Chelsea Spack\")) is an [archivist](/wiki/Archivist \"Archivist\") at Gotham City Police Department to whom Edward Nygma is attracted to. After Edward finds out Kringle is being abused by her boyfriend Tom Doughtery, Edward accidentally stabs him multiple times outside of Kringle's apartment after he told him to leave Kringle alone. He then tries to cover up the death by leaving Kringle notes and riddles which leave her suspicious. Later when Edward saves her from the Maniax GCPD massacre, the two start dating. However, during one of their dates, she finds out that Edward murdered her ex\\-boyfriend Tom, and she threatens to call the police on Edward and he accidentally chokes her to death. Initially grief\\-stricken, the darker side of his personality soon emerges, and he chops up Kringle's body and buries her in the woods where he meets Oswald Cobblepot. Soon, however, Jim Gordon starts investigating Kringle's disappearance and tricks Edward into revealing the location of her body after Edward tries to kill Jim. After Edward is caught by the GCPD, he is placed in Arkham until he is eventually let out by Oswald to help him run for mayor.",
"#### Victor Zsasz",
"{{main\\|Victor Zsasz}}\n[thumb\\|284x284px\\|Anthony Carrigan](/wiki/File:Anthony_Carrigan_2024_Emmys_01.png \"Anthony Carrigan 2024 Emmys 01.png\")\n**Victor Zsasz** (portrayed by [Anthony Carrigan](/wiki/Anthony_Carrigan_%28actor%29 \"Anthony Carrigan (actor)\")) is a sadistic [hitman](/wiki/Contract_killing \"Contract killing\") who is loyal to Carmine Falcone and is assisted by a number of female associates. He carves a [tally mark](/wiki/Tally_mark \"Tally mark\") into his skin for every person he kills.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://screenrant.com/gotham\\-tv\\-show\\-preview\\-nycc\\-2014\\-panel\\-harvey\\-dent\\-victor\\-zsasz\\|title\\='Gotham' NYCC Panel: When We Will See Victor Zsasz \\& Harvey Dent\\|author\\=Ben Kendrick\\|work\\=Screen Rant\\|date\\=October 12, 2014}}",
"Following Carmine Falcone's retirement, Zsasz becomes loyal to Cobblepot.",
"Zsasz is later hired by Falcone to kill Gordon after the death of Falcone's son Mario and attempts to kill him twice before the job is cancelled by Falcone at the persuasion of Leslie.",
"Three months following the chaos caused by the Alice Tetch Virus, Victor Zsasz works with Cobblepot to make sure that the specific criminals in Gotham City have specific licenses to commit crimes and to dispose of anyone that gets in Cobblepot's way.",
"#### Gabriel",
"**Gabriel** (portrayed by Alex Corrado) is a thug who works as Oswald Cobblepot's bodyguard. He previously worked as a bodyguard for Frankie Carbone as a member of the Maroni crime family until he assisted Oswald and another operative into killing him during the attack on Nikolai's warehouse. After that, he began to follow Oswald's every command, he always seemed loyal to Oswald, but secretly, he followed him only out of fear.",
"After Oswald's life was saved by Ivy Pepper, Gabriel and those with him tried to have him planned for an auction where he'll be killed off only for Ivy to use her perfume on them which led to those who came with Gabriel to end up killed. Upon admitting the truth that he followed Oswald out of fear when under the control of Ivy's perfume, Oswald angrily stabbed Gabriel to death and buried him in Ivy's plants him alongside those who came with him.",
"#### Gillian B. Loeb",
"{{main\\|Gillian B. Loeb}}\n[thumb\\|231x231px\\|Peter Scolari](/wiki/File:Peter_Scolari_%2827023529024%29.jpg \"Peter Scolari (27023529024).jpg\")\n**Gillian B. Loeb** (portrayed by [Peter Scolari](/wiki/Peter_Scolari \"Peter Scolari\")) is the corrupt [Commissioner](/wiki/Police_commissioner \"Police commissioner\") of the Gotham City Police Department who is allied with Carmine Falcone until he switches to being an ally to Sal Maroni by the end of the season.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.bustle.com/articles/59303\\-who\\-is\\-commissioner\\-loeb\\-on\\-gotham\\-his\\-dc\\-comics\\-background\\-suggests\\-a\\-darker\\-side\\-ahead\\|title\\=Bustle\\|work\\=bustle.com\\|date\\=January 19, 2015 }} He is initially Jim Gordon's enemy and even has him fired after he stopped Zaardon the Soul Reaper.",
"After Jim does a favor for Oswald Cobblepot, he and Victor Zsasz force Loeb at gunpoint to resign from the Gotham City Police Department. Loeb does that enabling Sarah Essen to be sworn in as the new commissioner. At the time when Jim Gordon was incarcerated at Blackgate Penitentiary, Warden Carlson Grey tells Gordon that ex\\-Commissioner Loeb says \"hi\".",
"#### Jonathan Crane",
"{{main\\|Scarecrow (DC Comics)}}\n[thumb\\|218x218px\\|Charlie Tahan](/wiki/File:Charlie_Tahan%2C_Frankenweenie_premiere.jpg \"Charlie Tahan, Frankenweenie premiere.jpg\")\n**Jonathan Crane / The Scarecrow** (portrayed by [Charlie Tahan](/wiki/Charlie_Tahan \"Charlie Tahan\")),{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.dccomics.com/blog/2015/02/09/the\\-dctv\\-secrets\\-of\\-gotham\\-episode\\-15\\-the\\-scarecrow\\|title\\=The \\#DCTV Secrets of GOTHAM: episode 15 – \"The Scarecrow\"\\|work\\=DC Comics\\|date\\=February 9, 2015}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.cbr.com/gotham\\-debuts\\-first\\-look\\-scarecrow/\\|title\\=Gotham Debuts First Look at Scarecrow's Comics\\-Accurate Costume\\|last\\=Gerding\\|first\\=Stephen\\|work\\=\\[\\[Comic Book Resources]]\\|date\\=July 22, 2017\\|access\\-date\\=July 27, 2017}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.avclub.com/tvclub/gotham\\-scarecrow\\-215001\\|title\\=Review: Gotham: \"The Scarecrow\"\\|work\\=avclub.com\\|date\\=February 10, 2015 \\|access\\-date\\=November 11, 2015}} but was played by [David W. Thompson](/wiki/David_W._Thompson \"David W. Thompson\") during Season 4\\-5\\.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://screenrant.com/gotham\\-scarecrow\\-new\\-actor\\-david\\-thompson/ \\| title\\=Gotham Officially Casts New Actor as Scarecrow \\| website\\=\\[\\[Screen Rant]] \\| date\\=January 26, 2018 }}",
"He is introduced in the first\\-season episodes \"[The Fearsome Dr. Crane](/wiki/The_Fearsome_Dr._Crane \"The Fearsome Dr. Crane\")\" and \"[The Scarecrow](/wiki/The_Scarecrow_%28Gotham_episode%29 \"The Scarecrow (Gotham episode)\")\". His father Gerald Crane (portrayed by [Julian Sands](/wiki/Julian_Sands \"Julian Sands\")) creates the 'fear toxin', a serum designed to eliminate fear, and then injects Jonathan with it. Detectives [Jim Gordon](/wiki/James_Gordon_%28comics%29 \"James Gordon (comics)\") and [Harvey Bullock](/wiki/Harvey_Bullock_%28comics%29 \"Harvey Bullock (comics)\") save Jonathan's life, but are too late to save his father and his sanity; the toxin has left him in a state of perpetual terror, plagued by hallucinations of his greatest fear: scarecrows.Stephens, John (writer) \\& Behring, John (director) (February 2, 2015\\). \"The Fearsome Dr. Crane\". Gotham. Season 1\\. Episode 14\\. FOX.Woodruff, Ken (writer) \\& Copus, Nick (director) (February 9, 2015\\). \"The Scarecrow\". Gotham. Season 1\\. Episode 15\\. FOX. He is next seen in the season four episode \"[Pax Penguina](/wiki/Pax_Penguina \"Pax Penguina\")\", in which he is institutionalized in [Arkham Asylum](/wiki/Arkham_Asylum \"Arkham Asylum\"), where the corrupt warden Reed uses his fears to keep him under control. A gang of criminals led by Grady Harris and Merton bribe Reed to give them Crane and forces him to re\\-create his father's fear toxin so they can use it to control Gotham City. Jonathan eventually embraces his fear and uses the toxin against Grady Harris after Merton and his fellow gang members were arrested. He then wreaks havoc on Gotham with the toxin as \"The Scarecrow\".Stephens, John (writer) \\& Cannon, Danny (director) (September 21, 2017\\). \"A Dark Knight: Pax Penguina\". Gotham. Season 4\\. Episode 1\\. FOX. In \"[The Fear Reaper](/wiki/The_Fear_Reaper \"The Fear Reaper\")\", Crane invades Arkham Asylum and uses the fear gas on Warden Reed and other inmates causing the guards to flee. When Gordon confronts Scarecrow, he gets infected with fear gas until he overcomes it. After Gordon turns on the sprinklers and neutralizes the fear gas' effects on the inmates, Scarecrow got away.Cannon, Danny (writer) \\& Milito, Lous Shaw (director) (September 28, 2017\\). \"A Dark Knight: The Fear Reaper\". Gotham. Season 4\\. Episode 2\\. FOX. In \"[One of My Three Soups](/wiki/One_of_My_Three_Soups \"One of My Three Soups\")\", Scarecrow is shown as an inmate at Arkham Asylum after getting apprehended at some point. He is freed by the [Mad Hatter](/wiki/Mad_Hatter_%28DC_Comics%29 \"Mad Hatter (DC Comics)\") where they, along with [Jerome Valeska](/wiki/Jerome_Valeska \"Jerome Valeska\"), collaborate in a plot that involves releasing all the inmates of Arkham Asylum.Huston, Charlie (writer) \\& McKenzie, Ben (director) (March 29, 2018\\) \"A Dark Knight: One of My Three Soups\". Gotham. Season 4\\. Episode 16\\. After the Hatter is defeated by Jim Gordon, Scarecrow gasses the driver of his transport as he and Jerome free him for their next plot. In \"[Mandatory Brunch Meeting](/wiki/Mandatory_Brunch_Meeting \"Mandatory Brunch Meeting\")\", the Scarecrow is one of the criminals assembled by Jerome to be part of his \"Legion of Horribles\". He and the Mad Hatter break out Jerome from his twin brother Jeremiah's custody but are chased off by Gordon and Bullock. At the end of the episode, it is revealed that Jerome secretly tasked Scarecrow to concocts a [laughing gas](/wiki/Joker_venom \"Joker venom\") for him to spread across the city.Lilien, Steven \\& Wynbrandt, Bryan (writer) \\& Vrvilo, Maja (director) (April 5, 2018\\) \"A Dark Knight: Mandatory Brunch Meeting\" Gotham. Season 4\\. Episode 17\\. In \"That's Entertainment,\" Scarecrow, along with [Mr. Freeze](/wiki/Mr._Freeze \"Mr. Freeze\"), carries out a raid on [Wayne Enterprises](/wiki/Wayne_Enterprises \"Wayne Enterprises\")' chemical lab to brew more of the dangerous toxin. Later, Scarecrow, Mad Hatter and the [Penguin](/wiki/Oswald_Cobblepot_%28Gotham%29 \"Oswald Cobblepot (Gotham)\") go to a hangar to load the laughing gas onto a blimp and release it upon Gotham. There, he reveals to Penguin that the other Legion members anticipated his betrayal and that he knew Penguin would go to Jim Gordon, and then proceeding to knock him out.Cannon, Danny (writer) \\& Copus, Nick (director) (April 12, 2018\\) \"A Dark Knight: That's Entertainment\" Gotham. Season 4\\. Episode 18\\. In the episode \"One Bad Day\", Scarecrow assists Jeremiah Valeska in his plot to drive Bruce Wayne insane; using his fear toxin, Scarecrow makes Bruce hallucinate an insane Alfred attacking him, but Selina sneaks in and fights the Scarecrow, who is outmatched by her and then escapes as she frees Alfred and Bruce.Chun, Tze (writer) \\& Bailey, Rob (director) (May 10, 2018\\) \"A Dark Knight: One Bad Day\" Gotham. Season 4\\. Episode 21\\. In [season 5](/wiki/Gotham_season_5 \"Gotham season 5\"), with Gotham now a \"[no man's land](/wiki/No_Man%27s_Land_%28comic%29 \"No Man's Land (comic)\")\", Scarecrow leads his own gang as they take over a laboratory for Scarecrow's experiments, with Scarecrow killing the scientist who owns the lab.Stephens, John \\& Boston, Seth (writer) \\& Hope, Nathan (director) (May 17, 2018\\) \"A Dark Knight: No Man's Land\" Gotham. Season 4\\. Episode 22\\. In the episode \"Year Zero\", Scarecrow then leads his gang on an attack against the GCPD's territory to steal their supplies, where he faces Gordon, who manages to drive him off.Stephens, John (writer) \\& Cannon, Danny (director) (January 3, 2019\\) \"Legend of the Dark Knight: Year Zero\" Gotham. Season 5\\. Episode 1\\. In the episode \"Pena Dura\", Gordon mentions Scarecrow to [Eduardo Dorrance](/wiki/Bane_%28comics%29 \"Bane (comics)\") about the various criminals and their territories.Sosa, Iturri (writer) \\& Tonderai, Mark (director) (January 31, 2019\\) \"Legend of the Dark Knight: Pena Dura\" Gotham. Season 5\\. Episode 5\\. In the episode \"The Trial of Jim Gordon\", Scarecrow made a cameo during Gordon's hallucination of his trial as a member of his jury and then attends his funeral.McKenzie, Ben (writer) \\& Richards, Erin (director) (March 7, 2019\\) \"Legend of the Dark Knight: The Trial of Jim Gordon\" Gotham. Season 5\\. Episode 9\\.",
"#### Jerome Valeska",
"{{main\\|Jerome and Jeremiah Valeska}}\n[thumb\\|270x270px\\|Cameron Monaghan](/wiki/File:Cameron_Monaghan.jpg \"Cameron Monaghan.jpg\")\n**Jerome Valeska** (portrayed by [Cameron Monaghan](/wiki/Cameron_Monaghan \"Cameron Monaghan\")) is the psychopathic son of circus snake dancer Lila Valeska and blind [fortune teller](/wiki/Fortune-telling \"Fortune-telling\") Paul Cicero, and the twin brother of Jeremiah Valeska. After confessing to the murder of his mother and telling of her abusive nature, Jerome seemingly breaks down before beginning to laugh maniacally.",
"He is among the maniacal inmates who are later freed from Arkham Asylum by Theo and Tabitha Galavan, as part of their plot to create chaos in Gotham City. Jerome proceeds to kill his father, who foretells of Jerome's legacy of death and madness. Jerome then takes hostages at the Gotham Children's Hospital Gala and murders Deputy Mayor Harrison Kane. As Jerome prepares to execute Bruce Wayne, Theo kills Jerome to make himself look like a hero. Following Jerome's death, random civilians in Gotham who watched the televised hostage crisis suffer mental breakdowns and begin to [imitate Jerome's murderous actions](/wiki/Copycat_crime \"Copycat crime\"), thus affirming Cicero's vision.",
"Former Indian Hill scientist Dwight Pollard, who has become the leader of a fanatic cult worshipping Jerome, later conducts several experiments in an attempt to resurrect him. When Pollard's project appears to fail, he cuts off Jerome's face and wears it as a mask to command respect. Despite this, Jerome comes back to life hours later and kidnaps Pollard before stapling his face back onto his head. Jerome then sets off a series of explosives at a power plant, killing Pollard and causing a citywide blackout in Gotham. After abducting Bruce Wayne from Wayne Manor, Jerome takes him to a carnival occupied by his followers. Bruce manages to defeat Jerome and the latter is once more incarcerated at Arkham Asylum, where his face is surgically reattached. Nearly a year later, Jerome escapes along with Jervis Tetch and Jonathan Crane. He hatches a plot to plunge Gotham into anarchy with an insanity\\-inducing gas and exact revenge upon Bruce Wayne and Jeremiah. Before falling to his death during a confrontation with Police Captain Jim Gordon, Jerome arranges for a post\\-mortem \"gift\" to be sent to Jeremiah in the form of a jack\\-in\\-the\\-box; this package sprayed Jeremiah with a special version of the insanity gas, causing Jeremiah to continue his brother's legacy.",
"#### Tommy Bones",
"**Tommy Bones** (portrayed by James Andrew O'Connor) is a made man and hitman for the Maroni crime family who just got out of prison. During the gang war between the Falcone Crime Family and the Maroni Crime Family, Tommy was injured in a gunfight with Gordon.",
"He is later seen to be a member of Oswald Cobblepot's crime syndicate. As part of Edward Nygma's plot to break Mayor Oswald Cobblepot's mind, Tabitha holds Tommy at gunpoint in order to issue a threat to Mayor Cobblepot. Afterwards, Tommy is killed by Tabitha.",
""
] |
### Introduced in season 2
#### Silver St. Cloud
{{main\|Silver St. Cloud}}
[thumb\|235x235px\|Natalie Alyn Lind](/wiki/File:Natalie_Alyn_Lind_2023_%28cropped%29.jpg "Natalie Alyn Lind 2023 (cropped).jpg")
**Silver St. Cloud** (portrayed by [Natalie Alyn Lind](/wiki/Natalie_Alyn_Lind "Natalie Alyn Lind")){{cite web\|url\=https://www.ew.com/article/2015/07/17/gotham\-natalie\-alyn\-lind\-silver\-st\-cloud\|title\=The Goldbergs' star joins Gotham as Silver St. Cloud\|author\=Samantha Highfill\|work\=ew.com}} is the mannerly niece of Theo Galavan and Tabitha Galavan who serves as a love interest to Bruce Wayne, despite having dark intentions. She was orphaned at a young age and her father was Theo's stepbrother. Theo then forced her to show fake affection for Bruce. After Theo abducts Bruce Wayne, he has Silver work to get Bruce to admit his love to her before the Order of St. Dumas can begin their ritual. During the fight against the Order of St. Dumas, Silver flees with Tabitha.
#### Bridgit Pike / Firefly
{{main\|Firefly (DC Comics)}}
**Bridgit Pike / Firefly** (portrayed by [Michelle Veintimilla](/wiki/Michelle_Veintimilla "Michelle Veintimilla") in season 2 and 4,{{cite web\|url\=https://www.ign.com/videos/2015/07/11/gotham\-ben\-mckenzie\-robin\-lord\-taylor\-bruno\-heller\-season\-2\-interview\-comic\-con\-2015\|title\=Gotham: Ben McKenzie, Robin Lord Taylor, Bruno Heller Season 2 Interview – Comic\-Con 2015\|date\=July 11, 2015 \|publisher\=IGN}}{{cite web\|url\=http://tvline.com/2015/08/17/gotham\-firefly\-season\-2\-michelle\-veintimilla\|title\=Gotham Launching Season 2 Firefly Arc (and There's a Cool Casting Twist)\|date\=August 17, 2015\|publisher\=TVLine\|access\-date\=August 18, 2015\|archive\-date\=December 17, 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151217193916/http://tvline.com/2015/08/17/gotham\-firefly\-season\-2\-michelle\-veintimilla/\|url\-status\=dead}} [Camila Perez](/wiki/Camila_Perez "Camila Perez") in season 3–4\) is the quasi "stepsister" of Joe, Cale, and Evan Pike. She was a childhood friend of Selina Kyle and had once met Ivy Pepper. Bridgit was forced by her stepbrothers to join the family business and was abused by them. After much abuse, Bridgit eventually snapped, burning Joe and Cale to death, and beginning a vigilante spree. In a confrontation with the GCPD, her entire body was severely scarred from the burns sustained from her tank leaking from a bullet shot caused by one of the police officers. She was then taken to the underground Indian Hill facility as the scientists believe she is immune to fire as it was mentioned in a discussion between two orderlies that protective clothing was "fused" to her. Selina Kyle later encountered Pike at the Indian Hill facility where she has no memory of Selina, calls herself Firefly, and is sporting a new outfit. Strange brainwashed Bridget into thinking she was a fire goddess. She then accepted Selina as her servant, after being convinced all "deities" need one. During the Indian Hill conflict, she got into a fight with Victor Fries and Strange accidentally got caught in their crossfire.
Oswald Cobblepot and Ivy Pepper later find her working at a factory. After learning about Ivy Pepper's encounter with Marv and some persuasion, Bridgit Pike agrees to help Oswald and Ivy where she starts by throwing hot coal into her abusive boss' face. Though she is still at odds with Victor Fries, Bridgit Pike was with Penguin when they interfered in the Court of Owls' plans to use the weaponized version of Alice Tetch's blood on a Daughters of Gotham event where Bridgit Pike burned the Talon present. Later that night, she was knocked out by a Talon that was sent to abduct Penguin. Bridgit Pike later assisted Fish Mooney into obtaining the earlier antidotes for the Alice Tetch Virus and fighting the ninjas from the League of Shadows at the time when the chaos caused by the Alice Tetch Virus was caused. After Fish Mooney was accidentally killed by James Gordon, she and Victor Fries disappeared before the police arrived.
Firefly was later sent by Oswald Cobblepot to do away with Edward Nygma in the event that Barbara Kean, Tabitha Galavan, and Selina Kyle failed to bring Nygma to him. She crashed the fight between Solomon Grundy and Tabitha at Cherry's fight club where her fire attacks struck fear into Solomon Grundy. Leslie Thompkins disabled Firefly by shooting her flamethrower tank which sent her flying into a wall. Veintimilla returned to the role with the season 4 episode "Mandatory Brunch Meeting".{{Cite web\|url\=https://tvmoviefix.com/gotham\-season\-4\-episode\-17\-mandatory\-brunch\-meeting\-recap\-review\-spoilers/\|title \= 'Gotham' Season 4, episode 17: 'Mandatory Brunch Meeting' Recap: 'Legion of Terror' \[SPOILERS]\|date \= April 5, 2018}}
When Gotham City became a no man's land, Firefly started her own gang in order to develop her territory. It was mentioned by Gordon that Firefly is in a turf war with Mr. Freeze.
#### Father Creel
[thumb\|257x257px\|Ron Rifkin](/wiki/File:RonRifkin2004.jpg "RonRifkin2004.jpg")
**Father Creel** (portrayed by [Ron Rifkin](/wiki/Ron_Rifkin "Ron Rifkin")) is a priest who is a high\-ranking member of the [religious sect of the Dumas family](/wiki/Order_of_St._Dumas "Order of St. Dumas") that left Gotham City with connections with Theo Galavan. Galavan met up with Father Creel and gives him the knife that was used by Jonathan Wayne to cut off Caleb Dumas' right hand. Creel tells Galavan that the rest of the religious sect is en route to Gotham City. Father Creel later welcomes his brothers when they arrive in Gotham City. During the fight between Oswald Cobblepot's group and the Order of St. Dumas to free Bruce Wayne, Father Creel is killed by Harvey Bullock.
{{Clear}}
#### Hugo Strange
{{main\|Hugo Strange}}
[thumb\|240x240px\|BD Wong](/wiki/File:BD_Wong_%282016%29.jpg "BD Wong (2016).jpg")
**Hugo Strange** (portrayed by [BD Wong](/wiki/BD_Wong "BD Wong")){{cite web\|url\=https://www.ign.com/articles/2014/07/21/gotham\-showrunner\-professor\-hugo\-strange\-and\-how\-arkham\-asylum\-came\-to\-be\-part\-of\-season\-one\|title\=Gotham Showrunner: Professor Hugo Strange and How Arkham Asylum Came to Be Part of Season One\|author\=Jim Vejvoda\|work\=ign.com\|date\=July 21, 2014 }}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.ign.com/videos/2015/04/06/gotham\-john\-stephens\-interview\-at\-wondercon\-2015?adbid\=1029582067071783\&adbpl\=fb\&adbpr\=693029617393698\|title\=John Stephens Interview at WonderCon 2015\|author\=IGN\|work\=ign.com\|date\=April 6, 2015 }}{{cite web\|url\=https://comicbook.com/2015/10/30/exclusive\-bd\-wong\-cast\-as\-professor\-hugo\-strange\-on\-gotham/\|title\=EXCLUSIVE: BD Wong Cast as Professor Hugo Strange on Gotham\|publisher\=ComicBook.com\|last\=Siegel\|first\=Lucas\|date\=October 30, 2015}} is obsessed with understanding and manipulating the human mind, he is a [professor](/wiki/Professor "Professor") and Chief of Psychiatry at Arkham Asylum who is connected to the asylum's creation and uses it for his personal experiments on patients, which often results in the worsening of their mental conditions. He is the main antagonist of the second half of season 2 *Wrath of the Villains*, for his involvement with the secret underground Indian Hill facility owned by Wayne Enterprises that performs inhumane medical experiments on super\-powered beings, later revealed to have been an overseer of the abandoned Pinewood program that Thomas Wayne started years ago. After Thomas disapproved of the project, Strange contracted Patrick Malone to kill the Waynes to keep his continued project a secret. While his scientists use experimental reprogramming on Oswald Cobblepot, Strange manages to win Victor Fries's assistance in his experiments of reviving corpses of recently killed criminals. After having Victor kill a former Pinewood patient named Karen Jennings in an attempt to conceal his involvement, Strange manages to fully resurrect Theo Galavan and reinvents him into Azrael to have him kill Gordon. Later, Strange shredded all his documents to avoid suspicion from the GCPD. Strange then managed to resurrect Fish Mooney, also giving her the ability to get people to do her bidding just by making contact. In the final battle at the Indian Hill facility, Hugo Strange was caught in the crossfire between Victor Fries and Bridgit Pike only to be resuscitated by Gordon. After the bomb was deactivated, Hugo Strange was arrested by the police.
Six months later, Fish freed Strange from his cell to help find a cure for her disease. When Strange said he couldn't do it, Penguin allowed the two of them to flee Gotham, telling them to never come back. Kathryn later brought Hugo Strange back to Gotham City so that he can extract Alice Tetch's poisonous blood from Nathaniel Barnes into weaponizing it. Gordon and Bullock later found the secret lab where he was working. After tranquilizing the test subject, Hugo Strange gave them the research on the weaponized blood and a sample that he secretly kept from the Court of Owls in exchange that they don't arrest him and cause the Court of Owls to go ahead with their plans. After telling Alfred about the Court of Owls plans, Hugo Strange tried to leave Gotham City only to be intercepted by Fish Mooney's men in order to find the earlier antidotes for the Alice Tetch Virus which he kept at a slaughterhouse as he also still promised Fish Mooney an army of monsters. They did run into some resistance from the League of Shadows' ninjas. After Fish Mooney was accidentally killed by James Gordon, Strange was arrested again by the police. Though he did agree to help in the development of the antidotes. Penguin later enlisted Hugo Strange to cure Butch Gilzean which he managed to do. Later on, Strange is instructed to work on a wounded Leslie Thompkins and Riddler.
Theresa Walker and Delta Force later used Hugo Strange in planting mind\-control chips in Leslie and Riddler as he is still experimenting on dead bodies. Gordon finds Riddler and Hugo Strange in his hideout until Delta Force arrives and takes Hugo Strange away. Upon finding Eduardo wounded, Theresa plans to have Hugo Strange fix him up.
#### Ethel Peabody
[thumb\|180x180px\|Tonya Pinkins](/wiki/File:Tonya_Pinkins_Throws_Down_The_Gauntlet.jpg "Tonya Pinkins Throws Down The Gauntlet.jpg")
**Ethel Peabody** (portrayed by [Tonya Pinkins](/wiki/Tonya_Pinkins "Tonya Pinkins")){{cite magazine\|url\=https://www.ew.com/article/2016/02/26/gotham\-nathan\-darrow\-bd\-wong\-mr\-freeze\-hugo\-strange?sf21599367\=1\|title\=Gotham: What to expect from Hugo Strange and Mr. Freeze\|magazine\=\[\[Entertainment Weekly]]\|access\-date\=February 26, 2016}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.thefutoncritic.com/listings/20160210fox01/\|title\=(GTH\-212\) "Rise of the Villains: Mr. Freeze"\|work\=\[\[The Futon Critic]]\|access\-date\=February 11, 2016}} is a scientist and assistant of Hugo Strange who works at the Indian Hill facility and Arkham Asylum.
After Strange was arrested, Fish approached her for a cure, but she didn't have any way of making one. She is then killed by Strange's experiment Marv after he turns her old and near death.
#### Victor Fries / Mr. Freeze
{{main\|Mr. Freeze}}
**Victor Fries / Mr. Freeze** (portrayed by [Nathan Darrow](/wiki/Nathan_Darrow "Nathan Darrow")){{cite web\|url\=http://www.thefutoncritic.com/listings/20151112fox01\|title\=(GTH\-211\) "Rise of the Villains: "Worse Than A Crime"\|work\=\[\[The Futon Critic]]\|access\-date\=November 13, 2015}}{{cite web\|url\=https://comicbook.com/2015/06/25/gotham\-season\-two\-premiere\-date\-synopsis\-released\|title\=Gotham Season Two Premiere Date \& Synopsis Released\|publisher\=comicbook.com\|date\=June 25, 2015\|access\-date\=July 2, 2015}}{{cite web\|url\=http://tvline.com/2015/10/28/gotham\-mr\-freeze\-cast\-nathan\-darrow\-season\-2\|title\=Gotham Scoop: Mr. Freeze to Be Played by House of Cards' Nathan Darrow\|author\=Michael Ausiello\|work\=\[\[TVLine]]\|date\=October 28, 2015}} is one of Gotham's preeminent cryogenics engineers. Bruno Heller has stated that Victor will be a tragic character. He started abducting people for his experiments to find the right coolant combination that would enable him to freeze his wife Nora until he found a cure for her illness. After Nora was brought in by the police, Victor turns himself over to the police. One of the frozen people successfully revived as it proved that A16 worked as Victor works to save Nora. Upon the police converging on his house, Victor turned the chemicals on himself after it was discovered that Nora switched the cryogenic chemicals. Although Hugo Strange claimed that Victor died in the infirmary, he was actually placed in the Indian Hill facility within a special refrigerated cell at −20 degrees as the result of his attempted suicide. Hugo also states that he modified Victor Fries' suit to keep him alive in temperatures above subzero temperatures so that Victor can help Hugo with his project with dead bodies. Victor was later sent by Strange to kill former Pinewood patient Karen Jennings. After being questioned by Gordon, Strange claimed that Fries was cremated. During the Indian Hill conflict, Victor Fries ends up in a fight against Firefly which ended when Hugo Strange got caught in the crossfire of their elemental attacks.
Oswald Cobblepot and Ivy Pepper later find Victor Fries in a frigid location. As a way to persuade Victor to help, Oswald and Ivy returned his special suit that was held in Wayne Enterprises. Though he is still at odds with Bridgit Pike. Victor Fries later assisted Fish Mooney into obtaining the earlier antidotes for the Alice Tetch Virus and fighting the ninjas from the League of Shadows at the time when the chaos caused by the Alice Tetch Virus was caused. After Fish Mooney was accidentally killed by James Gordon, he and Bridgit disappeared from the scene before police arrived. After the chaos caused by the Alice Tetch Virus had ended, Oswald Cobblepot had Victor Fries use his freeze gun on Riddler. Oswald Cobblepot later called in Victor Fries to refreeze Edward Nygma when he was freed from the ice.
As Edward Nygma was not acting like his usual way, Cobblepot had to spare Nygma from being frozen by Victor Fries again.
When Gotham City became a no man's land, Mr. Freeze started claiming his territory. It was mentioned by Gordon that Mr. Freeze is in a turf war with Firefly.
#### Subject 514A
**"Subject 514A"** (portrayed by David Mazouz) is an unnamed look\-a\-like clone of Bruce with longer hair and a mark over his right eyebrow that is one of the experiments that escaped from the Indian Hill bus. He later had an encounter with Ivy Pepper who ran from him while he asked who Bruce Wayne is. After meeting Bruce Wayne and Alfred Pennyworth, Subject 514A started to mimic Bruce's voice and started to resemble him. He took Selina out for dinner and helped her escape after she failed to rob a bank. Selina eventually realized that 514A wasn't Bruce, and after 514A explained the situation, revealing that all he ever wanted was a friend. Selina told him that he's more normal then he thinks, and while saying goodbye, 514A kisses Selina. 514A is later approached by Kathryn of the Court of Owls who states that she is one of her "parents." He is then loaded into Kathryn's car by Talon. Following Jerome's defeat, 514A has had his scars "erased" by the Court of Owls as they make their plans to "save" Gotham City. After having Bruce Wayne sent to the Shaman and posing as him, 514A reports to Kathryn that the nosebleeds he's been having has been happening more as Kathryn predicts that 514A will be dead by the time Bruce Wayne returns. When he is unable to persuade Selina Kyle into leaving town and she threatened to inform Alfred, Subject 514A pushed her out the window. Selina later recovered and attacked 514A with Alfred joining the fight causing 514A to defeat them and leave Wayne Manor. After speaking to Kathryn Monroe, Subject 514A later dies offscreen after succumbing to his injuries.
|
[
"### Introduced in season 2",
"#### Silver St. Cloud",
"{{main\\|Silver St. Cloud}}\n[thumb\\|235x235px\\|Natalie Alyn Lind](/wiki/File:Natalie_Alyn_Lind_2023_%28cropped%29.jpg \"Natalie Alyn Lind 2023 (cropped).jpg\")\n**Silver St. Cloud** (portrayed by [Natalie Alyn Lind](/wiki/Natalie_Alyn_Lind \"Natalie Alyn Lind\")){{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.ew.com/article/2015/07/17/gotham\\-natalie\\-alyn\\-lind\\-silver\\-st\\-cloud\\|title\\=The Goldbergs' star joins Gotham as Silver St. Cloud\\|author\\=Samantha Highfill\\|work\\=ew.com}} is the mannerly niece of Theo Galavan and Tabitha Galavan who serves as a love interest to Bruce Wayne, despite having dark intentions. She was orphaned at a young age and her father was Theo's stepbrother. Theo then forced her to show fake affection for Bruce. After Theo abducts Bruce Wayne, he has Silver work to get Bruce to admit his love to her before the Order of St. Dumas can begin their ritual. During the fight against the Order of St. Dumas, Silver flees with Tabitha.",
"#### Bridgit Pike / Firefly",
"{{main\\|Firefly (DC Comics)}}",
"**Bridgit Pike / Firefly** (portrayed by [Michelle Veintimilla](/wiki/Michelle_Veintimilla \"Michelle Veintimilla\") in season 2 and 4,{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.ign.com/videos/2015/07/11/gotham\\-ben\\-mckenzie\\-robin\\-lord\\-taylor\\-bruno\\-heller\\-season\\-2\\-interview\\-comic\\-con\\-2015\\|title\\=Gotham: Ben McKenzie, Robin Lord Taylor, Bruno Heller Season 2 Interview – Comic\\-Con 2015\\|date\\=July 11, 2015 \\|publisher\\=IGN}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://tvline.com/2015/08/17/gotham\\-firefly\\-season\\-2\\-michelle\\-veintimilla\\|title\\=Gotham Launching Season 2 Firefly Arc (and There's a Cool Casting Twist)\\|date\\=August 17, 2015\\|publisher\\=TVLine\\|access\\-date\\=August 18, 2015\\|archive\\-date\\=December 17, 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151217193916/http://tvline.com/2015/08/17/gotham\\-firefly\\-season\\-2\\-michelle\\-veintimilla/\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} [Camila Perez](/wiki/Camila_Perez \"Camila Perez\") in season 3–4\\) is the quasi \"stepsister\" of Joe, Cale, and Evan Pike. She was a childhood friend of Selina Kyle and had once met Ivy Pepper. Bridgit was forced by her stepbrothers to join the family business and was abused by them. After much abuse, Bridgit eventually snapped, burning Joe and Cale to death, and beginning a vigilante spree. In a confrontation with the GCPD, her entire body was severely scarred from the burns sustained from her tank leaking from a bullet shot caused by one of the police officers. She was then taken to the underground Indian Hill facility as the scientists believe she is immune to fire as it was mentioned in a discussion between two orderlies that protective clothing was \"fused\" to her. Selina Kyle later encountered Pike at the Indian Hill facility where she has no memory of Selina, calls herself Firefly, and is sporting a new outfit. Strange brainwashed Bridget into thinking she was a fire goddess. She then accepted Selina as her servant, after being convinced all \"deities\" need one. During the Indian Hill conflict, she got into a fight with Victor Fries and Strange accidentally got caught in their crossfire.",
"Oswald Cobblepot and Ivy Pepper later find her working at a factory. After learning about Ivy Pepper's encounter with Marv and some persuasion, Bridgit Pike agrees to help Oswald and Ivy where she starts by throwing hot coal into her abusive boss' face. Though she is still at odds with Victor Fries, Bridgit Pike was with Penguin when they interfered in the Court of Owls' plans to use the weaponized version of Alice Tetch's blood on a Daughters of Gotham event where Bridgit Pike burned the Talon present. Later that night, she was knocked out by a Talon that was sent to abduct Penguin. Bridgit Pike later assisted Fish Mooney into obtaining the earlier antidotes for the Alice Tetch Virus and fighting the ninjas from the League of Shadows at the time when the chaos caused by the Alice Tetch Virus was caused. After Fish Mooney was accidentally killed by James Gordon, she and Victor Fries disappeared before the police arrived.",
"Firefly was later sent by Oswald Cobblepot to do away with Edward Nygma in the event that Barbara Kean, Tabitha Galavan, and Selina Kyle failed to bring Nygma to him. She crashed the fight between Solomon Grundy and Tabitha at Cherry's fight club where her fire attacks struck fear into Solomon Grundy. Leslie Thompkins disabled Firefly by shooting her flamethrower tank which sent her flying into a wall. Veintimilla returned to the role with the season 4 episode \"Mandatory Brunch Meeting\".{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://tvmoviefix.com/gotham\\-season\\-4\\-episode\\-17\\-mandatory\\-brunch\\-meeting\\-recap\\-review\\-spoilers/\\|title \\= 'Gotham' Season 4, episode 17: 'Mandatory Brunch Meeting' Recap: 'Legion of Terror' \\[SPOILERS]\\|date \\= April 5, 2018}}",
"When Gotham City became a no man's land, Firefly started her own gang in order to develop her territory. It was mentioned by Gordon that Firefly is in a turf war with Mr. Freeze.",
"#### Father Creel",
"[thumb\\|257x257px\\|Ron Rifkin](/wiki/File:RonRifkin2004.jpg \"RonRifkin2004.jpg\")\n**Father Creel** (portrayed by [Ron Rifkin](/wiki/Ron_Rifkin \"Ron Rifkin\")) is a priest who is a high\\-ranking member of the [religious sect of the Dumas family](/wiki/Order_of_St._Dumas \"Order of St. Dumas\") that left Gotham City with connections with Theo Galavan. Galavan met up with Father Creel and gives him the knife that was used by Jonathan Wayne to cut off Caleb Dumas' right hand. Creel tells Galavan that the rest of the religious sect is en route to Gotham City. Father Creel later welcomes his brothers when they arrive in Gotham City. During the fight between Oswald Cobblepot's group and the Order of St. Dumas to free Bruce Wayne, Father Creel is killed by Harvey Bullock.\n{{Clear}}",
"#### Hugo Strange",
"{{main\\|Hugo Strange}}\n[thumb\\|240x240px\\|BD Wong](/wiki/File:BD_Wong_%282016%29.jpg \"BD Wong (2016).jpg\")\n**Hugo Strange** (portrayed by [BD Wong](/wiki/BD_Wong \"BD Wong\")){{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.ign.com/articles/2014/07/21/gotham\\-showrunner\\-professor\\-hugo\\-strange\\-and\\-how\\-arkham\\-asylum\\-came\\-to\\-be\\-part\\-of\\-season\\-one\\|title\\=Gotham Showrunner: Professor Hugo Strange and How Arkham Asylum Came to Be Part of Season One\\|author\\=Jim Vejvoda\\|work\\=ign.com\\|date\\=July 21, 2014 }}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.ign.com/videos/2015/04/06/gotham\\-john\\-stephens\\-interview\\-at\\-wondercon\\-2015?adbid\\=1029582067071783\\&adbpl\\=fb\\&adbpr\\=693029617393698\\|title\\=John Stephens Interview at WonderCon 2015\\|author\\=IGN\\|work\\=ign.com\\|date\\=April 6, 2015 }}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://comicbook.com/2015/10/30/exclusive\\-bd\\-wong\\-cast\\-as\\-professor\\-hugo\\-strange\\-on\\-gotham/\\|title\\=EXCLUSIVE: BD Wong Cast as Professor Hugo Strange on Gotham\\|publisher\\=ComicBook.com\\|last\\=Siegel\\|first\\=Lucas\\|date\\=October 30, 2015}} is obsessed with understanding and manipulating the human mind, he is a [professor](/wiki/Professor \"Professor\") and Chief of Psychiatry at Arkham Asylum who is connected to the asylum's creation and uses it for his personal experiments on patients, which often results in the worsening of their mental conditions. He is the main antagonist of the second half of season 2 *Wrath of the Villains*, for his involvement with the secret underground Indian Hill facility owned by Wayne Enterprises that performs inhumane medical experiments on super\\-powered beings, later revealed to have been an overseer of the abandoned Pinewood program that Thomas Wayne started years ago. After Thomas disapproved of the project, Strange contracted Patrick Malone to kill the Waynes to keep his continued project a secret. While his scientists use experimental reprogramming on Oswald Cobblepot, Strange manages to win Victor Fries's assistance in his experiments of reviving corpses of recently killed criminals. After having Victor kill a former Pinewood patient named Karen Jennings in an attempt to conceal his involvement, Strange manages to fully resurrect Theo Galavan and reinvents him into Azrael to have him kill Gordon. Later, Strange shredded all his documents to avoid suspicion from the GCPD. Strange then managed to resurrect Fish Mooney, also giving her the ability to get people to do her bidding just by making contact. In the final battle at the Indian Hill facility, Hugo Strange was caught in the crossfire between Victor Fries and Bridgit Pike only to be resuscitated by Gordon. After the bomb was deactivated, Hugo Strange was arrested by the police.",
"Six months later, Fish freed Strange from his cell to help find a cure for her disease. When Strange said he couldn't do it, Penguin allowed the two of them to flee Gotham, telling them to never come back. Kathryn later brought Hugo Strange back to Gotham City so that he can extract Alice Tetch's poisonous blood from Nathaniel Barnes into weaponizing it. Gordon and Bullock later found the secret lab where he was working. After tranquilizing the test subject, Hugo Strange gave them the research on the weaponized blood and a sample that he secretly kept from the Court of Owls in exchange that they don't arrest him and cause the Court of Owls to go ahead with their plans. After telling Alfred about the Court of Owls plans, Hugo Strange tried to leave Gotham City only to be intercepted by Fish Mooney's men in order to find the earlier antidotes for the Alice Tetch Virus which he kept at a slaughterhouse as he also still promised Fish Mooney an army of monsters. They did run into some resistance from the League of Shadows' ninjas. After Fish Mooney was accidentally killed by James Gordon, Strange was arrested again by the police. Though he did agree to help in the development of the antidotes. Penguin later enlisted Hugo Strange to cure Butch Gilzean which he managed to do. Later on, Strange is instructed to work on a wounded Leslie Thompkins and Riddler.",
"Theresa Walker and Delta Force later used Hugo Strange in planting mind\\-control chips in Leslie and Riddler as he is still experimenting on dead bodies. Gordon finds Riddler and Hugo Strange in his hideout until Delta Force arrives and takes Hugo Strange away. Upon finding Eduardo wounded, Theresa plans to have Hugo Strange fix him up.",
"#### Ethel Peabody",
"[thumb\\|180x180px\\|Tonya Pinkins](/wiki/File:Tonya_Pinkins_Throws_Down_The_Gauntlet.jpg \"Tonya Pinkins Throws Down The Gauntlet.jpg\")\n**Ethel Peabody** (portrayed by [Tonya Pinkins](/wiki/Tonya_Pinkins \"Tonya Pinkins\")){{cite magazine\\|url\\=https://www.ew.com/article/2016/02/26/gotham\\-nathan\\-darrow\\-bd\\-wong\\-mr\\-freeze\\-hugo\\-strange?sf21599367\\=1\\|title\\=Gotham: What to expect from Hugo Strange and Mr. Freeze\\|magazine\\=\\[\\[Entertainment Weekly]]\\|access\\-date\\=February 26, 2016}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.thefutoncritic.com/listings/20160210fox01/\\|title\\=(GTH\\-212\\) \"Rise of the Villains: Mr. Freeze\"\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Futon Critic]]\\|access\\-date\\=February 11, 2016}} is a scientist and assistant of Hugo Strange who works at the Indian Hill facility and Arkham Asylum.",
"After Strange was arrested, Fish approached her for a cure, but she didn't have any way of making one. She is then killed by Strange's experiment Marv after he turns her old and near death.",
"#### Victor Fries / Mr. Freeze",
"{{main\\|Mr. Freeze}}",
"**Victor Fries / Mr. Freeze** (portrayed by [Nathan Darrow](/wiki/Nathan_Darrow \"Nathan Darrow\")){{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.thefutoncritic.com/listings/20151112fox01\\|title\\=(GTH\\-211\\) \"Rise of the Villains: \"Worse Than A Crime\"\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Futon Critic]]\\|access\\-date\\=November 13, 2015}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://comicbook.com/2015/06/25/gotham\\-season\\-two\\-premiere\\-date\\-synopsis\\-released\\|title\\=Gotham Season Two Premiere Date \\& Synopsis Released\\|publisher\\=comicbook.com\\|date\\=June 25, 2015\\|access\\-date\\=July 2, 2015}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://tvline.com/2015/10/28/gotham\\-mr\\-freeze\\-cast\\-nathan\\-darrow\\-season\\-2\\|title\\=Gotham Scoop: Mr. Freeze to Be Played by House of Cards' Nathan Darrow\\|author\\=Michael Ausiello\\|work\\=\\[\\[TVLine]]\\|date\\=October 28, 2015}} is one of Gotham's preeminent cryogenics engineers. Bruno Heller has stated that Victor will be a tragic character. He started abducting people for his experiments to find the right coolant combination that would enable him to freeze his wife Nora until he found a cure for her illness. After Nora was brought in by the police, Victor turns himself over to the police. One of the frozen people successfully revived as it proved that A16 worked as Victor works to save Nora. Upon the police converging on his house, Victor turned the chemicals on himself after it was discovered that Nora switched the cryogenic chemicals. Although Hugo Strange claimed that Victor died in the infirmary, he was actually placed in the Indian Hill facility within a special refrigerated cell at −20 degrees as the result of his attempted suicide. Hugo also states that he modified Victor Fries' suit to keep him alive in temperatures above subzero temperatures so that Victor can help Hugo with his project with dead bodies. Victor was later sent by Strange to kill former Pinewood patient Karen Jennings. After being questioned by Gordon, Strange claimed that Fries was cremated. During the Indian Hill conflict, Victor Fries ends up in a fight against Firefly which ended when Hugo Strange got caught in the crossfire of their elemental attacks.",
"Oswald Cobblepot and Ivy Pepper later find Victor Fries in a frigid location. As a way to persuade Victor to help, Oswald and Ivy returned his special suit that was held in Wayne Enterprises. Though he is still at odds with Bridgit Pike. Victor Fries later assisted Fish Mooney into obtaining the earlier antidotes for the Alice Tetch Virus and fighting the ninjas from the League of Shadows at the time when the chaos caused by the Alice Tetch Virus was caused. After Fish Mooney was accidentally killed by James Gordon, he and Bridgit disappeared from the scene before police arrived. After the chaos caused by the Alice Tetch Virus had ended, Oswald Cobblepot had Victor Fries use his freeze gun on Riddler. Oswald Cobblepot later called in Victor Fries to refreeze Edward Nygma when he was freed from the ice.",
"As Edward Nygma was not acting like his usual way, Cobblepot had to spare Nygma from being frozen by Victor Fries again.",
"When Gotham City became a no man's land, Mr. Freeze started claiming his territory. It was mentioned by Gordon that Mr. Freeze is in a turf war with Firefly.",
"#### Subject 514A",
"**\"Subject 514A\"** (portrayed by David Mazouz) is an unnamed look\\-a\\-like clone of Bruce with longer hair and a mark over his right eyebrow that is one of the experiments that escaped from the Indian Hill bus. He later had an encounter with Ivy Pepper who ran from him while he asked who Bruce Wayne is. After meeting Bruce Wayne and Alfred Pennyworth, Subject 514A started to mimic Bruce's voice and started to resemble him. He took Selina out for dinner and helped her escape after she failed to rob a bank. Selina eventually realized that 514A wasn't Bruce, and after 514A explained the situation, revealing that all he ever wanted was a friend. Selina told him that he's more normal then he thinks, and while saying goodbye, 514A kisses Selina. 514A is later approached by Kathryn of the Court of Owls who states that she is one of her \"parents.\" He is then loaded into Kathryn's car by Talon. Following Jerome's defeat, 514A has had his scars \"erased\" by the Court of Owls as they make their plans to \"save\" Gotham City. After having Bruce Wayne sent to the Shaman and posing as him, 514A reports to Kathryn that the nosebleeds he's been having has been happening more as Kathryn predicts that 514A will be dead by the time Bruce Wayne returns. When he is unable to persuade Selina Kyle into leaving town and she threatened to inform Alfred, Subject 514A pushed her out the window. Selina later recovered and attacked 514A with Alfred joining the fight causing 514A to defeat them and leave Wayne Manor. After speaking to Kathryn Monroe, Subject 514A later dies offscreen after succumbing to his injuries.",
""
] |
### Introduced in season 4
#### Arthur Penn / Ventriloquist
{{main\|Ventriloquist (character)}}
**Arthur Penn / Ventriloquist** (portrayed by Andrew Sellon) is an accountant that works for Penguin. He originally worked for Carmine Falcone before working for Cobblepot and then Sofia Falcone.
When Gotham City was declared "no man's land," Arthur Penn stuck by Penguin's side. He is later shot by the Street Demonz leader. In his dying words, he told Cobblepot that his workers at the time hated him.
Somehow, Arthur Penn came back from the dead and found his way to a magic shop where he met the dummy of Scarface. When they made their way to Riddler's refuge where Penguin was, Scarface wanted Penguin to give him his treasure and grant him a way off the island. Thanks to a sonar attack by Riddler, Penguin struggled with Arthur which resulted in Scarface's head getting shot. When Arthur thanked Penguin for freeing him, he is shot in the head by Riddler.
#### Vanessa Harper
**Vanessa Harper** (portrayed by Kelcy Griffin) is a detective that transferred to Jim Gordon and Harvey Bullock's precinct from the 3–5\.
#### Cherry
**Cherry** (portrayed by [Marina Benedict](/wiki/Marina_Benedict "Marina Benedict")){{cite web\|url\=http://tvline.com/2017/08/18/gotham\-season\-4\-marina\-benedict\-benjamin\-stockham/\|title\=Gotham Season 4 Adds Prison Break Baddie, Casts Buddy for Bruce\|last\=Webb Mitovich\|first\=Matt\|work\=\[\[TVLine]]\|date\=August 18, 2017\|access\-date\=August 18, 2017\|archive\-date\=August 18, 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818232452/https://tvline.com/2017/08/18/gotham\-season\-4\-marina\-benedict\-benjamin\-stockham/\|url\-status\=dead}} is the owner of a fight club in The Narrows. Riddler approaches her to let Solomon Grundy take part in the fight club. First, Cherry has her latest doctor Leslie Thompkins tend to Solomon Grundy's burn. After Leslie disabled Firefly, Cherry revealed that she tipped off Oswald Cobblepot and is shot in the head by Barbara Kean.
#### Lazlo Valentin / Professor Pyg
{{main\|Professor Pyg}}
[thumb\|350x350px\|Michael Cerveris](/wiki/File:Sweeney_Todd_with_Michael_Cerveris_cropped.jpg "Sweeney Todd with Michael Cerveris cropped.jpg")
**Lazlo Valentin / Professor Pyg** (portrayed by [Michael Cerveris](/wiki/Michael_Cerveris "Michael Cerveris")){{cite web\|url\=https://screenrant.com/gotham\-season\-4\-professor\-pyg/\|title\=Gotham Season 4 Will Introduce Professor Pyg\|date\=July 22, 2017\|website\=Screen Rant\|access\-date\=July 23, 2017}}{{cite web\|url\=http://tvline.com/2017/09/01/gotham\-season\-4\-professor\-pyg\-michael\-cerveris/\|title\=Gotham Casts Fringe's Michael Cerveris as DC Comics Baddie Professor Pyg\|last\=Webb Mitovich\|first\=Matt\|work\=\[\[TVLine]]\|date\=September 1, 2017\|access\-date\=September 1, 2017}} is a [pig](/wiki/Pig "Pig")\-masked killer who targets dirty cops and other "greedy pigs" of Gotham City. After killing some corrupt police officers, Professor Pyg moved on to Phase 2 of his plan that involved harvesting the organs of dead less fortunate people that he poisoned and cooking them into the [meat pies](/wiki/Meat_pies "Meat pies") he made for a charity event at the Falcone Home and School for Orphans. During his fight with Jim Gordon, Professor Pyg was defeated by Gordon and was arrested by the police. While incarcerated at Arkham Asylum, Gordon gets a clue about his true identity and his surgeries where he was previously arrested down south in his unaltered state. After tricking a guard into coming into his cell, Professor Pyg kills the guard, leaves a message in blood for Gordon, and escapes.
When it was discovered that Professor Pyg was brought to Gotham City by Sofia Falcone, he planned to incarcerate him in Blackgate only for Sofia to shoot Professor Pyg to cover tracks.
#### Martin
**Martin** (portrayed by [Christopher Convery](/wiki/Christopher_Convery "Christopher Convery")) is a mute boy at the Falcone Home and School for Orphans who "speaks" by writing things on the blank pad hanging around his neck. Oswald Cobblepot takes a liking to the boy as he gives him some life advice. After faking his death following his capture at the hands of Sofia Falcone and Barbara Kean, Cobblepot says goodbye to Martin as Victor Zsasz takes Martin to somewhere safe and far from Gotham City. He was later rescued from Sofia's clutches by Riddler.
#### Jeremiah Valeska
{{main\|Jerome and Jeremiah Valeska}}
**Jeremiah Valeska** (portrayed by [Cameron Monaghan](/wiki/Cameron_Monaghan "Cameron Monaghan")) is the brilliant and calculating son of circus snake dancer Lila Valeska and blind [fortune teller](/wiki/Fortune-telling "Fortune-telling") Paul Cicero, and the twin brother of Jerome Valeska. Like Jerome, he is heavily tied to the origins of [the Joker](/wiki/Joker_%28character%29 "Joker (character)"), and is possibly the shows version of him (although this is mainly left up to interpretation.)
After allegedly suffering severe abuse at the hands of Jerome as a child, Jeremiah was sent to a shelter where he was adopted by a wealthy couple and renamed "Xander Wilde"; Jerome conversely claimed that Jeremiah was a sociopath who feigned being a victim to orchestrate these events. Jeremiah becomes a successful [engineer](/wiki/Engineer "Engineer") for [Wayne Enterprises](/wiki/Wayne_Enterprises "Wayne Enterprises") as an adult and develops a friendship with Bruce Wayne, who agrees to fund his prototype high\-energy generators to improve Gotham City. Jerome eventually captures Jeremiah and promises to "drive him mad". Following Jerome's death, Jeremiah is exposed to the Scarecrow's insanity\-inducing gas at Jerome's final request, turning his skin white, dyeing his hair dark green, and staining his lips red. After gaining the loyalty of Jerome's followers at his late brother's grave, Jeremiah reveals himself to Bruce as the mastermind behind these events and proclaims victory over his deceased twin. Revealing his plan to use the high\-energy generators as explosives, Jeremiah declares Bruce as his "very best friend" and unsuccessfully attempts to drive him insane in "[one bad day](/wiki/Batman:The_Killing_Joke "The Killing Joke")" with Scarecrow's gas. Jeremiah is then approached by the immortal Ra's al Ghul, who proposes an alliance to "help" Bruce fulfill his destiny as "Gotham's Dark Knight". Jeremiah breaks into Wayne Manor and shoots Bruce's love\-interest, Selina Kyle, and later abducts him. Although Ra's is killed, he and Jeremiah's plan to blow up Gotham's bridges with the generators and render the city a "[No Man's Land](/wiki/No_Man%27s_Land "No Man's Land")" succeeds, and an ecstatic Jeremiah manages to vanish in the ensuing chaos.
After Gotham is cut\-off from the rest of the world, Jeremiah forms his own fanatic cult with the help of his assistant Ecco, and occupies a large portion of the city designated as the "Dark Zone". He forces his men to dig a series of tunnels as a means of escape should the government decide to [nuke](/wiki/Nuclear_warfare "Nuclear warfare") the city. Jeremiah works with the Mad Hatter to produce a toxic gas at the abandoned Ace Chemicals plant, which he plans to release into Gotham's skies so that the government will no longer be able to send supplies into the city. Jeremiah subsequently has a surgeon perform plastic surgery on two kidnapped civilians to make them resemble Thomas and Martha Wayne, Bruce's deceased parents, in an attempt to re\-enact the night of the Waynes' deaths so that he will become the most important person in Bruce's life; Jeremiah later captures James Gordon and Leslie Thompkins and decides to use them instead due to their personal connection to Bruce. With Selina's help, Bruce thwarts Jeremiah's scheme and pursues him while Gordon drives the armed canisters of toxic gas into the river. Jeremiah falls into a vat of green liquid during his confrontation with Bruce at Ace Chemicals, after which his body is salvaged and placed in a hospital. Bruce tells to Selina that Jeremiah currently registers no brain activity in his comatose state.
Ten years later, a seemingly brain\-dead Jeremiah is incarcerated in Arkham Asylum until it is revealed that he feigned being in a vegetative state to wait for Bruce's eventual return to Gotham. Jeremiah frames Harvey Bullock for murder, manipulates Oswald Cobblepot and Edward Nygma into taking the initial blame for his scheme, and has Ecco break him out of Arkham. After his escape, Jeremiah kidnaps James Gordon and Barbara Kean's daughter, but Ecco is stabbed in the confrontation. Jeremiah kills Ecco and takes Barbara Lee Gordon to Ace Chemicals, where he reveals to Gordon that he lost most of his memories after his fall into the green solutions over a decade ago. After telling Gordon to address him as "J", Jeremiah prepares to drop Barbara into the same vat only for Bruce to appear as Batman. Overjoyed by Bruce's arrival, Jeremiah simply laughs maniacally even when being slashed with [batarangs](/wiki/Batarangs "Batarangs") but falls unconscious as one slashes his head.
#### Ecco
[thumb\|239x239px\|Francesca Root\-Dodson](/wiki/File:Francesca_Root-Dodson_by_Megan_Kapler_%28cropped%29.jpg "Francesca Root-Dodson by Megan Kapler (cropped).jpg")
**Ecco** (portrayed by [Francesca Root\-Dodson](/wiki/Francesca_Root-Dodson "Francesca Root-Dodson")) is the assistant and proxy of Jeremiah Valeska. After his transformation into a criminal and terrorist, Ecco continues acting as Jeremiah's right\-hand woman and begins donning a jester costume, earning her the nickname "Mummer." She traps Jim Gordon inside the bunker with the bombs and later kills two guards for Jeremiah at Wayne Enterprises and the two of them use their keycards to break inside. After Gotham becomes No Man's Land, Ecco continues to work as Jeremiah's accomplice and henchwoman, breaking into GCPD and vandalizing their map with Jeremiah's symbol. In addition, she helps Jeremiah to establish the Church of Jeremiah Valeska as a way to gain followers.
10 years later, Ecco poses as a nurse at Arkham Asylum. When Gordon is onto Jeremiah orchestrating the frame\-up of Harvey Bullock, Ecco kills the two inmates bothering Jeremiah and tells him that the jig is up. Both of them head to the Sirens where they ambush Barbara Kean. Ecco is stabbed by Barbara and is critically injured. Jeremiah sadly muses on how Ecco is no longer his Ecco, and there’ll be no one like her. Ecco smiles at this sentiment, before Jeremiah shoots and kills her, simply stating, “there’ll be plenty more fish in the sea.” Ecco is a precursor to and is inspired by [Harley Quinn](/wiki/Harley_Quinn "Harley Quinn").
#### Lelia
**Lelia** (portrayed by Shiva Kalaiselvan) is a female member of the League of Shadows that becomes loyal to Barbara Kean.{{Cite news \|url\=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2018/03/30/malaysian\-actress\-lands\-gotham\-role/ \|title\=Malaysian actress lands 'Gotham' role \|last\=Toh \|first\=Terence \|date\=March 30, 2018 \|work\=\[\[The Star (Malaysia)\|The Star]] \|access\-date\=February 20, 2019}}
|
[
"### Introduced in season 4",
"#### Arthur Penn / Ventriloquist",
"{{main\\|Ventriloquist (character)}}",
"**Arthur Penn / Ventriloquist** (portrayed by Andrew Sellon) is an accountant that works for Penguin. He originally worked for Carmine Falcone before working for Cobblepot and then Sofia Falcone.",
"When Gotham City was declared \"no man's land,\" Arthur Penn stuck by Penguin's side. He is later shot by the Street Demonz leader. In his dying words, he told Cobblepot that his workers at the time hated him.",
"Somehow, Arthur Penn came back from the dead and found his way to a magic shop where he met the dummy of Scarface. When they made their way to Riddler's refuge where Penguin was, Scarface wanted Penguin to give him his treasure and grant him a way off the island. Thanks to a sonar attack by Riddler, Penguin struggled with Arthur which resulted in Scarface's head getting shot. When Arthur thanked Penguin for freeing him, he is shot in the head by Riddler.",
"#### Vanessa Harper",
"**Vanessa Harper** (portrayed by Kelcy Griffin) is a detective that transferred to Jim Gordon and Harvey Bullock's precinct from the 3–5\\.",
"#### Cherry",
"**Cherry** (portrayed by [Marina Benedict](/wiki/Marina_Benedict \"Marina Benedict\")){{cite web\\|url\\=http://tvline.com/2017/08/18/gotham\\-season\\-4\\-marina\\-benedict\\-benjamin\\-stockham/\\|title\\=Gotham Season 4 Adds Prison Break Baddie, Casts Buddy for Bruce\\|last\\=Webb Mitovich\\|first\\=Matt\\|work\\=\\[\\[TVLine]]\\|date\\=August 18, 2017\\|access\\-date\\=August 18, 2017\\|archive\\-date\\=August 18, 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818232452/https://tvline.com/2017/08/18/gotham\\-season\\-4\\-marina\\-benedict\\-benjamin\\-stockham/\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} is the owner of a fight club in The Narrows. Riddler approaches her to let Solomon Grundy take part in the fight club. First, Cherry has her latest doctor Leslie Thompkins tend to Solomon Grundy's burn. After Leslie disabled Firefly, Cherry revealed that she tipped off Oswald Cobblepot and is shot in the head by Barbara Kean.",
"#### Lazlo Valentin / Professor Pyg",
"{{main\\|Professor Pyg}}\n[thumb\\|350x350px\\|Michael Cerveris](/wiki/File:Sweeney_Todd_with_Michael_Cerveris_cropped.jpg \"Sweeney Todd with Michael Cerveris cropped.jpg\")\n**Lazlo Valentin / Professor Pyg** (portrayed by [Michael Cerveris](/wiki/Michael_Cerveris \"Michael Cerveris\")){{cite web\\|url\\=https://screenrant.com/gotham\\-season\\-4\\-professor\\-pyg/\\|title\\=Gotham Season 4 Will Introduce Professor Pyg\\|date\\=July 22, 2017\\|website\\=Screen Rant\\|access\\-date\\=July 23, 2017}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://tvline.com/2017/09/01/gotham\\-season\\-4\\-professor\\-pyg\\-michael\\-cerveris/\\|title\\=Gotham Casts Fringe's Michael Cerveris as DC Comics Baddie Professor Pyg\\|last\\=Webb Mitovich\\|first\\=Matt\\|work\\=\\[\\[TVLine]]\\|date\\=September 1, 2017\\|access\\-date\\=September 1, 2017}} is a [pig](/wiki/Pig \"Pig\")\\-masked killer who targets dirty cops and other \"greedy pigs\" of Gotham City. After killing some corrupt police officers, Professor Pyg moved on to Phase 2 of his plan that involved harvesting the organs of dead less fortunate people that he poisoned and cooking them into the [meat pies](/wiki/Meat_pies \"Meat pies\") he made for a charity event at the Falcone Home and School for Orphans. During his fight with Jim Gordon, Professor Pyg was defeated by Gordon and was arrested by the police. While incarcerated at Arkham Asylum, Gordon gets a clue about his true identity and his surgeries where he was previously arrested down south in his unaltered state. After tricking a guard into coming into his cell, Professor Pyg kills the guard, leaves a message in blood for Gordon, and escapes.",
"When it was discovered that Professor Pyg was brought to Gotham City by Sofia Falcone, he planned to incarcerate him in Blackgate only for Sofia to shoot Professor Pyg to cover tracks.",
"#### Martin",
"**Martin** (portrayed by [Christopher Convery](/wiki/Christopher_Convery \"Christopher Convery\")) is a mute boy at the Falcone Home and School for Orphans who \"speaks\" by writing things on the blank pad hanging around his neck. Oswald Cobblepot takes a liking to the boy as he gives him some life advice. After faking his death following his capture at the hands of Sofia Falcone and Barbara Kean, Cobblepot says goodbye to Martin as Victor Zsasz takes Martin to somewhere safe and far from Gotham City. He was later rescued from Sofia's clutches by Riddler.",
"#### Jeremiah Valeska",
"{{main\\|Jerome and Jeremiah Valeska}}",
"**Jeremiah Valeska** (portrayed by [Cameron Monaghan](/wiki/Cameron_Monaghan \"Cameron Monaghan\")) is the brilliant and calculating son of circus snake dancer Lila Valeska and blind [fortune teller](/wiki/Fortune-telling \"Fortune-telling\") Paul Cicero, and the twin brother of Jerome Valeska. Like Jerome, he is heavily tied to the origins of [the Joker](/wiki/Joker_%28character%29 \"Joker (character)\"), and is possibly the shows version of him (although this is mainly left up to interpretation.)",
"After allegedly suffering severe abuse at the hands of Jerome as a child, Jeremiah was sent to a shelter where he was adopted by a wealthy couple and renamed \"Xander Wilde\"; Jerome conversely claimed that Jeremiah was a sociopath who feigned being a victim to orchestrate these events. Jeremiah becomes a successful [engineer](/wiki/Engineer \"Engineer\") for [Wayne Enterprises](/wiki/Wayne_Enterprises \"Wayne Enterprises\") as an adult and develops a friendship with Bruce Wayne, who agrees to fund his prototype high\\-energy generators to improve Gotham City. Jerome eventually captures Jeremiah and promises to \"drive him mad\". Following Jerome's death, Jeremiah is exposed to the Scarecrow's insanity\\-inducing gas at Jerome's final request, turning his skin white, dyeing his hair dark green, and staining his lips red. After gaining the loyalty of Jerome's followers at his late brother's grave, Jeremiah reveals himself to Bruce as the mastermind behind these events and proclaims victory over his deceased twin. Revealing his plan to use the high\\-energy generators as explosives, Jeremiah declares Bruce as his \"very best friend\" and unsuccessfully attempts to drive him insane in \"[one bad day](/wiki/Batman:The_Killing_Joke \"The Killing Joke\")\" with Scarecrow's gas. Jeremiah is then approached by the immortal Ra's al Ghul, who proposes an alliance to \"help\" Bruce fulfill his destiny as \"Gotham's Dark Knight\". Jeremiah breaks into Wayne Manor and shoots Bruce's love\\-interest, Selina Kyle, and later abducts him. Although Ra's is killed, he and Jeremiah's plan to blow up Gotham's bridges with the generators and render the city a \"[No Man's Land](/wiki/No_Man%27s_Land \"No Man's Land\")\" succeeds, and an ecstatic Jeremiah manages to vanish in the ensuing chaos.",
"After Gotham is cut\\-off from the rest of the world, Jeremiah forms his own fanatic cult with the help of his assistant Ecco, and occupies a large portion of the city designated as the \"Dark Zone\". He forces his men to dig a series of tunnels as a means of escape should the government decide to [nuke](/wiki/Nuclear_warfare \"Nuclear warfare\") the city. Jeremiah works with the Mad Hatter to produce a toxic gas at the abandoned Ace Chemicals plant, which he plans to release into Gotham's skies so that the government will no longer be able to send supplies into the city. Jeremiah subsequently has a surgeon perform plastic surgery on two kidnapped civilians to make them resemble Thomas and Martha Wayne, Bruce's deceased parents, in an attempt to re\\-enact the night of the Waynes' deaths so that he will become the most important person in Bruce's life; Jeremiah later captures James Gordon and Leslie Thompkins and decides to use them instead due to their personal connection to Bruce. With Selina's help, Bruce thwarts Jeremiah's scheme and pursues him while Gordon drives the armed canisters of toxic gas into the river. Jeremiah falls into a vat of green liquid during his confrontation with Bruce at Ace Chemicals, after which his body is salvaged and placed in a hospital. Bruce tells to Selina that Jeremiah currently registers no brain activity in his comatose state.",
"Ten years later, a seemingly brain\\-dead Jeremiah is incarcerated in Arkham Asylum until it is revealed that he feigned being in a vegetative state to wait for Bruce's eventual return to Gotham. Jeremiah frames Harvey Bullock for murder, manipulates Oswald Cobblepot and Edward Nygma into taking the initial blame for his scheme, and has Ecco break him out of Arkham. After his escape, Jeremiah kidnaps James Gordon and Barbara Kean's daughter, but Ecco is stabbed in the confrontation. Jeremiah kills Ecco and takes Barbara Lee Gordon to Ace Chemicals, where he reveals to Gordon that he lost most of his memories after his fall into the green solutions over a decade ago. After telling Gordon to address him as \"J\", Jeremiah prepares to drop Barbara into the same vat only for Bruce to appear as Batman. Overjoyed by Bruce's arrival, Jeremiah simply laughs maniacally even when being slashed with [batarangs](/wiki/Batarangs \"Batarangs\") but falls unconscious as one slashes his head.",
"#### Ecco",
"[thumb\\|239x239px\\|Francesca Root\\-Dodson](/wiki/File:Francesca_Root-Dodson_by_Megan_Kapler_%28cropped%29.jpg \"Francesca Root-Dodson by Megan Kapler (cropped).jpg\")\n**Ecco** (portrayed by [Francesca Root\\-Dodson](/wiki/Francesca_Root-Dodson \"Francesca Root-Dodson\")) is the assistant and proxy of Jeremiah Valeska. After his transformation into a criminal and terrorist, Ecco continues acting as Jeremiah's right\\-hand woman and begins donning a jester costume, earning her the nickname \"Mummer.\" She traps Jim Gordon inside the bunker with the bombs and later kills two guards for Jeremiah at Wayne Enterprises and the two of them use their keycards to break inside. After Gotham becomes No Man's Land, Ecco continues to work as Jeremiah's accomplice and henchwoman, breaking into GCPD and vandalizing their map with Jeremiah's symbol. In addition, she helps Jeremiah to establish the Church of Jeremiah Valeska as a way to gain followers.",
"10 years later, Ecco poses as a nurse at Arkham Asylum. When Gordon is onto Jeremiah orchestrating the frame\\-up of Harvey Bullock, Ecco kills the two inmates bothering Jeremiah and tells him that the jig is up. Both of them head to the Sirens where they ambush Barbara Kean. Ecco is stabbed by Barbara and is critically injured. Jeremiah sadly muses on how Ecco is no longer his Ecco, and there’ll be no one like her. Ecco smiles at this sentiment, before Jeremiah shoots and kills her, simply stating, “there’ll be plenty more fish in the sea.” Ecco is a precursor to and is inspired by [Harley Quinn](/wiki/Harley_Quinn \"Harley Quinn\").",
"#### Lelia",
"**Lelia** (portrayed by Shiva Kalaiselvan) is a female member of the League of Shadows that becomes loyal to Barbara Kean.{{Cite news \\|url\\=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2018/03/30/malaysian\\-actress\\-lands\\-gotham\\-role/ \\|title\\=Malaysian actress lands 'Gotham' role \\|last\\=Toh \\|first\\=Terence \\|date\\=March 30, 2018 \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Star (Malaysia)\\|The Star]] \\|access\\-date\\=February 20, 2019}}",
""
] |
Education and Professional Career
---------------------------------
Zala graduated from the Faculty of Philosophy of the Comenius University in Bratislava in 1979\. After graduation, he proceeded with his study of philosophy and received his [PhD](/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy "Doctor of Philosophy") degree (1981\) and CSc degree (1995\) from the same university.
In 1981, he worked as a journalist at [Slovak Radio](/wiki/Slovak_Radio "Slovak Radio") but was forced to quit the job due to political persecution and seek employment in various manual worker professions before he eventually managed to get a research job at the Social Development and Labour Research Institute in Bratislava in 1984\.
In 1990, he became head of the Secretariat of the Speaker of Slovak parliament and Lecturer in Philosophy at [Comenius University](/wiki/Comenius_University "Comenius University"), [Bratislava](/wiki/Bratislava "Bratislava").
Since 2000, he has been Chair of the Political Science and European Studies Department at UKF's Faculty of Philosophy in the western Slovak city of [Nitra](/wiki/Nitra "Nitra"). He is the author of six philosophy, political science, and history monographs and has written dozens of research studies and papers dealing with social science issues. As a media analyst and political commentator, he wrote hundreds of political analyses for the Slovak press and participated in or co\-authored several media projects at [Slovak Television](/wiki/Slovensk%C3%A1_telev%C3%ADzia "Slovenská televízia") (STV) and [Slovak Radio](/wiki/Slovensk%C3%BD_rozhlas "Slovenský rozhlas") (SRo).
In 1988–89, Zala took an active part in organizing protest activities against the Communist regime and was one of the co\-founders of Public Against Violence (VPN) – a broad civic movement established by democratic activists with the view of putting the country back on democratic track within the framework of the [Velvet Revolution of 1989](/wiki/Velvet_Revolution "Velvet Revolution").
|
[
"Education and Professional Career\n---------------------------------",
"Zala graduated from the Faculty of Philosophy of the Comenius University in Bratislava in 1979\\. After graduation, he proceeded with his study of philosophy and received his [PhD](/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy \"Doctor of Philosophy\") degree (1981\\) and CSc degree (1995\\) from the same university.",
"In 1981, he worked as a journalist at [Slovak Radio](/wiki/Slovak_Radio \"Slovak Radio\") but was forced to quit the job due to political persecution and seek employment in various manual worker professions before he eventually managed to get a research job at the Social Development and Labour Research Institute in Bratislava in 1984\\.",
"In 1990, he became head of the Secretariat of the Speaker of Slovak parliament and Lecturer in Philosophy at [Comenius University](/wiki/Comenius_University \"Comenius University\"), [Bratislava](/wiki/Bratislava \"Bratislava\").",
"Since 2000, he has been Chair of the Political Science and European Studies Department at UKF's Faculty of Philosophy in the western Slovak city of [Nitra](/wiki/Nitra \"Nitra\"). He is the author of six philosophy, political science, and history monographs and has written dozens of research studies and papers dealing with social science issues. As a media analyst and political commentator, he wrote hundreds of political analyses for the Slovak press and participated in or co\\-authored several media projects at [Slovak Television](/wiki/Slovensk%C3%A1_telev%C3%ADzia \"Slovenská televízia\") (STV) and [Slovak Radio](/wiki/Slovensk%C3%BD_rozhlas \"Slovenský rozhlas\") (SRo).",
"In 1988–89, Zala took an active part in organizing protest activities against the Communist regime and was one of the co\\-founders of Public Against Violence (VPN) – a broad civic movement established by democratic activists with the view of putting the country back on democratic track within the framework of the [Velvet Revolution of 1989](/wiki/Velvet_Revolution \"Velvet Revolution\").",
""
] |
Political and Parliamentary Career
----------------------------------
Zala became a Member of Parliament in 1990, shortly after democracy had been restored in the wake of Communist rule's collapse in November 1989\. During his first term in parliament, he was President of the Social Democratic Party, Chairman of the Defence and Security Committee of the Slovak parliament, and member of the supreme legislative body's Presidium.
In 1992, he vacated his post as Social Democratic Party President, to enable Alexander Dubček to assume that function.
In 1999, he became a co\-founder and Vice\-Chairman of the left\-wing political party, *Smer\-sociálna* *demokracia* (Direction\-Social Democracy). He was elected a Member of Parliament for the second time in 2002 and re\-elected again in the 2006 parliamentary elections.
From 2002 to 2006, he sat on the parliament's Foreign Affairs Committee and the Special Oversight Committee for the Slovak Intelligence Service. After Smer\-SD's victory in the 2006 elections, Zala was elected Chairman of the Slovak parliament's Foreign Affairs Committee and took over as head of the Slovak parliamentary delegation to the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe.
Presently,{{When\|date\=November 2020}} he is a member of the Council of Europe's Political Affairs Committee, of the committee on the Honouring of Obligations and Commitments by Member States of the Council of Europe (Monitoring Committee) and Vice\-President of the Parliamentary Assembly. He was also a member of the Convent for the preparation of a new EU Constitution Treaty. His political activity focuses primarily on foreign policy and EU integration issues and dialogue between civilizations, both in the context of Slovak politics as well as within larger European and EU frameworks. Zala's chief responsibility in his political party includes policy planning and strategy issues.
Boris Zala's Smer\-SD, led by Prime Minister Robert Fico, won the 2006 parliamentary elections with 29\.1% of the votes and formed the current governing coalition. The party's support among Slovak voters is currently much higher than in 2006, oscillating steadily around 40%.
As of 2019, Boris is serving his 8th parliamentary term. Until July 2019, he was a member of the Group of the Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats in the European Parliament, part of the SMER\-Sociálna demokracia (Slovakia) national party, and Vice Chair of the Delegation for relations with South Africa.{{cite web \|title\=European Parliament \|url\=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/meps/en/96656/BORIS\_ZALA/history/8 \|website\=MEPs \|access\-date\=19 May 2020}}
|
[
"Political and Parliamentary Career\n----------------------------------",
"Zala became a Member of Parliament in 1990, shortly after democracy had been restored in the wake of Communist rule's collapse in November 1989\\. During his first term in parliament, he was President of the Social Democratic Party, Chairman of the Defence and Security Committee of the Slovak parliament, and member of the supreme legislative body's Presidium.",
"In 1992, he vacated his post as Social Democratic Party President, to enable Alexander Dubček to assume that function.",
"In 1999, he became a co\\-founder and Vice\\-Chairman of the left\\-wing political party, *Smer\\-sociálna* *demokracia* (Direction\\-Social Democracy). He was elected a Member of Parliament for the second time in 2002 and re\\-elected again in the 2006 parliamentary elections.",
"From 2002 to 2006, he sat on the parliament's Foreign Affairs Committee and the Special Oversight Committee for the Slovak Intelligence Service. After Smer\\-SD's victory in the 2006 elections, Zala was elected Chairman of the Slovak parliament's Foreign Affairs Committee and took over as head of the Slovak parliamentary delegation to the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe.",
"Presently,{{When\\|date\\=November 2020}} he is a member of the Council of Europe's Political Affairs Committee, of the committee on the Honouring of Obligations and Commitments by Member States of the Council of Europe (Monitoring Committee) and Vice\\-President of the Parliamentary Assembly. He was also a member of the Convent for the preparation of a new EU Constitution Treaty. His political activity focuses primarily on foreign policy and EU integration issues and dialogue between civilizations, both in the context of Slovak politics as well as within larger European and EU frameworks. Zala's chief responsibility in his political party includes policy planning and strategy issues.",
"Boris Zala's Smer\\-SD, led by Prime Minister Robert Fico, won the 2006 parliamentary elections with 29\\.1% of the votes and formed the current governing coalition. The party's support among Slovak voters is currently much higher than in 2006, oscillating steadily around 40%.",
"As of 2019, Boris is serving his 8th parliamentary term. Until July 2019, he was a member of the Group of the Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats in the European Parliament, part of the SMER\\-Sociálna demokracia (Slovakia) national party, and Vice Chair of the Delegation for relations with South Africa.{{cite web \\|title\\=European Parliament \\|url\\=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/meps/en/96656/BORIS\\_ZALA/history/8 \\|website\\=MEPs \\|access\\-date\\=19 May 2020}}",
""
] |
Company history
---------------
### Early history
Soweto TV was founded in 2005 by Force Khashane, who was the Chapirperson of Soweto TV until his death in 2009;[https://www.iol.co.za/news/south\-africa/i\-was\-awakened\-by\-gunshots\-455105\#:\~:text\=BONA%20editor%20and%20veteran%20journalist%20Force%20Khashane%2C%2060%2C,many%20of%20whom%20he%20worked%20with%20and%20mentored](https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/i-was-awakened-by-gunshots-455105#:~:text=BONA%20editor%20and%20veteran%20journalist%20Force%20Khashane%2C%2060%2C,many%20of%20whom%20he%20worked%20with%20and%20mentored). {{Bare URL inline\|date\=August 2024}} and also founded by Ephraim Tshepo Thafeng, who was then both the CEO and head of marketing for the community channel then.{{Cite web \|last\= \|date\=2021\-11\-30 \|title\=Soweto TV founder dies \|url\=https://www.sowetanlive.co.za/news/south\-africa/2021\-11\-30\-soweto\-tv\-founder\-dies/ \|access\-date\=2023\-05\-24 \|website\=SowetanLIVE \|language\=en\-ZA}} The channel received a 24\-day special events broadcasting licence, from the Independent Communications Authority of South Africa ([ICASA](/wiki/Independent_Communications_Authority_of_South_Africa "Independent Communications Authority of South Africa")) which would see the it broadcasting eight hours a day, from 26 November 2005 till mid\-December. Despite financial constraints, Soweto TV started broadcasting to millions of Soweto residents from Saturday, 26 November as scheduled. The month\-long broadcast was themed, '[World Aids Day](/wiki/World_AIDS_Day "World AIDS Day")' which falls on 1 December. The [Dobsonville Shopping Mall](/wiki/Dobsonville_Shopping_Mall "Dobsonville Shopping Mall") provided some funding for basic staff needs, while the state\-owned [SABC](/wiki/South_African_Broadcasting_Corporation "South African Broadcasting Corporation") financed the studio and installation. Volunteers; people like the late Force Khashane, Maril,Smarty Oliphant, media students from the community, team from GDTV namely Sthembiso Xaba, Nkalipho Nesheshe and Thami Mpisane provided manpower for the duration of the broadcasts.
Following the success of the broadcast, the channel received another special events broadcasting licence in 2006 and they completed another successful broadcast.
In 2007, the Soweto TV received a longer license which would see it broadcasting for a year. The license meant the channel would be live and uninterrupted for 24 hours a day from 1 July 2007 until 30 June 2008\.
In May 2008, the channel submitted an application for a new licence, but the expiry date for the previous license, came and went without the channel receiving a new license due to a back\-log at ICASA.{{Cite web \|url\=https://www.balancingact\-africa.com/news/broadcast\_en/11437/south\-africa\-soweto\-tv\-given\-permission\-to\-broadcast\-without\-licence\-until\-icasa\-catches\-up \|title\=South Africa: Soweto TV given permission to broadcast without licence until ICASA catches up {{!}} Balancing Act \- Africa \|website\=www.balancingact\-africa.com \|access\-date\=2020\-01\-24}} The channel's future seemed uncertain despite successfully broadcasting for a year. Despite not having a license, the channel was allowed to continue broadcasting whilst ICASA was processing the application, though terms of the Electronic Communications Act of 2005, which stated that: *no\-one may broadcast without a licence.*
In line with the ICASA community television licence provisions, Urban Brew Studios put together a community training programme based upon the Soweto TV channel platform.
In 2010 the channel was granted its first seven\-year broadcasting license by ICASA. Soon after, the channel announced a new chairman, Mr. Murphy Morobe, who was also the CEO of Kagiso Media. The channel, a non\-profit entity, supported by Urban Brew Studios — a subsidiary of [Kagiso Media](/wiki/Kagiso_Media "Kagiso Media").
In 2013 the channel went regional, with the installation of a new antenna. This meant viewers would be able to watch Soweto TV across Gauteng. The 360\-degree antenna would allow viewers across a wider geographical area absolute access to the channel at no extra cost. The station opened its spread on 16 June 2013\. It came after the old Bop TV transmitter was removed, which had restricted the TV station to broadcasting locally, only reaching Soweto. With the new antenna, Soweto TV would reach as far as Heidelberg, Benoni, Springs and Nigel in the east; Tembisa, Vanderbijlpark, Vereeniging and Sasolburg in the south; and Pretoria North and Mamelodi in the north {{Cite web\|url\=https://www.joburg.org.za:443/media\_/Newsroom/Pages/2013%20articles/2011%20\&%202012%20%20Articles/Soweto\-TV\-goes\-regional.aspx\|title\=Soweto TV goes regional\|website\=www.joburg.org.za\|language\=en\-ZA\|access\-date\=2020\-01\-24}}
### Recent history
In August 2018, Soweto TV announced Bridget Nkuna as their new CEO.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.sowetanlive.co.za/entertainment/2018\-08\-22\-bridget\-nkuna\-takes\-over\-as\-soweto\-tv\-new\-boss/\|title\=Bridget Nkuna takes over as Soweto TV new boss\|website\=SowetanLIVE\|language\=en\-ZA\|access\-date\=2020\-01\-28}} Nkuna was appointed by the channel; because her strong marketing background, having worked as a director for [Westcon Group](https://www.westconcomstor.com/ssa/en/westcon.html), an international technology company. In the media space, she had a stint at the former Voice of Soweto, now known as [Jozi FM](/wiki/Jozi_FM "Jozi FM"). She also worked for the [SABC](/wiki/South_African_Broadcasting_Corporation "South African Broadcasting Corporation") as a continuity presenter. *“I am delighted to be joining the Soweto TV team, it brings me right back to my passion which is entertainment and broadcasting,"* Nkuna said on her appointment. *"It is our role help uplift and support the community using one of the most powerful mediums – television.”* she added. With her marketing background and experience within the media space, she hit the ground running, re\-branding the channel and revealing the channel's new [logo](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ymHGR1G7pCk) within a month of being in the channel. In October 2018 she revealed new state\-of\-the\-art broadcasting equipment donated by [MultiChoice](/wiki/MultiChoice "MultiChoice"){{Cite web\|url\=https://nowinsa.co.za/2018/empower\-sa/corporate\-social\-investment/after\-months\-of\-detailed\-planing\-soweto\-tv\-finally\-unveils\-an\-independent\-high\-tech\-broadcasting\-fascility/\|title\=After months of detailed planning, Soweto TV finally unveils an independent high\-tech broadcasting fascility {{!}} Corporate Social Investment\|last\=Sithole\|first\=Siyabonga\|date\=2018\-10\-16\|website\=NOW in SA\|language\=en\-ZA\|access\-date\=2020\-01\-28}}{{Cite web\|url\=http://pr.africannewsagency.com//7726823\|title\=MultiChoice: MultiChoice donates new broadcast equipment to Soweto TV\|website\=pr.africannewsagency.com\|access\-date\=2020\-01\-28}} *“We’re excited about the donation as it came at the right time when we are celebrating our 11th birthday. Community TV channels fulfil a very important role in communities – we tell the stories of our community and create a sense of belonging. We’re looking forward to continuing to play our role in the stories of the people of Soweto.”*{{citation needed\|date\=November 2020}}
On 30 June 2018 Soweto TV founder and board member, Mr. Thafeng, tendered a formal resignation as board member of the channel. On 4 July 2019, he announced that he was cutting ties with the channel, citing toxicity within the board and the ill management of the channel.{{citation needed\|date\=November 2020}}
Months later, the remaining board members would also resign from the board leaving only Mr. Tuis Jabulani Nkutha in the board. Following the decision by the board to step down, ICASA gave the only remaining board member, Mr Nkutha and CEO, Ms Nkuna a mandated to appoint people from the community to a steering committee that would be in charge at the channel for six months in preparation for the Annual General Meeting (AGM). In an article, it would be alleged that Nkutha and Nkuna appointed their own preferred people to the board, who also happened to be their personal friends.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.polity.org.za/article/almighty\-soweto\-tv\-hijacked\-by\-the\-greedy\-and\-corrupt\-politicians\-2020\-01\-13\|title\=Almighty Soweto TV Hijacked By The Greedy And Corrupt Politicians\|website\=Polity.org.za\|access\-date\=2020\-01\-28}} Soon after the new board was appointed, Ms. Nkuna, was placed on special leave. Board member, Thabo Molefe also known as [Tbo Touch](/wiki/Tbo_Touch "Tbo Touch"){{Cite web\|url\=https://www.tvsa.co.za/actors/viewactor.aspx?actorid\=9740\|title\=Tbo Touch {{!}} TVSA\|website\=www.tvsa.co.za\|access\-date\=2020\-01\-28}} was then appointed the channel's acting CEO.{{Cite web \|date\=2019\-09\-17 \|title\=Tbo Touch gears to grow Soweto TV \|url\=https://www.sundayworld.co.za/news/tbo\-touch\-gears\-to\-grow\-soweto\-tv/ \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191225192843/https://www.sundayworld.co.za/news/tbo\-touch\-gears\-to\-grow\-soweto\-tv/ \|archive\-date\=2019\-12\-25 \|access\-date\=2020\-01\-28 \|website\=Sunday World \|language\=en\-ZA}}
His appointment promised to bring positive change to the channel. As part of his first project, he organised a soccer tournament where soccer legends played a heritage game against local celebrities at Soweto Nike Stadium on 24 September and promised he would be rolling out documentary series, reality TV shows and soapies that resonate with the local market in the next coming months.
His appointment including of the board didn't come without controversy.
It is alleged that at his first meeting with the Soweto TV staff he threatened staff, saying they \[board members] are not afraid of anyone and they have a budget for [CCMA](/wiki/Commission_for_Conciliation%2C_Mediation_and_Arbitration "Commission for Conciliation, Mediation and Arbitration") and any court action taken against them.
By the end of 2019, it was reported to ICASA that an illegitimate board had been appointed and was running the channel. Speaking to [Sowetan LIVE](/wiki/Sowetan_LIVE "Sowetan LIVE") in an article{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.sowetanlive.co.za/entertainment/2020\-01\-17\-tbo\-touch\-accused\-of\-hijacking\-soweto\-television\-station/\|title\=Tbo Touch accused of hijacking Soweto television station\|website\=SowetanLIVE\|language\=en\-ZA\|access\-date\=2020\-01\-28}} released on 17 January 2020, Mr. Thafeng said ICASA was fully aware of what's happening at the channel but was not doing anything about it. ICASA spokesperson Paseka Maleka confirmed receipt of the complaint in relation to the election of the board. *"The complaints and compliance commission is investigating the matter," he said.*
During November 2021, it was announced that founder of Soweto TV, Ephraim Tshepo Thafeng had died at 54\.
### Content Producers Suspended
Upon returning from festive season holidays on 6 January 2020, 9 Soweto TV producers *(Ayanda Dyantyi, Cinderella Mpahlwa, Dennis Segwe,{{Cite web\|url\=https://deeboichiefrocka.wordpress.com/about/\|title\=About Chiefrocka\|date\=2013\-01\-15\|website\=Deeboi Chiefrocka\|language\=en\|access\-date\=2020\-01\-29}} Jonathan Ramotsei, Masego Ruele, Nompilo Mlotshwa, Samulelisiwe Sibiya, Sipho Mpungose and Themba Thanjekwayo)* were placed on suspension without being charged. About two weeks would pass till they were charged with gross negligence or, failing to perform duties without proper cause, loss of revenue and viewership for the channel and failing to sign a performance contract during November 2019\.
On 27 January 2020 the channel's Chairperson, Mr Spencer Malongete addressing the suspension of the channel's producers amongst other things.
> The statement read: Soweto TV has been mismanaged for a decade and was on the verge of liquidation when all the members of the board resigned with immediate effect leaving only 1 board member who also one of the founding members of Soweto. The regulator ICASA instructed the remaining member to properly constitute a team of directors who will stabilize the channel and take it forward.
The new board appointed an investigator and the following was discovered:
• Soweto TV has not been compliant with the regulator ICASA in News and factual content.
• The channel accumulated an unpaid SARS bill amounting to R14,439 400 million rand.
• No performance management or monitoring contracts to measure deliverables and accountability.
• The channel had excessive amount of repeats for the year 2017, 2018 and 2019 with constant incorrect electronic program guide for viewers
• The previous management never submitted Tax returns for years with violations and penalties from the revenue service
• There was no policy or any form of governance on the day to day operations, service providers were appointed with no procurement processes and business processes were compromised
• Churches and key community organizations terminated their contracts with the Channel
• Channel had 84 staff members, a couple of them were ‘ghosts’ employees earning a salary with no trace of working at Soweto TV, some have been with the channel for almost a decade with no contribution to the Channel.
Interventions to date:
The Board has alleviated the risk of the channel from being liquidated.
The Board has engaged ICASA and relevant stake holders on its plans to stabilize the channel and ensure that Soweto TV succeeds.
> The board took a resolution to appoint Mr. Thabo Molefe as the new Acting CEO and the following has been effected:
• Since September 2019, the channel has committed to paying the receiver and has reduced the bill from R14 439 400 to R4 567 000\.
• The channel has complied with the local content regulation and continues to reflect the community back to the audience.
• The channel has instituted both an acquisition and editorial policy putting Soweto TV amongst the leading broadcaster’s in South Africa
• We’ve implemented new automated commercial systems that enables advertisers and sales agencies to monitor their investment and maintain schedule stability
• The channel has formulated policies that speaks to governance, accountability and performance.
• The channel has attended Multichoice content and management workshops
• The channel has hosted auditions for new shows with new faces to be introduced in February 2020\.
• 9 New shows have been produced and being released throughout the next months
• The brand of Soweto TV has been revived and in 2020 the audience will have an opportunity to view more local content and engage with a number of new initiatives. The new Board is committed to the success of Soweto TV. Once we have achieved programming and commercial stability, the Board will roll out the next phase of its work programme which shall consist of increased community engagement including scheduling editorial consultations as well as membership rules to enable increased community participation. The new Board will not be distracted by the opportunistic campaigns which are waged by people who have failed the Channel before. The community must not be misled by such people.
* On Friday, 6 March 2020, all the producers received emails dismissing them from the channel. The producers have taken the matter to the CCMA.
|
[
"Company history\n---------------",
"### Early history",
"Soweto TV was founded in 2005 by Force Khashane, who was the Chapirperson of Soweto TV until his death in 2009;[https://www.iol.co.za/news/south\\-africa/i\\-was\\-awakened\\-by\\-gunshots\\-455105\\#:\\~:text\\=BONA%20editor%20and%20veteran%20journalist%20Force%20Khashane%2C%2060%2C,many%20of%20whom%20he%20worked%20with%20and%20mentored](https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/i-was-awakened-by-gunshots-455105#:~:text=BONA%20editor%20and%20veteran%20journalist%20Force%20Khashane%2C%2060%2C,many%20of%20whom%20he%20worked%20with%20and%20mentored). {{Bare URL inline\\|date\\=August 2024}} and also founded by Ephraim Tshepo Thafeng, who was then both the CEO and head of marketing for the community channel then.{{Cite web \\|last\\= \\|date\\=2021\\-11\\-30 \\|title\\=Soweto TV founder dies \\|url\\=https://www.sowetanlive.co.za/news/south\\-africa/2021\\-11\\-30\\-soweto\\-tv\\-founder\\-dies/ \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-05\\-24 \\|website\\=SowetanLIVE \\|language\\=en\\-ZA}} The channel received a 24\\-day special events broadcasting licence, from the Independent Communications Authority of South Africa ([ICASA](/wiki/Independent_Communications_Authority_of_South_Africa \"Independent Communications Authority of South Africa\")) which would see the it broadcasting eight hours a day, from 26 November 2005 till mid\\-December. Despite financial constraints, Soweto TV started broadcasting to millions of Soweto residents from Saturday, 26 November as scheduled. The month\\-long broadcast was themed, '[World Aids Day](/wiki/World_AIDS_Day \"World AIDS Day\")' which falls on 1 December. The [Dobsonville Shopping Mall](/wiki/Dobsonville_Shopping_Mall \"Dobsonville Shopping Mall\") provided some funding for basic staff needs, while the state\\-owned [SABC](/wiki/South_African_Broadcasting_Corporation \"South African Broadcasting Corporation\") financed the studio and installation. Volunteers; people like the late Force Khashane, Maril,Smarty Oliphant, media students from the community, team from GDTV namely Sthembiso Xaba, Nkalipho Nesheshe and Thami Mpisane provided manpower for the duration of the broadcasts.",
"Following the success of the broadcast, the channel received another special events broadcasting licence in 2006 and they completed another successful broadcast.",
"In 2007, the Soweto TV received a longer license which would see it broadcasting for a year. The license meant the channel would be live and uninterrupted for 24 hours a day from 1 July 2007 until 30 June 2008\\.",
"In May 2008, the channel submitted an application for a new licence, but the expiry date for the previous license, came and went without the channel receiving a new license due to a back\\-log at ICASA.{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://www.balancingact\\-africa.com/news/broadcast\\_en/11437/south\\-africa\\-soweto\\-tv\\-given\\-permission\\-to\\-broadcast\\-without\\-licence\\-until\\-icasa\\-catches\\-up \\|title\\=South Africa: Soweto TV given permission to broadcast without licence until ICASA catches up {{!}} Balancing Act \\- Africa \\|website\\=www.balancingact\\-africa.com \\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-01\\-24}} The channel's future seemed uncertain despite successfully broadcasting for a year. Despite not having a license, the channel was allowed to continue broadcasting whilst ICASA was processing the application, though terms of the Electronic Communications Act of 2005, which stated that: *no\\-one may broadcast without a licence.*",
"In line with the ICASA community television licence provisions, Urban Brew Studios put together a community training programme based upon the Soweto TV channel platform.",
"In 2010 the channel was granted its first seven\\-year broadcasting license by ICASA. Soon after, the channel announced a new chairman, Mr. Murphy Morobe, who was also the CEO of Kagiso Media. The channel, a non\\-profit entity, supported by Urban Brew Studios — a subsidiary of [Kagiso Media](/wiki/Kagiso_Media \"Kagiso Media\").",
"In 2013 the channel went regional, with the installation of a new antenna. This meant viewers would be able to watch Soweto TV across Gauteng. The 360\\-degree antenna would allow viewers across a wider geographical area absolute access to the channel at no extra cost. The station opened its spread on 16 June 2013\\. It came after the old Bop TV transmitter was removed, which had restricted the TV station to broadcasting locally, only reaching Soweto. With the new antenna, Soweto TV would reach as far as Heidelberg, Benoni, Springs and Nigel in the east; Tembisa, Vanderbijlpark, Vereeniging and Sasolburg in the south; and Pretoria North and Mamelodi in the north {{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.joburg.org.za:443/media\\_/Newsroom/Pages/2013%20articles/2011%20\\&%202012%20%20Articles/Soweto\\-TV\\-goes\\-regional.aspx\\|title\\=Soweto TV goes regional\\|website\\=www.joburg.org.za\\|language\\=en\\-ZA\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-01\\-24}}",
"### Recent history",
"In August 2018, Soweto TV announced Bridget Nkuna as their new CEO.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.sowetanlive.co.za/entertainment/2018\\-08\\-22\\-bridget\\-nkuna\\-takes\\-over\\-as\\-soweto\\-tv\\-new\\-boss/\\|title\\=Bridget Nkuna takes over as Soweto TV new boss\\|website\\=SowetanLIVE\\|language\\=en\\-ZA\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-01\\-28}} Nkuna was appointed by the channel; because her strong marketing background, having worked as a director for [Westcon Group](https://www.westconcomstor.com/ssa/en/westcon.html), an international technology company. In the media space, she had a stint at the former Voice of Soweto, now known as [Jozi FM](/wiki/Jozi_FM \"Jozi FM\"). She also worked for the [SABC](/wiki/South_African_Broadcasting_Corporation \"South African Broadcasting Corporation\") as a continuity presenter. *“I am delighted to be joining the Soweto TV team, it brings me right back to my passion which is entertainment and broadcasting,\"* Nkuna said on her appointment. *\"It is our role help uplift and support the community using one of the most powerful mediums – television.”* she added. With her marketing background and experience within the media space, she hit the ground running, re\\-branding the channel and revealing the channel's new [logo](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ymHGR1G7pCk) within a month of being in the channel. In October 2018 she revealed new state\\-of\\-the\\-art broadcasting equipment donated by [MultiChoice](/wiki/MultiChoice \"MultiChoice\"){{Cite web\\|url\\=https://nowinsa.co.za/2018/empower\\-sa/corporate\\-social\\-investment/after\\-months\\-of\\-detailed\\-planing\\-soweto\\-tv\\-finally\\-unveils\\-an\\-independent\\-high\\-tech\\-broadcasting\\-fascility/\\|title\\=After months of detailed planning, Soweto TV finally unveils an independent high\\-tech broadcasting fascility {{!}} Corporate Social Investment\\|last\\=Sithole\\|first\\=Siyabonga\\|date\\=2018\\-10\\-16\\|website\\=NOW in SA\\|language\\=en\\-ZA\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-01\\-28}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://pr.africannewsagency.com//7726823\\|title\\=MultiChoice: MultiChoice donates new broadcast equipment to Soweto TV\\|website\\=pr.africannewsagency.com\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-01\\-28}} *“We’re excited about the donation as it came at the right time when we are celebrating our 11th birthday. Community TV channels fulfil a very important role in communities – we tell the stories of our community and create a sense of belonging. We’re looking forward to continuing to play our role in the stories of the people of Soweto.”*{{citation needed\\|date\\=November 2020}}",
"On 30 June 2018 Soweto TV founder and board member, Mr. Thafeng, tendered a formal resignation as board member of the channel. On 4 July 2019, he announced that he was cutting ties with the channel, citing toxicity within the board and the ill management of the channel.{{citation needed\\|date\\=November 2020}}",
"Months later, the remaining board members would also resign from the board leaving only Mr. Tuis Jabulani Nkutha in the board. Following the decision by the board to step down, ICASA gave the only remaining board member, Mr Nkutha and CEO, Ms Nkuna a mandated to appoint people from the community to a steering committee that would be in charge at the channel for six months in preparation for the Annual General Meeting (AGM). In an article, it would be alleged that Nkutha and Nkuna appointed their own preferred people to the board, who also happened to be their personal friends.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.polity.org.za/article/almighty\\-soweto\\-tv\\-hijacked\\-by\\-the\\-greedy\\-and\\-corrupt\\-politicians\\-2020\\-01\\-13\\|title\\=Almighty Soweto TV Hijacked By The Greedy And Corrupt Politicians\\|website\\=Polity.org.za\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-01\\-28}} Soon after the new board was appointed, Ms. Nkuna, was placed on special leave. Board member, Thabo Molefe also known as [Tbo Touch](/wiki/Tbo_Touch \"Tbo Touch\"){{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.tvsa.co.za/actors/viewactor.aspx?actorid\\=9740\\|title\\=Tbo Touch {{!}} TVSA\\|website\\=www.tvsa.co.za\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-01\\-28}} was then appointed the channel's acting CEO.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2019\\-09\\-17 \\|title\\=Tbo Touch gears to grow Soweto TV \\|url\\=https://www.sundayworld.co.za/news/tbo\\-touch\\-gears\\-to\\-grow\\-soweto\\-tv/ \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191225192843/https://www.sundayworld.co.za/news/tbo\\-touch\\-gears\\-to\\-grow\\-soweto\\-tv/ \\|archive\\-date\\=2019\\-12\\-25 \\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-01\\-28 \\|website\\=Sunday World \\|language\\=en\\-ZA}}",
"His appointment promised to bring positive change to the channel. As part of his first project, he organised a soccer tournament where soccer legends played a heritage game against local celebrities at Soweto Nike Stadium on 24 September and promised he would be rolling out documentary series, reality TV shows and soapies that resonate with the local market in the next coming months.",
"His appointment including of the board didn't come without controversy.",
"It is alleged that at his first meeting with the Soweto TV staff he threatened staff, saying they \\[board members] are not afraid of anyone and they have a budget for [CCMA](/wiki/Commission_for_Conciliation%2C_Mediation_and_Arbitration \"Commission for Conciliation, Mediation and Arbitration\") and any court action taken against them.",
"By the end of 2019, it was reported to ICASA that an illegitimate board had been appointed and was running the channel. Speaking to [Sowetan LIVE](/wiki/Sowetan_LIVE \"Sowetan LIVE\") in an article{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.sowetanlive.co.za/entertainment/2020\\-01\\-17\\-tbo\\-touch\\-accused\\-of\\-hijacking\\-soweto\\-television\\-station/\\|title\\=Tbo Touch accused of hijacking Soweto television station\\|website\\=SowetanLIVE\\|language\\=en\\-ZA\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-01\\-28}} released on 17 January 2020, Mr. Thafeng said ICASA was fully aware of what's happening at the channel but was not doing anything about it. ICASA spokesperson Paseka Maleka confirmed receipt of the complaint in relation to the election of the board. *\"The complaints and compliance commission is investigating the matter,\" he said.*",
"During November 2021, it was announced that founder of Soweto TV, Ephraim Tshepo Thafeng had died at 54\\.",
"### Content Producers Suspended",
"Upon returning from festive season holidays on 6 January 2020, 9 Soweto TV producers *(Ayanda Dyantyi, Cinderella Mpahlwa, Dennis Segwe,{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://deeboichiefrocka.wordpress.com/about/\\|title\\=About Chiefrocka\\|date\\=2013\\-01\\-15\\|website\\=Deeboi Chiefrocka\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-01\\-29}} Jonathan Ramotsei, Masego Ruele, Nompilo Mlotshwa, Samulelisiwe Sibiya, Sipho Mpungose and Themba Thanjekwayo)* were placed on suspension without being charged. About two weeks would pass till they were charged with gross negligence or, failing to perform duties without proper cause, loss of revenue and viewership for the channel and failing to sign a performance contract during November 2019\\.",
"On 27 January 2020 the channel's Chairperson, Mr Spencer Malongete addressing the suspension of the channel's producers amongst other things. \n> The statement read: Soweto TV has been mismanaged for a decade and was on the verge of liquidation when all the members of the board resigned with immediate effect leaving only 1 board member who also one of the founding members of Soweto. The regulator ICASA instructed the remaining member to properly constitute a team of directors who will stabilize the channel and take it forward.",
"",
"The new board appointed an investigator and the following was discovered:\n• Soweto TV has not been compliant with the regulator ICASA in News and factual content.\n• The channel accumulated an unpaid SARS bill amounting to R14,439 400 million rand.\n• No performance management or monitoring contracts to measure deliverables and accountability.\n• The channel had excessive amount of repeats for the year 2017, 2018 and 2019 with constant incorrect electronic program guide for viewers\n• The previous management never submitted Tax returns for years with violations and penalties from the revenue service\n• There was no policy or any form of governance on the day to day operations, service providers were appointed with no procurement processes and business processes were compromised\n• Churches and key community organizations terminated their contracts with the Channel\n• Channel had 84 staff members, a couple of them were ‘ghosts’ employees earning a salary with no trace of working at Soweto TV, some have been with the channel for almost a decade with no contribution to the Channel.\nInterventions to date:\n The Board has alleviated the risk of the channel from being liquidated.\nThe Board has engaged ICASA and relevant stake holders on its plans to stabilize the channel and ensure that Soweto TV succeeds. \n> The board took a resolution to appoint Mr. Thabo Molefe as the new Acting CEO and the following has been effected:",
"• Since September 2019, the channel has committed to paying the receiver and has reduced the bill from R14 439 400 to R4 567 000\\.\n• The channel has complied with the local content regulation and continues to reflect the community back to the audience.\n• The channel has instituted both an acquisition and editorial policy putting Soweto TV amongst the leading broadcaster’s in South Africa\n• We’ve implemented new automated commercial systems that enables advertisers and sales agencies to monitor their investment and maintain schedule stability\n• The channel has formulated policies that speaks to governance, accountability and performance.\n• The channel has attended Multichoice content and management workshops\n• The channel has hosted auditions for new shows with new faces to be introduced in February 2020\\.\n• 9 New shows have been produced and being released throughout the next months\n• The brand of Soweto TV has been revived and in 2020 the audience will have an opportunity to view more local content and engage with a number of new initiatives. The new Board is committed to the success of Soweto TV. Once we have achieved programming and commercial stability, the Board will roll out the next phase of its work programme which shall consist of increased community engagement including scheduling editorial consultations as well as membership rules to enable increased community participation. The new Board will not be distracted by the opportunistic campaigns which are waged by people who have failed the Channel before. The community must not be misled by such people.\n* On Friday, 6 March 2020, all the producers received emails dismissing them from the channel. The producers have taken the matter to the CCMA."
] |
### Early history
Soweto TV was founded in 2005 by Force Khashane, who was the Chapirperson of Soweto TV until his death in 2009;[https://www.iol.co.za/news/south\-africa/i\-was\-awakened\-by\-gunshots\-455105\#:\~:text\=BONA%20editor%20and%20veteran%20journalist%20Force%20Khashane%2C%2060%2C,many%20of%20whom%20he%20worked%20with%20and%20mentored](https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/i-was-awakened-by-gunshots-455105#:~:text=BONA%20editor%20and%20veteran%20journalist%20Force%20Khashane%2C%2060%2C,many%20of%20whom%20he%20worked%20with%20and%20mentored). {{Bare URL inline\|date\=August 2024}} and also founded by Ephraim Tshepo Thafeng, who was then both the CEO and head of marketing for the community channel then.{{Cite web \|last\= \|date\=2021\-11\-30 \|title\=Soweto TV founder dies \|url\=https://www.sowetanlive.co.za/news/south\-africa/2021\-11\-30\-soweto\-tv\-founder\-dies/ \|access\-date\=2023\-05\-24 \|website\=SowetanLIVE \|language\=en\-ZA}} The channel received a 24\-day special events broadcasting licence, from the Independent Communications Authority of South Africa ([ICASA](/wiki/Independent_Communications_Authority_of_South_Africa "Independent Communications Authority of South Africa")) which would see the it broadcasting eight hours a day, from 26 November 2005 till mid\-December. Despite financial constraints, Soweto TV started broadcasting to millions of Soweto residents from Saturday, 26 November as scheduled. The month\-long broadcast was themed, '[World Aids Day](/wiki/World_AIDS_Day "World AIDS Day")' which falls on 1 December. The [Dobsonville Shopping Mall](/wiki/Dobsonville_Shopping_Mall "Dobsonville Shopping Mall") provided some funding for basic staff needs, while the state\-owned [SABC](/wiki/South_African_Broadcasting_Corporation "South African Broadcasting Corporation") financed the studio and installation. Volunteers; people like the late Force Khashane, Maril,Smarty Oliphant, media students from the community, team from GDTV namely Sthembiso Xaba, Nkalipho Nesheshe and Thami Mpisane provided manpower for the duration of the broadcasts.
Following the success of the broadcast, the channel received another special events broadcasting licence in 2006 and they completed another successful broadcast.
In 2007, the Soweto TV received a longer license which would see it broadcasting for a year. The license meant the channel would be live and uninterrupted for 24 hours a day from 1 July 2007 until 30 June 2008\.
In May 2008, the channel submitted an application for a new licence, but the expiry date for the previous license, came and went without the channel receiving a new license due to a back\-log at ICASA.{{Cite web \|url\=https://www.balancingact\-africa.com/news/broadcast\_en/11437/south\-africa\-soweto\-tv\-given\-permission\-to\-broadcast\-without\-licence\-until\-icasa\-catches\-up \|title\=South Africa: Soweto TV given permission to broadcast without licence until ICASA catches up {{!}} Balancing Act \- Africa \|website\=www.balancingact\-africa.com \|access\-date\=2020\-01\-24}} The channel's future seemed uncertain despite successfully broadcasting for a year. Despite not having a license, the channel was allowed to continue broadcasting whilst ICASA was processing the application, though terms of the Electronic Communications Act of 2005, which stated that: *no\-one may broadcast without a licence.*
In line with the ICASA community television licence provisions, Urban Brew Studios put together a community training programme based upon the Soweto TV channel platform.
In 2010 the channel was granted its first seven\-year broadcasting license by ICASA. Soon after, the channel announced a new chairman, Mr. Murphy Morobe, who was also the CEO of Kagiso Media. The channel, a non\-profit entity, supported by Urban Brew Studios — a subsidiary of [Kagiso Media](/wiki/Kagiso_Media "Kagiso Media").
In 2013 the channel went regional, with the installation of a new antenna. This meant viewers would be able to watch Soweto TV across Gauteng. The 360\-degree antenna would allow viewers across a wider geographical area absolute access to the channel at no extra cost. The station opened its spread on 16 June 2013\. It came after the old Bop TV transmitter was removed, which had restricted the TV station to broadcasting locally, only reaching Soweto. With the new antenna, Soweto TV would reach as far as Heidelberg, Benoni, Springs and Nigel in the east; Tembisa, Vanderbijlpark, Vereeniging and Sasolburg in the south; and Pretoria North and Mamelodi in the north {{Cite web\|url\=https://www.joburg.org.za:443/media\_/Newsroom/Pages/2013%20articles/2011%20\&%202012%20%20Articles/Soweto\-TV\-goes\-regional.aspx\|title\=Soweto TV goes regional\|website\=www.joburg.org.za\|language\=en\-ZA\|access\-date\=2020\-01\-24}}
|
[
"### Early history",
"Soweto TV was founded in 2005 by Force Khashane, who was the Chapirperson of Soweto TV until his death in 2009;[https://www.iol.co.za/news/south\\-africa/i\\-was\\-awakened\\-by\\-gunshots\\-455105\\#:\\~:text\\=BONA%20editor%20and%20veteran%20journalist%20Force%20Khashane%2C%2060%2C,many%20of%20whom%20he%20worked%20with%20and%20mentored](https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/i-was-awakened-by-gunshots-455105#:~:text=BONA%20editor%20and%20veteran%20journalist%20Force%20Khashane%2C%2060%2C,many%20of%20whom%20he%20worked%20with%20and%20mentored). {{Bare URL inline\\|date\\=August 2024}} and also founded by Ephraim Tshepo Thafeng, who was then both the CEO and head of marketing for the community channel then.{{Cite web \\|last\\= \\|date\\=2021\\-11\\-30 \\|title\\=Soweto TV founder dies \\|url\\=https://www.sowetanlive.co.za/news/south\\-africa/2021\\-11\\-30\\-soweto\\-tv\\-founder\\-dies/ \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-05\\-24 \\|website\\=SowetanLIVE \\|language\\=en\\-ZA}} The channel received a 24\\-day special events broadcasting licence, from the Independent Communications Authority of South Africa ([ICASA](/wiki/Independent_Communications_Authority_of_South_Africa \"Independent Communications Authority of South Africa\")) which would see the it broadcasting eight hours a day, from 26 November 2005 till mid\\-December. Despite financial constraints, Soweto TV started broadcasting to millions of Soweto residents from Saturday, 26 November as scheduled. The month\\-long broadcast was themed, '[World Aids Day](/wiki/World_AIDS_Day \"World AIDS Day\")' which falls on 1 December. The [Dobsonville Shopping Mall](/wiki/Dobsonville_Shopping_Mall \"Dobsonville Shopping Mall\") provided some funding for basic staff needs, while the state\\-owned [SABC](/wiki/South_African_Broadcasting_Corporation \"South African Broadcasting Corporation\") financed the studio and installation. Volunteers; people like the late Force Khashane, Maril,Smarty Oliphant, media students from the community, team from GDTV namely Sthembiso Xaba, Nkalipho Nesheshe and Thami Mpisane provided manpower for the duration of the broadcasts.",
"Following the success of the broadcast, the channel received another special events broadcasting licence in 2006 and they completed another successful broadcast.",
"In 2007, the Soweto TV received a longer license which would see it broadcasting for a year. The license meant the channel would be live and uninterrupted for 24 hours a day from 1 July 2007 until 30 June 2008\\.",
"In May 2008, the channel submitted an application for a new licence, but the expiry date for the previous license, came and went without the channel receiving a new license due to a back\\-log at ICASA.{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://www.balancingact\\-africa.com/news/broadcast\\_en/11437/south\\-africa\\-soweto\\-tv\\-given\\-permission\\-to\\-broadcast\\-without\\-licence\\-until\\-icasa\\-catches\\-up \\|title\\=South Africa: Soweto TV given permission to broadcast without licence until ICASA catches up {{!}} Balancing Act \\- Africa \\|website\\=www.balancingact\\-africa.com \\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-01\\-24}} The channel's future seemed uncertain despite successfully broadcasting for a year. Despite not having a license, the channel was allowed to continue broadcasting whilst ICASA was processing the application, though terms of the Electronic Communications Act of 2005, which stated that: *no\\-one may broadcast without a licence.*",
"In line with the ICASA community television licence provisions, Urban Brew Studios put together a community training programme based upon the Soweto TV channel platform.",
"In 2010 the channel was granted its first seven\\-year broadcasting license by ICASA. Soon after, the channel announced a new chairman, Mr. Murphy Morobe, who was also the CEO of Kagiso Media. The channel, a non\\-profit entity, supported by Urban Brew Studios — a subsidiary of [Kagiso Media](/wiki/Kagiso_Media \"Kagiso Media\").",
"In 2013 the channel went regional, with the installation of a new antenna. This meant viewers would be able to watch Soweto TV across Gauteng. The 360\\-degree antenna would allow viewers across a wider geographical area absolute access to the channel at no extra cost. The station opened its spread on 16 June 2013\\. It came after the old Bop TV transmitter was removed, which had restricted the TV station to broadcasting locally, only reaching Soweto. With the new antenna, Soweto TV would reach as far as Heidelberg, Benoni, Springs and Nigel in the east; Tembisa, Vanderbijlpark, Vereeniging and Sasolburg in the south; and Pretoria North and Mamelodi in the north {{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.joburg.org.za:443/media\\_/Newsroom/Pages/2013%20articles/2011%20\\&%202012%20%20Articles/Soweto\\-TV\\-goes\\-regional.aspx\\|title\\=Soweto TV goes regional\\|website\\=www.joburg.org.za\\|language\\=en\\-ZA\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-01\\-24}}",
""
] |
Later life and career
---------------------
[thumb\|Rossy as drummer](/wiki/File:Jrossy.jpg "Jrossy.jpg")
Between 1980 and 1989, Rossy toured and recorded extensively with several musicians in the Spanish jazz scene, as well as with internationally acclaimed artists such as [Woody Shaw](/wiki/Woody_Shaw "Woody Shaw"), [Kenny Wheeler](/wiki/Kenny_Wheeler "Kenny Wheeler"), [Jack Walrath](/wiki/Jack_Walrath "Jack Walrath"), [David Schnitter](/wiki/David_Schnitter "David Schnitter"), [Sal Nistico](/wiki/Sal_Nistico "Sal Nistico"), Sean Levitt, and others.
In 1989, he moved to Boston to study trumpet at [Berklee College of Music](/wiki/Berklee_College_of_Music "Berklee College of Music"), but within two years switched to concentrating on drums.{{sfn\|Mehldau\|2023\|p\=213}} In Boston, Rossy became the drummer of choice for many of his peers, and joined the [Danilo Perez](/wiki/Danilo_Perez "Danilo Perez") Trio for gigs in Panama, France, Boston and New York. He subsequently joined the [Paquito D'Rivera](/wiki/Paquito_D%27Rivera "Paquito D'Rivera") Sextet for two years.
In 1991, Rossy left Berklee and moved to New York City with his wife, the singer María de Angelis.{{sfn\|Mehldau\|2023\|p\=211}} He played on several early recordings of many of his Boston contemporaries, including [Mark Turner](/wiki/Mark_Turner_%28musician%29 "Mark Turner (musician)"), Chris Cheek, Seamus Blake, [Kurt Rosenwinkel](/wiki/Kurt_Rosenwinkel "Kurt Rosenwinkel"). He also accompanied several other musicians then living in New York, including [Brad Mehldau](/wiki/Brad_Mehldau "Brad Mehldau"), [Ethan Iverson](/wiki/Ethan_Iverson "Ethan Iverson"), [Reid Anderson](/wiki/Reid_Anderson "Reid Anderson"), [Avishai Cohen](/wiki/Avishai_Cohen_%28bassist%29 "Avishai Cohen (bassist)"), Joe Martin, and Freddie Bryant.
In 1995, Rossy started touring and recording extensively with the Brad Mehldau Trio.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/11/24/arts/music/24brad.html\|title\=Rhythm, Among Other Things, Is Their Business \|last\=Ratliff\|first\=Ben\|date\=2005\-11\-24\|work\=The New York Times\|accessdate\=26 July 2011}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.jazz.com/features\-and\-interviews/2008/6/5/in\-conversation\-with\-brad\-mehldau \|title\=Archived copy \|accessdate\=2014\-04\-05 \|url\-status\=dead \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407142803/http://www.jazz.com/features\-and\-interviews/2008/6/5/in\-conversation\-with\-brad\-mehldau \|archivedate\=2014\-04\-07 }} He has also toured and recorded with The Bloom Daddies, an electric band composed of Chris Cheek, Seamus Blake, Jesse Murphy and two drummers, Rossy and, initially, Dan Reiser, but subsequently with Tony Mason.{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.jorgerossy.com/biografia/ \|title\=Biografía \| JORGE ROSSY \|access\-date\=2011\-09\-11 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002154254/http://www.jorgerossy.com/biografia/ \|archive\-date\=2011\-10\-02 \|url\-status\=dead }} Rossy has also worked and recorded with [Joshua Redman](/wiki/Joshua_Redman "Joshua Redman"), [Bill McHenry](/wiki/Bill_McHenry "Bill McHenry"), Bruce Barth, Mike Kanan, [Ben Monder](/wiki/Ben_Monder "Ben Monder"), Nat Su, Steve Wilson, Mark Johnson, [Larry Grenadier](/wiki/Larry_Grenadier "Larry Grenadier"), and Ben Street.
Rossy moved back to Barcelona in 2000, to raise his family and to shift his focus to piano. Since then, he has been playing and recording on piano with the Jordi Matas Quintet and the Joe Smith Septet, and has participated in several projects with [Guillermo Klein](/wiki/Guillermo_Klein "Guillermo Klein"), including performances at [Merkin Hall](/wiki/Merkin_Hall "Merkin Hall") in New York{{cite news\| url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/17/arts/music/17klei.html \| work\=The New York Times \| first\=Nate \| last\=Chinen \| title\=A Wide World of Sound With an Argentine Beat \| date\=17 February 2007}} and at the [Library of Congress Auditorium](/wiki/Library_of_Congress "Library of Congress") in Washington, DC.{{Cite web \| url\=http://allmusic.com/artist/jorge\-rossy\-p219678/credits \| title\=Jorge Rossy \| Biography, Albums, Streaming Links\| website\=\[\[AllMusic]]}}
In 2006, Rossy recorded his first album as leader, with Albert Sanz on [Hammond organ](/wiki/Hammond_organ "Hammond organ") and R J Miller on drums.[Wicca](http://allmusic.com/album/wicca-r1363607) His second album, featured the same rhythm section but added Chris Cheek on saxophone and his son Felix Rossy on trumpet.[IVLIANVS Suite](http://tomajazz.blogspot.com/2010/09/jordi-rossy-quintet-ivlianvs-suite.html)
As a pianist, Rossy has toured Spain, the United States, Morocco, Italy and [Basel](/wiki/Basel "Basel"), Switzerland. Rossy has continued to support other musicians on drums, including the [Lee Konitz](/wiki/Lee_Konitz "Lee Konitz") and Ethan Iverson quartet,{{Cite web \| url\=http://www.jazzitalia.net/iocero/leekonitz\_ny\_eng.asp \|title \= Jazzitalia \- the Lee Konitz Quartet at Iridium Jazz Club}} [Charlie Haden](/wiki/Charlie_Haden "Charlie Haden")'s Quartet West and Land of the Sun Septet, [Carla Bley](/wiki/Carla_Bley "Carla Bley")'s Liberation Orchestra, [Joe Lovano](/wiki/Joe_Lovano "Joe Lovano")’s Quartet Europa, the Kurt Rosenwinkel Quintet, the Seamus Blake Quartet, Trio 2000 with [Chick Corea](/wiki/Chick_Corea "Chick Corea") and [Niels\-Henning Ørsted Pedersen](/wiki/Niels-Henning_%C3%98rsted_Pedersen "Niels-Henning Ørsted Pedersen"), and another trio with Brad Mehldau and Charlie Haden.{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.jorgerossy.com/discografia/ \|title\=Discografia \| JORGE ROSSY \|access\-date\=2011\-09\-11 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002151505/http://www.jorgerossy.com/discografia/ \|archive\-date\=2011\-10\-02 \|url\-status\=dead }} His first recording playing the vibes was *Stay There*, with saxophonist Mark Turner, guitarist Peter Bernstein, bassist Doug Weiss, and drummer Al Foster.Kato, Yoshi (February 2017\) "Jorge Rossy: Stay There". *Down Beat*. p. 73\.
|
[
"Later life and career\n---------------------",
"[thumb\\|Rossy as drummer](/wiki/File:Jrossy.jpg \"Jrossy.jpg\")",
"Between 1980 and 1989, Rossy toured and recorded extensively with several musicians in the Spanish jazz scene, as well as with internationally acclaimed artists such as [Woody Shaw](/wiki/Woody_Shaw \"Woody Shaw\"), [Kenny Wheeler](/wiki/Kenny_Wheeler \"Kenny Wheeler\"), [Jack Walrath](/wiki/Jack_Walrath \"Jack Walrath\"), [David Schnitter](/wiki/David_Schnitter \"David Schnitter\"), [Sal Nistico](/wiki/Sal_Nistico \"Sal Nistico\"), Sean Levitt, and others.",
"In 1989, he moved to Boston to study trumpet at [Berklee College of Music](/wiki/Berklee_College_of_Music \"Berklee College of Music\"), but within two years switched to concentrating on drums.{{sfn\\|Mehldau\\|2023\\|p\\=213}} In Boston, Rossy became the drummer of choice for many of his peers, and joined the [Danilo Perez](/wiki/Danilo_Perez \"Danilo Perez\") Trio for gigs in Panama, France, Boston and New York. He subsequently joined the [Paquito D'Rivera](/wiki/Paquito_D%27Rivera \"Paquito D'Rivera\") Sextet for two years.",
"In 1991, Rossy left Berklee and moved to New York City with his wife, the singer María de Angelis.{{sfn\\|Mehldau\\|2023\\|p\\=211}} He played on several early recordings of many of his Boston contemporaries, including [Mark Turner](/wiki/Mark_Turner_%28musician%29 \"Mark Turner (musician)\"), Chris Cheek, Seamus Blake, [Kurt Rosenwinkel](/wiki/Kurt_Rosenwinkel \"Kurt Rosenwinkel\"). He also accompanied several other musicians then living in New York, including [Brad Mehldau](/wiki/Brad_Mehldau \"Brad Mehldau\"), [Ethan Iverson](/wiki/Ethan_Iverson \"Ethan Iverson\"), [Reid Anderson](/wiki/Reid_Anderson \"Reid Anderson\"), [Avishai Cohen](/wiki/Avishai_Cohen_%28bassist%29 \"Avishai Cohen (bassist)\"), Joe Martin, and Freddie Bryant.",
"In 1995, Rossy started touring and recording extensively with the Brad Mehldau Trio.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/11/24/arts/music/24brad.html\\|title\\=Rhythm, Among Other Things, Is Their Business \\|last\\=Ratliff\\|first\\=Ben\\|date\\=2005\\-11\\-24\\|work\\=The New York Times\\|accessdate\\=26 July 2011}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.jazz.com/features\\-and\\-interviews/2008/6/5/in\\-conversation\\-with\\-brad\\-mehldau \\|title\\=Archived copy \\|accessdate\\=2014\\-04\\-05 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407142803/http://www.jazz.com/features\\-and\\-interviews/2008/6/5/in\\-conversation\\-with\\-brad\\-mehldau \\|archivedate\\=2014\\-04\\-07 }} He has also toured and recorded with The Bloom Daddies, an electric band composed of Chris Cheek, Seamus Blake, Jesse Murphy and two drummers, Rossy and, initially, Dan Reiser, but subsequently with Tony Mason.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.jorgerossy.com/biografia/ \\|title\\=Biografía \\| JORGE ROSSY \\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-09\\-11 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002154254/http://www.jorgerossy.com/biografia/ \\|archive\\-date\\=2011\\-10\\-02 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} Rossy has also worked and recorded with [Joshua Redman](/wiki/Joshua_Redman \"Joshua Redman\"), [Bill McHenry](/wiki/Bill_McHenry \"Bill McHenry\"), Bruce Barth, Mike Kanan, [Ben Monder](/wiki/Ben_Monder \"Ben Monder\"), Nat Su, Steve Wilson, Mark Johnson, [Larry Grenadier](/wiki/Larry_Grenadier \"Larry Grenadier\"), and Ben Street.",
"Rossy moved back to Barcelona in 2000, to raise his family and to shift his focus to piano. Since then, he has been playing and recording on piano with the Jordi Matas Quintet and the Joe Smith Septet, and has participated in several projects with [Guillermo Klein](/wiki/Guillermo_Klein \"Guillermo Klein\"), including performances at [Merkin Hall](/wiki/Merkin_Hall \"Merkin Hall\") in New York{{cite news\\| url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/17/arts/music/17klei.html \\| work\\=The New York Times \\| first\\=Nate \\| last\\=Chinen \\| title\\=A Wide World of Sound With an Argentine Beat \\| date\\=17 February 2007}} and at the [Library of Congress Auditorium](/wiki/Library_of_Congress \"Library of Congress\") in Washington, DC.{{Cite web \\| url\\=http://allmusic.com/artist/jorge\\-rossy\\-p219678/credits \\| title\\=Jorge Rossy \\| Biography, Albums, Streaming Links\\| website\\=\\[\\[AllMusic]]}}",
"In 2006, Rossy recorded his first album as leader, with Albert Sanz on [Hammond organ](/wiki/Hammond_organ \"Hammond organ\") and R J Miller on drums.[Wicca](http://allmusic.com/album/wicca-r1363607) His second album, featured the same rhythm section but added Chris Cheek on saxophone and his son Felix Rossy on trumpet.[IVLIANVS Suite](http://tomajazz.blogspot.com/2010/09/jordi-rossy-quintet-ivlianvs-suite.html)",
"As a pianist, Rossy has toured Spain, the United States, Morocco, Italy and [Basel](/wiki/Basel \"Basel\"), Switzerland. Rossy has continued to support other musicians on drums, including the [Lee Konitz](/wiki/Lee_Konitz \"Lee Konitz\") and Ethan Iverson quartet,{{Cite web \\| url\\=http://www.jazzitalia.net/iocero/leekonitz\\_ny\\_eng.asp \\|title \\= Jazzitalia \\- the Lee Konitz Quartet at Iridium Jazz Club}} [Charlie Haden](/wiki/Charlie_Haden \"Charlie Haden\")'s Quartet West and Land of the Sun Septet, [Carla Bley](/wiki/Carla_Bley \"Carla Bley\")'s Liberation Orchestra, [Joe Lovano](/wiki/Joe_Lovano \"Joe Lovano\")’s Quartet Europa, the Kurt Rosenwinkel Quintet, the Seamus Blake Quartet, Trio 2000 with [Chick Corea](/wiki/Chick_Corea \"Chick Corea\") and [Niels\\-Henning Ørsted Pedersen](/wiki/Niels-Henning_%C3%98rsted_Pedersen \"Niels-Henning Ørsted Pedersen\"), and another trio with Brad Mehldau and Charlie Haden.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.jorgerossy.com/discografia/ \\|title\\=Discografia \\| JORGE ROSSY \\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-09\\-11 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002151505/http://www.jorgerossy.com/discografia/ \\|archive\\-date\\=2011\\-10\\-02 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} His first recording playing the vibes was *Stay There*, with saxophonist Mark Turner, guitarist Peter Bernstein, bassist Doug Weiss, and drummer Al Foster.Kato, Yoshi (February 2017\\) \"Jorge Rossy: Stay There\". *Down Beat*. p. 73\\.",
""
] |
History
-------
### Elizabeth Gaskell short story
An early depiction of Lassie is found in British writer [Elizabeth Gaskell](/wiki/Elizabeth_Gaskell "Elizabeth Gaskell")'s 1859 short story "The Half\-brothers". In the story, Lassie is described as a female [collie](/wiki/Collie "Collie") with "intelligent, apprehensive eyes" who rescues two half\-brothers who are lost and dying in the snow. When the younger brother can no longer carry on, elder brother Gregory, Lassie's master, ties a handkerchief around Lassie's neck and sends her home. Lassie arrives home, and leads the search party to the boys. When they arrive Gregory is dead, but his younger half\-brother is saved. Thus, Gaskell apparently originated the character Lassie and, at the same time, defined the "Lassie saves the day" [storyline](/wiki/Plot_%28narrative%29 "Plot (narrative)") that is the essence of subsequent Lassie tales.
### World War I incident
According to writer Nigel Clarke in the "Shipwreck Guide to Dorset and South Devon", the original Lassie that inspired so many films and television episodes was a rough\-haired crossbreed who saved the life of a sailor during [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I "World War I").
Half collie, Lassie was owned by the landlord of the Pilot Boat, a pub in the port of [Lyme Regis](/wiki/Lyme_Regis "Lyme Regis"). On New Year's Day in 1915 the [Royal Navy](/wiki/Royal_Navy "Royal Navy") battleship {{HMS\|Formidable\|1898\|2}} was torpedoed by a German submarine off [Start Point](/wiki/Start_Point%2C_Devon "Start Point, Devon") in South Devon, with the loss of more than 500 men. In a storm that followed the accident, a life raft containing bodies was blown along the coast to Lyme Regis. In helping to deal with the crisis, the local pub in Lyme Regis, called the Pilot Boat, offered its cellar as a mortuary.
When the bodies had been laid out on the stone floor, Lassie, a crossbred collie owned by the pub owner, found her way down amongst the bodies, and she began to lick the face of one of the victims, Able Seaman John Cowan. She stayed beside him for more than half an hour, nuzzling him and keeping him warm with her fur. To everyone's astonishment, Cowan eventually stirred. He was taken to hospital and went on to make a full recovery. He visited Lassie again when he returned to thank all who saved his life.
When the officers heard the story of Lassie and what she did to rescue Cowan, they told it again and again to any reporter who would listen as it was inspirational and heart\-warming. Hollywood got hold of the story, and so a star was born.
### Eric Knight short story and novel
The fictional character of Lassie was created by English author [Eric Knight](/wiki/Eric_Knight "Eric Knight") in *[Lassie Come\-Home](/wiki/Lassie_Come-Home "Lassie Come-Home")*, first published as a short story in *[The Saturday Evening Post](/wiki/The_Saturday_Evening_Post "The Saturday Evening Post")* in 1938 and later as a full\-length novel in 1940\. Set in the [Depression\-era](/wiki/Great_Depression "Great Depression") [England](/wiki/England "England"), the novel depicts the lengthy journey a [rough collie](/wiki/Rough_collie "Rough collie") makes to be reunited with her young [Yorkshire](/wiki/Yorkshire "Yorkshire") master after her family is forced to sell her for money.
### Movies and television
In 1943, the novel was adapted into a feature film, *[Lassie Come Home](/wiki/Lassie_Come_Home "Lassie Come Home")*, by [Metro\-Goldwyn\-Mayer](/wiki/Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer "Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer") (MGM) that starred [Roddy McDowall](/wiki/Roddy_McDowall "Roddy McDowall") and [Elizabeth Taylor](/wiki/Elizabeth_Taylor "Elizabeth Taylor"). The movie was a hit and enjoyed favorable critical response.{{Cite journal \|title\=Lassie Come Home \|journal\=\[\[Variety (magazine)\|Variety]] \|date\=January 1, 1943 \|url\=https://www.variety.com/review/VE1117792448\.html \|access\-date\=13 March 2019 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101012141744/http://www.variety.com/review/VE1117792448\.html?categoryid\=31\&cs\=1 \|archive\-date\=12 October 2010 \|publisher\=\[\[Reed Elsevier Inc.]]}} MGM followed this with several additional films, including a sequel entitled *[Son of Lassie](/wiki/Son_of_Lassie "Son of Lassie")* (1945\), starring [Peter Lawford](/wiki/Peter_Lawford "Peter Lawford") and [June Lockhart](/wiki/June_Lockhart "June Lockhart"), and *[Courage of Lassie](/wiki/Courage_of_Lassie "Courage of Lassie")* with Elizabeth Taylor. A [radio series](/wiki/Radio_series "Radio series"), *Lassie Radio Show*, was also created, airing until 1949\.
[thumb\|upright\|[*Lassie*](/wiki/Lassie_%281954_TV_series%29 "Lassie (1954 TV series)") television series filming on location in Florida (1965\)](/wiki/File:Lassie.jpg "Lassie.jpg")
Between 1954–1973, the television series *[Lassie](/wiki/Lassie_%281954_TV_series%29 "Lassie (1954 TV series)")* was broadcast, with Lassie initially residing on a farm with a young male master. In the eleventh season, it changed to [U.S. Forest Service](/wiki/U.S._Forest_Service "U.S. Forest Service") rangers as her companions, then the collie was on her own for a season before ending the series with Lassie residing at a ranch for orphaned children. The series was the recipient of two Emmy Awards before it was canceled in 1973\. Lassie won several [PATSY Awards](/wiki/PATSY_Award "PATSY Award") (an award for animal actors).{{cite news\|url\= http://www.animalhealthfoundation.net/magazines/ac9\-10\-1973\.pdf\|title\= 1973 PATSY Awards\|first\= Norene\|last\= Harris\|work\= Animal Cavalcade\|date\= September–October 1973\|pages\= 24–25\|access\-date\= December 14, 2019\|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20160305021345/http://www.animalhealthfoundation.net/magazines/ac9\-10\-1973\.pdf\|archive\-date\= March 5, 2016\|url\-status\= live}} A [second series](/wiki/The_New_Lassie "The New Lassie") followed in the 1980s. In 1997, [Canadian](/wiki/Canada "Canada") production company [Cinar Inc.](/wiki/Cookie_Jar_Entertainment "Cookie Jar Entertainment") produced a new [*Lassie*](/wiki/Lassie_%281997_TV_series%29 "Lassie (1997 TV series)") television series for the [Animal Planet](/wiki/Animal_Planet "Animal Planet") network in the [U.S.](/wiki/United_States "United States") and [YTV](/wiki/YTV_%28TV_channel%29 "YTV (TV channel)") in Canada. It ran until 1999\.
In 2005, a remake of the original *Lassie Come Home* movie was produced in the [United Kingdom](/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom"). Starring [Peter O'Toole](/wiki/Peter_O%27Toole "Peter O'Toole") and [Samantha Morton](/wiki/Samantha_Morton "Samantha Morton"), *Lassie* was released in 2006\.{{Cite news \|first\=Philip \|last\=Potempa \|title\=Latest Lassie busy promoting new film \|newspaper\=\[\[Northwest Indiana Times]] \|date\=August 11, 2006 \|url\=http://nwitimes.com/articles/2006/08/11/columnists/offbeat/8e1a1a7fcfb75bf7862571c5008367cc.txt \|access\-date\=13 March 2019 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181206102310/https://www.nwitimes.com/entertainment/columnists/offbeat/latest\-lassie\-busy\-promoting\-new\-film/article\_dde3664e\-09a0\-5de1\-8dbe\-ed2cbd0447ab.html \|archive\-date\=6 December 2018 \|publisher\=\[\[TownNews.com]]}}
Additionally, two animated TV series featuring the canine were produced. The first was *[Lassie's Rescue Rangers](/wiki/Lassie%27s_Rescue_Rangers "Lassie's Rescue Rangers")*, created by [Filmation Associates](/wiki/Filmation_Associates "Filmation Associates"), which aired on [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company "American Broadcasting Company") from 1973 to 1975\.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0227915/\|title\=Lassie's Rescue Rangers (TV Series 1973–1975\) \- IMDb\|via\=www.imdb.com}} Nearly four decades later, a new animated series titled *[The New Adventures of Lassie](/wiki/Lassie_%282014_TV_series%29 "Lassie (2014 TV series)")* was co\-produced by Superprod and [Classic Media](/wiki/Classic_Media "Classic Media"), in which Lassie was owned by the Parker family and lived in a national park. The series was primarily a traditionally animated (2D hand\-drawn animated) TV series, though it also used some CGI animation. It was first seen in the United States starting in 2020 via the [CBS All Access](/wiki/CBS_All_Access "CBS All Access") streaming service, then carried over to successor service [Paramount\+](/wiki/Paramount%2B "Paramount+").
Lassie continues to make personal and TV show appearances as well as marketing a line of pet food and a current pet care TV show, *Lassie's Pet Vet* on [PBS](/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Service "Public Broadcasting Service") stations in the United States. Lassie is one of only four animals (and one of very few fictional characters, such as [Mickey Mouse](/wiki/Mickey_Mouse "Mickey Mouse"), [Kermit the Frog](/wiki/Kermit_the_Frog "Kermit the Frog"), and [Bugs Bunny](/wiki/Bugs_Bunny "Bugs Bunny")) to be awarded a star on the [Hollywood Walk of Fame](/wiki/Hollywood_Walk_of_Fame "Hollywood Walk of Fame")—the others being silent\-film stars [Rin Tin Tin](/wiki/Rin_Tin_Tin "Rin Tin Tin"), [Uggie](/wiki/Uggie "Uggie") and [Strongheart](/wiki/Strongheart "Strongheart"). In 2005, the show business journal *[Variety](/wiki/Variety_%28magazine%29 "Variety (magazine)")* named Lassie one of the "100 Icons of the Century"—the only animal star on the list.{{cite journal \|date\=October 16, 2005 \|title\=100 Icons of the Century: Lassie \|journal\=\[\[Variety (magazine)\|Variety]] \|url\=https://www.variety.com/index.asp?layout\=variety100\&content\=jump\&jump\=icon\&articleID\=VR1117930642 \|access\-date\=13 September 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060104124733/http://www.variety.com/index.asp?layout\=variety100\&content\=jump\&jump\=icon\&articleID\=VR1117930642 \|archive\-date\=4 January 2006 \|publisher\=\[\[Reed Elsevier Inc.]]}}
|
[
"History\n-------",
"### Elizabeth Gaskell short story",
"An early depiction of Lassie is found in British writer [Elizabeth Gaskell](/wiki/Elizabeth_Gaskell \"Elizabeth Gaskell\")'s 1859 short story \"The Half\\-brothers\". In the story, Lassie is described as a female [collie](/wiki/Collie \"Collie\") with \"intelligent, apprehensive eyes\" who rescues two half\\-brothers who are lost and dying in the snow. When the younger brother can no longer carry on, elder brother Gregory, Lassie's master, ties a handkerchief around Lassie's neck and sends her home. Lassie arrives home, and leads the search party to the boys. When they arrive Gregory is dead, but his younger half\\-brother is saved. Thus, Gaskell apparently originated the character Lassie and, at the same time, defined the \"Lassie saves the day\" [storyline](/wiki/Plot_%28narrative%29 \"Plot (narrative)\") that is the essence of subsequent Lassie tales.",
"### World War I incident",
"According to writer Nigel Clarke in the \"Shipwreck Guide to Dorset and South Devon\", the original Lassie that inspired so many films and television episodes was a rough\\-haired crossbreed who saved the life of a sailor during [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I \"World War I\").",
"Half collie, Lassie was owned by the landlord of the Pilot Boat, a pub in the port of [Lyme Regis](/wiki/Lyme_Regis \"Lyme Regis\"). On New Year's Day in 1915 the [Royal Navy](/wiki/Royal_Navy \"Royal Navy\") battleship {{HMS\\|Formidable\\|1898\\|2}} was torpedoed by a German submarine off [Start Point](/wiki/Start_Point%2C_Devon \"Start Point, Devon\") in South Devon, with the loss of more than 500 men. In a storm that followed the accident, a life raft containing bodies was blown along the coast to Lyme Regis. In helping to deal with the crisis, the local pub in Lyme Regis, called the Pilot Boat, offered its cellar as a mortuary.",
"When the bodies had been laid out on the stone floor, Lassie, a crossbred collie owned by the pub owner, found her way down amongst the bodies, and she began to lick the face of one of the victims, Able Seaman John Cowan. She stayed beside him for more than half an hour, nuzzling him and keeping him warm with her fur. To everyone's astonishment, Cowan eventually stirred. He was taken to hospital and went on to make a full recovery. He visited Lassie again when he returned to thank all who saved his life.",
"When the officers heard the story of Lassie and what she did to rescue Cowan, they told it again and again to any reporter who would listen as it was inspirational and heart\\-warming. Hollywood got hold of the story, and so a star was born.",
"### Eric Knight short story and novel",
"The fictional character of Lassie was created by English author [Eric Knight](/wiki/Eric_Knight \"Eric Knight\") in *[Lassie Come\\-Home](/wiki/Lassie_Come-Home \"Lassie Come-Home\")*, first published as a short story in *[The Saturday Evening Post](/wiki/The_Saturday_Evening_Post \"The Saturday Evening Post\")* in 1938 and later as a full\\-length novel in 1940\\. Set in the [Depression\\-era](/wiki/Great_Depression \"Great Depression\") [England](/wiki/England \"England\"), the novel depicts the lengthy journey a [rough collie](/wiki/Rough_collie \"Rough collie\") makes to be reunited with her young [Yorkshire](/wiki/Yorkshire \"Yorkshire\") master after her family is forced to sell her for money.",
"### Movies and television",
"In 1943, the novel was adapted into a feature film, *[Lassie Come Home](/wiki/Lassie_Come_Home \"Lassie Come Home\")*, by [Metro\\-Goldwyn\\-Mayer](/wiki/Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer \"Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer\") (MGM) that starred [Roddy McDowall](/wiki/Roddy_McDowall \"Roddy McDowall\") and [Elizabeth Taylor](/wiki/Elizabeth_Taylor \"Elizabeth Taylor\"). The movie was a hit and enjoyed favorable critical response.{{Cite journal \\|title\\=Lassie Come Home \\|journal\\=\\[\\[Variety (magazine)\\|Variety]] \\|date\\=January 1, 1943 \\|url\\=https://www.variety.com/review/VE1117792448\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=13 March 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101012141744/http://www.variety.com/review/VE1117792448\\.html?categoryid\\=31\\&cs\\=1 \\|archive\\-date\\=12 October 2010 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Reed Elsevier Inc.]]}} MGM followed this with several additional films, including a sequel entitled *[Son of Lassie](/wiki/Son_of_Lassie \"Son of Lassie\")* (1945\\), starring [Peter Lawford](/wiki/Peter_Lawford \"Peter Lawford\") and [June Lockhart](/wiki/June_Lockhart \"June Lockhart\"), and *[Courage of Lassie](/wiki/Courage_of_Lassie \"Courage of Lassie\")* with Elizabeth Taylor. A [radio series](/wiki/Radio_series \"Radio series\"), *Lassie Radio Show*, was also created, airing until 1949\\.",
"[thumb\\|upright\\|[*Lassie*](/wiki/Lassie_%281954_TV_series%29 \"Lassie (1954 TV series)\") television series filming on location in Florida (1965\\)](/wiki/File:Lassie.jpg \"Lassie.jpg\")\nBetween 1954–1973, the television series *[Lassie](/wiki/Lassie_%281954_TV_series%29 \"Lassie (1954 TV series)\")* was broadcast, with Lassie initially residing on a farm with a young male master. In the eleventh season, it changed to [U.S. Forest Service](/wiki/U.S._Forest_Service \"U.S. Forest Service\") rangers as her companions, then the collie was on her own for a season before ending the series with Lassie residing at a ranch for orphaned children. The series was the recipient of two Emmy Awards before it was canceled in 1973\\. Lassie won several [PATSY Awards](/wiki/PATSY_Award \"PATSY Award\") (an award for animal actors).{{cite news\\|url\\= http://www.animalhealthfoundation.net/magazines/ac9\\-10\\-1973\\.pdf\\|title\\= 1973 PATSY Awards\\|first\\= Norene\\|last\\= Harris\\|work\\= Animal Cavalcade\\|date\\= September–October 1973\\|pages\\= 24–25\\|access\\-date\\= December 14, 2019\\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20160305021345/http://www.animalhealthfoundation.net/magazines/ac9\\-10\\-1973\\.pdf\\|archive\\-date\\= March 5, 2016\\|url\\-status\\= live}} A [second series](/wiki/The_New_Lassie \"The New Lassie\") followed in the 1980s. In 1997, [Canadian](/wiki/Canada \"Canada\") production company [Cinar Inc.](/wiki/Cookie_Jar_Entertainment \"Cookie Jar Entertainment\") produced a new [*Lassie*](/wiki/Lassie_%281997_TV_series%29 \"Lassie (1997 TV series)\") television series for the [Animal Planet](/wiki/Animal_Planet \"Animal Planet\") network in the [U.S.](/wiki/United_States \"United States\") and [YTV](/wiki/YTV_%28TV_channel%29 \"YTV (TV channel)\") in Canada. It ran until 1999\\.",
"In 2005, a remake of the original *Lassie Come Home* movie was produced in the [United Kingdom](/wiki/United_Kingdom \"United Kingdom\"). Starring [Peter O'Toole](/wiki/Peter_O%27Toole \"Peter O'Toole\") and [Samantha Morton](/wiki/Samantha_Morton \"Samantha Morton\"), *Lassie* was released in 2006\\.{{Cite news \\|first\\=Philip \\|last\\=Potempa \\|title\\=Latest Lassie busy promoting new film \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Northwest Indiana Times]] \\|date\\=August 11, 2006 \\|url\\=http://nwitimes.com/articles/2006/08/11/columnists/offbeat/8e1a1a7fcfb75bf7862571c5008367cc.txt \\|access\\-date\\=13 March 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181206102310/https://www.nwitimes.com/entertainment/columnists/offbeat/latest\\-lassie\\-busy\\-promoting\\-new\\-film/article\\_dde3664e\\-09a0\\-5de1\\-8dbe\\-ed2cbd0447ab.html \\|archive\\-date\\=6 December 2018 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[TownNews.com]]}}",
"Additionally, two animated TV series featuring the canine were produced. The first was *[Lassie's Rescue Rangers](/wiki/Lassie%27s_Rescue_Rangers \"Lassie's Rescue Rangers\")*, created by [Filmation Associates](/wiki/Filmation_Associates \"Filmation Associates\"), which aired on [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company \"American Broadcasting Company\") from 1973 to 1975\\.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0227915/\\|title\\=Lassie's Rescue Rangers (TV Series 1973–1975\\) \\- IMDb\\|via\\=www.imdb.com}} Nearly four decades later, a new animated series titled *[The New Adventures of Lassie](/wiki/Lassie_%282014_TV_series%29 \"Lassie (2014 TV series)\")* was co\\-produced by Superprod and [Classic Media](/wiki/Classic_Media \"Classic Media\"), in which Lassie was owned by the Parker family and lived in a national park. The series was primarily a traditionally animated (2D hand\\-drawn animated) TV series, though it also used some CGI animation. It was first seen in the United States starting in 2020 via the [CBS All Access](/wiki/CBS_All_Access \"CBS All Access\") streaming service, then carried over to successor service [Paramount\\+](/wiki/Paramount%2B \"Paramount+\").",
"Lassie continues to make personal and TV show appearances as well as marketing a line of pet food and a current pet care TV show, *Lassie's Pet Vet* on [PBS](/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Service \"Public Broadcasting Service\") stations in the United States. Lassie is one of only four animals (and one of very few fictional characters, such as [Mickey Mouse](/wiki/Mickey_Mouse \"Mickey Mouse\"), [Kermit the Frog](/wiki/Kermit_the_Frog \"Kermit the Frog\"), and [Bugs Bunny](/wiki/Bugs_Bunny \"Bugs Bunny\")) to be awarded a star on the [Hollywood Walk of Fame](/wiki/Hollywood_Walk_of_Fame \"Hollywood Walk of Fame\")—the others being silent\\-film stars [Rin Tin Tin](/wiki/Rin_Tin_Tin \"Rin Tin Tin\"), [Uggie](/wiki/Uggie \"Uggie\") and [Strongheart](/wiki/Strongheart \"Strongheart\"). In 2005, the show business journal *[Variety](/wiki/Variety_%28magazine%29 \"Variety (magazine)\")* named Lassie one of the \"100 Icons of the Century\"—the only animal star on the list.{{cite journal \\|date\\=October 16, 2005 \\|title\\=100 Icons of the Century: Lassie \\|journal\\=\\[\\[Variety (magazine)\\|Variety]] \\|url\\=https://www.variety.com/index.asp?layout\\=variety100\\&content\\=jump\\&jump\\=icon\\&articleID\\=VR1117930642 \\|access\\-date\\=13 September 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060104124733/http://www.variety.com/index.asp?layout\\=variety100\\&content\\=jump\\&jump\\=icon\\&articleID\\=VR1117930642 \\|archive\\-date\\=4 January 2006 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Reed Elsevier Inc.]]}}",
""
] |
Judicial career
---------------
Once her graduation studies were completed, Agathe Pembellot returned to her country [Congo](/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_du_Congo "République du Congo"), in order to make up for the still insufficient number of executives at that time.
March 11, 1973, the grounds of the Palace of Justice in Brazzaville were home to a ceremony that brought her to the elite of the judiciary. As a matter of fact, Agathe Pembellot, 30 years old, had sworn to become the first female Congolese judge. This event will generate vocations and will be the prelude to a long line of women in law in Congo. This includes for example: Pauline Yoba born Djembo, Jocelyne Milandou{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.irenees.net/bdf\_fiche\-acteurs\-500\_fr.html\|title\=Association des Femmes Juristes du Congo (AFJC) \- Irénées\|website\=www.irenees.net\|access\-date\=2016\-09\-09}} (Vice\-President of the Court of Auditors and budgetary discipline), Henriette Diatoulou, Maître Danielle Babin (lawyer at the [Court of Appeal of Paris](/wiki/Cour_d%27appel_de_Paris "Cour d'appel de Paris") and former member of Council of the College of lawyers of Brazzaville in Congo), Nadia Josiane Laure Macosso, Sylvie Tchignoumba, Virginie N'dessabeka, Bertille Djembo Pemba, Caddy Elisabeth Ndala, Arlette Malonga, Marie Miboula Ngatséké et Dorothée Mana.
Agathe Pembellot is as pioneer in the Congolese Judiciary as the judge for children. As such, in collaboration with social services, she strives to find solutions to the problems of childhood.
She had also worked in the reintegration of prisoners in civil society, once served their sentence, and this, regardless of the severity of the crime or the punishment of an inmate.
She has held the following responsibility positions in the senior Congolese public service:
* president of the Brazzaville juvenile court;
* president of the regional court of Brazzaville;
* president of the Court of appeal for Brazzaville in 1976;
* member of the supreme Court in 1982, first woman admitted within Congo's highest judicial body;
* president of the social Chamber of the Supreme Court until 1993;
* deputy General Inspector of courts and judicial services of the Ministry of Justice;
* lecturer at the National school of administration and magistracy (ENAM) of Brazzaville.
During her career, Agathe Pembellot has worked with illustrious counterparts, essentially male such as [Charles Assemekang](/wiki/Charles_Assemekang "Charles Assemekang") (1926, Souanké \- ?) former president of the Congo Supreme Court; Placide Lenga, retired General Attorney and former first President of the Supreme Court; Isaac Locko,{{Cite book\|title\=Protection des droits et des magistrats au Congo. Pathologie d'une justice exangue\|last1\=Moutéké\|first1\=Robert\|last2\=Locko\|first2\=Issac\|date\=9–11 November 1994\|publisher\=UCAC \- Karthala\|series\=Droits de l'Homme en Afrique Centrale\|location\=Colloque de Yaoundé\|pages\=169–176\|language\=fr}} former member of the Supreme Court; Louis Zoubabéla (1944, Mbanza\-Ndounga \- 2009, Paris),{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.aes\-pua.com/auteurs/louis\-zoubabela\|title\=Zoubabela, Louis \- Biographie et bibliographie {{!}} Presses universitaires d'Afrique\|website\=www.aes\-pua.com\|access\-date\=2016\-09\-09}} politician and former member of the Supreme Court; Patrice Nzouala (? \- 2003\){{Cite web\|url\=http://www.congopage.com/Je\-demande\-aux\-autorites\|title\= Je demande aux autorités congolaises de nous rendre notre dignité \|date\= 27 May 2004 \|access\-date\=2016\-09\-09}}, former Dean of co\-investigating judges, Jean\-François Tchibinda Kouangou (1943, Mpoumbou) former magistrate and former Minister of Justice and Keeper of the Seals, Gaston Mabouana,{{Cite journal\|last\=(Gaston)\|first\=Mabouana\|date\=1975\-01\-01\|title\=Mabouana (Gaston). La personnalité des peines, mémoire de D.E.S., Études pénales, criminologiques et d'adaptation sociale, Paris 2, 1975, dact., 159 f°.\|url\=https://criminocorpus.org/fr/bibliographie\-histoire\-justice/ouvrages/130407/}} former General Inspector of Courts and Judicial Services of the Ministry of Justice and Alexis Gabou (1936, Brazzaville) former magistrate and politician.
Agathe Pembellot's career was entirely spent in the political capital [Brazzaville](/wiki/Brazzaville "Brazzaville"). She retired in 2007\.
|
[
"Judicial career\n---------------",
"Once her graduation studies were completed, Agathe Pembellot returned to her country [Congo](/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_du_Congo \"République du Congo\"), in order to make up for the still insufficient number of executives at that time.",
"March 11, 1973, the grounds of the Palace of Justice in Brazzaville were home to a ceremony that brought her to the elite of the judiciary. As a matter of fact, Agathe Pembellot, 30 years old, had sworn to become the first female Congolese judge. This event will generate vocations and will be the prelude to a long line of women in law in Congo. This includes for example: Pauline Yoba born Djembo, Jocelyne Milandou{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.irenees.net/bdf\\_fiche\\-acteurs\\-500\\_fr.html\\|title\\=Association des Femmes Juristes du Congo (AFJC) \\- Irénées\\|website\\=www.irenees.net\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-09\\-09}} (Vice\\-President of the Court of Auditors and budgetary discipline), Henriette Diatoulou, Maître Danielle Babin (lawyer at the [Court of Appeal of Paris](/wiki/Cour_d%27appel_de_Paris \"Cour d'appel de Paris\") and former member of Council of the College of lawyers of Brazzaville in Congo), Nadia Josiane Laure Macosso, Sylvie Tchignoumba, Virginie N'dessabeka, Bertille Djembo Pemba, Caddy Elisabeth Ndala, Arlette Malonga, Marie Miboula Ngatséké et Dorothée Mana.",
"Agathe Pembellot is as pioneer in the Congolese Judiciary as the judge for children. As such, in collaboration with social services, she strives to find solutions to the problems of childhood.",
"She had also worked in the reintegration of prisoners in civil society, once served their sentence, and this, regardless of the severity of the crime or the punishment of an inmate.",
"She has held the following responsibility positions in the senior Congolese public service:\n* president of the Brazzaville juvenile court;\n* president of the regional court of Brazzaville;\n* president of the Court of appeal for Brazzaville in 1976;\n* member of the supreme Court in 1982, first woman admitted within Congo's highest judicial body;\n* president of the social Chamber of the Supreme Court until 1993;\n* deputy General Inspector of courts and judicial services of the Ministry of Justice;\n* lecturer at the National school of administration and magistracy (ENAM) of Brazzaville.\nDuring her career, Agathe Pembellot has worked with illustrious counterparts, essentially male such as [Charles Assemekang](/wiki/Charles_Assemekang \"Charles Assemekang\") (1926, Souanké \\- ?) former president of the Congo Supreme Court; Placide Lenga, retired General Attorney and former first President of the Supreme Court; Isaac Locko,{{Cite book\\|title\\=Protection des droits et des magistrats au Congo. Pathologie d'une justice exangue\\|last1\\=Moutéké\\|first1\\=Robert\\|last2\\=Locko\\|first2\\=Issac\\|date\\=9–11 November 1994\\|publisher\\=UCAC \\- Karthala\\|series\\=Droits de l'Homme en Afrique Centrale\\|location\\=Colloque de Yaoundé\\|pages\\=169–176\\|language\\=fr}} former member of the Supreme Court; Louis Zoubabéla (1944, Mbanza\\-Ndounga \\- 2009, Paris),{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.aes\\-pua.com/auteurs/louis\\-zoubabela\\|title\\=Zoubabela, Louis \\- Biographie et bibliographie {{!}} Presses universitaires d'Afrique\\|website\\=www.aes\\-pua.com\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-09\\-09}} politician and former member of the Supreme Court; Patrice Nzouala (? \\- 2003\\){{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.congopage.com/Je\\-demande\\-aux\\-autorites\\|title\\= Je demande aux autorités congolaises de nous rendre notre dignité \\|date\\= 27 May 2004 \\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-09\\-09}}, former Dean of co\\-investigating judges, Jean\\-François Tchibinda Kouangou (1943, Mpoumbou) former magistrate and former Minister of Justice and Keeper of the Seals, Gaston Mabouana,{{Cite journal\\|last\\=(Gaston)\\|first\\=Mabouana\\|date\\=1975\\-01\\-01\\|title\\=Mabouana (Gaston). La personnalité des peines, mémoire de D.E.S., Études pénales, criminologiques et d'adaptation sociale, Paris 2, 1975, dact., 159 f°.\\|url\\=https://criminocorpus.org/fr/bibliographie\\-histoire\\-justice/ouvrages/130407/}} former General Inspector of Courts and Judicial Services of the Ministry of Justice and Alexis Gabou (1936, Brazzaville) former magistrate and politician.",
"Agathe Pembellot's career was entirely spent in the political capital [Brazzaville](/wiki/Brazzaville \"Brazzaville\"). She retired in 2007\\.",
""
] |
Gameplay
--------
Two teams of three kids competed. Each team had three passports, each with a different area of the set written on it; "Books", "Animals", or "Heroes and Villains". Each kid would hold a different passport; this would determine which kid played in which round.
### Round 1
To begin, the two kids that had the "Books" passports went to that area of the stage. They would then watch a two\-minute clip of a Disney film based on a book. Each kid was given two questions based on that clip. Each right answer won a "Contraptile", a yellow square translucent piece of plastic with a hole in the center.
After the two questions, the two kids played the "Jungle Boat Race". They would pedal a recumbent trike (fashioned to look like a boat) down a track, and the first one to knock over a pole at the end would win two Contraptiles. The runner\-up would receive one Contraptile.
### Round 2
The next round would be played between the two kids who had the "Animals" passports. They would watch a clip of a Disney film focusing on animal characters. Again, each kid was asked two questions about the clip, worth one Contraptile each.
The two kids would then play "Wheels Of Fire". Similar to the Hamster Wheel on *[Double Dare](/wiki/Double_Dare_%281986_game_show%29 "Double Dare (1986 game show)")*, each kid would get inside a large wheel and run inside it to move it across a track. Again, the first to knock over a pole at the finish line won two Contraptiles, while the runner up received one.
### Round 3
The next round would be played between the two with the "Heroes \& Villains" passports. A clip of a Disney film, involving the heroes and villains of the film, was shown. This time, each kid was asked three questions about the clip, worth one Contraptile each.
The two would then play "Magic Carpets". This game was the same as the Jungle Boat Race, but the trikes used here were arm powered instead of leg powered. The same scoring applied.
### Round 4
The final round involved every member of each team, at the "Magic" area of the stage. A clip from a Disney film involving magical powers was shown. Each team was then asked three questions about the clip, on which they could confer. Each right answer won five Contraptiles.
After this round, each team's Contraptiles were counted. The team with the most Contraptiles won the game; both teams won prizes, and the winners received a Grand Prize.
|
[
"Gameplay\n--------",
"Two teams of three kids competed. Each team had three passports, each with a different area of the set written on it; \"Books\", \"Animals\", or \"Heroes and Villains\". Each kid would hold a different passport; this would determine which kid played in which round.",
"### Round 1",
"To begin, the two kids that had the \"Books\" passports went to that area of the stage. They would then watch a two\\-minute clip of a Disney film based on a book. Each kid was given two questions based on that clip. Each right answer won a \"Contraptile\", a yellow square translucent piece of plastic with a hole in the center.",
"After the two questions, the two kids played the \"Jungle Boat Race\". They would pedal a recumbent trike (fashioned to look like a boat) down a track, and the first one to knock over a pole at the end would win two Contraptiles. The runner\\-up would receive one Contraptile.",
"### Round 2",
"The next round would be played between the two kids who had the \"Animals\" passports. They would watch a clip of a Disney film focusing on animal characters. Again, each kid was asked two questions about the clip, worth one Contraptile each.",
"The two kids would then play \"Wheels Of Fire\". Similar to the Hamster Wheel on *[Double Dare](/wiki/Double_Dare_%281986_game_show%29 \"Double Dare (1986 game show)\")*, each kid would get inside a large wheel and run inside it to move it across a track. Again, the first to knock over a pole at the finish line won two Contraptiles, while the runner up received one.",
"### Round 3",
"The next round would be played between the two with the \"Heroes \\& Villains\" passports. A clip of a Disney film, involving the heroes and villains of the film, was shown. This time, each kid was asked three questions about the clip, worth one Contraptile each.",
"The two would then play \"Magic Carpets\". This game was the same as the Jungle Boat Race, but the trikes used here were arm powered instead of leg powered. The same scoring applied.",
"### Round 4",
"The final round involved every member of each team, at the \"Magic\" area of the stage. A clip from a Disney film involving magical powers was shown. Each team was then asked three questions about the clip, on which they could confer. Each right answer won five Contraptiles.",
"After this round, each team's Contraptiles were counted. The team with the most Contraptiles won the game; both teams won prizes, and the winners received a Grand Prize.",
""
] |
Examples
--------
An old copy of [The Army \& Navy Co\-Operative Society Limited's](/wiki/Army_%26_Navy_Stores_%28United_Kingdom%29 "Army & Navy Stores (United Kingdom)") catalogue will show that there was a large variety of items, from portable beds to collapsible candlesticks (also known as Brighton Buns), that were available to ease life for the soldier or traveller by the end of the 19th century.
There seemed no limit to the number of items an officer would take with him if he could afford to and how well one's tent was kitted out could indicate social standing. [William Howard Russell](/wiki/William_Howard_Russell "William Howard Russell") of *[The Times](/wiki/The_Times "The Times")* noted on 2 February 1858 in his diary: "Sir [Colin Campbell's](/wiki/Colin_Campbell%2C_1st_Baron_Clyde "Colin Campbell, 1st Baron Clyde") baggage \&c. extended for eighteen miles, when he came down from Lucknow".
The numerous items specifically made for travel include a variety of types of bed from four poster or tent beds to chairs that would extend for sleeping; large dining tables, dining chairs, easy chairs, sofas and couches, chests of drawers, book cabinets, washstands, wardrobes, shelves, desks, mirrors, lanterns and candlesticks, canteens of silver, cooking equipment, toiletry equipment, and box\-seats for chamber pots were all made to be portable.
By the mid\-19th century the demand for campaign furniture encouraged makers to invent unusual and interesting pieces that offer a surprise in the ease with which they dismantle or the compactness of their storage. Tables were cleverly hinged to fold down into a box the size of a briefcase; chess board boxes would contain tripod legs and a telescopic column to convert into a table; chairs would break down to a minimal size, and even convert into a sedan\-chair. The driver of this invention was the need for each piece to pack up quickly into a portable package with minimal complication.
A number of pieces of domestic furniture are commonly mis\-described as campaign simply because they have handles to the sides, are metamorphic or dual\-purpose. Some campaign furniture certainly had these attributes but there was also much furniture produced with these qualities that was never intended for travel. Sometimes handles were added to pieces of furniture simply to make them easier to move from one part of the room to another. Metamorphic or dual\-purpose furniture was also popular for bachelors who typically had smaller lodgings and had to make use of their limited space. A [library table that turned into a set of steps](/wiki/Metamorphic_library_steps "Metamorphic library steps") would also be useful in a larger house that did not want the steps constantly on view. It is often thought that the Wellington Chest must be a piece of campaign furniture because it was named for the [1st Duke of Wellington](/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley%2C_1st_Duke_of_Wellington "Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington"). The vast majority were not made with travel in mind as they have over hanging mouldings or bases etc. It is forgotten that Wellington also had a distinguished life away from the battlefield. The seven drawers (one for each day of the week) enabled him to organise his business as a politician.
|
[
"Examples\n--------",
"An old copy of [The Army \\& Navy Co\\-Operative Society Limited's](/wiki/Army_%26_Navy_Stores_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"Army & Navy Stores (United Kingdom)\") catalogue will show that there was a large variety of items, from portable beds to collapsible candlesticks (also known as Brighton Buns), that were available to ease life for the soldier or traveller by the end of the 19th century.",
"There seemed no limit to the number of items an officer would take with him if he could afford to and how well one's tent was kitted out could indicate social standing. [William Howard Russell](/wiki/William_Howard_Russell \"William Howard Russell\") of *[The Times](/wiki/The_Times \"The Times\")* noted on 2 February 1858 in his diary: \"Sir [Colin Campbell's](/wiki/Colin_Campbell%2C_1st_Baron_Clyde \"Colin Campbell, 1st Baron Clyde\") baggage \\&c. extended for eighteen miles, when he came down from Lucknow\".",
"The numerous items specifically made for travel include a variety of types of bed from four poster or tent beds to chairs that would extend for sleeping; large dining tables, dining chairs, easy chairs, sofas and couches, chests of drawers, book cabinets, washstands, wardrobes, shelves, desks, mirrors, lanterns and candlesticks, canteens of silver, cooking equipment, toiletry equipment, and box\\-seats for chamber pots were all made to be portable.",
"By the mid\\-19th century the demand for campaign furniture encouraged makers to invent unusual and interesting pieces that offer a surprise in the ease with which they dismantle or the compactness of their storage. Tables were cleverly hinged to fold down into a box the size of a briefcase; chess board boxes would contain tripod legs and a telescopic column to convert into a table; chairs would break down to a minimal size, and even convert into a sedan\\-chair. The driver of this invention was the need for each piece to pack up quickly into a portable package with minimal complication.",
"A number of pieces of domestic furniture are commonly mis\\-described as campaign simply because they have handles to the sides, are metamorphic or dual\\-purpose. Some campaign furniture certainly had these attributes but there was also much furniture produced with these qualities that was never intended for travel. Sometimes handles were added to pieces of furniture simply to make them easier to move from one part of the room to another. Metamorphic or dual\\-purpose furniture was also popular for bachelors who typically had smaller lodgings and had to make use of their limited space. A [library table that turned into a set of steps](/wiki/Metamorphic_library_steps \"Metamorphic library steps\") would also be useful in a larger house that did not want the steps constantly on view. It is often thought that the Wellington Chest must be a piece of campaign furniture because it was named for the [1st Duke of Wellington](/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley%2C_1st_Duke_of_Wellington \"Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington\"). The vast majority were not made with travel in mind as they have over hanging mouldings or bases etc. It is forgotten that Wellington also had a distinguished life away from the battlefield. The seven drawers (one for each day of the week) enabled him to organise his business as a politician.",
""
] |
Controversies
-------------
### ICG Government
She was one of the first hires (as a part\-time consultant) for ICG, a firm that assists businesses in obtaining and defending performance under government contracts. At the time of her hire, Congressman Davis was her mentor and campaign manager. ICG Founder and President Don Upson{{cite web \|title\=The Honorable Donald W. Upson \|url\=http://www.icggov.com/upson\_bio.pdf \|website\=ICG Government \|access\-date\=November 4, 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722170531/http://www.icggov.com/upson\_bio.pdf \|archive\-date\=July 22, 2011}} is a longtime friend of Davis. After Devolites was hired by ICG, Davis, then divorced, married Devolites.
The financial benefits between Rep. Davis and his wife, from the ICG job as well as other campaign donations to Mrs. Davis, were highlighted in a June 2007 ethics report "Family Affair"{{cite web \|url\=http://www.citizensforethics.org/familyaffair \|title\=Family Affair \|website\=\[\[Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington]] \|date\=June 20, 2007 \|access\-date\=September 20, 2017 \|archive\-date\=June 20, 2007 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070620171419/http://www.citizensforethics.org/familyaffair }} by the [Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington](/wiki/Citizens_for_Responsibility_and_Ethics_in_Washington "Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington").{{cite web\|url\=https://www.citizensforethics.org/\|title\=CREW \| Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington\|website\=CREW \| Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington}} The report identified ethical questions on financial ties that benefit family members of 64 of the 435 voting members of Congress.
As of December 24, 2008, Davis continues to work for ICG. She reported to *[The Washington Post](/wiki/The_Washington_Post "The Washington Post")* that she was paid $78,000 in 2005 for working "10 to 20 hours a week," primarily at home on her cellphone, she said. She made $18,000 a year as a Virginia legislator. Her ICG bio, which continues to describe her as a "Current Virginia State Senator for largest IT district", bio, also is the only one on the ICG website to name a spouse.
### Disclosures
During the week of October 22, 2007, the Davis campaign sent out 60,000 campaign flyers accusing Petersen of not disclosing that his former law firm was working on issues that Petersen voted on while in the House of Delegates. The flyer did not mention that Petersen had not been involved in the legal issues for the client. The flyer included a copy of a section of Petersen's Statement of Economic Interest, which he filed while serving in the House. It includes Petersen's home address, telephone number, and the names of his wife and four children. This information was not redacted by the Davis campaign.
Petersen held a press conference on October 26 in front of Davis' headquarters in Fairfax. He said that "words cannot describe the anger I feel" about the flyer, and called it "shocking" that Davis would use his personal information in such a manner. Petersen said that advertising his personal information was not in and of itself a problem, but using his personal phone number and children's identification was not appropriate or safe in an attack ad. Such tactics, Petersen said, endangered his family. Mrs. Petersen complained of receiving two telephone calls related to the attack ad, and police presence appeared at the home, before the family vacated the house. In response, Davis said in her own press conference that because the information was public and included to supporters, it was appropriate for an attack ad.
{{cite web \| url\=http://www.nbc4\.com/news/14434768/detail.html \| access\-date\=December 31, 2007 \| date\=October 26, 2007 \| title\=Va. State Senate Race Turns Tense \| series \= NBC4\.COM}}
{{cite web \| date\=October 26, 2007 \| access\-date\=December 31, 2007 \| publisher\=MyFox Washington DC \| title\= Accusations of Dirty Tactics in VA Senate Race \|last\= Cohan \|first\= Stacey \| url \= http://www.myfoxdc.com/myfox/pages/News/Detail?contentId\=4753320\&version\=1\&locale\=EN\-US\&layoutCode\=VSTY\&pageId\=3\.2\.1}}
{{cite news \| date\=October 27, 2007 \| access\-date\=December 31, 2007 \| last\= Gardner \| first\=Amy \| newspaper \= The Washington Post \| page\=B05 \| title \= Candidate Cries Foul Over Mailing
\| url\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp\-dyn/content/article/2007/10/26/AR2007102602063\.html}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.wjla.com/news/stories/1007/467330\.html \|access\-date\=December 31, 2007 \|date\=October 26, 2007 \|title\=Virginia State Senate Race Heats Up \|publisher\=ABC 7 News \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071201102915/http://www.wjla.com/news/stories/1007/467330\.html \|archive\-date\=December 1, 2007 }}
Because of the controversy, the Virginia Coalition of Police and Deputy Sheriffs withdrew its initial endorsement of Davis.
Devolites Davis also claimed that Petersen's campaign uploaded a video to [YouTube](/wiki/YouTube "YouTube") which brought up her daughter's armed robbery conviction of several years ago. However, according to Washington [CBS](/wiki/CBS "CBS") affiliate [WUSA](/wiki/WUSA_%28TV%29 "WUSA (TV)"), there is no evidence anyone from the Petersen camp uploaded the video.{{cite web \| access\-date \= December 31, 2007 \| url \= http://www.wusa9\.com/news/news\_article.aspx?storyid\=64482 \| first \= Gary \| last \= Reals \| date \= October 26, 2007 \| title \= Personal Accusations Fly In Contentious Va. Senate Race \| publisher \= \[\[WUSA (TV)\|WUSA]] \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20071109170238/http://www.wusa9\.com/news/news\_article.aspx?storyid\=64482 \| archive\-date \= November 9, 2007 }}
|
[
"Controversies\n-------------",
"### ICG Government",
"She was one of the first hires (as a part\\-time consultant) for ICG, a firm that assists businesses in obtaining and defending performance under government contracts. At the time of her hire, Congressman Davis was her mentor and campaign manager. ICG Founder and President Don Upson{{cite web \\|title\\=The Honorable Donald W. Upson \\|url\\=http://www.icggov.com/upson\\_bio.pdf \\|website\\=ICG Government \\|access\\-date\\=November 4, 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722170531/http://www.icggov.com/upson\\_bio.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=July 22, 2011}} is a longtime friend of Davis. After Devolites was hired by ICG, Davis, then divorced, married Devolites.",
"The financial benefits between Rep. Davis and his wife, from the ICG job as well as other campaign donations to Mrs. Davis, were highlighted in a June 2007 ethics report \"Family Affair\"{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.citizensforethics.org/familyaffair \\|title\\=Family Affair \\|website\\=\\[\\[Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington]] \\|date\\=June 20, 2007 \\|access\\-date\\=September 20, 2017 \\|archive\\-date\\=June 20, 2007 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070620171419/http://www.citizensforethics.org/familyaffair }} by the [Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington](/wiki/Citizens_for_Responsibility_and_Ethics_in_Washington \"Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.citizensforethics.org/\\|title\\=CREW \\| Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington\\|website\\=CREW \\| Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington}} The report identified ethical questions on financial ties that benefit family members of 64 of the 435 voting members of Congress.",
"As of December 24, 2008, Davis continues to work for ICG. She reported to *[The Washington Post](/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")* that she was paid $78,000 in 2005 for working \"10 to 20 hours a week,\" primarily at home on her cellphone, she said. She made $18,000 a year as a Virginia legislator. Her ICG bio, which continues to describe her as a \"Current Virginia State Senator for largest IT district\", bio, also is the only one on the ICG website to name a spouse.",
"### Disclosures",
"During the week of October 22, 2007, the Davis campaign sent out 60,000 campaign flyers accusing Petersen of not disclosing that his former law firm was working on issues that Petersen voted on while in the House of Delegates. The flyer did not mention that Petersen had not been involved in the legal issues for the client. The flyer included a copy of a section of Petersen's Statement of Economic Interest, which he filed while serving in the House. It includes Petersen's home address, telephone number, and the names of his wife and four children. This information was not redacted by the Davis campaign.",
"Petersen held a press conference on October 26 in front of Davis' headquarters in Fairfax. He said that \"words cannot describe the anger I feel\" about the flyer, and called it \"shocking\" that Davis would use his personal information in such a manner. Petersen said that advertising his personal information was not in and of itself a problem, but using his personal phone number and children's identification was not appropriate or safe in an attack ad. Such tactics, Petersen said, endangered his family. Mrs. Petersen complained of receiving two telephone calls related to the attack ad, and police presence appeared at the home, before the family vacated the house. In response, Davis said in her own press conference that because the information was public and included to supporters, it was appropriate for an attack ad.\n{{cite web \\| url\\=http://www.nbc4\\.com/news/14434768/detail.html \\| access\\-date\\=December 31, 2007 \\| date\\=October 26, 2007 \\| title\\=Va. State Senate Race Turns Tense \\| series \\= NBC4\\.COM}}\n{{cite web \\| date\\=October 26, 2007 \\| access\\-date\\=December 31, 2007 \\| publisher\\=MyFox Washington DC \\| title\\= Accusations of Dirty Tactics in VA Senate Race \\|last\\= Cohan \\|first\\= Stacey \\| url \\= http://www.myfoxdc.com/myfox/pages/News/Detail?contentId\\=4753320\\&version\\=1\\&locale\\=EN\\-US\\&layoutCode\\=VSTY\\&pageId\\=3\\.2\\.1}}\n{{cite news \\| date\\=October 27, 2007 \\| access\\-date\\=December 31, 2007 \\| last\\= Gardner \\| first\\=Amy \\| newspaper \\= The Washington Post \\| page\\=B05 \\| title \\= Candidate Cries Foul Over Mailing\n\\| url\\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp\\-dyn/content/article/2007/10/26/AR2007102602063\\.html}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.wjla.com/news/stories/1007/467330\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=December 31, 2007 \\|date\\=October 26, 2007 \\|title\\=Virginia State Senate Race Heats Up \\|publisher\\=ABC 7 News \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071201102915/http://www.wjla.com/news/stories/1007/467330\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=December 1, 2007 }}",
"Because of the controversy, the Virginia Coalition of Police and Deputy Sheriffs withdrew its initial endorsement of Davis.",
"Devolites Davis also claimed that Petersen's campaign uploaded a video to [YouTube](/wiki/YouTube \"YouTube\") which brought up her daughter's armed robbery conviction of several years ago. However, according to Washington [CBS](/wiki/CBS \"CBS\") affiliate [WUSA](/wiki/WUSA_%28TV%29 \"WUSA (TV)\"), there is no evidence anyone from the Petersen camp uploaded the video.{{cite web \\| access\\-date \\= December 31, 2007 \\| url \\= http://www.wusa9\\.com/news/news\\_article.aspx?storyid\\=64482 \\| first \\= Gary \\| last \\= Reals \\| date \\= October 26, 2007 \\| title \\= Personal Accusations Fly In Contentious Va. Senate Race \\| publisher \\= \\[\\[WUSA (TV)\\|WUSA]] \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20071109170238/http://www.wusa9\\.com/news/news\\_article.aspx?storyid\\=64482 \\| archive\\-date \\= November 9, 2007 }}",
""
] |
History
-------
### World War II
[thumb\|Group B\-17F with crash crewAircraft is Lockheed/Vega B\-17F\-50\-VE Flying Fortress serial 42\-6153\. This aircraft survived the war and was sent to the [Reconstruction Finance Corporation](/wiki/Reconstruction_Finance_Corporation "Reconstruction Finance Corporation") at [Kingman Army Air Field](/wiki/Kingman_Army_Air_Field "Kingman Army Air Field") on 30 October 1945\.](/wiki/File:Lockheed-Vega_B-17F-50-VE_Fortress_1945.jpg "Lockheed-Vega B-17F-50-VE Fortress 1945.jpg")
[thumb\|Camouflaged and unpainted 413th Squadron B\-17GsAircraft in the foreground is Lockheed/Vega B\-17G\-20\-VE Flying Fortress serial 42\-97627\.](/wiki/File:96bg-b17.jpg "96bg-b17.jpg")
[thumb\|339th Squadron B\-17G on hardstandAircraft is Boeing B\-17G\-70\-BO Flying Fortress serial 43\-37683\.](/wiki/File:B-17G-70-BO_Fortress_Serial_43-37683_in_England%2C_WW2.jpg "B-17G-70-BO Fortress Serial 43-37683 in England, WW2.jpg")
The group was first activated in July 1942 at [Salt Lake City Army Air Base](/wiki/Salt_Lake_City_Army_Air_Base "Salt Lake City Army Air Base"), Utah as the 96th Bombardment Group, with the [337th](/wiki/337th_Test_and_Evaluation_Squadron "337th Test and Evaluation Squadron"), [338th](/wiki/338th_Combat_Crew_Training_Squadron "338th Combat Crew Training Squadron"), [339th](/wiki/339th_Bombardment_Squadron "339th Bombardment Squadron") and [413th Bombardment Squadrons](/wiki/413th_Bombardment_Squadron "413th Bombardment Squadron")The 413th Squadron was constituted as the 23d Reconnaissance Squadron, but was redesignated before it was made active. Maurer, *Combat Squadrons*, p. 505\. assigned as its original components.Maurer, *Combat Squadrons*, pp. 416–417Maurer, *Combat Squadrons*, pp. 417–418Maurer, *Combat Squadrons*, pp. 419–420Maurer, *Combat Squadrons*, p. 505 After moving to [Gowen Field](/wiki/Gowen_Field "Gowen Field"), Idaho the group received its initial [cadre](/wiki/En_cadre "En cadre"). The group trained at various bases in the northwestern United States.
In November 1942 the group moved to [Pocatello Army Air Base](/wiki/Pocatello_Army_Air_Base "Pocatello Army Air Base"), Idaho, where it acted as an [Operational Training Unit](/wiki/Operational_-_Replacement_Training_Units "Operational - Replacement Training Units") (OTU). OTUs were oversized parent units that provided cadres to form "satellite groups."Maurer, *Combat Units* pp. 165–166Craven \& Cate, Introduction, p. xxxvi In early 1943, the 96th relocated to [Pyote Army Air Base](/wiki/Pyote_Army_Air_Base "Pyote Army Air Base"), Texas, where it resumed its combat training. In April 1943 the group began its overseas movement. The air echelon ferried its bombers via the [North Atlantic Ferry Route](/wiki/North_Atlantic_Ferry_Route "North Atlantic Ferry Route"), while the ground echelon proceeded to the New York Port of Embarkation and sailed on the {{RMS\|Queen Elizabeth}} for [Greenock](/wiki/Greenock "Greenock"), Scotland.Freeman, p. 246
The group arrived at [RAF Grafton Underwood](/wiki/RAF_Grafton_Underwood "RAF Grafton Underwood") England in May 1943, for duty with [Eighth Air Force](/wiki/Eighth_Air_Force "Eighth Air Force"). The group was assigned to the [45th Combat Bombardment Wing](/wiki/45th_Combat_Bombardment_Wing "45th Combat Bombardment Wing") of the [3d Bombardment Division](/wiki/3d_Bombardment_Division "3d Bombardment Division"). The group commenced combat operations on 14 May with an attack on [Kortrijk](/wiki/Kortrijk "Kortrijk") (Courtrai), after an aborted mission the previous day.Freeman, p. 47 The 96th moved east at the end of May to [RAF Andrews Field](/wiki/RAF_Andrews_Field "RAF Andrews Field"). The 96th appears to have only carried out one mission while based at Andrews. On 29 May 1943 they took part in a raid on Rennes naval storage depot from which one B\-17 failed to return.{{Citation needed\|date\=June 2016}} However, Eighth Air Force was not pleased with the initial performance of the [Martin B\-26 Marauder](/wiki/Martin_B-26_Marauder "Martin B-26 Marauder") units assigned to it and decided to move them from their bases in north [Suffolk](/wiki/Suffolk "Suffolk") to stations nearer the continent. As the first step in this move, the [386th Bombardment Group](/wiki/386th_Bombardment_Group "386th Bombardment Group") left its base at [RAF Snetterton Heath](/wiki/RAF_Snetterton_Heath "RAF Snetterton Heath") for [RAF Boxted](/wiki/RAF_Boxted "RAF Boxted"). The 96th took the 386th's place at Snetterton Heath the following day, leaving its previous base available for the [322d Bombardment Group](/wiki/322d_Bombardment_Group "322d Bombardment Group").Freeman, p. 50Maurer, *Combat Units*, pp. 202–203
As the most conveniently reached station from [3d Air Division](/wiki/3d_Air_Division "3d Air Division") Headquarters at Elveden Hall, Snetterton Heath units often led to major operations carrying commanding generals.{{Citation needed\|date\=June 2016}} General [Curtis LeMay](/wiki/Curtis_LeMay "Curtis LeMay") led the [Regensburg](/wiki/Regensburg "Regensburg") shuttle mission to North Africa flying out of this base, and the group received a [Distinguished Unit Citation](/wiki/Distinguished_Unit_Citation "Distinguished Unit Citation") for withstanding severe assaults by enemy fighters. The 96th also led the 3d Division on the [Schweinfurt](/wiki/Schweinfurt "Schweinfurt") mission of 14 October 1943\.{{Citation needed\|date\=June 2016}} In addition, the 96th attacked [shipyards](/wiki/Shipyard "Shipyard"), harbors, railway yards, aerodromes, [oil refineries](/wiki/Oil_refinery "Oil refinery"), aircraft factories, and other industrial targets in Germany, France, the Netherlands, Belgium, Norway, Poland, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia.
The 96th received another Distinguished Unit Citation for leading the 45th Wing a great distance through heavy clouds and intense [flak](/wiki/Flak "Flak") to raid important aircraft component factories in Poland on 9 April 1944\. Other significant targets attacked by the group included [airfields](/wiki/Airfield "Airfield") at [Bordeaux](/wiki/Bordeaux "Bordeaux") and [Augsburg](/wiki/Augsburg "Augsburg"); [marshalling yards](/wiki/Marshalling_yard "Marshalling yard") at [Kiel](/wiki/Kiel "Kiel"), [Hamm](/wiki/Hamm%2C_North_Rhine-Westphalia "Hamm, North Rhine-Westphalia"), [Brunswick](/wiki/Braunschweig "Braunschweig"), and [Gdynia](/wiki/Gdynia "Gdynia"); aircraft factories at [Chemnitz](/wiki/Chemnitz "Chemnitz"), [Hanover](/wiki/Hanover "Hanover"), and [Diósgyőr](/wiki/Di%C3%B3sgy%C5%91r "Diósgyőr"); oil refineries at [Merseburg](/wiki/Merseburg "Merseburg") and [Brüx](/wiki/Most_%28city%29 "Most (city)"), and chemical works in [Wiesbaden](/wiki/Wiesbaden "Wiesbaden"), [Ludwigshafen](/wiki/Ludwigshafen "Ludwigshafen"), and [Neunkirchen](/wiki/Neunkirchen%2C_Austria "Neunkirchen, Austria").
In addition to its strategic operations, the 96th was occasionally diverted to support ground forces. These missions included bombing coastal defenses, railway bridges, gun emplacements, and field batteries in the battle area prior to and during [D\-Day](/wiki/D-Day "D-Day") in June 1944\. It attacked enemy positions to support the breakthrough at [Saint\-Lô](/wiki/Saint-L%C3%B4 "Saint-Lô") in July 1944 and aided the campaign in France in August by striking roads and road junctions and by dropping supplies to the [Maquis](/wiki/Maquis_%28World_War_II%29 "Maquis (World War II)"). In the early months of 1945, the group struck lines of communications supplying German armies on the western front.
After [V\-E Day](/wiki/V-E_Day "V-E Day"), the 96th flew food to the [Netherlands](/wiki/Netherlands "Netherlands") and transported redeploying personnel to French Morocco, Northern Ireland, France, and Germany. the group was programmed to move to Germany for [occupation](/wiki/Military_occupation "Military occupation") duty. However, plans were revised in September 1945\. In November 1945 its aircraft were flown back to the United States or transferred to other units. Two of its squadrons were inactivated in late November and the others in mid\-December. The group [headquarters](/wiki/Headquarters "Headquarters")' remaining personnel left Snetterton Heath, sailing on the {{USS\|Lake Champlain\|CV\-39\|6}} on 12 December and arriving at [Camp Kilmer](/wiki/Camp_Kilmer "Camp Kilmer") New Jersey on 20 December 1945, where it was inactivated the following day.
### Air Force Reserve
The 96th Bombardment Group was activated as a reserve unit under [Air Defense Command](/wiki/Air_Defense_Command "Air Defense Command") (ADC) on 29 May 1947 at [Gunter Field](/wiki/Gunter_Field "Gunter Field"), Alabama. It was initially assigned three of its World War II units, the 337th Bombardment Squadron, located at Gunter, and the 338th and 339th Bombardment Squadrons, stationed at [Hawkins Field](/wiki/Hawkins_Field_%28airport%29 "Hawkins Field (airport)") in Mississippi. In July, it added three additional squadrons, the 413th Bombardment Squadron at [Keesler Air Force Base](/wiki/Keesler_Air_Force_Base "Keesler Air Force Base") in Mississippi, the [546th Bombardment Squadron](/wiki/546th_Bombardment_Squadron "546th Bombardment Squadron") at [Lovell Field](/wiki/Lovell_Field "Lovell Field") in Tennessee, and the [547th Bombardment Squadron](/wiki/547th_Bombardment_Squadron "547th Bombardment Squadron") at [Smith Reynolds Airport](/wiki/Smith_Reynolds_Airport "Smith Reynolds Airport") in North Carolina.Maurer, *Combat Squadrons*, pp. 649–650Maurer, *Combat Squadrons*, pp. 650–651 In October, however, the two squadrons at Jackson were transferred to the [384th Bombardment Group](/wiki/384th_Bombardment_Group "384th Bombardment Group").
At Gunter, the group conducted routine training activities under the supervision of the 476th AAF Base Unit (later the 2586th Air Force Reserve Training Center). President [Truman's](/wiki/Harry_S._Truman "Harry S. Truman") reduced 1949 defense budget required reductions in the number of units in the Air Force,Knaack, p. 25 and the 96th Group and 2586th Center were inactivated in July 1949 and not replaced as flying operations at Gunter ceased.*See* Mueller, p. 218 (dates 476th Base Unit/2586th Center stationed at Gunter).
### Strategic Air Command
[thumb\|B\-47E in markings of 96th Wing](/wiki/File:Boeing_EB-47E_Stratojet%2C_USA_-_Air_Force_AN1018959.jpg "Boeing EB-47E Stratojet, USA - Air Force AN1018959.jpg")
The 96th Bombardment Wing was activated in November 1953 at [Altus Air Force Base](/wiki/Altus_Air_Force_Base "Altus Air Force Base"), Oklahoma. Wing headquarters and most of the wing components were not manned until March 1954; those components were controlled by the 96th Air Base Group, whose commander served additional duty as the 96th's wing commander.Mixer {{page needed\|date\=June 2016}} The wing soon received [Boeing KC\-97 Stratofreighters](/wiki/Boeing_KC-97_Stratofreighter "Boeing KC-97 Stratofreighter") and began air refueling operations in March 1954\.
The wing began training with [Boeing B\-47E Stratojet](/wiki/Boeing_B-47E_Stratojet "Boeing B-47E Stratojet") swept\-wing medium bombers, capable of flying at high subsonic speeds, in April 1955 in support of SAC's global commitments. It deployed to [Andersen Air Force Base](/wiki/Andersen_Air_Force_Base "Andersen Air Force Base") [Guam](/wiki/Guam "Guam") from January through April 1957\. The wing joined the [341st Bombardment Wing](/wiki/341st_Bombardment_Wing "341st Bombardment Wing") at [Dyess Air Force Base](/wiki/Dyess_Air_Force_Base "Dyess Air Force Base"), Texas on 8 September 1957\.
The [4th Strategic Support Squadron](/wiki/4th_Strategic_Support_Squadron "4th Strategic Support Squadron"), a strategic airlift squadron flying [Douglas C\-124 Globemaster IIs](/wiki/Douglas_C-124_Globemaster_II "Douglas C-124 Globemaster II"), moved to Dyess from [Ellsworth Air Force Base](/wiki/Ellsworth_Air_Force_Base "Ellsworth Air Force Base") in 1957\.Mueller, pp. 121, 155 It was assigned to the wing from September 1959 until it was inactivated in March 1961\. The wing added [intercontinental ballistic missiles](/wiki/Intercontinental_ballistic_missiles "Intercontinental ballistic missiles") to its nuclear strike force when the [578th Strategic Missile Squadron](/wiki/578th_Strategic_Missile_Squadron "578th Strategic Missile Squadron"), with [Convair SM\-65 Atlas](/wiki/Convair_SM-65_Atlas "Convair SM-65 Atlas") missiles joined the wing in July 1961\. The first Atlas missile went on alert in April 1962\. The wing's Atlases were phased out in March 1965\.
[Wing emblem during SAC era, surrounded by a [bordure](/wiki/Bordure "Bordure") in the colors of the SAC [riband](/wiki/Riband "Riband")\|thumb](/wiki/file:96th_Bombardment_Wing_-_SAC_-_Emblem.png "96th Bombardment Wing - SAC - Emblem.png")
Soon after [detection of Soviet missiles in Cuba](/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis "Cuban Missile Crisis"), on 22 October 1962, SAC's B\-47s were dispersed.Kipp, *et al*., pp. 34–35 Dispersing bombers carried nuclear weapons in ferrying configuration.Kipp, *et al*., pp. 31–32 On 24 October SAC went to [DEFCON](/wiki/DEFCON "DEFCON") 2, placing all its combat aircraft on alert.Kipp, *et al*., p. 35 Most dispersal bases were civilian airfields with [Air Force Reserve](/wiki/Air_Force_Reserve "Air Force Reserve") or [Air National Guard](/wiki/Air_National_Guard "Air National Guard") units. The B\-47s were configured for execution of the Emergency War Order as soon as possible after dispersal. On 15 November, 1/6 of the dispersed B\-47s were recalled to their home bases.Kipp, *et al*., p. 53 On 21 November SAC relaxed its alert posture to DEFCON 3\. its dispersed B\-47s and their supporting tankers were recalled on 24 November. On 27 November SAC returned to normal alert posture.Kipp, *et al*., p. 61
By the early 1960s, the B\-47 was being phased out of SAC's strategic arsenal. In June 1961, the 341st Bombardment Wing had been inactivated and the 96th became the single Stratojet wing at Dyess.{{cite web \|url\= http://www.afhra.af.mil/About\-Us/Fact\-Sheets/Display/Article/432106/341\-missile\-wing\-afgsc/ \|last1\=Kane\|first1\=Robert B.\|title\=Factsheet 341 Missile Wing (AFGSC)\|date\=6 April 2012\|publisher\=Air Force Historical Research Agency\|access\-date\=25 June 2016}} In March 1963, two of the wing's bomber squadrons were inactivated, and by December 1963, its remaining squadron had converted to the [Boeing B\-52 Stratofortress](/wiki/Boeing_B-52_Stratofortress "Boeing B-52 Stratofortress"). The 96th received B\-52Cs from the 99th Bomb Wing from [Walker Air Force Base](/wiki/Walker_Air_Force_Base "Walker Air Force Base") in Roswell, New Mexico.{{Citation needed\|date\=June 2016}} In 1970 and again 1972–1973, most wing personnel and all of its aircraft and [crews](/wiki/Aircrew "Aircrew") deployed to the Pacific in support of the War in Vietnam. During most of this time, the 96BW also supported [Operation Chrome Dome](/wiki/Operation_Chrome_Dome "Operation Chrome Dome") missions over the North Pole in the [Cold War](/wiki/Cold_War "Cold War").{{Citation needed\|date\=June 2016}}
From 1980, the wing's [917th Air Refueling Squadron](/wiki/917th_Air_Refueling_Squadron "917th Air Refueling Squadron")'s [Boeing KC\-135A Stratotanker](/wiki/Boeing_KC-135A_Stratotanker "Boeing KC-135A Stratotanker") aircraft regularly deployed to Europe, Alaska, and the Pacific to support SAC tanker task force requirements.
The 337th Bombardment Squadron became the first squadron to operate the [Rockwell B\-1B Lancer](/wiki/Rockwell_B-1B_Lancer "Rockwell B-1B Lancer"), after the arrival of the first aircraft in June 1985\. In October 1986, B\-1Bs assumed SAC Cold War alert duties for the first time. In addition, the 338th Combat Crew Training Squadron received B\-1Bs in June 1992\.{{Citation needed\|date\=June 2016}}
917th Squadron tankers provided refueling support to units involved in [Operation Just Cause](/wiki/Operation_Just_Cause "Operation Just Cause"), the December 1989 incursion that replaced [Manuel Noriega](/wiki/Manuel_Noriega "Manuel Noriega") as ruler of Panama. The following August, they ferried personnel and equipment to [Andersen Air Force Base](/wiki/Andersen_Air_Force_Base "Andersen Air Force Base"), Guam for further movement to Southwest Asia. In December 1990 all remaining tanker aircraft and crews, except those on alert duty, were sent to [Incirlik Air Base](/wiki/Incirlik_Air_Base "Incirlik Air Base"), Turkey in support of [Operation Desert Storm](/wiki/Operation_Desert_Storm "Operation Desert Storm").{{Citation needed\|date\=June 2016}}
### Post Cold War
[thumb\|right\|96th Munitions Maintenance Squadron airmen inspect an inert [AGM\-69 SRAM](/wiki/AGM-69_SRAM "AGM-69 SRAM") after removing it from the bomb bay of a [B\-1 Lancer](/wiki/B-1_Lancer "B-1 Lancer")Christened the "Star of Abilene", serial 83\-65\. Pictured on the flightline at Dyess AFB after flying its last mission in 2003\.](/wiki/file:Members_of_the_96th_Munitions_Maintenance_Squadron_inspect_an_inert_AGM-69A_short_range_attack_missile_%28SRAM%29_after_removing_it_from_the_bomb_bay_of_a_B-1B_bomber_aircraft_DF-ST-88-03499.jpg "Members of the 96th Munitions Maintenance Squadron inspect an inert AGM-69A short range attack missile (SRAM) after removing it from the bomb bay of a B-1B bomber aircraft DF-ST-88-03499.jpg")
On 1 September 1991, the wing was redesignated as the **96th Wing** and implemented the objective wing concept. It was relieved from assignment to SAC and assigned to [Air Combat Command](/wiki/Air_Combat_Command "Air Combat Command") on 1 June 1992\. Also on 1 June 1992, the 917th Squadron acquired KC\-135Qs in conjunction with the drawdown of tanker operations at [Beale Air Force Base](/wiki/Beale_Air_Force_Base "Beale Air Force Base"), California.{{Citation needed\|date\=June 2016}}
[thumb\|Wing KC\-135Q Stratotanker](/wiki/File:Boeing_KC-135Q_Stratotanker_%28717-148%29%2C_USA_-_Air_Force_AN2017644.jpg "Boeing KC-135Q Stratotanker (717-148), USA - Air Force AN2017644.jpg")
When tanker squadrons were reassigned to [Air Mobility Command](/wiki/Air_Mobility_Command "Air Mobility Command"), the 917th was reassigned to the [43d Operations Group](/wiki/43d_Operations_Group "43d Operations Group"), headquartered at [Malmstrom Air Force Base](/wiki/Malmstrom_Air_Force_Base "Malmstrom Air Force Base"), Montana on 30 September 1993\.{{cite web \|url\= http://www.afhra.af.mil/About\-Us/Fact\-Sheets/Display/Article/434104/43\-operations\-group\-amc/ \|last1\=Haulman\|first1\=Daniel L.\|title\=Factsheet 43 Operations Group (AMC)\|date\=4 December 2007\|publisher\=Air Force Historical Research Agency\|access\-date\=19 June 2014}}
On 1 October 1993 the 96th Wing inactivated, replaced by the [7th Wing](/wiki/7th_Wing "7th Wing"), which moved without personnel or equipment due to the [1993 Base Realignment and Closure Commission](/wiki/1993_Base_Realignment_and_Closure_Commission "1993 Base Realignment and Closure Commission") transfer of [Carswell Air Force Base](/wiki/Carswell_Air_Force_Base "Carswell Air Force Base"), Texas to the U.S. Navy .{{cite web \|url\= http://www.afhra.af.mil/About\-Us/Fact\-Sheets/Display/Article/434137/7\-bomb\-wing\-acc/ \|last1\=Robertson\|first1\=Patsy\|title\=Factsheet 7 Bomb Wing (ACC)\|date\=5 November 2007\|publisher\=Air Force Historical Research Agency\|access\-date\=24 May 2014}} The B\-1Bs of the 337th Squadron were reassigned to the 7th Wing, and the 337th absorbed the B\-1s of the inactivating 338th Crew Training Squadron as part of the new wing.{{Citation needed\|date\=June 2016}}
The **96th Air Base Wing** stood up as a non\-flying organization on 15 March 1994\. It assumed the mission of supporting the Air Armament Center and associate units at Eglin Air Force Base, Florida.
### Air Force Materiel Command Restructuring
The wing became the 96th Test Wing, assuming the [46th Test Wing](/wiki/46th_Test_Wing "46th Test Wing") mission, as part of the 2012 Air Force Materiel Command Restructuring. It is the test and evaluation unit for Air Force air\-delivered weapons, navigation and guidance systems, command and control systems and [Air Force Special Operations Command](/wiki/Air_Force_Special_Operations_Command "Air Force Special Operations Command") systems.{{cite web \|url\= http://www.eglin.af.mil/News/Article\-Display/Article/391309/afmc\-prepares\-for\-5\-center\-transition \|title\=AFMC Prepares for 5\-Center Transition\|date\=19 June 2012\|publisher\=Air Force Materiel Command Public Affairs\|access\-date\=26 June 2012}}
The wing performs developmental test and evaluation for a wide variety of customers including: Air Force Systems Program Offices, the [Air Force Research Laboratory](/wiki/Air_Force_Research_Laboratory "Air Force Research Laboratory"), Materiel Command's logistics and product centers; major commands; other [Department of Defense](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense "United States Department of Defense") services and U.S. government agencies (Department of Transportation, NASA, etc.); foreign military sales; and private industry.{{Citation needed\|date\=June 2016}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.eglin.af.mil/Portals/56/documents/Customer%20Guide%202017%20(June%202018\).pdf\|title\=Test Customer Guide\|date\=2017\|website\=www.eglin.af.mil\|publisher\=96 TW/XPO\|page\=3}}
As of 18 July 2012, the [46th Test Group](/wiki/46th_Test_Group "46th Test Group") at Holloman AFB was 'reflagged' as the [96th Test Group](/wiki/96th_Test_Group "96th Test Group").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.eglin.af.mil/library/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id%3D6061 \|title\=Factsheets : Eglin Air Force Base History \|access\-date\=2010\-09\-16 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227083407/http://www.eglin.af.mil/library/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id\=6061 \|archive\-date\=27 December 2010 }} It operated test facilities for high speed sled track testing, navigation and guidance system testing, radar signature measurements, weapon systems flight testing, and Air Force liaison for all AF programs tested at [White Sands Missile Range](/wiki/White_Sands_Missile_Range "White Sands Missile Range"). The group's Operating Location AA at [Kirtland Air Force Base](/wiki/Kirtland_Air_Force_Base "Kirtland Air Force Base"), New Mexico was responsible for [directed energy](/wiki/Directed_energy "Directed energy") and [high energy laser](/wiki/High_energy_laser "High energy laser") testing and Operating Location AC at [Wright\-Patterson Air Force Base](/wiki/Wright-Patterson_Air_Force_Base "Wright-Patterson Air Force Base"), Ohio, and performed [landing gear](/wiki/Landing_gear "Landing gear") and aircraft [survivability](/wiki/Survivability "Survivability") tests.{{cite web \|url\= http://www.holloman.af.mil/Units/704thTestGroup.aspx \|title\=Fact Sheet 96th Test Group\|publisher\=49th Fighter Wing Public Affairs\|access\-date\=22 June 2016}} The Air Force Test Center began a reorganization in 2015 to move some units within the AFTC from the 96th Test Wing over to the [Arnold Engineering Development Complex](/wiki/Arnold_Engineering_Development_Complex "Arnold Engineering Development Complex") (AEDC).{{cite web\|title\=704th/96th Test Group History \|url\=https://www.holloman.af.mil/About/Fact\-Sheets/Display/Article/317262/704th96th\-test\-group\-history/ \|date\= \|access\-date\=2023\-04\-04}} The largest change was the transfer of the 96th Test Group to the AEDC and its redesignation as the [704th Test Group](/wiki/704th_Test_Group "704th Test Group"), effective 1 December 2016\.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"### World War II",
"[thumb\\|Group B\\-17F with crash crewAircraft is Lockheed/Vega B\\-17F\\-50\\-VE Flying Fortress serial 42\\-6153\\. This aircraft survived the war and was sent to the [Reconstruction Finance Corporation](/wiki/Reconstruction_Finance_Corporation \"Reconstruction Finance Corporation\") at [Kingman Army Air Field](/wiki/Kingman_Army_Air_Field \"Kingman Army Air Field\") on 30 October 1945\\.](/wiki/File:Lockheed-Vega_B-17F-50-VE_Fortress_1945.jpg \"Lockheed-Vega B-17F-50-VE Fortress 1945.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|Camouflaged and unpainted 413th Squadron B\\-17GsAircraft in the foreground is Lockheed/Vega B\\-17G\\-20\\-VE Flying Fortress serial 42\\-97627\\.](/wiki/File:96bg-b17.jpg \"96bg-b17.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|339th Squadron B\\-17G on hardstandAircraft is Boeing B\\-17G\\-70\\-BO Flying Fortress serial 43\\-37683\\.](/wiki/File:B-17G-70-BO_Fortress_Serial_43-37683_in_England%2C_WW2.jpg \"B-17G-70-BO Fortress Serial 43-37683 in England, WW2.jpg\")\nThe group was first activated in July 1942 at [Salt Lake City Army Air Base](/wiki/Salt_Lake_City_Army_Air_Base \"Salt Lake City Army Air Base\"), Utah as the 96th Bombardment Group, with the [337th](/wiki/337th_Test_and_Evaluation_Squadron \"337th Test and Evaluation Squadron\"), [338th](/wiki/338th_Combat_Crew_Training_Squadron \"338th Combat Crew Training Squadron\"), [339th](/wiki/339th_Bombardment_Squadron \"339th Bombardment Squadron\") and [413th Bombardment Squadrons](/wiki/413th_Bombardment_Squadron \"413th Bombardment Squadron\")The 413th Squadron was constituted as the 23d Reconnaissance Squadron, but was redesignated before it was made active. Maurer, *Combat Squadrons*, p. 505\\. assigned as its original components.Maurer, *Combat Squadrons*, pp. 416–417Maurer, *Combat Squadrons*, pp. 417–418Maurer, *Combat Squadrons*, pp. 419–420Maurer, *Combat Squadrons*, p. 505 After moving to [Gowen Field](/wiki/Gowen_Field \"Gowen Field\"), Idaho the group received its initial [cadre](/wiki/En_cadre \"En cadre\"). The group trained at various bases in the northwestern United States.",
"In November 1942 the group moved to [Pocatello Army Air Base](/wiki/Pocatello_Army_Air_Base \"Pocatello Army Air Base\"), Idaho, where it acted as an [Operational Training Unit](/wiki/Operational_-_Replacement_Training_Units \"Operational - Replacement Training Units\") (OTU). OTUs were oversized parent units that provided cadres to form \"satellite groups.\"Maurer, *Combat Units* pp. 165–166Craven \\& Cate, Introduction, p. xxxvi In early 1943, the 96th relocated to [Pyote Army Air Base](/wiki/Pyote_Army_Air_Base \"Pyote Army Air Base\"), Texas, where it resumed its combat training. In April 1943 the group began its overseas movement. The air echelon ferried its bombers via the [North Atlantic Ferry Route](/wiki/North_Atlantic_Ferry_Route \"North Atlantic Ferry Route\"), while the ground echelon proceeded to the New York Port of Embarkation and sailed on the {{RMS\\|Queen Elizabeth}} for [Greenock](/wiki/Greenock \"Greenock\"), Scotland.Freeman, p. 246",
"The group arrived at [RAF Grafton Underwood](/wiki/RAF_Grafton_Underwood \"RAF Grafton Underwood\") England in May 1943, for duty with [Eighth Air Force](/wiki/Eighth_Air_Force \"Eighth Air Force\"). The group was assigned to the [45th Combat Bombardment Wing](/wiki/45th_Combat_Bombardment_Wing \"45th Combat Bombardment Wing\") of the [3d Bombardment Division](/wiki/3d_Bombardment_Division \"3d Bombardment Division\"). The group commenced combat operations on 14 May with an attack on [Kortrijk](/wiki/Kortrijk \"Kortrijk\") (Courtrai), after an aborted mission the previous day.Freeman, p. 47 The 96th moved east at the end of May to [RAF Andrews Field](/wiki/RAF_Andrews_Field \"RAF Andrews Field\"). The 96th appears to have only carried out one mission while based at Andrews. On 29 May 1943 they took part in a raid on Rennes naval storage depot from which one B\\-17 failed to return.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=June 2016}} However, Eighth Air Force was not pleased with the initial performance of the [Martin B\\-26 Marauder](/wiki/Martin_B-26_Marauder \"Martin B-26 Marauder\") units assigned to it and decided to move them from their bases in north [Suffolk](/wiki/Suffolk \"Suffolk\") to stations nearer the continent. As the first step in this move, the [386th Bombardment Group](/wiki/386th_Bombardment_Group \"386th Bombardment Group\") left its base at [RAF Snetterton Heath](/wiki/RAF_Snetterton_Heath \"RAF Snetterton Heath\") for [RAF Boxted](/wiki/RAF_Boxted \"RAF Boxted\"). The 96th took the 386th's place at Snetterton Heath the following day, leaving its previous base available for the [322d Bombardment Group](/wiki/322d_Bombardment_Group \"322d Bombardment Group\").Freeman, p. 50Maurer, *Combat Units*, pp. 202–203",
"As the most conveniently reached station from [3d Air Division](/wiki/3d_Air_Division \"3d Air Division\") Headquarters at Elveden Hall, Snetterton Heath units often led to major operations carrying commanding generals.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=June 2016}} General [Curtis LeMay](/wiki/Curtis_LeMay \"Curtis LeMay\") led the [Regensburg](/wiki/Regensburg \"Regensburg\") shuttle mission to North Africa flying out of this base, and the group received a [Distinguished Unit Citation](/wiki/Distinguished_Unit_Citation \"Distinguished Unit Citation\") for withstanding severe assaults by enemy fighters. The 96th also led the 3d Division on the [Schweinfurt](/wiki/Schweinfurt \"Schweinfurt\") mission of 14 October 1943\\.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=June 2016}} In addition, the 96th attacked [shipyards](/wiki/Shipyard \"Shipyard\"), harbors, railway yards, aerodromes, [oil refineries](/wiki/Oil_refinery \"Oil refinery\"), aircraft factories, and other industrial targets in Germany, France, the Netherlands, Belgium, Norway, Poland, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia.",
"The 96th received another Distinguished Unit Citation for leading the 45th Wing a great distance through heavy clouds and intense [flak](/wiki/Flak \"Flak\") to raid important aircraft component factories in Poland on 9 April 1944\\. Other significant targets attacked by the group included [airfields](/wiki/Airfield \"Airfield\") at [Bordeaux](/wiki/Bordeaux \"Bordeaux\") and [Augsburg](/wiki/Augsburg \"Augsburg\"); [marshalling yards](/wiki/Marshalling_yard \"Marshalling yard\") at [Kiel](/wiki/Kiel \"Kiel\"), [Hamm](/wiki/Hamm%2C_North_Rhine-Westphalia \"Hamm, North Rhine-Westphalia\"), [Brunswick](/wiki/Braunschweig \"Braunschweig\"), and [Gdynia](/wiki/Gdynia \"Gdynia\"); aircraft factories at [Chemnitz](/wiki/Chemnitz \"Chemnitz\"), [Hanover](/wiki/Hanover \"Hanover\"), and [Diósgyőr](/wiki/Di%C3%B3sgy%C5%91r \"Diósgyőr\"); oil refineries at [Merseburg](/wiki/Merseburg \"Merseburg\") and [Brüx](/wiki/Most_%28city%29 \"Most (city)\"), and chemical works in [Wiesbaden](/wiki/Wiesbaden \"Wiesbaden\"), [Ludwigshafen](/wiki/Ludwigshafen \"Ludwigshafen\"), and [Neunkirchen](/wiki/Neunkirchen%2C_Austria \"Neunkirchen, Austria\").",
"In addition to its strategic operations, the 96th was occasionally diverted to support ground forces. These missions included bombing coastal defenses, railway bridges, gun emplacements, and field batteries in the battle area prior to and during [D\\-Day](/wiki/D-Day \"D-Day\") in June 1944\\. It attacked enemy positions to support the breakthrough at [Saint\\-Lô](/wiki/Saint-L%C3%B4 \"Saint-Lô\") in July 1944 and aided the campaign in France in August by striking roads and road junctions and by dropping supplies to the [Maquis](/wiki/Maquis_%28World_War_II%29 \"Maquis (World War II)\"). In the early months of 1945, the group struck lines of communications supplying German armies on the western front.",
"After [V\\-E Day](/wiki/V-E_Day \"V-E Day\"), the 96th flew food to the [Netherlands](/wiki/Netherlands \"Netherlands\") and transported redeploying personnel to French Morocco, Northern Ireland, France, and Germany. the group was programmed to move to Germany for [occupation](/wiki/Military_occupation \"Military occupation\") duty. However, plans were revised in September 1945\\. In November 1945 its aircraft were flown back to the United States or transferred to other units. Two of its squadrons were inactivated in late November and the others in mid\\-December. The group [headquarters](/wiki/Headquarters \"Headquarters\")' remaining personnel left Snetterton Heath, sailing on the {{USS\\|Lake Champlain\\|CV\\-39\\|6}} on 12 December and arriving at [Camp Kilmer](/wiki/Camp_Kilmer \"Camp Kilmer\") New Jersey on 20 December 1945, where it was inactivated the following day.",
"### Air Force Reserve",
"The 96th Bombardment Group was activated as a reserve unit under [Air Defense Command](/wiki/Air_Defense_Command \"Air Defense Command\") (ADC) on 29 May 1947 at [Gunter Field](/wiki/Gunter_Field \"Gunter Field\"), Alabama. It was initially assigned three of its World War II units, the 337th Bombardment Squadron, located at Gunter, and the 338th and 339th Bombardment Squadrons, stationed at [Hawkins Field](/wiki/Hawkins_Field_%28airport%29 \"Hawkins Field (airport)\") in Mississippi. In July, it added three additional squadrons, the 413th Bombardment Squadron at [Keesler Air Force Base](/wiki/Keesler_Air_Force_Base \"Keesler Air Force Base\") in Mississippi, the [546th Bombardment Squadron](/wiki/546th_Bombardment_Squadron \"546th Bombardment Squadron\") at [Lovell Field](/wiki/Lovell_Field \"Lovell Field\") in Tennessee, and the [547th Bombardment Squadron](/wiki/547th_Bombardment_Squadron \"547th Bombardment Squadron\") at [Smith Reynolds Airport](/wiki/Smith_Reynolds_Airport \"Smith Reynolds Airport\") in North Carolina.Maurer, *Combat Squadrons*, pp. 649–650Maurer, *Combat Squadrons*, pp. 650–651 In October, however, the two squadrons at Jackson were transferred to the [384th Bombardment Group](/wiki/384th_Bombardment_Group \"384th Bombardment Group\").",
"At Gunter, the group conducted routine training activities under the supervision of the 476th AAF Base Unit (later the 2586th Air Force Reserve Training Center). President [Truman's](/wiki/Harry_S._Truman \"Harry S. Truman\") reduced 1949 defense budget required reductions in the number of units in the Air Force,Knaack, p. 25 and the 96th Group and 2586th Center were inactivated in July 1949 and not replaced as flying operations at Gunter ceased.*See* Mueller, p. 218 (dates 476th Base Unit/2586th Center stationed at Gunter).",
"### Strategic Air Command",
"[thumb\\|B\\-47E in markings of 96th Wing](/wiki/File:Boeing_EB-47E_Stratojet%2C_USA_-_Air_Force_AN1018959.jpg \"Boeing EB-47E Stratojet, USA - Air Force AN1018959.jpg\")\nThe 96th Bombardment Wing was activated in November 1953 at [Altus Air Force Base](/wiki/Altus_Air_Force_Base \"Altus Air Force Base\"), Oklahoma. Wing headquarters and most of the wing components were not manned until March 1954; those components were controlled by the 96th Air Base Group, whose commander served additional duty as the 96th's wing commander.Mixer {{page needed\\|date\\=June 2016}} The wing soon received [Boeing KC\\-97 Stratofreighters](/wiki/Boeing_KC-97_Stratofreighter \"Boeing KC-97 Stratofreighter\") and began air refueling operations in March 1954\\.",
"The wing began training with [Boeing B\\-47E Stratojet](/wiki/Boeing_B-47E_Stratojet \"Boeing B-47E Stratojet\") swept\\-wing medium bombers, capable of flying at high subsonic speeds, in April 1955 in support of SAC's global commitments. It deployed to [Andersen Air Force Base](/wiki/Andersen_Air_Force_Base \"Andersen Air Force Base\") [Guam](/wiki/Guam \"Guam\") from January through April 1957\\. The wing joined the [341st Bombardment Wing](/wiki/341st_Bombardment_Wing \"341st Bombardment Wing\") at [Dyess Air Force Base](/wiki/Dyess_Air_Force_Base \"Dyess Air Force Base\"), Texas on 8 September 1957\\.",
"The [4th Strategic Support Squadron](/wiki/4th_Strategic_Support_Squadron \"4th Strategic Support Squadron\"), a strategic airlift squadron flying [Douglas C\\-124 Globemaster IIs](/wiki/Douglas_C-124_Globemaster_II \"Douglas C-124 Globemaster II\"), moved to Dyess from [Ellsworth Air Force Base](/wiki/Ellsworth_Air_Force_Base \"Ellsworth Air Force Base\") in 1957\\.Mueller, pp. 121, 155 It was assigned to the wing from September 1959 until it was inactivated in March 1961\\. The wing added [intercontinental ballistic missiles](/wiki/Intercontinental_ballistic_missiles \"Intercontinental ballistic missiles\") to its nuclear strike force when the [578th Strategic Missile Squadron](/wiki/578th_Strategic_Missile_Squadron \"578th Strategic Missile Squadron\"), with [Convair SM\\-65 Atlas](/wiki/Convair_SM-65_Atlas \"Convair SM-65 Atlas\") missiles joined the wing in July 1961\\. The first Atlas missile went on alert in April 1962\\. The wing's Atlases were phased out in March 1965\\.\n[Wing emblem during SAC era, surrounded by a [bordure](/wiki/Bordure \"Bordure\") in the colors of the SAC [riband](/wiki/Riband \"Riband\")\\|thumb](/wiki/file:96th_Bombardment_Wing_-_SAC_-_Emblem.png \"96th Bombardment Wing - SAC - Emblem.png\")\nSoon after [detection of Soviet missiles in Cuba](/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis \"Cuban Missile Crisis\"), on 22 October 1962, SAC's B\\-47s were dispersed.Kipp, *et al*., pp. 34–35 Dispersing bombers carried nuclear weapons in ferrying configuration.Kipp, *et al*., pp. 31–32 On 24 October SAC went to [DEFCON](/wiki/DEFCON \"DEFCON\") 2, placing all its combat aircraft on alert.Kipp, *et al*., p. 35 Most dispersal bases were civilian airfields with [Air Force Reserve](/wiki/Air_Force_Reserve \"Air Force Reserve\") or [Air National Guard](/wiki/Air_National_Guard \"Air National Guard\") units. The B\\-47s were configured for execution of the Emergency War Order as soon as possible after dispersal. On 15 November, 1/6 of the dispersed B\\-47s were recalled to their home bases.Kipp, *et al*., p. 53 On 21 November SAC relaxed its alert posture to DEFCON 3\\. its dispersed B\\-47s and their supporting tankers were recalled on 24 November. On 27 November SAC returned to normal alert posture.Kipp, *et al*., p. 61",
"By the early 1960s, the B\\-47 was being phased out of SAC's strategic arsenal. In June 1961, the 341st Bombardment Wing had been inactivated and the 96th became the single Stratojet wing at Dyess.{{cite web \\|url\\= http://www.afhra.af.mil/About\\-Us/Fact\\-Sheets/Display/Article/432106/341\\-missile\\-wing\\-afgsc/ \\|last1\\=Kane\\|first1\\=Robert B.\\|title\\=Factsheet 341 Missile Wing (AFGSC)\\|date\\=6 April 2012\\|publisher\\=Air Force Historical Research Agency\\|access\\-date\\=25 June 2016}} In March 1963, two of the wing's bomber squadrons were inactivated, and by December 1963, its remaining squadron had converted to the [Boeing B\\-52 Stratofortress](/wiki/Boeing_B-52_Stratofortress \"Boeing B-52 Stratofortress\"). The 96th received B\\-52Cs from the 99th Bomb Wing from [Walker Air Force Base](/wiki/Walker_Air_Force_Base \"Walker Air Force Base\") in Roswell, New Mexico.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=June 2016}} In 1970 and again 1972–1973, most wing personnel and all of its aircraft and [crews](/wiki/Aircrew \"Aircrew\") deployed to the Pacific in support of the War in Vietnam. During most of this time, the 96BW also supported [Operation Chrome Dome](/wiki/Operation_Chrome_Dome \"Operation Chrome Dome\") missions over the North Pole in the [Cold War](/wiki/Cold_War \"Cold War\").{{Citation needed\\|date\\=June 2016}}",
"From 1980, the wing's [917th Air Refueling Squadron](/wiki/917th_Air_Refueling_Squadron \"917th Air Refueling Squadron\")'s [Boeing KC\\-135A Stratotanker](/wiki/Boeing_KC-135A_Stratotanker \"Boeing KC-135A Stratotanker\") aircraft regularly deployed to Europe, Alaska, and the Pacific to support SAC tanker task force requirements.",
"The 337th Bombardment Squadron became the first squadron to operate the [Rockwell B\\-1B Lancer](/wiki/Rockwell_B-1B_Lancer \"Rockwell B-1B Lancer\"), after the arrival of the first aircraft in June 1985\\. In October 1986, B\\-1Bs assumed SAC Cold War alert duties for the first time. In addition, the 338th Combat Crew Training Squadron received B\\-1Bs in June 1992\\.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=June 2016}}",
"917th Squadron tankers provided refueling support to units involved in [Operation Just Cause](/wiki/Operation_Just_Cause \"Operation Just Cause\"), the December 1989 incursion that replaced [Manuel Noriega](/wiki/Manuel_Noriega \"Manuel Noriega\") as ruler of Panama. The following August, they ferried personnel and equipment to [Andersen Air Force Base](/wiki/Andersen_Air_Force_Base \"Andersen Air Force Base\"), Guam for further movement to Southwest Asia. In December 1990 all remaining tanker aircraft and crews, except those on alert duty, were sent to [Incirlik Air Base](/wiki/Incirlik_Air_Base \"Incirlik Air Base\"), Turkey in support of [Operation Desert Storm](/wiki/Operation_Desert_Storm \"Operation Desert Storm\").{{Citation needed\\|date\\=June 2016}}",
"### Post Cold War",
"[thumb\\|right\\|96th Munitions Maintenance Squadron airmen inspect an inert [AGM\\-69 SRAM](/wiki/AGM-69_SRAM \"AGM-69 SRAM\") after removing it from the bomb bay of a [B\\-1 Lancer](/wiki/B-1_Lancer \"B-1 Lancer\")Christened the \"Star of Abilene\", serial 83\\-65\\. Pictured on the flightline at Dyess AFB after flying its last mission in 2003\\.](/wiki/file:Members_of_the_96th_Munitions_Maintenance_Squadron_inspect_an_inert_AGM-69A_short_range_attack_missile_%28SRAM%29_after_removing_it_from_the_bomb_bay_of_a_B-1B_bomber_aircraft_DF-ST-88-03499.jpg \"Members of the 96th Munitions Maintenance Squadron inspect an inert AGM-69A short range attack missile (SRAM) after removing it from the bomb bay of a B-1B bomber aircraft DF-ST-88-03499.jpg\")",
"On 1 September 1991, the wing was redesignated as the **96th Wing** and implemented the objective wing concept. It was relieved from assignment to SAC and assigned to [Air Combat Command](/wiki/Air_Combat_Command \"Air Combat Command\") on 1 June 1992\\. Also on 1 June 1992, the 917th Squadron acquired KC\\-135Qs in conjunction with the drawdown of tanker operations at [Beale Air Force Base](/wiki/Beale_Air_Force_Base \"Beale Air Force Base\"), California.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=June 2016}}",
"[thumb\\|Wing KC\\-135Q Stratotanker](/wiki/File:Boeing_KC-135Q_Stratotanker_%28717-148%29%2C_USA_-_Air_Force_AN2017644.jpg \"Boeing KC-135Q Stratotanker (717-148), USA - Air Force AN2017644.jpg\")\nWhen tanker squadrons were reassigned to [Air Mobility Command](/wiki/Air_Mobility_Command \"Air Mobility Command\"), the 917th was reassigned to the [43d Operations Group](/wiki/43d_Operations_Group \"43d Operations Group\"), headquartered at [Malmstrom Air Force Base](/wiki/Malmstrom_Air_Force_Base \"Malmstrom Air Force Base\"), Montana on 30 September 1993\\.{{cite web \\|url\\= http://www.afhra.af.mil/About\\-Us/Fact\\-Sheets/Display/Article/434104/43\\-operations\\-group\\-amc/ \\|last1\\=Haulman\\|first1\\=Daniel L.\\|title\\=Factsheet 43 Operations Group (AMC)\\|date\\=4 December 2007\\|publisher\\=Air Force Historical Research Agency\\|access\\-date\\=19 June 2014}}",
"On 1 October 1993 the 96th Wing inactivated, replaced by the [7th Wing](/wiki/7th_Wing \"7th Wing\"), which moved without personnel or equipment due to the [1993 Base Realignment and Closure Commission](/wiki/1993_Base_Realignment_and_Closure_Commission \"1993 Base Realignment and Closure Commission\") transfer of [Carswell Air Force Base](/wiki/Carswell_Air_Force_Base \"Carswell Air Force Base\"), Texas to the U.S. Navy .{{cite web \\|url\\= http://www.afhra.af.mil/About\\-Us/Fact\\-Sheets/Display/Article/434137/7\\-bomb\\-wing\\-acc/ \\|last1\\=Robertson\\|first1\\=Patsy\\|title\\=Factsheet 7 Bomb Wing (ACC)\\|date\\=5 November 2007\\|publisher\\=Air Force Historical Research Agency\\|access\\-date\\=24 May 2014}} The B\\-1Bs of the 337th Squadron were reassigned to the 7th Wing, and the 337th absorbed the B\\-1s of the inactivating 338th Crew Training Squadron as part of the new wing.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=June 2016}}",
"The **96th Air Base Wing** stood up as a non\\-flying organization on 15 March 1994\\. It assumed the mission of supporting the Air Armament Center and associate units at Eglin Air Force Base, Florida.",
"### Air Force Materiel Command Restructuring",
"The wing became the 96th Test Wing, assuming the [46th Test Wing](/wiki/46th_Test_Wing \"46th Test Wing\") mission, as part of the 2012 Air Force Materiel Command Restructuring. It is the test and evaluation unit for Air Force air\\-delivered weapons, navigation and guidance systems, command and control systems and [Air Force Special Operations Command](/wiki/Air_Force_Special_Operations_Command \"Air Force Special Operations Command\") systems.{{cite web \\|url\\= http://www.eglin.af.mil/News/Article\\-Display/Article/391309/afmc\\-prepares\\-for\\-5\\-center\\-transition \\|title\\=AFMC Prepares for 5\\-Center Transition\\|date\\=19 June 2012\\|publisher\\=Air Force Materiel Command Public Affairs\\|access\\-date\\=26 June 2012}}",
"The wing performs developmental test and evaluation for a wide variety of customers including: Air Force Systems Program Offices, the [Air Force Research Laboratory](/wiki/Air_Force_Research_Laboratory \"Air Force Research Laboratory\"), Materiel Command's logistics and product centers; major commands; other [Department of Defense](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense \"United States Department of Defense\") services and U.S. government agencies (Department of Transportation, NASA, etc.); foreign military sales; and private industry.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=June 2016}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.eglin.af.mil/Portals/56/documents/Customer%20Guide%202017%20(June%202018\\).pdf\\|title\\=Test Customer Guide\\|date\\=2017\\|website\\=www.eglin.af.mil\\|publisher\\=96 TW/XPO\\|page\\=3}}",
"As of 18 July 2012, the [46th Test Group](/wiki/46th_Test_Group \"46th Test Group\") at Holloman AFB was 'reflagged' as the [96th Test Group](/wiki/96th_Test_Group \"96th Test Group\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.eglin.af.mil/library/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id%3D6061 \\|title\\=Factsheets : Eglin Air Force Base History \\|access\\-date\\=2010\\-09\\-16 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227083407/http://www.eglin.af.mil/library/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id\\=6061 \\|archive\\-date\\=27 December 2010 }} It operated test facilities for high speed sled track testing, navigation and guidance system testing, radar signature measurements, weapon systems flight testing, and Air Force liaison for all AF programs tested at [White Sands Missile Range](/wiki/White_Sands_Missile_Range \"White Sands Missile Range\"). The group's Operating Location AA at [Kirtland Air Force Base](/wiki/Kirtland_Air_Force_Base \"Kirtland Air Force Base\"), New Mexico was responsible for [directed energy](/wiki/Directed_energy \"Directed energy\") and [high energy laser](/wiki/High_energy_laser \"High energy laser\") testing and Operating Location AC at [Wright\\-Patterson Air Force Base](/wiki/Wright-Patterson_Air_Force_Base \"Wright-Patterson Air Force Base\"), Ohio, and performed [landing gear](/wiki/Landing_gear \"Landing gear\") and aircraft [survivability](/wiki/Survivability \"Survivability\") tests.{{cite web \\|url\\= http://www.holloman.af.mil/Units/704thTestGroup.aspx \\|title\\=Fact Sheet 96th Test Group\\|publisher\\=49th Fighter Wing Public Affairs\\|access\\-date\\=22 June 2016}} The Air Force Test Center began a reorganization in 2015 to move some units within the AFTC from the 96th Test Wing over to the [Arnold Engineering Development Complex](/wiki/Arnold_Engineering_Development_Complex \"Arnold Engineering Development Complex\") (AEDC).{{cite web\\|title\\=704th/96th Test Group History \\|url\\=https://www.holloman.af.mil/About/Fact\\-Sheets/Display/Article/317262/704th96th\\-test\\-group\\-history/ \\|date\\= \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-04\\-04}} The largest change was the transfer of the 96th Test Group to the AEDC and its redesignation as the [704th Test Group](/wiki/704th_Test_Group \"704th Test Group\"), effective 1 December 2016\\.",
""
] |
Career
------
As a youth, Habib Wali received classical music lessons from Ustad Latafat Ali Khan, a nephew of noted musician Ustad [Faiyyaz Khan](/wiki/Faiyyaz_Khan "Faiyyaz Khan") (1880 – 1950\). In college, he became active in the musical functions of [Ismail Yusuf College](/wiki/Ismail_Yusuf_College "Ismail Yusuf College"), gaining the nickname 'Taan Sen'. He completed his bachelor's degree in Bombay.
In 1941, Habib Wali was awarded first prize in a Bombay music competition with 1200 contestants, including the singer [Mukesh Chand Mathur](/wiki/Mukesh_Chand_Mathur "Mukesh Chand Mathur"). His winning performance was singing the ghazals of the last [Moghul Emperor](/wiki/Mughal_emperors "Mughal emperors") [Bahadur Shah Zafar](/wiki/Bahadur_Shah_Zafar "Bahadur Shah Zafar"), *Lagta Nahin Hai Jee Mera Ujray Diyar Mein* and *Yeh Na Thi Hamari Qismat* by [Mirza Ghalib](/wiki/Mirza_Ghalib "Mirza Ghalib"). He recorded his first LP in the 1950s for [Radio Ceylon](/wiki/Radio_Ceylon "Radio Ceylon"), now known as [Sri Lanka Broadcasting Corporation](/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Broadcasting_Corporation "Sri Lanka Broadcasting Corporation"). Interestingly, the LP record did not have his real name. Instead, he used his stage name of *Kamal Roy* and the music was composed by [Saraswati Devi](/wiki/Saraswati_Devi_%28music_director%29 "Saraswati Devi (music director)").
Encouraged by this recognition, at a young age, he took more interest in ghazal singing. During his stay in America, he had been out of touch with music. Hence, he felt lonely and missed his earlier college functions in Bombay. In his own words, "He was not happy in 'Ujray dayar mein', the same ghazal which had won him an award of a lifetime. He put a lot of effort and came out with a gramophone record of ghazals in his voice. On one side of the record, he dubbed Bahadur Shah Zafar's ghazals and on the other side, [Ghalib's](/wiki/Mirza_Ghalib "Mirza Ghalib") ghazals. The Indian public was reluctant to buy them at that time.
Listening to these ghazals, actress [Meena Kumari](/wiki/Meena_Kumari "Meena Kumari") became a fan of his, and since she was at the time affiliated with [Radio Ceylon](/wiki/Radio_Ceylon "Radio Ceylon"), she had his recordings broadcast often. This boosted Habib Wali's sales and caused him to become a celebrity.
After the [independence](/wiki/Partition_of_India "Partition of India") of [Pakistan](/wiki/Pakistan "Pakistan") in 1947, his family migrated to [Pakistan](/wiki/Pakistan "Pakistan") and established an industrial group which includes the Shalimar Silk Mills. He gave most of his time to the family business, recording ghazals and geets for films in his spare time, however music was not pursued as a profession.
However, he still sang ghazals for the music companies, including a geet written by the poet [Parveen Shakir](/wiki/Parveen_Shakir "Parveen Shakir"): 'Gori karath singhar'. In the eighties, he recorded ghazals on audio cassettes which were composed by the noted music director [Nisar Bazmi](/wiki/Nisar_Bazmi "Nisar Bazmi") and [Pakistan Television](/wiki/Pakistan_Television "Pakistan Television"), Karachi Center's music director *Niaz Ahmed*. In addition, he received offers to become a film playback singer for the [Pakistani film industry](/wiki/Pakistani_film_industry "Pakistani film industry").
Habib Wali Mohammad was from an early group of singers ever to record [ghazals](/wiki/Ghazal "Ghazal"). But probably because of his background and as a member of a well\-established family, Habib Wali Mohammad had never pursued an aggressive and mainstream career as a singer, though he was still highly regarded among the Pakistani public.
His famous ghazals include [Bahadur Shah Zafar](/wiki/Bahadur_Shah_Zafar "Bahadur Shah Zafar")'s 'Na kisi ki aankh ka noor hoon' and [Qamar Jalalvi](/wiki/Qamar_Jalalvi "Qamar Jalalvi")'s 'Kab mera nasheman ahlay chaman'. All of his performances of the ghazals of Bahadur Shah Zafar have been very popular.
His other well\-known ghazals, include [Aaj Jaane Ki Zid Na Karo](/wiki/Aaj_Jaane_Ki_Zid_Na_Karo "Aaj Jaane Ki Zid Na Karo"). He also sang the famous national song, "Roshan\-o\-Rakhshan, Nayyar\-o\-Tabaan, Pakistan rahay".
|
[
"Career\n------",
"As a youth, Habib Wali received classical music lessons from Ustad Latafat Ali Khan, a nephew of noted musician Ustad [Faiyyaz Khan](/wiki/Faiyyaz_Khan \"Faiyyaz Khan\") (1880 – 1950\\). In college, he became active in the musical functions of [Ismail Yusuf College](/wiki/Ismail_Yusuf_College \"Ismail Yusuf College\"), gaining the nickname 'Taan Sen'. He completed his bachelor's degree in Bombay.",
"In 1941, Habib Wali was awarded first prize in a Bombay music competition with 1200 contestants, including the singer [Mukesh Chand Mathur](/wiki/Mukesh_Chand_Mathur \"Mukesh Chand Mathur\"). His winning performance was singing the ghazals of the last [Moghul Emperor](/wiki/Mughal_emperors \"Mughal emperors\") [Bahadur Shah Zafar](/wiki/Bahadur_Shah_Zafar \"Bahadur Shah Zafar\"), *Lagta Nahin Hai Jee Mera Ujray Diyar Mein* and *Yeh Na Thi Hamari Qismat* by [Mirza Ghalib](/wiki/Mirza_Ghalib \"Mirza Ghalib\"). He recorded his first LP in the 1950s for [Radio Ceylon](/wiki/Radio_Ceylon \"Radio Ceylon\"), now known as [Sri Lanka Broadcasting Corporation](/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Broadcasting_Corporation \"Sri Lanka Broadcasting Corporation\"). Interestingly, the LP record did not have his real name. Instead, he used his stage name of *Kamal Roy* and the music was composed by [Saraswati Devi](/wiki/Saraswati_Devi_%28music_director%29 \"Saraswati Devi (music director)\").",
"Encouraged by this recognition, at a young age, he took more interest in ghazal singing. During his stay in America, he had been out of touch with music. Hence, he felt lonely and missed his earlier college functions in Bombay. In his own words, \"He was not happy in 'Ujray dayar mein', the same ghazal which had won him an award of a lifetime. He put a lot of effort and came out with a gramophone record of ghazals in his voice. On one side of the record, he dubbed Bahadur Shah Zafar's ghazals and on the other side, [Ghalib's](/wiki/Mirza_Ghalib \"Mirza Ghalib\") ghazals. The Indian public was reluctant to buy them at that time.",
"Listening to these ghazals, actress [Meena Kumari](/wiki/Meena_Kumari \"Meena Kumari\") became a fan of his, and since she was at the time affiliated with [Radio Ceylon](/wiki/Radio_Ceylon \"Radio Ceylon\"), she had his recordings broadcast often. This boosted Habib Wali's sales and caused him to become a celebrity.",
"After the [independence](/wiki/Partition_of_India \"Partition of India\") of [Pakistan](/wiki/Pakistan \"Pakistan\") in 1947, his family migrated to [Pakistan](/wiki/Pakistan \"Pakistan\") and established an industrial group which includes the Shalimar Silk Mills. He gave most of his time to the family business, recording ghazals and geets for films in his spare time, however music was not pursued as a profession.",
"However, he still sang ghazals for the music companies, including a geet written by the poet [Parveen Shakir](/wiki/Parveen_Shakir \"Parveen Shakir\"): 'Gori karath singhar'. In the eighties, he recorded ghazals on audio cassettes which were composed by the noted music director [Nisar Bazmi](/wiki/Nisar_Bazmi \"Nisar Bazmi\") and [Pakistan Television](/wiki/Pakistan_Television \"Pakistan Television\"), Karachi Center's music director *Niaz Ahmed*. In addition, he received offers to become a film playback singer for the [Pakistani film industry](/wiki/Pakistani_film_industry \"Pakistani film industry\").",
"Habib Wali Mohammad was from an early group of singers ever to record [ghazals](/wiki/Ghazal \"Ghazal\"). But probably because of his background and as a member of a well\\-established family, Habib Wali Mohammad had never pursued an aggressive and mainstream career as a singer, though he was still highly regarded among the Pakistani public.",
"His famous ghazals include [Bahadur Shah Zafar](/wiki/Bahadur_Shah_Zafar \"Bahadur Shah Zafar\")'s 'Na kisi ki aankh ka noor hoon' and [Qamar Jalalvi](/wiki/Qamar_Jalalvi \"Qamar Jalalvi\")'s 'Kab mera nasheman ahlay chaman'. All of his performances of the ghazals of Bahadur Shah Zafar have been very popular.",
"His other well\\-known ghazals, include [Aaj Jaane Ki Zid Na Karo](/wiki/Aaj_Jaane_Ki_Zid_Na_Karo \"Aaj Jaane Ki Zid Na Karo\"). He also sang the famous national song, \"Roshan\\-o\\-Rakhshan, Nayyar\\-o\\-Tabaan, Pakistan rahay\".",
""
] |
Variants
--------
### CX500
[thumb\|1979 Honda CX500](/wiki/File:Honda_cx_500_sabs%27s.jpg%23file "Honda cx 500 sabs's.jpg#file")
The basic 1978 48 hp CX500 had a large fuel tank, stepped seat, a round brake fluid reservoir and a plastic mini\-fairing that was thought to look unusual at the time. Turn signals extend out through the mini fairing from the headlight's centerline. The CX500 Standard had silver Comstar wheels, 19 inch (front) and 18 inch (rear).
The trademark [Moto Guzzi](/wiki/Moto_Guzzi "Moto Guzzi") habit of mounting a [V\-twin engine](/wiki/V-twin "V-twin") with the crankshaft inline with the frame and [shaft final drive](/wiki/Drive_shaft%23Motorcycle_drive_shafts "Drive shaft#Motorcycle drive shafts") was adopted for the CX500; but this Honda was decidedly different. Not only was the 497 cc [engine](/wiki/Motorcycle_engine "Motorcycle engine") water\-cooled, but it had [four valves](/wiki/Multivalve "Multivalve") per [cylinder](/wiki/Cylinder_%28engine%29 "Cylinder (engine)") that were operated by [pushrods](/wiki/Pushrod_engine "Pushrod engine") rather than the [overhead cams](/wiki/Overhead_cam "Overhead cam") favored by Honda on its previous four\-stroke engine designs.{{Cite magazine\|url\=http://www.motorcycleclassics.com/Restoration\-Technical/2008\-03\-01/Honda\-CX500\.aspx\|title\=1978\-1982 Honda CX500\|magazine\=\[\[Motorcycle Classics]]\|date\=March–April 2008\|access\-date\=2009\-02\-25}}
The styling was radical: a steep fork angle and a short engine contributed to a stubby [wheelbase](/wiki/Wheelbase "Wheelbase") on a bike that was rather tall. The CX500 was one of the first recipients of Honda's new Comstar wheels, of diameter {{convert\|19\|in\|abbr\=on}} (front) and{{convert\|16\|in\|abbr\=on}} (rear). Later, on B models, reversed Comstars and a square brake fluid reservoir) were fitted.["Classic Motorbikes" review](https://classic-motorbikes.net/honda-cx500-neither-plastic-nor-maggot/)
The [fuel tank](/wiki/Fuel_tank "Fuel tank") tapered toward the front and a huge half\-moon tail light jutted out from a short [fairing](/wiki/Motorcycle_fairing "Motorcycle fairing") behind the radically stepped seat. The end result was a mix of standard, sport, and cruiser features.
### CX500 Custom
[thumb\|left\|Honda CX500C Custom](/wiki/File:CX500C_blau.jpg "CX500C blau.jpg")
[thumb\|Honda CX 500 C](/wiki/File:Honda_CX_500_C.JPG "Honda CX 500 C.JPG")
The "Custom" variant, introduced in 1979, had a smaller, narrower tank and buckhorn handlebars. The headlight and gauges were similar to the CX500 Deluxe. [Turn signals](/wiki/Turn_signal "Turn signal") were now mounted along the fork tubes, below the level of the headlight. 1982 was the last model year for the CX500\. In 1983 it was bumped up to 673 cc and became the CX650\. The CX650's styling was different, and the engine was painted black instead of plain aluminium.
### CX500 Deluxe
The "Deluxe" model appeared in 1979\. This bike looked nearly identical to the original CX500 Standard, with the exception of regular (85 mph) gauges and headlight (the mini fairing was removed) and black reversed Com Star wheels \- 19 inch front and 16 inch rear. 1981 was the final year for the CX500 Deluxe model.
The CX500 met with a good degree of success. It proved to be reliable and economical, being the least\-expensive shaft\-drive bike. Many examples still exist today, and along with the GL Silverwings, are fast becoming cult bikes. There are owners clubs throughout Europe and the rest of the world.
{{Clear}}
### CX500EC Sports
[thumb\|1985 Honda CX500 Sports](/wiki/File:Honda_CX500_Sports_50PS_1985.jpg "Honda CX500 Sports 50PS 1985.jpg")
Introduced in 1982 the EC variant is a much improved motorcycle compared to the original 500\. Sharing many parts with the CX500 Turbo introduced the same model year, the Sport (following the release of the CX650ED 'Eurosports', many people referred to the CX500EC also as the 'Eurosports' although technically not correct) features air pre\-load assisted front forks with an anti\-dive mechanism, known as TRAC (Torque Reactive Anti\-dive Control), and an air pre\-load assisted prolink mono\-shock rear suspension. The wheels were also modified, with an {{convert\|18\|in\|mm\|adj\=mid\|\-diameter}} restyled round hole comstar with a 100–90H18 front tyre, whilst on the rear is a 120–80H18\. The brakes are vastly improved with much more effective twin pot calipers on the front and a new disc brake with twin pot caliper on the rear replacing the original drum. The Sports is also significantly restyled with a larger fuel tank, a nose fairing, side panels, seat, and tail unit that share much more modern lines. In the UK only two colour options were made: white pearl with blue and red strips, or black with orange and silver stripes. The instrumentation is improved with the introduction of a fuel gauge and like the rest of the bike, a much updated appearance. Plastic mudguards replace the chromed steel versions on the earlier machines curing the associated rust problems. The round headlight of the early bikes is also replaced with a rectangular lens which gives improved night lighting.
The changes extended to the engine where Honda's late 1970s issues with cam chains were dealt with via the introduction of an automatic tensioner replacing the manual version on the earlier models. Other changes also meant that the standard valve clearances were reduced, possibly through tighter manufacturing control. Sports model engines are identifiable via the lack of a cam chain tensioner bolt and the revised valve covers which feature black painted stripes and satin alloy flat areas.
The changes made the 500 Sports significantly better to both look at and ride, and more reliable than the previous versions. The later CX650ED shared the majority of the cosmetic changes introduced by the 500EC, whilst in Japan a 400 cc version was introduced with the same styling to comply with licence rules.
{{Clear}}
### GL500 Silver Wing and GL650 Silver Wing
{{Distinguish\|Honda Silver Wing (scooter)}}
{{Infobox Motorcycle
\| name \= GL500/GL650 Silver Wing
\| image \= Honda CX OldCarLand Kiev.jpg
\| manufacturer \= Honda
\| production \= 1981\-1982 (GL500\)
1983 (GL650\)
\| class \= \[\[Touring motorcycle]]
\| engine \= \[\[Overhead\-valve\|OHV]], liquid\-cooled \[\[V\-twin engine]]
497 cc (GL500\)
674 cc (GL650\)
\| bore\_stroke \= {{unbulleted list
\| {{convert\|78\|×\|52\|mm\|1\|abbr\=on}}
\| {{convert\|82\.5\|×\|63\|mm\|1\|abbr\=on}}
}}
\| top\_speed \= {{Convert\|110\|mph\|abbr\=on\|order\=flip}}
\| transmission \= 5\-\[\[Gear train\|speed]] \[\[Manual transmission\|manual]], \[\[driveshaft\|shaft drive]]
\| suspension \= Front: Air\-adjustable forks
Rear: Pro\-Link
\| brakes \= Dual front disc
\| tires \=
\| rake\_trail \=
\| wheelbase \= 1496 mm (58\.9 in)
\| length\=
\| width\=
\| height\=
\| seat\_height \= 775 mm (30\.5 in)
\| dry\_weight \= {{Convert\|217\|kg\|lb\|abbr\=on}}
\| wet\_weight \={{convert\|534\|lb\|abbr\=on\|order\=flip}}
\| fuel\_capacity \= {{Convert\|17\.5\|L\|USgal\|abbr\=on}}
}}
In 1981 Honda released the GL500 Silver Wing, which was a mid\-sized touring bike based on the CX500 engine. The GL500 engine was similar to the CX500 engine, but used the more reliable transistorized ignition system, which meant the stator would contain only charging windings and thus would put out more power for operating the lights and other devices commonly added to touring motorcycles. The GL500 also used Honda's Pro\-Link monoshock rear suspension and was available as either a naked bike or as an Interstate model with fairing. The Interstate included a large factory fairing, hard saddlebags, and a trunk. This made the Silver Wing look like a miniature [Gold Wing GL1100 Interstate](/wiki/Honda_Gold_Wing "Honda Gold Wing"). The 1981 model had a small tail trunk, which was replaced by a larger trunk in 1982\. The trunk was interchangeable with the back seat—the bike is rider\-only with the trunk installed, although there was an aftermarket extender available to allow the trunk to be mounted behind the passenger seat.
In 1983 the GL500 was upgraded to the GL650\. Apart from the larger, 674 cc engine, the GL650 had a slightly different fairing mounts and front engine hanger mount than the GL500, and portions of the GL650 engine are painted black. The fuel economy of the GL650 was improved over that of the GL500 due to significantly taller gearing and the replacement of the CX/GL500's mechanical radiator fan with an electric fan. Claimed power was {{cvt\|50\|hp\|kW\|0}} for the GL500 and {{cvt\|64\|hp\|kW\|0}} for the GL650\.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.motorcycleclassics.com/classic\-japanese\-motorcycles/classic\-honda\-motorcycles/honda\-gl500\-silver\-wing\-zmmz16sozhur//\|title\=Mid\-Size Touring and the Little Wing: 1981\-1982 Honda GL500 Silver Wing Interstate \| magazine\=\[\[Motorcycle Classics]] \|access\-date\=June 30, 2018\|date\=September–October 2016 }}{{cite web \|url\=https://www.ericpetersautos.com/2011/03/24/the\-one\-year\-wonder\-and\-why///\|last\=Peters \|first\=Eric \|title\=The One Year Wonder (And Why)\| publisher\=Eric Peters Auto \|access\-date\=June 30, 2018\|date\=March 24, 2011 }}
The CX\-based Silver Wings were discontinued after the 1983 model year.{{cite web\|title\=Honda GL650 Silver Wing Interstate\|url\=http://tanshanomi.com/honda\-gl650\-silver\-wing\-interstate/index.html\|work\=Tanshanomi's Snap Judgments\|publisher\=Tanshanomi.com\|access\-date\=26 January 2014\|archive\-date\=30 December 2013\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230181716/http://tanshanomi.com/honda\-gl650\-silver\-wing\-interstate/index.html\|url\-status\=dead}} Overproduction of the 1982 GL500 caused some to be sold new as late as 1984\.{{Clear}}
### CX500 Turbo
[thumb\|right\|Honda CX500 Turbo in the [Honda Collection Hall](/wiki/Honda_Collection_Hall "Honda Collection Hall")](/wiki/File:Honda_CX500_Turbo.jpg "Honda CX500 Turbo.jpg")
[thumb\|left\|1983 Honda CX650 Turbo displayed at the [Barber Vintage Motorsport Museum](/wiki/Barber_Motorsports_Park%23Barber_Vintage_Motorsport_Museum "Barber Motorsports Park#Barber Vintage Motorsport Museum")](/wiki/File:Honda_CX650_Turbo_1983_Barber.jpg "Honda CX650 Turbo 1983 Barber.jpg")
The CX500 Turbo was released in 1982\. The CX500 Turbo (also known as the CX500TC) was only produced for the 1982 model year. It was superseded by the CX650TD (CX650 Turbo; D\=1983\) for the 1983 model year, which was itself discontinued the same year. The 1982 CX500T was Honda's first production motorcycle to have [programmed fuel injection](/wiki/Programmed_fuel_injection "Programmed fuel injection") system.{{Citation \|title\=BOOST\&BUST \|last\= Mitch \|first\= boehm \|magazine\=\[\[Motorcyclist (magazine)\|Motorcyclist]] \|pages\= 60–67 \|date\=May–June 2017 }} With redundant fail\-safe systems working in tandem with a separate ignition system. Electronic system failures were reported to the driver through two dashboard displays: an issue with the fuel injection system would light a "Fuel System" light on the dashboard and an issue with the ignition would flash the "TURBO" indicator.
The CX500TC powerplant was based on the water\-cooled V\-twin with four pushrod\-operated overhead valves per cylinder configuration used in the CX500 introduced a few years earlier. The engine case look was retained nearly intact from the original CX500\. The turbocharger, at peak boost providing approximately 19 psi boost nearly doubles the power output of the engine. The engine case is changed to accept the larger crankshaft bearings of the CX650 released in the same year, while the suspension, brakes, frame and fairing all differ significantly from the earlier CX500 and the Pro\-Link rear suspension and TRAC (Torque Reactive Anti\-dive Control) were used on the CX500EC (released 1982\) and CX650ED (released 1983\) models.
### CX650C
[thumb\|left\|1983 Honda CX650C](/wiki/File:1983_Honda_CX650C.jpg "1983 Honda CX650C.jpg")
The CX650 Custom was a one\-year model produced in 1983 for the US market. Like other CX customs, especially the CX400C designed for Asia\-Pacific, this model was a cruiser. The frame is completely different, and the styling was marketed to accommodate the American desire for the low stretched look of American cruiser bikes. Its semi chopped fork, tear drop tank, low seat and truncated exhaust gave it a very rakish look. However, it was very similar in styling and price range to the 750 Shadow and Honda elected to have only one cruiser bike in that class, thus the reason for its short model life.
### CX650ED
[thumb\|right\|Honda CX650E](/wiki/File:Honda_cx_650.JPG "Honda cx 650.JPG") The CX650ED or Eurosport was also introduced in 1983 and was cosmetically very similar to the CX500EC Sports produced the previous year. It was aimed at the UK, European, Canadian, and Australian markets. The brakes, suspension and handling were advanced in comparison to CX500 variants. The model shares many common features with the CX500TC. Tubular frame design, TRAC anti\-dive forks, Pro\-Link rear suspension, twin\-pot brakes and disc front and back. Though this model was not sold in the US, some have been imported by private owners.
### CX650T
For the 1983 model year, the engine of the CX500 Turbo was increased to 673 cc, together with an increase in power. In addition to the increase in displacement, the compression ratio was increased and the maximum boost pressure was lowered thus making for a smoother transition from off\-boost to on\-boost. The fuel\-injection control system was substantially revised for the CX650 Turbo, and the rear shock received an update as well by adding a manually operated damping control mechanism in addition to the "air" pre\-load of the previous model.
Cosmetically, the CX650 Turbo differs little from its predecessor other than in colors and badging. However, in a cost\-cutting exercise, Honda manufactured the 650 Turbo fairing from [ABS](/wiki/Acrylonitrile_butadiene_styrene "Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene") plastic as opposed to the 500 turbo's [GRP](/wiki/Glass-reinforced_plastic "Glass-reinforced plastic"). Honda built 1,777 models, with fewer than 1,200 imported to the U.S. and Canada. Only 100 units were shipped to the UK with none being exported to Australia.{{cite web\|url\=https://motofaction.org/motorcycles/honda\-cx\-gl/how\-many\-honda\-cx500s\-were\-made/\|title\=How many CX500s, CX650s, GL500s and GL650s were made \- including Turbos?\|publisher\=MotoFaction.org\|access\-date\=2017\-10\-05\|author\=MotoFaction}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.motorcycleclassics.com/motorcycle\-reviews/1983\-honda\-cx650t.aspx\|title\=1983 Honda CX650T\|publisher\=Motorcycle Classics\|access\-date\=2009\-08\-04\|date\=May–June 2009\|author\=Margie Siegal}}
In the fall of 1982, it was Honda's intent to provide a singular new CX650T to each American Honda Dealership for sale. Sales were lackluster due to the bikes high retail cost and expensive insurance rates. At years end, dealerships located in the Midwest began shipping unsold bikes to California where the bike was more popular and could be sold.
### Other variants
[thumb\|right\|Honda CX Euro 400](/wiki/File:Honda_CX_Euro_400.jpg "Honda CX Euro 400.jpg") The Japanese and European market saw 400 cc versions of the CX and GL, aptly named the CX400 and GL400\. In Japan the GL650 SilverWing Interstate was released as the Limited Edition GL700 Wing Interstate, although it used the same 674 cc engine that was used in the GL650\. Also in Australia, the 1980\-1982 CX500 'standard' models were known as the "CX500 Shadow".
|
[
"Variants\n--------",
"### CX500",
"[thumb\\|1979 Honda CX500](/wiki/File:Honda_cx_500_sabs%27s.jpg%23file \"Honda cx 500 sabs's.jpg#file\")",
"The basic 1978 48 hp CX500 had a large fuel tank, stepped seat, a round brake fluid reservoir and a plastic mini\\-fairing that was thought to look unusual at the time. Turn signals extend out through the mini fairing from the headlight's centerline. The CX500 Standard had silver Comstar wheels, 19 inch (front) and 18 inch (rear).",
"The trademark [Moto Guzzi](/wiki/Moto_Guzzi \"Moto Guzzi\") habit of mounting a [V\\-twin engine](/wiki/V-twin \"V-twin\") with the crankshaft inline with the frame and [shaft final drive](/wiki/Drive_shaft%23Motorcycle_drive_shafts \"Drive shaft#Motorcycle drive shafts\") was adopted for the CX500; but this Honda was decidedly different. Not only was the 497 cc [engine](/wiki/Motorcycle_engine \"Motorcycle engine\") water\\-cooled, but it had [four valves](/wiki/Multivalve \"Multivalve\") per [cylinder](/wiki/Cylinder_%28engine%29 \"Cylinder (engine)\") that were operated by [pushrods](/wiki/Pushrod_engine \"Pushrod engine\") rather than the [overhead cams](/wiki/Overhead_cam \"Overhead cam\") favored by Honda on its previous four\\-stroke engine designs.{{Cite magazine\\|url\\=http://www.motorcycleclassics.com/Restoration\\-Technical/2008\\-03\\-01/Honda\\-CX500\\.aspx\\|title\\=1978\\-1982 Honda CX500\\|magazine\\=\\[\\[Motorcycle Classics]]\\|date\\=March–April 2008\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-02\\-25}}",
"The styling was radical: a steep fork angle and a short engine contributed to a stubby [wheelbase](/wiki/Wheelbase \"Wheelbase\") on a bike that was rather tall. The CX500 was one of the first recipients of Honda's new Comstar wheels, of diameter {{convert\\|19\\|in\\|abbr\\=on}} (front) and{{convert\\|16\\|in\\|abbr\\=on}} (rear). Later, on B models, reversed Comstars and a square brake fluid reservoir) were fitted.[\"Classic Motorbikes\" review](https://classic-motorbikes.net/honda-cx500-neither-plastic-nor-maggot/)",
"The [fuel tank](/wiki/Fuel_tank \"Fuel tank\") tapered toward the front and a huge half\\-moon tail light jutted out from a short [fairing](/wiki/Motorcycle_fairing \"Motorcycle fairing\") behind the radically stepped seat. The end result was a mix of standard, sport, and cruiser features.",
"### CX500 Custom",
"[thumb\\|left\\|Honda CX500C Custom](/wiki/File:CX500C_blau.jpg \"CX500C blau.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|Honda CX 500 C](/wiki/File:Honda_CX_500_C.JPG \"Honda CX 500 C.JPG\")",
"The \"Custom\" variant, introduced in 1979, had a smaller, narrower tank and buckhorn handlebars. The headlight and gauges were similar to the CX500 Deluxe. [Turn signals](/wiki/Turn_signal \"Turn signal\") were now mounted along the fork tubes, below the level of the headlight. 1982 was the last model year for the CX500\\. In 1983 it was bumped up to 673 cc and became the CX650\\. The CX650's styling was different, and the engine was painted black instead of plain aluminium.",
"### CX500 Deluxe",
"The \"Deluxe\" model appeared in 1979\\. This bike looked nearly identical to the original CX500 Standard, with the exception of regular (85 mph) gauges and headlight (the mini fairing was removed) and black reversed Com Star wheels \\- 19 inch front and 16 inch rear. 1981 was the final year for the CX500 Deluxe model.",
"The CX500 met with a good degree of success. It proved to be reliable and economical, being the least\\-expensive shaft\\-drive bike. Many examples still exist today, and along with the GL Silverwings, are fast becoming cult bikes. There are owners clubs throughout Europe and the rest of the world.\n{{Clear}}",
"### CX500EC Sports",
"[thumb\\|1985 Honda CX500 Sports](/wiki/File:Honda_CX500_Sports_50PS_1985.jpg \"Honda CX500 Sports 50PS 1985.jpg\")\nIntroduced in 1982 the EC variant is a much improved motorcycle compared to the original 500\\. Sharing many parts with the CX500 Turbo introduced the same model year, the Sport (following the release of the CX650ED 'Eurosports', many people referred to the CX500EC also as the 'Eurosports' although technically not correct) features air pre\\-load assisted front forks with an anti\\-dive mechanism, known as TRAC (Torque Reactive Anti\\-dive Control), and an air pre\\-load assisted prolink mono\\-shock rear suspension. The wheels were also modified, with an {{convert\\|18\\|in\\|mm\\|adj\\=mid\\|\\-diameter}} restyled round hole comstar with a 100–90H18 front tyre, whilst on the rear is a 120–80H18\\. The brakes are vastly improved with much more effective twin pot calipers on the front and a new disc brake with twin pot caliper on the rear replacing the original drum. The Sports is also significantly restyled with a larger fuel tank, a nose fairing, side panels, seat, and tail unit that share much more modern lines. In the UK only two colour options were made: white pearl with blue and red strips, or black with orange and silver stripes. The instrumentation is improved with the introduction of a fuel gauge and like the rest of the bike, a much updated appearance. Plastic mudguards replace the chromed steel versions on the earlier machines curing the associated rust problems. The round headlight of the early bikes is also replaced with a rectangular lens which gives improved night lighting.",
"The changes extended to the engine where Honda's late 1970s issues with cam chains were dealt with via the introduction of an automatic tensioner replacing the manual version on the earlier models. Other changes also meant that the standard valve clearances were reduced, possibly through tighter manufacturing control. Sports model engines are identifiable via the lack of a cam chain tensioner bolt and the revised valve covers which feature black painted stripes and satin alloy flat areas.",
"The changes made the 500 Sports significantly better to both look at and ride, and more reliable than the previous versions. The later CX650ED shared the majority of the cosmetic changes introduced by the 500EC, whilst in Japan a 400 cc version was introduced with the same styling to comply with licence rules.\n{{Clear}}",
"### GL500 Silver Wing and GL650 Silver Wing",
"{{Distinguish\\|Honda Silver Wing (scooter)}}",
"{{Infobox Motorcycle\n\\| name \\= GL500/GL650 Silver Wing\n\\| image \\= Honda CX OldCarLand Kiev.jpg\n\\| manufacturer \\= Honda\n\\| production \\= 1981\\-1982 (GL500\\) \n1983 (GL650\\)\n\\| class \\= \\[\\[Touring motorcycle]]\n\\| engine \\= \\[\\[Overhead\\-valve\\|OHV]], liquid\\-cooled \\[\\[V\\-twin engine]] \n497 cc (GL500\\) \n674 cc (GL650\\)\n\\| bore\\_stroke \\= {{unbulleted list\n \\| {{convert\\|78\\|×\\|52\\|mm\\|1\\|abbr\\=on}} \n \\| {{convert\\|82\\.5\\|×\\|63\\|mm\\|1\\|abbr\\=on}}\n }}\n\\| top\\_speed \\= {{Convert\\|110\\|mph\\|abbr\\=on\\|order\\=flip}}\n\\| transmission \\= 5\\-\\[\\[Gear train\\|speed]] \\[\\[Manual transmission\\|manual]], \\[\\[driveshaft\\|shaft drive]]\n\\| suspension \\= Front: Air\\-adjustable forks \nRear: Pro\\-Link\n\\| brakes \\= Dual front disc\n\\| tires \\= \n\\| rake\\_trail \\= \n\\| wheelbase \\= 1496 mm (58\\.9 in)\n\\| length\\= \n\\| width\\= \n\\| height\\= \n\\| seat\\_height \\= 775 mm (30\\.5 in) \n\\| dry\\_weight \\= {{Convert\\|217\\|kg\\|lb\\|abbr\\=on}}\n\\| wet\\_weight \\={{convert\\|534\\|lb\\|abbr\\=on\\|order\\=flip}}\n\\| fuel\\_capacity \\= {{Convert\\|17\\.5\\|L\\|USgal\\|abbr\\=on}} \n}}",
"In 1981 Honda released the GL500 Silver Wing, which was a mid\\-sized touring bike based on the CX500 engine. The GL500 engine was similar to the CX500 engine, but used the more reliable transistorized ignition system, which meant the stator would contain only charging windings and thus would put out more power for operating the lights and other devices commonly added to touring motorcycles. The GL500 also used Honda's Pro\\-Link monoshock rear suspension and was available as either a naked bike or as an Interstate model with fairing. The Interstate included a large factory fairing, hard saddlebags, and a trunk. This made the Silver Wing look like a miniature [Gold Wing GL1100 Interstate](/wiki/Honda_Gold_Wing \"Honda Gold Wing\"). The 1981 model had a small tail trunk, which was replaced by a larger trunk in 1982\\. The trunk was interchangeable with the back seat—the bike is rider\\-only with the trunk installed, although there was an aftermarket extender available to allow the trunk to be mounted behind the passenger seat.",
"In 1983 the GL500 was upgraded to the GL650\\. Apart from the larger, 674 cc engine, the GL650 had a slightly different fairing mounts and front engine hanger mount than the GL500, and portions of the GL650 engine are painted black. The fuel economy of the GL650 was improved over that of the GL500 due to significantly taller gearing and the replacement of the CX/GL500's mechanical radiator fan with an electric fan. Claimed power was {{cvt\\|50\\|hp\\|kW\\|0}} for the GL500 and {{cvt\\|64\\|hp\\|kW\\|0}} for the GL650\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.motorcycleclassics.com/classic\\-japanese\\-motorcycles/classic\\-honda\\-motorcycles/honda\\-gl500\\-silver\\-wing\\-zmmz16sozhur//\\|title\\=Mid\\-Size Touring and the Little Wing: 1981\\-1982 Honda GL500 Silver Wing Interstate \\| magazine\\=\\[\\[Motorcycle Classics]] \\|access\\-date\\=June 30, 2018\\|date\\=September–October 2016 }}{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.ericpetersautos.com/2011/03/24/the\\-one\\-year\\-wonder\\-and\\-why///\\|last\\=Peters \\|first\\=Eric \\|title\\=The One Year Wonder (And Why)\\| publisher\\=Eric Peters Auto \\|access\\-date\\=June 30, 2018\\|date\\=March 24, 2011 }}",
"The CX\\-based Silver Wings were discontinued after the 1983 model year.{{cite web\\|title\\=Honda GL650 Silver Wing Interstate\\|url\\=http://tanshanomi.com/honda\\-gl650\\-silver\\-wing\\-interstate/index.html\\|work\\=Tanshanomi's Snap Judgments\\|publisher\\=Tanshanomi.com\\|access\\-date\\=26 January 2014\\|archive\\-date\\=30 December 2013\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230181716/http://tanshanomi.com/honda\\-gl650\\-silver\\-wing\\-interstate/index.html\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} Overproduction of the 1982 GL500 caused some to be sold new as late as 1984\\.{{Clear}}",
"### CX500 Turbo",
"[thumb\\|right\\|Honda CX500 Turbo in the [Honda Collection Hall](/wiki/Honda_Collection_Hall \"Honda Collection Hall\")](/wiki/File:Honda_CX500_Turbo.jpg \"Honda CX500 Turbo.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|left\\|1983 Honda CX650 Turbo displayed at the [Barber Vintage Motorsport Museum](/wiki/Barber_Motorsports_Park%23Barber_Vintage_Motorsport_Museum \"Barber Motorsports Park#Barber Vintage Motorsport Museum\")](/wiki/File:Honda_CX650_Turbo_1983_Barber.jpg \"Honda CX650 Turbo 1983 Barber.jpg\") \nThe CX500 Turbo was released in 1982\\. The CX500 Turbo (also known as the CX500TC) was only produced for the 1982 model year. It was superseded by the CX650TD (CX650 Turbo; D\\=1983\\) for the 1983 model year, which was itself discontinued the same year. The 1982 CX500T was Honda's first production motorcycle to have [programmed fuel injection](/wiki/Programmed_fuel_injection \"Programmed fuel injection\") system.{{Citation \\|title\\=BOOST\\&BUST \\|last\\= Mitch \\|first\\= boehm \\|magazine\\=\\[\\[Motorcyclist (magazine)\\|Motorcyclist]] \\|pages\\= 60–67 \\|date\\=May–June 2017 }} With redundant fail\\-safe systems working in tandem with a separate ignition system. Electronic system failures were reported to the driver through two dashboard displays: an issue with the fuel injection system would light a \"Fuel System\" light on the dashboard and an issue with the ignition would flash the \"TURBO\" indicator.",
"The CX500TC powerplant was based on the water\\-cooled V\\-twin with four pushrod\\-operated overhead valves per cylinder configuration used in the CX500 introduced a few years earlier. The engine case look was retained nearly intact from the original CX500\\. The turbocharger, at peak boost providing approximately 19 psi boost nearly doubles the power output of the engine. The engine case is changed to accept the larger crankshaft bearings of the CX650 released in the same year, while the suspension, brakes, frame and fairing all differ significantly from the earlier CX500 and the Pro\\-Link rear suspension and TRAC (Torque Reactive Anti\\-dive Control) were used on the CX500EC (released 1982\\) and CX650ED (released 1983\\) models.",
"### CX650C",
"[thumb\\|left\\|1983 Honda CX650C](/wiki/File:1983_Honda_CX650C.jpg \"1983 Honda CX650C.jpg\") \nThe CX650 Custom was a one\\-year model produced in 1983 for the US market. Like other CX customs, especially the CX400C designed for Asia\\-Pacific, this model was a cruiser. The frame is completely different, and the styling was marketed to accommodate the American desire for the low stretched look of American cruiser bikes. Its semi chopped fork, tear drop tank, low seat and truncated exhaust gave it a very rakish look. However, it was very similar in styling and price range to the 750 Shadow and Honda elected to have only one cruiser bike in that class, thus the reason for its short model life.",
"### CX650ED",
"[thumb\\|right\\|Honda CX650E](/wiki/File:Honda_cx_650.JPG \"Honda cx 650.JPG\") The CX650ED or Eurosport was also introduced in 1983 and was cosmetically very similar to the CX500EC Sports produced the previous year. It was aimed at the UK, European, Canadian, and Australian markets. The brakes, suspension and handling were advanced in comparison to CX500 variants. The model shares many common features with the CX500TC. Tubular frame design, TRAC anti\\-dive forks, Pro\\-Link rear suspension, twin\\-pot brakes and disc front and back. Though this model was not sold in the US, some have been imported by private owners.",
"### CX650T",
"For the 1983 model year, the engine of the CX500 Turbo was increased to 673 cc, together with an increase in power. In addition to the increase in displacement, the compression ratio was increased and the maximum boost pressure was lowered thus making for a smoother transition from off\\-boost to on\\-boost. The fuel\\-injection control system was substantially revised for the CX650 Turbo, and the rear shock received an update as well by adding a manually operated damping control mechanism in addition to the \"air\" pre\\-load of the previous model.",
"Cosmetically, the CX650 Turbo differs little from its predecessor other than in colors and badging. However, in a cost\\-cutting exercise, Honda manufactured the 650 Turbo fairing from [ABS](/wiki/Acrylonitrile_butadiene_styrene \"Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene\") plastic as opposed to the 500 turbo's [GRP](/wiki/Glass-reinforced_plastic \"Glass-reinforced plastic\"). Honda built 1,777 models, with fewer than 1,200 imported to the U.S. and Canada. Only 100 units were shipped to the UK with none being exported to Australia.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://motofaction.org/motorcycles/honda\\-cx\\-gl/how\\-many\\-honda\\-cx500s\\-were\\-made/\\|title\\=How many CX500s, CX650s, GL500s and GL650s were made \\- including Turbos?\\|publisher\\=MotoFaction.org\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-10\\-05\\|author\\=MotoFaction}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.motorcycleclassics.com/motorcycle\\-reviews/1983\\-honda\\-cx650t.aspx\\|title\\=1983 Honda CX650T\\|publisher\\=Motorcycle Classics\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-08\\-04\\|date\\=May–June 2009\\|author\\=Margie Siegal}}",
"In the fall of 1982, it was Honda's intent to provide a singular new CX650T to each American Honda Dealership for sale. Sales were lackluster due to the bikes high retail cost and expensive insurance rates. At years end, dealerships located in the Midwest began shipping unsold bikes to California where the bike was more popular and could be sold.",
"### Other variants",
"[thumb\\|right\\|Honda CX Euro 400](/wiki/File:Honda_CX_Euro_400.jpg \"Honda CX Euro 400.jpg\") The Japanese and European market saw 400 cc versions of the CX and GL, aptly named the CX400 and GL400\\. In Japan the GL650 SilverWing Interstate was released as the Limited Edition GL700 Wing Interstate, although it used the same 674 cc engine that was used in the GL650\\. Also in Australia, the 1980\\-1982 CX500 'standard' models were known as the \"CX500 Shadow\".",
""
] |
History
-------
Jack Barry and Dan Enright first met at radio station [WOR](/wiki/WOR_%28AM%29 "WOR (AM)") in [New York](/wiki/New_York_City "New York City"), where Barry was a staff announcer. Their first collaborations were *[Juvenile Jury](/wiki/Juvenile_Jury "Juvenile Jury")*, a show which featured a panel of children, who came up with their takes on everyday problems and situations, which were submitted by listeners. This would be followed with *[Life Begins at Eighty](/wiki/Life_Begins_at_Eighty "Life Begins at Eighty")*, which was essentially a geriatric version of the former. Both shows made their way to television in 1950\.
Another children's show from Barry \& Enright was *[Winky Dink and You](/wiki/Winky_Dink_and_You "Winky Dink and You")*, which engaged the young viewers to use their imaginations, as well as a special "magic slate"—a sheet of durable plastic that stuck to the TV screen via static electricity, which enabled the viewer to use crayons to "draw along" with Mr. Barry, as he told stories to the children. A kinescope of this series is available on the tape\-trading circuit.
In 1953, Barry \& Enright created their first game show, *[Back That Fact](/wiki/Back_That_Fact "Back That Fact"),* hosted by [Borscht Belt](/wiki/Borscht_Belt "Borscht Belt") comedian and syndicated columnist [Joey Adams](/wiki/Joey_Adams "Joey Adams").
In 1956 Barry \& Enright created the [game shows](/wiki/Game_show "Game show") *[Twenty\-One](/wiki/Twenty-One_%28game_show%29 "Twenty-One (game show)")*, which was created in response to the highly successful *[The $64,000 Question](/wiki/The_%2464%2C000_Question "The $64,000 Question")*, and *[Tic\-Tac\-Dough](/wiki/Tic-Tac-Dough "Tic-Tac-Dough")*. The company, along with Robert Noah, also created and produced the original version of *[Concentration](/wiki/Concentration_%28game_show%29 "Concentration (game show)")*. Two years later *Twenty\-One* was cancelled as part of the [quiz show scandals](/wiki/Quiz_show_scandals "Quiz show scandals"), when it was revealed that the producers pre\-arranged outcomes. The scandal led to federal legislation against the rigging of game shows and every form of competition show. In 1959 *Tic\-Tac\-Dough* was also canceled. Barry \& Enright were forced to sell their game shows to [NBC](/wiki/NBC "NBC"), including *Concentration*, *Twenty\-One*, *[Dough Re Mi](/wiki/Dough_Re_Mi "Dough Re Mi")* and *Tic\-Tac\-Dough*. The company later ceased to exist.
### Comeback to television
The pair, blacklisted in the United States, developed several game shows in Canada in the 1960s.
In 1967, Barry created a daytime game show *[Everybody's Talking](/wiki/Everybody%27s_Talking "Everybody's Talking")* which ran for 26 weeks on [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company "American Broadcasting Company"). But because of his reputation, he received no public credit; it would be revived in 1973, with a slightly altered format, and re\-titled *[Hollywood's Talking](/wiki/Hollywood%27s_Talking "Hollywood's Talking")*. It ran for 13 weeks on [CBS](/wiki/CBS "CBS"). 1971 Dan Enright came back to television as executive producer for *[All About Faces](/wiki/All_About_Faces "All About Faces")*. After an unsuccessful stint working with former rivals [Mark Goodson](/wiki/Mark_Goodson "Mark Goodson") and [Bill Todman](/wiki/Bill_Todman "Bill Todman"), Jack Barry first staged a comeback as an emcee, replacing [Dennis Wholey](/wiki/Dennis_Wholey "Dennis Wholey") on the short\-lived game show *[The Generation Gap](/wiki/The_Generation_Gap "The Generation Gap")* in 1969\. Barry then formed his own production company, which he named **Jack Barry Productions**, and in 1971 he sold *[The Reel Game](/wiki/The_Reel_Game "The Reel Game")*, which he also hosted, to [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company "American Broadcasting Company"). Then in 1972, Barry resurrected his career by selling *[The Joker's Wild](/wiki/The_Joker%27s_Wild "The Joker's Wild")* to CBS; the Barry\-hosted series became a hit and lasted for three seasons on the network's daytime schedule before its 1975 cancellation. The series had been developed while Barry was still working for Goodson\-Todman Productions and two pilots had been shot with [Allen Ludden](/wiki/Allen_Ludden "Allen Ludden") as host, but the series did not sell until Barry gained the rights to the series and took over as host. Barry's production company, however, did not put out any other hit series during this time, as evidenced by the short\-lived *Hollywood's Talking* and *[Blank Check](/wiki/Blank_Check_%28game_show%29 "Blank Check (game show)")*.
### Barry \& Enright Productions reformed
In 1975, Barry hired Enright as a producer for *The Joker's Wild*. After the series' cancellation the partnership was renewed and Barry \& Enright Productions was reformed, although the name Jack Barry Productions existed as in\-name\-only. The first series produced by the revived production company was *[Break the Bank](/wiki/Break_the_Bank_%281976_game_show%29 "Break the Bank (1976 game show)")*, a celebrity game show that originally aired on ABC in the spring of 1976 and later that year in syndication with [Tom Kennedy](/wiki/Tom_Kennedy_%28television_presenter%29 "Tom Kennedy (television presenter)") (ABC) and Barry hosting. Barry and Enright then relaunched *The Joker's Wild* for first\-run syndication in 1977, and the following year they reacquired the rights to their old 1950s series *Tic Tac Dough* from NBC, for CBS and syndication. Although *TTD* was cancelled by CBS, the syndicated version became a hit and ran until 1986\. Barry \& Enright also produced *[Bullseye](/wiki/Bullseye_%281980_American_game_show%29 "Bullseye (1980 American game show)")* and *[Play the Percentages](/wiki/Play_the_Percentages "Play the Percentages")* for syndication in 1980 and *[Hot Potato](/wiki/Hot_Potato_%28game_show%29 "Hot Potato (game show)")* for NBC in 1984, which was their last series for a network. Although the production company was primarily known for game shows, it also worked on other projects such as the comedy films, *[Private Lessons](/wiki/Private_Lessons_%281981_film%29 "Private Lessons (1981 film)")* (1981\) and *[Making Mr. Right](/wiki/Making_Mr._Right "Making Mr. Right")* (1987\) as well as [CBS](/wiki/CBS "CBS")'s *[Jake's Way](/wiki/Jake%27s_Way "Jake's Way")*, a 1980 unsold Western drama series pilot starring Robert Fuller as Fox County Sheriff Jake Rudd, and the short\-lived 1982–1983 syndicated investigative newsmagazine *[Jack Anderson Confidential](/wiki/Jack_Anderson_Confidential "Jack Anderson Confidential")*.
In 1984, the company stepped up their own motion picture activity in order to launch and develop various several projects, and had option rights for two novels in order to adapt to screen.{{Cite news\|date\=1984\-04\-18\|title\=Barry \& Enright Steps Up Pic Activity\|page\=8\|work\=\[\[Variety (magazine)\|Variety]]}}
### Aftermath
In early 1984, Barry was preparing to retire from *The Joker's Wild* and hand the show over to [Jim Peck](/wiki/Jim_Peck "Jim Peck"), his substitute host, as well as take a less active role in the production company (as he was 65 when the year began). However, on May 2, 1984, he suffered a massive heart attack while jogging in New York's Central Park and died. With control of the company now solely in his hands, Enright decided to make several changes to Barry's policies and practices that he and several other staffers did not agree with. One of the bigger changes was to hire [Bill Cullen](/wiki/Bill_Cullen "Bill Cullen"), who had just finished hosting *Hot Potato*, in place of Peck to host *The Joker's Wild*.
Enright's changes dissatisfied several longtime employees, including producer [Richard S. Kline](/wiki/Richard_S._Kline "Richard S. Kline") and Barry's sons, Jon and Douglas. Kline left to form his own production company, Kline and Friends,{{cite news \|title\=Richard S. Kline, Emmy\-Nominated Producer and Director of News and Game Shows, Dies at 79 \|url\=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/richard\-s\-kline\-dead\-producer\-director\-news\-game\-shows\-was\-79\-1286119 \|accessdate\=March 24, 2020 \|work\=The Hollywood Reporter \|date\=March 24, 2020 \|language\=en}} and took Barry's sons and several other staffers with him including set designer [John C. Mula](/wiki/John_C._Mula "John C. Mula") and music composer Hal Hidey. Enright continued to run the company for several years after Barry's death and Kline's departure. But after both *Joker* and *Tic Tac Dough* went off the air in 1986, Barry \& Enright Productions failed to produce another hit series in America (although Enright and [Wink Martindale](/wiki/Wink_Martindale "Wink Martindale") co\-produced a Canadian\-based hit in *[Bumper Stumpers](/wiki/Bumper_Stumpers "Bumper Stumpers")* for the [Global Television Network](/wiki/Global_Television_Network "Global Television Network"), which also aired in America on [USA Network](/wiki/USA_Network "USA Network") and in the UK, a series called *[Chain Letters](/wiki/Chain_Letters "Chain Letters")* co\-produced by Action Time and [Tyne Tees Television](/wiki/Tyne_Tees_Television "Tyne Tees Television") the same year for [ITV](/wiki/ITV_%28TV_network%29 "ITV (TV network)")).
On July 23, 1986, the company teamed up with television movie producer and book packager Les Alexander to start Barry \& Enright \& Alexander Productions to produce made\-for\-television movies and two\-hour miniseries, and Les Alexander took a number of projects with them.{{Cite news\|last\=Gelman\|first\=Morrie\|date\=1986\-07\-23\|title\=Barry \& Enright Spread Wings Beyond Gameshow Product; Teaming Up With Alexander\|page\=41\|work\=\[\[Variety (magazine)\|Variety]]}} On July 30, 1986, the company had bought out First Media, which was a distributor\-publisher of electronic press kits, and producer\-coordinator of press conferences that are conducted via satellite hookups, and the company would be folded into Barry \& Enright Productions in order to serve as a division of the studio.{{Cite news\|date\=1986\-07\-30\|title\=Barry \& Enright Buys First Media\|page\=55\|work\=\[\[Variety (magazine)\|Variety]]}}
The last program under the Barry \& Enright name was a short\-lived revival of *Tic Tac Dough* hosted by [Patrick Wayne](/wiki/Patrick_Wayne "Patrick Wayne") in 1990\. In 1991, the company was renamed **Stafford\-Enright Productions**. Dan Enright died on May 22, 1992\. Under the name Stafford\-Enright, [Susan Stafford](/wiki/Susan_Stafford "Susan Stafford") executive produced a PBS documentary special *The Natural Solutions: Freedom of Choice and the FDA* in 1993\.
### Common practices
Barry \& Enright game shows were known for certain practices that typically were the same across all shows produced by the company regardless of format. For instance, on *The Joker's Wild*, *Tic\-Tac\-Dough*, and *Bullseye*, all contestants played until they were defeated (although in *The Joker's Wild*{{'}}s case, when it aired on CBS, the network had imposed a $25,000 limit on winnings—this ruling was inclusive to all other game shows airing on CBS at the time) as well as for a brief period in the 1980s, where a winnings limit was in place where a contestant could be retired if they reached it. Five consecutive match wins meant the contestant would win a new car, and since contestants could continue until losing it was possible to win multiple cars (an example being [Thom McKee](/wiki/Thom_McKee "Thom McKee"), *Tic\-Tac\-Dough*{{'}}s all\-time winningest contestant, who won eight cars during his 43\-match winning streak). Successor company Sony Pictures Television later used both practices on their *[Jeopardy!](/wiki/Jeopardy%21 "Jeopardy!")* game show; from 1997 to 2003, contestants who retired after winning five consecutive matches won a car; that was abandoned in 2003 when the show adopted the rule allowing winning contestants to continue until losing, leading to 74, 32, and 20 game winners in the 16 years of that format. In 2009 *[Family Feud](/wiki/Family_Feud "Family Feud")* adopted the same format, families who win 5 consecutive shows in a row would receive a new car, regardless if they won every Fast Money round in their games or not. In addition, all combined winnings were in increments of $50 (with the exception of *The Joker's Wild*, whose bonus game featured cash amounts beginning at $25\).
Most of the Barry \& Enright series featured bonus games that were games of chance. Although the objective was different on each show that employed one of these chance games a similarity existed, where a contestant would have to avoid a hazard element that would cause the contestant to lose the round and all bonus winnings. If the contestant was able to complete the objective they would be rewarded with whatever cash they earned and a package of prizes that typically was worth at least double the cash amount they would win in the round.
Examples of these objectives:
* *The Joker's Wild*: Avoid "The Devil". To win the player had to accumulate $1,000 or more or spin three of the same dollar amounts in one turn (referred to as a "natural triple"). The "Avoid the Devil" format was abandoned by Barry's children, who produced the 1990 version.
* *Tic\-Tac\-Dough*: Avoid a dragon. Depending on the series, a round could be won by either completing a tic\-tac\-toe line, accumulating over $1,000 or finding the words TIC and TAC, or by finding a dragon slayer.
* *Bullseye*: Avoid a bolt of lightning. A win could be accomplished in two ways: either by collecting three bullseyes in one spin or a combination of multiple spins, or by surviving a set number of spins without uncovering the lightning; the amount of cash a contestant won would vary from round to round, with a maximum payoff of $10,000 in cash by spinning three bullseyes on one spin.
* *21* (1982 unaired pilot): Accumulate a higher score than the "computer" in a game of computerized blackjack without busting or the computer hitting 17 or above (according to Las Vegas blackjack rules) to win $2,000 and a prize package.
* *Break the Bank* (1976 syndicated series): Accumulate $2,000 or more from cards held by nine celebrities without finding the card that reads "BUST"; doing so augments cash total to $5,000\.
* *Bumper Stumpers*: (1987–1988\) Accumulate $1,000 or more without finding a Stop sign.
Note that *Play the Percentages* (avoid the answer that was not in the top five answers), the 1990 *The Joker's Wild* (60\-second round, and players spun to match windows based on how many spins were won in the first half), and later years of *Bumper Stumpers* (solve multiple plates) did not use the practice.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"Jack Barry and Dan Enright first met at radio station [WOR](/wiki/WOR_%28AM%29 \"WOR (AM)\") in [New York](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\"), where Barry was a staff announcer. Their first collaborations were *[Juvenile Jury](/wiki/Juvenile_Jury \"Juvenile Jury\")*, a show which featured a panel of children, who came up with their takes on everyday problems and situations, which were submitted by listeners. This would be followed with *[Life Begins at Eighty](/wiki/Life_Begins_at_Eighty \"Life Begins at Eighty\")*, which was essentially a geriatric version of the former. Both shows made their way to television in 1950\\.",
"Another children's show from Barry \\& Enright was *[Winky Dink and You](/wiki/Winky_Dink_and_You \"Winky Dink and You\")*, which engaged the young viewers to use their imaginations, as well as a special \"magic slate\"—a sheet of durable plastic that stuck to the TV screen via static electricity, which enabled the viewer to use crayons to \"draw along\" with Mr. Barry, as he told stories to the children. A kinescope of this series is available on the tape\\-trading circuit.",
"In 1953, Barry \\& Enright created their first game show, *[Back That Fact](/wiki/Back_That_Fact \"Back That Fact\"),* hosted by [Borscht Belt](/wiki/Borscht_Belt \"Borscht Belt\") comedian and syndicated columnist [Joey Adams](/wiki/Joey_Adams \"Joey Adams\").",
"In 1956 Barry \\& Enright created the [game shows](/wiki/Game_show \"Game show\") *[Twenty\\-One](/wiki/Twenty-One_%28game_show%29 \"Twenty-One (game show)\")*, which was created in response to the highly successful *[The $64,000 Question](/wiki/The_%2464%2C000_Question \"The $64,000 Question\")*, and *[Tic\\-Tac\\-Dough](/wiki/Tic-Tac-Dough \"Tic-Tac-Dough\")*. The company, along with Robert Noah, also created and produced the original version of *[Concentration](/wiki/Concentration_%28game_show%29 \"Concentration (game show)\")*. Two years later *Twenty\\-One* was cancelled as part of the [quiz show scandals](/wiki/Quiz_show_scandals \"Quiz show scandals\"), when it was revealed that the producers pre\\-arranged outcomes. The scandal led to federal legislation against the rigging of game shows and every form of competition show. In 1959 *Tic\\-Tac\\-Dough* was also canceled. Barry \\& Enright were forced to sell their game shows to [NBC](/wiki/NBC \"NBC\"), including *Concentration*, *Twenty\\-One*, *[Dough Re Mi](/wiki/Dough_Re_Mi \"Dough Re Mi\")* and *Tic\\-Tac\\-Dough*. The company later ceased to exist.",
"### Comeback to television",
"The pair, blacklisted in the United States, developed several game shows in Canada in the 1960s.",
"In 1967, Barry created a daytime game show *[Everybody's Talking](/wiki/Everybody%27s_Talking \"Everybody's Talking\")* which ran for 26 weeks on [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company \"American Broadcasting Company\"). But because of his reputation, he received no public credit; it would be revived in 1973, with a slightly altered format, and re\\-titled *[Hollywood's Talking](/wiki/Hollywood%27s_Talking \"Hollywood's Talking\")*. It ran for 13 weeks on [CBS](/wiki/CBS \"CBS\"). 1971 Dan Enright came back to television as executive producer for *[All About Faces](/wiki/All_About_Faces \"All About Faces\")*. After an unsuccessful stint working with former rivals [Mark Goodson](/wiki/Mark_Goodson \"Mark Goodson\") and [Bill Todman](/wiki/Bill_Todman \"Bill Todman\"), Jack Barry first staged a comeback as an emcee, replacing [Dennis Wholey](/wiki/Dennis_Wholey \"Dennis Wholey\") on the short\\-lived game show *[The Generation Gap](/wiki/The_Generation_Gap \"The Generation Gap\")* in 1969\\. Barry then formed his own production company, which he named **Jack Barry Productions**, and in 1971 he sold *[The Reel Game](/wiki/The_Reel_Game \"The Reel Game\")*, which he also hosted, to [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company \"American Broadcasting Company\"). Then in 1972, Barry resurrected his career by selling *[The Joker's Wild](/wiki/The_Joker%27s_Wild \"The Joker's Wild\")* to CBS; the Barry\\-hosted series became a hit and lasted for three seasons on the network's daytime schedule before its 1975 cancellation. The series had been developed while Barry was still working for Goodson\\-Todman Productions and two pilots had been shot with [Allen Ludden](/wiki/Allen_Ludden \"Allen Ludden\") as host, but the series did not sell until Barry gained the rights to the series and took over as host. Barry's production company, however, did not put out any other hit series during this time, as evidenced by the short\\-lived *Hollywood's Talking* and *[Blank Check](/wiki/Blank_Check_%28game_show%29 \"Blank Check (game show)\")*.",
"### Barry \\& Enright Productions reformed",
"In 1975, Barry hired Enright as a producer for *The Joker's Wild*. After the series' cancellation the partnership was renewed and Barry \\& Enright Productions was reformed, although the name Jack Barry Productions existed as in\\-name\\-only. The first series produced by the revived production company was *[Break the Bank](/wiki/Break_the_Bank_%281976_game_show%29 \"Break the Bank (1976 game show)\")*, a celebrity game show that originally aired on ABC in the spring of 1976 and later that year in syndication with [Tom Kennedy](/wiki/Tom_Kennedy_%28television_presenter%29 \"Tom Kennedy (television presenter)\") (ABC) and Barry hosting. Barry and Enright then relaunched *The Joker's Wild* for first\\-run syndication in 1977, and the following year they reacquired the rights to their old 1950s series *Tic Tac Dough* from NBC, for CBS and syndication. Although *TTD* was cancelled by CBS, the syndicated version became a hit and ran until 1986\\. Barry \\& Enright also produced *[Bullseye](/wiki/Bullseye_%281980_American_game_show%29 \"Bullseye (1980 American game show)\")* and *[Play the Percentages](/wiki/Play_the_Percentages \"Play the Percentages\")* for syndication in 1980 and *[Hot Potato](/wiki/Hot_Potato_%28game_show%29 \"Hot Potato (game show)\")* for NBC in 1984, which was their last series for a network. Although the production company was primarily known for game shows, it also worked on other projects such as the comedy films, *[Private Lessons](/wiki/Private_Lessons_%281981_film%29 \"Private Lessons (1981 film)\")* (1981\\) and *[Making Mr. Right](/wiki/Making_Mr._Right \"Making Mr. Right\")* (1987\\) as well as [CBS](/wiki/CBS \"CBS\")'s *[Jake's Way](/wiki/Jake%27s_Way \"Jake's Way\")*, a 1980 unsold Western drama series pilot starring Robert Fuller as Fox County Sheriff Jake Rudd, and the short\\-lived 1982–1983 syndicated investigative newsmagazine *[Jack Anderson Confidential](/wiki/Jack_Anderson_Confidential \"Jack Anderson Confidential\")*.",
"In 1984, the company stepped up their own motion picture activity in order to launch and develop various several projects, and had option rights for two novels in order to adapt to screen.{{Cite news\\|date\\=1984\\-04\\-18\\|title\\=Barry \\& Enright Steps Up Pic Activity\\|page\\=8\\|work\\=\\[\\[Variety (magazine)\\|Variety]]}}",
"### Aftermath",
"In early 1984, Barry was preparing to retire from *The Joker's Wild* and hand the show over to [Jim Peck](/wiki/Jim_Peck \"Jim Peck\"), his substitute host, as well as take a less active role in the production company (as he was 65 when the year began). However, on May 2, 1984, he suffered a massive heart attack while jogging in New York's Central Park and died. With control of the company now solely in his hands, Enright decided to make several changes to Barry's policies and practices that he and several other staffers did not agree with. One of the bigger changes was to hire [Bill Cullen](/wiki/Bill_Cullen \"Bill Cullen\"), who had just finished hosting *Hot Potato*, in place of Peck to host *The Joker's Wild*.",
"Enright's changes dissatisfied several longtime employees, including producer [Richard S. Kline](/wiki/Richard_S._Kline \"Richard S. Kline\") and Barry's sons, Jon and Douglas. Kline left to form his own production company, Kline and Friends,{{cite news \\|title\\=Richard S. Kline, Emmy\\-Nominated Producer and Director of News and Game Shows, Dies at 79 \\|url\\=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/richard\\-s\\-kline\\-dead\\-producer\\-director\\-news\\-game\\-shows\\-was\\-79\\-1286119 \\|accessdate\\=March 24, 2020 \\|work\\=The Hollywood Reporter \\|date\\=March 24, 2020 \\|language\\=en}} and took Barry's sons and several other staffers with him including set designer [John C. Mula](/wiki/John_C._Mula \"John C. Mula\") and music composer Hal Hidey. Enright continued to run the company for several years after Barry's death and Kline's departure. But after both *Joker* and *Tic Tac Dough* went off the air in 1986, Barry \\& Enright Productions failed to produce another hit series in America (although Enright and [Wink Martindale](/wiki/Wink_Martindale \"Wink Martindale\") co\\-produced a Canadian\\-based hit in *[Bumper Stumpers](/wiki/Bumper_Stumpers \"Bumper Stumpers\")* for the [Global Television Network](/wiki/Global_Television_Network \"Global Television Network\"), which also aired in America on [USA Network](/wiki/USA_Network \"USA Network\") and in the UK, a series called *[Chain Letters](/wiki/Chain_Letters \"Chain Letters\")* co\\-produced by Action Time and [Tyne Tees Television](/wiki/Tyne_Tees_Television \"Tyne Tees Television\") the same year for [ITV](/wiki/ITV_%28TV_network%29 \"ITV (TV network)\")).",
"On July 23, 1986, the company teamed up with television movie producer and book packager Les Alexander to start Barry \\& Enright \\& Alexander Productions to produce made\\-for\\-television movies and two\\-hour miniseries, and Les Alexander took a number of projects with them.{{Cite news\\|last\\=Gelman\\|first\\=Morrie\\|date\\=1986\\-07\\-23\\|title\\=Barry \\& Enright Spread Wings Beyond Gameshow Product; Teaming Up With Alexander\\|page\\=41\\|work\\=\\[\\[Variety (magazine)\\|Variety]]}} On July 30, 1986, the company had bought out First Media, which was a distributor\\-publisher of electronic press kits, and producer\\-coordinator of press conferences that are conducted via satellite hookups, and the company would be folded into Barry \\& Enright Productions in order to serve as a division of the studio.{{Cite news\\|date\\=1986\\-07\\-30\\|title\\=Barry \\& Enright Buys First Media\\|page\\=55\\|work\\=\\[\\[Variety (magazine)\\|Variety]]}}",
"The last program under the Barry \\& Enright name was a short\\-lived revival of *Tic Tac Dough* hosted by [Patrick Wayne](/wiki/Patrick_Wayne \"Patrick Wayne\") in 1990\\. In 1991, the company was renamed **Stafford\\-Enright Productions**. Dan Enright died on May 22, 1992\\. Under the name Stafford\\-Enright, [Susan Stafford](/wiki/Susan_Stafford \"Susan Stafford\") executive produced a PBS documentary special *The Natural Solutions: Freedom of Choice and the FDA* in 1993\\.",
"### Common practices",
"Barry \\& Enright game shows were known for certain practices that typically were the same across all shows produced by the company regardless of format. For instance, on *The Joker's Wild*, *Tic\\-Tac\\-Dough*, and *Bullseye*, all contestants played until they were defeated (although in *The Joker's Wild*{{'}}s case, when it aired on CBS, the network had imposed a $25,000 limit on winnings—this ruling was inclusive to all other game shows airing on CBS at the time) as well as for a brief period in the 1980s, where a winnings limit was in place where a contestant could be retired if they reached it. Five consecutive match wins meant the contestant would win a new car, and since contestants could continue until losing it was possible to win multiple cars (an example being [Thom McKee](/wiki/Thom_McKee \"Thom McKee\"), *Tic\\-Tac\\-Dough*{{'}}s all\\-time winningest contestant, who won eight cars during his 43\\-match winning streak). Successor company Sony Pictures Television later used both practices on their *[Jeopardy!](/wiki/Jeopardy%21 \"Jeopardy!\")* game show; from 1997 to 2003, contestants who retired after winning five consecutive matches won a car; that was abandoned in 2003 when the show adopted the rule allowing winning contestants to continue until losing, leading to 74, 32, and 20 game winners in the 16 years of that format. In 2009 *[Family Feud](/wiki/Family_Feud \"Family Feud\")* adopted the same format, families who win 5 consecutive shows in a row would receive a new car, regardless if they won every Fast Money round in their games or not. In addition, all combined winnings were in increments of $50 (with the exception of *The Joker's Wild*, whose bonus game featured cash amounts beginning at $25\\).",
"Most of the Barry \\& Enright series featured bonus games that were games of chance. Although the objective was different on each show that employed one of these chance games a similarity existed, where a contestant would have to avoid a hazard element that would cause the contestant to lose the round and all bonus winnings. If the contestant was able to complete the objective they would be rewarded with whatever cash they earned and a package of prizes that typically was worth at least double the cash amount they would win in the round.",
"Examples of these objectives:\n* *The Joker's Wild*: Avoid \"The Devil\". To win the player had to accumulate $1,000 or more or spin three of the same dollar amounts in one turn (referred to as a \"natural triple\"). The \"Avoid the Devil\" format was abandoned by Barry's children, who produced the 1990 version.\n* *Tic\\-Tac\\-Dough*: Avoid a dragon. Depending on the series, a round could be won by either completing a tic\\-tac\\-toe line, accumulating over $1,000 or finding the words TIC and TAC, or by finding a dragon slayer.\n* *Bullseye*: Avoid a bolt of lightning. A win could be accomplished in two ways: either by collecting three bullseyes in one spin or a combination of multiple spins, or by surviving a set number of spins without uncovering the lightning; the amount of cash a contestant won would vary from round to round, with a maximum payoff of $10,000 in cash by spinning three bullseyes on one spin.\n* *21* (1982 unaired pilot): Accumulate a higher score than the \"computer\" in a game of computerized blackjack without busting or the computer hitting 17 or above (according to Las Vegas blackjack rules) to win $2,000 and a prize package.\n* *Break the Bank* (1976 syndicated series): Accumulate $2,000 or more from cards held by nine celebrities without finding the card that reads \"BUST\"; doing so augments cash total to $5,000\\.\n* *Bumper Stumpers*: (1987–1988\\) Accumulate $1,000 or more without finding a Stop sign.",
"Note that *Play the Percentages* (avoid the answer that was not in the top five answers), the 1990 *The Joker's Wild* (60\\-second round, and players spun to match windows based on how many spins were won in the first half), and later years of *Bumper Stumpers* (solve multiple plates) did not use the practice.",
""
] |
Employees
---------
Employees have included [Susan Stafford](/wiki/Susan_Stafford "Susan Stafford") who was vice president for public relations and Enright's love interest. Another noted staffer was [Louis M. Heyward](/wiki/Louis_M._Heyward "Louis M. Heyward"), who was vice president for development. Heyward is the father of [Andy Heyward](/wiki/Andy_Heyward "Andy Heyward"), who was chairman and chief executive officer of [DIC Entertainment](/wiki/DIC_Entertainment "DIC Entertainment") (now [WildBrain](/wiki/WildBrain "WildBrain")) and is currently the CEO of [Genius Brands](/wiki/Genius_Brands "Genius Brands"). Barry's sons Jonathan and [Douglas Barry](/wiki/Douglas_Barry "Douglas Barry"), his daughter Barbara Barry, Dan Diana, Chris Sohl, Gary Cox, Mark Maxwell\-Smith (who co\-created *[Bumper Stumpers](/wiki/Bumper_Stumpers "Bumper Stumpers")*), Mark Phillips and [Ron Greenberg](/wiki/Ron_Greenberg "Ron Greenberg") (who, on and off, was also an independent producer; he may be best known for *[The Who, What, or Where Game](/wiki/The_Who%2C_What%2C_or_Where_Game "The Who, What, or Where Game")*) were prominent employees of Barry \& Enright.
Robert Noah and [Howard Felsher](/wiki/Howard_Felsher "Howard Felsher"), who were producers of *[Twenty\-One](/wiki/Twenty-One_%28game_show%29 "Twenty-One (game show)")* and *[Tic\-Tac\-Dough](/wiki/Tic-Tac-Dough "Tic-Tac-Dough")* respectively, saw their careers revived several years after the quiz show scandals faded from the public's memory, with Noah first working for [Mark Goodson](/wiki/Mark_Goodson "Mark Goodson") and [Bill Todman](/wiki/Bill_Todman "Bill Todman"), as producer on the original *[Match Game](/wiki/Match_Game "Match Game")*, then working for many years with [Heatter\-Quigley Productions](/wiki/Heatter-Quigley_Productions "Heatter-Quigley Productions"), as executive producer on several of their shows, beginning with the original version of *[The Hollywood Squares](/wiki/Hollywood_Squares "Hollywood Squares")*. From there, he finished his career with [Reg Grundy Productions](/wiki/Reg_Grundy_Productions "Reg Grundy Productions"), on shows like *[Scrabble](/wiki/Scrabble_%28game_show%29 "Scrabble (game show)")*. Noah also wrote a novel, a fictionalized account of the quiz show scandals, *All The Right Answers*, in 1988\. Felsher also went to work for Goodson\-Todman, where he was the producer for the second version of *[Password](/wiki/Password_%28American_game_show%29 "Password (American game show)")*, which aired on [ABC\-TV](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company "American Broadcasting Company"). In 1976, he was executive producer of the original version of *[Family Feud](/wiki/Family_Feud "Family Feud")*, where at times during the show's run, he and host [Richard Dawson](/wiki/Richard_Dawson "Richard Dawson") clashed.
As mentioned above, Barry \& Enright producer (and frequent director) [Richard S. Kline](/wiki/Richard_S._Kline "Richard S. Kline"), set designer John C. Mula, music composer Hal Hidey (even though *Tic\-Tac\-Dough* and *The Joker's Wild* would continue to use his music package), and Barry's sons Jon and Douglas would leave the company, following Jack Barry's death, to form **Kline \& Friends**, where they would co\-produce the game shows, *[Win, Lose or Draw](/wiki/Win%2C_Lose_or_Draw "Win, Lose or Draw")* and *[3rd Degree](/wiki/3rd_Degree_%28game_show%29 "3rd Degree (game show)")*, with [Burt Reynolds](/wiki/Burt_Reynolds "Burt Reynolds") and [Bert Convy](/wiki/Bert_Convy "Bert Convy"). Gary Cox left following Barry's death to join [Reg Grundy Productions](/wiki/Reg_Grundy_Productions "Reg Grundy Productions"), which was adjacent to Barry \& Enright in Century City, as an associate producer of *[Sale of the Century](/wiki/Sale_of_the_Century "Sale of the Century")*. [Ron Greenberg](/wiki/Ron_Greenberg "Ron Greenberg") departed Barry \& Enright a year before to produce other game show projects. Barry's sons, Jon and Douglas, also worked for Kline \& Friends following their father's death, helping to produce *[Break the Bank](/wiki/Break_the_Bank_%281985_game_show%29 "Break the Bank (1985 game show)")* (unrelated to B\&E's earlier show of the same name; this show suffered numerous backstage issues regarding Kline and the show's original host Gene Rayburn, who quit 14 weeks in), *[Strike it Rich](/wiki/Strike_It_Rich_%281986_game_show%29 "Strike It Rich (1986 game show)")* and the 1990 revival of *The Joker's Wild*. Mula would return to the company during the summer of 1989 to design the set for *[Pictionary](/wiki/Pictionary_%281989_game_show%29 "Pictionary (1989 game show)")* and again in 1990 for the *Tic Tac Dough* revival.
Longtime [Chuck Barris](/wiki/Chuck_Barris "Chuck Barris") game show announcer [Johnny Jacobs](/wiki/Johnny_Jacobs "Johnny Jacobs"), a longtime friend of Jack Barry's, was the primary announcer of all Jack Barry\-produced and Barry \& Enright produced\-game shows from 1972 to 1977, while working on Barris' *[The Newlywed Game](/wiki/The_Newlywed_Game "The Newlywed Game")*, *[The Dating Game](/wiki/The_Dating_Game "The Dating Game")* and *[The Gong Show](/wiki/The_Gong_Show "The Gong Show")*, among others. In 1977, a year after *[Let's Make a Deal](/wiki/Let%27s_Make_a_Deal "Let's Make a Deal")* went off the air, its announcer [Jay Stewart](/wiki/Jay_Stewart "Jay Stewart") replaced Jacobs as its primary announcer for four years, and was also its primary spokesman for all Barry \& Enright projects outside of the game show world. Jacobs, who died in 1982, did fill in for a few months during the 1978–79 season of *The Joker's Wild*, and in addition, [Johnny Gilbert](/wiki/Johnny_Gilbert "Johnny Gilbert") was also used as a fill\-in. [Bob Hilton](/wiki/Bob_Hilton "Bob Hilton") was also used as a fill\-in announcer towards the final weeks of the 1979–80 season.
In 1981, Stewart left Barry \& Enright Productions following his daughter's suicide. He was replaced by [Charlie O'Donnell](/wiki/Charlie_O%27Donnell "Charlie O'Donnell"), who at the time had just finished a five\-year run as announcer for *[Wheel of Fortune](/wiki/Wheel_of_Fortune_%28U.S._game_show%29 "Wheel of Fortune (U.S. game show)")*. O'Donnell announced for *The Joker's Wild*, *Bullseye*, *Tic Tac Dough*, and *Hot Potato* during his time with the company, and left after the 1985–86 season. Again, Johnny Gilbert filled in for O'Donnell on occasion, as well as [John Harlan](/wiki/John_Harlan_%28announcer%29 "John Harlan (announcer)").
Besides Barry, some of the hosts Barry \& Enright Productions employed during its existence were:
* [Jim Peck](/wiki/Jim_Peck "Jim Peck"): frequent substitute host for Barry on *The Joker's Wild*, was originally intended to become host following Barry's retirement.
* [Geoff Edwards](/wiki/Geoff_Edwards "Geoff Edwards"): host of *Hollywood's Talking* and *Play the Percentages*.
* [Bill Cullen](/wiki/Bill_Cullen "Bill Cullen"): host of *Hot Potato*, took over for Barry on *The Joker's Wild* after his death in place of Peck, who remained part of the show as Cullen's substitute from time to time.
* [Wink Martindale](/wiki/Wink_Martindale "Wink Martindale"): host of *Tic Tac Dough*, later co\-produced *Bumper Stumpers* with company for broadcast on [Global Television Network](/wiki/Global_Television_Network "Global Television Network") in Canada and on USA Network.
* [Art James](/wiki/Art_James "Art James"): Original announcer and substitute host on "Concentration" (1958–60\); host of *Blank Check*, later an announcer for *The Joker's Wild* and *Tic Tac Dough*.
* [Hugh Downs](/wiki/Hugh_Downs "Hugh Downs"): Original host of *Concentration*.
* [Gene Rayburn](/wiki/Gene_Rayburn "Gene Rayburn"): Jack Barry's substitute host of original daytime *Tic Tac Dough* until 1958, when he became host of *Dough Re Mi*.
* [Bill Wendell](/wiki/Bill_Wendell "Bill Wendell"): Replaced Jack Barry as host of *Tic Tac Dough* after Barry removed himself as host of both it, and *Twenty\-One*.
* [Jim Lange](/wiki/Jim_Lange "Jim Lange"): host of *Hollywood Connection* and *Bullseye*, plus hosted a 1982 pilot for a revival of *Twenty\-One*.
* [Tom Kennedy](/wiki/Tom_Kennedy_%28television_presenter%29 "Tom Kennedy (television presenter)"): host of original version of *Break the Bank*.
* [Nipsey Russell](/wiki/Nipsey_Russell "Nipsey Russell"): host of two separate revivals of *Juvenile Jury*.
* Jim Caldwell: hosted final season of *Tic\-Tac\-Dough* after Martindale's departure.
In addition, [Jim Perry](/wiki/Jim_Perry_%28television_personality%29 "Jim Perry (television personality)"), [Peter Tomarken](/wiki/Peter_Tomarken "Peter Tomarken"), [Patrick Wayne](/wiki/Patrick_Wayne "Patrick Wayne") and [Bill Rafferty](/wiki/Bill_Rafferty "Bill Rafferty") were given auditions for future game show pilots, none of which were produced. Wayne was eventually chosen to host the aforementioned short\-lived 1990 version of *Tic Tac Dough*, which was the last Barry \& Enright production prior to Enright's folding of the company in 1991\.
|
[
"Employees\n---------",
"Employees have included [Susan Stafford](/wiki/Susan_Stafford \"Susan Stafford\") who was vice president for public relations and Enright's love interest. Another noted staffer was [Louis M. Heyward](/wiki/Louis_M._Heyward \"Louis M. Heyward\"), who was vice president for development. Heyward is the father of [Andy Heyward](/wiki/Andy_Heyward \"Andy Heyward\"), who was chairman and chief executive officer of [DIC Entertainment](/wiki/DIC_Entertainment \"DIC Entertainment\") (now [WildBrain](/wiki/WildBrain \"WildBrain\")) and is currently the CEO of [Genius Brands](/wiki/Genius_Brands \"Genius Brands\"). Barry's sons Jonathan and [Douglas Barry](/wiki/Douglas_Barry \"Douglas Barry\"), his daughter Barbara Barry, Dan Diana, Chris Sohl, Gary Cox, Mark Maxwell\\-Smith (who co\\-created *[Bumper Stumpers](/wiki/Bumper_Stumpers \"Bumper Stumpers\")*), Mark Phillips and [Ron Greenberg](/wiki/Ron_Greenberg \"Ron Greenberg\") (who, on and off, was also an independent producer; he may be best known for *[The Who, What, or Where Game](/wiki/The_Who%2C_What%2C_or_Where_Game \"The Who, What, or Where Game\")*) were prominent employees of Barry \\& Enright.",
"Robert Noah and [Howard Felsher](/wiki/Howard_Felsher \"Howard Felsher\"), who were producers of *[Twenty\\-One](/wiki/Twenty-One_%28game_show%29 \"Twenty-One (game show)\")* and *[Tic\\-Tac\\-Dough](/wiki/Tic-Tac-Dough \"Tic-Tac-Dough\")* respectively, saw their careers revived several years after the quiz show scandals faded from the public's memory, with Noah first working for [Mark Goodson](/wiki/Mark_Goodson \"Mark Goodson\") and [Bill Todman](/wiki/Bill_Todman \"Bill Todman\"), as producer on the original *[Match Game](/wiki/Match_Game \"Match Game\")*, then working for many years with [Heatter\\-Quigley Productions](/wiki/Heatter-Quigley_Productions \"Heatter-Quigley Productions\"), as executive producer on several of their shows, beginning with the original version of *[The Hollywood Squares](/wiki/Hollywood_Squares \"Hollywood Squares\")*. From there, he finished his career with [Reg Grundy Productions](/wiki/Reg_Grundy_Productions \"Reg Grundy Productions\"), on shows like *[Scrabble](/wiki/Scrabble_%28game_show%29 \"Scrabble (game show)\")*. Noah also wrote a novel, a fictionalized account of the quiz show scandals, *All The Right Answers*, in 1988\\. Felsher also went to work for Goodson\\-Todman, where he was the producer for the second version of *[Password](/wiki/Password_%28American_game_show%29 \"Password (American game show)\")*, which aired on [ABC\\-TV](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company \"American Broadcasting Company\"). In 1976, he was executive producer of the original version of *[Family Feud](/wiki/Family_Feud \"Family Feud\")*, where at times during the show's run, he and host [Richard Dawson](/wiki/Richard_Dawson \"Richard Dawson\") clashed.",
"As mentioned above, Barry \\& Enright producer (and frequent director) [Richard S. Kline](/wiki/Richard_S._Kline \"Richard S. Kline\"), set designer John C. Mula, music composer Hal Hidey (even though *Tic\\-Tac\\-Dough* and *The Joker's Wild* would continue to use his music package), and Barry's sons Jon and Douglas would leave the company, following Jack Barry's death, to form **Kline \\& Friends**, where they would co\\-produce the game shows, *[Win, Lose or Draw](/wiki/Win%2C_Lose_or_Draw \"Win, Lose or Draw\")* and *[3rd Degree](/wiki/3rd_Degree_%28game_show%29 \"3rd Degree (game show)\")*, with [Burt Reynolds](/wiki/Burt_Reynolds \"Burt Reynolds\") and [Bert Convy](/wiki/Bert_Convy \"Bert Convy\"). Gary Cox left following Barry's death to join [Reg Grundy Productions](/wiki/Reg_Grundy_Productions \"Reg Grundy Productions\"), which was adjacent to Barry \\& Enright in Century City, as an associate producer of *[Sale of the Century](/wiki/Sale_of_the_Century \"Sale of the Century\")*. [Ron Greenberg](/wiki/Ron_Greenberg \"Ron Greenberg\") departed Barry \\& Enright a year before to produce other game show projects. Barry's sons, Jon and Douglas, also worked for Kline \\& Friends following their father's death, helping to produce *[Break the Bank](/wiki/Break_the_Bank_%281985_game_show%29 \"Break the Bank (1985 game show)\")* (unrelated to B\\&E's earlier show of the same name; this show suffered numerous backstage issues regarding Kline and the show's original host Gene Rayburn, who quit 14 weeks in), *[Strike it Rich](/wiki/Strike_It_Rich_%281986_game_show%29 \"Strike It Rich (1986 game show)\")* and the 1990 revival of *The Joker's Wild*. Mula would return to the company during the summer of 1989 to design the set for *[Pictionary](/wiki/Pictionary_%281989_game_show%29 \"Pictionary (1989 game show)\")* and again in 1990 for the *Tic Tac Dough* revival.",
"Longtime [Chuck Barris](/wiki/Chuck_Barris \"Chuck Barris\") game show announcer [Johnny Jacobs](/wiki/Johnny_Jacobs \"Johnny Jacobs\"), a longtime friend of Jack Barry's, was the primary announcer of all Jack Barry\\-produced and Barry \\& Enright produced\\-game shows from 1972 to 1977, while working on Barris' *[The Newlywed Game](/wiki/The_Newlywed_Game \"The Newlywed Game\")*, *[The Dating Game](/wiki/The_Dating_Game \"The Dating Game\")* and *[The Gong Show](/wiki/The_Gong_Show \"The Gong Show\")*, among others. In 1977, a year after *[Let's Make a Deal](/wiki/Let%27s_Make_a_Deal \"Let's Make a Deal\")* went off the air, its announcer [Jay Stewart](/wiki/Jay_Stewart \"Jay Stewart\") replaced Jacobs as its primary announcer for four years, and was also its primary spokesman for all Barry \\& Enright projects outside of the game show world. Jacobs, who died in 1982, did fill in for a few months during the 1978–79 season of *The Joker's Wild*, and in addition, [Johnny Gilbert](/wiki/Johnny_Gilbert \"Johnny Gilbert\") was also used as a fill\\-in. [Bob Hilton](/wiki/Bob_Hilton \"Bob Hilton\") was also used as a fill\\-in announcer towards the final weeks of the 1979–80 season.",
"In 1981, Stewart left Barry \\& Enright Productions following his daughter's suicide. He was replaced by [Charlie O'Donnell](/wiki/Charlie_O%27Donnell \"Charlie O'Donnell\"), who at the time had just finished a five\\-year run as announcer for *[Wheel of Fortune](/wiki/Wheel_of_Fortune_%28U.S._game_show%29 \"Wheel of Fortune (U.S. game show)\")*. O'Donnell announced for *The Joker's Wild*, *Bullseye*, *Tic Tac Dough*, and *Hot Potato* during his time with the company, and left after the 1985–86 season. Again, Johnny Gilbert filled in for O'Donnell on occasion, as well as [John Harlan](/wiki/John_Harlan_%28announcer%29 \"John Harlan (announcer)\").",
"Besides Barry, some of the hosts Barry \\& Enright Productions employed during its existence were:",
"* [Jim Peck](/wiki/Jim_Peck \"Jim Peck\"): frequent substitute host for Barry on *The Joker's Wild*, was originally intended to become host following Barry's retirement.\n* [Geoff Edwards](/wiki/Geoff_Edwards \"Geoff Edwards\"): host of *Hollywood's Talking* and *Play the Percentages*.\n* [Bill Cullen](/wiki/Bill_Cullen \"Bill Cullen\"): host of *Hot Potato*, took over for Barry on *The Joker's Wild* after his death in place of Peck, who remained part of the show as Cullen's substitute from time to time.\n* [Wink Martindale](/wiki/Wink_Martindale \"Wink Martindale\"): host of *Tic Tac Dough*, later co\\-produced *Bumper Stumpers* with company for broadcast on [Global Television Network](/wiki/Global_Television_Network \"Global Television Network\") in Canada and on USA Network.\n* [Art James](/wiki/Art_James \"Art James\"): Original announcer and substitute host on \"Concentration\" (1958–60\\); host of *Blank Check*, later an announcer for *The Joker's Wild* and *Tic Tac Dough*.\n* [Hugh Downs](/wiki/Hugh_Downs \"Hugh Downs\"): Original host of *Concentration*.\n* [Gene Rayburn](/wiki/Gene_Rayburn \"Gene Rayburn\"): Jack Barry's substitute host of original daytime *Tic Tac Dough* until 1958, when he became host of *Dough Re Mi*.\n* [Bill Wendell](/wiki/Bill_Wendell \"Bill Wendell\"): Replaced Jack Barry as host of *Tic Tac Dough* after Barry removed himself as host of both it, and *Twenty\\-One*.\n* [Jim Lange](/wiki/Jim_Lange \"Jim Lange\"): host of *Hollywood Connection* and *Bullseye*, plus hosted a 1982 pilot for a revival of *Twenty\\-One*.\n* [Tom Kennedy](/wiki/Tom_Kennedy_%28television_presenter%29 \"Tom Kennedy (television presenter)\"): host of original version of *Break the Bank*.\n* [Nipsey Russell](/wiki/Nipsey_Russell \"Nipsey Russell\"): host of two separate revivals of *Juvenile Jury*.\n* Jim Caldwell: hosted final season of *Tic\\-Tac\\-Dough* after Martindale's departure.",
"In addition, [Jim Perry](/wiki/Jim_Perry_%28television_personality%29 \"Jim Perry (television personality)\"), [Peter Tomarken](/wiki/Peter_Tomarken \"Peter Tomarken\"), [Patrick Wayne](/wiki/Patrick_Wayne \"Patrick Wayne\") and [Bill Rafferty](/wiki/Bill_Rafferty \"Bill Rafferty\") were given auditions for future game show pilots, none of which were produced. Wayne was eventually chosen to host the aforementioned short\\-lived 1990 version of *Tic Tac Dough*, which was the last Barry \\& Enright production prior to Enright's folding of the company in 1991\\.",
""
] |
Historical importance
---------------------
Her historical importance is as a defender of the [Presbyterian](/wiki/Presbyterian "Presbyterian") Church in Scotland against [Charles I](/wiki/Charles_I_of_England "Charles I of England") attempts to convert the whole of Scotland to [Anglicanism](/wiki/Anglicanism "Anglicanism") and her active leadership in the [National Covenant resistance movement](/wiki/Covenanter "Covenanter").
Her son, [James Hamilton, 1st Duke of Hamilton](/wiki/James_Hamilton%2C_1st_Duke_of_Hamilton "James Hamilton, 1st Duke of Hamilton"), had sided with Charles I. When he attempted to land an army on the Scottish Coast in 1639, she organised the defences, raised a cavalry troop, and "came forth with pistol which she vowed to discharge upon her son if he offered to come ashore."*A Historical Dictionary of British Women*, eds Cathy Hartley and Susan Leckey (Routledge, 2003\) {{ISBN\|978\-1\-85743\-228\-2}} A correspondent of the time, Edward Norgate, wrote, "She goeth in armour and with a pistoll by her side readie charged, and wishes him there, saying shee would burie the bullets in his bowells."*HMC 6th Report: Hood* (London, 1877\), p. 347\.
The cavalry rode under a banner showing a hand repelling a prayer book with the motto *For God, the King, Religion and the Covenant*. This was at the time of the [Battle of Berwick](/wiki/Pacification_of_Berwick "Pacification of Berwick") on 5 June 1639\.
The struggle with Charles I led to the Scots' right to a [free church assembly](/wiki/Church_of_Scotland "Church of Scotland") and a [free parliament](/wiki/Parliament_of_Scotland "Parliament of Scotland").
Her great\-great\-grandson was [Sir William Hamilton](/wiki/William_Hamilton_%28diplomat%29 "William Hamilton (diplomat)") the husband of [Emma, Lady Hamilton](/wiki/Emma%2C_Lady_Hamilton "Emma, Lady Hamilton") who is best known as the mistress of [Lord Nelson](/wiki/Horatio_Nelson%2C_1st_Viscount_Nelson "Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson").
|
[
"Historical importance\n---------------------",
"Her historical importance is as a defender of the [Presbyterian](/wiki/Presbyterian \"Presbyterian\") Church in Scotland against [Charles I](/wiki/Charles_I_of_England \"Charles I of England\") attempts to convert the whole of Scotland to [Anglicanism](/wiki/Anglicanism \"Anglicanism\") and her active leadership in the [National Covenant resistance movement](/wiki/Covenanter \"Covenanter\").",
"Her son, [James Hamilton, 1st Duke of Hamilton](/wiki/James_Hamilton%2C_1st_Duke_of_Hamilton \"James Hamilton, 1st Duke of Hamilton\"), had sided with Charles I. When he attempted to land an army on the Scottish Coast in 1639, she organised the defences, raised a cavalry troop, and \"came forth with pistol which she vowed to discharge upon her son if he offered to come ashore.\"*A Historical Dictionary of British Women*, eds Cathy Hartley and Susan Leckey (Routledge, 2003\\) {{ISBN\\|978\\-1\\-85743\\-228\\-2}} A correspondent of the time, Edward Norgate, wrote, \"She goeth in armour and with a pistoll by her side readie charged, and wishes him there, saying shee would burie the bullets in his bowells.\"*HMC 6th Report: Hood* (London, 1877\\), p. 347\\.",
"The cavalry rode under a banner showing a hand repelling a prayer book with the motto *For God, the King, Religion and the Covenant*. This was at the time of the [Battle of Berwick](/wiki/Pacification_of_Berwick \"Pacification of Berwick\") on 5 June 1639\\.",
"The struggle with Charles I led to the Scots' right to a [free church assembly](/wiki/Church_of_Scotland \"Church of Scotland\") and a [free parliament](/wiki/Parliament_of_Scotland \"Parliament of Scotland\").",
"Her great\\-great\\-grandson was [Sir William Hamilton](/wiki/William_Hamilton_%28diplomat%29 \"William Hamilton (diplomat)\") the husband of [Emma, Lady Hamilton](/wiki/Emma%2C_Lady_Hamilton \"Emma, Lady Hamilton\") who is best known as the mistress of [Lord Nelson](/wiki/Horatio_Nelson%2C_1st_Viscount_Nelson \"Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson\").",
""
] |
Meeting highlights
------------------
### Doha
There were twelve world leads set at the opening meet of the season in Doha, as well as 4 meeting records at an event which has begun the [Diamond League](/wiki/IAAF_Diamond_League "IAAF Diamond League") season each of the past 7 years.{{Cite web\|url\=http://doha.diamondleague.com/news/single\-news/news/detail/News/12\-world\-leads\-as\-doha\-kicks\-off\-diamond\-league\-for\-the\-seventh\-time/\|title\=12 World Leads as Doha Kicks off Diamond League for the Seventh Time\|website\=IDL Diamond League\|access\-date\=2016\-05\-16}} The women's triple jump proved to be an enthralling contest, as the lead changed hands 5 times between [Caterine Ibargüen](/wiki/Caterine_Ibarg%C3%BCen "Caterine Ibargüen") and [Yulimar Rojas](/wiki/Yulimar_Rojas "Yulimar Rojas") over the course of the 6 rounds. The women's pole vault also provided a spectacle as [Sandi Morris](/wiki/Sandi_Morris "Sandi Morris") jumped a height of 4\.83 to equal the Diamond League record and set an outdoor world lead. Two Americans, [Ameer Webb](/wiki/Ameer_Webb "Ameer Webb") and [LaShawn Merritt](/wiki/LaShawn_Merritt "LaShawn Merritt"), won the men's sprint events, with Webb running 19\.85 to go 23rd on the all\-time list. All the women's track events had new world leads set, with the most impressive being [Almaz Ayana](/wiki/Almaz_Ayana "Almaz Ayana")'s 3000 metres victory, where she ran less than a second outside her personal best to run the 19th fastest race of all time.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.alltime\-athletics.com/w\_3000ok.htm\|title\=3000 metres all time list\|last\=Larsson\|first\=Peter\|access\-date\=16 May 2016}} In the men's field, [Christian Taylor](/wiki/Christian_Taylor_%28athlete%29 "Christian Taylor (athlete)") returned to the meet where he came within 25 cm of the world record last year, and won his event with 17\.23\.
### Shanghai
Six world leads were set at this meeting, with five meeting records also falling. Two of the best performances of the night came in the women's [1500 metres](/wiki/1500_metres "1500 metres") and [discus throw](/wiki/Discus_throw "Discus throw"). Sandra Perković threw 70\.88 which although placing 98th on the all time lists, is the second farthest mark this century, behind her throw to win the [2014 European Championships](/wiki/2014_European_Athletics_Championships "2014 European Athletics Championships").{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.alltime\-athletics.com/wdiscok.htm\|title\=Women's Discus Throw All Time List\|last\=Larsson\|first\=Peter\|access\-date\=16 May 2016}} In the 1500 metres, Faith Kipyegon ran a [Kenyan national record](/wiki/List_of_Kenyan_records_in_athletics "List of Kenyan records in athletics") to win, with a time that places her just outside the top 25 female 1500 metres runners of all time. Home favourite [Gao Xinglong](/wiki/Gao_Xinglong "Gao Xinglong") won the men's long jump, beating [Rushwahl Samaai](/wiki/Rushwahl_Samaai "Rushwahl Samaai") on countback. On the track, [Justin Gatlin](/wiki/Justin_Gatlin "Justin Gatlin") ran his first [100 metres](/wiki/100_metres "100 metres") race under 10 seconds this season, to win, beating Qatari [Femi Ogunode](/wiki/Femi_Ogunode "Femi Ogunode").{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/athletics/36293414\|title\=Diamond League: Justin Gatlin wins 100m \& Femi Ogunode second in Shanghai\|publisher\=BBC Sport \|access\-date\=2016\-05\-16}} The men's [800 metres](/wiki/800_metres "800 metres") was won by [Ferguson Cheruiyot Rotich](/wiki/Ferguson_Cheruiyot_Rotich "Ferguson Cheruiyot Rotich"), though there was some controversy, as [world record holder](/wiki/List_of_world_records_in_athletics "List of world records in athletics") and [Olympic champion](/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_800_metres "Athletics at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's 800 metres") [David Rudisha](/wiki/David_Rudisha "David Rudisha") and [Bram Som](/wiki/Bram_Som "Bram Som"), the pacemaker for the race, were left waiting at the start of the race, having expected a recall due to field athletes being on the track when the gun fired.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.flotrack.org/article/41801\-david\-rudisha\-fades\-in\-strange\-800m\-race\-shanghai\-diamond\-league\-recap\|title\=David Rudisha Fades in Strange 800m Race: Shanghai Diamond League Recap\|website\=FloTrack\|date\=14 May 2016 \|access\-date\=2016\-05\-16}}Johnson, Len (2016\-05\-14\). [McLeod keeps cool and storms to sub\-13 clocking in Shanghai – IAAF Diamond League](https://www.iaaf.org/news/news/idl-shanghai-mcleod-kipyegon). IAAF. Retrieved on 2016\-09\-11\.Johnson, Len (2016\-05\-14\). [Perkovic and Shanghai continue their love affair – IAAF Diamond League](https://www.iaaf.org/news/news/idl-shanghai-perkovic). IAAF. Retrieved on 2016\-09\-11\.Johnson, Len (2016\-05\-14\). [Kipyegon sets Kenyan 1500m record in Shanghai – IAAF Diamond League](https://www.iaaf.org/news/news/faith-kipyegon-idl-2016-shanghai). IAAF. Retrieved on 2016\-09\-11\.
### Rabat
The first appearance of the Rabat leg resulted in ten new meeting records for the African venue, as well as four world\-leading performances. The four performances were [Caster Semenya](/wiki/Caster_Semenya "Caster Semenya")'s 1:56\.64 in the women's 800 m (five hundredths slower than the series record), [Almaz Ayana](/wiki/Almaz_Ayana "Almaz Ayana")'s 14:16\.31 in the women's 5000 m (the fifth fastest run ever at that point), an 8:02\.77\-minute run by [Conseslus Kipruto](/wiki/Conseslus_Kipruto "Conseslus Kipruto") in the men's steeplechase (the fastest ever on African soil) and 7:35\.85 in the men's 3000 m by home athlete [Abdalaati Iguider](/wiki/Abdalaati_Iguider "Abdalaati Iguider") (also an African all\-comers record). On the track, three further meet records came from [Elaine Thompson](/wiki/Elaine_Thompson "Elaine Thompson") in the women's 100 m, [David Oliver](/wiki/David_Oliver_%28hurdler%29 "David Oliver (hurdler)") in the men's 110 m hurdles, and [LaShawn Merritt](/wiki/LaShawn_Merritt "LaShawn Merritt") in the men's 400 m.Minshull, Phil (2016\-05\-22\). [Semenya just misses out on series record in Rabat – IAAF Diamond League](https://www.iaaf.org/news/news/idl-rabat-semenya-800m). IAAF. Retrieved on 2016\-09\-11\.Minshull, Phil (2016\-05\-22\). [Ayana exceeds all expectations in Rabat – IAAF Diamond League](https://www.iaaf.org/news/news/idl-rabat-ayana-5000m1). IAAF. Retrieved on 2016\-09\-11\.Minshull, Phil (2016\-05\-22\). [Samaai flies in Rabat – IAAF Diamond League](https://www.iaaf.org/news/news/idl-rabat-samaai). IAAF. Retrieved on 2016\-09\-11\.
In the field events, South Africa's [Rushwahl Samaai](/wiki/Rushwahl_Samaai "Rushwahl Samaai") cleared {{T\&Fcalc\|8\.38}} in the men's long jump for a meeting record and the best mark ever achieved in Africa. A throw of {{T\&Fcalc\|67\.45}} left [Piotr Małachowski](/wiki/Piotr_Ma%C5%82achowski "Piotr Małachowski") a comfortable winner in the men's discus in a meet record. In the women's triple jump [Caterine Ibargüen](/wiki/Caterine_Ibarg%C3%BCen "Caterine Ibargüen") had her 33rd straight win. Latvia's [Madara Palameika](/wiki/Madara_Palameika "Madara Palameika") winning mark of {{T\&Fcalc\|64\.76}} in the women's javelin was a meeting record and [Ekaterini Stefanidi](/wiki/Ekaterini_Stefanidi "Ekaterini Stefanidi") added nineteen centimetres to the African all\-comers record with her win of {{T\&Fcalc\|4\.76}} in the women's pole vault.
### Eugene
The Eugene meet produced nine world leads, five meet records, three area records, and two series records. The best results came from women's obstacle races. In the 100 m hurdles American [Keni Harrison](/wiki/Keni_Harrison "Keni Harrison") ran the second fastest ever time at 12\.24 seconds, three hundredths off [Yordanka Donkova](/wiki/Yordanka_Donkova "Yordanka Donkova")'s world record from 1988 and a [NACAC area record](/wiki/List_of_North%2C_Central_American_and_Caribbean_records_in_athletics "List of North, Central American and Caribbean records in athletics"). [Ruth Jebet](/wiki/Ruth_Jebet "Ruth Jebet") of Bahrain became the second woman to finish the steeplechase in under nine minutes, recording an [Asian record](/wiki/List_of_Asian_records_in_athletics "List of Asian records in athletics") of 8:59\.97 with Kenya's [Hyvin Jepkemoi](/wiki/Hyvin_Jepkemoi "Hyvin Jepkemoi") a close runner\-up in an [African record](/wiki/List_of_African_records_in_athletics "List of African records in athletics") of 9:00\.01\. [Faith Kipyegon](/wiki/Faith_Kipyegon "Faith Kipyegon") broke her own [Kenyan record](/wiki/List_of_Kenyan_records_in_athletics "List of Kenyan records in athletics") with a world lead and meet record of 3:56\.41 in the 1500 m. Other world leads on the track came from [Muktar Edris](/wiki/Muktar_Edris "Muktar Edris") (men's 5000 m), [Asbel Kiprop](/wiki/Asbel_Kiprop "Asbel Kiprop") (men's mile), [Tori Bowie](/wiki/Tori_Bowie "Tori Bowie") (women's 200 m) and [Mo Farah](/wiki/Mo_Farah "Mo Farah") (men's non\-Diamond race 10,000 m).Sully, Kevin (2016\-05\-28\). [Kovacs shifts gears to produce world\-leading shot mark in Eugene – IAAF Diamond League](https://www.iaaf.org/news/news/idl-eugene-kovacs-reese). IAAF. Retrieved on 2016\-09\-11\.Sully, Kevin (2016\-05\-28\). [Harrison and Jebet scare world records in Eugene – IAAF Diamond League](https://www.iaaf.org/news/news/idl-eugene-harrision-jebet). IAAF. Retrieved on 2016\-09\-11\.Sully, Kevin (2016\-05\-28\). [Taylor throws down the gauntlet in Eugene – IAAF Diamond League](https://www.iaaf.org/news/news/idl-eugene-taylor-abelrahman). IAAF. Retrieved on 2016\-09\-11\.Sully, Kevin (2016\-05\-28\). [World\-leading times by Kipyegon and Edris in Eugene – IAAF Diamond League](https://www.iaaf.org/news/news/idl-eugene-kipyegon-edris). IAAF. Retrieved on 2016\-09\-11\.
The men delivered the best field performances of that year's Prefontaine Classic. [Joe Kovacs](/wiki/Joe_Kovacs "Joe Kovacs") threw beyond 22 metres for a shot put world lead and [Christian Taylor](/wiki/Christian_Taylor_%28athlete%29 "Christian Taylor (athlete)") also did so in the triple jump with a meet record of {{T\&Fcalc\|17\.76}}. In the men's javelin [Ihab Abdelrahman](/wiki/Ihab_Abdelrahman "Ihab Abdelrahman") of Egypt threw {{T\&Fcalc\|87\.37}} for a meet record and equal world lead. Among the women field athletes, discus thrower [Sandra Perković](/wiki/Sandra_Perkovi%C4%87 "Sandra Perković") was the only repeat winner, with Diamond leaders [Levern Spencer](/wiki/Levern_Spencer "Levern Spencer") and [Ivana Španović](/wiki/Ivana_%C5%A0panovi%C4%87 "Ivana Španović") reduced to runners\-up by home athletes [Chaunté Lowe](/wiki/Chaunt%C3%A9_Lowe "Chaunté Lowe") and [Brittney Reese](/wiki/Brittney_Reese "Brittney Reese") in the jumps.
### Rome
[Almaz Ayana](/wiki/Almaz_Ayana "Almaz Ayana") had the best performance of the night at 14:12\.59 minutes for the women's 5000 m – this was (at one and a half seconds short of [Tirunesh Dibaba](/wiki/Tirunesh_Dibaba "Tirunesh Dibaba")'s world record) the second fastest time ever and a Diamond League record. [Caster Semenya](/wiki/Caster_Semenya "Caster Semenya") equalled her own world lead of 1:56\.64 to take her third straight win in the women's 800 m while [Janieve Russell](/wiki/Janieve_Russell "Janieve Russell") ran a world lead of 53\.96 seconds in the women's 400 m hurdles. The sole world lead of the men's programme came from [Conseslus Kipruto](/wiki/Conseslus_Kipruto "Conseslus Kipruto") – a final\-lap fall by [Jairus Birech](/wiki/Jairus_Birech "Jairus Birech") left Kipruto to his third steeplechase win in 8:01\.41 minutes.Rowbottom, Mike (2016\-06\-02\). [Tamberi's supporters raise the roof but Bondarenko hits the heights in Rome – IAAF Diamond League](https://www.iaaf.org/news/news/idl-rome-tamberi-bondarenko). IAAF. Retrieved on 2016\-09\-11\.
Rowbottom, Mike (2016\-06\-02\). [Ayana clocks second fastest 5000m ever in Rome – IAAF Diamond League](https://www.iaaf.org/news/news/idl-rome-ayana-kipruto). IAAF. Retrieved on 2016\-09\-11\.Rowbottom, Mike (2016\-06\-02\). [Ibarguen extends her winning streak to 34 in Rome – IAAF Diamond League](https://www.iaaf.org/news/news/idl-rome-ibarguen-van-niekirk). IAAF. Retrieved on 2016\-09\-11\.
In Diamond races, [Caterine Ibargüen](/wiki/Caterine_Ibarg%C3%BCen "Caterine Ibargüen") had her 34th straight win. [Bohdan Bondarenko](/wiki/Bohdan_Bondarenko "Bohdan Bondarenko") took the lead in the men's high jump with his second win of the series while men's discus leader [Piotr Małachowski](/wiki/Piotr_Ma%C5%82achowski "Piotr Małachowski") slipped to sixth on the night (one of his worst placings of recent years). Among the women, [Elaine Thompson](/wiki/Elaine_Thompson "Elaine Thompson") (100 m), [Ekaterini Stefanidi](/wiki/Ekaterini_Stefanidi "Ekaterini Stefanidi") (pole vault), [Valerie Adams](/wiki/Valerie_Adams "Valerie Adams") (shot put) and [Sunette Viljoen](/wiki/Sunette_Viljoen "Sunette Viljoen") (javelin) had their second wins of the series to top the rankings.
### Birmingham
Six world leads and five meet records resulted from the Birmingham leg. In the women's pole vault [Yarisley Silva](/wiki/Yarisley_Silva "Yarisley Silva") of Cuba set a Diamond League record of {{T\&Fcalc\|4\.84}}. She and [Mutaz Essa Barshim](/wiki/Mutaz_Essa_Barshim "Mutaz Essa Barshim") (2\.37 m in the men's high jump) were the only world leads from the field events. On the men's track [Conseslus Kipruto](/wiki/Conseslus_Kipruto "Conseslus Kipruto") had his fourth straight world lead in a steeplechase meet record of 8:00\.12\. [Asbel Kiprop](/wiki/Asbel_Kiprop "Asbel Kiprop") had a world lead and meet record of 3:29\.33 minutes in the men's 1500 m. In the men's 400 m, [Kirani James](/wiki/Kirani_James "Kirani James") had a meet record run of 44\.23 seconds. In non\-Diamond Race events, [Mo Farah](/wiki/Mo_Farah "Mo Farah") had a 3000 m world lead and [British record](/wiki/List_of_British_records_in_athletics "List of British records in athletics") of 7:32\.62, while [David Rudisha](/wiki/David_Rudisha "David Rudisha") set an [African record](/wiki/List_of_African_records_in_athletics "List of African records in athletics") for the rarely run 600 m (also a world lead and meet record).Sammett, Michelle (2016\-06\-05\). [World leads for Kipruto and Kiprop in Birmingham – IAAF Diamond League](https://www.iaaf.org/news/news/kipruto-kiprop-idl-birmingham). IAAF. Retrieved on 2016\-09\-11\.Sammett, Michelle (2016\-06\-05\). [Barshim bounces back in Birmingham, Ibarguen's winning streak ends – IAAF Diamond League](https://www.iaaf.org/news/news/idl-birmingham-barshim-ibarguen). IAAF. Retrieved on 2016\-09\-11\.Sammett, Michelle (2016\-06\-05\). [Harrison and James impress with Birmingham meeting records – IAAF Diamond League](https://www.iaaf.org/news/news/harrison-james-idl-birmingham). IAAF. Retrieved on 2016\-09\-11\.
In women's track events, [Francine Niyonsaba](/wiki/Francine_Niyonsaba "Francine Niyonsaba") ran a meet record of 1:56\.92 in the 800 m, breaking the series run of Caster Semenya (who was absent). Almaz Ayana's win streak was also broken in her absence, with [Vivian Cheruiyot](/wiki/Vivian_Cheruiyot "Vivian Cheruiyot") taking the 5000 m. [Keni Harrison](/wiki/Keni_Harrison "Keni Harrison") continued her streak in the 100 m hurdles with a meet record of 12\.46 seconds. The upset of the night came in the women's triple jump, with [Olga Rypakova](/wiki/Olga_Rypakova "Olga Rypakova") ending [Caterine Ibargüen](/wiki/Caterine_Ibarg%C3%BCen "Caterine Ibargüen")'s long\-standing win streak by a winning margin of five centimetres.
### Oslo
The best performance of the 2016 [Bislett Games](/wiki/Bislett_Games "Bislett Games") was by [Dafne Schippers](/wiki/Dafne_Schippers "Dafne Schippers"), whose run of 21\.93 seconds in the women's 200 m was a Diamond League record, meet record and a world lead. [Thomas Röhler](/wiki/Thomas_R%C3%B6hler "Thomas Röhler") had the only world lead in the field events at {{T\&Fcalc\|89\.30}} in the men's javelin. The mile events delivered the two other world leads of the meet with Kenya's [Asbel Kiprop](/wiki/Asbel_Kiprop "Asbel Kiprop") and [Faith Kipyegon](/wiki/Faith_Kipyegon "Faith Kipyegon") topping the fields there, each with their third Diamond League win of the year. [Sandra Perković](/wiki/Sandra_Perkovi%C4%87 "Sandra Perković") also had her third straight win.Ramsak, Bob (2016\-06\-09\). [Kiprop and Kipyegon take mile victories in Oslo – IAAF Diamond League](https://www.iaaf.org/news/news/oslo-diamond-league-2016-kipyegon-kiprop). IAAF. Retrieved on 2016\-09\-11\.Ramsak, Bob (2016\-06\-09\). [Big throws from Rohler and Kovacs in Oslo – IAAF Diamond League](https://www.iaaf.org/news/news/oslo-diamond-league-2016-rohler-kovacs). IAAF. Retrieved on 2016\-09\-11\.Ramsak, Bob (2016\-06\-09\). [Record\-breaking Schippers highlights track action in Oslo – IAAF Diamond League](https://www.iaaf.org/news/news/oslo-diamond-league-2016-schippers). IAAF. Retrieved on 2016\-09\-11\.
In Diamond races, [Michael Tinsley](/wiki/Michael_Tinsley "Michael Tinsley")'s streak was stopped by [Yasmani Copello](/wiki/Yasmani_Copello "Yasmani Copello") in the men's 400 m hurdles, while the absence of Americans [Justin Gatlin](/wiki/Justin_Gatlin "Justin Gatlin") (100 m), [Christian Taylor](/wiki/Christian_Taylor_%28athlete%29 "Christian Taylor (athlete)") (triple jump) and [Keni Harrison](/wiki/Keni_Harrison "Keni Harrison") (100 m hurdles) saw their unbeaten records of the series end. Without Gatlin in the men's 100 m, [Andre De Grasse](/wiki/Andre_De_Grasse "Andre De Grasse") had the first Diamond League win of his career. [Joe Kovacs](/wiki/Joe_Kovacs "Joe Kovacs") maintained high performance in the men's shot put, going over 22 metres for his second win of the series.
### Stockholm
With its overcast conditions, the [Stockholm Bauhaus Athletics](/wiki/Stockholm_Bauhaus_Athletics "Stockholm Bauhaus Athletics") meet was the first of the year to produce no world leads. [Ruth Jebet](/wiki/Ruth_Jebet "Ruth Jebet") gave the sole meet record performance at 9:08\.37 in the women's steeplechase. Three athletes achieved their first Diamond League wins: [Jak Ali Harvey](/wiki/Jak_Ali_Harvey "Jak Ali Harvey") (100 m), [Dina Asher\-Smith](/wiki/Dina_Asher-Smith "Dina Asher-Smith") (200 m) and [Angelika Cichocka](/wiki/Angelika_Cichocka "Angelika Cichocka") (1500 m). [Keni Harrison](/wiki/Keni_Harrison "Keni Harrison") and [Christian Taylor](/wiki/Christian_Taylor_%28athlete%29 "Christian Taylor (athlete)") returned to the top of their disciplines to take their third wins of the series, as did [Ivana Španović](/wiki/Ivana_%C5%A0panovi%C4%87 "Ivana Španović") and [Renaud Lavillenie](/wiki/Renaud_Lavillenie "Renaud Lavillenie"). [Sandra Perković](/wiki/Sandra_Perkovi%C4%87 "Sandra Perković") continued with her fourth victory to remain the only female athlete to go undefeated in the series. National interest came in the form of [Susanna Kallur](/wiki/Susanna_Kallur "Susanna Kallur")'s return in the women's sprint hurdles, following a six\-year absence from the sport by the world record holder due to injury.Dennehy, Cathal (2016\-06\-15\). [Walsh proves to be the supreme shot putter in Stockholm – IAAF Diamond League](https://www.iaaf.org/news/news/idl-stockholm-shot-walsh). IAAF. Retrieved on 2016\-09\-11\.Dennehy, Cathal (2016\-06\-16\). [Success for Spanovic in Stockholm – IAAF Diamond League](https://www.iaaf.org/news/news/stockholm-diamond-league-2016-spanovic). IAAF. Retrieved on 2016\-09\-11\.Dennehy, Cathal (2016\-06\-16\). [Jeilan and Jebet show Olympic medal potential in Stockholm – IAAF Diamond League](https://www.iaaf.org/news/news/stockholm-diamond-league-2016-jeilan-jebet). IAAF. Retrieved on 2016\-09\-11\.Dennehy, Cathal (2016\-06\-16\). [Harrison defies the rain as Kallur returns in Stockholm – IAAF Diamond League](https://www.iaaf.org/news/news/stockholm-diamond-league-2016-harrison-kallur). IAAF. Retrieved on 2016\-09\-11\.
### Monaco
At the [Herculis](/wiki/Herculis "Herculis") meeting, [Caster Semenya](/wiki/Caster_Semenya "Caster Semenya") was the top performer with a new Diamond League record of 1:55\.33 minutes in the women's 800 m. This was also a [South African record](/wiki/List_of_South_African_records_in_athletics "List of South African records in athletics"), meet record and a world lead. The runner\-up [Francine Niyonsaba](/wiki/Francine_Niyonsaba "Francine Niyonsaba") also broke her [national record](/wiki/List_of_Burundian_records_in_athletics "List of Burundian records in athletics") at 1:56\.24\. [Gianmarco Tamberi](/wiki/Gianmarco_Tamberi "Gianmarco Tamberi") set an [Italian record](/wiki/List_of_Italian_records_in_athletics "List of Italian records in athletics") of {{T\&Fcalc\|2\.39}} in the men's high jump, though he left the stadium on a stretcher after missing the mat.Byrne, Thomas (2016\-07\-15\). [Semenya breaks series record to win 800m in Monaco – IAAF Diamond League](https://www.iaaf.org/news/news/monaco-diamond-league-2016-semenya). IAAF. Retrieved on 2016\-09\-11\.Byrne, Thomas (2016\-07\-15\). [Adams shows competitive fire to win in Monaco – IAAF Diamond League](https://www.iaaf.org/news/news/monaco-diamond-league-2016-adams-kwemoi). IAAF. Retrieved on 2016\-09\-11\.Byrne, Thomas (2016\-07\-15\). [Tamberi follows record high with heart\-breaking low in Monaco – IAAF Diamond League](https://www.iaaf.org/news/news/monaco-diamond-league-2016-tamberi-ibarguen). IAAF. Retrieved on 2016\-09\-11\.
[Conseslus Kipruto](/wiki/Conseslus_Kipruto "Conseslus Kipruto") increased his streak to five wins in the men's steeplechase, while [Piotr Małachowski](/wiki/Piotr_Ma%C5%82achowski "Piotr Małachowski") (discus) and [Caterine Ibargüen](/wiki/Caterine_Ibarg%C3%BCen "Caterine Ibargüen") (triple jump) managed their fourth wins after one loss. [Ekaterini Stefanidi](/wiki/Ekaterini_Stefanidi "Ekaterini Stefanidi") and [Valerie Adams](/wiki/Valerie_Adams "Valerie Adams") took the top of their event rankings in the pole vault and shot put, respectively. [Tatsiana Khaladovich](/wiki/Tatsiana_Khaladovich "Tatsiana Khaladovich") of Belarus had her first career win of the series in the women's javelin.
### London
The [London Grand Prix](/wiki/London_Grand_Prix "London Grand Prix") featured a [world record](/wiki/List_of_world_records_in_athletics "List of world records in athletics") run by [Keni Harrison](/wiki/Keni_Harrison "Keni Harrison"), who ran 12\.20 seconds for the 100 m hurdles to beat the old standard from 1988\. This proved an emotional moment for world\-leader Harrison, who burst into tears on the track; after failing to make the [American Olympic team](/wiki/2016_United_States_Olympic_Trials_%28track_and_field%29 "2016 United States Olympic Trials (track and field)"), she had said "only the record will make up for missing out on Rio". Britain's [Laura Muir](/wiki/Laura_Muir "Laura Muir") delivered a meet and [British record](/wiki/List_of_British_records_in_athletics "List of British records in athletics") of 3:57\.49 minutes to win the women's 1500 m. Two further meet records came through [Sandra Perković](/wiki/Sandra_Perkovi%C4%87 "Sandra Perković") (her fifth discus win of the series) and [Christian Taylor](/wiki/Christian_Taylor_%28athlete%29 "Christian Taylor (athlete)") (in his fourth triple jump win and a world lead at {{T\&Fcalc\|17\.79}}).Brown, Matthew (2016\-07\-22\). [Bolt blasts back to fitness in London – IAAF Diamond League](https://www.iaaf.org/news/news/london-diamond-league-2016-bolt). IAAF. Retrieved on 2016\-09\-11\.Brown, Matthew (2016\-07\-22\). [Harrison hurdles to world record in London – IAAF Diamond League](https://www.iaaf.org/news/news/keni-harrison-100m-hurdles-world-record-londo). IAAF. Retrieved on 2016\-09\-11\.Brown, Matthew (2016\-07\-23\). [Perfect Perkovic takes win number five in London – IAAF Diamond League](https://www.iaaf.org/news/news/london-diamond-league-2016-perkovic-johnson-t). IAAF. Retrieved on 2016\-09\-11\.Brown, Matthew (2016\-07\-23\). [London ends with a flourish as Farah runs world lead – IAAF Diamond League](https://www.iaaf.org/news/news/london-diamond-league-2016-farah-schippers). IAAF. Retrieved on 2016\-09\-11\.
Two additional world leads came from [Mo Farah](/wiki/Mo_Farah "Mo Farah") (12:59\.29 in the 5000 m) and [Shaunae Miller](/wiki/Shaunae_Miller "Shaunae Miller") (49\.55 in the 400 m). [Joe Kovacs](/wiki/Joe_Kovacs "Joe Kovacs") improved his shot put lead with his third win over 22 metres. [Ruth Beitia](/wiki/Ruth_Beitia "Ruth Beitia") and [Ekaterini Stefanidi](/wiki/Ekaterini_Stefanidi "Ekaterini Stefanidi") also improved their leads with their third and fourth wins, respectively. First career wins on the series came for three men: [Gao Xinglong](/wiki/Gao_Xinglong "Gao Xinglong") (long jump), [Jakub Vadlejch](/wiki/Jakub_Vadlejch "Jakub Vadlejch") (javelin) and [Jimmy Vicaut](/wiki/Jimmy_Vicaut "Jimmy Vicaut") (100 m). [Usain Bolt](/wiki/Usain_Bolt "Usain Bolt") won a non\-Diamond Race 200 m, marking a return to form after injury.
### Lausanne
[Athletissima](/wiki/Athletissima "Athletissima") was the first meet after the [Olympic Games in Rio](/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics "Athletics at the 2016 Summer Olympics") and the fatigue showed, with no world leads produced. [Sam Kendricks](/wiki/Sam_Kendricks "Sam Kendricks") set a meet record of {{T\&Fcalc\|5\.92}} to win the men's pole vault, while [Churandy Martina](/wiki/Churandy_Martina "Churandy Martina") set a [Dutch record](/wiki/List_of_Dutch_records_in_athletics "List of Dutch records in athletics") of 19\.81 seconds in winning the men's 200 m – his first Diamond League since [2012](/wiki/2012_IAAF_Diamond_League "2012 IAAF Diamond League").Ramsak, Bob (2016\-08\-25\). [Kendricks produces pole vault meeting record in Lausanne – IAAF Diamond League](https://www.iaaf.org/news/news/idl-lausanne-kendricks-pole-vault). IAAF. Retrieved on 2016\-09\-11\.Ramsak, Bob (2016\-08\-25\). [Souleiman sets 1000m series record in Lausanne – IAAF Diamond League](https://www.iaaf.org/news/news/idl-lausanne-souleiman-1000m). IAAF. Retrieved on 2016\-09\-11\.Ramsak, Bob (2016\-08\-25\). [Thompson brings Rio magic to Lausanne – IAAF Diamond League](https://www.iaaf.org/news/news/idl-lausanne-thompson-100m). IAAF. Retrieved on 2016\-09\-11\.
[Orlando Ortega](/wiki/Orlando_Ortega "Orlando Ortega") edged Olympic champion [Omar McLeod](/wiki/Omar_McLeod "Omar McLeod") to move to the top of the 110 m hurdles Diamond race. Olympic champion [Elaine Thompson](/wiki/Elaine_Thompson "Elaine Thompson") took the lead in the 100 m Diamond race with her win. In the women's field events [Ivana Španović](/wiki/Ivana_%C5%A0panovi%C4%87 "Ivana Španović"), [Caterine Ibargüen](/wiki/Caterine_Ibarg%C3%BCen "Caterine Ibargüen"), [Valerie Adams](/wiki/Valerie_Adams "Valerie Adams") and [Madara Palameika](/wiki/Madara_Palameika "Madara Palameika") all won to affirm near unbeatable leads in their events. [Francine Niyonsaba](/wiki/Francine_Niyonsaba "Francine Niyonsaba") won the 800 m in the absence of Olympic champion Caster Semenya. [Abraham Kibiwot](/wiki/Abraham_Kibiwot "Abraham Kibiwot") had his first Diamond League win in the absence of Olympic steeplechase champion Conseslus Kipruto.
### Paris
The stand\-out performance of the [Paris Diamond League](/wiki/Paris_Diamond_League "Paris Diamond League") came from [Ruth Jebet](/wiki/Ruth_Jebet "Ruth Jebet"). After a dominant win at the Olympic Games, she turned her attention to breaking the steeplechase world record and duly achieved it with a time of 8:52\.78 minutes – this was over six seconds faster than the previous mark set by [Gulnara Samitova\-Galkina](/wiki/Gulnara_Samitova-Galkina "Gulnara Samitova-Galkina") (the only other woman who had run under nine minutes for the event). [Genevieve LaCaze](/wiki/Genevieve_LaCaze "Genevieve LaCaze") set an [Oceanian record](/wiki/List_of_Oceanian_records_in_athletics "List of Oceanian records in athletics") in sixth. Another fast race was the men's 3000 m, where [Yomif Kejelcha](/wiki/Yomif_Kejelcha "Yomif Kejelcha") won in a [world under\-20 record](/wiki/List_of_world_junior_records_in_athletics "List of world junior records in athletics") of 7:28\.19 minutes. A third distance track event was also a highlight: [Laura Muir](/wiki/Laura_Muir "Laura Muir") improved her 1500 m national record with 3:55\.22 minutes – a world lead, meet record and putting her 13th on the all\-time lists.Byrne, Thomas (2016\-08\-27\). [Walsh prevails in thrilling Paris shot put battle – IAAF Diamond League](https://www.iaaf.org/news/news/tomas-walsh-shot-put-win-paris-diamond-league). IAAF. Retrieved on 2016\-09\-11\.Byrne, Thomas (2016\-08\-27\). [Muir clocks world\-leading 1500m in Paris – IAAF Diamond League](https://www.iaaf.org/news/news/muir). IAAF. Retrieved on 2016\-09\-11\.Byrne, Thomas (2016\-08\-27\). [Jebet smashes 3000m steeplechase world record in Paris \- IAAF Diamond League](https://www.iaaf.org/news/news/jebet-steeplechase-world-record-paris). IAAF. Retrieved on 2016\-09\-11\.
[Tomas Walsh](/wiki/Tomas_Walsh "Tomas Walsh") set the second Oceanian record of the day with {{T\&Fcalc\|22\.00}} in the men's shot put (also a meet record). Moving towards the final, several athletes built unpursuable leads in the series, with wins from [Renaud Lavillenie](/wiki/Renaud_Lavillenie "Renaud Lavillenie") (pole vault), [Dafne Schippers](/wiki/Dafne_Schippers "Dafne Schippers") (200 m), [Keni Harrison](/wiki/Keni_Harrison "Keni Harrison") (100 m hurdles), [Ivana Španović](/wiki/Ivana_%C5%A0panovi%C4%87 "Ivana Španović") (long jump), [Ruth Beitia](/wiki/Ruth_Beitia "Ruth Beitia") (high jump) and [Sandra Perković](/wiki/Sandra_Perkovi%C4%87 "Sandra Perković") (discus). On the opposite scale, four men achieved their first ever series wins: [Chris Carter](/wiki/Chris_Carter_%28triple_jumper%29 "Chris Carter (triple jumper)") (triple jump), [Nicholas Bett](/wiki/Nicholas_Bett "Nicholas Bett") (400 m hurdles), [Alfred Kipketer](/wiki/Alfred_Kipketer "Alfred Kipketer") (800 m) and [Ben Youssef Meïté](/wiki/Ben_Youssef_Me%C3%AFt%C3%A9 "Ben Youssef Meïté") (who set an [Ivorian record](/wiki/List_of_Ivorian_records_in_athletics "List of Ivorian records in athletics") in the 100 m).
|
[
"Meeting highlights\n------------------",
"### Doha",
"There were twelve world leads set at the opening meet of the season in Doha, as well as 4 meeting records at an event which has begun the [Diamond League](/wiki/IAAF_Diamond_League \"IAAF Diamond League\") season each of the past 7 years.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://doha.diamondleague.com/news/single\\-news/news/detail/News/12\\-world\\-leads\\-as\\-doha\\-kicks\\-off\\-diamond\\-league\\-for\\-the\\-seventh\\-time/\\|title\\=12 World Leads as Doha Kicks off Diamond League for the Seventh Time\\|website\\=IDL Diamond League\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-05\\-16}} The women's triple jump proved to be an enthralling contest, as the lead changed hands 5 times between [Caterine Ibargüen](/wiki/Caterine_Ibarg%C3%BCen \"Caterine Ibargüen\") and [Yulimar Rojas](/wiki/Yulimar_Rojas \"Yulimar Rojas\") over the course of the 6 rounds. The women's pole vault also provided a spectacle as [Sandi Morris](/wiki/Sandi_Morris \"Sandi Morris\") jumped a height of 4\\.83 to equal the Diamond League record and set an outdoor world lead. Two Americans, [Ameer Webb](/wiki/Ameer_Webb \"Ameer Webb\") and [LaShawn Merritt](/wiki/LaShawn_Merritt \"LaShawn Merritt\"), won the men's sprint events, with Webb running 19\\.85 to go 23rd on the all\\-time list. All the women's track events had new world leads set, with the most impressive being [Almaz Ayana](/wiki/Almaz_Ayana \"Almaz Ayana\")'s 3000 metres victory, where she ran less than a second outside her personal best to run the 19th fastest race of all time.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.alltime\\-athletics.com/w\\_3000ok.htm\\|title\\=3000 metres all time list\\|last\\=Larsson\\|first\\=Peter\\|access\\-date\\=16 May 2016}} In the men's field, [Christian Taylor](/wiki/Christian_Taylor_%28athlete%29 \"Christian Taylor (athlete)\") returned to the meet where he came within 25 cm of the world record last year, and won his event with 17\\.23\\.",
"### Shanghai",
"Six world leads were set at this meeting, with five meeting records also falling. Two of the best performances of the night came in the women's [1500 metres](/wiki/1500_metres \"1500 metres\") and [discus throw](/wiki/Discus_throw \"Discus throw\"). Sandra Perković threw 70\\.88 which although placing 98th on the all time lists, is the second farthest mark this century, behind her throw to win the [2014 European Championships](/wiki/2014_European_Athletics_Championships \"2014 European Athletics Championships\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.alltime\\-athletics.com/wdiscok.htm\\|title\\=Women's Discus Throw All Time List\\|last\\=Larsson\\|first\\=Peter\\|access\\-date\\=16 May 2016}} In the 1500 metres, Faith Kipyegon ran a [Kenyan national record](/wiki/List_of_Kenyan_records_in_athletics \"List of Kenyan records in athletics\") to win, with a time that places her just outside the top 25 female 1500 metres runners of all time. Home favourite [Gao Xinglong](/wiki/Gao_Xinglong \"Gao Xinglong\") won the men's long jump, beating [Rushwahl Samaai](/wiki/Rushwahl_Samaai \"Rushwahl Samaai\") on countback. On the track, [Justin Gatlin](/wiki/Justin_Gatlin \"Justin Gatlin\") ran his first [100 metres](/wiki/100_metres \"100 metres\") race under 10 seconds this season, to win, beating Qatari [Femi Ogunode](/wiki/Femi_Ogunode \"Femi Ogunode\").{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/athletics/36293414\\|title\\=Diamond League: Justin Gatlin wins 100m \\& Femi Ogunode second in Shanghai\\|publisher\\=BBC Sport \\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-05\\-16}} The men's [800 metres](/wiki/800_metres \"800 metres\") was won by [Ferguson Cheruiyot Rotich](/wiki/Ferguson_Cheruiyot_Rotich \"Ferguson Cheruiyot Rotich\"), though there was some controversy, as [world record holder](/wiki/List_of_world_records_in_athletics \"List of world records in athletics\") and [Olympic champion](/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_800_metres \"Athletics at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's 800 metres\") [David Rudisha](/wiki/David_Rudisha \"David Rudisha\") and [Bram Som](/wiki/Bram_Som \"Bram Som\"), the pacemaker for the race, were left waiting at the start of the race, having expected a recall due to field athletes being on the track when the gun fired.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.flotrack.org/article/41801\\-david\\-rudisha\\-fades\\-in\\-strange\\-800m\\-race\\-shanghai\\-diamond\\-league\\-recap\\|title\\=David Rudisha Fades in Strange 800m Race: Shanghai Diamond League Recap\\|website\\=FloTrack\\|date\\=14 May 2016 \\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-05\\-16}}Johnson, Len (2016\\-05\\-14\\). [McLeod keeps cool and storms to sub\\-13 clocking in Shanghai – IAAF Diamond League](https://www.iaaf.org/news/news/idl-shanghai-mcleod-kipyegon). IAAF. Retrieved on 2016\\-09\\-11\\.Johnson, Len (2016\\-05\\-14\\). [Perkovic and Shanghai continue their love affair – IAAF Diamond League](https://www.iaaf.org/news/news/idl-shanghai-perkovic). IAAF. Retrieved on 2016\\-09\\-11\\.Johnson, Len (2016\\-05\\-14\\). [Kipyegon sets Kenyan 1500m record in Shanghai – IAAF Diamond League](https://www.iaaf.org/news/news/faith-kipyegon-idl-2016-shanghai). IAAF. Retrieved on 2016\\-09\\-11\\.",
"### Rabat",
"The first appearance of the Rabat leg resulted in ten new meeting records for the African venue, as well as four world\\-leading performances. The four performances were [Caster Semenya](/wiki/Caster_Semenya \"Caster Semenya\")'s 1:56\\.64 in the women's 800 m (five hundredths slower than the series record), [Almaz Ayana](/wiki/Almaz_Ayana \"Almaz Ayana\")'s 14:16\\.31 in the women's 5000 m (the fifth fastest run ever at that point), an 8:02\\.77\\-minute run by [Conseslus Kipruto](/wiki/Conseslus_Kipruto \"Conseslus Kipruto\") in the men's steeplechase (the fastest ever on African soil) and 7:35\\.85 in the men's 3000 m by home athlete [Abdalaati Iguider](/wiki/Abdalaati_Iguider \"Abdalaati Iguider\") (also an African all\\-comers record). On the track, three further meet records came from [Elaine Thompson](/wiki/Elaine_Thompson \"Elaine Thompson\") in the women's 100 m, [David Oliver](/wiki/David_Oliver_%28hurdler%29 \"David Oliver (hurdler)\") in the men's 110 m hurdles, and [LaShawn Merritt](/wiki/LaShawn_Merritt \"LaShawn Merritt\") in the men's 400 m.Minshull, Phil (2016\\-05\\-22\\). [Semenya just misses out on series record in Rabat – IAAF Diamond League](https://www.iaaf.org/news/news/idl-rabat-semenya-800m). IAAF. Retrieved on 2016\\-09\\-11\\.Minshull, Phil (2016\\-05\\-22\\). [Ayana exceeds all expectations in Rabat – IAAF Diamond League](https://www.iaaf.org/news/news/idl-rabat-ayana-5000m1). IAAF. Retrieved on 2016\\-09\\-11\\.Minshull, Phil (2016\\-05\\-22\\). [Samaai flies in Rabat – IAAF Diamond League](https://www.iaaf.org/news/news/idl-rabat-samaai). IAAF. Retrieved on 2016\\-09\\-11\\.",
"In the field events, South Africa's [Rushwahl Samaai](/wiki/Rushwahl_Samaai \"Rushwahl Samaai\") cleared {{T\\&Fcalc\\|8\\.38}} in the men's long jump for a meeting record and the best mark ever achieved in Africa. A throw of {{T\\&Fcalc\\|67\\.45}} left [Piotr Małachowski](/wiki/Piotr_Ma%C5%82achowski \"Piotr Małachowski\") a comfortable winner in the men's discus in a meet record. In the women's triple jump [Caterine Ibargüen](/wiki/Caterine_Ibarg%C3%BCen \"Caterine Ibargüen\") had her 33rd straight win. Latvia's [Madara Palameika](/wiki/Madara_Palameika \"Madara Palameika\") winning mark of {{T\\&Fcalc\\|64\\.76}} in the women's javelin was a meeting record and [Ekaterini Stefanidi](/wiki/Ekaterini_Stefanidi \"Ekaterini Stefanidi\") added nineteen centimetres to the African all\\-comers record with her win of {{T\\&Fcalc\\|4\\.76}} in the women's pole vault.",
"### Eugene",
"The Eugene meet produced nine world leads, five meet records, three area records, and two series records. The best results came from women's obstacle races. In the 100 m hurdles American [Keni Harrison](/wiki/Keni_Harrison \"Keni Harrison\") ran the second fastest ever time at 12\\.24 seconds, three hundredths off [Yordanka Donkova](/wiki/Yordanka_Donkova \"Yordanka Donkova\")'s world record from 1988 and a [NACAC area record](/wiki/List_of_North%2C_Central_American_and_Caribbean_records_in_athletics \"List of North, Central American and Caribbean records in athletics\"). [Ruth Jebet](/wiki/Ruth_Jebet \"Ruth Jebet\") of Bahrain became the second woman to finish the steeplechase in under nine minutes, recording an [Asian record](/wiki/List_of_Asian_records_in_athletics \"List of Asian records in athletics\") of 8:59\\.97 with Kenya's [Hyvin Jepkemoi](/wiki/Hyvin_Jepkemoi \"Hyvin Jepkemoi\") a close runner\\-up in an [African record](/wiki/List_of_African_records_in_athletics \"List of African records in athletics\") of 9:00\\.01\\. [Faith Kipyegon](/wiki/Faith_Kipyegon \"Faith Kipyegon\") broke her own [Kenyan record](/wiki/List_of_Kenyan_records_in_athletics \"List of Kenyan records in athletics\") with a world lead and meet record of 3:56\\.41 in the 1500 m. Other world leads on the track came from [Muktar Edris](/wiki/Muktar_Edris \"Muktar Edris\") (men's 5000 m), [Asbel Kiprop](/wiki/Asbel_Kiprop \"Asbel Kiprop\") (men's mile), [Tori Bowie](/wiki/Tori_Bowie \"Tori Bowie\") (women's 200 m) and [Mo Farah](/wiki/Mo_Farah \"Mo Farah\") (men's non\\-Diamond race 10,000 m).Sully, Kevin (2016\\-05\\-28\\). [Kovacs shifts gears to produce world\\-leading shot mark in Eugene – IAAF Diamond League](https://www.iaaf.org/news/news/idl-eugene-kovacs-reese). IAAF. Retrieved on 2016\\-09\\-11\\.Sully, Kevin (2016\\-05\\-28\\). [Harrison and Jebet scare world records in Eugene – IAAF Diamond League](https://www.iaaf.org/news/news/idl-eugene-harrision-jebet). IAAF. Retrieved on 2016\\-09\\-11\\.Sully, Kevin (2016\\-05\\-28\\). [Taylor throws down the gauntlet in Eugene – IAAF Diamond League](https://www.iaaf.org/news/news/idl-eugene-taylor-abelrahman). IAAF. Retrieved on 2016\\-09\\-11\\.Sully, Kevin (2016\\-05\\-28\\). [World\\-leading times by Kipyegon and Edris in Eugene – IAAF Diamond League](https://www.iaaf.org/news/news/idl-eugene-kipyegon-edris). IAAF. Retrieved on 2016\\-09\\-11\\.",
"The men delivered the best field performances of that year's Prefontaine Classic. [Joe Kovacs](/wiki/Joe_Kovacs \"Joe Kovacs\") threw beyond 22 metres for a shot put world lead and [Christian Taylor](/wiki/Christian_Taylor_%28athlete%29 \"Christian Taylor (athlete)\") also did so in the triple jump with a meet record of {{T\\&Fcalc\\|17\\.76}}. In the men's javelin [Ihab Abdelrahman](/wiki/Ihab_Abdelrahman \"Ihab Abdelrahman\") of Egypt threw {{T\\&Fcalc\\|87\\.37}} for a meet record and equal world lead. Among the women field athletes, discus thrower [Sandra Perković](/wiki/Sandra_Perkovi%C4%87 \"Sandra Perković\") was the only repeat winner, with Diamond leaders [Levern Spencer](/wiki/Levern_Spencer \"Levern Spencer\") and [Ivana Španović](/wiki/Ivana_%C5%A0panovi%C4%87 \"Ivana Španović\") reduced to runners\\-up by home athletes [Chaunté Lowe](/wiki/Chaunt%C3%A9_Lowe \"Chaunté Lowe\") and [Brittney Reese](/wiki/Brittney_Reese \"Brittney Reese\") in the jumps.",
"### Rome",
"[Almaz Ayana](/wiki/Almaz_Ayana \"Almaz Ayana\") had the best performance of the night at 14:12\\.59 minutes for the women's 5000 m – this was (at one and a half seconds short of [Tirunesh Dibaba](/wiki/Tirunesh_Dibaba \"Tirunesh Dibaba\")'s world record) the second fastest time ever and a Diamond League record. [Caster Semenya](/wiki/Caster_Semenya \"Caster Semenya\") equalled her own world lead of 1:56\\.64 to take her third straight win in the women's 800 m while [Janieve Russell](/wiki/Janieve_Russell \"Janieve Russell\") ran a world lead of 53\\.96 seconds in the women's 400 m hurdles. The sole world lead of the men's programme came from [Conseslus Kipruto](/wiki/Conseslus_Kipruto \"Conseslus Kipruto\") – a final\\-lap fall by [Jairus Birech](/wiki/Jairus_Birech \"Jairus Birech\") left Kipruto to his third steeplechase win in 8:01\\.41 minutes.Rowbottom, Mike (2016\\-06\\-02\\). [Tamberi's supporters raise the roof but Bondarenko hits the heights in Rome – IAAF Diamond League](https://www.iaaf.org/news/news/idl-rome-tamberi-bondarenko). IAAF. Retrieved on 2016\\-09\\-11\\.\nRowbottom, Mike (2016\\-06\\-02\\). [Ayana clocks second fastest 5000m ever in Rome – IAAF Diamond League](https://www.iaaf.org/news/news/idl-rome-ayana-kipruto). IAAF. Retrieved on 2016\\-09\\-11\\.Rowbottom, Mike (2016\\-06\\-02\\). [Ibarguen extends her winning streak to 34 in Rome – IAAF Diamond League](https://www.iaaf.org/news/news/idl-rome-ibarguen-van-niekirk). IAAF. Retrieved on 2016\\-09\\-11\\.",
"In Diamond races, [Caterine Ibargüen](/wiki/Caterine_Ibarg%C3%BCen \"Caterine Ibargüen\") had her 34th straight win. [Bohdan Bondarenko](/wiki/Bohdan_Bondarenko \"Bohdan Bondarenko\") took the lead in the men's high jump with his second win of the series while men's discus leader [Piotr Małachowski](/wiki/Piotr_Ma%C5%82achowski \"Piotr Małachowski\") slipped to sixth on the night (one of his worst placings of recent years). Among the women, [Elaine Thompson](/wiki/Elaine_Thompson \"Elaine Thompson\") (100 m), [Ekaterini Stefanidi](/wiki/Ekaterini_Stefanidi \"Ekaterini Stefanidi\") (pole vault), [Valerie Adams](/wiki/Valerie_Adams \"Valerie Adams\") (shot put) and [Sunette Viljoen](/wiki/Sunette_Viljoen \"Sunette Viljoen\") (javelin) had their second wins of the series to top the rankings.",
"### Birmingham",
"Six world leads and five meet records resulted from the Birmingham leg. In the women's pole vault [Yarisley Silva](/wiki/Yarisley_Silva \"Yarisley Silva\") of Cuba set a Diamond League record of {{T\\&Fcalc\\|4\\.84}}. She and [Mutaz Essa Barshim](/wiki/Mutaz_Essa_Barshim \"Mutaz Essa Barshim\") (2\\.37 m in the men's high jump) were the only world leads from the field events. On the men's track [Conseslus Kipruto](/wiki/Conseslus_Kipruto \"Conseslus Kipruto\") had his fourth straight world lead in a steeplechase meet record of 8:00\\.12\\. [Asbel Kiprop](/wiki/Asbel_Kiprop \"Asbel Kiprop\") had a world lead and meet record of 3:29\\.33 minutes in the men's 1500 m. In the men's 400 m, [Kirani James](/wiki/Kirani_James \"Kirani James\") had a meet record run of 44\\.23 seconds. In non\\-Diamond Race events, [Mo Farah](/wiki/Mo_Farah \"Mo Farah\") had a 3000 m world lead and [British record](/wiki/List_of_British_records_in_athletics \"List of British records in athletics\") of 7:32\\.62, while [David Rudisha](/wiki/David_Rudisha \"David Rudisha\") set an [African record](/wiki/List_of_African_records_in_athletics \"List of African records in athletics\") for the rarely run 600 m (also a world lead and meet record).Sammett, Michelle (2016\\-06\\-05\\). [World leads for Kipruto and Kiprop in Birmingham – IAAF Diamond League](https://www.iaaf.org/news/news/kipruto-kiprop-idl-birmingham). IAAF. Retrieved on 2016\\-09\\-11\\.Sammett, Michelle (2016\\-06\\-05\\). [Barshim bounces back in Birmingham, Ibarguen's winning streak ends – IAAF Diamond League](https://www.iaaf.org/news/news/idl-birmingham-barshim-ibarguen). IAAF. Retrieved on 2016\\-09\\-11\\.Sammett, Michelle (2016\\-06\\-05\\). [Harrison and James impress with Birmingham meeting records – IAAF Diamond League](https://www.iaaf.org/news/news/harrison-james-idl-birmingham). IAAF. Retrieved on 2016\\-09\\-11\\.",
"In women's track events, [Francine Niyonsaba](/wiki/Francine_Niyonsaba \"Francine Niyonsaba\") ran a meet record of 1:56\\.92 in the 800 m, breaking the series run of Caster Semenya (who was absent). Almaz Ayana's win streak was also broken in her absence, with [Vivian Cheruiyot](/wiki/Vivian_Cheruiyot \"Vivian Cheruiyot\") taking the 5000 m. [Keni Harrison](/wiki/Keni_Harrison \"Keni Harrison\") continued her streak in the 100 m hurdles with a meet record of 12\\.46 seconds. The upset of the night came in the women's triple jump, with [Olga Rypakova](/wiki/Olga_Rypakova \"Olga Rypakova\") ending [Caterine Ibargüen](/wiki/Caterine_Ibarg%C3%BCen \"Caterine Ibargüen\")'s long\\-standing win streak by a winning margin of five centimetres.",
"### Oslo",
"The best performance of the 2016 [Bislett Games](/wiki/Bislett_Games \"Bislett Games\") was by [Dafne Schippers](/wiki/Dafne_Schippers \"Dafne Schippers\"), whose run of 21\\.93 seconds in the women's 200 m was a Diamond League record, meet record and a world lead. [Thomas Röhler](/wiki/Thomas_R%C3%B6hler \"Thomas Röhler\") had the only world lead in the field events at {{T\\&Fcalc\\|89\\.30}} in the men's javelin. The mile events delivered the two other world leads of the meet with Kenya's [Asbel Kiprop](/wiki/Asbel_Kiprop \"Asbel Kiprop\") and [Faith Kipyegon](/wiki/Faith_Kipyegon \"Faith Kipyegon\") topping the fields there, each with their third Diamond League win of the year. [Sandra Perković](/wiki/Sandra_Perkovi%C4%87 \"Sandra Perković\") also had her third straight win.Ramsak, Bob (2016\\-06\\-09\\). [Kiprop and Kipyegon take mile victories in Oslo – IAAF Diamond League](https://www.iaaf.org/news/news/oslo-diamond-league-2016-kipyegon-kiprop). IAAF. Retrieved on 2016\\-09\\-11\\.Ramsak, Bob (2016\\-06\\-09\\). [Big throws from Rohler and Kovacs in Oslo – IAAF Diamond League](https://www.iaaf.org/news/news/oslo-diamond-league-2016-rohler-kovacs). IAAF. Retrieved on 2016\\-09\\-11\\.Ramsak, Bob (2016\\-06\\-09\\). [Record\\-breaking Schippers highlights track action in Oslo – IAAF Diamond League](https://www.iaaf.org/news/news/oslo-diamond-league-2016-schippers). IAAF. Retrieved on 2016\\-09\\-11\\.",
"In Diamond races, [Michael Tinsley](/wiki/Michael_Tinsley \"Michael Tinsley\")'s streak was stopped by [Yasmani Copello](/wiki/Yasmani_Copello \"Yasmani Copello\") in the men's 400 m hurdles, while the absence of Americans [Justin Gatlin](/wiki/Justin_Gatlin \"Justin Gatlin\") (100 m), [Christian Taylor](/wiki/Christian_Taylor_%28athlete%29 \"Christian Taylor (athlete)\") (triple jump) and [Keni Harrison](/wiki/Keni_Harrison \"Keni Harrison\") (100 m hurdles) saw their unbeaten records of the series end. Without Gatlin in the men's 100 m, [Andre De Grasse](/wiki/Andre_De_Grasse \"Andre De Grasse\") had the first Diamond League win of his career. [Joe Kovacs](/wiki/Joe_Kovacs \"Joe Kovacs\") maintained high performance in the men's shot put, going over 22 metres for his second win of the series.",
"### Stockholm",
"With its overcast conditions, the [Stockholm Bauhaus Athletics](/wiki/Stockholm_Bauhaus_Athletics \"Stockholm Bauhaus Athletics\") meet was the first of the year to produce no world leads. [Ruth Jebet](/wiki/Ruth_Jebet \"Ruth Jebet\") gave the sole meet record performance at 9:08\\.37 in the women's steeplechase. Three athletes achieved their first Diamond League wins: [Jak Ali Harvey](/wiki/Jak_Ali_Harvey \"Jak Ali Harvey\") (100 m), [Dina Asher\\-Smith](/wiki/Dina_Asher-Smith \"Dina Asher-Smith\") (200 m) and [Angelika Cichocka](/wiki/Angelika_Cichocka \"Angelika Cichocka\") (1500 m). [Keni Harrison](/wiki/Keni_Harrison \"Keni Harrison\") and [Christian Taylor](/wiki/Christian_Taylor_%28athlete%29 \"Christian Taylor (athlete)\") returned to the top of their disciplines to take their third wins of the series, as did [Ivana Španović](/wiki/Ivana_%C5%A0panovi%C4%87 \"Ivana Španović\") and [Renaud Lavillenie](/wiki/Renaud_Lavillenie \"Renaud Lavillenie\"). [Sandra Perković](/wiki/Sandra_Perkovi%C4%87 \"Sandra Perković\") continued with her fourth victory to remain the only female athlete to go undefeated in the series. National interest came in the form of [Susanna Kallur](/wiki/Susanna_Kallur \"Susanna Kallur\")'s return in the women's sprint hurdles, following a six\\-year absence from the sport by the world record holder due to injury.Dennehy, Cathal (2016\\-06\\-15\\). [Walsh proves to be the supreme shot putter in Stockholm – IAAF Diamond League](https://www.iaaf.org/news/news/idl-stockholm-shot-walsh). IAAF. Retrieved on 2016\\-09\\-11\\.Dennehy, Cathal (2016\\-06\\-16\\). [Success for Spanovic in Stockholm – IAAF Diamond League](https://www.iaaf.org/news/news/stockholm-diamond-league-2016-spanovic). IAAF. Retrieved on 2016\\-09\\-11\\.Dennehy, Cathal (2016\\-06\\-16\\). [Jeilan and Jebet show Olympic medal potential in Stockholm – IAAF Diamond League](https://www.iaaf.org/news/news/stockholm-diamond-league-2016-jeilan-jebet). IAAF. Retrieved on 2016\\-09\\-11\\.Dennehy, Cathal (2016\\-06\\-16\\). [Harrison defies the rain as Kallur returns in Stockholm – IAAF Diamond League](https://www.iaaf.org/news/news/stockholm-diamond-league-2016-harrison-kallur). IAAF. Retrieved on 2016\\-09\\-11\\.",
"### Monaco",
"At the [Herculis](/wiki/Herculis \"Herculis\") meeting, [Caster Semenya](/wiki/Caster_Semenya \"Caster Semenya\") was the top performer with a new Diamond League record of 1:55\\.33 minutes in the women's 800 m. This was also a [South African record](/wiki/List_of_South_African_records_in_athletics \"List of South African records in athletics\"), meet record and a world lead. The runner\\-up [Francine Niyonsaba](/wiki/Francine_Niyonsaba \"Francine Niyonsaba\") also broke her [national record](/wiki/List_of_Burundian_records_in_athletics \"List of Burundian records in athletics\") at 1:56\\.24\\. [Gianmarco Tamberi](/wiki/Gianmarco_Tamberi \"Gianmarco Tamberi\") set an [Italian record](/wiki/List_of_Italian_records_in_athletics \"List of Italian records in athletics\") of {{T\\&Fcalc\\|2\\.39}} in the men's high jump, though he left the stadium on a stretcher after missing the mat.Byrne, Thomas (2016\\-07\\-15\\). [Semenya breaks series record to win 800m in Monaco – IAAF Diamond League](https://www.iaaf.org/news/news/monaco-diamond-league-2016-semenya). IAAF. Retrieved on 2016\\-09\\-11\\.Byrne, Thomas (2016\\-07\\-15\\). [Adams shows competitive fire to win in Monaco – IAAF Diamond League](https://www.iaaf.org/news/news/monaco-diamond-league-2016-adams-kwemoi). IAAF. Retrieved on 2016\\-09\\-11\\.Byrne, Thomas (2016\\-07\\-15\\). [Tamberi follows record high with heart\\-breaking low in Monaco – IAAF Diamond League](https://www.iaaf.org/news/news/monaco-diamond-league-2016-tamberi-ibarguen). IAAF. Retrieved on 2016\\-09\\-11\\.",
"[Conseslus Kipruto](/wiki/Conseslus_Kipruto \"Conseslus Kipruto\") increased his streak to five wins in the men's steeplechase, while [Piotr Małachowski](/wiki/Piotr_Ma%C5%82achowski \"Piotr Małachowski\") (discus) and [Caterine Ibargüen](/wiki/Caterine_Ibarg%C3%BCen \"Caterine Ibargüen\") (triple jump) managed their fourth wins after one loss. [Ekaterini Stefanidi](/wiki/Ekaterini_Stefanidi \"Ekaterini Stefanidi\") and [Valerie Adams](/wiki/Valerie_Adams \"Valerie Adams\") took the top of their event rankings in the pole vault and shot put, respectively. [Tatsiana Khaladovich](/wiki/Tatsiana_Khaladovich \"Tatsiana Khaladovich\") of Belarus had her first career win of the series in the women's javelin.",
"### London",
"The [London Grand Prix](/wiki/London_Grand_Prix \"London Grand Prix\") featured a [world record](/wiki/List_of_world_records_in_athletics \"List of world records in athletics\") run by [Keni Harrison](/wiki/Keni_Harrison \"Keni Harrison\"), who ran 12\\.20 seconds for the 100 m hurdles to beat the old standard from 1988\\. This proved an emotional moment for world\\-leader Harrison, who burst into tears on the track; after failing to make the [American Olympic team](/wiki/2016_United_States_Olympic_Trials_%28track_and_field%29 \"2016 United States Olympic Trials (track and field)\"), she had said \"only the record will make up for missing out on Rio\". Britain's [Laura Muir](/wiki/Laura_Muir \"Laura Muir\") delivered a meet and [British record](/wiki/List_of_British_records_in_athletics \"List of British records in athletics\") of 3:57\\.49 minutes to win the women's 1500 m. Two further meet records came through [Sandra Perković](/wiki/Sandra_Perkovi%C4%87 \"Sandra Perković\") (her fifth discus win of the series) and [Christian Taylor](/wiki/Christian_Taylor_%28athlete%29 \"Christian Taylor (athlete)\") (in his fourth triple jump win and a world lead at {{T\\&Fcalc\\|17\\.79}}).Brown, Matthew (2016\\-07\\-22\\). [Bolt blasts back to fitness in London – IAAF Diamond League](https://www.iaaf.org/news/news/london-diamond-league-2016-bolt). IAAF. Retrieved on 2016\\-09\\-11\\.Brown, Matthew (2016\\-07\\-22\\). [Harrison hurdles to world record in London – IAAF Diamond League](https://www.iaaf.org/news/news/keni-harrison-100m-hurdles-world-record-londo). IAAF. Retrieved on 2016\\-09\\-11\\.Brown, Matthew (2016\\-07\\-23\\). [Perfect Perkovic takes win number five in London – IAAF Diamond League](https://www.iaaf.org/news/news/london-diamond-league-2016-perkovic-johnson-t). IAAF. Retrieved on 2016\\-09\\-11\\.Brown, Matthew (2016\\-07\\-23\\). [London ends with a flourish as Farah runs world lead – IAAF Diamond League](https://www.iaaf.org/news/news/london-diamond-league-2016-farah-schippers). IAAF. Retrieved on 2016\\-09\\-11\\.",
"Two additional world leads came from [Mo Farah](/wiki/Mo_Farah \"Mo Farah\") (12:59\\.29 in the 5000 m) and [Shaunae Miller](/wiki/Shaunae_Miller \"Shaunae Miller\") (49\\.55 in the 400 m). [Joe Kovacs](/wiki/Joe_Kovacs \"Joe Kovacs\") improved his shot put lead with his third win over 22 metres. [Ruth Beitia](/wiki/Ruth_Beitia \"Ruth Beitia\") and [Ekaterini Stefanidi](/wiki/Ekaterini_Stefanidi \"Ekaterini Stefanidi\") also improved their leads with their third and fourth wins, respectively. First career wins on the series came for three men: [Gao Xinglong](/wiki/Gao_Xinglong \"Gao Xinglong\") (long jump), [Jakub Vadlejch](/wiki/Jakub_Vadlejch \"Jakub Vadlejch\") (javelin) and [Jimmy Vicaut](/wiki/Jimmy_Vicaut \"Jimmy Vicaut\") (100 m). [Usain Bolt](/wiki/Usain_Bolt \"Usain Bolt\") won a non\\-Diamond Race 200 m, marking a return to form after injury.",
"### Lausanne",
"[Athletissima](/wiki/Athletissima \"Athletissima\") was the first meet after the [Olympic Games in Rio](/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics \"Athletics at the 2016 Summer Olympics\") and the fatigue showed, with no world leads produced. [Sam Kendricks](/wiki/Sam_Kendricks \"Sam Kendricks\") set a meet record of {{T\\&Fcalc\\|5\\.92}} to win the men's pole vault, while [Churandy Martina](/wiki/Churandy_Martina \"Churandy Martina\") set a [Dutch record](/wiki/List_of_Dutch_records_in_athletics \"List of Dutch records in athletics\") of 19\\.81 seconds in winning the men's 200 m – his first Diamond League since [2012](/wiki/2012_IAAF_Diamond_League \"2012 IAAF Diamond League\").Ramsak, Bob (2016\\-08\\-25\\). [Kendricks produces pole vault meeting record in Lausanne – IAAF Diamond League](https://www.iaaf.org/news/news/idl-lausanne-kendricks-pole-vault). IAAF. Retrieved on 2016\\-09\\-11\\.Ramsak, Bob (2016\\-08\\-25\\). [Souleiman sets 1000m series record in Lausanne – IAAF Diamond League](https://www.iaaf.org/news/news/idl-lausanne-souleiman-1000m). IAAF. Retrieved on 2016\\-09\\-11\\.Ramsak, Bob (2016\\-08\\-25\\). [Thompson brings Rio magic to Lausanne – IAAF Diamond League](https://www.iaaf.org/news/news/idl-lausanne-thompson-100m). IAAF. Retrieved on 2016\\-09\\-11\\.",
"[Orlando Ortega](/wiki/Orlando_Ortega \"Orlando Ortega\") edged Olympic champion [Omar McLeod](/wiki/Omar_McLeod \"Omar McLeod\") to move to the top of the 110 m hurdles Diamond race. Olympic champion [Elaine Thompson](/wiki/Elaine_Thompson \"Elaine Thompson\") took the lead in the 100 m Diamond race with her win. In the women's field events [Ivana Španović](/wiki/Ivana_%C5%A0panovi%C4%87 \"Ivana Španović\"), [Caterine Ibargüen](/wiki/Caterine_Ibarg%C3%BCen \"Caterine Ibargüen\"), [Valerie Adams](/wiki/Valerie_Adams \"Valerie Adams\") and [Madara Palameika](/wiki/Madara_Palameika \"Madara Palameika\") all won to affirm near unbeatable leads in their events. [Francine Niyonsaba](/wiki/Francine_Niyonsaba \"Francine Niyonsaba\") won the 800 m in the absence of Olympic champion Caster Semenya. [Abraham Kibiwot](/wiki/Abraham_Kibiwot \"Abraham Kibiwot\") had his first Diamond League win in the absence of Olympic steeplechase champion Conseslus Kipruto.",
"### Paris",
"The stand\\-out performance of the [Paris Diamond League](/wiki/Paris_Diamond_League \"Paris Diamond League\") came from [Ruth Jebet](/wiki/Ruth_Jebet \"Ruth Jebet\"). After a dominant win at the Olympic Games, she turned her attention to breaking the steeplechase world record and duly achieved it with a time of 8:52\\.78 minutes – this was over six seconds faster than the previous mark set by [Gulnara Samitova\\-Galkina](/wiki/Gulnara_Samitova-Galkina \"Gulnara Samitova-Galkina\") (the only other woman who had run under nine minutes for the event). [Genevieve LaCaze](/wiki/Genevieve_LaCaze \"Genevieve LaCaze\") set an [Oceanian record](/wiki/List_of_Oceanian_records_in_athletics \"List of Oceanian records in athletics\") in sixth. Another fast race was the men's 3000 m, where [Yomif Kejelcha](/wiki/Yomif_Kejelcha \"Yomif Kejelcha\") won in a [world under\\-20 record](/wiki/List_of_world_junior_records_in_athletics \"List of world junior records in athletics\") of 7:28\\.19 minutes. A third distance track event was also a highlight: [Laura Muir](/wiki/Laura_Muir \"Laura Muir\") improved her 1500 m national record with 3:55\\.22 minutes – a world lead, meet record and putting her 13th on the all\\-time lists.Byrne, Thomas (2016\\-08\\-27\\). [Walsh prevails in thrilling Paris shot put battle – IAAF Diamond League](https://www.iaaf.org/news/news/tomas-walsh-shot-put-win-paris-diamond-league). IAAF. Retrieved on 2016\\-09\\-11\\.Byrne, Thomas (2016\\-08\\-27\\). [Muir clocks world\\-leading 1500m in Paris – IAAF Diamond League](https://www.iaaf.org/news/news/muir). IAAF. Retrieved on 2016\\-09\\-11\\.Byrne, Thomas (2016\\-08\\-27\\). [Jebet smashes 3000m steeplechase world record in Paris \\- IAAF Diamond League](https://www.iaaf.org/news/news/jebet-steeplechase-world-record-paris). IAAF. Retrieved on 2016\\-09\\-11\\.",
"[Tomas Walsh](/wiki/Tomas_Walsh \"Tomas Walsh\") set the second Oceanian record of the day with {{T\\&Fcalc\\|22\\.00}} in the men's shot put (also a meet record). Moving towards the final, several athletes built unpursuable leads in the series, with wins from [Renaud Lavillenie](/wiki/Renaud_Lavillenie \"Renaud Lavillenie\") (pole vault), [Dafne Schippers](/wiki/Dafne_Schippers \"Dafne Schippers\") (200 m), [Keni Harrison](/wiki/Keni_Harrison \"Keni Harrison\") (100 m hurdles), [Ivana Španović](/wiki/Ivana_%C5%A0panovi%C4%87 \"Ivana Španović\") (long jump), [Ruth Beitia](/wiki/Ruth_Beitia \"Ruth Beitia\") (high jump) and [Sandra Perković](/wiki/Sandra_Perkovi%C4%87 \"Sandra Perković\") (discus). On the opposite scale, four men achieved their first ever series wins: [Chris Carter](/wiki/Chris_Carter_%28triple_jumper%29 \"Chris Carter (triple jumper)\") (triple jump), [Nicholas Bett](/wiki/Nicholas_Bett \"Nicholas Bett\") (400 m hurdles), [Alfred Kipketer](/wiki/Alfred_Kipketer \"Alfred Kipketer\") (800 m) and [Ben Youssef Meïté](/wiki/Ben_Youssef_Me%C3%AFt%C3%A9 \"Ben Youssef Meïté\") (who set an [Ivorian record](/wiki/List_of_Ivorian_records_in_athletics \"List of Ivorian records in athletics\") in the 100 m).",
""
] |
Later life and death
--------------------
Xiahou Dun accompanied the 215 [campaign](/wiki/Battle_of_Yangping "Battle of Yangping") in [Hanzhong](/wiki/Hanzhong "Hanzhong") against the theocratic warlord [Zhang Lu](/wiki/Zhang_Lu_%28Han_dynasty%29 "Zhang Lu (Han dynasty)") but Cao Cao's forces struggled against Zhang Wei's forces. According to [Dong Zhao](/wiki/Dong_Zhao_%28minister%29 "Dong Zhao (minister)")'s account,*Wei Mingchen Zou* in *Sanguozhi* vol.8\. Cao Cao issued orders to recall with Xiahou Dun and [Xu Chu](/wiki/Xu_Chu "Xu Chu") were sent to bring the troops back from the hills. In the confusion, some of the returning troops got lost in the night and surprised some of the defenders who fled from their position. This was reported back to Xiahou Dun and, with some not believing it, Xiahou Dun rode forward to see for himself then went back to tell Cao Cao so they could exploit it, Zhang Wei's position collapsed and Zhang Lu soon surrendered. In 216, he accompanied Cao Cao to Juchao (居巢; in present\-day [Chaohu](/wiki/Chaohu "Chaohu"), [Anhui](/wiki/Anhui "Anhui")) against southern rival [Sun Quan](/wiki/Sun_Quan "Sun Quan") but met with stalemate. In 217, Cao Cao withdrew but left behind Xiahou Dun as Area Commander in command of 26 *jun*s ({{lang\|zh\|軍}}){{efn\|A ''jun'' was a military unit comprising 12,500 soldiers. However, the number of troops under Xiahou Dun's command might not add up to 325,000 because there was some flexibility in forming a ''jun''.}} until Sun Quan negotiated terms including an acceptance of Cao Cao as King.{{Cite book \|last\=De Crespigny \|first\=Rafe \|title\=Generals Of The South: The Foundation And Early History Of The Three Kingdoms State Of Wu \|year\=1997 \|isbn\=9780731509010 \|edition\=2018 \|pages\=299–301 \|publisher\=Australian National University, Faculty of Asian Studies \|language\=English}} As a reward for his contributions including at Juchao, he received a number of performing dancers and musicians. The imperial order that came with the reward read: "When [Wei Jiang](/wiki/Wei_Jiang "Wei Jiang") (魏絳) pacified the [Rong people](/wiki/Xirong_%28people%29 "Xirong (people)"), he was only rewarded with gold and riches. Don't you, General, deserve more than him?"(二十一年，從征孫權還，使惇都督二十六軍，留居巢。賜伎樂名倡，令曰：「魏絳以和戎之功，猶受金石之樂，況將軍乎！」) *Sanguozhi* vol. 9\.
In 219, when Cao Cao marched to Mobei (摩陂; southeast of present\-day [Jia County](/wiki/Jia_County%2C_Henan "Jia County, Henan"), [Henan](/wiki/Henan "Henan")) in response to [Guan Yu's](/wiki/Guan_Yu "Guan Yu") [attack](/wiki/Battle_of_Fancheng "Battle of Fancheng"), he treated Xiahou Dun with exceptional honors that no other officer received, by letting Xiahou ride in the same carriage and allowing Xiahou to enter Cao Cao's private quarters. At the time, [Emperor Xian](/wiki/Emperor_Xian_of_Han "Emperor Xian of Han") had made Cao Cao a [vassal](/wiki/Vassal "Vassal") king under the title "King of Wei" ({{lang\|zh\|魏王}}) and granted him permission to set up an independent vassal kingdom, which was still nominally under Han imperial control. While many of Cao Cao's subordinates had been appointed to positions in his vassal kingdom, Xiahou Dun still held appointments under the Han central government. Xiahou Dun requested to serve in Cao Cao's vassal kingdom to show his loyalty, but Cao Cao told him, "I heard that the best rulers learn from their subjects while the second best befriend their subjects. Officials are noble men of virtue. Why lower yourself to serve such a small kingdom like Wei?" Xiahou Dun insisted, so Cao Cao appointed him as General of the Vanguard ({{lang\|zh\|前將軍}}).(魏書曰：時諸將皆受魏官號，惇獨漢官，乃上疏自陳不當不臣之禮。太祖曰：「吾聞太上師臣，其次友臣。夫臣者，貴德之人也，區區之魏，而臣足以屈君乎？」惇固請，乃拜為前將軍。) *Wei Shu* annotation in *Sanguozhi* vol. 9\. Xiahou Dun then returned soldiers to Shouchun ({{lang\|zh\|壽春}}) and later garrisoned at Zhaoling ({{lang\|zh\|召陵}}).(二十四年，太祖軍於摩陂，召惇常與同載，特見親重，出入卧內，諸將莫得比也。拜前將軍， ... 督諸軍還壽春，徙屯召陵。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 9\.
Around late 219, Xiahou Dun, along with [Chen Qun](/wiki/Chen_Qun "Chen Qun"), [Huan Jie](/wiki/Huan_Jie "Huan Jie") and others, urged Cao Cao to take the throne from Emperor Xian. Xiahou Dun said, "Everyone in the Empire knows that the Han dynasty's lifespan has come to an end and that there are many contenders seeking to replace it. Since ancient times, whoever succeeds in eliminating the people's troubles will win the hearts of the people and become their ruler. As of now, Your Highness has been fighting battles for over 30 years, you've made outstanding achievements and the hearts of the people are with you. You should follow the will of Heaven and the people. What's there to hesitate about?" Cao Cao replied, "'These qualities are displayed in government. This then also constitutes the exercise of government.'{{efn\|The first two sentences in Cao Cao's reply to Xiahou Dun were quoted from Chapter 2 of \[\[Confucius]]'s ''\[\[Analects]]''.}} If the [Mandate of Heaven](/wiki/Mandate_of_Heaven "Mandate of Heaven") does belong to me, I'll be like [King Wen of Zhou](/wiki/King_Wen_of_Zhou "King Wen of Zhou")."{{efn\|Ji Chang (\[\[King Wen of Zhou]]) was a vassal lord under \[\[King Zhou of Shang\|King Zhou]] of the \[\[Shang dynasty]] even though he controlled more territory than the king. After his death, his son Ji Fa (later \[\[King Wu of Zhou]]) overthrew the Shang dynasty, established the \[\[Zhou dynasty]], and became its first king. Ji Fa posthumously honoured his father as "King Wen of Zhou". When Cao Cao said he preferred to be like King Wen, he was actually hinting that he would not take the throne from \[\[Emperor Xian of Han\|Emperor Xian]] for as long as he lived – just as King Wen of Zhou never replaced King Zhou of Shang – and instead leave the task to his successor – in the same way as how King Wu of Zhou overthrew King Zhou of Shang.}}(魏氏春秋曰：夏侯惇謂王曰：「天下咸知漢祚已盡，異代方起。自古已來，能除民害為百姓所歸者，即民主也。今殿下即戎三十餘年，功德著於黎庶，為天下所依歸，應天順民，復何疑哉！」王曰：「『施於有政，是亦為政』。若天命在吾，吾為周文王矣。」) *Wei Shi Chunqiu* annotation in *Sanguozhi* vol. 1\.
Cao Cao died in March 220 and passed on his vassal king title to his son, [Cao Pi](/wiki/Cao_Pi "Cao Pi"), who was still a nominal subject of Emperor Xian. Xiahou Dun was promoted to General\-in\-Chief ({{lang\|zh\|大將軍}}) on 23 April.(\[延康元年]三月...己卯，以前将军夏侯惇为大将军。) *Sanguozhi*, vol.02 He died less than two months later on 13 June*Sanguozhi* vol.2\. with Cao Pi leading the mourning ceremony at Ye's east gate.*Weishu* in *Sanguozhi* vol.2\.
The *Cao Man Zhuan* ({{lang\|zh\|曹瞞傳}}) and the *Shiyu* ({{lang\|zh\|世語}}) mentioned that Xiahou Dun once suggested to Cao Cao to eliminate [Liu Bei](/wiki/Liu_Bei "Liu Bei") first in order to force Sun Quan to surrender of his own accord, and then follow in the footsteps of the mythological rulers [Shun](/wiki/Emperor_Shun "Emperor Shun") and [Yu](/wiki/Yu_the_Great "Yu the Great") by making Emperor Xian voluntarily abdicate the throne to him. Cao Cao accepted his proposal. After Cao Cao's death, Xiahou Dun regretted his words and fell sick and died.(曹瞞傳及世語並云桓階勸王正位，夏侯惇以為宜先滅蜀，蜀亡則吳服，二方旣定，然後遵舜、禹之軌，王從之。及至王薨，惇追恨前言，發病卒。) *Cao Man Zhuan* and *Shiyu* annotations in *Sanguozhi* vol. 1\. The historian [Sun Sheng](/wiki/Sun_Sheng_%28Jin_dynasty%29 "Sun Sheng (Jin dynasty)") dismissed the *Shiyu* account as nonsense, saying that it did not match what was recorded in the main text of Xiahou Dun's biography in the *Sanguozhi* – Xiahou Dun felt ashamed of serving under the Han imperial court so he requested to serve in Cao Cao's vassal kingdom.(孫盛評曰：夏侯惇恥為漢官，求受魏印，桓階方惇，有義直之節；考其傳記，世語為妄矣。) Sun Sheng's annotation in *Sanguozhi* vol. 1\.
|
[
"Later life and death\n--------------------",
"Xiahou Dun accompanied the 215 [campaign](/wiki/Battle_of_Yangping \"Battle of Yangping\") in [Hanzhong](/wiki/Hanzhong \"Hanzhong\") against the theocratic warlord [Zhang Lu](/wiki/Zhang_Lu_%28Han_dynasty%29 \"Zhang Lu (Han dynasty)\") but Cao Cao's forces struggled against Zhang Wei's forces. According to [Dong Zhao](/wiki/Dong_Zhao_%28minister%29 \"Dong Zhao (minister)\")'s account,*Wei Mingchen Zou* in *Sanguozhi* vol.8\\. Cao Cao issued orders to recall with Xiahou Dun and [Xu Chu](/wiki/Xu_Chu \"Xu Chu\") were sent to bring the troops back from the hills. In the confusion, some of the returning troops got lost in the night and surprised some of the defenders who fled from their position. This was reported back to Xiahou Dun and, with some not believing it, Xiahou Dun rode forward to see for himself then went back to tell Cao Cao so they could exploit it, Zhang Wei's position collapsed and Zhang Lu soon surrendered. In 216, he accompanied Cao Cao to Juchao (居巢; in present\\-day [Chaohu](/wiki/Chaohu \"Chaohu\"), [Anhui](/wiki/Anhui \"Anhui\")) against southern rival [Sun Quan](/wiki/Sun_Quan \"Sun Quan\") but met with stalemate. In 217, Cao Cao withdrew but left behind Xiahou Dun as Area Commander in command of 26 *jun*s ({{lang\\|zh\\|軍}}){{efn\\|A ''jun'' was a military unit comprising 12,500 soldiers. However, the number of troops under Xiahou Dun's command might not add up to 325,000 because there was some flexibility in forming a ''jun''.}} until Sun Quan negotiated terms including an acceptance of Cao Cao as King.{{Cite book \\|last\\=De Crespigny \\|first\\=Rafe \\|title\\=Generals Of The South: The Foundation And Early History Of The Three Kingdoms State Of Wu \\|year\\=1997 \\|isbn\\=9780731509010 \\|edition\\=2018 \\|pages\\=299–301 \\|publisher\\=Australian National University, Faculty of Asian Studies \\|language\\=English}} As a reward for his contributions including at Juchao, he received a number of performing dancers and musicians. The imperial order that came with the reward read: \"When [Wei Jiang](/wiki/Wei_Jiang \"Wei Jiang\") (魏絳) pacified the [Rong people](/wiki/Xirong_%28people%29 \"Xirong (people)\"), he was only rewarded with gold and riches. Don't you, General, deserve more than him?\"(二十一年，從征孫權還，使惇都督二十六軍，留居巢。賜伎樂名倡，令曰：「魏絳以和戎之功，猶受金石之樂，況將軍乎！」) *Sanguozhi* vol. 9\\.",
"In 219, when Cao Cao marched to Mobei (摩陂; southeast of present\\-day [Jia County](/wiki/Jia_County%2C_Henan \"Jia County, Henan\"), [Henan](/wiki/Henan \"Henan\")) in response to [Guan Yu's](/wiki/Guan_Yu \"Guan Yu\") [attack](/wiki/Battle_of_Fancheng \"Battle of Fancheng\"), he treated Xiahou Dun with exceptional honors that no other officer received, by letting Xiahou ride in the same carriage and allowing Xiahou to enter Cao Cao's private quarters. At the time, [Emperor Xian](/wiki/Emperor_Xian_of_Han \"Emperor Xian of Han\") had made Cao Cao a [vassal](/wiki/Vassal \"Vassal\") king under the title \"King of Wei\" ({{lang\\|zh\\|魏王}}) and granted him permission to set up an independent vassal kingdom, which was still nominally under Han imperial control. While many of Cao Cao's subordinates had been appointed to positions in his vassal kingdom, Xiahou Dun still held appointments under the Han central government. Xiahou Dun requested to serve in Cao Cao's vassal kingdom to show his loyalty, but Cao Cao told him, \"I heard that the best rulers learn from their subjects while the second best befriend their subjects. Officials are noble men of virtue. Why lower yourself to serve such a small kingdom like Wei?\" Xiahou Dun insisted, so Cao Cao appointed him as General of the Vanguard ({{lang\\|zh\\|前將軍}}).(魏書曰：時諸將皆受魏官號，惇獨漢官，乃上疏自陳不當不臣之禮。太祖曰：「吾聞太上師臣，其次友臣。夫臣者，貴德之人也，區區之魏，而臣足以屈君乎？」惇固請，乃拜為前將軍。) *Wei Shu* annotation in *Sanguozhi* vol. 9\\. Xiahou Dun then returned soldiers to Shouchun ({{lang\\|zh\\|壽春}}) and later garrisoned at Zhaoling ({{lang\\|zh\\|召陵}}).(二十四年，太祖軍於摩陂，召惇常與同載，特見親重，出入卧內，諸將莫得比也。拜前將軍， ... 督諸軍還壽春，徙屯召陵。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 9\\.",
"Around late 219, Xiahou Dun, along with [Chen Qun](/wiki/Chen_Qun \"Chen Qun\"), [Huan Jie](/wiki/Huan_Jie \"Huan Jie\") and others, urged Cao Cao to take the throne from Emperor Xian. Xiahou Dun said, \"Everyone in the Empire knows that the Han dynasty's lifespan has come to an end and that there are many contenders seeking to replace it. Since ancient times, whoever succeeds in eliminating the people's troubles will win the hearts of the people and become their ruler. As of now, Your Highness has been fighting battles for over 30 years, you've made outstanding achievements and the hearts of the people are with you. You should follow the will of Heaven and the people. What's there to hesitate about?\" Cao Cao replied, \"'These qualities are displayed in government. This then also constitutes the exercise of government.'{{efn\\|The first two sentences in Cao Cao's reply to Xiahou Dun were quoted from Chapter 2 of \\[\\[Confucius]]'s ''\\[\\[Analects]]''.}} If the [Mandate of Heaven](/wiki/Mandate_of_Heaven \"Mandate of Heaven\") does belong to me, I'll be like [King Wen of Zhou](/wiki/King_Wen_of_Zhou \"King Wen of Zhou\").\"{{efn\\|Ji Chang (\\[\\[King Wen of Zhou]]) was a vassal lord under \\[\\[King Zhou of Shang\\|King Zhou]] of the \\[\\[Shang dynasty]] even though he controlled more territory than the king. After his death, his son Ji Fa (later \\[\\[King Wu of Zhou]]) overthrew the Shang dynasty, established the \\[\\[Zhou dynasty]], and became its first king. Ji Fa posthumously honoured his father as \"King Wen of Zhou\". When Cao Cao said he preferred to be like King Wen, he was actually hinting that he would not take the throne from \\[\\[Emperor Xian of Han\\|Emperor Xian]] for as long as he lived – just as King Wen of Zhou never replaced King Zhou of Shang – and instead leave the task to his successor – in the same way as how King Wu of Zhou overthrew King Zhou of Shang.}}(魏氏春秋曰：夏侯惇謂王曰：「天下咸知漢祚已盡，異代方起。自古已來，能除民害為百姓所歸者，即民主也。今殿下即戎三十餘年，功德著於黎庶，為天下所依歸，應天順民，復何疑哉！」王曰：「『施於有政，是亦為政』。若天命在吾，吾為周文王矣。」) *Wei Shi Chunqiu* annotation in *Sanguozhi* vol. 1\\.",
"Cao Cao died in March 220 and passed on his vassal king title to his son, [Cao Pi](/wiki/Cao_Pi \"Cao Pi\"), who was still a nominal subject of Emperor Xian. Xiahou Dun was promoted to General\\-in\\-Chief ({{lang\\|zh\\|大將軍}}) on 23 April.(\\[延康元年]三月...己卯，以前将军夏侯惇为大将军。) *Sanguozhi*, vol.02 He died less than two months later on 13 June*Sanguozhi* vol.2\\. with Cao Pi leading the mourning ceremony at Ye's east gate.*Weishu* in *Sanguozhi* vol.2\\.",
"The *Cao Man Zhuan* ({{lang\\|zh\\|曹瞞傳}}) and the *Shiyu* ({{lang\\|zh\\|世語}}) mentioned that Xiahou Dun once suggested to Cao Cao to eliminate [Liu Bei](/wiki/Liu_Bei \"Liu Bei\") first in order to force Sun Quan to surrender of his own accord, and then follow in the footsteps of the mythological rulers [Shun](/wiki/Emperor_Shun \"Emperor Shun\") and [Yu](/wiki/Yu_the_Great \"Yu the Great\") by making Emperor Xian voluntarily abdicate the throne to him. Cao Cao accepted his proposal. After Cao Cao's death, Xiahou Dun regretted his words and fell sick and died.(曹瞞傳及世語並云桓階勸王正位，夏侯惇以為宜先滅蜀，蜀亡則吳服，二方旣定，然後遵舜、禹之軌，王從之。及至王薨，惇追恨前言，發病卒。) *Cao Man Zhuan* and *Shiyu* annotations in *Sanguozhi* vol. 1\\. The historian [Sun Sheng](/wiki/Sun_Sheng_%28Jin_dynasty%29 \"Sun Sheng (Jin dynasty)\") dismissed the *Shiyu* account as nonsense, saying that it did not match what was recorded in the main text of Xiahou Dun's biography in the *Sanguozhi* – Xiahou Dun felt ashamed of serving under the Han imperial court so he requested to serve in Cao Cao's vassal kingdom.(孫盛評曰：夏侯惇恥為漢官，求受魏印，桓階方惇，有義直之節；考其傳記，世語為妄矣。) Sun Sheng's annotation in *Sanguozhi* vol. 1\\.",
""
] |
Plot
----
In December 1973, 33 years after *[A Christmas Story](/wiki/A_Christmas_Story "A Christmas Story")*, 42\-year\-old Ralph "Ralphie" Parker lives in [Chicago](/wiki/Chicago "Chicago") with his wife, Sandy, and two children, Mark and Julie. Ralph has been taking the year off from his job to write his first novel, but its excessive length leads multiple publishers to reject it. Mrs. Parker calls to tell Ralph that his father, "the Old Man", has died, and the grief\-stricken family makes its way to Hohman, Indiana to be with her. She gives Ralph two tasks: write his father's obituary, and take up his mantle of making Christmas special for the family.
Ralph's children befriend one of the Bumpus kids next door, and have their snowman smashed by two bullies on a snowmobile. Ralph reunites with Flick, who now owns his father's old tavern, and Schwartz, who still lives with his mother and has run up a large tab at Flick's. While leaving the house to go ice skating, Sandy slips and sprains her ankle.
As Christmas Eve approaches, the family goes to [Higbee's](/wiki/Higbee%27s "Higbee's"), where Ralph miraculously buys everything Mark and Julie asked for while the children speak to the store's Santa. On the way back, Ralph's car overheats, and Ralph accidentally hits Julie in the eye during an impromptu snowball fight. After Julie receives a temporary eyepatch at the hospital, the family discovers their car was robbed in the hospital parking lot; the presents are gone, and there is little money left to replace them.
Back at Flick's, Flick offers to forgive Schwartz's tab if he sleds off a giant ramp; Schwartz manages to complete the stunt, but Mark breaks his arm sledding down the nearby hill afterwards. After Ralph is rejected by his final prospective publisher, he laments his difficulties, but is encouraged by his mother and Sandy. Remembering his favorite Christmas with his father inspires Ralph to write a long article instead of a standard obituary; however, he leaves it on the desk, needing to prepare for Christmas Day. Mark and Julie manage to get back at their bullies by building a snowman over a tree stump so that the snowmobile crashes.
On Christmas Eve night, the star falls off the Parker's tree and breaks, upsetting Julie. Frustrated, Ralph ignores objections from his wife and his mother and goes out to find a new star. All the local businesses are already closed, so Ralph breaks into Flick's tavern to "borrow" the star from the tree. On his way out, he is apprehended by Scut Farkus, now a Hohman police officer. Ralph is terrified of what Scut might do to him, but Scut brings him home, saying he owes Ralph because their childhood fight set him on a better path in life.
Mrs. Parker goes into the basement to change a [fuse](/wiki/Fuse_box "Fuse box") and finds several thoughtfully\-picked, pre\-wrapped gifts, which the Old Man had bought shortly before his death. On Christmas morning, the family is delighted to open them, and all their other presents as well. Ralph is confused by compliments he receives about his piece in the newspaper, and Sandy reveals she found the obituary manuscript and took it to the local paper because of its high quality. The phone rings, and Ralph is offered a new job as a syndicated columnist, fulfilling his dream of becoming a full\-time writer. Much of the town comes to the Parker house for Christmas dinner; after dinner concludes, the core family asks Ralph to read them his story about the Old Man. Ralph takes a seat in his father's armchair and begins reading, and his narration slowly transitions into Jean Shepherd's opening narration from the first film.
|
[
"Plot\n----",
"In December 1973, 33 years after *[A Christmas Story](/wiki/A_Christmas_Story \"A Christmas Story\")*, 42\\-year\\-old Ralph \"Ralphie\" Parker lives in [Chicago](/wiki/Chicago \"Chicago\") with his wife, Sandy, and two children, Mark and Julie. Ralph has been taking the year off from his job to write his first novel, but its excessive length leads multiple publishers to reject it. Mrs. Parker calls to tell Ralph that his father, \"the Old Man\", has died, and the grief\\-stricken family makes its way to Hohman, Indiana to be with her. She gives Ralph two tasks: write his father's obituary, and take up his mantle of making Christmas special for the family.",
"Ralph's children befriend one of the Bumpus kids next door, and have their snowman smashed by two bullies on a snowmobile. Ralph reunites with Flick, who now owns his father's old tavern, and Schwartz, who still lives with his mother and has run up a large tab at Flick's. While leaving the house to go ice skating, Sandy slips and sprains her ankle.",
"As Christmas Eve approaches, the family goes to [Higbee's](/wiki/Higbee%27s \"Higbee's\"), where Ralph miraculously buys everything Mark and Julie asked for while the children speak to the store's Santa. On the way back, Ralph's car overheats, and Ralph accidentally hits Julie in the eye during an impromptu snowball fight. After Julie receives a temporary eyepatch at the hospital, the family discovers their car was robbed in the hospital parking lot; the presents are gone, and there is little money left to replace them.",
"Back at Flick's, Flick offers to forgive Schwartz's tab if he sleds off a giant ramp; Schwartz manages to complete the stunt, but Mark breaks his arm sledding down the nearby hill afterwards. After Ralph is rejected by his final prospective publisher, he laments his difficulties, but is encouraged by his mother and Sandy. Remembering his favorite Christmas with his father inspires Ralph to write a long article instead of a standard obituary; however, he leaves it on the desk, needing to prepare for Christmas Day. Mark and Julie manage to get back at their bullies by building a snowman over a tree stump so that the snowmobile crashes.",
"On Christmas Eve night, the star falls off the Parker's tree and breaks, upsetting Julie. Frustrated, Ralph ignores objections from his wife and his mother and goes out to find a new star. All the local businesses are already closed, so Ralph breaks into Flick's tavern to \"borrow\" the star from the tree. On his way out, he is apprehended by Scut Farkus, now a Hohman police officer. Ralph is terrified of what Scut might do to him, but Scut brings him home, saying he owes Ralph because their childhood fight set him on a better path in life.",
"Mrs. Parker goes into the basement to change a [fuse](/wiki/Fuse_box \"Fuse box\") and finds several thoughtfully\\-picked, pre\\-wrapped gifts, which the Old Man had bought shortly before his death. On Christmas morning, the family is delighted to open them, and all their other presents as well. Ralph is confused by compliments he receives about his piece in the newspaper, and Sandy reveals she found the obituary manuscript and took it to the local paper because of its high quality. The phone rings, and Ralph is offered a new job as a syndicated columnist, fulfilling his dream of becoming a full\\-time writer. Much of the town comes to the Parker house for Christmas dinner; after dinner concludes, the core family asks Ralph to read them his story about the Old Man. Ralph takes a seat in his father's armchair and begins reading, and his narration slowly transitions into Jean Shepherd's opening narration from the first film.",
""
] |
Career
------
### Socialist
{{Socialism US\|people}}
The young man was radically inclined from an early age, joining the [Socialist Party of America](/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America "Socialist Party of America")'s youth section, the [Young People's Socialist League](/wiki/Young_People%27s_Socialist_League_%281907%29 "Young People's Socialist League (1907)") in 1912, the Socialist Party itself in 1915, as well as the [Industrial Workers of the World](/wiki/Industrial_Workers_of_the_World "Industrial Workers of the World"). He attended the [University of Minnesota](/wiki/University_of_Minnesota "University of Minnesota") for two years, starring on the [football](/wiki/American_football "American football") team. The radical Abern staunchly opposed [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I "World War I") and following American entry into that conflict he refused induction into the military on political grounds. This refusal to join the military resulted in his expulsion from the university and ultimately led to a six\-month prison term.
### Communist
Abern seems to have been a member of the [Communist Party of America](/wiki/Communist_Party_of_America "Communist Party of America") at the time of its establishment in the fall of 1919 or shortly thereafter. In November 1920, the [US Department of Justice](/wiki/US_Department_of_Justice "US Department of Justice") attempted to make Abern a test case for the deportation of alien radicals citing Communist Party membership as sole grounds for action.Document in DoJ/BoI Investigative Files, NARA collection M\-1085, microfilm reel 925\. He was saved from deportation at the last minute by a court order obtained by his attorney.Robert J. Alexander, *International Trotskyism, 1929\-1985: A Documented Analysis of the Movement.* Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1991; pg. 764\.
Abern was a delegate to the 2nd World Congress of the [Young Communist International](/wiki/Young_Communist_International "Young Communist International") (YCI), held in [Moscow](/wiki/Moscow "Moscow") in June 1921, where he was made a member of the Executive Committee of the YCI. He also held a seat on the governing National Executive Committee of the [Young Workers League of America](/wiki/Young_Workers_League_of_America "Young Workers League of America") (YWL) from May 1922 and was reelected by the convention of that organization held the following year. Abern served as Secretary of the YWL from May 30, 1922, to October 19, 1922, ostensibly resigning for reasons of health.
Abern was also sent to Moscow to attend the [4th World Congress of the Comintern](/wiki/4th_World_Congress_of_the_Comintern "4th World Congress of the Comintern") late in the fall of 1922\. Upon his return he was made a member of the Central Executive Committee of the now legal Communist Party, the Workers Party of America, where he would develop a close ideological affinity and working relationship with [James P. Cannon](/wiki/James_P._Cannon "James P. Cannon"), a leading light of the legal party.
Abern also briefly was part of a three\-person Secretariat running the Young Workers League in the summer and fall of 1924 before being replaced as National Secretary on October 15 by John Williamson. In 1925 Cannon became the National Secretary of [International Labor Defense](/wiki/International_Labor_Defense "International Labor Defense"), the legal defense arm of the American Communist movement, Abern joined him as assistant national secretary and thereafter dedicated most of his effort in an attempt to build the size and influence of that parallel [mass organization](/wiki/Mass_organization "Mass organization") of the Workers (Communist) Party.
In 1926, Abern wrote a two\-part, two\-day article entitled "Can the Workers Write for Our Press?
{{cite news
\| first \= Martin
\| last \= Abern
\| author\-link \= Martin Abern
\| title \= Can the Workers Write for Our Press? (Article I)
\| publisher \= Daily Worker
\| url \= https://www.marxists.org/history/usa/pubs/dailyworker/1926/v3n32\-feb\-18\-1926\-TDW.pdf
\| page \= 5
\| date \=18 February 1926
\| accessdate \= 28 October 2018}}
{{cite news
\| first \= Martin
\| last \= Abern
\| author\-link \= Martin Abern
\| title \= Can the Workers Write for Our Press? (Article II)
\| publisher \= Daily Worker
\| url \= https://www.marxists.org/history/usa/pubs/dailyworker/1926/v3n33\-feb\-19\-1926\-TDW.pdf
\| page \= 5
\| date \=19 February 1926
\| accessdate \= 28 October 2018}}
Abern then took an important leadership role in the adult [Workers (Communist) Party of America](/wiki/Workers_Party_of_America "Workers Party of America"), becoming the District Organizer of the party's important Chicago district in 1928 and sitting on the governing Central Executive Committee of the organization. Abern was a steadfast supporter of the majority faction of [Foster](/wiki/William_Z._Foster "William Z. Foster")\-Cannon\-[Lore](/wiki/Ludwig_Lore "Ludwig Lore") during the bitter factional fighting that continued ceaselessly throughout the decade.
### Trotskyist
{{Trotskyism}}
Together with Jim Cannon and youth leader [Max Shachtman](/wiki/Max_Shachtman "Max Shachtman"), Abern was expelled from the Workers (Communist) Party in 1928 for supporting [Leon Trotsky](/wiki/Leon_Trotsky "Leon Trotsky"). He was a founding member of the [Communist League of America](/wiki/Communist_League_of_America "Communist League of America") (CLA) in May 1928 and sat on the governing National Committee of that organization from 1931 to 1934\. In this interval Shachtman and Cannon were increasingly at odds with one another, with Abern tending to follow Shachtman in matters of controversy.
Abern was also a founding member of [Workers Party of the United States](/wiki/Workers_Party_of_the_United_States "Workers Party of the United States") in 1934, formed when the CLA merged with [A.J. Muste](/wiki/A.J._Muste "A.J. Muste")'s Workers Party. He was a member of the National Committee of that organization from 1934 to 1936\. In that year he and other Trotskyists entered the Socialist Party *en masse* as part of the so\-called "[French Turn](/wiki/French_Turn "French Turn")" tactic, a brief interlude ending with their expulsion late in 1937\.
In 1938, Abern helped found the [Socialist Workers Party](/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_%28US%29 "Socialist Workers Party (US)") (SWP) and he was on the National Committee of that organization from 1938 until 1940\. The April 1940 convention of the SWP instructed the National Committee of the party to take disciplinary action against Abern, Shachtman, [James Burnham](/wiki/James_Burnham "James Burnham"), and their factional supporters if that group failed to abide by the decisions of the convention. In accordance with these instructions, the National Committee suspended Burnham, Shachtman, and Abern at its meeting of April 22, 1940, giving the members of this so\-called "[petty\-bourgeois](/wiki/Petty-bourgeois "Petty-bourgeois") opposition" an opportunity to recant and return to the party. Burnham left the radical movement at this time, while Abern joined Max Shachtman's in establishing a new organization called the [Workers Party of the United States](/wiki/Workers_Party_%28US%29 "Workers Party (US)") (WPUS). The pair were expelled from the SWP by a Plenum Conference held in Chicago from Sept. 27 to 29, 1940\."The Expulsion of the Shachtman\-Abern Group: Resolution adopted by the Plenum Conference of the SWP held at Chicago, September 27 to 29, 1940\. First published in *The Socialist Appeal,* October 5, 1940, reprinted in James P. Cannon, *The Struggle for a Proletarian Party.* New York: Pathfinder Press, 1943; pp. 253\-254\.
Abern was elected to the governing National Committee of the WPUS at the time of its formation in 1940 and remained in the top leadership of that organization for the rest of his life.
|
[
"Career\n------",
"### Socialist",
"{{Socialism US\\|people}}\nThe young man was radically inclined from an early age, joining the [Socialist Party of America](/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America \"Socialist Party of America\")'s youth section, the [Young People's Socialist League](/wiki/Young_People%27s_Socialist_League_%281907%29 \"Young People's Socialist League (1907)\") in 1912, the Socialist Party itself in 1915, as well as the [Industrial Workers of the World](/wiki/Industrial_Workers_of_the_World \"Industrial Workers of the World\"). He attended the [University of Minnesota](/wiki/University_of_Minnesota \"University of Minnesota\") for two years, starring on the [football](/wiki/American_football \"American football\") team. The radical Abern staunchly opposed [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I \"World War I\") and following American entry into that conflict he refused induction into the military on political grounds. This refusal to join the military resulted in his expulsion from the university and ultimately led to a six\\-month prison term.",
"### Communist",
"Abern seems to have been a member of the [Communist Party of America](/wiki/Communist_Party_of_America \"Communist Party of America\") at the time of its establishment in the fall of 1919 or shortly thereafter. In November 1920, the [US Department of Justice](/wiki/US_Department_of_Justice \"US Department of Justice\") attempted to make Abern a test case for the deportation of alien radicals citing Communist Party membership as sole grounds for action.Document in DoJ/BoI Investigative Files, NARA collection M\\-1085, microfilm reel 925\\. He was saved from deportation at the last minute by a court order obtained by his attorney.Robert J. Alexander, *International Trotskyism, 1929\\-1985: A Documented Analysis of the Movement.* Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1991; pg. 764\\.",
"Abern was a delegate to the 2nd World Congress of the [Young Communist International](/wiki/Young_Communist_International \"Young Communist International\") (YCI), held in [Moscow](/wiki/Moscow \"Moscow\") in June 1921, where he was made a member of the Executive Committee of the YCI. He also held a seat on the governing National Executive Committee of the [Young Workers League of America](/wiki/Young_Workers_League_of_America \"Young Workers League of America\") (YWL) from May 1922 and was reelected by the convention of that organization held the following year. Abern served as Secretary of the YWL from May 30, 1922, to October 19, 1922, ostensibly resigning for reasons of health.",
"Abern was also sent to Moscow to attend the [4th World Congress of the Comintern](/wiki/4th_World_Congress_of_the_Comintern \"4th World Congress of the Comintern\") late in the fall of 1922\\. Upon his return he was made a member of the Central Executive Committee of the now legal Communist Party, the Workers Party of America, where he would develop a close ideological affinity and working relationship with [James P. Cannon](/wiki/James_P._Cannon \"James P. Cannon\"), a leading light of the legal party.",
"Abern also briefly was part of a three\\-person Secretariat running the Young Workers League in the summer and fall of 1924 before being replaced as National Secretary on October 15 by John Williamson. In 1925 Cannon became the National Secretary of [International Labor Defense](/wiki/International_Labor_Defense \"International Labor Defense\"), the legal defense arm of the American Communist movement, Abern joined him as assistant national secretary and thereafter dedicated most of his effort in an attempt to build the size and influence of that parallel [mass organization](/wiki/Mass_organization \"Mass organization\") of the Workers (Communist) Party.",
"In 1926, Abern wrote a two\\-part, two\\-day article entitled \"Can the Workers Write for Our Press?\n{{cite news\n\\| first \\= Martin \n\\| last \\= Abern\n\\| author\\-link \\= Martin Abern\n\\| title \\= Can the Workers Write for Our Press? (Article I)\n\\| publisher \\= Daily Worker\n\\| url \\= https://www.marxists.org/history/usa/pubs/dailyworker/1926/v3n32\\-feb\\-18\\-1926\\-TDW.pdf",
"\\| page \\= 5 \n\\| date \\=18 February 1926\n\\| accessdate \\= 28 October 2018}}\n{{cite news\n\\| first \\= Martin \n\\| last \\= Abern\n\\| author\\-link \\= Martin Abern\n\\| title \\= Can the Workers Write for Our Press? (Article II)\n\\| publisher \\= Daily Worker\n\\| url \\= https://www.marxists.org/history/usa/pubs/dailyworker/1926/v3n33\\-feb\\-19\\-1926\\-TDW.pdf\n\\| page \\= 5 \n\\| date \\=19 February 1926\n\\| accessdate \\= 28 October 2018}}",
"Abern then took an important leadership role in the adult [Workers (Communist) Party of America](/wiki/Workers_Party_of_America \"Workers Party of America\"), becoming the District Organizer of the party's important Chicago district in 1928 and sitting on the governing Central Executive Committee of the organization. Abern was a steadfast supporter of the majority faction of [Foster](/wiki/William_Z._Foster \"William Z. Foster\")\\-Cannon\\-[Lore](/wiki/Ludwig_Lore \"Ludwig Lore\") during the bitter factional fighting that continued ceaselessly throughout the decade.",
"### Trotskyist",
"{{Trotskyism}}\nTogether with Jim Cannon and youth leader [Max Shachtman](/wiki/Max_Shachtman \"Max Shachtman\"), Abern was expelled from the Workers (Communist) Party in 1928 for supporting [Leon Trotsky](/wiki/Leon_Trotsky \"Leon Trotsky\"). He was a founding member of the [Communist League of America](/wiki/Communist_League_of_America \"Communist League of America\") (CLA) in May 1928 and sat on the governing National Committee of that organization from 1931 to 1934\\. In this interval Shachtman and Cannon were increasingly at odds with one another, with Abern tending to follow Shachtman in matters of controversy.",
"Abern was also a founding member of [Workers Party of the United States](/wiki/Workers_Party_of_the_United_States \"Workers Party of the United States\") in 1934, formed when the CLA merged with [A.J. Muste](/wiki/A.J._Muste \"A.J. Muste\")'s Workers Party. He was a member of the National Committee of that organization from 1934 to 1936\\. In that year he and other Trotskyists entered the Socialist Party *en masse* as part of the so\\-called \"[French Turn](/wiki/French_Turn \"French Turn\")\" tactic, a brief interlude ending with their expulsion late in 1937\\.",
"In 1938, Abern helped found the [Socialist Workers Party](/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_%28US%29 \"Socialist Workers Party (US)\") (SWP) and he was on the National Committee of that organization from 1938 until 1940\\. The April 1940 convention of the SWP instructed the National Committee of the party to take disciplinary action against Abern, Shachtman, [James Burnham](/wiki/James_Burnham \"James Burnham\"), and their factional supporters if that group failed to abide by the decisions of the convention. In accordance with these instructions, the National Committee suspended Burnham, Shachtman, and Abern at its meeting of April 22, 1940, giving the members of this so\\-called \"[petty\\-bourgeois](/wiki/Petty-bourgeois \"Petty-bourgeois\") opposition\" an opportunity to recant and return to the party. Burnham left the radical movement at this time, while Abern joined Max Shachtman's in establishing a new organization called the [Workers Party of the United States](/wiki/Workers_Party_%28US%29 \"Workers Party (US)\") (WPUS). The pair were expelled from the SWP by a Plenum Conference held in Chicago from Sept. 27 to 29, 1940\\.\"The Expulsion of the Shachtman\\-Abern Group: Resolution adopted by the Plenum Conference of the SWP held at Chicago, September 27 to 29, 1940\\. First published in *The Socialist Appeal,* October 5, 1940, reprinted in James P. Cannon, *The Struggle for a Proletarian Party.* New York: Pathfinder Press, 1943; pp. 253\\-254\\.",
"Abern was elected to the governing National Committee of the WPUS at the time of its formation in 1940 and remained in the top leadership of that organization for the rest of his life.",
"",
""
] |
### Communist
Abern seems to have been a member of the [Communist Party of America](/wiki/Communist_Party_of_America "Communist Party of America") at the time of its establishment in the fall of 1919 or shortly thereafter. In November 1920, the [US Department of Justice](/wiki/US_Department_of_Justice "US Department of Justice") attempted to make Abern a test case for the deportation of alien radicals citing Communist Party membership as sole grounds for action.Document in DoJ/BoI Investigative Files, NARA collection M\-1085, microfilm reel 925\. He was saved from deportation at the last minute by a court order obtained by his attorney.Robert J. Alexander, *International Trotskyism, 1929\-1985: A Documented Analysis of the Movement.* Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1991; pg. 764\.
Abern was a delegate to the 2nd World Congress of the [Young Communist International](/wiki/Young_Communist_International "Young Communist International") (YCI), held in [Moscow](/wiki/Moscow "Moscow") in June 1921, where he was made a member of the Executive Committee of the YCI. He also held a seat on the governing National Executive Committee of the [Young Workers League of America](/wiki/Young_Workers_League_of_America "Young Workers League of America") (YWL) from May 1922 and was reelected by the convention of that organization held the following year. Abern served as Secretary of the YWL from May 30, 1922, to October 19, 1922, ostensibly resigning for reasons of health.
Abern was also sent to Moscow to attend the [4th World Congress of the Comintern](/wiki/4th_World_Congress_of_the_Comintern "4th World Congress of the Comintern") late in the fall of 1922\. Upon his return he was made a member of the Central Executive Committee of the now legal Communist Party, the Workers Party of America, where he would develop a close ideological affinity and working relationship with [James P. Cannon](/wiki/James_P._Cannon "James P. Cannon"), a leading light of the legal party.
Abern also briefly was part of a three\-person Secretariat running the Young Workers League in the summer and fall of 1924 before being replaced as National Secretary on October 15 by John Williamson. In 1925 Cannon became the National Secretary of [International Labor Defense](/wiki/International_Labor_Defense "International Labor Defense"), the legal defense arm of the American Communist movement, Abern joined him as assistant national secretary and thereafter dedicated most of his effort in an attempt to build the size and influence of that parallel [mass organization](/wiki/Mass_organization "Mass organization") of the Workers (Communist) Party.
In 1926, Abern wrote a two\-part, two\-day article entitled "Can the Workers Write for Our Press?
{{cite news
\| first \= Martin
\| last \= Abern
\| author\-link \= Martin Abern
\| title \= Can the Workers Write for Our Press? (Article I)
\| publisher \= Daily Worker
\| url \= https://www.marxists.org/history/usa/pubs/dailyworker/1926/v3n32\-feb\-18\-1926\-TDW.pdf
\| page \= 5
\| date \=18 February 1926
\| accessdate \= 28 October 2018}}
{{cite news
\| first \= Martin
\| last \= Abern
\| author\-link \= Martin Abern
\| title \= Can the Workers Write for Our Press? (Article II)
\| publisher \= Daily Worker
\| url \= https://www.marxists.org/history/usa/pubs/dailyworker/1926/v3n33\-feb\-19\-1926\-TDW.pdf
\| page \= 5
\| date \=19 February 1926
\| accessdate \= 28 October 2018}}
Abern then took an important leadership role in the adult [Workers (Communist) Party of America](/wiki/Workers_Party_of_America "Workers Party of America"), becoming the District Organizer of the party's important Chicago district in 1928 and sitting on the governing Central Executive Committee of the organization. Abern was a steadfast supporter of the majority faction of [Foster](/wiki/William_Z._Foster "William Z. Foster")\-Cannon\-[Lore](/wiki/Ludwig_Lore "Ludwig Lore") during the bitter factional fighting that continued ceaselessly throughout the decade.
|
[
"### Communist",
"Abern seems to have been a member of the [Communist Party of America](/wiki/Communist_Party_of_America \"Communist Party of America\") at the time of its establishment in the fall of 1919 or shortly thereafter. In November 1920, the [US Department of Justice](/wiki/US_Department_of_Justice \"US Department of Justice\") attempted to make Abern a test case for the deportation of alien radicals citing Communist Party membership as sole grounds for action.Document in DoJ/BoI Investigative Files, NARA collection M\\-1085, microfilm reel 925\\. He was saved from deportation at the last minute by a court order obtained by his attorney.Robert J. Alexander, *International Trotskyism, 1929\\-1985: A Documented Analysis of the Movement.* Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1991; pg. 764\\.",
"Abern was a delegate to the 2nd World Congress of the [Young Communist International](/wiki/Young_Communist_International \"Young Communist International\") (YCI), held in [Moscow](/wiki/Moscow \"Moscow\") in June 1921, where he was made a member of the Executive Committee of the YCI. He also held a seat on the governing National Executive Committee of the [Young Workers League of America](/wiki/Young_Workers_League_of_America \"Young Workers League of America\") (YWL) from May 1922 and was reelected by the convention of that organization held the following year. Abern served as Secretary of the YWL from May 30, 1922, to October 19, 1922, ostensibly resigning for reasons of health.",
"Abern was also sent to Moscow to attend the [4th World Congress of the Comintern](/wiki/4th_World_Congress_of_the_Comintern \"4th World Congress of the Comintern\") late in the fall of 1922\\. Upon his return he was made a member of the Central Executive Committee of the now legal Communist Party, the Workers Party of America, where he would develop a close ideological affinity and working relationship with [James P. Cannon](/wiki/James_P._Cannon \"James P. Cannon\"), a leading light of the legal party.",
"Abern also briefly was part of a three\\-person Secretariat running the Young Workers League in the summer and fall of 1924 before being replaced as National Secretary on October 15 by John Williamson. In 1925 Cannon became the National Secretary of [International Labor Defense](/wiki/International_Labor_Defense \"International Labor Defense\"), the legal defense arm of the American Communist movement, Abern joined him as assistant national secretary and thereafter dedicated most of his effort in an attempt to build the size and influence of that parallel [mass organization](/wiki/Mass_organization \"Mass organization\") of the Workers (Communist) Party.",
"In 1926, Abern wrote a two\\-part, two\\-day article entitled \"Can the Workers Write for Our Press?\n{{cite news\n\\| first \\= Martin \n\\| last \\= Abern\n\\| author\\-link \\= Martin Abern\n\\| title \\= Can the Workers Write for Our Press? (Article I)\n\\| publisher \\= Daily Worker\n\\| url \\= https://www.marxists.org/history/usa/pubs/dailyworker/1926/v3n32\\-feb\\-18\\-1926\\-TDW.pdf",
"\\| page \\= 5 \n\\| date \\=18 February 1926\n\\| accessdate \\= 28 October 2018}}\n{{cite news\n\\| first \\= Martin \n\\| last \\= Abern\n\\| author\\-link \\= Martin Abern\n\\| title \\= Can the Workers Write for Our Press? (Article II)\n\\| publisher \\= Daily Worker\n\\| url \\= https://www.marxists.org/history/usa/pubs/dailyworker/1926/v3n33\\-feb\\-19\\-1926\\-TDW.pdf\n\\| page \\= 5 \n\\| date \\=19 February 1926\n\\| accessdate \\= 28 October 2018}}",
"Abern then took an important leadership role in the adult [Workers (Communist) Party of America](/wiki/Workers_Party_of_America \"Workers Party of America\"), becoming the District Organizer of the party's important Chicago district in 1928 and sitting on the governing Central Executive Committee of the organization. Abern was a steadfast supporter of the majority faction of [Foster](/wiki/William_Z._Foster \"William Z. Foster\")\\-Cannon\\-[Lore](/wiki/Ludwig_Lore \"Ludwig Lore\") during the bitter factional fighting that continued ceaselessly throughout the decade.",
"",
""
] |
Military career
---------------
### Korean War
[thumb\|left\|An [F\-86 Sabre](/wiki/F-86_Sabre "F-86 Sabre"), the type of aircraft Buttelmann flew in the Korean War\|alt\=An F\-86 fighter jet in flight](/wiki/File:Rf-86-korea-67trw.jpg "Rf-86-korea-67trw.jpg")
He joined the [25th Fighter\-Interceptor Squadron](/wiki/25th_Fighter-Interceptor_Squadron "25th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron") of the [51st Fighter\-Interceptor Group](/wiki/51st_Fighter-Interceptor_Group "51st Fighter-Interceptor Group"){{sfn\|Thompson\|2012\|p\=65}} in November 1952, where he had to be trained in [air\-to\-air combat](/wiki/Air-to-air_combat "Air-to-air combat") because he had only learned air\-to\-ground at Nellis.{{cite web\|last\=Bledsoe\|first\=Larry W.\|title\=MiG Hunters\|url\=http://airportjournals.com/mig\-hunters/\|work\=Airport Journals\|date\=May 1, 2009\|access\-date\=December 22, 2017}} He was sent to [Suwon Air Base](/wiki/Suwon_Air_Base "Suwon Air Base"), South Korea, on December 23, where he completed several check flights in the [F\-86 Sabre](/wiki/F-86_Sabre "F-86 Sabre") before doing his first combat mission on January 15, 1953\.{{sfn\|Thompson\|2012\|p\=65}}
He flew in "[MiG Alley](/wiki/MiG_Alley "MiG Alley")", the nickname given to the area around the border between North Korea and China near the [Yalu River](/wiki/Yalu_River "Yalu River") where American pilots fought Chinese, Soviet, and North Korean [MiG\-15](/wiki/MiG-15 "MiG-15") planes. The war was winding down into a stalemate by the time Buttelmann arrived, so there were few MiGs in the skies. Because of this, he flew aggressively, venturing north of the Yalu, into Chinese territory, but he still only saw MiGs twice during his first five months, when he was a [wingman](/wiki/Wingman "Wingman"). On his 50th mission, he came across a formation of MiGs but had to break off because he had reached "bingo" state, which meant he was below the minimum {{convert\|1200\|lbs}} of fuel needed to get back to base safely. The airstrip was covered in clouds when he returned, and Buttelmann said he was lucky to have been able to land in those conditions while low on fuel.
On June 19, his 55th mission and first as an element leader (which meant he was in the shooting position), he made his first kill.{{sfn\|Thompson\|2012\|p\=65}}
His fifth victory came on June 30, 1953, making him a [flying ace](/wiki/Flying_ace "Flying ace").{{cite book\|editor\-first\=Maurer\|editor\-last\=Maurer\|title\=USAF Historical Study No. 81: USAF Credits for the Destruction of Enemy Aircraft, Korean War\|url\=http://www.afhra.af.mil/Portals/16/documents/Studies/51\-100/AFD\-090601\-099\.pdf\|publisher\=\[\[Air Force Historical Research Agency\|USAF Historical Division]]\|location\=Montgomery, Alabama\|date\=June 1963\|page\=50\|access\-date\=December 22, 2017}} He was the USAF's 36th ace{{sfn\|Thompson\|2012\|p\=65}} and the youngest ace of the war at 24 years and 4 days.
On July 19, he was in a flight of four F\-86s led by future astronaut [John Glenn](/wiki/John_Glenn "John Glenn") that ran into a group of MiGs. In the ensuing skirmish, Glenn, Buttelmann, and Glenn's wingman were each credited with a victory. Glenn said that "the MiGs' tactics were so poor I could only imagine it was a training flight, or they were low on fuel, but we were unbelievably lucky".{{cite book\|last\=Werrell\|first\=Kenneth P.\|title\=Sabres Over MiG Alley: The F\-86 and the Battle for Air Superiority in Korea\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=PlAAJReESsIC\&pg\=PA195\|year\=2005\|publisher\=\[\[Naval Institute Press]]\|location\=Annapolis, Maryland\|isbn\=978\-1\-61251\-344\-7\|page\=195}} In another flight with Glenn three days later, he scored his seventh and final victory—also the last day of aerial combat in the war.{{cite book\|last\=Seidov\|first\=Igor\|editor\-last\=Britton\|editor\-first\=Stuart\|title\=Red Devils over the Yalu: A Chronicle of Soviet Aerial Operations in the Korean War 1950–53\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=WqJZBAAAQBAJ\&pg\=PA547\|access\-date\=December 29, 2017\|year\=2013\|publisher\=Helion \& Company\|location\=Solihull, England\|isbn\=978\-1\-910294\-31\-4\|page\=547}} After coming home from Korea with 65 combat missions, Buttelmann returned to Nellis to serve as an instructor.
### Vietnam War
Buttelmann was stationed at [McConnell Air Force Base](/wiki/McConnell_Air_Force_Base "McConnell Air Force Base") in Kansas when he was sent to [Takhli Royal Thai Air Force Base](/wiki/Takhli_Royal_Thai_Air_Force_Base "Takhli Royal Thai Air Force Base") in Thailand in April 1965, after the outbreak of the [Vietnam War](/wiki/Vietnam_War "Vietnam War"). As part of the [562d Tactical Fighter Squadron](/wiki/562d_Tactical_Fighter_Squadron "562d Tactical Fighter Squadron"), he logged 46 missions in the [F\-105 Thunderchief](/wiki/F-105_Thunderchief "F-105 Thunderchief") during his four\-month deployment. In May 1969, he returned for a twelve\-month second tour of duty. In the [F\-100 Super Sabre](/wiki/F-100_Super_Sabre "F-100 Super Sabre"), he flew 232 combat missions while commanding the [Misty Forward Air Controllers](/wiki/Misty_Forward_Air_Controllers "Misty Forward Air Controllers") and the [308th Tactical Fighter Squadron](/wiki/308th_Tactical_Fighter_Squadron "308th Tactical Fighter Squadron").
He retired from the Air Force in October 1979 as a [lieutenant colonel](/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel_%28United_States%29 "Lieutenant colonel (United States)"), having flown 286 combat missions over the two wars.
|
[
"Military career\n---------------",
"### Korean War",
"[thumb\\|left\\|An [F\\-86 Sabre](/wiki/F-86_Sabre \"F-86 Sabre\"), the type of aircraft Buttelmann flew in the Korean War\\|alt\\=An F\\-86 fighter jet in flight](/wiki/File:Rf-86-korea-67trw.jpg \"Rf-86-korea-67trw.jpg\")\nHe joined the [25th Fighter\\-Interceptor Squadron](/wiki/25th_Fighter-Interceptor_Squadron \"25th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron\") of the [51st Fighter\\-Interceptor Group](/wiki/51st_Fighter-Interceptor_Group \"51st Fighter-Interceptor Group\"){{sfn\\|Thompson\\|2012\\|p\\=65}} in November 1952, where he had to be trained in [air\\-to\\-air combat](/wiki/Air-to-air_combat \"Air-to-air combat\") because he had only learned air\\-to\\-ground at Nellis.{{cite web\\|last\\=Bledsoe\\|first\\=Larry W.\\|title\\=MiG Hunters\\|url\\=http://airportjournals.com/mig\\-hunters/\\|work\\=Airport Journals\\|date\\=May 1, 2009\\|access\\-date\\=December 22, 2017}} He was sent to [Suwon Air Base](/wiki/Suwon_Air_Base \"Suwon Air Base\"), South Korea, on December 23, where he completed several check flights in the [F\\-86 Sabre](/wiki/F-86_Sabre \"F-86 Sabre\") before doing his first combat mission on January 15, 1953\\.{{sfn\\|Thompson\\|2012\\|p\\=65}}",
"He flew in \"[MiG Alley](/wiki/MiG_Alley \"MiG Alley\")\", the nickname given to the area around the border between North Korea and China near the [Yalu River](/wiki/Yalu_River \"Yalu River\") where American pilots fought Chinese, Soviet, and North Korean [MiG\\-15](/wiki/MiG-15 \"MiG-15\") planes. The war was winding down into a stalemate by the time Buttelmann arrived, so there were few MiGs in the skies. Because of this, he flew aggressively, venturing north of the Yalu, into Chinese territory, but he still only saw MiGs twice during his first five months, when he was a [wingman](/wiki/Wingman \"Wingman\"). On his 50th mission, he came across a formation of MiGs but had to break off because he had reached \"bingo\" state, which meant he was below the minimum {{convert\\|1200\\|lbs}} of fuel needed to get back to base safely. The airstrip was covered in clouds when he returned, and Buttelmann said he was lucky to have been able to land in those conditions while low on fuel.",
"On June 19, his 55th mission and first as an element leader (which meant he was in the shooting position), he made his first kill.{{sfn\\|Thompson\\|2012\\|p\\=65}}",
"His fifth victory came on June 30, 1953, making him a [flying ace](/wiki/Flying_ace \"Flying ace\").{{cite book\\|editor\\-first\\=Maurer\\|editor\\-last\\=Maurer\\|title\\=USAF Historical Study No. 81: USAF Credits for the Destruction of Enemy Aircraft, Korean War\\|url\\=http://www.afhra.af.mil/Portals/16/documents/Studies/51\\-100/AFD\\-090601\\-099\\.pdf\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Air Force Historical Research Agency\\|USAF Historical Division]]\\|location\\=Montgomery, Alabama\\|date\\=June 1963\\|page\\=50\\|access\\-date\\=December 22, 2017}} He was the USAF's 36th ace{{sfn\\|Thompson\\|2012\\|p\\=65}} and the youngest ace of the war at 24 years and 4 days.",
"On July 19, he was in a flight of four F\\-86s led by future astronaut [John Glenn](/wiki/John_Glenn \"John Glenn\") that ran into a group of MiGs. In the ensuing skirmish, Glenn, Buttelmann, and Glenn's wingman were each credited with a victory. Glenn said that \"the MiGs' tactics were so poor I could only imagine it was a training flight, or they were low on fuel, but we were unbelievably lucky\".{{cite book\\|last\\=Werrell\\|first\\=Kenneth P.\\|title\\=Sabres Over MiG Alley: The F\\-86 and the Battle for Air Superiority in Korea\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=PlAAJReESsIC\\&pg\\=PA195\\|year\\=2005\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Naval Institute Press]]\\|location\\=Annapolis, Maryland\\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-61251\\-344\\-7\\|page\\=195}} In another flight with Glenn three days later, he scored his seventh and final victory—also the last day of aerial combat in the war.{{cite book\\|last\\=Seidov\\|first\\=Igor\\|editor\\-last\\=Britton\\|editor\\-first\\=Stuart\\|title\\=Red Devils over the Yalu: A Chronicle of Soviet Aerial Operations in the Korean War 1950–53\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=WqJZBAAAQBAJ\\&pg\\=PA547\\|access\\-date\\=December 29, 2017\\|year\\=2013\\|publisher\\=Helion \\& Company\\|location\\=Solihull, England\\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-910294\\-31\\-4\\|page\\=547}} After coming home from Korea with 65 combat missions, Buttelmann returned to Nellis to serve as an instructor.",
"### Vietnam War",
"Buttelmann was stationed at [McConnell Air Force Base](/wiki/McConnell_Air_Force_Base \"McConnell Air Force Base\") in Kansas when he was sent to [Takhli Royal Thai Air Force Base](/wiki/Takhli_Royal_Thai_Air_Force_Base \"Takhli Royal Thai Air Force Base\") in Thailand in April 1965, after the outbreak of the [Vietnam War](/wiki/Vietnam_War \"Vietnam War\"). As part of the [562d Tactical Fighter Squadron](/wiki/562d_Tactical_Fighter_Squadron \"562d Tactical Fighter Squadron\"), he logged 46 missions in the [F\\-105 Thunderchief](/wiki/F-105_Thunderchief \"F-105 Thunderchief\") during his four\\-month deployment. In May 1969, he returned for a twelve\\-month second tour of duty. In the [F\\-100 Super Sabre](/wiki/F-100_Super_Sabre \"F-100 Super Sabre\"), he flew 232 combat missions while commanding the [Misty Forward Air Controllers](/wiki/Misty_Forward_Air_Controllers \"Misty Forward Air Controllers\") and the [308th Tactical Fighter Squadron](/wiki/308th_Tactical_Fighter_Squadron \"308th Tactical Fighter Squadron\").",
"He retired from the Air Force in October 1979 as a [lieutenant colonel](/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel_%28United_States%29 \"Lieutenant colonel (United States)\"), having flown 286 combat missions over the two wars.",
""
] |
Demographics
------------
{{US Census population
\|1910\= 187
\|1920\= 190
\|1930\= 168
\|1940\= 203
\|1950\= 165
\|1960\= 143
\|1970\= 118
\|1980\= 74
\|1990\= 53
\|2000\= 57
\|2010\= 42
\|2020\= 42
\|estyear\=2021
\|estimate\=48
\|estref\={{cite web\|url\=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time\-series/demo/popest/2020s\-total\-cities\-and\-towns.html\|date\=July 11, 2022\|title\=City and Town Population Totals: 2020\-2021\|publisher\=United States Census Bureau\|accessdate\=July 11, 2022}}
\|align\-fn\=center
\|footnote\=U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\|url\=https://www.census.gov/programs\-surveys/decennial\-census.html\|title\=Census of Population and Housing\|author\=United States Census Bureau\|author\-link\=United States Census Bureau\|accessdate\=January 23, 2014}}
2020 Census
}}
### 2010 census
As of the [census](/wiki/Census "Census") of 2010, there were 42 people, 20 households, and 10 families residing in the city. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density "Population density") was {{convert\|190\.9\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|1}}. There were 31 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|140\.9\|/sqmi\|/km2\|1}}. The racial makeup of the city was 100\.0% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)").
There were 20 households, of which 10\.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 35\.0% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 10\.0% had a female householder with no husband present, 5\.0% had a male householder with no wife present, and 50\.0% were non\-families. 40\.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\.10 and the average family size was 2\.80\.
The median age in the city was 39 years. 21\.4% of residents were under the age of 18; 0\.0% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 30\.9% were from 25 to 44; 28\.4% were from 45 to 64; and 19% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 54\.8% male and 45\.2% female.
### 2000 census
As of the [census](/wiki/Census "Census") of 2000, there were 42 people, 26 households, and 12 families residing in the city. The population density was {{convert\|260\.8\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. There were 31 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|141\.8\|/sqmi\|/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. The racial makeup of the city was 100\.00% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)").
There were 26 households, out of which 26\.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 38\.5% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 3\.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 53\.8% were non\-families. 53\.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 30\.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\.19 and the average family size was 3\.50\.
In the city, the population was spread out, with 17\.5% under the age of 18, 14\.0% from 18 to 24, 21\.1% from 25 to 44, 29\.8% from 45 to 64, and 17\.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43 years. For every 100 females, there were 119\.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 104\.3 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $18,500, and the median income for a family was $23,750\. Males had a median income of $28,333 versus $11,250 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income "Per capita income") for the city was $10,547\. There were 50\.0% of families and 39\.0% of the population living below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line "Poverty line"), including 16\.7% of under eighteens and none of those over 64\.
|
[
"Demographics\n------------",
"{{US Census population\n\\|1910\\= 187\n\\|1920\\= 190\n\\|1930\\= 168\n\\|1940\\= 203\n\\|1950\\= 165\n\\|1960\\= 143\n\\|1970\\= 118\n\\|1980\\= 74\n\\|1990\\= 53\n\\|2000\\= 57\n\\|2010\\= 42\n\\|2020\\= 42\n\\|estyear\\=2021\n\\|estimate\\=48\n\\|estref\\={{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time\\-series/demo/popest/2020s\\-total\\-cities\\-and\\-towns.html\\|date\\=July 11, 2022\\|title\\=City and Town Population Totals: 2020\\-2021\\|publisher\\=United States Census Bureau\\|accessdate\\=July 11, 2022}}\n\\|align\\-fn\\=center\n\\|footnote\\=U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/programs\\-surveys/decennial\\-census.html\\|title\\=Census of Population and Housing\\|author\\=United States Census Bureau\\|author\\-link\\=United States Census Bureau\\|accessdate\\=January 23, 2014}} \n2020 Census\n}}",
"### 2010 census",
"As of the [census](/wiki/Census \"Census\") of 2010, there were 42 people, 20 households, and 10 families residing in the city. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density \"Population density\") was {{convert\\|190\\.9\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|1}}. There were 31 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|140\\.9\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|1}}. The racial makeup of the city was 100\\.0% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\").",
"There were 20 households, of which 10\\.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 35\\.0% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 10\\.0% had a female householder with no husband present, 5\\.0% had a male householder with no wife present, and 50\\.0% were non\\-families. 40\\.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.10 and the average family size was 2\\.80\\.",
"The median age in the city was 39 years. 21\\.4% of residents were under the age of 18; 0\\.0% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 30\\.9% were from 25 to 44; 28\\.4% were from 45 to 64; and 19% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 54\\.8% male and 45\\.2% female.",
"### 2000 census",
"As of the [census](/wiki/Census \"Census\") of 2000, there were 42 people, 26 households, and 12 families residing in the city. The population density was {{convert\\|260\\.8\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. There were 31 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|141\\.8\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. The racial makeup of the city was 100\\.00% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\").",
"There were 26 households, out of which 26\\.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 38\\.5% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 3\\.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 53\\.8% were non\\-families. 53\\.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 30\\.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.19 and the average family size was 3\\.50\\.",
"In the city, the population was spread out, with 17\\.5% under the age of 18, 14\\.0% from 18 to 24, 21\\.1% from 25 to 44, 29\\.8% from 45 to 64, and 17\\.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43 years. For every 100 females, there were 119\\.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 104\\.3 males.",
"The median income for a household in the city was $18,500, and the median income for a family was $23,750\\. Males had a median income of $28,333 versus $11,250 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income \"Per capita income\") for the city was $10,547\\. There were 50\\.0% of families and 39\\.0% of the population living below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line \"Poverty line\"), including 16\\.7% of under eighteens and none of those over 64\\.",
""
] |
Career
------
After serving in the military, Delegate Hutchins was a Maryland State Police trooper. Elected to office three times, he served on the judiciary committee, in addition to the gaming law \& regulation, and criminal justice subcommittees, to name a few.
Colonel Thomas E. Hutchins was appointed by Governor [Larry Hogan](/wiki/Larry_Hogan "Larry Hogan") January 21, 2015 as Director of the Governor's Office for Homeland Security. Hutchins served as personal advisor to the governor on all homeland security issues from counter terrorism to disasters. In addition he supervised a portfolio of Cabinet agencies including the departments of: State Police, Military, Public Safety and Correctional Services, Veterans Affairs, Information Technology, Institute for Emergency Medical Service System, Emergency Management Agency, and the Office of Crime Control and Prevention. During his tenure Hutchins provided key advice to these cabinet agencies guiding them through the transition and several critical incidents to include the riots in Baltimore City during April 2015\.
In 2003, Delegate Hutchins resigned from the Maryland House of Delegates to accept an appointment as Secretary of Veterans Affairs by Governor [Robert Ehrlich](/wiki/Robert_Ehrlich "Robert Ehrlich"). He served in this position for less than a year when he was appointed as the secretary of the Maryland State Police, also by Governor Erhlich. He replaced [Ed Norris](/wiki/Ed_Norris "Ed Norris"), who resigned after a criminal indictment.[*The New York Times*](https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C06E1DD173CF932A25751C1A9659C8B63&n=Top/Reference/Times%20Topics/People/E/Ehrlich,%20Robert%20L.%20Jr.){{Dead link\|date\=November 2018 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }} Ed Norris is also the former Baltimore City Chief of Police appointed by then Baltimore Mayor [Martin O'Malley](/wiki/Martin_O%27Malley "Martin O'Malley"). Hutchins was appointed by Governor Robert L. Ehrlich Jr. as secretary of the Department of Maryland State Police and the superintendent of the Maryland State Police on December 10, 2003\. Hutchins was confirmed as secretary of the Department of Maryland State Police by the Maryland Senate in an unprecedented event when he received confirmation in a unanimous vote of approval on the Senate floor without ever being referred to a committee for review. He is no stranger to the Maryland State Police, having served in the department more than two decades before his retirement in 1994\. During his career with the State Police, Hutchins served in every bureau of the department and broadened his experience through key assignments outside the department. In the history of the Maryland State Police, he is the fourth trooper to come from the ranks of the department and be appointed superintendent.
Several significant highlights of his state police career are his command of the State Police Academy / Training Division, which included outreach and training to several foreign countries. He was also instrumental in the formation and leadership of the Maryland State Police Special Tactical Assault Team Element, training them in urban and rural tactics to counter high threat situations, Air Assault Insertion and Rescue Operations, also participating in numerous operations.
One accomplishment in Hutchins' career that is little known arose from his observations and subsequent traffic stop of a suspicious person which turned out to be the second secretary of the Soviet Embassy. According to the FBI this encounter uncovered one of the highest\-ranking Soviet KGB agents ever identified in the United States at that time. That agent was ultimately found to be involved with John Walker, the U.S. Navy spy who inflicted significant damage to the U.S. intelligence network and the defense of this nation during the later part of Cold War era.
In 2007, newly elected Governor Martin O'Malley fired Hutchins and replaced him with Baltimore County Police Chief Terrence B. Sheridan.[WBAL.com](http://wbal.com/news/story.asp?articleid=58552){{Dead link\|date\=June 2018 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=no }} O'Malley was criticized by [Maryland State Senate President](/wiki/Maryland_State_Senate "Maryland State Senate") [Thomas V. Mike Miller](/wiki/Thomas_V._Mike_Miller "Thomas V. Mike Miller") for removing Hutchins, who was the last appointed cabinet member remaining from the Ehrlich administration and the last member of the cabinet from Southern Maryland.[*Maryland Gazette*](http://www.gazette.net/stories/060107/polinew235440_32336.shtml)
During the period 2007 through 2013, Hutchins provided strategic planning assistance to JTF International a non\-governmental organization enhancing law enforcement services in the Provincial Police Department of Cordoba, Argentina. Additionally, he worked as a contractor providing strategic planning and liaison support to the Department of Defense NGB J32 Counterdrug Division.
|
[
"Career\n------",
"After serving in the military, Delegate Hutchins was a Maryland State Police trooper. Elected to office three times, he served on the judiciary committee, in addition to the gaming law \\& regulation, and criminal justice subcommittees, to name a few.",
"Colonel Thomas E. Hutchins was appointed by Governor [Larry Hogan](/wiki/Larry_Hogan \"Larry Hogan\") January 21, 2015 as Director of the Governor's Office for Homeland Security. Hutchins served as personal advisor to the governor on all homeland security issues from counter terrorism to disasters. In addition he supervised a portfolio of Cabinet agencies including the departments of: State Police, Military, Public Safety and Correctional Services, Veterans Affairs, Information Technology, Institute for Emergency Medical Service System, Emergency Management Agency, and the Office of Crime Control and Prevention. During his tenure Hutchins provided key advice to these cabinet agencies guiding them through the transition and several critical incidents to include the riots in Baltimore City during April 2015\\.",
"In 2003, Delegate Hutchins resigned from the Maryland House of Delegates to accept an appointment as Secretary of Veterans Affairs by Governor [Robert Ehrlich](/wiki/Robert_Ehrlich \"Robert Ehrlich\"). He served in this position for less than a year when he was appointed as the secretary of the Maryland State Police, also by Governor Erhlich. He replaced [Ed Norris](/wiki/Ed_Norris \"Ed Norris\"), who resigned after a criminal indictment.[*The New York Times*](https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C06E1DD173CF932A25751C1A9659C8B63&n=Top/Reference/Times%20Topics/People/E/Ehrlich,%20Robert%20L.%20Jr.){{Dead link\\|date\\=November 2018 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }} Ed Norris is also the former Baltimore City Chief of Police appointed by then Baltimore Mayor [Martin O'Malley](/wiki/Martin_O%27Malley \"Martin O'Malley\"). Hutchins was appointed by Governor Robert L. Ehrlich Jr. as secretary of the Department of Maryland State Police and the superintendent of the Maryland State Police on December 10, 2003\\. Hutchins was confirmed as secretary of the Department of Maryland State Police by the Maryland Senate in an unprecedented event when he received confirmation in a unanimous vote of approval on the Senate floor without ever being referred to a committee for review. He is no stranger to the Maryland State Police, having served in the department more than two decades before his retirement in 1994\\. During his career with the State Police, Hutchins served in every bureau of the department and broadened his experience through key assignments outside the department. In the history of the Maryland State Police, he is the fourth trooper to come from the ranks of the department and be appointed superintendent.",
"Several significant highlights of his state police career are his command of the State Police Academy / Training Division, which included outreach and training to several foreign countries. He was also instrumental in the formation and leadership of the Maryland State Police Special Tactical Assault Team Element, training them in urban and rural tactics to counter high threat situations, Air Assault Insertion and Rescue Operations, also participating in numerous operations. \nOne accomplishment in Hutchins' career that is little known arose from his observations and subsequent traffic stop of a suspicious person which turned out to be the second secretary of the Soviet Embassy. According to the FBI this encounter uncovered one of the highest\\-ranking Soviet KGB agents ever identified in the United States at that time. That agent was ultimately found to be involved with John Walker, the U.S. Navy spy who inflicted significant damage to the U.S. intelligence network and the defense of this nation during the later part of Cold War era.",
"In 2007, newly elected Governor Martin O'Malley fired Hutchins and replaced him with Baltimore County Police Chief Terrence B. Sheridan.[WBAL.com](http://wbal.com/news/story.asp?articleid=58552){{Dead link\\|date\\=June 2018 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=no }} O'Malley was criticized by [Maryland State Senate President](/wiki/Maryland_State_Senate \"Maryland State Senate\") [Thomas V. Mike Miller](/wiki/Thomas_V._Mike_Miller \"Thomas V. Mike Miller\") for removing Hutchins, who was the last appointed cabinet member remaining from the Ehrlich administration and the last member of the cabinet from Southern Maryland.[*Maryland Gazette*](http://www.gazette.net/stories/060107/polinew235440_32336.shtml)",
"During the period 2007 through 2013, Hutchins provided strategic planning assistance to JTF International a non\\-governmental organization enhancing law enforcement services in the Provincial Police Department of Cordoba, Argentina. Additionally, he worked as a contractor providing strategic planning and liaison support to the Department of Defense NGB J32 Counterdrug Division.",
""
] |
History
-------
### Origins
The idea for the All\-Stars came to Ollie Kraehe while he was still a substitute [offensive lineman](/wiki/Offensive_lineman "Offensive lineman") playing for the [Rock Island Independents](/wiki/Rock_Island_Independents "Rock Island Independents"). Kraehe figured that if small towns markets, like [Green Bay](/wiki/Green_Bay%2C_Wisconsin "Green Bay, Wisconsin") and [Rock Island](/wiki/Rock_Island%2C_Illinois "Rock Island, Illinois"), could be successful operating a professional football team, then operating in a larger market like [St. Louis](/wiki/St._Louis%2C_Missouri "St. Louis, Missouri") would bring in even more income. He was a local football hero in St. Louis since he had played [college football](/wiki/College_football "College football") at [Washington University in St. Louis](/wiki/Washington_University_in_St._Louis "Washington University in St. Louis"), alongside [Jimmy Conzelman](/wiki/Jimmy_Conzelman "Jimmy Conzelman"), and had captained the 1921 team.
### Building the franchise
#### Team
In 1923, NFL President [Joe Carr](/wiki/Joseph_Carr "Joseph Carr") gave Kraehe an NFL franchise. He paid $100 (about $1,600 in 2021\) for the franchise and began organizing a team about a month before the 1923 season was to start. He also named his club the "All\-Stars", however, he soon discovered that there was a lack of [All\-American](/wiki/All-American "All-American") talent available. Many of the players were locals who came from [St. Louis University](/wiki/St._Louis_University "St. Louis University") and Washington University. Kraehe later stated that, "There were some players who didn't want their parents to know they were in the game and some of them used fictitious names". He also admitted that, "there were some who pretended to be All\-Americans from the East just to get a chance to play".
One of the most notorious All\-American impostors for the All\-Stars was a man using the alias [Jack "Dolly" Gray](/wiki/Dolly_Gray_impostor "Dolly Gray impostor"). Gray claimed to be the All\-American [end](/wiki/End_%28American_football%29 "End (American football)") from [Princeton](/wiki/Princeton_Tigers_football "Princeton Tigers football")'s 1922 "Team of Destiny;" it soon became obvious that the impostor was not the Princeton end (for one, the man whose identity Gray was trying to steal was actually named [Howard "Howdy" Gray](/wiki/Howdy_Gray "Howdy Gray")) and was nowhere near as talented. Ollie Kraehe sold Gray to the [Green Bay Packers](/wiki/Green_Bay_Packers "Green Bay Packers") after a game between the two. Packers chairman [Curly Lambeau](/wiki/Curly_Lambeau "Curly Lambeau") believed that he had just acquired Howdy Gray, who would have been by far the All\-Stars' best player, but Lambeau soon discovered he had been hoodwinked after watching his new end perform so badly the next game that he addressed Kraehe on the matter. Kraehe told Lambeau that trading away the impostor was meant as a "joke" and that he would return the money paid for Gray to Lambeau.
However some established players like [Bub Weller](/wiki/Bub_Weller "Bub Weller"), an all\-American from [Nebraska](/wiki/University_of_Nebraska "University of Nebraska"), and [Dick King](/wiki/Dick_King_%28American_football%29 "Dick King (American football)"), an all\-American from [Harvard](/wiki/Harvard_University "Harvard University"), did play for the team. The All\-Stars were big but slow, very much defense\-oriented. They would give up only 15 points in their first five games, but on the other hand, they would fail to score a [touchdown](/wiki/Touchdown "Touchdown").
#### Stadium
Kraehe also needed a home field for his All\-Stars to play. In 1923, the [St. Louis Browns](/wiki/St._Louis_Browns "St. Louis Browns") owned Sportsman's Park. Kraehe was able to work out an agreement where the Browns would receive 15 percent of gross revenue, or 20 percent if the gross was more than $10,000\. There were two stipulations for using the field. First, the All\-Stars could practice on the [outfield](/wiki/Outfield "Outfield") grass from October 10 to December 2 only if it does not interfere with the St. Louis University team's practice. The second stipulation ended the All\-Stars stadium deal if there was a [World Series](/wiki/World_Series "World Series") game played in St. Louis (something that did not materialize; for the third straight season, the [1923 World Series](/wiki/1923_World_Series "1923 World Series") was played entirely in New York).
### 1923 season
The All\-Stars began the [1923](/wiki/1923_NFL_season "1923 NFL season") season with a 25–0 defeat of a team from [Murphysboro, Illinois](/wiki/Murphysboro%2C_Illinois "Murphysboro, Illinois") in a non\-league game. For the second game, the All\-Stars played the [Green Bay Packers](/wiki/Green_Bay_Packers "Green Bay Packers") to a scoreless tie at [Bellevue Park](/wiki/Bellevue_Park_%28stadium%29 "Bellevue Park (stadium)"). They followed up with another scoreless tie against the [Hammond Pros](/wiki/Hammond_Pros "Hammond Pros").
However, the All\-Stars were losing money. Kraehe lost more than $2,000, as only 719 spectators attended the team's home opener at Sportsman's Park. He blamed the low attendance on rainy weather and the fact that most sports fans were concentrating on the [World Series being played in New York City](/wiki/1923_World_Series "1923 World Series"). However, the lack of offense from the All\-Stars made the St. Louis fans reluctant to spend their money to see a team that had not scored a touchdown in their first four NFL games. The All\-Stars lost their second and third NFL games to the [Cleveland Indians](/wiki/Cleveland_Bulldogs "Cleveland Bulldogs") and the [Milwaukee Badgers](/wiki/Milwaukee_Badgers "Milwaukee Badgers"). Both scores resulted in 6–0 losses. The team also lost a fifth game to the Packers in front of a home crowd of only 750\. The All\-stars held the Packers scoreless for most of the game until [Cub Buck](/wiki/Cub_Buck "Cub Buck") kicked a 28\-yard field goal to give the Packers a 3–0 win.
Things did take a turn for the better when the All\-Stars played the [Oorang Indians](/wiki/Oorang_Indians "Oorang Indians"), featuring [Jim Thorpe](/wiki/Jim_Thorpe "Jim Thorpe"), in front of 5,000 fans the following week. The Indians were a popular attraction in the early NFL. They were more of a novelty team and not considered very good. This raised the All\-Stars hopes for a victory, or at least a touchdown. [Al Casey](/wiki/Al_Casey_%28American_football%29 "Al Casey (American football)") scored both of St. Louis' touchdowns in a 14–7 All\-Stars win. Meanwhile, Thorpe threw a touchdown pass to put the Indians on the scoreboard. The Indians' visit helped ease the team's financial losses.
Two weeks later, The All\-Stars played the Milwaukee Badgers in a rematch at Sportsman's Park. The Badgers' Jimmy Conzelman was one of St. Louis' most popular athletes and Kraehe hoped that his presence would put fans in the stands. 2,395 fans paid to see Conzelman and the Badgers win 17–0 (a better crowd than usual, but still below expectations).
### The end
Kraehe estimated the financial losses for the All\-Stars at $1,300 for the Badgers' game and $6,300 for the season. He was forced to cancel his final NFL game of the season against the Cleveland Indians, as injuries left the All\-Stars unable to field a team.
Afterwards, he took what was left of his team to [Benld, Illinois](/wiki/Benld%2C_Illinois "Benld, Illinois"), and lost to a local team 9–7\. In September 1924, Kraehe sold the All\-Stars franchise back to the NFL, who cancelled it.
St. Louis would later become a stop for other NFL teams:
* The [St. Louis Gunners](/wiki/St._Louis_Gunners "St. Louis Gunners") very briefly joined the NFL at the end of the 1934 season.
* The [Cardinals](/wiki/History_of_the_St._Louis_Cardinals_%28NFL%29 "History of the St. Louis Cardinals (NFL)"), who relocated from Chicago in 1960, played in the city until 1987, when the team relocated to Arizona.
* The [St. Louis Rams](/wiki/History_of_the_St._Louis_Rams "History of the St. Louis Rams"), who relocated from Los Angeles in 1995, played in the city until 2015, when the team relocated back to Los Angeles.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"### Origins",
"The idea for the All\\-Stars came to Ollie Kraehe while he was still a substitute [offensive lineman](/wiki/Offensive_lineman \"Offensive lineman\") playing for the [Rock Island Independents](/wiki/Rock_Island_Independents \"Rock Island Independents\"). Kraehe figured that if small towns markets, like [Green Bay](/wiki/Green_Bay%2C_Wisconsin \"Green Bay, Wisconsin\") and [Rock Island](/wiki/Rock_Island%2C_Illinois \"Rock Island, Illinois\"), could be successful operating a professional football team, then operating in a larger market like [St. Louis](/wiki/St._Louis%2C_Missouri \"St. Louis, Missouri\") would bring in even more income. He was a local football hero in St. Louis since he had played [college football](/wiki/College_football \"College football\") at [Washington University in St. Louis](/wiki/Washington_University_in_St._Louis \"Washington University in St. Louis\"), alongside [Jimmy Conzelman](/wiki/Jimmy_Conzelman \"Jimmy Conzelman\"), and had captained the 1921 team.",
"### Building the franchise",
"#### Team",
"In 1923, NFL President [Joe Carr](/wiki/Joseph_Carr \"Joseph Carr\") gave Kraehe an NFL franchise. He paid $100 (about $1,600 in 2021\\) for the franchise and began organizing a team about a month before the 1923 season was to start. He also named his club the \"All\\-Stars\", however, he soon discovered that there was a lack of [All\\-American](/wiki/All-American \"All-American\") talent available. Many of the players were locals who came from [St. Louis University](/wiki/St._Louis_University \"St. Louis University\") and Washington University. Kraehe later stated that, \"There were some players who didn't want their parents to know they were in the game and some of them used fictitious names\". He also admitted that, \"there were some who pretended to be All\\-Americans from the East just to get a chance to play\".",
"One of the most notorious All\\-American impostors for the All\\-Stars was a man using the alias [Jack \"Dolly\" Gray](/wiki/Dolly_Gray_impostor \"Dolly Gray impostor\"). Gray claimed to be the All\\-American [end](/wiki/End_%28American_football%29 \"End (American football)\") from [Princeton](/wiki/Princeton_Tigers_football \"Princeton Tigers football\")'s 1922 \"Team of Destiny;\" it soon became obvious that the impostor was not the Princeton end (for one, the man whose identity Gray was trying to steal was actually named [Howard \"Howdy\" Gray](/wiki/Howdy_Gray \"Howdy Gray\")) and was nowhere near as talented. Ollie Kraehe sold Gray to the [Green Bay Packers](/wiki/Green_Bay_Packers \"Green Bay Packers\") after a game between the two. Packers chairman [Curly Lambeau](/wiki/Curly_Lambeau \"Curly Lambeau\") believed that he had just acquired Howdy Gray, who would have been by far the All\\-Stars' best player, but Lambeau soon discovered he had been hoodwinked after watching his new end perform so badly the next game that he addressed Kraehe on the matter. Kraehe told Lambeau that trading away the impostor was meant as a \"joke\" and that he would return the money paid for Gray to Lambeau.",
"However some established players like [Bub Weller](/wiki/Bub_Weller \"Bub Weller\"), an all\\-American from [Nebraska](/wiki/University_of_Nebraska \"University of Nebraska\"), and [Dick King](/wiki/Dick_King_%28American_football%29 \"Dick King (American football)\"), an all\\-American from [Harvard](/wiki/Harvard_University \"Harvard University\"), did play for the team. The All\\-Stars were big but slow, very much defense\\-oriented. They would give up only 15 points in their first five games, but on the other hand, they would fail to score a [touchdown](/wiki/Touchdown \"Touchdown\").",
"#### Stadium",
"Kraehe also needed a home field for his All\\-Stars to play. In 1923, the [St. Louis Browns](/wiki/St._Louis_Browns \"St. Louis Browns\") owned Sportsman's Park. Kraehe was able to work out an agreement where the Browns would receive 15 percent of gross revenue, or 20 percent if the gross was more than $10,000\\. There were two stipulations for using the field. First, the All\\-Stars could practice on the [outfield](/wiki/Outfield \"Outfield\") grass from October 10 to December 2 only if it does not interfere with the St. Louis University team's practice. The second stipulation ended the All\\-Stars stadium deal if there was a [World Series](/wiki/World_Series \"World Series\") game played in St. Louis (something that did not materialize; for the third straight season, the [1923 World Series](/wiki/1923_World_Series \"1923 World Series\") was played entirely in New York).",
"### 1923 season",
"The All\\-Stars began the [1923](/wiki/1923_NFL_season \"1923 NFL season\") season with a 25–0 defeat of a team from [Murphysboro, Illinois](/wiki/Murphysboro%2C_Illinois \"Murphysboro, Illinois\") in a non\\-league game. For the second game, the All\\-Stars played the [Green Bay Packers](/wiki/Green_Bay_Packers \"Green Bay Packers\") to a scoreless tie at [Bellevue Park](/wiki/Bellevue_Park_%28stadium%29 \"Bellevue Park (stadium)\"). They followed up with another scoreless tie against the [Hammond Pros](/wiki/Hammond_Pros \"Hammond Pros\").",
"However, the All\\-Stars were losing money. Kraehe lost more than $2,000, as only 719 spectators attended the team's home opener at Sportsman's Park. He blamed the low attendance on rainy weather and the fact that most sports fans were concentrating on the [World Series being played in New York City](/wiki/1923_World_Series \"1923 World Series\"). However, the lack of offense from the All\\-Stars made the St. Louis fans reluctant to spend their money to see a team that had not scored a touchdown in their first four NFL games. The All\\-Stars lost their second and third NFL games to the [Cleveland Indians](/wiki/Cleveland_Bulldogs \"Cleveland Bulldogs\") and the [Milwaukee Badgers](/wiki/Milwaukee_Badgers \"Milwaukee Badgers\"). Both scores resulted in 6–0 losses. The team also lost a fifth game to the Packers in front of a home crowd of only 750\\. The All\\-stars held the Packers scoreless for most of the game until [Cub Buck](/wiki/Cub_Buck \"Cub Buck\") kicked a 28\\-yard field goal to give the Packers a 3–0 win.",
"Things did take a turn for the better when the All\\-Stars played the [Oorang Indians](/wiki/Oorang_Indians \"Oorang Indians\"), featuring [Jim Thorpe](/wiki/Jim_Thorpe \"Jim Thorpe\"), in front of 5,000 fans the following week. The Indians were a popular attraction in the early NFL. They were more of a novelty team and not considered very good. This raised the All\\-Stars hopes for a victory, or at least a touchdown. [Al Casey](/wiki/Al_Casey_%28American_football%29 \"Al Casey (American football)\") scored both of St. Louis' touchdowns in a 14–7 All\\-Stars win. Meanwhile, Thorpe threw a touchdown pass to put the Indians on the scoreboard. The Indians' visit helped ease the team's financial losses.",
"Two weeks later, The All\\-Stars played the Milwaukee Badgers in a rematch at Sportsman's Park. The Badgers' Jimmy Conzelman was one of St. Louis' most popular athletes and Kraehe hoped that his presence would put fans in the stands. 2,395 fans paid to see Conzelman and the Badgers win 17–0 (a better crowd than usual, but still below expectations).",
"### The end",
"Kraehe estimated the financial losses for the All\\-Stars at $1,300 for the Badgers' game and $6,300 for the season. He was forced to cancel his final NFL game of the season against the Cleveland Indians, as injuries left the All\\-Stars unable to field a team.",
"Afterwards, he took what was left of his team to [Benld, Illinois](/wiki/Benld%2C_Illinois \"Benld, Illinois\"), and lost to a local team 9–7\\. In September 1924, Kraehe sold the All\\-Stars franchise back to the NFL, who cancelled it.",
"St. Louis would later become a stop for other NFL teams: \n* The [St. Louis Gunners](/wiki/St._Louis_Gunners \"St. Louis Gunners\") very briefly joined the NFL at the end of the 1934 season.\n* The [Cardinals](/wiki/History_of_the_St._Louis_Cardinals_%28NFL%29 \"History of the St. Louis Cardinals (NFL)\"), who relocated from Chicago in 1960, played in the city until 1987, when the team relocated to Arizona.\n* The [St. Louis Rams](/wiki/History_of_the_St._Louis_Rams \"History of the St. Louis Rams\"), who relocated from Los Angeles in 1995, played in the city until 2015, when the team relocated back to Los Angeles.",
""
] |
Model history
-------------
The Modenas Kriss 110 was launched in May 1996\. It was previewed to public during the [Hari Merdeka](/wiki/Independence_Day_%28Malaysia%29 "Independence Day (Malaysia)") celebration in 1996\. It was built based on [Kawasaki Kazer AN110](/wiki/Kawasaki_AN110 "Kawasaki AN110") [underbone](/wiki/Underbone "Underbone") motorcycle but with a slightly different styling. The Kriss also uses the same [Kawasaki](/wiki/Kawasaki_Heavy_Industries "Kawasaki Heavy Industries") AN110 engine as the Kazer.
Since 1997, the Kriss became one of the most popular 4\-stroke underbone in Malaysia, with about 99,800 units (or 46% of the Malaysian 4\-stroke underbone market segment) being sold during its debut year. The success of the Kriss was contributed by several factors such as affordability, performance, reliability, spare parts availability, and very good fuel economy.{{cite journal \|year\=2009 \|title\=Modenas CT110 Ganti Kriss \|journal\=\[\[Roda\-Roda]] \|issue\=December 2009 \|pages\=12 \|publisher\=Bayu Enterprise \|issn\=0127\-9149 }} {{in lang\|ms}} Due to the success of the Kriss 110, the Kriss series has spawned several variants, including the front [disc brake](/wiki/Disc_brake "Disc brake") model in 1999, the 100 cc model in 2004, and the 120 cc model in 2007\. A lower\-cost 110 cc variant known as Kriss SG was also produced in 2002 but being phased out later due to unappealing design.
In 2000, the AN110 engine was retuned to increase its power rating from {{convert\|7\.5\|PS\|kW\|abbr\=on}} in the original Kriss to {{convert\|9\.0\|PS\|kW\|abbr\=on}}. The [fuel consumption](/wiki/Fuel_consumption_in_automobiles "Fuel consumption in automobiles") of the Kriss 110 is very good, clocking {{convert\|44\|km/L\|mpgUS\|abbr\=on}} at the constant speed of {{convert\|107\|km/h\|mph\|abbr\=on}}.
The Kriss was facelifted in 2003, featuring the newer lights, newer graphics and full colour body panels. In 2007, the second\-generation Kriss was launched.{{cite news \|title\=Modenas sasar jual 7,000 Kriss sebulan \|url\=http://www.utusan.com.my/utusan/info.asp?y\=2007\&dt\=1218\&pub\=Utusan\_Malaysia\&sec\=Korporat\&pg\=ko\_01\.htm \|newspaper\=\[\[Utusan Malaysia]] \|date\=18 December 2007 \|access\-date\=5 October 2011}} {{in lang\|ms}} The second\-generation Kriss uses a new 120 cc engine which is essentially a rebored AN110 engine, with a revised camshaft profile being dubbed as MAC\-S (Modenas Advanced Camshaft System).[Official Modenas Kriss 120 brochure](http://www.modenas.com.my/e-brochures/kriss120_sports.pdf?type=kriss120_sports.pdf) – from Modenas official website.
There are two attempts by Modenas to introduce a legitimate successor of the Kriss. The first attempt was the [Modenas Kristar](/wiki/Modenas_Kristar "Modenas Kristar") which was launched in 2004 but the production ended in 2006 due to lack of appeal. It was only in 2009 that Modenas had finally launched the legitimate successor of the Kriss series, known as the [Modenas CT series](/wiki/Modenas_CT_series "Modenas CT series"), with the 100 and 110 cc engines being derived from the Kriss series. As a result, the Kriss 100 and Kriss 110 were being phased out to make way for the CT series, leaving the Kriss 120 as the only Kriss variant being sold.
In 2012, the Kriss family lineup was revised once again, by reinstating the 100 cc variant currently known as the Kriss MR1 (MR1 stands for *"Motosikal Rakyat [1Malaysia](/wiki/1Malaysia "1Malaysia")"* or 1Malaysia People's Motorcycle), launched in December 2011,{{cite web \|url\=http://www.arenakereta.com/17/12/2011/modenas\-perkenal\-motosikal\-untuk\-rakyat\-modenas\-kriss\-mr1/ \|title\=Modenas perkenal motosikal untuk rakyat – Modenas Kriss MR1 \|date\=17 December 2011 \|publisher\=Arena Kereta \|access\-date\=9 October 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120909011248/http://www.arenakereta.com/17/12/2011/modenas\-perkenal\-motosikal\-untuk\-rakyat\-modenas\-kriss\-mr1/ \|archive\-date\=9 September 2012 \|url\-status\=dead }} {{in lang\|ms}} while the 120 cc variant was phased out to make way for the [Ace 115](/wiki/Modenas_Ace_115 "Modenas Ace 115").{{cite web \|url\=http://www.arenakereta.com/01/03/2012/motosikal\-terbaru\-modenas\-ace\-115\-dilancarkan\-harga\-rm4598\-00/ \|title\=Motosikal terbaru Modenas Ace 115 dilancarkan, harga RM4,598\.00 \|date\=1 March 2012 \|publisher\=Arena Kereta \|access\-date\=9 October 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101094629/http://www.arenakereta.com/01/03/2012/motosikal\-terbaru\-modenas\-ace\-115\-dilancarkan\-harga\-rm4598\-00/ \|archive\-date\=1 November 2012 \|url\-status\=dead }} {{in lang\|ms}}
### Export market
The Modenas Kriss was first being exported in 1997, with [Cambodia](/wiki/Cambodia "Cambodia") and [Greece](/wiki/Greece "Greece") became the earliest export market. Soon, the Kriss series were also being made available in other countries such as [United Kingdom](/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom"), [South Africa](/wiki/South_Africa "South Africa"), [Iran](/wiki/Iran "Iran"), [Vietnam](/wiki/Vietnam "Vietnam"), [Turkey](/wiki/Turkey "Turkey"), [Argentina](/wiki/Argentina "Argentina"), [Malta](/wiki/Malta "Malta") and [Brunei](/wiki/Brunei "Brunei"). In Cambodia, Iran and Vietnam, the Kriss is sold as [CKD](/wiki/Complete_knock_down "Complete knock down") models.
|
[
"Model history\n-------------",
"The Modenas Kriss 110 was launched in May 1996\\. It was previewed to public during the [Hari Merdeka](/wiki/Independence_Day_%28Malaysia%29 \"Independence Day (Malaysia)\") celebration in 1996\\. It was built based on [Kawasaki Kazer AN110](/wiki/Kawasaki_AN110 \"Kawasaki AN110\") [underbone](/wiki/Underbone \"Underbone\") motorcycle but with a slightly different styling. The Kriss also uses the same [Kawasaki](/wiki/Kawasaki_Heavy_Industries \"Kawasaki Heavy Industries\") AN110 engine as the Kazer.",
"Since 1997, the Kriss became one of the most popular 4\\-stroke underbone in Malaysia, with about 99,800 units (or 46% of the Malaysian 4\\-stroke underbone market segment) being sold during its debut year. The success of the Kriss was contributed by several factors such as affordability, performance, reliability, spare parts availability, and very good fuel economy.{{cite journal \\|year\\=2009 \\|title\\=Modenas CT110 Ganti Kriss \\|journal\\=\\[\\[Roda\\-Roda]] \\|issue\\=December 2009 \\|pages\\=12 \\|publisher\\=Bayu Enterprise \\|issn\\=0127\\-9149 }} {{in lang\\|ms}} Due to the success of the Kriss 110, the Kriss series has spawned several variants, including the front [disc brake](/wiki/Disc_brake \"Disc brake\") model in 1999, the 100 cc model in 2004, and the 120 cc model in 2007\\. A lower\\-cost 110 cc variant known as Kriss SG was also produced in 2002 but being phased out later due to unappealing design.",
"In 2000, the AN110 engine was retuned to increase its power rating from {{convert\\|7\\.5\\|PS\\|kW\\|abbr\\=on}} in the original Kriss to {{convert\\|9\\.0\\|PS\\|kW\\|abbr\\=on}}. The [fuel consumption](/wiki/Fuel_consumption_in_automobiles \"Fuel consumption in automobiles\") of the Kriss 110 is very good, clocking {{convert\\|44\\|km/L\\|mpgUS\\|abbr\\=on}} at the constant speed of {{convert\\|107\\|km/h\\|mph\\|abbr\\=on}}.",
"The Kriss was facelifted in 2003, featuring the newer lights, newer graphics and full colour body panels. In 2007, the second\\-generation Kriss was launched.{{cite news \\|title\\=Modenas sasar jual 7,000 Kriss sebulan \\|url\\=http://www.utusan.com.my/utusan/info.asp?y\\=2007\\&dt\\=1218\\&pub\\=Utusan\\_Malaysia\\&sec\\=Korporat\\&pg\\=ko\\_01\\.htm \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Utusan Malaysia]] \\|date\\=18 December 2007 \\|access\\-date\\=5 October 2011}} {{in lang\\|ms}} The second\\-generation Kriss uses a new 120 cc engine which is essentially a rebored AN110 engine, with a revised camshaft profile being dubbed as MAC\\-S (Modenas Advanced Camshaft System).[Official Modenas Kriss 120 brochure](http://www.modenas.com.my/e-brochures/kriss120_sports.pdf?type=kriss120_sports.pdf) – from Modenas official website.",
"There are two attempts by Modenas to introduce a legitimate successor of the Kriss. The first attempt was the [Modenas Kristar](/wiki/Modenas_Kristar \"Modenas Kristar\") which was launched in 2004 but the production ended in 2006 due to lack of appeal. It was only in 2009 that Modenas had finally launched the legitimate successor of the Kriss series, known as the [Modenas CT series](/wiki/Modenas_CT_series \"Modenas CT series\"), with the 100 and 110 cc engines being derived from the Kriss series. As a result, the Kriss 100 and Kriss 110 were being phased out to make way for the CT series, leaving the Kriss 120 as the only Kriss variant being sold.",
"In 2012, the Kriss family lineup was revised once again, by reinstating the 100 cc variant currently known as the Kriss MR1 (MR1 stands for *\"Motosikal Rakyat [1Malaysia](/wiki/1Malaysia \"1Malaysia\")\"* or 1Malaysia People's Motorcycle), launched in December 2011,{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.arenakereta.com/17/12/2011/modenas\\-perkenal\\-motosikal\\-untuk\\-rakyat\\-modenas\\-kriss\\-mr1/ \\|title\\=Modenas perkenal motosikal untuk rakyat – Modenas Kriss MR1 \\|date\\=17 December 2011 \\|publisher\\=Arena Kereta \\|access\\-date\\=9 October 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120909011248/http://www.arenakereta.com/17/12/2011/modenas\\-perkenal\\-motosikal\\-untuk\\-rakyat\\-modenas\\-kriss\\-mr1/ \\|archive\\-date\\=9 September 2012 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} {{in lang\\|ms}} while the 120 cc variant was phased out to make way for the [Ace 115](/wiki/Modenas_Ace_115 \"Modenas Ace 115\").{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.arenakereta.com/01/03/2012/motosikal\\-terbaru\\-modenas\\-ace\\-115\\-dilancarkan\\-harga\\-rm4598\\-00/ \\|title\\=Motosikal terbaru Modenas Ace 115 dilancarkan, harga RM4,598\\.00 \\|date\\=1 March 2012 \\|publisher\\=Arena Kereta \\|access\\-date\\=9 October 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101094629/http://www.arenakereta.com/01/03/2012/motosikal\\-terbaru\\-modenas\\-ace\\-115\\-dilancarkan\\-harga\\-rm4598\\-00/ \\|archive\\-date\\=1 November 2012 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} {{in lang\\|ms}}",
"### Export market",
"The Modenas Kriss was first being exported in 1997, with [Cambodia](/wiki/Cambodia \"Cambodia\") and [Greece](/wiki/Greece \"Greece\") became the earliest export market. Soon, the Kriss series were also being made available in other countries such as [United Kingdom](/wiki/United_Kingdom \"United Kingdom\"), [South Africa](/wiki/South_Africa \"South Africa\"), [Iran](/wiki/Iran \"Iran\"), [Vietnam](/wiki/Vietnam \"Vietnam\"), [Turkey](/wiki/Turkey \"Turkey\"), [Argentina](/wiki/Argentina \"Argentina\"), [Malta](/wiki/Malta \"Malta\") and [Brunei](/wiki/Brunei \"Brunei\"). In Cambodia, Iran and Vietnam, the Kriss is sold as [CKD](/wiki/Complete_knock_down \"Complete knock down\") models.",
""
] |
Formal definition
-----------------
### Finite case
Given a natural number k \\geq 0,
a [context\-free grammar](/wiki/Context-free_grammar%23Formal_definitions "Context-free grammar#Formal definitions") G \= (V, \\Sigma, R, S)
is an **LL(k) grammar** if
* for each terminal symbol string w \\in \\Sigma^\* of length up to k symbols,
* for each nonterminal symbol A \\in V, and
* for each terminal symbol string w\_1 \\in \\Sigma^\*,
there is at most one production rule r \\in R such that for some terminal symbol strings w\_2, w\_3 \\in \\Sigma^\*,
* the string w\_1 A w\_3 can be derived from the start symbol S,
* w\_2 can be derived from A after first applying rule r, and
* the first k symbols of w and of w\_2 w\_3 agree.{{harvtxt\|Rosenkrantz\|Stearns\|1970\|page\=227}}. Def.1\. The authors do not consider the case *k*\=0\.
An alternative, but equivalent, formal definition is the following:
G \= (V, \\Sigma, R, S) is an **LL(k) grammar** if, for arbitrary derivations
\\begin{array}{ccccccc} S \& \\Rightarrow^L \& w\_1 A \\chi \& \\Rightarrow \& w\_1 \\nu \\chi \& \\Rightarrow^\* \& w\_1 w\_2 w\_3 \\\\ S \& \\Rightarrow^L \& w\_1 A \\chi \& \\Rightarrow \& w\_1 \\omega \\chi \& \\Rightarrow^\* \& w\_1 w'\_2 w'\_3, \\\\ \\end{array}
when the first k symbols of w\_2 w\_3 agree with those of w'\_2 w'\_3, then \\nu \= \\omega.where "\\Rightarrow^L" denotes derivability by leftmost derivations, and w\_1,w\_2,w\_3,w'\_2,w'\_3 \\in \\Sigma^\*, A \\in V, and \\chi, \\nu, \\omega \\in (\\Sigma \\cup V)^\*{{harvtxt\|Waite\|Goos\|1984\|page\=123}} Def. 5\.22
Informally, when a parser has derived w\_1 A w\_3, with A its leftmost nonterminal and w\_1 already consumed from the input, then by looking at that w\_1 and peeking at the next k symbols w of the current input, the parser can identify with certainty the production rule r for A.
When rule identification is possible even without considering the past input w\_1, then the grammar is called a **strong LL(k) grammar**.{{harvtxt\|Rosenkrantz\|Stearns\|1970\|page\=235}} Def.2 In the formal definition of a strong LL(*k*) grammar, the universal quantifier for w\_1 is omitted, and w\_1 is added to the "for some" quantifier for w\_2, w\_3.
For every LL(*k*) grammar, a structurally equivalent strong LL(*k*) grammar can be constructed.{{harvtxt\|Rosenkrantz\|Stearns\|1970\|page\=235}} Theorem 2
The class of LL(*k*) languages forms a strictly increasing sequence of sets: LL(0\) ⊊ LL(1\) ⊊ LL(2\) ⊊ ….{{harvtxt\|Rosenkrantz\|Stearns\|1970\|page\=246–247}}: Using "\+" to denote "or", the string set \\{ a^n(b^k d \+ b \+ cc)^n: n \\geq 1 \\} has an LL(k\+1\), but no ε\-free LL(k) grammar, for each k \\geq 1. It is decidable whether a given grammar *G* is LL(*k*), but it is not decidable whether an arbitrary grammar is LL(*k*) for some *k*. It is also decidable if a given LR(*k*) grammar is also an LL(*m*) grammar for some *m*.{{harvtxt\|Rosenkrantz\|Stearns\|1970\|pages\=254–255}}
Every LL(*k*) grammar is also an LR(*k*) grammar. An *[ε](/wiki/Empty_string "Empty string")*\-free LL(1\) grammar is also an SLR(1\) grammar. An LL(1\) grammar with symbols that have both empty and non\-empty derivations is also an LALR(1\) grammar. An LL(1\) grammar with symbols that have only the empty derivation may or may not be LALR(1\).{{harvtxt\|Beatty\|1982}}
LL grammars cannot have rules containing [left recursion](/wiki/Left_recursion "Left recursion").{{harvtxt\|Rosenkrantz\|Stearns\|1970\|pages\=241}} Lemma 5 Each LL(*k*) grammar that is ε\-free can be transformed into an equivalent LL(*k*) grammar in [Greibach normal form](/wiki/Greibach_normal_form "Greibach normal form") (which by definition does not have rules with left recursion).{{harvtxt\|Rosenkrantz\|Stearns\|1970\|page\=242}} Theorem 4
### Regular case
Let \\Sigma be a terminal alphabet. A [partition](/wiki/Partition_of_a_set "Partition of a set") \\pi of \\Sigma^\* is called a *regular partition* if for every R \\in \\pi the language R is regular.
Let G \= (V, \\Sigma, R, S) be a context free grammar and let \\pi \= \\{ R\_1, \\dotso, R\_n \\} be a regular partition of \\Sigma^\*. We say that G is an *LL(\\pi) grammar* if, for arbitrary derivations
\\begin{array}{ccccccc} S \& \\Rightarrow^L \& w\_1 A \\chi\_1 \& \\Rightarrow \& w\_1 \\nu \\chi\_1 \& \\Rightarrow^\* \& w\_1 x\\\\ S \& \\Rightarrow^L \& w\_2 A \\chi\_2 \& \\Rightarrow \& w\_2 \\omega \\chi\_2 \& \\Rightarrow^\* \& w\_2 y, \\\\ \\end{array}
such that x \\equiv y \\mod \\pi it follows that \\nu\=\\omega.{{cite journal \|last1\=Poplawski \|first1\=David \|title\=Properties of LL\-Regular Languages \|date\=1977 \|publisher\=Purdue University}}
A grammar *G* is said to be **LL\-regular** (LLR) if there exists a regular partition of \\Sigma^\* such that *G* is LL(\\pi). A language is LL\-regular if it is generated by an LL\-regular grammar.
LLR grammars are [unambiguous](/wiki/Unambiguous_grammar "Unambiguous grammar") and cannot be left\-recursive.
Every LL(*k*) grammar is LLR. Every LL(*k*) grammar is deterministic, but there exists a LLR grammar that is not deterministic.{{cite report \| url\=https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article\=1176\&context\=cstech \| author\=David A. Poplawski \| title\=Properties of LL\-Regular Languages \| institution\=\[\[Purdue University]], Department of Computer Science \| type\=Technical Report \| number\=77–241 \| date\=Aug 1977 }} Hence the class of LLR grammars is strictly larger than the union of LL(*k*) for each *k*.
It is decidable whether, given a regular partition \\pi, a given grammar is LL(\\pi). It is, however, not decidable whether an arbitrary grammar *G* is LLR. This is due to the fact that deciding whether a grammar *G* generates a regular language, which would be necessary to find a regular partition for *G*, can be reduced to the [Post correspondence problem](/wiki/Post_correspondence_problem "Post correspondence problem").
Every LLR grammar is LR\-regular (LRR, the {{clarify span\|corresponding\|reason\=This should better be fleshed out to a formal definition of LRR grammars.\|date\=August 2021}} equivalent for LR(*k*) grammars), but there exists an LR(1\) grammar that is not LLR.
Historically, LLR grammars followed the invention of the LRR grammars. Given a regular partition a [Moore machine](/wiki/Moore_machine "Moore machine") can be constructed to transduce the parsing from right to left, identifying instances of regular productions. Once that has been done, an LL(1\) parser is sufficient to handle the transduced input in linear time. Thus, LLR parsers can handle a class of grammars strictly larger than LL(*k*) parsers while being equally efficient.
Despite that the theory of LLR does not have any major applications. One possible and very plausible reason is that while there are generative algorithms for LL(*k*) and LR(*k*) parsers, the problem of generating an LLR/LRR parser is undecidable unless one has constructed a regular partition upfront. But even the problem of constructing a suitable regular partition given grammar is undecidable.
### Simple deterministic languages
A context\-free grammar is called **simple deterministic**,{{harvtxt\|Korenjak\|Hopcroft\|1966}} or just **simple**,{{harvtxt\|Hopcroft\|Ullman\|1979\|page\=229}} Exercise 9\.3 if
* it is in [Greibach normal form](/wiki/Greibach_normal_form "Greibach normal form") (i.e. each rule has the form Z \\rightarrow aY\_1 \\ldots Y\_n, n \\geq 0), and
* different right hand sides for the same nonterminal Z always start with different terminals a.
A set of strings is called a simple deterministic, or just simple, language, if it has a simple deterministic grammar.
The class of languages having an ε\-free LL(1\) grammar in Greibach normal form equals the class of simple deterministic languages.{{harvtxt\|Rosenkrantz\|Stearns\|1970\|page\=243}}
This language class includes the regular sets not containing ε. Equivalence is decidable for it, while inclusion is not.
|
[
"Formal definition\n-----------------",
"### Finite case",
"Given a natural number k \\\\geq 0,\na [context\\-free grammar](/wiki/Context-free_grammar%23Formal_definitions \"Context-free grammar#Formal definitions\") G \\= (V, \\\\Sigma, R, S)\nis an **LL(k) grammar** if\n* for each terminal symbol string w \\\\in \\\\Sigma^\\* of length up to k symbols,\n* for each nonterminal symbol A \\\\in V, and\n* for each terminal symbol string w\\_1 \\\\in \\\\Sigma^\\*,\nthere is at most one production rule r \\\\in R such that for some terminal symbol strings w\\_2, w\\_3 \\\\in \\\\Sigma^\\*,\n* the string w\\_1 A w\\_3 can be derived from the start symbol S,\n* w\\_2 can be derived from A after first applying rule r, and\n* the first k symbols of w and of w\\_2 w\\_3 agree.{{harvtxt\\|Rosenkrantz\\|Stearns\\|1970\\|page\\=227}}. Def.1\\. The authors do not consider the case *k*\\=0\\.",
"An alternative, but equivalent, formal definition is the following:\nG \\= (V, \\\\Sigma, R, S) is an **LL(k) grammar** if, for arbitrary derivations\n \\\\begin{array}{ccccccc} S \\& \\\\Rightarrow^L \\& w\\_1 A \\\\chi \\& \\\\Rightarrow \\& w\\_1 \\\\nu \\\\chi \\& \\\\Rightarrow^\\* \\& w\\_1 w\\_2 w\\_3 \\\\\\\\ S \\& \\\\Rightarrow^L \\& w\\_1 A \\\\chi \\& \\\\Rightarrow \\& w\\_1 \\\\omega \\\\chi \\& \\\\Rightarrow^\\* \\& w\\_1 w'\\_2 w'\\_3, \\\\\\\\ \\\\end{array}\nwhen the first k symbols of w\\_2 w\\_3 agree with those of w'\\_2 w'\\_3, then \\\\nu \\= \\\\omega.where \"\\\\Rightarrow^L\" denotes derivability by leftmost derivations, and w\\_1,w\\_2,w\\_3,w'\\_2,w'\\_3 \\\\in \\\\Sigma^\\*, A \\\\in V, and \\\\chi, \\\\nu, \\\\omega \\\\in (\\\\Sigma \\\\cup V)^\\*{{harvtxt\\|Waite\\|Goos\\|1984\\|page\\=123}} Def. 5\\.22",
"Informally, when a parser has derived w\\_1 A w\\_3, with A its leftmost nonterminal and w\\_1 already consumed from the input, then by looking at that w\\_1 and peeking at the next k symbols w of the current input, the parser can identify with certainty the production rule r for A.",
"When rule identification is possible even without considering the past input w\\_1, then the grammar is called a **strong LL(k) grammar**.{{harvtxt\\|Rosenkrantz\\|Stearns\\|1970\\|page\\=235}} Def.2 In the formal definition of a strong LL(*k*) grammar, the universal quantifier for w\\_1 is omitted, and w\\_1 is added to the \"for some\" quantifier for w\\_2, w\\_3.\nFor every LL(*k*) grammar, a structurally equivalent strong LL(*k*) grammar can be constructed.{{harvtxt\\|Rosenkrantz\\|Stearns\\|1970\\|page\\=235}} Theorem 2",
"The class of LL(*k*) languages forms a strictly increasing sequence of sets: LL(0\\) ⊊ LL(1\\) ⊊ LL(2\\) ⊊ ….{{harvtxt\\|Rosenkrantz\\|Stearns\\|1970\\|page\\=246–247}}: Using \"\\+\" to denote \"or\", the string set \\\\{ a^n(b^k d \\+ b \\+ cc)^n: n \\\\geq 1 \\\\} has an LL(k\\+1\\), but no ε\\-free LL(k) grammar, for each k \\\\geq 1. It is decidable whether a given grammar *G* is LL(*k*), but it is not decidable whether an arbitrary grammar is LL(*k*) for some *k*. It is also decidable if a given LR(*k*) grammar is also an LL(*m*) grammar for some *m*.{{harvtxt\\|Rosenkrantz\\|Stearns\\|1970\\|pages\\=254–255}}",
"Every LL(*k*) grammar is also an LR(*k*) grammar. An *[ε](/wiki/Empty_string \"Empty string\")*\\-free LL(1\\) grammar is also an SLR(1\\) grammar. An LL(1\\) grammar with symbols that have both empty and non\\-empty derivations is also an LALR(1\\) grammar. An LL(1\\) grammar with symbols that have only the empty derivation may or may not be LALR(1\\).{{harvtxt\\|Beatty\\|1982}}",
"LL grammars cannot have rules containing [left recursion](/wiki/Left_recursion \"Left recursion\").{{harvtxt\\|Rosenkrantz\\|Stearns\\|1970\\|pages\\=241}} Lemma 5 Each LL(*k*) grammar that is ε\\-free can be transformed into an equivalent LL(*k*) grammar in [Greibach normal form](/wiki/Greibach_normal_form \"Greibach normal form\") (which by definition does not have rules with left recursion).{{harvtxt\\|Rosenkrantz\\|Stearns\\|1970\\|page\\=242}} Theorem 4",
"### Regular case",
"Let \\\\Sigma be a terminal alphabet. A [partition](/wiki/Partition_of_a_set \"Partition of a set\") \\\\pi of \\\\Sigma^\\* is called a *regular partition* if for every R \\\\in \\\\pi the language R is regular.",
"Let G \\= (V, \\\\Sigma, R, S) be a context free grammar and let \\\\pi \\= \\\\{ R\\_1, \\\\dotso, R\\_n \\\\} be a regular partition of \\\\Sigma^\\*. We say that G is an *LL(\\\\pi) grammar* if, for arbitrary derivations\n \\\\begin{array}{ccccccc} S \\& \\\\Rightarrow^L \\& w\\_1 A \\\\chi\\_1 \\& \\\\Rightarrow \\& w\\_1 \\\\nu \\\\chi\\_1 \\& \\\\Rightarrow^\\* \\& w\\_1 x\\\\\\\\ S \\& \\\\Rightarrow^L \\& w\\_2 A \\\\chi\\_2 \\& \\\\Rightarrow \\& w\\_2 \\\\omega \\\\chi\\_2 \\& \\\\Rightarrow^\\* \\& w\\_2 y, \\\\\\\\ \\\\end{array}\nsuch that x \\\\equiv y \\\\mod \\\\pi it follows that \\\\nu\\=\\\\omega.{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Poplawski \\|first1\\=David \\|title\\=Properties of LL\\-Regular Languages \\|date\\=1977 \\|publisher\\=Purdue University}}",
"A grammar *G* is said to be **LL\\-regular** (LLR) if there exists a regular partition of \\\\Sigma^\\* such that *G* is LL(\\\\pi). A language is LL\\-regular if it is generated by an LL\\-regular grammar.",
"LLR grammars are [unambiguous](/wiki/Unambiguous_grammar \"Unambiguous grammar\") and cannot be left\\-recursive.",
"Every LL(*k*) grammar is LLR. Every LL(*k*) grammar is deterministic, but there exists a LLR grammar that is not deterministic.{{cite report \\| url\\=https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article\\=1176\\&context\\=cstech \\| author\\=David A. Poplawski \\| title\\=Properties of LL\\-Regular Languages \\| institution\\=\\[\\[Purdue University]], Department of Computer Science \\| type\\=Technical Report \\| number\\=77–241 \\| date\\=Aug 1977 }} Hence the class of LLR grammars is strictly larger than the union of LL(*k*) for each *k*.",
"It is decidable whether, given a regular partition \\\\pi, a given grammar is LL(\\\\pi). It is, however, not decidable whether an arbitrary grammar *G* is LLR. This is due to the fact that deciding whether a grammar *G* generates a regular language, which would be necessary to find a regular partition for *G*, can be reduced to the [Post correspondence problem](/wiki/Post_correspondence_problem \"Post correspondence problem\").",
"Every LLR grammar is LR\\-regular (LRR, the {{clarify span\\|corresponding\\|reason\\=This should better be fleshed out to a formal definition of LRR grammars.\\|date\\=August 2021}} equivalent for LR(*k*) grammars), but there exists an LR(1\\) grammar that is not LLR.",
"Historically, LLR grammars followed the invention of the LRR grammars. Given a regular partition a [Moore machine](/wiki/Moore_machine \"Moore machine\") can be constructed to transduce the parsing from right to left, identifying instances of regular productions. Once that has been done, an LL(1\\) parser is sufficient to handle the transduced input in linear time. Thus, LLR parsers can handle a class of grammars strictly larger than LL(*k*) parsers while being equally efficient.\nDespite that the theory of LLR does not have any major applications. One possible and very plausible reason is that while there are generative algorithms for LL(*k*) and LR(*k*) parsers, the problem of generating an LLR/LRR parser is undecidable unless one has constructed a regular partition upfront. But even the problem of constructing a suitable regular partition given grammar is undecidable.",
"### Simple deterministic languages",
"A context\\-free grammar is called **simple deterministic**,{{harvtxt\\|Korenjak\\|Hopcroft\\|1966}} or just **simple**,{{harvtxt\\|Hopcroft\\|Ullman\\|1979\\|page\\=229}} Exercise 9\\.3 if\n* it is in [Greibach normal form](/wiki/Greibach_normal_form \"Greibach normal form\") (i.e. each rule has the form Z \\\\rightarrow aY\\_1 \\\\ldots Y\\_n, n \\\\geq 0), and\n* different right hand sides for the same nonterminal Z always start with different terminals a.",
"A set of strings is called a simple deterministic, or just simple, language, if it has a simple deterministic grammar.",
"The class of languages having an ε\\-free LL(1\\) grammar in Greibach normal form equals the class of simple deterministic languages.{{harvtxt\\|Rosenkrantz\\|Stearns\\|1970\\|page\\=243}}\nThis language class includes the regular sets not containing ε. Equivalence is decidable for it, while inclusion is not.",
""
] |
### Regular case
Let \\Sigma be a terminal alphabet. A [partition](/wiki/Partition_of_a_set "Partition of a set") \\pi of \\Sigma^\* is called a *regular partition* if for every R \\in \\pi the language R is regular.
Let G \= (V, \\Sigma, R, S) be a context free grammar and let \\pi \= \\{ R\_1, \\dotso, R\_n \\} be a regular partition of \\Sigma^\*. We say that G is an *LL(\\pi) grammar* if, for arbitrary derivations
\\begin{array}{ccccccc} S \& \\Rightarrow^L \& w\_1 A \\chi\_1 \& \\Rightarrow \& w\_1 \\nu \\chi\_1 \& \\Rightarrow^\* \& w\_1 x\\\\ S \& \\Rightarrow^L \& w\_2 A \\chi\_2 \& \\Rightarrow \& w\_2 \\omega \\chi\_2 \& \\Rightarrow^\* \& w\_2 y, \\\\ \\end{array}
such that x \\equiv y \\mod \\pi it follows that \\nu\=\\omega.{{cite journal \|last1\=Poplawski \|first1\=David \|title\=Properties of LL\-Regular Languages \|date\=1977 \|publisher\=Purdue University}}
A grammar *G* is said to be **LL\-regular** (LLR) if there exists a regular partition of \\Sigma^\* such that *G* is LL(\\pi). A language is LL\-regular if it is generated by an LL\-regular grammar.
LLR grammars are [unambiguous](/wiki/Unambiguous_grammar "Unambiguous grammar") and cannot be left\-recursive.
Every LL(*k*) grammar is LLR. Every LL(*k*) grammar is deterministic, but there exists a LLR grammar that is not deterministic.{{cite report \| url\=https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article\=1176\&context\=cstech \| author\=David A. Poplawski \| title\=Properties of LL\-Regular Languages \| institution\=\[\[Purdue University]], Department of Computer Science \| type\=Technical Report \| number\=77–241 \| date\=Aug 1977 }} Hence the class of LLR grammars is strictly larger than the union of LL(*k*) for each *k*.
It is decidable whether, given a regular partition \\pi, a given grammar is LL(\\pi). It is, however, not decidable whether an arbitrary grammar *G* is LLR. This is due to the fact that deciding whether a grammar *G* generates a regular language, which would be necessary to find a regular partition for *G*, can be reduced to the [Post correspondence problem](/wiki/Post_correspondence_problem "Post correspondence problem").
Every LLR grammar is LR\-regular (LRR, the {{clarify span\|corresponding\|reason\=This should better be fleshed out to a formal definition of LRR grammars.\|date\=August 2021}} equivalent for LR(*k*) grammars), but there exists an LR(1\) grammar that is not LLR.
Historically, LLR grammars followed the invention of the LRR grammars. Given a regular partition a [Moore machine](/wiki/Moore_machine "Moore machine") can be constructed to transduce the parsing from right to left, identifying instances of regular productions. Once that has been done, an LL(1\) parser is sufficient to handle the transduced input in linear time. Thus, LLR parsers can handle a class of grammars strictly larger than LL(*k*) parsers while being equally efficient.
Despite that the theory of LLR does not have any major applications. One possible and very plausible reason is that while there are generative algorithms for LL(*k*) and LR(*k*) parsers, the problem of generating an LLR/LRR parser is undecidable unless one has constructed a regular partition upfront. But even the problem of constructing a suitable regular partition given grammar is undecidable.
|
[
"### Regular case",
"Let \\\\Sigma be a terminal alphabet. A [partition](/wiki/Partition_of_a_set \"Partition of a set\") \\\\pi of \\\\Sigma^\\* is called a *regular partition* if for every R \\\\in \\\\pi the language R is regular.",
"Let G \\= (V, \\\\Sigma, R, S) be a context free grammar and let \\\\pi \\= \\\\{ R\\_1, \\\\dotso, R\\_n \\\\} be a regular partition of \\\\Sigma^\\*. We say that G is an *LL(\\\\pi) grammar* if, for arbitrary derivations\n \\\\begin{array}{ccccccc} S \\& \\\\Rightarrow^L \\& w\\_1 A \\\\chi\\_1 \\& \\\\Rightarrow \\& w\\_1 \\\\nu \\\\chi\\_1 \\& \\\\Rightarrow^\\* \\& w\\_1 x\\\\\\\\ S \\& \\\\Rightarrow^L \\& w\\_2 A \\\\chi\\_2 \\& \\\\Rightarrow \\& w\\_2 \\\\omega \\\\chi\\_2 \\& \\\\Rightarrow^\\* \\& w\\_2 y, \\\\\\\\ \\\\end{array}\nsuch that x \\\\equiv y \\\\mod \\\\pi it follows that \\\\nu\\=\\\\omega.{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Poplawski \\|first1\\=David \\|title\\=Properties of LL\\-Regular Languages \\|date\\=1977 \\|publisher\\=Purdue University}}",
"A grammar *G* is said to be **LL\\-regular** (LLR) if there exists a regular partition of \\\\Sigma^\\* such that *G* is LL(\\\\pi). A language is LL\\-regular if it is generated by an LL\\-regular grammar.",
"LLR grammars are [unambiguous](/wiki/Unambiguous_grammar \"Unambiguous grammar\") and cannot be left\\-recursive.",
"Every LL(*k*) grammar is LLR. Every LL(*k*) grammar is deterministic, but there exists a LLR grammar that is not deterministic.{{cite report \\| url\\=https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article\\=1176\\&context\\=cstech \\| author\\=David A. Poplawski \\| title\\=Properties of LL\\-Regular Languages \\| institution\\=\\[\\[Purdue University]], Department of Computer Science \\| type\\=Technical Report \\| number\\=77–241 \\| date\\=Aug 1977 }} Hence the class of LLR grammars is strictly larger than the union of LL(*k*) for each *k*.",
"It is decidable whether, given a regular partition \\\\pi, a given grammar is LL(\\\\pi). It is, however, not decidable whether an arbitrary grammar *G* is LLR. This is due to the fact that deciding whether a grammar *G* generates a regular language, which would be necessary to find a regular partition for *G*, can be reduced to the [Post correspondence problem](/wiki/Post_correspondence_problem \"Post correspondence problem\").",
"Every LLR grammar is LR\\-regular (LRR, the {{clarify span\\|corresponding\\|reason\\=This should better be fleshed out to a formal definition of LRR grammars.\\|date\\=August 2021}} equivalent for LR(*k*) grammars), but there exists an LR(1\\) grammar that is not LLR.",
"Historically, LLR grammars followed the invention of the LRR grammars. Given a regular partition a [Moore machine](/wiki/Moore_machine \"Moore machine\") can be constructed to transduce the parsing from right to left, identifying instances of regular productions. Once that has been done, an LL(1\\) parser is sufficient to handle the transduced input in linear time. Thus, LLR parsers can handle a class of grammars strictly larger than LL(*k*) parsers while being equally efficient.\nDespite that the theory of LLR does not have any major applications. One possible and very plausible reason is that while there are generative algorithms for LL(*k*) and LR(*k*) parsers, the problem of generating an LLR/LRR parser is undecidable unless one has constructed a regular partition upfront. But even the problem of constructing a suitable regular partition given grammar is undecidable.",
""
] |
History
-------
The Central and Western District Council was established on 18 March 1982 under the name of the Central and Western District Board as the result of the colonial [Governor](/wiki/Governor_of_Hong_Kong "Governor of Hong Kong") [Murray MacLehose](/wiki/Murray_MacLehose "Murray MacLehose")'s District Administration Scheme reform. The District Board was partly elected with the *ex\-officio* [Urban Council](/wiki/Urban_Council "Urban Council") members, as well as members appointed by the Governor until 1994 when last Governor [Chris Patten](/wiki/Chris_Patten "Chris Patten") refrained from appointing any member.
The Central and Western District Board became Central and Western Provisional District Board after the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR) was established in 1997 with the appointment system being reintroduced by [Chief Executive](/wiki/Chief_Executive_of_Hong_Kong "Chief Executive of Hong Kong") [Tung Chee\-hwa](/wiki/Tung_Chee-hwa "Tung Chee-hwa"). The Central and Western District Council was established on 1 January 2000 after the [first District Council election](/wiki/1999_Hong_Kong_local_elections "1999 Hong Kong local elections") in 1999\. The council has become fully elected when the appointed seats were abolished in 2011 after the [modified constitutional reform proposal](/wiki/2010_Hong_Kong_electoral_reform "2010 Hong Kong electoral reform") was passed by the [Legislative Council](/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_Hong_Kong "Legislative Council of Hong Kong") in 2010\.
The Central and Western Board was largely non\-partisan in the 1980s. In the [1985 election](/wiki/1985_Hong_Kong_local_elections "1985 Hong Kong local elections"), an electoral coalition of 12 incumbents based on personal network surrounding Vincent Ko Hon\-chiu of the [Hong Kong People's Association](/wiki/Hong_Kong_People%27s_Association "Hong Kong People's Association"), later the board chairman, contested in the election, winning 10 seats in total.{{cite news\|title\=百姓 \- Issues 159\-170 \|page\=3\|year\=1988\|publisher\=百姓半月刊編輯委員會}} The board gradually divided into liberal and conservative blocs in the late 1980s and split into pro\-democracy [United Democrats of Hong Kong](/wiki/United_Democrats_of_Hong_Kong "United Democrats of Hong Kong") (UDHK) and the conservative [Liberal Democratic Federation of Hong Kong](/wiki/Liberal_Democratic_Federation_of_Hong_Kong "Liberal Democratic Federation of Hong Kong") (LDF) which were formed in 1990\.
The [Democratic Party](/wiki/Democratic_Party_%28Hong_Kong%29 "Democratic Party (Hong Kong)"), the merger of UDHK and [Meeting Point](/wiki/Meeting_Point "Meeting Point"), took control of the board from 1994 to 1997 after the abolishment of the appointed seats. The Democratic majority was offset by the pro\-Beijing camp when appointed seats were reintroduced in 1997\. In the 2003 tide of democracy after the [July 1 protest](/wiki/Hong_Kong_July_1_marches%232003 "Hong Kong July 1 marches#2003"), the pro\-democrats formed the [Central and Western Democratic Power](/wiki/Central_and_Western_Democratic_Power "Central and Western Democratic Power") for the [2003 election](/wiki/2003_Hong_Kong_local_elections "2003 Hong Kong local elections") and won seven seats, which saw pro\-democrat Legislative Councillor [Cyd Ho](/wiki/Cyd_Ho "Cyd Ho") defeating [Ip Kwok\-him](/wiki/Ip_Kwok-him "Ip Kwok-him") of the [Democratic Alliance for the Betterment of Hong Kong](/wiki/Democratic_Alliance_for_the_Betterment_of_Hong_Kong "Democratic Alliance for the Betterment of Hong Kong") (DAB) in his long\-held constituency of [Kwun Lung](/wiki/Kwun_Lung_%28constituency%29 "Kwun Lung (constituency)"). Democratic Party's [Kam Nai\-wai](/wiki/Kam_Nai-wai "Kam Nai-wai") was able to take the chairmanship with the help of appointed member Wu Chor\-nam.{{cite news\|title\=破例與委任議員結盟 民主黨奪中西區區會主席\|newspaper\=蘋果日報\|date\=2004\-01\-07\|url\=https://hk.news.appledaily.com/local/daily/article/20040107/3776860}} Kam's decision to co\-operate with an appointed member sparked controversy which caused Kam to resign soon afterward.
The Democratic Party remained the largest party in the council until the [2007 election](/wiki/2007_Hong_Kong_local_elections "2007 Hong Kong local elections") when the DAB surpassed the Democratic Party in the number of seats for the first time. In the by\-elections in 2017 for [Peak](/wiki/Peak_%28constituency%29 "Peak (constituency)") and [Tung Wah](/wiki/Tung_Wah_%28constituency%29 "Tung Wah (constituency)"), the pro\-Beijing and pro\-democracy camps took each of the seats, giving the Democrats the same numbers of seat as the DAB, both commanding five seats.
In the [2019 election](/wiki/2019_Hong_Kong_local_elections "2019 Hong Kong local elections") amid the [ongoing pro\-democracy protests](/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_Hong_Kong_protests "2019–20 Hong Kong protests"), the pro\-democrats scored a historic landslide victory by taking 14 of the 15 seats, with DAB being completely wiped out from the council and its legislator [Cheung Kwok\-kwan](/wiki/Cheung_Kwok-kwan "Cheung Kwok-kwan") being ousted in [Sai Wan](/wiki/Sai_Wan_%28constituency%29 "Sai Wan (constituency)"). The Democratic Party became the largest party with seven seats with [Cheng Lai\-king](/wiki/Cheng_Lai-king "Cheng Lai-king") and [Victor Yeung](/wiki/Victor_Yeung "Victor Yeung") taking the chair and vice chair posts respectively.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"The Central and Western District Council was established on 18 March 1982 under the name of the Central and Western District Board as the result of the colonial [Governor](/wiki/Governor_of_Hong_Kong \"Governor of Hong Kong\") [Murray MacLehose](/wiki/Murray_MacLehose \"Murray MacLehose\")'s District Administration Scheme reform. The District Board was partly elected with the *ex\\-officio* [Urban Council](/wiki/Urban_Council \"Urban Council\") members, as well as members appointed by the Governor until 1994 when last Governor [Chris Patten](/wiki/Chris_Patten \"Chris Patten\") refrained from appointing any member.",
"The Central and Western District Board became Central and Western Provisional District Board after the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR) was established in 1997 with the appointment system being reintroduced by [Chief Executive](/wiki/Chief_Executive_of_Hong_Kong \"Chief Executive of Hong Kong\") [Tung Chee\\-hwa](/wiki/Tung_Chee-hwa \"Tung Chee-hwa\"). The Central and Western District Council was established on 1 January 2000 after the [first District Council election](/wiki/1999_Hong_Kong_local_elections \"1999 Hong Kong local elections\") in 1999\\. The council has become fully elected when the appointed seats were abolished in 2011 after the [modified constitutional reform proposal](/wiki/2010_Hong_Kong_electoral_reform \"2010 Hong Kong electoral reform\") was passed by the [Legislative Council](/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_Hong_Kong \"Legislative Council of Hong Kong\") in 2010\\.",
"The Central and Western Board was largely non\\-partisan in the 1980s. In the [1985 election](/wiki/1985_Hong_Kong_local_elections \"1985 Hong Kong local elections\"), an electoral coalition of 12 incumbents based on personal network surrounding Vincent Ko Hon\\-chiu of the [Hong Kong People's Association](/wiki/Hong_Kong_People%27s_Association \"Hong Kong People's Association\"), later the board chairman, contested in the election, winning 10 seats in total.{{cite news\\|title\\=百姓 \\- Issues 159\\-170 \\|page\\=3\\|year\\=1988\\|publisher\\=百姓半月刊編輯委員會}} The board gradually divided into liberal and conservative blocs in the late 1980s and split into pro\\-democracy [United Democrats of Hong Kong](/wiki/United_Democrats_of_Hong_Kong \"United Democrats of Hong Kong\") (UDHK) and the conservative [Liberal Democratic Federation of Hong Kong](/wiki/Liberal_Democratic_Federation_of_Hong_Kong \"Liberal Democratic Federation of Hong Kong\") (LDF) which were formed in 1990\\.",
"The [Democratic Party](/wiki/Democratic_Party_%28Hong_Kong%29 \"Democratic Party (Hong Kong)\"), the merger of UDHK and [Meeting Point](/wiki/Meeting_Point \"Meeting Point\"), took control of the board from 1994 to 1997 after the abolishment of the appointed seats. The Democratic majority was offset by the pro\\-Beijing camp when appointed seats were reintroduced in 1997\\. In the 2003 tide of democracy after the [July 1 protest](/wiki/Hong_Kong_July_1_marches%232003 \"Hong Kong July 1 marches#2003\"), the pro\\-democrats formed the [Central and Western Democratic Power](/wiki/Central_and_Western_Democratic_Power \"Central and Western Democratic Power\") for the [2003 election](/wiki/2003_Hong_Kong_local_elections \"2003 Hong Kong local elections\") and won seven seats, which saw pro\\-democrat Legislative Councillor [Cyd Ho](/wiki/Cyd_Ho \"Cyd Ho\") defeating [Ip Kwok\\-him](/wiki/Ip_Kwok-him \"Ip Kwok-him\") of the [Democratic Alliance for the Betterment of Hong Kong](/wiki/Democratic_Alliance_for_the_Betterment_of_Hong_Kong \"Democratic Alliance for the Betterment of Hong Kong\") (DAB) in his long\\-held constituency of [Kwun Lung](/wiki/Kwun_Lung_%28constituency%29 \"Kwun Lung (constituency)\"). Democratic Party's [Kam Nai\\-wai](/wiki/Kam_Nai-wai \"Kam Nai-wai\") was able to take the chairmanship with the help of appointed member Wu Chor\\-nam.{{cite news\\|title\\=破例與委任議員結盟 民主黨奪中西區區會主席\\|newspaper\\=蘋果日報\\|date\\=2004\\-01\\-07\\|url\\=https://hk.news.appledaily.com/local/daily/article/20040107/3776860}} Kam's decision to co\\-operate with an appointed member sparked controversy which caused Kam to resign soon afterward.",
"The Democratic Party remained the largest party in the council until the [2007 election](/wiki/2007_Hong_Kong_local_elections \"2007 Hong Kong local elections\") when the DAB surpassed the Democratic Party in the number of seats for the first time. In the by\\-elections in 2017 for [Peak](/wiki/Peak_%28constituency%29 \"Peak (constituency)\") and [Tung Wah](/wiki/Tung_Wah_%28constituency%29 \"Tung Wah (constituency)\"), the pro\\-Beijing and pro\\-democracy camps took each of the seats, giving the Democrats the same numbers of seat as the DAB, both commanding five seats.",
"In the [2019 election](/wiki/2019_Hong_Kong_local_elections \"2019 Hong Kong local elections\") amid the [ongoing pro\\-democracy protests](/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_Hong_Kong_protests \"2019–20 Hong Kong protests\"), the pro\\-democrats scored a historic landslide victory by taking 14 of the 15 seats, with DAB being completely wiped out from the council and its legislator [Cheung Kwok\\-kwan](/wiki/Cheung_Kwok-kwan \"Cheung Kwok-kwan\") being ousted in [Sai Wan](/wiki/Sai_Wan_%28constituency%29 \"Sai Wan (constituency)\"). The Democratic Party became the largest party with seven seats with [Cheng Lai\\-king](/wiki/Cheng_Lai-king \"Cheng Lai-king\") and [Victor Yeung](/wiki/Victor_Yeung \"Victor Yeung\") taking the chair and vice chair posts respectively.",
""
] |
History
-------
In 1911, the French company *Société Nouvelle des Établissements Decauville Aîné* concluded an agreement with the German company *Orenstein \& Koppel \- Arthur Koppel Aktiengesellschaft (O\&K)* for a [joint venture](/wiki/Joint_venture "Joint venture"). At the time, Decauville was the leading light railway dealer in France and its [Overseas Territories](/wiki/French_Overseas_Territories "French Overseas Territories"). The business areas of the two companies therefore complemented each other very well.
The agreement, which was concluded for twenty years, aimed to divide the sales territories. In addition, a reciprocal participation in the business results was agreed, so that O\&K was obliged to pay Décauville that percentage of a capital of five million [French francs](/wiki/French_francs "French francs") which represented a quarter of the percentage that O\&K could distribute as a dividend on its share capital. On the other hand, if Decauville was able to distribute a dividend of more than 12%, it had to pay O\&K half of the surplus. If these mutual payments did not equalise, a separate equalisation was to take place within contractually agreed three\-year periods. In addition, Decauville was bound to Orenstein \& Koppel by comprehensive purchasing obligations, so that O\&K secured continuous orders for its factories.
O\&K took over the Belgian Décauville plant in Val\-Saint\-Lambert in 1911 and in return gave Decauville its French plant in [Fives](/wiki/Fives%2C_Nord "Fives, Nord"). At the same time, an agreement was reached on the sales territories, whereby Decauville took over the French market including the [French colonies](/wiki/French_colonies "French colonies"), O\&K the market in the rest of the world.Roland Bude, Klaus Fricke and Martin Murray: O\&K\-Dampflokomotiven. Lieferverzeichnis 1892–1945\. Railroadiana publishing house, Buschhoven 1978, ISBN 3\-921894\-00\-X. p. 22\.Albert Gieseler: [*Société Anonyme Décauville.*](http://www.albert-gieseler.de/dampf_de/firmen5/firmadet53232.shtml)[upright\=1\.1\|thumb\|Circular decree of 25 Oct 1914 with reference to „Société nouvelle des établissements Decauville aîné contre Doyen ès qualité“](/wiki/File:Runderlass_vom_25._Oktober_1914_in_Sachen_Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_nouvelle_des_%C3%A9tablissements_Decauville_a%C3%AEn%C3%A9_contre_Doyen_%C3%A8s_qualit%C3%A9.jpg "Runderlass vom 25. Oktober 1914 in Sachen Société nouvelle des établissements Decauville aîné contre Doyen ès qualité.jpg") After the First World War, disputed French sites of the Decauville company were placed under the control of a [trustee](/wiki/Trustee "Trustee") in [sequestration](/wiki/Sequestration_%28law%29 "Sequestration (law)"), which had to decide whether they were managed by French or German [directors](/wiki/Director_%28business%29 "Director (business)") and [investors](/wiki/Investor "Investor"). A company was considered hostile not only if it was located on hostile territory, but also if its management or capital was directly or indirectly under the control or dependence of a hostile state or persons. In the case of the Decauville company, the trustee, who had only been appointed for the hostile shares of the French company (in Fives\-Lille), was not authorised to represent the company as a whole.Hermann Curth and Hans Wehberg: [*Die Maßnahmen und Bestrebungen des feindlichen Auslandes zur Bekämpfung des deutschen Handels und zur Förderung des eigenen Wirtschaftsleben.*](https://books.google.com/books?id=0ElFAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA209) p. 209, footnote 6\.[thumb\|upright\=1\.1\|"Until 1911 ... the O\&K company from Fives\-Lille was French in form and German in essence."](/wiki/File:Jusqu%27%C3%A0_1911_la_soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_Orenstein_et_Koppel%2C_de_Fives-Lille%2C_fut_fran%C3%A7aise_de_forme_et_allemande_de_fond.jpg "Jusqu'à 1911 la société Orenstein et Koppel, de Fives-Lille, fut française de forme et allemande de fond.jpg")„Until 1911 ... the O\&K company from Fives\-Lille was French in form and German in essence.“ It was managed by two German directors: Mr Franken was the technical director and Mr Neisser was the commercial director. As far as the Fives\-Lille factory was concerned, on the eve of the declaration of war, in July 1914, just under twenty of the thirty employees there were German nationals.[thumb\|upright\=1\.1\|"From 1911 ... the company O\&K from Fives\-Lille, which was already French in form ... also became French in essence"](/wiki/File:A_partir_de_1911%2C_parsuite_de_notre_achat%2C_la_soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_Orenstein_et_Koppel%2C_de_Fives-Lille%2C_d%C3%A9j%C3%A0_fran%C3%A7aise_de_forme.jpg "A partir de 1911, parsuite de notre achat, la société Orenstein et Koppel, de Fives-Lille, déjà française de forme.jpg")"From 1911 ... the company O\&K from Fives\-Lille, which was already French in form ... also became French in essence through our purchase (i.e. after the purchase by Decauville), while retaining the German label, which had become very well known in France."[*Senat – Seance du 22 Juillet 1915\.*](https://www.senat.fr/comptes-rendus-seances/3eme/pdf/1915/07/S19150722_0351_0369.pdf) p. 364\.
The Belgian Decauville factory, which had been set up in Val\-Saint\-Lambert for export, was particularly well positioned for the production of riveted tracks, which Decauville had mastered very well, so that it could often easily prevail over the German track material on the export markets. Decauville was completely superior to O\&K in this sector, as O\&K often realised. O\&K therefore wanted to continue the production of riveted tracks in Val\-Saint\-Lambert and at the same time convert this factory for the construction of wagons in large quantities, as Belgium was very capable in wagon construction, mainly due to the favourable prices of sheet metal and the much lower [labour costs](/wiki/Labour_costs "Labour costs") compared to France.
The factory in Val\-Saint\-Lambert built mainly wagons and carriages for ordinary field and narrow\-gauge railways and for mining.Léon Daudet: [*Hors du joug allemand, mésures d'après\-guerre.*](https://archive.org/details/horsdujougallema00dauduoft/page/306/mode/1up?q=decauville) 1915\. (See also: [*French text with English and German translation.*](/wiki/Diskussion:Decauville-Werke_in_Val-Saint-Lambert%23Leon_Daudet:_Hors_du_joug_allemand_-_Mesures_d%27apr%C3%A8s-guerre_%281915%29 "Decauville-Werke in Val-Saint-Lambert#Leon Daudet: Hors du joug allemand - Mesures d'après-guerre (1915)"))Léon Daudet: \[[https://ia904705\.us.archive.org/3/items/labantguerretu00daud/labantguerretu00daud.pdf](https://ia904705.us.archive.org/3/items/labantguerretu00daud/labantguerretu00daud.pdf) *Dans nos forts de l'est le charbon et l'outillage sont fournis par des allemands.'] In:* L'Ayant\-Guerre, Etudes et documents sur l’erspionnaoe juif\-allemand en France depuis l'Affaire Dreyfus.'' S. 76\-81\.Léon Daudet: [*Hors du joug allemand: Mesures d'après guerre.*](https://books.google.com/books?id=Y6coDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT205) (Modern reprint) Collection XIX, 18 June 2016\. The agreement reached on co\-operation between the two companies also provided for each of them to have a stake in the other. Thus Hippolyte\-Eugène Boyer, the managing director of Decauville, joined the board of directors of O\&K, while one of the directors of O\&K was a member of the board of directors of Decauville.
After the outbreak of the [World War I](/wiki/First_World_War "First World War") in 1914, O\&K used the facilities left behind by Decauville under the aegis of the occupying army, in particular for the production of military light railways.The State Archives in Belgium: [*Inventaire des archives d'entreprises allemandes mises sous séquestre après la guerre 1914–1918\. III. Orenstein et A. Koppel, 1911–1929\.*](https://search.arch.be/de/?option=com_rab_findingaids&view=findingaid&format=pdf&eadid=BE-A0523_701920_706111_FRE)
|
[
"History\n-------",
"In 1911, the French company *Société Nouvelle des Établissements Decauville Aîné* concluded an agreement with the German company *Orenstein \\& Koppel \\- Arthur Koppel Aktiengesellschaft (O\\&K)* for a [joint venture](/wiki/Joint_venture \"Joint venture\"). At the time, Decauville was the leading light railway dealer in France and its [Overseas Territories](/wiki/French_Overseas_Territories \"French Overseas Territories\"). The business areas of the two companies therefore complemented each other very well.",
"The agreement, which was concluded for twenty years, aimed to divide the sales territories. In addition, a reciprocal participation in the business results was agreed, so that O\\&K was obliged to pay Décauville that percentage of a capital of five million [French francs](/wiki/French_francs \"French francs\") which represented a quarter of the percentage that O\\&K could distribute as a dividend on its share capital. On the other hand, if Decauville was able to distribute a dividend of more than 12%, it had to pay O\\&K half of the surplus. If these mutual payments did not equalise, a separate equalisation was to take place within contractually agreed three\\-year periods. In addition, Decauville was bound to Orenstein \\& Koppel by comprehensive purchasing obligations, so that O\\&K secured continuous orders for its factories.",
"O\\&K took over the Belgian Décauville plant in Val\\-Saint\\-Lambert in 1911 and in return gave Decauville its French plant in [Fives](/wiki/Fives%2C_Nord \"Fives, Nord\"). At the same time, an agreement was reached on the sales territories, whereby Decauville took over the French market including the [French colonies](/wiki/French_colonies \"French colonies\"), O\\&K the market in the rest of the world.Roland Bude, Klaus Fricke and Martin Murray: O\\&K\\-Dampflokomotiven. Lieferverzeichnis 1892–1945\\. Railroadiana publishing house, Buschhoven 1978, ISBN 3\\-921894\\-00\\-X. p. 22\\.Albert Gieseler: [*Société Anonyme Décauville.*](http://www.albert-gieseler.de/dampf_de/firmen5/firmadet53232.shtml)[upright\\=1\\.1\\|thumb\\|Circular decree of 25 Oct 1914 with reference to „Société nouvelle des établissements Decauville aîné contre Doyen ès qualité“](/wiki/File:Runderlass_vom_25._Oktober_1914_in_Sachen_Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_nouvelle_des_%C3%A9tablissements_Decauville_a%C3%AEn%C3%A9_contre_Doyen_%C3%A8s_qualit%C3%A9.jpg \"Runderlass vom 25. Oktober 1914 in Sachen Société nouvelle des établissements Decauville aîné contre Doyen ès qualité.jpg\") After the First World War, disputed French sites of the Decauville company were placed under the control of a [trustee](/wiki/Trustee \"Trustee\") in [sequestration](/wiki/Sequestration_%28law%29 \"Sequestration (law)\"), which had to decide whether they were managed by French or German [directors](/wiki/Director_%28business%29 \"Director (business)\") and [investors](/wiki/Investor \"Investor\"). A company was considered hostile not only if it was located on hostile territory, but also if its management or capital was directly or indirectly under the control or dependence of a hostile state or persons. In the case of the Decauville company, the trustee, who had only been appointed for the hostile shares of the French company (in Fives\\-Lille), was not authorised to represent the company as a whole.Hermann Curth and Hans Wehberg: [*Die Maßnahmen und Bestrebungen des feindlichen Auslandes zur Bekämpfung des deutschen Handels und zur Förderung des eigenen Wirtschaftsleben.*](https://books.google.com/books?id=0ElFAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA209) p. 209, footnote 6\\.[thumb\\|upright\\=1\\.1\\|\"Until 1911 ... the O\\&K company from Fives\\-Lille was French in form and German in essence.\"](/wiki/File:Jusqu%27%C3%A0_1911_la_soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_Orenstein_et_Koppel%2C_de_Fives-Lille%2C_fut_fran%C3%A7aise_de_forme_et_allemande_de_fond.jpg \"Jusqu'à 1911 la société Orenstein et Koppel, de Fives-Lille, fut française de forme et allemande de fond.jpg\")„Until 1911 ... the O\\&K company from Fives\\-Lille was French in form and German in essence.“ It was managed by two German directors: Mr Franken was the technical director and Mr Neisser was the commercial director. As far as the Fives\\-Lille factory was concerned, on the eve of the declaration of war, in July 1914, just under twenty of the thirty employees there were German nationals.[thumb\\|upright\\=1\\.1\\|\"From 1911 ... the company O\\&K from Fives\\-Lille, which was already French in form ... also became French in essence\"](/wiki/File:A_partir_de_1911%2C_parsuite_de_notre_achat%2C_la_soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_Orenstein_et_Koppel%2C_de_Fives-Lille%2C_d%C3%A9j%C3%A0_fran%C3%A7aise_de_forme.jpg \"A partir de 1911, parsuite de notre achat, la société Orenstein et Koppel, de Fives-Lille, déjà française de forme.jpg\")\"From 1911 ... the company O\\&K from Fives\\-Lille, which was already French in form ... also became French in essence through our purchase (i.e. after the purchase by Decauville), while retaining the German label, which had become very well known in France.\"[*Senat – Seance du 22 Juillet 1915\\.*](https://www.senat.fr/comptes-rendus-seances/3eme/pdf/1915/07/S19150722_0351_0369.pdf) p. 364\\.",
"The Belgian Decauville factory, which had been set up in Val\\-Saint\\-Lambert for export, was particularly well positioned for the production of riveted tracks, which Decauville had mastered very well, so that it could often easily prevail over the German track material on the export markets. Decauville was completely superior to O\\&K in this sector, as O\\&K often realised. O\\&K therefore wanted to continue the production of riveted tracks in Val\\-Saint\\-Lambert and at the same time convert this factory for the construction of wagons in large quantities, as Belgium was very capable in wagon construction, mainly due to the favourable prices of sheet metal and the much lower [labour costs](/wiki/Labour_costs \"Labour costs\") compared to France.",
"The factory in Val\\-Saint\\-Lambert built mainly wagons and carriages for ordinary field and narrow\\-gauge railways and for mining.Léon Daudet: [*Hors du joug allemand, mésures d'après\\-guerre.*](https://archive.org/details/horsdujougallema00dauduoft/page/306/mode/1up?q=decauville) 1915\\. (See also: [*French text with English and German translation.*](/wiki/Diskussion:Decauville-Werke_in_Val-Saint-Lambert%23Leon_Daudet:_Hors_du_joug_allemand_-_Mesures_d%27apr%C3%A8s-guerre_%281915%29 \"Decauville-Werke in Val-Saint-Lambert#Leon Daudet: Hors du joug allemand - Mesures d'après-guerre (1915)\"))Léon Daudet: \\[[https://ia904705\\.us.archive.org/3/items/labantguerretu00daud/labantguerretu00daud.pdf](https://ia904705.us.archive.org/3/items/labantguerretu00daud/labantguerretu00daud.pdf) *Dans nos forts de l'est le charbon et l'outillage sont fournis par des allemands.'] In:* L'Ayant\\-Guerre, Etudes et documents sur l’erspionnaoe juif\\-allemand en France depuis l'Affaire Dreyfus.'' S. 76\\-81\\.Léon Daudet: [*Hors du joug allemand: Mesures d'après guerre.*](https://books.google.com/books?id=Y6coDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT205) (Modern reprint) Collection XIX, 18 June 2016\\. The agreement reached on co\\-operation between the two companies also provided for each of them to have a stake in the other. Thus Hippolyte\\-Eugène Boyer, the managing director of Decauville, joined the board of directors of O\\&K, while one of the directors of O\\&K was a member of the board of directors of Decauville.",
"After the outbreak of the [World War I](/wiki/First_World_War \"First World War\") in 1914, O\\&K used the facilities left behind by Decauville under the aegis of the occupying army, in particular for the production of military light railways.The State Archives in Belgium: [*Inventaire des archives d'entreprises allemandes mises sous séquestre après la guerre 1914–1918\\. III. Orenstein et A. Koppel, 1911–1929\\.*](https://search.arch.be/de/?option=com_rab_findingaids&view=findingaid&format=pdf&eadid=BE-A0523_701920_706111_FRE)",
""
] |
Career
------
Lipkin has earned the reputation of a "master virus hunter" due to his speed and innovative methods of identifying new viruses, and has been lauded by [National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases](/wiki/National_Institute_of_Allergy_and_Infectious_Diseases "National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases") director Dr. [Anthony S. Fauci](/wiki/Anthony_S._Fauci "Anthony S. Fauci"). As director of the Center for Infection and Immunity at the Mailman School of Public Health; Lipkin, from the onset of the [COVID\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic"), has led CII researchers collaborating with researchers at [Sun Yat\-sen University](/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen_University "Sun Yat-sen University") in China. Dr. Lipkin had also advised the Chinese government and the [World Health Organization](/wiki/World_Health_Organization "World Health Organization") (WHO) during the [2002–2004 SARS outbreak](/wiki/2002%E2%80%932004_SARS_outbreak "2002–2004 SARS outbreak").{{cite web\|last\=Zimmer\|first\=Carl\|url\=http://www.mailman.columbia.edu/academic\-departments/epidemiology\|title\=A Man From Whom Viruses Can't Hide\|website\=\[\[The New York Times]]\|date\=November 22, 2010\|access\-date\=March 24, 2020}}{{cite news\|last\=Kim\|first\=Elizabeth\|url\=https://gothamist.com/news/nyc\-scientists\-wuhan\-coronavirus\-contagion?\|title\=NYC Team Led By Scientist Who Advised On "Contagion" Is Racing To Unlock The Coronavirus. Here's What They Told Us\|website\=\[\[Gothamist]]\|publisher\=\[\[New York Public Radio]]\|date\=February 3, 2020\|access\-date\=March 24, 2020\|archive\-date\=February 4, 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204123321/https://gothamist.com/news/nyc\-scientists\-wuhan\-coronavirus\-contagion\|url\-status\=dead}} Dr. Lipkin described his own infection with the SARS\-CoV\-2 virus, beginning mid\-March 2020, which resulted in a case of [COVID\-19](/wiki/Coronavirus_disease_2019 "Coronavirus disease 2019") and necessitated his recovering from the illness at home, on the [podcast](/wiki/Podcast "Podcast") *This Week in Virology*.*This Week in Virology* (TWiV) podcast.28 March 2020 *[http://www.microbe.tv/twiv/twiv\-special\-lipkin/](http://www.microbe.tv/twiv/twiv-special-lipkin/)*
Lipkin was the Louise Turner Arnold Chair in the Neurosciences{{cite web\|url\= https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\-xpm\-1993\-03\-31\-me\-17348\-story.html\|title\=Realtor to Give $1\.62 Million for UCI Chair \|website\=Los Angeles Times \|last\=Gewertz \|first\=Catherine \|date\=March 31, 1993}} at the [University of California, Irvine](/wiki/University_of_California%2C_Irvine "University of California, Irvine") from 1990 to 2001 and was recruited shortly thereafter by Columbia University. He began his current tenure at Columbia as the founding director of the [Jerome L. and Dawn Greene](/wiki/Jerome_L._Greene "Jerome L. Greene") Infectious Disease Laboratory from 2002 to 2007, which transitioned to the John Snow Professorship he holds at present.
A physician\-scientist, Lipkin is internationally recognized for his work with [West Nile virus](/wiki/West_Nile_virus "West Nile virus") and [SARS](/wiki/SARS "SARS"), as well as advancing pathogen discovery techniques by developing a staged strategy using techniques pioneered in his lab. These molecular biological methods, including [MassTag\-PCR](/wiki/MassTag-PCR "MassTag-PCR"), the GreeneChip diagnostic, and High Throughput Sequencing, are a major step towards identifying and studying new viral pathogens that emerge locally throughout the globe. A major node in a global network of investigators working to address the challenges of pathogen surveillance and discovery, Dr. Lipkin has trained over 30 internationally based [scientists](/wiki/Scientists "Scientists") in these state\-of\-the art diagnostic techniques.
Lipkin is the director for the Center for Research in Diagnostics and Discovery, under the National Institutes of Health Centers of Excellence for Translational Research program.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.niaid.nih.gov/research/cetr\-locations\|title\=Centers of Excellence for Translational Research\|website\=nih.gov}} The Center for Research brings together leading investigators in microbial and human genetics, engineering, microbial ecology and public health to develop insights into mechanisms of disease and methods for detecting infectious agents, characterizing microflora and identifying biomarkers that can be used to guide clinical management. Lipkin was previously the Director of the Northeast Biodefense Center,{{Cite web\|url\=https://njms.rutgers.edu/research/rbl/nbc.php\|title\=Northeast Biodefense Center
\|website\=njms.rutgers.edu\|publisher\=Rutgers New Jersey Medical School\|access\-date\=August 28, 2021}} the Regional Center of Excellence in Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases which comprised 28 private and public academic and public health institutions in New York, New Jersey and Connecticut. Within this consortium, his research focused on pathogen discovery, using unexplained hemorrhagic fever, febrile illness, encephalitis, and meningoencephalitis as targets. He is the Principal Investigator of the Autism Birth Cohort, a unique international program that investigates the epidemiology and basis of neurodevelopmental disorders through analyses of a prospective birth cohort of 100,000 children and their parents. The ABC is examining gene\-environment\-timing interactions, biomarkers and the trajectory of normal development and disease. Lipkin also directs the [World Health Organization Collaborating Centre](/wiki/WHO_Collaborating_Centres "WHO Collaborating Centres") for Diagnostics in [Zoonotic](/wiki/Zoonotic "Zoonotic") and Emerging Infectious Diseases, the only academic center, and one of two in the US (the other is CDC), that participates in [outbreak](/wiki/Outbreak "Outbreak") investigation for the [WHO](/wiki/WHO "WHO").
Lipkin was co\-chair of CDC Steering Committee of the National Biosurveillance Advisory Subcommittee (NBAS).{{cite web\|url\=https://www.mailman.columbia.edu/public\-health\-now/news/dr\-w\-ian\-lipkin\-named\-co\-chair\-cdc\-subcommittee\|title\=Dr. W. Ian Lipkin Named Co\-Chair of CDC Subcommittee\|date\=15 July 2010}} The NBAS was established in response to Homeland Security Presidential Directive 21 (HSPD\-21\),{{cite web\|url\=https://georgewbush\-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2007/10/20071018\-10\.html\|title\=Homeland Security Presidential Directive\|date\=18 October 2007\|website\=archives.gov}} "Public Health and Medical Preparedness."
He is Honorary Director of the Beijing Infectious Disease Center, Chair of the Scientific Advisory Board of the Institut Pasteur de Shanghai and serves on boards of the Australian Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre for Emerging Infectious Disease, the Guangzhou Institute for Biomedicine and Health, the [EcoHealth Alliance](/wiki/EcoHealth_Alliance "EcoHealth Alliance"),{{cite web\|url\=http://www.ecohealthalliance.org\|title\=Home \- EcoHealth Alliance\|website\=ecohealthalliance.org}} Tetragenetics, and 454 Life Sciences Corporation.
Lipkin served as a science consultant for the film [*Contagion*](/wiki/Contagion_%282011_film%29 "Contagion (2011 film)").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/digital/fact\-vs\-fiction/5\-questions\-for\-ian\-lipkin\-the\-scientist\-who\-designed\-contagions\-virus\|title\=Five Questions for Ian Lipkin, the Scientist Who Designed Contagion's Virus\|date\=9 September 2011}} The film has been praised for its [scientific accuracy](/wiki/Contagion_%282011_film%29%23Scientific_response "Contagion (2011 film)#Scientific response").
### Early career
While not quite a medical anthropologist, Lipkin specializes in infectious diseases and their neurological impact. His first professional publication came in 1979 during the time of his fellowship in London as a letter to the Editor at the Archives of Internal Medicine (now [JAMA Internal Medicine](/wiki/JAMA_Internal_Medicine "JAMA Internal Medicine")), where he poses a potential correlation between [eosinopenia](/wiki/Eosinopenia "Eosinopenia") and [bacteremia](/wiki/Bacteremia "Bacteremia") in diagnostic evaluations for a bacteremic patient.{{cite journal\|url\= https://www.mailman.columbia.edu/sites/default/files/legacy/eosinophilcountsinbacteremia.pdf\|title\=Eosinophil Counts in Bacteremia \|journal\= Archives of Internal Medicine\|volume\=139 \|issue\=4 \|pages\=490–1 \|date\=April 1979 \|pmid\=435009\|last1\=Lipkin \|first1\=W. I. \|doi\=10\.1001/archinte.1979\.03630410094035 }} While at UCL, he worked with [John Newsom\-Davis](/wiki/John_Newsom-Davis "John Newsom-Davis"), who was utilizing [plasmapheresis](/wiki/Plasmapheresis "Plasmapheresis") to better understand [myasthenia gravis](/wiki/Myasthenia_gravis "Myasthenia gravis"), a [neuromuscular disease](/wiki/Neuromuscular_disease "Neuromuscular disease").{{Cite book \|doi \= 10\.1006/rwei.1999\.0495 \|chapter \= Plasmapheresis \|title \= Encyclopedia of Immunology \|pages \= \[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofim00delv/page/1969 1969–1971] \|year \= 1998 \|last1 \= Hamblin \|first1 \= Terry \|isbn \= 9780122267659 \|chapter\-url\-access \= registration \|chapter\-url \= https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofim00delv \|url \= https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofim00delv/page/1969 }}
In 1981, Lipkin began his neurology residency and worked in a local San Francisco clinic, which was about the time [AIDS](/wiki/HIV/AIDS%23history "HIV/AIDS#history") began to affect the local city population. Because of the social view of [homosexual](/wiki/LGBT_history_in_the_United_States "LGBT history in the United States") people at the time, very few clinicians would see patients with these symptoms. He "was watching many patients fall ill with AIDS. It took years for scientists to discover the virus responsible for the disease... 'I saw all of this, and I said, 'We have to find new and better ways to do this.'"{{cite web\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/23/science/23prof.html\|title\=A Man From Whom Viruses Can't Hide \|last\=Zimmer \|first\=Carl \|website\=New York Times \|date\=November 22, 2010}} It was during this epidemic that Lipkin took the approach of looking for a virus' genes instead of looking for antibodies in infected people as a way to speed up the diagnosis process. By the mid\-1980s, Lipkin had published two papers specifically about AIDS research{{cite journal\|url\=https://www.mailman.columbia.edu/sites/default/files/legacy/immunologicstudiesinpatientswithacquiredimmunedeficiencysyndrome.pdf\|pmid\=6222070\|pmc\=437015\|year\=1983\|last1\=Landay\|first1\=A.\|title\=Immunologic studies in asymptomatic hemophilia patients. Relationship to acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)\|journal\=The Journal of Clinical Investigation\|volume\=71\|issue\=5\|pages\=1500–4\|last2\=Poon\|first2\=M. C.\|last3\=Abo\|first3\=T.\|last4\=Stagno\|first4\=S.\|last5\=Lurie\|first5\=A.\|last6\=Cooper\|first6\=M. D.\|doi\=10\.1172/JCI110904}}{{cite journal\|url\=https://www.mailman.columbia.edu/sites/default/files/legacy/inflammatoryneuropathyinhomosexualmenwithlymphadenopathy.pdf \|pmid\=2993951\|year\=1985\|last1\=Lipkin\|first1\=W. I.\|title\=Inflammatory neuropathy in homosexual men with lymphadenopathy\|journal\=Neurology\|volume\=35\|issue\=10\|pages\=1479–83\|last2\=Parry\|first2\=G.\|last3\=Kiprov\|first3\=D.\|last4\=Abrams\|first4\=D.\|doi\=10\.1212/WNL.35\.10\.1479\|s2cid\=6542995}} and transitioned into utilizing a more pathological approach to virus identification. He identified AIDS\-associated immunological abnormalities and inflammatory neuropathy, which he showed could be treated with plasmapheresis and demonstrated early life exposure to viral infections affects [neurotransmitter](/wiki/Neurotransmitter "Neurotransmitter") function.
### Bornavirus
In 1989, Lipkin was the first to identify a [microbe](/wiki/Microorganism "Microorganism") using purely molecular tools.{{cite journal \|jstor\=2354914 \|pmid\=1693432 \|pmc\=54072 \|doi\=10\.1073/pnas.87\.11\.4184\|year\=1990 \|last1\=Lipkin \|first1\=W. I. \|title\=Isolation and characterization of Borna disease agent cDNA clones \|journal\=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America \|volume\=87 \|issue\=11 \|pages\=4184–8 \|last2\=Travis \|first2\=G. H. \|last3\=Carbone \|first3\=K. M. \|last4\=Wilson \|first4\=M. C. \|bibcode\=1990PNAS...87\.4184L \|doi\-access\=free }}{{cite journal \|doi\=10\.1128/MMBR.00007\-10\|pmid\=20805403\|pmc\=2937520\|year\=2010\|last1\=Lipkin\|first1\=W. I.\|title\=Microbe hunting\|journal\=Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews\|volume\=74\|issue\=3\|pages\=363–77}} During his time as Chair at UC Irvine, Lipkin published several papers throughout the decade dissecting and interpreting [bornavirus](/wiki/Borna_disease "Borna disease").{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.publichealth.columbia.edu/research/center\-infection\-and\-immunity/1990\-1999\|title\=1990 \- 1999 \| Columbia Public Health\|website\=www.publichealth.columbia.edu}} Once it was apparent the viral infections could selectively alter behavior and steady state brain levels of [neurotransmitter](/wiki/Neurotransmitter "Neurotransmitter") [mRNAs](/wiki/Messenger_RNA "Messenger RNA"), the next step was to look for infectious agents which could be used as probes to map anatomic and functional domains in the [central nervous system](/wiki/Central_nervous_system "Central nervous system") (CNS).{{cite journal\|pmid\=2905625\|year\=1988\|last1\=Lipkin\|first1\=W. I.\|title\=Neurotransmitter abnormalities in Borna disease\|journal\=Brain Research\|volume\=475\|issue\=2\|pages\=366–70\|last2\=Carbone\|first2\=K. M.\|last3\=Wilson\|first3\=M. C.\|last4\=Duchala\|first4\=C. S.\|last5\=Narayan\|first5\=O.\|last6\=Oldstone\|first6\=M. B.\|doi\=10\.1016/0006\-8993(88\)90627\-0\|s2cid\=8893525}}
By the mid\-1990s, it was asserted that "Borna disease is a neurotropic negative\-strand RNA virus that infects a wide range of vertebrate hosts," causing "an immune\-mediated syndrome resulting in disturbances in movement and behavior."{{cite journal\|pmid\=8183914\|pmc\=43785\|year\=1994\|last1\=Briese\|first1\=T.\|title\=Genomic organization of Borna disease virus\|journal\=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America\|volume\=91\|issue\=10\|pages\=4362–6\|last2\=Schneemann\|first2\=A.\|last3\=Lewis\|first3\=A. J.\|last4\=Park\|first4\=Y. S.\|last5\=Kim\|first5\=S.\|last6\=Ludwig\|first6\=H.\|last7\=Lipkin\|first7\=W. I.\|doi\=10\.1073/pnas.91\.10\.4362\|bibcode\=1994PNAS...91\.4362B\|doi\-access\=free}} This led to several groups across the globe working to determine if there was a link between Borna disease virus (BDV) or a related agent and human neuropsychiatric disease.{{Cite journal\|pmc\=164222\|year\=2003\|last1\=Bode\|first1\=L.\|title\=Borna Disease Virus Infection, a Human Mental\-Health Risk\|journal\=Clinical Microbiology Reviews\|volume\=16\|issue\=3\|pages\=534–545\|last2\=Ludwig\|first2\=H.\|pmid\=12857781\|doi\=10\.1128/CMR.16\.3\.534\-545\.2003}} The group was formally called Microbiology and Immunology of Neuropsychiatric Disorders (MIND) and the multicenter, multi\-national group focused on using standardized methods for [clinical diagnosis](/wiki/Medical_diagnosis "Medical diagnosis") and blinded laboratory assessment of BDV infection.{{cite journal\|pmid\=11435078\|year\=2001\|last1\=Lipkin\|first1\=W. I.\|title\=Borna disease virus and neuropsychiatric disease\-\-a reappraisal\|journal\=Trends in Microbiology\|volume\=9\|issue\=7\|pages\=295–8\|last2\=Hornig\|first2\=M.\|last3\=Briese\|first3\=T.\|doi\=10\.1016/S0966\-842X(01\)02071\-6}} After nearly two decades of inquiry, the first blinded case\-controlled study of the link between BDV and psychiatric illness{{cite journal\|pmid\=22290118\|pmc\=3622588\|doi\=10\.1038/mp.2011\.179\|year\=2012\|last1\=Hornig\|first1\=M.\|title\=Absence of evidence for bornavirus infection in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder\|journal\=Molecular Psychiatry\|volume\=17\|issue\=5\|pages\=486–93\|last2\=Briese\|first2\=T.\|last3\=Licinio\|first3\=J\|last4\=Khabbaz\|first4\=R. F.\|last5\=Altshuler\|first5\=L. L\|last6\=Potkin\|first6\=S. G.\|last7\=Schwemmle\|first7\=M.\|last8\=Siemetzki\|first8\=U\|last9\=Mintz\|first9\=J.\|last10\=Honkavuori\|first10\=K\|last11\=Kraemer\|first11\=H. C.\|last12\=Egan\|first12\=M. F.\|last13\=Whybrow\|first13\=P. C.\|last14\=Bunney\|first14\=W. E\|last15\=Lipkin\|first15\=W. I.}} was completed by the researchers at Columbia University's Center for Infection and Immunity in a joint effort that concluded there is no association between the two. Lipkin noted that "it was concern over the potential role of BDV in mental illness and the inability to identify it using classical techniques that led us to develop molecular methods for pathogen discovery. Ultimately these new techniques enabled us to refute a role for BDV in human disease. But the fact remains that we gained strategies for the discovery of hundreds of other pathogens that have important implications for medicine, agriculture, and environmental health."{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.publichealth.columbia.edu/public\-health\-now/news/does\-borna\-disease\-virus\-cause\-mental\-illness\|title\=Does Borna Disease Virus Cause Mental Illness? \| Columbia Public Health\|date\=January 31, 2012\|website\=www.publichealth.columbia.edu}}
### West Nile Virus
[thumb\|West Nile Virus in New YorkIn](/wiki/File:West_Nile_Virus_Image.jpg "West Nile Virus Image.jpg") 1999, [West Nile virus](/wiki/West_Nile_virus "West Nile virus") was reported in two patients in [Flushing Hospital Medical Center](/wiki/Flushing_Hospital_Medical_Center "Flushing Hospital Medical Center") in Queens, New York. Lipkin led the team identifying West Nile virus in brain tissue of [encephalitis](/wiki/Encephalitis "Encephalitis") victims in New York State. It was determined potential routes for the spread of West Nile virus throughout New York (and the Eastern United States) originated from predominantly mosquitoes, but also possible from infected birds or human beings. There is a high likelihood the two international airports nearby the initial reported cases were also the initial points of entry into the United States.{{cite journal\|doi\=10\.1016/S0140\-6736(99\)04576\-6\|pmid\=10520637\|year\=1999\|last1\=Briese\|first1\=T.\|title\=Identification of a Kunjin/West Nile\-like flavivirus in brains of patients with New York encephalitis\|journal\=Lancet\|volume\=354\|issue\=9186\|pages\=1261–1262\|last2\=Jia\|first2\=X. Y.\|last3\=Huang\|first3\=C.\|last4\=Grady\|first4\=L. J.\|last5\=Lipkin\|first5\=W. I.\|s2cid\=5469505}} During the five years after the first reported case, Lipkin worked on a study with the [National Institutes of Health](/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health "National Institutes of Health") (NIH) and the [Wadsworth Center](/wiki/Wadsworth_Center "Wadsworth Center") at the [New York State Department of Health](/wiki/New_York_State_Department_of_Health "New York State Department of Health") to determine how a vaccine could be developed. While they had some success with the immunization of mice with particles resembling the structural protein prME of West Nile Virus,{{cite journal\|pmid\=15551208\|doi\=10\.1086/425933\|year\=2004\|last1\=Qiao\|first1\=M.\|title\=Induction of sterilizing immunity against West Nile Virus (WNV), by immunization with WNV\-like particles produced in insect cells\|journal\=The Journal of Infectious Diseases\|volume\=190\|issue\=12\|pages\=2104–2108\|last2\=Ashok\|first2\=M.\|last3\=Bernard\|first3\=K. A.\|last4\=Palacios\|first4\=G.\|last5\=Zhou\|first5\=Z. H.\|last6\=Lipkin\|first6\=W. I.\|last7\=Liang\|first7\=T. J.\|doi\-access\=free}} as of 2018, there is still no human vaccine for West Nile Virus.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.cdc.gov/westnile/index.html\|title\=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: West Nile Virus\|date\=3 June 2020}}
### SARS\-CoV
[thumb\|Sars\-coronaChinese](/wiki/File:Coronaviruses_004_lores.jpg "Coronaviruses 004 lores.jpg") scientists first discovered the [severe acute respiratory syndrome](/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome "Severe acute respiratory syndrome") (SARS) [coronavirus](/wiki/Coronavirus "Coronavirus") in February 2003, but due to initial misinterpretation of the data, the information of the correct agent associated with SARS was suppressed and the outbreak investigation had a delayed start. Advanced hospital facilities were at the greatest risk as they were most susceptible to virus transmission, so it was the "classical gumshoe epidemiology" of "contact tracing and isolation" that brought swift action against the [epidemic](/wiki/Epidemic "Epidemic").{{Cite journal\|doi\=10\.1080/17441690903061389\|title\=SARS: How a global epidemic was stopped\|journal\=Global Public Health\|volume\=4\|issue\=5\|pages\=500–501\|year\=2009\|last1\=Lipkin\|first1\=W. Ian\|s2cid\=71513132}} Lipkin was requested to assist with the investigation by Chen Zhou, vice president of the [Chinese Academy of Sciences](/wiki/Chinese_Academy_of_Sciences "Chinese Academy of Sciences") and Xu Guanhua, minister of the [Ministry of Science and Technology](/wiki/Ministry_of_Science_and_Technology_%28China%29 "Ministry of Science and Technology (China)") in China to "assess the state of the epidemic, identify the gaps in science, and develop a strategy for containing the virus and reducing morbidity and mortality."{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.publichealth.columbia.edu/public\-health\-now/news/ian\-lipkin\-receives\-top\-science\-honor\-china\|title\=Ian Lipkin Receives Top Science Honor in China \| Columbia Public Health\|website\=www.publichealth.columbia.edu}} This brought the development of [real\-time polymerase chain reaction](/wiki/Real-time_polymerase_chain_reaction "Real-time polymerase chain reaction") technology, which essentially allowed for the detection of infection at earlier time points as the process, in this instance, targets the N gene sequence and amplify the analysis in a closed system. This markedly reduces the risk of [contamination](/wiki/Contamination "Contamination") during processing.{{cite journal\|pmid\=15030701\|pmc\=3322935\|doi\=10\.3201/eid1002\.030799\|year\=2004\|last1\=Zhai\|first1\=J.\|title\=Real\-time polymerase chain reaction for detecting SARS coronavirus, Beijing, 2003\|journal\=Emerging Infectious Diseases\|volume\=10\|issue\=2\|pages\=300–303\|last2\=Briese\|first2\=T.\|last3\=Dai\|first3\=E.\|last4\=Wang\|first4\=X.\|last5\=Pang\|first5\=X.\|last6\=Du\|first6\=Z.\|last7\=Liu\|first7\=H.\|last8\=Wang\|first8\=J.\|last9\=Wang\|first9\=H.\|last10\=Guo\|first10\=Z.\|last11\=Chen\|first11\=Z.\|last12\=Jiang\|first12\=L.\|last13\=Zhou\|first13\=D.\|last14\=Han\|first14\=Y.\|last15\=Jabado\|first15\=O.\|last16\=Palacios\|first16\=G.\|last17\=Lipkin\|first17\=W. I.\|last18\=Tang\|first18\=R.}} Test kits were developed with this PCR\-based assay analysis{{cite web\|url\= http://innovation.columbia.edu/technologies/1454\_pcr\-based\-assays\-for\-the\-rapid\|title\=Columbia University Technology Ventures, submission date April 15, 2003}} and 10,000 were hand\-delivered to Beijing during the height of the outbreak by Lipkin, whereupon he trained local clinical microbiologists on the proper usage. He became ill upon his return to the U.S. and was quarantined.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.mailman.columbia.edu/research/center\-infection\-and\-immunity/w\-ian\-lipkin\-md\|title\=W. Ian Lipkin, MD \| Columbia Public Health\|website\=www.mailman.columbia.edu\|quote\=In 2003, Lipkin sequenced a portion of the SARS virus directly from lung tissue \[...]. He became ill shortly after returning to the US and was quarantined.}}
Lipkin was asked to join the [Defense Science Board](/wiki/Defense_Science_Board "Defense Science Board") Task Force on SARS Quarantine Guidance during the height of the SARS outbreak between 2003 and 2004, to advise the [U.S. Department of Defense](/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Defense "U.S. Department of Defense") on steps to domestically manage the epidemic. As part of the EcoHealth Alliance, Lipkin's center worked in conjunction with an [NIH](/wiki/NIH "NIH")/[NIAID](/wiki/NIAID "NIAID") grant{{Cite web\|url\=https://app.dimensions.ai/details/grant/grant.2458395\|title\=Risk of Viral Emergence from Bats \- Dimensions\|website\=app.dimensions.ai}} assessing bats as the reservoir for the SARS virus. 47 publications resulted from this grant, which also included assessment on [Nipah](/wiki/Nipah_virus "Nipah virus"), [Hendra](/wiki/Hendra_virus "Hendra virus"), [Ebola](/wiki/Ebola_virus_disease "Ebola virus disease"), and [Marburg](/wiki/Marburg_virus "Marburg virus") viruses. This proved to be significant research on the overall study of viral reservoirs as it was determined that bats carry coronaviruses and either directly infect humans with an exchange of bodily fluid (such as a bite) or indirectly by infecting an intermediate host, such as swine.{{cite journal\|pmid\=21063474\|pmc\=2975989\|doi\=10\.1128/mBio.00208\-10\|year\=2010\|last1\=Quan\|first1\=P. L.\|title\=Identification of a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus\-like virus in a leaf\-nosed bat in Nigeria\|journal\=mBio\|volume\=1\|issue\=4\|last2\=Firth\|first2\=C.\|last3\=Street\|first3\=C.\|last4\=Henriquez\|first4\=J. A.\|last5\=Petrosov\|first5\=A.\|last6\=Tashmukhamedova\|first6\=A.\|last7\=Hutchison\|first7\=S. K.\|last8\=Egholm\|first8\=M.\|last9\=Osinubi\|first9\=M. O.\|last10\=Niezgoda\|first10\=M.\|last11\=Ogunkoya\|first11\=A. B.\|last12\=Briese\|first12\=T.\|last13\=Rupprecht\|first13\=C. E.\|last14\=Lipkin\|first14\=W. I.}} Lipkin addressed a health forum in Guangzhou in January 2004 where China Daily reported him as saying: "SARS virus is probably rooted and spread by rats."{{Cite web\|title\=Back on SARS standby\|url\=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/en/bjweekend/2004\-01/02/content\_295362\.htm\|access\-date\=2020\-06\-12\|website\=www.chinadaily.com.cn}}
In 2016, the Chinese government awarded him the International Science and Technology Cooperation Award, the nation's top science honor for foreign scientists,{{Cite web\|date\=January 8, 2016\|title\=Ian Lipkin Receives Top Science Honor in China {{!}} Columbia Public Health\|url\=https://www.publichealth.columbia.edu/public\-health\-now/news/ian\-lipkin\-receives\-top\-science\-honor\-china\|access\-date\=2020\-11\-24\|website\=www.publichealth.columbia.edu\|publisher\=\[\[Mailman School of Public Health]], \[\[Columbia University]]}} and in January 2020, it awarded him a medal marking the People's Republic of China's 70th Anniversary, both awards for his work during the [2002–2004 SARS outbreak](/wiki/2002%E2%80%932004_SARS_outbreak "2002–2004 SARS outbreak") and in strengthening China's public health system.{{Cite web\|date\=January 7, 2020\|title\=China Honors Ian Lipkin {{!}} Columbia Public Health\|url\=https://www.publichealth.columbia.edu/public\-health\-now/news/china\-honors\-ian\-lipkin\|access\-date\=2020\-11\-24\|website\=www.publichealth.columbia.edu\|publisher\=\[\[Mailman School of Public Health]], \[\[Columbia University]]}}
### MERS\-CoV
[Middle East respiratory syndrome](/wiki/Middle_East_respiratory_syndrome "Middle East respiratory syndrome") (MERS) was first reported in [Saudi Arabia](/wiki/Saudi_Arabia "Saudi Arabia") during [June 2012](/wiki/2012_Middle_East_respiratory_syndrome_coronavirus_outbreak "2012 Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus outbreak") when a local man was initially diagnosed with acute pneumonia and later died of [kidney failure](/wiki/Kidney_failure "Kidney failure"). The early reports of the disease were similar to [SARS](/wiki/SARS "SARS") as the symptoms are similar, but it was quickly determined these cases were caused by a new strain called [MERS coronavirus](/wiki/MERS_coronavirus "MERS coronavirus") (MERS\-CoV). Given Lipkin's expertise with the [SARS](/wiki/SARS "SARS") outbreak in [China](/wiki/China "China") nearly ten years prior, the [Saudi Arabian Ministry of Health](/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_%28Saudi_Arabia%29 "Ministry of Health (Saudi Arabia)") granted Lipkin and his lab local access to animal samples related to the initial reported cases.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.science.org/content/article/bat\-out\-hell\-egyptian\-tomb\-bat\-may\-harbor\-mers\-virus\|title\=Bat Out of Hell? Egyptian Tomb Bat May Harbor MERS Virus\|date\=22 August 2013}} With the rare opportunity, Lipkin's team created a mobile lab able to fit in six pieces of personal luggage and was transported from [New York](/wiki/New_York_City "New York City") to [Saudi Arabia](/wiki/Saudi_Arabia "Saudi Arabia") via commercial flight to complete the analysis of samples.{{Cite web\|url\=https://gizmodo.com/meet\-the\-world\-s\-top\-virus\-hunter\-1530217382\|title\=Meet the World's Top Virus Hunter\|website\=Gizmodo\|date\=7 March 2014 }}
It seemed unlikely that bats were directly infecting humans, as the direct physical interaction between the two is limited at best. A study was completed in more local proximity, examining the diverse bat populations in southeastern [Mexico](/wiki/Mexico "Mexico") and determining how diverse the viruses they carry could be.{{Cite journal\|pmc \= 3709589\|year \= 2013\|last1 \= Anthony\|first1 \= S. J.\|title \= Coronaviruses in bats from Mexico\|journal \= The Journal of General Virology\|volume \= 94\|issue \= Pt 5\|pages \= 1028–1038\|last2 \= Ojeda\-Flores\|first2 \= R.\|last3 \= Rico\-Chávez\|first3 \= O.\|last4 \= Navarrete\-Macias\|first4 \= I.\|last5 \= Zambrana\-Torrelio\|first5 \= C. M.\|last6 \= Rostal\|first6 \= M. K.\|last7 \= Epstein\|first7 \= J. H.\|last8 \= Tipps\|first8 \= T.\|last9 \= Liang\|first9 \= E.\|last10 \= Sanchez\-Leon\|first10 \= M.\|last11 \= Sotomayor\-Bonilla\|first11 \= J.\|last12 \= Aguirre\|first12 \= A. A.\|last13 \= Ávila\-Flores\|first13 \= R.\|last14 \= Medellín\|first14 \= R. A.\|last15 \= Goldstein\|first15 \= T.\|last16 \= Suzán\|first16 \= G.\|last17 \= Daszak\|first17 \= P.\|last18 \= Lipkin\|first18 \= W. I.\|pmid \= 23364191\|doi \= 10\.1099/vir.0\.049759\-0}} However, it became apparent that [dromedary](/wiki/Dromedary "Dromedary") camels were the intermediary in the transmission between bats and humans, since camel milk and meat are dietary staples in the Saudi Arabian region.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.cnn.com/2014/05/20/opinion/lipkin\-mers\-cases/index.html\|title\=Will MERS become a global threat?\|website\=\[\[CNN]] \|date\=20 May 2014}} The instances of human\-to\-human transmission appeared to be isolated to case\-patients and anyone in close direct contact with them, as opposed to a broad open\-air transmission.{{Cite journal\|pmid \= 24206838\|pmc \= 3837665\|year \= 2013\|last1 \= Memish\|first1 \= Z. A.\|title \= Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in bats, Saudi Arabia\|journal \= Emerging Infectious Diseases\|volume \= 19\|issue \= 11\|pages \= 1819–23\|last2 \= Mishra\|first2 \= N.\|last3 \= Olival\|first3 \= K. J.\|last4 \= Fagbo\|first4 \= S. F.\|last5 \= Kapoor\|first5 \= V.\|last6 \= Epstein\|first6 \= J. H.\|last7 \= Alhakeem\|first7 \= R.\|last8 \= Durosinloun\|first8 \= A.\|last9 \= Al Asmari\|first9 \= M.\|last10 \= Islam\|first10 \= A.\|last11 \= Kapoor\|first11 \= A.\|last12 \= Briese\|first12 \= T.\|last13 \= Daszak\|first13 \= P.\|last14 \= Al Rabeeah\|first14 \= A. A.\|last15 \= Lipkin\|first15 \= W. I.\|doi \= 10\.3201/eid1911\.131172}} By 2017, it was determined that bats are most likely the evolutionary original source for [MERS\-CoV](/wiki/MERS-CoV "MERS-CoV") along with several other coronaviruses, though not all of those types of zoonotic viruses are direct threats to humans like [MERS\-CoV](/wiki/MERS-CoV "MERS-CoV"){{cite journal\|pmid\=28377531\|pmc\=5380844\|doi\=10\.1128/mBio.00373\-17\|year\=2017\|last1\=Anthony\|first1\=S. J.\|title\=Further Evidence for Bats as the Evolutionary Source of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus\|journal\=mBio\|volume\=8\|issue\=2\|last2\=Gilardi\|first2\=K.\|last3\=Menachery\|first3\=V. D.\|last4\=Goldstein\|first4\=T.\|last5\=Ssebide\|first5\=B.\|last6\=Mbabazi\|first6\=R.\|last7\=Navarrete\-Macias\|first7\=I.\|last8\=Liang\|first8\=E.\|last9\=Wells\|first9\=H.\|last10\=Hicks\|first10\=A.\|last11\=Petrosov\|first11\=A.\|last12\=Byarugaba\|first12\=D. K.\|last13\=Debbink\|first13\=K.\|last14\=Dinnon\|first14\=K. H.\|last15\=Scobey\|first15\=T.\|last16\=Randell\|first16\=S. H.\|last17\=Yount\|first17\=B. L.\|last18\=Cranfield\|first18\=M.\|last19\=Johnson\|first19\=C. K.\|last20\=Baric\|first20\=R. S.\|last21\=Lipkin\|first21\=W. I.\|last22\=Mazet\|first22\=J. A.}} and "\[c]ollectively, these examples demonstrate that the MERS\-related coronaviruses are high associated with bats and are geographically widespread."{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/04/170404104826\.htm\|title\=MERS\-like coronavirus identified in Ugandan bat: New virus not likely to spread to humans\|website\=ScienceDaily}}
### Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome
Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome ([ME/CFS](/wiki/ME/CFS "ME/CFS")) is a chronic condition characterized by extreme fatigue after exertion that is not relieved by rest and includes other symptoms, such as muscle and joint pain and cognitive dysfunction. In September 2017, the NIH awarded a $9\.6 million grant to [Columbia University](/wiki/Columbia_University "Columbia University") for the "CfS for ME/CFS" intended for the pursuit of basic research and the development of tools to help both physicians and patients effectively monitor the course of the illness.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.publichealth.columbia.edu/public\-health\-now/news/nih\-awards\-96\-million\-grant\-columbia\-myalgic\-encephalomyelitischronic\-fatigue\-syndrome\-collaborative\|title\=NIH Awards $9\.6 Million Grant to Columbia for a Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Collaborative Research Center \| Columbia Public Health\|website\=www.publichealth.columbia.edu}} This collaboration effort led by Lipkin includes other institutions, such as the Bateman Horne Center (Lucinda Bateman), [Harvard University](/wiki/Harvard_Medical_School%23Organization "Harvard Medical School#Organization") ([Anthony L. Komaroff](/wiki/Anthony_L._Komaroff "Anthony L. Komaroff")), [Stanford University](/wiki/Stanford_University "Stanford University") (Kegan Moneghetti), Sierra Internal Medicine ([Daniel Peterson](/wiki/Daniel_Peterson_%28physician%29 "Daniel Peterson (physician)")), [University of California, Davis](/wiki/University_of_California%2C_Davis "University of California, Davis") (Oliver Fiehn), and [Albert Einstein College of Medicine](/wiki/Albert_Einstein_College_of_Medicine "Albert Einstein College of Medicine") (John Greally), along with private clinicians in New York City.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.publichealth.columbia.edu/research/center\-infection\-and\-immunity/who\-we\-are\|title\=Who We Are \| Columbia Public Health\|website\=www.publichealth.columbia.edu}}
The team of researchers and clinicians initially collaborated to de\-link [xenotropic murine leukemia virus\-related virus](/wiki/Xenotropic_murine_leukemia_virus-related_virus "Xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus") (XMRV) to [ME/CFS](/wiki/ME/CFS "ME/CFS") after the NIH requested research into the conflicting reports between [XMRV](/wiki/XMRV "XMRV") and ME/CFS. The group "consolidated its vision with support from the Hutchins Family Foundation Chronic Fatigue Initiative and a crowd\-funding organization, The Microbe Discovery Project, to explore the role of infection and immunity in disease and identify [biomarkers](/wiki/Biomarkers "Biomarkers") for diagnosis through functional [genomic](/wiki/Genomic "Genomic"), [proteomic](/wiki/Proteomic "Proteomic"), and [metabolomic](/wiki/Metabolomic "Metabolomic") discovery."{{Cite web\|url\=https://reporter.nih.gov/project\-details/9479907\|title\=Center for Solutions for ME/CFS\|website\=reporter.nih.gov\|access\-date\=August 28, 2021}} The project will collect a large clinical database and sample repository representing oral, fecal, and blood samples from well\-characterized [ME/CFS](/wiki/ME/CFS "ME/CFS") subjects and frequency\-matched controls collected nationwide over a period of several years. Additionally, researchers are working with [ME/CFS](/wiki/ME/CFS "ME/CFS") community and advocacy groups as the project progresses.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.ninds.nih.gov/News\-Events/News\-and\-Press\-Releases/Press\-Releases/NIH\-announces\-centers\-myalgic\|title\=NIH announces centers for myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome research \| National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke\|website\=www.ninds.nih.gov}}
### Acute flaccid myelitis (AFM)
[Acute flaccid myelitis](/wiki/Acute_flaccid_myelitis "Acute flaccid myelitis") (AFM) is a serious condition of the spinal cord with symptoms including rapid onset of arm or leg weakness, decreased reflexes, difficulty moving the eyes, speaking, or swallowing may also occur. Occasionally numbness or pain may be present and complications can include trouble breathing. In August 2019, Lipkin and Dr. Nischay Mishra published a collaborative study with the [CDC](/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention "Centers for Disease Control and Prevention") in analyzing serological data for serum and [cerebrospinal fluid](/wiki/Cerebrospinal_fluid "Cerebrospinal fluid") (CSF) samples of AFM patients.{{cite journal \|last1\=Mishra \|first1\=N \|last2\=Ng \|first2\=TFF \|last3\=Marine \|first3\=RL \|last4\=Jain \|first4\=K \|last5\=Ng \|first5\=J \|last6\=Thakkar \|first6\=R \|last7\=Caciula \|first7\=A \|last8\=Price \|first8\=A \|last9\=Garcia \|first9\=JA \|last10\=Burns \|first10\=JC \|last11\=Thakur \|first11\=KT \|last12\=Hetzler \|first12\=KL \|last13\=Routh \|first13\=JA \|last14\=Konopka\-Anstadt \|first14\=JL \|last15\=Nix \|first15\=WA \|last16\=Tokarz \|first16\=R \|last17\=Briese \|first17\=T \|last18\=Oberste \|first18\=MS \|last19\=Lipkin \|first19\=WI \|title\=Antibodies to Enteroviruses in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Patients with Acute Flaccid Myelitis \|journal\=mBio \|date\=13 August 2019 \|volume\=10 \|issue\=4 \|pages\=e01903\-19 \|doi\=10\.1128/mBio.01903\-19 \|pmid\=31409689 \|pmc\=6692520}} The Lipkin team utilized high\-density peptide arrays (also known as Serochips) to identify antibodies to [EV\-D68](/wiki/EV-D68 "EV-D68") in those samples. The technology was featured on the Dr. Oz Show in mid\-September, illustrating how the enterovirus affects the CSF and the actual Serochip used to do the analysis.{{cite web \|title\=Hear Firsthand From the Doctor Who is Getting Closer to Finding a Cure for AFM \|url\=https://www.doctoroz.com/episode/impossible\-burger\-beyond\-sausage\-inside\-meatless\-fast\-food\-craze?video\_id\=6098525062001 \|website\=The Dr. Oz Show \|access\-date\=12 November 2019 \|date\=16 September 2019}}{{cite web \|title\=How Researchers Figured Out What Causes AFM \|url\=https://www.doctoroz.com/episode/impossible\-burger\-beyond\-sausage\-inside\-meatless\-fast\-food\-craze?video\_id\=6098526261001 \|website\=The Dr. Oz Show \|access\-date\=12 November 2019 \|date\=16 September 2019}} In October, the [University of California, San Francisco](/wiki/University_of_California%2C_San_Francisco "University of California, San Francisco") published a separate collaborative study with the [CDC](/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention "Centers for Disease Control and Prevention") that confirmed the presence of antibodies to [enterovirus](/wiki/Enterovirus "Enterovirus") in AFM patient CSF samples using phage display (VirScan).{{cite journal \|last1\=Schubert \|first1\=RD \|last2\=Hawes \|first2\=IA \|last3\=Ramachandran \|first3\=PS \|last4\=Ramesh \|first4\=A \|last5\=Crawford \|first5\=ED \|last6\=Pak \|first6\=JE \|last7\=Wu \|first7\=W \|last8\=Cheung \|first8\=CK \|last9\=O'Donovan \|first9\=BD \|last10\=Tato \|first10\=CM \|last11\=Lyden \|first11\=A \|last12\=Tan \|first12\=M \|last13\=Sit \|first13\=R \|last14\=Sowa \|first14\=GA \|last15\=Sample \|first15\= HA \|last16\=Zorn \|first16\=KC \|last17\=Banerji \|first17\=D \|last18\=Khan \|first18\=LM \|last19\=Bove \|first19\=R \|last20\=Hauser \|first20\=SL \|last21\=Gelfand \|first21\=AA \|last22\=Johnson\-Kerner \|first22\=BL \|last23\=Nash \|first23\=K \|last24\=Krishnamoorthy \|first24\=KS \|last25\=Chitnis \|first25\=T \|last26\=Ding \|first26\=JZ \|last27\=McMillan \|first27\=HJ \|last28\=Chiu \|first28\=CY \|last29\=Briggs \|first29\=B \|last30\=Glaser \|first30\=CA \|last31\=Yen \|first31\=C \|last32\=Chu \|first32\=V \|last33\=Wadford \|first33\=DA \|last34\=Dominguez \|first34\=SR \|last35\=Ng \|first35\=TFF \|last36\=Marine \|first36\=RL \|last37\=Lopez \|first37\=AS \|last38\=Nix \|first38\=WA \|last39\=Soldatos \|first39\=A \|last40\=Gorman \|first40\=MP \|last41\=Benson \|first41\=L \|last42\=Messacar \|first42\=K \|last43\=Konopka\-Anstadt \|first43\=JL \|last44\=Oberste \|first44\=MS \|last45\=DeRisi \|first45\=JL \|last46\=Wilson \|first46\=MR \|title\=Pan\-viral serology implicates enteroviruses in acute flaccid myelitis. \|journal\=Nature Medicine \|date\=21 October 2019 \|volume\=25 \|issue\=11 \|pages\=1748–1752 \|doi\=10\.1038/s41591\-019\-0613\-1 \|pmid\=31636453 \|pmc\=6858576 }} "It's always good to see reproducibility. It gives more confidence in the findings for sure," commented Lipkin in an October 2019 CNN article. "This gives us more support of what we found."{{cite web \|title\=Virus could be the cause of mysterious polio\-like illness AFM, study says \|url\=https://www.cnn.com/2019/10/21/health/afm\-acute\-flaccid\-myelitis\-cause\-study/index.html \|website\=CNN Health \|access\-date\=12 November 2019 \|date\=21 October 2019}}{{cite web \|title\=What Causes a Mysterious Paralysis in Children? Researchers Find Viral Clues \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/21/health/afm\-paralysis\-cause.html \|website\=The New York Times \|access\-date\=12 November 2019 \|date\=21 October 2019}}{{cite web \|title\=Evidence links poliolike disease in children to a common type of virus \|url\=https://www.science.org/content/article/evidence\-links\-poliolike\-disease\-children\-common\-type\-virus \|website\=Science Magazine \|access\-date\=12 November 2019 \|date\=21 October 2019}}
### SARS\-CoV\-2
According to the *[Financial Times](/wiki/Financial_Times "Financial Times")*, Lipkin first learnt of [COVID\-19](/wiki/Coronavirus_disease_2019 "Coronavirus disease 2019") from contacts in China, where it first emerged, in mid\-December.{{Cite news \|last\=Manson \|first\=Katrina \|date\=April 17, 2020 \|title\=Virologist behind 'Contagion' film criticises leaders' slow responses \|work\=\[\[Financial Times]] \|publication\-place\=Washington \|url\=https://www.ft.com/content/6e9b4fe7\-b26e\-45b9\-acbd\-2b24d182e914 \|access\-date\=2020\-11\-24}} In early January he repeatedly urged his Chinese counterparts to publish the virus's genetic sequencing to aid research, and visited senior Chinese officials, including [Premier](/wiki/Premier_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China "Premier of the People's Republic of China") [Li Keqiang](/wiki/Li_Keqiang "Li Keqiang"),{{Cite news\|last1\=Manson\|first1\=Katrina\|last2\=Sun\|first2\=Yu\|date\=April 27, 2020\|title\=US and Chinese researchers team up for hunt into Covid origins\|work\=\[\[Financial Times]]\|url\=https://www.ft.com/content/f08181a9\-526c\-4e4b\-ac5f\-0614bf1cffb3\|access\-date\=2020\-11\-22}} to discuss the disease. Lipkin described his engagement with the early COVID\-19 investigations during an April 2023 interview with the [U.S. House of Representatives](/wiki/U.S._House_of_Representatives "U.S. House of Representatives") [Select Committee on the Coronavirus Pandemic](/wiki/Select_Committee_on_the_Coronavirus_Pandemic "Select Committee on the Coronavirus Pandemic").{{Cite web \|date\=2023\-07\-11 \|title\=Transcribed Interview with Dr. Ian Lipkin \|url\=https://oversight.house.gov/letter/transcribed\-interview\-with\-dr\-ian\-lipkin/ \|access\-date\=2023\-07\-20 \|website\=United States House Committee on Oversight and Accountability \|language\=en}}
On January 29, 2020, Lipkin flew into [Guangzhou](/wiki/Guangzhou "Guangzhou"), [China](/wiki/China "China") to learn about the outbreak of [SARS\-CoV\-2](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic").{{cite web\| url\=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/epidemiologist\-veteran\-of\-sars\-and\-mers\-shares\-coronavirus\-insights\-after\-china\-trip/ \|title\=Epidemiologist Veteran of SARS and MERS Shares Coronavirus Insights after China Trip \|first\=Karen \|last\=Weintraub \|date\=12 February 2020 \|access\-date\=16 June 2020 \|publisher\=Scientific American}} Lipkin met with the epidemiologist and pulmonologist [Zhong Nanshan](/wiki/Zhong_Nanshan "Zhong Nanshan"),{{Cite web\|last1\=Guo\|first1\=Rui\|last2\=Zhuang\|first2\=Pinghui\|date\=2020\-05\-27\|title\=Covid\-19 origin research hit by political agendas: 'Sars hero'\|url\=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/society/article/3086279/coronavirus\-origin\-research\-hit\-political\-agendas\-warns\-china\|access\-date\=2020\-11\-24\|website\=\[\[South China Morning Post]]\|language\=en\|publication\-place\=Guangzhou and Beijing}} the lead advisor to the Chinese government during the outbreak.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.publichealth.columbia.edu/public\-health\-now/news/our\-experts\-respond\-coronavirus\-outbreak \|title\=Our Experts Respond to the Coronavirus Outbreak \|date\=4 February 2020 \|access\-date\=2 July 2020}} Lipkin also worked with the [China CDC](/wiki/China_CDC "China CDC") to access blood samples from across the country for further study into the origin and spread of the virus.{{cite news\| url\=https://www.ft.com/content/f08181a9\-526c\-4e4b\-ac5f\-0614bf1cffb3 \|title\=US and Chinese researchers team up for hunt into Covid origins \|first1\=Katrina \|last1\=Manson \|first2\=Sun \|last2\=Yu \|publisher\=Financial Times \|date\=27 April 2020 \|access\-date\=16 June 2020}} Lipkin did not travel to [Wuhan](/wiki/Wuhan "Wuhan"), the epicenter of the outbreak, due to fears that this would prevent him from returning to the United States.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/02/10/ian\-lipkin\-scientists\-worry\-coronavirus\-could\-become\-worse\-than\-flu.html \|title\=Scientists worry coronavirus could evolve into something worse than flu, says quarantined expert \|first\=Kevin \|last\=Stankiewicz \|date\=10 February 2020 \|publisher\=CNBC \|access\-date\=2 July 2020}} On returning to the United States, Lipkin self\-quarantined for 14 days.{{cite magazine \|url\=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2020/03/09/a\-local\-guide\-to\-the\-coronavirus \|title\=A Local Guide to the Coronavirus \|first\=Nick \|last\=Paumgarten \|date\=1 March 2020 \|magazine\=The New Yorker \|access\-date\=2 July 2020}} Lipkin later contracted SARS\-CoV\-2 in New York City,{{cite news \|url\=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/03/31/dr\-ian\-lipkin\-coronavirus\-shows\-need\-for\-public\-health\-investment.html \|title\=Infectious disease expert who has coronavirus says public health can not be overlooked again \|first\=Kevin \|last\=Stankiewicz \|publisher\=CNBC \|date\=31 March 2020 \|access\-date\=2 July 2020}} refusing to go to hospital and treating himself with [hydroxychloroquine](/wiki/Hydroxychloroquine "Hydroxychloroquine") at home.
Lipkin criticized what he considered a xenophobic response that blames China for the virus, specifically the words of US president [Donald Trump](/wiki/Donald_Trump "Donald Trump") calling it the "China virus" and his decision to suspend funding to the World Health Organization for being "China\-centric", calling for "global problems" to be addressed by "global solutions". He said that a series of government missteps helped spread the virus around the world very rapidly, and criticized the US and UK's responses, calling them slow, and blamed insufficient and inadequate testing and tracing for rising fatality numbers. In the US, he singled out as an issue what he saw as an inconsistency in advice, including by president Trump, and highlighted the need for national leadership, while acknowledging states had the ability to make decisions in certain areas. He praised his NIAID superior [Anthony Fauci](/wiki/Anthony_Fauci "Anthony Fauci") for his integrity. He also warned about the danger of future emergence of new deadly viruses.
After his trip to China, Lipkin maintained links with Lu Jiahai, his research partner at [Sun Yat\-sen University](/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen_University "Sun Yat-sen University") in [Guangzhou](/wiki/Guangzhou "Guangzhou"), and Zhong Nanshan, to try to establish the origins of the virus. Their efforts, aimed at finding out whether the virus emerged in other parts of China and circulated before it was first discovered in Wuhan in December, include antibody tests of nationwide blood bank samples from pneumonia patients which predate the pandemic, which led to a collaboration with the Chinese Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. According to Lipkin, this research began in early February. The international research team also began studying blood samples from different wild animals which it deemed potential origins of the virus, in order to understand animal\-to\-human transmission.
Lipkin thinks the virus could have originated in the wild animal trade and undergone "repeated jumps" from animal to human in the weeks before the first cases were logged, such a stream of events having recent precedents in the emergence of MERS\-CoV, which jumped from dromedary camels to humans in 2012, and SARS\-CoV, from civet cats to humans in 2003\.
Lipkin co\-authored a paper on "The proximal origin of SARS\-CoV\-2", which was published in *[Nature Medicine](/wiki/Nature_Medicine "Nature Medicine")* in March 2020\.{{cite journal\|last1\=Andersen \|first1\=Kristian G. \|last2\=Rambaut \|first2\=Andrew \|last3\=Lipkin \|first3\=W. Ian \|url\= \|title\=The proximal origin of SARS\-CoV\-2 \| journal\=Nature Medicine \| publisher\=Springer Nature Limited \| date\=March 17, 2020\|volume\=26 \|issue\=4 \|pages\=450–452 \|doi\=10\.1038/s41591\-020\-0820\-9 \|pmid\=32284615 \|pmc\=7095063 }} The conclusion of the genomic analyses was that COVID\-19 was not a case of lab leak or human\-made infection. In 2023, the paper was alleged by the US Republicans as a coverup based on certain misconducts to eliminate the [lab leak theory](/wiki/COVID-19_lab_leak_theory "COVID-19 lab leak theory"). The paper and the controversy became known as the "[Proximal Origin](/wiki/Proximal_Origin "Proximal Origin")".{{Cite news \|last\=Stolberg \|first\=Sheryl Gay \|last2\=Mueller \|first2\=Benjamin \|date\=2023\-07\-11 \|title\=Scientists, Under Fire From Republicans, Defend Fauci and Covid Origins Study \|language\=en \|work\=The New York Times \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/11/us/politics/covid\-lab\-leak\-fauci.html \|access\-date\=2023\-08\-12}}{{Cite journal \|last\=Jon \|first\=Cohen \|date\=2023\-07\-11 \|title\=Politicians, scientists spar over alleged NIH cover\-up using COVID\-19 origin paper \|url\=https://www.science.org/content/article/politicians\-scientists\-spar\-over\-alleged\-nih\-cover\-up\-using\-covid\-19\-origin\-paper \|journal\=Science \|doi\=10\.1126/science.adj7036}}
|
[
"Career\n------",
"Lipkin has earned the reputation of a \"master virus hunter\" due to his speed and innovative methods of identifying new viruses, and has been lauded by [National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases](/wiki/National_Institute_of_Allergy_and_Infectious_Diseases \"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases\") director Dr. [Anthony S. Fauci](/wiki/Anthony_S._Fauci \"Anthony S. Fauci\"). As director of the Center for Infection and Immunity at the Mailman School of Public Health; Lipkin, from the onset of the [COVID\\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic \"COVID-19 pandemic\"), has led CII researchers collaborating with researchers at [Sun Yat\\-sen University](/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen_University \"Sun Yat-sen University\") in China. Dr. Lipkin had also advised the Chinese government and the [World Health Organization](/wiki/World_Health_Organization \"World Health Organization\") (WHO) during the [2002–2004 SARS outbreak](/wiki/2002%E2%80%932004_SARS_outbreak \"2002–2004 SARS outbreak\").{{cite web\\|last\\=Zimmer\\|first\\=Carl\\|url\\=http://www.mailman.columbia.edu/academic\\-departments/epidemiology\\|title\\=A Man From Whom Viruses Can't Hide\\|website\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]]\\|date\\=November 22, 2010\\|access\\-date\\=March 24, 2020}}{{cite news\\|last\\=Kim\\|first\\=Elizabeth\\|url\\=https://gothamist.com/news/nyc\\-scientists\\-wuhan\\-coronavirus\\-contagion?\\|title\\=NYC Team Led By Scientist Who Advised On \"Contagion\" Is Racing To Unlock The Coronavirus. Here's What They Told Us\\|website\\=\\[\\[Gothamist]]\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[New York Public Radio]]\\|date\\=February 3, 2020\\|access\\-date\\=March 24, 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=February 4, 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204123321/https://gothamist.com/news/nyc\\-scientists\\-wuhan\\-coronavirus\\-contagion\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} Dr. Lipkin described his own infection with the SARS\\-CoV\\-2 virus, beginning mid\\-March 2020, which resulted in a case of [COVID\\-19](/wiki/Coronavirus_disease_2019 \"Coronavirus disease 2019\") and necessitated his recovering from the illness at home, on the [podcast](/wiki/Podcast \"Podcast\") *This Week in Virology*.*This Week in Virology* (TWiV) podcast.28 March 2020 *[http://www.microbe.tv/twiv/twiv\\-special\\-lipkin/](http://www.microbe.tv/twiv/twiv-special-lipkin/)*",
"Lipkin was the Louise Turner Arnold Chair in the Neurosciences{{cite web\\|url\\= https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\\-xpm\\-1993\\-03\\-31\\-me\\-17348\\-story.html\\|title\\=Realtor to Give $1\\.62 Million for UCI Chair \\|website\\=Los Angeles Times \\|last\\=Gewertz \\|first\\=Catherine \\|date\\=March 31, 1993}} at the [University of California, Irvine](/wiki/University_of_California%2C_Irvine \"University of California, Irvine\") from 1990 to 2001 and was recruited shortly thereafter by Columbia University. He began his current tenure at Columbia as the founding director of the [Jerome L. and Dawn Greene](/wiki/Jerome_L._Greene \"Jerome L. Greene\") Infectious Disease Laboratory from 2002 to 2007, which transitioned to the John Snow Professorship he holds at present.",
"A physician\\-scientist, Lipkin is internationally recognized for his work with [West Nile virus](/wiki/West_Nile_virus \"West Nile virus\") and [SARS](/wiki/SARS \"SARS\"), as well as advancing pathogen discovery techniques by developing a staged strategy using techniques pioneered in his lab. These molecular biological methods, including [MassTag\\-PCR](/wiki/MassTag-PCR \"MassTag-PCR\"), the GreeneChip diagnostic, and High Throughput Sequencing, are a major step towards identifying and studying new viral pathogens that emerge locally throughout the globe. A major node in a global network of investigators working to address the challenges of pathogen surveillance and discovery, Dr. Lipkin has trained over 30 internationally based [scientists](/wiki/Scientists \"Scientists\") in these state\\-of\\-the art diagnostic techniques.",
"Lipkin is the director for the Center for Research in Diagnostics and Discovery, under the National Institutes of Health Centers of Excellence for Translational Research program.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.niaid.nih.gov/research/cetr\\-locations\\|title\\=Centers of Excellence for Translational Research\\|website\\=nih.gov}} The Center for Research brings together leading investigators in microbial and human genetics, engineering, microbial ecology and public health to develop insights into mechanisms of disease and methods for detecting infectious agents, characterizing microflora and identifying biomarkers that can be used to guide clinical management. Lipkin was previously the Director of the Northeast Biodefense Center,{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://njms.rutgers.edu/research/rbl/nbc.php\\|title\\=Northeast Biodefense Center\n\\|website\\=njms.rutgers.edu\\|publisher\\=Rutgers New Jersey Medical School\\|access\\-date\\=August 28, 2021}} the Regional Center of Excellence in Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases which comprised 28 private and public academic and public health institutions in New York, New Jersey and Connecticut. Within this consortium, his research focused on pathogen discovery, using unexplained hemorrhagic fever, febrile illness, encephalitis, and meningoencephalitis as targets. He is the Principal Investigator of the Autism Birth Cohort, a unique international program that investigates the epidemiology and basis of neurodevelopmental disorders through analyses of a prospective birth cohort of 100,000 children and their parents. The ABC is examining gene\\-environment\\-timing interactions, biomarkers and the trajectory of normal development and disease. Lipkin also directs the [World Health Organization Collaborating Centre](/wiki/WHO_Collaborating_Centres \"WHO Collaborating Centres\") for Diagnostics in [Zoonotic](/wiki/Zoonotic \"Zoonotic\") and Emerging Infectious Diseases, the only academic center, and one of two in the US (the other is CDC), that participates in [outbreak](/wiki/Outbreak \"Outbreak\") investigation for the [WHO](/wiki/WHO \"WHO\").",
"Lipkin was co\\-chair of CDC Steering Committee of the National Biosurveillance Advisory Subcommittee (NBAS).{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.mailman.columbia.edu/public\\-health\\-now/news/dr\\-w\\-ian\\-lipkin\\-named\\-co\\-chair\\-cdc\\-subcommittee\\|title\\=Dr. W. Ian Lipkin Named Co\\-Chair of CDC Subcommittee\\|date\\=15 July 2010}} The NBAS was established in response to Homeland Security Presidential Directive 21 (HSPD\\-21\\),{{cite web\\|url\\=https://georgewbush\\-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2007/10/20071018\\-10\\.html\\|title\\=Homeland Security Presidential Directive\\|date\\=18 October 2007\\|website\\=archives.gov}} \"Public Health and Medical Preparedness.\"",
"He is Honorary Director of the Beijing Infectious Disease Center, Chair of the Scientific Advisory Board of the Institut Pasteur de Shanghai and serves on boards of the Australian Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre for Emerging Infectious Disease, the Guangzhou Institute for Biomedicine and Health, the [EcoHealth Alliance](/wiki/EcoHealth_Alliance \"EcoHealth Alliance\"),{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ecohealthalliance.org\\|title\\=Home \\- EcoHealth Alliance\\|website\\=ecohealthalliance.org}} Tetragenetics, and 454 Life Sciences Corporation.",
"Lipkin served as a science consultant for the film [*Contagion*](/wiki/Contagion_%282011_film%29 \"Contagion (2011 film)\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/digital/fact\\-vs\\-fiction/5\\-questions\\-for\\-ian\\-lipkin\\-the\\-scientist\\-who\\-designed\\-contagions\\-virus\\|title\\=Five Questions for Ian Lipkin, the Scientist Who Designed Contagion's Virus\\|date\\=9 September 2011}} The film has been praised for its [scientific accuracy](/wiki/Contagion_%282011_film%29%23Scientific_response \"Contagion (2011 film)#Scientific response\").",
"### Early career",
"While not quite a medical anthropologist, Lipkin specializes in infectious diseases and their neurological impact. His first professional publication came in 1979 during the time of his fellowship in London as a letter to the Editor at the Archives of Internal Medicine (now [JAMA Internal Medicine](/wiki/JAMA_Internal_Medicine \"JAMA Internal Medicine\")), where he poses a potential correlation between [eosinopenia](/wiki/Eosinopenia \"Eosinopenia\") and [bacteremia](/wiki/Bacteremia \"Bacteremia\") in diagnostic evaluations for a bacteremic patient.{{cite journal\\|url\\= https://www.mailman.columbia.edu/sites/default/files/legacy/eosinophilcountsinbacteremia.pdf\\|title\\=Eosinophil Counts in Bacteremia \\|journal\\= Archives of Internal Medicine\\|volume\\=139 \\|issue\\=4 \\|pages\\=490–1 \\|date\\=April 1979 \\|pmid\\=435009\\|last1\\=Lipkin \\|first1\\=W. I. \\|doi\\=10\\.1001/archinte.1979\\.03630410094035 }} While at UCL, he worked with [John Newsom\\-Davis](/wiki/John_Newsom-Davis \"John Newsom-Davis\"), who was utilizing [plasmapheresis](/wiki/Plasmapheresis \"Plasmapheresis\") to better understand [myasthenia gravis](/wiki/Myasthenia_gravis \"Myasthenia gravis\"), a [neuromuscular disease](/wiki/Neuromuscular_disease \"Neuromuscular disease\").{{Cite book \\|doi \\= 10\\.1006/rwei.1999\\.0495 \\|chapter \\= Plasmapheresis \\|title \\= Encyclopedia of Immunology \\|pages \\= \\[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofim00delv/page/1969 1969–1971] \\|year \\= 1998 \\|last1 \\= Hamblin \\|first1 \\= Terry \\|isbn \\= 9780122267659 \\|chapter\\-url\\-access \\= registration \\|chapter\\-url \\= https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofim00delv \\|url \\= https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofim00delv/page/1969 }}",
"In 1981, Lipkin began his neurology residency and worked in a local San Francisco clinic, which was about the time [AIDS](/wiki/HIV/AIDS%23history \"HIV/AIDS#history\") began to affect the local city population. Because of the social view of [homosexual](/wiki/LGBT_history_in_the_United_States \"LGBT history in the United States\") people at the time, very few clinicians would see patients with these symptoms. He \"was watching many patients fall ill with AIDS. It took years for scientists to discover the virus responsible for the disease... 'I saw all of this, and I said, 'We have to find new and better ways to do this.'\"{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/23/science/23prof.html\\|title\\=A Man From Whom Viruses Can't Hide \\|last\\=Zimmer \\|first\\=Carl \\|website\\=New York Times \\|date\\=November 22, 2010}} It was during this epidemic that Lipkin took the approach of looking for a virus' genes instead of looking for antibodies in infected people as a way to speed up the diagnosis process. By the mid\\-1980s, Lipkin had published two papers specifically about AIDS research{{cite journal\\|url\\=https://www.mailman.columbia.edu/sites/default/files/legacy/immunologicstudiesinpatientswithacquiredimmunedeficiencysyndrome.pdf\\|pmid\\=6222070\\|pmc\\=437015\\|year\\=1983\\|last1\\=Landay\\|first1\\=A.\\|title\\=Immunologic studies in asymptomatic hemophilia patients. Relationship to acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)\\|journal\\=The Journal of Clinical Investigation\\|volume\\=71\\|issue\\=5\\|pages\\=1500–4\\|last2\\=Poon\\|first2\\=M. C.\\|last3\\=Abo\\|first3\\=T.\\|last4\\=Stagno\\|first4\\=S.\\|last5\\=Lurie\\|first5\\=A.\\|last6\\=Cooper\\|first6\\=M. D.\\|doi\\=10\\.1172/JCI110904}}{{cite journal\\|url\\=https://www.mailman.columbia.edu/sites/default/files/legacy/inflammatoryneuropathyinhomosexualmenwithlymphadenopathy.pdf \\|pmid\\=2993951\\|year\\=1985\\|last1\\=Lipkin\\|first1\\=W. I.\\|title\\=Inflammatory neuropathy in homosexual men with lymphadenopathy\\|journal\\=Neurology\\|volume\\=35\\|issue\\=10\\|pages\\=1479–83\\|last2\\=Parry\\|first2\\=G.\\|last3\\=Kiprov\\|first3\\=D.\\|last4\\=Abrams\\|first4\\=D.\\|doi\\=10\\.1212/WNL.35\\.10\\.1479\\|s2cid\\=6542995}} and transitioned into utilizing a more pathological approach to virus identification. He identified AIDS\\-associated immunological abnormalities and inflammatory neuropathy, which he showed could be treated with plasmapheresis and demonstrated early life exposure to viral infections affects [neurotransmitter](/wiki/Neurotransmitter \"Neurotransmitter\") function.",
"### Bornavirus",
"In 1989, Lipkin was the first to identify a [microbe](/wiki/Microorganism \"Microorganism\") using purely molecular tools.{{cite journal \\|jstor\\=2354914 \\|pmid\\=1693432 \\|pmc\\=54072 \\|doi\\=10\\.1073/pnas.87\\.11\\.4184\\|year\\=1990 \\|last1\\=Lipkin \\|first1\\=W. I. \\|title\\=Isolation and characterization of Borna disease agent cDNA clones \\|journal\\=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America \\|volume\\=87 \\|issue\\=11 \\|pages\\=4184–8 \\|last2\\=Travis \\|first2\\=G. H. \\|last3\\=Carbone \\|first3\\=K. M. \\|last4\\=Wilson \\|first4\\=M. C. \\|bibcode\\=1990PNAS...87\\.4184L \\|doi\\-access\\=free }}{{cite journal \\|doi\\=10\\.1128/MMBR.00007\\-10\\|pmid\\=20805403\\|pmc\\=2937520\\|year\\=2010\\|last1\\=Lipkin\\|first1\\=W. I.\\|title\\=Microbe hunting\\|journal\\=Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews\\|volume\\=74\\|issue\\=3\\|pages\\=363–77}} During his time as Chair at UC Irvine, Lipkin published several papers throughout the decade dissecting and interpreting [bornavirus](/wiki/Borna_disease \"Borna disease\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.publichealth.columbia.edu/research/center\\-infection\\-and\\-immunity/1990\\-1999\\|title\\=1990 \\- 1999 \\| Columbia Public Health\\|website\\=www.publichealth.columbia.edu}} Once it was apparent the viral infections could selectively alter behavior and steady state brain levels of [neurotransmitter](/wiki/Neurotransmitter \"Neurotransmitter\") [mRNAs](/wiki/Messenger_RNA \"Messenger RNA\"), the next step was to look for infectious agents which could be used as probes to map anatomic and functional domains in the [central nervous system](/wiki/Central_nervous_system \"Central nervous system\") (CNS).{{cite journal\\|pmid\\=2905625\\|year\\=1988\\|last1\\=Lipkin\\|first1\\=W. I.\\|title\\=Neurotransmitter abnormalities in Borna disease\\|journal\\=Brain Research\\|volume\\=475\\|issue\\=2\\|pages\\=366–70\\|last2\\=Carbone\\|first2\\=K. M.\\|last3\\=Wilson\\|first3\\=M. C.\\|last4\\=Duchala\\|first4\\=C. S.\\|last5\\=Narayan\\|first5\\=O.\\|last6\\=Oldstone\\|first6\\=M. B.\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/0006\\-8993(88\\)90627\\-0\\|s2cid\\=8893525}}",
"By the mid\\-1990s, it was asserted that \"Borna disease is a neurotropic negative\\-strand RNA virus that infects a wide range of vertebrate hosts,\" causing \"an immune\\-mediated syndrome resulting in disturbances in movement and behavior.\"{{cite journal\\|pmid\\=8183914\\|pmc\\=43785\\|year\\=1994\\|last1\\=Briese\\|first1\\=T.\\|title\\=Genomic organization of Borna disease virus\\|journal\\=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America\\|volume\\=91\\|issue\\=10\\|pages\\=4362–6\\|last2\\=Schneemann\\|first2\\=A.\\|last3\\=Lewis\\|first3\\=A. J.\\|last4\\=Park\\|first4\\=Y. S.\\|last5\\=Kim\\|first5\\=S.\\|last6\\=Ludwig\\|first6\\=H.\\|last7\\=Lipkin\\|first7\\=W. I.\\|doi\\=10\\.1073/pnas.91\\.10\\.4362\\|bibcode\\=1994PNAS...91\\.4362B\\|doi\\-access\\=free}} This led to several groups across the globe working to determine if there was a link between Borna disease virus (BDV) or a related agent and human neuropsychiatric disease.{{Cite journal\\|pmc\\=164222\\|year\\=2003\\|last1\\=Bode\\|first1\\=L.\\|title\\=Borna Disease Virus Infection, a Human Mental\\-Health Risk\\|journal\\=Clinical Microbiology Reviews\\|volume\\=16\\|issue\\=3\\|pages\\=534–545\\|last2\\=Ludwig\\|first2\\=H.\\|pmid\\=12857781\\|doi\\=10\\.1128/CMR.16\\.3\\.534\\-545\\.2003}} The group was formally called Microbiology and Immunology of Neuropsychiatric Disorders (MIND) and the multicenter, multi\\-national group focused on using standardized methods for [clinical diagnosis](/wiki/Medical_diagnosis \"Medical diagnosis\") and blinded laboratory assessment of BDV infection.{{cite journal\\|pmid\\=11435078\\|year\\=2001\\|last1\\=Lipkin\\|first1\\=W. I.\\|title\\=Borna disease virus and neuropsychiatric disease\\-\\-a reappraisal\\|journal\\=Trends in Microbiology\\|volume\\=9\\|issue\\=7\\|pages\\=295–8\\|last2\\=Hornig\\|first2\\=M.\\|last3\\=Briese\\|first3\\=T.\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/S0966\\-842X(01\\)02071\\-6}} After nearly two decades of inquiry, the first blinded case\\-controlled study of the link between BDV and psychiatric illness{{cite journal\\|pmid\\=22290118\\|pmc\\=3622588\\|doi\\=10\\.1038/mp.2011\\.179\\|year\\=2012\\|last1\\=Hornig\\|first1\\=M.\\|title\\=Absence of evidence for bornavirus infection in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder\\|journal\\=Molecular Psychiatry\\|volume\\=17\\|issue\\=5\\|pages\\=486–93\\|last2\\=Briese\\|first2\\=T.\\|last3\\=Licinio\\|first3\\=J\\|last4\\=Khabbaz\\|first4\\=R. F.\\|last5\\=Altshuler\\|first5\\=L. L\\|last6\\=Potkin\\|first6\\=S. G.\\|last7\\=Schwemmle\\|first7\\=M.\\|last8\\=Siemetzki\\|first8\\=U\\|last9\\=Mintz\\|first9\\=J.\\|last10\\=Honkavuori\\|first10\\=K\\|last11\\=Kraemer\\|first11\\=H. C.\\|last12\\=Egan\\|first12\\=M. F.\\|last13\\=Whybrow\\|first13\\=P. C.\\|last14\\=Bunney\\|first14\\=W. E\\|last15\\=Lipkin\\|first15\\=W. I.}} was completed by the researchers at Columbia University's Center for Infection and Immunity in a joint effort that concluded there is no association between the two. Lipkin noted that \"it was concern over the potential role of BDV in mental illness and the inability to identify it using classical techniques that led us to develop molecular methods for pathogen discovery. Ultimately these new techniques enabled us to refute a role for BDV in human disease. But the fact remains that we gained strategies for the discovery of hundreds of other pathogens that have important implications for medicine, agriculture, and environmental health.\"{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.publichealth.columbia.edu/public\\-health\\-now/news/does\\-borna\\-disease\\-virus\\-cause\\-mental\\-illness\\|title\\=Does Borna Disease Virus Cause Mental Illness? \\| Columbia Public Health\\|date\\=January 31, 2012\\|website\\=www.publichealth.columbia.edu}}",
"### West Nile Virus",
"[thumb\\|West Nile Virus in New YorkIn](/wiki/File:West_Nile_Virus_Image.jpg \"West Nile Virus Image.jpg\") 1999, [West Nile virus](/wiki/West_Nile_virus \"West Nile virus\") was reported in two patients in [Flushing Hospital Medical Center](/wiki/Flushing_Hospital_Medical_Center \"Flushing Hospital Medical Center\") in Queens, New York. Lipkin led the team identifying West Nile virus in brain tissue of [encephalitis](/wiki/Encephalitis \"Encephalitis\") victims in New York State. It was determined potential routes for the spread of West Nile virus throughout New York (and the Eastern United States) originated from predominantly mosquitoes, but also possible from infected birds or human beings. There is a high likelihood the two international airports nearby the initial reported cases were also the initial points of entry into the United States.{{cite journal\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/S0140\\-6736(99\\)04576\\-6\\|pmid\\=10520637\\|year\\=1999\\|last1\\=Briese\\|first1\\=T.\\|title\\=Identification of a Kunjin/West Nile\\-like flavivirus in brains of patients with New York encephalitis\\|journal\\=Lancet\\|volume\\=354\\|issue\\=9186\\|pages\\=1261–1262\\|last2\\=Jia\\|first2\\=X. Y.\\|last3\\=Huang\\|first3\\=C.\\|last4\\=Grady\\|first4\\=L. J.\\|last5\\=Lipkin\\|first5\\=W. I.\\|s2cid\\=5469505}} During the five years after the first reported case, Lipkin worked on a study with the [National Institutes of Health](/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health \"National Institutes of Health\") (NIH) and the [Wadsworth Center](/wiki/Wadsworth_Center \"Wadsworth Center\") at the [New York State Department of Health](/wiki/New_York_State_Department_of_Health \"New York State Department of Health\") to determine how a vaccine could be developed. While they had some success with the immunization of mice with particles resembling the structural protein prME of West Nile Virus,{{cite journal\\|pmid\\=15551208\\|doi\\=10\\.1086/425933\\|year\\=2004\\|last1\\=Qiao\\|first1\\=M.\\|title\\=Induction of sterilizing immunity against West Nile Virus (WNV), by immunization with WNV\\-like particles produced in insect cells\\|journal\\=The Journal of Infectious Diseases\\|volume\\=190\\|issue\\=12\\|pages\\=2104–2108\\|last2\\=Ashok\\|first2\\=M.\\|last3\\=Bernard\\|first3\\=K. A.\\|last4\\=Palacios\\|first4\\=G.\\|last5\\=Zhou\\|first5\\=Z. H.\\|last6\\=Lipkin\\|first6\\=W. I.\\|last7\\=Liang\\|first7\\=T. J.\\|doi\\-access\\=free}} as of 2018, there is still no human vaccine for West Nile Virus.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.cdc.gov/westnile/index.html\\|title\\=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: West Nile Virus\\|date\\=3 June 2020}}",
"### SARS\\-CoV",
"[thumb\\|Sars\\-coronaChinese](/wiki/File:Coronaviruses_004_lores.jpg \"Coronaviruses 004 lores.jpg\") scientists first discovered the [severe acute respiratory syndrome](/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome \"Severe acute respiratory syndrome\") (SARS) [coronavirus](/wiki/Coronavirus \"Coronavirus\") in February 2003, but due to initial misinterpretation of the data, the information of the correct agent associated with SARS was suppressed and the outbreak investigation had a delayed start. Advanced hospital facilities were at the greatest risk as they were most susceptible to virus transmission, so it was the \"classical gumshoe epidemiology\" of \"contact tracing and isolation\" that brought swift action against the [epidemic](/wiki/Epidemic \"Epidemic\").{{Cite journal\\|doi\\=10\\.1080/17441690903061389\\|title\\=SARS: How a global epidemic was stopped\\|journal\\=Global Public Health\\|volume\\=4\\|issue\\=5\\|pages\\=500–501\\|year\\=2009\\|last1\\=Lipkin\\|first1\\=W. Ian\\|s2cid\\=71513132}} Lipkin was requested to assist with the investigation by Chen Zhou, vice president of the [Chinese Academy of Sciences](/wiki/Chinese_Academy_of_Sciences \"Chinese Academy of Sciences\") and Xu Guanhua, minister of the [Ministry of Science and Technology](/wiki/Ministry_of_Science_and_Technology_%28China%29 \"Ministry of Science and Technology (China)\") in China to \"assess the state of the epidemic, identify the gaps in science, and develop a strategy for containing the virus and reducing morbidity and mortality.\"{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.publichealth.columbia.edu/public\\-health\\-now/news/ian\\-lipkin\\-receives\\-top\\-science\\-honor\\-china\\|title\\=Ian Lipkin Receives Top Science Honor in China \\| Columbia Public Health\\|website\\=www.publichealth.columbia.edu}} This brought the development of [real\\-time polymerase chain reaction](/wiki/Real-time_polymerase_chain_reaction \"Real-time polymerase chain reaction\") technology, which essentially allowed for the detection of infection at earlier time points as the process, in this instance, targets the N gene sequence and amplify the analysis in a closed system. This markedly reduces the risk of [contamination](/wiki/Contamination \"Contamination\") during processing.{{cite journal\\|pmid\\=15030701\\|pmc\\=3322935\\|doi\\=10\\.3201/eid1002\\.030799\\|year\\=2004\\|last1\\=Zhai\\|first1\\=J.\\|title\\=Real\\-time polymerase chain reaction for detecting SARS coronavirus, Beijing, 2003\\|journal\\=Emerging Infectious Diseases\\|volume\\=10\\|issue\\=2\\|pages\\=300–303\\|last2\\=Briese\\|first2\\=T.\\|last3\\=Dai\\|first3\\=E.\\|last4\\=Wang\\|first4\\=X.\\|last5\\=Pang\\|first5\\=X.\\|last6\\=Du\\|first6\\=Z.\\|last7\\=Liu\\|first7\\=H.\\|last8\\=Wang\\|first8\\=J.\\|last9\\=Wang\\|first9\\=H.\\|last10\\=Guo\\|first10\\=Z.\\|last11\\=Chen\\|first11\\=Z.\\|last12\\=Jiang\\|first12\\=L.\\|last13\\=Zhou\\|first13\\=D.\\|last14\\=Han\\|first14\\=Y.\\|last15\\=Jabado\\|first15\\=O.\\|last16\\=Palacios\\|first16\\=G.\\|last17\\=Lipkin\\|first17\\=W. I.\\|last18\\=Tang\\|first18\\=R.}} Test kits were developed with this PCR\\-based assay analysis{{cite web\\|url\\= http://innovation.columbia.edu/technologies/1454\\_pcr\\-based\\-assays\\-for\\-the\\-rapid\\|title\\=Columbia University Technology Ventures, submission date April 15, 2003}} and 10,000 were hand\\-delivered to Beijing during the height of the outbreak by Lipkin, whereupon he trained local clinical microbiologists on the proper usage. He became ill upon his return to the U.S. and was quarantined.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.mailman.columbia.edu/research/center\\-infection\\-and\\-immunity/w\\-ian\\-lipkin\\-md\\|title\\=W. Ian Lipkin, MD \\| Columbia Public Health\\|website\\=www.mailman.columbia.edu\\|quote\\=In 2003, Lipkin sequenced a portion of the SARS virus directly from lung tissue \\[...]. He became ill shortly after returning to the US and was quarantined.}}",
"Lipkin was asked to join the [Defense Science Board](/wiki/Defense_Science_Board \"Defense Science Board\") Task Force on SARS Quarantine Guidance during the height of the SARS outbreak between 2003 and 2004, to advise the [U.S. Department of Defense](/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Defense \"U.S. Department of Defense\") on steps to domestically manage the epidemic. As part of the EcoHealth Alliance, Lipkin's center worked in conjunction with an [NIH](/wiki/NIH \"NIH\")/[NIAID](/wiki/NIAID \"NIAID\") grant{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://app.dimensions.ai/details/grant/grant.2458395\\|title\\=Risk of Viral Emergence from Bats \\- Dimensions\\|website\\=app.dimensions.ai}} assessing bats as the reservoir for the SARS virus. 47 publications resulted from this grant, which also included assessment on [Nipah](/wiki/Nipah_virus \"Nipah virus\"), [Hendra](/wiki/Hendra_virus \"Hendra virus\"), [Ebola](/wiki/Ebola_virus_disease \"Ebola virus disease\"), and [Marburg](/wiki/Marburg_virus \"Marburg virus\") viruses. This proved to be significant research on the overall study of viral reservoirs as it was determined that bats carry coronaviruses and either directly infect humans with an exchange of bodily fluid (such as a bite) or indirectly by infecting an intermediate host, such as swine.{{cite journal\\|pmid\\=21063474\\|pmc\\=2975989\\|doi\\=10\\.1128/mBio.00208\\-10\\|year\\=2010\\|last1\\=Quan\\|first1\\=P. L.\\|title\\=Identification of a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus\\-like virus in a leaf\\-nosed bat in Nigeria\\|journal\\=mBio\\|volume\\=1\\|issue\\=4\\|last2\\=Firth\\|first2\\=C.\\|last3\\=Street\\|first3\\=C.\\|last4\\=Henriquez\\|first4\\=J. A.\\|last5\\=Petrosov\\|first5\\=A.\\|last6\\=Tashmukhamedova\\|first6\\=A.\\|last7\\=Hutchison\\|first7\\=S. K.\\|last8\\=Egholm\\|first8\\=M.\\|last9\\=Osinubi\\|first9\\=M. O.\\|last10\\=Niezgoda\\|first10\\=M.\\|last11\\=Ogunkoya\\|first11\\=A. B.\\|last12\\=Briese\\|first12\\=T.\\|last13\\=Rupprecht\\|first13\\=C. E.\\|last14\\=Lipkin\\|first14\\=W. I.}} Lipkin addressed a health forum in Guangzhou in January 2004 where China Daily reported him as saying: \"SARS virus is probably rooted and spread by rats.\"{{Cite web\\|title\\=Back on SARS standby\\|url\\=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/en/bjweekend/2004\\-01/02/content\\_295362\\.htm\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-06\\-12\\|website\\=www.chinadaily.com.cn}}",
"In 2016, the Chinese government awarded him the International Science and Technology Cooperation Award, the nation's top science honor for foreign scientists,{{Cite web\\|date\\=January 8, 2016\\|title\\=Ian Lipkin Receives Top Science Honor in China {{!}} Columbia Public Health\\|url\\=https://www.publichealth.columbia.edu/public\\-health\\-now/news/ian\\-lipkin\\-receives\\-top\\-science\\-honor\\-china\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-11\\-24\\|website\\=www.publichealth.columbia.edu\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Mailman School of Public Health]], \\[\\[Columbia University]]}} and in January 2020, it awarded him a medal marking the People's Republic of China's 70th Anniversary, both awards for his work during the [2002–2004 SARS outbreak](/wiki/2002%E2%80%932004_SARS_outbreak \"2002–2004 SARS outbreak\") and in strengthening China's public health system.{{Cite web\\|date\\=January 7, 2020\\|title\\=China Honors Ian Lipkin {{!}} Columbia Public Health\\|url\\=https://www.publichealth.columbia.edu/public\\-health\\-now/news/china\\-honors\\-ian\\-lipkin\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-11\\-24\\|website\\=www.publichealth.columbia.edu\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Mailman School of Public Health]], \\[\\[Columbia University]]}}",
"### MERS\\-CoV",
"[Middle East respiratory syndrome](/wiki/Middle_East_respiratory_syndrome \"Middle East respiratory syndrome\") (MERS) was first reported in [Saudi Arabia](/wiki/Saudi_Arabia \"Saudi Arabia\") during [June 2012](/wiki/2012_Middle_East_respiratory_syndrome_coronavirus_outbreak \"2012 Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus outbreak\") when a local man was initially diagnosed with acute pneumonia and later died of [kidney failure](/wiki/Kidney_failure \"Kidney failure\"). The early reports of the disease were similar to [SARS](/wiki/SARS \"SARS\") as the symptoms are similar, but it was quickly determined these cases were caused by a new strain called [MERS coronavirus](/wiki/MERS_coronavirus \"MERS coronavirus\") (MERS\\-CoV). Given Lipkin's expertise with the [SARS](/wiki/SARS \"SARS\") outbreak in [China](/wiki/China \"China\") nearly ten years prior, the [Saudi Arabian Ministry of Health](/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_%28Saudi_Arabia%29 \"Ministry of Health (Saudi Arabia)\") granted Lipkin and his lab local access to animal samples related to the initial reported cases.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.science.org/content/article/bat\\-out\\-hell\\-egyptian\\-tomb\\-bat\\-may\\-harbor\\-mers\\-virus\\|title\\=Bat Out of Hell? Egyptian Tomb Bat May Harbor MERS Virus\\|date\\=22 August 2013}} With the rare opportunity, Lipkin's team created a mobile lab able to fit in six pieces of personal luggage and was transported from [New York](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\") to [Saudi Arabia](/wiki/Saudi_Arabia \"Saudi Arabia\") via commercial flight to complete the analysis of samples.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://gizmodo.com/meet\\-the\\-world\\-s\\-top\\-virus\\-hunter\\-1530217382\\|title\\=Meet the World's Top Virus Hunter\\|website\\=Gizmodo\\|date\\=7 March 2014 }}",
"It seemed unlikely that bats were directly infecting humans, as the direct physical interaction between the two is limited at best. A study was completed in more local proximity, examining the diverse bat populations in southeastern [Mexico](/wiki/Mexico \"Mexico\") and determining how diverse the viruses they carry could be.{{Cite journal\\|pmc \\= 3709589\\|year \\= 2013\\|last1 \\= Anthony\\|first1 \\= S. J.\\|title \\= Coronaviruses in bats from Mexico\\|journal \\= The Journal of General Virology\\|volume \\= 94\\|issue \\= Pt 5\\|pages \\= 1028–1038\\|last2 \\= Ojeda\\-Flores\\|first2 \\= R.\\|last3 \\= Rico\\-Chávez\\|first3 \\= O.\\|last4 \\= Navarrete\\-Macias\\|first4 \\= I.\\|last5 \\= Zambrana\\-Torrelio\\|first5 \\= C. M.\\|last6 \\= Rostal\\|first6 \\= M. K.\\|last7 \\= Epstein\\|first7 \\= J. H.\\|last8 \\= Tipps\\|first8 \\= T.\\|last9 \\= Liang\\|first9 \\= E.\\|last10 \\= Sanchez\\-Leon\\|first10 \\= M.\\|last11 \\= Sotomayor\\-Bonilla\\|first11 \\= J.\\|last12 \\= Aguirre\\|first12 \\= A. A.\\|last13 \\= Ávila\\-Flores\\|first13 \\= R.\\|last14 \\= Medellín\\|first14 \\= R. A.\\|last15 \\= Goldstein\\|first15 \\= T.\\|last16 \\= Suzán\\|first16 \\= G.\\|last17 \\= Daszak\\|first17 \\= P.\\|last18 \\= Lipkin\\|first18 \\= W. I.\\|pmid \\= 23364191\\|doi \\= 10\\.1099/vir.0\\.049759\\-0}} However, it became apparent that [dromedary](/wiki/Dromedary \"Dromedary\") camels were the intermediary in the transmission between bats and humans, since camel milk and meat are dietary staples in the Saudi Arabian region.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.cnn.com/2014/05/20/opinion/lipkin\\-mers\\-cases/index.html\\|title\\=Will MERS become a global threat?\\|website\\=\\[\\[CNN]] \\|date\\=20 May 2014}} The instances of human\\-to\\-human transmission appeared to be isolated to case\\-patients and anyone in close direct contact with them, as opposed to a broad open\\-air transmission.{{Cite journal\\|pmid \\= 24206838\\|pmc \\= 3837665\\|year \\= 2013\\|last1 \\= Memish\\|first1 \\= Z. A.\\|title \\= Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in bats, Saudi Arabia\\|journal \\= Emerging Infectious Diseases\\|volume \\= 19\\|issue \\= 11\\|pages \\= 1819–23\\|last2 \\= Mishra\\|first2 \\= N.\\|last3 \\= Olival\\|first3 \\= K. J.\\|last4 \\= Fagbo\\|first4 \\= S. F.\\|last5 \\= Kapoor\\|first5 \\= V.\\|last6 \\= Epstein\\|first6 \\= J. H.\\|last7 \\= Alhakeem\\|first7 \\= R.\\|last8 \\= Durosinloun\\|first8 \\= A.\\|last9 \\= Al Asmari\\|first9 \\= M.\\|last10 \\= Islam\\|first10 \\= A.\\|last11 \\= Kapoor\\|first11 \\= A.\\|last12 \\= Briese\\|first12 \\= T.\\|last13 \\= Daszak\\|first13 \\= P.\\|last14 \\= Al Rabeeah\\|first14 \\= A. A.\\|last15 \\= Lipkin\\|first15 \\= W. I.\\|doi \\= 10\\.3201/eid1911\\.131172}} By 2017, it was determined that bats are most likely the evolutionary original source for [MERS\\-CoV](/wiki/MERS-CoV \"MERS-CoV\") along with several other coronaviruses, though not all of those types of zoonotic viruses are direct threats to humans like [MERS\\-CoV](/wiki/MERS-CoV \"MERS-CoV\"){{cite journal\\|pmid\\=28377531\\|pmc\\=5380844\\|doi\\=10\\.1128/mBio.00373\\-17\\|year\\=2017\\|last1\\=Anthony\\|first1\\=S. J.\\|title\\=Further Evidence for Bats as the Evolutionary Source of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus\\|journal\\=mBio\\|volume\\=8\\|issue\\=2\\|last2\\=Gilardi\\|first2\\=K.\\|last3\\=Menachery\\|first3\\=V. D.\\|last4\\=Goldstein\\|first4\\=T.\\|last5\\=Ssebide\\|first5\\=B.\\|last6\\=Mbabazi\\|first6\\=R.\\|last7\\=Navarrete\\-Macias\\|first7\\=I.\\|last8\\=Liang\\|first8\\=E.\\|last9\\=Wells\\|first9\\=H.\\|last10\\=Hicks\\|first10\\=A.\\|last11\\=Petrosov\\|first11\\=A.\\|last12\\=Byarugaba\\|first12\\=D. K.\\|last13\\=Debbink\\|first13\\=K.\\|last14\\=Dinnon\\|first14\\=K. H.\\|last15\\=Scobey\\|first15\\=T.\\|last16\\=Randell\\|first16\\=S. H.\\|last17\\=Yount\\|first17\\=B. L.\\|last18\\=Cranfield\\|first18\\=M.\\|last19\\=Johnson\\|first19\\=C. K.\\|last20\\=Baric\\|first20\\=R. S.\\|last21\\=Lipkin\\|first21\\=W. I.\\|last22\\=Mazet\\|first22\\=J. A.}} and \"\\[c]ollectively, these examples demonstrate that the MERS\\-related coronaviruses are high associated with bats and are geographically widespread.\"{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/04/170404104826\\.htm\\|title\\=MERS\\-like coronavirus identified in Ugandan bat: New virus not likely to spread to humans\\|website\\=ScienceDaily}}",
"### Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome",
"Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome ([ME/CFS](/wiki/ME/CFS \"ME/CFS\")) is a chronic condition characterized by extreme fatigue after exertion that is not relieved by rest and includes other symptoms, such as muscle and joint pain and cognitive dysfunction. In September 2017, the NIH awarded a $9\\.6 million grant to [Columbia University](/wiki/Columbia_University \"Columbia University\") for the \"CfS for ME/CFS\" intended for the pursuit of basic research and the development of tools to help both physicians and patients effectively monitor the course of the illness.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.publichealth.columbia.edu/public\\-health\\-now/news/nih\\-awards\\-96\\-million\\-grant\\-columbia\\-myalgic\\-encephalomyelitischronic\\-fatigue\\-syndrome\\-collaborative\\|title\\=NIH Awards $9\\.6 Million Grant to Columbia for a Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Collaborative Research Center \\| Columbia Public Health\\|website\\=www.publichealth.columbia.edu}} This collaboration effort led by Lipkin includes other institutions, such as the Bateman Horne Center (Lucinda Bateman), [Harvard University](/wiki/Harvard_Medical_School%23Organization \"Harvard Medical School#Organization\") ([Anthony L. Komaroff](/wiki/Anthony_L._Komaroff \"Anthony L. Komaroff\")), [Stanford University](/wiki/Stanford_University \"Stanford University\") (Kegan Moneghetti), Sierra Internal Medicine ([Daniel Peterson](/wiki/Daniel_Peterson_%28physician%29 \"Daniel Peterson (physician)\")), [University of California, Davis](/wiki/University_of_California%2C_Davis \"University of California, Davis\") (Oliver Fiehn), and [Albert Einstein College of Medicine](/wiki/Albert_Einstein_College_of_Medicine \"Albert Einstein College of Medicine\") (John Greally), along with private clinicians in New York City.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.publichealth.columbia.edu/research/center\\-infection\\-and\\-immunity/who\\-we\\-are\\|title\\=Who We Are \\| Columbia Public Health\\|website\\=www.publichealth.columbia.edu}}",
"The team of researchers and clinicians initially collaborated to de\\-link [xenotropic murine leukemia virus\\-related virus](/wiki/Xenotropic_murine_leukemia_virus-related_virus \"Xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus\") (XMRV) to [ME/CFS](/wiki/ME/CFS \"ME/CFS\") after the NIH requested research into the conflicting reports between [XMRV](/wiki/XMRV \"XMRV\") and ME/CFS. The group \"consolidated its vision with support from the Hutchins Family Foundation Chronic Fatigue Initiative and a crowd\\-funding organization, The Microbe Discovery Project, to explore the role of infection and immunity in disease and identify [biomarkers](/wiki/Biomarkers \"Biomarkers\") for diagnosis through functional [genomic](/wiki/Genomic \"Genomic\"), [proteomic](/wiki/Proteomic \"Proteomic\"), and [metabolomic](/wiki/Metabolomic \"Metabolomic\") discovery.\"{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://reporter.nih.gov/project\\-details/9479907\\|title\\=Center for Solutions for ME/CFS\\|website\\=reporter.nih.gov\\|access\\-date\\=August 28, 2021}} The project will collect a large clinical database and sample repository representing oral, fecal, and blood samples from well\\-characterized [ME/CFS](/wiki/ME/CFS \"ME/CFS\") subjects and frequency\\-matched controls collected nationwide over a period of several years. Additionally, researchers are working with [ME/CFS](/wiki/ME/CFS \"ME/CFS\") community and advocacy groups as the project progresses.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.ninds.nih.gov/News\\-Events/News\\-and\\-Press\\-Releases/Press\\-Releases/NIH\\-announces\\-centers\\-myalgic\\|title\\=NIH announces centers for myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome research \\| National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke\\|website\\=www.ninds.nih.gov}}",
"### Acute flaccid myelitis (AFM)",
"[Acute flaccid myelitis](/wiki/Acute_flaccid_myelitis \"Acute flaccid myelitis\") (AFM) is a serious condition of the spinal cord with symptoms including rapid onset of arm or leg weakness, decreased reflexes, difficulty moving the eyes, speaking, or swallowing may also occur. Occasionally numbness or pain may be present and complications can include trouble breathing. In August 2019, Lipkin and Dr. Nischay Mishra published a collaborative study with the [CDC](/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention \"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\") in analyzing serological data for serum and [cerebrospinal fluid](/wiki/Cerebrospinal_fluid \"Cerebrospinal fluid\") (CSF) samples of AFM patients.{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Mishra \\|first1\\=N \\|last2\\=Ng \\|first2\\=TFF \\|last3\\=Marine \\|first3\\=RL \\|last4\\=Jain \\|first4\\=K \\|last5\\=Ng \\|first5\\=J \\|last6\\=Thakkar \\|first6\\=R \\|last7\\=Caciula \\|first7\\=A \\|last8\\=Price \\|first8\\=A \\|last9\\=Garcia \\|first9\\=JA \\|last10\\=Burns \\|first10\\=JC \\|last11\\=Thakur \\|first11\\=KT \\|last12\\=Hetzler \\|first12\\=KL \\|last13\\=Routh \\|first13\\=JA \\|last14\\=Konopka\\-Anstadt \\|first14\\=JL \\|last15\\=Nix \\|first15\\=WA \\|last16\\=Tokarz \\|first16\\=R \\|last17\\=Briese \\|first17\\=T \\|last18\\=Oberste \\|first18\\=MS \\|last19\\=Lipkin \\|first19\\=WI \\|title\\=Antibodies to Enteroviruses in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Patients with Acute Flaccid Myelitis \\|journal\\=mBio \\|date\\=13 August 2019 \\|volume\\=10 \\|issue\\=4 \\|pages\\=e01903\\-19 \\|doi\\=10\\.1128/mBio.01903\\-19 \\|pmid\\=31409689 \\|pmc\\=6692520}} The Lipkin team utilized high\\-density peptide arrays (also known as Serochips) to identify antibodies to [EV\\-D68](/wiki/EV-D68 \"EV-D68\") in those samples. The technology was featured on the Dr. Oz Show in mid\\-September, illustrating how the enterovirus affects the CSF and the actual Serochip used to do the analysis.{{cite web \\|title\\=Hear Firsthand From the Doctor Who is Getting Closer to Finding a Cure for AFM \\|url\\=https://www.doctoroz.com/episode/impossible\\-burger\\-beyond\\-sausage\\-inside\\-meatless\\-fast\\-food\\-craze?video\\_id\\=6098525062001 \\|website\\=The Dr. Oz Show \\|access\\-date\\=12 November 2019 \\|date\\=16 September 2019}}{{cite web \\|title\\=How Researchers Figured Out What Causes AFM \\|url\\=https://www.doctoroz.com/episode/impossible\\-burger\\-beyond\\-sausage\\-inside\\-meatless\\-fast\\-food\\-craze?video\\_id\\=6098526261001 \\|website\\=The Dr. Oz Show \\|access\\-date\\=12 November 2019 \\|date\\=16 September 2019}} In October, the [University of California, San Francisco](/wiki/University_of_California%2C_San_Francisco \"University of California, San Francisco\") published a separate collaborative study with the [CDC](/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention \"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\") that confirmed the presence of antibodies to [enterovirus](/wiki/Enterovirus \"Enterovirus\") in AFM patient CSF samples using phage display (VirScan).{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Schubert \\|first1\\=RD \\|last2\\=Hawes \\|first2\\=IA \\|last3\\=Ramachandran \\|first3\\=PS \\|last4\\=Ramesh \\|first4\\=A \\|last5\\=Crawford \\|first5\\=ED \\|last6\\=Pak \\|first6\\=JE \\|last7\\=Wu \\|first7\\=W \\|last8\\=Cheung \\|first8\\=CK \\|last9\\=O'Donovan \\|first9\\=BD \\|last10\\=Tato \\|first10\\=CM \\|last11\\=Lyden \\|first11\\=A \\|last12\\=Tan \\|first12\\=M \\|last13\\=Sit \\|first13\\=R \\|last14\\=Sowa \\|first14\\=GA \\|last15\\=Sample \\|first15\\= HA \\|last16\\=Zorn \\|first16\\=KC \\|last17\\=Banerji \\|first17\\=D \\|last18\\=Khan \\|first18\\=LM \\|last19\\=Bove \\|first19\\=R \\|last20\\=Hauser \\|first20\\=SL \\|last21\\=Gelfand \\|first21\\=AA \\|last22\\=Johnson\\-Kerner \\|first22\\=BL \\|last23\\=Nash \\|first23\\=K \\|last24\\=Krishnamoorthy \\|first24\\=KS \\|last25\\=Chitnis \\|first25\\=T \\|last26\\=Ding \\|first26\\=JZ \\|last27\\=McMillan \\|first27\\=HJ \\|last28\\=Chiu \\|first28\\=CY \\|last29\\=Briggs \\|first29\\=B \\|last30\\=Glaser \\|first30\\=CA \\|last31\\=Yen \\|first31\\=C \\|last32\\=Chu \\|first32\\=V \\|last33\\=Wadford \\|first33\\=DA \\|last34\\=Dominguez \\|first34\\=SR \\|last35\\=Ng \\|first35\\=TFF \\|last36\\=Marine \\|first36\\=RL \\|last37\\=Lopez \\|first37\\=AS \\|last38\\=Nix \\|first38\\=WA \\|last39\\=Soldatos \\|first39\\=A \\|last40\\=Gorman \\|first40\\=MP \\|last41\\=Benson \\|first41\\=L \\|last42\\=Messacar \\|first42\\=K \\|last43\\=Konopka\\-Anstadt \\|first43\\=JL \\|last44\\=Oberste \\|first44\\=MS \\|last45\\=DeRisi \\|first45\\=JL \\|last46\\=Wilson \\|first46\\=MR \\|title\\=Pan\\-viral serology implicates enteroviruses in acute flaccid myelitis. \\|journal\\=Nature Medicine \\|date\\=21 October 2019 \\|volume\\=25 \\|issue\\=11 \\|pages\\=1748–1752 \\|doi\\=10\\.1038/s41591\\-019\\-0613\\-1 \\|pmid\\=31636453 \\|pmc\\=6858576 }} \"It's always good to see reproducibility. It gives more confidence in the findings for sure,\" commented Lipkin in an October 2019 CNN article. \"This gives us more support of what we found.\"{{cite web \\|title\\=Virus could be the cause of mysterious polio\\-like illness AFM, study says \\|url\\=https://www.cnn.com/2019/10/21/health/afm\\-acute\\-flaccid\\-myelitis\\-cause\\-study/index.html \\|website\\=CNN Health \\|access\\-date\\=12 November 2019 \\|date\\=21 October 2019}}{{cite web \\|title\\=What Causes a Mysterious Paralysis in Children? Researchers Find Viral Clues \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/21/health/afm\\-paralysis\\-cause.html \\|website\\=The New York Times \\|access\\-date\\=12 November 2019 \\|date\\=21 October 2019}}{{cite web \\|title\\=Evidence links poliolike disease in children to a common type of virus \\|url\\=https://www.science.org/content/article/evidence\\-links\\-poliolike\\-disease\\-children\\-common\\-type\\-virus \\|website\\=Science Magazine \\|access\\-date\\=12 November 2019 \\|date\\=21 October 2019}}",
"### SARS\\-CoV\\-2",
"According to the *[Financial Times](/wiki/Financial_Times \"Financial Times\")*, Lipkin first learnt of [COVID\\-19](/wiki/Coronavirus_disease_2019 \"Coronavirus disease 2019\") from contacts in China, where it first emerged, in mid\\-December.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Manson \\|first\\=Katrina \\|date\\=April 17, 2020 \\|title\\=Virologist behind 'Contagion' film criticises leaders' slow responses \\|work\\=\\[\\[Financial Times]] \\|publication\\-place\\=Washington \\|url\\=https://www.ft.com/content/6e9b4fe7\\-b26e\\-45b9\\-acbd\\-2b24d182e914 \\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-11\\-24}} In early January he repeatedly urged his Chinese counterparts to publish the virus's genetic sequencing to aid research, and visited senior Chinese officials, including [Premier](/wiki/Premier_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China \"Premier of the People's Republic of China\") [Li Keqiang](/wiki/Li_Keqiang \"Li Keqiang\"),{{Cite news\\|last1\\=Manson\\|first1\\=Katrina\\|last2\\=Sun\\|first2\\=Yu\\|date\\=April 27, 2020\\|title\\=US and Chinese researchers team up for hunt into Covid origins\\|work\\=\\[\\[Financial Times]]\\|url\\=https://www.ft.com/content/f08181a9\\-526c\\-4e4b\\-ac5f\\-0614bf1cffb3\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-11\\-22}} to discuss the disease. Lipkin described his engagement with the early COVID\\-19 investigations during an April 2023 interview with the [U.S. House of Representatives](/wiki/U.S._House_of_Representatives \"U.S. House of Representatives\") [Select Committee on the Coronavirus Pandemic](/wiki/Select_Committee_on_the_Coronavirus_Pandemic \"Select Committee on the Coronavirus Pandemic\").{{Cite web \\|date\\=2023\\-07\\-11 \\|title\\=Transcribed Interview with Dr. Ian Lipkin \\|url\\=https://oversight.house.gov/letter/transcribed\\-interview\\-with\\-dr\\-ian\\-lipkin/ \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-07\\-20 \\|website\\=United States House Committee on Oversight and Accountability \\|language\\=en}}",
"On January 29, 2020, Lipkin flew into [Guangzhou](/wiki/Guangzhou \"Guangzhou\"), [China](/wiki/China \"China\") to learn about the outbreak of [SARS\\-CoV\\-2](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic \"COVID-19 pandemic\").{{cite web\\| url\\=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/epidemiologist\\-veteran\\-of\\-sars\\-and\\-mers\\-shares\\-coronavirus\\-insights\\-after\\-china\\-trip/ \\|title\\=Epidemiologist Veteran of SARS and MERS Shares Coronavirus Insights after China Trip \\|first\\=Karen \\|last\\=Weintraub \\|date\\=12 February 2020 \\|access\\-date\\=16 June 2020 \\|publisher\\=Scientific American}} Lipkin met with the epidemiologist and pulmonologist [Zhong Nanshan](/wiki/Zhong_Nanshan \"Zhong Nanshan\"),{{Cite web\\|last1\\=Guo\\|first1\\=Rui\\|last2\\=Zhuang\\|first2\\=Pinghui\\|date\\=2020\\-05\\-27\\|title\\=Covid\\-19 origin research hit by political agendas: 'Sars hero'\\|url\\=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/society/article/3086279/coronavirus\\-origin\\-research\\-hit\\-political\\-agendas\\-warns\\-china\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-11\\-24\\|website\\=\\[\\[South China Morning Post]]\\|language\\=en\\|publication\\-place\\=Guangzhou and Beijing}} the lead advisor to the Chinese government during the outbreak.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.publichealth.columbia.edu/public\\-health\\-now/news/our\\-experts\\-respond\\-coronavirus\\-outbreak \\|title\\=Our Experts Respond to the Coronavirus Outbreak \\|date\\=4 February 2020 \\|access\\-date\\=2 July 2020}} Lipkin also worked with the [China CDC](/wiki/China_CDC \"China CDC\") to access blood samples from across the country for further study into the origin and spread of the virus.{{cite news\\| url\\=https://www.ft.com/content/f08181a9\\-526c\\-4e4b\\-ac5f\\-0614bf1cffb3 \\|title\\=US and Chinese researchers team up for hunt into Covid origins \\|first1\\=Katrina \\|last1\\=Manson \\|first2\\=Sun \\|last2\\=Yu \\|publisher\\=Financial Times \\|date\\=27 April 2020 \\|access\\-date\\=16 June 2020}} Lipkin did not travel to [Wuhan](/wiki/Wuhan \"Wuhan\"), the epicenter of the outbreak, due to fears that this would prevent him from returning to the United States.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/02/10/ian\\-lipkin\\-scientists\\-worry\\-coronavirus\\-could\\-become\\-worse\\-than\\-flu.html \\|title\\=Scientists worry coronavirus could evolve into something worse than flu, says quarantined expert \\|first\\=Kevin \\|last\\=Stankiewicz \\|date\\=10 February 2020 \\|publisher\\=CNBC \\|access\\-date\\=2 July 2020}} On returning to the United States, Lipkin self\\-quarantined for 14 days.{{cite magazine \\|url\\=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2020/03/09/a\\-local\\-guide\\-to\\-the\\-coronavirus \\|title\\=A Local Guide to the Coronavirus \\|first\\=Nick \\|last\\=Paumgarten \\|date\\=1 March 2020 \\|magazine\\=The New Yorker \\|access\\-date\\=2 July 2020}} Lipkin later contracted SARS\\-CoV\\-2 in New York City,{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/03/31/dr\\-ian\\-lipkin\\-coronavirus\\-shows\\-need\\-for\\-public\\-health\\-investment.html \\|title\\=Infectious disease expert who has coronavirus says public health can not be overlooked again \\|first\\=Kevin \\|last\\=Stankiewicz \\|publisher\\=CNBC \\|date\\=31 March 2020 \\|access\\-date\\=2 July 2020}} refusing to go to hospital and treating himself with [hydroxychloroquine](/wiki/Hydroxychloroquine \"Hydroxychloroquine\") at home.",
"Lipkin criticized what he considered a xenophobic response that blames China for the virus, specifically the words of US president [Donald Trump](/wiki/Donald_Trump \"Donald Trump\") calling it the \"China virus\" and his decision to suspend funding to the World Health Organization for being \"China\\-centric\", calling for \"global problems\" to be addressed by \"global solutions\". He said that a series of government missteps helped spread the virus around the world very rapidly, and criticized the US and UK's responses, calling them slow, and blamed insufficient and inadequate testing and tracing for rising fatality numbers. In the US, he singled out as an issue what he saw as an inconsistency in advice, including by president Trump, and highlighted the need for national leadership, while acknowledging states had the ability to make decisions in certain areas. He praised his NIAID superior [Anthony Fauci](/wiki/Anthony_Fauci \"Anthony Fauci\") for his integrity. He also warned about the danger of future emergence of new deadly viruses.",
"After his trip to China, Lipkin maintained links with Lu Jiahai, his research partner at [Sun Yat\\-sen University](/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen_University \"Sun Yat-sen University\") in [Guangzhou](/wiki/Guangzhou \"Guangzhou\"), and Zhong Nanshan, to try to establish the origins of the virus. Their efforts, aimed at finding out whether the virus emerged in other parts of China and circulated before it was first discovered in Wuhan in December, include antibody tests of nationwide blood bank samples from pneumonia patients which predate the pandemic, which led to a collaboration with the Chinese Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. According to Lipkin, this research began in early February. The international research team also began studying blood samples from different wild animals which it deemed potential origins of the virus, in order to understand animal\\-to\\-human transmission.",
"Lipkin thinks the virus could have originated in the wild animal trade and undergone \"repeated jumps\" from animal to human in the weeks before the first cases were logged, such a stream of events having recent precedents in the emergence of MERS\\-CoV, which jumped from dromedary camels to humans in 2012, and SARS\\-CoV, from civet cats to humans in 2003\\.",
"Lipkin co\\-authored a paper on \"The proximal origin of SARS\\-CoV\\-2\", which was published in *[Nature Medicine](/wiki/Nature_Medicine \"Nature Medicine\")* in March 2020\\.{{cite journal\\|last1\\=Andersen \\|first1\\=Kristian G. \\|last2\\=Rambaut \\|first2\\=Andrew \\|last3\\=Lipkin \\|first3\\=W. Ian \\|url\\= \\|title\\=The proximal origin of SARS\\-CoV\\-2 \\| journal\\=Nature Medicine \\| publisher\\=Springer Nature Limited \\| date\\=March 17, 2020\\|volume\\=26 \\|issue\\=4 \\|pages\\=450–452 \\|doi\\=10\\.1038/s41591\\-020\\-0820\\-9 \\|pmid\\=32284615 \\|pmc\\=7095063 }} The conclusion of the genomic analyses was that COVID\\-19 was not a case of lab leak or human\\-made infection. In 2023, the paper was alleged by the US Republicans as a coverup based on certain misconducts to eliminate the [lab leak theory](/wiki/COVID-19_lab_leak_theory \"COVID-19 lab leak theory\"). The paper and the controversy became known as the \"[Proximal Origin](/wiki/Proximal_Origin \"Proximal Origin\")\".{{Cite news \\|last\\=Stolberg \\|first\\=Sheryl Gay \\|last2\\=Mueller \\|first2\\=Benjamin \\|date\\=2023\\-07\\-11 \\|title\\=Scientists, Under Fire From Republicans, Defend Fauci and Covid Origins Study \\|language\\=en \\|work\\=The New York Times \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/11/us/politics/covid\\-lab\\-leak\\-fauci.html \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-08\\-12}}{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Jon \\|first\\=Cohen \\|date\\=2023\\-07\\-11 \\|title\\=Politicians, scientists spar over alleged NIH cover\\-up using COVID\\-19 origin paper \\|url\\=https://www.science.org/content/article/politicians\\-scientists\\-spar\\-over\\-alleged\\-nih\\-cover\\-up\\-using\\-covid\\-19\\-origin\\-paper \\|journal\\=Science \\|doi\\=10\\.1126/science.adj7036}}",
""
] |
Career
------
### Teaching
Krupp began his teaching career as a teaching assistant for the Summer Science Program during his graduate school days.{{cite web\|title\=The "Teaching Opportunity of a Lifetime" at SSP\|website\=The Summer Science Program\|url\=http://casa.colorado.edu/\~dduncan/ssp/ssp.pdf\|access\-date\=22 March 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202044556/http://casa.colorado.edu/\~dduncan/ssp/ssp.pdf\|archive\-date\=2 February 2017\|url\-status\=live}} Also, during graduate school he taught at the following education institutions:
* [El Camino College](/wiki/El_Camino_College "El Camino College")
* [University of Southern California](/wiki/University_of_Southern_California "University of Southern California")
* [University of California, Los Angeles](/wiki/University_of_California%2C_Los_Angeles "University of California, Los Angeles"){{cite web\|title\=Dr. Edwin C. Krupp\|url\=http://pedasfamily.com/AssociatesKruppEd.html\|website\=Science at Sea\|publisher\=pedasfamily.com\|access\-date\=7 March 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170307202134/http://pedasfamily.com/AssociatesKruppEd.html\|archive\-date\=7 March 2017\|url\-status\=live}}
He became a planetarium lecturer at Griffith Observatory while also still in graduate school. Krupp has been a frequent lecturer throughout his career. He has lectured on science based tours he has led and other venues.{{cite web\|title\=Edwin C. Krupp\|url\=http://www.farhorizons.com/our\-tour\-scholars\-leaders/edwin\-krupp/\|publisher\=Far Horizons Inc.\|access\-date\=24 March 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170324192210/https://www.farhorizons.com/our\-tour\-scholars\-leaders/edwin\-krupp/\|archive\-date\=24 March 2017\|url\-status\=live}}
### Griffith Observatory
[thumb\|An aerial view of [Griffith Observatory](/wiki/Griffith_Observatory "Griffith Observatory") on the south facing slope of Mount Hollywood in [Griffith Park](/wiki/Griffith_Park "Griffith Park"), [Los Angeles](/wiki/Los_Angeles "Los Angeles")](/wiki/File:An_aerial_view_of_Griffith_Observatory.jpg "An aerial view of Griffith Observatory.jpg")
Krupp took his first job at [Griffith Observatory](/wiki/Griffith_Observatory "Griffith Observatory") in Los Angeles{{efn\|Both \[\[Griffith Observatory]] and \[\[Griffith Park]] where the observatory is located were given to the city of Los Angeles by \[\[Griffith J. Griffith]] a wealthy Los Angeles businessman.}} while he was still a doctoral candidate at UCLA. This was as a part\-time [planetarium](/wiki/Planetarium "Planetarium") lecturer{{cite web\|last1\=Bartholomew\|first1\=Dana\|title\=Griffith Observatory, its director Dr. Edwin C. Krupp celebrate milestones\|url\=http://www.dailynews.com/science/20140509/griffith\-observatory\-its\-director\-dr\-edwin\-c\-krupp\-celebrate\-milestones\|work\=\[\[Los Angeles Daily News]]\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160805021416/http://www.dailynews.com/science/20140509/griffith\-observatory\-its\-director\-dr\-edwin\-c\-krupp\-celebrate\-milestones\|archive\-date\=5 August 2016\|date\=9 May 2014\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|title\=Edwin Krupp, 2013 Gemant Award\|url\=https://www.aip.org/aip/awards/gemant\-award/edwin\-krupp\|publisher\=\[\[American Institute of Physics]]\|access\-date\=6 March 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018104532/https://www.aip.org/aip/awards/gemant\-award/edwin\-krupp\|archive\-date\=18 October 2015\|url\-status\=live\|date\=2014\-09\-04}}{{cite web\|last1\=Bartholomew\|first1\=Dana\|title\=Griffith Observatory director Edwin C. Krupp wins physics award\|url\=http://www.dailynews.com/science/20130924/griffith\-observatory\-director\-edwin\-c\-krupp\-wins\-physics\-award\|website\=\[\[Los Angeles Daily News]]\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160115012251/http://www.dailynews.com/science/20130924/griffith\-observatory\-director\-edwin\-c\-krupp\-wins\-physics\-award\|archive\-date\=15 January 2016\|date\=24 September 2013\|url\-status\=live}} and Krupp did not enjoy this job at first, saying to his wife Robin, "Gee this isn't science, It's showbusiness." But, after he started noticing the audiences responding with increasing enthusiasm he started saying, "Hey, this is *showbusiness*."
Krupp was appointed Observatory [Curator](/wiki/Curator "Curator") in 1972 upon completion of his PhD.{{cite web\|last1\=Menke\|first1\=David H.\|title\=Dinsmore Alter and the Griffith Observatory\|url\=http://www.ips\-planetarium.org/?page\=a\_menke1987\|publisher\=International Planetarium Society\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104044356/http://www.ips\-planetarium.org/?page\=a\_menke1987\|archive\-date\=4 November 2016\|date\=4 October 1987\|url\-status\=live}} In 1974 the director of Griffith Observatory, William J. Kaufmann III, left, and Krupp was appointed acting director.{{cite journal\|url\=https://aas.org/obituaries/william\-j\-kaufmann\-iii\-1942\-1994\|title\=William J. Kaufmann III (1942 \- 1994\)\|author\=Andrew Fraknoi\|publisher\=\[\[American Astronomical Society]]\|doi\=10\.3847/BAASOBIT1995003 \|access\-date\=July 1, 2018\|author\-link\=Andrew Fraknoi\|doi\-broken\-date\=September 12, 2024 \|doi\-access\=free\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180701030504/https://aas.org/obituaries/william\-j\-kaufmann\-iii\-1942\-1994\|archive\-date\=July 1, 2018\|url\-status\=dead}} In 1976 Krupp's title was changed from "acting" director to director.
[thumb\|left\|Ed Krupp with an Albert Einstein statue at Griffith ObservatoryAs](/wiki/File:Krupp_and_Einstein.jpg "Krupp and Einstein.jpg") early as 1978 Krupp was aware that the observatory would need a future restoration and that there was a need to update equipment and exhibits. So he and Harold and Debra Griffith{{efn\|Harold Griffith was the grandson of \[\[Griffith J. Griffith]].{{cite web\|title\=Harold Griffith, Grandson of Park's Donor, Dies\|url\=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\-xpm\-1985\-03\-10\-me\-25809\-story.html\|website\=\[\[Los Angeles Times]]\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151029143600/http://articles.latimes.com/1985\-03\-10/local/me\-25809\_1\_harold\-griffith\|archive\-date\=29 October 2015\|date\=10 March 1985\|url\-status\=live}} Debra was his wife. Griffith J. Griffith was the wealthy businessman that donated both \[\[Griffith Park]] and the \[\[Griffith Observatory]] within the park to the city of \[\[Los Angeles]].{{cite web\|last1\=Bell\|first1\=Alison\|title\=Colonel Griffith J. Griffith one of L.A.'s more colorful figures\|url\=https://www.latimes.com/local/la\-xpm\-2011\-jun\-12\-la\-me\-0612\-then\-20110612\-story.html\|website\=\[\[Los Angeles Times]]\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309181008/http://articles.latimes.com/2011/jun/12/local/la\-me\-0612\-then\-20110612\|archive\-date\=9 March 2016\|date\=12 June 2011\|url\-status\=live}}}} co\-founded the Friends of the Observatory (FOTO).{{cite web\|title\=Friends Of The Observatory (FOTO)\|url\=http://griffithobservatory.org/about/foto.html\|publisher\=\[\[Griffith Observatory]]\|access\-date\=6 March 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624003613/http://www.griffithobservatory.org/about/foto.html\|archive\-date\=24 June 2016\|url\-status\=live}} FOTO aids the mission of the observatory in many ways. FOTO partnered with the city to renovate and expand the observatory raising US$30 million for the effort ($26 million in private funds). The observatory closed its doors in 2002 for the $93 Million dollar renovation and expansion. The entire project was spearheaded by Krupp, and the observatory reopened in the fall of 2006\.
Krupp often appears in the media to discuss and explain developments and recent discoveries in astronomy, as well as discuss current celestial events.{{cite web\|last1\=Emspak\|first1\=Jesse\|title\=Venus and Jupiter Imagined: From Galileo to Science Fiction\|url\=http://www.space.com/33863\-venus\-jupiter\-imagined\-through\-history.html\|website\=\[\[Space.com]]\|publisher\=\[\[Purch Group\|Purch]]\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160830135740/http://www.space.com/33863\-venus\-jupiter\-imagined\-through\-history.html\|archive\-date\=August 30, 2016\|date\=26 August 2016\|url\-status\=live\|df\=mdy\-all}}{{cite web\|last1\=Navarro\|first1\=Heather\|title\=Streak of Light Dashes Across SoCal Sky Sparking Social Media Debate\|url\=http://www.nbclosangeles.com/news/local/streak\-light\-sky\-socal\-griffith\-observatory\-377221121\.html\|website\=NBCLosAngeles\|publisher\=\[\[NBCUniversal\|NBC Universal Media, LLC]]\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161212231556/http://www.nbclosangeles.com/news/local/streak\-light\-sky\-socal\-griffith\-observatory\-377221121\.html\|archive\-date\=12 December 2016\|date\=26 April 2016\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|last1\=Jennewein\|first1\=Chris\|title\=Russian Rocket Debris Lights Up Southern Calif. Sky\|url\=http://timesofsandiego.com/life/2015/12/23/russian\-rocket\-debris\-light\-up\-southern\-calif\-sky/\|website\=Times of San Diego\|publisher\=\[\[Times of San Diego\|Times of San Diego, LLC]]\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160601031701/http://timesofsandiego.com/life/2015/12/23/russian\-rocket\-debris\-light\-up\-southern\-calif\-sky/\|archive\-date\=1 June 2016\|date\=23 December 2015\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|title\=Blood moon eclipse offers rare astronomical double feature\|url\=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/ct\-blood\-moon\-lunar\-eclipse\-20150927\-story.html\|website\=\[\[Chicago Tribune]]\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170226140227/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/ct\-blood\-moon\-lunar\-eclipse\-20150927\-story.html\|archive\-date\=26 February 2017\|date\=28 September 2015\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|title\=KPCC vs. The Sun: Solar flares, cosmic rays, and a chat with the director of the Griffith Observatory\|url\=http://www.scpr.org/blogs/news/2012/03/08/5002/kpcc\-vs\-sun\-solar\-flares\-cosmic\-rays\-and\-chat\-dire/\|publisher\=\[\[KPCC (radio station)\|89\.3 KPCC]]\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313214244/http://www.scpr.org/blogs/news/2012/03/08/5002/kpcc\-vs\-sun\-solar\-flares\-cosmic\-rays\-and\-chat\-dire/\|archive\-date\=13 March 2017\|date\=8 March 2012\|url\-status\=live}}
In 2014 Griffith Observatory had its 80th anniversary and Krupp his 40th as observatory director. At that time, John Ashton of Sunseeker Tours in Long Beach noted, "It's an L.A. treasure. We get more requests to see this than anything." And, then LA City Councilman [Tom LaBonge](/wiki/Tom_LaBonge "Tom LaBonge") (whose district included the observatory) observed: {{blockquote\|There are many, many, many very special public employees, but there's only one Dr. Edwin C. Krupp. Not only does he have the greatest building in the city. He's got the universe.}}
### Archaeoastronomy
[left\|thumb\|[Burro Flats Pictographs](/wiki/Burro_Flats_Painted_Cave "Burro Flats Painted Cave") in the [Simi Hills](/wiki/Simi_Hills "Simi Hills") of Southern California](/wiki/File:Pictographs_at_the_Burro_Flats_Painted_Cave.png "Pictographs at the Burro Flats Painted Cave.png")
Krupp has a special interest in the impact of astronomy on ancient belief systems, and is an internationally recognized expert on traditional astronomies. He is noted for his many contributions to the field on which he has written extensively, and he has visited, and studied, nearly 2,000 prehistoric, and historic sites around the world.{{cite web\|title\=Dr. E. C. Krupp\|url\=http://www.astronomyoutreach.net/index.php?title\=Dr.\_E.\_C.\_Krupp\|website\=AstronomyOutreach\|publisher\=AstronomyOutreach Network\|access\-date\=6 March 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170306025231/http://www.astronomyoutreach.net/index.php?title\=Dr.\_E.\_C.\_Krupp\|archive\-date\=6 March 2017\|url\-status\=live}}
Krupp has traveled around the world for his archaeoastronomy studies. These trips have also taken him to sites close to home such as the [Burro Flats pictograph site](/wiki/Burro_Flats_Painted_Cave "Burro Flats Painted Cave") in the [Simi Hills](/wiki/Simi_Hills "Simi Hills") of Southern California, which he first visited in 1979\. Over the years, Krupp has made semi\-regular trips to that site to conduct solstice observations.{{cite web\|last1\=Knight\|first1\=Albert\|access\-date\=7 March 2017\|title\=Three Chumash\-style Pictograph Sites in Fernandeño Territory\|url\=https://www.scahome.org/publications/proceedings/Proceedings.26Knight.pdf\|publisher\=Society for California Archaeology\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020172611/https://scahome.org/publications/proceedings/Proceedings.26Knight.pdf\|archive\-date\=20 October 2016\|url\-status\=live}}
Krupp has shared his studies of archaeoastronomy with the general public by including archaeoastronomy topics in Griffith Observatory planetarium programs, writing books and magazine articles,{{cite web\|title\=The Astronomy of Many Cultures\|url\=http://nature1st.net/mag/wp\-content/uploads/2014/02/Franknoi\-Books.pdf\|publisher\=Nature First\|access\-date\=7 March 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913174911/http://nature1st.net/mag/wp\-content/uploads/2014/02/Franknoi\-Books.pdf\|archive\-date\=13 September 2016\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|last1\=Fraknoi\|first1\=Andrew\|author\-link\=Andrew Fraknoi\|title\=Unheard Voices, Part 1: The Astronomy of Many Cultures\|url\=http://multiverse.ssl.berkeley.edu/multicultural\|website\=Multiverse\|publisher\=\[\[University of California, Berkeley]]\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416131623/http://multiverse.ssl.berkeley.edu/multicultural\|archive\-date\=16 April 2016\|url\-status\=live}} appearing in documentary films, and leading tours to archaeological sites that are associated with ancient astronomy.
### Bibliography
Krupp has written several books for adults and for children. His first two adult books (one being his doctoral dissertation), both derive from the work he did on rich clusters of galaxies while a PhD student at UCLA. His remaining adult books derive from his interests in archaeoastronomy, and contain extensive original research and analysis, while also being educational in nature. They cover astronomy in ancient cultures and the effect of beliefs about the sky on those cultures.{{cite web\|last1\=Lemberg\|first1\=David\|title\=Griffith Observatory – Astronomy and Science Education\|url\=http://scienceandsociety.net/2009/12/07/griffith\-observatory\-astronomy\-and\-science\-education/\|website\=Science and Society\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170308213852/http://scienceandsociety.net/2009/12/07/griffith\-observatory\-astronomy\-and\-science\-education/\|archive\-date\=8 March 2017\|date\=7 December 2009\|url\-status\=live}}
#### Books for adults
Books authored, partially authored, and/or edited by Krupp for an adult audience:
| Title | Author(s) | Year Published | Publisher | Description | References |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| The Morphology of Rich Clusters of Galaxies | Edwin C. Krupp | 1972 | [University Microfilms International](/wiki/ProQuest "ProQuest"),[Ann Arbor, Michigan](/wiki/Ann_Arbor%2C_Michigan "Ann Arbor, Michigan") | Doctoral Dissertation ([UCLA](/wiki/University_of_California%2C_Los_Angeles "University of California, Los Angeles")) | {{cite book\|title\=The morphology of rich clusters of galaxies\|publisher\=\[\[OCLC\|Online Computer Library Center]]\|oclc\=946211377}} |
| The Luminosity Function of E\-S0 Galaxies in Rich Clusters | Edwin C. Krupp | 1974 | [University of California,Los Angeles](/wiki/University_of_California%2C_Los_Angeles "University of California, Los Angeles") | | {{cite book\|title\=The luminosity function of E\-S0 galaxies in rich clusters\|publisher\=\[\[OCLC\|Online Computer Library Center]]\|df\=mdy\-all\|oclc\=907731003}} |
| {{anchor\|InSearchOfAncientAstronomies}}In Search of Ancient Astronomies | Edwin C. Krupp (editor, principal author) | 1978 | [Doubleday](/wiki/Doubleday_%28publisher%29 "Doubleday (publisher)"),[Garden City, New York](/wiki/Garden_City%2C_New_York "Garden City, New York") | Survey of the new scientific discipline of archaeoastronomy, the study of the astronomies of ancient and prehistoric times through archaeology. | {{cite book\|title\=In search of ancient astronomies\|publisher\=\[\[OCLC\|Online Computer Library Center]]\|oclc\=3205289}} |
| Echoes of the Ancient Skies: The Astronomy of Ancient Civilizations{{efn\|Selected for \[\[Book of the Month Club]]/Science. Also selected for two \[\[Macmillan Publishers (United States)\|Macmillan]] book clubs (as the main and alternate selections).}} | Edwin C. Krupp | 1983 | [Harper \& Row](/wiki/Harper_%28publisher%29 "Harper (publisher)"),[New York](/wiki/New_York_City "New York City") | The study of ancient peoples' observations of the skies and the impact of those observations on their cultural evolution | {{cite book\|title\=Echoes of the Ancient Skies : the Astronomy of Lost Civilizations\|publisher\=\[\[OCLC\|Online Computer Library Center]]\|oclc\=924839703}} |
| Archaeoastronomy and the Roots of Science | Edwin C. Krupp (Editor, Author) | 1984 | [Westview Press](/wiki/Westview_Press "Westview Press"),[Boulder, Colorado](/wiki/Boulder%2C_Colorado "Boulder, Colorado") | Reviews recent research, on the astronomy of worldwide ancient cultures and the effects of astronomy on those cultures. | {{cite book\|title\=Archaeoastronomy and the roots of science\|publisher\=\[\[OCLC\|Online Computer Library Center]]\|oclc\=10571100}} |
| Beyond the Blue Horizon – Myths and Legends of the Sun, Moon, Stars, and Planets | Edwin C. Krupp | 1991 | [HarperCollins](/wiki/HarperCollins "HarperCollins"),[New York](/wiki/New_York_City "New York City") | A worldwide comparative study of celestial mythology, Skywatchers, Shamans, \& Kings: Astronomy and the Archaeology of Power | {{cite book\|title\=Beyond the blue horizon : myths and legends of the sun, moon, stars, and planets\|publisher\=\[\[OCLC\|Online Computer Library Center]]\|oclc\=22240668}} |
| Skywatchers, Shamans, \& Kings: Astronomy and the Archaeology of Power | Edwin C. Krupp | 1996 | [John Wiley](/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons "John Wiley & Sons"),[New York](/wiki/New_York_City "New York City") | Journey to the world's essential sacred places and celestial shrines and see where the rulers of old communed with the gods of the sky. | {{cite book\|title\=Skywatchers, shamans \[and] kings : astronomy and the archaeology of power\|publisher\=\[\[OCLC\|Online Computer Library Center]]\|oclc\=681349825}} |
| Public Astronomy, Los Angeles Style | David DeVorkin, Edwin C. Krupp (Editors) | 2021 | Griffith Observatory, Los Angeles | Griffith Observatory is the most visible agent of public astronomy in Los Angeles, but it wasn’t the first. Six experts detail this uniquely southern California story from street\-corner telescopes to a street\-legal Zeiss refractor mounted on the roof of a 1932 Ford. | {{cite book \|title\=Public astronomy, Los Angeles style \|date\=2021 \|publisher\=Griffith Observatory \|location\=City of Los Angeles \|url\=https://www.muzemerch.com/public\-astronomy\-los\-angeles\-style}} |
|
#### Chapters, forewords, and research papers
Krupp has also written full chapters for books edited by other authors, as well as research papers, included in publications of the proceedings of conferences where the papers were presented. Here are some examples
* *Time and astronomy at the meeting of two worlds : proceedings of the International Symposium held in April 27 – May, 1992 in Frombork, Poland* edited by Stanislaw Iwaniszewski{{cite book\|title\=Time and astronomy at the meeting of two worlds : proceedings of the International Symposium held in April 27 – May, 1992 in Frombork, Poland\|publisher\=\[\[OCLC\|Online Computer Library Center]]\|df\=mdy\-all\|oclc\=215802648}}
+ California Girls: Pleiades Traditions in Native California{{cite book\|last1\=Seline\|first1\=Helaine\|last2\=Sun\|first2\=Xiaochun\|title\=Astronomy Across Cultures: The History of Non\-Western Astronomy\|date\=2000\|publisher\=\[\[Springer Science\+Business Media\|Kluwer Academic Publishers]]\|location\=\[\[Dordrecht]], Netherlands\|isbn\=978\-0792363637\|page\=29}}
* *Handbook of Archaeoastronomy and Ethnoastronomy* edited by [Clive Ruggles](/wiki/Clive_Ruggles "Clive Ruggles"),{{cite book\|title\=Handbook of archaeoastronomy and ethnoastronomy\|publisher\=\[\[OCLC\|Online Computer Library Center]]\|oclc\=907931276\|bibcode\=2015hae..book.....R\|year\=2015}} Krupp wrote three chapters for this book:{{cite web\|title\=Springer Handbook of Archaeoastronomy and Ethnoastronomy\|url\=http://www2\.cliveruggles.com/index.php/publications/40\-hbae\-feature\|publisher\=\[\[Clive Ruggles]]\|access\-date\=13 March 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313204223/http://www2\.cliveruggles.com/index.php/publications/40\-hbae\-feature\|archive\-date\=March 13, 2017\|url\-status\=dead\|df\=mdy\-all}}
+ In Part I, Themes and Issues
- Chapter 5, Astronomy and power
- Chapter 18, Archaeoastronomy concepts in popular culture
+ In Part III, Pre\-Columbian and indigenous North America
- Chapter 41, Rock Art of the greater southwest
* *Cosmology, Calendars, and Horizon\-based Astronomy in Ancient Mesoamerica*, edited by Anne S. Doud
Susan Milbrath{{cite book\|last1\=Dowd\|first1\=Anne S.\|last2\=Milbrath\|first2\=Susan\|title\=Cosmology, Calendars, and Horizon\-Based Astronomy in Ancient Mesoamerica\|date\=2015\|publisher\=\[\[University Press of Colorado]]\|location\=\[\[Boulder, Colorado]]\|isbn\=9781607323785\|page\=xxv–xxviii}}
+ Krupp wrote the Foreword for this book,
- Astronomy, Anthropology, and Anthony Aveni
* Krupp has contributed to two books on the work of artist of [James Turrell](/wiki/James_Turrell "James Turrell"),
+ *Mapping Spaces : a topological survey of the work by James Turrell*{{cite book\|title\=Mapping Spaces : a topological survey of the work by James Turrell\|publisher\=\[\[OCLC\|Online Computer Library Center]]\|oclc\=901256546}}
- Authors: Craig Adcock, E C Krupp, Mario Diacono, James Turrell
+ *James Turrell: A Retrospective*{{cite book\|title\=James Turrell a retrospective ; \[Museum of Fine Arts, Houston June 9 – September 22, 2013 ... National Gallery of Australia, Canberra December 12, 2014 – April 6, 2015]\|publisher\=\[\[OCLC\|Online Computer Library Center]]\|oclc\=848039279}}
- Authors: [Michael Govan](/wiki/Michael_Govan "Michael Govan"), James Turrell, Florian Holzherr, [Christine Kim](/wiki/Christine_Y._Kim "Christine Y. Kim"), Carol S Eliel, Alison Lima Greene, E C Krupp, Vivian Sobchack
#### Books for children
Children themed books, with illustrations by Robin Rector Krupp:
| Title | Year Published | Publisher | Description | References |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| {{anchor\|TheCometAndYou}}The Comet and You | 1985 | [Macmillan Publishing Company](/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers_%28United_States%29 "Macmillan Publishers (United States)"), [New York](/wiki/New_York_City "New York City");[Collier Macmillan](/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers "Macmillan Publishers"), [London](/wiki/London "London") | History, appearance, and physical composition of [Halley's comet](/wiki/Halley%27s_comet "Halley's comet"), compares it to other comets, describes its path through the solar system, and its predicted return | {{cite book\|title\=The comet and you\|year\=1985\|publisher\=\[\[OCLC\|Online Computer Library Center]]\|isbn\=9780027512502\|df\=mdy\-all\|oclc\=763027055}} |
| The Big Dipper and You | 1989 | Morrow Junior Books [New York](/wiki/New_York_City "New York City") | What is known today and past beliefs about the [Big Dipper](/wiki/Big_Dipper "Big Dipper"), or [Ursa Major](/wiki/Ursa_Major "Ursa Major"). Added information on the [North Star](/wiki/Pole_star "Pole star"), or [Polaris](/wiki/Polaris "Polaris"). | {{cite book\|title\=The big dipper and you\|publisher\=\[\[OCLC\|Online Computer Library Center]]\|oclc\=17648972}} |
| The Moon and You | 1993 | [Simon \& Schuster Books for Young Readers](/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster_Books_for_Young_Readers "Simon & Schuster Books for Young Readers"), [New York](/wiki/New_York_City "New York City");[Macmillan Publishing Company](/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers_%28United_States%29 "Macmillan Publishers (United States)"), New York;Maxwell Macmillan Canada, [Toronto](/wiki/Toronto "Toronto");Maxwell Macmillan International, New York | Information about the [moon](/wiki/Moon "Moon"), describing its phases, rotation, effect on our tides, and myths and legends. | {{cite book\|title\=The moon and you\|publisher\=\[\[OCLC\|Online Computer Library Center]]\|oclc\=43616285}}{{cite book\|title\=The moon and you\|publisher\=\[\[OCLC\|Online Computer Library Center]]\|oclc\=25913953}} |
| The Rainbow and You | 2000 | [HarperCollins](/wiki/HarperCollins "HarperCollins"), [New York](/wiki/New_York_City "New York City");Morrow Junior Books, New York | How rainbows are formed by the colors in sunlight shining through raindrops. | {{cite book\|title\=The rainbow and you\|publisher\=\[\[OCLC\|Online Computer Library Center]]\|oclc\=41565135}}{{cite book\|title\=The rainbow and you\|date\=April 5, 2000\|publisher\=\[\[OCLC\|Online Computer Library Center]]\|isbn\=9780688156015\|oclc\=759930201}} |
|
### Magazine/journal articles
Krupp was once a contributing editor to *[Sky \& Telescope](/wiki/Sky_%26_Telescope "Sky & Telescope")* magazine and had a monthly column in that publication.{{cite web\|title\=Dr. Edwin C. Krupp, Astronomer \& Director of Griffith Observatory\|website\=Guide to the Cosmos on Radio\|publisher\=Robert L. Piccioni, Ph.D\|access\-date\=10 March 2017\|url\=http://www.guidetothecosmos.com/radio/radio\_show\_krupp.html\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224232422/http://guidetothecosmos.com/radio/radio\_show\_krupp.html\|archive\-date\=24 December 2016\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite news\|title\=Meet the Staff of Sky \& Telescope\|website\=\[\[Sky \& Telescope]]\|access\-date\=10 March 2017\|url\=http://www.skyandtelescope.com/about/meet\-the\-staff/}} The column was named *Rambling Through the Skies* and discussed the impact of astronomy on culture. He has also served as the editor of the *Griffith Observer*, the monthly magazine published by Griffith Observatory's.
Krupp has written many articles on astronomy and culture for the general reader and dozens of research papers. This list is a mere sampling:
| Title | Magazine/Journal | Date/Volume | Page | Description | References |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Whiter Shade of Pale | [Sky \& Telescope](/wiki/Sky_%26_Telescope "Sky & Telescope") | July 2000 | 86 | A rock that looks like the [Milky Way](/wiki/Milky_Way "Milky Way") and was used in ceremonies by [Native Americans](/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States "Native Americans in the United States") in California. | {{cite web\|last1\=Fraknoi\|first1\=Andrew\|author\-link\=Andrew Fraknoi\|title\=Multicultural Astronomy : The Astronomy of Non – western Cultures: A Resource Guide\|url\=https://www.astronomy2009\.org/static/resources/iya2009\_multicultural\_astronomy.pdf\|publisher\=\[\[Foothill College]] \& \[\[Astronomical Society of the Pacific]]\|access\-date\=10 March 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170109065649/http://astronomy2009\.org/static/resources/iya2009\_multicultural\_astronomy.pdf\|archive\-date\=9 January 2017\|url\-status\=live}} |
| Inner Glow | [Sky \& Telescope](/wiki/Sky_%26_Telescope "Sky & Telescope") | December 2004 | 50 | About the underground shrine at [Newgrange](/wiki/Newgrange "Newgrange"), [Ireland](/wiki/Ireland "Ireland"). | |
| The Great 2012 Scare | [Sky \& Telescope](/wiki/Sky_%26_Telescope "Sky & Telescope") | November 2009 | 22–26 | The Maya Calendar does not predict the end of the world in December 2012\. | {{cite web\|last1\=Krupp\|first1\=E. C.\|title\=The Great 2012 Scare\|url\=http://media.skyandtelescope.com/documents/Doomsday2012\.pdf\|website\=\[\[Sky \& Telescope]]\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160418162238/http://media.skyandtelescope.com/documents/Doomsday2012\.pdf\|archive\-date\=April 18, 2016\|date\=November 2009\|url\-status\=dead\|df\=mdy\-all}} |
| Archaeoastronomy Unplugged: Eliminating the Fuzz Tone from Rock Art Astronomy | American Indian Rock Art | 2006Volume 21, Vol. 3 | 353–370 | | |
| Hiawatha in California | Astronomy Quarterly | 1991Vol. 8, No. 1 | 47–64 | | {{cite book\|title\=Hiawatha in California\|publisher\=\[\[OCLC\|Online Computer Library Center]]\|df\=mdy\-all\|oclc\=4933846877}} |
| Night Gallery: the Function, Origin, and Evolution of Constellations | Archaeoastronomy | 2000 | 43–63 | | {{cite book\|title\=Night gallery : the function, origin, and evolution of constellations\|publisher\=\[\[OCLC\|Online Computer Library Center]]\|df\=mdy\-all\|oclc\=907778899}} |
| Egyptian Astronomy: The Roots of Modern Timekeeping | [New Scientist](/wiki/New_Scientist "New Scientist") | January 3, 1980 | 24–27 | | {{cite book\|title\=Egyptian astronomy : the roots of modern timekeeping\|publisher\=\[\[OCLC\|Online Computer Library Center]]\|df\=mdy\-all\|oclc\=78039445}}{{cite book\|title\=Egyptian astronomy: the roots of modern timekeeping\|publisher\=\[\[OCLC\|Online Computer Library Center]]\|df\=mdy\-all\|oclc\=812849695}} |
| Saluting the Solstice | News from Native California | November 1987Vol. 1(5\) | 10–13 | | {{cite web\|title\=Chumash Rock Art (from search of the Marymor / Bancroft bibliographic database)\|url\=http://www.arara.org/Chumash\_Bibliography.pdf\|publisher\=American Rock Art Research Association\|access\-date\=10 March 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100620054055/http://arara.org/Chumash\_Bibliography.pdf\|archive\-date\=20 June 2010\|url\-status\=live}} |
| When Things are Divided in Half | Rock Art Papers San Diego Museum Papers | 1990No. 26, Vol. 7 | 41–48 | | |
|
### Films
Krupp has appeared in several documentary films and educational film series. He also has writing credits and scientific advisor credits. These include:
| Title | Type | Year | Ed's Role | Description | References |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Project Universe{{efn\|Project Universe was nominated for a local \[\[Emmy Award]].}} | [PBS](/wiki/PBS "PBS") Telecourse Series (30 half\-hour episodes) | 1978 | Presenter/Writer | Introduction to Astronomy | {{cite book\|title\=Project universe : an introduction to astronomy\|publisher\=\[\[OCLC\|Online Computer Library Center]]\|oclc\=28278515}} |
| Time Travel: Fact, Fiction and Fantasy | Documentary/Science Fiction | 1985 | Cast – Himself | | |
| Seasons | Short Documentary | 1987 | Scientific Consultant | | |
| Secrets and Mysteries (episode) Stonehenge | Documentary Series | 1988 | Cast – Himself | A look at [England](/wiki/England "England")'s [Stonehenge](/wiki/Stonehenge "Stonehenge"), compared to American sites such as [Arizona](/wiki/Arizona "Arizona")'s [Casa Grande](/wiki/Casa_Grande_Ruins_National_Monument "Casa Grande Ruins National Monument") and [Mystery Hill](/wiki/America%27s_Stonehenge "America's Stonehenge") in [New Hampshire](/wiki/New_Hampshire "New Hampshire"). | |
| The Complete Cosmos | Short Documentary/Science Fiction Series | 1998–1999 | Thanks to Ed Krupp and Griffith Observatory | Guide to the wonders of the universe. | |
| Horizon (episode) Atlantis Reborn | Documentary Series | 1999 | Cast – Himself | | |
| Solarmax | Short Documentary | 2000 | Scientific Advisory Committee | The story of humankind's struggle to understand the sun. | |
| The Universe (episode) Constellations (2008\) (episode) Stonehenge (2014\) (episode) Pyramids (2014\) | Documentary Series | 2007–2015 | Cast – Himself | Explores many scientific questions and topics about the universe | |
| Extreme Universe (episode) Star Gates | Documentary Series | 2010 | Cast – Himself | | |
| Why We Will Still Be Here on Dec. 21 \[2012] | Panel Discussion | 2012 | Panel Member | Sponsored and filmed by [SETI](/wiki/Search_for_extraterrestrial_intelligence "Search for extraterrestrial intelligence"), Why the [Mayan calendar](/wiki/Mayan_calendar "Mayan calendar") does *not* predict the end of the world. | |
|
### Planetarium programs
Krupp started his career at Griffith Observatory as a [planetarium](/wiki/Planetarium "Planetarium") lecturer. As directory of the observatory he has returned to the Samuel Oschin Planetarium at Griffith Observatory as a writer. He has several planetarium show writing credits.
| Title | Writer(s) | Description | References |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Centered in the Universe | Don Dixon,E.C. Krupp,Andre Bormanis | Asks fundamental questions about Earth's and humankind's place in the universe. | {{cite web\|title\=Centered in the Universe\|url\=http://griffithobservatory.org/programs/ciu\_credits.html\|publisher\=\[\[Griffith Observatory]]\|access\-date\=24 March 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624004447/http://www.griffithobservatory.org/programs/ciu\_credits.html\|archive\-date\=24 June 2016\|url\-status\=live}} |
| Time's Up | Laura Danly,Ed Krupp,Don Dixon,Chris Shelton | How time and the universe works and why the Mayan calendar did not predict the end of the world in 2012\. | {{cite web\|last1\=Gettell\|first1\=Oliver\|title\='Time's Up' ticks into future at Griffith Observatory planetarium\|url\=https://www.latimes.com/travel/la\-xpm\-2012\-may\-29\-la\-et\-griffith\-planeterium\-20120529\-story.html\|website\=Los Angeles Times\|date\=29 May 2012\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160713051334/http://articles.latimes.com/2012/may/29/entertainment/la\-et\-griffith\-planeterium\-20120529\|archive\-date\=13 July 2016\|url\-status\=live}} |
| Light of the Valkyries{{efn\|\[\[IMDb]] classifies ''Light of the Valkyries'' as an Animation Short. It is in fact, a planetarium show in the Samuel Oschin Planetarium at Griffith Observatory.{{cite web\|title\=Light of the Valkyries\|url\=http://griffithobservatory.org/programs/lotv.html\|website\=Griffith Observatory\|access\-date\=24 March 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223015023/http://griffithobservatory.org/programs/lotv.html\|archive\-date\=23 February 2017\|url\-status\=live}}}} | Laura Danly,Don Dixon,Ed Krupp | A voyage of [Viking](/wiki/Vikings "Vikings") [cosmology](/wiki/Cosmology "Cosmology") that explores the true nature of the [aurora borealis](/wiki/Aurora "Aurora"), the northern lights. | |
| First Light: The Telescope Changed Everything | Ed Krupp | How the world changed after [Galileo Galilei](/wiki/Galileo_Galilei "Galileo Galilei") built the world's finest [telescope](/wiki/Telescope "Telescope") and pointed it to the sky. | {{cite web\|last1\=Bartholomew\|first1\=Dana\|title\=Griffith Observatory set for its salute to Galileo\|url\=http://www.dailynews.com/article/zz/20090203/NEWS/902039907\|website\=Los Angeles Times\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170324225211/http://www.dailynews.com/article/zz/20090203/NEWS/902039907\|archive\-date\=24 March 2017\|date\=3 February 2009\|url\-status\=live}} |
|
### Professional affiliations
Krupp is affiliated with several scientific, astronomical, archaeoastronomical, and educational organizations.
* [American Astronomical Society](/wiki/American_Astronomical_Society "American Astronomical Society"), and its Historical Astronomy Division{{cite web\|title\=Past Leadership Past Officers\|url\=https://had.aas.org/leadership/past\_leadership\|publisher\=\[\[American Astronomical Society]]\|access\-date\=12 March 2017}}
+ Historical Astronomy Division Vice\-Chairman 1983–1985, Chairman 1985–1987
* [International Astronomical Union](/wiki/International_Astronomical_Union "International Astronomical Union"){{cite web\|title\=Edwin C. Krupp\|url\=https://www.iau.org/administration/membership/individual/6935/\|publisher\=\[\[International Astronomical Union]]\|access\-date\=12 March 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928170148/http://www.iau.org/administration/membership/individual/6935/\|archive\-date\=28 September 2015\|url\-status\=live}}
+ Member of
- Division C Education, Outreach and Heritage
- Commission C3 History of Astronomy
- Inter\-Commission C3\-C4 WG Archaeoastronomy and Astronomy in Culture
+ Past Member of
- Division XII Union\-Wide Activities (until 2012\)
- Commission 41 History of Astronomy (until 2015\)
- Commission 46 Astronomy Education \& Development (until 2015\)
- Commission 41 WG Archaeoastronomy and Astronomy in Culture (2015–2015\)
- Commission 41 WG Astronomy and World Heritage (until 2015\)
* [Committee for Skeptical Inquiry](/wiki/Committee_for_Skeptical_Inquiry "Committee for Skeptical Inquiry"){{cite web\|title\=CSI Fellows and Staff\|url\=http://www.csicop.org/about/csi\_fellows\_and\_staff\|publisher\=\[\[Committee for Skeptical Inquiry]]\|access\-date\=12 March 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131004937/http://www.csicop.org/about/csi\_fellows\_and\_staff\|archive\-date\=31 January 2017\|url\-status\=live}}
+ [Fellow](/wiki/Fellow "Fellow")
+ Member of [Council for Media Integrity](/wiki/Committee_for_Skeptical_Inquiry%23CforMI "Committee for Skeptical Inquiry#CforMI"){{cite web\|title\=Council for Media Integrity\|date\=January 8, 1997\|url\=http://www.csicop.org/specialcollections/show/council\_for\_media\_integrity\|publisher\=\[\[Committee for Skeptical Inquiry]]\|access\-date\=12 March 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161110062150/http://www.csicop.org/specialcollections/show/council\_for\_media\_integrity\|archive\-date\=10 November 2016\|url\-status\=live}}
### Awards and honors
Krupp's writings, and active evangelization of the universe to the public, has resulted in his receiving several awards and honors:
| Award/Honor | When | Awarded By | Description | Work Honored | References |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Science\-Writing Award | 1978 | [American Institute of Physics (AIP)](/wiki/American_Institute_of_Physics "American Institute of Physics") | | [In Search of Ancient Astronomies](/wiki/%23InSearchOfAncientAstronomies "#InSearchOfAncientAstronomies") | |
| Science\-Writing Award | 1985 | [American Institute of Physics (AIP)](/wiki/American_Institute_of_Physics "American Institute of Physics") | | [The Comet and You](/wiki/%23TheCometAndYou "#TheCometAndYou"){{efn\|The first time the Science\-Writing award was given for a book written for children.{{cite web\|last1\=Gufrey\|first1\=Vlasta N.\|title\=Children's Comet Book\|url\=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\-xpm\-1985\-11\-21\-vw\-1922\-story.html\|website\=\[\[Los Angeles Times]]\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313002516/http://articles.latimes.com/1985\-11\-21/news/vw\-1922\_1\_children\-s\-comet\-book\-griffith\-observatory\-edwin\-c\-krupp\|archive\-date\=13 March 2017\|date\=21 November 1985\|url\-status\=live}}}} | |
| [Klumpke\-Roberts Award](/wiki/Klumpke-Roberts_Award "Klumpke-Roberts Award") | 1989 | [Astronomical Society of the Pacific](/wiki/Astronomical_Society_of_the_Pacific "Astronomical Society of the Pacific") | For contributing to the understanding and appreciation of astronomy by the public. | | |
| [Honorary Doctor of Science](/wiki/Honorary_degree "Honorary degree") | 1996 | [West Coast University](/wiki/West_Coast_University "West Coast University") | | | {{cite web\|title\=E. C. Krupp: Recycling Time\|url\=http://saving\-time.org/timeforeveryone/speakers/dr\-ec\-edwin\-krupp\|website\=Time For Everyone\|publisher\=\[\[California Institute of Technology]]\|access\-date\=24 March 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604072119/http://saving\-time.org/timeforeveryone/speakers/dr\-ec\-edwin\-krupp\|archive\-date\=4 June 2016\|url\-status\=live}} |
| [Clifford W. Holmes Award](/wiki/Clifford_W._Holmes_Award "Clifford W. Holmes Award") | 2002 | Riverside Telescope Makers Conference ([Riverside, California](/wiki/Riverside%2C_California "Riverside, California")) | For major contributions toward popularizing astronomy. | | {{cite web\|title\=Clifford W. Holmes Award\|url\=http://www.astronomyoutreach.net/index.php?title\=Clifford\_W.\_Holmes\_Award\|website\=AstronomyOutreach\|publisher\=AstronomyOutreach Network\|access\-date\=18 March 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114212308/http://www.astronomyoutreach.net/index.php?title\=Clifford\_W.\_Holmes\_Award\|archive\-date\=14 November 2012\|url\-status\=live}} |
| [Honorary Doctor of Science](/wiki/Honorary_degree "Honorary degree") | 2011 | [Pomona College](/wiki/Pomona_College "Pomona College") | | | |
| [Andrew Gemant Award](/wiki/Andrew_Gemant_Award "Andrew Gemant Award"){{efn\|Named for \[\[Andrew Gemant]], a twentieth century physicist who specialized in the fields of \[\[viscoelasticity]] and \[\[Fractional calculus\|fractional differentials]].}} | November 22, 2013 | [American Institute of Physics (AIP)](/wiki/American_Institute_of_Physics "American Institute of Physics") | Awarded to a person that has made substantial cultural, artistic, or humanistic contributions to physics. | | |
| Blaisdell Distinguished Alumni Award{{efn\|Recognizes alumni who have borne the essence of \[\[Pomona College]] into the world, and have emulated to the \[\[James A. Blaisdell]] quotation carved on the college gates: "They only are loyal to the college who departing bear their added riches in trust for mankind."}} | April 29, 2016 | [Pomona College](/wiki/Pomona_College "Pomona College") | Honors alumni for achievement in professional and community service | | |
|
On November 22, 2013 Krupp was presented with the Andrew Gemant Award at a session of the [Los Angeles](/wiki/Los_Angeles "Los Angeles") city council, the award citation indicated that Krupp was being recognized for:
* 40 years of outreach and education through extraordinary planetarium shows and programs.
* Award\-winning and popular articles, books, exhibits, lectures, public events and television programs.
* Distinguished archaeoastronomical research in which the links between astronomy and ancient culture have been explored.
At the ceremony Catherine O'Riordan, then AIP vice president of Physics Resources said:{{blockquote\|Griffith Observatory, where Edwin Krupp has been director for nearly four decades, is the most\-visited public observatory in the world. Through telescopes, other public instruments, innovative exhibits, and live astronomical programs, he has brought the heavens to life for millions on the ground.{{cite web\|title\=LA astronomer Edwin C. Krupp wins AIP's 2013 Andrew Gemant Award\|url\=http://www.spaceref.com/news/viewpr.html?pid\=41647\|website\=SpaceRef\|publisher\=SpaceRef Interactive Inc\|access\-date\=13 March 2017\|date\=24 September 2013}}}}
|
[
"Career\n------",
"### Teaching",
"Krupp began his teaching career as a teaching assistant for the Summer Science Program during his graduate school days.{{cite web\\|title\\=The \"Teaching Opportunity of a Lifetime\" at SSP\\|website\\=The Summer Science Program\\|url\\=http://casa.colorado.edu/\\~dduncan/ssp/ssp.pdf\\|access\\-date\\=22 March 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202044556/http://casa.colorado.edu/\\~dduncan/ssp/ssp.pdf\\|archive\\-date\\=2 February 2017\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Also, during graduate school he taught at the following education institutions:\n* [El Camino College](/wiki/El_Camino_College \"El Camino College\")\n* [University of Southern California](/wiki/University_of_Southern_California \"University of Southern California\")\n* [University of California, Los Angeles](/wiki/University_of_California%2C_Los_Angeles \"University of California, Los Angeles\"){{cite web\\|title\\=Dr. Edwin C. Krupp\\|url\\=http://pedasfamily.com/AssociatesKruppEd.html\\|website\\=Science at Sea\\|publisher\\=pedasfamily.com\\|access\\-date\\=7 March 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170307202134/http://pedasfamily.com/AssociatesKruppEd.html\\|archive\\-date\\=7 March 2017\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"He became a planetarium lecturer at Griffith Observatory while also still in graduate school. Krupp has been a frequent lecturer throughout his career. He has lectured on science based tours he has led and other venues.{{cite web\\|title\\=Edwin C. Krupp\\|url\\=http://www.farhorizons.com/our\\-tour\\-scholars\\-leaders/edwin\\-krupp/\\|publisher\\=Far Horizons Inc.\\|access\\-date\\=24 March 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170324192210/https://www.farhorizons.com/our\\-tour\\-scholars\\-leaders/edwin\\-krupp/\\|archive\\-date\\=24 March 2017\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"### Griffith Observatory",
"[thumb\\|An aerial view of [Griffith Observatory](/wiki/Griffith_Observatory \"Griffith Observatory\") on the south facing slope of Mount Hollywood in [Griffith Park](/wiki/Griffith_Park \"Griffith Park\"), [Los Angeles](/wiki/Los_Angeles \"Los Angeles\")](/wiki/File:An_aerial_view_of_Griffith_Observatory.jpg \"An aerial view of Griffith Observatory.jpg\")\nKrupp took his first job at [Griffith Observatory](/wiki/Griffith_Observatory \"Griffith Observatory\") in Los Angeles{{efn\\|Both \\[\\[Griffith Observatory]] and \\[\\[Griffith Park]] where the observatory is located were given to the city of Los Angeles by \\[\\[Griffith J. Griffith]] a wealthy Los Angeles businessman.}} while he was still a doctoral candidate at UCLA. This was as a part\\-time [planetarium](/wiki/Planetarium \"Planetarium\") lecturer{{cite web\\|last1\\=Bartholomew\\|first1\\=Dana\\|title\\=Griffith Observatory, its director Dr. Edwin C. Krupp celebrate milestones\\|url\\=http://www.dailynews.com/science/20140509/griffith\\-observatory\\-its\\-director\\-dr\\-edwin\\-c\\-krupp\\-celebrate\\-milestones\\|work\\=\\[\\[Los Angeles Daily News]]\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160805021416/http://www.dailynews.com/science/20140509/griffith\\-observatory\\-its\\-director\\-dr\\-edwin\\-c\\-krupp\\-celebrate\\-milestones\\|archive\\-date\\=5 August 2016\\|date\\=9 May 2014\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|title\\=Edwin Krupp, 2013 Gemant Award\\|url\\=https://www.aip.org/aip/awards/gemant\\-award/edwin\\-krupp\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[American Institute of Physics]]\\|access\\-date\\=6 March 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018104532/https://www.aip.org/aip/awards/gemant\\-award/edwin\\-krupp\\|archive\\-date\\=18 October 2015\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|date\\=2014\\-09\\-04}}{{cite web\\|last1\\=Bartholomew\\|first1\\=Dana\\|title\\=Griffith Observatory director Edwin C. Krupp wins physics award\\|url\\=http://www.dailynews.com/science/20130924/griffith\\-observatory\\-director\\-edwin\\-c\\-krupp\\-wins\\-physics\\-award\\|website\\=\\[\\[Los Angeles Daily News]]\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160115012251/http://www.dailynews.com/science/20130924/griffith\\-observatory\\-director\\-edwin\\-c\\-krupp\\-wins\\-physics\\-award\\|archive\\-date\\=15 January 2016\\|date\\=24 September 2013\\|url\\-status\\=live}} and Krupp did not enjoy this job at first, saying to his wife Robin, \"Gee this isn't science, It's showbusiness.\" But, after he started noticing the audiences responding with increasing enthusiasm he started saying, \"Hey, this is *showbusiness*.\"",
"Krupp was appointed Observatory [Curator](/wiki/Curator \"Curator\") in 1972 upon completion of his PhD.{{cite web\\|last1\\=Menke\\|first1\\=David H.\\|title\\=Dinsmore Alter and the Griffith Observatory\\|url\\=http://www.ips\\-planetarium.org/?page\\=a\\_menke1987\\|publisher\\=International Planetarium Society\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104044356/http://www.ips\\-planetarium.org/?page\\=a\\_menke1987\\|archive\\-date\\=4 November 2016\\|date\\=4 October 1987\\|url\\-status\\=live}} In 1974 the director of Griffith Observatory, William J. Kaufmann III, left, and Krupp was appointed acting director.{{cite journal\\|url\\=https://aas.org/obituaries/william\\-j\\-kaufmann\\-iii\\-1942\\-1994\\|title\\=William J. Kaufmann III (1942 \\- 1994\\)\\|author\\=Andrew Fraknoi\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[American Astronomical Society]]\\|doi\\=10\\.3847/BAASOBIT1995003 \\|access\\-date\\=July 1, 2018\\|author\\-link\\=Andrew Fraknoi\\|doi\\-broken\\-date\\=September 12, 2024 \\|doi\\-access\\=free\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180701030504/https://aas.org/obituaries/william\\-j\\-kaufmann\\-iii\\-1942\\-1994\\|archive\\-date\\=July 1, 2018\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} In 1976 Krupp's title was changed from \"acting\" director to director.",
"[thumb\\|left\\|Ed Krupp with an Albert Einstein statue at Griffith ObservatoryAs](/wiki/File:Krupp_and_Einstein.jpg \"Krupp and Einstein.jpg\") early as 1978 Krupp was aware that the observatory would need a future restoration and that there was a need to update equipment and exhibits. So he and Harold and Debra Griffith{{efn\\|Harold Griffith was the grandson of \\[\\[Griffith J. Griffith]].{{cite web\\|title\\=Harold Griffith, Grandson of Park's Donor, Dies\\|url\\=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\\-xpm\\-1985\\-03\\-10\\-me\\-25809\\-story.html\\|website\\=\\[\\[Los Angeles Times]]\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151029143600/http://articles.latimes.com/1985\\-03\\-10/local/me\\-25809\\_1\\_harold\\-griffith\\|archive\\-date\\=29 October 2015\\|date\\=10 March 1985\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Debra was his wife. Griffith J. Griffith was the wealthy businessman that donated both \\[\\[Griffith Park]] and the \\[\\[Griffith Observatory]] within the park to the city of \\[\\[Los Angeles]].{{cite web\\|last1\\=Bell\\|first1\\=Alison\\|title\\=Colonel Griffith J. Griffith one of L.A.'s more colorful figures\\|url\\=https://www.latimes.com/local/la\\-xpm\\-2011\\-jun\\-12\\-la\\-me\\-0612\\-then\\-20110612\\-story.html\\|website\\=\\[\\[Los Angeles Times]]\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309181008/http://articles.latimes.com/2011/jun/12/local/la\\-me\\-0612\\-then\\-20110612\\|archive\\-date\\=9 March 2016\\|date\\=12 June 2011\\|url\\-status\\=live}}}} co\\-founded the Friends of the Observatory (FOTO).{{cite web\\|title\\=Friends Of The Observatory (FOTO)\\|url\\=http://griffithobservatory.org/about/foto.html\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Griffith Observatory]]\\|access\\-date\\=6 March 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624003613/http://www.griffithobservatory.org/about/foto.html\\|archive\\-date\\=24 June 2016\\|url\\-status\\=live}} FOTO aids the mission of the observatory in many ways. FOTO partnered with the city to renovate and expand the observatory raising US$30 million for the effort ($26 million in private funds). The observatory closed its doors in 2002 for the $93 Million dollar renovation and expansion. The entire project was spearheaded by Krupp, and the observatory reopened in the fall of 2006\\.",
"Krupp often appears in the media to discuss and explain developments and recent discoveries in astronomy, as well as discuss current celestial events.{{cite web\\|last1\\=Emspak\\|first1\\=Jesse\\|title\\=Venus and Jupiter Imagined: From Galileo to Science Fiction\\|url\\=http://www.space.com/33863\\-venus\\-jupiter\\-imagined\\-through\\-history.html\\|website\\=\\[\\[Space.com]]\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Purch Group\\|Purch]]\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160830135740/http://www.space.com/33863\\-venus\\-jupiter\\-imagined\\-through\\-history.html\\|archive\\-date\\=August 30, 2016\\|date\\=26 August 2016\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|df\\=mdy\\-all}}{{cite web\\|last1\\=Navarro\\|first1\\=Heather\\|title\\=Streak of Light Dashes Across SoCal Sky Sparking Social Media Debate\\|url\\=http://www.nbclosangeles.com/news/local/streak\\-light\\-sky\\-socal\\-griffith\\-observatory\\-377221121\\.html\\|website\\=NBCLosAngeles\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[NBCUniversal\\|NBC Universal Media, LLC]]\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161212231556/http://www.nbclosangeles.com/news/local/streak\\-light\\-sky\\-socal\\-griffith\\-observatory\\-377221121\\.html\\|archive\\-date\\=12 December 2016\\|date\\=26 April 2016\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|last1\\=Jennewein\\|first1\\=Chris\\|title\\=Russian Rocket Debris Lights Up Southern Calif. Sky\\|url\\=http://timesofsandiego.com/life/2015/12/23/russian\\-rocket\\-debris\\-light\\-up\\-southern\\-calif\\-sky/\\|website\\=Times of San Diego\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Times of San Diego\\|Times of San Diego, LLC]]\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160601031701/http://timesofsandiego.com/life/2015/12/23/russian\\-rocket\\-debris\\-light\\-up\\-southern\\-calif\\-sky/\\|archive\\-date\\=1 June 2016\\|date\\=23 December 2015\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|title\\=Blood moon eclipse offers rare astronomical double feature\\|url\\=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/ct\\-blood\\-moon\\-lunar\\-eclipse\\-20150927\\-story.html\\|website\\=\\[\\[Chicago Tribune]]\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170226140227/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/ct\\-blood\\-moon\\-lunar\\-eclipse\\-20150927\\-story.html\\|archive\\-date\\=26 February 2017\\|date\\=28 September 2015\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|title\\=KPCC vs. The Sun: Solar flares, cosmic rays, and a chat with the director of the Griffith Observatory\\|url\\=http://www.scpr.org/blogs/news/2012/03/08/5002/kpcc\\-vs\\-sun\\-solar\\-flares\\-cosmic\\-rays\\-and\\-chat\\-dire/\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[KPCC (radio station)\\|89\\.3 KPCC]]\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313214244/http://www.scpr.org/blogs/news/2012/03/08/5002/kpcc\\-vs\\-sun\\-solar\\-flares\\-cosmic\\-rays\\-and\\-chat\\-dire/\\|archive\\-date\\=13 March 2017\\|date\\=8 March 2012\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"In 2014 Griffith Observatory had its 80th anniversary and Krupp his 40th as observatory director. At that time, John Ashton of Sunseeker Tours in Long Beach noted, \"It's an L.A. treasure. We get more requests to see this than anything.\" And, then LA City Councilman [Tom LaBonge](/wiki/Tom_LaBonge \"Tom LaBonge\") (whose district included the observatory) observed: {{blockquote\\|There are many, many, many very special public employees, but there's only one Dr. Edwin C. Krupp. Not only does he have the greatest building in the city. He's got the universe.}}",
"### Archaeoastronomy",
"[left\\|thumb\\|[Burro Flats Pictographs](/wiki/Burro_Flats_Painted_Cave \"Burro Flats Painted Cave\") in the [Simi Hills](/wiki/Simi_Hills \"Simi Hills\") of Southern California](/wiki/File:Pictographs_at_the_Burro_Flats_Painted_Cave.png \"Pictographs at the Burro Flats Painted Cave.png\")\nKrupp has a special interest in the impact of astronomy on ancient belief systems, and is an internationally recognized expert on traditional astronomies. He is noted for his many contributions to the field on which he has written extensively, and he has visited, and studied, nearly 2,000 prehistoric, and historic sites around the world.{{cite web\\|title\\=Dr. E. C. Krupp\\|url\\=http://www.astronomyoutreach.net/index.php?title\\=Dr.\\_E.\\_C.\\_Krupp\\|website\\=AstronomyOutreach\\|publisher\\=AstronomyOutreach Network\\|access\\-date\\=6 March 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170306025231/http://www.astronomyoutreach.net/index.php?title\\=Dr.\\_E.\\_C.\\_Krupp\\|archive\\-date\\=6 March 2017\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"Krupp has traveled around the world for his archaeoastronomy studies. These trips have also taken him to sites close to home such as the [Burro Flats pictograph site](/wiki/Burro_Flats_Painted_Cave \"Burro Flats Painted Cave\") in the [Simi Hills](/wiki/Simi_Hills \"Simi Hills\") of Southern California, which he first visited in 1979\\. Over the years, Krupp has made semi\\-regular trips to that site to conduct solstice observations.{{cite web\\|last1\\=Knight\\|first1\\=Albert\\|access\\-date\\=7 March 2017\\|title\\=Three Chumash\\-style Pictograph Sites in Fernandeño Territory\\|url\\=https://www.scahome.org/publications/proceedings/Proceedings.26Knight.pdf\\|publisher\\=Society for California Archaeology\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020172611/https://scahome.org/publications/proceedings/Proceedings.26Knight.pdf\\|archive\\-date\\=20 October 2016\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"Krupp has shared his studies of archaeoastronomy with the general public by including archaeoastronomy topics in Griffith Observatory planetarium programs, writing books and magazine articles,{{cite web\\|title\\=The Astronomy of Many Cultures\\|url\\=http://nature1st.net/mag/wp\\-content/uploads/2014/02/Franknoi\\-Books.pdf\\|publisher\\=Nature First\\|access\\-date\\=7 March 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913174911/http://nature1st.net/mag/wp\\-content/uploads/2014/02/Franknoi\\-Books.pdf\\|archive\\-date\\=13 September 2016\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|last1\\=Fraknoi\\|first1\\=Andrew\\|author\\-link\\=Andrew Fraknoi\\|title\\=Unheard Voices, Part 1: The Astronomy of Many Cultures\\|url\\=http://multiverse.ssl.berkeley.edu/multicultural\\|website\\=Multiverse\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[University of California, Berkeley]]\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416131623/http://multiverse.ssl.berkeley.edu/multicultural\\|archive\\-date\\=16 April 2016\\|url\\-status\\=live}} appearing in documentary films, and leading tours to archaeological sites that are associated with ancient astronomy.",
"### Bibliography",
"Krupp has written several books for adults and for children. His first two adult books (one being his doctoral dissertation), both derive from the work he did on rich clusters of galaxies while a PhD student at UCLA. His remaining adult books derive from his interests in archaeoastronomy, and contain extensive original research and analysis, while also being educational in nature. They cover astronomy in ancient cultures and the effect of beliefs about the sky on those cultures.{{cite web\\|last1\\=Lemberg\\|first1\\=David\\|title\\=Griffith Observatory – Astronomy and Science Education\\|url\\=http://scienceandsociety.net/2009/12/07/griffith\\-observatory\\-astronomy\\-and\\-science\\-education/\\|website\\=Science and Society\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170308213852/http://scienceandsociety.net/2009/12/07/griffith\\-observatory\\-astronomy\\-and\\-science\\-education/\\|archive\\-date\\=8 March 2017\\|date\\=7 December 2009\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"#### Books for adults",
"Books authored, partially authored, and/or edited by Krupp for an adult audience:",
"| Title | Author(s) | Year Published | Publisher | Description | References |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| The Morphology of Rich Clusters of Galaxies | Edwin C. Krupp | 1972 | [University Microfilms International](/wiki/ProQuest \"ProQuest\"),[Ann Arbor, Michigan](/wiki/Ann_Arbor%2C_Michigan \"Ann Arbor, Michigan\") | Doctoral Dissertation ([UCLA](/wiki/University_of_California%2C_Los_Angeles \"University of California, Los Angeles\")) | {{cite book\\|title\\=The morphology of rich clusters of galaxies\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[OCLC\\|Online Computer Library Center]]\\|oclc\\=946211377}} |\n| The Luminosity Function of E\\-S0 Galaxies in Rich Clusters | Edwin C. Krupp | 1974 | [University of California,Los Angeles](/wiki/University_of_California%2C_Los_Angeles \"University of California, Los Angeles\") | | {{cite book\\|title\\=The luminosity function of E\\-S0 galaxies in rich clusters\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[OCLC\\|Online Computer Library Center]]\\|df\\=mdy\\-all\\|oclc\\=907731003}} |\n| {{anchor\\|InSearchOfAncientAstronomies}}In Search of Ancient Astronomies | Edwin C. Krupp (editor, principal author) | 1978 | [Doubleday](/wiki/Doubleday_%28publisher%29 \"Doubleday (publisher)\"),[Garden City, New York](/wiki/Garden_City%2C_New_York \"Garden City, New York\") | Survey of the new scientific discipline of archaeoastronomy, the study of the astronomies of ancient and prehistoric times through archaeology. | {{cite book\\|title\\=In search of ancient astronomies\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[OCLC\\|Online Computer Library Center]]\\|oclc\\=3205289}} |\n| Echoes of the Ancient Skies: The Astronomy of Ancient Civilizations{{efn\\|Selected for \\[\\[Book of the Month Club]]/Science. Also selected for two \\[\\[Macmillan Publishers (United States)\\|Macmillan]] book clubs (as the main and alternate selections).}} | Edwin C. Krupp | 1983 | [Harper \\& Row](/wiki/Harper_%28publisher%29 \"Harper (publisher)\"),[New York](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\") | The study of ancient peoples' observations of the skies and the impact of those observations on their cultural evolution | {{cite book\\|title\\=Echoes of the Ancient Skies : the Astronomy of Lost Civilizations\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[OCLC\\|Online Computer Library Center]]\\|oclc\\=924839703}} |\n| Archaeoastronomy and the Roots of Science | Edwin C. Krupp (Editor, Author) | 1984 | [Westview Press](/wiki/Westview_Press \"Westview Press\"),[Boulder, Colorado](/wiki/Boulder%2C_Colorado \"Boulder, Colorado\") | Reviews recent research, on the astronomy of worldwide ancient cultures and the effects of astronomy on those cultures. | {{cite book\\|title\\=Archaeoastronomy and the roots of science\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[OCLC\\|Online Computer Library Center]]\\|oclc\\=10571100}} |\n| Beyond the Blue Horizon – Myths and Legends of the Sun, Moon, Stars, and Planets | Edwin C. Krupp | 1991 | [HarperCollins](/wiki/HarperCollins \"HarperCollins\"),[New York](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\") | A worldwide comparative study of celestial mythology, Skywatchers, Shamans, \\& Kings: Astronomy and the Archaeology of Power | {{cite book\\|title\\=Beyond the blue horizon : myths and legends of the sun, moon, stars, and planets\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[OCLC\\|Online Computer Library Center]]\\|oclc\\=22240668}} |\n| Skywatchers, Shamans, \\& Kings: Astronomy and the Archaeology of Power | Edwin C. Krupp | 1996 | [John Wiley](/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons \"John Wiley & Sons\"),[New York](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\") | Journey to the world's essential sacred places and celestial shrines and see where the rulers of old communed with the gods of the sky. | {{cite book\\|title\\=Skywatchers, shamans \\[and] kings : astronomy and the archaeology of power\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[OCLC\\|Online Computer Library Center]]\\|oclc\\=681349825}} |\n| Public Astronomy, Los Angeles Style | David DeVorkin, Edwin C. Krupp (Editors) | 2021 | Griffith Observatory, Los Angeles | Griffith Observatory is the most visible agent of public astronomy in Los Angeles, but it wasn’t the first. Six experts detail this uniquely southern California story from street\\-corner telescopes to a street\\-legal Zeiss refractor mounted on the roof of a 1932 Ford. | {{cite book \\|title\\=Public astronomy, Los Angeles style \\|date\\=2021 \\|publisher\\=Griffith Observatory \\|location\\=City of Los Angeles \\|url\\=https://www.muzemerch.com/public\\-astronomy\\-los\\-angeles\\-style}} |\n|",
"",
"#### Chapters, forewords, and research papers",
"Krupp has also written full chapters for books edited by other authors, as well as research papers, included in publications of the proceedings of conferences where the papers were presented. Here are some examples",
"* *Time and astronomy at the meeting of two worlds : proceedings of the International Symposium held in April 27 – May, 1992 in Frombork, Poland* edited by Stanislaw Iwaniszewski{{cite book\\|title\\=Time and astronomy at the meeting of two worlds : proceedings of the International Symposium held in April 27 – May, 1992 in Frombork, Poland\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[OCLC\\|Online Computer Library Center]]\\|df\\=mdy\\-all\\|oclc\\=215802648}}\n\t+ California Girls: Pleiades Traditions in Native California{{cite book\\|last1\\=Seline\\|first1\\=Helaine\\|last2\\=Sun\\|first2\\=Xiaochun\\|title\\=Astronomy Across Cultures: The History of Non\\-Western Astronomy\\|date\\=2000\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Springer Science\\+Business Media\\|Kluwer Academic Publishers]]\\|location\\=\\[\\[Dordrecht]], Netherlands\\|isbn\\=978\\-0792363637\\|page\\=29}}\n* *Handbook of Archaeoastronomy and Ethnoastronomy* edited by [Clive Ruggles](/wiki/Clive_Ruggles \"Clive Ruggles\"),{{cite book\\|title\\=Handbook of archaeoastronomy and ethnoastronomy\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[OCLC\\|Online Computer Library Center]]\\|oclc\\=907931276\\|bibcode\\=2015hae..book.....R\\|year\\=2015}} Krupp wrote three chapters for this book:{{cite web\\|title\\=Springer Handbook of Archaeoastronomy and Ethnoastronomy\\|url\\=http://www2\\.cliveruggles.com/index.php/publications/40\\-hbae\\-feature\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Clive Ruggles]]\\|access\\-date\\=13 March 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313204223/http://www2\\.cliveruggles.com/index.php/publications/40\\-hbae\\-feature\\|archive\\-date\\=March 13, 2017\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|df\\=mdy\\-all}}\n\t+ In Part I, Themes and Issues\n\t\t- Chapter 5, Astronomy and power\n\t\t- Chapter 18, Archaeoastronomy concepts in popular culture\n\t+ In Part III, Pre\\-Columbian and indigenous North America\n\t\t- Chapter 41, Rock Art of the greater southwest\n* *Cosmology, Calendars, and Horizon\\-based Astronomy in Ancient Mesoamerica*, edited by Anne S. Doud \nSusan Milbrath{{cite book\\|last1\\=Dowd\\|first1\\=Anne S.\\|last2\\=Milbrath\\|first2\\=Susan\\|title\\=Cosmology, Calendars, and Horizon\\-Based Astronomy in Ancient Mesoamerica\\|date\\=2015\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[University Press of Colorado]]\\|location\\=\\[\\[Boulder, Colorado]]\\|isbn\\=9781607323785\\|page\\=xxv–xxviii}}\n\t+ Krupp wrote the Foreword for this book,\n\t\t- Astronomy, Anthropology, and Anthony Aveni\n* Krupp has contributed to two books on the work of artist of [James Turrell](/wiki/James_Turrell \"James Turrell\"),\n\t+ *Mapping Spaces : a topological survey of the work by James Turrell*{{cite book\\|title\\=Mapping Spaces : a topological survey of the work by James Turrell\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[OCLC\\|Online Computer Library Center]]\\|oclc\\=901256546}}\n\t\t- Authors: Craig Adcock, E C Krupp, Mario Diacono, James Turrell\n\t+ *James Turrell: A Retrospective*{{cite book\\|title\\=James Turrell a retrospective ; \\[Museum of Fine Arts, Houston June 9 – September 22, 2013 ... National Gallery of Australia, Canberra December 12, 2014 – April 6, 2015]\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[OCLC\\|Online Computer Library Center]]\\|oclc\\=848039279}}\n\t\t- Authors: [Michael Govan](/wiki/Michael_Govan \"Michael Govan\"), James Turrell, Florian Holzherr, [Christine Kim](/wiki/Christine_Y._Kim \"Christine Y. Kim\"), Carol S Eliel, Alison Lima Greene, E C Krupp, Vivian Sobchack",
"#### Books for children",
"Children themed books, with illustrations by Robin Rector Krupp:",
"| Title | Year Published | Publisher | Description | References |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| {{anchor\\|TheCometAndYou}}The Comet and You | 1985 | [Macmillan Publishing Company](/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers_%28United_States%29 \"Macmillan Publishers (United States)\"), [New York](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\");[Collier Macmillan](/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers \"Macmillan Publishers\"), [London](/wiki/London \"London\") | History, appearance, and physical composition of [Halley's comet](/wiki/Halley%27s_comet \"Halley's comet\"), compares it to other comets, describes its path through the solar system, and its predicted return | {{cite book\\|title\\=The comet and you\\|year\\=1985\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[OCLC\\|Online Computer Library Center]]\\|isbn\\=9780027512502\\|df\\=mdy\\-all\\|oclc\\=763027055}} |\n| The Big Dipper and You | 1989 | Morrow Junior Books [New York](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\") | What is known today and past beliefs about the [Big Dipper](/wiki/Big_Dipper \"Big Dipper\"), or [Ursa Major](/wiki/Ursa_Major \"Ursa Major\"). Added information on the [North Star](/wiki/Pole_star \"Pole star\"), or [Polaris](/wiki/Polaris \"Polaris\"). | {{cite book\\|title\\=The big dipper and you\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[OCLC\\|Online Computer Library Center]]\\|oclc\\=17648972}} |\n| The Moon and You | 1993 | [Simon \\& Schuster Books for Young Readers](/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster_Books_for_Young_Readers \"Simon & Schuster Books for Young Readers\"), [New York](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\");[Macmillan Publishing Company](/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers_%28United_States%29 \"Macmillan Publishers (United States)\"), New York;Maxwell Macmillan Canada, [Toronto](/wiki/Toronto \"Toronto\");Maxwell Macmillan International, New York | Information about the [moon](/wiki/Moon \"Moon\"), describing its phases, rotation, effect on our tides, and myths and legends. | {{cite book\\|title\\=The moon and you\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[OCLC\\|Online Computer Library Center]]\\|oclc\\=43616285}}{{cite book\\|title\\=The moon and you\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[OCLC\\|Online Computer Library Center]]\\|oclc\\=25913953}} |\n| The Rainbow and You | 2000 | [HarperCollins](/wiki/HarperCollins \"HarperCollins\"), [New York](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\");Morrow Junior Books, New York | How rainbows are formed by the colors in sunlight shining through raindrops. | {{cite book\\|title\\=The rainbow and you\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[OCLC\\|Online Computer Library Center]]\\|oclc\\=41565135}}{{cite book\\|title\\=The rainbow and you\\|date\\=April 5, 2000\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[OCLC\\|Online Computer Library Center]]\\|isbn\\=9780688156015\\|oclc\\=759930201}} |\n|",
"",
"### Magazine/journal articles",
"Krupp was once a contributing editor to *[Sky \\& Telescope](/wiki/Sky_%26_Telescope \"Sky & Telescope\")* magazine and had a monthly column in that publication.{{cite web\\|title\\=Dr. Edwin C. Krupp, Astronomer \\& Director of Griffith Observatory\\|website\\=Guide to the Cosmos on Radio\\|publisher\\=Robert L. Piccioni, Ph.D\\|access\\-date\\=10 March 2017\\|url\\=http://www.guidetothecosmos.com/radio/radio\\_show\\_krupp.html\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224232422/http://guidetothecosmos.com/radio/radio\\_show\\_krupp.html\\|archive\\-date\\=24 December 2016\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite news\\|title\\=Meet the Staff of Sky \\& Telescope\\|website\\=\\[\\[Sky \\& Telescope]]\\|access\\-date\\=10 March 2017\\|url\\=http://www.skyandtelescope.com/about/meet\\-the\\-staff/}} The column was named *Rambling Through the Skies* and discussed the impact of astronomy on culture. He has also served as the editor of the *Griffith Observer*, the monthly magazine published by Griffith Observatory's.",
"Krupp has written many articles on astronomy and culture for the general reader and dozens of research papers. This list is a mere sampling:",
"",
"| Title | Magazine/Journal | Date/Volume | Page | Description | References |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Whiter Shade of Pale | [Sky \\& Telescope](/wiki/Sky_%26_Telescope \"Sky & Telescope\") | July 2000 | 86 | A rock that looks like the [Milky Way](/wiki/Milky_Way \"Milky Way\") and was used in ceremonies by [Native Americans](/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States \"Native Americans in the United States\") in California. | {{cite web\\|last1\\=Fraknoi\\|first1\\=Andrew\\|author\\-link\\=Andrew Fraknoi\\|title\\=Multicultural Astronomy : The Astronomy of Non – western Cultures: A Resource Guide\\|url\\=https://www.astronomy2009\\.org/static/resources/iya2009\\_multicultural\\_astronomy.pdf\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Foothill College]] \\& \\[\\[Astronomical Society of the Pacific]]\\|access\\-date\\=10 March 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170109065649/http://astronomy2009\\.org/static/resources/iya2009\\_multicultural\\_astronomy.pdf\\|archive\\-date\\=9 January 2017\\|url\\-status\\=live}} |\n| Inner Glow | [Sky \\& Telescope](/wiki/Sky_%26_Telescope \"Sky & Telescope\") | December 2004 | 50 | About the underground shrine at [Newgrange](/wiki/Newgrange \"Newgrange\"), [Ireland](/wiki/Ireland \"Ireland\"). | |\n| The Great 2012 Scare | [Sky \\& Telescope](/wiki/Sky_%26_Telescope \"Sky & Telescope\") | November 2009 | 22–26 | The Maya Calendar does not predict the end of the world in December 2012\\. | {{cite web\\|last1\\=Krupp\\|first1\\=E. C.\\|title\\=The Great 2012 Scare\\|url\\=http://media.skyandtelescope.com/documents/Doomsday2012\\.pdf\\|website\\=\\[\\[Sky \\& Telescope]]\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160418162238/http://media.skyandtelescope.com/documents/Doomsday2012\\.pdf\\|archive\\-date\\=April 18, 2016\\|date\\=November 2009\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|df\\=mdy\\-all}} |\n| Archaeoastronomy Unplugged: Eliminating the Fuzz Tone from Rock Art Astronomy | American Indian Rock Art | 2006Volume 21, Vol. 3 | 353–370 | | |\n| Hiawatha in California | Astronomy Quarterly | 1991Vol. 8, No. 1 | 47–64 | | {{cite book\\|title\\=Hiawatha in California\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[OCLC\\|Online Computer Library Center]]\\|df\\=mdy\\-all\\|oclc\\=4933846877}} |\n| Night Gallery: the Function, Origin, and Evolution of Constellations | Archaeoastronomy | 2000 | 43–63 | | {{cite book\\|title\\=Night gallery : the function, origin, and evolution of constellations\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[OCLC\\|Online Computer Library Center]]\\|df\\=mdy\\-all\\|oclc\\=907778899}} |\n| Egyptian Astronomy: The Roots of Modern Timekeeping | [New Scientist](/wiki/New_Scientist \"New Scientist\") | January 3, 1980 | 24–27 | | {{cite book\\|title\\=Egyptian astronomy : the roots of modern timekeeping\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[OCLC\\|Online Computer Library Center]]\\|df\\=mdy\\-all\\|oclc\\=78039445}}{{cite book\\|title\\=Egyptian astronomy: the roots of modern timekeeping\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[OCLC\\|Online Computer Library Center]]\\|df\\=mdy\\-all\\|oclc\\=812849695}} |\n| Saluting the Solstice | News from Native California | November 1987Vol. 1(5\\) | 10–13 | | {{cite web\\|title\\=Chumash Rock Art (from search of the Marymor / Bancroft bibliographic database)\\|url\\=http://www.arara.org/Chumash\\_Bibliography.pdf\\|publisher\\=American Rock Art Research Association\\|access\\-date\\=10 March 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100620054055/http://arara.org/Chumash\\_Bibliography.pdf\\|archive\\-date\\=20 June 2010\\|url\\-status\\=live}} |\n| When Things are Divided in Half | Rock Art Papers San Diego Museum Papers | 1990No. 26, Vol. 7 | 41–48 | | |\n|",
"### Films",
"Krupp has appeared in several documentary films and educational film series. He also has writing credits and scientific advisor credits. These include:",
"",
"| Title | Type | Year | Ed's Role | Description | References |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Project Universe{{efn\\|Project Universe was nominated for a local \\[\\[Emmy Award]].}} | [PBS](/wiki/PBS \"PBS\") Telecourse Series (30 half\\-hour episodes) | 1978 | Presenter/Writer | Introduction to Astronomy | {{cite book\\|title\\=Project universe : an introduction to astronomy\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[OCLC\\|Online Computer Library Center]]\\|oclc\\=28278515}} |\n| Time Travel: Fact, Fiction and Fantasy | Documentary/Science Fiction | 1985 | Cast – Himself | | |\n| Seasons | Short Documentary | 1987 | Scientific Consultant | | |\n| Secrets and Mysteries (episode) Stonehenge | Documentary Series | 1988 | Cast – Himself | A look at [England](/wiki/England \"England\")'s [Stonehenge](/wiki/Stonehenge \"Stonehenge\"), compared to American sites such as [Arizona](/wiki/Arizona \"Arizona\")'s [Casa Grande](/wiki/Casa_Grande_Ruins_National_Monument \"Casa Grande Ruins National Monument\") and [Mystery Hill](/wiki/America%27s_Stonehenge \"America's Stonehenge\") in [New Hampshire](/wiki/New_Hampshire \"New Hampshire\"). | |\n| The Complete Cosmos | Short Documentary/Science Fiction Series | 1998–1999 | Thanks to Ed Krupp and Griffith Observatory | Guide to the wonders of the universe. | |\n| Horizon (episode) Atlantis Reborn | Documentary Series | 1999 | Cast – Himself | | |\n| Solarmax | Short Documentary | 2000 | Scientific Advisory Committee | The story of humankind's struggle to understand the sun. | |\n| The Universe (episode) Constellations (2008\\) (episode) Stonehenge (2014\\) (episode) Pyramids (2014\\) | Documentary Series | 2007–2015 | Cast – Himself | Explores many scientific questions and topics about the universe | |\n| Extreme Universe (episode) Star Gates | Documentary Series | 2010 | Cast – Himself | | |\n| Why We Will Still Be Here on Dec. 21 \\[2012] | Panel Discussion | 2012 | Panel Member | Sponsored and filmed by [SETI](/wiki/Search_for_extraterrestrial_intelligence \"Search for extraterrestrial intelligence\"), Why the [Mayan calendar](/wiki/Mayan_calendar \"Mayan calendar\") does *not* predict the end of the world. | |\n|",
"### Planetarium programs",
"Krupp started his career at Griffith Observatory as a [planetarium](/wiki/Planetarium \"Planetarium\") lecturer. As directory of the observatory he has returned to the Samuel Oschin Planetarium at Griffith Observatory as a writer. He has several planetarium show writing credits.",
"",
"| Title | Writer(s) | Description | References |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Centered in the Universe | Don Dixon,E.C. Krupp,Andre Bormanis | Asks fundamental questions about Earth's and humankind's place in the universe. | {{cite web\\|title\\=Centered in the Universe\\|url\\=http://griffithobservatory.org/programs/ciu\\_credits.html\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Griffith Observatory]]\\|access\\-date\\=24 March 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624004447/http://www.griffithobservatory.org/programs/ciu\\_credits.html\\|archive\\-date\\=24 June 2016\\|url\\-status\\=live}} |\n| Time's Up | Laura Danly,Ed Krupp,Don Dixon,Chris Shelton | How time and the universe works and why the Mayan calendar did not predict the end of the world in 2012\\. | {{cite web\\|last1\\=Gettell\\|first1\\=Oliver\\|title\\='Time's Up' ticks into future at Griffith Observatory planetarium\\|url\\=https://www.latimes.com/travel/la\\-xpm\\-2012\\-may\\-29\\-la\\-et\\-griffith\\-planeterium\\-20120529\\-story.html\\|website\\=Los Angeles Times\\|date\\=29 May 2012\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160713051334/http://articles.latimes.com/2012/may/29/entertainment/la\\-et\\-griffith\\-planeterium\\-20120529\\|archive\\-date\\=13 July 2016\\|url\\-status\\=live}} |\n| Light of the Valkyries{{efn\\|\\[\\[IMDb]] classifies ''Light of the Valkyries'' as an Animation Short. It is in fact, a planetarium show in the Samuel Oschin Planetarium at Griffith Observatory.{{cite web\\|title\\=Light of the Valkyries\\|url\\=http://griffithobservatory.org/programs/lotv.html\\|website\\=Griffith Observatory\\|access\\-date\\=24 March 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223015023/http://griffithobservatory.org/programs/lotv.html\\|archive\\-date\\=23 February 2017\\|url\\-status\\=live}}}} | Laura Danly,Don Dixon,Ed Krupp | A voyage of [Viking](/wiki/Vikings \"Vikings\") [cosmology](/wiki/Cosmology \"Cosmology\") that explores the true nature of the [aurora borealis](/wiki/Aurora \"Aurora\"), the northern lights. | |\n| First Light: The Telescope Changed Everything | Ed Krupp | How the world changed after [Galileo Galilei](/wiki/Galileo_Galilei \"Galileo Galilei\") built the world's finest [telescope](/wiki/Telescope \"Telescope\") and pointed it to the sky. | {{cite web\\|last1\\=Bartholomew\\|first1\\=Dana\\|title\\=Griffith Observatory set for its salute to Galileo\\|url\\=http://www.dailynews.com/article/zz/20090203/NEWS/902039907\\|website\\=Los Angeles Times\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170324225211/http://www.dailynews.com/article/zz/20090203/NEWS/902039907\\|archive\\-date\\=24 March 2017\\|date\\=3 February 2009\\|url\\-status\\=live}} |\n|",
"### Professional affiliations",
"Krupp is affiliated with several scientific, astronomical, archaeoastronomical, and educational organizations.",
"* [American Astronomical Society](/wiki/American_Astronomical_Society \"American Astronomical Society\"), and its Historical Astronomy Division{{cite web\\|title\\=Past Leadership Past Officers\\|url\\=https://had.aas.org/leadership/past\\_leadership\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[American Astronomical Society]]\\|access\\-date\\=12 March 2017}}\n\t+ Historical Astronomy Division Vice\\-Chairman 1983–1985, Chairman 1985–1987\n* [International Astronomical Union](/wiki/International_Astronomical_Union \"International Astronomical Union\"){{cite web\\|title\\=Edwin C. Krupp\\|url\\=https://www.iau.org/administration/membership/individual/6935/\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[International Astronomical Union]]\\|access\\-date\\=12 March 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928170148/http://www.iau.org/administration/membership/individual/6935/\\|archive\\-date\\=28 September 2015\\|url\\-status\\=live}}\n\t+ Member of\n\t\t- Division C Education, Outreach and Heritage\n\t\t- Commission C3 History of Astronomy\n\t\t- Inter\\-Commission C3\\-C4 WG Archaeoastronomy and Astronomy in Culture\n\t+ Past Member of\n\t\t- Division XII Union\\-Wide Activities (until 2012\\)\n\t\t- Commission 41 History of Astronomy (until 2015\\)\n\t\t- Commission 46 Astronomy Education \\& Development (until 2015\\)\n\t\t- Commission 41 WG Archaeoastronomy and Astronomy in Culture (2015–2015\\)\n\t\t- Commission 41 WG Astronomy and World Heritage (until 2015\\)\n* [Committee for Skeptical Inquiry](/wiki/Committee_for_Skeptical_Inquiry \"Committee for Skeptical Inquiry\"){{cite web\\|title\\=CSI Fellows and Staff\\|url\\=http://www.csicop.org/about/csi\\_fellows\\_and\\_staff\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Committee for Skeptical Inquiry]]\\|access\\-date\\=12 March 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131004937/http://www.csicop.org/about/csi\\_fellows\\_and\\_staff\\|archive\\-date\\=31 January 2017\\|url\\-status\\=live}}\n\t+ [Fellow](/wiki/Fellow \"Fellow\")\n\t+ Member of [Council for Media Integrity](/wiki/Committee_for_Skeptical_Inquiry%23CforMI \"Committee for Skeptical Inquiry#CforMI\"){{cite web\\|title\\=Council for Media Integrity\\|date\\=January 8, 1997\\|url\\=http://www.csicop.org/specialcollections/show/council\\_for\\_media\\_integrity\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Committee for Skeptical Inquiry]]\\|access\\-date\\=12 March 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161110062150/http://www.csicop.org/specialcollections/show/council\\_for\\_media\\_integrity\\|archive\\-date\\=10 November 2016\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"### Awards and honors",
"Krupp's writings, and active evangelization of the universe to the public, has resulted in his receiving several awards and honors:",
"",
"| Award/Honor | When | Awarded By | Description | Work Honored | References |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Science\\-Writing Award | 1978 | [American Institute of Physics (AIP)](/wiki/American_Institute_of_Physics \"American Institute of Physics\") | | [In Search of Ancient Astronomies](/wiki/%23InSearchOfAncientAstronomies \"#InSearchOfAncientAstronomies\") | |\n| Science\\-Writing Award | 1985 | [American Institute of Physics (AIP)](/wiki/American_Institute_of_Physics \"American Institute of Physics\") | | [The Comet and You](/wiki/%23TheCometAndYou \"#TheCometAndYou\"){{efn\\|The first time the Science\\-Writing award was given for a book written for children.{{cite web\\|last1\\=Gufrey\\|first1\\=Vlasta N.\\|title\\=Children's Comet Book\\|url\\=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\\-xpm\\-1985\\-11\\-21\\-vw\\-1922\\-story.html\\|website\\=\\[\\[Los Angeles Times]]\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313002516/http://articles.latimes.com/1985\\-11\\-21/news/vw\\-1922\\_1\\_children\\-s\\-comet\\-book\\-griffith\\-observatory\\-edwin\\-c\\-krupp\\|archive\\-date\\=13 March 2017\\|date\\=21 November 1985\\|url\\-status\\=live}}}} | |\n| [Klumpke\\-Roberts Award](/wiki/Klumpke-Roberts_Award \"Klumpke-Roberts Award\") | 1989 | [Astronomical Society of the Pacific](/wiki/Astronomical_Society_of_the_Pacific \"Astronomical Society of the Pacific\") | For contributing to the understanding and appreciation of astronomy by the public. | | |\n| [Honorary Doctor of Science](/wiki/Honorary_degree \"Honorary degree\") | 1996 | [West Coast University](/wiki/West_Coast_University \"West Coast University\") | | | {{cite web\\|title\\=E. C. Krupp: Recycling Time\\|url\\=http://saving\\-time.org/timeforeveryone/speakers/dr\\-ec\\-edwin\\-krupp\\|website\\=Time For Everyone\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[California Institute of Technology]]\\|access\\-date\\=24 March 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604072119/http://saving\\-time.org/timeforeveryone/speakers/dr\\-ec\\-edwin\\-krupp\\|archive\\-date\\=4 June 2016\\|url\\-status\\=live}} |\n| [Clifford W. Holmes Award](/wiki/Clifford_W._Holmes_Award \"Clifford W. Holmes Award\") | 2002 | Riverside Telescope Makers Conference ([Riverside, California](/wiki/Riverside%2C_California \"Riverside, California\")) | For major contributions toward popularizing astronomy. | | {{cite web\\|title\\=Clifford W. Holmes Award\\|url\\=http://www.astronomyoutreach.net/index.php?title\\=Clifford\\_W.\\_Holmes\\_Award\\|website\\=AstronomyOutreach\\|publisher\\=AstronomyOutreach Network\\|access\\-date\\=18 March 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114212308/http://www.astronomyoutreach.net/index.php?title\\=Clifford\\_W.\\_Holmes\\_Award\\|archive\\-date\\=14 November 2012\\|url\\-status\\=live}} |\n| [Honorary Doctor of Science](/wiki/Honorary_degree \"Honorary degree\") | 2011 | [Pomona College](/wiki/Pomona_College \"Pomona College\") | | | |\n| [Andrew Gemant Award](/wiki/Andrew_Gemant_Award \"Andrew Gemant Award\"){{efn\\|Named for \\[\\[Andrew Gemant]], a twentieth century physicist who specialized in the fields of \\[\\[viscoelasticity]] and \\[\\[Fractional calculus\\|fractional differentials]].}} | November 22, 2013 | [American Institute of Physics (AIP)](/wiki/American_Institute_of_Physics \"American Institute of Physics\") | Awarded to a person that has made substantial cultural, artistic, or humanistic contributions to physics. | | |\n| Blaisdell Distinguished Alumni Award{{efn\\|Recognizes alumni who have borne the essence of \\[\\[Pomona College]] into the world, and have emulated to the \\[\\[James A. Blaisdell]] quotation carved on the college gates: \"They only are loyal to the college who departing bear their added riches in trust for mankind.\"}} | April 29, 2016 | [Pomona College](/wiki/Pomona_College \"Pomona College\") | Honors alumni for achievement in professional and community service | | |\n|",
"On November 22, 2013 Krupp was presented with the Andrew Gemant Award at a session of the [Los Angeles](/wiki/Los_Angeles \"Los Angeles\") city council, the award citation indicated that Krupp was being recognized for:\n* 40 years of outreach and education through extraordinary planetarium shows and programs.\n* Award\\-winning and popular articles, books, exhibits, lectures, public events and television programs.\n* Distinguished archaeoastronomical research in which the links between astronomy and ancient culture have been explored.",
"At the ceremony Catherine O'Riordan, then AIP vice president of Physics Resources said:{{blockquote\\|Griffith Observatory, where Edwin Krupp has been director for nearly four decades, is the most\\-visited public observatory in the world. Through telescopes, other public instruments, innovative exhibits, and live astronomical programs, he has brought the heavens to life for millions on the ground.{{cite web\\|title\\=LA astronomer Edwin C. Krupp wins AIP's 2013 Andrew Gemant Award\\|url\\=http://www.spaceref.com/news/viewpr.html?pid\\=41647\\|website\\=SpaceRef\\|publisher\\=SpaceRef Interactive Inc\\|access\\-date\\=13 March 2017\\|date\\=24 September 2013}}}}",
""
] |
Taxonomy
--------
The genus was [circumscribed](/wiki/Circumscription_%28taxonomy%29 "Circumscription (taxonomy)") by the Finnish lichenologist [William Nylander](/wiki/William_Nylander_%28botanist%29 "William Nylander (botanist)") in 1866, with *[Ramalea tribulosa](/wiki/Ramalea_tribulosa "Ramalea tribulosa")* assigned as the [type species](/wiki/Type_species "Type species"). The [type specimen](/wiki/Type_%28biology%29 "Type (biology)") of this species was collected by [August von Krempelhuber](/wiki/August_von_Krempelhuber "August von Krempelhuber") in Cuba.
The [taxonomic](/wiki/Taxonomy_%28biology%29 "Taxonomy (biology)") placement of *Ramalea* has been a subject of debate since its original description. Nylander initially considered it as an intermediate between the genera *[Cladonia](/wiki/Cladonia "Cladonia")* and *[Ramalina](/wiki/Ramalina "Ramalina")*, tentatively classifying it within what he termed 'tribus Ramalinei'. Subsequent lichenologists offered varying perspectives on its classification. [Vainio](/wiki/Edvard_August_Vainio "Edvard August Vainio"), in 1887 and 1894, excluded *Ramalea* from *Cladonia*, but included the species *C. coilophylla*. In 1896, [Müller](/wiki/Johannes_M%C3%BCller_Argoviensis "Johannes Müller Argoviensis") expanded the genus by introducing the Australasian [endemic](/wiki/Endemism "Endemism") species *R. cochleata*, drawing comparisons to *[Cladonia papillaria](/wiki/Cladonia_papillaria "Cladonia papillaria")*.
More recent taxonomic treatments have continued to grapple with the placement of *Ramalea*. Some authors proposed its inclusion in the [Cladoniaceae](/wiki/Cladoniaceae "Cladoniaceae") close to *Cladonia*. However, [Ahti](/wiki/Teuvo_Ahti "Teuvo Ahti") (1993\) did not include *Ramalea* in his list of names in the Cladoniaceae, and later suggested that *R. cochleata* might be excluded from *Ramalea* [sensu stricto](/wiki/Sensu_stricto "Sensu stricto"). Historically, the genus has indeed been included in the [Cladoniaceae](/wiki/Cladoniaceae "Cladoniaceae").
In 2003, based on morphological and anatomical studies, Hammer proposed the creation of a new genus, *[Notocladonia](/wiki/Notocladonia "Notocladonia")*, to accommodate *R. cochleata* and a newly described species, *N. undulata*. This reclassification placed *Notocladonia* within the Cladoniaceae, while suggesting that the remaining *Ramalea* species should be excluded from this family. The Australasian species once called *Ramalea cochleata* {{au\|Müll.Arg. (1896\)}} is now *[Notocladonia cochleata](/wiki/Notocladonia_cochleata "Notocladonia cochleata")*, after having been transferred to *[Notocladonia](/wiki/Notocladonia "Notocladonia")* in 2003\.
In 2023, [molecular phylogenetics](/wiki/Molecular_phylogenetics "Molecular phylogenetics") research was published that showed the genus probably belongs to the family [Ramalinaceae](/wiki/Ramalinaceae "Ramalinaceae"), based on analysis of recent collections of *R. coilophylla* from its [type locality](/wiki/Type_%28biology%29%23Type_locality "Type (biology)#Type locality") in Brazil.
|
[
"Taxonomy\n--------",
"The genus was [circumscribed](/wiki/Circumscription_%28taxonomy%29 \"Circumscription (taxonomy)\") by the Finnish lichenologist [William Nylander](/wiki/William_Nylander_%28botanist%29 \"William Nylander (botanist)\") in 1866, with *[Ramalea tribulosa](/wiki/Ramalea_tribulosa \"Ramalea tribulosa\")* assigned as the [type species](/wiki/Type_species \"Type species\"). The [type specimen](/wiki/Type_%28biology%29 \"Type (biology)\") of this species was collected by [August von Krempelhuber](/wiki/August_von_Krempelhuber \"August von Krempelhuber\") in Cuba.",
"The [taxonomic](/wiki/Taxonomy_%28biology%29 \"Taxonomy (biology)\") placement of *Ramalea* has been a subject of debate since its original description. Nylander initially considered it as an intermediate between the genera *[Cladonia](/wiki/Cladonia \"Cladonia\")* and *[Ramalina](/wiki/Ramalina \"Ramalina\")*, tentatively classifying it within what he termed 'tribus Ramalinei'. Subsequent lichenologists offered varying perspectives on its classification. [Vainio](/wiki/Edvard_August_Vainio \"Edvard August Vainio\"), in 1887 and 1894, excluded *Ramalea* from *Cladonia*, but included the species *C. coilophylla*. In 1896, [Müller](/wiki/Johannes_M%C3%BCller_Argoviensis \"Johannes Müller Argoviensis\") expanded the genus by introducing the Australasian [endemic](/wiki/Endemism \"Endemism\") species *R. cochleata*, drawing comparisons to *[Cladonia papillaria](/wiki/Cladonia_papillaria \"Cladonia papillaria\")*.",
"More recent taxonomic treatments have continued to grapple with the placement of *Ramalea*. Some authors proposed its inclusion in the [Cladoniaceae](/wiki/Cladoniaceae \"Cladoniaceae\") close to *Cladonia*. However, [Ahti](/wiki/Teuvo_Ahti \"Teuvo Ahti\") (1993\\) did not include *Ramalea* in his list of names in the Cladoniaceae, and later suggested that *R. cochleata* might be excluded from *Ramalea* [sensu stricto](/wiki/Sensu_stricto \"Sensu stricto\"). Historically, the genus has indeed been included in the [Cladoniaceae](/wiki/Cladoniaceae \"Cladoniaceae\").",
"In 2003, based on morphological and anatomical studies, Hammer proposed the creation of a new genus, *[Notocladonia](/wiki/Notocladonia \"Notocladonia\")*, to accommodate *R. cochleata* and a newly described species, *N. undulata*. This reclassification placed *Notocladonia* within the Cladoniaceae, while suggesting that the remaining *Ramalea* species should be excluded from this family. The Australasian species once called *Ramalea cochleata* {{au\\|Müll.Arg. (1896\\)}} is now *[Notocladonia cochleata](/wiki/Notocladonia_cochleata \"Notocladonia cochleata\")*, after having been transferred to *[Notocladonia](/wiki/Notocladonia \"Notocladonia\")* in 2003\\.",
"In 2023, [molecular phylogenetics](/wiki/Molecular_phylogenetics \"Molecular phylogenetics\") research was published that showed the genus probably belongs to the family [Ramalinaceae](/wiki/Ramalinaceae \"Ramalinaceae\"), based on analysis of recent collections of *R. coilophylla* from its [type locality](/wiki/Type_%28biology%29%23Type_locality \"Type (biology)#Type locality\") in Brazil.",
""
] |
Judaism
-------
The relationship between [ancient Judaism](/wiki/Judaism "Judaism") and Hermetism has been one of mutual influence and a subject of controversy within the Jewish religion.{{harvnb\|Lelli\|2007}}.
### Middle Ages
[upright\|thumb\|A complex array of Qaballah [Sephiroth](/wiki/Sephiroth_%28Kabbalah%29 "Sephiroth (Kabbalah)") by [Christian Knorr von Rosenroth](/wiki/Christian_Knorr_von_Rosenroth "Christian Knorr von Rosenroth"), 1684](/wiki/File:Complex_qaballah.jpg "Complex qaballah.jpg")
This identification paved the way for the exchange and melding of ideas between Judaism and Hermetism during the [Middle Ages](/wiki/Middle_Ages "Middle Ages"). The most prominent interrelation between the two systems is in the development of [Kabbalah](/wiki/Kabbalah "Kabbalah"), which developed into three separate brands: a [Jewish](/wiki/Jewish_Kabbalah "Jewish Kabbalah") stream, a [Christian](/wiki/Christian_Kabbalah "Christian Kabbalah") stream (*[Cabala](/wiki/Kabbalah "Kabbalah")* in Christianity), and a [Hermetic](/wiki/Hermetic_Kabbalah "Hermetic Kabbalah") stream (*[Qabalah](/wiki/Qabalah "Qabalah")* in Hermeticism).{{sfn\|Leslie\|1999}} Medieval Hermetism, aside from [alchemy](/wiki/Alchemy "Alchemy"), is often seen as analogous to (and was heavily influenced by) these Kabbalistic ideas.{{sfn\|Leslie\|1999}}{{sfn\|Regardie\|1940\|p\=15}}
Hermetism and Kabbalah arose together in the 12th and 13th centuries. The [Practical Kabbalah](/wiki/Practical_Kabbalah "Practical Kabbalah") also relied upon magic and astrology but focused more on the Hebrew language in its incantations than the general language of Hermetism in general.{{sfn\|Wieczynski\|1975\|p\=22}}
Secondly, Jewish scholars of the Middle Ages attempted to make use of treatises on [astrology](/wiki/Astrology "Astrology"), [medicine](/wiki/Medicine "Medicine") and [theurgy](/wiki/Theurgy "Theurgy") as a justification for practicing natural magic forbidden by a number of commandments in the [Torah](/wiki/Torah "Torah") and reinforced by prophetic books codified by [rabbinic](/wiki/Rabbi "Rabbi") authorities. They noted the wonders performed by celebrated biblical figures such as the [patriarchs](/wiki/Patriarchs_%28Bible%29 "Patriarchs (Bible)") and King Solomon and which were seen as a God\-given and condoned use of natural magic. They attributed these arts to divine knowledge imparted by Jewish heroes to [gentiles](/wiki/Gentiles "Gentiles") such as the [Indians](/wiki/India "India"), [Babylonians](/wiki/Babylon "Babylon"), [Egyptians](/wiki/Egypt "Egypt"), and [Greeks](/wiki/Greece "Greece"), and felt that by approaching [magic](/wiki/Magic_%28paranormal%29 "Magic (paranormal)") from a religious standpoint would legitimize their use of the sciences. In particular, they believed the Hermetic teachings to have its origins in ancient Jewish sources.
These Jewish scholars, particularly the ones who distrusted [Aristotelian rationality](/wiki/Term_logic "Term logic"), looked to Hermetism as a backing to discuss theological interpretation of the [Torah](/wiki/Torah "Torah") and the [Ten Commandments](/wiki/Ten_Commandments "Ten Commandments"). Fabrizo Lelli writes: "As for Christians and Muslims, so likewise for Jews, Hermetism was an alternative to Aristotelianism\-\-the likeliest prospect, in fact, for integrating an alien system into their religion. This was because the response of the [Hermetica](/wiki/Hermetica "Hermetica") to intellectual problems was generally [theosophical](/wiki/Theosophy_%28disambiguation%29 "Theosophy (disambiguation)")."
In the use of these Hermetic treatises, these Jewish scholars, though at times inadvertently, introduced Hermetic ideas into Jewish thought. [Shabbetay Donnolo](/wiki/Shabbetay_Donnolo "Shabbetay Donnolo")'s 10th century commentary on the *[Sefer Yezirah](/wiki/Sefer_Yezirah "Sefer Yezirah")* shows Hermetic influence, as well as the 13th century texts later compiled into the *[Sefer ha\-Zohar](/wiki/Sefer_ha-Zohar "Sefer ha-Zohar")*, and in the contemporary Kabbalistic works of [Abraham Abulafia](/wiki/Abraham_Abulafia "Abraham Abulafia") as well as of other Jewish thinkers influenced by Kabbalah such as [Isaac Abravanel](/wiki/Isaac_Abravanel "Isaac Abravanel") who used Hermetic Qabalah to affirm the superiority of Judaism.{{sfn\|Skalli\|2007}} Lelli suggests that it was natural for these Jewish Kabbalists to elevate Hermetic teachings to a major role in Jewish thought in a time when they began to produce their own "antirationalist\-\-exegesis of scripture." This was despite the fact that many Hermetic works were ascribed to [Aristotle](/wiki/Aristotle "Aristotle") in the time through [pseudepigrapha](/wiki/Pseudepigrapha "Pseudepigrapha"); these scholars saw that as a justification to give the same elevated authority to the medical, astronomical, and magical Hermetic texts.
However, most Medieval Jewish scholars aware of the Hermetic tradition did not mention Hermetism explicitly, but rather referred to them through Hermetic ideas that were borrowed from Islam or brought Hermeticism up only to reject it. While scholars such as [Moses ibn Ezra](/wiki/Moses_ibn_Ezra "Moses ibn Ezra"), [Bahya ibn Paquda](/wiki/Bahya_ibn_Paquda "Bahya ibn Paquda"), [Judah ha\-Levi](/wiki/Judah_ha-Levi "Judah ha-Levi"), and [Abraham ibn Ezra](/wiki/Abraham_ibn_Ezra "Abraham ibn Ezra") specifically brought up Hermeticism to integrate into their philosophies, others such as [Moses ben Maimon](/wiki/Moses_ben_Maimon "Moses ben Maimon") (Maimonides) specifically rejected anything Hermetic as being responsible for counterparadigmic views of God. Maimonides warned his readers against what he viewed as the degenerative effect of Hermetic ideas, particularly those of the Sabians, and was effective in persuading many Jewish thinkers away from Hermetic integration, known as Hebrew Hermetism.
Scholars, such as Abraham ibn Ezra, felt justified in invoking the authority of Hermes to offer esoteric explanations of Jewish ritual. This culminated in a wide use of Hermetic texts for the use of theurgy and [talisman](/wiki/Amulet "Amulet") construction. The Jewish version of the theurgic practice of drawing divine spirits down to Earth was horadat haruhaniyut, "the lowering of spirituality." Books such as the *[Sefer Mafteah Shlomoh](/wiki/Sefer_Mafteah_Shlomoh "Sefer Mafteah Shlomoh")*, *[Sefer Meleket Muskelet](/wiki/Sefer_Meleket_Muskelet "Sefer Meleket Muskelet")*, *[Sefer ha\-Tamar](/wiki/Sefer_ha-Tamar "Sefer ha-Tamar")* and *[Sefer Hermes](/wiki/Sefer_Hermes "Sefer Hermes")*. The Hermetic texts most valued by Jewish scholars were those which dealt with astrology, medicine, and astral magic; however shunned by Maimonides as dangerous and destructive.
### Renaissance
[upright\=0\.9\|thumb\|Rabbi Abraham Eleazar demonstrating the alchemical process of distillation through symbolism, 1760](/wiki/File:Rabbi_Abraham_Eleazar.jpg "Rabbi Abraham Eleazar.jpg")
Despite Maimonides' denunciation of Hermetism, Jewish scholars in the Renaissance struggled to reconcile his beliefs with those of the proponents of Hermetic thought within Judaism. Renaissance scholars argued that the rationalism of Maimonides drew upon the {{lang\|la\|prisca sapienta}} that had both Mosaic and Hermetic origins and that Abraham ibn Ezra's Commentary on the Pentateuch was evidence that they shared the same views on the relationship between [religion](/wiki/Religion "Religion") and [science](/wiki/Science "Science").
However, scholars such as [Averroist Elijah del Medigo](/wiki/Averroist_Elijah_del_Medigo "Averroist Elijah del Medigo") carried on Maimonides' crusade. Medigo claimed that the theurgic practices of Hermetism were against the teachings of the Torah. Others, such as [Yohanan Alemanno](/wiki/Yohanan_Alemanno "Yohanan Alemanno"), claimed that the Hermetic teachings were part of a primordial wisdom of the ancients and put the writings of Hermes as being equal to those of King Solomon. Hermetism was also prominent in the works of [David Messer Leon](/wiki/David_Messer_Leon "David Messer Leon"), [Isaac Abravanel](/wiki/Isaac_Abravanel "Isaac Abravanel"), [Judah Abravanel](/wiki/Judah_Abravanel "Judah Abravanel"), [Elijah Hayyim](/wiki/Elijah_Hayyim "Elijah Hayyim"), [Abraham Farissol](/wiki/Abraham_Farissol "Abraham Farissol"), [Judah Moscato](/wiki/Judah_Moscato "Judah Moscato") and [Abraham Yagel](/wiki/Abraham_Yagel "Abraham Yagel").
The works of [Baruch Spinoza](/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza "Baruch Spinoza") have also been ascribed a Hermetic element{{sfn\|Weststeijn\|2007}} and Hermetic influenced thinkers such as [Johann Wolfgang von Goethe](/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe "Johann Wolfgang von Goethe") have accepted Spinoza's version of God.{{sfn\|Lange\|2007}}
|
[
"Judaism\n-------",
"The relationship between [ancient Judaism](/wiki/Judaism \"Judaism\") and Hermetism has been one of mutual influence and a subject of controversy within the Jewish religion.{{harvnb\\|Lelli\\|2007}}.",
"### Middle Ages",
"[upright\\|thumb\\|A complex array of Qaballah [Sephiroth](/wiki/Sephiroth_%28Kabbalah%29 \"Sephiroth (Kabbalah)\") by [Christian Knorr von Rosenroth](/wiki/Christian_Knorr_von_Rosenroth \"Christian Knorr von Rosenroth\"), 1684](/wiki/File:Complex_qaballah.jpg \"Complex qaballah.jpg\")",
"This identification paved the way for the exchange and melding of ideas between Judaism and Hermetism during the [Middle Ages](/wiki/Middle_Ages \"Middle Ages\"). The most prominent interrelation between the two systems is in the development of [Kabbalah](/wiki/Kabbalah \"Kabbalah\"), which developed into three separate brands: a [Jewish](/wiki/Jewish_Kabbalah \"Jewish Kabbalah\") stream, a [Christian](/wiki/Christian_Kabbalah \"Christian Kabbalah\") stream (*[Cabala](/wiki/Kabbalah \"Kabbalah\")* in Christianity), and a [Hermetic](/wiki/Hermetic_Kabbalah \"Hermetic Kabbalah\") stream (*[Qabalah](/wiki/Qabalah \"Qabalah\")* in Hermeticism).{{sfn\\|Leslie\\|1999}} Medieval Hermetism, aside from [alchemy](/wiki/Alchemy \"Alchemy\"), is often seen as analogous to (and was heavily influenced by) these Kabbalistic ideas.{{sfn\\|Leslie\\|1999}}{{sfn\\|Regardie\\|1940\\|p\\=15}}",
"Hermetism and Kabbalah arose together in the 12th and 13th centuries. The [Practical Kabbalah](/wiki/Practical_Kabbalah \"Practical Kabbalah\") also relied upon magic and astrology but focused more on the Hebrew language in its incantations than the general language of Hermetism in general.{{sfn\\|Wieczynski\\|1975\\|p\\=22}}",
"Secondly, Jewish scholars of the Middle Ages attempted to make use of treatises on [astrology](/wiki/Astrology \"Astrology\"), [medicine](/wiki/Medicine \"Medicine\") and [theurgy](/wiki/Theurgy \"Theurgy\") as a justification for practicing natural magic forbidden by a number of commandments in the [Torah](/wiki/Torah \"Torah\") and reinforced by prophetic books codified by [rabbinic](/wiki/Rabbi \"Rabbi\") authorities. They noted the wonders performed by celebrated biblical figures such as the [patriarchs](/wiki/Patriarchs_%28Bible%29 \"Patriarchs (Bible)\") and King Solomon and which were seen as a God\\-given and condoned use of natural magic. They attributed these arts to divine knowledge imparted by Jewish heroes to [gentiles](/wiki/Gentiles \"Gentiles\") such as the [Indians](/wiki/India \"India\"), [Babylonians](/wiki/Babylon \"Babylon\"), [Egyptians](/wiki/Egypt \"Egypt\"), and [Greeks](/wiki/Greece \"Greece\"), and felt that by approaching [magic](/wiki/Magic_%28paranormal%29 \"Magic (paranormal)\") from a religious standpoint would legitimize their use of the sciences. In particular, they believed the Hermetic teachings to have its origins in ancient Jewish sources.",
"These Jewish scholars, particularly the ones who distrusted [Aristotelian rationality](/wiki/Term_logic \"Term logic\"), looked to Hermetism as a backing to discuss theological interpretation of the [Torah](/wiki/Torah \"Torah\") and the [Ten Commandments](/wiki/Ten_Commandments \"Ten Commandments\"). Fabrizo Lelli writes: \"As for Christians and Muslims, so likewise for Jews, Hermetism was an alternative to Aristotelianism\\-\\-the likeliest prospect, in fact, for integrating an alien system into their religion. This was because the response of the [Hermetica](/wiki/Hermetica \"Hermetica\") to intellectual problems was generally [theosophical](/wiki/Theosophy_%28disambiguation%29 \"Theosophy (disambiguation)\").\"",
"In the use of these Hermetic treatises, these Jewish scholars, though at times inadvertently, introduced Hermetic ideas into Jewish thought. [Shabbetay Donnolo](/wiki/Shabbetay_Donnolo \"Shabbetay Donnolo\")'s 10th century commentary on the *[Sefer Yezirah](/wiki/Sefer_Yezirah \"Sefer Yezirah\")* shows Hermetic influence, as well as the 13th century texts later compiled into the *[Sefer ha\\-Zohar](/wiki/Sefer_ha-Zohar \"Sefer ha-Zohar\")*, and in the contemporary Kabbalistic works of [Abraham Abulafia](/wiki/Abraham_Abulafia \"Abraham Abulafia\") as well as of other Jewish thinkers influenced by Kabbalah such as [Isaac Abravanel](/wiki/Isaac_Abravanel \"Isaac Abravanel\") who used Hermetic Qabalah to affirm the superiority of Judaism.{{sfn\\|Skalli\\|2007}} Lelli suggests that it was natural for these Jewish Kabbalists to elevate Hermetic teachings to a major role in Jewish thought in a time when they began to produce their own \"antirationalist\\-\\-exegesis of scripture.\" This was despite the fact that many Hermetic works were ascribed to [Aristotle](/wiki/Aristotle \"Aristotle\") in the time through [pseudepigrapha](/wiki/Pseudepigrapha \"Pseudepigrapha\"); these scholars saw that as a justification to give the same elevated authority to the medical, astronomical, and magical Hermetic texts.",
"However, most Medieval Jewish scholars aware of the Hermetic tradition did not mention Hermetism explicitly, but rather referred to them through Hermetic ideas that were borrowed from Islam or brought Hermeticism up only to reject it. While scholars such as [Moses ibn Ezra](/wiki/Moses_ibn_Ezra \"Moses ibn Ezra\"), [Bahya ibn Paquda](/wiki/Bahya_ibn_Paquda \"Bahya ibn Paquda\"), [Judah ha\\-Levi](/wiki/Judah_ha-Levi \"Judah ha-Levi\"), and [Abraham ibn Ezra](/wiki/Abraham_ibn_Ezra \"Abraham ibn Ezra\") specifically brought up Hermeticism to integrate into their philosophies, others such as [Moses ben Maimon](/wiki/Moses_ben_Maimon \"Moses ben Maimon\") (Maimonides) specifically rejected anything Hermetic as being responsible for counterparadigmic views of God. Maimonides warned his readers against what he viewed as the degenerative effect of Hermetic ideas, particularly those of the Sabians, and was effective in persuading many Jewish thinkers away from Hermetic integration, known as Hebrew Hermetism.",
"Scholars, such as Abraham ibn Ezra, felt justified in invoking the authority of Hermes to offer esoteric explanations of Jewish ritual. This culminated in a wide use of Hermetic texts for the use of theurgy and [talisman](/wiki/Amulet \"Amulet\") construction. The Jewish version of the theurgic practice of drawing divine spirits down to Earth was horadat haruhaniyut, \"the lowering of spirituality.\" Books such as the *[Sefer Mafteah Shlomoh](/wiki/Sefer_Mafteah_Shlomoh \"Sefer Mafteah Shlomoh\")*, *[Sefer Meleket Muskelet](/wiki/Sefer_Meleket_Muskelet \"Sefer Meleket Muskelet\")*, *[Sefer ha\\-Tamar](/wiki/Sefer_ha-Tamar \"Sefer ha-Tamar\")* and *[Sefer Hermes](/wiki/Sefer_Hermes \"Sefer Hermes\")*. The Hermetic texts most valued by Jewish scholars were those which dealt with astrology, medicine, and astral magic; however shunned by Maimonides as dangerous and destructive.",
"### Renaissance",
"[upright\\=0\\.9\\|thumb\\|Rabbi Abraham Eleazar demonstrating the alchemical process of distillation through symbolism, 1760](/wiki/File:Rabbi_Abraham_Eleazar.jpg \"Rabbi Abraham Eleazar.jpg\")\nDespite Maimonides' denunciation of Hermetism, Jewish scholars in the Renaissance struggled to reconcile his beliefs with those of the proponents of Hermetic thought within Judaism. Renaissance scholars argued that the rationalism of Maimonides drew upon the {{lang\\|la\\|prisca sapienta}} that had both Mosaic and Hermetic origins and that Abraham ibn Ezra's Commentary on the Pentateuch was evidence that they shared the same views on the relationship between [religion](/wiki/Religion \"Religion\") and [science](/wiki/Science \"Science\").",
"However, scholars such as [Averroist Elijah del Medigo](/wiki/Averroist_Elijah_del_Medigo \"Averroist Elijah del Medigo\") carried on Maimonides' crusade. Medigo claimed that the theurgic practices of Hermetism were against the teachings of the Torah. Others, such as [Yohanan Alemanno](/wiki/Yohanan_Alemanno \"Yohanan Alemanno\"), claimed that the Hermetic teachings were part of a primordial wisdom of the ancients and put the writings of Hermes as being equal to those of King Solomon. Hermetism was also prominent in the works of [David Messer Leon](/wiki/David_Messer_Leon \"David Messer Leon\"), [Isaac Abravanel](/wiki/Isaac_Abravanel \"Isaac Abravanel\"), [Judah Abravanel](/wiki/Judah_Abravanel \"Judah Abravanel\"), [Elijah Hayyim](/wiki/Elijah_Hayyim \"Elijah Hayyim\"), [Abraham Farissol](/wiki/Abraham_Farissol \"Abraham Farissol\"), [Judah Moscato](/wiki/Judah_Moscato \"Judah Moscato\") and [Abraham Yagel](/wiki/Abraham_Yagel \"Abraham Yagel\").",
"The works of [Baruch Spinoza](/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza \"Baruch Spinoza\") have also been ascribed a Hermetic element{{sfn\\|Weststeijn\\|2007}} and Hermetic influenced thinkers such as [Johann Wolfgang von Goethe](/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe \"Johann Wolfgang von Goethe\") have accepted Spinoza's version of God.{{sfn\\|Lange\\|2007}}",
""
] |
Plot
----
Phil ([Ty Burrell](/wiki/Ty_Burrell "Ty Burrell")) and Claire ([Julie Bowen](/wiki/Julie_Bowen "Julie Bowen")) arrange their Valentine's date at their usual [restaurant](/wiki/Restaurant "Restaurant"), but after being shocked by Dylan's ([Reid Ewing](/wiki/Reid_Ewing "Reid Ewing")) present for Haley ([Sarah Hyland](/wiki/Sarah_Hyland "Sarah Hyland")), they decide to spend the night at a hotel and indulge in some role playing instead. Phil poses as Clive Bixby, a visiting businessman, and Claire as Julianna, a local housewife. The two meet at the hotel bar and he "picks her up"; she goes to the bathroom and comes back wearing her coat with no clothes underneath. They prepare to go upstairs, but her coat gets caught in the escalator, putting her in a compromising position.
Mitchell ([Jesse Tyler Ferguson](/wiki/Jesse_Tyler_Ferguson "Jesse Tyler Ferguson")) and Cameron ([Eric Stonestreet](/wiki/Eric_Stonestreet "Eric Stonestreet")) break their Valentine's date, because Mitchell is preoccupied with a case that he has been working on for weeks. When his client decides to settle before Mitchell has the opportunity to give one of his best speeches, he comes back home frustrated and with no Valentine's spirit.
Manny ([Rico Rodriguez](/wiki/Rico_Rodriguez_%28actor%29 "Rico Rodriguez (actor)")) arrives at Mitchell and Cameron's home, since Cameron agreed to look after him. That seems to lift Mitchell a bit but it soon goes south when they see that Manny is terribly depressed because he wrote a Valentine poem for a girl, but another classmate took the credit. They go to the restaurant where Manny had arranged for his date, and he confronts her about the true authorship of the poem. The other boy denies plagiarizing Manny's poem, and Mitchell then defends Manny by using the speech he was going to use from his case, which makes Cameron happy. Unfortunately, the girl still likes the other boy, because he tells her he had the feelings mentioned in the poem, but just didn't know how to express them.
Jay ([Ed O'Neill](/wiki/Ed_O%27Neill "Ed O'Neill")) and Gloria ([Sofía Vergara](/wiki/Sof%C3%ADa_Vergara "Sofía Vergara")) go to a comedy club at the hotel where [David Brenner](/wiki/David_Brenner "David Brenner") is performing. They initially enjoy it, until David catches sight of them and starts making fun of Jay's age. After getting angry, Jay excuses himself. Gloria comes to comfort him and they leave to go salsa dancing, which was Gloria's first choice for the evening anyway.
Gloria and Jay come across Phil and Claire, stuck on the escalator. Gloria takes off her coat and puts it over Claire, allowing Claire to shimmy out of her trapped coat while preserving her dignity in the crowded hotel.
The next morning Phil calls Claire to discuss the previous night's romantic escapades at the hotel, not realizing that she's driving the kids to school and they can all hear what he is saying on the minivan's speakerphone.
|
[
"Plot\n----",
"Phil ([Ty Burrell](/wiki/Ty_Burrell \"Ty Burrell\")) and Claire ([Julie Bowen](/wiki/Julie_Bowen \"Julie Bowen\")) arrange their Valentine's date at their usual [restaurant](/wiki/Restaurant \"Restaurant\"), but after being shocked by Dylan's ([Reid Ewing](/wiki/Reid_Ewing \"Reid Ewing\")) present for Haley ([Sarah Hyland](/wiki/Sarah_Hyland \"Sarah Hyland\")), they decide to spend the night at a hotel and indulge in some role playing instead. Phil poses as Clive Bixby, a visiting businessman, and Claire as Julianna, a local housewife. The two meet at the hotel bar and he \"picks her up\"; she goes to the bathroom and comes back wearing her coat with no clothes underneath. They prepare to go upstairs, but her coat gets caught in the escalator, putting her in a compromising position.",
"Mitchell ([Jesse Tyler Ferguson](/wiki/Jesse_Tyler_Ferguson \"Jesse Tyler Ferguson\")) and Cameron ([Eric Stonestreet](/wiki/Eric_Stonestreet \"Eric Stonestreet\")) break their Valentine's date, because Mitchell is preoccupied with a case that he has been working on for weeks. When his client decides to settle before Mitchell has the opportunity to give one of his best speeches, he comes back home frustrated and with no Valentine's spirit.",
"Manny ([Rico Rodriguez](/wiki/Rico_Rodriguez_%28actor%29 \"Rico Rodriguez (actor)\")) arrives at Mitchell and Cameron's home, since Cameron agreed to look after him. That seems to lift Mitchell a bit but it soon goes south when they see that Manny is terribly depressed because he wrote a Valentine poem for a girl, but another classmate took the credit. They go to the restaurant where Manny had arranged for his date, and he confronts her about the true authorship of the poem. The other boy denies plagiarizing Manny's poem, and Mitchell then defends Manny by using the speech he was going to use from his case, which makes Cameron happy. Unfortunately, the girl still likes the other boy, because he tells her he had the feelings mentioned in the poem, but just didn't know how to express them.",
"Jay ([Ed O'Neill](/wiki/Ed_O%27Neill \"Ed O'Neill\")) and Gloria ([Sofía Vergara](/wiki/Sof%C3%ADa_Vergara \"Sofía Vergara\")) go to a comedy club at the hotel where [David Brenner](/wiki/David_Brenner \"David Brenner\") is performing. They initially enjoy it, until David catches sight of them and starts making fun of Jay's age. After getting angry, Jay excuses himself. Gloria comes to comfort him and they leave to go salsa dancing, which was Gloria's first choice for the evening anyway. \nGloria and Jay come across Phil and Claire, stuck on the escalator. Gloria takes off her coat and puts it over Claire, allowing Claire to shimmy out of her trapped coat while preserving her dignity in the crowded hotel.",
"The next morning Phil calls Claire to discuss the previous night's romantic escapades at the hotel, not realizing that she's driving the kids to school and they can all hear what he is saying on the minivan's speakerphone.",
""
] |
History
-------
The former Wesley Uniting Church was constructed in 1877 to the design of Willoughby Powell. In 1901 extensions designed by [William Hodgen Jnr](/wiki/William_Hodgen_Jnr "William Hodgen Jnr") were made to the church which completed the building's cruciform plan. The building was the second Wesleyan Methodist Church in Toowoomba and, later, the head church of the [Methodist](/wiki/Methodist_Church_of_Australasia "Methodist Church of Australasia") church of the Toowoomba circuit.
### European settlement of the area
Settlement of what was to become the Toowoomba area commenced at [Drayton](/wiki/Drayton%2C_Queensland "Drayton, Queensland"), now a suburb of Toowoomba, in the early 1840s. [Thomas Alford](/wiki/Thomas_Alford_%28Queensland_pioneer%29 "Thomas Alford (Queensland pioneer)") opened a general store in the area in 1843\. In the same year, residents of Drayton petitioned the Governor to form a township. A survey of the town was prepared in 1849\. In laying out Drayton, Government Surveyor JC Burnett was instructed to mark out "suburban allotments for Garden and Agricultural purposes". The ideal site for what was known as the "Drayton Swamp Agricultural Reserve", later to become Toowoomba, was an area approximately three to four miles northeast of Drayton where two swampy creeks joined to form the headwaters of Gowrie Creek. The Agricultural Reserve included 12 allotments bounded by the left bank of the west swamp, and the present Bridge, West and Stephen streets.
Six of the 12 "Swamp Allotments" were first offered at auction in November 1849, however some were not sold until 1853\. By late 1857, the name "Toowoomba" had gradually taken over from "The Swamp", as the town continued to expand. At the time of its incorporation into a municipality in November 1860, Toowoomba had well outgrown Drayton.
According to Maurice French, Toowoomba expanded rapidly in the 1870s as a result of the Selection Act of 1868 after which provisions and services for the new selectors were required. Many public buildings were erected or updated and a railway station, the "most\-imposing in Queensland" was constructed.
### First Wesleyan Methodist Church
By the 1870s the first Wesleyan Methodist Church in Toowoomba was too small for the growing congregation which was established in the early 1860s. The first Wesleyan Methodist services were held in Toowoomba in 1858 when Rev. Samuel Wilkinson visited the [Darling Downs](/wiki/Darling_Downs "Darling Downs") on a preaching tour. It was not until 1863 that a permanent minister was appointed to Toowoomba. In 1865 the [Ipswich](/wiki/Ipswich%2C_Queensland "Ipswich, Queensland") Wesleyan Methodist Circuit was divided forming the Toowoomba Circuit which comprised Toowoomba, Drayton, Ware's Farm, [Jondaryan](/wiki/Jondaryan%2C_Queensland "Jondaryan, Queensland") and [Gatton](/wiki/Gatton%2C_Queensland "Gatton, Queensland").
To service the Wesleyan Methodist congregation in Toowoomba a stone church in Neil Street was constructed in 1864–65, prior to which services were held in a large building owned by the Presbyterian Church. A foundation stone for the first Wesleyan Methodist church, designed by [James Cowlishaw](/wiki/James_Cowlishaw "James Cowlishaw"), was laid by Mrs Groom on 19 October 1864\. The church, a rectangular planned masonry building, was opened on 2 April 1865\. This building was rendered inadequate for the growing congregation and temporary use was made of the School of Arts hall, but more permanent accommodation was sought.
### Second Wesleyan Methodist Church
The 1865 church and land was sold and another block, Suburban Allotment Thirteen of Section Seven, in Neil Street near the previous site was purchased on 13 April 1876 by trustees of the church for the sum of £550\. Willoughby Powell was then commissioned to design a church for the site. Powell was in Toowoomba supervising the construction of the [Toowoomba Grammar School](/wiki/Toowoomba_Grammar_School "Toowoomba Grammar School"). Earlier, Powell worked for [Richard Gailey](/wiki/Richard_Gailey "Richard Gailey") before joining the Queensland Public Works Department as a draftsman in 1874, when he won a competition for the design of the [Toowoomba Grammar School](/wiki/Toowoomba_Grammar_School "Toowoomba Grammar School"). He maintained a practice in Toowoomba from 1875 to 1877 designing many buildings including the Jewish Synagogue and several large houses.
The foundation stone of the Neil Street Wesleyan Methodist Church was laid by the Governor on 14 August 1877\. As well, several smaller memorial stones were laid by ladies of the congregation and town. The contractor for the job was R Godsall, with a Mr Hudson responsible for internal fittings. The construction cost was approximately [A£](/wiki/Australian_pound "Australian pound")2,300\.
The former church was constructed of face brick with rendered masonry and freestone detailing and a high pitched gabled roof clad with timber shingles. The plan of the church was rectangular with entrance provided from two porches on either side of the western gable facing Neil Street and a small vestry extending from the eastern elevation. A tall broach spire surmounted the apex of the western facade. Internally, a semi\-circular preaching rostrum, defined by curved timber balustrading was centrally situated adjacent to the eastern wall of the church. Evidence of this early arrangement survives in the church today.
[thumb\|Neil Street Methodist Church, {{circa\|1947}}](/wiki/File:Neil_Street_Methodist_Church%2C_Toowooomba%2C_circa_1947.jpg "Neil Street Methodist Church, Toowooomba, circa 1947.jpg")
The former church was opened on 4 August 1878 and a report in a local newspaper, *[The Toowoomba Chronicle and Darling Downs Advertiser](/wiki/Toowoomba_Chronicle "Toowoomba Chronicle")*, provided a description of the ceremony and the building, which is described as "domestic Gothic very freely treated". This alludes to the simple design of the building in a Gothic revival style; a style widely employed on the churches of many Christian religious denominations during the second half of the nineteenth century. Among the elements which contributed to the style and which are found on the Neil Street Wesleyan Methodist Church is the steeply pitched roof, lancet window openings, stained glass panels, broach spire and internal fittings such as carved joinery, heavy timber trusses and, when constructed, a richly painted and gilded roof lining and internal decoration.
One of the particularly noteworthy features of the 1877 building was a large stained glass filled window opening in the western wall. This tracery window comprising three foiled lancets and a quatrefoil centred above them, was fitted with stained glass panels by [Ashwin and Falconer](/wiki/Ashwin_and_Falconer "Ashwin and Falconer") of [Pitt Street](/wiki/Pitt_Street "Pitt Street"), [Sydney](/wiki/Sydney "Sydney").
Ashwin and Falconer were a Sydney partnership of Frederick Ashwin and John Falconer who formed by 1877 under the name Falconer and Ashwin, reversing the order of the names only later. Falconer was one of the earliest Sydney stained glaziers establishing his business in 1863 after his arrival in Australia from Britain in 1856\. He continued in practice until 1892 when Ashwin and Falconer became known as Ashwin and Co. The company produced many outstanding windows including the glazed dome in the [Sydney Town Hall](/wiki/Sydney_Town_Hall "Sydney Town Hall"). At least three known commissions were undertaken in Queensland including two figured panels at Farrington House in [Alderley](/wiki/Alderley%2C_Queensland "Alderley, Queensland") (since removed from this house and in an unknown private collection); panels for [St James' Church of England](/wiki/St_James_Church%2C_Toowoomba "St James Church, Toowoomba") in Toowoomba which were designed by [Edmund Blacket](/wiki/Edmund_Blacket "Edmund Blacket") \& Son as well as the window in the Neil Street Wesley Uniting Church.
In 1882, the Neil Street Church acquired a timber school room, designed by local architect James Marks. Early photographs of this building show a timber boarded structure with simple gabled roof to the north of the church. This building was extended in 1961 when a brick envelope was added, earlier alterations to this building include the addition of a stage proscenium in the first half of this century.
During the 1880s and early 1890s in Toowoomba, many of the other religious denomination built permanent masonry churches, including the Primitive Methodist Church (1881\); the Presbyterian Church built opposite and facing the Wesleyan Methodist Church in Neil Street (1882\); the Roman Catholic Church (1883–89\); and the Lutheran Church ({{circa\|1887}}).
The local architect, William Hodgen junior, was commissioned in 1901 to extend the eastern end of the church with transepts and a vestry. This was four years after the unification of the Wesleyan and Primitive Methodist Churches. Primitive Methodism was established in the town in 1877 and was run from a church in Raff Street constructed in 1881\. With the amalgamation, the Neil Street Wesleyan Church became the centre of Methodism in Toowoomba and the extension of 1901 may have been prompted by this reason.
In {{circa\|1924}}, a masonry fence and an iron gateway and gate were erected, replacing an earlier timber paling fence, to the memory of George Pitlow Merry who died on 30 October 1924\.
The *Architecture, Engineering and Building Journal* indicated that Cook and Kerrison, architects to the Methodist church, called tenders for the additions of a wall and porch to the church, however it is thought that this work was actually to be carried out on the adjacent school hall.
### Formation of the Uniting Church in Australia
In 1977 when the Uniting Church was officially formed by the amalgamation of Methodist, Presbyterian and Congregational Churches, the Neil Street Wesleyan Methodist Church became a Uniting Church known as the Wesley Uniting Church. At that time the land was divested from the, then defunct, Methodist Church to become the property of the Uniting Church.
In 1998, the former church was incorporated with its neighbouring building, the [Empire Theatre](/wiki/Empire_Theatre%2C_Toowoomba "Empire Theatre, Toowoomba"), where it serves as a function room connected by a glass walkway.{{cite web\|last1\=Cox\|first1\=Geoffrey\|title\=Empire Church Theatre (formerly Methodist, and subsequently Wesley Uniting Church)\|url\=http://www.ohta.org.au/organs/organs/ToowoombaEmpire.html\|access\-date\=22 November 2014\|date\=April 2013}}
|
[
"History\n-------",
"The former Wesley Uniting Church was constructed in 1877 to the design of Willoughby Powell. In 1901 extensions designed by [William Hodgen Jnr](/wiki/William_Hodgen_Jnr \"William Hodgen Jnr\") were made to the church which completed the building's cruciform plan. The building was the second Wesleyan Methodist Church in Toowoomba and, later, the head church of the [Methodist](/wiki/Methodist_Church_of_Australasia \"Methodist Church of Australasia\") church of the Toowoomba circuit.",
"### European settlement of the area",
"Settlement of what was to become the Toowoomba area commenced at [Drayton](/wiki/Drayton%2C_Queensland \"Drayton, Queensland\"), now a suburb of Toowoomba, in the early 1840s. [Thomas Alford](/wiki/Thomas_Alford_%28Queensland_pioneer%29 \"Thomas Alford (Queensland pioneer)\") opened a general store in the area in 1843\\. In the same year, residents of Drayton petitioned the Governor to form a township. A survey of the town was prepared in 1849\\. In laying out Drayton, Government Surveyor JC Burnett was instructed to mark out \"suburban allotments for Garden and Agricultural purposes\". The ideal site for what was known as the \"Drayton Swamp Agricultural Reserve\", later to become Toowoomba, was an area approximately three to four miles northeast of Drayton where two swampy creeks joined to form the headwaters of Gowrie Creek. The Agricultural Reserve included 12 allotments bounded by the left bank of the west swamp, and the present Bridge, West and Stephen streets.",
"Six of the 12 \"Swamp Allotments\" were first offered at auction in November 1849, however some were not sold until 1853\\. By late 1857, the name \"Toowoomba\" had gradually taken over from \"The Swamp\", as the town continued to expand. At the time of its incorporation into a municipality in November 1860, Toowoomba had well outgrown Drayton.",
"According to Maurice French, Toowoomba expanded rapidly in the 1870s as a result of the Selection Act of 1868 after which provisions and services for the new selectors were required. Many public buildings were erected or updated and a railway station, the \"most\\-imposing in Queensland\" was constructed.",
"### First Wesleyan Methodist Church",
"By the 1870s the first Wesleyan Methodist Church in Toowoomba was too small for the growing congregation which was established in the early 1860s. The first Wesleyan Methodist services were held in Toowoomba in 1858 when Rev. Samuel Wilkinson visited the [Darling Downs](/wiki/Darling_Downs \"Darling Downs\") on a preaching tour. It was not until 1863 that a permanent minister was appointed to Toowoomba. In 1865 the [Ipswich](/wiki/Ipswich%2C_Queensland \"Ipswich, Queensland\") Wesleyan Methodist Circuit was divided forming the Toowoomba Circuit which comprised Toowoomba, Drayton, Ware's Farm, [Jondaryan](/wiki/Jondaryan%2C_Queensland \"Jondaryan, Queensland\") and [Gatton](/wiki/Gatton%2C_Queensland \"Gatton, Queensland\").",
"To service the Wesleyan Methodist congregation in Toowoomba a stone church in Neil Street was constructed in 1864–65, prior to which services were held in a large building owned by the Presbyterian Church. A foundation stone for the first Wesleyan Methodist church, designed by [James Cowlishaw](/wiki/James_Cowlishaw \"James Cowlishaw\"), was laid by Mrs Groom on 19 October 1864\\. The church, a rectangular planned masonry building, was opened on 2 April 1865\\. This building was rendered inadequate for the growing congregation and temporary use was made of the School of Arts hall, but more permanent accommodation was sought.",
"### Second Wesleyan Methodist Church",
"The 1865 church and land was sold and another block, Suburban Allotment Thirteen of Section Seven, in Neil Street near the previous site was purchased on 13 April 1876 by trustees of the church for the sum of £550\\. Willoughby Powell was then commissioned to design a church for the site. Powell was in Toowoomba supervising the construction of the [Toowoomba Grammar School](/wiki/Toowoomba_Grammar_School \"Toowoomba Grammar School\"). Earlier, Powell worked for [Richard Gailey](/wiki/Richard_Gailey \"Richard Gailey\") before joining the Queensland Public Works Department as a draftsman in 1874, when he won a competition for the design of the [Toowoomba Grammar School](/wiki/Toowoomba_Grammar_School \"Toowoomba Grammar School\"). He maintained a practice in Toowoomba from 1875 to 1877 designing many buildings including the Jewish Synagogue and several large houses.",
"The foundation stone of the Neil Street Wesleyan Methodist Church was laid by the Governor on 14 August 1877\\. As well, several smaller memorial stones were laid by ladies of the congregation and town. The contractor for the job was R Godsall, with a Mr Hudson responsible for internal fittings. The construction cost was approximately [A£](/wiki/Australian_pound \"Australian pound\")2,300\\.",
"The former church was constructed of face brick with rendered masonry and freestone detailing and a high pitched gabled roof clad with timber shingles. The plan of the church was rectangular with entrance provided from two porches on either side of the western gable facing Neil Street and a small vestry extending from the eastern elevation. A tall broach spire surmounted the apex of the western facade. Internally, a semi\\-circular preaching rostrum, defined by curved timber balustrading was centrally situated adjacent to the eastern wall of the church. Evidence of this early arrangement survives in the church today.\n[thumb\\|Neil Street Methodist Church, {{circa\\|1947}}](/wiki/File:Neil_Street_Methodist_Church%2C_Toowooomba%2C_circa_1947.jpg \"Neil Street Methodist Church, Toowooomba, circa 1947.jpg\")\nThe former church was opened on 4 August 1878 and a report in a local newspaper, *[The Toowoomba Chronicle and Darling Downs Advertiser](/wiki/Toowoomba_Chronicle \"Toowoomba Chronicle\")*, provided a description of the ceremony and the building, which is described as \"domestic Gothic very freely treated\". This alludes to the simple design of the building in a Gothic revival style; a style widely employed on the churches of many Christian religious denominations during the second half of the nineteenth century. Among the elements which contributed to the style and which are found on the Neil Street Wesleyan Methodist Church is the steeply pitched roof, lancet window openings, stained glass panels, broach spire and internal fittings such as carved joinery, heavy timber trusses and, when constructed, a richly painted and gilded roof lining and internal decoration.",
"One of the particularly noteworthy features of the 1877 building was a large stained glass filled window opening in the western wall. This tracery window comprising three foiled lancets and a quatrefoil centred above them, was fitted with stained glass panels by [Ashwin and Falconer](/wiki/Ashwin_and_Falconer \"Ashwin and Falconer\") of [Pitt Street](/wiki/Pitt_Street \"Pitt Street\"), [Sydney](/wiki/Sydney \"Sydney\").",
"Ashwin and Falconer were a Sydney partnership of Frederick Ashwin and John Falconer who formed by 1877 under the name Falconer and Ashwin, reversing the order of the names only later. Falconer was one of the earliest Sydney stained glaziers establishing his business in 1863 after his arrival in Australia from Britain in 1856\\. He continued in practice until 1892 when Ashwin and Falconer became known as Ashwin and Co. The company produced many outstanding windows including the glazed dome in the [Sydney Town Hall](/wiki/Sydney_Town_Hall \"Sydney Town Hall\"). At least three known commissions were undertaken in Queensland including two figured panels at Farrington House in [Alderley](/wiki/Alderley%2C_Queensland \"Alderley, Queensland\") (since removed from this house and in an unknown private collection); panels for [St James' Church of England](/wiki/St_James_Church%2C_Toowoomba \"St James Church, Toowoomba\") in Toowoomba which were designed by [Edmund Blacket](/wiki/Edmund_Blacket \"Edmund Blacket\") \\& Son as well as the window in the Neil Street Wesley Uniting Church.",
"In 1882, the Neil Street Church acquired a timber school room, designed by local architect James Marks. Early photographs of this building show a timber boarded structure with simple gabled roof to the north of the church. This building was extended in 1961 when a brick envelope was added, earlier alterations to this building include the addition of a stage proscenium in the first half of this century.",
"During the 1880s and early 1890s in Toowoomba, many of the other religious denomination built permanent masonry churches, including the Primitive Methodist Church (1881\\); the Presbyterian Church built opposite and facing the Wesleyan Methodist Church in Neil Street (1882\\); the Roman Catholic Church (1883–89\\); and the Lutheran Church ({{circa\\|1887}}).",
"The local architect, William Hodgen junior, was commissioned in 1901 to extend the eastern end of the church with transepts and a vestry. This was four years after the unification of the Wesleyan and Primitive Methodist Churches. Primitive Methodism was established in the town in 1877 and was run from a church in Raff Street constructed in 1881\\. With the amalgamation, the Neil Street Wesleyan Church became the centre of Methodism in Toowoomba and the extension of 1901 may have been prompted by this reason.",
"In {{circa\\|1924}}, a masonry fence and an iron gateway and gate were erected, replacing an earlier timber paling fence, to the memory of George Pitlow Merry who died on 30 October 1924\\.",
"The *Architecture, Engineering and Building Journal* indicated that Cook and Kerrison, architects to the Methodist church, called tenders for the additions of a wall and porch to the church, however it is thought that this work was actually to be carried out on the adjacent school hall.",
"### Formation of the Uniting Church in Australia",
"In 1977 when the Uniting Church was officially formed by the amalgamation of Methodist, Presbyterian and Congregational Churches, the Neil Street Wesleyan Methodist Church became a Uniting Church known as the Wesley Uniting Church. At that time the land was divested from the, then defunct, Methodist Church to become the property of the Uniting Church.",
"In 1998, the former church was incorporated with its neighbouring building, the [Empire Theatre](/wiki/Empire_Theatre%2C_Toowoomba \"Empire Theatre, Toowoomba\"), where it serves as a function room connected by a glass walkway.{{cite web\\|last1\\=Cox\\|first1\\=Geoffrey\\|title\\=Empire Church Theatre (formerly Methodist, and subsequently Wesley Uniting Church)\\|url\\=http://www.ohta.org.au/organs/organs/ToowoombaEmpire.html\\|access\\-date\\=22 November 2014\\|date\\=April 2013}}",
""
] |
### Second Wesleyan Methodist Church
The 1865 church and land was sold and another block, Suburban Allotment Thirteen of Section Seven, in Neil Street near the previous site was purchased on 13 April 1876 by trustees of the church for the sum of £550\. Willoughby Powell was then commissioned to design a church for the site. Powell was in Toowoomba supervising the construction of the [Toowoomba Grammar School](/wiki/Toowoomba_Grammar_School "Toowoomba Grammar School"). Earlier, Powell worked for [Richard Gailey](/wiki/Richard_Gailey "Richard Gailey") before joining the Queensland Public Works Department as a draftsman in 1874, when he won a competition for the design of the [Toowoomba Grammar School](/wiki/Toowoomba_Grammar_School "Toowoomba Grammar School"). He maintained a practice in Toowoomba from 1875 to 1877 designing many buildings including the Jewish Synagogue and several large houses.
The foundation stone of the Neil Street Wesleyan Methodist Church was laid by the Governor on 14 August 1877\. As well, several smaller memorial stones were laid by ladies of the congregation and town. The contractor for the job was R Godsall, with a Mr Hudson responsible for internal fittings. The construction cost was approximately [A£](/wiki/Australian_pound "Australian pound")2,300\.
The former church was constructed of face brick with rendered masonry and freestone detailing and a high pitched gabled roof clad with timber shingles. The plan of the church was rectangular with entrance provided from two porches on either side of the western gable facing Neil Street and a small vestry extending from the eastern elevation. A tall broach spire surmounted the apex of the western facade. Internally, a semi\-circular preaching rostrum, defined by curved timber balustrading was centrally situated adjacent to the eastern wall of the church. Evidence of this early arrangement survives in the church today.
[thumb\|Neil Street Methodist Church, {{circa\|1947}}](/wiki/File:Neil_Street_Methodist_Church%2C_Toowooomba%2C_circa_1947.jpg "Neil Street Methodist Church, Toowooomba, circa 1947.jpg")
The former church was opened on 4 August 1878 and a report in a local newspaper, *[The Toowoomba Chronicle and Darling Downs Advertiser](/wiki/Toowoomba_Chronicle "Toowoomba Chronicle")*, provided a description of the ceremony and the building, which is described as "domestic Gothic very freely treated". This alludes to the simple design of the building in a Gothic revival style; a style widely employed on the churches of many Christian religious denominations during the second half of the nineteenth century. Among the elements which contributed to the style and which are found on the Neil Street Wesleyan Methodist Church is the steeply pitched roof, lancet window openings, stained glass panels, broach spire and internal fittings such as carved joinery, heavy timber trusses and, when constructed, a richly painted and gilded roof lining and internal decoration.
One of the particularly noteworthy features of the 1877 building was a large stained glass filled window opening in the western wall. This tracery window comprising three foiled lancets and a quatrefoil centred above them, was fitted with stained glass panels by [Ashwin and Falconer](/wiki/Ashwin_and_Falconer "Ashwin and Falconer") of [Pitt Street](/wiki/Pitt_Street "Pitt Street"), [Sydney](/wiki/Sydney "Sydney").
Ashwin and Falconer were a Sydney partnership of Frederick Ashwin and John Falconer who formed by 1877 under the name Falconer and Ashwin, reversing the order of the names only later. Falconer was one of the earliest Sydney stained glaziers establishing his business in 1863 after his arrival in Australia from Britain in 1856\. He continued in practice until 1892 when Ashwin and Falconer became known as Ashwin and Co. The company produced many outstanding windows including the glazed dome in the [Sydney Town Hall](/wiki/Sydney_Town_Hall "Sydney Town Hall"). At least three known commissions were undertaken in Queensland including two figured panels at Farrington House in [Alderley](/wiki/Alderley%2C_Queensland "Alderley, Queensland") (since removed from this house and in an unknown private collection); panels for [St James' Church of England](/wiki/St_James_Church%2C_Toowoomba "St James Church, Toowoomba") in Toowoomba which were designed by [Edmund Blacket](/wiki/Edmund_Blacket "Edmund Blacket") \& Son as well as the window in the Neil Street Wesley Uniting Church.
In 1882, the Neil Street Church acquired a timber school room, designed by local architect James Marks. Early photographs of this building show a timber boarded structure with simple gabled roof to the north of the church. This building was extended in 1961 when a brick envelope was added, earlier alterations to this building include the addition of a stage proscenium in the first half of this century.
During the 1880s and early 1890s in Toowoomba, many of the other religious denomination built permanent masonry churches, including the Primitive Methodist Church (1881\); the Presbyterian Church built opposite and facing the Wesleyan Methodist Church in Neil Street (1882\); the Roman Catholic Church (1883–89\); and the Lutheran Church ({{circa\|1887}}).
The local architect, William Hodgen junior, was commissioned in 1901 to extend the eastern end of the church with transepts and a vestry. This was four years after the unification of the Wesleyan and Primitive Methodist Churches. Primitive Methodism was established in the town in 1877 and was run from a church in Raff Street constructed in 1881\. With the amalgamation, the Neil Street Wesleyan Church became the centre of Methodism in Toowoomba and the extension of 1901 may have been prompted by this reason.
In {{circa\|1924}}, a masonry fence and an iron gateway and gate were erected, replacing an earlier timber paling fence, to the memory of George Pitlow Merry who died on 30 October 1924\.
The *Architecture, Engineering and Building Journal* indicated that Cook and Kerrison, architects to the Methodist church, called tenders for the additions of a wall and porch to the church, however it is thought that this work was actually to be carried out on the adjacent school hall.
|
[
"### Second Wesleyan Methodist Church",
"The 1865 church and land was sold and another block, Suburban Allotment Thirteen of Section Seven, in Neil Street near the previous site was purchased on 13 April 1876 by trustees of the church for the sum of £550\\. Willoughby Powell was then commissioned to design a church for the site. Powell was in Toowoomba supervising the construction of the [Toowoomba Grammar School](/wiki/Toowoomba_Grammar_School \"Toowoomba Grammar School\"). Earlier, Powell worked for [Richard Gailey](/wiki/Richard_Gailey \"Richard Gailey\") before joining the Queensland Public Works Department as a draftsman in 1874, when he won a competition for the design of the [Toowoomba Grammar School](/wiki/Toowoomba_Grammar_School \"Toowoomba Grammar School\"). He maintained a practice in Toowoomba from 1875 to 1877 designing many buildings including the Jewish Synagogue and several large houses.",
"The foundation stone of the Neil Street Wesleyan Methodist Church was laid by the Governor on 14 August 1877\\. As well, several smaller memorial stones were laid by ladies of the congregation and town. The contractor for the job was R Godsall, with a Mr Hudson responsible for internal fittings. The construction cost was approximately [A£](/wiki/Australian_pound \"Australian pound\")2,300\\.",
"The former church was constructed of face brick with rendered masonry and freestone detailing and a high pitched gabled roof clad with timber shingles. The plan of the church was rectangular with entrance provided from two porches on either side of the western gable facing Neil Street and a small vestry extending from the eastern elevation. A tall broach spire surmounted the apex of the western facade. Internally, a semi\\-circular preaching rostrum, defined by curved timber balustrading was centrally situated adjacent to the eastern wall of the church. Evidence of this early arrangement survives in the church today.\n[thumb\\|Neil Street Methodist Church, {{circa\\|1947}}](/wiki/File:Neil_Street_Methodist_Church%2C_Toowooomba%2C_circa_1947.jpg \"Neil Street Methodist Church, Toowooomba, circa 1947.jpg\")\nThe former church was opened on 4 August 1878 and a report in a local newspaper, *[The Toowoomba Chronicle and Darling Downs Advertiser](/wiki/Toowoomba_Chronicle \"Toowoomba Chronicle\")*, provided a description of the ceremony and the building, which is described as \"domestic Gothic very freely treated\". This alludes to the simple design of the building in a Gothic revival style; a style widely employed on the churches of many Christian religious denominations during the second half of the nineteenth century. Among the elements which contributed to the style and which are found on the Neil Street Wesleyan Methodist Church is the steeply pitched roof, lancet window openings, stained glass panels, broach spire and internal fittings such as carved joinery, heavy timber trusses and, when constructed, a richly painted and gilded roof lining and internal decoration.",
"One of the particularly noteworthy features of the 1877 building was a large stained glass filled window opening in the western wall. This tracery window comprising three foiled lancets and a quatrefoil centred above them, was fitted with stained glass panels by [Ashwin and Falconer](/wiki/Ashwin_and_Falconer \"Ashwin and Falconer\") of [Pitt Street](/wiki/Pitt_Street \"Pitt Street\"), [Sydney](/wiki/Sydney \"Sydney\").",
"Ashwin and Falconer were a Sydney partnership of Frederick Ashwin and John Falconer who formed by 1877 under the name Falconer and Ashwin, reversing the order of the names only later. Falconer was one of the earliest Sydney stained glaziers establishing his business in 1863 after his arrival in Australia from Britain in 1856\\. He continued in practice until 1892 when Ashwin and Falconer became known as Ashwin and Co. The company produced many outstanding windows including the glazed dome in the [Sydney Town Hall](/wiki/Sydney_Town_Hall \"Sydney Town Hall\"). At least three known commissions were undertaken in Queensland including two figured panels at Farrington House in [Alderley](/wiki/Alderley%2C_Queensland \"Alderley, Queensland\") (since removed from this house and in an unknown private collection); panels for [St James' Church of England](/wiki/St_James_Church%2C_Toowoomba \"St James Church, Toowoomba\") in Toowoomba which were designed by [Edmund Blacket](/wiki/Edmund_Blacket \"Edmund Blacket\") \\& Son as well as the window in the Neil Street Wesley Uniting Church.",
"In 1882, the Neil Street Church acquired a timber school room, designed by local architect James Marks. Early photographs of this building show a timber boarded structure with simple gabled roof to the north of the church. This building was extended in 1961 when a brick envelope was added, earlier alterations to this building include the addition of a stage proscenium in the first half of this century.",
"During the 1880s and early 1890s in Toowoomba, many of the other religious denomination built permanent masonry churches, including the Primitive Methodist Church (1881\\); the Presbyterian Church built opposite and facing the Wesleyan Methodist Church in Neil Street (1882\\); the Roman Catholic Church (1883–89\\); and the Lutheran Church ({{circa\\|1887}}).",
"The local architect, William Hodgen junior, was commissioned in 1901 to extend the eastern end of the church with transepts and a vestry. This was four years after the unification of the Wesleyan and Primitive Methodist Churches. Primitive Methodism was established in the town in 1877 and was run from a church in Raff Street constructed in 1881\\. With the amalgamation, the Neil Street Wesleyan Church became the centre of Methodism in Toowoomba and the extension of 1901 may have been prompted by this reason.",
"In {{circa\\|1924}}, a masonry fence and an iron gateway and gate were erected, replacing an earlier timber paling fence, to the memory of George Pitlow Merry who died on 30 October 1924\\.",
"The *Architecture, Engineering and Building Journal* indicated that Cook and Kerrison, architects to the Methodist church, called tenders for the additions of a wall and porch to the church, however it is thought that this work was actually to be carried out on the adjacent school hall.",
""
] |
Description
-----------
[thumb\|The interior of the former church, 2012](/wiki/File:Wesley_Uniting_Church_%282012%29_internal_view.jpg "Wesley Uniting Church (2012) internal view.jpg")
The former Wesley Uniting Church faces Neil Street to the west, directly opposite St Stephens Uniting Church. The building is located adjoining the [Empire Theatre](/wiki/Empire_Theatre%2C_Toowoomba "Empire Theatre, Toowoomba") to the south.
The former church is constructed of [Flemish bond](/wiki/Flemish_bond "Flemish bond") brickwork with expressed coursing and rendered stone window surrounds and buttress caps, and has a rib and pan [gable](/wiki/Gable "Gable") roof with ventilation gablets. The west elevation is framed by rendered [turrets](/wiki/Turret_%28architecture%29 "Turret (architecture)") surmounting a [buttresses](/wiki/Buttress "Buttress") at each corner, and contains a large pointed arch stained glass window consisting of three lights surmounted by a large [quatrefoil](/wiki/Quatrefoil "Quatrefoil"). Entry porches are located on the north and south at the western end, and consist of low rib and pan gable roofs supported by short [columns](/wiki/Column "Column") on large square bases, with pointed arch paired timber doors. Windows to the nave are lancet shaped, and the north and south [transepts](/wiki/Transept "Transept") have a large intersecting tracery window surmounting a gabled pointed arch doorway which is flanked by lancet windows.
The interior of the former church has rendered walls scribed to imitate [ashlar](/wiki/Ashlar "Ashlar") stonework, and the roof construction consists of arched brace timber [trusses](/wiki/Truss "Truss") supported by stone [corbels](/wiki/Corbel "Corbel"). These trusses have original metal ties, which were incorporated to overcome the need for heavy king\-posts, and diagonal timber lining boards with quatrefoil fretwork panels at the [cornice](/wiki/Cornice "Cornice") line. The east wall has a pointed arch recess behind a large pipe organ, which has a curved timber screen at the front of the organist's seat, which is flanked by pointed arch doorways to the vestry. A low timber and glass [narthex](/wiki/Narthex "Narthex") has been constructed under the west window between the north and south entry doors, and supports the relocated pulpit rostrum rail. The seating has been rearranged to form a semi\-circle facing the south wall of the transept.
A single\-storeyed face brick addition is connected to the north transept via an open walkway and adjoins a timber hall located to the northeast of the church. This structure has brick buttresses, a parapet wall concealing the roof, lancet windows with sandstone surrounds and a [foundation stone](/wiki/Foundation_stone "Foundation stone") dated 1961\. The timber hall has a corrugated iron gable roof, weatherboard cladding, and a single\-storeyed brick addition along its southern elevation.
The northern brick addition houses a kindergarten with a kitchen connected to the western end of the timber hall. The hall is entered from the southwest corner, and has a hardboard panelled ceiling with a stage at the eastern end with a stylised proscenium arch. Backstage contains storage areas, and the southern addition to the hall contains various rooms.
The Neil Street frontage has a metal fence with [driveway](/wiki/Driveway "Driveway") entrances at the north and south end, and central metal gates with English bond brick gate posts with rendered details and commemorative plaques. The church grounds contain a semi\-circular drive to the west front, with various commemorative plantings, and a driveway along the southern side to the rear.
|
[
"Description\n-----------",
"[thumb\\|The interior of the former church, 2012](/wiki/File:Wesley_Uniting_Church_%282012%29_internal_view.jpg \"Wesley Uniting Church (2012) internal view.jpg\")\nThe former Wesley Uniting Church faces Neil Street to the west, directly opposite St Stephens Uniting Church. The building is located adjoining the [Empire Theatre](/wiki/Empire_Theatre%2C_Toowoomba \"Empire Theatre, Toowoomba\") to the south.",
"The former church is constructed of [Flemish bond](/wiki/Flemish_bond \"Flemish bond\") brickwork with expressed coursing and rendered stone window surrounds and buttress caps, and has a rib and pan [gable](/wiki/Gable \"Gable\") roof with ventilation gablets. The west elevation is framed by rendered [turrets](/wiki/Turret_%28architecture%29 \"Turret (architecture)\") surmounting a [buttresses](/wiki/Buttress \"Buttress\") at each corner, and contains a large pointed arch stained glass window consisting of three lights surmounted by a large [quatrefoil](/wiki/Quatrefoil \"Quatrefoil\"). Entry porches are located on the north and south at the western end, and consist of low rib and pan gable roofs supported by short [columns](/wiki/Column \"Column\") on large square bases, with pointed arch paired timber doors. Windows to the nave are lancet shaped, and the north and south [transepts](/wiki/Transept \"Transept\") have a large intersecting tracery window surmounting a gabled pointed arch doorway which is flanked by lancet windows.",
"The interior of the former church has rendered walls scribed to imitate [ashlar](/wiki/Ashlar \"Ashlar\") stonework, and the roof construction consists of arched brace timber [trusses](/wiki/Truss \"Truss\") supported by stone [corbels](/wiki/Corbel \"Corbel\"). These trusses have original metal ties, which were incorporated to overcome the need for heavy king\\-posts, and diagonal timber lining boards with quatrefoil fretwork panels at the [cornice](/wiki/Cornice \"Cornice\") line. The east wall has a pointed arch recess behind a large pipe organ, which has a curved timber screen at the front of the organist's seat, which is flanked by pointed arch doorways to the vestry. A low timber and glass [narthex](/wiki/Narthex \"Narthex\") has been constructed under the west window between the north and south entry doors, and supports the relocated pulpit rostrum rail. The seating has been rearranged to form a semi\\-circle facing the south wall of the transept.",
"A single\\-storeyed face brick addition is connected to the north transept via an open walkway and adjoins a timber hall located to the northeast of the church. This structure has brick buttresses, a parapet wall concealing the roof, lancet windows with sandstone surrounds and a [foundation stone](/wiki/Foundation_stone \"Foundation stone\") dated 1961\\. The timber hall has a corrugated iron gable roof, weatherboard cladding, and a single\\-storeyed brick addition along its southern elevation.",
"The northern brick addition houses a kindergarten with a kitchen connected to the western end of the timber hall. The hall is entered from the southwest corner, and has a hardboard panelled ceiling with a stage at the eastern end with a stylised proscenium arch. Backstage contains storage areas, and the southern addition to the hall contains various rooms.",
"The Neil Street frontage has a metal fence with [driveway](/wiki/Driveway \"Driveway\") entrances at the north and south end, and central metal gates with English bond brick gate posts with rendered details and commemorative plaques. The church grounds contain a semi\\-circular drive to the west front, with various commemorative plantings, and a driveway along the southern side to the rear.",
""
] |
Heritage listing
----------------
The former Wesley Uniting Church was listed on the [Queensland Heritage Register](/wiki/Queensland_Heritage_Register "Queensland Heritage Register") on 10 May 1997 having satisfied the following criteria.
**The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history.**
The former Wesley Uniting Church demonstrates the growth of Toowoomba during the 1870s. The Church demonstrates the spread of Wesleyan Methodism throughout Queensland
**The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland's cultural heritage.**
The former church houses a rare and fine example in Queensland of the stained glass work of the prolific Sydney stained glass manufacturers, Ashwin and Falconer.
**The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.**
The former church with its early Gothic inspiration, simple form and internal arrangement demonstrates the principal characteristics of a Wesleyan Methodist Church of the 1870s in regional Queensland.
**The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.**
Through its form, materials and siting, the former Wesley Uniting Church makes a significant aesthetic contribution to the Neil Street streetscape and Toowoomba townscape. Together with St Stephen's Uniting Church, directly opposite to the west, the church is part of an important ecclesiastic group.
**The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.**
The building has been the centre of firstly, the Wesleyan Methodist, then the Methodist religion in Toowoomba since its construction in 1877\. Since 1977 it has been a Uniting Church. The building has special associations for the Uniting Church.
**The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland's history.**
The former church is associated with the architect Willoughby Powell, and is one of his few Toowoomba buildings.
|
[
"Heritage listing\n----------------",
"The former Wesley Uniting Church was listed on the [Queensland Heritage Register](/wiki/Queensland_Heritage_Register \"Queensland Heritage Register\") on 10 May 1997 having satisfied the following criteria.",
"**The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history.**",
"The former Wesley Uniting Church demonstrates the growth of Toowoomba during the 1870s. The Church demonstrates the spread of Wesleyan Methodism throughout Queensland",
"**The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland's cultural heritage.**",
"The former church houses a rare and fine example in Queensland of the stained glass work of the prolific Sydney stained glass manufacturers, Ashwin and Falconer.",
"**The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.**",
"The former church with its early Gothic inspiration, simple form and internal arrangement demonstrates the principal characteristics of a Wesleyan Methodist Church of the 1870s in regional Queensland.",
"**The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.**",
"Through its form, materials and siting, the former Wesley Uniting Church makes a significant aesthetic contribution to the Neil Street streetscape and Toowoomba townscape. Together with St Stephen's Uniting Church, directly opposite to the west, the church is part of an important ecclesiastic group.",
"**The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.**",
"The building has been the centre of firstly, the Wesleyan Methodist, then the Methodist religion in Toowoomba since its construction in 1877\\. Since 1977 it has been a Uniting Church. The building has special associations for the Uniting Church.",
"**The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland's history.**",
"The former church is associated with the architect Willoughby Powell, and is one of his few Toowoomba buildings.",
""
] |
History
-------
The settlement or the [gord](/wiki/Gord_%28archaeology%29 "Gord (archaeology)") of Baranów was first mentioned in 1135\. It was conveniently located near the Vistula river [ford](/wiki/Ford_%28crossing%29 "Ford (crossing)"), and in 1354 it was granted town charter by King [Casimir III the Great](/wiki/Casimir_III_the_Great "Casimir III the Great"). Baranów belonged to the Baranowski family, and in the late 15th century it became the property of the Kurozwecki family. In 1518 Barbara Kurozwecka married Stanisław Górka, so Baranów remained in the hands of the Górka family until 1560, when it was sold to Rafał Leszczyński. During the [Protestant Reformation](/wiki/Protestant_Reformation "Protestant Reformation"), Baranów was an important center of [Calvinism](/wiki/Calvinism "Calvinism"). The town prospered due to [grain trade](/wiki/Grain_trade "Grain trade"), as well as its artisans. Its decline began during the catastrophic [Swedish invasion of Poland](/wiki/Deluge_%28history%29 "Deluge (history)") (1655 \- 1660\), when Baranów was ransacked and burned.
In 1677 the town was sold to Dymitr Wiśniowiecki, later on it belonged to the [Lubomirski family](/wiki/Lubomirski_family "Lubomirski family"), and the [Potocki family](/wiki/Potocki_family "Potocki family"). In the mid\-18th century its population was ca. 1,200\. After the [partitions of Poland](/wiki/Partitions_of_Poland "Partitions of Poland") Baranów found itself in the Austrian province of [Galicia](/wiki/Galicia_%28Eastern_Europe%29 "Galicia (Eastern Europe)"), where it remained from 1772 until 1918\. The town further declined, as it was located near the tightly sealed Austrian \- Russian border. Furthermore, frequent Vistula floods caused extensive damages, and on 24 August 1898 almost the whole town burned in a fire. Its decline was so severe that Baranów lost its town charter in 1896, remaining a village until 1934\.
In the [Second Polish Republic](/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic "Second Polish Republic") Baranów became part of Tarnobrzeg County, [Lwów Voivodeship](/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w_Voivodeship "Lwów Voivodeship"). In 1933, Baranów received its coat of arms. During the 1939 [Invasion of Poland](/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland "Invasion of Poland"), units of the [Kraków Army](/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_Army "Kraków Army") withdrew eastwards in the area of Baranów.
Throughout its occupation in Poland, the Baranów Castle was the seat of a local German administrative office. In June 1942, the German occupiers established the Baranów Ghetto, relocating over two thousand Jewish people from the city, Tarnobrzeg, and the surrounding villages.{{Cite book\|url\=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5709074\|title\=Obozy hitlerowskie na ziemiach polskich 1939\-1945 : informator encyklopedyczny\|date\=1979\|publisher\=Państ. Wydaw. Naukowe\|others\=Czesław Pilichowski, Główna Komisja Badania Zbrodni Hitlerowskich w Polsce, Rada Ochrony Pomników Walki i Męczeństwa, DSP)\|isbn\=83\-01\-00065\-1\|location\=Warszawa\|oclc\=5709074}} The next month, in July, the ghetto was liquidated, with the Jewish inhabitants being forcefully relocated to a ghetto in Dębica. About 60 people would be shot during this relocation.
Before [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II"), around 1500 Jews lived in the town, however, most of them were murdered in the [Holocaust](/wiki/Holocaust "Holocaust").{{cite web \|url\=http://www.kirkuty.xip.pl/ulanow.htm\|title\=Jewish Cemeteries in Poland\|publisher\= \[\[copyright\|©]] 2004\-2008, translated by Joanna Kołdras, Andrzej Fister\-Stoga\|accessdate\=2008\-11\-01}}
In July 1944, units of the [Red Army](/wiki/Red_Army "Red Army") crossed the Vistula near the town, creating the so\-called Baranów Bridgehead (see [Vistula–Oder Offensive](/wiki/Vistula%E2%80%93Oder_Offensive "Vistula–Oder Offensive")).
Between 1975 and 1998, the town belonged to the [Tarnobrzeg Voivodeship](/wiki/Tarnobrzeg_Voivodeship "Tarnobrzeg Voivodeship").
|
[
"History\n-------",
"The settlement or the [gord](/wiki/Gord_%28archaeology%29 \"Gord (archaeology)\") of Baranów was first mentioned in 1135\\. It was conveniently located near the Vistula river [ford](/wiki/Ford_%28crossing%29 \"Ford (crossing)\"), and in 1354 it was granted town charter by King [Casimir III the Great](/wiki/Casimir_III_the_Great \"Casimir III the Great\"). Baranów belonged to the Baranowski family, and in the late 15th century it became the property of the Kurozwecki family. In 1518 Barbara Kurozwecka married Stanisław Górka, so Baranów remained in the hands of the Górka family until 1560, when it was sold to Rafał Leszczyński. During the [Protestant Reformation](/wiki/Protestant_Reformation \"Protestant Reformation\"), Baranów was an important center of [Calvinism](/wiki/Calvinism \"Calvinism\"). The town prospered due to [grain trade](/wiki/Grain_trade \"Grain trade\"), as well as its artisans. Its decline began during the catastrophic [Swedish invasion of Poland](/wiki/Deluge_%28history%29 \"Deluge (history)\") (1655 \\- 1660\\), when Baranów was ransacked and burned.",
"In 1677 the town was sold to Dymitr Wiśniowiecki, later on it belonged to the [Lubomirski family](/wiki/Lubomirski_family \"Lubomirski family\"), and the [Potocki family](/wiki/Potocki_family \"Potocki family\"). In the mid\\-18th century its population was ca. 1,200\\. After the [partitions of Poland](/wiki/Partitions_of_Poland \"Partitions of Poland\") Baranów found itself in the Austrian province of [Galicia](/wiki/Galicia_%28Eastern_Europe%29 \"Galicia (Eastern Europe)\"), where it remained from 1772 until 1918\\. The town further declined, as it was located near the tightly sealed Austrian \\- Russian border. Furthermore, frequent Vistula floods caused extensive damages, and on 24 August 1898 almost the whole town burned in a fire. Its decline was so severe that Baranów lost its town charter in 1896, remaining a village until 1934\\.",
"In the [Second Polish Republic](/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic \"Second Polish Republic\") Baranów became part of Tarnobrzeg County, [Lwów Voivodeship](/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w_Voivodeship \"Lwów Voivodeship\"). In 1933, Baranów received its coat of arms. During the 1939 [Invasion of Poland](/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland \"Invasion of Poland\"), units of the [Kraków Army](/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_Army \"Kraków Army\") withdrew eastwards in the area of Baranów.",
"Throughout its occupation in Poland, the Baranów Castle was the seat of a local German administrative office. In June 1942, the German occupiers established the Baranów Ghetto, relocating over two thousand Jewish people from the city, Tarnobrzeg, and the surrounding villages.{{Cite book\\|url\\=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5709074\\|title\\=Obozy hitlerowskie na ziemiach polskich 1939\\-1945 : informator encyklopedyczny\\|date\\=1979\\|publisher\\=Państ. Wydaw. Naukowe\\|others\\=Czesław Pilichowski, Główna Komisja Badania Zbrodni Hitlerowskich w Polsce, Rada Ochrony Pomników Walki i Męczeństwa, DSP)\\|isbn\\=83\\-01\\-00065\\-1\\|location\\=Warszawa\\|oclc\\=5709074}} The next month, in July, the ghetto was liquidated, with the Jewish inhabitants being forcefully relocated to a ghetto in Dębica. About 60 people would be shot during this relocation.",
"Before [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\"), around 1500 Jews lived in the town, however, most of them were murdered in the [Holocaust](/wiki/Holocaust \"Holocaust\").{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.kirkuty.xip.pl/ulanow.htm\\|title\\=Jewish Cemeteries in Poland\\|publisher\\= \\[\\[copyright\\|©]] 2004\\-2008, translated by Joanna Kołdras, Andrzej Fister\\-Stoga\\|accessdate\\=2008\\-11\\-01}}",
"In July 1944, units of the [Red Army](/wiki/Red_Army \"Red Army\") crossed the Vistula near the town, creating the so\\-called Baranów Bridgehead (see [Vistula–Oder Offensive](/wiki/Vistula%E2%80%93Oder_Offensive \"Vistula–Oder Offensive\")).",
"Between 1975 and 1998, the town belonged to the [Tarnobrzeg Voivodeship](/wiki/Tarnobrzeg_Voivodeship \"Tarnobrzeg Voivodeship\").",
""
] |
Story arcs
----------
In the novels, there’re already 9 story arcs. However, the anime only covered two arcs, the Kyūki and Kazane arc.
### Kyūki arc
The {{nihongo\|Kyūki arc\|窮奇編\|Kyūki Hen}} starts from episode 1 to 12 in the anime and volume 1 to 3 in the novel. Kyūki, a winged tiger from the West or to be precise, China has been forced to evacuate after being defeated by another demon.
He arrives in Japan and plans to eat Fujiwara no Akiko to replenish his spirit powers and heal his wounds. With him are an army of foreign demons, all unknown to the inexperienced and apprentice onmyōji Masahiro who has started to use his skills.
### Kazane arc
The {{nihongo\|Kazane arc\|風音編\|Kazane Hen}} starts from episode 13 to 26 in the anime and volume 4 to 8 in the novel.
A [vengeful spirit](/wiki/Vengeful_spirit "Vengeful spirit") has been summoned and has cursed Yukinari of the Fujiwara clan. A mysterious woman appears and tries to take Seimei's life.
Someone is trying to open the gate to the underworld, events from fifty\-five years ago reoccur, and Guren as well as Masahiro must undergo the ultimate test.
|
[
"Story arcs\n----------",
"In the novels, there’re already 9 story arcs. However, the anime only covered two arcs, the Kyūki and Kazane arc.",
"### Kyūki arc",
"The {{nihongo\\|Kyūki arc\\|窮奇編\\|Kyūki Hen}} starts from episode 1 to 12 in the anime and volume 1 to 3 in the novel. Kyūki, a winged tiger from the West or to be precise, China has been forced to evacuate after being defeated by another demon.",
"He arrives in Japan and plans to eat Fujiwara no Akiko to replenish his spirit powers and heal his wounds. With him are an army of foreign demons, all unknown to the inexperienced and apprentice onmyōji Masahiro who has started to use his skills.",
"### Kazane arc",
"The {{nihongo\\|Kazane arc\\|風音編\\|Kazane Hen}} starts from episode 13 to 26 in the anime and volume 4 to 8 in the novel.",
"A [vengeful spirit](/wiki/Vengeful_spirit \"Vengeful spirit\") has been summoned and has cursed Yukinari of the Fujiwara clan. A mysterious woman appears and tries to take Seimei's life.",
"Someone is trying to open the gate to the underworld, events from fifty\\-five years ago reoccur, and Guren as well as Masahiro must undergo the ultimate test.",
""
] |
History
-------
### First in Latrobe
WXVE first signed on the air as WAKU on December 12, 1951, making it the second AM station to come on the air in [Westmoreland County](/wiki/Westmoreland_County%2C_Pennsylvania "Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania"), as WHJB (now [WKHB](/wiki/WKHB_%28AM%29 "WKHB (AM)")) had been the first in 1934\. A second station, WTRA (now [WJFG](/wiki/WJFG "WJFG")) came on the air five years later after WAKU's debut.
WAKU was originally owned by Clearfield Broadcasters, Inc., which owned and published the Clearfield Progress newspaper, headquartered in [Clearfield, Pennsylvania](/wiki/Clearfield%2C_Pennsylvania "Clearfield, Pennsylvania"); as well as radio station [WCPA](/wiki/WCPA_%28AM%29 "WCPA (AM)"). The newspaper was looking to expand its advertising reach by building or buying radio stations in nearby markets, and would do so with further acquisitions in Indiana and Centre counties. The station initially signed on the air as a daytime\-only station, with a maximum power output of 250 watts, with studios at 200 Depot Street in downtown Latrobe.
WAKU, which by this time relocated to 215 Church Street, was granted permission in 1955 to increase its power to a full 1,000 watts; its current power output today. [http://licensing.fcc.gov/cgi\-bin/prod/cdbs/forms/prod/getimportletter\_exh.cgi?import\_letter\_id\=27033](http://licensing.fcc.gov/cgi-bin/prod/cdbs/forms/prod/getimportletter_exh.cgi?import_letter_id=27033)
In 1957, Clearfield Broadcasting decided to sell WAKU, as they were preparing to acquire Indiana County\-based [WDAD](/wiki/WDAD "WDAD") and [WQMU](/wiki/WQMU "WQMU"), a transaction that would be completed in 1958\. WAKU was sold to WAKU, Inc., a company headed by Harry Reed on July 1, 1956\. This would mark the first of several transactions over the next decade.
In 1959, WAKU was acquired by Rosenblum Stations, which also owned [WISR](/wiki/WISR "WISR") in Butler, and [WACB](/wiki/WKFO_%28AM%29 "WKFO (AM)") in Kittanning, as well as two other stations in Ohio. The call sign was then changed to WSHH, which were later acquired by a [Pittsburgh FM station](/wiki/WSHH "WSHH") that still uses this same call sign today. Rosenblum Stations, however, sold WSHH to Tayloradio, in 1962\. This period of ownership would also not last long, as WAKU (the station had returned to its original call sign) was sold to Westmoreland Broadcasting Corporation in February 1963, assigned the call sign WQTW, and was under the management of John Jay Stewart. In the mid '60s, WQTW featured popular radio personalities such as Tom Sidwell, John Vincze, Jim Albright and Joe Gearing and played a Top 40 and Rock \& Roll format.
Westmoreland Broadcasting remained WQTW's owner until October 31, 1973, when it was acquired by Regency Broadcasting Corporation.
### Fire
WQTW experienced a major setback on New Year's Eve of 1982, when its studios and offices at 348 Main Street were destroyed in a fire, leaving the station dark for about a year and a half [https://web.archive.org/web/20160630132112/http://www.pbrtv.com/more/classic\-mailbag\-1998\-2007/2001\-2003/january\-2003/](https://web.archive.org/web/20160630132112/http://www.pbrtv.com/more/classic-mailbag-1998-2007/2001-2003/january-2003/), and keeping local firefighters busy for about six hours that day. The station then opened a temporary office in Building 3 of the Latrobe Industrial Park, along Abbot Street in Derry Township.
The license and tower, being all that was left from the station, were then advertised for sale. Stan Wall, owner of WLSW, 15 miles south of Latrobe, purchased the remains of the station for $66,000 in April 1984\.
### Return
Upon purchasing the station, WQTW had to be returned to the air quickly in order to avoid forfeiture of the FCC license. A double\-wide mobile home was purchased and parked at WQTW's transmitter site at 287 George Street in Derry Township, just on the outskirts of Latrobe. The station returned to the air less than six months later with a full\-service format of middle\-of\-the road and oldies music, with polka music on the weekends.
A construction permit was granted for the station in 1989 to move down the dial to 880 AM (still daytime\-only but with almost double the coverage), but that permit was abandoned the following year when the station was granted nighttime power of 220 watts.
In 1990, the station began simulcasting WLSW full\-time over WQTW. Specialty programs of high school football, weekend oldies and polka programming remained independent of WLSW.
Since 1990, WQTW has been leased to two other operators through time\-brokerage agreements, though the formats they adopted were short lived. For a brief period in the mid\-'90s, the station affiliated with the Prime Sports Satellite Network, in an attempt to support the growing audience for all\-sports radio.
Effective July 25, 2017, the estate of Stanley Wall sold WQTW and [WLSW](/wiki/WKHB-FM "WKHB-FM") to Robert and Ashley Stevens' Broadcast Communications, Inc. for $605,000\. The station went silent December 15 of that year. It was one of two silent AM stations the Stevenses purchased in late 2017, the other being Pittsburgh's [KQV](/wiki/KQV "KQV"). The station changed its call sign to WKHJ on September 28, 2018, and then to WXVE on August 19, 2020\.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"### First in Latrobe",
"WXVE first signed on the air as WAKU on December 12, 1951, making it the second AM station to come on the air in [Westmoreland County](/wiki/Westmoreland_County%2C_Pennsylvania \"Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania\"), as WHJB (now [WKHB](/wiki/WKHB_%28AM%29 \"WKHB (AM)\")) had been the first in 1934\\. A second station, WTRA (now [WJFG](/wiki/WJFG \"WJFG\")) came on the air five years later after WAKU's debut.",
"WAKU was originally owned by Clearfield Broadcasters, Inc., which owned and published the Clearfield Progress newspaper, headquartered in [Clearfield, Pennsylvania](/wiki/Clearfield%2C_Pennsylvania \"Clearfield, Pennsylvania\"); as well as radio station [WCPA](/wiki/WCPA_%28AM%29 \"WCPA (AM)\"). The newspaper was looking to expand its advertising reach by building or buying radio stations in nearby markets, and would do so with further acquisitions in Indiana and Centre counties. The station initially signed on the air as a daytime\\-only station, with a maximum power output of 250 watts, with studios at 200 Depot Street in downtown Latrobe.",
"WAKU, which by this time relocated to 215 Church Street, was granted permission in 1955 to increase its power to a full 1,000 watts; its current power output today. [http://licensing.fcc.gov/cgi\\-bin/prod/cdbs/forms/prod/getimportletter\\_exh.cgi?import\\_letter\\_id\\=27033](http://licensing.fcc.gov/cgi-bin/prod/cdbs/forms/prod/getimportletter_exh.cgi?import_letter_id=27033)",
"In 1957, Clearfield Broadcasting decided to sell WAKU, as they were preparing to acquire Indiana County\\-based [WDAD](/wiki/WDAD \"WDAD\") and [WQMU](/wiki/WQMU \"WQMU\"), a transaction that would be completed in 1958\\. WAKU was sold to WAKU, Inc., a company headed by Harry Reed on July 1, 1956\\. This would mark the first of several transactions over the next decade.",
"In 1959, WAKU was acquired by Rosenblum Stations, which also owned [WISR](/wiki/WISR \"WISR\") in Butler, and [WACB](/wiki/WKFO_%28AM%29 \"WKFO (AM)\") in Kittanning, as well as two other stations in Ohio. The call sign was then changed to WSHH, which were later acquired by a [Pittsburgh FM station](/wiki/WSHH \"WSHH\") that still uses this same call sign today. Rosenblum Stations, however, sold WSHH to Tayloradio, in 1962\\. This period of ownership would also not last long, as WAKU (the station had returned to its original call sign) was sold to Westmoreland Broadcasting Corporation in February 1963, assigned the call sign WQTW, and was under the management of John Jay Stewart. In the mid '60s, WQTW featured popular radio personalities such as Tom Sidwell, John Vincze, Jim Albright and Joe Gearing and played a Top 40 and Rock \\& Roll format.",
"Westmoreland Broadcasting remained WQTW's owner until October 31, 1973, when it was acquired by Regency Broadcasting Corporation.",
"### Fire",
"WQTW experienced a major setback on New Year's Eve of 1982, when its studios and offices at 348 Main Street were destroyed in a fire, leaving the station dark for about a year and a half [https://web.archive.org/web/20160630132112/http://www.pbrtv.com/more/classic\\-mailbag\\-1998\\-2007/2001\\-2003/january\\-2003/](https://web.archive.org/web/20160630132112/http://www.pbrtv.com/more/classic-mailbag-1998-2007/2001-2003/january-2003/), and keeping local firefighters busy for about six hours that day. The station then opened a temporary office in Building 3 of the Latrobe Industrial Park, along Abbot Street in Derry Township.",
"The license and tower, being all that was left from the station, were then advertised for sale. Stan Wall, owner of WLSW, 15 miles south of Latrobe, purchased the remains of the station for $66,000 in April 1984\\.",
"### Return",
"Upon purchasing the station, WQTW had to be returned to the air quickly in order to avoid forfeiture of the FCC license. A double\\-wide mobile home was purchased and parked at WQTW's transmitter site at 287 George Street in Derry Township, just on the outskirts of Latrobe. The station returned to the air less than six months later with a full\\-service format of middle\\-of\\-the road and oldies music, with polka music on the weekends.",
"A construction permit was granted for the station in 1989 to move down the dial to 880 AM (still daytime\\-only but with almost double the coverage), but that permit was abandoned the following year when the station was granted nighttime power of 220 watts.",
"In 1990, the station began simulcasting WLSW full\\-time over WQTW. Specialty programs of high school football, weekend oldies and polka programming remained independent of WLSW.",
"Since 1990, WQTW has been leased to two other operators through time\\-brokerage agreements, though the formats they adopted were short lived. For a brief period in the mid\\-'90s, the station affiliated with the Prime Sports Satellite Network, in an attempt to support the growing audience for all\\-sports radio.",
"Effective July 25, 2017, the estate of Stanley Wall sold WQTW and [WLSW](/wiki/WKHB-FM \"WKHB-FM\") to Robert and Ashley Stevens' Broadcast Communications, Inc. for $605,000\\. The station went silent December 15 of that year. It was one of two silent AM stations the Stevenses purchased in late 2017, the other being Pittsburgh's [KQV](/wiki/KQV \"KQV\"). The station changed its call sign to WKHJ on September 28, 2018, and then to WXVE on August 19, 2020\\.",
""
] |
### First in Latrobe
WXVE first signed on the air as WAKU on December 12, 1951, making it the second AM station to come on the air in [Westmoreland County](/wiki/Westmoreland_County%2C_Pennsylvania "Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania"), as WHJB (now [WKHB](/wiki/WKHB_%28AM%29 "WKHB (AM)")) had been the first in 1934\. A second station, WTRA (now [WJFG](/wiki/WJFG "WJFG")) came on the air five years later after WAKU's debut.
WAKU was originally owned by Clearfield Broadcasters, Inc., which owned and published the Clearfield Progress newspaper, headquartered in [Clearfield, Pennsylvania](/wiki/Clearfield%2C_Pennsylvania "Clearfield, Pennsylvania"); as well as radio station [WCPA](/wiki/WCPA_%28AM%29 "WCPA (AM)"). The newspaper was looking to expand its advertising reach by building or buying radio stations in nearby markets, and would do so with further acquisitions in Indiana and Centre counties. The station initially signed on the air as a daytime\-only station, with a maximum power output of 250 watts, with studios at 200 Depot Street in downtown Latrobe.
WAKU, which by this time relocated to 215 Church Street, was granted permission in 1955 to increase its power to a full 1,000 watts; its current power output today. [http://licensing.fcc.gov/cgi\-bin/prod/cdbs/forms/prod/getimportletter\_exh.cgi?import\_letter\_id\=27033](http://licensing.fcc.gov/cgi-bin/prod/cdbs/forms/prod/getimportletter_exh.cgi?import_letter_id=27033)
In 1957, Clearfield Broadcasting decided to sell WAKU, as they were preparing to acquire Indiana County\-based [WDAD](/wiki/WDAD "WDAD") and [WQMU](/wiki/WQMU "WQMU"), a transaction that would be completed in 1958\. WAKU was sold to WAKU, Inc., a company headed by Harry Reed on July 1, 1956\. This would mark the first of several transactions over the next decade.
In 1959, WAKU was acquired by Rosenblum Stations, which also owned [WISR](/wiki/WISR "WISR") in Butler, and [WACB](/wiki/WKFO_%28AM%29 "WKFO (AM)") in Kittanning, as well as two other stations in Ohio. The call sign was then changed to WSHH, which were later acquired by a [Pittsburgh FM station](/wiki/WSHH "WSHH") that still uses this same call sign today. Rosenblum Stations, however, sold WSHH to Tayloradio, in 1962\. This period of ownership would also not last long, as WAKU (the station had returned to its original call sign) was sold to Westmoreland Broadcasting Corporation in February 1963, assigned the call sign WQTW, and was under the management of John Jay Stewart. In the mid '60s, WQTW featured popular radio personalities such as Tom Sidwell, John Vincze, Jim Albright and Joe Gearing and played a Top 40 and Rock \& Roll format.
Westmoreland Broadcasting remained WQTW's owner until October 31, 1973, when it was acquired by Regency Broadcasting Corporation.
|
[
"### First in Latrobe",
"WXVE first signed on the air as WAKU on December 12, 1951, making it the second AM station to come on the air in [Westmoreland County](/wiki/Westmoreland_County%2C_Pennsylvania \"Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania\"), as WHJB (now [WKHB](/wiki/WKHB_%28AM%29 \"WKHB (AM)\")) had been the first in 1934\\. A second station, WTRA (now [WJFG](/wiki/WJFG \"WJFG\")) came on the air five years later after WAKU's debut.",
"WAKU was originally owned by Clearfield Broadcasters, Inc., which owned and published the Clearfield Progress newspaper, headquartered in [Clearfield, Pennsylvania](/wiki/Clearfield%2C_Pennsylvania \"Clearfield, Pennsylvania\"); as well as radio station [WCPA](/wiki/WCPA_%28AM%29 \"WCPA (AM)\"). The newspaper was looking to expand its advertising reach by building or buying radio stations in nearby markets, and would do so with further acquisitions in Indiana and Centre counties. The station initially signed on the air as a daytime\\-only station, with a maximum power output of 250 watts, with studios at 200 Depot Street in downtown Latrobe.",
"WAKU, which by this time relocated to 215 Church Street, was granted permission in 1955 to increase its power to a full 1,000 watts; its current power output today. [http://licensing.fcc.gov/cgi\\-bin/prod/cdbs/forms/prod/getimportletter\\_exh.cgi?import\\_letter\\_id\\=27033](http://licensing.fcc.gov/cgi-bin/prod/cdbs/forms/prod/getimportletter_exh.cgi?import_letter_id=27033)",
"In 1957, Clearfield Broadcasting decided to sell WAKU, as they were preparing to acquire Indiana County\\-based [WDAD](/wiki/WDAD \"WDAD\") and [WQMU](/wiki/WQMU \"WQMU\"), a transaction that would be completed in 1958\\. WAKU was sold to WAKU, Inc., a company headed by Harry Reed on July 1, 1956\\. This would mark the first of several transactions over the next decade.",
"In 1959, WAKU was acquired by Rosenblum Stations, which also owned [WISR](/wiki/WISR \"WISR\") in Butler, and [WACB](/wiki/WKFO_%28AM%29 \"WKFO (AM)\") in Kittanning, as well as two other stations in Ohio. The call sign was then changed to WSHH, which were later acquired by a [Pittsburgh FM station](/wiki/WSHH \"WSHH\") that still uses this same call sign today. Rosenblum Stations, however, sold WSHH to Tayloradio, in 1962\\. This period of ownership would also not last long, as WAKU (the station had returned to its original call sign) was sold to Westmoreland Broadcasting Corporation in February 1963, assigned the call sign WQTW, and was under the management of John Jay Stewart. In the mid '60s, WQTW featured popular radio personalities such as Tom Sidwell, John Vincze, Jim Albright and Joe Gearing and played a Top 40 and Rock \\& Roll format.",
"Westmoreland Broadcasting remained WQTW's owner until October 31, 1973, when it was acquired by Regency Broadcasting Corporation.",
""
] |
### Return
Upon purchasing the station, WQTW had to be returned to the air quickly in order to avoid forfeiture of the FCC license. A double\-wide mobile home was purchased and parked at WQTW's transmitter site at 287 George Street in Derry Township, just on the outskirts of Latrobe. The station returned to the air less than six months later with a full\-service format of middle\-of\-the road and oldies music, with polka music on the weekends.
A construction permit was granted for the station in 1989 to move down the dial to 880 AM (still daytime\-only but with almost double the coverage), but that permit was abandoned the following year when the station was granted nighttime power of 220 watts.
In 1990, the station began simulcasting WLSW full\-time over WQTW. Specialty programs of high school football, weekend oldies and polka programming remained independent of WLSW.
Since 1990, WQTW has been leased to two other operators through time\-brokerage agreements, though the formats they adopted were short lived. For a brief period in the mid\-'90s, the station affiliated with the Prime Sports Satellite Network, in an attempt to support the growing audience for all\-sports radio.
Effective July 25, 2017, the estate of Stanley Wall sold WQTW and [WLSW](/wiki/WKHB-FM "WKHB-FM") to Robert and Ashley Stevens' Broadcast Communications, Inc. for $605,000\. The station went silent December 15 of that year. It was one of two silent AM stations the Stevenses purchased in late 2017, the other being Pittsburgh's [KQV](/wiki/KQV "KQV"). The station changed its call sign to WKHJ on September 28, 2018, and then to WXVE on August 19, 2020\.
|
[
"### Return",
"Upon purchasing the station, WQTW had to be returned to the air quickly in order to avoid forfeiture of the FCC license. A double\\-wide mobile home was purchased and parked at WQTW's transmitter site at 287 George Street in Derry Township, just on the outskirts of Latrobe. The station returned to the air less than six months later with a full\\-service format of middle\\-of\\-the road and oldies music, with polka music on the weekends.",
"A construction permit was granted for the station in 1989 to move down the dial to 880 AM (still daytime\\-only but with almost double the coverage), but that permit was abandoned the following year when the station was granted nighttime power of 220 watts.",
"In 1990, the station began simulcasting WLSW full\\-time over WQTW. Specialty programs of high school football, weekend oldies and polka programming remained independent of WLSW.",
"Since 1990, WQTW has been leased to two other operators through time\\-brokerage agreements, though the formats they adopted were short lived. For a brief period in the mid\\-'90s, the station affiliated with the Prime Sports Satellite Network, in an attempt to support the growing audience for all\\-sports radio.",
"Effective July 25, 2017, the estate of Stanley Wall sold WQTW and [WLSW](/wiki/WKHB-FM \"WKHB-FM\") to Robert and Ashley Stevens' Broadcast Communications, Inc. for $605,000\\. The station went silent December 15 of that year. It was one of two silent AM stations the Stevenses purchased in late 2017, the other being Pittsburgh's [KQV](/wiki/KQV \"KQV\"). The station changed its call sign to WKHJ on September 28, 2018, and then to WXVE on August 19, 2020\\.",
""
] |
Biography
---------
The González Jiménez family is originally from the former port of [Caleta Buena](/wiki/Caleta_Buena "Caleta Buena"). Their parents were Antonio Segundo González Calibar and Luisa del Carmen Jiménez Fajardo.
From this union were born five boys and two girls, Hector Walterio; born 4 June 1924, Antonio Segundo; born 20 August 1926, Hernan Arturo; born 15 January 1928, Luis Orlando; born 21 June 1933, Manuel Honorio; born 16 June 1938, Maria Violeta; born 2 September 1940, and Luisa Nancy; born 7 February 1943\. After his family suffered a house fire in Caleta Buena, they moved to [Iquique](/wiki/Iquique "Iquique"), in front of the Arica square, after which they enrolled the first three brothers, in the religious dance "Los Morenos". Later on they moved to Sotomayor street, where Luis Orlando González was born, he was registered in the "San Gerardo" church, with father Delgadillo. At an early age Luis showed closeness to religion. He and his brothers were enrolled in the "Star of Chile" football club. Later his parents moved again to Amunategui street in front of La Cruz hill and there, his brother Manuel Honorio was born. His godmother, Luisa Polanco, a native of the now\-defunct Santa Laura saltpetre office, went to live with Luis in the saltpetre office until she was 5 years old. When she returned to live with her brothers, she was interested in learning to play the guitar.
His uncle, Romelio Jiménez Fajardo, was a baker and leader of the [CUT](/wiki/Workers%27_United_Center_of_Chile "Workers' United Center of Chile") and a councilman of the illustrious municipality of Iquique. He studied at No. 1 Santa María and the Escuela Básica E\-76 Centenario de Iquique, then was sent to study in Santiago, graduating from the [Universidad de Chile](/wiki/Universidad_de_Chile "Universidad de Chile"). In 2005 he became seriously ill with a stroke.{{cite web\|title\=La recuperación de "Checho" González\|url\=https://www.estrellaiquique.cl/prontus4\_nots/site/artic/20080518/pags/20080518044006\.html\|publisher\=La Estrella de Iquique\|date\=18 May 2008\|access\-date\=26 July 2020}} "Checho" has also called himself a guru of healing.{{cite web\|title\=Sanador iquiqueño visited the chronicle of Diario La Estrella\|url\=https://www.soychile.cl/Iquique/Sociedad/2011/07/21/28063/Sanador\-iquiqueno\-visito\-la\-cronica\-de\-Diario\-La\-Estrella.aspx\|publisher\=I'm Chile\|date\=21 July 2011\|access\-date\=26 July 2020}}{{cite web\|title\=El Longuino\|url\=http://www.diariolongino.cl/wp\-content/uploads/2020/02/iquique200208\.pdf\|publisher\=El Longuino\|date\=8 February 2020\|access\-date\=26 July 2020}} González is the great uncle of [Fernando Godoy Bustamante](/wiki/Fernando_Godoy_Bustamante "Fernando Godoy Bustamante").
### Artistic career
In 1951, he and his brothers "Toño" and "Nino" formed a band called "Los González" which was dissolved because "Nino" had to continue with his studies. Then he formed a trio called "The Mantles" with two of his friends. On February 2, 1954, they made their debut in the program "Falabella" hosted by [Raúl Matas](/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_Matas "Raúl Matas"). One of his friends, Humberto Leiva, retired from "Los Mantles" and Luis along with Ruben Tapia, and his brother Toño formed a new trio called "Los Seycos" (serious and correct), however Matas suggested renaming it "Los Mineros". Two days later they make their debut at the "Baquedano" theatre, together with [Lucho Gatica](/wiki/Lucho_Gatica "Lucho Gatica") who arrived successfully from Spain.
After those, they returned to Iquique and found a radio festival called "Almirante Lynch", which was held at the National Theatre where he met Rubí Jáuregui, who he then invited to join the group in order to replace Rubén who had fallen ill. In another visit to [Santiago](/wiki/Santiago "Santiago") they were represented in radio mining in [Teatro Caupolicán](/wiki/Teatro_Caupolic%C3%A1n "Teatro Caupolicán"), as they were invited by Matas. In January 1959 his brother "Toño" fell ill and stayed in Santiago recovering so the group stopped performing. Rubí also stayed in Santiago with his family and Don Checho traveled to Antofagasta, performing as a soloist and singer\-songwriter hired by the Antofagasta Hotel where two executives of the Potrerillos Ore saw him perform and hired him a few days later. He came to perform at the Ore with great success, where he was hired with a solid income. However that same year his mother fell ill and he decided to return to his hometown with his family canceling the contract.
In 1967 he created two record labels and two labels; "Golden Dragon", and "Golden Buoy", later, because he had no financing or sponsorship, he had to lower it to silver being financed by he and his wife. In 2014, he had made 7 banners, 34 hymns and more than 500 prizes with "dragons" in Chile and abroad. In 2001, he participated in the album "Iquique en un CD".{{cite web\|title\=Iquique en un CD\|url\=https://www.estrellaiquique.cl/site/port/20011222191147/publisher.html\|publisher\=La Estrella de Iquique\|date\=December 23, 2001\|access\-date\=26 July 2020}} In 2002 and 2003, it held a Festival of the Elderly, which it proposed should be of an international level and was held in the [Norte Grande of Chile](/wiki/Norte_Grande "Norte Grande").{{cite web\|title\=Pideniden apoyo para festival del adulto mayor\|url\=https://www.estrellaloa.cl/site/edic/20021015204504/pags/20021015214650\.html\|publisher\=La Estrella de Iquique\|date\=October 16, 2002\|access\-date\=26 July 2020}} "Checho" received no state or private funding for the event. The awards given were the characteristic "Silver Buoys" and "Golden Dragons". In April 2003 he received a distinction from the "Agrupación Dragón".{{cite web\|title\=Agrupación Dragón\|url\=https://www.estrellaiquique.cl/site/apg/social/pags/20030419004618\.html\|publisher\=La Estrella de Iquique\|date\=19 April 2003\|access\-date\=26 July 2020}} In 2008 he was in charge of delivering "Boyas de Plata" to a series of Chilean television personalities.
During the [rescue of the San José mine](/wiki/2010_Copiap%C3%B3_mining_accident "2010 Copiapó mining accident") of 33 miners, Luis González was in the "Esperanza" camp during the time that the event lasted, sharing with the families of the miners, church authorities and civilians.{{cite web\|title\=Checho González participated in the commemoration of Los 33\|url\=https://www.soychile.cl/Iquique/Sociedad/2011/08/08/31157/Checho\-Gonzalez\-participo\-en\-la\-comemoracion\-de\-Los\-33\.aspx\|publisher\=SoyChile\|date\=8 August 2011\|access\-date\=26 July 2020}} He also wrote the song "Homenaje al Minero" or "The Miner" which was used for a film that was filmed on location by the BBC in London.{{cite web\|title\="Checho" returned to the San José Mine\|url\=https://www.estrellaiquique.cl/prontus4\_nots/site/artic/20101012/pags/20101012001020\.html\|publisher\=La Estrella de Iquique\|date\=12 October 2010\|access\-date\=26 July 2020}}{{cite web\|title\=Cantautor "Checho" González dedicated song to miners in Copiapó\|url\=https://www.estrellaiquique.cl/prontus4\_nots/site/artic/20100810/pags/20100810195059\.html\|publisher\=The Star of Iquique\|date\=10 August 2010\|access\-date\=26 July 2020}}
In 2011 in [Copiapó](/wiki/Copiap%C3%B3 "Copiapó") delivered "Dragones de Plata" to the families of those affected by the mining accident.{{cite web\|title\=En Copiapó will deliver "Dragones de Plata"\|url\=https://www.estrellaiquique.cl/prontus4\_nots/site/artic/20110210/pags/20110210001031\.html\|publisher\=La Estrella de Iquique\|date\=10 February 2011\|access\-date\=26 July 2020}} In 2012, one year after the [2011 Chilean Air Force C\-212 crash](/wiki/2011_Chilean_Air_Force_C-212_crash "2011 Chilean Air Force C-212 crash"), he paid tribute to [Felipe Camiroaga](/wiki/Felipe_Camiroaga "Felipe Camiroaga"), being invited to [TVN](/wiki/Televisi%C3%B3n_Nacional_de_Chile "Televisión Nacional de Chile").{{cite web\|title\=Iquiqueño Luis "Checho" González pays tribute to Felipe Camiroaga\|url\=https://www.soychile.cl/Iquique/Espectaculos/2012/09/02/116599/Iquiqueno\-Luis\-Checho\-Gonzalez\-rinde\-homenaje\-a\-Felipe\-Camiroaga.aspx\|publisher\=I am Chile\|date\=2 September 2012\|access\-date\=26 July 2020}} He lived with a grace pension.{{cite web\|title\=Luis "Checho" González requests information about missing package\|url\=https://www.estrellaiquique.cl/prontus4\_nots/site/artic/20100218/pags/20100218001038\.html\|publisher\=La Estrella de Iquique\|date\=18 February 2010\|access\-date\=26 July 2020}} He also composed a song for [Jorge Soria Quiroga](/wiki/Jorge_Soria_Quiroga "Jorge Soria Quiroga"), former mayor of Iquique, and [Iván Barbaric Sciaraffia](/wiki/Iv%C3%A1n_Barbaric_Sciaraffia "Iván Barbaric Sciaraffia"), a politician from Tarapacá.
### Mi General Augusto Pinochet
Luis "Checho" González is the author of the song "Mi General Augusto Pinochet" which was originally published in a 1995 cassette, called *Himno en Honor al Capitán General Don Augusto Pinochet Ugarte – Apología y marchas al Ejército de Chile*, which was made by the musical stamp "Dragón".{{cite web\|title\=My General, Augusto Pinochet\|url\=https://musescore.com/user/892926/scores/5981059\|publisher\=Musescore\|language\=en\|date\=22 February 2020\|access\-date\=26 July 2020}}{{Cite web\|title\=Luis "Checho" González – Himno en Honor al Capitán General Don Augusto Pinochet Ugarte\|url\=https://www.discogs.com/Luis\-Checho\-Gonz%C3%A1lez\-Himno\-en\-Honor\-al\-Capit%C3%A1n\-General\-Don\-Augusto\-Pinochet\-Ugarte/release/15982452\|access\-date\=2020\-09\-28\|website\=Discogs\|language\=en}}
### Death
González died in [Iquique](/wiki/Iquique "Iquique") on 13 December 2022, at the age of 89\.{{cite web \|title\=Fallece el cantautor iquiqueño Luis "Checho" González a los 89 años \|url\=https://eltarapaca.com/2022/12/13/fallece\-el\-cantautor\-iquiqueno\-luis\-checho\-gonzalez\-a\-los\-89\-anos/ \|website\=Diario el Tarapacá \|access\-date\=13 December 2022 \|date\=13 December 2022}}
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"The González Jiménez family is originally from the former port of [Caleta Buena](/wiki/Caleta_Buena \"Caleta Buena\"). Their parents were Antonio Segundo González Calibar and Luisa del Carmen Jiménez Fajardo.\nFrom this union were born five boys and two girls, Hector Walterio; born 4 June 1924, Antonio Segundo; born 20 August 1926, Hernan Arturo; born 15 January 1928, Luis Orlando; born 21 June 1933, Manuel Honorio; born 16 June 1938, Maria Violeta; born 2 September 1940, and Luisa Nancy; born 7 February 1943\\. After his family suffered a house fire in Caleta Buena, they moved to [Iquique](/wiki/Iquique \"Iquique\"), in front of the Arica square, after which they enrolled the first three brothers, in the religious dance \"Los Morenos\". Later on they moved to Sotomayor street, where Luis Orlando González was born, he was registered in the \"San Gerardo\" church, with father Delgadillo. At an early age Luis showed closeness to religion. He and his brothers were enrolled in the \"Star of Chile\" football club. Later his parents moved again to Amunategui street in front of La Cruz hill and there, his brother Manuel Honorio was born. His godmother, Luisa Polanco, a native of the now\\-defunct Santa Laura saltpetre office, went to live with Luis in the saltpetre office until she was 5 years old. When she returned to live with her brothers, she was interested in learning to play the guitar.",
"His uncle, Romelio Jiménez Fajardo, was a baker and leader of the [CUT](/wiki/Workers%27_United_Center_of_Chile \"Workers' United Center of Chile\") and a councilman of the illustrious municipality of Iquique. He studied at No. 1 Santa María and the Escuela Básica E\\-76 Centenario de Iquique, then was sent to study in Santiago, graduating from the [Universidad de Chile](/wiki/Universidad_de_Chile \"Universidad de Chile\"). In 2005 he became seriously ill with a stroke.{{cite web\\|title\\=La recuperación de \"Checho\" González\\|url\\=https://www.estrellaiquique.cl/prontus4\\_nots/site/artic/20080518/pags/20080518044006\\.html\\|publisher\\=La Estrella de Iquique\\|date\\=18 May 2008\\|access\\-date\\=26 July 2020}} \"Checho\" has also called himself a guru of healing.{{cite web\\|title\\=Sanador iquiqueño visited the chronicle of Diario La Estrella\\|url\\=https://www.soychile.cl/Iquique/Sociedad/2011/07/21/28063/Sanador\\-iquiqueno\\-visito\\-la\\-cronica\\-de\\-Diario\\-La\\-Estrella.aspx\\|publisher\\=I'm Chile\\|date\\=21 July 2011\\|access\\-date\\=26 July 2020}}{{cite web\\|title\\=El Longuino\\|url\\=http://www.diariolongino.cl/wp\\-content/uploads/2020/02/iquique200208\\.pdf\\|publisher\\=El Longuino\\|date\\=8 February 2020\\|access\\-date\\=26 July 2020}} González is the great uncle of [Fernando Godoy Bustamante](/wiki/Fernando_Godoy_Bustamante \"Fernando Godoy Bustamante\").",
"### Artistic career",
"In 1951, he and his brothers \"Toño\" and \"Nino\" formed a band called \"Los González\" which was dissolved because \"Nino\" had to continue with his studies. Then he formed a trio called \"The Mantles\" with two of his friends. On February 2, 1954, they made their debut in the program \"Falabella\" hosted by [Raúl Matas](/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_Matas \"Raúl Matas\"). One of his friends, Humberto Leiva, retired from \"Los Mantles\" and Luis along with Ruben Tapia, and his brother Toño formed a new trio called \"Los Seycos\" (serious and correct), however Matas suggested renaming it \"Los Mineros\". Two days later they make their debut at the \"Baquedano\" theatre, together with [Lucho Gatica](/wiki/Lucho_Gatica \"Lucho Gatica\") who arrived successfully from Spain.",
"After those, they returned to Iquique and found a radio festival called \"Almirante Lynch\", which was held at the National Theatre where he met Rubí Jáuregui, who he then invited to join the group in order to replace Rubén who had fallen ill. In another visit to [Santiago](/wiki/Santiago \"Santiago\") they were represented in radio mining in [Teatro Caupolicán](/wiki/Teatro_Caupolic%C3%A1n \"Teatro Caupolicán\"), as they were invited by Matas. In January 1959 his brother \"Toño\" fell ill and stayed in Santiago recovering so the group stopped performing. Rubí also stayed in Santiago with his family and Don Checho traveled to Antofagasta, performing as a soloist and singer\\-songwriter hired by the Antofagasta Hotel where two executives of the Potrerillos Ore saw him perform and hired him a few days later. He came to perform at the Ore with great success, where he was hired with a solid income. However that same year his mother fell ill and he decided to return to his hometown with his family canceling the contract.",
"In 1967 he created two record labels and two labels; \"Golden Dragon\", and \"Golden Buoy\", later, because he had no financing or sponsorship, he had to lower it to silver being financed by he and his wife. In 2014, he had made 7 banners, 34 hymns and more than 500 prizes with \"dragons\" in Chile and abroad. In 2001, he participated in the album \"Iquique en un CD\".{{cite web\\|title\\=Iquique en un CD\\|url\\=https://www.estrellaiquique.cl/site/port/20011222191147/publisher.html\\|publisher\\=La Estrella de Iquique\\|date\\=December 23, 2001\\|access\\-date\\=26 July 2020}} In 2002 and 2003, it held a Festival of the Elderly, which it proposed should be of an international level and was held in the [Norte Grande of Chile](/wiki/Norte_Grande \"Norte Grande\").{{cite web\\|title\\=Pideniden apoyo para festival del adulto mayor\\|url\\=https://www.estrellaloa.cl/site/edic/20021015204504/pags/20021015214650\\.html\\|publisher\\=La Estrella de Iquique\\|date\\=October 16, 2002\\|access\\-date\\=26 July 2020}} \"Checho\" received no state or private funding for the event. The awards given were the characteristic \"Silver Buoys\" and \"Golden Dragons\". In April 2003 he received a distinction from the \"Agrupación Dragón\".{{cite web\\|title\\=Agrupación Dragón\\|url\\=https://www.estrellaiquique.cl/site/apg/social/pags/20030419004618\\.html\\|publisher\\=La Estrella de Iquique\\|date\\=19 April 2003\\|access\\-date\\=26 July 2020}} In 2008 he was in charge of delivering \"Boyas de Plata\" to a series of Chilean television personalities.",
"During the [rescue of the San José mine](/wiki/2010_Copiap%C3%B3_mining_accident \"2010 Copiapó mining accident\") of 33 miners, Luis González was in the \"Esperanza\" camp during the time that the event lasted, sharing with the families of the miners, church authorities and civilians.{{cite web\\|title\\=Checho González participated in the commemoration of Los 33\\|url\\=https://www.soychile.cl/Iquique/Sociedad/2011/08/08/31157/Checho\\-Gonzalez\\-participo\\-en\\-la\\-comemoracion\\-de\\-Los\\-33\\.aspx\\|publisher\\=SoyChile\\|date\\=8 August 2011\\|access\\-date\\=26 July 2020}} He also wrote the song \"Homenaje al Minero\" or \"The Miner\" which was used for a film that was filmed on location by the BBC in London.{{cite web\\|title\\=\"Checho\" returned to the San José Mine\\|url\\=https://www.estrellaiquique.cl/prontus4\\_nots/site/artic/20101012/pags/20101012001020\\.html\\|publisher\\=La Estrella de Iquique\\|date\\=12 October 2010\\|access\\-date\\=26 July 2020}}{{cite web\\|title\\=Cantautor \"Checho\" González dedicated song to miners in Copiapó\\|url\\=https://www.estrellaiquique.cl/prontus4\\_nots/site/artic/20100810/pags/20100810195059\\.html\\|publisher\\=The Star of Iquique\\|date\\=10 August 2010\\|access\\-date\\=26 July 2020}}",
"In 2011 in [Copiapó](/wiki/Copiap%C3%B3 \"Copiapó\") delivered \"Dragones de Plata\" to the families of those affected by the mining accident.{{cite web\\|title\\=En Copiapó will deliver \"Dragones de Plata\"\\|url\\=https://www.estrellaiquique.cl/prontus4\\_nots/site/artic/20110210/pags/20110210001031\\.html\\|publisher\\=La Estrella de Iquique\\|date\\=10 February 2011\\|access\\-date\\=26 July 2020}} In 2012, one year after the [2011 Chilean Air Force C\\-212 crash](/wiki/2011_Chilean_Air_Force_C-212_crash \"2011 Chilean Air Force C-212 crash\"), he paid tribute to [Felipe Camiroaga](/wiki/Felipe_Camiroaga \"Felipe Camiroaga\"), being invited to [TVN](/wiki/Televisi%C3%B3n_Nacional_de_Chile \"Televisión Nacional de Chile\").{{cite web\\|title\\=Iquiqueño Luis \"Checho\" González pays tribute to Felipe Camiroaga\\|url\\=https://www.soychile.cl/Iquique/Espectaculos/2012/09/02/116599/Iquiqueno\\-Luis\\-Checho\\-Gonzalez\\-rinde\\-homenaje\\-a\\-Felipe\\-Camiroaga.aspx\\|publisher\\=I am Chile\\|date\\=2 September 2012\\|access\\-date\\=26 July 2020}} He lived with a grace pension.{{cite web\\|title\\=Luis \"Checho\" González requests information about missing package\\|url\\=https://www.estrellaiquique.cl/prontus4\\_nots/site/artic/20100218/pags/20100218001038\\.html\\|publisher\\=La Estrella de Iquique\\|date\\=18 February 2010\\|access\\-date\\=26 July 2020}} He also composed a song for [Jorge Soria Quiroga](/wiki/Jorge_Soria_Quiroga \"Jorge Soria Quiroga\"), former mayor of Iquique, and [Iván Barbaric Sciaraffia](/wiki/Iv%C3%A1n_Barbaric_Sciaraffia \"Iván Barbaric Sciaraffia\"), a politician from Tarapacá.",
"### Mi General Augusto Pinochet",
"Luis \"Checho\" González is the author of the song \"Mi General Augusto Pinochet\" which was originally published in a 1995 cassette, called *Himno en Honor al Capitán General Don Augusto Pinochet Ugarte – Apología y marchas al Ejército de Chile*, which was made by the musical stamp \"Dragón\".{{cite web\\|title\\=My General, Augusto Pinochet\\|url\\=https://musescore.com/user/892926/scores/5981059\\|publisher\\=Musescore\\|language\\=en\\|date\\=22 February 2020\\|access\\-date\\=26 July 2020}}{{Cite web\\|title\\=Luis \"Checho\" González – Himno en Honor al Capitán General Don Augusto Pinochet Ugarte\\|url\\=https://www.discogs.com/Luis\\-Checho\\-Gonz%C3%A1lez\\-Himno\\-en\\-Honor\\-al\\-Capit%C3%A1n\\-General\\-Don\\-Augusto\\-Pinochet\\-Ugarte/release/15982452\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-09\\-28\\|website\\=Discogs\\|language\\=en}}",
"### Death",
"González died in [Iquique](/wiki/Iquique \"Iquique\") on 13 December 2022, at the age of 89\\.{{cite web \\|title\\=Fallece el cantautor iquiqueño Luis \"Checho\" González a los 89 años \\|url\\=https://eltarapaca.com/2022/12/13/fallece\\-el\\-cantautor\\-iquiqueno\\-luis\\-checho\\-gonzalez\\-a\\-los\\-89\\-anos/ \\|website\\=Diario el Tarapacá \\|access\\-date\\=13 December 2022 \\|date\\=13 December 2022}}",
""
] |
Professional career
-------------------
### Detroit Tigers
Stegman was immediately assigned to the Double\-A [Montgomery Rebels](/wiki/Montgomery_Rebels "Montgomery Rebels"), just two steps below the major leagues. He played 61 games for Montgomery, batting .266 with a .379 on\-base percentage, but he failed to hit a home run.
The following season, Stegman again started at Montgomery, posting much better numbers. In 67 games, he hit an impressive .345, with 11 home runs and 59 RBI. His OBP also rose over 100 points, to an excellent .488\. This earned him a promotion to the Triple\-A [Evansville Triplets](/wiki/Evansville_Triplets "Evansville Triplets"). His numbers there took a nosedive, batting just .222 in 50 games, although his power numbers were still decent, with 6 home runs.
Stegman returned to Evansville for {{baseball year\|1978}}, this time batting .264 while playing the full season with the Triplets. This earned him a promotion when rosters expanded in September. In his MLB debut, Stegman appeared in 8 games, batting 14 times with 4 hits. In the next\-to\-last game of the season, Stegman hit his first major league home run on September 30 against the [Baltimore Orioles](/wiki/Baltimore_Orioles "Baltimore Orioles").
The {{baseball year\|1979}} season looked a lot like 1978 for Stegman, as he spent the entire season with the Triplets, getting called up in September. This time, Stegman got more of a chance, appearing in 12 games with 33 at bats. Although he hit just .194, he did hit three home runs among his six hits.
In {{baseball year\|1980}}, Stegman made the Tigers out of [spring training](/wiki/Spring_training "Spring training"). Serving as a reserve outfielder, he batted just .181 through August 6 before being set back to Evansville. He returned in September, but went just 2\-for\-14 down the stretch. After the season, he was traded to the [San Diego Padres](/wiki/San_Diego_Padres "San Diego Padres") for relief pitcher [Dennis Kinney](/wiki/Dennis_Kinney "Dennis Kinney").
### Padres and Yankees
Stegman began the {{baseball year\|1981}} season in the minors once more, this time with the [Hawaii Islanders](/wiki/Hawaii_Islanders "Hawaii Islanders"). However, just 14 games into the season, he was traded a second time, this time to the New York Yankees. He spent the rest of the year with the [Columbus Clippers](/wiki/Columbus_Clippers "Columbus Clippers"), batting .291 in 90 games. In {{baseball year\|1982}}, Stegman spent nearly the entire season with Columbus, batting .272\. He returned to the majors in June, but made just two appearances—both as a [pinch runner](/wiki/Pinch_runner "Pinch runner"), before returning to Columbus. He became a free agent after the season.
### White Sox
The Chicago White Sox signed Stegman as a minor league free agent the following January. Once more, he began the season in the minor leagues with the [Denver Bears](/wiki/Denver_Bears "Denver Bears"). There, he had his best season statistically at the Triple\-A level, batting .334 in 111 games and earning a callup in August. He appeared in 30 games over the remainder of the season, batting just .170 in 53 at bats.
Stegman received one more chance in the majors when he made the White Sox roster in {{baseball year\|1984}}. He batted .261 in 55 games before finishing the season back in Denver. He spent two more seasons in the minors, with the [Toronto Blue Jays](/wiki/Toronto_Blue_Jays "Toronto Blue Jays") organization in {{baseball year\|1985}} and then back with the Yankees in {{baseball year\|1986}}, but never returned to the major leagues.
|
[
"Professional career\n-------------------",
"### Detroit Tigers",
"Stegman was immediately assigned to the Double\\-A [Montgomery Rebels](/wiki/Montgomery_Rebels \"Montgomery Rebels\"), just two steps below the major leagues. He played 61 games for Montgomery, batting .266 with a .379 on\\-base percentage, but he failed to hit a home run.",
"The following season, Stegman again started at Montgomery, posting much better numbers. In 67 games, he hit an impressive .345, with 11 home runs and 59 RBI. His OBP also rose over 100 points, to an excellent .488\\. This earned him a promotion to the Triple\\-A [Evansville Triplets](/wiki/Evansville_Triplets \"Evansville Triplets\"). His numbers there took a nosedive, batting just .222 in 50 games, although his power numbers were still decent, with 6 home runs.",
"Stegman returned to Evansville for {{baseball year\\|1978}}, this time batting .264 while playing the full season with the Triplets. This earned him a promotion when rosters expanded in September. In his MLB debut, Stegman appeared in 8 games, batting 14 times with 4 hits. In the next\\-to\\-last game of the season, Stegman hit his first major league home run on September 30 against the [Baltimore Orioles](/wiki/Baltimore_Orioles \"Baltimore Orioles\").",
"The {{baseball year\\|1979}} season looked a lot like 1978 for Stegman, as he spent the entire season with the Triplets, getting called up in September. This time, Stegman got more of a chance, appearing in 12 games with 33 at bats. Although he hit just .194, he did hit three home runs among his six hits.",
"In {{baseball year\\|1980}}, Stegman made the Tigers out of [spring training](/wiki/Spring_training \"Spring training\"). Serving as a reserve outfielder, he batted just .181 through August 6 before being set back to Evansville. He returned in September, but went just 2\\-for\\-14 down the stretch. After the season, he was traded to the [San Diego Padres](/wiki/San_Diego_Padres \"San Diego Padres\") for relief pitcher [Dennis Kinney](/wiki/Dennis_Kinney \"Dennis Kinney\").",
"### Padres and Yankees",
"Stegman began the {{baseball year\\|1981}} season in the minors once more, this time with the [Hawaii Islanders](/wiki/Hawaii_Islanders \"Hawaii Islanders\"). However, just 14 games into the season, he was traded a second time, this time to the New York Yankees. He spent the rest of the year with the [Columbus Clippers](/wiki/Columbus_Clippers \"Columbus Clippers\"), batting .291 in 90 games. In {{baseball year\\|1982}}, Stegman spent nearly the entire season with Columbus, batting .272\\. He returned to the majors in June, but made just two appearances—both as a [pinch runner](/wiki/Pinch_runner \"Pinch runner\"), before returning to Columbus. He became a free agent after the season.",
"### White Sox",
"The Chicago White Sox signed Stegman as a minor league free agent the following January. Once more, he began the season in the minor leagues with the [Denver Bears](/wiki/Denver_Bears \"Denver Bears\"). There, he had his best season statistically at the Triple\\-A level, batting .334 in 111 games and earning a callup in August. He appeared in 30 games over the remainder of the season, batting just .170 in 53 at bats.",
"Stegman received one more chance in the majors when he made the White Sox roster in {{baseball year\\|1984}}. He batted .261 in 55 games before finishing the season back in Denver. He spent two more seasons in the minors, with the [Toronto Blue Jays](/wiki/Toronto_Blue_Jays \"Toronto Blue Jays\") organization in {{baseball year\\|1985}} and then back with the Yankees in {{baseball year\\|1986}}, but never returned to the major leagues.",
""
] |
### Detroit Tigers
Stegman was immediately assigned to the Double\-A [Montgomery Rebels](/wiki/Montgomery_Rebels "Montgomery Rebels"), just two steps below the major leagues. He played 61 games for Montgomery, batting .266 with a .379 on\-base percentage, but he failed to hit a home run.
The following season, Stegman again started at Montgomery, posting much better numbers. In 67 games, he hit an impressive .345, with 11 home runs and 59 RBI. His OBP also rose over 100 points, to an excellent .488\. This earned him a promotion to the Triple\-A [Evansville Triplets](/wiki/Evansville_Triplets "Evansville Triplets"). His numbers there took a nosedive, batting just .222 in 50 games, although his power numbers were still decent, with 6 home runs.
Stegman returned to Evansville for {{baseball year\|1978}}, this time batting .264 while playing the full season with the Triplets. This earned him a promotion when rosters expanded in September. In his MLB debut, Stegman appeared in 8 games, batting 14 times with 4 hits. In the next\-to\-last game of the season, Stegman hit his first major league home run on September 30 against the [Baltimore Orioles](/wiki/Baltimore_Orioles "Baltimore Orioles").
The {{baseball year\|1979}} season looked a lot like 1978 for Stegman, as he spent the entire season with the Triplets, getting called up in September. This time, Stegman got more of a chance, appearing in 12 games with 33 at bats. Although he hit just .194, he did hit three home runs among his six hits.
In {{baseball year\|1980}}, Stegman made the Tigers out of [spring training](/wiki/Spring_training "Spring training"). Serving as a reserve outfielder, he batted just .181 through August 6 before being set back to Evansville. He returned in September, but went just 2\-for\-14 down the stretch. After the season, he was traded to the [San Diego Padres](/wiki/San_Diego_Padres "San Diego Padres") for relief pitcher [Dennis Kinney](/wiki/Dennis_Kinney "Dennis Kinney").
|
[
"### Detroit Tigers",
"Stegman was immediately assigned to the Double\\-A [Montgomery Rebels](/wiki/Montgomery_Rebels \"Montgomery Rebels\"), just two steps below the major leagues. He played 61 games for Montgomery, batting .266 with a .379 on\\-base percentage, but he failed to hit a home run.",
"The following season, Stegman again started at Montgomery, posting much better numbers. In 67 games, he hit an impressive .345, with 11 home runs and 59 RBI. His OBP also rose over 100 points, to an excellent .488\\. This earned him a promotion to the Triple\\-A [Evansville Triplets](/wiki/Evansville_Triplets \"Evansville Triplets\"). His numbers there took a nosedive, batting just .222 in 50 games, although his power numbers were still decent, with 6 home runs.",
"Stegman returned to Evansville for {{baseball year\\|1978}}, this time batting .264 while playing the full season with the Triplets. This earned him a promotion when rosters expanded in September. In his MLB debut, Stegman appeared in 8 games, batting 14 times with 4 hits. In the next\\-to\\-last game of the season, Stegman hit his first major league home run on September 30 against the [Baltimore Orioles](/wiki/Baltimore_Orioles \"Baltimore Orioles\").",
"The {{baseball year\\|1979}} season looked a lot like 1978 for Stegman, as he spent the entire season with the Triplets, getting called up in September. This time, Stegman got more of a chance, appearing in 12 games with 33 at bats. Although he hit just .194, he did hit three home runs among his six hits.",
"In {{baseball year\\|1980}}, Stegman made the Tigers out of [spring training](/wiki/Spring_training \"Spring training\"). Serving as a reserve outfielder, he batted just .181 through August 6 before being set back to Evansville. He returned in September, but went just 2\\-for\\-14 down the stretch. After the season, he was traded to the [San Diego Padres](/wiki/San_Diego_Padres \"San Diego Padres\") for relief pitcher [Dennis Kinney](/wiki/Dennis_Kinney \"Dennis Kinney\").",
""
] |
Demographics
------------
{{US Census population
\|1890\= 212
\|1900\= 413
\|1910\= 814
\|1920\= 877
\|1930\= 766
\|1940\= 792
\|1950\= 749
\|1960\= 743
\|1970\= 759
\|1980\= 833
\|1990\= 819
\|2000\= 1145
\|2010\= 881
\|2020\= 873
\|footnote\=U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\|url\=https://www.census.gov/programs\-surveys/decennial\-census.html\|title\=Census of Population and Housing\|publisher\=Census.gov\|access\-date\=June 4, 2015}}
}}
### 2010 census
As of the [census](/wiki/Census "Census"){{cite web\|title\=U.S. Census website\|url\=https://www.census.gov\|publisher\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]]\|access\-date\=2012\-07\-08}} of 2010, there were 881 people, 364 households, and 227 families living in the city. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density "Population density") was {{convert\|1314\.9\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|1}}. There were 429 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|640\.3\|/sqmi\|/km2\|1}}. The racial makeup of the city was 97\.0% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)"), 0\.1% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "African American (U.S. Census)"), 1\.1% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "Native American (U.S. Census)"), 0\.1% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 "Asian (U.S. Census)"), 0\.1% [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Race_%28U.S._Census%29 "Race (U.S. Census)"), and 1\.5% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 "Hispanic (U.S. Census)") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 "Latino (U.S. Census)") of any race were 1\.5% of the population.
There were 364 households, of which 31\.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43\.4% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 17\.3% had a female householder with no husband present, 1\.6% had a male householder with no wife present, and 37\.6% were non\-families. 34\.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 17\.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\.33 and the average family size was 3\.01\.
The median age in the city was 40\.6 years. 24% of residents were under the age of 18; 8\.4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 21\.8% were from 25 to 44; 22\.9% were from 45 to 64; and 22\.9% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 46\.2% male and 53\.8% female.
### 2000 census
As of the [census](/wiki/Census "Census") of 2000, there were 1,145 people, 377 households, and 232 families living in the city. The population density was {{convert\|2,089\.4\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. There were 444 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|810\.2\|/sqmi\|/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. The racial makeup of the city was 98\.41% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)"), 0\.19% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "African American (U.S. Census)"), 0\.17% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "Native American (U.S. Census)"), 0\.61% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 "Race (United States Census)"), and 0\.61% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 "Hispanic (U.S. Census)") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 "Latino (U.S. Census)") of any race were 0\.79% of the population.
There were 377 households, out of which 27\.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46\.9% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 11\.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 38\.2% were non\-families. 35\.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 22\.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\.20 and the average family size was 2\.85\.
In the city the population was spread out, with 28\.0% under the age of 18, 16\.6% from 18 to 24, 18\.6% from 25 to 44, 14\.1% from 45 to 64, and 22\.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 31 years. For every 100 females, there were 107\.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90\.3 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $20,900, and the median income for a family was $29,286\. Males had a median income of $25,787 versus $18,929 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income "Per capita income") for the city was $11,354\. About 13\.3% of families and 33\.8% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line "Poverty line"), including 33\.3% of those under age 18 and 22\.2% of those age 65 or over.
|
[
"Demographics\n------------",
"{{US Census population\n\\|1890\\= 212\n\\|1900\\= 413\n\\|1910\\= 814\n\\|1920\\= 877\n\\|1930\\= 766\n\\|1940\\= 792\n\\|1950\\= 749\n\\|1960\\= 743\n\\|1970\\= 759\n\\|1980\\= 833\n\\|1990\\= 819\n\\|2000\\= 1145\n\\|2010\\= 881\n\\|2020\\= 873\n\\|footnote\\=U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/programs\\-surveys/decennial\\-census.html\\|title\\=Census of Population and Housing\\|publisher\\=Census.gov\\|access\\-date\\=June 4, 2015}}\n}}",
"### 2010 census",
"As of the [census](/wiki/Census \"Census\"){{cite web\\|title\\=U.S. Census website\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]]\\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-07\\-08}} of 2010, there were 881 people, 364 households, and 227 families living in the city. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density \"Population density\") was {{convert\\|1314\\.9\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|1}}. There were 429 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|640\\.3\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|1}}. The racial makeup of the city was 97\\.0% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.1% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"African American (U.S. Census)\"), 1\\.1% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Native American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.1% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Asian (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.1% [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Race_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Race (U.S. Census)\"), and 1\\.5% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") of any race were 1\\.5% of the population.",
"There were 364 households, of which 31\\.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43\\.4% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 17\\.3% had a female householder with no husband present, 1\\.6% had a male householder with no wife present, and 37\\.6% were non\\-families. 34\\.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 17\\.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.33 and the average family size was 3\\.01\\.",
"The median age in the city was 40\\.6 years. 24% of residents were under the age of 18; 8\\.4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 21\\.8% were from 25 to 44; 22\\.9% were from 45 to 64; and 22\\.9% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 46\\.2% male and 53\\.8% female.",
"### 2000 census",
"As of the [census](/wiki/Census \"Census\") of 2000, there were 1,145 people, 377 households, and 232 families living in the city. The population density was {{convert\\|2,089\\.4\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. There were 444 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|810\\.2\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. The racial makeup of the city was 98\\.41% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.19% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"African American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.17% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Native American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.61% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\"), and 0\\.61% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") of any race were 0\\.79% of the population.",
"There were 377 households, out of which 27\\.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46\\.9% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 11\\.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 38\\.2% were non\\-families. 35\\.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 22\\.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.20 and the average family size was 2\\.85\\.",
"In the city the population was spread out, with 28\\.0% under the age of 18, 16\\.6% from 18 to 24, 18\\.6% from 25 to 44, 14\\.1% from 45 to 64, and 22\\.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 31 years. For every 100 females, there were 107\\.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90\\.3 males.",
"The median income for a household in the city was $20,900, and the median income for a family was $29,286\\. Males had a median income of $25,787 versus $18,929 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income \"Per capita income\") for the city was $11,354\\. About 13\\.3% of families and 33\\.8% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line \"Poverty line\"), including 33\\.3% of those under age 18 and 22\\.2% of those age 65 or over.",
""
] |
Shooting
--------
As a reservist Schwarz was conscripted to a military exercise that was about to begin on August 26, but showing signs of a mental disorder his mother felt inclined to inform the Gemeindeammannamt (*Mayor's Office*) about his disturbed condition, and urged Gemeindeammann (*Mayor*) Etter to notify police. Because of that Schwarz was examined by his battalion's physician and was indeed found to be mentally unfit to fulfill his duties, so he was released from military service and sent home again on August 28\. Schwarz was left in the possession of his service rifle and revolver, and took them home with him.
Finding out about the reason for his dismissal, Schwarz reportedly became furious and threatened to shoot Etter. During the night he crept around the house of a woman known to him and smashed in a window. Police were alerted about his behaviour and the Bezirksamt (*District Office*) ordered him to be confined and put under medical observation.
On August 30, at about 4:00 p.m., Schwarz travelled to [Amriswil](/wiki/Amriswil "Amriswil") and bought 80 rounds of ammunition. At 6:00 p.m. two police officers were sent to his home in order to arrest him. They encountered Schwarz in the hallway, but he resisted his arrest, threatened the officers with his revolver and, after a short scuffle, managed to escape into his room on the second floor and lock the door.
Anton Fritsch, a butcher's journeyman living in the same building, was called to assist the officers, but when he tried to break into the gunman's refuge, Schwarz fired through the door, hitting him in the chest four times. As nobody dared to recover him, Fritsch was left bleeding to death. Attracted by the gunshots, people began gathering around the building, whereupon Schwarz started shooting from a window. He shot two people trying to enter. Escaped at about 11:30 p.m. A police officer watched him, shot at him three times, but missed.
Schwarz killed railway employee/collier Franz Xaver Weber with a shot through the heart, as well as a 15\-year\-old Italian boy, Biagio Pedrollo, who was pushing his bicycle along the street, with shots in the heart and face. He also injured a letter carrier named Hugelshofer, with a shot through the arm, apparently when firing at Etter, who was standing nearby.
Hermann then fatally wounded typesetter Rudolf Thommen with a shot through the lung, then killed inn keeper Friedrich Keller. Forty armed people gathered and fired at the building.
Some members of the local Schützenverein entered the building, Schwarz shot at them barricaded behind a wardrobe, killing Anton Fritsch (lived in the building so killed before?) and Friedrich Keller. He also injured police officer Staheli with a shot in the knee, Heizer shot in arm, manager of gas plant shot in leg, Thommen shot in lung, Italian shot in hip. Escaped 12:30 p.m.
The shooting continued until 11 p.m. At about 12:30 a.m. the building was stormed, though Schwarz had escaped by climbing down a tree or ladder in the backyard. He left his rifle behind, but took the revolver with him. Twelve police officers with dogs began searching for him the next day.
Schwarz escaped into a nearby forest at about 9:30 p.m., from where he continued shooting. Up to his escape he had fired more than 100 times. One of the victims were possibly shot by those firing at the building. Fritsch was killed with four shots, 11 bullets recovered from Keller's body, apparently none of them fired from the gunman's rifle.
### Chase and arrest
The next day at 10:30 a.m., a meeting was held, police and firefighters shall comb the forest. Schwartz was also chased by people with bloodhounds. Armed citizens joined the search as well. Two firefighters stayed back nearby a firing range where Schwarz was hiding in a trench. Around 4:30 p.m. one of the firefighters saw Schwarz and fired shots at him from cover. Schwarz killed the other one standing in the open, then escaped. At 7:05 p.m., Schwarz was located again on a meadow near the shooting range, pursued by firefighters and police, and shot by police. Schwartz was incapacitated with two shots, in his arm and leg, his neck was grazed by another shot. He still had 100 rounds of ammunition for his rifle and 150 rounds for his revolver. Schwarz was pronounced captured on August 31 later that evening.
A crowd of 1000 people escorted him to the police building in Romanshorn and threatened to [lynch](/wiki/Lynching "Lynching") him. Schwartz was examined by 5 doctors in Münsterlingen found to be coherent and sane. He then uttered his wish to be shot dead but later began to show remorse and begged not to be shot.
In the morning hours of September 4 Schwarz was transferred to asylum in Münsterlingen for further observation.
### Victims
* Tommaso Dal Farra, 68, died September 1
* Philipp Enderli, 37
* Anton Fritsch, 25
* Friedrich Keller, 39
* Biagio Pedrollo, 15
* Rudolf Thommen, 37
* Franz Xaver Weber, 46
* Injured: Bohrer, Jakob Gsell (shoulder), Hugelshofer, Stäheli (knee)
|
[
"Shooting\n--------",
"As a reservist Schwarz was conscripted to a military exercise that was about to begin on August 26, but showing signs of a mental disorder his mother felt inclined to inform the Gemeindeammannamt (*Mayor's Office*) about his disturbed condition, and urged Gemeindeammann (*Mayor*) Etter to notify police. Because of that Schwarz was examined by his battalion's physician and was indeed found to be mentally unfit to fulfill his duties, so he was released from military service and sent home again on August 28\\. Schwarz was left in the possession of his service rifle and revolver, and took them home with him.",
"Finding out about the reason for his dismissal, Schwarz reportedly became furious and threatened to shoot Etter. During the night he crept around the house of a woman known to him and smashed in a window. Police were alerted about his behaviour and the Bezirksamt (*District Office*) ordered him to be confined and put under medical observation.",
"On August 30, at about 4:00 p.m., Schwarz travelled to [Amriswil](/wiki/Amriswil \"Amriswil\") and bought 80 rounds of ammunition. At 6:00 p.m. two police officers were sent to his home in order to arrest him. They encountered Schwarz in the hallway, but he resisted his arrest, threatened the officers with his revolver and, after a short scuffle, managed to escape into his room on the second floor and lock the door.",
"Anton Fritsch, a butcher's journeyman living in the same building, was called to assist the officers, but when he tried to break into the gunman's refuge, Schwarz fired through the door, hitting him in the chest four times. As nobody dared to recover him, Fritsch was left bleeding to death. Attracted by the gunshots, people began gathering around the building, whereupon Schwarz started shooting from a window. He shot two people trying to enter. Escaped at about 11:30 p.m. A police officer watched him, shot at him three times, but missed.",
"Schwarz killed railway employee/collier Franz Xaver Weber with a shot through the heart, as well as a 15\\-year\\-old Italian boy, Biagio Pedrollo, who was pushing his bicycle along the street, with shots in the heart and face. He also injured a letter carrier named Hugelshofer, with a shot through the arm, apparently when firing at Etter, who was standing nearby.",
"Hermann then fatally wounded typesetter Rudolf Thommen with a shot through the lung, then killed inn keeper Friedrich Keller. Forty armed people gathered and fired at the building.",
"Some members of the local Schützenverein entered the building, Schwarz shot at them barricaded behind a wardrobe, killing Anton Fritsch (lived in the building so killed before?) and Friedrich Keller. He also injured police officer Staheli with a shot in the knee, Heizer shot in arm, manager of gas plant shot in leg, Thommen shot in lung, Italian shot in hip. Escaped 12:30 p.m.",
"The shooting continued until 11 p.m. At about 12:30 a.m. the building was stormed, though Schwarz had escaped by climbing down a tree or ladder in the backyard. He left his rifle behind, but took the revolver with him. Twelve police officers with dogs began searching for him the next day.",
"Schwarz escaped into a nearby forest at about 9:30 p.m., from where he continued shooting. Up to his escape he had fired more than 100 times. One of the victims were possibly shot by those firing at the building. Fritsch was killed with four shots, 11 bullets recovered from Keller's body, apparently none of them fired from the gunman's rifle.",
"### Chase and arrest",
"The next day at 10:30 a.m., a meeting was held, police and firefighters shall comb the forest. Schwartz was also chased by people with bloodhounds. Armed citizens joined the search as well. Two firefighters stayed back nearby a firing range where Schwarz was hiding in a trench. Around 4:30 p.m. one of the firefighters saw Schwarz and fired shots at him from cover. Schwarz killed the other one standing in the open, then escaped. At 7:05 p.m., Schwarz was located again on a meadow near the shooting range, pursued by firefighters and police, and shot by police. Schwartz was incapacitated with two shots, in his arm and leg, his neck was grazed by another shot. He still had 100 rounds of ammunition for his rifle and 150 rounds for his revolver. Schwarz was pronounced captured on August 31 later that evening.",
"A crowd of 1000 people escorted him to the police building in Romanshorn and threatened to [lynch](/wiki/Lynching \"Lynching\") him. Schwartz was examined by 5 doctors in Münsterlingen found to be coherent and sane. He then uttered his wish to be shot dead but later began to show remorse and begged not to be shot.",
"In the morning hours of September 4 Schwarz was transferred to asylum in Münsterlingen for further observation.",
"### Victims",
"* Tommaso Dal Farra, 68, died September 1\n* Philipp Enderli, 37\n* Anton Fritsch, 25\n* Friedrich Keller, 39\n* Biagio Pedrollo, 15\n* Rudolf Thommen, 37\n* Franz Xaver Weber, 46\n* Injured: Bohrer, Jakob Gsell (shoulder), Hugelshofer, Stäheli (knee)"
] |
Aftermath
---------
Schwarz was found to have auditory hallucinations and paranoia and was diagnosed with prodromal [schizophrenia](/wiki/Schizophrenia "Schizophrenia").{{cn\|date\=April 2022}} During his time in asylum, condition deteriorated, manifesting in a psychosis.
People who knew him stated they didn't believe he was insane but was inspired by pulp novels to commit his deed, and that the only reason for declaring him insane was because he was an interesting case.
On February 20, 1913, court found him to be insane, was acquitted and ordered to be institutionalised for the rest of his life.
After examinations by psychiatrists in [Münsterlingen](/wiki/M%C3%BCnsterlingen "Münsterlingen") and [Münsingen](/wiki/M%C3%BCnsingen "Münsingen") certified his insanity the legal prosecution of Schwarz was discontinued and his lifelong internment in the asylum in [Münsterlingen](/wiki/M%C3%BCnsterlingen "Münsterlingen") was ordered.
The [Carnegie Hero Fund](/wiki/Carnegie_Hero_Fund "Carnegie Hero Fund") awarded several people with the Carnegie Medal of Honor for their efforts in catching the gunman and tending the wounded. It also made a payment of 2000 [francs](/wiki/Franc "Franc") to a fund created for aiding the victims and their families.
|
[
"Aftermath\n---------",
"Schwarz was found to have auditory hallucinations and paranoia and was diagnosed with prodromal [schizophrenia](/wiki/Schizophrenia \"Schizophrenia\").{{cn\\|date\\=April 2022}} During his time in asylum, condition deteriorated, manifesting in a psychosis.",
"People who knew him stated they didn't believe he was insane but was inspired by pulp novels to commit his deed, and that the only reason for declaring him insane was because he was an interesting case.",
"On February 20, 1913, court found him to be insane, was acquitted and ordered to be institutionalised for the rest of his life.",
"After examinations by psychiatrists in [Münsterlingen](/wiki/M%C3%BCnsterlingen \"Münsterlingen\") and [Münsingen](/wiki/M%C3%BCnsingen \"Münsingen\") certified his insanity the legal prosecution of Schwarz was discontinued and his lifelong internment in the asylum in [Münsterlingen](/wiki/M%C3%BCnsterlingen \"Münsterlingen\") was ordered.",
"The [Carnegie Hero Fund](/wiki/Carnegie_Hero_Fund \"Carnegie Hero Fund\") awarded several people with the Carnegie Medal of Honor for their efforts in catching the gunman and tending the wounded. It also made a payment of 2000 [francs](/wiki/Franc \"Franc\") to a fund created for aiding the victims and their families.",
""
] |
History
-------
Willows\-Glenn County Airport dates to October 1928 when the Airways Division of the [U.S. Department of Commerce](/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Commerce "U.S. Department of Commerce") selected a location west of Willows as an Intermediate Landing Field.{{cite news \|title\="Willows Selects Airport Site" \|work\=Chico Enterprise\|date\=May 22, 1928}} The County of Glenn purchased an 80\-acre tract of land for approximately $2000 and the City of Willows purchased the adjoining 80\-acre tract of land for $2092\.80\.{{cite news \|title\="Willows Selects Airport Site" \|work\=Chico Record \|date\=October 4, 1928}} The land was leased to the Commerce Department Airways Division, which put up an additional $8000 for construction and equipment. Willows\-Glenn County Airport was part of the San Francisco to Redding section of the Los Angeles\-Seattle [Contract Air Mail Route](/wiki/Contract_Air_Mail_Route "Contract Air Mail Route") 8 (CAM\-8\). As the twelfth beacon north of San Francisco/Oakland it was designated as Beacon \#12, “12 SF\-S Willows DOCILF.”{{cite web \|title\=Willows \|url\=http://www.dreamsmithphotos.com/arrow/States/ca/08\_ca\_12\_willows.html \|website\=“ARROWS ACROSS AMERICA: Transcontinental Air Mail Routes.” \|access\-date\=July 13, 2023}}
As an Intermediate Landing Field, the airport originally consisted only of this 51\-foot steel tower, with an adjacent shed and concrete directional arrow, a primitive north–south grass runway, and field lighting. The airport lighting was completed by January 10, 1929\.{{cite news \|title\="Willows Airport Now Completely Lighted," \|work\=Sacramento Bee \|date\=January 11, 1929}} There is no known record of when the concrete arrow and shed were removed. The beacon tower remains in its original location and is still used to the airport's rotating beacon. It is the only 51\-foot Contracted Air Mail Route tower still in use in California at its original airport.
Illumination at the Willows Airport was provided by a 1000\-watt lightbulb and a two\-foot in diameter mirror producing 1,000,000 candlepower of light, capable of being seen for fifteen to forty miles. The Willows Airport beacon and field lights were powered by electricity from [Pacific Gas \& Electric Company](/wiki/Pacific_Gas_%26_Electric_Company "Pacific Gas & Electric Company").{{cite news \|title\="Huge Beacon For Airport is Complete For Aviators." \|work\=Morning Times and Red Bluff Sentinel \|date\=July 20, 1928}}
The original rotating beacon at the Willows Airport was 24 inches in diameter and flashed a single clear light every six seconds. In addition to the beacon, the tower was also equipped with green course lights. Willows is located about 120 miles north of San Francisco, putting it in the second 100\-mile section between San Francisco and Redding so it was assigned the designation “2\.” Accordingly, the course lights at Willows flashed “U” (dot, dot, dash) representing “2\.”
As an Intermediate Landing Field, the Willows Airport was also equipped with 15\-watt clear bulbs fixtures placed every 300 feet along the edge of the runway and green lights at opposite ends of the runway to aid pilots in a nighttime landing.
Willows Airport was described in the 1931 DOC Airways Guide:
"Willows—Department of Commerce Intermediate Landing Field site 12 San Francisco to Seattle Airway. One and one\-half miles W. Altitude. 140 feet. Irregular shape, 85 acres, 2,781 by 2500 feet, sod, level, natural drainage. Directional arrow marked “12 SF\-S.” Pole line to N. Beacon, boundary, approach and obstruction lights. Beacon 24\-inch rotating, with green course lights flashing characteristic “2” (. . \-). No servicing facilities."{{cite journal \|title\=Willows \|journal\=U.S. Department of Commerce Aeronautics Branch Airways Bulletin \#1 \|date\=1931 \|page\=24}}
The Willows Airport tower, completed in late 1928, was manufactured by the International Derrick and Equipment Company (IDECO) of Columbus, Ohio.
The growing interest in aviation in the late 1920s prompted Glenn County citizens to embrace the idea of the U.S. Department of Commerce funding an airport in Willows. It was with a great deal of pride that they dedicated their airport with a two\-day celebration in June 1929\.{{cite news \|title\="Willows Airport Dedicated with Parade, Programs," \|work\=Appeal\-Democrat (Marysville) \|date\=June 3, 1929}}
From the outset, the Aeronautics Branch was unhappy with the Willows Airport runway because it was subject to flooding during the winter, prompting the DOC to threaten to move the airport elsewhere. Not wanting to lose their airport, Glenn County citizens held fundraisers, including a local production of Gilbert \& Sullivan's [The Mikado](/wiki/The_Mikado "The Mikado"), to improve the runway.{{cite news \|title\="Opera Given to Raise Funds For Willows Airport," \|work\=Sacramento Bee \|date\=April 20, 1929}} Concern also prompted the [Achaean Club](/wiki/Achaean_Club "Achaean Club") of Willows and the local [American Legion](/wiki/American_Legion "American Legion") post to raise enough funds to purchase the airport from the federal government.{{cite news \|title\=Contact \|work\=Oakland Tribune \|date\=June 28, 1932}} Later in that decade the ownership of the airport was turned over to Glenn County.
As an Intermediate Landing Field, use of the airport was limited to emergency landings. After the service clubs took over in 1932, the airport was open to all aviation uses.{{cite news \|title\="Willows Airport to be Improved." \|work\=Sacramento Bee \|date\=September 10, 1932}} The airport was officially dedicated on September 9, 1933\.{{cite news \|title\="Willows Holds Airport Fiesta." \|work\=Sacramento Bee \|date\=September 11, 1933}}
The first decade of the Willows Airport was closely connected to [Floyd H. Nolta](/wiki/Floyd_H._Nolta "Floyd H. Nolta"), a local civic leader, businessman, and pilot. He was selected by the Aeronautics Bureau as the manager of the airport. He served as the President of the Achaean Association and was Glenn County's first Flying Officer.{{cite news \|title\="Floyd Nolta Appointed Manager of Willows Field," \|work\=Sacramento Bee \|date\=April 13, 1929}}
In 1928, Nolta perfected a method to drop rice seed and fertilizer from an airplane.{{cite news \|title\="Glenn Co. Appoints Flying Officer," \|work\=Appeal\-Democrat (Marysville) \|date\=April 17, 1930}} The cultivation of rice in the Sacramento Valley began in 1908 near Biggs ([Butte County](/wiki/Butte_County%2C_California "Butte County, California")) when it was determined that a Japanese variety of medium\-grain rice would do well in the region. Cultivating rice was very labor\-intensive, requiring the field to be prepared and then rice seed and dry fertilizer spread by tractor or animal\-drawn farm implements. The field was flooded, hopefully before migratory birds ate the rice seed.
Nolta mounted a hopper in the cockpit of his Jenny JN\-4 biplane. A sliding valve with a threaded knob allowed him to measure precise amounts of fertilizer and seed that dropped from the hopper into a box. The wash from the propeller spread the product over a 50\-foot swath. Nolta's method vastly improved rice propagation, leading to an entire industry of ag (agriculture) pilots seeding and fertilizing rice and other crops throughout the North [Sacramento Valley](/wiki/Sacramento_Valley "Sacramento Valley"). Nolta's method allowed the field to be flooded before the seed was dropped, preventing any loss to birds. It also allowed a field to be planted much more quickly and economically than the previous labor\-intensive method. By 1937, there were 130,000 acres of rice under cultivation.{{cite journal \|last1\=Curran \|first1\=Anne \|title\="Machinery Comes to Rice Fields," \|journal\=Christian Science Monitor \|page\=May 13, 1936}} Modern ag pilots still use the same device perfected by Nolta in 1928\. In addition to remaining as the airport manager, Nolta, along with his brothers, Vance Nolta and Dale Nolta, established the Willows Flying Service, which operated from the first hangar built at the airport. They were soon joined by other agricultural flying services.
With extensive use by agricultural and other types of aviation, Willows Airport was able to thrive, even during the depths of the Great Depression. It became the busiest airport in northern California, other than those with passenger service.{{cite news \|title\="Willows to Open Aviation Fete Saturday," \|work\=San Francisco Examiner \|date\=September 25, 1937}} Air shows became annual events and were some of the largest held in northern California.{{cite news \|title\="Eighth Annual Airshow is Underway in Glenn County," \|work\=Sacramento Bee \|date\=September 24, 1938}}
Willows Airport was a beneficiary of the Roosevelt Administration's investments in public works. In 1934, the airport received $5,000 in funds from the short\-lived [Civil Works Administration](/wiki/Civil_Works_Administration "Civil Works Administration") (CWA) to build a hangar.{{cite news \|title\="Willows Airport to be Improved," \|work\=Oroville Mercury Record \|date\=March 2, 1934}} In 1935, Willows Airport was among 250 airports to receive funds from the [Public Works Administration](/wiki/Public_Works_Administration "Public Works Administration") (PWA) with the $10,819 going towards hangar and runway improvements.{{cite news \|title\="Big Airport Program Seen," \|work\=Oroville Mercury Record \|date\=October 30, 1935}}
An additional 125 acres were added in 1940, and a second runway was built by the Army Air Forces in 1941 in preparation for taking over the airport as an auxiliary airfield during World War II.{{cite news \|title\="To Extend Airport," \|work\=Appeal\-Democrat (Marysville) \|date\=September 25, 1940}} In October 1941, the Sacramento construction firm, A. Tiechert \& Sons Inc., was awarded a $140,000 contract by the Army to build the new runway.{{cite news \|title\="Contract Let for Willows Airport," \|work\=Red Bluff Tehama County News \|date\=October 31, 1941}}
WORLD WAR II
During the final days of March 1942, the [North American B\-25 Mitchell](/wiki/North_American_B-25_Mitchell "North American B-25 Mitchell") bombers assigned to a squadron under the command of Lt. Col. [James Doolittle](/wiki/Jimmy_Doolittle "Jimmy Doolittle") were undergoing final preparations at the [Sacramento Air Depot](/wiki/Sacramento_Air_Depot "Sacramento Air Depot") (SAD) located at [McClellan Field](/wiki/McClellan_Field "McClellan Field") in [Sacramento](/wiki/Sacramento "Sacramento"). Alterations to the bomber's carburetors had been made to enable the planes to fly the long distance required for the mission. Due to the highly secretive nature of this mission, the mechanics at SAD were not aware of that and changed the carburetor settings back to the factory recommendations.\[1]{{cite book \|last1\=Scott \|first1\=James \|title\=TARGET TOKYO Jimmy Doolittle and the Raid That Avenged Pearl Harbor \|date\=2015 \|publisher\=W. W. Norton \& Co. \|page\=114}} Lt. Col. Doolittle ordered the settings to be redone and wanted an additional test of the planes. It was impossible to conduct the short\-field takeoff maneuvers at McClellan Field in front of hundreds of workers, so arrangements were made to use the Willows Airport.
During World War I, Jimmy Doolittle was an Army flying instructor at [Rockwell Field](/wiki/Rockwell_Field "Rockwell Field") in [Coronado](/wiki/Coronado%2C_California "Coronado, California") . Floyd Nolta was a mechanic in the same unit, and he and Doolittle became lifelong friends and bird hunting companions in the Willows area.
Lt. Henry L. Miller USN was the naval officer assigned to teach the Army Air Forces pilots how to conduct short take\-off procedures. In 1971, Rear Admiral Miller USN (Retired) gave an oral history about his long career in the Navy. In his recollection of his time assigned to the [Doolittle Raid](/wiki/Doolittle_Raid "Doolittle Raid"), he said, "We put the planes in the depot there at Sacramento to get a recheck, get them all set to go aboard the carrier, and as one plane would come out of that sort of interim overhaul period there, I’d take it up with the crew to Willows, California, to a field there and give them take\-offs at Willows. Then, the last day, Jimmy Doolittle said, “Well we’ll finish up at Willows then we’re going to fly down to Alameda and go aboard.”{{cite web \|title\=Oral History of Rear Admiral Henry L. Miller USN (Retired) \|url\=https://www.usni.org/press/oral\-histories/miller\-henry \|website\=United States Naval Institute}}
{{main\|Willows Auxiliary Field history}}
The [War Department](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_War "United States Department of War") acquired {{convert\|318\.2\|acres\|ha}} by a lease (numbers W 868\-ENG\-2344 and W2972\-ENG\-1045\) with Glenn County, California, in 1942\. The site was used as an auxiliary airfield for [Chico Army Airfield](/wiki/Chico_Army_Airfield "Chico Army Airfield"). The only improvement to the site was the asphalt runway. The [Fourth Air Force](/wiki/Fourth_Air_Force "Fourth Air Force") declared the field excess to its needs on July 24, 1944\. The lease was terminated June 11, 1945\.{{AFHRA}}
MENDOCINO AIR TANKER SQUAD
In 1956, through the efforts of Forest Service Officer [Joseph Bolles Ely](/wiki/Joseph_Bolles_Ely "Joseph Bolles Ely"), the Willows Airport became the base of operations for the [Mendocino Air Tanker Squad](/wiki/Mendocino_Air_Tanker_Squad "Mendocino Air Tanker Squad") (MATS), the first squadron of air tankers in the U.S. Local agricultural pilots made up the initial squadron which assisted on fires throughout California during 1956\.
Willows Airport became the de facto center of aerial firefighting. In 1980, Carl Wilson, assistant director of the Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experimentation Station in Riverside, wrote, "In October 1956, after the spectacular success on 25 wildfires, a series of drop tests were conducted at the Willows Airport. The primary objective was to determine the best height and air speed for the Stearmans and N3Ns (Air Force and Navy planes, respectively) to fly to obtain optimum patterns of water and sodium calcium borate on a geometric grid on the surface of the airport. Also, it was necessary to determine the effect of wind and other meteorological variables on drop patterns. As was the case in most other air attack studies, this was an interagency operation involving the California Division of Forestry ([CalFire](/wiki/CalFire "CalFire")), [Los Angeles County Fire Department](/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Fire_Department "Los Angeles County Fire Department"), [U. S. Forest Service](/wiki/U._S._Forest_Service "U. S. Forest Service") (R\-5\), Equipment Development Center at Arcadia, Forest Service Experiment Station, and private industry."{{cite journal \|last1\=Wilson \|first1\=Carl \|title\=A Brief History of the Use of Aircraft on Forest Fires in California \|journal\=Unpublished Document in the USFS Mendocino National Forest Archives \|date\=1980}}
The success of the squad in 1956 led to adding additional pilots in 1957 and then the California Division of Forestry ([CalFire](/wiki/CalFire "CalFire")) to contract their own squad although many pilots flew for both agencies. Larger aircraft, mostly World War 2 surplus bombers, were added to the fleet.
The U.S. Forest Service continued to base their regional operations at Willows Airport until 1982\. Larger aircraft required a longer runway, so operations were moved to [Chico Municipal Airport](/wiki/Chico_Municipal_Airport "Chico Municipal Airport") ([Butte County](/wiki/Butte_County%2C_California "Butte County, California")).
|
[
"History\n-------",
"Willows\\-Glenn County Airport dates to October 1928 when the Airways Division of the [U.S. Department of Commerce](/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Commerce \"U.S. Department of Commerce\") selected a location west of Willows as an Intermediate Landing Field.{{cite news \\|title\\=\"Willows Selects Airport Site\" \\|work\\=Chico Enterprise\\|date\\=May 22, 1928}} The County of Glenn purchased an 80\\-acre tract of land for approximately $2000 and the City of Willows purchased the adjoining 80\\-acre tract of land for $2092\\.80\\.{{cite news \\|title\\=\"Willows Selects Airport Site\" \\|work\\=Chico Record \\|date\\=October 4, 1928}} The land was leased to the Commerce Department Airways Division, which put up an additional $8000 for construction and equipment. Willows\\-Glenn County Airport was part of the San Francisco to Redding section of the Los Angeles\\-Seattle [Contract Air Mail Route](/wiki/Contract_Air_Mail_Route \"Contract Air Mail Route\") 8 (CAM\\-8\\). As the twelfth beacon north of San Francisco/Oakland it was designated as Beacon \\#12, “12 SF\\-S Willows DOCILF.”{{cite web \\|title\\=Willows \\|url\\=http://www.dreamsmithphotos.com/arrow/States/ca/08\\_ca\\_12\\_willows.html \\|website\\=“ARROWS ACROSS AMERICA: Transcontinental Air Mail Routes.” \\|access\\-date\\=July 13, 2023}}",
"As an Intermediate Landing Field, the airport originally consisted only of this 51\\-foot steel tower, with an adjacent shed and concrete directional arrow, a primitive north–south grass runway, and field lighting. The airport lighting was completed by January 10, 1929\\.{{cite news \\|title\\=\"Willows Airport Now Completely Lighted,\" \\|work\\=Sacramento Bee \\|date\\=January 11, 1929}} There is no known record of when the concrete arrow and shed were removed. The beacon tower remains in its original location and is still used to the airport's rotating beacon. It is the only 51\\-foot Contracted Air Mail Route tower still in use in California at its original airport.\n \nIllumination at the Willows Airport was provided by a 1000\\-watt lightbulb and a two\\-foot in diameter mirror producing 1,000,000 candlepower of light, capable of being seen for fifteen to forty miles. The Willows Airport beacon and field lights were powered by electricity from [Pacific Gas \\& Electric Company](/wiki/Pacific_Gas_%26_Electric_Company \"Pacific Gas & Electric Company\").{{cite news \\|title\\=\"Huge Beacon For Airport is Complete For Aviators.\" \\|work\\=Morning Times and Red Bluff Sentinel \\|date\\=July 20, 1928}}",
"The original rotating beacon at the Willows Airport was 24 inches in diameter and flashed a single clear light every six seconds. In addition to the beacon, the tower was also equipped with green course lights. Willows is located about 120 miles north of San Francisco, putting it in the second 100\\-mile section between San Francisco and Redding so it was assigned the designation “2\\.” Accordingly, the course lights at Willows flashed “U” (dot, dot, dash) representing “2\\.”",
"As an Intermediate Landing Field, the Willows Airport was also equipped with 15\\-watt clear bulbs fixtures placed every 300 feet along the edge of the runway and green lights at opposite ends of the runway to aid pilots in a nighttime landing. \n \nWillows Airport was described in the 1931 DOC Airways Guide:\n \n\"Willows—Department of Commerce Intermediate Landing Field site 12 San Francisco to Seattle Airway. One and one\\-half miles W. Altitude. 140 feet. Irregular shape, 85 acres, 2,781 by 2500 feet, sod, level, natural drainage. Directional arrow marked “12 SF\\-S.” Pole line to N. Beacon, boundary, approach and obstruction lights. Beacon 24\\-inch rotating, with green course lights flashing characteristic “2” (. . \\-). No servicing facilities.\"{{cite journal \\|title\\=Willows \\|journal\\=U.S. Department of Commerce Aeronautics Branch Airways Bulletin \\#1 \\|date\\=1931 \\|page\\=24}}",
"The Willows Airport tower, completed in late 1928, was manufactured by the International Derrick and Equipment Company (IDECO) of Columbus, Ohio.",
"The growing interest in aviation in the late 1920s prompted Glenn County citizens to embrace the idea of the U.S. Department of Commerce funding an airport in Willows. It was with a great deal of pride that they dedicated their airport with a two\\-day celebration in June 1929\\.{{cite news \\|title\\=\"Willows Airport Dedicated with Parade, Programs,\" \\|work\\=Appeal\\-Democrat (Marysville) \\|date\\=June 3, 1929}}\n \nFrom the outset, the Aeronautics Branch was unhappy with the Willows Airport runway because it was subject to flooding during the winter, prompting the DOC to threaten to move the airport elsewhere. Not wanting to lose their airport, Glenn County citizens held fundraisers, including a local production of Gilbert \\& Sullivan's [The Mikado](/wiki/The_Mikado \"The Mikado\"), to improve the runway.{{cite news \\|title\\=\"Opera Given to Raise Funds For Willows Airport,\" \\|work\\=Sacramento Bee \\|date\\=April 20, 1929}} Concern also prompted the [Achaean Club](/wiki/Achaean_Club \"Achaean Club\") of Willows and the local [American Legion](/wiki/American_Legion \"American Legion\") post to raise enough funds to purchase the airport from the federal government.{{cite news \\|title\\=Contact \\|work\\=Oakland Tribune \\|date\\=June 28, 1932}} Later in that decade the ownership of the airport was turned over to Glenn County.",
"As an Intermediate Landing Field, use of the airport was limited to emergency landings. After the service clubs took over in 1932, the airport was open to all aviation uses.{{cite news \\|title\\=\"Willows Airport to be Improved.\" \\|work\\=Sacramento Bee \\|date\\=September 10, 1932}} The airport was officially dedicated on September 9, 1933\\.{{cite news \\|title\\=\"Willows Holds Airport Fiesta.\" \\|work\\=Sacramento Bee \\|date\\=September 11, 1933}}",
"The first decade of the Willows Airport was closely connected to [Floyd H. Nolta](/wiki/Floyd_H._Nolta \"Floyd H. Nolta\"), a local civic leader, businessman, and pilot. He was selected by the Aeronautics Bureau as the manager of the airport. He served as the President of the Achaean Association and was Glenn County's first Flying Officer.{{cite news \\|title\\=\"Floyd Nolta Appointed Manager of Willows Field,\" \\|work\\=Sacramento Bee \\|date\\=April 13, 1929}} \n \nIn 1928, Nolta perfected a method to drop rice seed and fertilizer from an airplane.{{cite news \\|title\\=\"Glenn Co. Appoints Flying Officer,\" \\|work\\=Appeal\\-Democrat (Marysville) \\|date\\=April 17, 1930}} The cultivation of rice in the Sacramento Valley began in 1908 near Biggs ([Butte County](/wiki/Butte_County%2C_California \"Butte County, California\")) when it was determined that a Japanese variety of medium\\-grain rice would do well in the region. Cultivating rice was very labor\\-intensive, requiring the field to be prepared and then rice seed and dry fertilizer spread by tractor or animal\\-drawn farm implements. The field was flooded, hopefully before migratory birds ate the rice seed. \n \nNolta mounted a hopper in the cockpit of his Jenny JN\\-4 biplane. A sliding valve with a threaded knob allowed him to measure precise amounts of fertilizer and seed that dropped from the hopper into a box. The wash from the propeller spread the product over a 50\\-foot swath. Nolta's method vastly improved rice propagation, leading to an entire industry of ag (agriculture) pilots seeding and fertilizing rice and other crops throughout the North [Sacramento Valley](/wiki/Sacramento_Valley \"Sacramento Valley\"). Nolta's method allowed the field to be flooded before the seed was dropped, preventing any loss to birds. It also allowed a field to be planted much more quickly and economically than the previous labor\\-intensive method. By 1937, there were 130,000 acres of rice under cultivation.{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Curran \\|first1\\=Anne \\|title\\=\"Machinery Comes to Rice Fields,\" \\|journal\\=Christian Science Monitor \\|page\\=May 13, 1936}} Modern ag pilots still use the same device perfected by Nolta in 1928\\. In addition to remaining as the airport manager, Nolta, along with his brothers, Vance Nolta and Dale Nolta, established the Willows Flying Service, which operated from the first hangar built at the airport. They were soon joined by other agricultural flying services.",
"With extensive use by agricultural and other types of aviation, Willows Airport was able to thrive, even during the depths of the Great Depression. It became the busiest airport in northern California, other than those with passenger service.{{cite news \\|title\\=\"Willows to Open Aviation Fete Saturday,\" \\|work\\=San Francisco Examiner \\|date\\=September 25, 1937}} Air shows became annual events and were some of the largest held in northern California.{{cite news \\|title\\=\"Eighth Annual Airshow is Underway in Glenn County,\" \\|work\\=Sacramento Bee \\|date\\=September 24, 1938}}\n \nWillows Airport was a beneficiary of the Roosevelt Administration's investments in public works. In 1934, the airport received $5,000 in funds from the short\\-lived [Civil Works Administration](/wiki/Civil_Works_Administration \"Civil Works Administration\") (CWA) to build a hangar.{{cite news \\|title\\=\"Willows Airport to be Improved,\" \\|work\\=Oroville Mercury Record \\|date\\=March 2, 1934}} In 1935, Willows Airport was among 250 airports to receive funds from the [Public Works Administration](/wiki/Public_Works_Administration \"Public Works Administration\") (PWA) with the $10,819 going towards hangar and runway improvements.{{cite news \\|title\\=\"Big Airport Program Seen,\" \\|work\\=Oroville Mercury Record \\|date\\=October 30, 1935}}\n \nAn additional 125 acres were added in 1940, and a second runway was built by the Army Air Forces in 1941 in preparation for taking over the airport as an auxiliary airfield during World War II.{{cite news \\|title\\=\"To Extend Airport,\" \\|work\\=Appeal\\-Democrat (Marysville) \\|date\\=September 25, 1940}} In October 1941, the Sacramento construction firm, A. Tiechert \\& Sons Inc., was awarded a $140,000 contract by the Army to build the new runway.{{cite news \\|title\\=\"Contract Let for Willows Airport,\" \\|work\\=Red Bluff Tehama County News \\|date\\=October 31, 1941}}",
"WORLD WAR II",
"During the final days of March 1942, the [North American B\\-25 Mitchell](/wiki/North_American_B-25_Mitchell \"North American B-25 Mitchell\") bombers assigned to a squadron under the command of Lt. Col. [James Doolittle](/wiki/Jimmy_Doolittle \"Jimmy Doolittle\") were undergoing final preparations at the [Sacramento Air Depot](/wiki/Sacramento_Air_Depot \"Sacramento Air Depot\") (SAD) located at [McClellan Field](/wiki/McClellan_Field \"McClellan Field\") in [Sacramento](/wiki/Sacramento \"Sacramento\"). Alterations to the bomber's carburetors had been made to enable the planes to fly the long distance required for the mission. Due to the highly secretive nature of this mission, the mechanics at SAD were not aware of that and changed the carburetor settings back to the factory recommendations.\\[1]{{cite book \\|last1\\=Scott \\|first1\\=James \\|title\\=TARGET TOKYO Jimmy Doolittle and the Raid That Avenged Pearl Harbor \\|date\\=2015 \\|publisher\\=W. W. Norton \\& Co. \\|page\\=114}} Lt. Col. Doolittle ordered the settings to be redone and wanted an additional test of the planes. It was impossible to conduct the short\\-field takeoff maneuvers at McClellan Field in front of hundreds of workers, so arrangements were made to use the Willows Airport.",
"During World War I, Jimmy Doolittle was an Army flying instructor at [Rockwell Field](/wiki/Rockwell_Field \"Rockwell Field\") in [Coronado](/wiki/Coronado%2C_California \"Coronado, California\") . Floyd Nolta was a mechanic in the same unit, and he and Doolittle became lifelong friends and bird hunting companions in the Willows area.",
"Lt. Henry L. Miller USN was the naval officer assigned to teach the Army Air Forces pilots how to conduct short take\\-off procedures. In 1971, Rear Admiral Miller USN (Retired) gave an oral history about his long career in the Navy. In his recollection of his time assigned to the [Doolittle Raid](/wiki/Doolittle_Raid \"Doolittle Raid\"), he said, \"We put the planes in the depot there at Sacramento to get a recheck, get them all set to go aboard the carrier, and as one plane would come out of that sort of interim overhaul period there, I’d take it up with the crew to Willows, California, to a field there and give them take\\-offs at Willows. Then, the last day, Jimmy Doolittle said, “Well we’ll finish up at Willows then we’re going to fly down to Alameda and go aboard.”{{cite web \\|title\\=Oral History of Rear Admiral Henry L. Miller USN (Retired) \\|url\\=https://www.usni.org/press/oral\\-histories/miller\\-henry \\|website\\=United States Naval Institute}}",
"{{main\\|Willows Auxiliary Field history}}\nThe [War Department](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_War \"United States Department of War\") acquired {{convert\\|318\\.2\\|acres\\|ha}} by a lease (numbers W 868\\-ENG\\-2344 and W2972\\-ENG\\-1045\\) with Glenn County, California, in 1942\\. The site was used as an auxiliary airfield for [Chico Army Airfield](/wiki/Chico_Army_Airfield \"Chico Army Airfield\"). The only improvement to the site was the asphalt runway. The [Fourth Air Force](/wiki/Fourth_Air_Force \"Fourth Air Force\") declared the field excess to its needs on July 24, 1944\\. The lease was terminated June 11, 1945\\.{{AFHRA}}",
"MENDOCINO AIR TANKER SQUAD",
"In 1956, through the efforts of Forest Service Officer [Joseph Bolles Ely](/wiki/Joseph_Bolles_Ely \"Joseph Bolles Ely\"), the Willows Airport became the base of operations for the [Mendocino Air Tanker Squad](/wiki/Mendocino_Air_Tanker_Squad \"Mendocino Air Tanker Squad\") (MATS), the first squadron of air tankers in the U.S. Local agricultural pilots made up the initial squadron which assisted on fires throughout California during 1956\\. \n \nWillows Airport became the de facto center of aerial firefighting. In 1980, Carl Wilson, assistant director of the Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experimentation Station in Riverside, wrote, \"In October 1956, after the spectacular success on 25 wildfires, a series of drop tests were conducted at the Willows Airport. The primary objective was to determine the best height and air speed for the Stearmans and N3Ns (Air Force and Navy planes, respectively) to fly to obtain optimum patterns of water and sodium calcium borate on a geometric grid on the surface of the airport. Also, it was necessary to determine the effect of wind and other meteorological variables on drop patterns. As was the case in most other air attack studies, this was an interagency operation involving the California Division of Forestry ([CalFire](/wiki/CalFire \"CalFire\")), [Los Angeles County Fire Department](/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Fire_Department \"Los Angeles County Fire Department\"), [U. S. Forest Service](/wiki/U._S._Forest_Service \"U. S. Forest Service\") (R\\-5\\), Equipment Development Center at Arcadia, Forest Service Experiment Station, and private industry.\"{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Wilson \\|first1\\=Carl \\|title\\=A Brief History of the Use of Aircraft on Forest Fires in California \\|journal\\=Unpublished Document in the USFS Mendocino National Forest Archives \\|date\\=1980}}",
"The success of the squad in 1956 led to adding additional pilots in 1957 and then the California Division of Forestry ([CalFire](/wiki/CalFire \"CalFire\")) to contract their own squad although many pilots flew for both agencies. Larger aircraft, mostly World War 2 surplus bombers, were added to the fleet.",
"The U.S. Forest Service continued to base their regional operations at Willows Airport until 1982\\. Larger aircraft required a longer runway, so operations were moved to [Chico Municipal Airport](/wiki/Chico_Municipal_Airport \"Chico Municipal Airport\") ([Butte County](/wiki/Butte_County%2C_California \"Butte County, California\")).",
""
] |
Demographics
------------
{{US Census population
\|1960\= 2285
\|1970\= 3455
\|1980\= 3220
\|1990\= 2981
\|2000\= 3011
\|2010\= 2969
\|2020\= 2915
\|estyear\=2021
\|estimate\=2886
\|estref\={{cite web\|url\=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time\-series/demo/popest/2020s\-total\-cities\-and\-towns.html \|date\=August 11, 2022\|title\=City and Town Population Totals: 2020\-2021\|publisher\=United States Census Bureau\|accessdate\=August 11, 2022}}
\|footnote\=U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\|url\=https://www.census.gov/programs\-surveys/decennial\-census.html\|title\=Census of Population and Housing\|author\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]]\|access\-date\=July 29, 2013}}
2015 Estimate{{cite web\|title\=Population Estimates\|url\=https://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2015/SUB\-EST2015\-3\.html\|publisher\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]]\|access\-date\=July 10, 2016\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019182931/https://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2015/SUB\-EST2015\-3\.html\|archive\-date\=October 19, 2016}}
}}
[thumb\|right\|200px\|Medina in 1915](/wiki/File:Medina1915.jpg "Medina1915.jpg")
### 2010 census
As of the [2010 census](/wiki/2010_United_States_census "2010 United States census"),{{cite web\|title\=Homepage\|url\=https://www.census.gov\|publisher\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]]\|access\-date\=December 19, 2012\|df\=mdy\-all}} there were 2,969 people, 1,061 households, and 865 families residing in the city. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density "Population density") was {{convert\|2061\.8\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|1}}. There were 1,162 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|806\.9\|/sqmi\|/km2\|1}}. The [racial makeup](/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_Census "Race and ethnicity in the United States Census") of the city was 83\.5% White, 0\.3% African American, 0\.2% Native American, 11\.7% Asian, 0\.1% Pacific Islander, 0\.5% from other races, and 3\.8% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2\.6% of the population.
There were 1,061 households, of which 40\.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 73\.1% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 5\.7% had a female householder with no husband present, 2\.6% had a male householder with no wife present, and 18\.5% were non\-families. 16\.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8\.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\.80 and the average family size was 3\.13\.
The median age in the city was 45\.5 years. 29% of residents were under the age of 18; 4\.7% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 15\.1% were from 25 to 44; 32\.8% were from 45 to 64; and 18\.2% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 49\.4% male and 50\.6% female.
### 2000 census
As of the [2000 census](/wiki/2000_United_States_census "2000 United States census"), there were 3,011 people, 1,111 households, and 905 families residing in the city. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density "Population density") was 2,102\.3 people per square mile (813\.0/km2). There were 1,165 housing units at an average density of 813\.4 per square mile (314\.6/km2). The [racial makeup](/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_Census "Race and ethnicity in the United States Census") of the city was 92\.63% [White](/wiki/White_American "White American"), 4\.88% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_American "Asian American"), 0\.27% [Native American](/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States "Native Americans in the United States"), 0\.17% [African American](/wiki/African_American "African American"), 0\.07% [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_American "Pacific Islander American"), 0\.33% from [other races](/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_Census%23Race "Race and ethnicity in the United States Census#Race"), and 1\.66% from two or more races. [Hispanics or Latinos](/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans "Hispanic and Latino Americans") of any race were 1\.39% of the population.
There were 1,111 households, out of which 38\.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 74\.6% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 5\.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 18\.5% were non\-families. 14\.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7\.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\.71 and the average family size was 3\.00\.
The age distribution was 30\.1% under the age of 18, 3\.5% from 18 to 24, 23\.5% from 25 to 44, 29\.6% from 45 to 64, and 16\.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43 years. For every 100 females, there were 96\.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93\.6 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $133,756, and the median income for a family was $149,637\. Males had a median income of $100,000 versus $50,893 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income "Per capita income") for the city was $81,742\. About 0\.2% of families and 0\.8% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line "Poverty line"), including none of those under age 18 and 1\.0% of those age 65 or over.
|
[
"Demographics\n------------",
"{{US Census population\n\\|1960\\= 2285\n\\|1970\\= 3455\n\\|1980\\= 3220\n\\|1990\\= 2981\n\\|2000\\= 3011\n\\|2010\\= 2969\n\\|2020\\= 2915\n\\|estyear\\=2021\n\\|estimate\\=2886\n\\|estref\\={{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time\\-series/demo/popest/2020s\\-total\\-cities\\-and\\-towns.html \\|date\\=August 11, 2022\\|title\\=City and Town Population Totals: 2020\\-2021\\|publisher\\=United States Census Bureau\\|accessdate\\=August 11, 2022}}\n\\|footnote\\=U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/programs\\-surveys/decennial\\-census.html\\|title\\=Census of Population and Housing\\|author\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]]\\|access\\-date\\=July 29, 2013}} \n2015 Estimate{{cite web\\|title\\=Population Estimates\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2015/SUB\\-EST2015\\-3\\.html\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]]\\|access\\-date\\=July 10, 2016\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019182931/https://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2015/SUB\\-EST2015\\-3\\.html\\|archive\\-date\\=October 19, 2016}}\n}}",
"[thumb\\|right\\|200px\\|Medina in 1915](/wiki/File:Medina1915.jpg \"Medina1915.jpg\")",
"### 2010 census",
"As of the [2010 census](/wiki/2010_United_States_census \"2010 United States census\"),{{cite web\\|title\\=Homepage\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]]\\|access\\-date\\=December 19, 2012\\|df\\=mdy\\-all}} there were 2,969 people, 1,061 households, and 865 families residing in the city. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density \"Population density\") was {{convert\\|2061\\.8\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|1}}. There were 1,162 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|806\\.9\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|1}}. The [racial makeup](/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_Census \"Race and ethnicity in the United States Census\") of the city was 83\\.5% White, 0\\.3% African American, 0\\.2% Native American, 11\\.7% Asian, 0\\.1% Pacific Islander, 0\\.5% from other races, and 3\\.8% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2\\.6% of the population.",
"There were 1,061 households, of which 40\\.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 73\\.1% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 5\\.7% had a female householder with no husband present, 2\\.6% had a male householder with no wife present, and 18\\.5% were non\\-families. 16\\.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8\\.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.80 and the average family size was 3\\.13\\.",
"The median age in the city was 45\\.5 years. 29% of residents were under the age of 18; 4\\.7% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 15\\.1% were from 25 to 44; 32\\.8% were from 45 to 64; and 18\\.2% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 49\\.4% male and 50\\.6% female.",
"### 2000 census",
"As of the [2000 census](/wiki/2000_United_States_census \"2000 United States census\"), there were 3,011 people, 1,111 households, and 905 families residing in the city. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density \"Population density\") was 2,102\\.3 people per square mile (813\\.0/km2). There were 1,165 housing units at an average density of 813\\.4 per square mile (314\\.6/km2). The [racial makeup](/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_Census \"Race and ethnicity in the United States Census\") of the city was 92\\.63% [White](/wiki/White_American \"White American\"), 4\\.88% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_American \"Asian American\"), 0\\.27% [Native American](/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States \"Native Americans in the United States\"), 0\\.17% [African American](/wiki/African_American \"African American\"), 0\\.07% [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_American \"Pacific Islander American\"), 0\\.33% from [other races](/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_Census%23Race \"Race and ethnicity in the United States Census#Race\"), and 1\\.66% from two or more races. [Hispanics or Latinos](/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans \"Hispanic and Latino Americans\") of any race were 1\\.39% of the population.",
"There were 1,111 households, out of which 38\\.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 74\\.6% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 5\\.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 18\\.5% were non\\-families. 14\\.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7\\.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.71 and the average family size was 3\\.00\\.",
"The age distribution was 30\\.1% under the age of 18, 3\\.5% from 18 to 24, 23\\.5% from 25 to 44, 29\\.6% from 45 to 64, and 16\\.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43 years. For every 100 females, there were 96\\.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93\\.6 males.",
"The median income for a household in the city was $133,756, and the median income for a family was $149,637\\. Males had a median income of $100,000 versus $50,893 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income \"Per capita income\") for the city was $81,742\\. About 0\\.2% of families and 0\\.8% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line \"Poverty line\"), including none of those under age 18 and 1\\.0% of those age 65 or over.",
""
] |
History
-------
ILIS arranged eleven international conferences in [Europe](/wiki/Europe "Europe"),{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.sappho.net/eva/ilis/egotrip.html\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724054429/http://www.sappho.net/eva/ilis/egotrip.html\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=2011\-07\-24\|title\=Egotrip – ILIS Newsletter 13 (1983\)\|date\=2011\-07\-24\|access\-date\=2018\-05\-28}} and supported lesbian conferences in [Latin America](/wiki/Latin_America "Latin America") and [Asia](/wiki/Asia "Asia") through their regional networks (the Latin America Network and the [Asian Lesbian Network](/wiki/Asian_Lesbian_Network "Asian Lesbian Network")).
In Turin in 1981, criticism concerning the lack of visibility of lesbians in the gay movement, as well as the cost of participation for lesbian activist to the ILGA conferences led to the separation of ILIS from ILGA.{{Cite journal\|last\=Bacchetta\|first\=Paola\|date\=2002\|title\=Rescaling Transnational "Queerdom": Lesbian and "Lesbian" Identitary\-Positionalities in Delhi in the 1980s\|url\=https://www.academia.edu/download/31364467/Rescaling\_Transnational\_Queerdom\-\_Lesbian\_and\_Lesbian\_Identitary\-Positionalities\_in\_Delhi\_in\_the\_1980s.docx\|journal\=Antipode\|language\=en\|volume\=34\|issue\=5\|pages\=947–973\|doi\=10\.1111/1467\-8330\.00284\|issn\=0066\-4812}}{{dead link\|date\=July 2022\|bot\=medic}}{{cbignore\|bot\=medic}} [Paola Bachetta](/wiki/Paola_Bachetta "Paola Bachetta") recalls leaving ILGA to form ILIS also in reaction to the lack of inclusivity towards postcolonial issues. Subsequently, the following ILIS conferences included [intersectional](/wiki/Intersectionality "Intersectionality") workshops on racism, [lesbophobia](/wiki/Lesbophobia "Lesbophobia") and [postcolonial](/wiki/Postcolonialism "Postcolonialism") issues.
ILIS was represented at the 1985 United Conference on the status of women, as a result of the decision to reach out to non western lesbians. In 1986, the ILIS Geneva conference fundraised money to strive towards the participation of lesbians coming from postcolonial countries. One of the main topic of the conference was "Political Exile for Lesbians of All Countries". The following conferences had to face some criticism about unchallenged assumptions: the fact that the conferences were meant for outed lesbians and did not take into consideration others types of lesbian expressions under oppressive regimes, and the fact that western countries were presented as saviors to third world countries.
The activities seem to have gradually stopped in the late 1990s, with their final newsletter being published in 1998\.
The ILIS Secretariat, which also coordinated the publishing of regular newsletters,{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.ihlia.nl/search/index.jsp?q:search\=ILIS\&q:zoekterm.row1\.field3\=\&rows\=10⟨\=en\&start\=140\|title\=:: IHLIA search ::\|website\=www.ihlia.nl\|language\=en\-US\|access\-date\=2018\-05\-28}}{{Cite journal\|last\=International Lesbian Information Service\|access\-date\= 2018\-05\-28\|title\=ILIS newsletter.\|url\=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/22693514\|journal\=ILIS Newsletter.\|oclc\=22693514\|issn\=0923\-1706}}{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.library.northwestern.edu/libraries\-collections/special\-collections/printed\-materials/glbt\-periodicals.html\|title\=Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender Periodicals: Libraries – Northwestern University\|website\=www.library.northwestern.edu\|language\=en\|access\-date\=2018\-05\-28\|archive\-date\=2018\-01\-29\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129140402/http://www.library.northwestern.edu/libraries\-collections/special\-collections/printed\-materials/glbt\-periodicals.html\|url\-status\=dead}} rotated as follows:
* [Amsterdam](/wiki/Amsterdam "Amsterdam") 1980–81\. Coordinated by Interpot. Published the ILIS cheap stencil service.{{Cite book\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=W2W3QwAACAAJ\|title\=ILIS\-conference 1980, Amsterdam: Report\|date\=1980\|publisher\=International Lesbian Information Secretariat\|language\=en}}
* [Helsinki](/wiki/Helsinki "Helsinki") 1981–1983\. [Eva Isaksson](/wiki/Eva_Isaksson "Eva Isaksson") published the ILIS Newsletter and ILIS conference papers.{{cite journal \|last1\=Wilson \|first1\=Ann Marie \|title\=Dutch Women and the Lesbian International \|journal\=\[\[Women's History Review]] \|date\=January 2022 \|volume\=31 \|issue\=1 \|pages\=126–153 \|doi\=10\.1080/09612025\.2021\.1954338 \|publisher\=\[\[Routledge]] \|location\=Abingdon, Oxfordshire \|s2cid\=240520862 \|issn\=0961\-2025 \|oclc\=9405931614\|doi\-access\=free }}
* [Oslo](/wiki/Oslo "Oslo") 1984\. Published the ILIS Newsletter.
* [Geneva](/wiki/Geneva "Geneva") 1985–86\. Coordinated by [Vanille\-Fraise](/wiki/Vanille-Fraise "Vanille-Fraise"). Published the ILIS Bulletin under {{Interlanguage link\|Clit 007\|fr\|Clit 007\|WD\=}}.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.clit007\.ch\|title\=clit007 – Concentré Lesbien Irrésistiblement Toxique\|website\=www.clit007\.ch\|language\=fr\-FR\|access\-date\=2018\-05\-28}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://doc.rero.ch/record/10749/files/Memoire\_Delaborde\_Lavanchy.pdf\|title\=Du couple homosexuel à l'homoparentalité\|last1\=Delaborde\|first1\=Peggy\|last2\=Lavanchy\|first2\=Candice\|date\=2008\|website\=doc.rero.ch\|access\-date\=28 May 2018}}{{Cite journal\|last1\=Pereira\|first1\=Neusa Das Dores\|last2\=Calvet\|first2\=Elizabeth\|last3\=Falquet\|first3\=Jules\|date\=2002\|title\=Lesbianisme noir au Brésil\|url\=https://www.cairn.info/revue\-nouvelles\-questions\-feministes\-2002\-1\-page\-110\.htm\|journal\=Nouvelles Questions Féministes\|language\=fr\|volume\=21\|issue\=1\|pages\=110–124\|doi\=10\.3917/nqf.211\.0110\|issn\=0248\-4951\|doi\-access\=free}}{{Cite book\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=0nPXq7r9K4UC\&q\=ILIS\+Gen%C3%A8ve\+lesbiennes\&pg\=PA219\|title\=Mais qu'est\-ce qu'elles voulaient ?: histoires de vie du MLF à Genève\|last1\=Budry\|first1\=Maryelle\|last2\=Ollagnier\|first2\=Edmée\|date\=1999\|publisher\=Editions d'en bas\|isbn\=9782829002427\|language\=fr}}{{Cite journal\|last\=ILIS\|first\=press release\|date\=1986\|title\=Conférence des lesbiennes à Genève\|url\=https://www.e\-periodica.ch/cntmng?pid\=emi\-002:1986:74::176\|journal\=Femmes Suisses et le Mouvement Féministe\|volume\=74\|pages\=14}}
* [Amsterdam](/wiki/Amsterdam "Amsterdam") 1987–1998\. Coordinated by Interpot. Published the ILIS Newsletter.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"ILIS arranged eleven international conferences in [Europe](/wiki/Europe \"Europe\"),{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.sappho.net/eva/ilis/egotrip.html\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724054429/http://www.sappho.net/eva/ilis/egotrip.html\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=2011\\-07\\-24\\|title\\=Egotrip – ILIS Newsletter 13 (1983\\)\\|date\\=2011\\-07\\-24\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-05\\-28}} and supported lesbian conferences in [Latin America](/wiki/Latin_America \"Latin America\") and [Asia](/wiki/Asia \"Asia\") through their regional networks (the Latin America Network and the [Asian Lesbian Network](/wiki/Asian_Lesbian_Network \"Asian Lesbian Network\")).",
"In Turin in 1981, criticism concerning the lack of visibility of lesbians in the gay movement, as well as the cost of participation for lesbian activist to the ILGA conferences led to the separation of ILIS from ILGA.{{Cite journal\\|last\\=Bacchetta\\|first\\=Paola\\|date\\=2002\\|title\\=Rescaling Transnational \"Queerdom\": Lesbian and \"Lesbian\" Identitary\\-Positionalities in Delhi in the 1980s\\|url\\=https://www.academia.edu/download/31364467/Rescaling\\_Transnational\\_Queerdom\\-\\_Lesbian\\_and\\_Lesbian\\_Identitary\\-Positionalities\\_in\\_Delhi\\_in\\_the\\_1980s.docx\\|journal\\=Antipode\\|language\\=en\\|volume\\=34\\|issue\\=5\\|pages\\=947–973\\|doi\\=10\\.1111/1467\\-8330\\.00284\\|issn\\=0066\\-4812}}{{dead link\\|date\\=July 2022\\|bot\\=medic}}{{cbignore\\|bot\\=medic}} [Paola Bachetta](/wiki/Paola_Bachetta \"Paola Bachetta\") recalls leaving ILGA to form ILIS also in reaction to the lack of inclusivity towards postcolonial issues. Subsequently, the following ILIS conferences included [intersectional](/wiki/Intersectionality \"Intersectionality\") workshops on racism, [lesbophobia](/wiki/Lesbophobia \"Lesbophobia\") and [postcolonial](/wiki/Postcolonialism \"Postcolonialism\") issues.",
"ILIS was represented at the 1985 United Conference on the status of women, as a result of the decision to reach out to non western lesbians. In 1986, the ILIS Geneva conference fundraised money to strive towards the participation of lesbians coming from postcolonial countries. One of the main topic of the conference was \"Political Exile for Lesbians of All Countries\". The following conferences had to face some criticism about unchallenged assumptions: the fact that the conferences were meant for outed lesbians and did not take into consideration others types of lesbian expressions under oppressive regimes, and the fact that western countries were presented as saviors to third world countries.",
"The activities seem to have gradually stopped in the late 1990s, with their final newsletter being published in 1998\\.",
"The ILIS Secretariat, which also coordinated the publishing of regular newsletters,{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.ihlia.nl/search/index.jsp?q:search\\=ILIS\\&q:zoekterm.row1\\.field3\\=\\&rows\\=10⟨\\=en\\&start\\=140\\|title\\=:: IHLIA search ::\\|website\\=www.ihlia.nl\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-05\\-28}}{{Cite journal\\|last\\=International Lesbian Information Service\\|access\\-date\\= 2018\\-05\\-28\\|title\\=ILIS newsletter.\\|url\\=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/22693514\\|journal\\=ILIS Newsletter.\\|oclc\\=22693514\\|issn\\=0923\\-1706}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.library.northwestern.edu/libraries\\-collections/special\\-collections/printed\\-materials/glbt\\-periodicals.html\\|title\\=Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender Periodicals: Libraries – Northwestern University\\|website\\=www.library.northwestern.edu\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-05\\-28\\|archive\\-date\\=2018\\-01\\-29\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129140402/http://www.library.northwestern.edu/libraries\\-collections/special\\-collections/printed\\-materials/glbt\\-periodicals.html\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} rotated as follows:\n* [Amsterdam](/wiki/Amsterdam \"Amsterdam\") 1980–81\\. Coordinated by Interpot. Published the ILIS cheap stencil service.{{Cite book\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=W2W3QwAACAAJ\\|title\\=ILIS\\-conference 1980, Amsterdam: Report\\|date\\=1980\\|publisher\\=International Lesbian Information Secretariat\\|language\\=en}}\n* [Helsinki](/wiki/Helsinki \"Helsinki\") 1981–1983\\. [Eva Isaksson](/wiki/Eva_Isaksson \"Eva Isaksson\") published the ILIS Newsletter and ILIS conference papers.{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Wilson \\|first1\\=Ann Marie \\|title\\=Dutch Women and the Lesbian International \\|journal\\=\\[\\[Women's History Review]] \\|date\\=January 2022 \\|volume\\=31 \\|issue\\=1 \\|pages\\=126–153 \\|doi\\=10\\.1080/09612025\\.2021\\.1954338 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Routledge]] \\|location\\=Abingdon, Oxfordshire \\|s2cid\\=240520862 \\|issn\\=0961\\-2025 \\|oclc\\=9405931614\\|doi\\-access\\=free }}\n* [Oslo](/wiki/Oslo \"Oslo\") 1984\\. Published the ILIS Newsletter.\n* [Geneva](/wiki/Geneva \"Geneva\") 1985–86\\. Coordinated by [Vanille\\-Fraise](/wiki/Vanille-Fraise \"Vanille-Fraise\"). Published the ILIS Bulletin under {{Interlanguage link\\|Clit 007\\|fr\\|Clit 007\\|WD\\=}}.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.clit007\\.ch\\|title\\=clit007 – Concentré Lesbien Irrésistiblement Toxique\\|website\\=www.clit007\\.ch\\|language\\=fr\\-FR\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-05\\-28}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://doc.rero.ch/record/10749/files/Memoire\\_Delaborde\\_Lavanchy.pdf\\|title\\=Du couple homosexuel à l'homoparentalité\\|last1\\=Delaborde\\|first1\\=Peggy\\|last2\\=Lavanchy\\|first2\\=Candice\\|date\\=2008\\|website\\=doc.rero.ch\\|access\\-date\\=28 May 2018}}{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Pereira\\|first1\\=Neusa Das Dores\\|last2\\=Calvet\\|first2\\=Elizabeth\\|last3\\=Falquet\\|first3\\=Jules\\|date\\=2002\\|title\\=Lesbianisme noir au Brésil\\|url\\=https://www.cairn.info/revue\\-nouvelles\\-questions\\-feministes\\-2002\\-1\\-page\\-110\\.htm\\|journal\\=Nouvelles Questions Féministes\\|language\\=fr\\|volume\\=21\\|issue\\=1\\|pages\\=110–124\\|doi\\=10\\.3917/nqf.211\\.0110\\|issn\\=0248\\-4951\\|doi\\-access\\=free}}{{Cite book\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=0nPXq7r9K4UC\\&q\\=ILIS\\+Gen%C3%A8ve\\+lesbiennes\\&pg\\=PA219\\|title\\=Mais qu'est\\-ce qu'elles voulaient ?: histoires de vie du MLF à Genève\\|last1\\=Budry\\|first1\\=Maryelle\\|last2\\=Ollagnier\\|first2\\=Edmée\\|date\\=1999\\|publisher\\=Editions d'en bas\\|isbn\\=9782829002427\\|language\\=fr}}{{Cite journal\\|last\\=ILIS\\|first\\=press release\\|date\\=1986\\|title\\=Conférence des lesbiennes à Genève\\|url\\=https://www.e\\-periodica.ch/cntmng?pid\\=emi\\-002:1986:74::176\\|journal\\=Femmes Suisses et le Mouvement Féministe\\|volume\\=74\\|pages\\=14}}\n* [Amsterdam](/wiki/Amsterdam \"Amsterdam\") 1987–1998\\. Coordinated by Interpot. Published the ILIS Newsletter.",
""
] |
Description
-----------
[alt\=\|thumb\|Immature female black\-capped tanager in Colombia](/wiki/File:Tangara_heinei_T%C3%A1ngara_capirotada_Black-capped_Tanager_%28female%29_%2810936934245%29.jpg "Tangara heinei Tángara capirotada Black-capped Tanager (female) (10936934245).jpg")
The black\-capped tanager is approximately {{convert\|13\|cm\|in\|frac\=4}} long, and weighs between 18 and 20 grams.{{cite book\|first1\=Robert S.\|last1\=Ridgely\|first2\=Paul J.\|last2\=Greenfield\|title\=The Birds of Ecuador: Field guide\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=0pi7tPjICZcC\|year\=2001\|publisher\=Comstock Pub.\|isbn\=978\-0\-8014\-8721\-7\|pages\=636–637}} The bird's iris is dark brown, while the beak and legs are black. The male of the species has a black crown, with the black extending to the lores, forehead, and upper nape. Its upper\-parts are a shining silvery bluish\-grey, which extends to the upper tail [coverts](/wiki/Covert_feather "Covert feather"), and contrasts sharply with the black crown. The upperwing\-coverts are a duller bluish\-grey, with an edging of duller blue, whereas the primary coverts are black, with a dull blue edge paler than that of the wing coverts. The tertial feathers are also black with a blue outer edge. The throat, the sides of the neck, the sides of the head till the eye, and the chest are a shining aquamarine\-green or opalescent green. The feathers are lanceolate, or spear\-shaped. Their black bases are thus visible, giving this area of the bird a streaked or scaly appearance, which is especially visible on the chest. The rest of the underparts are a dull and uniform greyish\-blue, with the exception of the undertail\-coverts: these feathers have dark centers and broad, white edges.
The female, in contrast, has a dusky crown, the feathers of which are edged in green, giving it a slightly scaly appearance. It is also generally duller than the male. The upperparts are a uniform shining green, while the tail is a duller green or olive\-green. The primary coverts are dusky, with a green outer edge, while the greater coverts are dusky on the inner half and dull green on the outer half, and the lesser coverts and median upperwing\-coverts are greenish, with a dull base, and the lesser and median upperwing\-coverts mainly greenish with dusky bases. The wing coverts generally appear green. The [flight feathers](/wiki/Flight_feathers "Flight feathers") are dusky, with a bluish\-green edging, while the tertial feathers are similar to the greater coverts, being dull green on the outer half. The underside of the female is similar to but duller than the male, with the throat, neck, and chest being green with a scaled appearance similar to the male created by dark bases to the feathers. The rest of the underside is grey, while the sides are olivaceous yellow\-green, and the undertail coverts being similar to those of the male.
Juvenile, immature, and subadult males are intermediate in appearance between the adult males and females. Juvenile males resemble the female, but have a pale blue edge to their primary feathers. Immature individuals of both sexes are duller counterparts of the female adults. Subadult males resemble the females but have adult male feathers mixed in with their other plumage, including a mixed green and black crown, and mixed green and silvery\-grey feathering on the back and mantle.
The black\-capped tanager resembles the [silver\-backed tanager](/wiki/Silver-backed_tanager "Silver-backed tanager") (*Stilpnia viridicollis*), which replaces it at the southern edge of its range. Females of the two species are especially alike, but those of the silver\-backed tanager have a coppery, rather than a green, throat. The [beryl\-spangled tanager](/wiki/Beryl-spangled_tanager "Beryl-spangled tanager") (*Tangara nigroviridis*) is also similar, but lacks the dark crown and is uniformly opalescent over its head; it also has a more strongly spangled underside.
In contrast to other members of its genus, the black\-capped tanager sings frequently. It shows no preference for singing at specific times of the day. It usually sings from a high and occasionally exposed position. The songs are up to ten seconds long, low\-pitched, and have a mechanical, ringing quality, described as "t'kling\-t'kling\-t'kling". The call is often repeated within a few minutes. Other calls include a high\-pitched and nasal "zheet", and a high\-pitched "tsit".
|
[
"Description\n-----------",
"[alt\\=\\|thumb\\|Immature female black\\-capped tanager in Colombia](/wiki/File:Tangara_heinei_T%C3%A1ngara_capirotada_Black-capped_Tanager_%28female%29_%2810936934245%29.jpg \"Tangara heinei Tángara capirotada Black-capped Tanager (female) (10936934245).jpg\")",
"The black\\-capped tanager is approximately {{convert\\|13\\|cm\\|in\\|frac\\=4}} long, and weighs between 18 and 20 grams.{{cite book\\|first1\\=Robert S.\\|last1\\=Ridgely\\|first2\\=Paul J.\\|last2\\=Greenfield\\|title\\=The Birds of Ecuador: Field guide\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=0pi7tPjICZcC\\|year\\=2001\\|publisher\\=Comstock Pub.\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-8014\\-8721\\-7\\|pages\\=636–637}} The bird's iris is dark brown, while the beak and legs are black. The male of the species has a black crown, with the black extending to the lores, forehead, and upper nape. Its upper\\-parts are a shining silvery bluish\\-grey, which extends to the upper tail [coverts](/wiki/Covert_feather \"Covert feather\"), and contrasts sharply with the black crown. The upperwing\\-coverts are a duller bluish\\-grey, with an edging of duller blue, whereas the primary coverts are black, with a dull blue edge paler than that of the wing coverts. The tertial feathers are also black with a blue outer edge. The throat, the sides of the neck, the sides of the head till the eye, and the chest are a shining aquamarine\\-green or opalescent green. The feathers are lanceolate, or spear\\-shaped. Their black bases are thus visible, giving this area of the bird a streaked or scaly appearance, which is especially visible on the chest. The rest of the underparts are a dull and uniform greyish\\-blue, with the exception of the undertail\\-coverts: these feathers have dark centers and broad, white edges.",
"The female, in contrast, has a dusky crown, the feathers of which are edged in green, giving it a slightly scaly appearance. It is also generally duller than the male. The upperparts are a uniform shining green, while the tail is a duller green or olive\\-green. The primary coverts are dusky, with a green outer edge, while the greater coverts are dusky on the inner half and dull green on the outer half, and the lesser coverts and median upperwing\\-coverts are greenish, with a dull base, and the lesser and median upperwing\\-coverts mainly greenish with dusky bases. The wing coverts generally appear green. The [flight feathers](/wiki/Flight_feathers \"Flight feathers\") are dusky, with a bluish\\-green edging, while the tertial feathers are similar to the greater coverts, being dull green on the outer half. The underside of the female is similar to but duller than the male, with the throat, neck, and chest being green with a scaled appearance similar to the male created by dark bases to the feathers. The rest of the underside is grey, while the sides are olivaceous yellow\\-green, and the undertail coverts being similar to those of the male.",
"Juvenile, immature, and subadult males are intermediate in appearance between the adult males and females. Juvenile males resemble the female, but have a pale blue edge to their primary feathers. Immature individuals of both sexes are duller counterparts of the female adults. Subadult males resemble the females but have adult male feathers mixed in with their other plumage, including a mixed green and black crown, and mixed green and silvery\\-grey feathering on the back and mantle.",
"The black\\-capped tanager resembles the [silver\\-backed tanager](/wiki/Silver-backed_tanager \"Silver-backed tanager\") (*Stilpnia viridicollis*), which replaces it at the southern edge of its range. Females of the two species are especially alike, but those of the silver\\-backed tanager have a coppery, rather than a green, throat. The [beryl\\-spangled tanager](/wiki/Beryl-spangled_tanager \"Beryl-spangled tanager\") (*Tangara nigroviridis*) is also similar, but lacks the dark crown and is uniformly opalescent over its head; it also has a more strongly spangled underside.",
"In contrast to other members of its genus, the black\\-capped tanager sings frequently. It shows no preference for singing at specific times of the day. It usually sings from a high and occasionally exposed position. The songs are up to ten seconds long, low\\-pitched, and have a mechanical, ringing quality, described as \"t'kling\\-t'kling\\-t'kling\". The call is often repeated within a few minutes. Other calls include a high\\-pitched and nasal \"zheet\", and a high\\-pitched \"tsit\".",
""
] |
Film and television scoring career
----------------------------------
### *Armor Hero* series
In 2009, Chen composed the soundtrack for the first season of *[Armor Warriors](/wiki/Armor_Warriors "Armor Warriors")*, directed by [Zheng Guowei](/wiki/Zheng_Guowei "Zheng Guowei") ({{lang\|zh\|郑国伟}}). The story tells of five gifted people who don magical battle armor handed down in China since ancient times, and together they become warriors representing the power of light. They fight against forces of darkness to save their world.{{lang\|zh\|大连晚报}} (March 31, 2009\). ["{{lang\|zh\|国内首部英雄特摄剧《铠甲勇士》开播}}"](http://ent.sina.com.cn/m/c/2009-03-31/15592448832.shtml). *Sina Entertainment*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220920171625/http://ent.sina.com.cn/m/c/2009-03-31/15592448832.shtml) from the original on September 20, 2022\. Retrieved September 4, 2022\. In 2010, the series was followed by the film *[Armor Hero Emperor](/wiki/Armor_Hero_Emperor "Armor Hero Emperor")*, which Zheng Guowei also directed and Chen scored.
In 2016, Chen composed the theme song "God's Rival" ({{lang\|zh\|神的对手}}) for the film *[Armor Hero Captor King](/wiki/Armor_Hero_Captor_King "Armor Hero Captor King")*, with the lyrics provided by Zhou Bingyi ({{lang\|zh\|周秉毅}}) and Jing Qian ({{lang\|zh\|镜千}}). Two years later, since Chen was the composer of the original *Armor Warriors*, he was invited to be the music director for *[Armor Hero Chronicles](/wiki/Armor_Hero_Chronicles "Armor Hero Chronicles")*, a film commemorating ten years since the series began. In addition to producing the soundtrack, he composed and sang the ending theme song, "Kaixuan" ({{lang\|zh\|铠旋}}).
### Collaborations with Chan Kwong\-wing
At an unknown time, Chen joined Click Music, the studio of Hong Kongese film composer [Chan Kwong\-wing](/wiki/Chan_Kwong-wing "Chan Kwong-wing") ({{lang\|zh\|陈光荣}}). Chen accumulated much practical experience at the studio and learned various musical languages and styles since creating film soundtracks had him dabble in genres such as hip\-hop, jazz, electronic music, etc. He and Chan worked together to produce the score for *[The Last Tycoon](/wiki/The_Last_Tycoon_%282012_film%29 "The Last Tycoon (2012 film)")*, a 2012 period drama film directed by Hong Kong cinema veteran [Wong Jing](/wiki/Wong_Jing "Wong Jing") ({{lang\|zh\|王晶}}). The film is set in early 1900s Shanghai and follows the story of a tycoon named Cheng Daqi and his associates who get caught in the events of the [Second Sino\-Japanese War](/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War "Second Sino-Japanese War"). Chen and Chan Kwong\-wing's work on the soundtrack got nominated for the "Best Original Film Score" at the [32nd Hong Kong Film Awards](/wiki/32nd_Hong_Kong_Film_Awards "32nd Hong Kong Film Awards").[List of Nominees and Awardees of The 32nd Hong Kong Film Awards](http://www.hkfaa.com/winnerlist32.html). *Hong Kong Film Awards*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220917161021/http://www.hkfaa.com/winnerlist32.html) from the original on September 17, 2022\. Retrieved August 24, 2022\.
Their next collaboration was for Wong Jing's *[From Vegas to Macau](/wiki/From_Vegas_to_Macau "From Vegas to Macau")* (2014\), a crime\-comedy film. Chen and Chan also worked on the scores for its sequels *[From Vegas to Macau II](/wiki/From_Vegas_to_Macau_II "From Vegas to Macau II")* (2015\) and *[From Vegas to Macau III](/wiki/From_Vegas_to_Macau_III "From Vegas to Macau III")* (2016\). The three films are part of the *[God of Gamblers](/wiki/God_of_Gamblers "God of Gamblers")* franchise. After *From Vegas to Macau III*, Chen and Chan worked on the score of *[The Founding of an Army](/wiki/The_Founding_of_an_Army "The Founding of an Army")* (2017\), a historical drama film directed by [Andrew Lau](/wiki/Andrew_Lau "Andrew Lau") ({{lang\|zh\|劉偉強}}) commemorating the 90th anniversary of the founding of the [People's Liberation Army](/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army "People's Liberation Army").{{lang\|zh\|陈致逸原创音乐}} (August 11, 2017\). ["{{lang\|zh\|音乐推荐 希望}}"](https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/GeucEXTZmH8Abl7EZi54-A). *Weixin*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220912143743/https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/GeucEXTZmH8Abl7EZi54-A) from the original on September 12, 2022\. Retrieved August 25, 2022\. Their work earned them the Golden Deer Award for the "Best Original Music Score" at the 14th [Changchun Film Festival](/wiki/Changchun_Film_Festival "Changchun Film Festival").["《建军大业》票房"](https://jiabaotz.com/film/223215.html). *Garbo Pictures*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220920171608/https://www.jiabaotz.com/film/223215.html) from the original on September 20, 2022\. Retrieved September 4, 2022\.{{lang\|zh\|吉林广播电视台}} (September 7, 2018\). ['{{lang\|zh\|15部影片角逐长春电影节"金鹿奖"，为喜欢的作品投票！}}'](https://3g.163.com/dy/article/DR40AQKB0530WJGU.html?referFrom=&spss=adap_dy). *NetEase*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220920173328/https://3g.163.com/dy/article/DR40AQKB0530WJGU.html?referFrom=&spss=adap_dy) from the original on September 20, 2022\. Retrieved September 18, 2022\. They next worked on Andrew Lau's *[The Captain](/wiki/The_Captain_%282019_film%29 "The Captain (2019 film)")* in 2019, a film based on the events surrounding [Sichuan Airlines Flight 8633](/wiki/Sichuan_Airlines_Flight_8633 "Sichuan Airlines Flight 8633").{{lang\|zh\|中国新闻网}} (October 7, 2019\). ["{{lang\|zh\|香港音乐人陈光荣为《中国机长》配乐：多做功课为电影增色}}"](https://www.chinanews.com.cn/cul/shipin/cns/2019/10-07/news833809.shtml). *China News*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220912143723/https://www.chinanews.com.cn/cul/shipin/cns/2019/10-07/news833809.shtml) from the original on September 12, 2022\. Retrieved September 4, 2022\. It was one of the films that competed in the Golden Deer Awards at the 15th Changchun Film Festival in 2020\.{{lang\|zh\|中国青年网娱乐}} (September 7, 2020\). ["{{lang\|zh\|第十五届中国长春电影节正式启动 评委会集体亮相}}"](https://ent.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202009/07/WS5f5738dfa310084978423f71.html). *China Daily Entertainment*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220920173106/https://ent.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202009/07/WS5f5738dfa310084978423f71.html) from the original on September 20, 2022\. Retrieved September 18, 2022\.{{lang\|zh\|新华网}} (September 5, 2020\). ["{{lang\|zh\|第十五届中国长春电影节启动 首设国际影展单元}}"](http://m.xinhuanet.com/2020-09/05/c_1126457519.htm). *Xinhua*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220920171809/http://m.xinhuanet.com/2020-09/05/c_1126457519.htm) from the original on September 20, 2022\. Retrieved September 18, 2022\.
### Raymond Yip films
{{quote box\|align\=right\|width\=33%\|quote\="Teacher Chen Zhiyi has composed music for several suspense films such as ''The House That Never Dies'' and ''Phantom of the Theatre''. In his music, you can hear a deep understanding of the films themselves, which are tightly intertwined with the storyline while striking a chord with the audience. It can be said that he has a remarkably distinctive personal style in the field of music composition."\|source\=''NetEase Entertainment'', 2018{{lang\|zh\|网易娱乐}} (August 1, 2018\). \[https://3g.163\.com/ent/article/DO4RTRGH000380EO.html "{{lang\|zh\|陈致逸为《法医秦明II清道夫》谱写悬疑乐章}}"]. ''NetEase Entertainment''. \[https://web.archive.org/web/20221211164527/https://3g.163\.com/ent/article/DO4RTRGH000380EO.html Archived] from the original on December 12, 2022\. Retrieved December 12, 2022\.}}
The first film score Chen independently produced was for *[Bump in the Road](/wiki/Bump_in_the_Road "Bump in the Road")*, a 2013 comedy film directed by [Raymond Yip](/wiki/Raymond_Yip "Raymond Yip") ({{lang\|zh\|葉偉民}}). The film's story tells of a man named Zhang Kai who suddenly receives an ultrasound image of his child; he embarks on a road trip with his younger brother Xin to search for the child's mother. Chen provided his vocals for the songs "Snatch the Bouquet" ({{lang\|zh\|抢花球}}), "On the Road" ({{lang\|zh\|在路上}}), and "Far Place" ({{lang\|zh\|远方}}).
In 2014, Chen returned to score Raymond Yip's *[The House That Never Dies](/wiki/The_House_That_Never_Dies "The House That Never Dies")*, a thriller film based on the haunted house [Chaonei No. 81](/wiki/Chaonei_No._81 "Chaonei No. 81"). Director Yip gave great importance to the music and did not give restrictions on producing the soundtrack. It was a challenge for Chen as he had no reference for the music, so he created the style, structure, tempo, and orchestration himself. Yip approved the overall design of the music. The film was a box\-office hit and became the highest\-grossing Chinese horror film.Ma, Kevin (July 22, 2014\). ["Tiny Times 3 dazzles at China box office"](http://www.filmbiz.asia/news/tiny-times-3-dazzles-at-china-box-office). *Film Business Asia*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20140726073229/http://www.filmbiz.asia/news/tiny-times-3-dazzles-at-china-box-office) from the original on July 26, 2014\. Retrieved September 2, 2022\. The 2017 sequel, *[The House That Never Dies II](/wiki/The_House_That_Never_Dies_II "The House That Never Dies II")*, was directed by [Qian Renhao](/wiki/Qian_Renhao "Qian Renhao") ({{lang\|zh\|钱人豪}}).["{{lang\|zh\|台湾B级片导演钱人豪:《京城81号2》带股凛冽暴力}}"](https://www.sohu.com/a/153290782_524286). *Sohu*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220921160051/https://www.sohu.com/a/153290782_524286) from the original on September 21, 2022\. Retrieved September 21, 2022\. Chen composed its ending theme song, "Soul Returns" ({{lang\|zh\|回魂}}).{{lang\|zh\|陈致逸原创音乐}} (June 16, 2017\). ["{{lang\|zh\|音乐推荐 《回魂》 电影《京城81号2》片尾曲}}"](https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/WT640GlHAcF1eD0wmNiesA). *Weixin*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220912143735/https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/WT640GlHAcF1eD0wmNiesA) from the original on September 12, 2022\. Retrieved September 4, 2022\.
In January 2015, the suspense thriller film *[Tales of Mystery](/wiki/Tales_of_Mystery "Tales of Mystery")*, directed by Raymond Yip, [Tian Meng](/wiki/Tian_Meng "Tian Meng") ({{lang\|zh\|田蒙}}), and [Xian Xuchu](/wiki/Xian_Xuchu "Xian Xuchu") ({{lang\|zh\|咸旭初}}), was released. Its music production was the first test of Chen's creative techniques in the genre of horror music and influenced his work on *The House That Never Dies*. The film is divided into three acts, each having a unique musical style. The first story is "Japanese\-style creepy," the second is "American\-style brutal," and the third is "heartwarming with emotions".{{lang\|zh\|陈致逸原创音乐}} (March 22, 2016\). ["{{lang\|zh\|怪谈 《一级恐惧》}}"](https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/oiWn7SguamFZwcpLysBaTg). *Weixin*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220912143729/https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/oiWn7SguamFZwcpLysBaTg) from the original on September 12, 2022\. Retrieved September 2, 2022\.
The next film directed by Raymond Yip was *[Phantom of the Theatre](/wiki/Phantom_of_the_Theatre "Phantom of the Theatre")* in 2016, a thriller like his two previous works. The story tells of a haunted theater filled with the spirits of a performance troupe that perished in a fire many years prior. What Chen found to be most time\-consuming in producing the music was not the rigorous score and complex engineering but making the score rich while not complicated, concise but not monotonous.{{lang\|zh\|陈致逸原创音乐}} (May 19, 2016\). ["{{lang\|zh\|魔宫魅影 《朦胧的爱意》}}"](https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/9BbMwpdWmqY0CsH44bIYyw). *Weixin*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220915134647/https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/9BbMwpdWmqY0CsH44bIYyw) from the original on September 15, 2022\. Retrieved September 15, 2022\. Aside from horror music, Chen took on four themes for the soundtrack:{{lang\|zh\|耳界Earmersion}} (July 11, 2016\). ["{{lang\|zh\|【艺友新闻】 陈致逸老师谈电影音乐的制作流程}}"](https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/waUuh2PZCa95Wu3yiLD1gA). *Weixin*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20221206143633/https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/waUuh2PZCa95Wu3yiLD1gA) from the original on December 6, 2022\. Retrieved December 6, 2022\. fate, love, and the ordinary and magical sides of the Palace Theater. These themes blend and change with each other. Chen composed "The Mist," the film's theme song that takes on love.{{lang\|zh\|陈致逸原创音乐}} (June 21, 2016\). ["{{lang\|zh\|《魔宫魅影》 男声版《迷雾》}}"](https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/UKiuwiLMtU3ooDZxbw0Oqg). *Weixin*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220912143737/https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/UKiuwiLMtU3ooDZxbw0Oqg) from the original on September 12, 2022\. Retrieved September 3, 2022\. His score for the film had received both praiseElley, Derek (December 17, 2016\). ["Review: Phantom of the Theatre (2016\)"](https://sino-cinema.com/2016/12/17/review-phantom-of-the-theatre/). *Sino\-Cinema*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220912143734/https://sino-cinema.com/2016/12/17/review-phantom-of-the-theatre/) from the original on September 12, 2022\. Retrieved September 3, 2022\.LP HUGO (May 5, 2016\). ["PHANTOM OF THE THEATRE (2016\) review"](https://asianfilmstrike.com/2016/05/05/phantom-of-the-theatre-2016-review/). *Asian Film Strike*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220912143734/https://asianfilmstrike.com/2016/05/05/phantom-of-the-theatre-2016-review/) from the original on September 12, 2022\. Retrieved September 3, 2022\. and criticism. Jonathan Broxton of Movie Music UK, in his film score review, wrote, "*Phantom of the Theatre* has, quite rightly, been the recipient of quite a bit of critical praise in 2016, and despite its flaws I certainly recommend it for anyone wanting to dip their toes into Chinese film music."Broxton, Jonathan (January 25, 2017\). ["Best Scores of 2016 – Asia, Part II"](https://moviemusicuk.us/2017/01/25/best-scores-of-2016-asia-part-ii/). *Movie Music UK*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180103222150/https://moviemusicuk.us/2017/01/25/best-scores-of-2016-asia-part-ii/) from the original on January 3, 2018\. Retrieved January 9, 2023\.
### *Butterfly Cemetery*
In April 2016, Chen was invited to produce the score for *Butterfly Cemetery*. A film based on a novel of the same name by Cai Jun ({{lang\|zh\|蔡骏}}) and directed by [Ma Weihao](/wiki/Ma_Weihao "Ma Weihao") ({{lang\|zh\|马伟豪}}), it tells of a woman named Shang Xiaodi who meets a half\-butterfly man during a trip to Budapest. Compared to his previous film works, Chen chose a more modern style for the music, and the techniques he employed were influenced by German composer [Hans Zimmer](/wiki/Hans_Zimmer "Hans Zimmer")'s minimalist style. Since the story is set in Hungary, Chen incorporated Hungarian elements into the music. The music production went on for five months, and the film was released in October 2017\.{{lang\|zh\|陈致逸原创音乐}} (October 20, 2017\). ["{{lang\|zh\|音乐纪实 蝴蝶公墓}}"](https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/nGEW_1dUsoWT1Y_ZpJvmEg). *Weixin*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220915142242/https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/nGEW_1dUsoWT1Y_ZpJvmEg) from the original on September 15, 2022\. Retrieved September 15, 2022\.
### *Magic Town*
In 2015, Motion Magic ({{lang\|zh\|幻维数码}}) invited Chen to compose songs for *Magic Town*, an educational program for children. Most of the creative team were first\-time parents or had young children, including Chen, whose partner was expecting their daughter. As Chen was about to become a father, he was motivated and proud to take on the project. *Magic Town* had nearly a hundred songs that took almost two years to produce, and many were improvised by Chen when he first worked on them. Chen considered the diversity of musical styles and incorporated elements from various genres such as folk, jazz, rock, electronic dance, new age, etc. He also took into account the fact that children are "exposed to advanced knowledge and culture". Therefore, he used trendy elements for nursery rhymes. The overall experience of working on the project was much different compared to Chen's past film and television works in terms of emotions. In film music, various emotions are present, including negative ones such as anger, fear, anxiety, and depression; Chen felt these as he composed. *Magic Town* was different because of its overall positive, bright themes.{{lang\|zh\|陈致逸原创音乐}} (January 6, 2017\). ["{{lang\|zh\|致我们最可爱的宝贝}}"](https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/J6rgWkZGNO3csItJoQrZxA). *Weixin*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220920163613/https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/J6rgWkZGNO3csItJoQrZxA) from the original on September 20, 2022\. Retrieved September 17, 2022\.{{lang\|zh\|陈致逸原创音乐}} (March 14, 2017\). ["{{lang\|zh\|创作小剧场 主创访谈与MV的制作}}"](https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/k_KtWWBr5OqoVwviAgKdZQ). *Weixin*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220920171324/https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/k_KtWWBr5OqoVwviAgKdZQ) from the original on September 20, 2022\. Retrieved September 17, 2022\.{{lang\|zh\|陈致逸原创音乐}} (March 14, 2017\). ["{{lang\|zh\|音乐推荐 寻找快乐的意义}}"](https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/2CRWgmx62Z4aL95Bec2Bcw). *Weixin*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220920170750/https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/2CRWgmx62Z4aL95Bec2Bcw) from the original on September 20, 2022\. Retrieved September 17, 2022\.{{lang\|zh\|陈致逸原创音乐}} (June 30, 2017\). ["{{lang\|zh\|音乐推荐 麦杰克小镇《时光机》}}"](https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/hqQpkjUKKx33-oMik-MCSA). *Weixin*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220920170512/https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/hqQpkjUKKx33-oMik-MCSA) from the original on September 20, 2022\. Retrieved September 17, 2022\.{{lang\|zh\|陈致逸原创音乐}} (September 8, 2017\). ["{{lang\|zh\|麦杰克小镇 开学季《我是大明星》}}"](https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/Sj2OgO2pzD4fEpbHxyWnJQ). *Weixin*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220920170802/https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/Sj2OgO2pzD4fEpbHxyWnJQ) from the original on September 20, 2022\. Retrieved September 17, 2022\. The show premiered in December 2016\. At the same time, the music was released across four albums.
|
[
"Film and television scoring career\n----------------------------------",
"### *Armor Hero* series",
"In 2009, Chen composed the soundtrack for the first season of *[Armor Warriors](/wiki/Armor_Warriors \"Armor Warriors\")*, directed by [Zheng Guowei](/wiki/Zheng_Guowei \"Zheng Guowei\") ({{lang\\|zh\\|郑国伟}}). The story tells of five gifted people who don magical battle armor handed down in China since ancient times, and together they become warriors representing the power of light. They fight against forces of darkness to save their world.{{lang\\|zh\\|大连晚报}} (March 31, 2009\\). [\"{{lang\\|zh\\|国内首部英雄特摄剧《铠甲勇士》开播}}\"](http://ent.sina.com.cn/m/c/2009-03-31/15592448832.shtml). *Sina Entertainment*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220920171625/http://ent.sina.com.cn/m/c/2009-03-31/15592448832.shtml) from the original on September 20, 2022\\. Retrieved September 4, 2022\\. In 2010, the series was followed by the film *[Armor Hero Emperor](/wiki/Armor_Hero_Emperor \"Armor Hero Emperor\")*, which Zheng Guowei also directed and Chen scored.",
"In 2016, Chen composed the theme song \"God's Rival\" ({{lang\\|zh\\|神的对手}}) for the film *[Armor Hero Captor King](/wiki/Armor_Hero_Captor_King \"Armor Hero Captor King\")*, with the lyrics provided by Zhou Bingyi ({{lang\\|zh\\|周秉毅}}) and Jing Qian ({{lang\\|zh\\|镜千}}). Two years later, since Chen was the composer of the original *Armor Warriors*, he was invited to be the music director for *[Armor Hero Chronicles](/wiki/Armor_Hero_Chronicles \"Armor Hero Chronicles\")*, a film commemorating ten years since the series began. In addition to producing the soundtrack, he composed and sang the ending theme song, \"Kaixuan\" ({{lang\\|zh\\|铠旋}}).",
"### Collaborations with Chan Kwong\\-wing",
"At an unknown time, Chen joined Click Music, the studio of Hong Kongese film composer [Chan Kwong\\-wing](/wiki/Chan_Kwong-wing \"Chan Kwong-wing\") ({{lang\\|zh\\|陈光荣}}). Chen accumulated much practical experience at the studio and learned various musical languages and styles since creating film soundtracks had him dabble in genres such as hip\\-hop, jazz, electronic music, etc. He and Chan worked together to produce the score for *[The Last Tycoon](/wiki/The_Last_Tycoon_%282012_film%29 \"The Last Tycoon (2012 film)\")*, a 2012 period drama film directed by Hong Kong cinema veteran [Wong Jing](/wiki/Wong_Jing \"Wong Jing\") ({{lang\\|zh\\|王晶}}). The film is set in early 1900s Shanghai and follows the story of a tycoon named Cheng Daqi and his associates who get caught in the events of the [Second Sino\\-Japanese War](/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War \"Second Sino-Japanese War\"). Chen and Chan Kwong\\-wing's work on the soundtrack got nominated for the \"Best Original Film Score\" at the [32nd Hong Kong Film Awards](/wiki/32nd_Hong_Kong_Film_Awards \"32nd Hong Kong Film Awards\").[List of Nominees and Awardees of The 32nd Hong Kong Film Awards](http://www.hkfaa.com/winnerlist32.html). *Hong Kong Film Awards*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220917161021/http://www.hkfaa.com/winnerlist32.html) from the original on September 17, 2022\\. Retrieved August 24, 2022\\.",
"Their next collaboration was for Wong Jing's *[From Vegas to Macau](/wiki/From_Vegas_to_Macau \"From Vegas to Macau\")* (2014\\), a crime\\-comedy film. Chen and Chan also worked on the scores for its sequels *[From Vegas to Macau II](/wiki/From_Vegas_to_Macau_II \"From Vegas to Macau II\")* (2015\\) and *[From Vegas to Macau III](/wiki/From_Vegas_to_Macau_III \"From Vegas to Macau III\")* (2016\\). The three films are part of the *[God of Gamblers](/wiki/God_of_Gamblers \"God of Gamblers\")* franchise. After *From Vegas to Macau III*, Chen and Chan worked on the score of *[The Founding of an Army](/wiki/The_Founding_of_an_Army \"The Founding of an Army\")* (2017\\), a historical drama film directed by [Andrew Lau](/wiki/Andrew_Lau \"Andrew Lau\") ({{lang\\|zh\\|劉偉強}}) commemorating the 90th anniversary of the founding of the [People's Liberation Army](/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army \"People's Liberation Army\").{{lang\\|zh\\|陈致逸原创音乐}} (August 11, 2017\\). [\"{{lang\\|zh\\|音乐推荐 希望}}\"](https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/GeucEXTZmH8Abl7EZi54-A). *Weixin*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220912143743/https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/GeucEXTZmH8Abl7EZi54-A) from the original on September 12, 2022\\. Retrieved August 25, 2022\\. Their work earned them the Golden Deer Award for the \"Best Original Music Score\" at the 14th [Changchun Film Festival](/wiki/Changchun_Film_Festival \"Changchun Film Festival\").[\"《建军大业》票房\"](https://jiabaotz.com/film/223215.html). *Garbo Pictures*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220920171608/https://www.jiabaotz.com/film/223215.html) from the original on September 20, 2022\\. Retrieved September 4, 2022\\.{{lang\\|zh\\|吉林广播电视台}} (September 7, 2018\\). ['{{lang\\|zh\\|15部影片角逐长春电影节\"金鹿奖\"，为喜欢的作品投票！}}'](https://3g.163.com/dy/article/DR40AQKB0530WJGU.html?referFrom=&spss=adap_dy). *NetEase*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220920173328/https://3g.163.com/dy/article/DR40AQKB0530WJGU.html?referFrom=&spss=adap_dy) from the original on September 20, 2022\\. Retrieved September 18, 2022\\. They next worked on Andrew Lau's *[The Captain](/wiki/The_Captain_%282019_film%29 \"The Captain (2019 film)\")* in 2019, a film based on the events surrounding [Sichuan Airlines Flight 8633](/wiki/Sichuan_Airlines_Flight_8633 \"Sichuan Airlines Flight 8633\").{{lang\\|zh\\|中国新闻网}} (October 7, 2019\\). [\"{{lang\\|zh\\|香港音乐人陈光荣为《中国机长》配乐：多做功课为电影增色}}\"](https://www.chinanews.com.cn/cul/shipin/cns/2019/10-07/news833809.shtml). *China News*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220912143723/https://www.chinanews.com.cn/cul/shipin/cns/2019/10-07/news833809.shtml) from the original on September 12, 2022\\. Retrieved September 4, 2022\\. It was one of the films that competed in the Golden Deer Awards at the 15th Changchun Film Festival in 2020\\.{{lang\\|zh\\|中国青年网娱乐}} (September 7, 2020\\). [\"{{lang\\|zh\\|第十五届中国长春电影节正式启动 评委会集体亮相}}\"](https://ent.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202009/07/WS5f5738dfa310084978423f71.html). *China Daily Entertainment*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220920173106/https://ent.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202009/07/WS5f5738dfa310084978423f71.html) from the original on September 20, 2022\\. Retrieved September 18, 2022\\.{{lang\\|zh\\|新华网}} (September 5, 2020\\). [\"{{lang\\|zh\\|第十五届中国长春电影节启动 首设国际影展单元}}\"](http://m.xinhuanet.com/2020-09/05/c_1126457519.htm). *Xinhua*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220920171809/http://m.xinhuanet.com/2020-09/05/c_1126457519.htm) from the original on September 20, 2022\\. Retrieved September 18, 2022\\.",
"### Raymond Yip films",
"{{quote box\\|align\\=right\\|width\\=33%\\|quote\\=\"Teacher Chen Zhiyi has composed music for several suspense films such as ''The House That Never Dies'' and ''Phantom of the Theatre''. In his music, you can hear a deep understanding of the films themselves, which are tightly intertwined with the storyline while striking a chord with the audience. It can be said that he has a remarkably distinctive personal style in the field of music composition.\"\\|source\\=''NetEase Entertainment'', 2018{{lang\\|zh\\|网易娱乐}} (August 1, 2018\\). \\[https://3g.163\\.com/ent/article/DO4RTRGH000380EO.html \"{{lang\\|zh\\|陈致逸为《法医秦明II清道夫》谱写悬疑乐章}}\"]. ''NetEase Entertainment''. \\[https://web.archive.org/web/20221211164527/https://3g.163\\.com/ent/article/DO4RTRGH000380EO.html Archived] from the original on December 12, 2022\\. Retrieved December 12, 2022\\.}}\nThe first film score Chen independently produced was for *[Bump in the Road](/wiki/Bump_in_the_Road \"Bump in the Road\")*, a 2013 comedy film directed by [Raymond Yip](/wiki/Raymond_Yip \"Raymond Yip\") ({{lang\\|zh\\|葉偉民}}). The film's story tells of a man named Zhang Kai who suddenly receives an ultrasound image of his child; he embarks on a road trip with his younger brother Xin to search for the child's mother. Chen provided his vocals for the songs \"Snatch the Bouquet\" ({{lang\\|zh\\|抢花球}}), \"On the Road\" ({{lang\\|zh\\|在路上}}), and \"Far Place\" ({{lang\\|zh\\|远方}}).",
"In 2014, Chen returned to score Raymond Yip's *[The House That Never Dies](/wiki/The_House_That_Never_Dies \"The House That Never Dies\")*, a thriller film based on the haunted house [Chaonei No. 81](/wiki/Chaonei_No._81 \"Chaonei No. 81\"). Director Yip gave great importance to the music and did not give restrictions on producing the soundtrack. It was a challenge for Chen as he had no reference for the music, so he created the style, structure, tempo, and orchestration himself. Yip approved the overall design of the music. The film was a box\\-office hit and became the highest\\-grossing Chinese horror film.Ma, Kevin (July 22, 2014\\). [\"Tiny Times 3 dazzles at China box office\"](http://www.filmbiz.asia/news/tiny-times-3-dazzles-at-china-box-office). *Film Business Asia*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20140726073229/http://www.filmbiz.asia/news/tiny-times-3-dazzles-at-china-box-office) from the original on July 26, 2014\\. Retrieved September 2, 2022\\. The 2017 sequel, *[The House That Never Dies II](/wiki/The_House_That_Never_Dies_II \"The House That Never Dies II\")*, was directed by [Qian Renhao](/wiki/Qian_Renhao \"Qian Renhao\") ({{lang\\|zh\\|钱人豪}}).[\"{{lang\\|zh\\|台湾B级片导演钱人豪:《京城81号2》带股凛冽暴力}}\"](https://www.sohu.com/a/153290782_524286). *Sohu*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220921160051/https://www.sohu.com/a/153290782_524286) from the original on September 21, 2022\\. Retrieved September 21, 2022\\. Chen composed its ending theme song, \"Soul Returns\" ({{lang\\|zh\\|回魂}}).{{lang\\|zh\\|陈致逸原创音乐}} (June 16, 2017\\). [\"{{lang\\|zh\\|音乐推荐 《回魂》 电影《京城81号2》片尾曲}}\"](https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/WT640GlHAcF1eD0wmNiesA). *Weixin*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220912143735/https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/WT640GlHAcF1eD0wmNiesA) from the original on September 12, 2022\\. Retrieved September 4, 2022\\.",
"In January 2015, the suspense thriller film *[Tales of Mystery](/wiki/Tales_of_Mystery \"Tales of Mystery\")*, directed by Raymond Yip, [Tian Meng](/wiki/Tian_Meng \"Tian Meng\") ({{lang\\|zh\\|田蒙}}), and [Xian Xuchu](/wiki/Xian_Xuchu \"Xian Xuchu\") ({{lang\\|zh\\|咸旭初}}), was released. Its music production was the first test of Chen's creative techniques in the genre of horror music and influenced his work on *The House That Never Dies*. The film is divided into three acts, each having a unique musical style. The first story is \"Japanese\\-style creepy,\" the second is \"American\\-style brutal,\" and the third is \"heartwarming with emotions\".{{lang\\|zh\\|陈致逸原创音乐}} (March 22, 2016\\). [\"{{lang\\|zh\\|怪谈 《一级恐惧》}}\"](https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/oiWn7SguamFZwcpLysBaTg). *Weixin*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220912143729/https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/oiWn7SguamFZwcpLysBaTg) from the original on September 12, 2022\\. Retrieved September 2, 2022\\.",
"The next film directed by Raymond Yip was *[Phantom of the Theatre](/wiki/Phantom_of_the_Theatre \"Phantom of the Theatre\")* in 2016, a thriller like his two previous works. The story tells of a haunted theater filled with the spirits of a performance troupe that perished in a fire many years prior. What Chen found to be most time\\-consuming in producing the music was not the rigorous score and complex engineering but making the score rich while not complicated, concise but not monotonous.{{lang\\|zh\\|陈致逸原创音乐}} (May 19, 2016\\). [\"{{lang\\|zh\\|魔宫魅影 《朦胧的爱意》}}\"](https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/9BbMwpdWmqY0CsH44bIYyw). *Weixin*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220915134647/https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/9BbMwpdWmqY0CsH44bIYyw) from the original on September 15, 2022\\. Retrieved September 15, 2022\\. Aside from horror music, Chen took on four themes for the soundtrack:{{lang\\|zh\\|耳界Earmersion}} (July 11, 2016\\). [\"{{lang\\|zh\\|【艺友新闻】 陈致逸老师谈电影音乐的制作流程}}\"](https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/waUuh2PZCa95Wu3yiLD1gA). *Weixin*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20221206143633/https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/waUuh2PZCa95Wu3yiLD1gA) from the original on December 6, 2022\\. Retrieved December 6, 2022\\. fate, love, and the ordinary and magical sides of the Palace Theater. These themes blend and change with each other. Chen composed \"The Mist,\" the film's theme song that takes on love.{{lang\\|zh\\|陈致逸原创音乐}} (June 21, 2016\\). [\"{{lang\\|zh\\|《魔宫魅影》 男声版《迷雾》}}\"](https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/UKiuwiLMtU3ooDZxbw0Oqg). *Weixin*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220912143737/https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/UKiuwiLMtU3ooDZxbw0Oqg) from the original on September 12, 2022\\. Retrieved September 3, 2022\\. His score for the film had received both praiseElley, Derek (December 17, 2016\\). [\"Review: Phantom of the Theatre (2016\\)\"](https://sino-cinema.com/2016/12/17/review-phantom-of-the-theatre/). *Sino\\-Cinema*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220912143734/https://sino-cinema.com/2016/12/17/review-phantom-of-the-theatre/) from the original on September 12, 2022\\. Retrieved September 3, 2022\\.LP HUGO (May 5, 2016\\). [\"PHANTOM OF THE THEATRE (2016\\) review\"](https://asianfilmstrike.com/2016/05/05/phantom-of-the-theatre-2016-review/). *Asian Film Strike*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220912143734/https://asianfilmstrike.com/2016/05/05/phantom-of-the-theatre-2016-review/) from the original on September 12, 2022\\. Retrieved September 3, 2022\\. and criticism. Jonathan Broxton of Movie Music UK, in his film score review, wrote, \"*Phantom of the Theatre* has, quite rightly, been the recipient of quite a bit of critical praise in 2016, and despite its flaws I certainly recommend it for anyone wanting to dip their toes into Chinese film music.\"Broxton, Jonathan (January 25, 2017\\). [\"Best Scores of 2016 – Asia, Part II\"](https://moviemusicuk.us/2017/01/25/best-scores-of-2016-asia-part-ii/). *Movie Music UK*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180103222150/https://moviemusicuk.us/2017/01/25/best-scores-of-2016-asia-part-ii/) from the original on January 3, 2018\\. Retrieved January 9, 2023\\.",
"### *Butterfly Cemetery*",
"In April 2016, Chen was invited to produce the score for *Butterfly Cemetery*. A film based on a novel of the same name by Cai Jun ({{lang\\|zh\\|蔡骏}}) and directed by [Ma Weihao](/wiki/Ma_Weihao \"Ma Weihao\") ({{lang\\|zh\\|马伟豪}}), it tells of a woman named Shang Xiaodi who meets a half\\-butterfly man during a trip to Budapest. Compared to his previous film works, Chen chose a more modern style for the music, and the techniques he employed were influenced by German composer [Hans Zimmer](/wiki/Hans_Zimmer \"Hans Zimmer\")'s minimalist style. Since the story is set in Hungary, Chen incorporated Hungarian elements into the music. The music production went on for five months, and the film was released in October 2017\\.{{lang\\|zh\\|陈致逸原创音乐}} (October 20, 2017\\). [\"{{lang\\|zh\\|音乐纪实 蝴蝶公墓}}\"](https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/nGEW_1dUsoWT1Y_ZpJvmEg). *Weixin*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220915142242/https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/nGEW_1dUsoWT1Y_ZpJvmEg) from the original on September 15, 2022\\. Retrieved September 15, 2022\\.",
"### *Magic Town*",
"In 2015, Motion Magic ({{lang\\|zh\\|幻维数码}}) invited Chen to compose songs for *Magic Town*, an educational program for children. Most of the creative team were first\\-time parents or had young children, including Chen, whose partner was expecting their daughter. As Chen was about to become a father, he was motivated and proud to take on the project. *Magic Town* had nearly a hundred songs that took almost two years to produce, and many were improvised by Chen when he first worked on them. Chen considered the diversity of musical styles and incorporated elements from various genres such as folk, jazz, rock, electronic dance, new age, etc. He also took into account the fact that children are \"exposed to advanced knowledge and culture\". Therefore, he used trendy elements for nursery rhymes. The overall experience of working on the project was much different compared to Chen's past film and television works in terms of emotions. In film music, various emotions are present, including negative ones such as anger, fear, anxiety, and depression; Chen felt these as he composed. *Magic Town* was different because of its overall positive, bright themes.{{lang\\|zh\\|陈致逸原创音乐}} (January 6, 2017\\). [\"{{lang\\|zh\\|致我们最可爱的宝贝}}\"](https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/J6rgWkZGNO3csItJoQrZxA). *Weixin*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220920163613/https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/J6rgWkZGNO3csItJoQrZxA) from the original on September 20, 2022\\. Retrieved September 17, 2022\\.{{lang\\|zh\\|陈致逸原创音乐}} (March 14, 2017\\). [\"{{lang\\|zh\\|创作小剧场 主创访谈与MV的制作}}\"](https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/k_KtWWBr5OqoVwviAgKdZQ). *Weixin*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220920171324/https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/k_KtWWBr5OqoVwviAgKdZQ) from the original on September 20, 2022\\. Retrieved September 17, 2022\\.{{lang\\|zh\\|陈致逸原创音乐}} (March 14, 2017\\). [\"{{lang\\|zh\\|音乐推荐 寻找快乐的意义}}\"](https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/2CRWgmx62Z4aL95Bec2Bcw). *Weixin*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220920170750/https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/2CRWgmx62Z4aL95Bec2Bcw) from the original on September 20, 2022\\. Retrieved September 17, 2022\\.{{lang\\|zh\\|陈致逸原创音乐}} (June 30, 2017\\). [\"{{lang\\|zh\\|音乐推荐 麦杰克小镇《时光机》}}\"](https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/hqQpkjUKKx33-oMik-MCSA). *Weixin*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220920170512/https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/hqQpkjUKKx33-oMik-MCSA) from the original on September 20, 2022\\. Retrieved September 17, 2022\\.{{lang\\|zh\\|陈致逸原创音乐}} (September 8, 2017\\). [\"{{lang\\|zh\\|麦杰克小镇 开学季《我是大明星》}}\"](https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/Sj2OgO2pzD4fEpbHxyWnJQ). *Weixin*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220920170802/https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/Sj2OgO2pzD4fEpbHxyWnJQ) from the original on September 20, 2022\\. Retrieved September 17, 2022\\. The show premiered in December 2016\\. At the same time, the music was released across four albums.",
""
] |
Game music production
---------------------
### *Moonlight Blade*
In 2015, Chen began to work as one of the music producers for *[Moonlight Blade](/wiki/Moonlight_Blade "Moonlight Blade")*, a [martial arts\-themed](/wiki/Wuxia "Wuxia") [MMORPG](/wiki/MMORPG "MMORPG") by [Tencent Games](/wiki/Tencent_Games "Tencent Games").["{{lang\|zh\|给我一首歌的时间创造江湖}}"](http://wuxia.qq.com/webplat/info/news_version3/5012/5013/5014/15354/m3486/201705/586095.shtml). *wuxia.qq.com*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220912143735/http://wuxia.qq.com/webplat/info/news_version3/5012/5013/5014/15354/m3486/201705/586095.shtml) from the original on September 12, 2022\. Retrieved September 7, 2022\. He was under the guidance of music director Yang Jie ({{lang\|zh\|杨结}}), who was strict about innovation in music. Chen went beyond limits in producing his work for them to reach their best quality. He incorporated new instruments into his works, such as traditional Chinese instruments, which, according to Chen, made the style of the game music "refreshing". He was also interested in integrating elements of Chinese folk music into the soundtrack to create a "new national style" of folk music to promote Chinese culture. While working on the game, he also built his own fan base. He began to care more about players' preferences as regular communication with them brought changes to his ideas; he made his music more inclusive and integrated more elements into it. Through all this, Chen established his confidence in music as he formed his style and direction.
Many filmmakers were involved in the game's story creation, martial arts action, art style, costume design, etc. In the process, the game incorporated cinematic creation techniques. Following this, Chen requested to produce the landing music at the level of film music. He composed the soundtrack "Thousand People, Thousand Faces" ({{lang\|zh\|千人千面}}), which plays at the beginning of the game as the player selects and modifies their character. Chen noted that the landing music shapes the first impression of the whole game. Therefore, the music was based not solely on the theme of martial arts but on the curiosity and enthusiasm felt by players when exploring the game world. Also noted was that treating the music with high requirements and quality was unavoidable.{{lang\|zh\|陈致逸原创音乐}} (December 22, 2015\). ["{{lang\|zh\|天涯明月刀 《千人千面》（登陆音乐）}}"](https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/e9rNLvaqQVFkKjWUVrEOdw). *Weixin*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220912143739/https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/e9rNLvaqQVFkKjWUVrEOdw) from the original on September 12, 2022\. Retrieved September 9, 2022\. The [arpeggio](/wiki/Arpeggio "Arpeggio") elements in the music from *[Final Fantasy](/wiki/Final_Fantasy "Final Fantasy")* inspired Chen's work on the track.{{lang\|zh\|陈致逸原创音乐}} (December 22, 2015\). ["{{lang\|zh\|天涯明月刀 《千人千面》（捏脸音乐）}}"](https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/__TwZwJPKkGp67wYuoFmew). *Weixin*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220920171411/https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/__TwZwJPKkGp67wYuoFmew) from the original on September 20, 2022\. Retrieved September 9, 2022\. In February 2017, Chen released an album containing his works for *Moonlight Blade* from 2015 to 2017, including "Thousand People, Thousand Faces" in the tracklist. Chen later adapted the song into "Wind of the World" ({{lang\|zh\|八荒之风}}), a theme song for The World of Swinging Swords ({{lang\|zh\|剑荡八荒}}) competition in November 2017\.["{{lang\|zh\|剑荡八荒S5赛会11月9日正式开战 享受阳光下的巅峰对决}}"](https://wuxia.qq.com/webplat/info/news_version3/5012/5013/5014/5015/m3486/201711/651820.shtml). *wuxia.qq.com*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220915072437/https://wuxia.qq.com/webplat/info/news_version3/5012/5013/5014/5015/m3486/201711/651820.shtml) from the original on September 15, 2022\. Retrieved September 15, 2022\.
In 2018, Chen composed the theme song "Dreams of Farewell" ({{lang\|zh\|梦留别}}) for Yihua ({{lang\|zh\|移花}}), one of the martial arts sects players can choose to join upon creating their character. The theme of the song was based on a soundtrack previously created for *Moonlight Blade*, "Treading the Waves in the Sea" ({{lang\|zh\|沧海踏浪}}) by Liang Bangyan ({{lang\|zh\|梁邦彦}}). It was a challenge since the theme may not be suitable for singing, and for Chen to adapt the work of a senior composer he admired. Previously, Chen arranged theme songs by himself. This time, to bring new ideas to players, he invited a composer from Beijing, Cui Zhi'en ({{lang\|zh\|崔知恩}}), to participate in the song production. Another person was supposed to work on the sound mixing, but since each revision brought new inspiration, Chen mixed the song himself. The song was written by Wubi ({{lang\|zh\|无比}}) and sung by [Zhou Shen](/wiki/Zhou_Shen "Zhou Shen") ({{lang\|zh\|周深}}).{{lang\|zh\|陈致逸原创音乐}} (June 29, 2018\). ["{{lang\|zh\|歌曲制作 梦留别（上）}}"](https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/98AhVUhxTeSZnF5OwnfB8Q). *Weixin*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220920172553/https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/98AhVUhxTeSZnF5OwnfB8Q) from the original on September 20, 2022\. Retrieved August 25, 2022\.{{lang\|zh\|陈致逸原创音乐}} (August 13, 2018\). ["{{lang\|zh\|歌曲制作 梦留别（下）}}"](https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/mBLW5pnbkSMZYXVnqRcJYQ). *Weixin*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220913172749/https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/mBLW5pnbkSMZYXVnqRcJYQ) from the original on September 13, 2022\. Retrieved September 13, 2022\.
In 2019, Chen produced the Taibai ({{lang\|zh\|太白}}) sect theme, "Saying Sword." [Wang Yibo](/wiki/Wang_Yibo "Wang Yibo") ({{lang\|zh\|王一博}}) provided his vocals for the song. The folk music and strings were performed by [Qingqin Qingqing](/wiki/%23Qingqin_Qingqing_band "#Qingqin Qingqing band") and the [International Master Philharmonic Orchestra](/wiki/International_Master_Philharmonic_Orchestra "International Master Philharmonic Orchestra") ({{lang\|zh\|国际首席爱乐乐团}}), respectively. "Saying Sword" was Chen's final work for *Moonlight Blade* before producing the soundtrack for *Genshin Impact*.{{lang\|zh\|陈致逸工作室}} (June 19, 2019\). ["{{lang\|zh\|\#天涯明月刀OL\[超...}}"](https://weibo.com/6062575409/HzBvM8k8R). *Sina Weibo*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220913172752/https://weibo.com/6062575409/HzBvM8k8R?type=comment#_rnd1663090109535) from the original on September 13, 2022\. Retrieved September 13, 2022\.
### *Genshin Impact*
{{Main\|Music of Genshin Impact}}
{{quote box\|align\=right\|width\=33%\|quote\="Actually, Chen Zhiyi had been trying to do this a long time ago. The current combination and integration of traditional Chinese music and symphonic music, what the audience and players are more concerned about is whether traditional Chinese music and symphonic music can blend together, rather than just being put together like adding eggs and rice in a stir\-fry. I believe that what matters is whether the music is beautiful and whether it embodies the spirit of China. As for the original soundtrack for this time, I think it is of high quality."\|source\=An Dong, ''"Songs of Travelers" — Behind the Scenes of the Music of Liyue''}}
In 2019, video game developer company [miHoYo](/wiki/MiHoYo "MiHoYo") got Chen to produce the soundtrack for their title *[Genshin Impact](/wiki/Genshin_Impact "Genshin Impact")* with their in\-house music studio HOYO\-MiX. It was Chen's first major video game work, and he described the project as a difficult challenge. The game has an [open\-world environment](/wiki/Open_world "Open world") that features areas referred to as regions, with visual designs inspired by different world cultures. In composing the music for these regions, Chen chose a style that integrates elements of traditional folk music with Western musical arrangements.["{{lang\|zh\|《原神》靠什么走出世界？音乐制作人：中西文化融合碰撞有成效}}"](https://xw.qq.com/cmsid/20201217A0DYAK00) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220912143743/https://xw.qq.com/cmsid/20201217A0DYAK00 \|date\=September 12, 2022 }}. *Tencent News*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220922062306/https://view.inews.qq.com/k/20201217A0DYAK00?web_channel=wap&openApp=false) from the original on September 22, 2022\. Retrieved July 1, 2022\. During the pre\-release development stage, the game only featured Mondstadt and [Liyue](/wiki/Liyue%2C_Teyvat "Liyue, Teyvat"), two of the planned seven regions.GDC (February 16, 2022\). ["'Genshin Impact': Crafting an Anime\-Style Open World"](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-JFyAdI_rO8) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220826231309/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=\-JFyAdI\_rO8 \|date\=August 26, 2022 }}. *YouTube*. Retrieved July 19, 2022\. On top of idyllic rural scenery, medieval European architectural styles and cultures inspired the design of Mondstadt.Genshin Impact (August 29, 2020\). ["The Adventure Comes to PlayStation4 on September 28 \| Genshin Impact: Behind the Scenes"](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=77CyEUZrgSU) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418192053/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=77CyEUZrgSU \|date\=April 18, 2023 }}. *YouTube*. Retrieved September 19, 2022\. In composing the music for Mondstadt, Chen borrowed the language and rhythm of [Impressionism](/wiki/Impressionism_in_music "Impressionism in music") and used the piano, [tin whistle](/wiki/Tin_whistle "Tin whistle") instruments, and medieval\-style [lutes](/wiki/Lute "Lute"). The Mondstadt soundtrack was performed by the [London Philharmonic Orchestra](/wiki/London_Philharmonic_Orchestra "London Philharmonic Orchestra"). Chen was present during the scoring sessions in London and conducted some scores himself, including the "Genshin Impact Main Theme."Genshin Impact (June 5, 2020\). ["Developer Insight \#3 – Behind the Music of Genshin Impact (1\)"](https://genshin.hoyoverse.com/en/news/detail/5000). *genshin.hoyoverse.com*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220920171458/https://genshin.hoyoverse.com/en/news/detail/5000) from the original on September 20, 2022\. Retrieved August 29, 2022\.Genshin Impact (June 10, 2020\). ["Genshin Impact OST — Behind the Scenes with the Artists"](https://youtube.com/watch?v=NWttfnCIX5E) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418192302/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=NWttfnCIX5E \|date\=April 18, 2023 }}. *YouTube*. Retrieved August 29, 2022\. For [Liyue](/wiki/Liyue%2C_Teyvat "Liyue, Teyvat"), which had scenic Eastern fantasy as its basis,{{Korean\|hangul\=원신\|labels\=no}} (August 19, 2020\). ["{{Korean\|hangul\=원신 온라인 쇼케이스 더 큰 모험의 세계로!\|labels\=no}}"](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dVtx9P36LtA) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922081700/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=dVtx9P36LtA \|date\=September 22, 2022 }}. *YouTube*. Retrieved September 19, 2022\. he used elements of Chinese folk music—traditional instruments, the pentatonic scale, and ancient tonal melodies—with Western romantic harmonies and orchestral arrangements. The [Liyue](/wiki/Liyue%2C_Teyvat "Liyue, Teyvat") soundtrack was performed by the [Shanghai Symphony Orchestra](/wiki/Shanghai_Symphony_Orchestra "Shanghai Symphony Orchestra"). An Dong ({{lang\|zh\|安栋}}), one of Chen's mentors from the Shanghai Conservatory of Music, served as a music supervisor during the scoring sessions of the soundtrack.Genshin Impact (November 16, 2020\). ['"Songs of Travelers" — Behind the Scenes of the Music of Liyue \| Genshin Impact'](https://youtube.com/watch?v=avmFhel0ky4) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230118030346/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=avmFhel0ky4 \|date\=January 18, 2023 }}. *YouTube*. Retrieved May 30, 2020\. Chen especially enjoyed composing combat music, using various composition techniques such as [polyphony](/wiki/Polyphony "Polyphony") and taking orchestration elements from composers such as [Ludwig van Beethoven](/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven "Ludwig van Beethoven").
{{Blockquote
\|text\=Even from the perspective of industry development, the music of Chinese games produced by Chinese composers still has a relatively long way to go. Although it is a pity that ''Genshin Impact'' was not nominated for the "best original soundtrack" of TGA 2020, I feel very proud that foreign players can learn more about the Chinese folk music created by Chinese composers through games. \[We] will continue to work hard and live up to the expectations of our players who have invested a lot of time in ''Genshin Impact''!
{{lang\|zh\-CN\|中国游戏的原创音乐即便从行业发展来看，可能也需要漫长一段时间的探索，虽说有些遗憾原神未能入选TGA2020的最佳原声音乐的提名，但是能通过游戏传播让国外玩家感受到中国作曲家创作的国风音乐我觉得已经很令人骄傲了。继续努力前行吧，不能辜负那些在原神游戏投入大量时间的玩家们的期待！}}}}
In a [Sina Weibo](/wiki/Sina_Weibo "Sina Weibo") post published in November 2020, Chen expressed disappointment that *Genshin Impact* did not get nominated for "Best Original Soundtrack" at [The Game Awards 2020](/wiki/The_Game_Awards_2020 "The Game Awards 2020"). Nevertheless, he expressed his pride as a Chinese composer.{{lang\|zh\|陈致逸}} (November 19, 2020\). ["{{lang\|zh\|中国游戏的原创音乐即...}}"](https://weibo.com/1800443420/JuBQwxC4X). *Sina Weibo*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220922030524/https://weibo.com/1800443420/JuBQwxC4X) from the original on September 22, 2022\. Retrieved August 24, 2022\. Chen later got awarded "Outstanding Artist – Newcomer/Breakthrough" at the Annual Game Music Awards 2020 held by the music journalism website [Video Game Music Online](/wiki/Video_Game_Music_Online "Video Game Music Online") (VGMO).Kotowski, Don (February 18, 2021\). ["Annual Game Music Awards 2020 – Artists of the Year"](http://www.vgmonline.net/awards2020artists/). *VGMO \-Video Game Music Online\-*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220928232702/http://www.vgmonline.net/awards2020artists/) from the original on September 28, 2022\. Retrieved February 28, 2022\. He also spoke to VGMO in an interview about future music\-related offline activities, including concerts.Kotowski, Don (April 5, 2021\). ["Yu\-Peng Chen Interview: The Music of Genshin Impact"](http://www.vgmonline.net/yu-pengchen/). *VGMO \-Video Game Music Online\-*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220917160840/http://www.vgmonline.net/yu-pengchen/) from the original on September 17, 2022\. Retrieved February 28, 2022\. The first concert for *Genshin Impact* was held in October 2021 through an online event to celebrate the game's first anniversary. Among the involved performers was Belgian composer and conductor [Dirk Brossé](/wiki/Dirk_Bross%C3%A9 "Dirk Brossé"), who conducted Chen's nominated work "The Curse of Blood" at the 2019 [World Soundtrack Awards](/wiki/World_Soundtrack_Awards "World Soundtrack Awards").Flanders Symphony Orchestra (October 4, 2021\). ["Genshin Concert – Melodies of an Endless Journey – Official aftermovie"](https://youtube.com/watch?v=sRjVXIuGtSc) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920171430/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=sRjVXIuGtSc \|date\=September 20, 2022 }}. *YouTube*. Retrieved August 26, 2022\.
In 2022, a selected number of *Genshin Impact* soundtracks, including Chen's compositions "Liyue," "Rapid as Wildfires," and "Contemplation in Snow," got included in the [2022 Winter Olympics](/wiki/2022_Winter_Olympics "2022 Winter Olympics") music library to be used in sports exhibitions.Sina Games (February 15, 2022\). ["{{lang\|zh\|声绕冰雪旋 《原神》配乐入选北京冬奥音乐库}}"](https://games.sina.com.cn/2022-02-15/detail-i-ikyakumy6107169.shtml). *Sina Games*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220430060814/https://games.sina.com.cn/2022-02-15/detail-i-ikyakumy6107169.shtml) from the original on April 30, 2022\. Retrieved December 10, 2022\. "Contemplation in Snow" was featured in a promotional video for the [Beijing National Speed Skating Oval](/wiki/Beijing_National_Speed_Skating_Oval "Beijing National Speed Skating Oval"), a competition area constructed specially for the event.
#### Departure
{{Blockquote
\|text\=Based on the plans for my personal creative journey, after careful consideration and several discussions with the company, I have chosen to leave miHoYo and the HOYO\-MiX team to pursue my own music dreams! \[...] In the future, I will continue to explore the path of music. I plan to release a new album of purely instrumental music next year, and the specific plans will be announced in the future. I hope you will continue to support my creations. From now on, I will continue to travel through Teyvat with everyone as a Traveler!
{{lang\|zh\-CN\|根据我个人一些创作计划的安排，经过一段时间的慎重考虑，以及和公司的几次交流，我选择离开米哈游和HOYO\-MiX团队去继续追寻自己的音乐梦想了！ \[...] 在未来我还会继续在音乐道路上不断探索，明年打算发行一张个人纯音乐作品新专辑，具体计划安排会在未来公布，希望大家继续支持我的创作。以后就以旅行者的身份和大家一起继续游玩提瓦特啦！}}}}
On September 12, 2023, Chen announced on his Sina Weibo and Bilibili profiles that after careful consideration, he had chosen to leave the [miHoYo](/wiki/MiHoYo "MiHoYo") company and its music studio, HOYO\-MiX, to pursue his personal interests. He stated that he will continue to explore \[his] path of music, and plans to release his own instrumental music album in 2024\.
### *Project Woolgatherer*
On July 23, 2024, it was announced that Chen Zhiyi had been invited to compose four original soundtrack pieces for *Project Woolgatherer* ({{lang\|zh\|无尽梦回}}), a roguelite action\-adventure mobile game centered on the theme of dreams. The compositions included "The Neverending Dream" ({{lang\|zh\|无尽梦回}}), "Dreams Aglow" ({{lang\|zh\|梦的流光}}), "To Dream's End" ({{lang\|zh\|向无际彼岸}}), and "So Sleeps the Soul" ({{lang\|zh\|万物沉眠}}), all of which were featured in the game's first original soundtrack album, *A Promise of Dreams* ({{lang\|zh\|赴梦之约}}).{{lang\|zh\|无尽梦回}} (July 23, 2024\). ["{{lang\|zh\|《无尽梦回》游戏同名主题曲上线 {{pipe}} 特邀作曲 陈致逸}}"](https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/R1P_5gDklpAoZzvpcofKOg). *Weixin*. [Archived](https://archive.today/20240724163752/https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/R1P_5gDklpAoZzvpcofKOg) from the original on July 25, 2024\. Retrieved July 25, 2024\.
Chen's involvement came at a crucial time, as the production team had been facing difficulties with the game's music. Producer Liu Ming remarked, "To be honest, we couldn’t believe our ears. Chen Zhiyi is the music director of *Genshin Impact*! Having him join the project felt like a dream come true."{{lang\|zh\|浩铨}} (October 2, 2024\). ["{{lang\|zh\|《无尽梦回》制作人专访：做自己真正想要的东西}}"](https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/AO-hH-k-lnW7VhsXQwUGaQ). *Weixin*. [Archived](https://archive.today/20241010040802/https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/AO-hH-k-lnW7VhsXQwUGaQ) from the original on October 10, 2024\. Retrieved October 10, 2024\.
### *Sword of Justice*
On September 16, 2024, *Sword of Justice* ({{lang\|zh\|逆水寒}}) announced the launch of an independent music brand named "Nishui Changqin" ({{lang\|zh\|逆水长琴}}), created exclusively for the game and its players. This initiative aims to promote traditional Chinese music, inspired by the figure of [Prince Changqin](/wiki/Prince_Changqin "Prince Changqin") from "[Classic of Mountains and Seas](/wiki/Classic_of_Mountains_and_Seas "Classic of Mountains and Seas")," and to bridge cultural communication through music. The game's developers have partnered with Chen to lead this project.{{lang\|zh\|逆水寒手游}} (September 16, 2024\). ["{{lang\|zh\|让世界听见国乐！逆水寒独立音乐品牌【逆水长琴】正式发布}}"](https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/O7fKvmYYSpzhE4TZl5Fuvg). *Weixin*. [Archived](https://archive.today/20241007114130/https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/O7fKvmYYSpzhE4TZl5Fuvg) from the original on October 7, 2024\. Retrieved October 7, 2024\.{{lang\|zh\|逆水寒手游}} (September 16, 2024\). ["{{lang\|zh\|各位尊敬的逆水寒大客...}}"](https://weibo.com/7460249375/5079200379962510). *Sina Weibo*. [Archived](https://archive.today/20241007115216/https://weibo.com/1800443420/5079208728462970) from the original on October 7, 2024\. Retrieved October 7, 2024\.
{{Blockquote
\|text\=Hello everyone! When I previously answered your questions, I mentioned wanting to continue exploring more possibilities in Chinese\-style music. As you can see, in the coming days, I will be collaborating deeply with the ''Sword of Justice'' music label, Nishui Changqin, to make new attempts and creative fusions in traditional Chinese music. I'm really looking forward to this new journey, and I hope to use music as a language to tell more new stories in this new world, letting the world hear the sounds of China.
{{lang\|zh\-CN\|哈喽大家好，之前回答大家问题的时候，我曾说过想要去继续挖掘国风音乐更多的可能性。正如大家所见，未来的日子里，我将和逆水寒音乐厂牌——逆水长琴进行深度的合作，在国乐上进行新的尝试和新的碰撞。我很期待这段新的旅程，希望可以用音乐作为语言，在新的江湖讲更多新的故事，让世界听见国乐。}}{{lang\|zh\|陈致逸音乐工作室}} (September 16, 2024\). \[https://weibo.com/6062575409/OxemyjEkI "{{lang\|zh\|\#逆水寒手游\# \#...}}"]. ''Sina Weibo''. \[https://archive.today/20241007121043/https://weibo.com/6062575409/OxemyjEkI Archived] from the original on October 7, 2024\. Retrieved October 7, 2024\.}}
The music, set to debut in the Version 2\.2 expansion, will infuse every aspect of the game, from environments to dungeons and storylines, with a rich blend of Chen's unique style and Chinese cultural elements. This partnership marks the beginning of a long\-term collaboration between *Sword of Justice* and Chen, with plans for more diverse and innovative music in future updates. The game studio has pledged to provide Chen with creative freedom and resources to further explore and push the boundaries of traditional Chinese music in gaming.
{{Blockquote
\|text\=The meeting with ''Sword of Justice'' was like a fleeting glimpse, yet also love at first sight. I’m very happy to have met a like\-minded new friend, which has strengthened my belief in "letting the world hear Chinese music. I hope that in the days to come, I can create more works that everyone loves, bringing more heartfelt melodies to this martial world. The road ahead is long, but may our bonds in ''Sword of Justice'' last forever!
{{lang\|zh\-CN\|逆水寒的相逢是“惊鸿一面”，也是“一见钟情”。很高兴能够认识这样一位志同道合的新朋友，让我更加坚定“让世界听见国乐”的理念。希望在未来的日子里，我能创作出更多受大家喜爱的作品，为这个江湖带来更多触人心弦的旋律。 江湖路远，愿我们逆水长“情”！}}{{lang\|zh\|陈致逸}} (September 16, 2024\). \[https://weibo.com/1800443420/5079208728462970 "{{lang\|zh\|逆水寒的相逢是“惊鸿...}}"]. ''Sina Weibo''. \[https://archive.today/20241007114456/https://weibo.com/7460249375/5079200379962510 Archived] from the original on October 7, 2024\. Retrieved October 7, 2024\.}}
|
[
"Game music production\n---------------------",
"### *Moonlight Blade*",
"In 2015, Chen began to work as one of the music producers for *[Moonlight Blade](/wiki/Moonlight_Blade \"Moonlight Blade\")*, a [martial arts\\-themed](/wiki/Wuxia \"Wuxia\") [MMORPG](/wiki/MMORPG \"MMORPG\") by [Tencent Games](/wiki/Tencent_Games \"Tencent Games\").[\"{{lang\\|zh\\|给我一首歌的时间创造江湖}}\"](http://wuxia.qq.com/webplat/info/news_version3/5012/5013/5014/15354/m3486/201705/586095.shtml). *wuxia.qq.com*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220912143735/http://wuxia.qq.com/webplat/info/news_version3/5012/5013/5014/15354/m3486/201705/586095.shtml) from the original on September 12, 2022\\. Retrieved September 7, 2022\\. He was under the guidance of music director Yang Jie ({{lang\\|zh\\|杨结}}), who was strict about innovation in music. Chen went beyond limits in producing his work for them to reach their best quality. He incorporated new instruments into his works, such as traditional Chinese instruments, which, according to Chen, made the style of the game music \"refreshing\". He was also interested in integrating elements of Chinese folk music into the soundtrack to create a \"new national style\" of folk music to promote Chinese culture. While working on the game, he also built his own fan base. He began to care more about players' preferences as regular communication with them brought changes to his ideas; he made his music more inclusive and integrated more elements into it. Through all this, Chen established his confidence in music as he formed his style and direction.",
"Many filmmakers were involved in the game's story creation, martial arts action, art style, costume design, etc. In the process, the game incorporated cinematic creation techniques. Following this, Chen requested to produce the landing music at the level of film music. He composed the soundtrack \"Thousand People, Thousand Faces\" ({{lang\\|zh\\|千人千面}}), which plays at the beginning of the game as the player selects and modifies their character. Chen noted that the landing music shapes the first impression of the whole game. Therefore, the music was based not solely on the theme of martial arts but on the curiosity and enthusiasm felt by players when exploring the game world. Also noted was that treating the music with high requirements and quality was unavoidable.{{lang\\|zh\\|陈致逸原创音乐}} (December 22, 2015\\). [\"{{lang\\|zh\\|天涯明月刀 《千人千面》（登陆音乐）}}\"](https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/e9rNLvaqQVFkKjWUVrEOdw). *Weixin*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220912143739/https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/e9rNLvaqQVFkKjWUVrEOdw) from the original on September 12, 2022\\. Retrieved September 9, 2022\\. The [arpeggio](/wiki/Arpeggio \"Arpeggio\") elements in the music from *[Final Fantasy](/wiki/Final_Fantasy \"Final Fantasy\")* inspired Chen's work on the track.{{lang\\|zh\\|陈致逸原创音乐}} (December 22, 2015\\). [\"{{lang\\|zh\\|天涯明月刀 《千人千面》（捏脸音乐）}}\"](https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/__TwZwJPKkGp67wYuoFmew). *Weixin*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220920171411/https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/__TwZwJPKkGp67wYuoFmew) from the original on September 20, 2022\\. Retrieved September 9, 2022\\. In February 2017, Chen released an album containing his works for *Moonlight Blade* from 2015 to 2017, including \"Thousand People, Thousand Faces\" in the tracklist. Chen later adapted the song into \"Wind of the World\" ({{lang\\|zh\\|八荒之风}}), a theme song for The World of Swinging Swords ({{lang\\|zh\\|剑荡八荒}}) competition in November 2017\\.[\"{{lang\\|zh\\|剑荡八荒S5赛会11月9日正式开战 享受阳光下的巅峰对决}}\"](https://wuxia.qq.com/webplat/info/news_version3/5012/5013/5014/5015/m3486/201711/651820.shtml). *wuxia.qq.com*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220915072437/https://wuxia.qq.com/webplat/info/news_version3/5012/5013/5014/5015/m3486/201711/651820.shtml) from the original on September 15, 2022\\. Retrieved September 15, 2022\\.",
"In 2018, Chen composed the theme song \"Dreams of Farewell\" ({{lang\\|zh\\|梦留别}}) for Yihua ({{lang\\|zh\\|移花}}), one of the martial arts sects players can choose to join upon creating their character. The theme of the song was based on a soundtrack previously created for *Moonlight Blade*, \"Treading the Waves in the Sea\" ({{lang\\|zh\\|沧海踏浪}}) by Liang Bangyan ({{lang\\|zh\\|梁邦彦}}). It was a challenge since the theme may not be suitable for singing, and for Chen to adapt the work of a senior composer he admired. Previously, Chen arranged theme songs by himself. This time, to bring new ideas to players, he invited a composer from Beijing, Cui Zhi'en ({{lang\\|zh\\|崔知恩}}), to participate in the song production. Another person was supposed to work on the sound mixing, but since each revision brought new inspiration, Chen mixed the song himself. The song was written by Wubi ({{lang\\|zh\\|无比}}) and sung by [Zhou Shen](/wiki/Zhou_Shen \"Zhou Shen\") ({{lang\\|zh\\|周深}}).{{lang\\|zh\\|陈致逸原创音乐}} (June 29, 2018\\). [\"{{lang\\|zh\\|歌曲制作 梦留别（上）}}\"](https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/98AhVUhxTeSZnF5OwnfB8Q). *Weixin*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220920172553/https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/98AhVUhxTeSZnF5OwnfB8Q) from the original on September 20, 2022\\. Retrieved August 25, 2022\\.{{lang\\|zh\\|陈致逸原创音乐}} (August 13, 2018\\). [\"{{lang\\|zh\\|歌曲制作 梦留别（下）}}\"](https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/mBLW5pnbkSMZYXVnqRcJYQ). *Weixin*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220913172749/https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/mBLW5pnbkSMZYXVnqRcJYQ) from the original on September 13, 2022\\. Retrieved September 13, 2022\\.",
"In 2019, Chen produced the Taibai ({{lang\\|zh\\|太白}}) sect theme, \"Saying Sword.\" [Wang Yibo](/wiki/Wang_Yibo \"Wang Yibo\") ({{lang\\|zh\\|王一博}}) provided his vocals for the song. The folk music and strings were performed by [Qingqin Qingqing](/wiki/%23Qingqin_Qingqing_band \"#Qingqin Qingqing band\") and the [International Master Philharmonic Orchestra](/wiki/International_Master_Philharmonic_Orchestra \"International Master Philharmonic Orchestra\") ({{lang\\|zh\\|国际首席爱乐乐团}}), respectively. \"Saying Sword\" was Chen's final work for *Moonlight Blade* before producing the soundtrack for *Genshin Impact*.{{lang\\|zh\\|陈致逸工作室}} (June 19, 2019\\). [\"{{lang\\|zh\\|\\#天涯明月刀OL\\[超...}}\"](https://weibo.com/6062575409/HzBvM8k8R). *Sina Weibo*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220913172752/https://weibo.com/6062575409/HzBvM8k8R?type=comment#_rnd1663090109535) from the original on September 13, 2022\\. Retrieved September 13, 2022\\.",
"### *Genshin Impact*",
"{{Main\\|Music of Genshin Impact}}\n{{quote box\\|align\\=right\\|width\\=33%\\|quote\\=\"Actually, Chen Zhiyi had been trying to do this a long time ago. The current combination and integration of traditional Chinese music and symphonic music, what the audience and players are more concerned about is whether traditional Chinese music and symphonic music can blend together, rather than just being put together like adding eggs and rice in a stir\\-fry. I believe that what matters is whether the music is beautiful and whether it embodies the spirit of China. As for the original soundtrack for this time, I think it is of high quality.\"\\|source\\=An Dong, ''\"Songs of Travelers\" — Behind the Scenes of the Music of Liyue''}}\nIn 2019, video game developer company [miHoYo](/wiki/MiHoYo \"MiHoYo\") got Chen to produce the soundtrack for their title *[Genshin Impact](/wiki/Genshin_Impact \"Genshin Impact\")* with their in\\-house music studio HOYO\\-MiX. It was Chen's first major video game work, and he described the project as a difficult challenge. The game has an [open\\-world environment](/wiki/Open_world \"Open world\") that features areas referred to as regions, with visual designs inspired by different world cultures. In composing the music for these regions, Chen chose a style that integrates elements of traditional folk music with Western musical arrangements.[\"{{lang\\|zh\\|《原神》靠什么走出世界？音乐制作人：中西文化融合碰撞有成效}}\"](https://xw.qq.com/cmsid/20201217A0DYAK00) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220912143743/https://xw.qq.com/cmsid/20201217A0DYAK00 \\|date\\=September 12, 2022 }}. *Tencent News*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220922062306/https://view.inews.qq.com/k/20201217A0DYAK00?web_channel=wap&openApp=false) from the original on September 22, 2022\\. Retrieved July 1, 2022\\. During the pre\\-release development stage, the game only featured Mondstadt and [Liyue](/wiki/Liyue%2C_Teyvat \"Liyue, Teyvat\"), two of the planned seven regions.GDC (February 16, 2022\\). [\"'Genshin Impact': Crafting an Anime\\-Style Open World\"](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-JFyAdI_rO8) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220826231309/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=\\-JFyAdI\\_rO8 \\|date\\=August 26, 2022 }}. *YouTube*. Retrieved July 19, 2022\\. On top of idyllic rural scenery, medieval European architectural styles and cultures inspired the design of Mondstadt.Genshin Impact (August 29, 2020\\). [\"The Adventure Comes to PlayStation4 on September 28 \\| Genshin Impact: Behind the Scenes\"](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=77CyEUZrgSU) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418192053/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=77CyEUZrgSU \\|date\\=April 18, 2023 }}. *YouTube*. Retrieved September 19, 2022\\. In composing the music for Mondstadt, Chen borrowed the language and rhythm of [Impressionism](/wiki/Impressionism_in_music \"Impressionism in music\") and used the piano, [tin whistle](/wiki/Tin_whistle \"Tin whistle\") instruments, and medieval\\-style [lutes](/wiki/Lute \"Lute\"). The Mondstadt soundtrack was performed by the [London Philharmonic Orchestra](/wiki/London_Philharmonic_Orchestra \"London Philharmonic Orchestra\"). Chen was present during the scoring sessions in London and conducted some scores himself, including the \"Genshin Impact Main Theme.\"Genshin Impact (June 5, 2020\\). [\"Developer Insight \\#3 – Behind the Music of Genshin Impact (1\\)\"](https://genshin.hoyoverse.com/en/news/detail/5000). *genshin.hoyoverse.com*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220920171458/https://genshin.hoyoverse.com/en/news/detail/5000) from the original on September 20, 2022\\. Retrieved August 29, 2022\\.Genshin Impact (June 10, 2020\\). [\"Genshin Impact OST — Behind the Scenes with the Artists\"](https://youtube.com/watch?v=NWttfnCIX5E) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418192302/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=NWttfnCIX5E \\|date\\=April 18, 2023 }}. *YouTube*. Retrieved August 29, 2022\\. For [Liyue](/wiki/Liyue%2C_Teyvat \"Liyue, Teyvat\"), which had scenic Eastern fantasy as its basis,{{Korean\\|hangul\\=원신\\|labels\\=no}} (August 19, 2020\\). [\"{{Korean\\|hangul\\=원신 온라인 쇼케이스 더 큰 모험의 세계로!\\|labels\\=no}}\"](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dVtx9P36LtA) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922081700/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=dVtx9P36LtA \\|date\\=September 22, 2022 }}. *YouTube*. Retrieved September 19, 2022\\. he used elements of Chinese folk music—traditional instruments, the pentatonic scale, and ancient tonal melodies—with Western romantic harmonies and orchestral arrangements. The [Liyue](/wiki/Liyue%2C_Teyvat \"Liyue, Teyvat\") soundtrack was performed by the [Shanghai Symphony Orchestra](/wiki/Shanghai_Symphony_Orchestra \"Shanghai Symphony Orchestra\"). An Dong ({{lang\\|zh\\|安栋}}), one of Chen's mentors from the Shanghai Conservatory of Music, served as a music supervisor during the scoring sessions of the soundtrack.Genshin Impact (November 16, 2020\\). ['\"Songs of Travelers\" — Behind the Scenes of the Music of Liyue \\| Genshin Impact'](https://youtube.com/watch?v=avmFhel0ky4) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230118030346/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=avmFhel0ky4 \\|date\\=January 18, 2023 }}. *YouTube*. Retrieved May 30, 2020\\. Chen especially enjoyed composing combat music, using various composition techniques such as [polyphony](/wiki/Polyphony \"Polyphony\") and taking orchestration elements from composers such as [Ludwig van Beethoven](/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven \"Ludwig van Beethoven\").\n{{Blockquote\n\\|text\\=Even from the perspective of industry development, the music of Chinese games produced by Chinese composers still has a relatively long way to go. Although it is a pity that ''Genshin Impact'' was not nominated for the \"best original soundtrack\" of TGA 2020, I feel very proud that foreign players can learn more about the Chinese folk music created by Chinese composers through games. \\[We] will continue to work hard and live up to the expectations of our players who have invested a lot of time in ''Genshin Impact''! \n \n{{lang\\|zh\\-CN\\|中国游戏的原创音乐即便从行业发展来看，可能也需要漫长一段时间的探索，虽说有些遗憾原神未能入选TGA2020的最佳原声音乐的提名，但是能通过游戏传播让国外玩家感受到中国作曲家创作的国风音乐我觉得已经很令人骄傲了。继续努力前行吧，不能辜负那些在原神游戏投入大量时间的玩家们的期待！}}}}",
"In a [Sina Weibo](/wiki/Sina_Weibo \"Sina Weibo\") post published in November 2020, Chen expressed disappointment that *Genshin Impact* did not get nominated for \"Best Original Soundtrack\" at [The Game Awards 2020](/wiki/The_Game_Awards_2020 \"The Game Awards 2020\"). Nevertheless, he expressed his pride as a Chinese composer.{{lang\\|zh\\|陈致逸}} (November 19, 2020\\). [\"{{lang\\|zh\\|中国游戏的原创音乐即...}}\"](https://weibo.com/1800443420/JuBQwxC4X). *Sina Weibo*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220922030524/https://weibo.com/1800443420/JuBQwxC4X) from the original on September 22, 2022\\. Retrieved August 24, 2022\\. Chen later got awarded \"Outstanding Artist – Newcomer/Breakthrough\" at the Annual Game Music Awards 2020 held by the music journalism website [Video Game Music Online](/wiki/Video_Game_Music_Online \"Video Game Music Online\") (VGMO).Kotowski, Don (February 18, 2021\\). [\"Annual Game Music Awards 2020 – Artists of the Year\"](http://www.vgmonline.net/awards2020artists/). *VGMO \\-Video Game Music Online\\-*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220928232702/http://www.vgmonline.net/awards2020artists/) from the original on September 28, 2022\\. Retrieved February 28, 2022\\. He also spoke to VGMO in an interview about future music\\-related offline activities, including concerts.Kotowski, Don (April 5, 2021\\). [\"Yu\\-Peng Chen Interview: The Music of Genshin Impact\"](http://www.vgmonline.net/yu-pengchen/). *VGMO \\-Video Game Music Online\\-*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220917160840/http://www.vgmonline.net/yu-pengchen/) from the original on September 17, 2022\\. Retrieved February 28, 2022\\. The first concert for *Genshin Impact* was held in October 2021 through an online event to celebrate the game's first anniversary. Among the involved performers was Belgian composer and conductor [Dirk Brossé](/wiki/Dirk_Bross%C3%A9 \"Dirk Brossé\"), who conducted Chen's nominated work \"The Curse of Blood\" at the 2019 [World Soundtrack Awards](/wiki/World_Soundtrack_Awards \"World Soundtrack Awards\").Flanders Symphony Orchestra (October 4, 2021\\). [\"Genshin Concert – Melodies of an Endless Journey – Official aftermovie\"](https://youtube.com/watch?v=sRjVXIuGtSc) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920171430/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=sRjVXIuGtSc \\|date\\=September 20, 2022 }}. *YouTube*. Retrieved August 26, 2022\\.",
"In 2022, a selected number of *Genshin Impact* soundtracks, including Chen's compositions \"Liyue,\" \"Rapid as Wildfires,\" and \"Contemplation in Snow,\" got included in the [2022 Winter Olympics](/wiki/2022_Winter_Olympics \"2022 Winter Olympics\") music library to be used in sports exhibitions.Sina Games (February 15, 2022\\). [\"{{lang\\|zh\\|声绕冰雪旋 《原神》配乐入选北京冬奥音乐库}}\"](https://games.sina.com.cn/2022-02-15/detail-i-ikyakumy6107169.shtml). *Sina Games*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220430060814/https://games.sina.com.cn/2022-02-15/detail-i-ikyakumy6107169.shtml) from the original on April 30, 2022\\. Retrieved December 10, 2022\\. \"Contemplation in Snow\" was featured in a promotional video for the [Beijing National Speed Skating Oval](/wiki/Beijing_National_Speed_Skating_Oval \"Beijing National Speed Skating Oval\"), a competition area constructed specially for the event.",
"#### Departure",
"{{Blockquote\n\\|text\\=Based on the plans for my personal creative journey, after careful consideration and several discussions with the company, I have chosen to leave miHoYo and the HOYO\\-MiX team to pursue my own music dreams! \\[...] In the future, I will continue to explore the path of music. I plan to release a new album of purely instrumental music next year, and the specific plans will be announced in the future. I hope you will continue to support my creations. From now on, I will continue to travel through Teyvat with everyone as a Traveler! \n \n{{lang\\|zh\\-CN\\|根据我个人一些创作计划的安排，经过一段时间的慎重考虑，以及和公司的几次交流，我选择离开米哈游和HOYO\\-MiX团队去继续追寻自己的音乐梦想了！ \\[...] 在未来我还会继续在音乐道路上不断探索，明年打算发行一张个人纯音乐作品新专辑，具体计划安排会在未来公布，希望大家继续支持我的创作。以后就以旅行者的身份和大家一起继续游玩提瓦特啦！}}}}",
"On September 12, 2023, Chen announced on his Sina Weibo and Bilibili profiles that after careful consideration, he had chosen to leave the [miHoYo](/wiki/MiHoYo \"MiHoYo\") company and its music studio, HOYO\\-MiX, to pursue his personal interests. He stated that he will continue to explore \\[his] path of music, and plans to release his own instrumental music album in 2024\\.",
"### *Project Woolgatherer*",
"On July 23, 2024, it was announced that Chen Zhiyi had been invited to compose four original soundtrack pieces for *Project Woolgatherer* ({{lang\\|zh\\|无尽梦回}}), a roguelite action\\-adventure mobile game centered on the theme of dreams. The compositions included \"The Neverending Dream\" ({{lang\\|zh\\|无尽梦回}}), \"Dreams Aglow\" ({{lang\\|zh\\|梦的流光}}), \"To Dream's End\" ({{lang\\|zh\\|向无际彼岸}}), and \"So Sleeps the Soul\" ({{lang\\|zh\\|万物沉眠}}), all of which were featured in the game's first original soundtrack album, *A Promise of Dreams* ({{lang\\|zh\\|赴梦之约}}).{{lang\\|zh\\|无尽梦回}} (July 23, 2024\\). [\"{{lang\\|zh\\|《无尽梦回》游戏同名主题曲上线 {{pipe}} 特邀作曲 陈致逸}}\"](https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/R1P_5gDklpAoZzvpcofKOg). *Weixin*. [Archived](https://archive.today/20240724163752/https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/R1P_5gDklpAoZzvpcofKOg) from the original on July 25, 2024\\. Retrieved July 25, 2024\\.",
"Chen's involvement came at a crucial time, as the production team had been facing difficulties with the game's music. Producer Liu Ming remarked, \"To be honest, we couldn’t believe our ears. Chen Zhiyi is the music director of *Genshin Impact*! Having him join the project felt like a dream come true.\"{{lang\\|zh\\|浩铨}} (October 2, 2024\\). [\"{{lang\\|zh\\|《无尽梦回》制作人专访：做自己真正想要的东西}}\"](https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/AO-hH-k-lnW7VhsXQwUGaQ). *Weixin*. [Archived](https://archive.today/20241010040802/https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/AO-hH-k-lnW7VhsXQwUGaQ) from the original on October 10, 2024\\. Retrieved October 10, 2024\\.",
"### *Sword of Justice*",
"On September 16, 2024, *Sword of Justice* ({{lang\\|zh\\|逆水寒}}) announced the launch of an independent music brand named \"Nishui Changqin\" ({{lang\\|zh\\|逆水长琴}}), created exclusively for the game and its players. This initiative aims to promote traditional Chinese music, inspired by the figure of [Prince Changqin](/wiki/Prince_Changqin \"Prince Changqin\") from \"[Classic of Mountains and Seas](/wiki/Classic_of_Mountains_and_Seas \"Classic of Mountains and Seas\"),\" and to bridge cultural communication through music. The game's developers have partnered with Chen to lead this project.{{lang\\|zh\\|逆水寒手游}} (September 16, 2024\\). [\"{{lang\\|zh\\|让世界听见国乐！逆水寒独立音乐品牌【逆水长琴】正式发布}}\"](https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/O7fKvmYYSpzhE4TZl5Fuvg). *Weixin*. [Archived](https://archive.today/20241007114130/https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/O7fKvmYYSpzhE4TZl5Fuvg) from the original on October 7, 2024\\. Retrieved October 7, 2024\\.{{lang\\|zh\\|逆水寒手游}} (September 16, 2024\\). [\"{{lang\\|zh\\|各位尊敬的逆水寒大客...}}\"](https://weibo.com/7460249375/5079200379962510). *Sina Weibo*. [Archived](https://archive.today/20241007115216/https://weibo.com/1800443420/5079208728462970) from the original on October 7, 2024\\. Retrieved October 7, 2024\\.",
"{{Blockquote\n\\|text\\=Hello everyone! When I previously answered your questions, I mentioned wanting to continue exploring more possibilities in Chinese\\-style music. As you can see, in the coming days, I will be collaborating deeply with the ''Sword of Justice'' music label, Nishui Changqin, to make new attempts and creative fusions in traditional Chinese music. I'm really looking forward to this new journey, and I hope to use music as a language to tell more new stories in this new world, letting the world hear the sounds of China. \n \n{{lang\\|zh\\-CN\\|哈喽大家好，之前回答大家问题的时候，我曾说过想要去继续挖掘国风音乐更多的可能性。正如大家所见，未来的日子里，我将和逆水寒音乐厂牌——逆水长琴进行深度的合作，在国乐上进行新的尝试和新的碰撞。我很期待这段新的旅程，希望可以用音乐作为语言，在新的江湖讲更多新的故事，让世界听见国乐。}}{{lang\\|zh\\|陈致逸音乐工作室}} (September 16, 2024\\). \\[https://weibo.com/6062575409/OxemyjEkI \"{{lang\\|zh\\|\\#逆水寒手游\\# \\#...}}\"]. ''Sina Weibo''. \\[https://archive.today/20241007121043/https://weibo.com/6062575409/OxemyjEkI Archived] from the original on October 7, 2024\\. Retrieved October 7, 2024\\.}}",
"The music, set to debut in the Version 2\\.2 expansion, will infuse every aspect of the game, from environments to dungeons and storylines, with a rich blend of Chen's unique style and Chinese cultural elements. This partnership marks the beginning of a long\\-term collaboration between *Sword of Justice* and Chen, with plans for more diverse and innovative music in future updates. The game studio has pledged to provide Chen with creative freedom and resources to further explore and push the boundaries of traditional Chinese music in gaming.",
"{{Blockquote\n\\|text\\=The meeting with ''Sword of Justice'' was like a fleeting glimpse, yet also love at first sight. I’m very happy to have met a like\\-minded new friend, which has strengthened my belief in \"letting the world hear Chinese music. I hope that in the days to come, I can create more works that everyone loves, bringing more heartfelt melodies to this martial world. The road ahead is long, but may our bonds in ''Sword of Justice'' last forever! \n \n{{lang\\|zh\\-CN\\|逆水寒的相逢是“惊鸿一面”，也是“一见钟情”。很高兴能够认识这样一位志同道合的新朋友，让我更加坚定“让世界听见国乐”的理念。希望在未来的日子里，我能创作出更多受大家喜爱的作品，为这个江湖带来更多触人心弦的旋律。 江湖路远，愿我们逆水长“情”！}}{{lang\\|zh\\|陈致逸}} (September 16, 2024\\). \\[https://weibo.com/1800443420/5079208728462970 \"{{lang\\|zh\\|逆水寒的相逢是“惊鸿...}}\"]. ''Sina Weibo''. \\[https://archive.today/20241007114456/https://weibo.com/7460249375/5079200379962510 Archived] from the original on October 7, 2024\\. Retrieved October 7, 2024\\.}}",
""
] |
Other works and activities
--------------------------
### Shanghai Conservatory of Music
#### Digital Audio China
In October 2009, the eARTS Digital Audio Competition by [Digital Audio China](/wiki/Digital_Audio_China "Digital Audio China") officially launched. It was an event organized by the Shanghai Conservatory of Music, the [China Association of Recording Engineers](/wiki/China_Association_of_Recording_Engineers "China Association of Recording Engineers") ({{lang\|zh\|中国录音师协会}}), and [Yangpu District](/wiki/Yangpu_District "Yangpu District") government to promote China's development and research in digital audio and related fields. The competition's judging panel included musical engineers [Simon Rhodes](/wiki/Simon_Rhodes "Simon Rhodes") of [Abbey Road Studios](/wiki/Abbey_Road_Studios "Abbey Road Studios"), [Nick Wollage](/wiki/Nick_Wollage "Nick Wollage") of [AIR Studios](/wiki/AIR_Studios "AIR Studios"), and record producer [Quincy Jones](/wiki/Quincy_Jones "Quincy Jones"), among others.["{{lang\|zh\|数字音频，让"数字"敲响你的耳膜——2010首届"eARTS"数字音频大赛欢迎晚宴昨晚于复旦举行}}"](https://www.shcmusic.edu.cn/2010/0330/c1634a22946/page.htm). *Shanghai Conservatory of Music*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220920171443/https://www.shcmusic.edu.cn/2010/0330/c1634a22946/page.htm) from the original on September 20, 2022\. Retrieved August 31, 2022\.Nie Xin (March 25, 2010\). ["Digital audio art contestants ring true"](https://archive.shine.cn/feature/Digital-audio-art-contestants-ring-true/shdaily.shtml). *Shanghai Daily*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220912143734/https://archive.shine.cn/feature/Digital-audio-art-contestants-ring-true/shdaily.shtml) from the original on September 12, 2022\. Retrieved August 31, 2022\.["{{lang\|zh\|首届eARTS数字音频大赛拉开帷幕，带国音融入国际}}"](http://www2.centrmus.com/news-11457.html). *Central Music*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220912143734/http://www2.centrmus.com/news-11457.html) from the original on September 12, 2022\. Retrieved August 31, 2022\. During the semi\-finals, Chen placed second in Recording Art and first in the Music Arrangement and Multimedia Soundtrack categories. Shanghai Yinxu Culture Communication Co., Ltd. ({{lang\|zh\|上海音序文化传播有限公司}}), also known as Intree Music, represented him,midifans (January 26, 2010\). ["{{lang\|zh\|2010"eARTS数字音频大赛"复赛公告及入选名单}}"](https://m.midifan.com/news_body.php?id=6538). *Midifan*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220922041830/https://m.midifan.com/news_body.php?id=6538) from the original on September 22, 2022\. Retrieved August 31, 2022\. which Chen heads.["{{lang\|zh\|上海音序文化传播有限公司}}"](https://www.qixin.com/company/4769b1f3-f88c-4ca3-80be-3b32c38435a2). *Qixinbao*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220922081352/https://www.qixin.com/company/4769b1f3-f88c-4ca3-80be-3b32c38435a2) from the original on September 22, 2022\. Retrieved August 2, 2022\. At the finals held in March 2010, he won the first prize in the Multimedia Soundtrack category, second prize in Recording Art, and third prize in Music Arrangement. Chen commented in an interview during the awards gala, "I originally participated in this competition with the mentality of giving \[it] a try. I feel that winning the award is a kind of affirmation for me and my music!"{{lang\|zh\|官方新闻稿}} (April 2, 2010\). ["{{lang\|zh\|首届 eARTS 数字音频大赛颁奖晚会成功举行}}"](https://www.midifan.com/modulenews-detailview-6776.htm). *Midifan*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220912143734/https://www.midifan.com/modulenews-detailview-6776.htm) from the original on September 12, 2022\. Retrieved August 31, 2022\.
In April 2012, Chen participated as a guest at the second Digital Audio Competition by Digital Audio China. He joined the event with two other first\-prize winners from the first competition in 2010, Peng Fei ({{lang\|zh\|彭飞}}) and Guo Shensheng ({{lang\|zh\|郭申生}}). Their commissioned works were performed at the awards gala.{{lang\|zh\|官方新闻稿}} (April 27, 2012\). ["{{lang\|zh\|2012 第二届数字音频大赛及研讨会活动完美落幕}}"](https://wwww.midifan.com/modulenews-detailview-10907.htm). *Midifan*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20221125105703/https://wwww.midifan.com/modulenews-detailview-10907.htm) from the original on November 25, 2022\. Retrieved September 5, 2022\.["Digital Audio China – Student Mixing Competition"](https://apogeedigital.com/blog/digital-audio-china-student-mixing-competition). *Apogee Electronics*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220912143743/https://apogeedigital.com/blog/digital-audio-china-student-mixing-competition) from the original on September 12, 2022\. Retrieved September 5, 2022\.
After three events of the Digital Audio Competition, the Shanghai Conservatory of Music held the International Digital Music Festival in December 2021\. The event was jointly organized by the [Shanghai Music and Art Development Collaborative Innovation Center](/wiki/Shanghai_Music_and_Art_Development_Collaborative_Innovation_Center "Shanghai Music and Art Development Collaborative Innovation Center") ({{lang\|zh\|上海音乐艺术发展协同创新中心}}), game developer company miHoYo, and their music studio HOYO\-MiX. It saw the participation of local and foreign digital music industry veterans and university subject leaders. It also included forums and lectures on recording art, film and video game music, etc. Chen participated in the event to gave a lecture on the music production of *[Genshin Impact](/wiki/Genshin_Impact "Genshin Impact")*,["{{lang\|zh\|数字音乐专委会在沪成立，米哈游音乐负责人蔡近翰任副主任}}"](https://finance.sina.com.cn/tech/2021-12-13/doc-ikyakumx3825154.shtml). *Sina Finance*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220912143725/https://finance.sina.com.cn/tech/2021-12-13/doc-ikyakumx3825154.shtml) from the original on September 12, 2022\. Retrieved August 19, 2022\.{{lang\|zh\|米哈游}} (December 15, 2021\). ["{{lang\|zh\|2021上音国际数字音乐节顺利举办}}"](https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/H17XLoBGhAvuYesrSwS2dw). *Weixin*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220912143735/https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/H17XLoBGhAvuYesrSwS2dw) from the original on September 12, 2022\. Retrieved September 5, 2022\. where he shared the process of game music production based on his own experience, including: frame drafting, MIDI arrangement production, score production, orchestral recording, sound mixing and mastering, and soundtrack music naming and illustration design. During the lecture, Chen also shared his experience of cooperating with orchestras and musicians from different countries in the process of music production through a large number of video materials. He talked about the concept of "huayong" ({{lang\|zh\|化用}}) in creation, connecting it to absorption of the essence of Western musical elements and turning them into internal skills of his own music creation.{{lang\|zh\|上海音乐艺术发展协同创新中心}} (December 13, 2021\). ["{{lang\|zh\|精彩回顾{{pipe}}12\.12论坛\&讲座综述}}"](https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/ICA9PWVcHi6ZVM2Xx05W_g). *Weixin*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230311143745/https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/ICA9PWVcHi6ZVM2Xx05W_g) from the original on March 11, 2023\. Retrieved March 11, 2023\.
The next International Digital Music Festival took place from October to December 2022\.{{lang\|zh\|上海音乐艺术发展协同创新中心}} (October 27, 2022\). ["{{lang\|zh\|征稿令 {{pipe}} 游戏音乐B站创作赛道现已开启！}}"](https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/msqCwHPeB2f6cax88f4DyQ). *Weixin*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230312064754/https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/msqCwHPeB2f6cax88f4DyQ) from the original on March 12, 2023\. Retrieved March 12, 2023\. Chen and miHoYo music director Cai Jinhan ({{lang\|zh\|蔡近翰}}){{lang\|zh\|上海音乐艺术发展协同创新中心}} (October 31, 2022\). ["{{lang\|zh\|评委介绍 {{pipe}} 蔡近翰}}"](https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/m3RztQ579qjpdJ0pFIxL5Q). *Weixin*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230312065012/https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/m3RztQ579qjpdJ0pFIxL5Q) from the original on March 12, 2023\. Retrieved March 12, 2023\. joined as game music team judges.{{lang\|zh\|上海音乐艺术发展协同创新中心}} (October 31, 2022\). ["{{lang\|zh\|评委介绍 {{pipe}} 陈致逸}}"](https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/yeeBdQ_3orVIT_K9TSmUrQ). *Weixin*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230312062350/https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/yeeBdQ_3orVIT_K9TSmUrQ) from the original on March 12, 2023\. Retrieved March 12, 2023\.
#### School program lecture
In July 2016, the Shanghai Conservatory of Music hosted an art summer school program for academic graduate students. The program focused on the theme of music and technology, and with activities covering the research, production, and performance of music. Chen was invited alongside several other teachers and experts in the music industry to give lectures.["{{lang\|zh\|2017上海音乐学院年鉴}}"](https://xxgk.shcmusic.edu.cn/_upload/article/files/93/0e/b611f4964b6689ac80705ee27d54/e39c09ec-2b5a-4a44-87b1-62f634115df5.pdf) (PDF). *Shanghai Conservatory of Music*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230207044845/https://xxgk.shcmusic.edu.cn/_upload/article/files/93/0e/b611f4964b6689ac80705ee27d54/e39c09ec-2b5a-4a44-87b1-62f634115df5.pdf) from the original on February 7, 2023\. Retrieved February 7, 2023\. For his lecture, he discussed his work for *[Phantom of the Theatre](/wiki/Phantom_of_the_Theatre "Phantom of the Theatre")* (2016\), explaining the music production process of the score.{{lang\|zh\|智玥}} (October 9, 2016\). ["{{lang\|zh\|『报道』2016上海音乐学院艺术学研究生暑期学校活动进展（四）}}"](https://yjsb.shcmusic.edu.cn/2016/1009/c157a1446/page.htm). *Shanghai Conservatory of Music*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230207044400/https://yjsb.shcmusic.edu.cn/2016/1009/c157a1446/page.htm) from the original on February 7, 2023\. Retrieved February 7, 2023\.
### Shanghai Expo 2010
From May to October, Shanghai hosted the [Expo 2010](/wiki/Expo_2010 "Expo 2010"). Among the various organized activities was a large\-scale parade performed every day. One of its routes was the Puxi Line at Longhua East Road, for which Chen composed the theme song "Good Dream Is a Song" ({{lang\|zh\|好梦是歌}}).{{lang\|zh\|新闻晨报}} (April 14, 2010\). ["{{lang\|zh\|世博期间每天5场盛装大巡游}}"](https://news.sina.com.cn/c/2010-04-14/070217368692s.shtml). *Sina News*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220920163713/https://news.sina.com.cn/c/2010-04-14/070217368692s.shtml) from the original on September 20, 2022\. Retrieved September 2, 2022\.China Daily (April 14, 2010\). ["{{lang\|zh\|世博会组织者活动列表}}"](https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/dfpd/expo2010/2010-04/14/content_9729533.htm). *China Daily*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220912143732/https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/dfpd/expo2010/2010-04/14/content_9729533.htm) from the original on September 12, 2022\. Retrieved September 2, 2022\.
### Beautiful Sunday clarinet concert
On July 24, 2012, Clarinet associate professor Tao Ran ({{lang\|zh\|陶然}}) of Shenzhen Arts School hosted a clarinet concert at the Shenzhen Concert Hall. The concert included performances covering classical, romantic, and jazz styles. He also led ten students, including Chen, to perform eight clarinet works in the form of solo and chamber music, including [Felix Mendelssohn](/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn "Felix Mendelssohn")'s "Concert Piece No. 2," [André Messager](/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Messager "André Messager")'s "Solo de Concours," and [Franz Krommer](/wiki/Franz_Krommer "Franz Krommer")'s "Clarinet Concerto No. 1, Op. 36\." Chen composed an original piece specially for the concert, "Legend" ({{lang\|zh\|传奇}}), for the piano and clarinet.["{{lang\|zh\|20120724《深圳商报》单簧管音乐会本周日登上音乐厅 陶然率弟子演绎管乐传奇}}"](https://www.szas.com/detail.aspx?newId=602#). *Shenzhen Arts School*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200924180056/https://www.szas.com/detail.aspx?newId=602) from the original on September 24, 2020\. Retrieved February 7, 2023\.
Tao Ran again hosted the Beautiful Sunday clarinet concert on November 19, 2017, which was sponsored by the Propaganda Department of the Shenzhen Municipal Party Committee ({{lang\|zh\|深圳市委宣传部}}) and the Shenzhen Municipal Bureau of Culture, Sports and Tourism ({{lang\|zh\|深圳市文体旅游局}}). Alongside "Legend," more original works by Chen were performed for the concert: "Mystery" ({{lang\|zh\|迷}}), "Discovery" ({{lang\|zh\|发现}}), "Emergency" ({{lang\|zh\|意外}}), "Truth" ({{lang\|zh\|真相}}), and "Challenge" ({{lang\|zh\|挑战}}).CNBrass.com (November 15, 2017\). ["{{lang\|zh\|美丽星期天"悦动的音符"－陶然老师与他的学生们单簧管音乐会}}"](https://www.cnbrass.com/news/1916). *{{lang\|zh\|CNBRASS管乐网}}*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230207080531/https://www.cnbrass.com/news/1916) from the original on February 7, 2023\. Retrieved February 7, 2023\.
### Wuhan Conservatory of Music
On November 13, 2016, Chen carried out a lecture at the [Wuhan Conservatory of Music](/wiki/Wuhan_Conservatory_of_Music "Wuhan Conservatory of Music") as part of their three\-day Applied Electronic Music Forum. The lecture was titled "The Production Process of Film Music: Taking '[Phantom of the Theatre](/wiki/Phantom_of_the_Theatre "Phantom of the Theatre")' as an Example" ({{lang\|zh\|电影音乐的制作流程——以\<墨宫魅影\>为例}}).{{lang\|zh\|程斌}} (November 24, 2016\). ["{{lang\|zh\|陈宇鹏主讲《电影音乐的制作流程——以\<墨宫魅影\>为例》}}"](https://zqx.whcm.edu.cn/info/1003/1886.htm) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419130640/https://zqx.whcm.edu.cn/info/1003/1886\.htm \|date\=April 19, 2023 }}. *Wuhan Conservatory of Music*. [Archived](https://cdn.discordapp.com/attachments/1001777247402856448/1073565727908438037/-_.pdf) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210170221/https://cdn.discordapp.com/attachments/1001777247402856448/1073565727908438037/\-\_.pdf \|date\=February 10, 2023 }} from the original on February 11, 2023\. Retrieved February 11, 2023\. The next day, Chen, together with composer and music producer Shen Dan ({{lang\|zh\|沈丹}}), carried out a master class on applied electronic music.{{lang\|zh\|杨玉双}} (November 24, 2016\). ["{{lang\|zh\|沈丹 陈宇鹏举办应用电子音乐大师班}}"](https://zqx.whcm.edu.cn/info/1003/1887.htm) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419133754/https://zqx.whcm.edu.cn/info/1003/1887\.htm \|date\=April 19, 2023 }}. *Wuhan Conservatory of Music*. [Archived](https://cdn.discordapp.com/attachments/1001777247402856448/1073565727497404428/-_.pdf) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210170223/https://cdn.discordapp.com/attachments/1001777247402856448/1073565727497404428/\-\_.pdf \|date\=February 10, 2023 }} from the original on February 11, 2023\. Retrieved February 11, 2023\.
### Qingqin Qingqing band
In 2017, Chen founded Qingqin Qingqing ({{lang\|zh\|轻琴謦磬}}), also called 4Q, a band that focuses on the [Zhongguo Feng](/wiki/Zhongguo_feng_%28music%29 "Zhongguo feng (music)") genre. The band includes a dozen members, each having a different traditional instrument, such as the [erhu](/wiki/Erhu "Erhu"), [dizi](/wiki/Dizi_%28instrument%29 "Dizi (instrument)"), [xiao](/wiki/Xiao_%28flute%29 "Xiao (flute)"), and [guzheng](/wiki/Guzheng "Guzheng"). According to [pipa](/wiki/Pipa "Pipa") musician Juanmo ({{lang\|zh\|眷墨}}), "Qín" ({{lang\|zh\|琴}}) and "Qìng" ({{lang\|zh\|磬}}) refer to music and ancient music, respectively. The third character, "Qìng" ({{lang\|zh\|謦}}), means relaxed or happy. Together, these characters express a scene where a group of friends who love ancient music get together to play music with ease and joy.
In June 2018, the singles "Endless" ({{lang\|zh\|无疆}}) and "Twelve Gods" ({{lang\|zh\|十二神肖}}), both composed by Chen, were released on online music platforms. On July 22, Qingqin Qingqing debuted at Bilibili Macro Link (BML), a concert event held at the [Mercedes\-Benz Arena in Shanghai](/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Arena_%28Shanghai%29 "Mercedes-Benz Arena (Shanghai)"). The event saw more than 4\.5 million people from offline and online audiences.
### 2024 Music\+Technology Festival
From March to April 2024, Chen was involved as one of the five Artist Ambassadors in the Digital Muse: 2024 Music\+Technology Festival ({{lang\|zh\|数字缪斯——2024音乐科技融创节}}), centered on the fusion of artificial intelligence with musical composition. He participated in the evaluation and selection process of submitted works, providing guidance, recommendations, and support for the music creations featured in this festival, which was hosted by the Cadillac Shanghai Concert Hall. The aim of the event was "supporting musicians to explore the fusion innovation of music and modern technology, promoting the creation and development of digital music works, and providing an international showcase platform for outstanding original music works".The Paper (March 3, 2024\). [{{lang\|zh\|AI作曲该何去何从？"数字缪斯——2024音乐科技融创节"正式启动}}](https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_26518692). *The Paper*. [Archived](https://archive.today/20240408130429/https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_26518692) from the original on April 9, 2024\. Retrieved April 9, 2024\.
### Other stage events
On January 1, 2017, Chen participated in the *Moonlight Blade* Guofeng Carnival theme music exhibition, which was held at the Sun Palace Magic Theater in [Nanjing City](/wiki/Nanjing "Nanjing").{{lang\|zh\|多玩游戏}} (January 3, 2017\). ["{{lang\|zh\|"天刀"嘉年华坐落南京 风起云涌吹响集结号}}"](http://game.people.com.cn/n1/2017/0103/c210053-28994988.html). *people.cn*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20221206150508/http://game.people.com.cn/n1/2017/0103/c210053-28994988.html) from the original on December 6, 2022\. Retrieved December 6, 2022\.
From May to June 2017, Chen participated as a judge in the Guofeng Cover Singing Contest ({{lang\|zh\|国风翻唱大赛}}) held by [DouYu](/wiki/DouYu "DouYu") and [Tencent](/wiki/Tencent "Tencent").{{lang\|zh\|中关村在线}} (July 5, 2017\). ["{{lang\|zh\|清音缭绕声震天涯 斗鱼打造国风"好声音"}}"](http://game.people.com.cn/GB/n1/2017/0705/c210053-29384851.html). *people.cn*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20221206142627/http://game.people.com.cn/GB/n1/2017/0705/c210053-29384851.html) from the original on December 6, 2022\. Retrieved December 6, 2022\.
In 2018, Chen participated in the Xuanwuji Guofeng Music Festival ({{lang\|zh\|玄武纪•国风音乐盛典}}), where he performed the song "Brocade" ({{lang\|zh\|锦色}}) with Jiu Quan ({{lang\|zh\|圈九}}).["{{lang\|zh\|《LiveMusic 2018》圈九、陈致逸《锦色》（2018国风音乐盛典·玄武纪）}}"](https://v.qq.com/x/cover/7iqmuhh705xtmmu/a002727tdjy.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230309020050/https://v.qq.com/x/cover/7iqmuhh705xtmmu/a002727tdjy.html \|date\=March 9, 2023 }}. *Tencent Video*. Retrieved March 8, 2023\. The song was later released as "Brocade Colors" in Chen's 2019 album *[Being Towards Death](/wiki/%232019:Being_Towards_Death "Being Towards Death")*, with the female vocals performed by Bu Cai ({{lang\|zh\|不才}}).
|
[
"Other works and activities\n--------------------------",
"### Shanghai Conservatory of Music",
"#### Digital Audio China",
"In October 2009, the eARTS Digital Audio Competition by [Digital Audio China](/wiki/Digital_Audio_China \"Digital Audio China\") officially launched. It was an event organized by the Shanghai Conservatory of Music, the [China Association of Recording Engineers](/wiki/China_Association_of_Recording_Engineers \"China Association of Recording Engineers\") ({{lang\\|zh\\|中国录音师协会}}), and [Yangpu District](/wiki/Yangpu_District \"Yangpu District\") government to promote China's development and research in digital audio and related fields. The competition's judging panel included musical engineers [Simon Rhodes](/wiki/Simon_Rhodes \"Simon Rhodes\") of [Abbey Road Studios](/wiki/Abbey_Road_Studios \"Abbey Road Studios\"), [Nick Wollage](/wiki/Nick_Wollage \"Nick Wollage\") of [AIR Studios](/wiki/AIR_Studios \"AIR Studios\"), and record producer [Quincy Jones](/wiki/Quincy_Jones \"Quincy Jones\"), among others.[\"{{lang\\|zh\\|数字音频，让\"数字\"敲响你的耳膜——2010首届\"eARTS\"数字音频大赛欢迎晚宴昨晚于复旦举行}}\"](https://www.shcmusic.edu.cn/2010/0330/c1634a22946/page.htm). *Shanghai Conservatory of Music*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220920171443/https://www.shcmusic.edu.cn/2010/0330/c1634a22946/page.htm) from the original on September 20, 2022\\. Retrieved August 31, 2022\\.Nie Xin (March 25, 2010\\). [\"Digital audio art contestants ring true\"](https://archive.shine.cn/feature/Digital-audio-art-contestants-ring-true/shdaily.shtml). *Shanghai Daily*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220912143734/https://archive.shine.cn/feature/Digital-audio-art-contestants-ring-true/shdaily.shtml) from the original on September 12, 2022\\. Retrieved August 31, 2022\\.[\"{{lang\\|zh\\|首届eARTS数字音频大赛拉开帷幕，带国音融入国际}}\"](http://www2.centrmus.com/news-11457.html). *Central Music*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220912143734/http://www2.centrmus.com/news-11457.html) from the original on September 12, 2022\\. Retrieved August 31, 2022\\. During the semi\\-finals, Chen placed second in Recording Art and first in the Music Arrangement and Multimedia Soundtrack categories. Shanghai Yinxu Culture Communication Co., Ltd. ({{lang\\|zh\\|上海音序文化传播有限公司}}), also known as Intree Music, represented him,midifans (January 26, 2010\\). [\"{{lang\\|zh\\|2010\"eARTS数字音频大赛\"复赛公告及入选名单}}\"](https://m.midifan.com/news_body.php?id=6538). *Midifan*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220922041830/https://m.midifan.com/news_body.php?id=6538) from the original on September 22, 2022\\. Retrieved August 31, 2022\\. which Chen heads.[\"{{lang\\|zh\\|上海音序文化传播有限公司}}\"](https://www.qixin.com/company/4769b1f3-f88c-4ca3-80be-3b32c38435a2). *Qixinbao*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220922081352/https://www.qixin.com/company/4769b1f3-f88c-4ca3-80be-3b32c38435a2) from the original on September 22, 2022\\. Retrieved August 2, 2022\\. At the finals held in March 2010, he won the first prize in the Multimedia Soundtrack category, second prize in Recording Art, and third prize in Music Arrangement. Chen commented in an interview during the awards gala, \"I originally participated in this competition with the mentality of giving \\[it] a try. I feel that winning the award is a kind of affirmation for me and my music!\"{{lang\\|zh\\|官方新闻稿}} (April 2, 2010\\). [\"{{lang\\|zh\\|首届 eARTS 数字音频大赛颁奖晚会成功举行}}\"](https://www.midifan.com/modulenews-detailview-6776.htm). *Midifan*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220912143734/https://www.midifan.com/modulenews-detailview-6776.htm) from the original on September 12, 2022\\. Retrieved August 31, 2022\\.",
"In April 2012, Chen participated as a guest at the second Digital Audio Competition by Digital Audio China. He joined the event with two other first\\-prize winners from the first competition in 2010, Peng Fei ({{lang\\|zh\\|彭飞}}) and Guo Shensheng ({{lang\\|zh\\|郭申生}}). Their commissioned works were performed at the awards gala.{{lang\\|zh\\|官方新闻稿}} (April 27, 2012\\). [\"{{lang\\|zh\\|2012 第二届数字音频大赛及研讨会活动完美落幕}}\"](https://wwww.midifan.com/modulenews-detailview-10907.htm). *Midifan*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20221125105703/https://wwww.midifan.com/modulenews-detailview-10907.htm) from the original on November 25, 2022\\. Retrieved September 5, 2022\\.[\"Digital Audio China – Student Mixing Competition\"](https://apogeedigital.com/blog/digital-audio-china-student-mixing-competition). *Apogee Electronics*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220912143743/https://apogeedigital.com/blog/digital-audio-china-student-mixing-competition) from the original on September 12, 2022\\. Retrieved September 5, 2022\\.",
"After three events of the Digital Audio Competition, the Shanghai Conservatory of Music held the International Digital Music Festival in December 2021\\. The event was jointly organized by the [Shanghai Music and Art Development Collaborative Innovation Center](/wiki/Shanghai_Music_and_Art_Development_Collaborative_Innovation_Center \"Shanghai Music and Art Development Collaborative Innovation Center\") ({{lang\\|zh\\|上海音乐艺术发展协同创新中心}}), game developer company miHoYo, and their music studio HOYO\\-MiX. It saw the participation of local and foreign digital music industry veterans and university subject leaders. It also included forums and lectures on recording art, film and video game music, etc. Chen participated in the event to gave a lecture on the music production of *[Genshin Impact](/wiki/Genshin_Impact \"Genshin Impact\")*,[\"{{lang\\|zh\\|数字音乐专委会在沪成立，米哈游音乐负责人蔡近翰任副主任}}\"](https://finance.sina.com.cn/tech/2021-12-13/doc-ikyakumx3825154.shtml). *Sina Finance*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220912143725/https://finance.sina.com.cn/tech/2021-12-13/doc-ikyakumx3825154.shtml) from the original on September 12, 2022\\. Retrieved August 19, 2022\\.{{lang\\|zh\\|米哈游}} (December 15, 2021\\). [\"{{lang\\|zh\\|2021上音国际数字音乐节顺利举办}}\"](https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/H17XLoBGhAvuYesrSwS2dw). *Weixin*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220912143735/https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/H17XLoBGhAvuYesrSwS2dw) from the original on September 12, 2022\\. Retrieved September 5, 2022\\. where he shared the process of game music production based on his own experience, including: frame drafting, MIDI arrangement production, score production, orchestral recording, sound mixing and mastering, and soundtrack music naming and illustration design. During the lecture, Chen also shared his experience of cooperating with orchestras and musicians from different countries in the process of music production through a large number of video materials. He talked about the concept of \"huayong\" ({{lang\\|zh\\|化用}}) in creation, connecting it to absorption of the essence of Western musical elements and turning them into internal skills of his own music creation.{{lang\\|zh\\|上海音乐艺术发展协同创新中心}} (December 13, 2021\\). [\"{{lang\\|zh\\|精彩回顾{{pipe}}12\\.12论坛\\&讲座综述}}\"](https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/ICA9PWVcHi6ZVM2Xx05W_g). *Weixin*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230311143745/https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/ICA9PWVcHi6ZVM2Xx05W_g) from the original on March 11, 2023\\. Retrieved March 11, 2023\\.",
"The next International Digital Music Festival took place from October to December 2022\\.{{lang\\|zh\\|上海音乐艺术发展协同创新中心}} (October 27, 2022\\). [\"{{lang\\|zh\\|征稿令 {{pipe}} 游戏音乐B站创作赛道现已开启！}}\"](https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/msqCwHPeB2f6cax88f4DyQ). *Weixin*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230312064754/https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/msqCwHPeB2f6cax88f4DyQ) from the original on March 12, 2023\\. Retrieved March 12, 2023\\. Chen and miHoYo music director Cai Jinhan ({{lang\\|zh\\|蔡近翰}}){{lang\\|zh\\|上海音乐艺术发展协同创新中心}} (October 31, 2022\\). [\"{{lang\\|zh\\|评委介绍 {{pipe}} 蔡近翰}}\"](https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/m3RztQ579qjpdJ0pFIxL5Q). *Weixin*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230312065012/https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/m3RztQ579qjpdJ0pFIxL5Q) from the original on March 12, 2023\\. Retrieved March 12, 2023\\. joined as game music team judges.{{lang\\|zh\\|上海音乐艺术发展协同创新中心}} (October 31, 2022\\). [\"{{lang\\|zh\\|评委介绍 {{pipe}} 陈致逸}}\"](https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/yeeBdQ_3orVIT_K9TSmUrQ). *Weixin*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230312062350/https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/yeeBdQ_3orVIT_K9TSmUrQ) from the original on March 12, 2023\\. Retrieved March 12, 2023\\.",
"#### School program lecture",
"In July 2016, the Shanghai Conservatory of Music hosted an art summer school program for academic graduate students. The program focused on the theme of music and technology, and with activities covering the research, production, and performance of music. Chen was invited alongside several other teachers and experts in the music industry to give lectures.[\"{{lang\\|zh\\|2017上海音乐学院年鉴}}\"](https://xxgk.shcmusic.edu.cn/_upload/article/files/93/0e/b611f4964b6689ac80705ee27d54/e39c09ec-2b5a-4a44-87b1-62f634115df5.pdf) (PDF). *Shanghai Conservatory of Music*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230207044845/https://xxgk.shcmusic.edu.cn/_upload/article/files/93/0e/b611f4964b6689ac80705ee27d54/e39c09ec-2b5a-4a44-87b1-62f634115df5.pdf) from the original on February 7, 2023\\. Retrieved February 7, 2023\\. For his lecture, he discussed his work for *[Phantom of the Theatre](/wiki/Phantom_of_the_Theatre \"Phantom of the Theatre\")* (2016\\), explaining the music production process of the score.{{lang\\|zh\\|智玥}} (October 9, 2016\\). [\"{{lang\\|zh\\|『报道』2016上海音乐学院艺术学研究生暑期学校活动进展（四）}}\"](https://yjsb.shcmusic.edu.cn/2016/1009/c157a1446/page.htm). *Shanghai Conservatory of Music*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230207044400/https://yjsb.shcmusic.edu.cn/2016/1009/c157a1446/page.htm) from the original on February 7, 2023\\. Retrieved February 7, 2023\\.",
"### Shanghai Expo 2010",
"From May to October, Shanghai hosted the [Expo 2010](/wiki/Expo_2010 \"Expo 2010\"). Among the various organized activities was a large\\-scale parade performed every day. One of its routes was the Puxi Line at Longhua East Road, for which Chen composed the theme song \"Good Dream Is a Song\" ({{lang\\|zh\\|好梦是歌}}).{{lang\\|zh\\|新闻晨报}} (April 14, 2010\\). [\"{{lang\\|zh\\|世博期间每天5场盛装大巡游}}\"](https://news.sina.com.cn/c/2010-04-14/070217368692s.shtml). *Sina News*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220920163713/https://news.sina.com.cn/c/2010-04-14/070217368692s.shtml) from the original on September 20, 2022\\. Retrieved September 2, 2022\\.China Daily (April 14, 2010\\). [\"{{lang\\|zh\\|世博会组织者活动列表}}\"](https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/dfpd/expo2010/2010-04/14/content_9729533.htm). *China Daily*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220912143732/https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/dfpd/expo2010/2010-04/14/content_9729533.htm) from the original on September 12, 2022\\. Retrieved September 2, 2022\\.",
"### Beautiful Sunday clarinet concert",
"On July 24, 2012, Clarinet associate professor Tao Ran ({{lang\\|zh\\|陶然}}) of Shenzhen Arts School hosted a clarinet concert at the Shenzhen Concert Hall. The concert included performances covering classical, romantic, and jazz styles. He also led ten students, including Chen, to perform eight clarinet works in the form of solo and chamber music, including [Felix Mendelssohn](/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn \"Felix Mendelssohn\")'s \"Concert Piece No. 2,\" [André Messager](/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Messager \"André Messager\")'s \"Solo de Concours,\" and [Franz Krommer](/wiki/Franz_Krommer \"Franz Krommer\")'s \"Clarinet Concerto No. 1, Op. 36\\.\" Chen composed an original piece specially for the concert, \"Legend\" ({{lang\\|zh\\|传奇}}), for the piano and clarinet.[\"{{lang\\|zh\\|20120724《深圳商报》单簧管音乐会本周日登上音乐厅 陶然率弟子演绎管乐传奇}}\"](https://www.szas.com/detail.aspx?newId=602#). *Shenzhen Arts School*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200924180056/https://www.szas.com/detail.aspx?newId=602) from the original on September 24, 2020\\. Retrieved February 7, 2023\\.",
"Tao Ran again hosted the Beautiful Sunday clarinet concert on November 19, 2017, which was sponsored by the Propaganda Department of the Shenzhen Municipal Party Committee ({{lang\\|zh\\|深圳市委宣传部}}) and the Shenzhen Municipal Bureau of Culture, Sports and Tourism ({{lang\\|zh\\|深圳市文体旅游局}}). Alongside \"Legend,\" more original works by Chen were performed for the concert: \"Mystery\" ({{lang\\|zh\\|迷}}), \"Discovery\" ({{lang\\|zh\\|发现}}), \"Emergency\" ({{lang\\|zh\\|意外}}), \"Truth\" ({{lang\\|zh\\|真相}}), and \"Challenge\" ({{lang\\|zh\\|挑战}}).CNBrass.com (November 15, 2017\\). [\"{{lang\\|zh\\|美丽星期天\"悦动的音符\"－陶然老师与他的学生们单簧管音乐会}}\"](https://www.cnbrass.com/news/1916). *{{lang\\|zh\\|CNBRASS管乐网}}*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230207080531/https://www.cnbrass.com/news/1916) from the original on February 7, 2023\\. Retrieved February 7, 2023\\.",
"### Wuhan Conservatory of Music",
"On November 13, 2016, Chen carried out a lecture at the [Wuhan Conservatory of Music](/wiki/Wuhan_Conservatory_of_Music \"Wuhan Conservatory of Music\") as part of their three\\-day Applied Electronic Music Forum. The lecture was titled \"The Production Process of Film Music: Taking '[Phantom of the Theatre](/wiki/Phantom_of_the_Theatre \"Phantom of the Theatre\")' as an Example\" ({{lang\\|zh\\|电影音乐的制作流程——以\\<墨宫魅影\\>为例}}).{{lang\\|zh\\|程斌}} (November 24, 2016\\). [\"{{lang\\|zh\\|陈宇鹏主讲《电影音乐的制作流程——以\\<墨宫魅影\\>为例》}}\"](https://zqx.whcm.edu.cn/info/1003/1886.htm) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419130640/https://zqx.whcm.edu.cn/info/1003/1886\\.htm \\|date\\=April 19, 2023 }}. *Wuhan Conservatory of Music*. [Archived](https://cdn.discordapp.com/attachments/1001777247402856448/1073565727908438037/-_.pdf) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210170221/https://cdn.discordapp.com/attachments/1001777247402856448/1073565727908438037/\\-\\_.pdf \\|date\\=February 10, 2023 }} from the original on February 11, 2023\\. Retrieved February 11, 2023\\. The next day, Chen, together with composer and music producer Shen Dan ({{lang\\|zh\\|沈丹}}), carried out a master class on applied electronic music.{{lang\\|zh\\|杨玉双}} (November 24, 2016\\). [\"{{lang\\|zh\\|沈丹 陈宇鹏举办应用电子音乐大师班}}\"](https://zqx.whcm.edu.cn/info/1003/1887.htm) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419133754/https://zqx.whcm.edu.cn/info/1003/1887\\.htm \\|date\\=April 19, 2023 }}. *Wuhan Conservatory of Music*. [Archived](https://cdn.discordapp.com/attachments/1001777247402856448/1073565727497404428/-_.pdf) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210170223/https://cdn.discordapp.com/attachments/1001777247402856448/1073565727497404428/\\-\\_.pdf \\|date\\=February 10, 2023 }} from the original on February 11, 2023\\. Retrieved February 11, 2023\\.",
"### Qingqin Qingqing band",
"In 2017, Chen founded Qingqin Qingqing ({{lang\\|zh\\|轻琴謦磬}}), also called 4Q, a band that focuses on the [Zhongguo Feng](/wiki/Zhongguo_feng_%28music%29 \"Zhongguo feng (music)\") genre. The band includes a dozen members, each having a different traditional instrument, such as the [erhu](/wiki/Erhu \"Erhu\"), [dizi](/wiki/Dizi_%28instrument%29 \"Dizi (instrument)\"), [xiao](/wiki/Xiao_%28flute%29 \"Xiao (flute)\"), and [guzheng](/wiki/Guzheng \"Guzheng\"). According to [pipa](/wiki/Pipa \"Pipa\") musician Juanmo ({{lang\\|zh\\|眷墨}}), \"Qín\" ({{lang\\|zh\\|琴}}) and \"Qìng\" ({{lang\\|zh\\|磬}}) refer to music and ancient music, respectively. The third character, \"Qìng\" ({{lang\\|zh\\|謦}}), means relaxed or happy. Together, these characters express a scene where a group of friends who love ancient music get together to play music with ease and joy.",
"In June 2018, the singles \"Endless\" ({{lang\\|zh\\|无疆}}) and \"Twelve Gods\" ({{lang\\|zh\\|十二神肖}}), both composed by Chen, were released on online music platforms. On July 22, Qingqin Qingqing debuted at Bilibili Macro Link (BML), a concert event held at the [Mercedes\\-Benz Arena in Shanghai](/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Arena_%28Shanghai%29 \"Mercedes-Benz Arena (Shanghai)\"). The event saw more than 4\\.5 million people from offline and online audiences.",
"### 2024 Music\\+Technology Festival",
"From March to April 2024, Chen was involved as one of the five Artist Ambassadors in the Digital Muse: 2024 Music\\+Technology Festival ({{lang\\|zh\\|数字缪斯——2024音乐科技融创节}}), centered on the fusion of artificial intelligence with musical composition. He participated in the evaluation and selection process of submitted works, providing guidance, recommendations, and support for the music creations featured in this festival, which was hosted by the Cadillac Shanghai Concert Hall. The aim of the event was \"supporting musicians to explore the fusion innovation of music and modern technology, promoting the creation and development of digital music works, and providing an international showcase platform for outstanding original music works\".The Paper (March 3, 2024\\). [{{lang\\|zh\\|AI作曲该何去何从？\"数字缪斯——2024音乐科技融创节\"正式启动}}](https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_26518692). *The Paper*. [Archived](https://archive.today/20240408130429/https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_26518692) from the original on April 9, 2024\\. Retrieved April 9, 2024\\.",
"### Other stage events",
"On January 1, 2017, Chen participated in the *Moonlight Blade* Guofeng Carnival theme music exhibition, which was held at the Sun Palace Magic Theater in [Nanjing City](/wiki/Nanjing \"Nanjing\").{{lang\\|zh\\|多玩游戏}} (January 3, 2017\\). [\"{{lang\\|zh\\|\"天刀\"嘉年华坐落南京 风起云涌吹响集结号}}\"](http://game.people.com.cn/n1/2017/0103/c210053-28994988.html). *people.cn*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20221206150508/http://game.people.com.cn/n1/2017/0103/c210053-28994988.html) from the original on December 6, 2022\\. Retrieved December 6, 2022\\.",
"From May to June 2017, Chen participated as a judge in the Guofeng Cover Singing Contest ({{lang\\|zh\\|国风翻唱大赛}}) held by [DouYu](/wiki/DouYu \"DouYu\") and [Tencent](/wiki/Tencent \"Tencent\").{{lang\\|zh\\|中关村在线}} (July 5, 2017\\). [\"{{lang\\|zh\\|清音缭绕声震天涯 斗鱼打造国风\"好声音\"}}\"](http://game.people.com.cn/GB/n1/2017/0705/c210053-29384851.html). *people.cn*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20221206142627/http://game.people.com.cn/GB/n1/2017/0705/c210053-29384851.html) from the original on December 6, 2022\\. Retrieved December 6, 2022\\.",
"In 2018, Chen participated in the Xuanwuji Guofeng Music Festival ({{lang\\|zh\\|玄武纪•国风音乐盛典}}), where he performed the song \"Brocade\" ({{lang\\|zh\\|锦色}}) with Jiu Quan ({{lang\\|zh\\|圈九}}).[\"{{lang\\|zh\\|《LiveMusic 2018》圈九、陈致逸《锦色》（2018国风音乐盛典·玄武纪）}}\"](https://v.qq.com/x/cover/7iqmuhh705xtmmu/a002727tdjy.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230309020050/https://v.qq.com/x/cover/7iqmuhh705xtmmu/a002727tdjy.html \\|date\\=March 9, 2023 }}. *Tencent Video*. Retrieved March 8, 2023\\. The song was later released as \"Brocade Colors\" in Chen's 2019 album *[Being Towards Death](/wiki/%232019:Being_Towards_Death \"Being Towards Death\")*, with the female vocals performed by Bu Cai ({{lang\\|zh\\|不才}}).",
""
] |
### Shanghai Conservatory of Music
#### Digital Audio China
In October 2009, the eARTS Digital Audio Competition by [Digital Audio China](/wiki/Digital_Audio_China "Digital Audio China") officially launched. It was an event organized by the Shanghai Conservatory of Music, the [China Association of Recording Engineers](/wiki/China_Association_of_Recording_Engineers "China Association of Recording Engineers") ({{lang\|zh\|中国录音师协会}}), and [Yangpu District](/wiki/Yangpu_District "Yangpu District") government to promote China's development and research in digital audio and related fields. The competition's judging panel included musical engineers [Simon Rhodes](/wiki/Simon_Rhodes "Simon Rhodes") of [Abbey Road Studios](/wiki/Abbey_Road_Studios "Abbey Road Studios"), [Nick Wollage](/wiki/Nick_Wollage "Nick Wollage") of [AIR Studios](/wiki/AIR_Studios "AIR Studios"), and record producer [Quincy Jones](/wiki/Quincy_Jones "Quincy Jones"), among others.["{{lang\|zh\|数字音频，让"数字"敲响你的耳膜——2010首届"eARTS"数字音频大赛欢迎晚宴昨晚于复旦举行}}"](https://www.shcmusic.edu.cn/2010/0330/c1634a22946/page.htm). *Shanghai Conservatory of Music*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220920171443/https://www.shcmusic.edu.cn/2010/0330/c1634a22946/page.htm) from the original on September 20, 2022\. Retrieved August 31, 2022\.Nie Xin (March 25, 2010\). ["Digital audio art contestants ring true"](https://archive.shine.cn/feature/Digital-audio-art-contestants-ring-true/shdaily.shtml). *Shanghai Daily*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220912143734/https://archive.shine.cn/feature/Digital-audio-art-contestants-ring-true/shdaily.shtml) from the original on September 12, 2022\. Retrieved August 31, 2022\.["{{lang\|zh\|首届eARTS数字音频大赛拉开帷幕，带国音融入国际}}"](http://www2.centrmus.com/news-11457.html). *Central Music*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220912143734/http://www2.centrmus.com/news-11457.html) from the original on September 12, 2022\. Retrieved August 31, 2022\. During the semi\-finals, Chen placed second in Recording Art and first in the Music Arrangement and Multimedia Soundtrack categories. Shanghai Yinxu Culture Communication Co., Ltd. ({{lang\|zh\|上海音序文化传播有限公司}}), also known as Intree Music, represented him,midifans (January 26, 2010\). ["{{lang\|zh\|2010"eARTS数字音频大赛"复赛公告及入选名单}}"](https://m.midifan.com/news_body.php?id=6538). *Midifan*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220922041830/https://m.midifan.com/news_body.php?id=6538) from the original on September 22, 2022\. Retrieved August 31, 2022\. which Chen heads.["{{lang\|zh\|上海音序文化传播有限公司}}"](https://www.qixin.com/company/4769b1f3-f88c-4ca3-80be-3b32c38435a2). *Qixinbao*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220922081352/https://www.qixin.com/company/4769b1f3-f88c-4ca3-80be-3b32c38435a2) from the original on September 22, 2022\. Retrieved August 2, 2022\. At the finals held in March 2010, he won the first prize in the Multimedia Soundtrack category, second prize in Recording Art, and third prize in Music Arrangement. Chen commented in an interview during the awards gala, "I originally participated in this competition with the mentality of giving \[it] a try. I feel that winning the award is a kind of affirmation for me and my music!"{{lang\|zh\|官方新闻稿}} (April 2, 2010\). ["{{lang\|zh\|首届 eARTS 数字音频大赛颁奖晚会成功举行}}"](https://www.midifan.com/modulenews-detailview-6776.htm). *Midifan*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220912143734/https://www.midifan.com/modulenews-detailview-6776.htm) from the original on September 12, 2022\. Retrieved August 31, 2022\.
In April 2012, Chen participated as a guest at the second Digital Audio Competition by Digital Audio China. He joined the event with two other first\-prize winners from the first competition in 2010, Peng Fei ({{lang\|zh\|彭飞}}) and Guo Shensheng ({{lang\|zh\|郭申生}}). Their commissioned works were performed at the awards gala.{{lang\|zh\|官方新闻稿}} (April 27, 2012\). ["{{lang\|zh\|2012 第二届数字音频大赛及研讨会活动完美落幕}}"](https://wwww.midifan.com/modulenews-detailview-10907.htm). *Midifan*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20221125105703/https://wwww.midifan.com/modulenews-detailview-10907.htm) from the original on November 25, 2022\. Retrieved September 5, 2022\.["Digital Audio China – Student Mixing Competition"](https://apogeedigital.com/blog/digital-audio-china-student-mixing-competition). *Apogee Electronics*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220912143743/https://apogeedigital.com/blog/digital-audio-china-student-mixing-competition) from the original on September 12, 2022\. Retrieved September 5, 2022\.
After three events of the Digital Audio Competition, the Shanghai Conservatory of Music held the International Digital Music Festival in December 2021\. The event was jointly organized by the [Shanghai Music and Art Development Collaborative Innovation Center](/wiki/Shanghai_Music_and_Art_Development_Collaborative_Innovation_Center "Shanghai Music and Art Development Collaborative Innovation Center") ({{lang\|zh\|上海音乐艺术发展协同创新中心}}), game developer company miHoYo, and their music studio HOYO\-MiX. It saw the participation of local and foreign digital music industry veterans and university subject leaders. It also included forums and lectures on recording art, film and video game music, etc. Chen participated in the event to gave a lecture on the music production of *[Genshin Impact](/wiki/Genshin_Impact "Genshin Impact")*,["{{lang\|zh\|数字音乐专委会在沪成立，米哈游音乐负责人蔡近翰任副主任}}"](https://finance.sina.com.cn/tech/2021-12-13/doc-ikyakumx3825154.shtml). *Sina Finance*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220912143725/https://finance.sina.com.cn/tech/2021-12-13/doc-ikyakumx3825154.shtml) from the original on September 12, 2022\. Retrieved August 19, 2022\.{{lang\|zh\|米哈游}} (December 15, 2021\). ["{{lang\|zh\|2021上音国际数字音乐节顺利举办}}"](https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/H17XLoBGhAvuYesrSwS2dw). *Weixin*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220912143735/https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/H17XLoBGhAvuYesrSwS2dw) from the original on September 12, 2022\. Retrieved September 5, 2022\. where he shared the process of game music production based on his own experience, including: frame drafting, MIDI arrangement production, score production, orchestral recording, sound mixing and mastering, and soundtrack music naming and illustration design. During the lecture, Chen also shared his experience of cooperating with orchestras and musicians from different countries in the process of music production through a large number of video materials. He talked about the concept of "huayong" ({{lang\|zh\|化用}}) in creation, connecting it to absorption of the essence of Western musical elements and turning them into internal skills of his own music creation.{{lang\|zh\|上海音乐艺术发展协同创新中心}} (December 13, 2021\). ["{{lang\|zh\|精彩回顾{{pipe}}12\.12论坛\&讲座综述}}"](https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/ICA9PWVcHi6ZVM2Xx05W_g). *Weixin*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230311143745/https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/ICA9PWVcHi6ZVM2Xx05W_g) from the original on March 11, 2023\. Retrieved March 11, 2023\.
The next International Digital Music Festival took place from October to December 2022\.{{lang\|zh\|上海音乐艺术发展协同创新中心}} (October 27, 2022\). ["{{lang\|zh\|征稿令 {{pipe}} 游戏音乐B站创作赛道现已开启！}}"](https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/msqCwHPeB2f6cax88f4DyQ). *Weixin*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230312064754/https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/msqCwHPeB2f6cax88f4DyQ) from the original on March 12, 2023\. Retrieved March 12, 2023\. Chen and miHoYo music director Cai Jinhan ({{lang\|zh\|蔡近翰}}){{lang\|zh\|上海音乐艺术发展协同创新中心}} (October 31, 2022\). ["{{lang\|zh\|评委介绍 {{pipe}} 蔡近翰}}"](https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/m3RztQ579qjpdJ0pFIxL5Q). *Weixin*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230312065012/https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/m3RztQ579qjpdJ0pFIxL5Q) from the original on March 12, 2023\. Retrieved March 12, 2023\. joined as game music team judges.{{lang\|zh\|上海音乐艺术发展协同创新中心}} (October 31, 2022\). ["{{lang\|zh\|评委介绍 {{pipe}} 陈致逸}}"](https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/yeeBdQ_3orVIT_K9TSmUrQ). *Weixin*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230312062350/https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/yeeBdQ_3orVIT_K9TSmUrQ) from the original on March 12, 2023\. Retrieved March 12, 2023\.
#### School program lecture
In July 2016, the Shanghai Conservatory of Music hosted an art summer school program for academic graduate students. The program focused on the theme of music and technology, and with activities covering the research, production, and performance of music. Chen was invited alongside several other teachers and experts in the music industry to give lectures.["{{lang\|zh\|2017上海音乐学院年鉴}}"](https://xxgk.shcmusic.edu.cn/_upload/article/files/93/0e/b611f4964b6689ac80705ee27d54/e39c09ec-2b5a-4a44-87b1-62f634115df5.pdf) (PDF). *Shanghai Conservatory of Music*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230207044845/https://xxgk.shcmusic.edu.cn/_upload/article/files/93/0e/b611f4964b6689ac80705ee27d54/e39c09ec-2b5a-4a44-87b1-62f634115df5.pdf) from the original on February 7, 2023\. Retrieved February 7, 2023\. For his lecture, he discussed his work for *[Phantom of the Theatre](/wiki/Phantom_of_the_Theatre "Phantom of the Theatre")* (2016\), explaining the music production process of the score.{{lang\|zh\|智玥}} (October 9, 2016\). ["{{lang\|zh\|『报道』2016上海音乐学院艺术学研究生暑期学校活动进展（四）}}"](https://yjsb.shcmusic.edu.cn/2016/1009/c157a1446/page.htm). *Shanghai Conservatory of Music*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230207044400/https://yjsb.shcmusic.edu.cn/2016/1009/c157a1446/page.htm) from the original on February 7, 2023\. Retrieved February 7, 2023\.
|
[
"### Shanghai Conservatory of Music",
"#### Digital Audio China",
"In October 2009, the eARTS Digital Audio Competition by [Digital Audio China](/wiki/Digital_Audio_China \"Digital Audio China\") officially launched. It was an event organized by the Shanghai Conservatory of Music, the [China Association of Recording Engineers](/wiki/China_Association_of_Recording_Engineers \"China Association of Recording Engineers\") ({{lang\\|zh\\|中国录音师协会}}), and [Yangpu District](/wiki/Yangpu_District \"Yangpu District\") government to promote China's development and research in digital audio and related fields. The competition's judging panel included musical engineers [Simon Rhodes](/wiki/Simon_Rhodes \"Simon Rhodes\") of [Abbey Road Studios](/wiki/Abbey_Road_Studios \"Abbey Road Studios\"), [Nick Wollage](/wiki/Nick_Wollage \"Nick Wollage\") of [AIR Studios](/wiki/AIR_Studios \"AIR Studios\"), and record producer [Quincy Jones](/wiki/Quincy_Jones \"Quincy Jones\"), among others.[\"{{lang\\|zh\\|数字音频，让\"数字\"敲响你的耳膜——2010首届\"eARTS\"数字音频大赛欢迎晚宴昨晚于复旦举行}}\"](https://www.shcmusic.edu.cn/2010/0330/c1634a22946/page.htm). *Shanghai Conservatory of Music*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220920171443/https://www.shcmusic.edu.cn/2010/0330/c1634a22946/page.htm) from the original on September 20, 2022\\. Retrieved August 31, 2022\\.Nie Xin (March 25, 2010\\). [\"Digital audio art contestants ring true\"](https://archive.shine.cn/feature/Digital-audio-art-contestants-ring-true/shdaily.shtml). *Shanghai Daily*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220912143734/https://archive.shine.cn/feature/Digital-audio-art-contestants-ring-true/shdaily.shtml) from the original on September 12, 2022\\. Retrieved August 31, 2022\\.[\"{{lang\\|zh\\|首届eARTS数字音频大赛拉开帷幕，带国音融入国际}}\"](http://www2.centrmus.com/news-11457.html). *Central Music*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220912143734/http://www2.centrmus.com/news-11457.html) from the original on September 12, 2022\\. Retrieved August 31, 2022\\. During the semi\\-finals, Chen placed second in Recording Art and first in the Music Arrangement and Multimedia Soundtrack categories. Shanghai Yinxu Culture Communication Co., Ltd. ({{lang\\|zh\\|上海音序文化传播有限公司}}), also known as Intree Music, represented him,midifans (January 26, 2010\\). [\"{{lang\\|zh\\|2010\"eARTS数字音频大赛\"复赛公告及入选名单}}\"](https://m.midifan.com/news_body.php?id=6538). *Midifan*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220922041830/https://m.midifan.com/news_body.php?id=6538) from the original on September 22, 2022\\. Retrieved August 31, 2022\\. which Chen heads.[\"{{lang\\|zh\\|上海音序文化传播有限公司}}\"](https://www.qixin.com/company/4769b1f3-f88c-4ca3-80be-3b32c38435a2). *Qixinbao*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220922081352/https://www.qixin.com/company/4769b1f3-f88c-4ca3-80be-3b32c38435a2) from the original on September 22, 2022\\. Retrieved August 2, 2022\\. At the finals held in March 2010, he won the first prize in the Multimedia Soundtrack category, second prize in Recording Art, and third prize in Music Arrangement. Chen commented in an interview during the awards gala, \"I originally participated in this competition with the mentality of giving \\[it] a try. I feel that winning the award is a kind of affirmation for me and my music!\"{{lang\\|zh\\|官方新闻稿}} (April 2, 2010\\). [\"{{lang\\|zh\\|首届 eARTS 数字音频大赛颁奖晚会成功举行}}\"](https://www.midifan.com/modulenews-detailview-6776.htm). *Midifan*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220912143734/https://www.midifan.com/modulenews-detailview-6776.htm) from the original on September 12, 2022\\. Retrieved August 31, 2022\\.",
"In April 2012, Chen participated as a guest at the second Digital Audio Competition by Digital Audio China. He joined the event with two other first\\-prize winners from the first competition in 2010, Peng Fei ({{lang\\|zh\\|彭飞}}) and Guo Shensheng ({{lang\\|zh\\|郭申生}}). Their commissioned works were performed at the awards gala.{{lang\\|zh\\|官方新闻稿}} (April 27, 2012\\). [\"{{lang\\|zh\\|2012 第二届数字音频大赛及研讨会活动完美落幕}}\"](https://wwww.midifan.com/modulenews-detailview-10907.htm). *Midifan*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20221125105703/https://wwww.midifan.com/modulenews-detailview-10907.htm) from the original on November 25, 2022\\. Retrieved September 5, 2022\\.[\"Digital Audio China – Student Mixing Competition\"](https://apogeedigital.com/blog/digital-audio-china-student-mixing-competition). *Apogee Electronics*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220912143743/https://apogeedigital.com/blog/digital-audio-china-student-mixing-competition) from the original on September 12, 2022\\. Retrieved September 5, 2022\\.",
"After three events of the Digital Audio Competition, the Shanghai Conservatory of Music held the International Digital Music Festival in December 2021\\. The event was jointly organized by the [Shanghai Music and Art Development Collaborative Innovation Center](/wiki/Shanghai_Music_and_Art_Development_Collaborative_Innovation_Center \"Shanghai Music and Art Development Collaborative Innovation Center\") ({{lang\\|zh\\|上海音乐艺术发展协同创新中心}}), game developer company miHoYo, and their music studio HOYO\\-MiX. It saw the participation of local and foreign digital music industry veterans and university subject leaders. It also included forums and lectures on recording art, film and video game music, etc. Chen participated in the event to gave a lecture on the music production of *[Genshin Impact](/wiki/Genshin_Impact \"Genshin Impact\")*,[\"{{lang\\|zh\\|数字音乐专委会在沪成立，米哈游音乐负责人蔡近翰任副主任}}\"](https://finance.sina.com.cn/tech/2021-12-13/doc-ikyakumx3825154.shtml). *Sina Finance*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220912143725/https://finance.sina.com.cn/tech/2021-12-13/doc-ikyakumx3825154.shtml) from the original on September 12, 2022\\. Retrieved August 19, 2022\\.{{lang\\|zh\\|米哈游}} (December 15, 2021\\). [\"{{lang\\|zh\\|2021上音国际数字音乐节顺利举办}}\"](https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/H17XLoBGhAvuYesrSwS2dw). *Weixin*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220912143735/https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/H17XLoBGhAvuYesrSwS2dw) from the original on September 12, 2022\\. Retrieved September 5, 2022\\. where he shared the process of game music production based on his own experience, including: frame drafting, MIDI arrangement production, score production, orchestral recording, sound mixing and mastering, and soundtrack music naming and illustration design. During the lecture, Chen also shared his experience of cooperating with orchestras and musicians from different countries in the process of music production through a large number of video materials. He talked about the concept of \"huayong\" ({{lang\\|zh\\|化用}}) in creation, connecting it to absorption of the essence of Western musical elements and turning them into internal skills of his own music creation.{{lang\\|zh\\|上海音乐艺术发展协同创新中心}} (December 13, 2021\\). [\"{{lang\\|zh\\|精彩回顾{{pipe}}12\\.12论坛\\&讲座综述}}\"](https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/ICA9PWVcHi6ZVM2Xx05W_g). *Weixin*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230311143745/https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/ICA9PWVcHi6ZVM2Xx05W_g) from the original on March 11, 2023\\. Retrieved March 11, 2023\\.",
"The next International Digital Music Festival took place from October to December 2022\\.{{lang\\|zh\\|上海音乐艺术发展协同创新中心}} (October 27, 2022\\). [\"{{lang\\|zh\\|征稿令 {{pipe}} 游戏音乐B站创作赛道现已开启！}}\"](https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/msqCwHPeB2f6cax88f4DyQ). *Weixin*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230312064754/https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/msqCwHPeB2f6cax88f4DyQ) from the original on March 12, 2023\\. Retrieved March 12, 2023\\. Chen and miHoYo music director Cai Jinhan ({{lang\\|zh\\|蔡近翰}}){{lang\\|zh\\|上海音乐艺术发展协同创新中心}} (October 31, 2022\\). [\"{{lang\\|zh\\|评委介绍 {{pipe}} 蔡近翰}}\"](https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/m3RztQ579qjpdJ0pFIxL5Q). *Weixin*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230312065012/https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/m3RztQ579qjpdJ0pFIxL5Q) from the original on March 12, 2023\\. Retrieved March 12, 2023\\. joined as game music team judges.{{lang\\|zh\\|上海音乐艺术发展协同创新中心}} (October 31, 2022\\). [\"{{lang\\|zh\\|评委介绍 {{pipe}} 陈致逸}}\"](https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/yeeBdQ_3orVIT_K9TSmUrQ). *Weixin*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230312062350/https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/yeeBdQ_3orVIT_K9TSmUrQ) from the original on March 12, 2023\\. Retrieved March 12, 2023\\.",
"#### School program lecture",
"In July 2016, the Shanghai Conservatory of Music hosted an art summer school program for academic graduate students. The program focused on the theme of music and technology, and with activities covering the research, production, and performance of music. Chen was invited alongside several other teachers and experts in the music industry to give lectures.[\"{{lang\\|zh\\|2017上海音乐学院年鉴}}\"](https://xxgk.shcmusic.edu.cn/_upload/article/files/93/0e/b611f4964b6689ac80705ee27d54/e39c09ec-2b5a-4a44-87b1-62f634115df5.pdf) (PDF). *Shanghai Conservatory of Music*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230207044845/https://xxgk.shcmusic.edu.cn/_upload/article/files/93/0e/b611f4964b6689ac80705ee27d54/e39c09ec-2b5a-4a44-87b1-62f634115df5.pdf) from the original on February 7, 2023\\. Retrieved February 7, 2023\\. For his lecture, he discussed his work for *[Phantom of the Theatre](/wiki/Phantom_of_the_Theatre \"Phantom of the Theatre\")* (2016\\), explaining the music production process of the score.{{lang\\|zh\\|智玥}} (October 9, 2016\\). [\"{{lang\\|zh\\|『报道』2016上海音乐学院艺术学研究生暑期学校活动进展（四）}}\"](https://yjsb.shcmusic.edu.cn/2016/1009/c157a1446/page.htm). *Shanghai Conservatory of Music*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230207044400/https://yjsb.shcmusic.edu.cn/2016/1009/c157a1446/page.htm) from the original on February 7, 2023\\. Retrieved February 7, 2023\\.",
""
] |
Art career
----------
Kelly began drawing as a child, encouraged by his mother. In 1932, at the age of fourteen, he was awarded the top prize in a national handwriting competition organised by Royal Mail. His school teachers had advised his father he should attend [grammar school](/wiki/Grammar_school "Grammar school") and art college, but the family's finances did not allow this.
During the Second World War, while working with the Royal Signals, Kelly's artistic skills were noticed by the head of art at [Repton School](/wiki/Repton_School "Repton School"). For a time, his section was transferred to Churchill's war rooms, where Kelly later said he had discussed art with [Winston Churchill](/wiki/Winston_Churchill_in_the_Second_World_War "Winston Churchill in the Second World War") himself. Kelly's early works were part of an exhibition of artwork by servicemen in [London](/wiki/London "London"), and were accepted by the [Royal Academy of Arts](/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Arts "Royal Academy of Arts") and other exhibits in [Glasgow](/wiki/Glasgow "Glasgow") and [Edinburgh](/wiki/Edinburgh "Edinburgh").
Although he did not attend art school until he was in his forties, Kelly gained recognition alongside other artists such as [L. S. Lowry](/wiki/L._S._Lowry "L. S. Lowry") and [Sheila Fell](/wiki/Sheila_Fell "Sheila Fell"), and was known to King [George VI](/wiki/George_VI "George VI") and admired by [Princess Margaret](/wiki/Princess_Margaret%2C_Countess_of_Snowdon "Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon").
From 1961 to 1965, Kelly studied etching, lithography, and printed textiles at [Carlisle College of Art and Design](/wiki/Cumbria_Institute_of_the_Arts "Cumbria Institute of the Arts").{{cite web \|title\=Kelly, Robert Percy, 1918–1994 \|url\=https://artuk.org/discover/artists/kelly\-robert\-percy\-19181994 \|website\=artuk.org \|access\-date\=30 March 2023 \|language\=en}} In 1963, his watercolours went on display at the [National Gallery](/wiki/National_Gallery "National Gallery") in London. That same year, he showed his work to Bill Hamilton, chief designer at West Cumberland Silk Mills, and offered to paint for the company. Impressed, entrepreneur Miki Sekers, later known as Sir [Nicholas Sekers](/wiki/Nicholas_Sekers "Nicholas Sekers"), commissioned Kelly to paint watercolours of the mills' [Jacquard looms](/wiki/Jacquard_machine "Jacquard machine"), as well as landscapes of [Whitehaven](/wiki/Whitehaven "Whitehaven") and [Parton](/wiki/Parton%2C_Cumbria "Parton, Cumbria"). In 1966, Sekers hosted the first public exhibition of Kelly's work at Rosehill Theatre in [Moresby](/wiki/Moresby%2C_Cumbria "Moresby, Cumbria"). Sekers subsequently put on two more exhibitions at his show rooms at [Sloane Street, London](/wiki/Sloane_Street "Sloane Street") in 1968, and at [Lady Fermoy](/wiki/Ruth_Roche%2C_Baroness_Fermoy "Ruth Roche, Baroness Fermoy")'s gallery in [King's Lynn](/wiki/King%27s_Lynn "King's Lynn") in 1969\.
A cross\-dresser who changed his name to Roberta for a period late in life, Kelly's exploration of his feminine identity was reflected in his artwork. Whereas his early work as Percy or Bob focused on machinery and industrial landscapes, while painting as Roberta, Kelly explored more "feminine" themes, including flowers and self\-portraits.
Kelly became known for refusing to sell his artwork except to individuals he truly liked.{{Cite news \|date\=10 August 2000 \|title\=Kelly enthusiast arouses police suspicion! \|work\=The Westmorland Gazette \|url\=https://www.thewestmorlandgazette.co.uk/news/6943758\.kelly\-enthusiast\-arouses\-police\-suspicion/ \|access\-date\=5 April 2023}} While he was alive, he held only five exhibitions, with most of his artwork marked NFS for "not for sale". He lived in poverty but remained intransigent, even as art dealers and collectors visited him to try to buy his drawings and his friends tried to help him make a living from his work. He hid many of his paintings away, reportedly so that neither his ex\-wife nor the benefits agency would find out the true value of his collection. In 1983, Kelly gave some of his charcoal drawings to [Mary Burkett](/wiki/Mary_Burkett "Mary Burkett"), but later asked her to return them, because he worried that her successor as director of Abbott Hall Art Gallery would not appreciate his work. Convinced of his own greatness, Kelly wrote that someday his cottage, which had become cluttered with paintings, would become like a shrine that would "upstage [Beatrix Potter](/wiki/Beatrix_Potter "Beatrix Potter")'s home".
|
[
"Art career\n----------",
"Kelly began drawing as a child, encouraged by his mother. In 1932, at the age of fourteen, he was awarded the top prize in a national handwriting competition organised by Royal Mail. His school teachers had advised his father he should attend [grammar school](/wiki/Grammar_school \"Grammar school\") and art college, but the family's finances did not allow this.",
"During the Second World War, while working with the Royal Signals, Kelly's artistic skills were noticed by the head of art at [Repton School](/wiki/Repton_School \"Repton School\"). For a time, his section was transferred to Churchill's war rooms, where Kelly later said he had discussed art with [Winston Churchill](/wiki/Winston_Churchill_in_the_Second_World_War \"Winston Churchill in the Second World War\") himself. Kelly's early works were part of an exhibition of artwork by servicemen in [London](/wiki/London \"London\"), and were accepted by the [Royal Academy of Arts](/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Arts \"Royal Academy of Arts\") and other exhibits in [Glasgow](/wiki/Glasgow \"Glasgow\") and [Edinburgh](/wiki/Edinburgh \"Edinburgh\").",
"Although he did not attend art school until he was in his forties, Kelly gained recognition alongside other artists such as [L. S. Lowry](/wiki/L._S._Lowry \"L. S. Lowry\") and [Sheila Fell](/wiki/Sheila_Fell \"Sheila Fell\"), and was known to King [George VI](/wiki/George_VI \"George VI\") and admired by [Princess Margaret](/wiki/Princess_Margaret%2C_Countess_of_Snowdon \"Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon\").",
"From 1961 to 1965, Kelly studied etching, lithography, and printed textiles at [Carlisle College of Art and Design](/wiki/Cumbria_Institute_of_the_Arts \"Cumbria Institute of the Arts\").{{cite web \\|title\\=Kelly, Robert Percy, 1918–1994 \\|url\\=https://artuk.org/discover/artists/kelly\\-robert\\-percy\\-19181994 \\|website\\=artuk.org \\|access\\-date\\=30 March 2023 \\|language\\=en}} In 1963, his watercolours went on display at the [National Gallery](/wiki/National_Gallery \"National Gallery\") in London. That same year, he showed his work to Bill Hamilton, chief designer at West Cumberland Silk Mills, and offered to paint for the company. Impressed, entrepreneur Miki Sekers, later known as Sir [Nicholas Sekers](/wiki/Nicholas_Sekers \"Nicholas Sekers\"), commissioned Kelly to paint watercolours of the mills' [Jacquard looms](/wiki/Jacquard_machine \"Jacquard machine\"), as well as landscapes of [Whitehaven](/wiki/Whitehaven \"Whitehaven\") and [Parton](/wiki/Parton%2C_Cumbria \"Parton, Cumbria\"). In 1966, Sekers hosted the first public exhibition of Kelly's work at Rosehill Theatre in [Moresby](/wiki/Moresby%2C_Cumbria \"Moresby, Cumbria\"). Sekers subsequently put on two more exhibitions at his show rooms at [Sloane Street, London](/wiki/Sloane_Street \"Sloane Street\") in 1968, and at [Lady Fermoy](/wiki/Ruth_Roche%2C_Baroness_Fermoy \"Ruth Roche, Baroness Fermoy\")'s gallery in [King's Lynn](/wiki/King%27s_Lynn \"King's Lynn\") in 1969\\.",
"A cross\\-dresser who changed his name to Roberta for a period late in life, Kelly's exploration of his feminine identity was reflected in his artwork. Whereas his early work as Percy or Bob focused on machinery and industrial landscapes, while painting as Roberta, Kelly explored more \"feminine\" themes, including flowers and self\\-portraits.",
"Kelly became known for refusing to sell his artwork except to individuals he truly liked.{{Cite news \\|date\\=10 August 2000 \\|title\\=Kelly enthusiast arouses police suspicion! \\|work\\=The Westmorland Gazette \\|url\\=https://www.thewestmorlandgazette.co.uk/news/6943758\\.kelly\\-enthusiast\\-arouses\\-police\\-suspicion/ \\|access\\-date\\=5 April 2023}} While he was alive, he held only five exhibitions, with most of his artwork marked NFS for \"not for sale\". He lived in poverty but remained intransigent, even as art dealers and collectors visited him to try to buy his drawings and his friends tried to help him make a living from his work. He hid many of his paintings away, reportedly so that neither his ex\\-wife nor the benefits agency would find out the true value of his collection. In 1983, Kelly gave some of his charcoal drawings to [Mary Burkett](/wiki/Mary_Burkett \"Mary Burkett\"), but later asked her to return them, because he worried that her successor as director of Abbott Hall Art Gallery would not appreciate his work. Convinced of his own greatness, Kelly wrote that someday his cottage, which had become cluttered with paintings, would become like a shrine that would \"upstage [Beatrix Potter](/wiki/Beatrix_Potter \"Beatrix Potter\")'s home\".",
""
] |
Synopsis
--------
The play is based on the Spanish legends about the [Moorish invasion of Spain](/wiki/Moorish_invasion_of_Spain "Moorish invasion of Spain") in the eighth century. It depicts the tale of [Roderick](/wiki/Roderic "Roderic"), the last [Visigoth](/wiki/Visigoth "Visigoth") king of Spain, and his general Julianus, based on the legendary [Julian, count of Ceuta](/wiki/Julian%2C_count_of_Ceuta "Julian, count of Ceuta"). (Rowley's specific sources for the story are not known, though he had a large body of traditional lore, poems, and ballads on which to base his work.)
As the play opens, the Moorish invasion of Spain is in the offing; King Roderick musters his army and places it under the command of Julianus. Roderick himself is more interested in seducing the general's daughter Jacinta; his sycophant and pander Lothario brings in an old bawd named Malena to help convince the young woman to yield her virginity. Roderick is also troubled by an empty treasury; he plans to remedy the problem by breaking into an enchanted castle, isolated and secluded by many previous kings, that he believes holds a great treasure.
The play's second and third scenes introduce the characters of the subplot. Antonio is a young nobleman, infatuated with and courting a young woman named Margaretta. She is a commoner, and Antonio's friend Lazarello complains about the social inequality of the proposed match. Margaretta's father is also uneasy about the match, but her brother, Jaques the clown, is its eager advocate. Antonio marries Margaretta hurriedly before leaving for military duty; the marriage, for the time being, is kept secret.
Lothario brings Malena and Jacinta together at Roderick's court, and the old pandress tries her best to make Jacinta pliant, but with no success. Roderick enters, and drags Jacinta offstage to rape her. Julianus, meanwhile, leads his forces south to meet the Moors. He and his officers, including Antonio, stop at the castle of Alonzo; they meet Alonzo's beautiful and extroverted daughter Dionisa. Antonio and Dionisa are instantly attracted to each other, and Antonio comes to regret his hasty marriage to Margaretta. The Spanish forces engage the Moorish invaders and win the battle, capturing many leading Moorish officers; Antonio distinguishes himself by his courage. Lazarello favours a match between Antonio and Dionisa, and advises Antonio on various ways to put aside his secret wife.
Lothario keeps Jacinta imprisoned in a castle after her rape; but Jacinta obtains his keys while he sleeps, and escapes. She goes to her father and tells him of her violation. Julianus is overwhelmed by the offence to his family's honour and by his king's betrayal; his officers rally his spirits by staging a review of his troops and the prisoners he has taken, including the Moorish king, Muly Mumen. Julianus tells them of his daughter's rape, and the offended troops agree to support a rebellion against Roderick; Julianus releases Muly Mumen and his men from captivity and the two commanders form an alliance against Roderick.
Margaretta learns of Antonio's betrayal; though a commoner by birth, she is too proud and spirited to accept it. She writes a deceptive letter to her husband, delivered by her brother the clown, that indicates that she will acquiesce to becoming his concubine rather than his wife. Lazarello has a plan to break the connection permanently: he will go to Margaretta in the night in Antonio's place. (This is a reversal of the standard [bed trick](/wiki/Bed_trick "Bed trick") that is so common in plays of Rowley's era, in which the man rather than the woman is substituted.) Lazarello says that he will not have sex with Margaretta, in deference to Antonio's honour; but after spending the night with her he will be able to claim that he has dishonored her, allowing Antonio an escape from the now\-unwanted marriage. Margaretta, however, conspires with her servant Fydella to murder Antonio; on the crucial night, the two women strangle Lazarello with a rope, thinking they are killing Antonio.
The murder is quickly exposed, though not the confusion of identities. Jaques the clown meets Lothario, who is now in disgrace over his loss of Jacinta; both men plan on hanging themselves. The two have a sort of competition of suicidality; Lothario offers to pay Jaques to hang him, and Jaques, greedy and unsuited to honourable gestures like suicide, accepts the offer.
Roderick breaks into the vault of the supposedly enchanted castle; instead of finding a treasure, he witnesses a macabre spiritual procession that reveals his fate, which is to be defeated by the Moors and to lose his Christian kingdom to the forces of Islam.
Together, Julianus and Muly Mumen defeat Roderick; but the Moorish king quickly betrays his new ally, blinding Julianus and cutting out Jacinta's tongue. Margaretta meets Dionisa escorting Antonio, who has been wounded in the battle. He dies of his wounds. Dionisa calls Margaretta "a lusty stout [virago](/wiki/Virago "Virago")," and suggests they marry each other and "beget [chimeras](/wiki/Chimera_%28mythology%29 "Chimera (mythology)")." Instead, the two women stab themselves over Antonio's body.
Muly Mumen offers the blinded Julianus a chance for revenge, arming the general and letting him attack his tormentor. But his ploy is a cruel joke, in which Julianus stabs his own daughter. She dies in his arms, and he dies of grief. Muly Mumen ends the play by setting off to pursue the fleeing Roderick and consolidate his conquest of the kingdom.
|
[
"Synopsis\n--------",
"The play is based on the Spanish legends about the [Moorish invasion of Spain](/wiki/Moorish_invasion_of_Spain \"Moorish invasion of Spain\") in the eighth century. It depicts the tale of [Roderick](/wiki/Roderic \"Roderic\"), the last [Visigoth](/wiki/Visigoth \"Visigoth\") king of Spain, and his general Julianus, based on the legendary [Julian, count of Ceuta](/wiki/Julian%2C_count_of_Ceuta \"Julian, count of Ceuta\"). (Rowley's specific sources for the story are not known, though he had a large body of traditional lore, poems, and ballads on which to base his work.)",
"As the play opens, the Moorish invasion of Spain is in the offing; King Roderick musters his army and places it under the command of Julianus. Roderick himself is more interested in seducing the general's daughter Jacinta; his sycophant and pander Lothario brings in an old bawd named Malena to help convince the young woman to yield her virginity. Roderick is also troubled by an empty treasury; he plans to remedy the problem by breaking into an enchanted castle, isolated and secluded by many previous kings, that he believes holds a great treasure.",
"The play's second and third scenes introduce the characters of the subplot. Antonio is a young nobleman, infatuated with and courting a young woman named Margaretta. She is a commoner, and Antonio's friend Lazarello complains about the social inequality of the proposed match. Margaretta's father is also uneasy about the match, but her brother, Jaques the clown, is its eager advocate. Antonio marries Margaretta hurriedly before leaving for military duty; the marriage, for the time being, is kept secret.",
"Lothario brings Malena and Jacinta together at Roderick's court, and the old pandress tries her best to make Jacinta pliant, but with no success. Roderick enters, and drags Jacinta offstage to rape her. Julianus, meanwhile, leads his forces south to meet the Moors. He and his officers, including Antonio, stop at the castle of Alonzo; they meet Alonzo's beautiful and extroverted daughter Dionisa. Antonio and Dionisa are instantly attracted to each other, and Antonio comes to regret his hasty marriage to Margaretta. The Spanish forces engage the Moorish invaders and win the battle, capturing many leading Moorish officers; Antonio distinguishes himself by his courage. Lazarello favours a match between Antonio and Dionisa, and advises Antonio on various ways to put aside his secret wife.",
"Lothario keeps Jacinta imprisoned in a castle after her rape; but Jacinta obtains his keys while he sleeps, and escapes. She goes to her father and tells him of her violation. Julianus is overwhelmed by the offence to his family's honour and by his king's betrayal; his officers rally his spirits by staging a review of his troops and the prisoners he has taken, including the Moorish king, Muly Mumen. Julianus tells them of his daughter's rape, and the offended troops agree to support a rebellion against Roderick; Julianus releases Muly Mumen and his men from captivity and the two commanders form an alliance against Roderick.",
"Margaretta learns of Antonio's betrayal; though a commoner by birth, she is too proud and spirited to accept it. She writes a deceptive letter to her husband, delivered by her brother the clown, that indicates that she will acquiesce to becoming his concubine rather than his wife. Lazarello has a plan to break the connection permanently: he will go to Margaretta in the night in Antonio's place. (This is a reversal of the standard [bed trick](/wiki/Bed_trick \"Bed trick\") that is so common in plays of Rowley's era, in which the man rather than the woman is substituted.) Lazarello says that he will not have sex with Margaretta, in deference to Antonio's honour; but after spending the night with her he will be able to claim that he has dishonored her, allowing Antonio an escape from the now\\-unwanted marriage. Margaretta, however, conspires with her servant Fydella to murder Antonio; on the crucial night, the two women strangle Lazarello with a rope, thinking they are killing Antonio.",
"The murder is quickly exposed, though not the confusion of identities. Jaques the clown meets Lothario, who is now in disgrace over his loss of Jacinta; both men plan on hanging themselves. The two have a sort of competition of suicidality; Lothario offers to pay Jaques to hang him, and Jaques, greedy and unsuited to honourable gestures like suicide, accepts the offer.",
"Roderick breaks into the vault of the supposedly enchanted castle; instead of finding a treasure, he witnesses a macabre spiritual procession that reveals his fate, which is to be defeated by the Moors and to lose his Christian kingdom to the forces of Islam.",
"Together, Julianus and Muly Mumen defeat Roderick; but the Moorish king quickly betrays his new ally, blinding Julianus and cutting out Jacinta's tongue. Margaretta meets Dionisa escorting Antonio, who has been wounded in the battle. He dies of his wounds. Dionisa calls Margaretta \"a lusty stout [virago](/wiki/Virago \"Virago\"),\" and suggests they marry each other and \"beget [chimeras](/wiki/Chimera_%28mythology%29 \"Chimera (mythology)\").\" Instead, the two women stab themselves over Antonio's body.",
"Muly Mumen offers the blinded Julianus a chance for revenge, arming the general and letting him attack his tormentor. But his ploy is a cruel joke, in which Julianus stabs his own daughter. She dies in his arms, and he dies of grief. Muly Mumen ends the play by setting off to pursue the fleeing Roderick and consolidate his conquest of the kingdom.",
""
] |
Syntax
------
### Word order
Wappo has a predicate\-final word order.
{{interlinear\|indent\=3\|cephi onoʔšiʔ okel haṭel \- khiʔ\|3SG:NOM Indian language learn \- STAT\|"s/he's learning Indian language"}}
[Patient](/wiki/Patient "Patient")\-initial structures are acceptable, albeit less common.
{{interlinear\|indent\=3\|ce ew ce k'ew \- i t'um \- taʔ\|DEM fish DEM man \- NOM buy \- PST\|"that fish, the man bought (it)"}}
Wappo allows for more freedom in word order in complement clauses, especially when they have first person subjects. All three sentences below are acceptable translations of "I know that the man caught a fish".
{{interlinear\|indent\=3\|ah ce k'ew ew ṭ'oh \- taʔ haṭis \- khiʔ\|1SG:NOM DEM man fish catch \- PST know \- STAT\|}}
{{interlinear\|indent\=3\|ah haṭis \- khiʔ ce k'ew ew ṭ'oh \- taʔ\|1SG:NOM know \- STAT DEM man fish catch \- PST\|}}
{{interlinear\|indent\=3\|ce k'ew ew ṭ'oh \- taʔ ah haṭis \- khiʔ\|DEM man fish catch \- PST 1SG:NOM know \- STAT\|}}
In noun phrases, demonstrative and genitive modifiers precede the noun, while numerals and adjectives follow the noun.
{{interlinear\|indent\=3\|he tonči\|DEM cat\|"this cat"}}
{{interlinear\|indent\=3\|te \- meʔ č'ešma\|3SG \- GEN bed\|"his/her bed"}}
{{interlinear\|indent\=3\|hinta hopoka ah k'ešu mehlahi \- khiʔ\|day three 1SG:NOM deer hunt \- STAT\|"for three days, I was hunting"}}
In verb phrases, [oblique arguments](/wiki/Oblique_argument "Oblique argument") and adverbs come before the verb.
{{interlinear\|indent\=3\|ah kaphe kawaču \- k'a hak' \- šeʔ\|1SG:NOM coffee sugar \- COM want \- DUR\|"I want coffee with sugar in it"}}
### Case system
Wappo has a rich case system which uses suffixes to mark cases. In the examples below, the words relevant to the case being discussed are in boldface.
The [accusative case](/wiki/Accusative_case "Accusative case") is [unmarked](/wiki/Marked_nominative_alignment "Marked nominative alignment"). Patients, arguments of transitive verbs that are patient\-like, all subjects in dependent clauses and single arguments in copulas take the accusative case.
{{interlinear\|indent\=3\|ce '''k'ew''' ceʔeʔ i ek'a\|DEM man COP 1SG son\|"that man is my son"}}
The [nominative case](/wiki/Nominative_case "Nominative case") is marked with the suffix *\-i*. Words functioning as initiators, agents, experiencers of transitive verbs and the single argument of an intransitive verb take the nominative case. If the noun stem to which this suffix is added happens to ends with a vowel, the stem\-final vowel is dropped or changed. Otherwise, adding the nominative suffix does not change the stem. The examples below illustrate the contrast.
* *pol'eʔ* "boy" → *pol'eʔi* "boys"
* *k'ešu* "deer (singular)" → *k'eši* "deer (plural)"
The [dative case](/wiki/Dative_case "Dative case"), which is used to indicate the recipient or direction, is marked with *\-thu*.
{{interlinear\|indent\=3\|chic \-i i '''\-thu''' te\- laha \-khiʔ\|bear \-NOM 1SG \-DAT DIR\- come \-STAT\|"the bear is coming toward me"}}
The [benefactive case](/wiki/Benefactive_case "Benefactive case") is marked with *\-ma*. It is used to mark whom the action benefits.
{{interlinear\|indent\=3\|'''may\-''' '''ma''' miʔ ce takaʔ mes\-taʔ\|who\- BEN 2SG:NOM DEM basket make\-PST\|"who did you make that basket for?"}}
The [instrumental case](/wiki/Instrumental_case "Instrumental case"), used with intensive reflexives and instruments, is marked with *\-thiʔ*.
{{interlinear\|indent\=3\|cephi '''kuči:ya''' \- '''thiʔ''' chica ṭ'oh \- taʔ\|3SG:NOM knife \- INST bear kill \- PST\|"s/he killed the bear with a knife"}}
The [comitative case](/wiki/Comitative_case "Comitative case") is marked with *\-k'a* and is used to indicate accompaniment.
{{interlinear\|indent\=3\|ah '''mi''' '''\-k'a''' čo: \-siʔ\|1SG:NOM 2SG \-COM go \-FUT\|"I’ll go with you"}}
The [genitive case](/wiki/Genitive_case "Genitive case") is marked with *\-meʔ*. It can only be used in constructions with [alienable possession](/wiki/Alienable_possession "Alienable possession"). (Inalienable possession is expressed through the juxtaposition of the two relevant nouns.)
{{interlinear\|indent\=3\|'''i''' \- '''meʔ''' luč \- i lakhiʔ\|1SG \- GEN tobacco \- NOM missing\|"I don’t have any cigarettes"}}
Wappo also has a [locative case](/wiki/Locative_case "Locative case"), which is marked with suffixes such as *\-pi* "away from" and *\-cawoh* "on top of".
{{interlinear\|indent\=3\|thal \-i '''čhuya''' '''\-cawoh''' te\- cewte \-khiʔ\|what \-NOM house \-on:top DIR\- fall \-STAT\|"what fell on the roof?" }}
|
[
"Syntax\n------",
"### Word order",
"Wappo has a predicate\\-final word order.",
"{{interlinear\\|indent\\=3\\|cephi onoʔšiʔ okel haṭel \\- khiʔ\\|3SG:NOM Indian language learn \\- STAT\\|\"s/he's learning Indian language\"}}",
"[Patient](/wiki/Patient \"Patient\")\\-initial structures are acceptable, albeit less common.",
"{{interlinear\\|indent\\=3\\|ce ew ce k'ew \\- i t'um \\- taʔ\\|DEM fish DEM man \\- NOM buy \\- PST\\|\"that fish, the man bought (it)\"}}",
"Wappo allows for more freedom in word order in complement clauses, especially when they have first person subjects. All three sentences below are acceptable translations of \"I know that the man caught a fish\".",
"{{interlinear\\|indent\\=3\\|ah ce k'ew ew ṭ'oh \\- taʔ haṭis \\- khiʔ\\|1SG:NOM DEM man fish catch \\- PST know \\- STAT\\|}}\n{{interlinear\\|indent\\=3\\|ah haṭis \\- khiʔ ce k'ew ew ṭ'oh \\- taʔ\\|1SG:NOM know \\- STAT DEM man fish catch \\- PST\\|}}\n{{interlinear\\|indent\\=3\\|ce k'ew ew ṭ'oh \\- taʔ ah haṭis \\- khiʔ\\|DEM man fish catch \\- PST 1SG:NOM know \\- STAT\\|}}",
"In noun phrases, demonstrative and genitive modifiers precede the noun, while numerals and adjectives follow the noun.",
"{{interlinear\\|indent\\=3\\|he tonči\\|DEM cat\\|\"this cat\"}}\n{{interlinear\\|indent\\=3\\|te \\- meʔ č'ešma\\|3SG \\- GEN bed\\|\"his/her bed\"}}\n{{interlinear\\|indent\\=3\\|hinta hopoka ah k'ešu mehlahi \\- khiʔ\\|day three 1SG:NOM deer hunt \\- STAT\\|\"for three days, I was hunting\"}}",
"In verb phrases, [oblique arguments](/wiki/Oblique_argument \"Oblique argument\") and adverbs come before the verb.",
"{{interlinear\\|indent\\=3\\|ah kaphe kawaču \\- k'a hak' \\- šeʔ\\|1SG:NOM coffee sugar \\- COM want \\- DUR\\|\"I want coffee with sugar in it\"}}",
"### Case system",
"Wappo has a rich case system which uses suffixes to mark cases. In the examples below, the words relevant to the case being discussed are in boldface.",
"The [accusative case](/wiki/Accusative_case \"Accusative case\") is [unmarked](/wiki/Marked_nominative_alignment \"Marked nominative alignment\"). Patients, arguments of transitive verbs that are patient\\-like, all subjects in dependent clauses and single arguments in copulas take the accusative case.",
"{{interlinear\\|indent\\=3\\|ce '''k'ew''' ceʔeʔ i ek'a\\|DEM man COP 1SG son\\|\"that man is my son\"}}",
"The [nominative case](/wiki/Nominative_case \"Nominative case\") is marked with the suffix *\\-i*. Words functioning as initiators, agents, experiencers of transitive verbs and the single argument of an intransitive verb take the nominative case. If the noun stem to which this suffix is added happens to ends with a vowel, the stem\\-final vowel is dropped or changed. Otherwise, adding the nominative suffix does not change the stem. The examples below illustrate the contrast. \n* *pol'eʔ* \"boy\" → *pol'eʔi* \"boys\"\n* *k'ešu* \"deer (singular)\" → *k'eši* \"deer (plural)\"",
"The [dative case](/wiki/Dative_case \"Dative case\"), which is used to indicate the recipient or direction, is marked with *\\-thu*. \n{{interlinear\\|indent\\=3\\|chic \\-i i '''\\-thu''' te\\- laha \\-khiʔ\\|bear \\-NOM 1SG \\-DAT DIR\\- come \\-STAT\\|\"the bear is coming toward me\"}}",
"The [benefactive case](/wiki/Benefactive_case \"Benefactive case\") is marked with *\\-ma*. It is used to mark whom the action benefits. \n{{interlinear\\|indent\\=3\\|'''may\\-''' '''ma''' miʔ ce takaʔ mes\\-taʔ\\|who\\- BEN 2SG:NOM DEM basket make\\-PST\\|\"who did you make that basket for?\"}}",
"The [instrumental case](/wiki/Instrumental_case \"Instrumental case\"), used with intensive reflexives and instruments, is marked with *\\-thiʔ*. \n{{interlinear\\|indent\\=3\\|cephi '''kuči:ya''' \\- '''thiʔ''' chica ṭ'oh \\- taʔ\\|3SG:NOM knife \\- INST bear kill \\- PST\\|\"s/he killed the bear with a knife\"}}",
"The [comitative case](/wiki/Comitative_case \"Comitative case\") is marked with *\\-k'a* and is used to indicate accompaniment.\n{{interlinear\\|indent\\=3\\|ah '''mi''' '''\\-k'a''' čo: \\-siʔ\\|1SG:NOM 2SG \\-COM go \\-FUT\\|\"I’ll go with you\"}}",
"The [genitive case](/wiki/Genitive_case \"Genitive case\") is marked with *\\-meʔ*. It can only be used in constructions with [alienable possession](/wiki/Alienable_possession \"Alienable possession\"). (Inalienable possession is expressed through the juxtaposition of the two relevant nouns.)\n{{interlinear\\|indent\\=3\\|'''i''' \\- '''meʔ''' luč \\- i lakhiʔ\\|1SG \\- GEN tobacco \\- NOM missing\\|\"I don’t have any cigarettes\"}}",
"Wappo also has a [locative case](/wiki/Locative_case \"Locative case\"), which is marked with suffixes such as *\\-pi* \"away from\" and *\\-cawoh* \"on top of\".\n{{interlinear\\|indent\\=3\\|thal \\-i '''čhuya''' '''\\-cawoh''' te\\- cewte \\-khiʔ\\|what \\-NOM house \\-on:top DIR\\- fall \\-STAT\\|\"what fell on the roof?\" }}",
""
] |
Career
------
### Beginnings and first clubs
Peña was born in [Huancayo](/wiki/Huancayo "Huancayo"), Peru. He was trained at [Deportivo Ingeniería](/wiki/Deportivo_Ingenier%C3%ADa "Deportivo Ingeniería") (2004\-2005\) and Academia Huancayo (2006\). Later he signed for the ADT Tarma where he was under the baton of Delia López Sueldo, daughter of Ricardo López Otero, former president who took the team to the professional in 1979\.{{Cite web\|last\=CORREO\|first\=NOTICIAS\|date\=5 May 2018\|title\=Victor Peña: "Soy huancaíno por algo... Vamos a traer el torneo a casa" – EDICION\|url\=https://diariocorreo.pe/edicion/huancayo/victor\-pena\-soy\-huancaino\-por\-algo\-vamos\-traer\-el\-torneo\-casa\-817255/\|access\-date\=2 October 2021\|website\=Correo\|language\=es}} In 2007 he went to Club Sport Águila at free cost, then through the same process to the Club Sport Ancash debuting in the Clausura on 17 August against [Club Deportivo Universidad César Vallejo](/wiki/Club_Deportivo_Universidad_C%C3%A9sar_Vallejo "Club Deportivo Universidad César Vallejo") playing 20 minutes. Then he played the Copa Sudamericana against Club Deportivo [Ñublense](/wiki/%C3%91ublense "Ñublense") S.D.A.P on 16 September 2008 for the return of the first round entering through [Ronaille Calheira](/wiki/Ronaille_Calheira "Ronaille Calheira") at minute 51\.{{Cite web\|title\=Deportivo Ñublense 1 – 0 Sport Ancash\|url\=https://www.mediotiempo.com/futbol/deportivo\-nublense\-1\-0\-sport\-ancash\|access\-date\=2 October 2021\|website\=mediotiempo.com\|language\=es\-MX}}
### Club León de Huánuco
In 2009 its value grew to $ 100,000, being transferred free at the beginning of 2010 to CD [León de Huánuco](/wiki/Le%C3%B3n_de_Hu%C3%A1nuco "León de Huánuco") where he made his starting debut against [Alianza Lima](/wiki/Alianza_Lima "Alianza Lima") playing 74 minutes and being replaced by [Luis García](/wiki/Luis_Garc%C3%ADa_%28footballer%2C_born_1988%29 "Luis García (footballer, born 1988)"). On 25 April, he scored a goal in the 1–0 victory against [FBC Melgar](/wiki/FBC_Melgar "FBC Melgar") where he started and received a double yellow and was sent off where he could not play the next game against [Alianza Atlético](/wiki/Alianza_Atl%C3%A9tico "Alianza Atlético").{{Cite web\|last\=PERÚ\|first\=Empresa Peruana de Servicios Editoriales S. A. EDITORA\|title\=León de Huánuco venció por 1–0 al Melgar en Arequipa\|url\=https://andina.pe/agencia/noticia\-leon\-huanuco\-vencio\-10\-al\-melgar\-arequipa\-292366\.aspx\|access\-date\=4 October 2021\|website\=andina.pe\|language\=es}} On 30 May, he scored a goal against Club Alianza Lima in a 4\-3 defeat where he received a yellow.{{Cite web\|last\=PERÚ\|first\=Empresa Peruana de Servicios Editoriales S. A. EDITORA\|title\=Alianza Lima doblegó por 4–3 al León de Huánuco en un gran partido disputado en Matute\|url\=https://andina.pe/agencia/noticia\-alianza\-lima\-doblego\-43\-al\-leon\-huanuco\-un\-gran\-partido\-disputado\-matute\-298465\.aspx\|access\-date\=4 October 2021\|website\=andina.pe\|language\=es}} On 3 July 2010, he gave an assist to [Luis Perea](/wiki/Luis_Alberto_Perea "Luis Alberto Perea") in the 1–1 draw against [Colegio Nacional Iquitos](/wiki/Colegio_Nacional_Iquitos "Colegio Nacional Iquitos").{{Cite web\|date\=3 July 2010\|title\=León de Huánuco terminó con ocho hombres y empató 1–1 ante CNI en Iquitos\|url\=https://archivo.elcomercio.pe/deporte\-total/futbol\-peruano/leon\-huanuco\-termino\-ocho\-hombres\-empato\-1\-ante\-cni\-iquitos\-noticia\-504959\|access\-date\=4 October 2021\|website\=El Comercio\|language\=es}} In the {{lang\|es\|Torneo Descentralizado\|italic\=no}} on 11 September he made his debut against [Sport Huancayo](/wiki/Sport_Huancayo "Sport Huancayo") where he drew 0\-0\.{{Cite web\|title\=Sport Huancayo León de Huánuco en vivo: Primera División: 11 septiembre 2010\|url\=https://www.academiadeapuestasmexico.com/stats/match/peru/primera\-division/sport\-huancayo/huanuco/1024152/live\|access\-date\=4 October 2021\|website\=academiadeapuestasmexico.com\|language\=es}} On 26 September, he scored a goal in the 2\-1 victory over the visiting [Cienciano](/wiki/Cienciano "Cienciano").{{Cite web\|last\=PERÚ\|first\=Empresa Peruana de Servicios Editoriales S. A. EDITORA\|title\=León de Huánuco se convirtió en el nuevo líder de la liguilla par tras derrotar por 2–0 al Cienciano. Fuente: CMD.\|url\=https://andina.pe/agencia/video\-leon\-huanuco\-beat\-cienciano\-21\-in\-cusco\-source\-cmd\-12597\.aspx?VideoId\=12597\|access\-date\=4 October 2021\|website\=andina.pe\|language\=es}} On 16 October he participated in his team's 3–1 victory against Melgar where he gave two assists, one to Luis Perea for 1–0 and another to [Gianfranco Espinoza](/wiki/Gianfranco_Espinoza "Gianfranco Espinoza") for 3–1\.{{Cite web\|title\=Rugió en casa: León de Huánuco venció 3–1 a Melgar\|url\=https://libero.pe/futbol\-peruano/2010\-10\-16\-rugio\-en\-casa\-leon\-de\-huanuco\-vencio\-3\-1\-melgar}} On 31 October, he gave an assist to Carlos Zegarra after a cross in the 2–0 victory against Sport Huancayo.{{Cite web\|last\=BOCÓN\|first\=NOTICIAS EL\|date\=31 October 2010\|title\=León de Huánuco le ganó 2–0 a Sport Huancayo: FUTBOL\-PERUANO\|url\=https://elbocon.pe/futbol\-peruano/leon\-de\-huanuco\-le\-gano\-2\-0\-a\-sport\-huancayo\-27486/\|access\-date\=4 October 2021\|website\=El Bocón\|language\=es}} His team finished second in the table with 56 points behind the [Club Deportivo Universidad de San Martín de Porres](/wiki/Club_Deportivo_Universidad_de_San_Mart%C3%ADn_de_Porres "Club Deportivo Universidad de San Martín de Porres") (San Martin) who had 64 points. Both teams played the final. of the play\-offs where Peña started in the two games (round trip) where a 3–1 aggregate for San Martin remained.{{Citation\|title\=Leon de Huanuco (1\) vs Univ San Martin (1\) \[Play Off] (parido de ida)\|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=2hr2OkiSzNg\|language\=en\|access\-date\=4 October 2021}}{{Citation\|title\=Final Descentralizado 2010 – San Martin 2 Leon de Huanuco 1\|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=hKmp7Rv\_mdQ\|language\=en\|access\-date\=4 October 2021}} In total he played 41 games throughout the season, scoring 3 goals and giving 4 assists.
In the 2011 season he debuted in the {{lang\|es\|\[\[Torneo Descentralizado]]}} on 12 February against Inti Gas, which ended with a 1–0 defeat.{{Cite web\|title\=Inti Gas 1–0 León de Huánuco\|url\=https://libero.pe/futbol\-peruano/2011\-02\-12\-minuto\-minuto\-inti\-gas\-1\-0\-leon\-de\-huanuco}} Last season, his team qualified for Libertadores where they formed Group B and debuted on 17 February against Junior where they lost 2–1\.{{Citation\|title\=Leon de Huanuco 1 vs 2 Junior Copa Libertadores 2011\|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=7\_V\_qSbDDjA\|language\=en\|access\-date\=4 October 2021}} On 23 February, he gave an assist to [Carlos Zegarra](/wiki/Carlos_Zegarra_%28footballer%29 "Carlos Zegarra (footballer)") to score the only goal of the game and it would be his team's only victory in the group stage against [Oriente Petrolero](/wiki/Oriente_Petrolero "Oriente Petrolero").{{Cite web\|title\=León de Huánuco vs. Oriente Petrolero – Reporte del Partido – 23 febrero, 2011 – ESPN\|url\=https://espndeportes.espn.com/futbol/reporte/\_/juegoId/311194\|access\-date\=4 October 2021\|website\=ESPNdeportes.com\|language\=es}} On 22 May he made his debut in the {{lang\|es\|Torneo Descentralizado\|italic\=no}} (primera división) game against Cienciano where his team won 4–0\.{{Cite web\|last\=BOCÓN\|first\=NOTICIAS EL\|date\=22 May 2011\|title\=León de Huánuco bailó 4–0 a Cienciano en la despedida de Jean Ferrari: FUTBOL\-PERUANO\|url\=https://elbocon.pe/futbol\-peruano/leon\-de\-huanuco\-bailo\-4\-0\-a\-cienciano\-en\-la\-despedida\-de\-jean\-ferrari\-36762/\|access\-date\=4 October 2021\|website\=El Bocón\|language\=es}} He met again with the goal on 6 November against Alianza Lima, scoring 2 goals and at the same time was booked in the 18th minute for his celebration.{{Cite web\|last\=Zúñiga\|first\=Michael Carrión\|date\=10 November 2011\|title\=FÚTBOL MARCA PERÚ: Víctor Peña: "Me gustaría quedarme en León de Huánuco"\|url\=http://futbolmarcaperu.blogspot.com/2011/11/victor\-pena\-me\-gustaria\-quedarme\-en.html\|access\-date\=4 October 2021\|website\=FÚTBOL MARCA PERÚ}}{{Cite web\|title\=CON GRAN ACTUACIÓN DE PEÑA LEÓN GANÓ 2 A 0 A ALIANZA LIMA\|url\=http://tribunal\-deportivo.blogspot.com/2011/11/con\-gran\-actuacion\-de\-pena\-leon\-gano\-2\.html\|access\-date\=4 October 2021\|website\=CON GRAN ACTUACIÓN DE PEÑA LEÓN GANÓ 2 A 0 A ALIANZA LIMA}} 34 games, scored 3 goals and gave 1 assist.
In the 2012 season he debuted on the second date against Inti Gas as a starter where his team won 1–0\.{{Cite web\|last\=PERÚ\|first\=Empresa Peruana de Servicios Editoriales S. A. EDITORA\|title\=León de Huánuco venció de local al Inti Gas con gol agónico de Chávez\|url\=https://andina.pe/ingles/noticia\-leon\-huanuco\-vencio\-local\-al\-inti\-gas\-gol\-agonico\-chavez\-402728\.aspx\|access\-date\=4 October 2021\|website\=andina.pe\|language\=es}} 23 On 1 August 2012, he made his debut in the Copa Sudamericana against [Deportivo Quito](/wiki/S.D._Quito "S.D. Quito") in [Ecuador](/wiki/Ecuador "Ecuador") where his team lost 1\-0{{Cite web\|last\=Comercio\|first\=Grupo El\|date\=\|title\=El Deportivo Quito venció a un tímido León de Huánuco en el Atahualpa\|url\=https://www.elcomercio.com/deportes/futbol/deportivo\-quito\-vencio\-timido\-leon.html\|access\-date\=4 October 2021\|website\=El Comercio\|language\=es\-EC}} and on 23 August, August he played the second round of the first round losing 3–2 at home,{{Cite web\|title\=León de Huánuco vs Deportivo Quito (2–3\) en vivo por Fox Sports – Copa Sudamericana 2012\|url\=https://netjoven.pe/deportes/99797/Leon\-de\-Huanuco\-vs\-Deportivo\-Quito\-2\-3\-en\-vivo\-por\-Fox\-Sports\-\-\-Copa\-Sudamericana\-2012\.html}} and was also booked in the 58th minute, losing 4–2 on aggregate. His team finished eighth in the table with 40 points and playing 9 games in which he did not score goals or give assists.
In the 2013 season he competed in the {{lang\|es\|Torneo Descentralizado\|italic\=no}} against Inti Gas in a 2–0 defeat.{{Cite web\|title\=Inti Gas venció 2–0 a León de Huánuco en Ayacucho\|url\=https://www.americatv.com.pe/noticias/deportes/inti\-gas\-vencio\-2\-0\-leon\-de\-huanuco\-en\-ayacucho\-n101453\|access\-date\=4 October 2021\|website\=América Noticias\|language\=es}} On 2 June, he was fouled in the 87th minute promoting a penalty taken by Carlos Solís for the 3–0 defeat against [Deportivo Pacifico](/wiki/Club_Deportivo_Pac%C3%ADfico_FC "Club Deportivo Pacífico FC").{{Citation\|title\=Video Goles: Leon de Huanuco 3–0 Pacifico FC ::Copa Movistar 2013 Fecha 18:: \[02/06/13]\|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=VU\-6gWaRfTs\|language\=en\|access\-date\=4 October 2021}}{{Cite web\|last\=Peru.com\|first\=Redacción\|date\=2 June 2013\|title\=León rugió en Huánuco y goleó a Pacífico\|url\=https://peru.com/futbol/descentralizado/descentralizado\-2013\-leon\-huanuco\-vs\-pacifico\-noticia\-142642\|access\-date\=4 October 2021\|website\=Peru.com\|language\=es}} His team finished sixth in the [Peruvian Primera División](/wiki/Peruvian_Primera_Divisi%C3%B3n "Peruvian Primera División") with 45 points. On 31 August he made his debut in Liguilla A against San Martin where he lost his team 1–0\.{{Cite web\|last\=Peru.com\|first\=Redacción\|date\=31 August 2013\|title\=Descentralizado 2013: San Martín derrotó con lo justo a León de Huánuco\|url\=https://peru.com/futbol/descentralizado/descentralizado\-2013\-san\-martin\-vs\-leon\-huanuco\-noticia\-161316\|access\-date\=4 October 2021\|website\=Peru.com\|language\=es}} On 16 November he scored his first goal of the season against Cienciano on the 12th date where his team drew 1–1\.{{Cite web\|title\=León de Huánuco y Cienciano igualaron 1–1 y aún sueñan con la Sudamericana\|date\=16 November 2013\|url\=https://archivo.elcomercio.pe/deporte\-total/futbol\-peruano/leon\-huanuco\-cienciano\-igualaron\-1\-aun\-suenan\-sudamericana\-noticia\-1659785}} His team He finished fourth in the table with 11 points in League A where he scored 1 goal. Víctor Peña played 33 games where he scored 1 goal and gave 1 assist throughout the season.
In the 2014 season, he debuted on 23 February 2014 in the Summer Tournament against [Sporting Cristal](/wiki/Sporting_Cristal "Sporting Cristal") as a starter where his team lost 3–0\.{{Cite web\|title\=Torneo del Inca: Sporting Cristal goleó 3–0 al León de Huánuco\|url\=https://libero.pe/futbol\-peruano/2014\-02\-23\-torneo\-del\-inca\-sporting\-cristal\-goleo\-3\-0\-al\-leon\-de\-huanuco\-video}} On 18 May he scored his first goal on the last date of the tournament against [Unión Comercio](/wiki/Uni%C3%B3n_Comercio "Unión Comercio") where his team won 4–3, in that game he was booked in the 73rd minute.{{Cite web\|last\=GrupoRPP\|date\=18 May 2014\|title\=León de Huánuco y Unión Comercio cerraron Torneo del Inca con partidazo\|url\=https://rpp.pe/futbol/descentralizado/leon\-de\-huanuco\-y\-union\-comercio\-cerraron\-torneo\-del\-inca\-con\-partidazo\-noticia\-692954\|access\-date\=4 October 2021\|website\=RPP\|language\=es}} On 7 June, he made his debut in the Apertura tournament against [Real Garcilaso](/wiki/Real_Garcilaso "Real Garcilaso") as a starter. where his team lost 3–1\.{{Cite web\|last\=GrupoRPP\|date\=7 June 2014\|title\=Real Garcilaso venció 3–1 a León de Huánuco en inicio del Torneo del Apertura\|url\=https://rpp.pe/futbol/descentralizado/real\-garcilaso\-vencio\-3\-1\-a\-leon\-de\-huanuco\-en\-inicio\-del\-torneo\-del\-apertura\-noticia\-698307\|access\-date\=4 October 2021\|website\=RPP\|language\=es}} On 26 July he gave an assist in the Apertura tournament of that year against [Cienciano](/wiki/Cienciano "Cienciano") where his team drew 2–2\.{{Cite web\|title\=León de Huánuco vs. Cienciano: 'Huanuqueños' igualaron 2–2 ante imperiales\|url\=https://libero.pe/futbol\-peruano/2014\-07\-26\-leon\-de\-huanuco\-vs\-cienciano\-inicio\-el\-partido\-en\-el\-heraclio\-tapia\-en\-vivo}} On 24 August he attended again this time against [Club Universitario de Deportes](/wiki/Club_Universitario_de_Deportes "Club Universitario de Deportes") (Universitario), where his team won 2–1, he was booked in that game in the 86th minute.{{Cite web\|last\=PERU21\|first\=NOTICIAS\|date\=24 August 2014\|title\=Torneo Apertura 2014: León de Huánuco derrotó 2–1 a Universitario en Lima: DEPORTES\|url\=https://peru21\.pe/deportes/torneo\-apertura\-2014\-leon\-huanuco\-derroto\-2\-1\-universitario\-lima\-181657\-noticia/\|access\-date\=4 October 2021\|website\=Peru21\|language\=es}} For the Clausura tournament he made his debut on 6 September against Real Garcilaso where his team drew 1–1\.{{Cite web\|last\=PERÚ\|first\=NOTICIAS EL COMERCIO\|date\=2 May 2014\|title\=Garcilaso le empató 1–1 a León en Huánuco con gol a los 93' : DEPORTE\-TOTAL\|url\=https://elcomercio.pe/deporte\-total/futbol\-peruano/garcilaso\-le\-empato\-1\-1\-leon\-huanuco\-gol\-93\-316073\-noticia/\|access\-date\=4 October 2021\|website\=El Comercio Perú\|language\=es}} On 23 November he scored a double against Universitario, the first from outside the area and the second in the 90\+5 minute.{{Cite web\|last\=PERÚ\|first\=NOTICIAS EL COMERCIO\|date\=23 November 2014\|title\=Universitario vs. León de Huánuco: 'U' cayó 2–0 por el Clausura: DEPORTE\-TOTAL\|url\=https://elcomercio.pe/deporte\-total/futbol\-peruano/universitario\-vs\-leon\-huanuco\-u\-cayo\-2\-0\-clausura\-305584\-noticia/\|access\-date\=4 October 2021\|website\=El Comercio Perú\|language\=es}} His last game of the season was played against [Inti Gas](/wiki/Inti_Gas_Deportes "Inti Gas Deportes") where his team lost 5–2\.{{Cite web\|last\=Peru.com\|first\=Redacción\|date\=30 November 2014\|title\=Torneo Clausura: Inti Gas aplastó al León de Huánuco\|url\=https://peru.com/futbol/descentralizado/inti\-gas\-vs\-leon\-huanuco\-vivo\-torneo\-clausura\-noticia\-305276\|access\-date\=4 October 2021\|website\=Peru.com\|language\=es}} His team finished fifth in the table a with 23 points in the closing where he scored 2 goals. Peña played 39 games that season in which he scored 2 goals and gave 3 assists.
### Sport Huancayo
In the 2015 season, Peña signed for [Sport Huancayo](/wiki/Sport_Huancayo "Sport Huancayo"). In a 2–1 win against [Ayacucho](/wiki/Ayacucho_FC "Ayacucho FC"), he received a double yellow without being able to play the next date against [Unión Comercio](/wiki/Uni%C3%B3n_Comercio "Unión Comercio").{{Cite web\|title\=Sport Huancayo le dio vuelta y venció a Ayacucho FC por el Torneo del Inca\|url\=https://www.americatv.com.pe/deportes/futbol\-peruano/sport\-huancayo\-le\-dio\-vuelta\-y\-vencio\-ayacucho\-fc\-torneo\-inca\-n169830\|access\-date\=4 October 2021\|website\=americadeportes\|language\=es}}
|
[
"Career\n------",
"### Beginnings and first clubs",
"Peña was born in [Huancayo](/wiki/Huancayo \"Huancayo\"), Peru. He was trained at [Deportivo Ingeniería](/wiki/Deportivo_Ingenier%C3%ADa \"Deportivo Ingeniería\") (2004\\-2005\\) and Academia Huancayo (2006\\). Later he signed for the ADT Tarma where he was under the baton of Delia López Sueldo, daughter of Ricardo López Otero, former president who took the team to the professional in 1979\\.{{Cite web\\|last\\=CORREO\\|first\\=NOTICIAS\\|date\\=5 May 2018\\|title\\=Victor Peña: \"Soy huancaíno por algo... Vamos a traer el torneo a casa\" – EDICION\\|url\\=https://diariocorreo.pe/edicion/huancayo/victor\\-pena\\-soy\\-huancaino\\-por\\-algo\\-vamos\\-traer\\-el\\-torneo\\-casa\\-817255/\\|access\\-date\\=2 October 2021\\|website\\=Correo\\|language\\=es}} In 2007 he went to Club Sport Águila at free cost, then through the same process to the Club Sport Ancash debuting in the Clausura on 17 August against [Club Deportivo Universidad César Vallejo](/wiki/Club_Deportivo_Universidad_C%C3%A9sar_Vallejo \"Club Deportivo Universidad César Vallejo\") playing 20 minutes. Then he played the Copa Sudamericana against Club Deportivo [Ñublense](/wiki/%C3%91ublense \"Ñublense\") S.D.A.P on 16 September 2008 for the return of the first round entering through [Ronaille Calheira](/wiki/Ronaille_Calheira \"Ronaille Calheira\") at minute 51\\.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Deportivo Ñublense 1 – 0 Sport Ancash\\|url\\=https://www.mediotiempo.com/futbol/deportivo\\-nublense\\-1\\-0\\-sport\\-ancash\\|access\\-date\\=2 October 2021\\|website\\=mediotiempo.com\\|language\\=es\\-MX}}",
"### Club León de Huánuco",
"In 2009 its value grew to $ 100,000, being transferred free at the beginning of 2010 to CD [León de Huánuco](/wiki/Le%C3%B3n_de_Hu%C3%A1nuco \"León de Huánuco\") where he made his starting debut against [Alianza Lima](/wiki/Alianza_Lima \"Alianza Lima\") playing 74 minutes and being replaced by [Luis García](/wiki/Luis_Garc%C3%ADa_%28footballer%2C_born_1988%29 \"Luis García (footballer, born 1988)\"). On 25 April, he scored a goal in the 1–0 victory against [FBC Melgar](/wiki/FBC_Melgar \"FBC Melgar\") where he started and received a double yellow and was sent off where he could not play the next game against [Alianza Atlético](/wiki/Alianza_Atl%C3%A9tico \"Alianza Atlético\").{{Cite web\\|last\\=PERÚ\\|first\\=Empresa Peruana de Servicios Editoriales S. A. EDITORA\\|title\\=León de Huánuco venció por 1–0 al Melgar en Arequipa\\|url\\=https://andina.pe/agencia/noticia\\-leon\\-huanuco\\-vencio\\-10\\-al\\-melgar\\-arequipa\\-292366\\.aspx\\|access\\-date\\=4 October 2021\\|website\\=andina.pe\\|language\\=es}} On 30 May, he scored a goal against Club Alianza Lima in a 4\\-3 defeat where he received a yellow.{{Cite web\\|last\\=PERÚ\\|first\\=Empresa Peruana de Servicios Editoriales S. A. EDITORA\\|title\\=Alianza Lima doblegó por 4–3 al León de Huánuco en un gran partido disputado en Matute\\|url\\=https://andina.pe/agencia/noticia\\-alianza\\-lima\\-doblego\\-43\\-al\\-leon\\-huanuco\\-un\\-gran\\-partido\\-disputado\\-matute\\-298465\\.aspx\\|access\\-date\\=4 October 2021\\|website\\=andina.pe\\|language\\=es}} On 3 July 2010, he gave an assist to [Luis Perea](/wiki/Luis_Alberto_Perea \"Luis Alberto Perea\") in the 1–1 draw against [Colegio Nacional Iquitos](/wiki/Colegio_Nacional_Iquitos \"Colegio Nacional Iquitos\").{{Cite web\\|date\\=3 July 2010\\|title\\=León de Huánuco terminó con ocho hombres y empató 1–1 ante CNI en Iquitos\\|url\\=https://archivo.elcomercio.pe/deporte\\-total/futbol\\-peruano/leon\\-huanuco\\-termino\\-ocho\\-hombres\\-empato\\-1\\-ante\\-cni\\-iquitos\\-noticia\\-504959\\|access\\-date\\=4 October 2021\\|website\\=El Comercio\\|language\\=es}} In the {{lang\\|es\\|Torneo Descentralizado\\|italic\\=no}} on 11 September he made his debut against [Sport Huancayo](/wiki/Sport_Huancayo \"Sport Huancayo\") where he drew 0\\-0\\.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Sport Huancayo León de Huánuco en vivo: Primera División: 11 septiembre 2010\\|url\\=https://www.academiadeapuestasmexico.com/stats/match/peru/primera\\-division/sport\\-huancayo/huanuco/1024152/live\\|access\\-date\\=4 October 2021\\|website\\=academiadeapuestasmexico.com\\|language\\=es}} On 26 September, he scored a goal in the 2\\-1 victory over the visiting [Cienciano](/wiki/Cienciano \"Cienciano\").{{Cite web\\|last\\=PERÚ\\|first\\=Empresa Peruana de Servicios Editoriales S. A. EDITORA\\|title\\=León de Huánuco se convirtió en el nuevo líder de la liguilla par tras derrotar por 2–0 al Cienciano. Fuente: CMD.\\|url\\=https://andina.pe/agencia/video\\-leon\\-huanuco\\-beat\\-cienciano\\-21\\-in\\-cusco\\-source\\-cmd\\-12597\\.aspx?VideoId\\=12597\\|access\\-date\\=4 October 2021\\|website\\=andina.pe\\|language\\=es}} On 16 October he participated in his team's 3–1 victory against Melgar where he gave two assists, one to Luis Perea for 1–0 and another to [Gianfranco Espinoza](/wiki/Gianfranco_Espinoza \"Gianfranco Espinoza\") for 3–1\\.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Rugió en casa: León de Huánuco venció 3–1 a Melgar\\|url\\=https://libero.pe/futbol\\-peruano/2010\\-10\\-16\\-rugio\\-en\\-casa\\-leon\\-de\\-huanuco\\-vencio\\-3\\-1\\-melgar}} On 31 October, he gave an assist to Carlos Zegarra after a cross in the 2–0 victory against Sport Huancayo.{{Cite web\\|last\\=BOCÓN\\|first\\=NOTICIAS EL\\|date\\=31 October 2010\\|title\\=León de Huánuco le ganó 2–0 a Sport Huancayo: FUTBOL\\-PERUANO\\|url\\=https://elbocon.pe/futbol\\-peruano/leon\\-de\\-huanuco\\-le\\-gano\\-2\\-0\\-a\\-sport\\-huancayo\\-27486/\\|access\\-date\\=4 October 2021\\|website\\=El Bocón\\|language\\=es}} His team finished second in the table with 56 points behind the [Club Deportivo Universidad de San Martín de Porres](/wiki/Club_Deportivo_Universidad_de_San_Mart%C3%ADn_de_Porres \"Club Deportivo Universidad de San Martín de Porres\") (San Martin) who had 64 points. Both teams played the final. of the play\\-offs where Peña started in the two games (round trip) where a 3–1 aggregate for San Martin remained.{{Citation\\|title\\=Leon de Huanuco (1\\) vs Univ San Martin (1\\) \\[Play Off] (parido de ida)\\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=2hr2OkiSzNg\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=4 October 2021}}{{Citation\\|title\\=Final Descentralizado 2010 – San Martin 2 Leon de Huanuco 1\\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=hKmp7Rv\\_mdQ\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=4 October 2021}} In total he played 41 games throughout the season, scoring 3 goals and giving 4 assists.",
"In the 2011 season he debuted in the {{lang\\|es\\|\\[\\[Torneo Descentralizado]]}} on 12 February against Inti Gas, which ended with a 1–0 defeat.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Inti Gas 1–0 León de Huánuco\\|url\\=https://libero.pe/futbol\\-peruano/2011\\-02\\-12\\-minuto\\-minuto\\-inti\\-gas\\-1\\-0\\-leon\\-de\\-huanuco}} Last season, his team qualified for Libertadores where they formed Group B and debuted on 17 February against Junior where they lost 2–1\\.{{Citation\\|title\\=Leon de Huanuco 1 vs 2 Junior Copa Libertadores 2011\\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=7\\_V\\_qSbDDjA\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=4 October 2021}} On 23 February, he gave an assist to [Carlos Zegarra](/wiki/Carlos_Zegarra_%28footballer%29 \"Carlos Zegarra (footballer)\") to score the only goal of the game and it would be his team's only victory in the group stage against [Oriente Petrolero](/wiki/Oriente_Petrolero \"Oriente Petrolero\").{{Cite web\\|title\\=León de Huánuco vs. Oriente Petrolero – Reporte del Partido – 23 febrero, 2011 – ESPN\\|url\\=https://espndeportes.espn.com/futbol/reporte/\\_/juegoId/311194\\|access\\-date\\=4 October 2021\\|website\\=ESPNdeportes.com\\|language\\=es}} On 22 May he made his debut in the {{lang\\|es\\|Torneo Descentralizado\\|italic\\=no}} (primera división) game against Cienciano where his team won 4–0\\.{{Cite web\\|last\\=BOCÓN\\|first\\=NOTICIAS EL\\|date\\=22 May 2011\\|title\\=León de Huánuco bailó 4–0 a Cienciano en la despedida de Jean Ferrari: FUTBOL\\-PERUANO\\|url\\=https://elbocon.pe/futbol\\-peruano/leon\\-de\\-huanuco\\-bailo\\-4\\-0\\-a\\-cienciano\\-en\\-la\\-despedida\\-de\\-jean\\-ferrari\\-36762/\\|access\\-date\\=4 October 2021\\|website\\=El Bocón\\|language\\=es}} He met again with the goal on 6 November against Alianza Lima, scoring 2 goals and at the same time was booked in the 18th minute for his celebration.{{Cite web\\|last\\=Zúñiga\\|first\\=Michael Carrión\\|date\\=10 November 2011\\|title\\=FÚTBOL MARCA PERÚ: Víctor Peña: \"Me gustaría quedarme en León de Huánuco\"\\|url\\=http://futbolmarcaperu.blogspot.com/2011/11/victor\\-pena\\-me\\-gustaria\\-quedarme\\-en.html\\|access\\-date\\=4 October 2021\\|website\\=FÚTBOL MARCA PERÚ}}{{Cite web\\|title\\=CON GRAN ACTUACIÓN DE PEÑA LEÓN GANÓ 2 A 0 A ALIANZA LIMA\\|url\\=http://tribunal\\-deportivo.blogspot.com/2011/11/con\\-gran\\-actuacion\\-de\\-pena\\-leon\\-gano\\-2\\.html\\|access\\-date\\=4 October 2021\\|website\\=CON GRAN ACTUACIÓN DE PEÑA LEÓN GANÓ 2 A 0 A ALIANZA LIMA}} 34 games, scored 3 goals and gave 1 assist.",
"In the 2012 season he debuted on the second date against Inti Gas as a starter where his team won 1–0\\.{{Cite web\\|last\\=PERÚ\\|first\\=Empresa Peruana de Servicios Editoriales S. A. EDITORA\\|title\\=León de Huánuco venció de local al Inti Gas con gol agónico de Chávez\\|url\\=https://andina.pe/ingles/noticia\\-leon\\-huanuco\\-vencio\\-local\\-al\\-inti\\-gas\\-gol\\-agonico\\-chavez\\-402728\\.aspx\\|access\\-date\\=4 October 2021\\|website\\=andina.pe\\|language\\=es}} 23 On 1 August 2012, he made his debut in the Copa Sudamericana against [Deportivo Quito](/wiki/S.D._Quito \"S.D. Quito\") in [Ecuador](/wiki/Ecuador \"Ecuador\") where his team lost 1\\-0{{Cite web\\|last\\=Comercio\\|first\\=Grupo El\\|date\\=\\|title\\=El Deportivo Quito venció a un tímido León de Huánuco en el Atahualpa\\|url\\=https://www.elcomercio.com/deportes/futbol/deportivo\\-quito\\-vencio\\-timido\\-leon.html\\|access\\-date\\=4 October 2021\\|website\\=El Comercio\\|language\\=es\\-EC}} and on 23 August, August he played the second round of the first round losing 3–2 at home,{{Cite web\\|title\\=León de Huánuco vs Deportivo Quito (2–3\\) en vivo por Fox Sports – Copa Sudamericana 2012\\|url\\=https://netjoven.pe/deportes/99797/Leon\\-de\\-Huanuco\\-vs\\-Deportivo\\-Quito\\-2\\-3\\-en\\-vivo\\-por\\-Fox\\-Sports\\-\\-\\-Copa\\-Sudamericana\\-2012\\.html}} and was also booked in the 58th minute, losing 4–2 on aggregate. His team finished eighth in the table with 40 points and playing 9 games in which he did not score goals or give assists.",
"In the 2013 season he competed in the {{lang\\|es\\|Torneo Descentralizado\\|italic\\=no}} against Inti Gas in a 2–0 defeat.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Inti Gas venció 2–0 a León de Huánuco en Ayacucho\\|url\\=https://www.americatv.com.pe/noticias/deportes/inti\\-gas\\-vencio\\-2\\-0\\-leon\\-de\\-huanuco\\-en\\-ayacucho\\-n101453\\|access\\-date\\=4 October 2021\\|website\\=América Noticias\\|language\\=es}} On 2 June, he was fouled in the 87th minute promoting a penalty taken by Carlos Solís for the 3–0 defeat against [Deportivo Pacifico](/wiki/Club_Deportivo_Pac%C3%ADfico_FC \"Club Deportivo Pacífico FC\").{{Citation\\|title\\=Video Goles: Leon de Huanuco 3–0 Pacifico FC ::Copa Movistar 2013 Fecha 18:: \\[02/06/13]\\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=VU\\-6gWaRfTs\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=4 October 2021}}{{Cite web\\|last\\=Peru.com\\|first\\=Redacción\\|date\\=2 June 2013\\|title\\=León rugió en Huánuco y goleó a Pacífico\\|url\\=https://peru.com/futbol/descentralizado/descentralizado\\-2013\\-leon\\-huanuco\\-vs\\-pacifico\\-noticia\\-142642\\|access\\-date\\=4 October 2021\\|website\\=Peru.com\\|language\\=es}} His team finished sixth in the [Peruvian Primera División](/wiki/Peruvian_Primera_Divisi%C3%B3n \"Peruvian Primera División\") with 45 points. On 31 August he made his debut in Liguilla A against San Martin where he lost his team 1–0\\.{{Cite web\\|last\\=Peru.com\\|first\\=Redacción\\|date\\=31 August 2013\\|title\\=Descentralizado 2013: San Martín derrotó con lo justo a León de Huánuco\\|url\\=https://peru.com/futbol/descentralizado/descentralizado\\-2013\\-san\\-martin\\-vs\\-leon\\-huanuco\\-noticia\\-161316\\|access\\-date\\=4 October 2021\\|website\\=Peru.com\\|language\\=es}} On 16 November he scored his first goal of the season against Cienciano on the 12th date where his team drew 1–1\\.{{Cite web\\|title\\=León de Huánuco y Cienciano igualaron 1–1 y aún sueñan con la Sudamericana\\|date\\=16 November 2013\\|url\\=https://archivo.elcomercio.pe/deporte\\-total/futbol\\-peruano/leon\\-huanuco\\-cienciano\\-igualaron\\-1\\-aun\\-suenan\\-sudamericana\\-noticia\\-1659785}} His team He finished fourth in the table with 11 points in League A where he scored 1 goal. Víctor Peña played 33 games where he scored 1 goal and gave 1 assist throughout the season.",
"In the 2014 season, he debuted on 23 February 2014 in the Summer Tournament against [Sporting Cristal](/wiki/Sporting_Cristal \"Sporting Cristal\") as a starter where his team lost 3–0\\.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Torneo del Inca: Sporting Cristal goleó 3–0 al León de Huánuco\\|url\\=https://libero.pe/futbol\\-peruano/2014\\-02\\-23\\-torneo\\-del\\-inca\\-sporting\\-cristal\\-goleo\\-3\\-0\\-al\\-leon\\-de\\-huanuco\\-video}} On 18 May he scored his first goal on the last date of the tournament against [Unión Comercio](/wiki/Uni%C3%B3n_Comercio \"Unión Comercio\") where his team won 4–3, in that game he was booked in the 73rd minute.{{Cite web\\|last\\=GrupoRPP\\|date\\=18 May 2014\\|title\\=León de Huánuco y Unión Comercio cerraron Torneo del Inca con partidazo\\|url\\=https://rpp.pe/futbol/descentralizado/leon\\-de\\-huanuco\\-y\\-union\\-comercio\\-cerraron\\-torneo\\-del\\-inca\\-con\\-partidazo\\-noticia\\-692954\\|access\\-date\\=4 October 2021\\|website\\=RPP\\|language\\=es}} On 7 June, he made his debut in the Apertura tournament against [Real Garcilaso](/wiki/Real_Garcilaso \"Real Garcilaso\") as a starter. where his team lost 3–1\\.{{Cite web\\|last\\=GrupoRPP\\|date\\=7 June 2014\\|title\\=Real Garcilaso venció 3–1 a León de Huánuco en inicio del Torneo del Apertura\\|url\\=https://rpp.pe/futbol/descentralizado/real\\-garcilaso\\-vencio\\-3\\-1\\-a\\-leon\\-de\\-huanuco\\-en\\-inicio\\-del\\-torneo\\-del\\-apertura\\-noticia\\-698307\\|access\\-date\\=4 October 2021\\|website\\=RPP\\|language\\=es}} On 26 July he gave an assist in the Apertura tournament of that year against [Cienciano](/wiki/Cienciano \"Cienciano\") where his team drew 2–2\\.{{Cite web\\|title\\=León de Huánuco vs. Cienciano: 'Huanuqueños' igualaron 2–2 ante imperiales\\|url\\=https://libero.pe/futbol\\-peruano/2014\\-07\\-26\\-leon\\-de\\-huanuco\\-vs\\-cienciano\\-inicio\\-el\\-partido\\-en\\-el\\-heraclio\\-tapia\\-en\\-vivo}} On 24 August he attended again this time against [Club Universitario de Deportes](/wiki/Club_Universitario_de_Deportes \"Club Universitario de Deportes\") (Universitario), where his team won 2–1, he was booked in that game in the 86th minute.{{Cite web\\|last\\=PERU21\\|first\\=NOTICIAS\\|date\\=24 August 2014\\|title\\=Torneo Apertura 2014: León de Huánuco derrotó 2–1 a Universitario en Lima: DEPORTES\\|url\\=https://peru21\\.pe/deportes/torneo\\-apertura\\-2014\\-leon\\-huanuco\\-derroto\\-2\\-1\\-universitario\\-lima\\-181657\\-noticia/\\|access\\-date\\=4 October 2021\\|website\\=Peru21\\|language\\=es}} For the Clausura tournament he made his debut on 6 September against Real Garcilaso where his team drew 1–1\\.{{Cite web\\|last\\=PERÚ\\|first\\=NOTICIAS EL COMERCIO\\|date\\=2 May 2014\\|title\\=Garcilaso le empató 1–1 a León en Huánuco con gol a los 93' : DEPORTE\\-TOTAL\\|url\\=https://elcomercio.pe/deporte\\-total/futbol\\-peruano/garcilaso\\-le\\-empato\\-1\\-1\\-leon\\-huanuco\\-gol\\-93\\-316073\\-noticia/\\|access\\-date\\=4 October 2021\\|website\\=El Comercio Perú\\|language\\=es}} On 23 November he scored a double against Universitario, the first from outside the area and the second in the 90\\+5 minute.{{Cite web\\|last\\=PERÚ\\|first\\=NOTICIAS EL COMERCIO\\|date\\=23 November 2014\\|title\\=Universitario vs. León de Huánuco: 'U' cayó 2–0 por el Clausura: DEPORTE\\-TOTAL\\|url\\=https://elcomercio.pe/deporte\\-total/futbol\\-peruano/universitario\\-vs\\-leon\\-huanuco\\-u\\-cayo\\-2\\-0\\-clausura\\-305584\\-noticia/\\|access\\-date\\=4 October 2021\\|website\\=El Comercio Perú\\|language\\=es}} His last game of the season was played against [Inti Gas](/wiki/Inti_Gas_Deportes \"Inti Gas Deportes\") where his team lost 5–2\\.{{Cite web\\|last\\=Peru.com\\|first\\=Redacción\\|date\\=30 November 2014\\|title\\=Torneo Clausura: Inti Gas aplastó al León de Huánuco\\|url\\=https://peru.com/futbol/descentralizado/inti\\-gas\\-vs\\-leon\\-huanuco\\-vivo\\-torneo\\-clausura\\-noticia\\-305276\\|access\\-date\\=4 October 2021\\|website\\=Peru.com\\|language\\=es}} His team finished fifth in the table a with 23 points in the closing where he scored 2 goals. Peña played 39 games that season in which he scored 2 goals and gave 3 assists.",
"### Sport Huancayo",
"In the 2015 season, Peña signed for [Sport Huancayo](/wiki/Sport_Huancayo \"Sport Huancayo\"). In a 2–1 win against [Ayacucho](/wiki/Ayacucho_FC \"Ayacucho FC\"), he received a double yellow without being able to play the next date against [Unión Comercio](/wiki/Uni%C3%B3n_Comercio \"Unión Comercio\").{{Cite web\\|title\\=Sport Huancayo le dio vuelta y venció a Ayacucho FC por el Torneo del Inca\\|url\\=https://www.americatv.com.pe/deportes/futbol\\-peruano/sport\\-huancayo\\-le\\-dio\\-vuelta\\-y\\-vencio\\-ayacucho\\-fc\\-torneo\\-inca\\-n169830\\|access\\-date\\=4 October 2021\\|website\\=americadeportes\\|language\\=es}}",
""
] |
### Club León de Huánuco
In 2009 its value grew to $ 100,000, being transferred free at the beginning of 2010 to CD [León de Huánuco](/wiki/Le%C3%B3n_de_Hu%C3%A1nuco "León de Huánuco") where he made his starting debut against [Alianza Lima](/wiki/Alianza_Lima "Alianza Lima") playing 74 minutes and being replaced by [Luis García](/wiki/Luis_Garc%C3%ADa_%28footballer%2C_born_1988%29 "Luis García (footballer, born 1988)"). On 25 April, he scored a goal in the 1–0 victory against [FBC Melgar](/wiki/FBC_Melgar "FBC Melgar") where he started and received a double yellow and was sent off where he could not play the next game against [Alianza Atlético](/wiki/Alianza_Atl%C3%A9tico "Alianza Atlético").{{Cite web\|last\=PERÚ\|first\=Empresa Peruana de Servicios Editoriales S. A. EDITORA\|title\=León de Huánuco venció por 1–0 al Melgar en Arequipa\|url\=https://andina.pe/agencia/noticia\-leon\-huanuco\-vencio\-10\-al\-melgar\-arequipa\-292366\.aspx\|access\-date\=4 October 2021\|website\=andina.pe\|language\=es}} On 30 May, he scored a goal against Club Alianza Lima in a 4\-3 defeat where he received a yellow.{{Cite web\|last\=PERÚ\|first\=Empresa Peruana de Servicios Editoriales S. A. EDITORA\|title\=Alianza Lima doblegó por 4–3 al León de Huánuco en un gran partido disputado en Matute\|url\=https://andina.pe/agencia/noticia\-alianza\-lima\-doblego\-43\-al\-leon\-huanuco\-un\-gran\-partido\-disputado\-matute\-298465\.aspx\|access\-date\=4 October 2021\|website\=andina.pe\|language\=es}} On 3 July 2010, he gave an assist to [Luis Perea](/wiki/Luis_Alberto_Perea "Luis Alberto Perea") in the 1–1 draw against [Colegio Nacional Iquitos](/wiki/Colegio_Nacional_Iquitos "Colegio Nacional Iquitos").{{Cite web\|date\=3 July 2010\|title\=León de Huánuco terminó con ocho hombres y empató 1–1 ante CNI en Iquitos\|url\=https://archivo.elcomercio.pe/deporte\-total/futbol\-peruano/leon\-huanuco\-termino\-ocho\-hombres\-empato\-1\-ante\-cni\-iquitos\-noticia\-504959\|access\-date\=4 October 2021\|website\=El Comercio\|language\=es}} In the {{lang\|es\|Torneo Descentralizado\|italic\=no}} on 11 September he made his debut against [Sport Huancayo](/wiki/Sport_Huancayo "Sport Huancayo") where he drew 0\-0\.{{Cite web\|title\=Sport Huancayo León de Huánuco en vivo: Primera División: 11 septiembre 2010\|url\=https://www.academiadeapuestasmexico.com/stats/match/peru/primera\-division/sport\-huancayo/huanuco/1024152/live\|access\-date\=4 October 2021\|website\=academiadeapuestasmexico.com\|language\=es}} On 26 September, he scored a goal in the 2\-1 victory over the visiting [Cienciano](/wiki/Cienciano "Cienciano").{{Cite web\|last\=PERÚ\|first\=Empresa Peruana de Servicios Editoriales S. A. EDITORA\|title\=León de Huánuco se convirtió en el nuevo líder de la liguilla par tras derrotar por 2–0 al Cienciano. Fuente: CMD.\|url\=https://andina.pe/agencia/video\-leon\-huanuco\-beat\-cienciano\-21\-in\-cusco\-source\-cmd\-12597\.aspx?VideoId\=12597\|access\-date\=4 October 2021\|website\=andina.pe\|language\=es}} On 16 October he participated in his team's 3–1 victory against Melgar where he gave two assists, one to Luis Perea for 1–0 and another to [Gianfranco Espinoza](/wiki/Gianfranco_Espinoza "Gianfranco Espinoza") for 3–1\.{{Cite web\|title\=Rugió en casa: León de Huánuco venció 3–1 a Melgar\|url\=https://libero.pe/futbol\-peruano/2010\-10\-16\-rugio\-en\-casa\-leon\-de\-huanuco\-vencio\-3\-1\-melgar}} On 31 October, he gave an assist to Carlos Zegarra after a cross in the 2–0 victory against Sport Huancayo.{{Cite web\|last\=BOCÓN\|first\=NOTICIAS EL\|date\=31 October 2010\|title\=León de Huánuco le ganó 2–0 a Sport Huancayo: FUTBOL\-PERUANO\|url\=https://elbocon.pe/futbol\-peruano/leon\-de\-huanuco\-le\-gano\-2\-0\-a\-sport\-huancayo\-27486/\|access\-date\=4 October 2021\|website\=El Bocón\|language\=es}} His team finished second in the table with 56 points behind the [Club Deportivo Universidad de San Martín de Porres](/wiki/Club_Deportivo_Universidad_de_San_Mart%C3%ADn_de_Porres "Club Deportivo Universidad de San Martín de Porres") (San Martin) who had 64 points. Both teams played the final. of the play\-offs where Peña started in the two games (round trip) where a 3–1 aggregate for San Martin remained.{{Citation\|title\=Leon de Huanuco (1\) vs Univ San Martin (1\) \[Play Off] (parido de ida)\|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=2hr2OkiSzNg\|language\=en\|access\-date\=4 October 2021}}{{Citation\|title\=Final Descentralizado 2010 – San Martin 2 Leon de Huanuco 1\|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=hKmp7Rv\_mdQ\|language\=en\|access\-date\=4 October 2021}} In total he played 41 games throughout the season, scoring 3 goals and giving 4 assists.
In the 2011 season he debuted in the {{lang\|es\|\[\[Torneo Descentralizado]]}} on 12 February against Inti Gas, which ended with a 1–0 defeat.{{Cite web\|title\=Inti Gas 1–0 León de Huánuco\|url\=https://libero.pe/futbol\-peruano/2011\-02\-12\-minuto\-minuto\-inti\-gas\-1\-0\-leon\-de\-huanuco}} Last season, his team qualified for Libertadores where they formed Group B and debuted on 17 February against Junior where they lost 2–1\.{{Citation\|title\=Leon de Huanuco 1 vs 2 Junior Copa Libertadores 2011\|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=7\_V\_qSbDDjA\|language\=en\|access\-date\=4 October 2021}} On 23 February, he gave an assist to [Carlos Zegarra](/wiki/Carlos_Zegarra_%28footballer%29 "Carlos Zegarra (footballer)") to score the only goal of the game and it would be his team's only victory in the group stage against [Oriente Petrolero](/wiki/Oriente_Petrolero "Oriente Petrolero").{{Cite web\|title\=León de Huánuco vs. Oriente Petrolero – Reporte del Partido – 23 febrero, 2011 – ESPN\|url\=https://espndeportes.espn.com/futbol/reporte/\_/juegoId/311194\|access\-date\=4 October 2021\|website\=ESPNdeportes.com\|language\=es}} On 22 May he made his debut in the {{lang\|es\|Torneo Descentralizado\|italic\=no}} (primera división) game against Cienciano where his team won 4–0\.{{Cite web\|last\=BOCÓN\|first\=NOTICIAS EL\|date\=22 May 2011\|title\=León de Huánuco bailó 4–0 a Cienciano en la despedida de Jean Ferrari: FUTBOL\-PERUANO\|url\=https://elbocon.pe/futbol\-peruano/leon\-de\-huanuco\-bailo\-4\-0\-a\-cienciano\-en\-la\-despedida\-de\-jean\-ferrari\-36762/\|access\-date\=4 October 2021\|website\=El Bocón\|language\=es}} He met again with the goal on 6 November against Alianza Lima, scoring 2 goals and at the same time was booked in the 18th minute for his celebration.{{Cite web\|last\=Zúñiga\|first\=Michael Carrión\|date\=10 November 2011\|title\=FÚTBOL MARCA PERÚ: Víctor Peña: "Me gustaría quedarme en León de Huánuco"\|url\=http://futbolmarcaperu.blogspot.com/2011/11/victor\-pena\-me\-gustaria\-quedarme\-en.html\|access\-date\=4 October 2021\|website\=FÚTBOL MARCA PERÚ}}{{Cite web\|title\=CON GRAN ACTUACIÓN DE PEÑA LEÓN GANÓ 2 A 0 A ALIANZA LIMA\|url\=http://tribunal\-deportivo.blogspot.com/2011/11/con\-gran\-actuacion\-de\-pena\-leon\-gano\-2\.html\|access\-date\=4 October 2021\|website\=CON GRAN ACTUACIÓN DE PEÑA LEÓN GANÓ 2 A 0 A ALIANZA LIMA}} 34 games, scored 3 goals and gave 1 assist.
In the 2012 season he debuted on the second date against Inti Gas as a starter where his team won 1–0\.{{Cite web\|last\=PERÚ\|first\=Empresa Peruana de Servicios Editoriales S. A. EDITORA\|title\=León de Huánuco venció de local al Inti Gas con gol agónico de Chávez\|url\=https://andina.pe/ingles/noticia\-leon\-huanuco\-vencio\-local\-al\-inti\-gas\-gol\-agonico\-chavez\-402728\.aspx\|access\-date\=4 October 2021\|website\=andina.pe\|language\=es}} 23 On 1 August 2012, he made his debut in the Copa Sudamericana against [Deportivo Quito](/wiki/S.D._Quito "S.D. Quito") in [Ecuador](/wiki/Ecuador "Ecuador") where his team lost 1\-0{{Cite web\|last\=Comercio\|first\=Grupo El\|date\=\|title\=El Deportivo Quito venció a un tímido León de Huánuco en el Atahualpa\|url\=https://www.elcomercio.com/deportes/futbol/deportivo\-quito\-vencio\-timido\-leon.html\|access\-date\=4 October 2021\|website\=El Comercio\|language\=es\-EC}} and on 23 August, August he played the second round of the first round losing 3–2 at home,{{Cite web\|title\=León de Huánuco vs Deportivo Quito (2–3\) en vivo por Fox Sports – Copa Sudamericana 2012\|url\=https://netjoven.pe/deportes/99797/Leon\-de\-Huanuco\-vs\-Deportivo\-Quito\-2\-3\-en\-vivo\-por\-Fox\-Sports\-\-\-Copa\-Sudamericana\-2012\.html}} and was also booked in the 58th minute, losing 4–2 on aggregate. His team finished eighth in the table with 40 points and playing 9 games in which he did not score goals or give assists.
In the 2013 season he competed in the {{lang\|es\|Torneo Descentralizado\|italic\=no}} against Inti Gas in a 2–0 defeat.{{Cite web\|title\=Inti Gas venció 2–0 a León de Huánuco en Ayacucho\|url\=https://www.americatv.com.pe/noticias/deportes/inti\-gas\-vencio\-2\-0\-leon\-de\-huanuco\-en\-ayacucho\-n101453\|access\-date\=4 October 2021\|website\=América Noticias\|language\=es}} On 2 June, he was fouled in the 87th minute promoting a penalty taken by Carlos Solís for the 3–0 defeat against [Deportivo Pacifico](/wiki/Club_Deportivo_Pac%C3%ADfico_FC "Club Deportivo Pacífico FC").{{Citation\|title\=Video Goles: Leon de Huanuco 3–0 Pacifico FC ::Copa Movistar 2013 Fecha 18:: \[02/06/13]\|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=VU\-6gWaRfTs\|language\=en\|access\-date\=4 October 2021}}{{Cite web\|last\=Peru.com\|first\=Redacción\|date\=2 June 2013\|title\=León rugió en Huánuco y goleó a Pacífico\|url\=https://peru.com/futbol/descentralizado/descentralizado\-2013\-leon\-huanuco\-vs\-pacifico\-noticia\-142642\|access\-date\=4 October 2021\|website\=Peru.com\|language\=es}} His team finished sixth in the [Peruvian Primera División](/wiki/Peruvian_Primera_Divisi%C3%B3n "Peruvian Primera División") with 45 points. On 31 August he made his debut in Liguilla A against San Martin where he lost his team 1–0\.{{Cite web\|last\=Peru.com\|first\=Redacción\|date\=31 August 2013\|title\=Descentralizado 2013: San Martín derrotó con lo justo a León de Huánuco\|url\=https://peru.com/futbol/descentralizado/descentralizado\-2013\-san\-martin\-vs\-leon\-huanuco\-noticia\-161316\|access\-date\=4 October 2021\|website\=Peru.com\|language\=es}} On 16 November he scored his first goal of the season against Cienciano on the 12th date where his team drew 1–1\.{{Cite web\|title\=León de Huánuco y Cienciano igualaron 1–1 y aún sueñan con la Sudamericana\|date\=16 November 2013\|url\=https://archivo.elcomercio.pe/deporte\-total/futbol\-peruano/leon\-huanuco\-cienciano\-igualaron\-1\-aun\-suenan\-sudamericana\-noticia\-1659785}} His team He finished fourth in the table with 11 points in League A where he scored 1 goal. Víctor Peña played 33 games where he scored 1 goal and gave 1 assist throughout the season.
In the 2014 season, he debuted on 23 February 2014 in the Summer Tournament against [Sporting Cristal](/wiki/Sporting_Cristal "Sporting Cristal") as a starter where his team lost 3–0\.{{Cite web\|title\=Torneo del Inca: Sporting Cristal goleó 3–0 al León de Huánuco\|url\=https://libero.pe/futbol\-peruano/2014\-02\-23\-torneo\-del\-inca\-sporting\-cristal\-goleo\-3\-0\-al\-leon\-de\-huanuco\-video}} On 18 May he scored his first goal on the last date of the tournament against [Unión Comercio](/wiki/Uni%C3%B3n_Comercio "Unión Comercio") where his team won 4–3, in that game he was booked in the 73rd minute.{{Cite web\|last\=GrupoRPP\|date\=18 May 2014\|title\=León de Huánuco y Unión Comercio cerraron Torneo del Inca con partidazo\|url\=https://rpp.pe/futbol/descentralizado/leon\-de\-huanuco\-y\-union\-comercio\-cerraron\-torneo\-del\-inca\-con\-partidazo\-noticia\-692954\|access\-date\=4 October 2021\|website\=RPP\|language\=es}} On 7 June, he made his debut in the Apertura tournament against [Real Garcilaso](/wiki/Real_Garcilaso "Real Garcilaso") as a starter. where his team lost 3–1\.{{Cite web\|last\=GrupoRPP\|date\=7 June 2014\|title\=Real Garcilaso venció 3–1 a León de Huánuco en inicio del Torneo del Apertura\|url\=https://rpp.pe/futbol/descentralizado/real\-garcilaso\-vencio\-3\-1\-a\-leon\-de\-huanuco\-en\-inicio\-del\-torneo\-del\-apertura\-noticia\-698307\|access\-date\=4 October 2021\|website\=RPP\|language\=es}} On 26 July he gave an assist in the Apertura tournament of that year against [Cienciano](/wiki/Cienciano "Cienciano") where his team drew 2–2\.{{Cite web\|title\=León de Huánuco vs. Cienciano: 'Huanuqueños' igualaron 2–2 ante imperiales\|url\=https://libero.pe/futbol\-peruano/2014\-07\-26\-leon\-de\-huanuco\-vs\-cienciano\-inicio\-el\-partido\-en\-el\-heraclio\-tapia\-en\-vivo}} On 24 August he attended again this time against [Club Universitario de Deportes](/wiki/Club_Universitario_de_Deportes "Club Universitario de Deportes") (Universitario), where his team won 2–1, he was booked in that game in the 86th minute.{{Cite web\|last\=PERU21\|first\=NOTICIAS\|date\=24 August 2014\|title\=Torneo Apertura 2014: León de Huánuco derrotó 2–1 a Universitario en Lima: DEPORTES\|url\=https://peru21\.pe/deportes/torneo\-apertura\-2014\-leon\-huanuco\-derroto\-2\-1\-universitario\-lima\-181657\-noticia/\|access\-date\=4 October 2021\|website\=Peru21\|language\=es}} For the Clausura tournament he made his debut on 6 September against Real Garcilaso where his team drew 1–1\.{{Cite web\|last\=PERÚ\|first\=NOTICIAS EL COMERCIO\|date\=2 May 2014\|title\=Garcilaso le empató 1–1 a León en Huánuco con gol a los 93' : DEPORTE\-TOTAL\|url\=https://elcomercio.pe/deporte\-total/futbol\-peruano/garcilaso\-le\-empato\-1\-1\-leon\-huanuco\-gol\-93\-316073\-noticia/\|access\-date\=4 October 2021\|website\=El Comercio Perú\|language\=es}} On 23 November he scored a double against Universitario, the first from outside the area and the second in the 90\+5 minute.{{Cite web\|last\=PERÚ\|first\=NOTICIAS EL COMERCIO\|date\=23 November 2014\|title\=Universitario vs. León de Huánuco: 'U' cayó 2–0 por el Clausura: DEPORTE\-TOTAL\|url\=https://elcomercio.pe/deporte\-total/futbol\-peruano/universitario\-vs\-leon\-huanuco\-u\-cayo\-2\-0\-clausura\-305584\-noticia/\|access\-date\=4 October 2021\|website\=El Comercio Perú\|language\=es}} His last game of the season was played against [Inti Gas](/wiki/Inti_Gas_Deportes "Inti Gas Deportes") where his team lost 5–2\.{{Cite web\|last\=Peru.com\|first\=Redacción\|date\=30 November 2014\|title\=Torneo Clausura: Inti Gas aplastó al León de Huánuco\|url\=https://peru.com/futbol/descentralizado/inti\-gas\-vs\-leon\-huanuco\-vivo\-torneo\-clausura\-noticia\-305276\|access\-date\=4 October 2021\|website\=Peru.com\|language\=es}} His team finished fifth in the table a with 23 points in the closing where he scored 2 goals. Peña played 39 games that season in which he scored 2 goals and gave 3 assists.
|
[
"### Club León de Huánuco",
"In 2009 its value grew to $ 100,000, being transferred free at the beginning of 2010 to CD [León de Huánuco](/wiki/Le%C3%B3n_de_Hu%C3%A1nuco \"León de Huánuco\") where he made his starting debut against [Alianza Lima](/wiki/Alianza_Lima \"Alianza Lima\") playing 74 minutes and being replaced by [Luis García](/wiki/Luis_Garc%C3%ADa_%28footballer%2C_born_1988%29 \"Luis García (footballer, born 1988)\"). On 25 April, he scored a goal in the 1–0 victory against [FBC Melgar](/wiki/FBC_Melgar \"FBC Melgar\") where he started and received a double yellow and was sent off where he could not play the next game against [Alianza Atlético](/wiki/Alianza_Atl%C3%A9tico \"Alianza Atlético\").{{Cite web\\|last\\=PERÚ\\|first\\=Empresa Peruana de Servicios Editoriales S. A. EDITORA\\|title\\=León de Huánuco venció por 1–0 al Melgar en Arequipa\\|url\\=https://andina.pe/agencia/noticia\\-leon\\-huanuco\\-vencio\\-10\\-al\\-melgar\\-arequipa\\-292366\\.aspx\\|access\\-date\\=4 October 2021\\|website\\=andina.pe\\|language\\=es}} On 30 May, he scored a goal against Club Alianza Lima in a 4\\-3 defeat where he received a yellow.{{Cite web\\|last\\=PERÚ\\|first\\=Empresa Peruana de Servicios Editoriales S. A. EDITORA\\|title\\=Alianza Lima doblegó por 4–3 al León de Huánuco en un gran partido disputado en Matute\\|url\\=https://andina.pe/agencia/noticia\\-alianza\\-lima\\-doblego\\-43\\-al\\-leon\\-huanuco\\-un\\-gran\\-partido\\-disputado\\-matute\\-298465\\.aspx\\|access\\-date\\=4 October 2021\\|website\\=andina.pe\\|language\\=es}} On 3 July 2010, he gave an assist to [Luis Perea](/wiki/Luis_Alberto_Perea \"Luis Alberto Perea\") in the 1–1 draw against [Colegio Nacional Iquitos](/wiki/Colegio_Nacional_Iquitos \"Colegio Nacional Iquitos\").{{Cite web\\|date\\=3 July 2010\\|title\\=León de Huánuco terminó con ocho hombres y empató 1–1 ante CNI en Iquitos\\|url\\=https://archivo.elcomercio.pe/deporte\\-total/futbol\\-peruano/leon\\-huanuco\\-termino\\-ocho\\-hombres\\-empato\\-1\\-ante\\-cni\\-iquitos\\-noticia\\-504959\\|access\\-date\\=4 October 2021\\|website\\=El Comercio\\|language\\=es}} In the {{lang\\|es\\|Torneo Descentralizado\\|italic\\=no}} on 11 September he made his debut against [Sport Huancayo](/wiki/Sport_Huancayo \"Sport Huancayo\") where he drew 0\\-0\\.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Sport Huancayo León de Huánuco en vivo: Primera División: 11 septiembre 2010\\|url\\=https://www.academiadeapuestasmexico.com/stats/match/peru/primera\\-division/sport\\-huancayo/huanuco/1024152/live\\|access\\-date\\=4 October 2021\\|website\\=academiadeapuestasmexico.com\\|language\\=es}} On 26 September, he scored a goal in the 2\\-1 victory over the visiting [Cienciano](/wiki/Cienciano \"Cienciano\").{{Cite web\\|last\\=PERÚ\\|first\\=Empresa Peruana de Servicios Editoriales S. A. EDITORA\\|title\\=León de Huánuco se convirtió en el nuevo líder de la liguilla par tras derrotar por 2–0 al Cienciano. Fuente: CMD.\\|url\\=https://andina.pe/agencia/video\\-leon\\-huanuco\\-beat\\-cienciano\\-21\\-in\\-cusco\\-source\\-cmd\\-12597\\.aspx?VideoId\\=12597\\|access\\-date\\=4 October 2021\\|website\\=andina.pe\\|language\\=es}} On 16 October he participated in his team's 3–1 victory against Melgar where he gave two assists, one to Luis Perea for 1–0 and another to [Gianfranco Espinoza](/wiki/Gianfranco_Espinoza \"Gianfranco Espinoza\") for 3–1\\.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Rugió en casa: León de Huánuco venció 3–1 a Melgar\\|url\\=https://libero.pe/futbol\\-peruano/2010\\-10\\-16\\-rugio\\-en\\-casa\\-leon\\-de\\-huanuco\\-vencio\\-3\\-1\\-melgar}} On 31 October, he gave an assist to Carlos Zegarra after a cross in the 2–0 victory against Sport Huancayo.{{Cite web\\|last\\=BOCÓN\\|first\\=NOTICIAS EL\\|date\\=31 October 2010\\|title\\=León de Huánuco le ganó 2–0 a Sport Huancayo: FUTBOL\\-PERUANO\\|url\\=https://elbocon.pe/futbol\\-peruano/leon\\-de\\-huanuco\\-le\\-gano\\-2\\-0\\-a\\-sport\\-huancayo\\-27486/\\|access\\-date\\=4 October 2021\\|website\\=El Bocón\\|language\\=es}} His team finished second in the table with 56 points behind the [Club Deportivo Universidad de San Martín de Porres](/wiki/Club_Deportivo_Universidad_de_San_Mart%C3%ADn_de_Porres \"Club Deportivo Universidad de San Martín de Porres\") (San Martin) who had 64 points. Both teams played the final. of the play\\-offs where Peña started in the two games (round trip) where a 3–1 aggregate for San Martin remained.{{Citation\\|title\\=Leon de Huanuco (1\\) vs Univ San Martin (1\\) \\[Play Off] (parido de ida)\\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=2hr2OkiSzNg\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=4 October 2021}}{{Citation\\|title\\=Final Descentralizado 2010 – San Martin 2 Leon de Huanuco 1\\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=hKmp7Rv\\_mdQ\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=4 October 2021}} In total he played 41 games throughout the season, scoring 3 goals and giving 4 assists.",
"In the 2011 season he debuted in the {{lang\\|es\\|\\[\\[Torneo Descentralizado]]}} on 12 February against Inti Gas, which ended with a 1–0 defeat.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Inti Gas 1–0 León de Huánuco\\|url\\=https://libero.pe/futbol\\-peruano/2011\\-02\\-12\\-minuto\\-minuto\\-inti\\-gas\\-1\\-0\\-leon\\-de\\-huanuco}} Last season, his team qualified for Libertadores where they formed Group B and debuted on 17 February against Junior where they lost 2–1\\.{{Citation\\|title\\=Leon de Huanuco 1 vs 2 Junior Copa Libertadores 2011\\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=7\\_V\\_qSbDDjA\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=4 October 2021}} On 23 February, he gave an assist to [Carlos Zegarra](/wiki/Carlos_Zegarra_%28footballer%29 \"Carlos Zegarra (footballer)\") to score the only goal of the game and it would be his team's only victory in the group stage against [Oriente Petrolero](/wiki/Oriente_Petrolero \"Oriente Petrolero\").{{Cite web\\|title\\=León de Huánuco vs. Oriente Petrolero – Reporte del Partido – 23 febrero, 2011 – ESPN\\|url\\=https://espndeportes.espn.com/futbol/reporte/\\_/juegoId/311194\\|access\\-date\\=4 October 2021\\|website\\=ESPNdeportes.com\\|language\\=es}} On 22 May he made his debut in the {{lang\\|es\\|Torneo Descentralizado\\|italic\\=no}} (primera división) game against Cienciano where his team won 4–0\\.{{Cite web\\|last\\=BOCÓN\\|first\\=NOTICIAS EL\\|date\\=22 May 2011\\|title\\=León de Huánuco bailó 4–0 a Cienciano en la despedida de Jean Ferrari: FUTBOL\\-PERUANO\\|url\\=https://elbocon.pe/futbol\\-peruano/leon\\-de\\-huanuco\\-bailo\\-4\\-0\\-a\\-cienciano\\-en\\-la\\-despedida\\-de\\-jean\\-ferrari\\-36762/\\|access\\-date\\=4 October 2021\\|website\\=El Bocón\\|language\\=es}} He met again with the goal on 6 November against Alianza Lima, scoring 2 goals and at the same time was booked in the 18th minute for his celebration.{{Cite web\\|last\\=Zúñiga\\|first\\=Michael Carrión\\|date\\=10 November 2011\\|title\\=FÚTBOL MARCA PERÚ: Víctor Peña: \"Me gustaría quedarme en León de Huánuco\"\\|url\\=http://futbolmarcaperu.blogspot.com/2011/11/victor\\-pena\\-me\\-gustaria\\-quedarme\\-en.html\\|access\\-date\\=4 October 2021\\|website\\=FÚTBOL MARCA PERÚ}}{{Cite web\\|title\\=CON GRAN ACTUACIÓN DE PEÑA LEÓN GANÓ 2 A 0 A ALIANZA LIMA\\|url\\=http://tribunal\\-deportivo.blogspot.com/2011/11/con\\-gran\\-actuacion\\-de\\-pena\\-leon\\-gano\\-2\\.html\\|access\\-date\\=4 October 2021\\|website\\=CON GRAN ACTUACIÓN DE PEÑA LEÓN GANÓ 2 A 0 A ALIANZA LIMA}} 34 games, scored 3 goals and gave 1 assist.",
"In the 2012 season he debuted on the second date against Inti Gas as a starter where his team won 1–0\\.{{Cite web\\|last\\=PERÚ\\|first\\=Empresa Peruana de Servicios Editoriales S. A. EDITORA\\|title\\=León de Huánuco venció de local al Inti Gas con gol agónico de Chávez\\|url\\=https://andina.pe/ingles/noticia\\-leon\\-huanuco\\-vencio\\-local\\-al\\-inti\\-gas\\-gol\\-agonico\\-chavez\\-402728\\.aspx\\|access\\-date\\=4 October 2021\\|website\\=andina.pe\\|language\\=es}} 23 On 1 August 2012, he made his debut in the Copa Sudamericana against [Deportivo Quito](/wiki/S.D._Quito \"S.D. Quito\") in [Ecuador](/wiki/Ecuador \"Ecuador\") where his team lost 1\\-0{{Cite web\\|last\\=Comercio\\|first\\=Grupo El\\|date\\=\\|title\\=El Deportivo Quito venció a un tímido León de Huánuco en el Atahualpa\\|url\\=https://www.elcomercio.com/deportes/futbol/deportivo\\-quito\\-vencio\\-timido\\-leon.html\\|access\\-date\\=4 October 2021\\|website\\=El Comercio\\|language\\=es\\-EC}} and on 23 August, August he played the second round of the first round losing 3–2 at home,{{Cite web\\|title\\=León de Huánuco vs Deportivo Quito (2–3\\) en vivo por Fox Sports – Copa Sudamericana 2012\\|url\\=https://netjoven.pe/deportes/99797/Leon\\-de\\-Huanuco\\-vs\\-Deportivo\\-Quito\\-2\\-3\\-en\\-vivo\\-por\\-Fox\\-Sports\\-\\-\\-Copa\\-Sudamericana\\-2012\\.html}} and was also booked in the 58th minute, losing 4–2 on aggregate. His team finished eighth in the table with 40 points and playing 9 games in which he did not score goals or give assists.",
"In the 2013 season he competed in the {{lang\\|es\\|Torneo Descentralizado\\|italic\\=no}} against Inti Gas in a 2–0 defeat.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Inti Gas venció 2–0 a León de Huánuco en Ayacucho\\|url\\=https://www.americatv.com.pe/noticias/deportes/inti\\-gas\\-vencio\\-2\\-0\\-leon\\-de\\-huanuco\\-en\\-ayacucho\\-n101453\\|access\\-date\\=4 October 2021\\|website\\=América Noticias\\|language\\=es}} On 2 June, he was fouled in the 87th minute promoting a penalty taken by Carlos Solís for the 3–0 defeat against [Deportivo Pacifico](/wiki/Club_Deportivo_Pac%C3%ADfico_FC \"Club Deportivo Pacífico FC\").{{Citation\\|title\\=Video Goles: Leon de Huanuco 3–0 Pacifico FC ::Copa Movistar 2013 Fecha 18:: \\[02/06/13]\\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=VU\\-6gWaRfTs\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=4 October 2021}}{{Cite web\\|last\\=Peru.com\\|first\\=Redacción\\|date\\=2 June 2013\\|title\\=León rugió en Huánuco y goleó a Pacífico\\|url\\=https://peru.com/futbol/descentralizado/descentralizado\\-2013\\-leon\\-huanuco\\-vs\\-pacifico\\-noticia\\-142642\\|access\\-date\\=4 October 2021\\|website\\=Peru.com\\|language\\=es}} His team finished sixth in the [Peruvian Primera División](/wiki/Peruvian_Primera_Divisi%C3%B3n \"Peruvian Primera División\") with 45 points. On 31 August he made his debut in Liguilla A against San Martin where he lost his team 1–0\\.{{Cite web\\|last\\=Peru.com\\|first\\=Redacción\\|date\\=31 August 2013\\|title\\=Descentralizado 2013: San Martín derrotó con lo justo a León de Huánuco\\|url\\=https://peru.com/futbol/descentralizado/descentralizado\\-2013\\-san\\-martin\\-vs\\-leon\\-huanuco\\-noticia\\-161316\\|access\\-date\\=4 October 2021\\|website\\=Peru.com\\|language\\=es}} On 16 November he scored his first goal of the season against Cienciano on the 12th date where his team drew 1–1\\.{{Cite web\\|title\\=León de Huánuco y Cienciano igualaron 1–1 y aún sueñan con la Sudamericana\\|date\\=16 November 2013\\|url\\=https://archivo.elcomercio.pe/deporte\\-total/futbol\\-peruano/leon\\-huanuco\\-cienciano\\-igualaron\\-1\\-aun\\-suenan\\-sudamericana\\-noticia\\-1659785}} His team He finished fourth in the table with 11 points in League A where he scored 1 goal. Víctor Peña played 33 games where he scored 1 goal and gave 1 assist throughout the season.",
"In the 2014 season, he debuted on 23 February 2014 in the Summer Tournament against [Sporting Cristal](/wiki/Sporting_Cristal \"Sporting Cristal\") as a starter where his team lost 3–0\\.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Torneo del Inca: Sporting Cristal goleó 3–0 al León de Huánuco\\|url\\=https://libero.pe/futbol\\-peruano/2014\\-02\\-23\\-torneo\\-del\\-inca\\-sporting\\-cristal\\-goleo\\-3\\-0\\-al\\-leon\\-de\\-huanuco\\-video}} On 18 May he scored his first goal on the last date of the tournament against [Unión Comercio](/wiki/Uni%C3%B3n_Comercio \"Unión Comercio\") where his team won 4–3, in that game he was booked in the 73rd minute.{{Cite web\\|last\\=GrupoRPP\\|date\\=18 May 2014\\|title\\=León de Huánuco y Unión Comercio cerraron Torneo del Inca con partidazo\\|url\\=https://rpp.pe/futbol/descentralizado/leon\\-de\\-huanuco\\-y\\-union\\-comercio\\-cerraron\\-torneo\\-del\\-inca\\-con\\-partidazo\\-noticia\\-692954\\|access\\-date\\=4 October 2021\\|website\\=RPP\\|language\\=es}} On 7 June, he made his debut in the Apertura tournament against [Real Garcilaso](/wiki/Real_Garcilaso \"Real Garcilaso\") as a starter. where his team lost 3–1\\.{{Cite web\\|last\\=GrupoRPP\\|date\\=7 June 2014\\|title\\=Real Garcilaso venció 3–1 a León de Huánuco en inicio del Torneo del Apertura\\|url\\=https://rpp.pe/futbol/descentralizado/real\\-garcilaso\\-vencio\\-3\\-1\\-a\\-leon\\-de\\-huanuco\\-en\\-inicio\\-del\\-torneo\\-del\\-apertura\\-noticia\\-698307\\|access\\-date\\=4 October 2021\\|website\\=RPP\\|language\\=es}} On 26 July he gave an assist in the Apertura tournament of that year against [Cienciano](/wiki/Cienciano \"Cienciano\") where his team drew 2–2\\.{{Cite web\\|title\\=León de Huánuco vs. Cienciano: 'Huanuqueños' igualaron 2–2 ante imperiales\\|url\\=https://libero.pe/futbol\\-peruano/2014\\-07\\-26\\-leon\\-de\\-huanuco\\-vs\\-cienciano\\-inicio\\-el\\-partido\\-en\\-el\\-heraclio\\-tapia\\-en\\-vivo}} On 24 August he attended again this time against [Club Universitario de Deportes](/wiki/Club_Universitario_de_Deportes \"Club Universitario de Deportes\") (Universitario), where his team won 2–1, he was booked in that game in the 86th minute.{{Cite web\\|last\\=PERU21\\|first\\=NOTICIAS\\|date\\=24 August 2014\\|title\\=Torneo Apertura 2014: León de Huánuco derrotó 2–1 a Universitario en Lima: DEPORTES\\|url\\=https://peru21\\.pe/deportes/torneo\\-apertura\\-2014\\-leon\\-huanuco\\-derroto\\-2\\-1\\-universitario\\-lima\\-181657\\-noticia/\\|access\\-date\\=4 October 2021\\|website\\=Peru21\\|language\\=es}} For the Clausura tournament he made his debut on 6 September against Real Garcilaso where his team drew 1–1\\.{{Cite web\\|last\\=PERÚ\\|first\\=NOTICIAS EL COMERCIO\\|date\\=2 May 2014\\|title\\=Garcilaso le empató 1–1 a León en Huánuco con gol a los 93' : DEPORTE\\-TOTAL\\|url\\=https://elcomercio.pe/deporte\\-total/futbol\\-peruano/garcilaso\\-le\\-empato\\-1\\-1\\-leon\\-huanuco\\-gol\\-93\\-316073\\-noticia/\\|access\\-date\\=4 October 2021\\|website\\=El Comercio Perú\\|language\\=es}} On 23 November he scored a double against Universitario, the first from outside the area and the second in the 90\\+5 minute.{{Cite web\\|last\\=PERÚ\\|first\\=NOTICIAS EL COMERCIO\\|date\\=23 November 2014\\|title\\=Universitario vs. León de Huánuco: 'U' cayó 2–0 por el Clausura: DEPORTE\\-TOTAL\\|url\\=https://elcomercio.pe/deporte\\-total/futbol\\-peruano/universitario\\-vs\\-leon\\-huanuco\\-u\\-cayo\\-2\\-0\\-clausura\\-305584\\-noticia/\\|access\\-date\\=4 October 2021\\|website\\=El Comercio Perú\\|language\\=es}} His last game of the season was played against [Inti Gas](/wiki/Inti_Gas_Deportes \"Inti Gas Deportes\") where his team lost 5–2\\.{{Cite web\\|last\\=Peru.com\\|first\\=Redacción\\|date\\=30 November 2014\\|title\\=Torneo Clausura: Inti Gas aplastó al León de Huánuco\\|url\\=https://peru.com/futbol/descentralizado/inti\\-gas\\-vs\\-leon\\-huanuco\\-vivo\\-torneo\\-clausura\\-noticia\\-305276\\|access\\-date\\=4 October 2021\\|website\\=Peru.com\\|language\\=es}} His team finished fifth in the table a with 23 points in the closing where he scored 2 goals. Peña played 39 games that season in which he scored 2 goals and gave 3 assists.",
""
] |
Plot
----
A recently widowed single father, Jim Grant, is a former [Weather Underground](/wiki/Weather_Underground "Weather Underground") militant wanted for a 1980 Michigan bank robbery and the murder of the bank's security guard. He has been hiding from the FBI for over thirty years, establishing an identity as a defense attorney near [Albany, New York](/wiki/Albany%2C_New_York "Albany, New York"). When Sharon Solarz, another former Weather Underground member, is arrested on October 3, 2011, an ambitious young reporter, Ben Shepard, smells an opportunity to make a name for himself with a national story. His prickly editor, Ray Fuller, assigns him to follow up. Ben's ex\-girlfriend, Diana, is an FBI agent, and he presses her for information about the case. She tells him to look up a Billy Cusimano. Billy, an old hippie with a history of drug arrests who runs an organic grocery, is an old friend of Sharon Solarz and a former client of Jim's. Billy is disappointed that Jim doesn't want to take Sharon's case, and he conveys this information to Ben when Ben questions him.
Ben pursues Jim and tries to question him, but Jim is evasive. Spooked by the federal investigation, Jim takes his 11\-year\-old daughter Isabel on "a little trip", driving north at first to throw off his pursuers. Ben learns that Mimi Lurie, an accomplice in the Michigan bank robbery, was last seen in Canada. A private investigator helps Ben find out that Jim had no Social Security number prior to 1979 and finds a copy of Jim Grant's California death certificate. Ben concludes that Jim is really Nick Sloan, another former Weatherman, and writes an article breaking this news, creating a sensation and accelerating the FBI's interest.
Meanwhile, Jim and Isabel arrive in New York City. They go sight\-seeing and check into a fancy hotel. The manhunt for Jim/Nick is now national news. While Isabel is sleeping, Jim leaves the room key hidden in the hotel lobby, along with legal papers giving Jim/Nick's brother, Daniel Sloan, guardianship of Isabel. Daniel retrieves them, and Isabel. FBI agents, under the direction of Diana's boss Cornelius, have been tracking Daniel and follow him to the hotel. They nearly catch Jim there, but Jim creates a diversion and escapes; FBI agents spot Daniel leaving with Isabel and stop them. Sharon Solarz refuses to provide any information to the FBI, but she agrees to talk to Ben. She is unrepentant about her radical activism in the Weather Underground and reveals that Nick and Mimi had a love affair long ago. Ben also questions Daniel and writes a gratuitously unflattering piece about him, annoying Ben's boss.
Jim/Nick goes to [Milwaukee](/wiki/Milwaukee "Milwaukee") to find Donal, his old best friend, who owns a lumber yard. Donal discourages him from looking for Mimi, but tells him to contact former [SDS](/wiki/Students_for_a_Democratic_Society "Students for a Democratic Society") member, history professor Jed Lewis. Jed disagreed with Nick over using violence, resenting the Weather Underground for endangering their nonviolent counterparts. He initially refuses to help Jim, but when he finds out that Jim has a young daughter, he uses his connections with their old radical friends to track down Mimi. At [Big Sur](/wiki/Big_Sur "Big Sur"), California, Mimi imports marijuana into the U.S. aboard a sailboat as part of an operation run by Mac McLeod, Mimi's boyfriend. Through Jed, Jim reaches Mac, who informs him that Mimi left to go "inland". Jim knows where she is going.
Ben begins to feel that Jim's actions make no sense for a guilty man. Defying his boss, he goes to Michigan to investigate the original crime. He meets with retired cop Henry Osborne, who was the first person to investigate the robbery. Osborne refuses to talk in front of his adopted daughter Rebecca, and Ben senses that he is hiding something important. Ben does some research, finding that Osborne had strong connections to Mimi's family before the bank robbery. He learns of the Linder\-Lurie company property on the Michigan [upper peninsula](/wiki/Upper_peninsula "Upper peninsula") near Ontario, Canada. Osborne acknowledges that if Mimi were to come forward with the information that Jim was not present at the robbery (although Jim's car was used during it), Jim would be cleared of all charges. Later, Ben flirts with Rebecca.
Jim meets Mimi in a secluded cabin on the Linder\-Lurie property. She is still passionate about the goals of the Weathermen and unapologetic about her old actions, but Jim argues that life has changed. Jim asks Mimi to turn herself in and confirm his alibi, for the sake of his daughter Isabel. He doesn't want to leave Isabel behind and repeat the mistake that he and Mimi made 30 years earlier by giving up their own daughter. Mimi reveals that their daughter is a beautiful young woman living in [Ann Arbor](/wiki/Ann_Arbor "Ann Arbor"). Meanwhile, Ben realizes that Jim is searching for Mimi, and that Rebecca is their daughter. He advises Rebecca to speak to her father. The next morning, Mimi flees the cabin to sail to Canada just as Ben arrives to find Jim. Ben reveals that he knows the truth about Rebecca and Osborne; Jim says that Ben must decide whether or not to keep the secret. Jim leaves the cabin so that the FBI will chase him instead of Mimi. Cornelius catches Jim, and Rebecca soon learns of the circumstances of her adoption. Meanwhile, Mimi turns her boat around and returns to the U.S. to give herself up. The next day, Jim is freed from jail and reunites with Isabel. Ben decides not to expose Osborne's actions of 30 years before and to protect Rebecca's true identity.
|
[
"Plot\n----",
"A recently widowed single father, Jim Grant, is a former [Weather Underground](/wiki/Weather_Underground \"Weather Underground\") militant wanted for a 1980 Michigan bank robbery and the murder of the bank's security guard. He has been hiding from the FBI for over thirty years, establishing an identity as a defense attorney near [Albany, New York](/wiki/Albany%2C_New_York \"Albany, New York\"). When Sharon Solarz, another former Weather Underground member, is arrested on October 3, 2011, an ambitious young reporter, Ben Shepard, smells an opportunity to make a name for himself with a national story. His prickly editor, Ray Fuller, assigns him to follow up. Ben's ex\\-girlfriend, Diana, is an FBI agent, and he presses her for information about the case. She tells him to look up a Billy Cusimano. Billy, an old hippie with a history of drug arrests who runs an organic grocery, is an old friend of Sharon Solarz and a former client of Jim's. Billy is disappointed that Jim doesn't want to take Sharon's case, and he conveys this information to Ben when Ben questions him.",
"Ben pursues Jim and tries to question him, but Jim is evasive. Spooked by the federal investigation, Jim takes his 11\\-year\\-old daughter Isabel on \"a little trip\", driving north at first to throw off his pursuers. Ben learns that Mimi Lurie, an accomplice in the Michigan bank robbery, was last seen in Canada. A private investigator helps Ben find out that Jim had no Social Security number prior to 1979 and finds a copy of Jim Grant's California death certificate. Ben concludes that Jim is really Nick Sloan, another former Weatherman, and writes an article breaking this news, creating a sensation and accelerating the FBI's interest.",
"Meanwhile, Jim and Isabel arrive in New York City. They go sight\\-seeing and check into a fancy hotel. The manhunt for Jim/Nick is now national news. While Isabel is sleeping, Jim leaves the room key hidden in the hotel lobby, along with legal papers giving Jim/Nick's brother, Daniel Sloan, guardianship of Isabel. Daniel retrieves them, and Isabel. FBI agents, under the direction of Diana's boss Cornelius, have been tracking Daniel and follow him to the hotel. They nearly catch Jim there, but Jim creates a diversion and escapes; FBI agents spot Daniel leaving with Isabel and stop them. Sharon Solarz refuses to provide any information to the FBI, but she agrees to talk to Ben. She is unrepentant about her radical activism in the Weather Underground and reveals that Nick and Mimi had a love affair long ago. Ben also questions Daniel and writes a gratuitously unflattering piece about him, annoying Ben's boss.",
"Jim/Nick goes to [Milwaukee](/wiki/Milwaukee \"Milwaukee\") to find Donal, his old best friend, who owns a lumber yard. Donal discourages him from looking for Mimi, but tells him to contact former [SDS](/wiki/Students_for_a_Democratic_Society \"Students for a Democratic Society\") member, history professor Jed Lewis. Jed disagreed with Nick over using violence, resenting the Weather Underground for endangering their nonviolent counterparts. He initially refuses to help Jim, but when he finds out that Jim has a young daughter, he uses his connections with their old radical friends to track down Mimi. At [Big Sur](/wiki/Big_Sur \"Big Sur\"), California, Mimi imports marijuana into the U.S. aboard a sailboat as part of an operation run by Mac McLeod, Mimi's boyfriend. Through Jed, Jim reaches Mac, who informs him that Mimi left to go \"inland\". Jim knows where she is going.",
"Ben begins to feel that Jim's actions make no sense for a guilty man. Defying his boss, he goes to Michigan to investigate the original crime. He meets with retired cop Henry Osborne, who was the first person to investigate the robbery. Osborne refuses to talk in front of his adopted daughter Rebecca, and Ben senses that he is hiding something important. Ben does some research, finding that Osborne had strong connections to Mimi's family before the bank robbery. He learns of the Linder\\-Lurie company property on the Michigan [upper peninsula](/wiki/Upper_peninsula \"Upper peninsula\") near Ontario, Canada. Osborne acknowledges that if Mimi were to come forward with the information that Jim was not present at the robbery (although Jim's car was used during it), Jim would be cleared of all charges. Later, Ben flirts with Rebecca.",
"Jim meets Mimi in a secluded cabin on the Linder\\-Lurie property. She is still passionate about the goals of the Weathermen and unapologetic about her old actions, but Jim argues that life has changed. Jim asks Mimi to turn herself in and confirm his alibi, for the sake of his daughter Isabel. He doesn't want to leave Isabel behind and repeat the mistake that he and Mimi made 30 years earlier by giving up their own daughter. Mimi reveals that their daughter is a beautiful young woman living in [Ann Arbor](/wiki/Ann_Arbor \"Ann Arbor\"). Meanwhile, Ben realizes that Jim is searching for Mimi, and that Rebecca is their daughter. He advises Rebecca to speak to her father. The next morning, Mimi flees the cabin to sail to Canada just as Ben arrives to find Jim. Ben reveals that he knows the truth about Rebecca and Osborne; Jim says that Ben must decide whether or not to keep the secret. Jim leaves the cabin so that the FBI will chase him instead of Mimi. Cornelius catches Jim, and Rebecca soon learns of the circumstances of her adoption. Meanwhile, Mimi turns her boat around and returns to the U.S. to give herself up. The next day, Jim is freed from jail and reunites with Isabel. Ben decides not to expose Osborne's actions of 30 years before and to protect Rebecca's true identity.",
""
] |
Biography
---------
He was born in [Brooklyn](/wiki/Brooklyn "Brooklyn"), [New York](/wiki/New_York_%28state%29 "New York (state)") to parents Alanson White and Harriet Augusta Hawley White.{{Cite book\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=\_UA0ivhDH5oC\|title \= William Alanson White: The Washington Years, 1903\-1937 : The Contributions to Psychiatry, Psychoanalysis, and Mental Health by Dr. White While Superintendent of Saint Elizabeths Hospital\|year \= 1976\|publisher \= U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration}} He attended public school in Brooklyn. A young White was influenced by philosopher [Herbert Spencer](/wiki/Herbert_Spencer "Herbert Spencer"); After White's death, one writer recalled that White "was never seriously shaken from Spencer's hopeful evolutionary catechism, which at the age of 13 he had accepted as the key to all knowledge".
At 15, White entered [Cornell](/wiki/Cornell_University "Cornell University"), studying there from 1885 to 1889\. In 1891, White graduated with an [M.D.](/wiki/M.D. "M.D.") from the [Long Island College Hospital](/wiki/Long_Island_College_Hospital "Long Island College Hospital").{{Cite Americana\|wstitle\=White, William Alanson}} After serving as an intern for a year, for nine years he was an assistant [physician](/wiki/Physician "Physician") at the [Binghamton (New York)](/wiki/Binghamton%2C_New_York "Binghamton, New York") State Hospital. There he collaborated with [Boris Sidis](/wiki/Boris_Sidis "Boris Sidis").
On October 1, 1903, White became superintendent of the "Government Hospital for the Insane", later named [St. Elizabeths Hospital](/wiki/St._Elizabeths_Hospital "St. Elizabeths Hospital"), in [Washington, D.C.](/wiki/Washington%2C_D.C. "Washington, D.C.") There he spent the rest of his career. Also in 1903, he accepted the post of [professor](/wiki/Professor "Professor") of nervous and [mental diseases](/wiki/Mental_illness "Mental illness") at [Georgetown University](/wiki/Georgetown_University "Georgetown University"), and in 1904 a similar [chair](/wiki/Chair_%28official%29 "Chair (official)") at [George Washington University](/wiki/George_Washington_University "George Washington University"), lecturing besides at the [Army Medical School](/wiki/Walter_Reed_Army_Medical_Center "Walter Reed Army Medical Center").
In 1913, White co\-founded *The Psychoanalytic Review*. From 1915 to 1917, White was president of the American Psychoanalytical Society; he returned to role from 1927 to 1929\. In 1917, the hospital was formally renamed St. Elizabeth's.
In March 1918, White married Lola Thurston, the widow of Senator [John Mellen Thurston](/wiki/John_Mellen_Thurston "John Mellen Thurston").
White was president of the [American Psychopathological Society](/wiki/American_Psychopathological_Association "American Psychopathological Association") in 1922, of the [American Psychiatric Association](/wiki/American_Psychiatric_Association "American Psychiatric Association") in 1924–25\.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/notorious\_murders/famous/loeb/5b.html\|author\=Marilyn Bardsley\|work\=crimelibrary\|publisher\=trutv.com\|title\=Nathan Leopold and Richard Loeb\|access\-date\=1 April 2013}} He took an interest in forensic psychology, and worked for better cooperation between the American Psychiatric Association and the [American Bar Association](/wiki/American_Bar_Association "American Bar Association"). He testified for the defense in the [Leopold and Loeb](/wiki/Leopold_and_Loeb "Leopold and Loeb") trial.Clarence Darrow (defense lawyer), *The Story of My Life* (autobiography).
In December 1922, St. Elizabeth's became the first hospital in the US to employ [pyrotherapy](/wiki/Pyrotherapy "Pyrotherapy") for the treatment of late\-state syphilis. White approved the use of insulin shock therapy at St. Elizabeth's.
In 1930, St. Elizabeth's was the only mental hospital in the United States with an American Medical Association\-accredited internship.
St Elizabeth's was investigated by Congress three different times: first in 1906, again in 1917\-18, and finally in 1926\.
In 1934, he was the main speaker at the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Papers summarized: "Man's future lays in a new understanding of the meaning of heredity and environment in the application of new scientific discoveries in physics, chemistry and biology to the fields of psychology, and in the significant way in which man's 'very highly developed self\-regard functions'". He was followed by a speech by Albert Einstein.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/image/577820236/\|title\=Dec 28, 1934, page 2 \- Times Union at Newspapers.com\|website\=Newspapers.com}}
Lola (Purman) Thurston, whom he married in 1918, and a stepdaughter survived him when he died in Washington in March 1937\.
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"He was born in [Brooklyn](/wiki/Brooklyn \"Brooklyn\"), [New York](/wiki/New_York_%28state%29 \"New York (state)\") to parents Alanson White and Harriet Augusta Hawley White.{{Cite book\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=\\_UA0ivhDH5oC\\|title \\= William Alanson White: The Washington Years, 1903\\-1937 : The Contributions to Psychiatry, Psychoanalysis, and Mental Health by Dr. White While Superintendent of Saint Elizabeths Hospital\\|year \\= 1976\\|publisher \\= U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration}} He attended public school in Brooklyn. A young White was influenced by philosopher [Herbert Spencer](/wiki/Herbert_Spencer \"Herbert Spencer\"); After White's death, one writer recalled that White \"was never seriously shaken from Spencer's hopeful evolutionary catechism, which at the age of 13 he had accepted as the key to all knowledge\".",
"At 15, White entered [Cornell](/wiki/Cornell_University \"Cornell University\"), studying there from 1885 to 1889\\. In 1891, White graduated with an [M.D.](/wiki/M.D. \"M.D.\") from the [Long Island College Hospital](/wiki/Long_Island_College_Hospital \"Long Island College Hospital\").{{Cite Americana\\|wstitle\\=White, William Alanson}} After serving as an intern for a year, for nine years he was an assistant [physician](/wiki/Physician \"Physician\") at the [Binghamton (New York)](/wiki/Binghamton%2C_New_York \"Binghamton, New York\") State Hospital. There he collaborated with [Boris Sidis](/wiki/Boris_Sidis \"Boris Sidis\").",
"On October 1, 1903, White became superintendent of the \"Government Hospital for the Insane\", later named [St. Elizabeths Hospital](/wiki/St._Elizabeths_Hospital \"St. Elizabeths Hospital\"), in [Washington, D.C.](/wiki/Washington%2C_D.C. \"Washington, D.C.\") There he spent the rest of his career. Also in 1903, he accepted the post of [professor](/wiki/Professor \"Professor\") of nervous and [mental diseases](/wiki/Mental_illness \"Mental illness\") at [Georgetown University](/wiki/Georgetown_University \"Georgetown University\"), and in 1904 a similar [chair](/wiki/Chair_%28official%29 \"Chair (official)\") at [George Washington University](/wiki/George_Washington_University \"George Washington University\"), lecturing besides at the [Army Medical School](/wiki/Walter_Reed_Army_Medical_Center \"Walter Reed Army Medical Center\").",
"In 1913, White co\\-founded *The Psychoanalytic Review*. From 1915 to 1917, White was president of the American Psychoanalytical Society; he returned to role from 1927 to 1929\\. In 1917, the hospital was formally renamed St. Elizabeth's.",
"In March 1918, White married Lola Thurston, the widow of Senator [John Mellen Thurston](/wiki/John_Mellen_Thurston \"John Mellen Thurston\").\nWhite was president of the [American Psychopathological Society](/wiki/American_Psychopathological_Association \"American Psychopathological Association\") in 1922, of the [American Psychiatric Association](/wiki/American_Psychiatric_Association \"American Psychiatric Association\") in 1924–25\\.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/notorious\\_murders/famous/loeb/5b.html\\|author\\=Marilyn Bardsley\\|work\\=crimelibrary\\|publisher\\=trutv.com\\|title\\=Nathan Leopold and Richard Loeb\\|access\\-date\\=1 April 2013}} He took an interest in forensic psychology, and worked for better cooperation between the American Psychiatric Association and the [American Bar Association](/wiki/American_Bar_Association \"American Bar Association\"). He testified for the defense in the [Leopold and Loeb](/wiki/Leopold_and_Loeb \"Leopold and Loeb\") trial.Clarence Darrow (defense lawyer), *The Story of My Life* (autobiography).",
"In December 1922, St. Elizabeth's became the first hospital in the US to employ [pyrotherapy](/wiki/Pyrotherapy \"Pyrotherapy\") for the treatment of late\\-state syphilis. White approved the use of insulin shock therapy at St. Elizabeth's.",
"In 1930, St. Elizabeth's was the only mental hospital in the United States with an American Medical Association\\-accredited internship. \nSt Elizabeth's was investigated by Congress three different times: first in 1906, again in 1917\\-18, and finally in 1926\\.",
"In 1934, he was the main speaker at the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Papers summarized: \"Man's future lays in a new understanding of the meaning of heredity and environment in the application of new scientific discoveries in physics, chemistry and biology to the fields of psychology, and in the significant way in which man's 'very highly developed self\\-regard functions'\". He was followed by a speech by Albert Einstein.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/image/577820236/\\|title\\=Dec 28, 1934, page 2 \\- Times Union at Newspapers.com\\|website\\=Newspapers.com}}",
"Lola (Purman) Thurston, whom he married in 1918, and a stepdaughter survived him when he died in Washington in March 1937\\.",
""
] |
Biography
---------
A native of [Atchison, Kansas](/wiki/Atchison%2C_Kansas "Atchison, Kansas"),"I'm a country boy. My dad had 25 coon hounds, wolfhounds and cur dogs, chickens, cows and all kinds of horses and mules. They were my best friends growing up." Cindy Landrum, "Down on the Farm: Nationally Recognized Landscape Artist Tries His Hand at Sculpture", *Greenville Journal*, February 1, 2008, 54\-55\. Blair earned a B. A. in art at the [University of Kansas](/wiki/University_of_Kansas "University of Kansas") and a M.F.A. from the [Kansas City Art Institute](/wiki/Kansas_City_Art_Institute "Kansas City Art Institute"). In addition to his teaching at BJU, he also served on the art faculty at KCAI summer programs and as a member of the cooperating faculty at the Greenville County Museum of Art, where he taught evenings and summers for 25 years.{{Cite news\|last\=Duggan\|first\=Martha\|date\=January 26, 2000\|title\=Carl Blair stays true to his form and keeps painting\|page\=City People, 5\|work\=Greenville News}}
Blair exhibited his work in more than a hundred museums, art galleries and universities and won more than ninety national, state, and regional awards.[Examples of Blair's work from Hampton III Gallery website.](http://www.hamptoniiigallery.com/index.php?id=482) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180124070840/http://www.hamptoniiigallery.com/index.php?id\=482 \|date\=2018\-01\-24 }}; [examples from Elderart.com website.](http://www.elderart.com/artists/Blair/index.htm) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070610125311/http://www.elderart.com/artists/Blair/index.htm \|date\=June 10, 2007 }} His works have been purchased for more than 2500 private, corporate, and public collections.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.greenville.k12\.sc.us/gvilleh/news/Blair\+Wim\+Catalogue\+Essay.doc\|title\=404 Error\|website\=www.greenville.k12\.sc.us\|accessdate\=24 January 2018}} His exhibitions include the Art in Embassies Program; Ringling Museum of Art; Morris Museum, Augusta, Ga.; and the Hunter Museum, Chattanooga, Tenn.
In 1995, the Greenville County Museum of Art in Greenville, S.C., hosted a major retrospective of his work. In 2000, a 40\-year retrospective show was held at the [South Carolina State Museum](/wiki/South_Carolina_State_Museum "South Carolina State Museum") in Columbia.
Blair referred to his style as "neither realistic nor abstract. I refer to my work as visual poetry".*Greenville News*, January 26, 2000, 6N. Although best known for his oil, [gouache](/wiki/Gouache "Gouache"), and acrylic paintings, late in his career, Blair began exhibiting sculpture,Cindy Landrum, "Down on the Farm: Nationally Recognized Landscape Artist Tries His Hand at Sculpture", *Greenville Journal*, February 1, 2008, 54\-55\. especially whimsical animals crafted of plywood or [spruce pine](/wiki/Spruce_pine "Spruce pine") boards and accessorized with found objects such as marbles and screws. He recalled telling his BJU students to "never, never grow up and take yourself seriously".*Greenville News*, February 24, 2008, 1D; Donna Isbell Walker, "Artist, BJU professor Carl Blair dies", *Greenville News*, January 23, 2018, 1AA.
Blair did not discover he was [color\-blind](/wiki/Color-blind "Color-blind") until he was an art student at the University of Kansas; when asked to do a self\-portrait, he painted himself green. He once called his color\-blindness an asset because he was "not hindered by color combinations".Ida Kay Jordan, "My Face Was Green," *The Virginian\-Pilot*, November 23, 1964\.*Voice of the Alumni* \[BJU] (Winter 1998\), 16\. After a critic called a Blair exhibition dull, inane. and colorless, Blair said he was inspired to use more bright colors in his work.Duggan, 5\.
Blair served as a member of the South Carolina Arts Commission for twelve years and chairman of the commission for two. In 1970, he and two other members of the Bob Jones University art faculty, [Emery Bopp](/wiki/Emery_Bopp "Emery Bopp") and [Darell Koons](/wiki/Darell_Koons "Darell Koons"), founded Hampton III Gallery, one of the first commercial galleries in Upstate South Carolina. After he retired from teaching, Blair became president of the gallery, doing "everything from cleaning floors to selecting and hanging art."
In 2005, Blair was awarded the Verner Award for Lifetime Achievement, the highest award given by the state of South Carolina in the arts.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.carolinaarts.com/505vernerawards.html\|title\=Elizabeth O'Neill Verner/Governor's Awards \- May 2005\|website\=www.carolinaarts.com\|accessdate\=24 January 2018}}
In 2013, the Greenville Metropolitan Arts Council (MAC) created the Carl R. Blair Award for commitment to Arts Education, an award given annually to a Greenville arts educator.Walker, 1AA.
In 2016, MAC honored Blair with the exhibition "Artists Touched by Carl R. Blair", which featured the work of 55 [Upstate](/wiki/Upstate_South_Carolina "Upstate South Carolina") artists who he had influenced and motivated.[Greenville News, April 3, 2016, D1, D5](http://www.greenvilleonline.com/story/entertainment/arts/paul-hyde/2016/03/30/upstate-artists-pay-tribute-carl-blair/82440940/). Blair's work has also been featured at [Elder Art Gallery](http://elderart.com/), Charlotte, NC; If ART Gallery, Columbia, SC; and the [Mary Praytor Gallery](http://www.marypraytorgallery.com), Greenville, SC. In the exhibition catalog, a fellow artist described Blair as "challenging, encouraging, helpful, witty, and inspirational to all his students".
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"A native of [Atchison, Kansas](/wiki/Atchison%2C_Kansas \"Atchison, Kansas\"),\"I'm a country boy. My dad had 25 coon hounds, wolfhounds and cur dogs, chickens, cows and all kinds of horses and mules. They were my best friends growing up.\" Cindy Landrum, \"Down on the Farm: Nationally Recognized Landscape Artist Tries His Hand at Sculpture\", *Greenville Journal*, February 1, 2008, 54\\-55\\. Blair earned a B. A. in art at the [University of Kansas](/wiki/University_of_Kansas \"University of Kansas\") and a M.F.A. from the [Kansas City Art Institute](/wiki/Kansas_City_Art_Institute \"Kansas City Art Institute\"). In addition to his teaching at BJU, he also served on the art faculty at KCAI summer programs and as a member of the cooperating faculty at the Greenville County Museum of Art, where he taught evenings and summers for 25 years.{{Cite news\\|last\\=Duggan\\|first\\=Martha\\|date\\=January 26, 2000\\|title\\=Carl Blair stays true to his form and keeps painting\\|page\\=City People, 5\\|work\\=Greenville News}}",
"Blair exhibited his work in more than a hundred museums, art galleries and universities and won more than ninety national, state, and regional awards.[Examples of Blair's work from Hampton III Gallery website.](http://www.hamptoniiigallery.com/index.php?id=482) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180124070840/http://www.hamptoniiigallery.com/index.php?id\\=482 \\|date\\=2018\\-01\\-24 }}; [examples from Elderart.com website.](http://www.elderart.com/artists/Blair/index.htm) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070610125311/http://www.elderart.com/artists/Blair/index.htm \\|date\\=June 10, 2007 }} His works have been purchased for more than 2500 private, corporate, and public collections.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.greenville.k12\\.sc.us/gvilleh/news/Blair\\+Wim\\+Catalogue\\+Essay.doc\\|title\\=404 Error\\|website\\=www.greenville.k12\\.sc.us\\|accessdate\\=24 January 2018}} His exhibitions include the Art in Embassies Program; Ringling Museum of Art; Morris Museum, Augusta, Ga.; and the Hunter Museum, Chattanooga, Tenn.",
"In 1995, the Greenville County Museum of Art in Greenville, S.C., hosted a major retrospective of his work. In 2000, a 40\\-year retrospective show was held at the [South Carolina State Museum](/wiki/South_Carolina_State_Museum \"South Carolina State Museum\") in Columbia.",
"Blair referred to his style as \"neither realistic nor abstract. I refer to my work as visual poetry\".*Greenville News*, January 26, 2000, 6N. Although best known for his oil, [gouache](/wiki/Gouache \"Gouache\"), and acrylic paintings, late in his career, Blair began exhibiting sculpture,Cindy Landrum, \"Down on the Farm: Nationally Recognized Landscape Artist Tries His Hand at Sculpture\", *Greenville Journal*, February 1, 2008, 54\\-55\\. especially whimsical animals crafted of plywood or [spruce pine](/wiki/Spruce_pine \"Spruce pine\") boards and accessorized with found objects such as marbles and screws. He recalled telling his BJU students to \"never, never grow up and take yourself seriously\".*Greenville News*, February 24, 2008, 1D; Donna Isbell Walker, \"Artist, BJU professor Carl Blair dies\", *Greenville News*, January 23, 2018, 1AA.",
"Blair did not discover he was [color\\-blind](/wiki/Color-blind \"Color-blind\") until he was an art student at the University of Kansas; when asked to do a self\\-portrait, he painted himself green. He once called his color\\-blindness an asset because he was \"not hindered by color combinations\".Ida Kay Jordan, \"My Face Was Green,\" *The Virginian\\-Pilot*, November 23, 1964\\.*Voice of the Alumni* \\[BJU] (Winter 1998\\), 16\\. After a critic called a Blair exhibition dull, inane. and colorless, Blair said he was inspired to use more bright colors in his work.Duggan, 5\\.",
"Blair served as a member of the South Carolina Arts Commission for twelve years and chairman of the commission for two. In 1970, he and two other members of the Bob Jones University art faculty, [Emery Bopp](/wiki/Emery_Bopp \"Emery Bopp\") and [Darell Koons](/wiki/Darell_Koons \"Darell Koons\"), founded Hampton III Gallery, one of the first commercial galleries in Upstate South Carolina. After he retired from teaching, Blair became president of the gallery, doing \"everything from cleaning floors to selecting and hanging art.\"",
"In 2005, Blair was awarded the Verner Award for Lifetime Achievement, the highest award given by the state of South Carolina in the arts.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.carolinaarts.com/505vernerawards.html\\|title\\=Elizabeth O'Neill Verner/Governor's Awards \\- May 2005\\|website\\=www.carolinaarts.com\\|accessdate\\=24 January 2018}}",
"In 2013, the Greenville Metropolitan Arts Council (MAC) created the Carl R. Blair Award for commitment to Arts Education, an award given annually to a Greenville arts educator.Walker, 1AA.",
"In 2016, MAC honored Blair with the exhibition \"Artists Touched by Carl R. Blair\", which featured the work of 55 [Upstate](/wiki/Upstate_South_Carolina \"Upstate South Carolina\") artists who he had influenced and motivated.[Greenville News, April 3, 2016, D1, D5](http://www.greenvilleonline.com/story/entertainment/arts/paul-hyde/2016/03/30/upstate-artists-pay-tribute-carl-blair/82440940/). Blair's work has also been featured at [Elder Art Gallery](http://elderart.com/), Charlotte, NC; If ART Gallery, Columbia, SC; and the [Mary Praytor Gallery](http://www.marypraytorgallery.com), Greenville, SC. In the exhibition catalog, a fellow artist described Blair as \"challenging, encouraging, helpful, witty, and inspirational to all his students\".",
""
] |
History
-------
### Founding
Yongmunsa Temple was established in 913 by the monk Daegyeong, who was originally from the Nampo region in southern Korea. He had been ordained at Muryangsa Temple, and learned meditation from the [Seon](/wiki/Korean_Seon "Korean Seon") master Muyeom. Daegyeong later traveled to [Tang China](/wiki/Tang_China "Tang China") to study under [Yunju Daoying](/wiki/Yunju_Daoying "Yunju Daoying"). Upon his return to Korea, he lived in seclusion on [Mount Sobaek](/wiki/Sobaeksan "Sobaeksan"). One day, [King Taejo](/wiki/Taejo_of_Goryeo "Taejo of Goryeo"), founder of the Goryeo Dynasty, visited Daegyeong and listened to his lectures on the [dharma](/wiki/Dharma "Dharma"). Impressed, the king invited Daegyong to Borisa Temple in Yangpyeong, which was probably an earlier name for today's Yongmunsa.
Another story relates that the temple was established by [Crown Prince Maui](/wiki/Crown_Prince_Maui "Crown Prince Maui"), the last prince of [Unified Silla](/wiki/Unified_Silla "Unified Silla").
### Joseon Dynasty
No records from the [Goryeo Dynasty](/wiki/Goryeo_Dynasty "Goryeo Dynasty") exist about Yongmunsa Temple, but references to it began to appear in records from the [Joseon Dynasty](/wiki/Joseon_Dynasty "Joseon Dynasty") (1392–1897\).
A [stupa](/wiki/Stupa "Stupa") and [stele](/wiki/Stele "Stele") can be found on the slope of a mountain east of Yongmunsa, erected in memory of Jeongji, a National Preceptor, a high\-ranking position among Buddhist clergy. Originally from [Hwanghae Province](/wiki/Hwanghae_Province_%28Republic_of_Korea%29 "Hwanghae Province (Republic of Korea)"), Jeongji went to [Beijing](/wiki/Beijing "Beijing") with his dharma brother, [Muhak](/wiki/Muhak "Muhak") (1327\-1405\). Together, they visited Fayuan Temple, and met with the Indian monk [Dhyānabhadra](/wiki/Dhy%C4%81nabhadra "Dhyānabhadra"). Later, Jeongji studied under the teacher Hyegun.
Jeongji died in 1338\. According to legend, many shining *[śarīra](/wiki/%C5%9Aar%C4%ABra "Śarīra")* relics were collected from his ashes after his cremation. King Taejo bestowed on him the posthumous title of *Guksa* ("National Preceptor"), and had Gwon Geun, an esteemed writer of the time, write an epitaph to be inscribed on his stele.
In 1447, [Prince Suyang](/wiki/Sejo_of_Joseon "Sejo of Joseon") reconstructed the main Buddha hall for his mother, [Queen Consort Soheon](/wiki/Queen_Soheon "Queen Soheon"), under the royal decree of [King Sejong](/wiki/Sejong_the_Great "Sejong the Great"). The Prince continued to support the renovation of Yongmunsa Temple even after being crowned [King Sejo](/wiki/King_Sejo "King Sejo"). The temple underwent many reconstructions after this.
### Korean Empire
Much of Yongmunsa Temple was burned down by the [Imperial Japanese Army](/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army "Imperial Japanese Army") in 1907\. The temple had been used as headquarters for Korean militias, which prompted its destruction when the Japanese forcibly disbanded the militias. Most of the buildings now at Yongmunsa Temple were reconstructed after 1909\.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"### Founding",
"Yongmunsa Temple was established in 913 by the monk Daegyeong, who was originally from the Nampo region in southern Korea. He had been ordained at Muryangsa Temple, and learned meditation from the [Seon](/wiki/Korean_Seon \"Korean Seon\") master Muyeom. Daegyeong later traveled to [Tang China](/wiki/Tang_China \"Tang China\") to study under [Yunju Daoying](/wiki/Yunju_Daoying \"Yunju Daoying\"). Upon his return to Korea, he lived in seclusion on [Mount Sobaek](/wiki/Sobaeksan \"Sobaeksan\"). One day, [King Taejo](/wiki/Taejo_of_Goryeo \"Taejo of Goryeo\"), founder of the Goryeo Dynasty, visited Daegyeong and listened to his lectures on the [dharma](/wiki/Dharma \"Dharma\"). Impressed, the king invited Daegyong to Borisa Temple in Yangpyeong, which was probably an earlier name for today's Yongmunsa.",
"Another story relates that the temple was established by [Crown Prince Maui](/wiki/Crown_Prince_Maui \"Crown Prince Maui\"), the last prince of [Unified Silla](/wiki/Unified_Silla \"Unified Silla\").",
"### Joseon Dynasty",
"No records from the [Goryeo Dynasty](/wiki/Goryeo_Dynasty \"Goryeo Dynasty\") exist about Yongmunsa Temple, but references to it began to appear in records from the [Joseon Dynasty](/wiki/Joseon_Dynasty \"Joseon Dynasty\") (1392–1897\\).",
"A [stupa](/wiki/Stupa \"Stupa\") and [stele](/wiki/Stele \"Stele\") can be found on the slope of a mountain east of Yongmunsa, erected in memory of Jeongji, a National Preceptor, a high\\-ranking position among Buddhist clergy. Originally from [Hwanghae Province](/wiki/Hwanghae_Province_%28Republic_of_Korea%29 \"Hwanghae Province (Republic of Korea)\"), Jeongji went to [Beijing](/wiki/Beijing \"Beijing\") with his dharma brother, [Muhak](/wiki/Muhak \"Muhak\") (1327\\-1405\\). Together, they visited Fayuan Temple, and met with the Indian monk [Dhyānabhadra](/wiki/Dhy%C4%81nabhadra \"Dhyānabhadra\"). Later, Jeongji studied under the teacher Hyegun.",
"Jeongji died in 1338\\. According to legend, many shining *[śarīra](/wiki/%C5%9Aar%C4%ABra \"Śarīra\")* relics were collected from his ashes after his cremation. King Taejo bestowed on him the posthumous title of *Guksa* (\"National Preceptor\"), and had Gwon Geun, an esteemed writer of the time, write an epitaph to be inscribed on his stele.",
"In 1447, [Prince Suyang](/wiki/Sejo_of_Joseon \"Sejo of Joseon\") reconstructed the main Buddha hall for his mother, [Queen Consort Soheon](/wiki/Queen_Soheon \"Queen Soheon\"), under the royal decree of [King Sejong](/wiki/Sejong_the_Great \"Sejong the Great\"). The Prince continued to support the renovation of Yongmunsa Temple even after being crowned [King Sejo](/wiki/King_Sejo \"King Sejo\"). The temple underwent many reconstructions after this.",
"### Korean Empire",
"Much of Yongmunsa Temple was burned down by the [Imperial Japanese Army](/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army \"Imperial Japanese Army\") in 1907\\. The temple had been used as headquarters for Korean militias, which prompted its destruction when the Japanese forcibly disbanded the militias. Most of the buildings now at Yongmunsa Temple were reconstructed after 1909\\.",
""
] |
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