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Races ----- | No. | Race | [Pole position](/wiki/Pole_position "Pole position") | Most laps led | Winning driver | {{Tooltip\|Manufacturer\|Winning manufacturer}} | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | Busch Clash | Harry Gant | Dale Earnhardt | Dale Earnhardt | Chevrolet | | | 7\-Eleven 125 \#1 | Bill Elliott | Unknown | Bill Elliott | Ford | | | 7\-Eleven 125 \#2 | Geoff Bodine | Dale Earnhardt | Dale Earnhardt | Chevrolet | | 1 | Daytona 500 | Bill Elliott | Geoff Bodine | Geoff Bodine | Chevrolet | | 2 | Miller High Life 400 | Geoff Bodine | Dale Earnhardt | Kyle Petty | Ford | | 3 | Goodwrench 500 | Terry Labonte | Terry Labonte | Terry Labonte | Oldsmobile | | 4 | Motorcraft 500 | Dale Earnhardt | Dale Earnhardt | Morgan Shepherd | Buick | | 5 | Valleydale 500 | Geoff Bodine | Rusty Wallace | Rusty Wallace | Pontiac | | 6 | TranSouth 500 | Geoff Bodine | Dale Earnhardt | Dale Earnhardt | Chevrolet | | 7 | First Union 400 | Geoff Bodine | Dale Earnhardt | Dale Earnhardt | Chevrolet | | 8 | Sovran Bank 500 | Tim Richmond | Ricky Rudd | Ricky Rudd | Ford | | 9 | Winston 500 | Bill Elliott | Bill Elliott | Bobby Allison | Buick | | | Atlanta Invitational | Kyle Petty | Tim Richmond | Benny Parsons | Oldsmobile | | | The Winston | Darrell Waltrip | Bill Elliott | Bill Elliott | Ford | | 10 | Budweiser 500 | Ricky Rudd | Harry Gant | Geoff Bodine | Chevrolet | | 11 | Coca\-Cola 600 | Geoff Bodine | Cale Yarborough Bill Elliott | Dale Earnhardt | Chevrolet | | 12 | Budweiser 400 | Darrell Waltrip | Tim Richmond | Darrell Waltrip | Chevrolet | | 13 | Miller High Life 500 | Geoff Bodine | Tim Richmond | Tim Richmond | Chevrolet | | 14 | Miller American 400 | Tim Richmond | Harry Gant | Bill Elliott | Ford | | 15 | Firecracker 400 | Cale Yarborough | Dale Earnhardt | Tim Richmond | Chevrolet | | 16 | Summer 500 | Harry Gant | Geoff Bodine | Tim Richmond | Chevrolet | | 17 | Talladega 500 | Bill Elliott | Dale Earnhardt | Bobby Hillin Jr. | Buick | | 18 | Budweiser at The Glen | Tim Richmond | Geoff Bodine | Tim RIchmond | Chevrolet | | 19 | Champion Spark Plug 400 | Benny Parsons | Bill Elliott | Bill Elliott | Ford | | 20 | Busch 500 | Geoff Bodine | Darrell Waltrip | Darrell Waltrip | Chevrolet | | 21 | Southern 500 | Tim Richmond | Tim Richmond | Tim Richmond | Chevrolet | | 22 | Wrangler Jeans Indigo 400 | Harry Gant | Ricky Rudd | Tim Richmond | Chevrolet | | 23 | Delaware 500 | Geoff Bodine | Ricky Rudd | Ricky Rudd | Ford | | 24 | Goody's 500 | Geoff Bodine | Geoff Bodine | Rusty Wallace | Pontiac | | 25 | Holly Farms 400 | Tim Richmond | Geoff Bodine | Darrell Waltrip | Chevrolet | | 26 | Oakwood Homes 500 | Tim Richmond | Tim Richmond | Dale Earnhardt | Chevrolet | | 27 | Nationwise 500 | Tim Richmond | Morgan Shepherd | Neil Bonnett | Chevrolet | | 28 | Atlanta Journal 500 | Bill Elliott | Dale Earnhardt | Dale Earnhardt | Chevrolet | | 29 | Winston Western 500 | Tim Richmond | Geoff Bodine | Tim Richmond | Chevrolet | ### Busch Clash The 8th annual [Busch Clash](/wiki/Busch_Clash "Busch Clash") was held on February 9 at [Daytona International Speedway](/wiki/Daytona_International_Speedway "Daytona International Speedway"). [Harry Gant](/wiki/Harry_Gant "Harry Gant") drew for the pole. Only eight drivers ran. **Full Results** | Finish | Grid | Carno. | Driver | Car Make | Laps | Status | LapsLed | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | 4 | 3 | [Dale Earnhardt](/wiki/Dale_Earnhardt "Dale Earnhardt") | [Chevrolet Monte Carlo](/wiki/Chevrolet_Monte_Carlo "Chevrolet Monte Carlo") | 20 | 0:15:19 | 15 | | 2 | 6 | 9 | [Bill Elliott](/wiki/Bill_Elliott "Bill Elliott") | [Ford Thunderbird](/wiki/Ford_Thunderbird "Ford Thunderbird") | 20 | \-2 car lengths | | | 3 | 2 | 12 | [Neil Bonnett](/wiki/Neil_Bonnett "Neil Bonnett") | [Chevrolet Monte Carlo](/wiki/Chevrolet_Monte_Carlo "Chevrolet Monte Carlo") | 20 | Flagged | 5 | | 4 | 7 | 5 | [Geoff Bodine](/wiki/Geoff_Bodine "Geoff Bodine") | [Chevrolet Monte Carlo](/wiki/Chevrolet_Monte_Carlo "Chevrolet Monte Carlo") | 20 | Flagged | | | 5 | 8 | 44 | [Terry Labonte](/wiki/Terry_Labonte "Terry Labonte") | [Oldsmobile Delta 88](/wiki/Oldsmobile_88 "Oldsmobile 88") | 20 | Flagged | | | 6 | 3 | 27 | [Rusty Wallace](/wiki/Rusty_Wallace "Rusty Wallace") | [Pontiac Grand Prix 2\+2](/wiki/Pontiac_2%2B2 "Pontiac 2+2") | 20 | Flagged | | | 7 | 1 | 33 | [Harry Gant](/wiki/Harry_Gant "Harry Gant") | [Chevrolet Monte Carlo](/wiki/Chevrolet_Monte_Carlo "Chevrolet Monte Carlo") | 20 | Flagged | | | 8 | 5 | 11 | [Darrell Waltrip](/wiki/Darrell_Waltrip "Darrell Waltrip") | [Chevrolet Monte Carlo](/wiki/Chevrolet_Monte_Carlo "Chevrolet Monte Carlo") | 20 | Flagged | | **Average speed:** 195\.865 mph |Caution flags (caution flag laps do not count in this race) | | | FromLap | ToLap | Reason | | 6 | 6 | \#5 [Bodine](/wiki/Geoff_Bodine "Geoff Bodine") spin, turn 4 | |Lap Leader Breakdown | | | FromLap | ToLap | TotalLaps | Driver | | 1 | 5 | 5 | [Neil Bonnett](/wiki/Neil_Bonnett "Neil Bonnett") | | 6 | 20 | 15 | [Dale Earnhardt](/wiki/Dale_Earnhardt "Dale Earnhardt") | ### 7\-Eleven Twin 125's The [7\-Eleven Twin 125's](/wiki/7-Eleven_Twin_125%27s "7-Eleven Twin 125's"), a pair of qualifying races for the [Daytona 500](/wiki/Daytona_500 "Daytona 500"), were held February 13 at [Daytona International Speedway](/wiki/Daytona_International_Speedway "Daytona International Speedway"). [Bill Elliott](/wiki/Bill_Elliott "Bill Elliott") and [Geoff Bodine](/wiki/Geoff_Bodine "Geoff Bodine") won the poles for both races, respectively. **Race One Top Ten Results** 1. 9\-[Bill Elliott](/wiki/Bill_Elliott "Bill Elliott") 2. 22\-[Bobby Allison](/wiki/Bobby_Allison "Bobby Allison") 3. 44\-[Terry Labonte](/wiki/Terry_Labonte "Terry Labonte") 4. 7\-[Kyle Petty](/wiki/Kyle_Petty "Kyle Petty") 5. 1\-[Sterling Marlin](/wiki/Sterling_Marlin "Sterling Marlin") 6. 43\-[Richard Petty](/wiki/Richard_Petty "Richard Petty") 7. 12\-[Neil Bonnett](/wiki/Neil_Bonnett "Neil Bonnett") 8. 98\-[Ron Bouchard](/wiki/Ron_Bouchard "Ron Bouchard") 9. 4\-[Rick Wilson](/wiki/Rick_Wilson_%28racing_driver%29 "Rick Wilson (racing driver)") 10. 66\-[Phil Parsons](/wiki/Phil_Parsons "Phil Parsons") **Race Two Top Ten Results** 1. 3\-[Dale Earnhardt](/wiki/Dale_Earnhardt "Dale Earnhardt") 2. 5\-[Geoff Bodine](/wiki/Geoff_Bodine "Geoff Bodine") 3. 11\-[Darrell Waltrip](/wiki/Darrell_Waltrip "Darrell Waltrip") 4. 47\-[Morgan Shepherd](/wiki/Morgan_Shepherd "Morgan Shepherd") 5. 27\-[Rusty Wallace](/wiki/Rusty_Wallace "Rusty Wallace") 6. 71\-[Dave Marcis](/wiki/Dave_Marcis "Dave Marcis") 7. 28\-[Cale Yarborough](/wiki/Cale_Yarborough "Cale Yarborough") 8. 33\-[Harry Gant](/wiki/Harry_Gant "Harry Gant") 9. 88\-[Buddy Baker](/wiki/Buddy_Baker "Buddy Baker") 10. 6\-[Trevor Boys](/wiki/Trevor_Boys "Trevor Boys") ### Daytona 500 {{main\|1986 Daytona 500}} **Top Ten Results** 1. 5\-[Geoff Bodine](/wiki/Geoff_Bodine "Geoff Bodine") 2. 44\-[Terry Labonte](/wiki/Terry_Labonte "Terry Labonte") 3. 11\-[Darrell Waltrip](/wiki/Darrell_Waltrip "Darrell Waltrip") 4. 8\-[Bobby Hillin Jr.](/wiki/Bobby_Hillin_Jr. "Bobby Hillin Jr.") 5. 55\-[Benny Parsons](/wiki/Benny_Parsons "Benny Parsons") \-1 lap 6. 98\-[Ron Bouchard](/wiki/Ron_Bouchard "Ron Bouchard") \-1 lap 7. 4\-[Rick Wilson](/wiki/Rick_Wilson_%28racing_driver%29 "Rick Wilson (racing driver)") \-1 lap 8. 27\-[Rusty Wallace](/wiki/Rusty_Wallace "Rusty Wallace") \-1 lap 9. 1\-[Sterling Marlin](/wiki/Sterling_Marlin "Sterling Marlin") \-2 laps 10. 75\-[Lake Speed](/wiki/Lake_Speed "Lake Speed") \-2 laps * In what would be the first of a string of Daytona 500 heartbreakers for [Dale Earnhardt](/wiki/Dale_Earnhardt "Dale Earnhardt"); Earnhardt ran out of fuel with three laps to go and coasted into pit road for gas, only to blow his engine when restarting it; resulting in a 14th place finish. ### Miller High Life 400 {{main\|1986 Miller High Life 400}} The [Miller High Life 400](/wiki/Toyota_Owners_400 "Toyota Owners 400") was held February 23 at [Richmond Fairgrounds Raceway](/wiki/Richmond_Fairgrounds_Raceway "Richmond Fairgrounds Raceway"). [Geoff Bodine](/wiki/Geoff_Bodine "Geoff Bodine") won the pole. This was [Kyle Petty](/wiki/Kyle_Petty "Kyle Petty")'s first career Winston Cup Series victory. The race is widely considered one of the most controversial finishes in NASCAR history. **Top Ten Results** 1. 7\-[Kyle Petty](/wiki/Kyle_Petty "Kyle Petty")\* 2. 26\-[Joe Ruttman](/wiki/Joe_Ruttman "Joe Ruttman") 3. 3\-[Dale Earnhardt](/wiki/Dale_Earnhardt "Dale Earnhardt") 4. 22\-[Bobby Allison](/wiki/Bobby_Allison "Bobby Allison") \-1 lap 5. 11\-[Darrell Waltrip](/wiki/Darrell_Waltrip "Darrell Waltrip") \-2 laps 6. 8\-[Bobby Hillin Jr.](/wiki/Bobby_Hillin_Jr. "Bobby Hillin Jr.") \-2 laps 7. 12\-[Neil Bonnett](/wiki/Neil_Bonnett "Neil Bonnett") \-2 laps 8. 5\-[Geoff Bodine](/wiki/Geoff_Bodine "Geoff Bodine") \-3 laps 9. 71\-[Dave Marcis](/wiki/Dave_Marcis "Dave Marcis") \-3 laps 10. 27\-[Rusty Wallace](/wiki/Rusty_Wallace "Rusty Wallace") \-5 laps * [Darrell Waltrip](/wiki/Darrell_Waltrip "Darrell Waltrip") and [Dale Earnhardt](/wiki/Dale_Earnhardt "Dale Earnhardt") battled for the better part of the race. In the final five laps, Waltrip rode on the back bumper of Earnhardt, bumping and rubbing the whole way. With three laps to go, Waltrip finally got a nose underneath Earnhardt exiting turn two. But Waltrip did not fully clear Earnhardt down the backstretch. Going into turn 3, Earnhardt spun Waltrip out, but lost control himself and both cars crashed hard into outside guardrail. The wreck collected Joe Ruttman (3rd place) and Geoff Bodine (4th place), allowing 5th place Kyle Petty to slip by and take his first\-career Cup victory in improbable fashion. The incident drew a fine for Earnhardt, raised tempers throughout the garage area, and earned Earnhardt the "Ironhead" nickname. The incident was dramatized in the movie 3\. * With his victory, Kyle Petty became NASCAR's first third generation winner. * In the 1990 film *[Days of Thunder](/wiki/Days_of_Thunder "Days of Thunder")*, a clip of the incident between Earnhardt and Waltrip appears on the TV set that [Cole Trickle](/wiki/Tom_Cruise "Tom Cruise") and [Harry Hogge](/wiki/Robert_Duvall "Robert Duvall") are watching in the scene where they are riding in a transporter. * [Terry Labonte](/wiki/Terry_Labonte "Terry Labonte"), thinking his engine had failed, pulled his \#44 [Piedmont Airlines](/wiki/Piedmont_Airlines_%281948-89%29 "Piedmont Airlines (1948-89)") Oldsmobile behind the wall. However, a crew member noticed some metal interfering with the ignition, and once the obstruction was cleared, the engine refired, allowing Labonte to return to the race and finish in 15th place. * Early in the race, Earnhardt could be seen steering his car while simultaneously wiping dirt off his windshield. ### Goodwrench 500 {{main\|1986 Goodwrench 500}} The [Goodwrench 500](/wiki/Goodwrench_500 "Goodwrench 500") was held March 2 at [North Carolina Motor Speedway](/wiki/North_Carolina_Motor_Speedway "North Carolina Motor Speedway"). [Terry Labonte](/wiki/Terry_Labonte "Terry Labonte") won the pole. **Top Ten Results** 1. 44\-[Terry Labonte](/wiki/Terry_Labonte "Terry Labonte") 2. 33\-[Harry Gant](/wiki/Harry_Gant "Harry Gant") 3. 43\-[Richard Petty](/wiki/Richard_Petty "Richard Petty") 4. 47\-[Morgan Shepherd](/wiki/Morgan_Shepherd "Morgan Shepherd") \-1 lap 5. 11\-[Darrell Waltrip](/wiki/Darrell_Waltrip "Darrell Waltrip") \-1 lap 6. 28\-[Cale Yarborough](/wiki/Cale_Yarborough "Cale Yarborough") \-2 laps 7. 9\-[Bill Elliott](/wiki/Bill_Elliott "Bill Elliott") \-2 laps 8. 3\-[Dale Earnhardt](/wiki/Dale_Earnhardt "Dale Earnhardt") \-2 laps 9. 12\-[Neil Bonnett](/wiki/Neil_Bonnett "Neil Bonnett") \-2 laps 10. 75\-[Lake Speed](/wiki/Lake_Speed "Lake Speed") \-3 laps * The win proved to be Labonte's last with [Billy Hagan](/wiki/Billy_Hagan_%28racing_driver%29 "Billy Hagan (racing driver)"). * This was the only points paying win for the [Oldsmobile Delta 88](/wiki/Oldsmobile_Delta_88 "Oldsmobile Delta 88") in the Winston Cup Series. ### Motorcraft 500 The [Motorcraft 500](/wiki/Motorcraft_500 "Motorcraft 500") was held March 16 at [Atlanta International Raceway](/wiki/Atlanta_Motor_Speedway "Atlanta Motor Speedway"). [Dale Earnhardt](/wiki/Dale_Earnhardt "Dale Earnhardt") won the pole. **Top Ten Results** 1. 47\-[Morgan Shepherd](/wiki/Morgan_Shepherd "Morgan Shepherd") 2. 3\-[Dale Earnhardt](/wiki/Dale_Earnhardt "Dale Earnhardt") 3. 44\-[Terry Labonte](/wiki/Terry_Labonte "Terry Labonte") 4. 11\-[Darrell Waltrip](/wiki/Darrell_Waltrip "Darrell Waltrip") 5. 9\-[Bill Elliott](/wiki/Bill_Elliott "Bill Elliott") 6. 55\-[Benny Parsons](/wiki/Benny_Parsons "Benny Parsons") 7. 25\-[Tim Richmond](/wiki/Tim_Richmond "Tim Richmond") 8. 27\-[Rusty Wallace](/wiki/Rusty_Wallace "Rusty Wallace") \-1 lap 9. 22\-[Bobby Allison](/wiki/Bobby_Allison "Bobby Allison") \-1 lap 10. 5\-[Geoff Bodine](/wiki/Geoff_Bodine "Geoff Bodine") \-1 lap * This was Morgan Shepherd's 1st victory since 1981\. ### Valleydale 500 The [Valleydale 500](/wiki/Valleydale_500 "Valleydale 500") was held April 6 at [Bristol International Raceway](/wiki/Bristol_Motor_Speedway "Bristol Motor Speedway"). The No. 5 of [Geoff Bodine](/wiki/Geoff_Bodine "Geoff Bodine") won the pole. **Top Ten Results** 1. 27\-[Rusty Wallace](/wiki/Rusty_Wallace "Rusty Wallace")\* 2. 15\-[Ricky Rudd](/wiki/Ricky_Rudd "Ricky Rudd") 3. 11\-[Darrell Waltrip](/wiki/Darrell_Waltrip "Darrell Waltrip") 4. 33\-[Harry Gant](/wiki/Harry_Gant "Harry Gant") \-1 lap 5. 9\-[Bill Elliott](/wiki/Bill_Elliott "Bill Elliott") \-1 lap 6. 22\-[Bobby Allison](/wiki/Bobby_Allison "Bobby Allison") \-1 lap 7. 44\-[Terry Labonte](/wiki/Terry_Labonte "Terry Labonte") \-2 laps 8. 25\-[Tim Richmond](/wiki/Tim_Richmond "Tim Richmond") \-2 laps 9. 7\-[Kyle Petty](/wiki/Kyle_Petty "Kyle Petty") \-3 laps 10. 3\-[Dale Earnhardt](/wiki/Dale_Earnhardt "Dale Earnhardt") \-3 laps * This was [Rusty Wallace](/wiki/Rusty_Wallace "Rusty Wallace")'s 1st career [Winston Cup](/wiki/Winston_Cup "Winston Cup") victory. * This was also the 1st victory for the [Pontiac Grand Prix 2\+2](/wiki/Pontiac_2%2B2 "Pontiac 2+2"). ### TranSouth 500 The [TranSouth 500](/wiki/TranSouth_500 "TranSouth 500") was held April 13 at [Darlington Raceway](/wiki/Darlington_Raceway "Darlington Raceway"). The No. 5 of [Geoff Bodine](/wiki/Geoff_Bodine "Geoff Bodine") won the pole. **Top Ten Results** 1. 3\-[Dale Earnhardt](/wiki/Dale_Earnhardt "Dale Earnhardt") 2. 11\-[Darrell Waltrip](/wiki/Darrell_Waltrip "Darrell Waltrip") 3. 22\-[Bobby Allison](/wiki/Bobby_Allison "Bobby Allison") \-1 lap 4. 12\-[Neil Bonnett](/wiki/Neil_Bonnett "Neil Bonnett") \-1 lap 5. 25\-[Tim Richmond](/wiki/Tim_Richmond "Tim Richmond") \-3 laps 6. 27\-[Rusty Wallace](/wiki/Rusty_Wallace "Rusty Wallace") \-3 laps 7. 43\-[Richard Petty](/wiki/Richard_Petty "Richard Petty") \-3 laps 8. 9\-[Bill Elliott](/wiki/Bill_Elliott "Bill Elliott") \-5 laps 9. 7\-[Kyle Petty](/wiki/Kyle_Petty "Kyle Petty") \-6 laps 10. 90\-[Ken Schrader](/wiki/Ken_Schrader "Ken Schrader") \-11 laps ### First Union 400 The [First Union 400](/wiki/First_Union_400 "First Union 400") was held April 20 at [North Wilkesboro Speedway](/wiki/North_Wilkesboro_Speedway "North Wilkesboro Speedway"). [Geoff Bodine](/wiki/Geoff_Bodine "Geoff Bodine") won the pole. **Top Ten Results** 1. 3\-[Dale Earnhardt](/wiki/Dale_Earnhardt "Dale Earnhardt") 2. 15\-[Ricky Rudd](/wiki/Ricky_Rudd "Ricky Rudd") 3. 5\-[Geoff Bodine](/wiki/Geoff_Bodine "Geoff Bodine") 4. 11\-[Darrell Waltrip](/wiki/Darrell_Waltrip "Darrell Waltrip") 5. 26\-[Joe Ruttman](/wiki/Joe_Ruttman "Joe Ruttman") 6. 22\-[Bobby Allison](/wiki/Bobby_Allison "Bobby Allison") 7. 33\-[Harry Gant](/wiki/Harry_Gant "Harry Gant") 8. 7\-[Kyle Petty](/wiki/Kyle_Petty "Kyle Petty") 9. 9\-[Bill Elliott](/wiki/Bill_Elliott "Bill Elliott") 10. 27\-[Rusty Wallace](/wiki/Rusty_Wallace "Rusty Wallace") \-1 lap * This race marked the 1st career [Winston Cup](/wiki/Winston_Cup "Winston Cup") start for [Willy T. Ribbs](/wiki/Willy_T._Ribbs "Willy T. Ribbs"), best known for being the 1st [African\-American](/wiki/African-American "African-American") to start the [Indianapolis 500](/wiki/Indianapolis_500 "Indianapolis 500") in 1991\. Ribbs struggled during the race, spinning out twice on his way to a 22nd\-place finish, 13 laps down. * The No. 6 of [Trevor Boys](/wiki/Trevor_Boys "Trevor Boys") smacked the wall in Turn 3 on lap 89 and came to a stop at the entrance of pit road, blocking it. Instead of throwing a caution, the [tow truck](/wiki/Tow_truck "Tow truck") was sent out to tow the D. K. Ulrich\-owned car to his pit stall/hauler (until the September 1988 event at the track, race team haulers were literally parked right behind their chosen pit stall) while the rest of the cars continued around the track at full speed. * This race included two caution periods around halfway due to rain. However, the race was not red\-flagged either time the caution was thrown for the rain showers. ### Sovran Bank 500 The [Sovran Bank 500](/wiki/Sovran_Bank_500 "Sovran Bank 500") was held April 27 at [Martinsville Speedway](/wiki/Martinsville_Speedway "Martinsville Speedway"). No. 25 of [Tim Richmond](/wiki/Tim_Richmond "Tim Richmond") won the pole. **Top Ten Results** 1. 15\-[Ricky Rudd](/wiki/Ricky_Rudd "Ricky Rudd")\* 2. 26\-[Joe Ruttman](/wiki/Joe_Ruttman "Joe Ruttman") \-1 lap 3. 44\-[Terry Labonte](/wiki/Terry_Labonte "Terry Labonte") \-4 laps 4. 35\-[Alan Kulwicki](/wiki/Alan_Kulwicki "Alan Kulwicki") **(R)** \-4 laps 5. 7\-[Kyle Petty](/wiki/Kyle_Petty "Kyle Petty") \-4 laps 6. 8\-[Bobby Hillin Jr.](/wiki/Bobby_Hillin_Jr. "Bobby Hillin Jr.") \-5 laps 7. 90\-[Ken Schrader](/wiki/Ken_Schrader "Ken Schrader") \-7 laps 8. 22\-[Bobby Allison](/wiki/Bobby_Allison "Bobby Allison") \-8 laps 9. 79\-[Derrike Cope](/wiki/Derrike_Cope "Derrike Cope") **(R)** \-11 laps 10. 75\-[Jody Ridley](/wiki/Jody_Ridley "Jody Ridley") \-13 laps * [Ricky Rudd](/wiki/Ricky_Rudd "Ricky Rudd")'s official margin of victory in the race was 1 lap, and an additional 6 seconds. * According to [Bill Elliott](/wiki/Bill_Elliott "Bill Elliott")'s book, [Awesome Bill From Dawsonville](/wiki/Awesome_Bill_From_Dawsonville "Awesome Bill From Dawsonville"), Elliott suffered his first engine failure in 3 years in this race. * This race marked the first career [Winston Cup](/wiki/Winston_Cup "Winston Cup") start for [Mike Skinner](/wiki/Mike_Skinner_%28racing_driver%29 "Mike Skinner (racing driver)"). Skinner finished 22nd, 156 laps behind. * First career top 5 for [Alan Kulwicki](/wiki/Alan_Kulwicki "Alan Kulwicki"). ### Winston 500 {{main\|1986 Winston 500}} The [Winston 500](/wiki/Aaron%27s_499 "Aaron's 499") was held May 4 at [Alabama International Motor Speedway](/wiki/Talladega_Superspeedway "Talladega Superspeedway"). The No. 9 of [Bill Elliott](/wiki/Bill_Elliott "Bill Elliott") won the pole. **Top Ten Results** 1. 22\-[Bobby Allison](/wiki/Bobby_Allison "Bobby Allison") 2. 3\-[Dale Earnhardt](/wiki/Dale_Earnhardt "Dale Earnhardt") 3. 88\-[Buddy Baker](/wiki/Buddy_Baker "Buddy Baker") 4. 8\-[Bobby Hillin Jr.](/wiki/Bobby_Hillin_Jr. "Bobby Hillin Jr.") 5. 55\-[Phil Parsons](/wiki/Phil_Parsons "Phil Parsons") 6. 47\-[Morgan Shepherd](/wiki/Morgan_Shepherd "Morgan Shepherd") 7. 43\-[Richard Petty](/wiki/Richard_Petty "Richard Petty") 8. 4\-[Rick Wilson](/wiki/Rick_Wilson_%28racing_driver%29 "Rick Wilson (racing driver)") 9. 98\-[Ron Bouchard](/wiki/Ron_Bouchard "Ron Bouchard") 10. 10\-[Greg Sacks](/wiki/Greg_Sacks "Greg Sacks") Failed to qualify: 35\-[Alan Kulwicki](/wiki/Alan_Kulwicki "Alan Kulwicki") **(R)**, 60\-[Dick Skillen](/wiki/Dick_Skillen "Dick Skillen"), 70\-[J. D. McDuffie](/wiki/J._D._McDuffie "J. D. McDuffie"), 77\-[Ken Ragan](/wiki/Ken_Ragan "Ken Ragan"), 95\-[Davey Allison](/wiki/Davey_Allison "Davey Allison"), 02\-[Mark Martin](/wiki/Mark_Martin "Mark Martin"), [Steve Moore](/wiki/Steve_Moore_%28racing_driver%29 "Steve Moore (racing driver)") * This race is most notable for the fact that a drunken fan stole the pace car before the race started and drove a lap around the track. Local Sheriff's Deputies and track workers quickly set up a road block at the exit of Turn 4\. When the fan stopped the [Pontiac Firebird](/wiki/Pontiac_Firebird "Pontiac Firebird"), the sheriffs opened the door, pulled the driver out and detained him. * The whole field qualified over 200 miles per hour with several upcoming stars failing to qualify. * [Bill Elliott](/wiki/Bill_Elliott "Bill Elliott") led a race\-high 116 laps. Elliott had the dominant car all day, but finished 24th after his engine blew while leading with 14 laps remaining. ### The Winston {{main\|1986 The Winston}} The second edition of [The Winston](/wiki/NASCAR_All-Star_Race "NASCAR All-Star Race"), an all\-star event for the previous season's race winners, was held at [Atlanta International Raceway](/wiki/Atlanta_Motor_Speedway "Atlanta Motor Speedway") on Sunday May 11 ([Mother's Day](/wiki/Mother%27s_Day "Mother's Day")). The pole position was awarded to [Darrell Waltrip](/wiki/Darrell_Waltrip "Darrell Waltrip") as the defending Winston Cup champion. This was the only time the all\-star race was held at Atlanta, and featured a 200\-kilometer (83 lap) format, with a mandatory green flag pit stop. Because there were only nine race winners in 1985, the highest placed non\-winner from the 1985 point standings ([Geoff Bodine](/wiki/Geoff_Bodine "Geoff Bodine")) was added to the field to make it an even ten cars. [Bill Elliott](/wiki/Bill_Elliott "Bill Elliott") led 82 of the 83 en route to a dominating victory. Elliott collected the $200,000 first place prize, plus $40,000 in additional cash bonuses for leading laps 20, 30, 50, and 60\. **Top Ten Results** 1. 9\-[Bill Elliott](/wiki/Bill_Elliott "Bill Elliott") 2. 3\-[Dale Earnhardt](/wiki/Dale_Earnhardt "Dale Earnhardt") 3. 33\-[Harry Gant](/wiki/Harry_Gant "Harry Gant") 4. 11\-[Darrell Waltrip](/wiki/Darrell_Waltrip "Darrell Waltrip") 5. 28\-[Cale Yarborough](/wiki/Cale_Yarborough "Cale Yarborough") 6. 12\-[Neil Bonnett](/wiki/Neil_Bonnett "Neil Bonnett") 7. 5\-[Geoff Bodine](/wiki/Geoff_Bodine "Geoff Bodine") 8. 15\-[Ricky Rudd](/wiki/Ricky_Rudd "Ricky Rudd") 9. 44\-[Terry Labonte](/wiki/Terry_Labonte "Terry Labonte") 10. 10\-[Greg Sacks](/wiki/Greg_Sacks "Greg Sacks") * A consolation race for non\-winners from 1985, the Atlanta Invitational, was added to the weekend's events. [Benny Parsons](/wiki/Benny_Parsons "Benny Parsons") won the 100\-lap/152\.2 mile race, his last NASCAR\-sanctioned victory. The win gave Parsons a free spot in the [1987 The Winston](/wiki/1987_The_Winston "1987 The Winston") (in later years the Winston Open winner would advance to The Winston the same day). * A lackluster crowd of only 18,500 attended the event, and only 23 cars entered (10 in The Winston, 13 in the Atlanta Invitational). However, the all\-star format of having a non\-winners' "last chance" race followed by a main event would become a permanent fixture of all\-star weekend. * Originally The Winston was planned to rotate to different tracks each year. This was the second and last year of that format. Rather that rotate each year, for 1987 it was moved back to Charlotte where it remained through 2019\. ### Budweiser 500 The [Budweiser 500](/wiki/FedEx_400 "FedEx 400") was held May 18 at [Dover International Speedway](/wiki/Dover_International_Speedway "Dover International Speedway"). [Ricky Rudd](/wiki/Ricky_Rudd "Ricky Rudd") won the pole. **Top Ten Results** 1. 5\-[Geoff Bodine](/wiki/Geoff_Bodine "Geoff Bodine") 2. 22\-[Bobby Allison](/wiki/Bobby_Allison "Bobby Allison") 3. 3\-[Dale Earnhardt](/wiki/Dale_Earnhardt "Dale Earnhardt") \-1 lap 4. 15\-[Ricky Rudd](/wiki/Ricky_Rudd "Ricky Rudd") \-2 laps 5. 11\-[Darrell Waltrip](/wiki/Darrell_Waltrip "Darrell Waltrip") \-2 laps 6. 43\-[Richard Petty](/wiki/Richard_Petty "Richard Petty") \-6 laps 7. 9\-[Bill Elliott](/wiki/Bill_Elliott "Bill Elliott") \-7 laps 8. 8\-[Bobby Hillin Jr.](/wiki/Bobby_Hillin_Jr. "Bobby Hillin Jr.") \-7 laps 9. 18\-[Tommy Ellis](/wiki/Tommy_Ellis "Tommy Ellis") \-7 laps 10. 90\-[Ken Schrader](/wiki/Ken_Schrader "Ken Schrader") \-7 laps ### Coca\-Cola 600 The [Coca\-Cola 600](/wiki/Coca-Cola_600 "Coca-Cola 600") was held May 25 at [Charlotte Motor Speedway](/wiki/Charlotte_Motor_Speedway "Charlotte Motor Speedway"). The No. 5 of [Geoff Bodine](/wiki/Geoff_Bodine "Geoff Bodine") won the pole. **Top Ten Results** 1. 3\-[Dale Earnhardt](/wiki/Dale_Earnhardt "Dale Earnhardt") 2. 25\-[Tim Richmond](/wiki/Tim_Richmond "Tim Richmond") 3. 28\-[Cale Yarborough](/wiki/Cale_Yarborough "Cale Yarborough") 4. 33\-[Harry Gant](/wiki/Harry_Gant "Harry Gant") 5. 11\-[Darrell Waltrip](/wiki/Darrell_Waltrip "Darrell Waltrip") 6. 9\-[Bill Elliott](/wiki/Bill_Elliott "Bill Elliott") 7. 1\-[Sterling Marlin](/wiki/Sterling_Marlin "Sterling Marlin") \-1 lap 8. 15\-[Ricky Rudd](/wiki/Ricky_Rudd "Ricky Rudd") \-1 lap 9. 47\-[Morgan Shepherd](/wiki/Morgan_Shepherd "Morgan Shepherd") \-1 lap 10. 27\-[Rusty Wallace](/wiki/Rusty_Wallace "Rusty Wallace") \-2 laps * [Richard Petty](/wiki/Richard_Petty "Richard Petty") was not allowed to bring out a backup car after crashing his \#43 [Pontiac](/wiki/Pontiac_%28automobile%29 "Pontiac (automobile)") in practice. As a result, [Petty Enterprises](/wiki/Petty_Enterprises "Petty Enterprises") bought the [lime green](/wiki/Lime_green "Lime green")\-and\-white \#6 [Chevrolet](/wiki/Chevrolet "Chevrolet") of D.K. Ulrich, and raced that car. Petty finished 38th as a result of a blown engine after completing 123 laps. * This was the 1st career [Winston Cup](/wiki/Winston_Cup "Winston Cup") start for [Brett Bodine](/wiki/Brett_Bodine "Brett Bodine"), who drove a [Hendrick Motorsports](/wiki/Hendrick_Motorsports "Hendrick Motorsports") \#2 [Chevrolet](/wiki/Chevrolet "Chevrolet") to an 18th\-place finish, 6 laps down. * This race insured there would be no [Winston Million](/wiki/Grand_Slam_%28NASCAR%29 "Grand Slam (NASCAR)") winner in 1986\. The bonus for winning 2 out of 4 races was still alive for the Southern 500 later in the season. * After this race, [Dale Earnhardt](/wiki/Dale_Earnhardt "Dale Earnhardt") would not take the checkered flag first again until returning to Charlotte Motor Speedway for the Oakwood Homes 500 on October 5\. ### Budweiser 400 The [Budweiser 400](/wiki/Budweiser_400 "Budweiser 400") was held on June 1 at [Riverside International Raceway](/wiki/Riverside_International_Raceway "Riverside International Raceway"). [Darrell Waltrip](/wiki/Darrell_Waltrip "Darrell Waltrip") won the pole. **Top Ten Results** 1. 11\-[Darrell Waltrip](/wiki/Darrell_Waltrip "Darrell Waltrip") 2. 25\-[Tim Richmond](/wiki/Tim_Richmond "Tim Richmond") 3. 15\-[Ricky Rudd](/wiki/Ricky_Rudd "Ricky Rudd") 4. 27\-[Rusty Wallace](/wiki/Rusty_Wallace "Rusty Wallace") 5. 3\-[Dale Earnhardt](/wiki/Dale_Earnhardt "Dale Earnhardt") 6. 43\-[Richard Petty](/wiki/Richard_Petty "Richard Petty") 7. 22\-[Bobby Allison](/wiki/Bobby_Allison "Bobby Allison") 8. 12\-[Neil Bonnett](/wiki/Neil_Bonnett "Neil Bonnett") 9. 33\-[Harry Gant](/wiki/Harry_Gant "Harry Gant") 10. 18\-[Glen Steurer](/wiki/Glen_Steurer "Glen Steurer") \-1 lap * This was the 1st career [Winston Cup](/wiki/Winston_Cup "Winston Cup") start for [Chad Little](/wiki/Chad_Little "Chad Little"), who was then a regular in the [Winston West](/wiki/Winston_West "Winston West") series. Little finished 13th, 3 laps down in the race after starting 25th. * This was the final time that [Darrell Waltrip](/wiki/Darrell_Waltrip "Darrell Waltrip") wins from the pole. ### Miller High Life 500 The [Miller High Life 500](/wiki/Kids_Free_325 "Kids Free 325") was held June 8 at [Pocono International Raceway](/wiki/Pocono_Raceway "Pocono Raceway"). [Geoff Bodine](/wiki/Geoff_Bodine "Geoff Bodine") won the pole. **Top Ten Results** 1. 25\-[Tim Richmond](/wiki/Tim_Richmond "Tim Richmond") 2. 3\-[Dale Earnhardt](/wiki/Dale_Earnhardt "Dale Earnhardt") 3. 28\-[Cale Yarborough](/wiki/Cale_Yarborough "Cale Yarborough") 4. 15\-[Ricky Rudd](/wiki/Ricky_Rudd "Ricky Rudd") 5. 9\-[Bill Elliott](/wiki/Bill_Elliott "Bill Elliott") 6. 27\-[Rusty Wallace](/wiki/Rusty_Wallace "Rusty Wallace") 7. 26\-[Joe Ruttman](/wiki/Joe_Ruttman "Joe Ruttman") 8. 7\-[Kyle Petty](/wiki/Kyle_Petty "Kyle Petty") 9. 5\-[Geoff Bodine](/wiki/Geoff_Bodine "Geoff Bodine") 10. 8\-[Bobby Hillin Jr.](/wiki/Bobby_Hillin_Jr. "Bobby Hillin Jr.") \-1 lap * The race ended under caution when [Morgan Shepherd](/wiki/Morgan_Shepherd "Morgan Shepherd"), [Harry Gant](/wiki/Harry_Gant "Harry Gant"), and [Buddy Arrington](/wiki/Buddy_Arrington "Buddy Arrington") were involved in a violent crash with four laps to go in turn one. * The win was Richmond's first since April 1984, coming after two second\-place finishes in the two preceding races, and the first for [Harry Hyde](/wiki/Harry_Hyde "Harry Hyde") since November 1984\. ### Miller American 400 The [Miller American 400](/wiki/Miller_American_400 "Miller American 400") was held June 15 at [Michigan International Speedway](/wiki/Michigan_International_Speedway "Michigan International Speedway"). [Tim Richmond](/wiki/Tim_Richmond "Tim Richmond") won the pole. **Top Ten Results** 1. 9\-[Bill Elliott](/wiki/Bill_Elliott "Bill Elliott") 2. 33\-[Harry Gant](/wiki/Harry_Gant "Harry Gant") 3. 5\-[Geoff Bodine](/wiki/Geoff_Bodine "Geoff Bodine") 4. 88\-[Buddy Baker](/wiki/Buddy_Baker "Buddy Baker") 5. 11\-[Darrell Waltrip](/wiki/Darrell_Waltrip "Darrell Waltrip") 6. 3\-[Dale Earnhardt](/wiki/Dale_Earnhardt "Dale Earnhardt") 7. 8\-[Bobby Hillin Jr.](/wiki/Bobby_Hillin_Jr. "Bobby Hillin Jr.") 8. 4\-[Rick Wilson](/wiki/Rick_Wilson_%28racing_driver%29 "Rick Wilson (racing driver)") 9. 26\-[Joe Ruttman](/wiki/Joe_Ruttman "Joe Ruttman") 10. 15\-[Ricky Rudd](/wiki/Ricky_Rudd "Ricky Rudd") * During qualifying, 31\-year\-old ARCA driver [Rick Baldwin](/wiki/Rick_Baldwin "Rick Baldwin"), in the [Buddy Arrington](/wiki/Buddy_Arrington "Buddy Arrington") No. 67 [Ford Thunderbird](/wiki/Ford_Thunderbird "Ford Thunderbird"), suffered a severe crash in qualifying that resulted in the car hitting the wall flush with the driver's side, knocking him unconscious into a coma from the massive head injuries, from which he would succumb eleven years later. ### Firecracker 400 {{main\|1986 Firecracker 400}} The [Firecracker 400](/wiki/Firecracker_400 "Firecracker 400") was held on July 4 at [Daytona International Speedway](/wiki/Daytona_International_Speedway "Daytona International Speedway"). [Cale Yarborough](/wiki/Cale_Yarborough "Cale Yarborough") won the pole. **Top Ten Results** 1. 25\-[Tim Richmond](/wiki/Tim_Richmond "Tim Richmond") 2. 1\-[Sterling Marlin](/wiki/Sterling_Marlin "Sterling Marlin") 3. 8\-[Bobby Hillin Jr.](/wiki/Bobby_Hillin_Jr. "Bobby Hillin Jr.") 4. 11\-[Darrell Waltrip](/wiki/Darrell_Waltrip "Darrell Waltrip") 5. 7\-[Kyle Petty](/wiki/Kyle_Petty "Kyle Petty") 6. 15\-[Ricky Rudd](/wiki/Ricky_Rudd "Ricky Rudd") 7. 26\-[Joe Ruttman](/wiki/Joe_Ruttman "Joe Ruttman") 8. 27\-[Rusty Wallace](/wiki/Rusty_Wallace "Rusty Wallace") 9. 66\-[Phil Parsons](/wiki/Phil_Parsons "Phil Parsons") 10. 35\-[Alan Kulwicki](/wiki/Alan_Kulwicki "Alan Kulwicki") **(R)** * This race marked [Richard Petty](/wiki/Richard_Petty "Richard Petty")'s 1000th career start in the [Winston Cup Series](/wiki/Winston_Cup_Series "Winston Cup Series"), dating back to 1958\. As of 2022, he is the only driver to compete in 1,000\+ races. * [Dale Earnhardt](/wiki/Dale_Earnhardt "Dale Earnhardt") blew his engine with 7 laps remaining and spun head\-on into the wall after the blown engine dumped oil on his back tires. Attempting to avoid the crash, leader [Buddy Baker](/wiki/Buddy_Baker "Buddy Baker") clipped [Connie Saylor](/wiki/Connie_Saylor "Connie Saylor")'s car; damaging Baker's car and providing an opening for Richmond. ### Summer 500 The [Summer 500](/wiki/Summer_500 "Summer 500") was held July 20 at [Pocono International Raceway](/wiki/Pocono_International_Raceway "Pocono International Raceway"). [Harry Gant](/wiki/Harry_Gant "Harry Gant") won the pole. **Top Ten Results** 1. 25\-[Tim Richmond](/wiki/Tim_Richmond "Tim Richmond") 2. 15\-[Ricky Rudd](/wiki/Ricky_Rudd "Ricky Rudd") 3. 5\-[Geoff Bodine](/wiki/Geoff_Bodine "Geoff Bodine") 4. 11\-[Darrell Waltrip](/wiki/Darrell_Waltrip "Darrell Waltrip") 5. 22\-[Bobby Allison](/wiki/Bobby_Allison "Bobby Allison") 6. 44\-[Terry Labonte](/wiki/Terry_Labonte "Terry Labonte") 7. 3\-[Dale Earnhardt](/wiki/Dale_Earnhardt "Dale Earnhardt") 8. 7\-[Kyle Petty](/wiki/Kyle_Petty "Kyle Petty") \-1 lap 9. 18\-[Tommy Ellis](/wiki/Tommy_Ellis "Tommy Ellis") \-2 laps 10. 4\-[Rick Wilson](/wiki/Rick_Wilson_%28racing_driver%29 "Rick Wilson (racing driver)") \-2 laps * This race was shortened to 150 laps (375 miles) due to a combination of rain, fog and darkness. * On lap 121, [Tim Richmond](/wiki/Tim_Richmond "Tim Richmond"), racing with [Geoff Bodine](/wiki/Geoff_Bodine "Geoff Bodine") and [Neil Bonnett](/wiki/Neil_Bonnett "Neil Bonnett"), spun out and was hit by [Richard Petty](/wiki/Richard_Petty "Richard Petty") coming out of the Tunnel Turn (Turn 2\). His car had both front tires flattened and was in a position so that he could not drive it forwards. Richmond backed the car out, then drove it in reverse nearly 1 mile to his pit. At that point, his crew fixed the car so that he could go forward, but only in high gear (4th). He lost a lap but raced with the leaders until [Dale Earnhardt](/wiki/Dale_Earnhardt "Dale Earnhardt") crashed around Lap 140; he beat the leaders to the flag and thus got his lap back. It was at this point that [NASCAR](/wiki/NASCAR "NASCAR") announced the impending end of the race due to darkness. Richmond got tires and then charged through the field after the restart; he passed Bodine on the final lap, but Bodine dove back alongside and the two raced through Turn Three; Bodine got loose and [Ricky Rudd](/wiki/Ricky_Rudd "Ricky Rudd") stormed three abreast; Richmond won in a photo finish. A modified version of this incident was featured in the 1990 movie [Days of Thunder](/wiki/Days_of_Thunder "Days of Thunder"). ### Talladega 500 The [Talladega 500](/wiki/Good_Sam_Club_500 "Good Sam Club 500") was held July 27 at [Alabama International Motor Speedway](/wiki/Alabama_International_Motor_Speedway "Alabama International Motor Speedway"). The No. 9 of [Bill Elliott](/wiki/Bill_Elliott "Bill Elliott") won the pole. **Top Ten Results** 1. 8\-[Bobby Hillin Jr.](/wiki/Bobby_Hillin_Jr. "Bobby Hillin Jr.")\* 2. 25\-[Tim Richmond](/wiki/Tim_Richmond "Tim Richmond") 3. 15\-[Ricky Rudd](/wiki/Ricky_Rudd "Ricky Rudd")\* 4. 1\-[Sterling Marlin](/wiki/Sterling_Marlin "Sterling Marlin") 5. 55\-[Benny Parsons](/wiki/Benny_Parsons "Benny Parsons") 6. 47\-[Morgan Shepherd](/wiki/Morgan_Shepherd "Morgan Shepherd") 7. 12\-[Davey Allison](/wiki/Davey_Allison "Davey Allison")\* 8. 26\-[Joe Ruttman](/wiki/Joe_Ruttman "Joe Ruttman") 9. 7\-[Kyle Petty](/wiki/Kyle_Petty "Kyle Petty") 10. 22\-[Bobby Allison](/wiki/Bobby_Allison "Bobby Allison") \-1 lap * This was [Bobby Hillin Jr.](/wiki/Bobby_Hillin_Jr. "Bobby Hillin Jr.")'s only career [Winston Cup](/wiki/Winston_Cup "Winston Cup") victory. * The lead changed a season\-high 49 times. The race set a motorsports record with 26 leaders, a record broken in 2008\. * Among the race's 26 leaders were [Richard Petty](/wiki/Richard_Petty "Richard Petty"), [Bill Elliott](/wiki/Bill_Elliott "Bill Elliott"), [Darrell Waltrip](/wiki/Darrell_Waltrip "Darrell Waltrip"), [Rodney Combs](/wiki/Rodney_Combs "Rodney Combs"), [Buddy Baker](/wiki/Buddy_Baker "Buddy Baker"), and [Rick Wilson](/wiki/Rick_Wilson_%28racing_driver%29 "Rick Wilson (racing driver)"). [Cale Yarborough](/wiki/Cale_Yarborough "Cale Yarborough") took the lead on the backstretch on lap 107 but [Dale Earnhardt](/wiki/Dale_Earnhardt "Dale Earnhardt") beat him to the stripe. * [Ricky Rudd](/wiki/Ricky_Rudd "Ricky Rudd") was relieved during the race by [Rusty Wallace](/wiki/Rusty_Wallace "Rusty Wallace"), who had blown an engine earlier. * [Davey Allison](/wiki/Davey_Allison "Davey Allison") drove the race in place of [Neil Bonnett](/wiki/Neil_Bonnett "Neil Bonnett"), who was injured in a multi\-car wreck at Pocono the previous week; Bonnett worked with [CBS Sports](/wiki/CBS_Sports "CBS Sports") as a second color analyst on the telecast of the race. * Hillin was involved in a five car crash down the backstretch with 25 laps to go when he was drafting race leader [Harry Gant](/wiki/Harry_Gant "Harry Gant"); Gant was spun into [Phil Parsons](/wiki/Phil_Parsons "Phil Parsons") and the wreck swept up [Darrell Waltrip](/wiki/Darrell_Waltrip "Darrell Waltrip"), [Geoff Bodine](/wiki/Geoff_Bodine "Geoff Bodine"), and [Cale Yarborough](/wiki/Cale_Yarborough "Cale Yarborough"). * [Bobby Allison](/wiki/Bobby_Allison "Bobby Allison") was eliminated while racing Richmond for third; he was hooked by [Sterling Marlin](/wiki/Sterling_Marlin "Sterling Marlin") and spun into traffic in Turn One; Richmond passed Wallace subbing for Rudd for second while Marlin finished fourth. ### Budweiser at The Glen The [Budweiser at The Glen](/wiki/Budweiser_at_The_Glen "Budweiser at The Glen") was held August 10 at [Watkins Glen International](/wiki/Watkins_Glen_International "Watkins Glen International"). [Tim Richmond](/wiki/Tim_Richmond "Tim Richmond") won the pole. It was the first time a NASCAR race had been run at the track since [1965](/wiki/1965_in_NASCAR "1965 in NASCAR") but this was an entirely new configuration. **Top Ten Results** 1. 25\-[Tim Richmond](/wiki/Tim_Richmond "Tim Richmond") 2. 11\-[Darrell Waltrip](/wiki/Darrell_Waltrip "Darrell Waltrip") 3. 3\-[Dale Earnhardt](/wiki/Dale_Earnhardt "Dale Earnhardt") 4. 9\-[Bill Elliott](/wiki/Bill_Elliott "Bill Elliott") 5. 12\-[Neil Bonnett](/wiki/Neil_Bonnett "Neil Bonnett") 6. 27\-[Rusty Wallace](/wiki/Rusty_Wallace "Rusty Wallace") 7. 15\-[Ricky Rudd](/wiki/Ricky_Rudd "Ricky Rudd") 8. 55\-[Benny Parsons](/wiki/Benny_Parsons "Benny Parsons") 9. 7\-[Kyle Petty](/wiki/Kyle_Petty "Kyle Petty") 10. 43\-[Richard Petty](/wiki/Richard_Petty "Richard Petty") Withdrew: 30\-[Willy T. Ribbs](/wiki/Willy_T._Ribbs "Willy T. Ribbs"){{Cite web\|url\=https://www.racing\-reference.info/race/1986\_The\_Budweiser\_At\_The\_Glen/W\|title \= Race Results}} * Ribbs withdrew as he blew up 4 engines during practice and qualifying and the team did not have any spares. * This was Richmond's 4th victory of the season. * [Neil Bonnett](/wiki/Neil_Bonnett "Neil Bonnett") returns after sitting out the previous race due to broken ribs. Junior Johnson had Doug Heveron on standby to take over if Bonnett could not run the full race. He would run the full race, running as high as 2nd but eventually settling for 5th. * Rusty Wallace had to earn his finishing spot the hard way. After taking the lead for 3 laps from laps 17 to 19, Wallace was black\-flagged by NASCAR for leaking oil onto the track. Rejoining the field at the tail\-end, Wallace would cut a tire after making contact with the wall, then spun out in turn 5 to bring out a full course caution flag. Despite the setbacks, Wallace would rally to finish 6th. * [Al Unser](/wiki/Al_Unser "Al Unser") made his first NASCAR start since 1969, driving the \#88 Pontiac in place of [Buddy Baker](/wiki/Buddy_Baker "Buddy Baker"). Baker, the car co\-owner and regular driver, was the crew chief ### Champion Spark Plug 400 {{main\|1986 Champion Spark Plug 400}} The [Champion Spark Plug 400](/wiki/Champion_Spark_Plug_400 "Champion Spark Plug 400") was held August 17 at [Michigan International Speedway](/wiki/Michigan_International_Speedway "Michigan International Speedway"). The No. 55 of [Benny Parsons](/wiki/Benny_Parsons "Benny Parsons") won the final pole of his [hall of fame career](/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_NASCAR_Hall_of_Fame%23Class_of_2017 "List of members of the NASCAR Hall of Fame#Class of 2017"). **Top Ten Results** 1. 9\-[Bill Elliott](/wiki/Bill_Elliott "Bill Elliott") 2. 25\-[Tim Richmond](/wiki/Tim_Richmond "Tim Richmond") 3. 11\-[Darrell Waltrip](/wiki/Darrell_Waltrip "Darrell Waltrip") 4. 5\-[Geoff Bodine](/wiki/Geoff_Bodine "Geoff Bodine") 5. 3\-[Dale Earnhardt](/wiki/Dale_Earnhardt "Dale Earnhardt") \-1 lap 6. 27\-[Rusty Wallace](/wiki/Rusty_Wallace "Rusty Wallace") \-1 lap 7. 28\-[Cale Yarborough](/wiki/Cale_Yarborough "Cale Yarborough") \-1 lap 8. 33\-[Harry Gant](/wiki/Harry_Gant "Harry Gant") \-1 lap 9. 66\-[Phil Parsons](/wiki/Phil_Parsons "Phil Parsons") \-1 lap 10. 21\-[David Pearson](/wiki/David_Pearson_%28NASCAR_driver%29 "David Pearson (NASCAR driver)")\* \-1 lap * With this win, Bill Elliott became the 1st driver in NASCAR history to win 4 straight races at one Superspeedway. * This was [David Pearson](/wiki/David_Pearson_%28NASCAR_driver%29 "David Pearson (NASCAR driver)")'s last [Winston Cup](/wiki/Winston_Cup "Winston Cup") start. He ran as high as 3rd place at one point in the race. * Buddy Arrington returned to the track where rookie Rick Baldwin, driving Arrington's \#67, had suffered injuries that would eventually prove to be fatal in a crash during qualifying for the June event. Arrington would finish 6 laps down in 19th. ### Busch 500 The [Busch 500](/wiki/Busch_500 "Busch 500") was held August 23 at [Bristol International Raceway](/wiki/Bristol_Motor_Speedway "Bristol Motor Speedway"). [Geoff Bodine](/wiki/Geoff_Bodine "Geoff Bodine") won the pole. **Top Ten Results** 1. 11\-[Darrell Waltrip](/wiki/Darrell_Waltrip "Darrell Waltrip") 2. 44\-[Terry Labonte](/wiki/Terry_Labonte "Terry Labonte") 3. 5\-[Geoff Bodine](/wiki/Geoff_Bodine "Geoff Bodine") \-1 lap 4. 3\-[Dale Earnhardt](/wiki/Dale_Earnhardt "Dale Earnhardt") \-1 lap 5. 33\-[Harry Gant](/wiki/Harry_Gant "Harry Gant") \-1 lap 6. 25\-[Tim Richmond](/wiki/Tim_Richmond "Tim Richmond") \-2 laps 7. 43\-[Richard Petty](/wiki/Richard_Petty "Richard Petty") \-3 laps 8. 22\-[Bobby Allison](/wiki/Bobby_Allison "Bobby Allison") \-4 laps 9. 8\-[Bobby Hillin Jr.](/wiki/Bobby_Hillin_Jr. "Bobby Hillin Jr.") \-5 laps 10. 35\-[Alan Kulwicki](/wiki/Alan_Kulwicki "Alan Kulwicki") **(R)** \-6 laps * This was the final race for owner of the \#35 car Bill Terry. His driver Alan Kulwicki would buy out the team before the next race and be the sports newest owner/driver * [Darrell Waltrip](/wiki/Darrell_Waltrip "Darrell Waltrip") scores his record 10th victory at Bristol. ### Southern 500 The [Southern 500](/wiki/Southern_500 "Southern 500") was held August 31 at [Darlington Raceway](/wiki/Darlington_Raceway "Darlington Raceway"). [Tim Richmond](/wiki/Tim_Richmond "Tim Richmond") won the pole. **Top Ten Results** 1. 25\-[Tim Richmond](/wiki/Tim_Richmond "Tim Richmond") 2. 22\-[Bobby Allison](/wiki/Bobby_Allison "Bobby Allison") 3. 9\-[Bill Elliott](/wiki/Bill_Elliott "Bill Elliott") 4. 47\-[Morgan Shepherd](/wiki/Morgan_Shepherd "Morgan Shepherd") 5. 11\-[Darrell Waltrip](/wiki/Darrell_Waltrip "Darrell Waltrip") 6. 15\-[Ricky Rudd](/wiki/Ricky_Rudd "Ricky Rudd") 7. 8\-[Bobby Hillin Jr.](/wiki/Bobby_Hillin_Jr. "Bobby Hillin Jr.") 8. 5\-[Geoff Bodine](/wiki/Geoff_Bodine "Geoff Bodine") 9. 3\-[Dale Earnhardt](/wiki/Dale_Earnhardt "Dale Earnhardt") \-1 lap 10. 28\-[Cale Yarborough](/wiki/Cale_Yarborough "Cale Yarborough") \-1 lap * [Geoff Bodine](/wiki/Geoff_Bodine "Geoff Bodine") was leading with 14 laps left when [Bill Elliott](/wiki/Bill_Elliott "Bill Elliott") passed him coming off of turn 2 on lap 354\. Bodine had slowed down due to running out of fuel and was forced to pit for a splash\-and\-go. Bodine's engine stalled and the car had to be pushed out, dropping him to the tail end of the lead lap. Elliott stretched his lead to a huge margin, but with 7 laps left, he clipped the outside wall in turn 1\. [Tim Richmond](/wiki/Tim_Richmond "Tim Richmond"), who had led a race\-high 168 laps, caught Elliott going down the front straightaway and passed him for the lead, winning the race by 2 seconds. It was Richmond's 5th win of the season. * This race was plagued by rain, to the point of the race running on a damp surface and the drivers having to race as if [Darlington Raceway](/wiki/Darlington_Raceway "Darlington Raceway") was a dirt track. * Before this race, rookie [Alan Kulwicki](/wiki/Alan_Kulwicki "Alan Kulwicki") bought out his owner Bill Terry and became the owner/driver of the \#35 car. He would finish in 12th place, 7 laps down in his first owner/driver outing. * This race insured no one would win the Winston bonus for winning 2 out of 4 crown jewel races. * The race was red\-flagged for 2 hours and 15 minutes after lap 14 due to a rain shower. Because of the delay, [ESPN](/wiki/ESPN "ESPN") broke away from its TV coverage of the race on Lap 192 (about 4:30 pm ET) to broadcast the final round of the [PGA Tour](/wiki/PGA_Tour "PGA Tour")'s [St. Jude Classic](/wiki/St._Jude_Classic "St. Jude Classic"), as originally scheduled. ESPN provided updates on the race during golf coverage and aired the finish live. ### Wrangler Jeans Indigo 400 The [Wrangler Jeans Indigo 400](/wiki/Wrangler_Jeans_Indigo_400 "Wrangler Jeans Indigo 400") was held September 7 at [Richmond Fairgrounds Raceway](/wiki/Richmond_Fairgrounds_Raceway "Richmond Fairgrounds Raceway"). [Harry Gant](/wiki/Harry_Gant "Harry Gant") won the pole. **Top Ten Results** 1. 25\-[Tim Richmond](/wiki/Tim_Richmond "Tim Richmond") 2. 3\-[Dale Earnhardt](/wiki/Dale_Earnhardt "Dale Earnhardt") 3. 75\-[Morgan Shepherd](/wiki/Morgan_Shepherd "Morgan Shepherd")\* 4. 43\-[Richard Petty](/wiki/Richard_Petty "Richard Petty") 5. 12\-[Neil Bonnett](/wiki/Neil_Bonnett "Neil Bonnett") 6. 26\-[Joe Ruttman](/wiki/Joe_Ruttman "Joe Ruttman") 7. 33\-[Harry Gant](/wiki/Harry_Gant "Harry Gant") 8. 22\-[Bobby Allison](/wiki/Bobby_Allison "Bobby Allison") 9. 9\-[Bill Elliott](/wiki/Bill_Elliott "Bill Elliott") \-1 lap 10. 8\-[Bobby Hillin Jr.](/wiki/Bobby_Hillin_Jr. "Bobby Hillin Jr.") \-3 laps * [Morgan Shepherd](/wiki/Morgan_Shepherd "Morgan Shepherd") was hired by [RahMoc Enterprises](/wiki/RahMoc_Enterprises "RahMoc Enterprises") as the driver of the No. 75 [Pontiac](/wiki/Pontiac_%28automobile%29 "Pontiac (automobile)"). * [Tim Richmond](/wiki/Tim_Richmond "Tim Richmond") had to survive a late race restart because on lap 395 the caution flag flew when [Michael Waltrip](/wiki/Michael_Waltrip "Michael Waltrip")'s entire driveshaft fell out of the car. The race went back under the green flag with 2 laps remaining. Richmond held on by 3 car lengths. * This was the last Cup Series race to feature less than a 30 car field. ### Delaware 500 {{main\|1986 Delaware 500}} The [Delaware 500](/wiki/Delaware_500 "Delaware 500") was held September 14 at [Dover Downs International Speedway](/wiki/Dover_Downs_International_Speedway "Dover Downs International Speedway"). The No. 5 of [Geoff Bodine](/wiki/Geoff_Bodine "Geoff Bodine") won the pole. **Top Ten Results** 1. 15\-[Ricky Rudd](/wiki/Ricky_Rudd "Ricky Rudd") 2. 12\-[Neil Bonnett](/wiki/Neil_Bonnett "Neil Bonnett") 3. 7\-[Kyle Petty](/wiki/Kyle_Petty "Kyle Petty") 4. 88\-[Buddy Baker](/wiki/Buddy_Baker "Buddy Baker") \-1 lap 5. 71\-[Dave Marcis](/wiki/Dave_Marcis "Dave Marcis") \-2 laps 6. 26\-[Joe Ruttman](/wiki/Joe_Ruttman "Joe Ruttman") \-2 laps 7. 35\-[Alan Kulwicki](/wiki/Alan_Kulwicki "Alan Kulwicki") **(R)** \-3 laps 8. 18\-[Tommy Ellis](/wiki/Tommy_Ellis "Tommy Ellis") \-4 laps 9. 8\-[Bobby Hillin Jr.](/wiki/Bobby_Hillin_Jr. "Bobby Hillin Jr.") \-5 laps 10. 75\-[Morgan Shepherd](/wiki/Morgan_Shepherd "Morgan Shepherd") \-7 laps * This was Rudd's 1st win on an oval that was 1 mile in length or longer. ### Goody's 500 The [Goody's 500](/wiki/TUMS_Fast_Relief_500 "TUMS Fast Relief 500") was held September 21 at [Martinsville Speedway](/wiki/Martinsville_Speedway "Martinsville Speedway"). [Geoff Bodine](/wiki/Geoff_Bodine "Geoff Bodine") won the pole. **Top Ten Results** 1. 27\-[Rusty Wallace](/wiki/Rusty_Wallace "Rusty Wallace") 2. 5\-[Geoff Bodine](/wiki/Geoff_Bodine "Geoff Bodine") 3. 33\-[Harry Gant](/wiki/Harry_Gant "Harry Gant") 4. 11\-[Darrell Waltrip](/wiki/Darrell_Waltrip "Darrell Waltrip") \-1 lap 5. 26\-[Joe Ruttman](/wiki/Joe_Ruttman "Joe Ruttman") \-1 lap 6. 7\-[Kyle Petty](/wiki/Kyle_Petty "Kyle Petty") \-1 lap 7. 90\-[Ken Schrader](/wiki/Ken_Schrader "Ken Schrader") \-2 laps 8. 12\-[Neil Bonnett](/wiki/Neil_Bonnett "Neil Bonnett") \-3 laps 9. 71\-[Dave Marcis](/wiki/Dave_Marcis "Dave Marcis") \-3 laps 10. 25\-[Tim Richmond](/wiki/Tim_Richmond "Tim Richmond") \-4 laps * This was Pontiac's 2nd \& final victory for 1986\. ### Holly Farms 400 The [Holly Farms 400](/wiki/Holly_Farms_400 "Holly Farms 400") was held September 28 at [North Wilkesboro Speedway](/wiki/North_Wilkesboro_Speedway "North Wilkesboro Speedway"). The No. 25 of [Tim Richmond](/wiki/Tim_Richmond "Tim Richmond") won the pole. **Top Ten Results** 1. 11\-[Darrell Waltrip](/wiki/Darrell_Waltrip "Darrell Waltrip") 2. 5\-[Geoff Bodine](/wiki/Geoff_Bodine "Geoff Bodine") 3. 43\-[Richard Petty](/wiki/Richard_Petty "Richard Petty") 4. 27\-[Rusty Wallace](/wiki/Rusty_Wallace "Rusty Wallace") 5. 33\-[Harry Gant](/wiki/Harry_Gant "Harry Gant") 6. 26\-[Joe Ruttman](/wiki/Joe_Ruttman "Joe Ruttman") \-1 lap 7. 15\-[Ricky Rudd](/wiki/Ricky_Rudd "Ricky Rudd") \-1 lap 8. 71\-[Dave Marcis](/wiki/Dave_Marcis "Dave Marcis") \-1 lap 9. 3\-[Dale Earnhardt](/wiki/Dale_Earnhardt "Dale Earnhardt") \-2 laps 10. 44\-[Terry Labonte](/wiki/Terry_Labonte "Terry Labonte") \-2 laps * [Geoff Bodine](/wiki/Geoff_Bodine "Geoff Bodine") had the dominant car leading the most laps (218\) but faded late, losing the lead at lap 390 to Darrell Waltrip, he would pull away to a 1\.21 second lead for his final victory of 1986\. * The win was also Waltrip's final race victory with [Junior Johnson](/wiki/Junior_Johnson "Junior Johnson"), Waltrip would be tabbed to drive for Rick Hendrick in 1987\. ### Oakwood Homes 500 The [Oakwood Homes 500](/wiki/Oakwood_Homes_500 "Oakwood Homes 500") was held on October 5 at [Charlotte Motor Speedway](/wiki/Charlotte_Motor_Speedway "Charlotte Motor Speedway"). The No. 25 of [Tim Richmond](/wiki/Tim_Richmond "Tim Richmond") won the pole. **Top Ten Results** 1. 3\-[Dale Earnhardt](/wiki/Dale_Earnhardt "Dale Earnhardt") 2. 33\-[Harry Gant](/wiki/Harry_Gant "Harry Gant") 3. 12\-[Neil Bonnett](/wiki/Neil_Bonnett "Neil Bonnett") \-1 lap 4. 15\-[Ricky Rudd](/wiki/Ricky_Rudd "Ricky Rudd") \-1 lap 5. 88\-[Buddy Baker](/wiki/Buddy_Baker "Buddy Baker") \-1 lap 6. 5\-[Geoff Bodine](/wiki/Geoff_Bodine "Geoff Bodine") \-1 lap 7. 9\-[Bill Elliott](/wiki/Bill_Elliott "Bill Elliott") \-1 lap 8. 27\-[Rusty Wallace](/wiki/Rusty_Wallace "Rusty Wallace") \-2 laps 9. 11\-[Darrell Waltrip](/wiki/Darrell_Waltrip "Darrell Waltrip") \-2 laps 10. 66\-[Phil Parsons](/wiki/Phil_Parsons "Phil Parsons") \-3 laps * Earnhardt had to work hard for this victory as he at one point in the race lost 2 laps due to separate tire issues. * The pre\-race ceremonies saw several members of marching bands pass out from heat exhaustion due to the warmer than normal for late October temperatures, which soared to around the upper 80s. ### Nationwise 500 The [Nationwise 500](/wiki/Nationwise_500 "Nationwise 500") was held on October 19 at [North Carolina Motor Speedway](/wiki/North_Carolina_Motor_Speedway "North Carolina Motor Speedway"). The No. 25 of [Tim Richmond](/wiki/Tim_Richmond "Tim Richmond") won the pole. **Top Ten Results** 1. 12\-[Neil Bonnett](/wiki/Neil_Bonnett "Neil Bonnett") 2. 15\-[Ricky Rudd](/wiki/Ricky_Rudd "Ricky Rudd") 3. 11\-[Darrell Waltrip](/wiki/Darrell_Waltrip "Darrell Waltrip") 4. 33\-[Harry Gant](/wiki/Harry_Gant "Harry Gant") 5. 88\-[Buddy Baker](/wiki/Buddy_Baker "Buddy Baker") 6. 3\-[Dale Earnhardt](/wiki/Dale_Earnhardt "Dale Earnhardt") \-1 lap 7. 9\-[Bill Elliott](/wiki/Bill_Elliott "Bill Elliott") \-1 lap 8. 43\-[Richard Petty](/wiki/Richard_Petty "Richard Petty") \-1 lap 9. 26\-[Joe Ruttman](/wiki/Joe_Ruttman "Joe Ruttman") \-2 laps 10. 7\-[Kyle Petty](/wiki/Kyle_Petty "Kyle Petty") \-3 laps * The win was Bonnett's last with [Junior Johnson](/wiki/Junior_Johnson "Junior Johnson"), as he was tabbed to drive for [RahMoc Enterprises](/wiki/RahMoc_Enterprises "RahMoc Enterprises") in 1987\. ### Atlanta Journal 500 The [Atlanta Journal 500](/wiki/Atlanta_Journal_500 "Atlanta Journal 500") was held November 2 at [Atlanta International Raceway](/wiki/Atlanta_Motor_Speedway "Atlanta Motor Speedway"). [Bill Elliott](/wiki/Bill_Elliott "Bill Elliott") won the pole. **Top Ten Results** 1. 3\-[Dale Earnhardt](/wiki/Dale_Earnhardt "Dale Earnhardt")\* 2. 43\-[Richard Petty](/wiki/Richard_Petty "Richard Petty") \-1 lap 3. 9\-[Bill Elliott](/wiki/Bill_Elliott "Bill Elliott") \-1 lap 4. 25\-[Tim Richmond](/wiki/Tim_Richmond "Tim Richmond") \-1 lap 5. 88\-[Buddy Baker](/wiki/Buddy_Baker "Buddy Baker") \-1 lap 6. 12\-[Neil Bonnett](/wiki/Neil_Bonnett "Neil Bonnett") \-1 lap 7. 7\-[Kyle Petty](/wiki/Kyle_Petty "Kyle Petty") \-2 laps 8. 44\-[Terry Labonte](/wiki/Terry_Labonte "Terry Labonte") \-2 laps 9. 26\-[Joe Ruttman](/wiki/Joe_Ruttman "Joe Ruttman") \-2 laps 10. 66\-[Phil Parsons](/wiki/Phil_Parsons "Phil Parsons") \-2 laps * [Dale Earnhardt](/wiki/Dale_Earnhardt "Dale Earnhardt")'s official margin of victory was 1 lap and an additional 3 seconds. * By virtue of Darrell Waltrip blowing an engine to finish 39th and Dale Earnhardt winning the race while leading the most laps, Earnhardt clinched his 2nd [Winston Cup Championship](/wiki/Winston_Cup_Championship "Winston Cup Championship"). ### Winston Western 500 The [Winston Western 500](/wiki/Winston_Western_500 "Winston Western 500") was held on November 16 at [Riverside International Raceway](/wiki/Riverside_International_Raceway "Riverside International Raceway"). [Tim Richmond](/wiki/Tim_Richmond "Tim Richmond") won the pole. **Top Ten Results** 1. 25\-[Tim Richmond](/wiki/Tim_Richmond "Tim Richmond") 2. 3\-[Dale Earnhardt](/wiki/Dale_Earnhardt "Dale Earnhardt") 3. 5\-[Geoff Bodine](/wiki/Geoff_Bodine "Geoff Bodine") 4. 11\-[Darrell Waltrip](/wiki/Darrell_Waltrip "Darrell Waltrip") 5. 26\-[Joe Ruttman](/wiki/Joe_Ruttman "Joe Ruttman") 6. 8\-[Bobby Hillin Jr.](/wiki/Bobby_Hillin_Jr. "Bobby Hillin Jr.") 7. 22\-[Bobby Allison](/wiki/Bobby_Allison "Bobby Allison") 8. 27\-[Rusty Wallace](/wiki/Rusty_Wallace "Rusty Wallace") 9. 12\-[Neil Bonnett](/wiki/Neil_Bonnett "Neil Bonnett") \-1 lap 10. 44\-[Terry Labonte](/wiki/Terry_Labonte "Terry Labonte") \-1 lap * Going into the race, [Dale Earnhardt](/wiki/Dale_Earnhardt "Dale Earnhardt") had already clinched the Winston Cup championship. The attention shifted to the battle for second in the championship. Polesitter [Tim Richmond](/wiki/Tim_Richmond "Tim Richmond") needed to finish five positions higher than [Darrell Waltrip](/wiki/Darrell_Waltrip "Darrell Waltrip") to move into second. Richmond went on to win the race. However, Waltrip managed 4th place, which secured himself second in the championship, by 6 points over Richmond. * This was the last race that both [Darrell Waltrip](/wiki/Darrell_Waltrip "Darrell Waltrip") and [Neil Bonnett](/wiki/Neil_Bonnett "Neil Bonnett") drove for [Junior Johnson](/wiki/Junior_Johnson "Junior Johnson"). Waltrip would drive the \#17 [Tide](/wiki/Tide "Tide") sponsored [Chevrolet](/wiki/Chevrolet "Chevrolet") for [Hendrick Motorsports](/wiki/Hendrick_Motorsports "Hendrick Motorsports") in 1987, while Bonnett returned to [RahMoc Enterprises](/wiki/RahMoc_Enterprises "RahMoc Enterprises") to pilot the \#75 [Valvoline](/wiki/Valvoline "Valvoline") [Pontiac](/wiki/Pontiac_%28automobile%29 "Pontiac (automobile)") after having previously driven for them during the 1983 season. [Terry Labonte](/wiki/Terry_Labonte "Terry Labonte") replaced Waltrip in the \#11 car while the \#12 team was dissolved and would reappear in 1991 as the \#22 [Maxwell House](/wiki/Maxwell_House "Maxwell House") [Ford Thunderbird](/wiki/Ford_Thunderbird "Ford Thunderbird") with then journeyman driver [Sterling Marlin](/wiki/Sterling_Marlin "Sterling Marlin") behind the wheel. * This was [Al Unser's](/wiki/Al_Unser "Al Unser") final NASCAR start. He would devote the rest of his career to [CART](/wiki/Championship_Auto_Racing_Teams "Championship Auto Racing Teams"). * This marked the final time where Riverside would close the Cup season. Beginning in 1987 and lasting until 2000, the season finale would be at [Atlanta Motor Speedway](/wiki/Atlanta_Motor_Speedway "Atlanta Motor Speedway").
[ "Races\n-----", "", "| No. | Race | [Pole position](/wiki/Pole_position \"Pole position\") | Most laps led | Winning driver | {{Tooltip\\|Manufacturer\\|Winning manufacturer}} |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| | Busch Clash | Harry Gant | Dale Earnhardt | Dale Earnhardt | Chevrolet |\n| | 7\\-Eleven 125 \\#1 | Bill Elliott | Unknown | Bill Elliott | Ford |\n| | 7\\-Eleven 125 \\#2 | Geoff Bodine | Dale Earnhardt | Dale Earnhardt | Chevrolet |\n| 1 | Daytona 500 | Bill Elliott | Geoff Bodine | Geoff Bodine | Chevrolet |\n| 2 | Miller High Life 400 | Geoff Bodine | Dale Earnhardt | Kyle Petty | Ford |\n| 3 | Goodwrench 500 | Terry Labonte | Terry Labonte | Terry Labonte | Oldsmobile |\n| 4 | Motorcraft 500 | Dale Earnhardt | Dale Earnhardt | Morgan Shepherd | Buick |\n| 5 | Valleydale 500 | Geoff Bodine | Rusty Wallace | Rusty Wallace | Pontiac |\n| 6 | TranSouth 500 | Geoff Bodine | Dale Earnhardt | Dale Earnhardt | Chevrolet |\n| 7 | First Union 400 | Geoff Bodine | Dale Earnhardt | Dale Earnhardt | Chevrolet |\n| 8 | Sovran Bank 500 | Tim Richmond | Ricky Rudd | Ricky Rudd | Ford |\n| 9 | Winston 500 | Bill Elliott | Bill Elliott | Bobby Allison | Buick |\n| | Atlanta Invitational | Kyle Petty | Tim Richmond | Benny Parsons | Oldsmobile |\n| | The Winston | Darrell Waltrip | Bill Elliott | Bill Elliott | Ford |\n| 10 | Budweiser 500 | Ricky Rudd | Harry Gant | Geoff Bodine | Chevrolet |\n| 11 | Coca\\-Cola 600 | Geoff Bodine | Cale Yarborough Bill Elliott | Dale Earnhardt | Chevrolet |\n| 12 | Budweiser 400 | Darrell Waltrip | Tim Richmond | Darrell Waltrip | Chevrolet |\n| 13 | Miller High Life 500 | Geoff Bodine | Tim Richmond | Tim Richmond | Chevrolet |\n| 14 | Miller American 400 | Tim Richmond | Harry Gant | Bill Elliott | Ford |\n| 15 | Firecracker 400 | Cale Yarborough | Dale Earnhardt | Tim Richmond | Chevrolet |\n| 16 | Summer 500 | Harry Gant | Geoff Bodine | Tim Richmond | Chevrolet |\n| 17 | Talladega 500 | Bill Elliott | Dale Earnhardt | Bobby Hillin Jr. | Buick |\n| 18 | Budweiser at The Glen | Tim Richmond | Geoff Bodine | Tim RIchmond | Chevrolet |\n| 19 | Champion Spark Plug 400 | Benny Parsons | Bill Elliott | Bill Elliott | Ford |\n| 20 | Busch 500 | Geoff Bodine | Darrell Waltrip | Darrell Waltrip | Chevrolet |\n| 21 | Southern 500 | Tim Richmond | Tim Richmond | Tim Richmond | Chevrolet |\n| 22 | Wrangler Jeans Indigo 400 | Harry Gant | Ricky Rudd | Tim Richmond | Chevrolet |\n| 23 | Delaware 500 | Geoff Bodine | Ricky Rudd | Ricky Rudd | Ford |\n| 24 | Goody's 500 | Geoff Bodine | Geoff Bodine | Rusty Wallace | Pontiac |\n| 25 | Holly Farms 400 | Tim Richmond | Geoff Bodine | Darrell Waltrip | Chevrolet |\n| 26 | Oakwood Homes 500 | Tim Richmond | Tim Richmond | Dale Earnhardt | Chevrolet |\n| 27 | Nationwise 500 | Tim Richmond | Morgan Shepherd | Neil Bonnett | Chevrolet |\n| 28 | Atlanta Journal 500 | Bill Elliott | Dale Earnhardt | Dale Earnhardt | Chevrolet |\n| 29 | Winston Western 500 | Tim Richmond | Geoff Bodine | Tim Richmond | Chevrolet |", "### Busch Clash", "The 8th annual [Busch Clash](/wiki/Busch_Clash \"Busch Clash\") was held on February 9 at [Daytona International Speedway](/wiki/Daytona_International_Speedway \"Daytona International Speedway\"). [Harry Gant](/wiki/Harry_Gant \"Harry Gant\") drew for the pole. Only eight drivers ran.", "**Full Results**", "| Finish | Grid | Carno. | Driver | Car Make | Laps | Status | LapsLed |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1 | 4 | 3 | [Dale Earnhardt](/wiki/Dale_Earnhardt \"Dale Earnhardt\") | [Chevrolet Monte Carlo](/wiki/Chevrolet_Monte_Carlo \"Chevrolet Monte Carlo\") | 20 | 0:15:19 | 15 |\n| 2 | 6 | 9 | [Bill Elliott](/wiki/Bill_Elliott \"Bill Elliott\") | [Ford Thunderbird](/wiki/Ford_Thunderbird \"Ford Thunderbird\") | 20 | \\-2 car lengths | |\n| 3 | 2 | 12 | [Neil Bonnett](/wiki/Neil_Bonnett \"Neil Bonnett\") | [Chevrolet Monte Carlo](/wiki/Chevrolet_Monte_Carlo \"Chevrolet Monte Carlo\") | 20 | Flagged | 5 |\n| 4 | 7 | 5 | [Geoff Bodine](/wiki/Geoff_Bodine \"Geoff Bodine\") | [Chevrolet Monte Carlo](/wiki/Chevrolet_Monte_Carlo \"Chevrolet Monte Carlo\") | 20 | Flagged | |\n| 5 | 8 | 44 | [Terry Labonte](/wiki/Terry_Labonte \"Terry Labonte\") | [Oldsmobile Delta 88](/wiki/Oldsmobile_88 \"Oldsmobile 88\") | 20 | Flagged | |\n| 6 | 3 | 27 | [Rusty Wallace](/wiki/Rusty_Wallace \"Rusty Wallace\") | [Pontiac Grand Prix 2\\+2](/wiki/Pontiac_2%2B2 \"Pontiac 2+2\") | 20 | Flagged | |\n| 7 | 1 | 33 | [Harry Gant](/wiki/Harry_Gant \"Harry Gant\") | [Chevrolet Monte Carlo](/wiki/Chevrolet_Monte_Carlo \"Chevrolet Monte Carlo\") | 20 | Flagged | |\n| 8 | 5 | 11 | [Darrell Waltrip](/wiki/Darrell_Waltrip \"Darrell Waltrip\") | [Chevrolet Monte Carlo](/wiki/Chevrolet_Monte_Carlo \"Chevrolet Monte Carlo\") | 20 | Flagged | |", "", "**Average speed:** 195\\.865 mph", "", "|Caution flags \n(caution flag laps do not count in this race)", "| |\n| FromLap | ToLap | Reason |\n| 6 | 6 | \\#5 [Bodine](/wiki/Geoff_Bodine \"Geoff Bodine\") spin, turn 4 |", "", "|Lap Leader Breakdown", "| |\n| FromLap | ToLap | TotalLaps | Driver |\n| 1 | 5 | 5 | [Neil Bonnett](/wiki/Neil_Bonnett \"Neil Bonnett\") |\n| 6 | 20 | 15 | [Dale Earnhardt](/wiki/Dale_Earnhardt \"Dale Earnhardt\") |", "### 7\\-Eleven Twin 125's", "The [7\\-Eleven Twin 125's](/wiki/7-Eleven_Twin_125%27s \"7-Eleven Twin 125's\"), a pair of qualifying races for the [Daytona 500](/wiki/Daytona_500 \"Daytona 500\"), were held February 13 at [Daytona International Speedway](/wiki/Daytona_International_Speedway \"Daytona International Speedway\"). [Bill Elliott](/wiki/Bill_Elliott \"Bill Elliott\") and [Geoff Bodine](/wiki/Geoff_Bodine \"Geoff Bodine\") won the poles for both races, respectively.", "**Race One Top Ten Results**", "1. 9\\-[Bill Elliott](/wiki/Bill_Elliott \"Bill Elliott\")\n2. 22\\-[Bobby Allison](/wiki/Bobby_Allison \"Bobby Allison\")\n3. 44\\-[Terry Labonte](/wiki/Terry_Labonte \"Terry Labonte\")\n4. 7\\-[Kyle Petty](/wiki/Kyle_Petty \"Kyle Petty\")\n5. 1\\-[Sterling Marlin](/wiki/Sterling_Marlin \"Sterling Marlin\")\n6. 43\\-[Richard Petty](/wiki/Richard_Petty \"Richard Petty\")\n7. 12\\-[Neil Bonnett](/wiki/Neil_Bonnett \"Neil Bonnett\")\n8. 98\\-[Ron Bouchard](/wiki/Ron_Bouchard \"Ron Bouchard\")\n9. 4\\-[Rick Wilson](/wiki/Rick_Wilson_%28racing_driver%29 \"Rick Wilson (racing driver)\")\n10. 66\\-[Phil Parsons](/wiki/Phil_Parsons \"Phil Parsons\")", "**Race Two Top Ten Results**", "1. 3\\-[Dale Earnhardt](/wiki/Dale_Earnhardt \"Dale Earnhardt\")\n2. 5\\-[Geoff Bodine](/wiki/Geoff_Bodine \"Geoff Bodine\")\n3. 11\\-[Darrell Waltrip](/wiki/Darrell_Waltrip \"Darrell Waltrip\")\n4. 47\\-[Morgan Shepherd](/wiki/Morgan_Shepherd \"Morgan Shepherd\")\n5. 27\\-[Rusty Wallace](/wiki/Rusty_Wallace \"Rusty Wallace\")\n6. 71\\-[Dave Marcis](/wiki/Dave_Marcis \"Dave Marcis\")\n7. 28\\-[Cale Yarborough](/wiki/Cale_Yarborough \"Cale Yarborough\")\n8. 33\\-[Harry Gant](/wiki/Harry_Gant \"Harry Gant\")\n9. 88\\-[Buddy Baker](/wiki/Buddy_Baker \"Buddy Baker\")\n10. 6\\-[Trevor Boys](/wiki/Trevor_Boys \"Trevor Boys\")", "### Daytona 500", "{{main\\|1986 Daytona 500}}\n**Top Ten Results**\n1. 5\\-[Geoff Bodine](/wiki/Geoff_Bodine \"Geoff Bodine\")\n2. 44\\-[Terry Labonte](/wiki/Terry_Labonte \"Terry Labonte\")\n3. 11\\-[Darrell Waltrip](/wiki/Darrell_Waltrip \"Darrell Waltrip\")\n4. 8\\-[Bobby Hillin Jr.](/wiki/Bobby_Hillin_Jr. \"Bobby Hillin Jr.\")\n5. 55\\-[Benny Parsons](/wiki/Benny_Parsons \"Benny Parsons\") \\-1 lap\n6. 98\\-[Ron Bouchard](/wiki/Ron_Bouchard \"Ron Bouchard\") \\-1 lap\n7. 4\\-[Rick Wilson](/wiki/Rick_Wilson_%28racing_driver%29 \"Rick Wilson (racing driver)\") \\-1 lap\n8. 27\\-[Rusty Wallace](/wiki/Rusty_Wallace \"Rusty Wallace\") \\-1 lap\n9. 1\\-[Sterling Marlin](/wiki/Sterling_Marlin \"Sterling Marlin\") \\-2 laps\n10. 75\\-[Lake Speed](/wiki/Lake_Speed \"Lake Speed\") \\-2 laps", "* In what would be the first of a string of Daytona 500 heartbreakers for [Dale Earnhardt](/wiki/Dale_Earnhardt \"Dale Earnhardt\"); Earnhardt ran out of fuel with three laps to go and coasted into pit road for gas, only to blow his engine when restarting it; resulting in a 14th place finish.", "### Miller High Life 400", "{{main\\|1986 Miller High Life 400}}", "The [Miller High Life 400](/wiki/Toyota_Owners_400 \"Toyota Owners 400\") was held February 23 at [Richmond Fairgrounds Raceway](/wiki/Richmond_Fairgrounds_Raceway \"Richmond Fairgrounds Raceway\"). [Geoff Bodine](/wiki/Geoff_Bodine \"Geoff Bodine\") won the pole. This was [Kyle Petty](/wiki/Kyle_Petty \"Kyle Petty\")'s first career Winston Cup Series victory. The race is widely considered one of the most controversial finishes in NASCAR history.", "**Top Ten Results**", "1. 7\\-[Kyle Petty](/wiki/Kyle_Petty \"Kyle Petty\")\\*\n2. 26\\-[Joe Ruttman](/wiki/Joe_Ruttman \"Joe Ruttman\")\n3. 3\\-[Dale Earnhardt](/wiki/Dale_Earnhardt \"Dale Earnhardt\")\n4. 22\\-[Bobby Allison](/wiki/Bobby_Allison \"Bobby Allison\") \\-1 lap\n5. 11\\-[Darrell Waltrip](/wiki/Darrell_Waltrip \"Darrell Waltrip\") \\-2 laps\n6. 8\\-[Bobby Hillin Jr.](/wiki/Bobby_Hillin_Jr. \"Bobby Hillin Jr.\") \\-2 laps\n7. 12\\-[Neil Bonnett](/wiki/Neil_Bonnett \"Neil Bonnett\") \\-2 laps\n8. 5\\-[Geoff Bodine](/wiki/Geoff_Bodine \"Geoff Bodine\") \\-3 laps\n9. 71\\-[Dave Marcis](/wiki/Dave_Marcis \"Dave Marcis\") \\-3 laps\n10. 27\\-[Rusty Wallace](/wiki/Rusty_Wallace \"Rusty Wallace\") \\-5 laps\n* [Darrell Waltrip](/wiki/Darrell_Waltrip \"Darrell Waltrip\") and [Dale Earnhardt](/wiki/Dale_Earnhardt \"Dale Earnhardt\") battled for the better part of the race. In the final five laps, Waltrip rode on the back bumper of Earnhardt, bumping and rubbing the whole way. With three laps to go, Waltrip finally got a nose underneath Earnhardt exiting turn two. But Waltrip did not fully clear Earnhardt down the backstretch. Going into turn 3, Earnhardt spun Waltrip out, but lost control himself and both cars crashed hard into outside guardrail. The wreck collected Joe Ruttman (3rd place) and Geoff Bodine (4th place), allowing 5th place Kyle Petty to slip by and take his first\\-career Cup victory in improbable fashion. The incident drew a fine for Earnhardt, raised tempers throughout the garage area, and earned Earnhardt the \"Ironhead\" nickname. The incident was dramatized in the movie 3\\.\n* With his victory, Kyle Petty became NASCAR's first third generation winner.\n* In the 1990 film *[Days of Thunder](/wiki/Days_of_Thunder \"Days of Thunder\")*, a clip of the incident between Earnhardt and Waltrip appears on the TV set that [Cole Trickle](/wiki/Tom_Cruise \"Tom Cruise\") and [Harry Hogge](/wiki/Robert_Duvall \"Robert Duvall\") are watching in the scene where they are riding in a transporter.\n* [Terry Labonte](/wiki/Terry_Labonte \"Terry Labonte\"), thinking his engine had failed, pulled his \\#44 [Piedmont Airlines](/wiki/Piedmont_Airlines_%281948-89%29 \"Piedmont Airlines (1948-89)\") Oldsmobile behind the wall. However, a crew member noticed some metal interfering with the ignition, and once the obstruction was cleared, the engine refired, allowing Labonte to return to the race and finish in 15th place.\n* Early in the race, Earnhardt could be seen steering his car while simultaneously wiping dirt off his windshield.", "### Goodwrench 500", "{{main\\|1986 Goodwrench 500}}", "The [Goodwrench 500](/wiki/Goodwrench_500 \"Goodwrench 500\") was held March 2 at [North Carolina Motor Speedway](/wiki/North_Carolina_Motor_Speedway \"North Carolina Motor Speedway\"). [Terry Labonte](/wiki/Terry_Labonte \"Terry Labonte\") won the pole.", "**Top Ten Results**", "1. 44\\-[Terry Labonte](/wiki/Terry_Labonte \"Terry Labonte\")\n2. 33\\-[Harry Gant](/wiki/Harry_Gant \"Harry Gant\")\n3. 43\\-[Richard Petty](/wiki/Richard_Petty \"Richard Petty\")\n4. 47\\-[Morgan Shepherd](/wiki/Morgan_Shepherd \"Morgan Shepherd\") \\-1 lap\n5. 11\\-[Darrell Waltrip](/wiki/Darrell_Waltrip \"Darrell Waltrip\") \\-1 lap\n6. 28\\-[Cale Yarborough](/wiki/Cale_Yarborough \"Cale Yarborough\") \\-2 laps\n7. 9\\-[Bill Elliott](/wiki/Bill_Elliott \"Bill Elliott\") \\-2 laps\n8. 3\\-[Dale Earnhardt](/wiki/Dale_Earnhardt \"Dale Earnhardt\") \\-2 laps\n9. 12\\-[Neil Bonnett](/wiki/Neil_Bonnett \"Neil Bonnett\") \\-2 laps\n10. 75\\-[Lake Speed](/wiki/Lake_Speed \"Lake Speed\") \\-3 laps\n* The win proved to be Labonte's last with [Billy Hagan](/wiki/Billy_Hagan_%28racing_driver%29 \"Billy Hagan (racing driver)\").\n* This was the only points paying win for the [Oldsmobile Delta 88](/wiki/Oldsmobile_Delta_88 \"Oldsmobile Delta 88\") in the Winston Cup Series.", "### Motorcraft 500", "The [Motorcraft 500](/wiki/Motorcraft_500 \"Motorcraft 500\") was held March 16 at [Atlanta International Raceway](/wiki/Atlanta_Motor_Speedway \"Atlanta Motor Speedway\"). [Dale Earnhardt](/wiki/Dale_Earnhardt \"Dale Earnhardt\") won the pole.", "**Top Ten Results**", "1. 47\\-[Morgan Shepherd](/wiki/Morgan_Shepherd \"Morgan Shepherd\")\n2. 3\\-[Dale Earnhardt](/wiki/Dale_Earnhardt \"Dale Earnhardt\")\n3. 44\\-[Terry Labonte](/wiki/Terry_Labonte \"Terry Labonte\")\n4. 11\\-[Darrell Waltrip](/wiki/Darrell_Waltrip \"Darrell Waltrip\")\n5. 9\\-[Bill Elliott](/wiki/Bill_Elliott \"Bill Elliott\")\n6. 55\\-[Benny Parsons](/wiki/Benny_Parsons \"Benny Parsons\")\n7. 25\\-[Tim Richmond](/wiki/Tim_Richmond \"Tim Richmond\")\n8. 27\\-[Rusty Wallace](/wiki/Rusty_Wallace \"Rusty Wallace\") \\-1 lap\n9. 22\\-[Bobby Allison](/wiki/Bobby_Allison \"Bobby Allison\") \\-1 lap\n10. 5\\-[Geoff Bodine](/wiki/Geoff_Bodine \"Geoff Bodine\") \\-1 lap\n* This was Morgan Shepherd's 1st victory since 1981\\.", "### Valleydale 500", "The [Valleydale 500](/wiki/Valleydale_500 \"Valleydale 500\") was held April 6 at [Bristol International Raceway](/wiki/Bristol_Motor_Speedway \"Bristol Motor Speedway\"). The No. 5 of [Geoff Bodine](/wiki/Geoff_Bodine \"Geoff Bodine\") won the pole.", "**Top Ten Results**", "1. 27\\-[Rusty Wallace](/wiki/Rusty_Wallace \"Rusty Wallace\")\\*\n2. 15\\-[Ricky Rudd](/wiki/Ricky_Rudd \"Ricky Rudd\")\n3. 11\\-[Darrell Waltrip](/wiki/Darrell_Waltrip \"Darrell Waltrip\")\n4. 33\\-[Harry Gant](/wiki/Harry_Gant \"Harry Gant\") \\-1 lap\n5. 9\\-[Bill Elliott](/wiki/Bill_Elliott \"Bill Elliott\") \\-1 lap\n6. 22\\-[Bobby Allison](/wiki/Bobby_Allison \"Bobby Allison\") \\-1 lap\n7. 44\\-[Terry Labonte](/wiki/Terry_Labonte \"Terry Labonte\") \\-2 laps\n8. 25\\-[Tim Richmond](/wiki/Tim_Richmond \"Tim Richmond\") \\-2 laps\n9. 7\\-[Kyle Petty](/wiki/Kyle_Petty \"Kyle Petty\") \\-3 laps\n10. 3\\-[Dale Earnhardt](/wiki/Dale_Earnhardt \"Dale Earnhardt\") \\-3 laps\n* This was [Rusty Wallace](/wiki/Rusty_Wallace \"Rusty Wallace\")'s 1st career [Winston Cup](/wiki/Winston_Cup \"Winston Cup\") victory.\n* This was also the 1st victory for the [Pontiac Grand Prix 2\\+2](/wiki/Pontiac_2%2B2 \"Pontiac 2+2\").", "### TranSouth 500", "The [TranSouth 500](/wiki/TranSouth_500 \"TranSouth 500\") was held April 13 at [Darlington Raceway](/wiki/Darlington_Raceway \"Darlington Raceway\"). The No. 5 of [Geoff Bodine](/wiki/Geoff_Bodine \"Geoff Bodine\") won the pole.", "**Top Ten Results**", "1. 3\\-[Dale Earnhardt](/wiki/Dale_Earnhardt \"Dale Earnhardt\")\n2. 11\\-[Darrell Waltrip](/wiki/Darrell_Waltrip \"Darrell Waltrip\")\n3. 22\\-[Bobby Allison](/wiki/Bobby_Allison \"Bobby Allison\") \\-1 lap\n4. 12\\-[Neil Bonnett](/wiki/Neil_Bonnett \"Neil Bonnett\") \\-1 lap\n5. 25\\-[Tim Richmond](/wiki/Tim_Richmond \"Tim Richmond\") \\-3 laps\n6. 27\\-[Rusty Wallace](/wiki/Rusty_Wallace \"Rusty Wallace\") \\-3 laps\n7. 43\\-[Richard Petty](/wiki/Richard_Petty \"Richard Petty\") \\-3 laps\n8. 9\\-[Bill Elliott](/wiki/Bill_Elliott \"Bill Elliott\") \\-5 laps\n9. 7\\-[Kyle Petty](/wiki/Kyle_Petty \"Kyle Petty\") \\-6 laps\n10. 90\\-[Ken Schrader](/wiki/Ken_Schrader \"Ken Schrader\") \\-11 laps", "### First Union 400", "The [First Union 400](/wiki/First_Union_400 \"First Union 400\") was held April 20 at [North Wilkesboro Speedway](/wiki/North_Wilkesboro_Speedway \"North Wilkesboro Speedway\"). [Geoff Bodine](/wiki/Geoff_Bodine \"Geoff Bodine\") won the pole.", "**Top Ten Results**", "1. 3\\-[Dale Earnhardt](/wiki/Dale_Earnhardt \"Dale Earnhardt\")\n2. 15\\-[Ricky Rudd](/wiki/Ricky_Rudd \"Ricky Rudd\")\n3. 5\\-[Geoff Bodine](/wiki/Geoff_Bodine \"Geoff Bodine\")\n4. 11\\-[Darrell Waltrip](/wiki/Darrell_Waltrip \"Darrell Waltrip\")\n5. 26\\-[Joe Ruttman](/wiki/Joe_Ruttman \"Joe Ruttman\")\n6. 22\\-[Bobby Allison](/wiki/Bobby_Allison \"Bobby Allison\")\n7. 33\\-[Harry Gant](/wiki/Harry_Gant \"Harry Gant\")\n8. 7\\-[Kyle Petty](/wiki/Kyle_Petty \"Kyle Petty\")\n9. 9\\-[Bill Elliott](/wiki/Bill_Elliott \"Bill Elliott\")\n10. 27\\-[Rusty Wallace](/wiki/Rusty_Wallace \"Rusty Wallace\") \\-1 lap\n* This race marked the 1st career [Winston Cup](/wiki/Winston_Cup \"Winston Cup\") start for [Willy T. Ribbs](/wiki/Willy_T._Ribbs \"Willy T. Ribbs\"), best known for being the 1st [African\\-American](/wiki/African-American \"African-American\") to start the [Indianapolis 500](/wiki/Indianapolis_500 \"Indianapolis 500\") in 1991\\. Ribbs struggled during the race, spinning out twice on his way to a 22nd\\-place finish, 13 laps down.\n* The No. 6 of [Trevor Boys](/wiki/Trevor_Boys \"Trevor Boys\") smacked the wall in Turn 3 on lap 89 and came to a stop at the entrance of pit road, blocking it. Instead of throwing a caution, the [tow truck](/wiki/Tow_truck \"Tow truck\") was sent out to tow the D. K. Ulrich\\-owned car to his pit stall/hauler (until the September 1988 event at the track, race team haulers were literally parked right behind their chosen pit stall) while the rest of the cars continued around the track at full speed.\n* This race included two caution periods around halfway due to rain. However, the race was not red\\-flagged either time the caution was thrown for the rain showers.", "### Sovran Bank 500", "The [Sovran Bank 500](/wiki/Sovran_Bank_500 \"Sovran Bank 500\") was held April 27 at [Martinsville Speedway](/wiki/Martinsville_Speedway \"Martinsville Speedway\"). No. 25 of [Tim Richmond](/wiki/Tim_Richmond \"Tim Richmond\") won the pole.", "**Top Ten Results**", "1. 15\\-[Ricky Rudd](/wiki/Ricky_Rudd \"Ricky Rudd\")\\*\n2. 26\\-[Joe Ruttman](/wiki/Joe_Ruttman \"Joe Ruttman\") \\-1 lap\n3. 44\\-[Terry Labonte](/wiki/Terry_Labonte \"Terry Labonte\") \\-4 laps\n4. 35\\-[Alan Kulwicki](/wiki/Alan_Kulwicki \"Alan Kulwicki\") **(R)** \\-4 laps\n5. 7\\-[Kyle Petty](/wiki/Kyle_Petty \"Kyle Petty\") \\-4 laps\n6. 8\\-[Bobby Hillin Jr.](/wiki/Bobby_Hillin_Jr. \"Bobby Hillin Jr.\") \\-5 laps\n7. 90\\-[Ken Schrader](/wiki/Ken_Schrader \"Ken Schrader\") \\-7 laps\n8. 22\\-[Bobby Allison](/wiki/Bobby_Allison \"Bobby Allison\") \\-8 laps\n9. 79\\-[Derrike Cope](/wiki/Derrike_Cope \"Derrike Cope\") **(R)** \\-11 laps\n10. 75\\-[Jody Ridley](/wiki/Jody_Ridley \"Jody Ridley\") \\-13 laps\n* [Ricky Rudd](/wiki/Ricky_Rudd \"Ricky Rudd\")'s official margin of victory in the race was 1 lap, and an additional 6 seconds.\n* According to [Bill Elliott](/wiki/Bill_Elliott \"Bill Elliott\")'s book, [Awesome Bill From Dawsonville](/wiki/Awesome_Bill_From_Dawsonville \"Awesome Bill From Dawsonville\"), Elliott suffered his first engine failure in 3 years in this race.\n* This race marked the first career [Winston Cup](/wiki/Winston_Cup \"Winston Cup\") start for [Mike Skinner](/wiki/Mike_Skinner_%28racing_driver%29 \"Mike Skinner (racing driver)\"). Skinner finished 22nd, 156 laps behind.\n* First career top 5 for [Alan Kulwicki](/wiki/Alan_Kulwicki \"Alan Kulwicki\").", "### Winston 500", "{{main\\|1986 Winston 500}}", "The [Winston 500](/wiki/Aaron%27s_499 \"Aaron's 499\") was held May 4 at [Alabama International Motor Speedway](/wiki/Talladega_Superspeedway \"Talladega Superspeedway\"). The No. 9 of [Bill Elliott](/wiki/Bill_Elliott \"Bill Elliott\") won the pole.", "**Top Ten Results**", "1. 22\\-[Bobby Allison](/wiki/Bobby_Allison \"Bobby Allison\")\n2. 3\\-[Dale Earnhardt](/wiki/Dale_Earnhardt \"Dale Earnhardt\")\n3. 88\\-[Buddy Baker](/wiki/Buddy_Baker \"Buddy Baker\")\n4. 8\\-[Bobby Hillin Jr.](/wiki/Bobby_Hillin_Jr. \"Bobby Hillin Jr.\")\n5. 55\\-[Phil Parsons](/wiki/Phil_Parsons \"Phil Parsons\")\n6. 47\\-[Morgan Shepherd](/wiki/Morgan_Shepherd \"Morgan Shepherd\")\n7. 43\\-[Richard Petty](/wiki/Richard_Petty \"Richard Petty\")\n8. 4\\-[Rick Wilson](/wiki/Rick_Wilson_%28racing_driver%29 \"Rick Wilson (racing driver)\")\n9. 98\\-[Ron Bouchard](/wiki/Ron_Bouchard \"Ron Bouchard\")\n10. 10\\-[Greg Sacks](/wiki/Greg_Sacks \"Greg Sacks\")", "Failed to qualify: 35\\-[Alan Kulwicki](/wiki/Alan_Kulwicki \"Alan Kulwicki\") **(R)**, 60\\-[Dick Skillen](/wiki/Dick_Skillen \"Dick Skillen\"), 70\\-[J. D. McDuffie](/wiki/J._D._McDuffie \"J. D. McDuffie\"), 77\\-[Ken Ragan](/wiki/Ken_Ragan \"Ken Ragan\"), 95\\-[Davey Allison](/wiki/Davey_Allison \"Davey Allison\"), 02\\-[Mark Martin](/wiki/Mark_Martin \"Mark Martin\"), [Steve Moore](/wiki/Steve_Moore_%28racing_driver%29 \"Steve Moore (racing driver)\")", "* This race is most notable for the fact that a drunken fan stole the pace car before the race started and drove a lap around the track. Local Sheriff's Deputies and track workers quickly set up a road block at the exit of Turn 4\\. When the fan stopped the [Pontiac Firebird](/wiki/Pontiac_Firebird \"Pontiac Firebird\"), the sheriffs opened the door, pulled the driver out and detained him.\n* The whole field qualified over 200 miles per hour with several upcoming stars failing to qualify.\n* [Bill Elliott](/wiki/Bill_Elliott \"Bill Elliott\") led a race\\-high 116 laps. Elliott had the dominant car all day, but finished 24th after his engine blew while leading with 14 laps remaining.", "### The Winston", "{{main\\|1986 The Winston}}\nThe second edition of [The Winston](/wiki/NASCAR_All-Star_Race \"NASCAR All-Star Race\"), an all\\-star event for the previous season's race winners, was held at [Atlanta International Raceway](/wiki/Atlanta_Motor_Speedway \"Atlanta Motor Speedway\") on Sunday May 11 ([Mother's Day](/wiki/Mother%27s_Day \"Mother's Day\")). The pole position was awarded to [Darrell Waltrip](/wiki/Darrell_Waltrip \"Darrell Waltrip\") as the defending Winston Cup champion.", "This was the only time the all\\-star race was held at Atlanta, and featured a 200\\-kilometer (83 lap) format, with a mandatory green flag pit stop. Because there were only nine race winners in 1985, the highest placed non\\-winner from the 1985 point standings ([Geoff Bodine](/wiki/Geoff_Bodine \"Geoff Bodine\")) was added to the field to make it an even ten cars. [Bill Elliott](/wiki/Bill_Elliott \"Bill Elliott\") led 82 of the 83 en route to a dominating victory. Elliott collected the $200,000 first place prize, plus $40,000 in additional cash bonuses for leading laps 20, 30, 50, and 60\\.", "**Top Ten Results**\n1. 9\\-[Bill Elliott](/wiki/Bill_Elliott \"Bill Elliott\")\n2. 3\\-[Dale Earnhardt](/wiki/Dale_Earnhardt \"Dale Earnhardt\")\n3. 33\\-[Harry Gant](/wiki/Harry_Gant \"Harry Gant\")\n4. 11\\-[Darrell Waltrip](/wiki/Darrell_Waltrip \"Darrell Waltrip\")\n5. 28\\-[Cale Yarborough](/wiki/Cale_Yarborough \"Cale Yarborough\")\n6. 12\\-[Neil Bonnett](/wiki/Neil_Bonnett \"Neil Bonnett\")\n7. 5\\-[Geoff Bodine](/wiki/Geoff_Bodine \"Geoff Bodine\")\n8. 15\\-[Ricky Rudd](/wiki/Ricky_Rudd \"Ricky Rudd\")\n9. 44\\-[Terry Labonte](/wiki/Terry_Labonte \"Terry Labonte\")\n10. 10\\-[Greg Sacks](/wiki/Greg_Sacks \"Greg Sacks\")", "* A consolation race for non\\-winners from 1985, the Atlanta Invitational, was added to the weekend's events. [Benny Parsons](/wiki/Benny_Parsons \"Benny Parsons\") won the 100\\-lap/152\\.2 mile race, his last NASCAR\\-sanctioned victory. The win gave Parsons a free spot in the [1987 The Winston](/wiki/1987_The_Winston \"1987 The Winston\") (in later years the Winston Open winner would advance to The Winston the same day).\n* A lackluster crowd of only 18,500 attended the event, and only 23 cars entered (10 in The Winston, 13 in the Atlanta Invitational). However, the all\\-star format of having a non\\-winners' \"last chance\" race followed by a main event would become a permanent fixture of all\\-star weekend.\n* Originally The Winston was planned to rotate to different tracks each year. This was the second and last year of that format. Rather that rotate each year, for 1987 it was moved back to Charlotte where it remained through 2019\\.", "### Budweiser 500", "The [Budweiser 500](/wiki/FedEx_400 \"FedEx 400\") was held May 18 at [Dover International Speedway](/wiki/Dover_International_Speedway \"Dover International Speedway\"). [Ricky Rudd](/wiki/Ricky_Rudd \"Ricky Rudd\") won the pole.", "**Top Ten Results**", "1. 5\\-[Geoff Bodine](/wiki/Geoff_Bodine \"Geoff Bodine\")\n2. 22\\-[Bobby Allison](/wiki/Bobby_Allison \"Bobby Allison\")\n3. 3\\-[Dale Earnhardt](/wiki/Dale_Earnhardt \"Dale Earnhardt\") \\-1 lap\n4. 15\\-[Ricky Rudd](/wiki/Ricky_Rudd \"Ricky Rudd\") \\-2 laps\n5. 11\\-[Darrell Waltrip](/wiki/Darrell_Waltrip \"Darrell Waltrip\") \\-2 laps\n6. 43\\-[Richard Petty](/wiki/Richard_Petty \"Richard Petty\") \\-6 laps\n7. 9\\-[Bill Elliott](/wiki/Bill_Elliott \"Bill Elliott\") \\-7 laps\n8. 8\\-[Bobby Hillin Jr.](/wiki/Bobby_Hillin_Jr. \"Bobby Hillin Jr.\") \\-7 laps\n9. 18\\-[Tommy Ellis](/wiki/Tommy_Ellis \"Tommy Ellis\") \\-7 laps\n10. 90\\-[Ken Schrader](/wiki/Ken_Schrader \"Ken Schrader\") \\-7 laps", "### Coca\\-Cola 600", "The [Coca\\-Cola 600](/wiki/Coca-Cola_600 \"Coca-Cola 600\") was held May 25 at [Charlotte Motor Speedway](/wiki/Charlotte_Motor_Speedway \"Charlotte Motor Speedway\"). The No. 5 of [Geoff Bodine](/wiki/Geoff_Bodine \"Geoff Bodine\") won the pole.", "**Top Ten Results**", "1. 3\\-[Dale Earnhardt](/wiki/Dale_Earnhardt \"Dale Earnhardt\")\n2. 25\\-[Tim Richmond](/wiki/Tim_Richmond \"Tim Richmond\")\n3. 28\\-[Cale Yarborough](/wiki/Cale_Yarborough \"Cale Yarborough\")\n4. 33\\-[Harry Gant](/wiki/Harry_Gant \"Harry Gant\")\n5. 11\\-[Darrell Waltrip](/wiki/Darrell_Waltrip \"Darrell Waltrip\")\n6. 9\\-[Bill Elliott](/wiki/Bill_Elliott \"Bill Elliott\")\n7. 1\\-[Sterling Marlin](/wiki/Sterling_Marlin \"Sterling Marlin\") \\-1 lap\n8. 15\\-[Ricky Rudd](/wiki/Ricky_Rudd \"Ricky Rudd\") \\-1 lap\n9. 47\\-[Morgan Shepherd](/wiki/Morgan_Shepherd \"Morgan Shepherd\") \\-1 lap\n10. 27\\-[Rusty Wallace](/wiki/Rusty_Wallace \"Rusty Wallace\") \\-2 laps\n* [Richard Petty](/wiki/Richard_Petty \"Richard Petty\") was not allowed to bring out a backup car after crashing his \\#43 [Pontiac](/wiki/Pontiac_%28automobile%29 \"Pontiac (automobile)\") in practice. As a result, [Petty Enterprises](/wiki/Petty_Enterprises \"Petty Enterprises\") bought the [lime green](/wiki/Lime_green \"Lime green\")\\-and\\-white \\#6 [Chevrolet](/wiki/Chevrolet \"Chevrolet\") of D.K. Ulrich, and raced that car. Petty finished 38th as a result of a blown engine after completing 123 laps.\n* This was the 1st career [Winston Cup](/wiki/Winston_Cup \"Winston Cup\") start for [Brett Bodine](/wiki/Brett_Bodine \"Brett Bodine\"), who drove a [Hendrick Motorsports](/wiki/Hendrick_Motorsports \"Hendrick Motorsports\") \\#2 [Chevrolet](/wiki/Chevrolet \"Chevrolet\") to an 18th\\-place finish, 6 laps down.\n* This race insured there would be no [Winston Million](/wiki/Grand_Slam_%28NASCAR%29 \"Grand Slam (NASCAR)\") winner in 1986\\. The bonus for winning 2 out of 4 races was still alive for the Southern 500 later in the season.\n* After this race, [Dale Earnhardt](/wiki/Dale_Earnhardt \"Dale Earnhardt\") would not take the checkered flag first again until returning to Charlotte Motor Speedway for the Oakwood Homes 500 on October 5\\.", "### Budweiser 400", "The [Budweiser 400](/wiki/Budweiser_400 \"Budweiser 400\") was held on June 1 at [Riverside International Raceway](/wiki/Riverside_International_Raceway \"Riverside International Raceway\"). [Darrell Waltrip](/wiki/Darrell_Waltrip \"Darrell Waltrip\") won the pole.", "**Top Ten Results**", "1. 11\\-[Darrell Waltrip](/wiki/Darrell_Waltrip \"Darrell Waltrip\")\n2. 25\\-[Tim Richmond](/wiki/Tim_Richmond \"Tim Richmond\")\n3. 15\\-[Ricky Rudd](/wiki/Ricky_Rudd \"Ricky Rudd\")\n4. 27\\-[Rusty Wallace](/wiki/Rusty_Wallace \"Rusty Wallace\")\n5. 3\\-[Dale Earnhardt](/wiki/Dale_Earnhardt \"Dale Earnhardt\")\n6. 43\\-[Richard Petty](/wiki/Richard_Petty \"Richard Petty\")\n7. 22\\-[Bobby Allison](/wiki/Bobby_Allison \"Bobby Allison\")\n8. 12\\-[Neil Bonnett](/wiki/Neil_Bonnett \"Neil Bonnett\")\n9. 33\\-[Harry Gant](/wiki/Harry_Gant \"Harry Gant\")\n10. 18\\-[Glen Steurer](/wiki/Glen_Steurer \"Glen Steurer\") \\-1 lap\n* This was the 1st career [Winston Cup](/wiki/Winston_Cup \"Winston Cup\") start for [Chad Little](/wiki/Chad_Little \"Chad Little\"), who was then a regular in the [Winston West](/wiki/Winston_West \"Winston West\") series. Little finished 13th, 3 laps down in the race after starting 25th.\n* This was the final time that [Darrell Waltrip](/wiki/Darrell_Waltrip \"Darrell Waltrip\") wins from the pole.", "### Miller High Life 500", "The [Miller High Life 500](/wiki/Kids_Free_325 \"Kids Free 325\") was held June 8 at [Pocono International Raceway](/wiki/Pocono_Raceway \"Pocono Raceway\"). [Geoff Bodine](/wiki/Geoff_Bodine \"Geoff Bodine\") won the pole.", "**Top Ten Results**", "1. 25\\-[Tim Richmond](/wiki/Tim_Richmond \"Tim Richmond\")\n2. 3\\-[Dale Earnhardt](/wiki/Dale_Earnhardt \"Dale Earnhardt\")\n3. 28\\-[Cale Yarborough](/wiki/Cale_Yarborough \"Cale Yarborough\")\n4. 15\\-[Ricky Rudd](/wiki/Ricky_Rudd \"Ricky Rudd\")\n5. 9\\-[Bill Elliott](/wiki/Bill_Elliott \"Bill Elliott\")\n6. 27\\-[Rusty Wallace](/wiki/Rusty_Wallace \"Rusty Wallace\")\n7. 26\\-[Joe Ruttman](/wiki/Joe_Ruttman \"Joe Ruttman\")\n8. 7\\-[Kyle Petty](/wiki/Kyle_Petty \"Kyle Petty\")\n9. 5\\-[Geoff Bodine](/wiki/Geoff_Bodine \"Geoff Bodine\")\n10. 8\\-[Bobby Hillin Jr.](/wiki/Bobby_Hillin_Jr. \"Bobby Hillin Jr.\") \\-1 lap\n* The race ended under caution when [Morgan Shepherd](/wiki/Morgan_Shepherd \"Morgan Shepherd\"), [Harry Gant](/wiki/Harry_Gant \"Harry Gant\"), and [Buddy Arrington](/wiki/Buddy_Arrington \"Buddy Arrington\") were involved in a violent crash with four laps to go in turn one.\n* The win was Richmond's first since April 1984, coming after two second\\-place finishes in the two preceding races, and the first for [Harry Hyde](/wiki/Harry_Hyde \"Harry Hyde\") since November 1984\\.", "### Miller American 400", "The [Miller American 400](/wiki/Miller_American_400 \"Miller American 400\") was held June 15 at [Michigan International Speedway](/wiki/Michigan_International_Speedway \"Michigan International Speedway\"). [Tim Richmond](/wiki/Tim_Richmond \"Tim Richmond\") won the pole.", "**Top Ten Results**", "1. 9\\-[Bill Elliott](/wiki/Bill_Elliott \"Bill Elliott\")\n2. 33\\-[Harry Gant](/wiki/Harry_Gant \"Harry Gant\")\n3. 5\\-[Geoff Bodine](/wiki/Geoff_Bodine \"Geoff Bodine\")\n4. 88\\-[Buddy Baker](/wiki/Buddy_Baker \"Buddy Baker\")\n5. 11\\-[Darrell Waltrip](/wiki/Darrell_Waltrip \"Darrell Waltrip\")\n6. 3\\-[Dale Earnhardt](/wiki/Dale_Earnhardt \"Dale Earnhardt\")\n7. 8\\-[Bobby Hillin Jr.](/wiki/Bobby_Hillin_Jr. \"Bobby Hillin Jr.\")\n8. 4\\-[Rick Wilson](/wiki/Rick_Wilson_%28racing_driver%29 \"Rick Wilson (racing driver)\")\n9. 26\\-[Joe Ruttman](/wiki/Joe_Ruttman \"Joe Ruttman\")\n10. 15\\-[Ricky Rudd](/wiki/Ricky_Rudd \"Ricky Rudd\")\n* During qualifying, 31\\-year\\-old ARCA driver [Rick Baldwin](/wiki/Rick_Baldwin \"Rick Baldwin\"), in the [Buddy Arrington](/wiki/Buddy_Arrington \"Buddy Arrington\") No. 67 [Ford Thunderbird](/wiki/Ford_Thunderbird \"Ford Thunderbird\"), suffered a severe crash in qualifying that resulted in the car hitting the wall flush with the driver's side, knocking him unconscious into a coma from the massive head injuries, from which he would succumb eleven years later.", "### Firecracker 400", "{{main\\|1986 Firecracker 400}}", "The [Firecracker 400](/wiki/Firecracker_400 \"Firecracker 400\") was held on July 4 at [Daytona International Speedway](/wiki/Daytona_International_Speedway \"Daytona International Speedway\"). [Cale Yarborough](/wiki/Cale_Yarborough \"Cale Yarborough\") won the pole.", "**Top Ten Results**", "1. 25\\-[Tim Richmond](/wiki/Tim_Richmond \"Tim Richmond\")\n2. 1\\-[Sterling Marlin](/wiki/Sterling_Marlin \"Sterling Marlin\")\n3. 8\\-[Bobby Hillin Jr.](/wiki/Bobby_Hillin_Jr. \"Bobby Hillin Jr.\")\n4. 11\\-[Darrell Waltrip](/wiki/Darrell_Waltrip \"Darrell Waltrip\")\n5. 7\\-[Kyle Petty](/wiki/Kyle_Petty \"Kyle Petty\")\n6. 15\\-[Ricky Rudd](/wiki/Ricky_Rudd \"Ricky Rudd\")\n7. 26\\-[Joe Ruttman](/wiki/Joe_Ruttman \"Joe Ruttman\")\n8. 27\\-[Rusty Wallace](/wiki/Rusty_Wallace \"Rusty Wallace\")\n9. 66\\-[Phil Parsons](/wiki/Phil_Parsons \"Phil Parsons\")\n10. 35\\-[Alan Kulwicki](/wiki/Alan_Kulwicki \"Alan Kulwicki\") **(R)**\n* This race marked [Richard Petty](/wiki/Richard_Petty \"Richard Petty\")'s 1000th career start in the [Winston Cup Series](/wiki/Winston_Cup_Series \"Winston Cup Series\"), dating back to 1958\\. As of 2022, he is the only driver to compete in 1,000\\+ races.\n* [Dale Earnhardt](/wiki/Dale_Earnhardt \"Dale Earnhardt\") blew his engine with 7 laps remaining and spun head\\-on into the wall after the blown engine dumped oil on his back tires. Attempting to avoid the crash, leader [Buddy Baker](/wiki/Buddy_Baker \"Buddy Baker\") clipped [Connie Saylor](/wiki/Connie_Saylor \"Connie Saylor\")'s car; damaging Baker's car and providing an opening for Richmond.", "### Summer 500", "The [Summer 500](/wiki/Summer_500 \"Summer 500\") was held July 20 at [Pocono International Raceway](/wiki/Pocono_International_Raceway \"Pocono International Raceway\"). [Harry Gant](/wiki/Harry_Gant \"Harry Gant\") won the pole.", "**Top Ten Results**", "1. 25\\-[Tim Richmond](/wiki/Tim_Richmond \"Tim Richmond\")\n2. 15\\-[Ricky Rudd](/wiki/Ricky_Rudd \"Ricky Rudd\")\n3. 5\\-[Geoff Bodine](/wiki/Geoff_Bodine \"Geoff Bodine\")\n4. 11\\-[Darrell Waltrip](/wiki/Darrell_Waltrip \"Darrell Waltrip\")\n5. 22\\-[Bobby Allison](/wiki/Bobby_Allison \"Bobby Allison\")\n6. 44\\-[Terry Labonte](/wiki/Terry_Labonte \"Terry Labonte\")\n7. 3\\-[Dale Earnhardt](/wiki/Dale_Earnhardt \"Dale Earnhardt\")\n8. 7\\-[Kyle Petty](/wiki/Kyle_Petty \"Kyle Petty\") \\-1 lap\n9. 18\\-[Tommy Ellis](/wiki/Tommy_Ellis \"Tommy Ellis\") \\-2 laps\n10. 4\\-[Rick Wilson](/wiki/Rick_Wilson_%28racing_driver%29 \"Rick Wilson (racing driver)\") \\-2 laps\n* This race was shortened to 150 laps (375 miles) due to a combination of rain, fog and darkness.\n* On lap 121, [Tim Richmond](/wiki/Tim_Richmond \"Tim Richmond\"), racing with [Geoff Bodine](/wiki/Geoff_Bodine \"Geoff Bodine\") and [Neil Bonnett](/wiki/Neil_Bonnett \"Neil Bonnett\"), spun out and was hit by [Richard Petty](/wiki/Richard_Petty \"Richard Petty\") coming out of the Tunnel Turn (Turn 2\\). His car had both front tires flattened and was in a position so that he could not drive it forwards. Richmond backed the car out, then drove it in reverse nearly 1 mile to his pit. At that point, his crew fixed the car so that he could go forward, but only in high gear (4th). He lost a lap but raced with the leaders until [Dale Earnhardt](/wiki/Dale_Earnhardt \"Dale Earnhardt\") crashed around Lap 140; he beat the leaders to the flag and thus got his lap back. It was at this point that [NASCAR](/wiki/NASCAR \"NASCAR\") announced the impending end of the race due to darkness. Richmond got tires and then charged through the field after the restart; he passed Bodine on the final lap, but Bodine dove back alongside and the two raced through Turn Three; Bodine got loose and [Ricky Rudd](/wiki/Ricky_Rudd \"Ricky Rudd\") stormed three abreast; Richmond won in a photo finish. A modified version of this incident was featured in the 1990 movie [Days of Thunder](/wiki/Days_of_Thunder \"Days of Thunder\").", "### Talladega 500", "The [Talladega 500](/wiki/Good_Sam_Club_500 \"Good Sam Club 500\") was held July 27 at [Alabama International Motor Speedway](/wiki/Alabama_International_Motor_Speedway \"Alabama International Motor Speedway\"). The No. 9 of [Bill Elliott](/wiki/Bill_Elliott \"Bill Elliott\") won the pole.", "**Top Ten Results**", "1. 8\\-[Bobby Hillin Jr.](/wiki/Bobby_Hillin_Jr. \"Bobby Hillin Jr.\")\\*\n2. 25\\-[Tim Richmond](/wiki/Tim_Richmond \"Tim Richmond\")\n3. 15\\-[Ricky Rudd](/wiki/Ricky_Rudd \"Ricky Rudd\")\\*\n4. 1\\-[Sterling Marlin](/wiki/Sterling_Marlin \"Sterling Marlin\")\n5. 55\\-[Benny Parsons](/wiki/Benny_Parsons \"Benny Parsons\")\n6. 47\\-[Morgan Shepherd](/wiki/Morgan_Shepherd \"Morgan Shepherd\")\n7. 12\\-[Davey Allison](/wiki/Davey_Allison \"Davey Allison\")\\*\n8. 26\\-[Joe Ruttman](/wiki/Joe_Ruttman \"Joe Ruttman\")\n9. 7\\-[Kyle Petty](/wiki/Kyle_Petty \"Kyle Petty\")\n10. 22\\-[Bobby Allison](/wiki/Bobby_Allison \"Bobby Allison\") \\-1 lap\n* This was [Bobby Hillin Jr.](/wiki/Bobby_Hillin_Jr. \"Bobby Hillin Jr.\")'s only career [Winston Cup](/wiki/Winston_Cup \"Winston Cup\") victory.\n* The lead changed a season\\-high 49 times. The race set a motorsports record with 26 leaders, a record broken in 2008\\.\n* Among the race's 26 leaders were [Richard Petty](/wiki/Richard_Petty \"Richard Petty\"), [Bill Elliott](/wiki/Bill_Elliott \"Bill Elliott\"), [Darrell Waltrip](/wiki/Darrell_Waltrip \"Darrell Waltrip\"), [Rodney Combs](/wiki/Rodney_Combs \"Rodney Combs\"), [Buddy Baker](/wiki/Buddy_Baker \"Buddy Baker\"), and [Rick Wilson](/wiki/Rick_Wilson_%28racing_driver%29 \"Rick Wilson (racing driver)\"). [Cale Yarborough](/wiki/Cale_Yarborough \"Cale Yarborough\") took the lead on the backstretch on lap 107 but [Dale Earnhardt](/wiki/Dale_Earnhardt \"Dale Earnhardt\") beat him to the stripe.\n* [Ricky Rudd](/wiki/Ricky_Rudd \"Ricky Rudd\") was relieved during the race by [Rusty Wallace](/wiki/Rusty_Wallace \"Rusty Wallace\"), who had blown an engine earlier.\n* [Davey Allison](/wiki/Davey_Allison \"Davey Allison\") drove the race in place of [Neil Bonnett](/wiki/Neil_Bonnett \"Neil Bonnett\"), who was injured in a multi\\-car wreck at Pocono the previous week; Bonnett worked with [CBS Sports](/wiki/CBS_Sports \"CBS Sports\") as a second color analyst on the telecast of the race.\n* Hillin was involved in a five car crash down the backstretch with 25 laps to go when he was drafting race leader [Harry Gant](/wiki/Harry_Gant \"Harry Gant\"); Gant was spun into [Phil Parsons](/wiki/Phil_Parsons \"Phil Parsons\") and the wreck swept up [Darrell Waltrip](/wiki/Darrell_Waltrip \"Darrell Waltrip\"), [Geoff Bodine](/wiki/Geoff_Bodine \"Geoff Bodine\"), and [Cale Yarborough](/wiki/Cale_Yarborough \"Cale Yarborough\").\n* [Bobby Allison](/wiki/Bobby_Allison \"Bobby Allison\") was eliminated while racing Richmond for third; he was hooked by [Sterling Marlin](/wiki/Sterling_Marlin \"Sterling Marlin\") and spun into traffic in Turn One; Richmond passed Wallace subbing for Rudd for second while Marlin finished fourth.", "### Budweiser at The Glen", "The [Budweiser at The Glen](/wiki/Budweiser_at_The_Glen \"Budweiser at The Glen\") was held August 10 at [Watkins Glen International](/wiki/Watkins_Glen_International \"Watkins Glen International\"). [Tim Richmond](/wiki/Tim_Richmond \"Tim Richmond\") won the pole. It was the first time a NASCAR race had been run at the track since [1965](/wiki/1965_in_NASCAR \"1965 in NASCAR\") but this was an entirely new configuration.", "**Top Ten Results**", "1. 25\\-[Tim Richmond](/wiki/Tim_Richmond \"Tim Richmond\")\n2. 11\\-[Darrell Waltrip](/wiki/Darrell_Waltrip \"Darrell Waltrip\")\n3. 3\\-[Dale Earnhardt](/wiki/Dale_Earnhardt \"Dale Earnhardt\")\n4. 9\\-[Bill Elliott](/wiki/Bill_Elliott \"Bill Elliott\")\n5. 12\\-[Neil Bonnett](/wiki/Neil_Bonnett \"Neil Bonnett\")\n6. 27\\-[Rusty Wallace](/wiki/Rusty_Wallace \"Rusty Wallace\")\n7. 15\\-[Ricky Rudd](/wiki/Ricky_Rudd \"Ricky Rudd\")\n8. 55\\-[Benny Parsons](/wiki/Benny_Parsons \"Benny Parsons\")\n9. 7\\-[Kyle Petty](/wiki/Kyle_Petty \"Kyle Petty\")\n10. 43\\-[Richard Petty](/wiki/Richard_Petty \"Richard Petty\")", "Withdrew: 30\\-[Willy T. Ribbs](/wiki/Willy_T._Ribbs \"Willy T. Ribbs\"){{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.racing\\-reference.info/race/1986\\_The\\_Budweiser\\_At\\_The\\_Glen/W\\|title \\= Race Results}}", "* Ribbs withdrew as he blew up 4 engines during practice and qualifying and the team did not have any spares.\n* This was Richmond's 4th victory of the season.\n* [Neil Bonnett](/wiki/Neil_Bonnett \"Neil Bonnett\") returns after sitting out the previous race due to broken ribs. Junior Johnson had Doug Heveron on standby to take over if Bonnett could not run the full race. He would run the full race, running as high as 2nd but eventually settling for 5th.\n* Rusty Wallace had to earn his finishing spot the hard way. After taking the lead for 3 laps from laps 17 to 19, Wallace was black\\-flagged by NASCAR for leaking oil onto the track. Rejoining the field at the tail\\-end, Wallace would cut a tire after making contact with the wall, then spun out in turn 5 to bring out a full course caution flag. Despite the setbacks, Wallace would rally to finish 6th.\n* [Al Unser](/wiki/Al_Unser \"Al Unser\") made his first NASCAR start since 1969, driving the \\#88 Pontiac in place of [Buddy Baker](/wiki/Buddy_Baker \"Buddy Baker\"). Baker, the car co\\-owner and regular driver, was the crew chief", "### Champion Spark Plug 400", "{{main\\|1986 Champion Spark Plug 400}}", "The [Champion Spark Plug 400](/wiki/Champion_Spark_Plug_400 \"Champion Spark Plug 400\") was held August 17 at [Michigan International Speedway](/wiki/Michigan_International_Speedway \"Michigan International Speedway\"). The No. 55 of [Benny Parsons](/wiki/Benny_Parsons \"Benny Parsons\") won the final pole of his [hall of fame career](/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_NASCAR_Hall_of_Fame%23Class_of_2017 \"List of members of the NASCAR Hall of Fame#Class of 2017\").", "**Top Ten Results**", "1. 9\\-[Bill Elliott](/wiki/Bill_Elliott \"Bill Elliott\")\n2. 25\\-[Tim Richmond](/wiki/Tim_Richmond \"Tim Richmond\")\n3. 11\\-[Darrell Waltrip](/wiki/Darrell_Waltrip \"Darrell Waltrip\")\n4. 5\\-[Geoff Bodine](/wiki/Geoff_Bodine \"Geoff Bodine\")\n5. 3\\-[Dale Earnhardt](/wiki/Dale_Earnhardt \"Dale Earnhardt\") \\-1 lap\n6. 27\\-[Rusty Wallace](/wiki/Rusty_Wallace \"Rusty Wallace\") \\-1 lap\n7. 28\\-[Cale Yarborough](/wiki/Cale_Yarborough \"Cale Yarborough\") \\-1 lap\n8. 33\\-[Harry Gant](/wiki/Harry_Gant \"Harry Gant\") \\-1 lap\n9. 66\\-[Phil Parsons](/wiki/Phil_Parsons \"Phil Parsons\") \\-1 lap\n10. 21\\-[David Pearson](/wiki/David_Pearson_%28NASCAR_driver%29 \"David Pearson (NASCAR driver)\")\\* \\-1 lap\n* With this win, Bill Elliott became the 1st driver in NASCAR history to win 4 straight races at one Superspeedway.\n* This was [David Pearson](/wiki/David_Pearson_%28NASCAR_driver%29 \"David Pearson (NASCAR driver)\")'s last [Winston Cup](/wiki/Winston_Cup \"Winston Cup\") start. He ran as high as 3rd place at one point in the race.\n* Buddy Arrington returned to the track where rookie Rick Baldwin, driving Arrington's \\#67, had suffered injuries that would eventually prove to be fatal in a crash during qualifying for the June event. Arrington would finish 6 laps down in 19th.", "### Busch 500", "The [Busch 500](/wiki/Busch_500 \"Busch 500\") was held August 23 at [Bristol International Raceway](/wiki/Bristol_Motor_Speedway \"Bristol Motor Speedway\"). [Geoff Bodine](/wiki/Geoff_Bodine \"Geoff Bodine\") won the pole.", "**Top Ten Results**", "1. 11\\-[Darrell Waltrip](/wiki/Darrell_Waltrip \"Darrell Waltrip\")\n2. 44\\-[Terry Labonte](/wiki/Terry_Labonte \"Terry Labonte\")\n3. 5\\-[Geoff Bodine](/wiki/Geoff_Bodine \"Geoff Bodine\") \\-1 lap\n4. 3\\-[Dale Earnhardt](/wiki/Dale_Earnhardt \"Dale Earnhardt\") \\-1 lap\n5. 33\\-[Harry Gant](/wiki/Harry_Gant \"Harry Gant\") \\-1 lap\n6. 25\\-[Tim Richmond](/wiki/Tim_Richmond \"Tim Richmond\") \\-2 laps\n7. 43\\-[Richard Petty](/wiki/Richard_Petty \"Richard Petty\") \\-3 laps\n8. 22\\-[Bobby Allison](/wiki/Bobby_Allison \"Bobby Allison\") \\-4 laps\n9. 8\\-[Bobby Hillin Jr.](/wiki/Bobby_Hillin_Jr. \"Bobby Hillin Jr.\") \\-5 laps\n10. 35\\-[Alan Kulwicki](/wiki/Alan_Kulwicki \"Alan Kulwicki\") **(R)** \\-6 laps\n* This was the final race for owner of the \\#35 car Bill Terry. His driver Alan Kulwicki would buy out the team before the next race and be the sports newest owner/driver\n* [Darrell Waltrip](/wiki/Darrell_Waltrip \"Darrell Waltrip\") scores his record 10th victory at Bristol.", "### Southern 500", "The [Southern 500](/wiki/Southern_500 \"Southern 500\") was held August 31 at [Darlington Raceway](/wiki/Darlington_Raceway \"Darlington Raceway\"). [Tim Richmond](/wiki/Tim_Richmond \"Tim Richmond\") won the pole.", "**Top Ten Results**", "1. 25\\-[Tim Richmond](/wiki/Tim_Richmond \"Tim Richmond\")\n2. 22\\-[Bobby Allison](/wiki/Bobby_Allison \"Bobby Allison\")\n3. 9\\-[Bill Elliott](/wiki/Bill_Elliott \"Bill Elliott\")\n4. 47\\-[Morgan Shepherd](/wiki/Morgan_Shepherd \"Morgan Shepherd\")\n5. 11\\-[Darrell Waltrip](/wiki/Darrell_Waltrip \"Darrell Waltrip\")\n6. 15\\-[Ricky Rudd](/wiki/Ricky_Rudd \"Ricky Rudd\")\n7. 8\\-[Bobby Hillin Jr.](/wiki/Bobby_Hillin_Jr. \"Bobby Hillin Jr.\")\n8. 5\\-[Geoff Bodine](/wiki/Geoff_Bodine \"Geoff Bodine\")\n9. 3\\-[Dale Earnhardt](/wiki/Dale_Earnhardt \"Dale Earnhardt\") \\-1 lap\n10. 28\\-[Cale Yarborough](/wiki/Cale_Yarborough \"Cale Yarborough\") \\-1 lap\n* [Geoff Bodine](/wiki/Geoff_Bodine \"Geoff Bodine\") was leading with 14 laps left when [Bill Elliott](/wiki/Bill_Elliott \"Bill Elliott\") passed him coming off of turn 2 on lap 354\\. Bodine had slowed down due to running out of fuel and was forced to pit for a splash\\-and\\-go. Bodine's engine stalled and the car had to be pushed out, dropping him to the tail end of the lead lap. Elliott stretched his lead to a huge margin, but with 7 laps left, he clipped the outside wall in turn 1\\. [Tim Richmond](/wiki/Tim_Richmond \"Tim Richmond\"), who had led a race\\-high 168 laps, caught Elliott going down the front straightaway and passed him for the lead, winning the race by 2 seconds. It was Richmond's 5th win of the season.\n* This race was plagued by rain, to the point of the race running on a damp surface and the drivers having to race as if [Darlington Raceway](/wiki/Darlington_Raceway \"Darlington Raceway\") was a dirt track.\n* Before this race, rookie [Alan Kulwicki](/wiki/Alan_Kulwicki \"Alan Kulwicki\") bought out his owner Bill Terry and became the owner/driver of the \\#35 car. He would finish in 12th place, 7 laps down in his first owner/driver outing.\n* This race insured no one would win the Winston bonus for winning 2 out of 4 crown jewel races.\n* The race was red\\-flagged for 2 hours and 15 minutes after lap 14 due to a rain shower. Because of the delay, [ESPN](/wiki/ESPN \"ESPN\") broke away from its TV coverage of the race on Lap 192 (about 4:30 pm ET) to broadcast the final round of the [PGA Tour](/wiki/PGA_Tour \"PGA Tour\")'s [St. Jude Classic](/wiki/St._Jude_Classic \"St. Jude Classic\"), as originally scheduled. ESPN provided updates on the race during golf coverage and aired the finish live.", "### Wrangler Jeans Indigo 400", "The [Wrangler Jeans Indigo 400](/wiki/Wrangler_Jeans_Indigo_400 \"Wrangler Jeans Indigo 400\") was held September 7 at [Richmond Fairgrounds Raceway](/wiki/Richmond_Fairgrounds_Raceway \"Richmond Fairgrounds Raceway\"). [Harry Gant](/wiki/Harry_Gant \"Harry Gant\") won the pole.", "**Top Ten Results**", "1. 25\\-[Tim Richmond](/wiki/Tim_Richmond \"Tim Richmond\")\n2. 3\\-[Dale Earnhardt](/wiki/Dale_Earnhardt \"Dale Earnhardt\")\n3. 75\\-[Morgan Shepherd](/wiki/Morgan_Shepherd \"Morgan Shepherd\")\\*\n4. 43\\-[Richard Petty](/wiki/Richard_Petty \"Richard Petty\")\n5. 12\\-[Neil Bonnett](/wiki/Neil_Bonnett \"Neil Bonnett\")\n6. 26\\-[Joe Ruttman](/wiki/Joe_Ruttman \"Joe Ruttman\")\n7. 33\\-[Harry Gant](/wiki/Harry_Gant \"Harry Gant\")\n8. 22\\-[Bobby Allison](/wiki/Bobby_Allison \"Bobby Allison\")\n9. 9\\-[Bill Elliott](/wiki/Bill_Elliott \"Bill Elliott\") \\-1 lap\n10. 8\\-[Bobby Hillin Jr.](/wiki/Bobby_Hillin_Jr. \"Bobby Hillin Jr.\") \\-3 laps\n* [Morgan Shepherd](/wiki/Morgan_Shepherd \"Morgan Shepherd\") was hired by [RahMoc Enterprises](/wiki/RahMoc_Enterprises \"RahMoc Enterprises\") as the driver of the No. 75 [Pontiac](/wiki/Pontiac_%28automobile%29 \"Pontiac (automobile)\").\n* [Tim Richmond](/wiki/Tim_Richmond \"Tim Richmond\") had to survive a late race restart because on lap 395 the caution flag flew when [Michael Waltrip](/wiki/Michael_Waltrip \"Michael Waltrip\")'s entire driveshaft fell out of the car. The race went back under the green flag with 2 laps remaining. Richmond held on by 3 car lengths.\n* This was the last Cup Series race to feature less than a 30 car field.", "### Delaware 500", "{{main\\|1986 Delaware 500}}", "The [Delaware 500](/wiki/Delaware_500 \"Delaware 500\") was held September 14 at [Dover Downs International Speedway](/wiki/Dover_Downs_International_Speedway \"Dover Downs International Speedway\"). The No. 5 of [Geoff Bodine](/wiki/Geoff_Bodine \"Geoff Bodine\") won the pole.", "**Top Ten Results**", "1. 15\\-[Ricky Rudd](/wiki/Ricky_Rudd \"Ricky Rudd\")\n2. 12\\-[Neil Bonnett](/wiki/Neil_Bonnett \"Neil Bonnett\")\n3. 7\\-[Kyle Petty](/wiki/Kyle_Petty \"Kyle Petty\")\n4. 88\\-[Buddy Baker](/wiki/Buddy_Baker \"Buddy Baker\") \\-1 lap\n5. 71\\-[Dave Marcis](/wiki/Dave_Marcis \"Dave Marcis\") \\-2 laps\n6. 26\\-[Joe Ruttman](/wiki/Joe_Ruttman \"Joe Ruttman\") \\-2 laps\n7. 35\\-[Alan Kulwicki](/wiki/Alan_Kulwicki \"Alan Kulwicki\") **(R)** \\-3 laps\n8. 18\\-[Tommy Ellis](/wiki/Tommy_Ellis \"Tommy Ellis\") \\-4 laps\n9. 8\\-[Bobby Hillin Jr.](/wiki/Bobby_Hillin_Jr. \"Bobby Hillin Jr.\") \\-5 laps\n10. 75\\-[Morgan Shepherd](/wiki/Morgan_Shepherd \"Morgan Shepherd\") \\-7 laps\n* This was Rudd's 1st win on an oval that was 1 mile in length or longer.", "### Goody's 500", "The [Goody's 500](/wiki/TUMS_Fast_Relief_500 \"TUMS Fast Relief 500\") was held September 21 at [Martinsville Speedway](/wiki/Martinsville_Speedway \"Martinsville Speedway\"). [Geoff Bodine](/wiki/Geoff_Bodine \"Geoff Bodine\") won the pole.", "**Top Ten Results**", "1. 27\\-[Rusty Wallace](/wiki/Rusty_Wallace \"Rusty Wallace\")\n2. 5\\-[Geoff Bodine](/wiki/Geoff_Bodine \"Geoff Bodine\")\n3. 33\\-[Harry Gant](/wiki/Harry_Gant \"Harry Gant\")\n4. 11\\-[Darrell Waltrip](/wiki/Darrell_Waltrip \"Darrell Waltrip\") \\-1 lap\n5. 26\\-[Joe Ruttman](/wiki/Joe_Ruttman \"Joe Ruttman\") \\-1 lap\n6. 7\\-[Kyle Petty](/wiki/Kyle_Petty \"Kyle Petty\") \\-1 lap\n7. 90\\-[Ken Schrader](/wiki/Ken_Schrader \"Ken Schrader\") \\-2 laps\n8. 12\\-[Neil Bonnett](/wiki/Neil_Bonnett \"Neil Bonnett\") \\-3 laps\n9. 71\\-[Dave Marcis](/wiki/Dave_Marcis \"Dave Marcis\") \\-3 laps\n10. 25\\-[Tim Richmond](/wiki/Tim_Richmond \"Tim Richmond\") \\-4 laps\n* This was Pontiac's 2nd \\& final victory for 1986\\.", "### Holly Farms 400", "The [Holly Farms 400](/wiki/Holly_Farms_400 \"Holly Farms 400\") was held September 28 at [North Wilkesboro Speedway](/wiki/North_Wilkesboro_Speedway \"North Wilkesboro Speedway\"). The No. 25 of [Tim Richmond](/wiki/Tim_Richmond \"Tim Richmond\") won the pole.", "**Top Ten Results**", "1. 11\\-[Darrell Waltrip](/wiki/Darrell_Waltrip \"Darrell Waltrip\")\n2. 5\\-[Geoff Bodine](/wiki/Geoff_Bodine \"Geoff Bodine\")\n3. 43\\-[Richard Petty](/wiki/Richard_Petty \"Richard Petty\")\n4. 27\\-[Rusty Wallace](/wiki/Rusty_Wallace \"Rusty Wallace\")\n5. 33\\-[Harry Gant](/wiki/Harry_Gant \"Harry Gant\")\n6. 26\\-[Joe Ruttman](/wiki/Joe_Ruttman \"Joe Ruttman\") \\-1 lap\n7. 15\\-[Ricky Rudd](/wiki/Ricky_Rudd \"Ricky Rudd\") \\-1 lap\n8. 71\\-[Dave Marcis](/wiki/Dave_Marcis \"Dave Marcis\") \\-1 lap\n9. 3\\-[Dale Earnhardt](/wiki/Dale_Earnhardt \"Dale Earnhardt\") \\-2 laps\n10. 44\\-[Terry Labonte](/wiki/Terry_Labonte \"Terry Labonte\") \\-2 laps\n* [Geoff Bodine](/wiki/Geoff_Bodine \"Geoff Bodine\") had the dominant car leading the most laps (218\\) but faded late, losing the lead at lap 390 to Darrell Waltrip, he would pull away to a 1\\.21 second lead for his final victory of 1986\\.\n* The win was also Waltrip's final race victory with [Junior Johnson](/wiki/Junior_Johnson \"Junior Johnson\"), Waltrip would be tabbed to drive for Rick Hendrick in 1987\\.", "### Oakwood Homes 500", "The [Oakwood Homes 500](/wiki/Oakwood_Homes_500 \"Oakwood Homes 500\") was held on October 5 at [Charlotte Motor Speedway](/wiki/Charlotte_Motor_Speedway \"Charlotte Motor Speedway\"). The No. 25 of [Tim Richmond](/wiki/Tim_Richmond \"Tim Richmond\") won the pole.", "**Top Ten Results**", "1. 3\\-[Dale Earnhardt](/wiki/Dale_Earnhardt \"Dale Earnhardt\")\n2. 33\\-[Harry Gant](/wiki/Harry_Gant \"Harry Gant\")\n3. 12\\-[Neil Bonnett](/wiki/Neil_Bonnett \"Neil Bonnett\") \\-1 lap\n4. 15\\-[Ricky Rudd](/wiki/Ricky_Rudd \"Ricky Rudd\") \\-1 lap\n5. 88\\-[Buddy Baker](/wiki/Buddy_Baker \"Buddy Baker\") \\-1 lap\n6. 5\\-[Geoff Bodine](/wiki/Geoff_Bodine \"Geoff Bodine\") \\-1 lap\n7. 9\\-[Bill Elliott](/wiki/Bill_Elliott \"Bill Elliott\") \\-1 lap\n8. 27\\-[Rusty Wallace](/wiki/Rusty_Wallace \"Rusty Wallace\") \\-2 laps\n9. 11\\-[Darrell Waltrip](/wiki/Darrell_Waltrip \"Darrell Waltrip\") \\-2 laps\n10. 66\\-[Phil Parsons](/wiki/Phil_Parsons \"Phil Parsons\") \\-3 laps\n* Earnhardt had to work hard for this victory as he at one point in the race lost 2 laps due to separate tire issues.\n* The pre\\-race ceremonies saw several members of marching bands pass out from heat exhaustion due to the warmer than normal for late October temperatures, which soared to around the upper 80s.", "### Nationwise 500", "The [Nationwise 500](/wiki/Nationwise_500 \"Nationwise 500\") was held on October 19 at [North Carolina Motor Speedway](/wiki/North_Carolina_Motor_Speedway \"North Carolina Motor Speedway\"). The No. 25 of [Tim Richmond](/wiki/Tim_Richmond \"Tim Richmond\") won the pole.", "**Top Ten Results**", "1. 12\\-[Neil Bonnett](/wiki/Neil_Bonnett \"Neil Bonnett\")\n2. 15\\-[Ricky Rudd](/wiki/Ricky_Rudd \"Ricky Rudd\")\n3. 11\\-[Darrell Waltrip](/wiki/Darrell_Waltrip \"Darrell Waltrip\")\n4. 33\\-[Harry Gant](/wiki/Harry_Gant \"Harry Gant\")\n5. 88\\-[Buddy Baker](/wiki/Buddy_Baker \"Buddy Baker\")\n6. 3\\-[Dale Earnhardt](/wiki/Dale_Earnhardt \"Dale Earnhardt\") \\-1 lap\n7. 9\\-[Bill Elliott](/wiki/Bill_Elliott \"Bill Elliott\") \\-1 lap\n8. 43\\-[Richard Petty](/wiki/Richard_Petty \"Richard Petty\") \\-1 lap\n9. 26\\-[Joe Ruttman](/wiki/Joe_Ruttman \"Joe Ruttman\") \\-2 laps\n10. 7\\-[Kyle Petty](/wiki/Kyle_Petty \"Kyle Petty\") \\-3 laps\n* The win was Bonnett's last with [Junior Johnson](/wiki/Junior_Johnson \"Junior Johnson\"), as he was tabbed to drive for [RahMoc Enterprises](/wiki/RahMoc_Enterprises \"RahMoc Enterprises\") in 1987\\.", "### Atlanta Journal 500", "The [Atlanta Journal 500](/wiki/Atlanta_Journal_500 \"Atlanta Journal 500\") was held November 2 at [Atlanta International Raceway](/wiki/Atlanta_Motor_Speedway \"Atlanta Motor Speedway\"). [Bill Elliott](/wiki/Bill_Elliott \"Bill Elliott\") won the pole.", "**Top Ten Results**", "1. 3\\-[Dale Earnhardt](/wiki/Dale_Earnhardt \"Dale Earnhardt\")\\*\n2. 43\\-[Richard Petty](/wiki/Richard_Petty \"Richard Petty\") \\-1 lap\n3. 9\\-[Bill Elliott](/wiki/Bill_Elliott \"Bill Elliott\") \\-1 lap\n4. 25\\-[Tim Richmond](/wiki/Tim_Richmond \"Tim Richmond\") \\-1 lap\n5. 88\\-[Buddy Baker](/wiki/Buddy_Baker \"Buddy Baker\") \\-1 lap\n6. 12\\-[Neil Bonnett](/wiki/Neil_Bonnett \"Neil Bonnett\") \\-1 lap\n7. 7\\-[Kyle Petty](/wiki/Kyle_Petty \"Kyle Petty\") \\-2 laps\n8. 44\\-[Terry Labonte](/wiki/Terry_Labonte \"Terry Labonte\") \\-2 laps\n9. 26\\-[Joe Ruttman](/wiki/Joe_Ruttman \"Joe Ruttman\") \\-2 laps\n10. 66\\-[Phil Parsons](/wiki/Phil_Parsons \"Phil Parsons\") \\-2 laps\n* [Dale Earnhardt](/wiki/Dale_Earnhardt \"Dale Earnhardt\")'s official margin of victory was 1 lap and an additional 3 seconds.\n* By virtue of Darrell Waltrip blowing an engine to finish 39th and Dale Earnhardt winning the race while leading the most laps, Earnhardt clinched his 2nd [Winston Cup Championship](/wiki/Winston_Cup_Championship \"Winston Cup Championship\").", "### Winston Western 500", "The [Winston Western 500](/wiki/Winston_Western_500 \"Winston Western 500\") was held on November 16 at [Riverside International Raceway](/wiki/Riverside_International_Raceway \"Riverside International Raceway\"). [Tim Richmond](/wiki/Tim_Richmond \"Tim Richmond\") won the pole.", "**Top Ten Results**", "1. 25\\-[Tim Richmond](/wiki/Tim_Richmond \"Tim Richmond\")\n2. 3\\-[Dale Earnhardt](/wiki/Dale_Earnhardt \"Dale Earnhardt\")\n3. 5\\-[Geoff Bodine](/wiki/Geoff_Bodine \"Geoff Bodine\")\n4. 11\\-[Darrell Waltrip](/wiki/Darrell_Waltrip \"Darrell Waltrip\")\n5. 26\\-[Joe Ruttman](/wiki/Joe_Ruttman \"Joe Ruttman\")\n6. 8\\-[Bobby Hillin Jr.](/wiki/Bobby_Hillin_Jr. \"Bobby Hillin Jr.\")\n7. 22\\-[Bobby Allison](/wiki/Bobby_Allison \"Bobby Allison\")\n8. 27\\-[Rusty Wallace](/wiki/Rusty_Wallace \"Rusty Wallace\")\n9. 12\\-[Neil Bonnett](/wiki/Neil_Bonnett \"Neil Bonnett\") \\-1 lap\n10. 44\\-[Terry Labonte](/wiki/Terry_Labonte \"Terry Labonte\") \\-1 lap\n* Going into the race, [Dale Earnhardt](/wiki/Dale_Earnhardt \"Dale Earnhardt\") had already clinched the Winston Cup championship. The attention shifted to the battle for second in the championship. Polesitter [Tim Richmond](/wiki/Tim_Richmond \"Tim Richmond\") needed to finish five positions higher than [Darrell Waltrip](/wiki/Darrell_Waltrip \"Darrell Waltrip\") to move into second. Richmond went on to win the race. However, Waltrip managed 4th place, which secured himself second in the championship, by 6 points over Richmond.\n* This was the last race that both [Darrell Waltrip](/wiki/Darrell_Waltrip \"Darrell Waltrip\") and [Neil Bonnett](/wiki/Neil_Bonnett \"Neil Bonnett\") drove for [Junior Johnson](/wiki/Junior_Johnson \"Junior Johnson\"). Waltrip would drive the \\#17 [Tide](/wiki/Tide \"Tide\") sponsored [Chevrolet](/wiki/Chevrolet \"Chevrolet\") for [Hendrick Motorsports](/wiki/Hendrick_Motorsports \"Hendrick Motorsports\") in 1987, while Bonnett returned to [RahMoc Enterprises](/wiki/RahMoc_Enterprises \"RahMoc Enterprises\") to pilot the \\#75 [Valvoline](/wiki/Valvoline \"Valvoline\") [Pontiac](/wiki/Pontiac_%28automobile%29 \"Pontiac (automobile)\") after having previously driven for them during the 1983 season. [Terry Labonte](/wiki/Terry_Labonte \"Terry Labonte\") replaced Waltrip in the \\#11 car while the \\#12 team was dissolved and would reappear in 1991 as the \\#22 [Maxwell House](/wiki/Maxwell_House \"Maxwell House\") [Ford Thunderbird](/wiki/Ford_Thunderbird \"Ford Thunderbird\") with then journeyman driver [Sterling Marlin](/wiki/Sterling_Marlin \"Sterling Marlin\") behind the wheel.\n* This was [Al Unser's](/wiki/Al_Unser \"Al Unser\") final NASCAR start. He would devote the rest of his career to [CART](/wiki/Championship_Auto_Racing_Teams \"Championship Auto Racing Teams\").\n* This marked the final time where Riverside would close the Cup season. Beginning in 1987 and lasting until 2000, the season finale would be at [Atlanta Motor Speedway](/wiki/Atlanta_Motor_Speedway \"Atlanta Motor Speedway\")." ]
Basic calculation ----------------- Relative density (RD) or specific gravity (SG) is a [dimensionless quantity](/wiki/Dimensionless_quantity "Dimensionless quantity"), as it is the ratio of either densities or weights \\mathit{RD} \= \\frac{\\rho\_\\mathrm{substance}}{\\rho\_\\mathrm{reference}}, where RD is relative density, \\rho\_\\mathrm{substance} is the density of the substance being measured, and \\rho\_\\mathrm{reference} is the density of the reference. (By convention \\rho, the Greek letter [rho](/wiki/Rho "Rho"), denotes density.) The reference material can be indicated using subscripts: RD\_\\mathrm{substance/reference} which means "the relative density of *substance* with respect to *reference*". If the reference is not explicitly stated then it is normally assumed to be [water](/wiki/Water "Water") at 4 °[C](/wiki/Celsius "Celsius") (or, more precisely, 3\.98 °C, which is the temperature at which water reaches its maximum density). In [SI](/wiki/International_System_of_Units "International System of Units") units, the density of water is (approximately) 1000 [kg](/wiki/Kilogram "Kilogram")/[m3](/wiki/Cubic_metre "Cubic metre") or 1 [g](/wiki/Gram "Gram")/[cm3](/wiki/Cubic_centimetre "Cubic centimetre"), which makes relative density calculations particularly convenient: the density of the object only needs to be divided by 1000 or 1, depending on the units. The relative density of gases is often measured with respect to dry [air](/wiki/Air "Air") at a temperature of 20 °C and a pressure of 101\.325 kPa absolute, which has a density of 1\.205 kg/m3. Relative density with respect to air can be obtained by \\mathit{RD} \= \\frac{\\rho\_\\mathrm{gas}}{\\rho\_\\mathrm{air}} \\approx \\frac{M\_\\mathrm{gas}}{M\_\\mathrm{air}}, where M is the [molar mass](/wiki/Molar_mass "Molar mass") and the approximately equal sign is used because equality pertains only if 1 [mol](/wiki/Mole_%28unit%29 "Mole (unit)") of the gas and 1 mol of air occupy the same volume at a given temperature and pressure, i.e., they are both [ideal gases](/wiki/Ideal_gas "Ideal gas"). Ideal behaviour is usually only seen at very low pressure. For example, one mol of an ideal gas occupies 22\.414 L at 0 °C and 1 atmosphere whereas [carbon dioxide](/wiki/Carbon_dioxide "Carbon dioxide") has a molar volume of 22\.259 L under those same conditions. Those with SG greater than 1 are denser than water and will, disregarding [surface tension](/wiki/Surface_tension "Surface tension") effects, sink in it. Those with an SG less than 1 are less dense than water and will float on it. In scientific work, the relationship of mass to volume is usually expressed directly in terms of the density (mass per unit volume) of the substance under study. It is in industry where specific gravity finds wide application, often for historical reasons. True specific gravity of a liquid can be expressed mathematically as: SG\_\\mathrm{true} \= \\frac {\\rho\_\\mathrm{sample}}{\\rho\_\\mathrm{H\_2O}}, where \\rho\_\\mathrm{sample} is the density of the sample and \\rho\_\\mathrm{H\_2O} is the density of water. The apparent specific gravity is simply the ratio of the weights of equal volumes of sample and water in air: SG\_\\mathrm{apparent} \= \\frac {W\_{\\mathrm{A},\\text{sample}}}{W\_{\\mathrm{A},\\mathrm{H\_2O}}}, where W\_{A,\\text{sample}} represents the weight of the sample measured in air and {W\_{\\mathrm{A},\\mathrm{H\_2O}}} the weight of an equal volume of water measured in air. It can be shown that true specific gravity can be computed from different properties: SG\_\\mathrm{true} \= \\frac {\\rho\_\\mathrm{sample}}{\\rho\_\\mathrm{H\_2O}} \= \\frac {\\frac{m\_\\mathrm{sample}}{V}}{\\frac{m\_\\mathrm{H\_2O}}{V}} \= \\frac {m\_\\mathrm{sample}}{m\_\\mathrm{H\_2O}} \\frac{g}{g} \= \\frac {W\_{\\mathrm{V},\\text{sample}}}{W\_{\\mathrm{V},\\mathrm{H\_2O}}}, where *g* is the local acceleration due to gravity, *V* is the volume of the sample and of water (the same for both), *ρ*sample is the density of the sample, *ρ*H2O is the density of water, *W*V represents a weight obtained in vacuum, \\mathit{m}\_\\mathrm{sample} is the mass of the sample and \\mathit{m}\_\\mathrm{H\_2 O} is the mass of an equal volume of water. The density of water and of the sample varies with temperature and pressure, so it is necessary to specify the temperatures and pressures at which the densities or weights were determined. Measurements are nearly always made at 1 nominal atmosphere (101\.325 kPa ± variations from changing weather patterns), but as specific gravity usually refers to highly incompressible aqueous solutions or other incompressible substances (such as petroleum products), variations in density caused by pressure are usually neglected at least where apparent specific gravity is being measured. For true (*in vacuo*) specific gravity calculations, air pressure must be considered (see below). Temperatures are specified by the notation (*T*s/*T*r), with *T*s representing the temperature at which the sample's density was determined and *T*r the temperature at which the reference (water) density is specified. For example, SG (20 °C/4 °C) would be understood to mean that the density of the sample was determined at 20 °C and of the water at 4 °C. Taking into account different sample and reference temperatures, we note that, while *SG*H2O \= {{val\|1\.000000}} (20 °C/20 °C), it is also the case that *SG*H2O \= {{frac\|{{val\|0\.9982008}}\|{{val\|0\.9999720}}}} \= {{val\|0\.9982288}} (20 °C/4 °C). Here, temperature is being specified using the current [ITS\-90](/wiki/ITS-90 "ITS-90") scale and the densities used here and in the rest of this article are based on that scale. On the previous IPTS\-68 scale, the densities at 20 °C and 4 °C are {{val\|0\.9982041}} and {{val\|0\.9999720}} respectively,{{cite journal \|last1\=Kell \|first1\=George S. \|title\=Density, Thermal Expansivity, and Compressibility of Liquid Water from 0 to 150°C: Correlations and Tables for Atmospheric Pressure and Saturation Reviewed and Expressed on 1968 Temperature Scale \|journal\=Journal of Chemical and Engineering Data \|volume\=20 \|pages\=97–105 \|doi\=10\.1021/je60064a005 \|url\=https://doi.org/10\.1021/je60064a005}} resulting in an SG (20 °C/4 °C) value for water of {{val\|0\.998232}}. As the principal use of specific gravity measurements in industry is determination of the concentrations of substances in aqueous solutions and as these are found in tables of SG versus concentration, it is extremely important that the analyst enter the table with the correct form of specific gravity. For example, in the brewing industry, the [Plato table](/wiki/Plato_scale "Plato scale") lists sucrose concentration by weight against true SG, and was originally (20 °C/4 °C)ASBC Methods of Analysis Preface to Table 1: Extract in Wort and Beer, American Society of Brewing Chemists, St Paul, 2009 i.e. based on measurements of the density of sucrose solutions made at laboratory temperature (20 °C) but referenced to the density of water at 4 °C which is very close to the temperature at which water has its maximum density, *ρ*H2O equal to 999\.972 kg/m3 in SI units ({{val\|0\.999972\|u\=g/cm3}} in [cgs units](/wiki/CGS_system "CGS system") or 62\.43 lb/cu ft in [United States customary units](/wiki/United_States_customary_units "United States customary units")). The [ASBC](/wiki/American_Society_of_Brewing_Chemists "American Society of Brewing Chemists") tableASBC Methods of Analysis *op. cit.* Table 1: Extract in Wort and Beer in use today in North America for apparent specific gravity measurements at (20 °C/20 °C) is derived from the original Plato table using Plato et al.‘s value for SG(20 °C/4 °C) \= {{val\|0\.9982343}}. In the sugar, soft drink, honey, fruit juice and related industries, sucrose concentration by weight is taken from a table prepared by [A. Brix](/wiki/Brix "Brix"), which uses SG (17\.5 °C/17\.5 °C). As a final example, the British SG units are based on reference and sample temperatures of 60 °F and are thus (15\.56 °C/15\.56 °C). Given the specific gravity of a substance, its actual density can be calculated by rearranging the above formula: \\rho\_\\mathrm{substance} \= SG \\times \\rho\_\\mathrm{H\_2O}. Occasionally a reference substance other than water is specified (for example, air), in which case specific gravity means density relative to that reference.
[ "Basic calculation\n-----------------", "Relative density (RD) or specific gravity (SG) is a [dimensionless quantity](/wiki/Dimensionless_quantity \"Dimensionless quantity\"), as it is the ratio of either densities or weights\n\\\\mathit{RD} \\= \\\\frac{\\\\rho\\_\\\\mathrm{substance}}{\\\\rho\\_\\\\mathrm{reference}},\nwhere RD is relative density, \\\\rho\\_\\\\mathrm{substance} is the density of the substance being measured, and \\\\rho\\_\\\\mathrm{reference} is the density of the reference. (By convention \\\\rho, the Greek letter [rho](/wiki/Rho \"Rho\"), denotes density.)", "The reference material can be indicated using subscripts: RD\\_\\\\mathrm{substance/reference} which means \"the relative density of *substance* with respect to *reference*\". If the reference is not explicitly stated then it is normally assumed to be [water](/wiki/Water \"Water\") at 4 °[C](/wiki/Celsius \"Celsius\") (or, more precisely, 3\\.98 °C, which is the temperature at which water reaches its maximum density). In [SI](/wiki/International_System_of_Units \"International System of Units\") units, the density of water is (approximately) 1000 [kg](/wiki/Kilogram \"Kilogram\")/[m3](/wiki/Cubic_metre \"Cubic metre\") or 1 [g](/wiki/Gram \"Gram\")/[cm3](/wiki/Cubic_centimetre \"Cubic centimetre\"), which makes relative density calculations particularly convenient: the density of the object only needs to be divided by 1000 or 1, depending on the units.", "The relative density of gases is often measured with respect to dry [air](/wiki/Air \"Air\") at a temperature of 20 °C and a pressure of 101\\.325 kPa absolute, which has a density of 1\\.205 kg/m3. Relative density with respect to air can be obtained by\n\\\\mathit{RD} \\= \\\\frac{\\\\rho\\_\\\\mathrm{gas}}{\\\\rho\\_\\\\mathrm{air}} \\\\approx \\\\frac{M\\_\\\\mathrm{gas}}{M\\_\\\\mathrm{air}},\nwhere M is the [molar mass](/wiki/Molar_mass \"Molar mass\") and the approximately equal sign is used because equality pertains only if 1 [mol](/wiki/Mole_%28unit%29 \"Mole (unit)\") of the gas and 1 mol of air occupy the same volume at a given temperature and pressure, i.e., they are both [ideal gases](/wiki/Ideal_gas \"Ideal gas\"). Ideal behaviour is usually only seen at very low pressure. For example, one mol of an ideal gas occupies 22\\.414 L at 0 °C and 1 atmosphere whereas [carbon dioxide](/wiki/Carbon_dioxide \"Carbon dioxide\") has a molar volume of 22\\.259 L under those same conditions.", "Those with SG greater than 1 are denser than water and will, disregarding [surface tension](/wiki/Surface_tension \"Surface tension\") effects, sink in it. Those with an SG less than 1 are less dense than water and will float on it. In scientific work, the relationship of mass to volume is usually expressed directly in terms of the density (mass per unit volume) of the substance under study. It is in industry where specific gravity finds wide application, often for historical reasons.", "True specific gravity of a liquid can be expressed mathematically as:\n SG\\_\\\\mathrm{true} \\= \\\\frac {\\\\rho\\_\\\\mathrm{sample}}{\\\\rho\\_\\\\mathrm{H\\_2O}},\nwhere \\\\rho\\_\\\\mathrm{sample} is the density of the sample and \\\\rho\\_\\\\mathrm{H\\_2O} is the density of water.", "The apparent specific gravity is simply the ratio of the weights of equal volumes of sample and water in air:\n SG\\_\\\\mathrm{apparent} \\= \\\\frac {W\\_{\\\\mathrm{A},\\\\text{sample}}}{W\\_{\\\\mathrm{A},\\\\mathrm{H\\_2O}}},\nwhere W\\_{A,\\\\text{sample}} represents the weight of the sample measured in air and {W\\_{\\\\mathrm{A},\\\\mathrm{H\\_2O}}} the weight of an equal volume of water measured in air.", "It can be shown that true specific gravity can be computed from different properties:\n SG\\_\\\\mathrm{true} \\= \\\\frac {\\\\rho\\_\\\\mathrm{sample}}{\\\\rho\\_\\\\mathrm{H\\_2O}} \\= \\\\frac {\\\\frac{m\\_\\\\mathrm{sample}}{V}}{\\\\frac{m\\_\\\\mathrm{H\\_2O}}{V}} \\= \\\\frac {m\\_\\\\mathrm{sample}}{m\\_\\\\mathrm{H\\_2O}} \\\\frac{g}{g} \\= \\\\frac {W\\_{\\\\mathrm{V},\\\\text{sample}}}{W\\_{\\\\mathrm{V},\\\\mathrm{H\\_2O}}},", "where *g* is the local acceleration due to gravity, *V* is the volume of the sample and of water (the same for both), *ρ*sample is the density of the sample, *ρ*H2O is the density of water, *W*V represents a weight obtained in vacuum, \\\\mathit{m}\\_\\\\mathrm{sample} is the mass of the sample and \\\\mathit{m}\\_\\\\mathrm{H\\_2 O} is the mass of an equal volume of water.", "The density of water and of the sample varies with temperature and pressure, so it is necessary to specify the temperatures and pressures at which the densities or weights were determined. Measurements are nearly always made at 1 nominal atmosphere (101\\.325 kPa ± variations from changing weather patterns), but as specific gravity usually refers to highly incompressible aqueous solutions or other incompressible substances (such as petroleum products), variations in density caused by pressure are usually neglected at least where apparent specific gravity is being measured. For true (*in vacuo*) specific gravity calculations, air pressure must be considered (see below). Temperatures are specified by the notation (*T*s/*T*r), with *T*s representing the temperature at which the sample's density was determined and *T*r the temperature at which the reference (water) density is specified. For example, SG (20 °C/4 °C) would be understood to mean that the density of the sample was determined at 20 °C and of the water at 4 °C. Taking into account different sample and reference temperatures, we note that, while *SG*H2O \\= {{val\\|1\\.000000}} (20 °C/20 °C), it is also the case that *SG*H2O \\= {{frac\\|{{val\\|0\\.9982008}}\\|{{val\\|0\\.9999720}}}} \\= {{val\\|0\\.9982288}} (20 °C/4 °C). Here, temperature is being specified using the current [ITS\\-90](/wiki/ITS-90 \"ITS-90\") scale and the densities used here and in the rest of this article are based on that scale. On the previous IPTS\\-68 scale, the densities at 20 °C and 4 °C are {{val\\|0\\.9982041}} and {{val\\|0\\.9999720}} respectively,{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Kell \\|first1\\=George S. \\|title\\=Density, Thermal Expansivity, and Compressibility of Liquid Water from 0 to 150°C: Correlations and Tables for Atmospheric Pressure and Saturation Reviewed and Expressed on 1968 Temperature Scale \\|journal\\=Journal of Chemical and Engineering Data \\|volume\\=20 \\|pages\\=97–105 \\|doi\\=10\\.1021/je60064a005 \\|url\\=https://doi.org/10\\.1021/je60064a005}} resulting in an SG (20 °C/4 °C) value for water of {{val\\|0\\.998232}}.", "As the principal use of specific gravity measurements in industry is determination of the concentrations of substances in aqueous solutions and as these are found in tables of SG versus concentration, it is extremely important that the analyst enter the table with the correct form of specific gravity. For example, in the brewing industry, the [Plato table](/wiki/Plato_scale \"Plato scale\") lists sucrose concentration by weight against true SG, and was originally (20 °C/4 °C)ASBC Methods of Analysis Preface to Table 1: Extract in Wort and Beer, American Society of Brewing Chemists, St Paul, 2009 i.e. based on measurements of the density of sucrose solutions made at laboratory temperature (20 °C) but referenced to the density of water at 4 °C which is very close to the temperature at which water has its maximum density, *ρ*H2O equal to 999\\.972 kg/m3 in SI units ({{val\\|0\\.999972\\|u\\=g/cm3}} in [cgs units](/wiki/CGS_system \"CGS system\") or 62\\.43 lb/cu ft in [United States customary units](/wiki/United_States_customary_units \"United States customary units\")). The [ASBC](/wiki/American_Society_of_Brewing_Chemists \"American Society of Brewing Chemists\") tableASBC Methods of Analysis *op. cit.* Table 1: Extract in Wort and Beer in use today in North America for apparent specific gravity measurements at (20 °C/20 °C) is derived from the original Plato table using Plato et al.‘s value for SG(20 °C/4 °C) \\= {{val\\|0\\.9982343}}. In the sugar, soft drink, honey, fruit juice and related industries, sucrose concentration by weight is taken from a table prepared by [A. Brix](/wiki/Brix \"Brix\"), which uses SG (17\\.5 °C/17\\.5 °C). As a final example, the British SG units are based on reference and sample temperatures of 60 °F and are thus (15\\.56 °C/15\\.56 °C).", "Given the specific gravity of a substance, its actual density can be calculated by rearranging the above formula:\n\\\\rho\\_\\\\mathrm{substance} \\= SG \\\\times \\\\rho\\_\\\\mathrm{H\\_2O}.", "Occasionally a reference substance other than water is specified (for example, air), in which case specific gravity means density relative to that reference.", "" ]
Measurement ----------- Relative density can be calculated directly by measuring the density of a sample and dividing it by the (known) density of the reference substance. The density of the sample is simply its mass divided by its volume. Although mass is easy to measure, the volume of an irregularly shaped sample can be more difficult to ascertain. One method is to put the sample in a water\-filled [graduated cylinder](/wiki/Graduated_cylinder "Graduated cylinder") and read off how much water it displaces. Alternatively the container can be filled to the brim, the sample immersed, and the volume of overflow measured. The [surface tension](/wiki/Surface_tension "Surface tension") of the water may keep a significant amount of water from overflowing, which is especially problematic for small samples. For this reason it is desirable to use a water container with as small a mouth as possible. For each substance, the density, *ρ*, is given by \\rho \= \\frac{\\text{Mass}}{\\text{Volume}} ``` = \frac{\text{Deflection} \times \frac{\text{Spring Constant}}{\text{Gravity}}}{\text{Displacement}_\mathrm{Water Line} \times \text{Area}_\mathrm{Cylinder}}. ``` When these densities are divided, references to the spring constant, gravity and cross\-sectional area simply cancel, leaving RD \= \\frac{\\rho\_\\mathrm{object}}{\\rho\_\\mathrm{ref}} \= \\frac{\\frac{\\text{Deflection}\_\\mathrm{Obj.}}{\\text{Displacement}\_\\mathrm{Obj.}}}{\\frac{\\text{Deflection}\_\\mathrm{Ref.}}{\\text{Displacement}\_\\mathrm{Ref.}}} \= \\frac{\\frac{3\\ \\mathrm{in}}{20\\ \\mathrm{mm}}}{\\frac{5\\ \\mathrm{in}}{34\\ \\mathrm{mm}}}\=\\frac{3\\ \\mathrm{in} \\times 34\\ \\mathrm{mm}}{5\\ \\mathrm{in} \\times 20\\ \\mathrm{mm}} \= 1\.02\. ### Hydrostatic weighing Relative density is more easily and perhaps more accurately measured without measuring volume. Using a spring scale, the sample is weighed first in air and then in water. Relative density (with respect to water) can then be calculated using the following formula: RD \= \\frac{W\_\\mathrm{air}}{W\_\\mathrm{air} \- W\_\\mathrm{water}}, where * *W*air is the weight of the sample in air (measured in [newtons](/wiki/Newton_%28unit%29 "Newton (unit)"), [pounds\-force](/wiki/Pound-force "Pound-force") or some other unit of force) * *W*water is the weight of the sample in water (measured in the same units). This technique cannot easily be used to measure relative densities less than one, because the sample will then float. *W*water becomes a negative quantity, representing the force needed to keep the sample underwater. Another practical method uses three measurements. The sample is weighed dry. Then a container filled to the brim with water is weighed, and weighed again with the sample immersed, after the displaced water has overflowed and been removed. Subtracting the last reading from the sum of the first two readings gives the weight of the displaced water. The relative density result is the dry sample weight divided by that of the displaced water. This method allows the use of scales which cannot handle a suspended sample. A sample less dense than water can also be handled, but it has to be held down, and the error introduced by the fixing material must be considered. ### Hydrometer {{main article\|hydrometer}} [right\|300px](/wiki/File:Hydro.PNG "Hydro.PNG") The relative density of a liquid can be measured using a hydrometer. This consists of a bulb attached to a stalk of constant cross\-sectional area, as shown in the adjacent diagram. First the hydrometer is floated in the reference liquid (shown in light blue), and the [displacement](/wiki/Displacement_%28fluid%29 "Displacement (fluid)") (the level of the liquid on the stalk) is marked (blue line). The reference could be any liquid, but in practice it is usually water. The hydrometer is then floated in a liquid of unknown density (shown in green). The change in displacement, Δ*x*, is noted. In the example depicted, the hydrometer has dropped slightly in the green liquid; hence its density is lower than that of the reference liquid. It is necessary that the hydrometer floats in both liquids. The application of simple physical principles allows the relative density of the unknown liquid to be calculated from the change in displacement. (In practice the stalk of the hydrometer is pre\-marked with graduations to facilitate this measurement.) In the explanation that follows, * *ρ*ref is the known density ([mass](/wiki/Mass "Mass") per unit [volume](/wiki/Volume "Volume")) of the reference liquid (typically water). * *ρ*new is the unknown density of the new (green) liquid. * *RD*new/ref is the relative density of the new liquid with respect to the reference. * *V* is the volume of reference liquid displaced, i.e. the red volume in the diagram. * *m* is the mass of the entire hydrometer. * *g* is the [local gravitational constant](/wiki/Earth%27s_gravity "Earth's gravity"). * Δ*x* is the change in displacement. In accordance with the way in which hydrometers are usually graduated, Δ*x* is here taken to be negative if the displacement line rises on the stalk of the hydrometer, and positive if it falls. In the example depicted, Δ*x* is negative. * *A* is the cross sectional area of the shaft. Since the floating hydrometer is in [static equilibrium](/wiki/Static_equilibrium "Static equilibrium"), the downward gravitational force acting upon it must exactly balance the upward buoyancy force. The gravitational force acting on the hydrometer is simply its weight, *mg*. From the [Archimedes](/wiki/Archimedes "Archimedes") [buoyancy](/wiki/Buoyancy "Buoyancy") principle, the buoyancy force acting on the hydrometer is equal to the weight of liquid displaced. This weight is equal to the mass of liquid displaced multiplied by *g*, which in the case of the reference liquid is *ρ*ref*Vg*. Setting these equal, we have mg \= \\rho\_\\mathrm{ref}Vg or just {{NumBlk\|\|m \= \\rho\_\\mathrm{ref} V.\|{{EquationRef\|1}}}} Exactly the same equation applies when the hydrometer is floating in the liquid being measured, except that the new volume is {{math\|''V'' − ''A''Δ''x''}} (see note above about the sign of Δ*x*). Thus, {{NumBlk\|\|m \= \\rho\_\\mathrm{new} (V \- A \\Delta x).\|{{EquationRef\|2}}}} Combining ({{EquationNote\|1}}) and ({{EquationNote\|2}}) yields {{NumBlk\|\|RD\_\\mathrm{new/ref} \= \\frac{\\rho\_\\mathrm{new}}{\\rho\_\\mathrm{ref}} \= \\frac{V}{V \- A \\Delta x}.\| {{EquationRef\|3}}}} But from ({{EquationNote\|1}}) we have {{math\|1\=''V'' \= ''m''/''ρ''ref}}. Substituting into ({{EquationNote\|3}}) gives {{NumBlk\|\|RD\_\\mathrm{new/ref} \= \\frac{1}{1 \- \\frac{A \\Delta x}{m} \\rho\_\\mathrm{ref}}.\|{{EquationRef\|4}}}} This equation allows the relative density to be calculated from the change in displacement, the known density of the reference liquid, and the known properties of the hydrometer. If Δ*x* is small then, as a [first\-order approximation](/wiki/Orders_of_approximation "Orders of approximation") of the [geometric series](/wiki/Geometric_series "Geometric series") equation ({{EquationNote\|4}}) can be written as: RD\_\\mathrm{new/ref} \\approx 1 \+ \\frac{A \\Delta x}{m} \\rho\_\\mathrm{ref}. This shows that, for small Δ*x*, changes in displacement are approximately proportional to changes in relative density. ### Pycnometer [thumb\|upright\|An empty glass pycnometer and stopper](/wiki/File:PycnometerEmpty.jpg "PycnometerEmpty.jpg") [thumb\|upright\|A filled pycnometer](/wiki/File:Pycnometer_full.jpg "Pycnometer full.jpg") {{see also\|Gas pycnometer}} A **pycnometer** (from {{lang\-grc\|πυκνός\|puknos\|dense}}), also called **pyknometer** or **specific gravity bottle**, is a device used to determine the [density](/wiki/Density "Density") of a liquid. A pycnometer is usually made of [glass](/wiki/Glass "Glass"), with a close\-fitting [ground glass](/wiki/Ground_glass_joint "Ground glass joint") [stopper](/wiki/Stopper_%28plug%29 "Stopper (plug)") with a [capillary tube](/wiki/Capillary_tube "Capillary tube") through it, so that air bubbles may escape from the apparatus. This device enables a liquid's density to be measured accurately by reference to an appropriate working fluid, such as [water](/wiki/Water "Water") or [mercury](/wiki/Mercury_%28element%29 "Mercury (element)"), using an [analytical balance](/wiki/Analytical_balance "Analytical balance").{{Citation needed\|date\=May 2012}} If the flask is weighed empty, full of water, and full of a liquid whose relative density is desired, the relative density of the liquid can easily be calculated. The [particle density](/wiki/Particle_density_%28packed_density%29 "Particle density (packed density)") of a powder, to which the usual method of weighing cannot be applied, can also be determined with a pycnometer. The powder is added to the pycnometer, which is then weighed, giving the weight of the powder sample. The pycnometer is then filled with a liquid of known density, in which the powder is completely insoluble. The weight of the displaced liquid can then be determined, and hence the relative density of the powder. A [gas pycnometer](/wiki/Gas_pycnometer "Gas pycnometer"), the gas\-based manifestation of a pycnometer, compares the change in pressure caused by a measured change in a closed volume containing a reference (usually a steel sphere of known volume) with the change in pressure caused by the sample under the same conditions. The difference in change of pressure represents the volume of the sample as compared to the reference sphere, and is usually used for solid particulates that may dissolve in the liquid medium of the pycnometer design described above, or for porous materials into which the liquid would not fully penetrate. When a pycnometer is filled to a specific, but not necessarily accurately known volume, *V* and is placed upon a balance, it will exert a force F\_\\mathrm{b} \= g\\left(m\_\\mathrm{b} \- \\rho\_\\mathrm{a}\\frac{m\_\\mathrm{b}}{\\rho\_\\mathrm{b}}\\right), where *m*b is the mass of the bottle and *g* the [gravitational acceleration](/wiki/Gravitational_acceleration "Gravitational acceleration") at the location at which the measurements are being made. *ρ*a is the density of the air at the ambient pressure and *ρ*b is the density of the material of which the bottle is made (usually glass) so that the second term is the mass of air displaced by the glass of the bottle whose weight, by [Archimedes Principle](/wiki/Archimedes%27_principle%23Archimedes%27_principle "Archimedes' principle#Archimedes' principle") must be subtracted. The bottle is filled with air but as that air displaces an equal amount of air the weight of that air is canceled by the weight of the air displaced. Now we fill the bottle with the reference fluid e.g. pure water. The force exerted on the pan of the balance becomes: F\_\\mathrm{w} \= g\\left(m\_\\mathrm{b} \- \\rho\_\\mathrm{a} \\frac{m\_\\mathrm{b}}{\\rho\_\\mathrm{b}} \+ V\\rho\_\\mathrm{w} \- V\\rho\_\\mathrm{a}\\right). If we subtract the force measured on the empty bottle from this (or tare the balance before making the water measurement) we obtain. F\_\\mathrm{w,n} \= gV( \\rho\_\\mathrm{w} \- \\rho\_\\mathrm{a}), where the subscript *n* indicated that this force is net of the force of the empty bottle. The bottle is now emptied, thoroughly dried and refilled with the sample. The force, net of the empty bottle, is now: F\_\\mathrm{s,n} \= gV(\\rho\_\\mathrm{s} \- \\rho\_\\mathrm{a}), where *ρ*s is the density of the sample. The ratio of the sample and water forces is: SG\_\\mathrm{A} \= \\frac{gV(\\rho\_\\mathrm{s} \- \\rho\_\\mathrm{a})}{gV( \\rho\_\\mathrm{w} \- \\rho\_\\mathrm{a})} \= \\frac{\\rho\_\\mathrm{s} \- \\rho\_\\mathrm{a}}{\\rho\_\\mathrm{w} \- \\rho\_\\mathrm{a}}. This is called the *apparent relative density*, denoted by subscript A, because it is what we would obtain if we took the ratio of net weighings in air from an analytical balance or used a [hydrometer](/wiki/Hydrometer "Hydrometer") (the stem displaces air). Note that the result does not depend on the calibration of the balance. The only requirement on it is that it read linearly with force. Nor does *RD*A depend on the actual volume of the pycnometer. Further manipulation and finally substitution of *RD*V, the true relative density (the subscript V is used because this is often referred to as the relative density {{lang\|la\|in vacuo}}), for *ρ*s/*ρ*w gives the relationship between apparent and true relative density: RD\_\\mathrm{A}\= {{\\rho\_\\mathrm{s} \\over \\rho\_\\mathrm{w}}\-{\\rho\_\\mathrm{a} \\over \\rho\_\\mathrm{w}} \\over 1 \- {\\rho\_\\mathrm{a} \\over \\rho\_\\mathrm{w}}} \={RD\_\\mathrm{V}\-{\\rho\_\\mathrm{a} \\over \\rho\_\\mathrm{w}} \\over 1 \- {\\rho\_\\mathrm{a} \\over \\rho\_\\mathrm{w}}}. In the usual case we will have measured weights and want the true relative density. This is found from RD\_\\mathrm{V} \= RD\_\\mathrm{A} \- {\\rho\_\\mathrm{a} \\over \\rho\_\\mathrm{w} }(RD\_\\mathrm{A}\-1\). Since the density of dry air at 101\.325 kPa at 20 °C isDIN51 757 (04\.1994\): Testing of mineral oils and related materials; determination of density 0\.001205 g/cm3 and that of water is 0\.998203 g/cm3 we see that the difference between true and apparent relative densities for a substance with relative density (20 °C/20 °C) of about 1\.100 would be 0\.000120\. Where the relative density of the sample is close to that of water (for example dilute ethanol solutions) the correction is even smaller. The pycnometer is used in ISO standard: ISO 1183\-1:2004, ISO 1014–1985 and [ASTM](/wiki/ASTM_International "ASTM International") standard: ASTM D854\. **Types** * [Gay\-Lussac](/wiki/Gay-Lussac "Gay-Lussac"), pear shaped, with perforated stopper, adjusted, capacity 1, 2, 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100 mL * as above, with ground\-in [thermometer](/wiki/Thermometer "Thermometer"), adjusted, side tube with cap * Hubbard, for [bitumen](/wiki/Bitumen "Bitumen") and [heavy crude oils](/wiki/Heavy_crude_oil "Heavy crude oil"), cylindrical type, [ASTM](/wiki/ASTM "ASTM") D 70, 24 mL * as above, conical type, ASTM D 115 and D 234, 25 mL * Boot, with vacuum jacket and thermometer, capacity 5, 10, 25 and 50 mL ### Digital density meters *Hydrostatic Pressure\-based Instruments*: This technology relies upon Pascal's Principle which states that the pressure difference between two points within a vertical column of fluid is dependent upon the vertical distance between the two points, the density of the fluid and the gravitational force. This technology is often used for tank gauging applications as a convenient means of liquid level and density measure. *Vibrating Element Transducers*: This type of instrument requires a vibrating element to be placed in contact with the fluid of interest. The resonant frequency of the element is measured and is related to the density of the fluid by a characterization that is dependent upon the design of the element. In modern laboratories precise measurements of relative density are made using [oscillating U\-tube](/wiki/Oscillating_U-tube "Oscillating U-tube") meters. These are capable of measurement to 5 to 6 places beyond the decimal point and are used in the brewing, distilling, pharmaceutical, petroleum and other industries. The instruments measure the actual mass of fluid contained in a fixed volume at temperatures between 0 and 80 °C but as they are microprocessor based can calculate apparent or true relative density and contain tables relating these to the strengths of common acids, sugar solutions, etc. *Ultrasonic Transducer*: Ultrasonic waves are passed from a source, through the fluid of interest, and into a detector which measures the acoustic spectroscopy of the waves. Fluid properties such as density and viscosity can be inferred from the spectrum. *Radiation\-based Gauge*: Radiation is passed from a source, through the fluid of interest, and into a scintillation detector, or counter. As the fluid density increases, the detected radiation "counts" will decrease. The source is typically the radioactive isotope [caesium\-137](/wiki/Caesium-137 "Caesium-137"), with a half\-life of about 30 years. A key advantage for this technology is that the instrument is not required to be in contact with the fluid—typically the source and detector are mounted on the outside of tanks or piping.[Density – VEGA Americas, Inc](http://www.ohmartvega.com/en/nuclear_density_DSG.htm). Ohmartvega.com. Retrieved on 2011\-09\-30\. *Buoyant Force Transducer*: the buoyancy force produced by a float in a homogeneous liquid is equal to the weight of the liquid that is displaced by the float. Since buoyancy force is linear with respect to the density of the liquid within which the float is submerged, the measure of the buoyancy force yields a measure of the density of the liquid. One commercially available unit claims the instrument is capable of measuring relative density with an accuracy of ± 0\.005 RD units. The submersible probe head contains a mathematically characterized spring\-float system. When the head is immersed vertically in the liquid, the float moves vertically and the position of the float controls the position of a permanent magnet whose displacement is sensed by a concentric array of Hall\-effect linear displacement sensors. The output signals of the sensors are mixed in a dedicated electronics module that provides a single output voltage whose magnitude is a direct linear measure of the quantity to be measured.[Process Control Digital Electronic Hydrometer](http://www.gardco.com/pages/density/electric_hydrometer.cfm). Gardco. Retrieved on 2011\-09\-30\. ### The relative density in soil mechanics The relative density D\_\\mathrm{R} a measure of the current void ratio in relation to the maximum and minimum void rations, and applied effective stress control the mechanical behavior of cohesionless soil. Relative density is defined by D\_\\mathrm{R}\=\\frac{e\_\\mathrm{max}\-e}{e\_\\mathrm{max}\-e\_\\mathrm{min}} \\times 100\\% in which e\_\\mathrm{max}, e\_\\mathrm{min}, and e are the maximum, minimum and actual void rations. ### Limitations Specific gravity (SG) is a useful concept but has several limitations. One major issue is its sensitivity to temperature since the density of both the substance being measured and the reference changes with temperature, affecting accuracy.{{cite journal \|last\=Shaw \|first\=P.E. \|year\=1916 \|title\=The newtonian constant of gravitation as affected by temperature \|journal\=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London \|volume\=216 \|issue\=538–548 \|pages\=349–392 \|doi\=10\.1098/rsta.1916\.0007\|doi\-access\=free }} It also assumes materials are incompressible, which isn't true for gasses or some liquids under varying pressures.{{cite book \|title\=Engineering Design Handbook:Hydraulic Fluids \|publisher\=US Army Materiel Command \|year\=1971 \|chapter\=Chapter 3\-Specific Gravity \|page\=3\-38 \|chapter\-url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=2gVTWYmMuZwC\&dq\=Specific\+gravity\+sensitive\+to\+temperature\&pg\=RA2\-SA3\-PA38 \|access\-date\=Sep 15, 2024}} It doesn't provide detailed information about a material’s composition or properties beyond density.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.samaterials.com/specific\-gravity\-liquids\-gases\-and\-solids.html \|title\=Specific Gravity: Liquids, Gases, and Solids \|website\=Stanford Advanced Materials \|last\=Trento \|first\=Chin \|date\=Jan 5, 2024 \|access\-date\=Sep 15, 2024}} Errors can also occur due to impurities, incomplete mixing, or air [bubbles](/wiki/Bubble_%28physics%29 "Bubble (physics)") in liquids, which can skew results.{{cite patent \|country\=WO \|number\=1992005422A1 \|status\=patent}}
[ "Measurement\n-----------", "Relative density can be calculated directly by measuring the density of a sample and dividing it by the (known) density of the reference substance. The density of the sample is simply its mass divided by its volume. Although mass is easy to measure, the volume of an irregularly shaped sample can be more difficult to ascertain. One method is to put the sample in a water\\-filled [graduated cylinder](/wiki/Graduated_cylinder \"Graduated cylinder\") and read off how much water it displaces. Alternatively the container can be filled to the brim, the sample immersed, and the volume of overflow measured. The [surface tension](/wiki/Surface_tension \"Surface tension\") of the water may keep a significant amount of water from overflowing, which is especially problematic for small samples. For this reason it is desirable to use a water container with as small a mouth as possible.", "For each substance, the density, *ρ*, is given by\n\\\\rho \\= \\\\frac{\\\\text{Mass}}{\\\\text{Volume}}", "```\n= \\frac{\\text{Deflection} \\times \\frac{\\text{Spring Constant}}{\\text{Gravity}}}{\\text{Displacement}_\\mathrm{Water Line} \\times \\text{Area}_\\mathrm{Cylinder}}.\n```", "", "When these densities are divided, references to the spring constant, gravity and cross\\-sectional area simply cancel, leaving", "RD \\= \\\\frac{\\\\rho\\_\\\\mathrm{object}}{\\\\rho\\_\\\\mathrm{ref}}\n\\= \\\\frac{\\\\frac{\\\\text{Deflection}\\_\\\\mathrm{Obj.}}{\\\\text{Displacement}\\_\\\\mathrm{Obj.}}}{\\\\frac{\\\\text{Deflection}\\_\\\\mathrm{Ref.}}{\\\\text{Displacement}\\_\\\\mathrm{Ref.}}}\n\\= \\\\frac{\\\\frac{3\\\\ \\\\mathrm{in}}{20\\\\ \\\\mathrm{mm}}}{\\\\frac{5\\\\ \\\\mathrm{in}}{34\\\\ \\\\mathrm{mm}}}\\=\\\\frac{3\\\\ \\\\mathrm{in} \\\\times 34\\\\ \\\\mathrm{mm}}{5\\\\ \\\\mathrm{in} \\\\times 20\\\\ \\\\mathrm{mm}} \\= 1\\.02\\.", "", "### Hydrostatic weighing", "Relative density is more easily and perhaps more accurately measured without measuring volume. Using a spring scale, the sample is weighed first in air and then in water. Relative density (with respect to water) can then be calculated using the following formula:\nRD \\= \\\\frac{W\\_\\\\mathrm{air}}{W\\_\\\\mathrm{air} \\- W\\_\\\\mathrm{water}},\nwhere\n* *W*air is the weight of the sample in air (measured in [newtons](/wiki/Newton_%28unit%29 \"Newton (unit)\"), [pounds\\-force](/wiki/Pound-force \"Pound-force\") or some other unit of force)\n* *W*water is the weight of the sample in water (measured in the same units).", "This technique cannot easily be used to measure relative densities less than one, because the sample will then float. *W*water becomes a negative quantity, representing the force needed to keep the sample underwater.", "Another practical method uses three measurements. The sample is weighed dry. Then a container filled to the brim with water is weighed, and weighed again with the sample immersed, after the displaced water has overflowed and been removed. Subtracting the last reading from the sum of the first two readings gives the weight of the displaced water. The relative density result is the dry sample weight divided by that of the displaced water. This method allows the use of scales which cannot handle a suspended sample. A sample less dense than water can also be handled, but it has to be held down, and the error introduced by the fixing material must be considered.", "### Hydrometer", "{{main article\\|hydrometer}}\n[right\\|300px](/wiki/File:Hydro.PNG \"Hydro.PNG\")\nThe relative density of a liquid can be measured using a hydrometer. This consists of a bulb attached to a stalk of constant cross\\-sectional area, as shown in the adjacent diagram.", "First the hydrometer is floated in the reference liquid (shown in light blue), and the [displacement](/wiki/Displacement_%28fluid%29 \"Displacement (fluid)\") (the level of the liquid on the stalk) is marked (blue line). The reference could be any liquid, but in practice it is usually water.", "The hydrometer is then floated in a liquid of unknown density (shown in green). The change in displacement, Δ*x*, is noted. In the example depicted, the hydrometer has dropped slightly in the green liquid; hence its density is lower than that of the reference liquid. It is necessary that the hydrometer floats in both liquids.", "The application of simple physical principles allows the relative density of the unknown liquid to be calculated from the change in displacement. (In practice the stalk of the hydrometer is pre\\-marked with graduations to facilitate this measurement.)", "In the explanation that follows,\n* *ρ*ref is the known density ([mass](/wiki/Mass \"Mass\") per unit [volume](/wiki/Volume \"Volume\")) of the reference liquid (typically water).\n* *ρ*new is the unknown density of the new (green) liquid.\n* *RD*new/ref is the relative density of the new liquid with respect to the reference.\n* *V* is the volume of reference liquid displaced, i.e. the red volume in the diagram.\n* *m* is the mass of the entire hydrometer.\n* *g* is the [local gravitational constant](/wiki/Earth%27s_gravity \"Earth's gravity\").\n* Δ*x* is the change in displacement. In accordance with the way in which hydrometers are usually graduated, Δ*x* is here taken to be negative if the displacement line rises on the stalk of the hydrometer, and positive if it falls. In the example depicted, Δ*x* is negative.\n* *A* is the cross sectional area of the shaft.", "Since the floating hydrometer is in [static equilibrium](/wiki/Static_equilibrium \"Static equilibrium\"), the downward gravitational force acting upon it must exactly balance the upward buoyancy force. The gravitational force acting on the hydrometer is simply its weight, *mg*. From the [Archimedes](/wiki/Archimedes \"Archimedes\") [buoyancy](/wiki/Buoyancy \"Buoyancy\") principle, the buoyancy force acting on the hydrometer is equal to the weight of liquid displaced. This weight is equal to the mass of liquid displaced multiplied by *g*, which in the case of the reference liquid is *ρ*ref*Vg*. Setting these equal, we have\nmg \\= \\\\rho\\_\\\\mathrm{ref}Vg", "or just\n{{NumBlk\\|\\|m \\= \\\\rho\\_\\\\mathrm{ref} V.\\|{{EquationRef\\|1}}}}", "Exactly the same equation applies when the hydrometer is floating in the liquid being measured, except that the new volume is {{math\\|''V'' − ''A''Δ''x''}} (see note above about the sign of Δ*x*). Thus,\n{{NumBlk\\|\\|m \\= \\\\rho\\_\\\\mathrm{new} (V \\- A \\\\Delta x).\\|{{EquationRef\\|2}}}}", "Combining ({{EquationNote\\|1}}) and ({{EquationNote\\|2}}) yields\n{{NumBlk\\|\\|RD\\_\\\\mathrm{new/ref} \\= \\\\frac{\\\\rho\\_\\\\mathrm{new}}{\\\\rho\\_\\\\mathrm{ref}} \\= \\\\frac{V}{V \\- A \\\\Delta x}.\\|\n{{EquationRef\\|3}}}}", "But from ({{EquationNote\\|1}}) we have {{math\\|1\\=''V'' \\= ''m''/''ρ''ref}}. Substituting into ({{EquationNote\\|3}}) gives\n{{NumBlk\\|\\|RD\\_\\\\mathrm{new/ref} \\= \\\\frac{1}{1 \\- \\\\frac{A \\\\Delta x}{m} \\\\rho\\_\\\\mathrm{ref}}.\\|{{EquationRef\\|4}}}}", "This equation allows the relative density to be calculated from the change in displacement, the known density of the reference liquid, and the known properties of the hydrometer. If Δ*x* is small then, as a [first\\-order approximation](/wiki/Orders_of_approximation \"Orders of approximation\") of the [geometric series](/wiki/Geometric_series \"Geometric series\") equation ({{EquationNote\\|4}}) can be written as:\nRD\\_\\\\mathrm{new/ref} \\\\approx 1 \\+ \\\\frac{A \\\\Delta x}{m} \\\\rho\\_\\\\mathrm{ref}.", "This shows that, for small Δ*x*, changes in displacement are approximately proportional to changes in relative density.", "### Pycnometer", "[thumb\\|upright\\|An empty glass pycnometer and stopper](/wiki/File:PycnometerEmpty.jpg \"PycnometerEmpty.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|upright\\|A filled pycnometer](/wiki/File:Pycnometer_full.jpg \"Pycnometer full.jpg\")\n{{see also\\|Gas pycnometer}}\nA **pycnometer** (from {{lang\\-grc\\|πυκνός\\|puknos\\|dense}}), also called **pyknometer** or **specific gravity bottle**, is a device used to determine the [density](/wiki/Density \"Density\") of a liquid. A pycnometer is usually made of [glass](/wiki/Glass \"Glass\"), with a close\\-fitting [ground glass](/wiki/Ground_glass_joint \"Ground glass joint\") [stopper](/wiki/Stopper_%28plug%29 \"Stopper (plug)\") with a [capillary tube](/wiki/Capillary_tube \"Capillary tube\") through it, so that air bubbles may escape from the apparatus. This device enables a liquid's density to be measured accurately by reference to an appropriate working fluid, such as [water](/wiki/Water \"Water\") or [mercury](/wiki/Mercury_%28element%29 \"Mercury (element)\"), using an [analytical balance](/wiki/Analytical_balance \"Analytical balance\").{{Citation needed\\|date\\=May 2012}}", "If the flask is weighed empty, full of water, and full of a liquid whose relative density is desired, the relative density of the liquid can easily be calculated. The [particle density](/wiki/Particle_density_%28packed_density%29 \"Particle density (packed density)\") of a powder, to which the usual method of weighing cannot be applied, can also be determined with a pycnometer. The powder is added to the pycnometer, which is then weighed, giving the weight of the powder sample. The pycnometer is then filled with a liquid of known density, in which the powder is completely insoluble. The weight of the displaced liquid can then be determined, and hence the relative density of the powder.", "A [gas pycnometer](/wiki/Gas_pycnometer \"Gas pycnometer\"), the gas\\-based manifestation of a pycnometer, compares the change in pressure caused by a measured change in a closed volume containing a reference (usually a steel sphere of known volume) with the change in pressure caused by the sample under the same conditions. The difference in change of pressure represents the volume of the sample as compared to the reference sphere, and is usually used for solid particulates that may dissolve in the liquid medium of the pycnometer design described above, or for porous materials into which the liquid would not fully penetrate.", "When a pycnometer is filled to a specific, but not necessarily accurately known volume, *V* and is placed upon a balance, it will exert a force\n F\\_\\\\mathrm{b} \\= g\\\\left(m\\_\\\\mathrm{b} \\- \\\\rho\\_\\\\mathrm{a}\\\\frac{m\\_\\\\mathrm{b}}{\\\\rho\\_\\\\mathrm{b}}\\\\right),\nwhere *m*b is the mass of the bottle and *g* the [gravitational acceleration](/wiki/Gravitational_acceleration \"Gravitational acceleration\") at the location at which the measurements are being made. *ρ*a is the density of the air at the ambient pressure and *ρ*b is the density of the material of which the bottle is made (usually glass) so that the second term is the mass of air displaced by the glass of the bottle whose weight, by [Archimedes Principle](/wiki/Archimedes%27_principle%23Archimedes%27_principle \"Archimedes' principle#Archimedes' principle\") must be subtracted. The bottle is filled with air but as that air displaces an equal amount of air the weight of that air is canceled by the weight of the air displaced. Now we fill the bottle with the reference fluid e.g. pure water. The force exerted on the pan of the balance becomes:\n F\\_\\\\mathrm{w} \\= g\\\\left(m\\_\\\\mathrm{b} \\- \\\\rho\\_\\\\mathrm{a} \\\\frac{m\\_\\\\mathrm{b}}{\\\\rho\\_\\\\mathrm{b}} \\+ V\\\\rho\\_\\\\mathrm{w} \\- V\\\\rho\\_\\\\mathrm{a}\\\\right).", "If we subtract the force measured on the empty bottle from this (or tare the balance before making the water measurement) we obtain.\nF\\_\\\\mathrm{w,n} \\= gV( \\\\rho\\_\\\\mathrm{w} \\- \\\\rho\\_\\\\mathrm{a}),\nwhere the subscript *n* indicated that this force is net of the force of the empty bottle. The bottle is now emptied, thoroughly dried and refilled with the sample. The force, net of the empty bottle, is now:\nF\\_\\\\mathrm{s,n} \\= gV(\\\\rho\\_\\\\mathrm{s} \\- \\\\rho\\_\\\\mathrm{a}),\nwhere *ρ*s is the density of the sample. The ratio of the sample and water forces is:\nSG\\_\\\\mathrm{A} \\= \\\\frac{gV(\\\\rho\\_\\\\mathrm{s} \\- \\\\rho\\_\\\\mathrm{a})}{gV( \\\\rho\\_\\\\mathrm{w} \\- \\\\rho\\_\\\\mathrm{a})} \\= \\\\frac{\\\\rho\\_\\\\mathrm{s} \\- \\\\rho\\_\\\\mathrm{a}}{\\\\rho\\_\\\\mathrm{w} \\- \\\\rho\\_\\\\mathrm{a}}.", "This is called the *apparent relative density*, denoted by subscript A, because it is what we would obtain if we took the ratio of net weighings in air from an analytical balance or used a [hydrometer](/wiki/Hydrometer \"Hydrometer\") (the stem displaces air). Note that the result does not depend on the calibration of the balance. The only requirement on it is that it read linearly with force. Nor does *RD*A depend on the actual volume of the pycnometer.", "Further manipulation and finally substitution of *RD*V, the true relative density (the subscript V is used because this is often referred to as the relative density {{lang\\|la\\|in vacuo}}), for *ρ*s/*ρ*w gives the relationship between apparent and true relative density:", "RD\\_\\\\mathrm{A}\\= {{\\\\rho\\_\\\\mathrm{s} \\\\over \\\\rho\\_\\\\mathrm{w}}\\-{\\\\rho\\_\\\\mathrm{a} \\\\over \\\\rho\\_\\\\mathrm{w}} \\\\over 1 \\- {\\\\rho\\_\\\\mathrm{a} \\\\over \\\\rho\\_\\\\mathrm{w}}} \\={RD\\_\\\\mathrm{V}\\-{\\\\rho\\_\\\\mathrm{a} \\\\over \\\\rho\\_\\\\mathrm{w}} \\\\over 1 \\- {\\\\rho\\_\\\\mathrm{a} \\\\over \\\\rho\\_\\\\mathrm{w}}}.", "In the usual case we will have measured weights and want the true relative density. This is found from\nRD\\_\\\\mathrm{V} \\= RD\\_\\\\mathrm{A} \\- {\\\\rho\\_\\\\mathrm{a} \\\\over \\\\rho\\_\\\\mathrm{w} }(RD\\_\\\\mathrm{A}\\-1\\).", "Since the density of dry air at 101\\.325 kPa at 20 °C isDIN51 757 (04\\.1994\\): Testing of mineral oils and related materials; determination of density 0\\.001205 g/cm3 and that of water is 0\\.998203 g/cm3 we see that the difference between true and apparent relative densities for a substance with relative density (20 °C/20 °C) of about 1\\.100 would be 0\\.000120\\. Where the relative density of the sample is close to that of water (for example dilute ethanol solutions) the correction is even smaller.", "The pycnometer is used in ISO standard: ISO 1183\\-1:2004, ISO 1014–1985 and [ASTM](/wiki/ASTM_International \"ASTM International\") standard: ASTM D854\\.", "**Types**", "* [Gay\\-Lussac](/wiki/Gay-Lussac \"Gay-Lussac\"), pear shaped, with perforated stopper, adjusted, capacity 1, 2, 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100 mL\n* as above, with ground\\-in [thermometer](/wiki/Thermometer \"Thermometer\"), adjusted, side tube with cap\n* Hubbard, for [bitumen](/wiki/Bitumen \"Bitumen\") and [heavy crude oils](/wiki/Heavy_crude_oil \"Heavy crude oil\"), cylindrical type, [ASTM](/wiki/ASTM \"ASTM\") D 70, 24 mL\n* as above, conical type, ASTM D 115 and D 234, 25 mL\n* Boot, with vacuum jacket and thermometer, capacity 5, 10, 25 and 50 mL", "### Digital density meters", "*Hydrostatic Pressure\\-based Instruments*: This technology relies upon Pascal's Principle which states that the pressure difference between two points within a vertical column of fluid is dependent upon the vertical distance between the two points, the density of the fluid and the gravitational force. This technology is often used for tank gauging applications as a convenient means of liquid level and density measure.", "*Vibrating Element Transducers*: This type of instrument requires a vibrating element to be placed in contact with the fluid of interest. The resonant frequency of the element is measured and is related to the density of the fluid by a characterization that is dependent upon the design of the element. In modern laboratories precise measurements of relative density are made using [oscillating U\\-tube](/wiki/Oscillating_U-tube \"Oscillating U-tube\") meters. These are capable of measurement to 5 to 6 places beyond the decimal point and are used in the brewing, distilling, pharmaceutical, petroleum and other industries. The instruments measure the actual mass of fluid contained in a fixed volume at temperatures between 0 and 80 °C but as they are microprocessor based can calculate apparent or true relative density and contain tables relating these to the strengths of common acids, sugar solutions, etc.", "*Ultrasonic Transducer*: Ultrasonic waves are passed from a source, through the fluid of interest, and into a detector which measures the acoustic spectroscopy of the waves. Fluid properties such as density and viscosity can be inferred from the spectrum.", "*Radiation\\-based Gauge*: Radiation is passed from a source, through the fluid of interest, and into a scintillation detector, or counter. As the fluid density increases, the detected radiation \"counts\" will decrease. The source is typically the radioactive isotope [caesium\\-137](/wiki/Caesium-137 \"Caesium-137\"), with a half\\-life of about 30 years. A key advantage for this technology is that the instrument is not required to be in contact with the fluid—typically the source and detector are mounted on the outside of tanks or piping.[Density – VEGA Americas, Inc](http://www.ohmartvega.com/en/nuclear_density_DSG.htm). Ohmartvega.com. Retrieved on 2011\\-09\\-30\\.", "*Buoyant Force Transducer*: the buoyancy force produced by a float in a homogeneous liquid is equal to the weight of the liquid that is displaced by the float. Since buoyancy force is linear with respect to the density of the liquid within which the float is submerged, the measure of the buoyancy force yields a measure of the density of the liquid. One commercially available unit claims the instrument is capable of measuring relative density with an accuracy of ± 0\\.005 RD units. The submersible probe head contains a mathematically characterized spring\\-float system. When the head is immersed vertically in the liquid, the float moves vertically and the position of the float controls the position of a permanent magnet whose displacement is sensed by a concentric array of Hall\\-effect linear displacement sensors. The output signals of the sensors are mixed in a dedicated electronics module that provides a single output voltage whose magnitude is a direct linear measure of the quantity to be measured.[Process Control Digital Electronic Hydrometer](http://www.gardco.com/pages/density/electric_hydrometer.cfm). Gardco. Retrieved on 2011\\-09\\-30\\.", "### The relative density in soil mechanics", "The relative density D\\_\\\\mathrm{R} a measure of the current void ratio in relation to the maximum and minimum void rations, and applied effective stress control the mechanical behavior of cohesionless soil. Relative density is defined by D\\_\\\\mathrm{R}\\=\\\\frac{e\\_\\\\mathrm{max}\\-e}{e\\_\\\\mathrm{max}\\-e\\_\\\\mathrm{min}} \\\\times 100\\\\%\nin which e\\_\\\\mathrm{max}, e\\_\\\\mathrm{min}, and e are the maximum, minimum and actual void rations.", "### Limitations", "Specific gravity (SG) is a useful concept but has several limitations. One major issue is its sensitivity to temperature since the density of both the substance being measured and the reference changes with temperature, affecting accuracy.{{cite journal \\|last\\=Shaw \\|first\\=P.E. \\|year\\=1916 \\|title\\=The newtonian constant of gravitation as affected by temperature \\|journal\\=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London \\|volume\\=216 \\|issue\\=538–548 \\|pages\\=349–392 \\|doi\\=10\\.1098/rsta.1916\\.0007\\|doi\\-access\\=free }} It also assumes materials are incompressible, which isn't true for gasses or some liquids under varying pressures.{{cite book \\|title\\=Engineering Design Handbook:Hydraulic Fluids \\|publisher\\=US Army Materiel Command \\|year\\=1971 \\|chapter\\=Chapter 3\\-Specific Gravity \\|page\\=3\\-38 \\|chapter\\-url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=2gVTWYmMuZwC\\&dq\\=Specific\\+gravity\\+sensitive\\+to\\+temperature\\&pg\\=RA2\\-SA3\\-PA38 \\|access\\-date\\=Sep 15, 2024}} It doesn't provide detailed information about a material’s composition or properties beyond density.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.samaterials.com/specific\\-gravity\\-liquids\\-gases\\-and\\-solids.html \\|title\\=Specific Gravity: Liquids, Gases, and Solids \\|website\\=Stanford Advanced Materials \\|last\\=Trento \\|first\\=Chin \\|date\\=Jan 5, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=Sep 15, 2024}} Errors can also occur due to impurities, incomplete mixing, or air [bubbles](/wiki/Bubble_%28physics%29 \"Bubble (physics)\") in liquids, which can skew results.{{cite patent \\|country\\=WO \\|number\\=1992005422A1 \\|status\\=patent}}", "" ]
### Hydrometer {{main article\|hydrometer}} [right\|300px](/wiki/File:Hydro.PNG "Hydro.PNG") The relative density of a liquid can be measured using a hydrometer. This consists of a bulb attached to a stalk of constant cross\-sectional area, as shown in the adjacent diagram. First the hydrometer is floated in the reference liquid (shown in light blue), and the [displacement](/wiki/Displacement_%28fluid%29 "Displacement (fluid)") (the level of the liquid on the stalk) is marked (blue line). The reference could be any liquid, but in practice it is usually water. The hydrometer is then floated in a liquid of unknown density (shown in green). The change in displacement, Δ*x*, is noted. In the example depicted, the hydrometer has dropped slightly in the green liquid; hence its density is lower than that of the reference liquid. It is necessary that the hydrometer floats in both liquids. The application of simple physical principles allows the relative density of the unknown liquid to be calculated from the change in displacement. (In practice the stalk of the hydrometer is pre\-marked with graduations to facilitate this measurement.) In the explanation that follows, * *ρ*ref is the known density ([mass](/wiki/Mass "Mass") per unit [volume](/wiki/Volume "Volume")) of the reference liquid (typically water). * *ρ*new is the unknown density of the new (green) liquid. * *RD*new/ref is the relative density of the new liquid with respect to the reference. * *V* is the volume of reference liquid displaced, i.e. the red volume in the diagram. * *m* is the mass of the entire hydrometer. * *g* is the [local gravitational constant](/wiki/Earth%27s_gravity "Earth's gravity"). * Δ*x* is the change in displacement. In accordance with the way in which hydrometers are usually graduated, Δ*x* is here taken to be negative if the displacement line rises on the stalk of the hydrometer, and positive if it falls. In the example depicted, Δ*x* is negative. * *A* is the cross sectional area of the shaft. Since the floating hydrometer is in [static equilibrium](/wiki/Static_equilibrium "Static equilibrium"), the downward gravitational force acting upon it must exactly balance the upward buoyancy force. The gravitational force acting on the hydrometer is simply its weight, *mg*. From the [Archimedes](/wiki/Archimedes "Archimedes") [buoyancy](/wiki/Buoyancy "Buoyancy") principle, the buoyancy force acting on the hydrometer is equal to the weight of liquid displaced. This weight is equal to the mass of liquid displaced multiplied by *g*, which in the case of the reference liquid is *ρ*ref*Vg*. Setting these equal, we have mg \= \\rho\_\\mathrm{ref}Vg or just {{NumBlk\|\|m \= \\rho\_\\mathrm{ref} V.\|{{EquationRef\|1}}}} Exactly the same equation applies when the hydrometer is floating in the liquid being measured, except that the new volume is {{math\|''V'' − ''A''Δ''x''}} (see note above about the sign of Δ*x*). Thus, {{NumBlk\|\|m \= \\rho\_\\mathrm{new} (V \- A \\Delta x).\|{{EquationRef\|2}}}} Combining ({{EquationNote\|1}}) and ({{EquationNote\|2}}) yields {{NumBlk\|\|RD\_\\mathrm{new/ref} \= \\frac{\\rho\_\\mathrm{new}}{\\rho\_\\mathrm{ref}} \= \\frac{V}{V \- A \\Delta x}.\| {{EquationRef\|3}}}} But from ({{EquationNote\|1}}) we have {{math\|1\=''V'' \= ''m''/''ρ''ref}}. Substituting into ({{EquationNote\|3}}) gives {{NumBlk\|\|RD\_\\mathrm{new/ref} \= \\frac{1}{1 \- \\frac{A \\Delta x}{m} \\rho\_\\mathrm{ref}}.\|{{EquationRef\|4}}}} This equation allows the relative density to be calculated from the change in displacement, the known density of the reference liquid, and the known properties of the hydrometer. If Δ*x* is small then, as a [first\-order approximation](/wiki/Orders_of_approximation "Orders of approximation") of the [geometric series](/wiki/Geometric_series "Geometric series") equation ({{EquationNote\|4}}) can be written as: RD\_\\mathrm{new/ref} \\approx 1 \+ \\frac{A \\Delta x}{m} \\rho\_\\mathrm{ref}. This shows that, for small Δ*x*, changes in displacement are approximately proportional to changes in relative density.
[ "### Hydrometer", "{{main article\\|hydrometer}}\n[right\\|300px](/wiki/File:Hydro.PNG \"Hydro.PNG\")\nThe relative density of a liquid can be measured using a hydrometer. This consists of a bulb attached to a stalk of constant cross\\-sectional area, as shown in the adjacent diagram.", "First the hydrometer is floated in the reference liquid (shown in light blue), and the [displacement](/wiki/Displacement_%28fluid%29 \"Displacement (fluid)\") (the level of the liquid on the stalk) is marked (blue line). The reference could be any liquid, but in practice it is usually water.", "The hydrometer is then floated in a liquid of unknown density (shown in green). The change in displacement, Δ*x*, is noted. In the example depicted, the hydrometer has dropped slightly in the green liquid; hence its density is lower than that of the reference liquid. It is necessary that the hydrometer floats in both liquids.", "The application of simple physical principles allows the relative density of the unknown liquid to be calculated from the change in displacement. (In practice the stalk of the hydrometer is pre\\-marked with graduations to facilitate this measurement.)", "In the explanation that follows,\n* *ρ*ref is the known density ([mass](/wiki/Mass \"Mass\") per unit [volume](/wiki/Volume \"Volume\")) of the reference liquid (typically water).\n* *ρ*new is the unknown density of the new (green) liquid.\n* *RD*new/ref is the relative density of the new liquid with respect to the reference.\n* *V* is the volume of reference liquid displaced, i.e. the red volume in the diagram.\n* *m* is the mass of the entire hydrometer.\n* *g* is the [local gravitational constant](/wiki/Earth%27s_gravity \"Earth's gravity\").\n* Δ*x* is the change in displacement. In accordance with the way in which hydrometers are usually graduated, Δ*x* is here taken to be negative if the displacement line rises on the stalk of the hydrometer, and positive if it falls. In the example depicted, Δ*x* is negative.\n* *A* is the cross sectional area of the shaft.", "Since the floating hydrometer is in [static equilibrium](/wiki/Static_equilibrium \"Static equilibrium\"), the downward gravitational force acting upon it must exactly balance the upward buoyancy force. The gravitational force acting on the hydrometer is simply its weight, *mg*. From the [Archimedes](/wiki/Archimedes \"Archimedes\") [buoyancy](/wiki/Buoyancy \"Buoyancy\") principle, the buoyancy force acting on the hydrometer is equal to the weight of liquid displaced. This weight is equal to the mass of liquid displaced multiplied by *g*, which in the case of the reference liquid is *ρ*ref*Vg*. Setting these equal, we have\nmg \\= \\\\rho\\_\\\\mathrm{ref}Vg", "or just\n{{NumBlk\\|\\|m \\= \\\\rho\\_\\\\mathrm{ref} V.\\|{{EquationRef\\|1}}}}", "Exactly the same equation applies when the hydrometer is floating in the liquid being measured, except that the new volume is {{math\\|''V'' − ''A''Δ''x''}} (see note above about the sign of Δ*x*). Thus,\n{{NumBlk\\|\\|m \\= \\\\rho\\_\\\\mathrm{new} (V \\- A \\\\Delta x).\\|{{EquationRef\\|2}}}}", "Combining ({{EquationNote\\|1}}) and ({{EquationNote\\|2}}) yields\n{{NumBlk\\|\\|RD\\_\\\\mathrm{new/ref} \\= \\\\frac{\\\\rho\\_\\\\mathrm{new}}{\\\\rho\\_\\\\mathrm{ref}} \\= \\\\frac{V}{V \\- A \\\\Delta x}.\\|\n{{EquationRef\\|3}}}}", "But from ({{EquationNote\\|1}}) we have {{math\\|1\\=''V'' \\= ''m''/''ρ''ref}}. Substituting into ({{EquationNote\\|3}}) gives\n{{NumBlk\\|\\|RD\\_\\\\mathrm{new/ref} \\= \\\\frac{1}{1 \\- \\\\frac{A \\\\Delta x}{m} \\\\rho\\_\\\\mathrm{ref}}.\\|{{EquationRef\\|4}}}}", "This equation allows the relative density to be calculated from the change in displacement, the known density of the reference liquid, and the known properties of the hydrometer. If Δ*x* is small then, as a [first\\-order approximation](/wiki/Orders_of_approximation \"Orders of approximation\") of the [geometric series](/wiki/Geometric_series \"Geometric series\") equation ({{EquationNote\\|4}}) can be written as:\nRD\\_\\\\mathrm{new/ref} \\\\approx 1 \\+ \\\\frac{A \\\\Delta x}{m} \\\\rho\\_\\\\mathrm{ref}.", "This shows that, for small Δ*x*, changes in displacement are approximately proportional to changes in relative density.", "" ]
### Pycnometer [thumb\|upright\|An empty glass pycnometer and stopper](/wiki/File:PycnometerEmpty.jpg "PycnometerEmpty.jpg") [thumb\|upright\|A filled pycnometer](/wiki/File:Pycnometer_full.jpg "Pycnometer full.jpg") {{see also\|Gas pycnometer}} A **pycnometer** (from {{lang\-grc\|πυκνός\|puknos\|dense}}), also called **pyknometer** or **specific gravity bottle**, is a device used to determine the [density](/wiki/Density "Density") of a liquid. A pycnometer is usually made of [glass](/wiki/Glass "Glass"), with a close\-fitting [ground glass](/wiki/Ground_glass_joint "Ground glass joint") [stopper](/wiki/Stopper_%28plug%29 "Stopper (plug)") with a [capillary tube](/wiki/Capillary_tube "Capillary tube") through it, so that air bubbles may escape from the apparatus. This device enables a liquid's density to be measured accurately by reference to an appropriate working fluid, such as [water](/wiki/Water "Water") or [mercury](/wiki/Mercury_%28element%29 "Mercury (element)"), using an [analytical balance](/wiki/Analytical_balance "Analytical balance").{{Citation needed\|date\=May 2012}} If the flask is weighed empty, full of water, and full of a liquid whose relative density is desired, the relative density of the liquid can easily be calculated. The [particle density](/wiki/Particle_density_%28packed_density%29 "Particle density (packed density)") of a powder, to which the usual method of weighing cannot be applied, can also be determined with a pycnometer. The powder is added to the pycnometer, which is then weighed, giving the weight of the powder sample. The pycnometer is then filled with a liquid of known density, in which the powder is completely insoluble. The weight of the displaced liquid can then be determined, and hence the relative density of the powder. A [gas pycnometer](/wiki/Gas_pycnometer "Gas pycnometer"), the gas\-based manifestation of a pycnometer, compares the change in pressure caused by a measured change in a closed volume containing a reference (usually a steel sphere of known volume) with the change in pressure caused by the sample under the same conditions. The difference in change of pressure represents the volume of the sample as compared to the reference sphere, and is usually used for solid particulates that may dissolve in the liquid medium of the pycnometer design described above, or for porous materials into which the liquid would not fully penetrate. When a pycnometer is filled to a specific, but not necessarily accurately known volume, *V* and is placed upon a balance, it will exert a force F\_\\mathrm{b} \= g\\left(m\_\\mathrm{b} \- \\rho\_\\mathrm{a}\\frac{m\_\\mathrm{b}}{\\rho\_\\mathrm{b}}\\right), where *m*b is the mass of the bottle and *g* the [gravitational acceleration](/wiki/Gravitational_acceleration "Gravitational acceleration") at the location at which the measurements are being made. *ρ*a is the density of the air at the ambient pressure and *ρ*b is the density of the material of which the bottle is made (usually glass) so that the second term is the mass of air displaced by the glass of the bottle whose weight, by [Archimedes Principle](/wiki/Archimedes%27_principle%23Archimedes%27_principle "Archimedes' principle#Archimedes' principle") must be subtracted. The bottle is filled with air but as that air displaces an equal amount of air the weight of that air is canceled by the weight of the air displaced. Now we fill the bottle with the reference fluid e.g. pure water. The force exerted on the pan of the balance becomes: F\_\\mathrm{w} \= g\\left(m\_\\mathrm{b} \- \\rho\_\\mathrm{a} \\frac{m\_\\mathrm{b}}{\\rho\_\\mathrm{b}} \+ V\\rho\_\\mathrm{w} \- V\\rho\_\\mathrm{a}\\right). If we subtract the force measured on the empty bottle from this (or tare the balance before making the water measurement) we obtain. F\_\\mathrm{w,n} \= gV( \\rho\_\\mathrm{w} \- \\rho\_\\mathrm{a}), where the subscript *n* indicated that this force is net of the force of the empty bottle. The bottle is now emptied, thoroughly dried and refilled with the sample. The force, net of the empty bottle, is now: F\_\\mathrm{s,n} \= gV(\\rho\_\\mathrm{s} \- \\rho\_\\mathrm{a}), where *ρ*s is the density of the sample. The ratio of the sample and water forces is: SG\_\\mathrm{A} \= \\frac{gV(\\rho\_\\mathrm{s} \- \\rho\_\\mathrm{a})}{gV( \\rho\_\\mathrm{w} \- \\rho\_\\mathrm{a})} \= \\frac{\\rho\_\\mathrm{s} \- \\rho\_\\mathrm{a}}{\\rho\_\\mathrm{w} \- \\rho\_\\mathrm{a}}. This is called the *apparent relative density*, denoted by subscript A, because it is what we would obtain if we took the ratio of net weighings in air from an analytical balance or used a [hydrometer](/wiki/Hydrometer "Hydrometer") (the stem displaces air). Note that the result does not depend on the calibration of the balance. The only requirement on it is that it read linearly with force. Nor does *RD*A depend on the actual volume of the pycnometer. Further manipulation and finally substitution of *RD*V, the true relative density (the subscript V is used because this is often referred to as the relative density {{lang\|la\|in vacuo}}), for *ρ*s/*ρ*w gives the relationship between apparent and true relative density: RD\_\\mathrm{A}\= {{\\rho\_\\mathrm{s} \\over \\rho\_\\mathrm{w}}\-{\\rho\_\\mathrm{a} \\over \\rho\_\\mathrm{w}} \\over 1 \- {\\rho\_\\mathrm{a} \\over \\rho\_\\mathrm{w}}} \={RD\_\\mathrm{V}\-{\\rho\_\\mathrm{a} \\over \\rho\_\\mathrm{w}} \\over 1 \- {\\rho\_\\mathrm{a} \\over \\rho\_\\mathrm{w}}}. In the usual case we will have measured weights and want the true relative density. This is found from RD\_\\mathrm{V} \= RD\_\\mathrm{A} \- {\\rho\_\\mathrm{a} \\over \\rho\_\\mathrm{w} }(RD\_\\mathrm{A}\-1\). Since the density of dry air at 101\.325 kPa at 20 °C isDIN51 757 (04\.1994\): Testing of mineral oils and related materials; determination of density 0\.001205 g/cm3 and that of water is 0\.998203 g/cm3 we see that the difference between true and apparent relative densities for a substance with relative density (20 °C/20 °C) of about 1\.100 would be 0\.000120\. Where the relative density of the sample is close to that of water (for example dilute ethanol solutions) the correction is even smaller. The pycnometer is used in ISO standard: ISO 1183\-1:2004, ISO 1014–1985 and [ASTM](/wiki/ASTM_International "ASTM International") standard: ASTM D854\. **Types** * [Gay\-Lussac](/wiki/Gay-Lussac "Gay-Lussac"), pear shaped, with perforated stopper, adjusted, capacity 1, 2, 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100 mL * as above, with ground\-in [thermometer](/wiki/Thermometer "Thermometer"), adjusted, side tube with cap * Hubbard, for [bitumen](/wiki/Bitumen "Bitumen") and [heavy crude oils](/wiki/Heavy_crude_oil "Heavy crude oil"), cylindrical type, [ASTM](/wiki/ASTM "ASTM") D 70, 24 mL * as above, conical type, ASTM D 115 and D 234, 25 mL * Boot, with vacuum jacket and thermometer, capacity 5, 10, 25 and 50 mL
[ "### Pycnometer", "[thumb\\|upright\\|An empty glass pycnometer and stopper](/wiki/File:PycnometerEmpty.jpg \"PycnometerEmpty.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|upright\\|A filled pycnometer](/wiki/File:Pycnometer_full.jpg \"Pycnometer full.jpg\")\n{{see also\\|Gas pycnometer}}\nA **pycnometer** (from {{lang\\-grc\\|πυκνός\\|puknos\\|dense}}), also called **pyknometer** or **specific gravity bottle**, is a device used to determine the [density](/wiki/Density \"Density\") of a liquid. A pycnometer is usually made of [glass](/wiki/Glass \"Glass\"), with a close\\-fitting [ground glass](/wiki/Ground_glass_joint \"Ground glass joint\") [stopper](/wiki/Stopper_%28plug%29 \"Stopper (plug)\") with a [capillary tube](/wiki/Capillary_tube \"Capillary tube\") through it, so that air bubbles may escape from the apparatus. This device enables a liquid's density to be measured accurately by reference to an appropriate working fluid, such as [water](/wiki/Water \"Water\") or [mercury](/wiki/Mercury_%28element%29 \"Mercury (element)\"), using an [analytical balance](/wiki/Analytical_balance \"Analytical balance\").{{Citation needed\\|date\\=May 2012}}", "If the flask is weighed empty, full of water, and full of a liquid whose relative density is desired, the relative density of the liquid can easily be calculated. The [particle density](/wiki/Particle_density_%28packed_density%29 \"Particle density (packed density)\") of a powder, to which the usual method of weighing cannot be applied, can also be determined with a pycnometer. The powder is added to the pycnometer, which is then weighed, giving the weight of the powder sample. The pycnometer is then filled with a liquid of known density, in which the powder is completely insoluble. The weight of the displaced liquid can then be determined, and hence the relative density of the powder.", "A [gas pycnometer](/wiki/Gas_pycnometer \"Gas pycnometer\"), the gas\\-based manifestation of a pycnometer, compares the change in pressure caused by a measured change in a closed volume containing a reference (usually a steel sphere of known volume) with the change in pressure caused by the sample under the same conditions. The difference in change of pressure represents the volume of the sample as compared to the reference sphere, and is usually used for solid particulates that may dissolve in the liquid medium of the pycnometer design described above, or for porous materials into which the liquid would not fully penetrate.", "When a pycnometer is filled to a specific, but not necessarily accurately known volume, *V* and is placed upon a balance, it will exert a force\n F\\_\\\\mathrm{b} \\= g\\\\left(m\\_\\\\mathrm{b} \\- \\\\rho\\_\\\\mathrm{a}\\\\frac{m\\_\\\\mathrm{b}}{\\\\rho\\_\\\\mathrm{b}}\\\\right),\nwhere *m*b is the mass of the bottle and *g* the [gravitational acceleration](/wiki/Gravitational_acceleration \"Gravitational acceleration\") at the location at which the measurements are being made. *ρ*a is the density of the air at the ambient pressure and *ρ*b is the density of the material of which the bottle is made (usually glass) so that the second term is the mass of air displaced by the glass of the bottle whose weight, by [Archimedes Principle](/wiki/Archimedes%27_principle%23Archimedes%27_principle \"Archimedes' principle#Archimedes' principle\") must be subtracted. The bottle is filled with air but as that air displaces an equal amount of air the weight of that air is canceled by the weight of the air displaced. Now we fill the bottle with the reference fluid e.g. pure water. The force exerted on the pan of the balance becomes:\n F\\_\\\\mathrm{w} \\= g\\\\left(m\\_\\\\mathrm{b} \\- \\\\rho\\_\\\\mathrm{a} \\\\frac{m\\_\\\\mathrm{b}}{\\\\rho\\_\\\\mathrm{b}} \\+ V\\\\rho\\_\\\\mathrm{w} \\- V\\\\rho\\_\\\\mathrm{a}\\\\right).", "If we subtract the force measured on the empty bottle from this (or tare the balance before making the water measurement) we obtain.\nF\\_\\\\mathrm{w,n} \\= gV( \\\\rho\\_\\\\mathrm{w} \\- \\\\rho\\_\\\\mathrm{a}),\nwhere the subscript *n* indicated that this force is net of the force of the empty bottle. The bottle is now emptied, thoroughly dried and refilled with the sample. The force, net of the empty bottle, is now:\nF\\_\\\\mathrm{s,n} \\= gV(\\\\rho\\_\\\\mathrm{s} \\- \\\\rho\\_\\\\mathrm{a}),\nwhere *ρ*s is the density of the sample. The ratio of the sample and water forces is:\nSG\\_\\\\mathrm{A} \\= \\\\frac{gV(\\\\rho\\_\\\\mathrm{s} \\- \\\\rho\\_\\\\mathrm{a})}{gV( \\\\rho\\_\\\\mathrm{w} \\- \\\\rho\\_\\\\mathrm{a})} \\= \\\\frac{\\\\rho\\_\\\\mathrm{s} \\- \\\\rho\\_\\\\mathrm{a}}{\\\\rho\\_\\\\mathrm{w} \\- \\\\rho\\_\\\\mathrm{a}}.", "This is called the *apparent relative density*, denoted by subscript A, because it is what we would obtain if we took the ratio of net weighings in air from an analytical balance or used a [hydrometer](/wiki/Hydrometer \"Hydrometer\") (the stem displaces air). Note that the result does not depend on the calibration of the balance. The only requirement on it is that it read linearly with force. Nor does *RD*A depend on the actual volume of the pycnometer.", "Further manipulation and finally substitution of *RD*V, the true relative density (the subscript V is used because this is often referred to as the relative density {{lang\\|la\\|in vacuo}}), for *ρ*s/*ρ*w gives the relationship between apparent and true relative density:", "RD\\_\\\\mathrm{A}\\= {{\\\\rho\\_\\\\mathrm{s} \\\\over \\\\rho\\_\\\\mathrm{w}}\\-{\\\\rho\\_\\\\mathrm{a} \\\\over \\\\rho\\_\\\\mathrm{w}} \\\\over 1 \\- {\\\\rho\\_\\\\mathrm{a} \\\\over \\\\rho\\_\\\\mathrm{w}}} \\={RD\\_\\\\mathrm{V}\\-{\\\\rho\\_\\\\mathrm{a} \\\\over \\\\rho\\_\\\\mathrm{w}} \\\\over 1 \\- {\\\\rho\\_\\\\mathrm{a} \\\\over \\\\rho\\_\\\\mathrm{w}}}.", "In the usual case we will have measured weights and want the true relative density. This is found from\nRD\\_\\\\mathrm{V} \\= RD\\_\\\\mathrm{A} \\- {\\\\rho\\_\\\\mathrm{a} \\\\over \\\\rho\\_\\\\mathrm{w} }(RD\\_\\\\mathrm{A}\\-1\\).", "Since the density of dry air at 101\\.325 kPa at 20 °C isDIN51 757 (04\\.1994\\): Testing of mineral oils and related materials; determination of density 0\\.001205 g/cm3 and that of water is 0\\.998203 g/cm3 we see that the difference between true and apparent relative densities for a substance with relative density (20 °C/20 °C) of about 1\\.100 would be 0\\.000120\\. Where the relative density of the sample is close to that of water (for example dilute ethanol solutions) the correction is even smaller.", "The pycnometer is used in ISO standard: ISO 1183\\-1:2004, ISO 1014–1985 and [ASTM](/wiki/ASTM_International \"ASTM International\") standard: ASTM D854\\.", "**Types**", "* [Gay\\-Lussac](/wiki/Gay-Lussac \"Gay-Lussac\"), pear shaped, with perforated stopper, adjusted, capacity 1, 2, 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100 mL\n* as above, with ground\\-in [thermometer](/wiki/Thermometer \"Thermometer\"), adjusted, side tube with cap\n* Hubbard, for [bitumen](/wiki/Bitumen \"Bitumen\") and [heavy crude oils](/wiki/Heavy_crude_oil \"Heavy crude oil\"), cylindrical type, [ASTM](/wiki/ASTM \"ASTM\") D 70, 24 mL\n* as above, conical type, ASTM D 115 and D 234, 25 mL\n* Boot, with vacuum jacket and thermometer, capacity 5, 10, 25 and 50 mL" ]
History ------- [thumb\|right\|200px\|Emblem of 7206th Air Base Group.](/wiki/File:7206_air_base_gp_athens.jpg "7206 air base gp athens.jpg") [thumb\|right\|Kalamaki Airfield being bombed by the USAAF 463rd Bomb Group (B\-17's) on 15 September 1944](/wiki/File:KalamakiGreeceLuftwaffeAirfield2.jpg "KalamakiGreeceLuftwaffeAirfield2.jpg") The airport was built in 1938, and after the German invasion of Greece in 1941, Kalamaki Airfield was used as a [Luftwaffe](/wiki/Luftwaffe "Luftwaffe") air base during the occupation. Following the end of World War II, the Greek government allowed the [United States](/wiki/United_States "United States") to use the airport from 1945 until 1993\. Known as Hassani Airport in 1945, it was used by the [United States Army Air Forces](/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces "United States Army Air Forces") as early as 1 October 1945, as a base of operations for [Air Transport Command](/wiki/Air_Transport_Command_%28United_States_Air_Force%29 "Air Transport Command (United States Air Force)") flights between [Rome](/wiki/Rome "Rome"), [Italy](/wiki/Italy "Italy") and points in the [Middle East](/wiki/Middle_East "Middle East"). A semi\-permanent USAAF presence was established in May 1947 as the facility was being reconstructed to facilitate [Marshall Plan](/wiki/Marshall_Plan "Marshall Plan") aid to Greece and [Turkey](/wiki/Turkey "Turkey"). On 5 October 1948, the United States Air Force assigned the [Military Air Transport Service](/wiki/Military_Air_Transport_Service "Military Air Transport Service") 1632d Air Base Squadron to the airport with ten [C\-47 Skytrain](/wiki/C-47_Skytrain "C-47 Skytrain") cargo aircraft being based at the airport. A new control tower opened in 1951, and by 1954 with the end of Marshall Plan, the [United States Air Forces in Europe](/wiki/United_States_Air_Forces_in_Europe "United States Air Forces in Europe") 7206th Air Base Squadron (later Group) was assigned to the airport. Commercial airline service returned to the facility in 1956 with the airport being turned over to Greek civil aviation authorities. The airport was renamed Athenai International Airport, and the USAF used a small part of the airport for military cargo use, along with United States diplomatic air traffic. The 7206th Air Base Group remained the primary USAF unit at the airport with the 6916th Security Squadron providing electronic aerial surveillance of the eastern [Mediterranean](/wiki/Mediterranean "Mediterranean") and the [Middle East](/wiki/Middle_East "Middle East")). The USAF used the airport for airlift evacuation operations from [Middle East](/wiki/Middle_East "Middle East") (1967\), [Cyprus](/wiki/Cyprus "Cyprus") (1975\), [Ethiopia](/wiki/Ethiopia "Ethiopia") (1977\), and [Iran](/wiki/Iran "Iran") (1979, 1981\). The American base was renamed Hellenikon Air Base on 25 February 1976, and also provided administrative and logistical support to U.S. units and organizations in Greece, the Middle East, Eastern Mediterranean, and parts of Africa. With the end of the [Cold War](/wiki/Cold_War "Cold War"), it was agreed to end the USAF presence at the airport and the United States closed its facilities in 1993\. In 1963, the [Finnish](/wiki/Finland "Finland") star architect [Eero Saarinen](/wiki/Eero_Saarinen "Eero Saarinen") designed the East Terminal building. Prior to closing its passenger service, the airport was serving 12 million passengers per year.
[ "History\n-------", "[thumb\\|right\\|200px\\|Emblem of 7206th Air Base Group.](/wiki/File:7206_air_base_gp_athens.jpg \"7206 air base gp athens.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|right\\|Kalamaki Airfield being bombed by the USAAF 463rd Bomb Group (B\\-17's) on 15 September 1944](/wiki/File:KalamakiGreeceLuftwaffeAirfield2.jpg \"KalamakiGreeceLuftwaffeAirfield2.jpg\")", "The airport was built in 1938, and after the German invasion of Greece in 1941, Kalamaki Airfield was used as a [Luftwaffe](/wiki/Luftwaffe \"Luftwaffe\") air base during the occupation. Following the end of World War II, the Greek government allowed the [United States](/wiki/United_States \"United States\") to use the airport from 1945 until 1993\\. Known as Hassani Airport in 1945, it was used by the [United States Army Air Forces](/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces \"United States Army Air Forces\") as early as 1 October 1945, as a base of operations for [Air Transport Command](/wiki/Air_Transport_Command_%28United_States_Air_Force%29 \"Air Transport Command (United States Air Force)\") flights between [Rome](/wiki/Rome \"Rome\"), [Italy](/wiki/Italy \"Italy\") and points in the [Middle East](/wiki/Middle_East \"Middle East\").", "A semi\\-permanent USAAF presence was established in May 1947 as the facility was being reconstructed to facilitate [Marshall Plan](/wiki/Marshall_Plan \"Marshall Plan\") aid to Greece and [Turkey](/wiki/Turkey \"Turkey\"). On 5 October 1948, the United States Air Force assigned the [Military Air Transport Service](/wiki/Military_Air_Transport_Service \"Military Air Transport Service\") 1632d Air Base Squadron to the airport with ten [C\\-47 Skytrain](/wiki/C-47_Skytrain \"C-47 Skytrain\") cargo aircraft being based at the airport.", "A new control tower opened in 1951, and by 1954 with the end of Marshall Plan, the [United States Air Forces in Europe](/wiki/United_States_Air_Forces_in_Europe \"United States Air Forces in Europe\") 7206th Air Base Squadron (later Group) was assigned to the airport. Commercial airline service returned to the facility in 1956 with the airport being turned over to Greek civil aviation authorities. The airport was renamed Athenai International Airport, and the USAF used a small part of the airport for military cargo use, along with United States diplomatic air traffic.", "The 7206th Air Base Group remained the primary USAF unit at the airport with the 6916th Security Squadron providing electronic aerial surveillance of the eastern [Mediterranean](/wiki/Mediterranean \"Mediterranean\") and the [Middle East](/wiki/Middle_East \"Middle East\")). The USAF used the airport for airlift evacuation operations from [Middle East](/wiki/Middle_East \"Middle East\") (1967\\), [Cyprus](/wiki/Cyprus \"Cyprus\") (1975\\), [Ethiopia](/wiki/Ethiopia \"Ethiopia\") (1977\\), and [Iran](/wiki/Iran \"Iran\") (1979, 1981\\). The American base was renamed Hellenikon Air Base on 25 February 1976, and also provided administrative and logistical support to U.S. units and organizations in Greece, the Middle East, Eastern Mediterranean, and parts of Africa. With the end of the [Cold War](/wiki/Cold_War \"Cold War\"), it was agreed to end the USAF presence at the airport and the United States closed its facilities in 1993\\.", "In 1963, the [Finnish](/wiki/Finland \"Finland\") star architect [Eero Saarinen](/wiki/Eero_Saarinen \"Eero Saarinen\") designed the East Terminal building. Prior to closing its passenger service, the airport was serving 12 million passengers per year.", "" ]
History ------- According to the historian [Pietro Maria Rocca](/wiki/Pietro_Maria_Rocca "Pietro Maria Rocca") the palace dates back to 1495\.Carlo Cataldo: Guida storico\-artistica dei beni culturali di Alcamo, Calatafimi, Castellammare del Golfo, Salemi e Vita, Sarograf\-Alcamo (1982\) It belonged to the De Ballis family, noblemen native of [Piacenza](/wiki/Piacenza "Piacenza"), who built it, and was made after the designs of Tommaso and Pietro Oddo, (father and son) who were from [Monreale](/wiki/Monreale "Monreale") ([Palermo](/wiki/Palermo "Palermo")). After the extinction of the De Ballis, the property transferred to the Papè and Polizzi family, the part including the tower belongs to the D’Angelo family, while the other part belongs to the family Castrogiovanni\-Iannitto.Roberto Calia: I Palazzi dell'aristocrazia e della borghesia alcamese; Alcamo, Carrubba, 1997 ### Description Giuseppe Polizzi describes the palace in this way: *Torre De Ballis, whose upper partis well kept, has a rectangular window, divided into three lights by two small columns and a [mullioned window](/wiki/Mullioned_window "Mullioned window") in the posterior façade, besides a beautiful frame with [Machicolation](/wiki/Machicolation "Machicolation"), sustaining the [merlons](/wiki/Merlons "Merlons"). Doors with elliptical arches, surrounded by gothic shape leaning on small moulded [corbels](/wiki/Corbels "Corbels")*.Giuseppe Polizzi: I monumenti di antichità e d'arte della provincia di Trapani; Trapani, Giovanni Modica Romano, 1879, p.61 [thumb\|Palazzo De Ballis, after the last restoration](/wiki/File:Palazzo_De_Ballis.jpg "Palazzo De Ballis.jpg") [thumb\|Palazzo De Ballis, seen from via Madonna dell'Alto](/wiki/File:Palazzo_De_Ballis%2C_lato_Sud.jpg "Palazzo De Ballis, lato Sud.jpg") On the first floor the square tower has a window with an [architrave](/wiki/Architrave "Architrave") and small corbels; on the second floor, there is a three\-light\-window inserted into a [round arch](/wiki/Round_arch "Round arch"); on the eastern side of the court yard there is a mullioned window. The tower is surrounded by merlons, leaning on little niches sustaining [pointed arches](/wiki/Pointed_arch "Pointed arch"). In ancient times the main door was in the middle; in the 18th century it was substituted by two new doors: the one at the street number 21, has a [calcarenite](/wiki/Calcarenite "Calcarenite") portal with two bases surmounted by [lesenes](/wiki/Lesenes "Lesenes"); the second, at the number 23, is smaller and has two irregular bases, owing to the restoration of the [road surface](/wiki/Road_surface "Road surface"); you can enter the tower through a staircase from the entrance at the house number 23\. On the first floor there are four balconies, two of them have stone galleries with fluted corbels; on the south side, on the second floor, there are two balconies with two stones galleries too; on the ground floor, in via Madonna dell’Alto, there are three doors and three windows of modern residential buildings. The first floor has four small balconies, and another one on the second floor; at the corner there is the De Ballis family’s [coat of arms](/wiki/Coat_of_arms "Coat of arms"), with a banded shield having three balls. Inside the palace there is an elegant court yard, with a staircase leading to the first floor; the doors here are [lacquered](/wiki/Lacquered "Lacquered") and their panels with glasses, painted with flowers and different figures.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.alqamah.it/2014/01/13/historia\-alcami\-i\-palazzi\-storici/\|title\=Historia Alcami: I Palazzi storici\|website\=www.alqamah.it\|accessdate\=29 November 2017}} Inside the hall there are some [frescoes](/wiki/Frescoes "Frescoes") that were restored by professor Giuseppe Ganga in 1985, representing multicolour flowers and landscapes. The centre of the vault is surmounted by a [rose window](/wiki/Rose_window "Rose window"), instead, and the bedroom is embellished by a [canopy bed](/wiki/Canopy_bed "Canopy bed") and some frescoes on the ceiling. In 2005 the palace and its tower were restored and have complied with the originary characteristics of the building: these works were entirely at the D’Angelo family’s own expense. ### Associazione Culturale Musikè It has its own seat in this building and its purpose is to promote art and music, in order to contribute to the growth and interior beauty, of teenagers above all, through exhibitions, concerts, music and singing courses, music therapy, besides the diffusion of literary subjects and Maths. Another goal is to recover tastes, uses and traditions of our past; they give dinners, and you can also make a guided visit at Palazzo de Ballis.
[ "History\n-------", "According to the historian [Pietro Maria Rocca](/wiki/Pietro_Maria_Rocca \"Pietro Maria Rocca\") the palace dates back to 1495\\.Carlo Cataldo: Guida storico\\-artistica dei beni culturali di Alcamo, Calatafimi, Castellammare del Golfo, Salemi e Vita, Sarograf\\-Alcamo (1982\\)", "It belonged to the De Ballis family, noblemen native of [Piacenza](/wiki/Piacenza \"Piacenza\"), who built it, and was made after the designs of Tommaso and Pietro Oddo, (father and son) who were from [Monreale](/wiki/Monreale \"Monreale\") ([Palermo](/wiki/Palermo \"Palermo\")).", "After the extinction of the De Ballis, the property transferred to the Papè and Polizzi family, the part including the tower belongs to the D’Angelo family, while the other part belongs to the family Castrogiovanni\\-Iannitto.Roberto Calia: I Palazzi dell'aristocrazia e della borghesia alcamese; Alcamo, Carrubba, 1997", "### Description", "Giuseppe Polizzi describes the palace in this way:\n *Torre De Ballis, whose upper partis well kept, has a rectangular window, divided into three lights by two small columns and a [mullioned window](/wiki/Mullioned_window \"Mullioned window\") in the posterior façade, besides a beautiful frame with [Machicolation](/wiki/Machicolation \"Machicolation\"), sustaining the [merlons](/wiki/Merlons \"Merlons\"). Doors with elliptical arches, surrounded by gothic shape leaning on small moulded [corbels](/wiki/Corbels \"Corbels\")*.Giuseppe Polizzi: I monumenti di antichità e d'arte della provincia di Trapani; Trapani, Giovanni Modica Romano, 1879, p.61\n[thumb\\|Palazzo De Ballis, after the last restoration](/wiki/File:Palazzo_De_Ballis.jpg \"Palazzo De Ballis.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|Palazzo De Ballis, seen from via Madonna dell'Alto](/wiki/File:Palazzo_De_Ballis%2C_lato_Sud.jpg \"Palazzo De Ballis, lato Sud.jpg\")\nOn the first floor the square tower has a window with an [architrave](/wiki/Architrave \"Architrave\") and small corbels; on the second floor, there is a three\\-light\\-window inserted into a [round arch](/wiki/Round_arch \"Round arch\"); on the eastern side of the court yard there is a mullioned window.\nThe tower is surrounded by merlons, leaning on little niches sustaining [pointed arches](/wiki/Pointed_arch \"Pointed arch\").", "In ancient times the main door was in the middle; in the 18th century it was substituted by two new doors: the one at the street number 21, has a [calcarenite](/wiki/Calcarenite \"Calcarenite\") portal with two bases surmounted by [lesenes](/wiki/Lesenes \"Lesenes\"); the second, at the number 23, is smaller and has two irregular bases, owing to the restoration of the [road surface](/wiki/Road_surface \"Road surface\"); you can enter the tower through a staircase from the entrance at the house number 23\\.", "On the first floor there are four balconies, two of them have stone galleries with fluted corbels; on the south side, on the second floor, there are two balconies with two stones galleries too; on the ground floor, in via Madonna dell’Alto, there are three doors and three windows of modern residential buildings. The first floor has four small balconies, and another one on the second floor; at the corner there is the De Ballis family’s [coat of arms](/wiki/Coat_of_arms \"Coat of arms\"), with a banded shield having three balls.", "Inside the palace there is an elegant court yard, with a staircase leading to the first floor; the doors here are [lacquered](/wiki/Lacquered \"Lacquered\") and their panels with glasses, painted with flowers and different figures.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.alqamah.it/2014/01/13/historia\\-alcami\\-i\\-palazzi\\-storici/\\|title\\=Historia Alcami: I Palazzi storici\\|website\\=www.alqamah.it\\|accessdate\\=29 November 2017}} \nInside the hall there are some [frescoes](/wiki/Frescoes \"Frescoes\") that were restored by professor Giuseppe Ganga in 1985, representing multicolour flowers and landscapes. The centre of the vault is surmounted by a [rose window](/wiki/Rose_window \"Rose window\"), instead, and the bedroom is embellished by a [canopy bed](/wiki/Canopy_bed \"Canopy bed\") and some frescoes on the ceiling.", "In 2005 the palace and its tower were restored and have complied with the originary characteristics of the building: these works were entirely at the D’Angelo family’s own expense.", "### Associazione Culturale Musikè", "It has its own seat in this building and its purpose is to promote art and music, in order to contribute to the growth and interior beauty, of teenagers above all, through exhibitions, concerts, music and singing courses, music therapy, besides the diffusion of literary subjects and Maths.", "Another goal is to recover tastes, uses and traditions of our past; they give dinners, and you can also make a guided visit at Palazzo de Ballis.", "" ]
### Description Giuseppe Polizzi describes the palace in this way: *Torre De Ballis, whose upper partis well kept, has a rectangular window, divided into three lights by two small columns and a [mullioned window](/wiki/Mullioned_window "Mullioned window") in the posterior façade, besides a beautiful frame with [Machicolation](/wiki/Machicolation "Machicolation"), sustaining the [merlons](/wiki/Merlons "Merlons"). Doors with elliptical arches, surrounded by gothic shape leaning on small moulded [corbels](/wiki/Corbels "Corbels")*.Giuseppe Polizzi: I monumenti di antichità e d'arte della provincia di Trapani; Trapani, Giovanni Modica Romano, 1879, p.61 [thumb\|Palazzo De Ballis, after the last restoration](/wiki/File:Palazzo_De_Ballis.jpg "Palazzo De Ballis.jpg") [thumb\|Palazzo De Ballis, seen from via Madonna dell'Alto](/wiki/File:Palazzo_De_Ballis%2C_lato_Sud.jpg "Palazzo De Ballis, lato Sud.jpg") On the first floor the square tower has a window with an [architrave](/wiki/Architrave "Architrave") and small corbels; on the second floor, there is a three\-light\-window inserted into a [round arch](/wiki/Round_arch "Round arch"); on the eastern side of the court yard there is a mullioned window. The tower is surrounded by merlons, leaning on little niches sustaining [pointed arches](/wiki/Pointed_arch "Pointed arch"). In ancient times the main door was in the middle; in the 18th century it was substituted by two new doors: the one at the street number 21, has a [calcarenite](/wiki/Calcarenite "Calcarenite") portal with two bases surmounted by [lesenes](/wiki/Lesenes "Lesenes"); the second, at the number 23, is smaller and has two irregular bases, owing to the restoration of the [road surface](/wiki/Road_surface "Road surface"); you can enter the tower through a staircase from the entrance at the house number 23\. On the first floor there are four balconies, two of them have stone galleries with fluted corbels; on the south side, on the second floor, there are two balconies with two stones galleries too; on the ground floor, in via Madonna dell’Alto, there are three doors and three windows of modern residential buildings. The first floor has four small balconies, and another one on the second floor; at the corner there is the De Ballis family’s [coat of arms](/wiki/Coat_of_arms "Coat of arms"), with a banded shield having three balls. Inside the palace there is an elegant court yard, with a staircase leading to the first floor; the doors here are [lacquered](/wiki/Lacquered "Lacquered") and their panels with glasses, painted with flowers and different figures.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.alqamah.it/2014/01/13/historia\-alcami\-i\-palazzi\-storici/\|title\=Historia Alcami: I Palazzi storici\|website\=www.alqamah.it\|accessdate\=29 November 2017}} Inside the hall there are some [frescoes](/wiki/Frescoes "Frescoes") that were restored by professor Giuseppe Ganga in 1985, representing multicolour flowers and landscapes. The centre of the vault is surmounted by a [rose window](/wiki/Rose_window "Rose window"), instead, and the bedroom is embellished by a [canopy bed](/wiki/Canopy_bed "Canopy bed") and some frescoes on the ceiling. In 2005 the palace and its tower were restored and have complied with the originary characteristics of the building: these works were entirely at the D’Angelo family’s own expense.
[ "### Description", "Giuseppe Polizzi describes the palace in this way:\n *Torre De Ballis, whose upper partis well kept, has a rectangular window, divided into three lights by two small columns and a [mullioned window](/wiki/Mullioned_window \"Mullioned window\") in the posterior façade, besides a beautiful frame with [Machicolation](/wiki/Machicolation \"Machicolation\"), sustaining the [merlons](/wiki/Merlons \"Merlons\"). Doors with elliptical arches, surrounded by gothic shape leaning on small moulded [corbels](/wiki/Corbels \"Corbels\")*.Giuseppe Polizzi: I monumenti di antichità e d'arte della provincia di Trapani; Trapani, Giovanni Modica Romano, 1879, p.61\n[thumb\\|Palazzo De Ballis, after the last restoration](/wiki/File:Palazzo_De_Ballis.jpg \"Palazzo De Ballis.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|Palazzo De Ballis, seen from via Madonna dell'Alto](/wiki/File:Palazzo_De_Ballis%2C_lato_Sud.jpg \"Palazzo De Ballis, lato Sud.jpg\")\nOn the first floor the square tower has a window with an [architrave](/wiki/Architrave \"Architrave\") and small corbels; on the second floor, there is a three\\-light\\-window inserted into a [round arch](/wiki/Round_arch \"Round arch\"); on the eastern side of the court yard there is a mullioned window.\nThe tower is surrounded by merlons, leaning on little niches sustaining [pointed arches](/wiki/Pointed_arch \"Pointed arch\").", "In ancient times the main door was in the middle; in the 18th century it was substituted by two new doors: the one at the street number 21, has a [calcarenite](/wiki/Calcarenite \"Calcarenite\") portal with two bases surmounted by [lesenes](/wiki/Lesenes \"Lesenes\"); the second, at the number 23, is smaller and has two irregular bases, owing to the restoration of the [road surface](/wiki/Road_surface \"Road surface\"); you can enter the tower through a staircase from the entrance at the house number 23\\.", "On the first floor there are four balconies, two of them have stone galleries with fluted corbels; on the south side, on the second floor, there are two balconies with two stones galleries too; on the ground floor, in via Madonna dell’Alto, there are three doors and three windows of modern residential buildings. The first floor has four small balconies, and another one on the second floor; at the corner there is the De Ballis family’s [coat of arms](/wiki/Coat_of_arms \"Coat of arms\"), with a banded shield having three balls.", "Inside the palace there is an elegant court yard, with a staircase leading to the first floor; the doors here are [lacquered](/wiki/Lacquered \"Lacquered\") and their panels with glasses, painted with flowers and different figures.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.alqamah.it/2014/01/13/historia\\-alcami\\-i\\-palazzi\\-storici/\\|title\\=Historia Alcami: I Palazzi storici\\|website\\=www.alqamah.it\\|accessdate\\=29 November 2017}} \nInside the hall there are some [frescoes](/wiki/Frescoes \"Frescoes\") that were restored by professor Giuseppe Ganga in 1985, representing multicolour flowers and landscapes. The centre of the vault is surmounted by a [rose window](/wiki/Rose_window \"Rose window\"), instead, and the bedroom is embellished by a [canopy bed](/wiki/Canopy_bed \"Canopy bed\") and some frescoes on the ceiling.", "In 2005 the palace and its tower were restored and have complied with the originary characteristics of the building: these works were entirely at the D’Angelo family’s own expense.", "" ]
Society ------- For some archaeologists, the Chanka society is a step backward from the point of view of urban progression, as compared with the [Wari](/wiki/Wari_culture "Wari culture") culture. Their settlement pattern was the most widespread of small villages (about 100 houses). Other scholars believe, however, that the Chankas had large populations. There are two types of burials: some in mausoleums, and others simply in the ground. There are also burials in caves or rock shelters. They were not rivals of the [Incas](/wiki/Inca "Inca") because they submitted peacefully to the Quechua of Cusco, losing their influence to their "older brothers," the Parkos or Hanan Chankas, because the Soras and Rucanas were valiant and warriors who fought the Incas many times. They were characterized as [farmers](/wiki/Agriculture "Agriculture"). Their god was a [puma](/wiki/Cougar "Cougar") deity, they painted their faces and screamed when fighting, and they carried the mummies of their grandparents on their shoulders. The Chankas remained cohesive and managed to develop a major regional lordship, which reached its height in the 13th century. ### Organization Chanka Andahuaylas were close relatives of the other tribes that inhabited the province of Ayacucho, and as a nation were strengthened after the decline of the [Wari](/wiki/Wari_Empire "Wari Empire") expansion. According to Sarmiento de Gamboa, the Chanca territory was divided into three groups, known as Hanan Chanca (Parkos, Ayllus del Ancoyaco), Urin Chanka (Uranmarca, Andahuaylas) and villca or Rukanas (Vilcas). The Chanka nation was composed of the Ancoyaco, Andahuayla, Rucana and Sora tribes. Regarding the geographic relationship of the native peoples, the Rucanas were divided into three groups: Hanan rucana, Hurin rucana and Andamarca rucana. According to anthropologist Víctor Navarro del Águila, rucana comes from *rukak* or *lukak*, which means shippers or mule drivers. The title was given to this province during the times of the Incan empire precisely because they were carriers for the royalty, wearing a distinctive white and red on their heads. The third important province of the Chankas was that of the Soras whose ancient language was [Aymara](/wiki/Aymara_language "Aymara language"). The Soras were divided into three groups: Hanan soras, Hurin soras and Chalco. They held a snowy mountain called Qarwarasu in great reverence, and were never defeated by the Chankas, but were at constant war with since they were allies with the Incas. ### Warfare According to Inca sources that told of the Chanka culture, the Hanan Chankas were bloody in battle. When they captured their enemies, they made them prisoners of war. They gave cruel punishments to show the enemy that they should not be messed with, such as scalping, or skinning prisoners alive. These prisoners were hung upside down so the blood concentrated in the upper body as they made small cuts on the front of the toes, and from there they began to tear the skin gradually, while the prisoner screamed and was terrified. Another common way for them to intimidate their enemies was to make cups from the skulls of prisoners, from which they drank the blood of the enemy gaining the contemporary nickname of "Vampires of the Andes".The Bioarchaeology of Societal Collapse and Regeneration in Ancient Peru, page 59 ### Economy The economy of the Uran Chancas was based primarily on agricultural crops and animals. They grew various Andean cultivated plants, in different ecological zones, and raised and shepherded [llamas](/wiki/Llama "Llama"), [vicuna](/wiki/Vicuna "Vicuna"), [alpacas](/wiki/Alpaca "Alpaca") and [guanacos](/wiki/Guanaco "Guanaco"), in herds of appreciable size, which were managed from towns with special provisions to control them and feed them while they provided wool and meat. ### Culture and ceramics Generally the ceramics were flat with a rough surface, and sometimes with a red diluted [slip](/wiki/Slip_%28ceramics%29 "Slip (ceramics)"). The decoration was a relief, with the application of buttons or clay figurines, supplemented with incisions or circular stamps. The shapes were open dishes and jugs with narrow necks, that sometimes had rustic faces. The land where the Chanka culture was located was a strategic place because they dominated the territory and could easily develop defensive actions. The location was close to nearby water sources, and they could take advantage of the resources offered by the land and the presence of several ecological zones in which they were able to use to cultivate plants and rear animals. Damián de la Bandera said about them: > They all live between the highest and the lowest points in ground cooler than hot, in high places and valleys caused by the rains, where they enjoy both extremes, of the colder land, to graze the domestic cattle, those that have them, and (those that don't) hunt the wild ones, and of the hotter land, to sow seeds, at their time. The villages are no bigger than the water and land will allow and in many of them no more than ten more indians could live for lack of water and ground.{{Citation needed\|date\=May 2012}} The same Damián tells us that among these people there were three major trades: potters, silversmiths or metal workers, and carpenters. These trades endured until colonial times.
[ "Society\n-------", "For some archaeologists, the Chanka society is a step backward from the point of view of urban progression, as compared with the [Wari](/wiki/Wari_culture \"Wari culture\") culture. Their settlement pattern was the most widespread of small villages (about 100 houses). Other scholars believe, however, that the Chankas had large populations. There are two types of burials: some in mausoleums, and others simply in the ground. There are also burials in caves or rock shelters.", "They were not rivals of the [Incas](/wiki/Inca \"Inca\") because they submitted peacefully to the Quechua of Cusco, losing their influence to their \"older brothers,\" the Parkos or Hanan Chankas, because the Soras and Rucanas were valiant and warriors who fought the Incas many times.", "They were characterized as [farmers](/wiki/Agriculture \"Agriculture\"). Their god was a [puma](/wiki/Cougar \"Cougar\") deity, they painted their faces and screamed when fighting, and they carried the mummies of their grandparents on their shoulders. The Chankas remained cohesive and managed to develop a major regional lordship, which reached its height in the 13th century.", "### Organization", "Chanka Andahuaylas were close relatives of the other tribes that inhabited the province of Ayacucho, and as a nation were strengthened after the decline of the [Wari](/wiki/Wari_Empire \"Wari Empire\") expansion. According to Sarmiento de Gamboa, the Chanca territory was divided into three groups, known as Hanan Chanca (Parkos, Ayllus del Ancoyaco), Urin Chanka (Uranmarca, Andahuaylas) and villca or Rukanas (Vilcas). The Chanka nation was composed of the Ancoyaco, Andahuayla, Rucana and Sora tribes.", "Regarding the geographic relationship of the native peoples, the Rucanas were divided into three groups: Hanan rucana, Hurin rucana and Andamarca rucana. According to anthropologist Víctor Navarro del Águila, rucana comes from *rukak* or *lukak*, which means shippers or mule drivers. The title was given to this province during the times of the Incan empire precisely because they were carriers for the royalty, wearing a distinctive white and red on their heads. The third important province of the Chankas was that of the Soras whose ancient language was [Aymara](/wiki/Aymara_language \"Aymara language\"). The Soras were divided into three groups: Hanan soras, Hurin soras and Chalco. They held a snowy mountain called Qarwarasu in great reverence, and were never defeated by the Chankas, but were at constant war with since they were allies with the Incas.", "### Warfare", "According to Inca sources that told of the Chanka culture, the Hanan Chankas were bloody in battle. When they captured their enemies, they made them prisoners of war. They gave cruel punishments to show the enemy that they should not be messed with, such as scalping, or skinning prisoners alive. These prisoners were hung upside down so the blood concentrated in the upper body as they made small cuts on the front of the toes, and from there they began to tear the skin gradually, while the prisoner screamed and was terrified. Another common way for them to intimidate their enemies was to make cups from the skulls of prisoners, from which they drank the blood of the enemy gaining the contemporary nickname of \"Vampires of the Andes\".The Bioarchaeology of Societal Collapse and Regeneration in Ancient Peru, page 59", "### Economy", "The economy of the Uran Chancas was based primarily on agricultural crops and animals.", "They grew various Andean cultivated plants, in different ecological zones, and raised and shepherded [llamas](/wiki/Llama \"Llama\"), [vicuna](/wiki/Vicuna \"Vicuna\"), [alpacas](/wiki/Alpaca \"Alpaca\") and [guanacos](/wiki/Guanaco \"Guanaco\"), in herds of appreciable size, which were managed from towns with special provisions to control them and feed them while they provided wool and meat.", "### Culture and ceramics", "Generally the ceramics were flat with a rough surface, and sometimes with a red diluted [slip](/wiki/Slip_%28ceramics%29 \"Slip (ceramics)\"). The decoration was a relief, with the application of buttons or clay figurines, supplemented with incisions or circular stamps. The shapes were open dishes and jugs with narrow necks, that sometimes had rustic faces.", "The land where the Chanka culture was located was a strategic place because they dominated the territory and could easily develop defensive actions. The location was close to nearby water sources, and they could take advantage of the resources offered by the land and the presence of several ecological zones in which they were able to use to cultivate plants and rear animals.", "Damián de la Bandera said about them: \n> They all live between the highest and the lowest points in ground cooler than hot, in high places and valleys caused by the rains, where they enjoy both extremes, of the colder land, to graze the domestic cattle, those that have them, and (those that don't) hunt the wild ones, and of the hotter land, to sow seeds, at their time. The villages are no bigger than the water and land will allow and in many of them no more than ten more indians could live for lack of water and ground.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=May 2012}}", "", "The same Damián tells us that among these people there were three major trades: potters, silversmiths or metal workers, and carpenters. These trades endured until colonial times.", "" ]
History ------- ### Origin According to various myths, its founders were Uscovilca (founder of Lurinchanca) and Ancovilca (founder of Hananmarca or Hanan Chanka).quoted {{cite book \|last\=Purizaga Vega \|first\=Medardo \|title\=The Inca Empire and Pocras \|year\=1967 \|pages\=34 \|chapter\=EL curacazgo chapter Pocra \|quote\=''Betanzoz speaks of Uscovilca, who for most of the chroniclers was the founder of the nation in its bias Chanca Hanan''.}} The error incurred until now was that the ethnic group of Hanan Chanka was confused with the Urin Chanka and that the latter joined the Pacor Pocoras in a non\-existent entity called the "pocra\-chancas confederation." ### Apogee The height of the Chanka's expansion occurred between the years 1200 and 1438\. After 1430, the Chanka nation attacked the Inca Empire in Cusco. Prince [Yupanqui](/wiki/Yupanqui "Yupanqui"), who had previously been sent to a llama ranch, defeated the Chanka.Packel, John. ["Peruvian Americans."](http://www.everyculture.com/multi/Pa-Sp/Peruvian-Americans.html) *Every Culture.* (retrieved 2 May 2011\) After the war, the [Sapa Inca](/wiki/Sapa_Inca "Sapa Inca") assumed the name [Pachacuti](/wiki/Pachacuti "Pachacuti") after the tough battle, and the city of [Cusco](/wiki/Cusco "Cusco") ran the risk of being captured by the Apurímac people. According to some Incan traditions, the Urin Chankas had been conquered much earlier, around the year 1230, when the Sapan Incan [Mayta Cápac](/wiki/Mayta_C%C3%A1pac "Mayta Cápac") and his army crossed the Apurímac River, formerly called Qhapaq Mayu ("main river"), by means of a huge hanging bridge. The Incan [Garcilaso de la Vega](/wiki/Garcilaso_de_la_Vega_%28chronicler%29 "Garcilaso de la Vega (chronicler)") (1605\) gives [Cápac Yupanqui](/wiki/C%C3%A1pac_Yupanqui "Cápac Yupanqui") a similar feat one hundred years later. However, the most solidly researched version establishes their defeat and subsequent submission at the hands of the army commanded by the Incan [Pachacuti](/wiki/Pachacuti "Pachacuti"). ### Chanka\-Inca war It was in 1438 that the alleged leader Hanan Chanka "Anccu Hualloc" mythified himself so that the people or the "[ayllus](/wiki/Ayllu "Ayllu") of Ancoyaco" (also called Anco Huayllu or Hancoallo) gathered 40,000 warriors and launched the conquest of Cusco. They advanced victoriously to encircle the city. The Incan Viracocha and many of the nobility fled in the direction of [Qullasuyu](/wiki/Qullasuyu "Qullasuyu"), and were in despair until a prince, [Cusi Yupanqui](/wiki/Pachacuti "Pachacuti") (who later proclaimed himself Pachacutec), bravely led the resistance. While able to gather allies, he offered peace to the besieged, but they rejected the offer. A bloody battle was fought in Yawarpampa ("field of blood"), won by [Cusco](/wiki/Cusco "Cusco") with the timely arrival of friendly forces. The Indian chronicler, Joan de Santa Cruz Pachacuti Yampa Salcamaygua (1613\). He states that the battle would have been lost if the stone soldiers ("pururaucas") had not been brought miraculously to life{{mdash}}stones that were dressed as soldiers to fool the Chankas. ``` According to the victors, 22,000 Chancas and 8,000 Cusqueños (natives of Cusco) died at Yawarpampa. Anccu Hualloc was injured and captured. The Hanan Chankas were chased as far as Antahualla (Apurímac). ``` The leader who defended Cusco took up sovereign power and founded a new dynasty. According to the *Commentarios Reales de los Incas* by Garcilaso de la Vega, the Incan fugitive was the old [Yawar Waqaq](/wiki/Yawar_Waqaq "Yawar Waqaq"), and the prince that took up the defence of Cusco was his son, Hatun Topa, afterwards called Viracocha Inca. According to [Juan de Betanzos](/wiki/Juan_de_Betanzos "Juan de Betanzos") (1551\), the fugitive was the old Viracocha and not only him but his successor (and the brother of Cusi Yupanqui), Inca Urco, escaped responsibility, the prince Cusi Yapanqui being their saviour. According to the victors, the Incan was the fugitive elder [Yawar Waqaq](/wiki/Yawar_Waqaq "Yawar Waqaq") and the prince who assumed the defense of Cuzco was his son Topa Hatun, named after [Viracocha Inca](/wiki/Viracocha_Inca "Viracocha Inca"). This is the most accepted version, which coincides with the chronicle of [Miguel Cabello de Balboa](/wiki/Miguel_Cabello_de_Balboa "Miguel Cabello de Balboa") (1583\) and the most refined chronologies. Other chroniclers, among them [Bernabé Cobo](/wiki/Bernab%C3%A9_Cobo "Bernabé Cobo") (1653\), mention a second attack by the Chankas shortly after, also headed by Anccu Huayco against Pachacútec. The imprisoned leader not only managed to escape, but gathered 8,000 Chanka fighters in Challcumarca and in Suramarca and resumed the war, this time to regain the lost territories. Being inferior in force, he chose to escape to the jungle "to a region of large ponds or lakes," following the course of the Urubamba river. ### Spanish Conquest of the Inca Empire As the [Inca Civil War](/wiki/Inca_Civil_War "Inca Civil War") between [Huáscar](/wiki/Hu%C3%A1scar "Huáscar") and [Atahuallpa](/wiki/Atahuallpa "Atahuallpa"), the sons of [Huayna Cápac](/wiki/Huayna_C%C3%A1pac "Huayna Cápac") were tearing down the Inca Empire, the Chankas, who had been enslaved under the [mitma](/wiki/Mitma "Mitma") for over a hundred years and were already in the verge of extinction, heard stories coming from the north about “mysterious men with pale faces wearing armors and riding beasts (horses)”. Taking advantage of the Civil War, a bunch of Chankas managed to escape to meet these mysterious men who ended up being Spanish [Conquistadores](/wiki/Conquistadores "Conquistadores"). During the meeting, the Spanish were already joined by many [Indian auxiliaries](/wiki/Indian_auxiliaries "Indian auxiliaries"): the [Cañaris](/wiki/Ca%C3%B1ari "Cañari") (who have fought on Huáscar's side against Atahualpa), [Huancas](/wiki/Huanca_people "Huanca people") and [Chachapoyas](/wiki/Chachapoyas_culture "Chachapoyas culture"). Chankas using [Felipillo](/wiki/Felipillo "Felipillo") as interpreter, proposed them a deal to fight together against the Incas who had stolen their lands, killed their people and enslaving the remaining survivors. The Spaniards seemed interested at first, but after hearing from their Native allies about the savage nature of the Chankas in battle, they immediately refused, since those actions (like drinking the blood of their enemies and keeping their heads as trophies) were "against their [Christian](/wiki/Christianity "Christianity") values". The Indian auxiliaries refused to cooperate with the Spaniards if they made a deal with the Chankas. But [Francisco Pizarro](/wiki/Francisco_Pizarro "Francisco Pizarro"), the leader of the Spanish expedition, seeing potential in them, was the only one who trusted the Chankas and convinced his men and the Indian auxiliaries that they only needed “proper leadership” since their fighting skills were superior to the Huancas, Cañaris and Chachapoyas and their cooperation would guarantee their [victory](/wiki/Conquest_of_Peru "Conquest of Peru"). {{POV section\|date\=June 2021}} ### Viceroyalty of Peru With the Spanish victory, as part of the deal, Chankas recovered their freedom and their lands. Most of them were [baptized](/wiki/Baptism "Baptism") and started learning [Spanish](/wiki/Spanish_language "Spanish language"). As part of the bond between both cultures, they mixed with Spanish men and women having [mestizo](/wiki/Mestizo "Mestizo") children. However, despite playing a crucial part in the fight against the Incas, only the [Huancas](/wiki/Huanca_people "Huanca people") were recognized by the King [Philip II](/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain "Philip II of Spain") for their help in the Conquest of Peru. Furthermore, while the Chankas were nominally protected by [Native Peruvians](/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Peru "Indigenous peoples in Peru") by the [Leyes de las Indias](/wiki/Laws_of_the_Indies "Laws of the Indies"), numerous abuses from Spanish priests went unpunished. These include the crimes of Father Juan Bautista de Albadán, who during a period of ten years (1601–11\), sadistically tortured the people of [Pampachiri](/wiki/Pampachiri "Pampachiri") while amassing a personal fortune. Albadán manipulated the juridical and political systems in his favour so that he could avoid any prosecution for his crimes, which included murder, torture and rape. In one incident, it was reported that an artist, Don Juan Uacrau, was stripped naked and tied with leather thongs upside down on the cross. Albadán beat him for hours and burnt his whole body with tallow candles. Uacrau was tortured because he either protested the sexual assault of his daughters, or the wider behaviour of Albadán. The effects of Albadán's reign – a “decade of madness” \- would last well into the 18th Century.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.st\-andrews.ac.uk/stories/2016/the\-chankas\|title \= Discovering the Chanka \| University of St Andrews news}} ### Remains Their most impressive remains are "Inca Raqay,"{{Cite web\|url\=https://boliviatravelsite.com/tourist\-attraction?attraction\=Inka\+Rakay\|title\=Inka Rakay, Cochabamba\|website\=boliviatravelsite.com}} which have been studied by Martha Anders.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/information/biography/abcde/anders\_martha.html \|title\=Martha B. Anders \|access\-date\=2010\-10\-30 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100603190300/https://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/information/biography/abcde/anders\_martha.html \|archive\-date\=2010\-06\-03 }} The ruins are on the banks of the [Mantaro](/wiki/Mantaro_Valley "Mantaro Valley") River, north of Huanta where the Urin Chankas built the outstanding [Suntur](/wiki/Suntur "Suntur") fort, the metalworking centre of Curamba and the Inti Watana in Uranmarca, strategically located in the most beautiful parts of the [Andahuaylas Province](/wiki/Andahuaylas_Province "Andahuaylas Province"). In every district there is also a large variety of remains which demonstrate the legacy of the Wari Pacor, Chanka and Inka cultures. Although there is information about their military history and warlords, the archaeological remains identified as Chankas do not allow for an exact profile of the life and customs of these people. Waman Karpa (near [Andahuaylas](/wiki/Andahuaylas "Andahuaylas")), as well as Carahuasi and Rumihuasi (near [Abancay](/wiki/Abancay "Abancay")), still require further investigation. Many Chanka ceramics and instruments are part of expositions in museums located in [Apurímac](/wiki/Apur%C3%ADmac_Region "Apurímac Region"), [Ayacucho](/wiki/Ayacucho "Ayacucho") and [Lamas](/wiki/Lamas%2C_Peru "Lamas, Peru"), where the Chanka descendants also live.
[ "History\n-------", "### Origin", "According to various myths, its founders were Uscovilca (founder of Lurinchanca) and Ancovilca (founder of Hananmarca or Hanan Chanka).quoted {{cite book \\|last\\=Purizaga Vega \\|first\\=Medardo \\|title\\=The Inca Empire and Pocras \\|year\\=1967 \\|pages\\=34 \\|chapter\\=EL curacazgo chapter Pocra \\|quote\\=''Betanzoz speaks of Uscovilca, who for most of the chroniclers was the founder of the nation in its bias Chanca Hanan''.}} The error incurred until now was that the ethnic group of Hanan Chanka was confused with the Urin Chanka and that the latter joined the Pacor Pocoras in a non\\-existent entity called the \"pocra\\-chancas confederation.\"", "### Apogee", "The height of the Chanka's expansion occurred between the years 1200 and 1438\\. After 1430, the Chanka nation attacked the Inca Empire in Cusco. Prince [Yupanqui](/wiki/Yupanqui \"Yupanqui\"), who had previously been sent to a llama ranch, defeated the Chanka.Packel, John. [\"Peruvian Americans.\"](http://www.everyculture.com/multi/Pa-Sp/Peruvian-Americans.html) *Every Culture.* (retrieved 2 May 2011\\) After the war, the [Sapa Inca](/wiki/Sapa_Inca \"Sapa Inca\") assumed the name [Pachacuti](/wiki/Pachacuti \"Pachacuti\") after the tough battle, and the city of [Cusco](/wiki/Cusco \"Cusco\") ran the risk of being captured by the Apurímac people. According to some Incan traditions, the Urin Chankas had been conquered much earlier, around the year 1230, when the Sapan Incan [Mayta Cápac](/wiki/Mayta_C%C3%A1pac \"Mayta Cápac\") and his army crossed the Apurímac River, formerly called Qhapaq Mayu (\"main river\"), by means of a huge hanging bridge. The Incan [Garcilaso de la Vega](/wiki/Garcilaso_de_la_Vega_%28chronicler%29 \"Garcilaso de la Vega (chronicler)\") (1605\\) gives [Cápac Yupanqui](/wiki/C%C3%A1pac_Yupanqui \"Cápac Yupanqui\") a similar feat one hundred years later. However, the most solidly researched version establishes their defeat and subsequent submission at the hands of the army commanded by the Incan [Pachacuti](/wiki/Pachacuti \"Pachacuti\").", "### Chanka\\-Inca war", "It was in 1438 that the alleged leader Hanan Chanka \"Anccu Hualloc\" mythified himself so that the people or the \"[ayllus](/wiki/Ayllu \"Ayllu\") of Ancoyaco\" (also called Anco Huayllu or Hancoallo) gathered 40,000 warriors and launched the conquest of Cusco. They advanced victoriously to encircle the city. The Incan Viracocha and many of the nobility fled in the direction of [Qullasuyu](/wiki/Qullasuyu \"Qullasuyu\"), and were in despair until a prince, [Cusi Yupanqui](/wiki/Pachacuti \"Pachacuti\") (who later proclaimed himself Pachacutec), bravely led the resistance. While able to gather allies, he offered peace to the besieged, but they rejected the offer. A bloody battle was fought in Yawarpampa (\"field of blood\"), won by [Cusco](/wiki/Cusco \"Cusco\") with the timely arrival of friendly forces.\nThe Indian chronicler, Joan de Santa Cruz Pachacuti Yampa Salcamaygua (1613\\). He states that the battle would have been lost if the stone soldiers (\"pururaucas\") had not been brought miraculously to life{{mdash}}stones that were dressed as soldiers to fool the Chankas.", "", "```\nAccording to the victors, 22,000 Chancas and 8,000 Cusqueños (natives of Cusco) died at Yawarpampa. Anccu Hualloc was injured and captured. The Hanan Chankas were chased as far as Antahualla (Apurímac).", "```", "The leader who defended Cusco took up sovereign power and founded a new dynasty. According to the *Commentarios Reales de los Incas* by Garcilaso de la Vega, the Incan fugitive was the old [Yawar Waqaq](/wiki/Yawar_Waqaq \"Yawar Waqaq\"), and the prince that took up the defence of Cusco was his son, Hatun Topa, afterwards called Viracocha Inca. According to [Juan de Betanzos](/wiki/Juan_de_Betanzos \"Juan de Betanzos\") (1551\\), the fugitive was the old Viracocha and not only him but his successor (and the brother of Cusi Yupanqui), Inca Urco, escaped responsibility, the prince Cusi Yapanqui being their saviour.", "According to the victors, the Incan was the fugitive elder [Yawar Waqaq](/wiki/Yawar_Waqaq \"Yawar Waqaq\") and the prince who assumed the defense of Cuzco was his son Topa Hatun, named after [Viracocha Inca](/wiki/Viracocha_Inca \"Viracocha Inca\"). This is the most accepted version, which coincides with the chronicle of [Miguel Cabello de Balboa](/wiki/Miguel_Cabello_de_Balboa \"Miguel Cabello de Balboa\") (1583\\) and the most refined chronologies.", "Other chroniclers, among them [Bernabé Cobo](/wiki/Bernab%C3%A9_Cobo \"Bernabé Cobo\") (1653\\), mention a second attack by the Chankas shortly after, also headed by Anccu Huayco against Pachacútec. The imprisoned leader not only managed to escape, but gathered 8,000 Chanka fighters in Challcumarca and in Suramarca and resumed the war, this time to regain the lost territories. Being inferior in force, he chose to escape to the jungle \"to a region of large ponds or lakes,\" following the course of the Urubamba river.", "### Spanish Conquest of the Inca Empire", "As the [Inca Civil War](/wiki/Inca_Civil_War \"Inca Civil War\") between [Huáscar](/wiki/Hu%C3%A1scar \"Huáscar\") and [Atahuallpa](/wiki/Atahuallpa \"Atahuallpa\"), the sons of [Huayna Cápac](/wiki/Huayna_C%C3%A1pac \"Huayna Cápac\") were tearing down the Inca Empire, the Chankas, who had been enslaved under the [mitma](/wiki/Mitma \"Mitma\") for over a hundred years and were already in the verge of extinction, heard stories coming from the north about “mysterious men with pale faces wearing armors and riding beasts (horses)”.\nTaking advantage of the Civil War, a bunch of Chankas managed to escape to meet these mysterious men who ended up being Spanish [Conquistadores](/wiki/Conquistadores \"Conquistadores\"). During the meeting, the Spanish were already joined by many [Indian auxiliaries](/wiki/Indian_auxiliaries \"Indian auxiliaries\"): the [Cañaris](/wiki/Ca%C3%B1ari \"Cañari\") (who have fought on Huáscar's side against Atahualpa), [Huancas](/wiki/Huanca_people \"Huanca people\") and [Chachapoyas](/wiki/Chachapoyas_culture \"Chachapoyas culture\"). Chankas using [Felipillo](/wiki/Felipillo \"Felipillo\") as interpreter, proposed them a deal to fight together against the Incas who had stolen their lands, killed their people and enslaving the remaining survivors. The Spaniards seemed interested at first, but after hearing from their Native allies about the savage nature of the Chankas in battle, they immediately refused, since those actions (like drinking the blood of their enemies and keeping their heads as trophies) were \"against their [Christian](/wiki/Christianity \"Christianity\") values\". The Indian auxiliaries refused to cooperate with the Spaniards if they made a deal with the Chankas. But [Francisco Pizarro](/wiki/Francisco_Pizarro \"Francisco Pizarro\"), the leader of the Spanish expedition, seeing potential in them, was the only one who trusted the Chankas and convinced his men and the Indian auxiliaries that they only needed “proper leadership” since their fighting skills were superior to the Huancas, Cañaris and Chachapoyas and their cooperation would guarantee their [victory](/wiki/Conquest_of_Peru \"Conquest of Peru\").", "{{POV section\\|date\\=June 2021}}", "### Viceroyalty of Peru", "With the Spanish victory, as part of the deal, Chankas recovered their freedom and their lands. Most of them were [baptized](/wiki/Baptism \"Baptism\") and started learning [Spanish](/wiki/Spanish_language \"Spanish language\"). As part of the bond between both cultures, they mixed with Spanish men and women having [mestizo](/wiki/Mestizo \"Mestizo\") children. However, despite playing a crucial part in the fight against the Incas, only the [Huancas](/wiki/Huanca_people \"Huanca people\") were recognized by the King [Philip II](/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain \"Philip II of Spain\") for their help in the Conquest of Peru. Furthermore, while the Chankas were nominally protected by [Native Peruvians](/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Peru \"Indigenous peoples in Peru\") by the [Leyes de las Indias](/wiki/Laws_of_the_Indies \"Laws of the Indies\"), numerous abuses from Spanish priests went unpunished. These include the crimes of Father Juan Bautista de Albadán, who during a period of ten years (1601–11\\), sadistically tortured the people of [Pampachiri](/wiki/Pampachiri \"Pampachiri\") while amassing a personal fortune. Albadán manipulated the juridical and political systems in his favour so that he could avoid any prosecution for his crimes, which included murder, torture and rape. In one incident, it was reported that an artist, Don Juan Uacrau, was stripped naked and tied with leather thongs upside down on the cross. Albadán beat him for hours and burnt his whole body with tallow candles. Uacrau was tortured because he either protested the sexual assault of his daughters, or the wider behaviour of Albadán. The effects of Albadán's reign – a “decade of madness” \\- would last well into the 18th Century.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.st\\-andrews.ac.uk/stories/2016/the\\-chankas\\|title \\= Discovering the Chanka \\| University of St Andrews news}}", "### Remains", "Their most impressive remains are \"Inca Raqay,\"{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://boliviatravelsite.com/tourist\\-attraction?attraction\\=Inka\\+Rakay\\|title\\=Inka Rakay, Cochabamba\\|website\\=boliviatravelsite.com}} which have been studied by Martha Anders.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/information/biography/abcde/anders\\_martha.html \\|title\\=Martha B. Anders \\|access\\-date\\=2010\\-10\\-30 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100603190300/https://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/information/biography/abcde/anders\\_martha.html \\|archive\\-date\\=2010\\-06\\-03 }} The ruins are on the banks of the [Mantaro](/wiki/Mantaro_Valley \"Mantaro Valley\") River, north of Huanta where the Urin Chankas built the outstanding [Suntur](/wiki/Suntur \"Suntur\") fort, the metalworking centre of Curamba and the Inti Watana in Uranmarca, strategically located in the most beautiful parts of the [Andahuaylas Province](/wiki/Andahuaylas_Province \"Andahuaylas Province\").\nIn every district there is also a large variety of remains which demonstrate the legacy of the Wari Pacor, Chanka and Inka cultures.", "Although there is information about their military history and warlords, the archaeological remains identified as Chankas do not allow for an exact profile of the life and customs of these people.", "Waman Karpa (near [Andahuaylas](/wiki/Andahuaylas \"Andahuaylas\")), as well as Carahuasi and Rumihuasi (near [Abancay](/wiki/Abancay \"Abancay\")), still require further investigation.", "Many Chanka ceramics and instruments are part of expositions in museums located in [Apurímac](/wiki/Apur%C3%ADmac_Region \"Apurímac Region\"), [Ayacucho](/wiki/Ayacucho \"Ayacucho\") and [Lamas](/wiki/Lamas%2C_Peru \"Lamas, Peru\"), where the Chanka descendants also live.", "" ]
History ------- ### First formation It was active during the [Winter War](/wiki/Winter_War "Winter War") against Finland as part of the [Leningrad Military District](/wiki/Leningrad_Military_District "Leningrad Military District"), beginning operations at the end of November 1939 under KomKor [M.P. Duhanov](/wiki/Mikhail_Dukhanov "Mikhail Dukhanov") with the [49th](/wiki/49th_Rifle_Corps "49th Rifle Corps") and Special [Rifle Corps](/wiki/Rifle_Corps_%28Soviet%29 "Rifle Corps (Soviet)") as well as assigned aviation units.[9th Army, Red Army, 30\.11\.1939](http://niehorster.org/012_ussr/39_oob/army/army_09.html) 9th Army was initially tasked with the capture of [Kajaani](/wiki/Kajaani "Kajaani") and [Oulu](/wiki/Oulu "Oulu").{{Cite book \| url \= https://books.google.com/books?id\=Seki32T1LAMC \| title \= War of the White Death: Finland Against the Soviet Union, 1939\-40 \| last \= Irincheev \| first \= Bair \| date \= 2012\-01\-01 \| publisher \= Stackpole Books \| isbn \= 9780811710886 \| page \= 6 \| language \= en }} Two divisions attached to the army, the [44th](/wiki/44th_Rifle_Division_%28Soviet_Union%29 "44th Rifle Division (Soviet Union)") and 163rd Rifle Divisions, were defeated by the Finns during the [Battle of Suomussalmi](/wiki/Battle_of_Suomussalmi "Battle of Suomussalmi"). It appears to have been disbanded after the end of the war. ### Second formation In 1940 the Army was created to take part in the [Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina](/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina "Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina"). It was disbanded on 10 July 1940\. ### Third formation By 1941 the Army was designated the 9th Separate Army (briefly) and included the [14th](/wiki/14th_Rifle_Corps "14th Rifle Corps"), [35th](/wiki/35th_Rifle_Corps "35th Rifle Corps") and [48th Rifle Corps](/wiki/48th_Rifle_Corps "48th Rifle Corps") (the last under then General Major [Rodion Malinovsky](/wiki/Rodion_Malinovsky "Rodion Malinovsky")), [2nd Cavalry Corps](/wiki/2nd_Cavalry_Corps_%28Soviet_Union%29 "2nd Cavalry Corps (Soviet Union)"), [2nd](/wiki/2nd_Mechanized_Corps_%28Soviet_Union%29 "2nd Mechanized Corps (Soviet Union)") and [18th Mechanised Corps](/wiki/18th_Mechanised_Corps "18th Mechanised Corps"), 80th, 81st, 82nd, 84th, 86th Fortified Regions and a number of other units – the biggest army on the Soviet border before the German [Operation Barbarossa](/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa "Operation Barbarossa") began. However, it was more an administrative than an operational formation on 22 June 1941\.[John Erickson (historian)](/wiki/John_Erickson_%28historian%29 "John Erickson (historian)"), The Road to Stalingrad, 2003 Cassel Military Paperbacks edition, p. 141 With General Major [M.V. Zakharov](/wiki/Matvei_Zakharov "Matvei Zakharov") as chief of staff,{{Cite web\|title \= Biography of Marshal of Soviet Union Matvei Vasilevich Zakharov – (Матвей Васильевич Захаров) (1898 – 1972\), Soviet Union\|url \= http://generals.dk/general/Zakharov/Matvei\_Vasilevich/Soviet\_Union.html\|website \= generals.dk\|access\-date \= 2016\-02\-03}} it was tasked to cover the Bălți, Chisinau, and [Odesa](/wiki/Odesa "Odesa") approaches as part of General [Ivan Tyulenev](/wiki/Ivan_Tyulenev "Ivan Tyulenev")'s [Southern Front](/wiki/Southern_Front_%28Soviet_Union%29 "Southern Front (Soviet Union)"). The first engagement came when Von Schobert's [Eleventh Army](/wiki/11th_Army_%28Wehrmacht%29 "11th Army (Wehrmacht)") crashed into the juncture of 9th and [18th](/wiki/18th_Army_%28Soviet_Union%29 "18th Army (Soviet Union)") Armies. North of [Jassy](/wiki/Jassy_%28city%29 "Jassy (city)"), the German assault fell on the 48th Rifle Corps which was covering [Bălți](/wiki/B%C4%83l%C8%9Bi "Bălți"). Tyulenev ordered a counterattack, and soon 48th Rifle and 2nd Cavalry Corps plus 2nd Mechanised Corps from Southern Front reserve were engaged at Bălți and Stefanesti. Tyulenev then drew off [25th](/wiki/25th_Rifle_Division_%28Soviet_Union%29 "25th Rifle Division (Soviet Union)"), 51st, and [150th Rifle Divisions](/wiki/150th_Rifle_Division_%28Soviet_Union%29 "150th Rifle Division (Soviet Union)") from two of Zakharov's rifle corps to form a new 'Coastal Group' to cover the eastern bank of the [Prut River](/wiki/Prut_River "Prut River"), the northern bank of the [Danube](/wiki/Danube "Danube") and the Black Sea coast.Erickson, 2003, p. 168 (This group later became the [Separate Coastal Army](/wiki/Separate_Coastal_Army "Separate Coastal Army")). By early August, 9th Army was falling back to [Mykolaiv](/wiki/Mykolaiv "Mykolaiv") under repeated German blows, and by 17 August across the River Ingulets and over to the eastern bank of the Dnieper. The 'Coastal Group' was meanwhile falling back on [Odesa](/wiki/Odesa "Odesa"). By early 9 October Army was falling back on [Taganrog](/wiki/Taganrog "Taganrog"), after a failed attempt by Southern Front's three armies to hold a line between Pavlograd and the Sea of Azov had been shattered by an outflanking maneuver by Von Kleist's newly renamed [First Panzer Army](/wiki/1st_Panzer_Army "1st Panzer Army").Erickson, 2003, pp. 255–6, 265 The resulting [Battle of the Sea of Azov](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Sea_of_Azov "Battle of the Sea of Azov") shattered 9th Army, virtually destroying it. The Soviets' next move was a planned offensive orchestrated by Timoshenko, GlavKom Southwest. After still more retreats and the loss of [Rostov](/wiki/Rostov%2C_Yaroslavl_Oblast "Rostov, Yaroslavl Oblast"), 9th Army stepped off on 17 November as part of an assault by both Southern and Southwestern Fronts, and by 29 November, 9th Army in conjunction with 56th Army and other units had cleared Rostov and the city was back in Soviet hands. 9th Army then joined Timoshenko's strategic reserve, to join the battle again when the [Barvenkovo–Lozovaya Offensive](/wiki/Barvenkovo%E2%80%93Lozovaya_Offensive "Barvenkovo–Lozovaya Offensive") operation began.Erickson, 2003, pp. 328–9 9th Army joined this assault in January 1942 when it broke into the German front on the northern Donets along with 6th and 57th Armies, reaching the line Balakleya\-Lozovaia\-Slavyansk before being halted by repeated German counterattacks. Still with Southern Front, 9th Army was then allotted a subsidiary part in the Kharkov offensive – the [Second Battle of Kharkiv](/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Kharkov "Second Battle of Kharkov") – which kicked off in May 1942\. Along with 57th Army, 9th Army was tasked to secure the southern part of the [Izyum](/wiki/Izyum "Izyum") bulge in the front. While being in a secondary sector, 9th Army took much of the force of the German response, Operation Fridericus.Erickson, 2003, pp. 346–7 Eight hours into the German counterstroke, at noon on 17 May, elements of the First Panzer and Seventeenth Armies were ten miles into 9th Army's positions and threatening the neighbouring 57th Army's rear. Commander, Southern Front, General Lieutenant R. Ya. Malinovskii, at once drew [5th Cavalry Corps](/wiki/5th_Cavalry_Corps_%28Soviet_Union%29 "5th Cavalry Corps (Soviet Union)"), a rifle division, and a tank brigade out of reserve in an attempt to halt Von Kleist. However discussions and decisions at [Stavka](/wiki/Stavka "Stavka") about breaking off the Kharkov offensive in response did not come quickly enough, and 6th and 57th Armies were surrounded in the Izyum pocket with the loss of 200,000 plus men in casualties alone. Later, as part of the [North Caucasian](/wiki/North_Caucasian_Front "North Caucasian Front") and [Transcaucasian Fronts](/wiki/Transcaucasian_Front "Transcaucasian Front"), the Army fought on the big bend of the river Don (in the summer of 1942\), and participated in the [Battle of the Caucasus](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Caucasus "Battle of the Caucasus"). In November 1943 the army headquarters was disbanded, and its formations and units transferred to other armies.
[ "History\n-------", "### First formation", "It was active during the [Winter War](/wiki/Winter_War \"Winter War\") against Finland as part of the [Leningrad Military District](/wiki/Leningrad_Military_District \"Leningrad Military District\"), beginning operations at the end of November 1939 under KomKor [M.P. Duhanov](/wiki/Mikhail_Dukhanov \"Mikhail Dukhanov\") with the [49th](/wiki/49th_Rifle_Corps \"49th Rifle Corps\") and Special [Rifle Corps](/wiki/Rifle_Corps_%28Soviet%29 \"Rifle Corps (Soviet)\") as well as assigned aviation units.[9th Army, Red Army, 30\\.11\\.1939](http://niehorster.org/012_ussr/39_oob/army/army_09.html) 9th Army was initially tasked with the capture of [Kajaani](/wiki/Kajaani \"Kajaani\") and [Oulu](/wiki/Oulu \"Oulu\").{{Cite book\n\\| url \\= https://books.google.com/books?id\\=Seki32T1LAMC\n\\| title \\= War of the White Death: Finland Against the Soviet Union, 1939\\-40\n\\| last \\= Irincheev\n\\| first \\= Bair\n\\| date \\= 2012\\-01\\-01\n\\| publisher \\= Stackpole Books\n\\| isbn \\= 9780811710886\n\\| page \\= 6\n\\| language \\= en\n}} Two divisions attached to the army, the [44th](/wiki/44th_Rifle_Division_%28Soviet_Union%29 \"44th Rifle Division (Soviet Union)\") and 163rd Rifle Divisions, were defeated by the Finns during the [Battle of Suomussalmi](/wiki/Battle_of_Suomussalmi \"Battle of Suomussalmi\"). It appears to have been disbanded after the end of the war.", "### Second formation", "In 1940 the Army was created to take part in the [Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina](/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina \"Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina\"). It was disbanded on 10 July 1940\\.", "### Third formation", "By 1941 the Army was designated the 9th Separate Army (briefly) and included the [14th](/wiki/14th_Rifle_Corps \"14th Rifle Corps\"), [35th](/wiki/35th_Rifle_Corps \"35th Rifle Corps\") and [48th Rifle Corps](/wiki/48th_Rifle_Corps \"48th Rifle Corps\") (the last under then General Major [Rodion Malinovsky](/wiki/Rodion_Malinovsky \"Rodion Malinovsky\")), [2nd Cavalry Corps](/wiki/2nd_Cavalry_Corps_%28Soviet_Union%29 \"2nd Cavalry Corps (Soviet Union)\"), [2nd](/wiki/2nd_Mechanized_Corps_%28Soviet_Union%29 \"2nd Mechanized Corps (Soviet Union)\") and [18th Mechanised Corps](/wiki/18th_Mechanised_Corps \"18th Mechanised Corps\"), 80th, 81st, 82nd, 84th, 86th Fortified Regions and a number of other units – the biggest army on the Soviet border before the German [Operation Barbarossa](/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa \"Operation Barbarossa\") began. However, it was more an administrative than an operational formation on 22 June 1941\\.[John Erickson (historian)](/wiki/John_Erickson_%28historian%29 \"John Erickson (historian)\"), The Road to Stalingrad, 2003 Cassel Military Paperbacks edition, p. 141 With General Major [M.V. Zakharov](/wiki/Matvei_Zakharov \"Matvei Zakharov\") as chief of staff,{{Cite web\\|title \\= Biography of Marshal of Soviet Union Matvei Vasilevich Zakharov – (Матвей Васильевич Захаров) (1898 – 1972\\), Soviet Union\\|url \\= http://generals.dk/general/Zakharov/Matvei\\_Vasilevich/Soviet\\_Union.html\\|website \\= generals.dk\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-02\\-03}} it was tasked to cover the Bălți, Chisinau, and [Odesa](/wiki/Odesa \"Odesa\") approaches as part of General [Ivan Tyulenev](/wiki/Ivan_Tyulenev \"Ivan Tyulenev\")'s [Southern Front](/wiki/Southern_Front_%28Soviet_Union%29 \"Southern Front (Soviet Union)\").", "The first engagement came when Von Schobert's [Eleventh Army](/wiki/11th_Army_%28Wehrmacht%29 \"11th Army (Wehrmacht)\") crashed into the juncture of 9th and [18th](/wiki/18th_Army_%28Soviet_Union%29 \"18th Army (Soviet Union)\") Armies. North of [Jassy](/wiki/Jassy_%28city%29 \"Jassy (city)\"), the German assault fell on the 48th Rifle Corps which was covering [Bălți](/wiki/B%C4%83l%C8%9Bi \"Bălți\"). Tyulenev ordered a counterattack, and soon 48th Rifle and 2nd Cavalry Corps plus 2nd Mechanised Corps from Southern Front reserve were engaged at Bălți and Stefanesti. Tyulenev then drew off [25th](/wiki/25th_Rifle_Division_%28Soviet_Union%29 \"25th Rifle Division (Soviet Union)\"), 51st, and [150th Rifle Divisions](/wiki/150th_Rifle_Division_%28Soviet_Union%29 \"150th Rifle Division (Soviet Union)\") from two of Zakharov's rifle corps to form a new 'Coastal Group' to cover the eastern bank of the [Prut River](/wiki/Prut_River \"Prut River\"), the northern bank of the [Danube](/wiki/Danube \"Danube\") and the Black Sea coast.Erickson, 2003, p. 168 (This group later became the [Separate Coastal Army](/wiki/Separate_Coastal_Army \"Separate Coastal Army\")).", "By early August, 9th Army was falling back to [Mykolaiv](/wiki/Mykolaiv \"Mykolaiv\") under repeated German blows, and by 17 August across the River Ingulets and over to the eastern bank of the Dnieper. The 'Coastal Group' was meanwhile falling back on [Odesa](/wiki/Odesa \"Odesa\"). By early 9 October Army was falling back on [Taganrog](/wiki/Taganrog \"Taganrog\"), after a failed attempt by Southern Front's three armies to hold a line between Pavlograd and the Sea of Azov had been shattered by an outflanking maneuver by Von Kleist's newly renamed [First Panzer Army](/wiki/1st_Panzer_Army \"1st Panzer Army\").Erickson, 2003, pp. 255–6, 265 The resulting [Battle of the Sea of Azov](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Sea_of_Azov \"Battle of the Sea of Azov\") shattered 9th Army, virtually destroying it.", "The Soviets' next move was a planned offensive orchestrated by Timoshenko, GlavKom Southwest. After still more retreats and the loss of [Rostov](/wiki/Rostov%2C_Yaroslavl_Oblast \"Rostov, Yaroslavl Oblast\"), 9th Army stepped off on 17 November as part of an assault by both Southern and Southwestern Fronts, and by 29 November, 9th Army in conjunction with 56th Army and other units had cleared Rostov and the city was back in Soviet hands. 9th Army then joined Timoshenko's strategic reserve, to join the battle again when the [Barvenkovo–Lozovaya Offensive](/wiki/Barvenkovo%E2%80%93Lozovaya_Offensive \"Barvenkovo–Lozovaya Offensive\") operation began.Erickson, 2003, pp. 328–9 9th Army joined this assault in January 1942 when it broke into the German front on the northern Donets along with 6th and 57th Armies, reaching the line Balakleya\\-Lozovaia\\-Slavyansk before being halted by repeated German counterattacks.", "Still with Southern Front, 9th Army was then allotted a subsidiary part in the Kharkov offensive – the [Second Battle of Kharkiv](/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Kharkov \"Second Battle of Kharkov\") – which kicked off in May 1942\\. Along with 57th Army, 9th Army was tasked to secure the southern part of the [Izyum](/wiki/Izyum \"Izyum\") bulge in the front. While being in a secondary sector, 9th Army took much of the force of the German response, Operation Fridericus.Erickson, 2003, pp. 346–7 Eight hours into the German counterstroke, at noon on 17 May, elements of the First Panzer and Seventeenth Armies were ten miles into 9th Army's positions and threatening the neighbouring 57th Army's rear. Commander, Southern Front, General Lieutenant R. Ya. Malinovskii, at once drew [5th Cavalry Corps](/wiki/5th_Cavalry_Corps_%28Soviet_Union%29 \"5th Cavalry Corps (Soviet Union)\"), a rifle division, and a tank brigade out of reserve in an attempt to halt Von Kleist. However discussions and decisions at [Stavka](/wiki/Stavka \"Stavka\") about breaking off the Kharkov offensive in response did not come quickly enough, and 6th and 57th Armies were surrounded in the Izyum pocket with the loss of 200,000 plus men in casualties alone.", "Later, as part of the [North Caucasian](/wiki/North_Caucasian_Front \"North Caucasian Front\") and [Transcaucasian Fronts](/wiki/Transcaucasian_Front \"Transcaucasian Front\"), the Army fought on the big bend of the river Don (in the summer of 1942\\), and participated in the [Battle of the Caucasus](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Caucasus \"Battle of the Caucasus\").", "In November 1943 the army headquarters was disbanded, and its formations and units transferred to other armies.", "" ]
### Third formation By 1941 the Army was designated the 9th Separate Army (briefly) and included the [14th](/wiki/14th_Rifle_Corps "14th Rifle Corps"), [35th](/wiki/35th_Rifle_Corps "35th Rifle Corps") and [48th Rifle Corps](/wiki/48th_Rifle_Corps "48th Rifle Corps") (the last under then General Major [Rodion Malinovsky](/wiki/Rodion_Malinovsky "Rodion Malinovsky")), [2nd Cavalry Corps](/wiki/2nd_Cavalry_Corps_%28Soviet_Union%29 "2nd Cavalry Corps (Soviet Union)"), [2nd](/wiki/2nd_Mechanized_Corps_%28Soviet_Union%29 "2nd Mechanized Corps (Soviet Union)") and [18th Mechanised Corps](/wiki/18th_Mechanised_Corps "18th Mechanised Corps"), 80th, 81st, 82nd, 84th, 86th Fortified Regions and a number of other units – the biggest army on the Soviet border before the German [Operation Barbarossa](/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa "Operation Barbarossa") began. However, it was more an administrative than an operational formation on 22 June 1941\.[John Erickson (historian)](/wiki/John_Erickson_%28historian%29 "John Erickson (historian)"), The Road to Stalingrad, 2003 Cassel Military Paperbacks edition, p. 141 With General Major [M.V. Zakharov](/wiki/Matvei_Zakharov "Matvei Zakharov") as chief of staff,{{Cite web\|title \= Biography of Marshal of Soviet Union Matvei Vasilevich Zakharov – (Матвей Васильевич Захаров) (1898 – 1972\), Soviet Union\|url \= http://generals.dk/general/Zakharov/Matvei\_Vasilevich/Soviet\_Union.html\|website \= generals.dk\|access\-date \= 2016\-02\-03}} it was tasked to cover the Bălți, Chisinau, and [Odesa](/wiki/Odesa "Odesa") approaches as part of General [Ivan Tyulenev](/wiki/Ivan_Tyulenev "Ivan Tyulenev")'s [Southern Front](/wiki/Southern_Front_%28Soviet_Union%29 "Southern Front (Soviet Union)"). The first engagement came when Von Schobert's [Eleventh Army](/wiki/11th_Army_%28Wehrmacht%29 "11th Army (Wehrmacht)") crashed into the juncture of 9th and [18th](/wiki/18th_Army_%28Soviet_Union%29 "18th Army (Soviet Union)") Armies. North of [Jassy](/wiki/Jassy_%28city%29 "Jassy (city)"), the German assault fell on the 48th Rifle Corps which was covering [Bălți](/wiki/B%C4%83l%C8%9Bi "Bălți"). Tyulenev ordered a counterattack, and soon 48th Rifle and 2nd Cavalry Corps plus 2nd Mechanised Corps from Southern Front reserve were engaged at Bălți and Stefanesti. Tyulenev then drew off [25th](/wiki/25th_Rifle_Division_%28Soviet_Union%29 "25th Rifle Division (Soviet Union)"), 51st, and [150th Rifle Divisions](/wiki/150th_Rifle_Division_%28Soviet_Union%29 "150th Rifle Division (Soviet Union)") from two of Zakharov's rifle corps to form a new 'Coastal Group' to cover the eastern bank of the [Prut River](/wiki/Prut_River "Prut River"), the northern bank of the [Danube](/wiki/Danube "Danube") and the Black Sea coast.Erickson, 2003, p. 168 (This group later became the [Separate Coastal Army](/wiki/Separate_Coastal_Army "Separate Coastal Army")). By early August, 9th Army was falling back to [Mykolaiv](/wiki/Mykolaiv "Mykolaiv") under repeated German blows, and by 17 August across the River Ingulets and over to the eastern bank of the Dnieper. The 'Coastal Group' was meanwhile falling back on [Odesa](/wiki/Odesa "Odesa"). By early 9 October Army was falling back on [Taganrog](/wiki/Taganrog "Taganrog"), after a failed attempt by Southern Front's three armies to hold a line between Pavlograd and the Sea of Azov had been shattered by an outflanking maneuver by Von Kleist's newly renamed [First Panzer Army](/wiki/1st_Panzer_Army "1st Panzer Army").Erickson, 2003, pp. 255–6, 265 The resulting [Battle of the Sea of Azov](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Sea_of_Azov "Battle of the Sea of Azov") shattered 9th Army, virtually destroying it. The Soviets' next move was a planned offensive orchestrated by Timoshenko, GlavKom Southwest. After still more retreats and the loss of [Rostov](/wiki/Rostov%2C_Yaroslavl_Oblast "Rostov, Yaroslavl Oblast"), 9th Army stepped off on 17 November as part of an assault by both Southern and Southwestern Fronts, and by 29 November, 9th Army in conjunction with 56th Army and other units had cleared Rostov and the city was back in Soviet hands. 9th Army then joined Timoshenko's strategic reserve, to join the battle again when the [Barvenkovo–Lozovaya Offensive](/wiki/Barvenkovo%E2%80%93Lozovaya_Offensive "Barvenkovo–Lozovaya Offensive") operation began.Erickson, 2003, pp. 328–9 9th Army joined this assault in January 1942 when it broke into the German front on the northern Donets along with 6th and 57th Armies, reaching the line Balakleya\-Lozovaia\-Slavyansk before being halted by repeated German counterattacks. Still with Southern Front, 9th Army was then allotted a subsidiary part in the Kharkov offensive – the [Second Battle of Kharkiv](/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Kharkov "Second Battle of Kharkov") – which kicked off in May 1942\. Along with 57th Army, 9th Army was tasked to secure the southern part of the [Izyum](/wiki/Izyum "Izyum") bulge in the front. While being in a secondary sector, 9th Army took much of the force of the German response, Operation Fridericus.Erickson, 2003, pp. 346–7 Eight hours into the German counterstroke, at noon on 17 May, elements of the First Panzer and Seventeenth Armies were ten miles into 9th Army's positions and threatening the neighbouring 57th Army's rear. Commander, Southern Front, General Lieutenant R. Ya. Malinovskii, at once drew [5th Cavalry Corps](/wiki/5th_Cavalry_Corps_%28Soviet_Union%29 "5th Cavalry Corps (Soviet Union)"), a rifle division, and a tank brigade out of reserve in an attempt to halt Von Kleist. However discussions and decisions at [Stavka](/wiki/Stavka "Stavka") about breaking off the Kharkov offensive in response did not come quickly enough, and 6th and 57th Armies were surrounded in the Izyum pocket with the loss of 200,000 plus men in casualties alone. Later, as part of the [North Caucasian](/wiki/North_Caucasian_Front "North Caucasian Front") and [Transcaucasian Fronts](/wiki/Transcaucasian_Front "Transcaucasian Front"), the Army fought on the big bend of the river Don (in the summer of 1942\), and participated in the [Battle of the Caucasus](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Caucasus "Battle of the Caucasus"). In November 1943 the army headquarters was disbanded, and its formations and units transferred to other armies.
[ "### Third formation", "By 1941 the Army was designated the 9th Separate Army (briefly) and included the [14th](/wiki/14th_Rifle_Corps \"14th Rifle Corps\"), [35th](/wiki/35th_Rifle_Corps \"35th Rifle Corps\") and [48th Rifle Corps](/wiki/48th_Rifle_Corps \"48th Rifle Corps\") (the last under then General Major [Rodion Malinovsky](/wiki/Rodion_Malinovsky \"Rodion Malinovsky\")), [2nd Cavalry Corps](/wiki/2nd_Cavalry_Corps_%28Soviet_Union%29 \"2nd Cavalry Corps (Soviet Union)\"), [2nd](/wiki/2nd_Mechanized_Corps_%28Soviet_Union%29 \"2nd Mechanized Corps (Soviet Union)\") and [18th Mechanised Corps](/wiki/18th_Mechanised_Corps \"18th Mechanised Corps\"), 80th, 81st, 82nd, 84th, 86th Fortified Regions and a number of other units – the biggest army on the Soviet border before the German [Operation Barbarossa](/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa \"Operation Barbarossa\") began. However, it was more an administrative than an operational formation on 22 June 1941\\.[John Erickson (historian)](/wiki/John_Erickson_%28historian%29 \"John Erickson (historian)\"), The Road to Stalingrad, 2003 Cassel Military Paperbacks edition, p. 141 With General Major [M.V. Zakharov](/wiki/Matvei_Zakharov \"Matvei Zakharov\") as chief of staff,{{Cite web\\|title \\= Biography of Marshal of Soviet Union Matvei Vasilevich Zakharov – (Матвей Васильевич Захаров) (1898 – 1972\\), Soviet Union\\|url \\= http://generals.dk/general/Zakharov/Matvei\\_Vasilevich/Soviet\\_Union.html\\|website \\= generals.dk\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-02\\-03}} it was tasked to cover the Bălți, Chisinau, and [Odesa](/wiki/Odesa \"Odesa\") approaches as part of General [Ivan Tyulenev](/wiki/Ivan_Tyulenev \"Ivan Tyulenev\")'s [Southern Front](/wiki/Southern_Front_%28Soviet_Union%29 \"Southern Front (Soviet Union)\").", "The first engagement came when Von Schobert's [Eleventh Army](/wiki/11th_Army_%28Wehrmacht%29 \"11th Army (Wehrmacht)\") crashed into the juncture of 9th and [18th](/wiki/18th_Army_%28Soviet_Union%29 \"18th Army (Soviet Union)\") Armies. North of [Jassy](/wiki/Jassy_%28city%29 \"Jassy (city)\"), the German assault fell on the 48th Rifle Corps which was covering [Bălți](/wiki/B%C4%83l%C8%9Bi \"Bălți\"). Tyulenev ordered a counterattack, and soon 48th Rifle and 2nd Cavalry Corps plus 2nd Mechanised Corps from Southern Front reserve were engaged at Bălți and Stefanesti. Tyulenev then drew off [25th](/wiki/25th_Rifle_Division_%28Soviet_Union%29 \"25th Rifle Division (Soviet Union)\"), 51st, and [150th Rifle Divisions](/wiki/150th_Rifle_Division_%28Soviet_Union%29 \"150th Rifle Division (Soviet Union)\") from two of Zakharov's rifle corps to form a new 'Coastal Group' to cover the eastern bank of the [Prut River](/wiki/Prut_River \"Prut River\"), the northern bank of the [Danube](/wiki/Danube \"Danube\") and the Black Sea coast.Erickson, 2003, p. 168 (This group later became the [Separate Coastal Army](/wiki/Separate_Coastal_Army \"Separate Coastal Army\")).", "By early August, 9th Army was falling back to [Mykolaiv](/wiki/Mykolaiv \"Mykolaiv\") under repeated German blows, and by 17 August across the River Ingulets and over to the eastern bank of the Dnieper. The 'Coastal Group' was meanwhile falling back on [Odesa](/wiki/Odesa \"Odesa\"). By early 9 October Army was falling back on [Taganrog](/wiki/Taganrog \"Taganrog\"), after a failed attempt by Southern Front's three armies to hold a line between Pavlograd and the Sea of Azov had been shattered by an outflanking maneuver by Von Kleist's newly renamed [First Panzer Army](/wiki/1st_Panzer_Army \"1st Panzer Army\").Erickson, 2003, pp. 255–6, 265 The resulting [Battle of the Sea of Azov](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Sea_of_Azov \"Battle of the Sea of Azov\") shattered 9th Army, virtually destroying it.", "The Soviets' next move was a planned offensive orchestrated by Timoshenko, GlavKom Southwest. After still more retreats and the loss of [Rostov](/wiki/Rostov%2C_Yaroslavl_Oblast \"Rostov, Yaroslavl Oblast\"), 9th Army stepped off on 17 November as part of an assault by both Southern and Southwestern Fronts, and by 29 November, 9th Army in conjunction with 56th Army and other units had cleared Rostov and the city was back in Soviet hands. 9th Army then joined Timoshenko's strategic reserve, to join the battle again when the [Barvenkovo–Lozovaya Offensive](/wiki/Barvenkovo%E2%80%93Lozovaya_Offensive \"Barvenkovo–Lozovaya Offensive\") operation began.Erickson, 2003, pp. 328–9 9th Army joined this assault in January 1942 when it broke into the German front on the northern Donets along with 6th and 57th Armies, reaching the line Balakleya\\-Lozovaia\\-Slavyansk before being halted by repeated German counterattacks.", "Still with Southern Front, 9th Army was then allotted a subsidiary part in the Kharkov offensive – the [Second Battle of Kharkiv](/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Kharkov \"Second Battle of Kharkov\") – which kicked off in May 1942\\. Along with 57th Army, 9th Army was tasked to secure the southern part of the [Izyum](/wiki/Izyum \"Izyum\") bulge in the front. While being in a secondary sector, 9th Army took much of the force of the German response, Operation Fridericus.Erickson, 2003, pp. 346–7 Eight hours into the German counterstroke, at noon on 17 May, elements of the First Panzer and Seventeenth Armies were ten miles into 9th Army's positions and threatening the neighbouring 57th Army's rear. Commander, Southern Front, General Lieutenant R. Ya. Malinovskii, at once drew [5th Cavalry Corps](/wiki/5th_Cavalry_Corps_%28Soviet_Union%29 \"5th Cavalry Corps (Soviet Union)\"), a rifle division, and a tank brigade out of reserve in an attempt to halt Von Kleist. However discussions and decisions at [Stavka](/wiki/Stavka \"Stavka\") about breaking off the Kharkov offensive in response did not come quickly enough, and 6th and 57th Armies were surrounded in the Izyum pocket with the loss of 200,000 plus men in casualties alone.", "Later, as part of the [North Caucasian](/wiki/North_Caucasian_Front \"North Caucasian Front\") and [Transcaucasian Fronts](/wiki/Transcaucasian_Front \"Transcaucasian Front\"), the Army fought on the big bend of the river Don (in the summer of 1942\\), and participated in the [Battle of the Caucasus](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Caucasus \"Battle of the Caucasus\").", "In November 1943 the army headquarters was disbanded, and its formations and units transferred to other armies.", "" ]
Biography --------- John was born {{circa\|1339}}Dek (1970\), p. 66\.Vorsterman van Oyen (1882\), p. 90 and Joachim (1881\), p. 250 state born {{circa\|1340}}. von Stramberg (1865\), p. 712 and Hoffmann (1842\), p. 134 state born in 1339 or 1340\. as the eldest son of [Count](/wiki/Count "Count") [Otto II of Nassau\-Siegen](/wiki/Otto_II%2C_Count_of_Nassau-Siegen "Otto II, Count of Nassau-Siegen") and Countess [Adelaide of Vianden](/wiki/Adelaide_of_Vianden "Adelaide of Vianden").Vorsterman van Oyen (1882\), p. 90\.von Stramberg (1865\), p. 712\. [thumb\|left\|Siegen Castle, 2011\.](/wiki/File:Siegen_Schloss_-_20.3.2011_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg "Siegen Schloss - 20.3.2011 - panoramio (1).jpg") When John's father was killed in action between 6 December 1350 and 25 January 1351,von Stramberg (1865\), p. 711\. John succeeded him as Count of [Nassau\-Siegen](/wiki/Nassau-Siegen "Nassau-Siegen"). As John was still a [minor](/wiki/Minor_%28law%29 "Minor (law)"), his mother assumed [regency](/wiki/Regency "Regency") over the county.Becker (1983\), p. 12\.Lück (1981\), p. 22\. This clever and energetic woman, endeavoured to gradually settle the numerous feuds inherited by her and her son with the local [noble families](/wiki/Nobility "Nobility"), the powerful lords of {{Interlanguage link\|House of Bicken\|de\|3\=Bicken (Adelsgeschlecht)\|lt\=Bicken}}, {{Interlanguage link\|House of Walderdorff\|de\|3\=Walderdorff (Adelsgeschlecht)\|lt\=Walderdorff}} and {{Interlanguage link\|House of Haiger\|de\|3\=Burg Haiger\|lt\=Haiger}}, although she herself did not disdain to take up the gauntlet forced upon her on one occasion or another. On the other hand, she also resolved many of the [pledges](/wiki/Pledge_%28law%29 "Pledge (law)") entered into by her husband. In the underdeveloped [County of Nassau\-Siegen](/wiki/Nassau-Siegen "Nassau-Siegen"), where the local nobility thought they had a free hand, she kept the reins tight. She did have to pledge land to clear her husband's debts, and although ending her husband's numerous feuds was not without sacrifice, these agreements brought her the peace for undisturbed reconstruction. The unfinished feuds and frequent interference from the country's resident powerful nobility forced her to make new debts. In 1356, she was forced to conclude a protection alliance with [Landgrave](/wiki/Landgrave "Landgrave") [Henry II the Iron of Hesse](/wiki/Henry_II%2C_Landgrave_of_Hesse "Henry II, Landgrave of Hesse"), opening all Nassau [castles](/wiki/Castle "Castle") to the landgrave, during John's minority. In the district of [Haiger](/wiki/Haiger "Haiger"), the noble family of the same name had been very powerful from old times. Under the favour of its [feudal lords](/wiki/Feudalism "Feudalism"), it resisted the overlordship of the Counts of Nassau. John's minority seemed to be the most opportune time for it to shake off this yoke completely. Heiderich von Haiger's arrogance went so far that he allowed himself to commit abuses against the person of the young John. An open feud ensued, the ruinous consequences of which, as usual, affected the [countryside](/wiki/Countryside "Countryside") and its inhabitants. Adelaide, however, did not lack courage and steadfastness to counter the insolence and violence of her enemies with vigour and to defend the rights of her son. There is no doubt that she benefited greatly from the support of her allies, Landgrave Henry II the Iron of Hesse and his son [Otto the Younger](/wiki/Otto_the_Younger "Otto the Younger").von Stramberg (1865\), p. 713\. The conflict with [sword](/wiki/Sword "Sword") and [lance](/wiki/Lance "Lance") was followed by a legal dispute, before a settlement was concluded in 1357 by Count [Thierry III of Looz](/wiki/Diederik_of_Heinsberg%2C_Count_of_Loon "Diederik of Heinsberg, Count of Loon"), the [chairman](/wiki/Chairman "Chairman") of the [court](/wiki/Court "Court"), in a decision written in 63 articles, which is a most remarkable explanation of the customs and rights of that age. The pledge of the parish of Haiger and half of [Ginsburg Castle](/wiki/Hilchenbach%23Ginsburg "Hilchenbach#Ginsburg") was undone. It decided the struggle with the lords of Haiger for supremacy in the Mark Haiger in favour of the Nassaus. The lords of Haiger became vassals of the Nassaus.Becker (1983\), p. 14\. The beneficial consequences of peace and tranquillity became apparent in the next few years. [thumb\|left\|Emperor Charles IV. Detail from the [Votive Panel of Jan Očko of Vlašim](/wiki/Votive_Panel_of_Jan_O%C4%8Dko_of_Vla%C5%A1im "Votive Panel of Jan Očko of Vlašim"), before 1371\. [Convent of Saint Agnes](/wiki/Convent_of_Saint_Agnes_%28Prague%29 "Convent of Saint Agnes (Prague)"), [Prague](/wiki/Prague "Prague").](/wiki/File:Charles_IV-John_Ocko_votive_picture-fragment.jpg "Charles IV-John Ocko votive picture-fragment.jpg") [thumb\|Gerlach of Nassau, Archbishop of Mainz. Anonymous engraving of a statue made by Schonhofer in 1361, 17th century. [Rijksmuseum](/wiki/Rijksmuseum "Rijksmuseum"), [Amsterdam](/wiki/Amsterdam "Amsterdam").](/wiki/File:Standbeeld_van_Gerlach_van_Nassau%2C_RP-P-1910-2152.jpg "Standbeeld van Gerlach van Nassau, RP-P-1910-2152.jpg") From 1359 to 1362, Adelaide and John redeemed the most considerable pledges. Because of 3200 [pounds](/wiki/Pound_%28mass%29 "Pound (mass)") [Heller](/wiki/Heller_%28coin%29 "Heller (coin)") and 2000 shield [guilders](/wiki/Guilder "Guilder"), which [Holy Roman Emperor](/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor "Holy Roman Emperor") [Charles IV](/wiki/Charles_IV%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor "Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor") owed the deceased Count Otto, he assigned 1½ old large [tornesel](/wiki/Tornesel "Tornesel") from some water or land [tolls](/wiki/Toll_%28fee%29 "Toll (fee)"). Often to such grants this clause was added: 'when he may acquire it at a prince's or lord's tolls'. If an agreement was reached with the owner of the toll, the toll's duty was increased in proportion to the sum granted, which, of course, should only have been temporary in accordance with the intention, but which may have given rise to many a continuing increase in toll's duty that was detrimental to [trade](/wiki/Trade "Trade").von Stramberg (1865\), pp. 713–714\. Adelaide and her son, as it seems, sought satisfaction for the aforementioned debt of Emperor Charles IV to the toll of the [Electorate of Mainz](/wiki/Electorate_of_Mainz "Electorate of Mainz") at [Oberlahnstein](/wiki/Oberlahnstein "Oberlahnstein"),von Stramberg (1865\), p. 714\. which was closest to them. In any case, they had even older claims on the Electorate of Mainz, probably dating back to [Roman King](/wiki/King_of_the_Romans "King of the Romans") [Louis IV](/wiki/Louis_IV%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor "Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor")'s time. As usual, a feud ensued. In the autumn of 1362, [Archbishop](/wiki/Archbishop "Archbishop") {{Interlanguage link\|Gerlach of Nassau\|de\|3\=Gerlach von Nassau\|lt\=Gerlach}},{{refn\|group\=note\|Archbishop Gerlach of Mainz descended from the Walramian Line of the House of Nassau, and was therefore a distant cousin of Adelaide and her son John.Dek (1970\), p. 18\.Vorsterman van Oyen (1882\), pp. 37–38\.}} invaded Nassau\-Siegen with 500 [horsemen](/wiki/Cavalry "Cavalry"), each of whom, according to the custom of the time, were accompanied by a few armed [footmen](/wiki/Infantry "Infantry"). The long known belligerent [peasants](/wiki/Peasant "Peasant") of the [Rheingau](/wiki/Rheingau "Rheingau") scorched, [looted](/wiki/Looting "Looting") and devastated the county, but had to retreat across the [Rhine](/wiki/Rhine "Rhine") when the floods came, to prevent being cut off. In December of the same year, Gerlach and John signed a peace treaty at [Aschaffenburg](/wiki/Aschaffenburg "Aschaffenburg"). Gerlach promised to pay 3500 [florins](/wiki/Florin "Florin") and to grant John a tornesel from the toll at Oberlahnstein until he would have drawn 2000 florins from it. Later, a new dispute arose over this toll, which was only settled in 1407 to the effect that John should be allowed a tornesel from the toll for life. John took over the reign in 1362\. He immediately started a feud with [Godfrey of Heinsberg](/wiki/Godfrey_of_Heinsberg%2C_Count_of_Loon "Godfrey of Heinsberg, Count of Loon") over John's claims to the [Lordship of Heinsberg](/wiki/Lordship_of_Heinsberg "Lordship of Heinsberg") and {{Interlanguage link\|Stadt Blankenberg\|de\|3\=Stadt Blankenberg}}, originating from the marriage of his grandfather Count [Henry I of Nassau\-Siegen](/wiki/Henry_I%2C_Count_of_Nassau-Siegen "Henry I, Count of Nassau-Siegen") to Lady {{Interlanguage link\|Adelaide of Heinsberg and Blankenberg\|nl\|3\=Adelheid van Heinsberg en Blankenberg}}, which Godfrey had partly transferred to his brother\-in\-law, [Duke](/wiki/Duke "Duke") [William I of Jülich](/wiki/William_V%2C_Duke_of_J%C3%BClich "William V, Duke of Jülich"). The feud was eventually sufficiently resolved by the assurance of monetary payments in 1363 and 1374\. John joined the *{{Interlanguage link\|Sternerbund\|de\|3\=Sternerbund}}*, a knights alliance. This alliance was founded following the death of Landgrave Otto the Younger of Hesse in 1366\. As the only son of the old Landgrave Henry II the Iron, Otto had taken a most active part in the government for several years. Now Landgrave Henry appointed his brother's son [Herman the Younger](/wiki/Hermann_II%2C_Landgrave_of_Hesse "Hermann II, Landgrave of Hesse") as co\-regent and successor. Henry's grandson, Duke [Otto I of Brunswick\-Göttingen](/wiki/Otto_I%2C_Duke_of_Brunswick-G%C3%B6ttingen "Otto I, Duke of Brunswick-Göttingen"), who had also hoped for this succession, was very dissatisfied with his grandfather's choice. The Hessian nobility, who, like the nobility elsewhere, always knew how to profit from internal unrest, was largely averse to the new ruler because of the reforms introduced and the abolition of abuses that had crept in. Rarely did any of the neighbours remain on good terms with each other longer than during a joint feud against a third. In this case, Landgrave Henry was also exposed to the jealousy of most of his neighbours. In these circumstances, it was not difficult for Duke Otto to find a large number of participants in his dispute with his grandfather and his co\-ruler. Count {{Interlanguage link\|Godfrey VII, Count of Ziegenhain\|de\|3\=Gottfried VII. (Ziegenhain)\|lt\=Godfrey VII of Ziegenhain}} presented himself as the leader of the allies. From the [coat of arms](/wiki/Coat_of_arms "Coat of arms") of the [County of Ziegenhain](/wiki/County_of_Ziegenhain "County of Ziegenhain"), the allies took the silver star as their field emblem, from which they received the name Sterners. The allies included, among others, the counts [Engelbert III of the Mark](/wiki/Engelbert%C2%A0III_of_the_Mark "Engelbert III of the Mark"), [Henry VI of Waldeck](/wiki/Henry_VI%2C_Count_of_Waldeck "Henry VI, Count of Waldeck"), [Diether VIII](/wiki/Diether_VIII%2C_Count_of_Katzenelnbogen "Diether VIII, Count of Katzenelnbogen") and {{Interlanguage link\|William II, Count of Katzenelnbogen\|de\|3\=Wilhelm II. (Katzenelnbogen)\|lt\=William II of Katzenelnbogen}}, the lords [Ulrich IV of Hanau](/wiki/Ulrich_IV%2C_Lord_of_Hanau "Ulrich IV, Lord of Hanau"), of [Epstein](/wiki/Lords_of_Eppstein "Lords of Eppstein"), and several of the nobility and lords of [Westphalia](/wiki/Duchy_of_Westphalia "Duchy of Westphalia"), [Hesse](/wiki/Landgraviate_of_Hesse "Landgraviate of Hesse"), [Franconia](/wiki/Franconia "Franconia"), the [Wetterau](/wiki/Wetterau "Wetterau") and by the Rhine. The inclination towards war of Count John I of Nassau\-Siegen alone would have made this opportunity to satisfy it desirable to him. He had also been an enemy of Landgrave Henry from earlier years, and might now consider it the best time to avenge the damage that the Hessians had inflicted on the [Siegerland](/wiki/Siegerland "Siegerland") in the Hatzfeld feud around 1360\.von Stramberg (1865\), p. 715\. Furthermore, Landgrave Henry had obtained the [feudal lordship](/wiki/Feudalism "Feudalism") over [Driedorf](/wiki/Driedorf "Driedorf") in 1348 and now, after the death of Count {{Interlanguage link\|John, Count of Nassau\-Hadamar\|de\|3\=Johann (Nassau\-Hadamar)\|lt\=John of Nassau\-Hadamar}}, took occasion from the [idiocy](/wiki/Idiocy "Idiocy") of Count {{Interlanguage link\|Emicho III, Count of Nassau\-Hadamar\|de\|3\=Emich III. (Nassau\-Hadamar)\|lt\=Emicho III of Nassau\-Hadamar}} to treat this district as an open [fief](/wiki/Fief "Fief") and to seize a part of it for himself.von Stramberg (1865\), pp. 715–716\. There was also a dispute between them about the {{Interlanguage link\|Lordship of Itter\|de\|3\=Herrschaft Itter}} of Nassau, a fief acquired by purchase by Hesse, and which John wanted to obtain as forfeited.von Stramberg (1865\), p. 716\. In another feud, against Lord John of Westerburg, John was captured with 44 horsemen near {{Interlanguage link\|Obertiefenbach (Beselich)\|de\|3\=Obertiefenbach (Beselich)\|lt\=Obertiefenbach}} in 1370 and only released after paying a [ransom](/wiki/Ransom "Ransom") of 10,000 guilders. Both parties remained at peace until 1408, when the renewal of hostilities interrupted the friendly understanding for a while. In 1371 John fought in the [Battle of Baesweiler](/wiki/Battle_of_Baesweiler "Battle of Baesweiler") on the side of Duke [William II of Jülich](/wiki/William_II%2C_Duke_of_J%C3%BClich "William II, Duke of Jülich") and Duke [Edward of Guelders](/wiki/Edward%2C_Duke_of_Guelders "Edward, Duke of Guelders") against Duke [Wenceslaus I of Luxembourg](/wiki/Wenceslaus_I%2C_Duke_of_Luxembourg "Wenceslaus I, Duke of Luxembourg") and Duchess [Joanne of Brabant](/wiki/Joanna%2C_Duchess_of_Brabant "Joanna, Duchess of Brabant").von Stramberg (1865\), p. 721\. Meanwhile, the war with Hesse lasted until around 1373 and was conducted according to the custom of the time. The Sterners invaded Hesse several times, devastated and plundered as much as they could and then retreated with the booty to their castles. In all this, the first and main purpose of the *Sternerbund* was not achieved. Landgrave Herman remained in possession of the co\-regency and was Landgrave Henry's only successor after his death. John achieved just as little of his original intention. The Sterners were unable to assert his right to Driedorf. [thumb\|Hermannstein Castle. Photo: Manuel Funk, 2011\.](/wiki/File:Hermannstein%2C_Burgstra%C3%9Fe_11%2C_Burg_6.jpg "Hermannstein, Burgstraße 11, Burg 6.jpg") In 1373, John brought about a new alliance against Hesse under the name: *Bund der alten Minne* (Alliance of the Old Love). It was actually aimed at the conquest of Driedorf, and John seems to have been the leader of the alliance. The members, mostly Sterners, now called themselves: *Gesellen der alten Minne* (Fellows of the Old Love). The Hessians were defeated by John at [Wetzlar](/wiki/Wetzlar "Wetzlar"), who then plundered the districts of {{Interlanguage link\|Hermannstein Castle\|de\|3\=Burg Hermannstein}}, [Giessen](/wiki/Giessen "Giessen"), {{Interlanguage link\|Königsberg (Biebertal)\|de\|3\=Königsberg (Biebertal)\|lt\=Königsberg}}, {{Interlanguage link\|Blankenstein (Gladenbach)\|de\|3\=Blankenstein (Gladenbach)\|lt\=Blankenstein}}, [Biedenkopf](/wiki/Biedenkopf "Biedenkopf"), [Caldern](/wiki/Caldern "Caldern"), [Marburg](/wiki/Marburg "Marburg"), and others, and caused great damage to the landgrave everywhere. Perhaps it was a further consequence of this victory that John drove the Hessians out of Driedorf. The settlement of 1378 at least proves that he had regained possession of this castle and district, although there are no definite records of when this happened and how Driedorf was returned to Hesse after 1378\. This much is certain: the hostilities against Landgrave Henry and his successors continued for several years after 1373\. Anyone who had a dispute with Hesse could count on John's support. John entered into a special alliance with Count John of Solms in 1375 because of the dispute between the latter and Hesse over the Lordship of [Lich](/wiki/Lich%2C_Hesse "Lich, Hesse"). Finally, under the mediation of the [*Hoch\- und Deutschmeister*](/wiki/Grand_Master_of_the_Teutonic_Order "Grand Master of the Teutonic Order") Johann von Hayn and the [counts of Katzenelnbogen](/wiki/County_of_Katzenelnbogen "County of Katzenelnbogen") and [Sponheim](/wiki/County_of_Sponheim "County of Sponheim"), a provisional settlement was reached in [Friedberg](/wiki/Friedberg%2C_Hesse "Friedberg, Hesse") in 1377\. A further reconciliation, the conditions of which were not stated, was initiated by Duke Otto I of Brunswick\-Göttingen, and also recognised in 1378 at a personal meeting of Herman and John in [Frankfurt](/wiki/Frankfurt "Frankfurt") before counts [Rupert of Nassau\-Sonnenberg](/wiki/Rupert%2C_Count_of_Nassau-Sonnenberg "Rupert, Count of Nassau-Sonnenberg") and Diether VIII of Katzenelnbogen as chosen arbitrators, that John should be left undisturbed in the castle of Driedorf and its appurtenances, that the fiefs of the lordship of Itter should be returned to him, that the castle built by Hesse at the River [Dill](/wiki/Dill_%28river%29 "Dill (river)"), presumably at Hermannstein, should be dismantled, and that, contrary to custom, no toll should be taken from John's subjects there. Landgrave Herman, however, did not want to settle down with this decision, but nevertheless promised to give John a hearing before his knights and men on the matter of Driedorf and Itter. Whether this was done is unknown. At least this did not end the dispute. As early as 1379, John joined a new alliance against Hesse, which was established in the Wetterau under the name of the *Gesellschaft mit dem Löwen* (Society with the Lions). The hostilities continued for more than 30 years, but with several interruptions, especially during the alliance of 1390 against the common enemy, Count [John III of Sayn\-Wittgenstein](/wiki/John_III%2C_Count_of_Sayn-Wittgenstein "John III, Count of Sayn-Wittgenstein"), and although they ceased in 1411 by a treaty between Herman and John, they soon resumed under their sons. John also seems to have been a member of a *Gesellschaft mit den Hörnern* (Society with the Horns), which was also established around this time with the purpose of mutual defence and assistance.von Stramberg (1865\), p. 717\. [thumb\|left\|Roman King Wenceslaus. Detail from the [Wenceslas Bible](/wiki/Wenceslas_Bible "Wenceslas Bible"), 1390s.](/wiki/File:Vaclav4_modlitebnikniha.jpg "Vaclav4 modlitebnikniha.jpg") John was invested with the {{Interlanguage link\|County of Arnsberg\|de\|3\=Grafschaft Arnsberg}} by [imperial vicar](/wiki/Imperial_vicar "Imperial vicar") [Wenceslaus of Bohemia](/wiki/Wenceslaus_IV_of_Bohemia "Wenceslaus IV of Bohemia")von Stramberg (1865\), p. 719\. on 27 July 1369\. The county had been sold by the last count, {{Interlanguage link\|Godfrey IV, Count of Arnsberg\|de\|3\=Gottfried IV. (Arnsberg)\|lt\=Godfrey IV of Arnsberg}}, to the [Electorate of Cologne](/wiki/Electorate_of_Cologne "Electorate of Cologne"), in 1368\.{{cite book \|last\=Wisplinghoff \|first\=Erich \|date\=1964 \|chapter\=Gottfried IV. \|chapter\-url\=https://www.deutsche\-biographie.de/gnd136052967\.html\#ndbcontent \|title\=\[\[Neue Deutsche Biographie]] \|language\=de \|location\=\[\[Berlin]] \|publisher\=Duncker \& Humblot \|volume\=Band 6 \|page\=661 }} The Electorate of Cologne, however, was and remained in possession of the county, and was able to effect the enfeoffment over it from Emperor Charles IV in 1371\. John, involved in several disputes around this time, had to let his claims based on an earlier enfeoffment rest for the time being. However, Charles IV's son and successor, Roman King [Wenceslaus](/wiki/Wenceslaus_IV_of_Bohemia "Wenceslaus IV of Bohemia"), enfeoffed him with Arnsberg in [Nuremberg](/wiki/Nuremberg "Nuremberg") in 1379, as a county that had rightfully and honestly accrued to him. John now also made attempts to assert his right and to take possession of the fief. This led to a feud, and although the circumstances of this feud are unknown, the settlements between Archbishop {{Interlanguage link\|Frederick III of Saarwerden, Archbishop of Cologne\|de\|3\=Friedrich III. von Saarwerden\|lt\=Frederick III}} and Count John in 1381, 1401 and 1404 prove that the latter was not able to seize the disputed county, but did oust the Electorate of Cologne from the joint ownership of the [city](/wiki/City "City") of [Siegen](/wiki/Siegen "Siegen"). John remained in sole possession of the city through these settlements.Huberty, et al. (1981\), p. 219 states that John's sons bought back the other half of Siegen from the Electorate of Cologne. The archbishop, however, retained his right to Siegen as well as John did with his right to Arnsberg. Count Godfrey IV of Arnsberg had also ceded the office of [Marshal](/wiki/Marshal "Marshal") of the [Duchy of Westphalia](/wiki/Duchy_of_Westphalia "Duchy of Westphalia") to the Electorate of Cologne with his county. This office, and the right to fly the storm flag in Westphalia, had been granted to him by Roman King Louis IV.von Stramberg (1865\), pp. 719–720\. This very honourable prerogative carried with it the authority to ensure the preservation of the land peace and public safety in the name of the Emperor, to execute the [imperial ban](/wiki/Imperial_ban "Imperial ban") on disobedient persons and, finally, to assemble an armed force under the imperial banner against disturbers of the peace or [outlaws](/wiki/Outlaw "Outlaw"). It is unknown how this right came to John, probably it was due to his claim to Arnsberg. What is certain, is that from 1392 onwards John granted his vassals, the {{Interlanguage link\|House of Rennenberg\|de\|3\=Rennenberg (Adelsgeschlecht)\|lt\=Lords of Rennenberg}}, the right to fly this storm flag in the event that he did not go into the field in person.von Stramberg (1865\), p. 720\. John exchanged inheritance claims for toll concessions for the city of Siegen with Duke William II of Jülich, thus promoting Siegen's already brisk trade with [the Netherlands](/wiki/Low_Countries "Low Countries"). William was related to [King](/wiki/King "King") [Edward III of England](/wiki/Edward%C2%A0III_of_England "Edward III of England"). Probably through William's mediation, the English [royal decrees](/wiki/Royal_decree "Royal decree") came about that allowed Siegen's [citizens](/wiki/Citizen "Citizen") to trade in England undisturbed and with many [privileges](/wiki/Privilege_%28law%29 "Privilege (law)"), and to live according to their own morals and customs. They were exempt from [taxes](/wiki/Tax "Tax") for [fortification](/wiki/Fortification "Fortification") and [city gate](/wiki/City_gate "City gate") tolls. In the [Hundred Years' War](/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War "Hundred Years' War"), noblemen from the Siegerland also fought on the English side. On 30 November 1376, John concluded a [marriage contract](/wiki/Marriage_contract "Marriage contract") with Count [Gerhard VII of Diez](/wiki/Gerhard_VII%2C_Count_of_Diez "Gerhard VII, Count of Diez"), for a marriage of the latter's only daughter Jutta to John's eldest son, Adolf. The family of the counts of Diez was on the verge of becoming extinct in the male line; the [County of Diez](/wiki/County_of_Diez "County of Diez") would then pass to Jutta, who was at most eight years old. According to this contract, Adolf would immediately receive everything that was or would become due to his father from the inheritance of [Nassau\-Hadamar](/wiki/Nassau-Hadamar "Nassau-Hadamar"). In addition, Adolf was to receive the [dowers](/wiki/Dower "Dower") belonging to his grandmother [Adelaide of Vianden](/wiki/Adelaide_of_Vianden "Adelaide of Vianden") (the [Herbermark](/wiki/Herbermark "Herbermark") and the parish of [Haiger](/wiki/Haiger "Haiger")), as well as half of [castle](/wiki/Castle "Castle"), [city](/wiki/City "City") and district of [Löhnberg](/wiki/L%C3%B6hnberg "Löhnberg"), but only until he came into full possession of the Nassau\-Hadamar inheritance. The marriage contract further stipulated that the {{Interlanguage link\|Zent\|de\|3\=Zent (historische Verwaltungseinheit)\|lt\=''Zents''}} of [Nentershausen](/wiki/Nentershausen%2C_Rhineland-Palatinate "Nentershausen, Rhineland-Palatinate"), [Meudt](/wiki/Meudt "Meudt"), [Salz](/wiki/Salz%2C_Rhineland-Palatinate "Salz, Rhineland-Palatinate"), [Hundsangen](/wiki/Hundsangen "Hundsangen"), and two others, transferred by Gerhard, {{Interlanguage link\|Dehrn Castle\|de\|3\=Burg Dehrn}} and the district of {{Interlanguage link\|Kirberg\|de\|3\=Kirberg}} were to be redeemed by John and given to his daughter\-in\-law as a dower. The [dowry](/wiki/Dowry "Dowry") was set at 7,000 [guilders](/wiki/Guilder "Guilder") and assigned to {{Interlanguage link\|Dehrn\|de\|3\=Dehrn}}, the six *Zents*, [Laurenburg](/wiki/Laurenburg "Laurenburg"), the [Esterau](/wiki/County_of_Holzappel "County of Holzappel") and the *Zents* of Diez in the parish of [Driedorf](/wiki/Driedorf "Driedorf"). If Gerhard were to die without leaving any sons, his daughter's marriage to Adolf would be consummated immediately and the entire County of Diez would pass to him.von Stramberg (1865\), p. 718\. For the time being, John was [inaugurated](/wiki/Inauguration "Inauguration") in the name of his son in the entire County of Diez, and the administration of Kirberg, [Camberg](/wiki/Bad_Camberg "Bad Camberg"), {{Interlanguage link\|Altweilnau\|de\|3\=Altweilnau\|lt\=Weilnau}} and [Wehrheim](/wiki/Wehrheim "Wehrheim") was transferred to him for eight years in such a way that, if after the expiry of this period the debts paid by John would exceed the income from these districts and lordships, the administration would continue even longer.von Stramberg (1865\), p. 718–719\. Nothing remained for Gerhard but *[de facto](/wiki/De_facto "De facto")* [sovereignty](/wiki/Sovereignty "Sovereignty") and the assignment of ecclesiastical and secular [fiefdoms](/wiki/Fief "Fief"). John had to seek [dispensation](/wiki/Dispensation_%28Catholic_canon_law%29 "Dispensation (Catholic canon law)") from the [Pope](/wiki/Pope "Pope") for this marriage, because the betrothed were related in the fourth degree, great\-grandchildren of the brothers [Henry I of Nassau\-Siegen](/wiki/Henry_I%2C_Count_of_Nassau-Siegen "Henry I, Count of Nassau-Siegen") and [Emicho I of Nassau\-Hadamar](/wiki/Emicho_I%2C_Count_of_Nassau-Hadamar "Emicho I, Count of Nassau-Hadamar").von Stramberg (1865\), p. 719\. John used the feud with Count John III of Sayn\-Wittgenstein to extend his feudal rights over parts of the [County of Wittgenstein](/wiki/County_of_Wittgenstein "County of Wittgenstein") to its entire territory. John III had incurred the enmity of all his neighbours through devastating invasions of the surrounding lands. In 1390, Landgrave Herman of Hesse and John I united with several of the nobility, the lords of {{Interlanguage link\|Breidenbach zu Breidenstein\|de\|3\=Breidenbach zu Breidenstein\|lt\=Breidenbach}} and [Hatzfeld](/wiki/House_of_Hatzfeld "House of Hatzfeld"), against John III, in order to finally put a stop to his mischief, which had been encouraged by the almost uninterrupted war unrest in Hesse, Nassau and the entire region for a long time. His impassable, mountainous and wooded country, however, provided John III with such safe havens that he could only be defeated after two years. He was taken to [Dillenburg Castle](/wiki/Dillenburg_Castle "Dillenburg Castle") as a [prisoner](/wiki/Prisoner "Prisoner") and, through the intercession of his friends, was released for a short time, but had to take an [oath](/wiki/Oath "Oath") to surrender himself again at this castle after the expiry of the time limit, Friday after [Easter](/wiki/Easter "Easter") 1392\. This happened, and his release did not take place until 28 June, after he had agreed not to rob the streets any more, nor to ravish, rob or burn [churches](/wiki/Church_%28building%29 "Church (building)"), [churchyards](/wiki/Churchyard "Churchyard") and [monasteries](/wiki/Monastery "Monastery") any more, nor to house and shelter anyone who would do so.von Stramberg (1865\), pp. 720–721\. He had to swear to the whole treaty and had to renounce all claims from his ancestors and pay a ransom of 1000 gold guilders to avoid a new imprisonment. In addition, he had to abandon all his [serfs](/wiki/Serf "Serf") in Nassau\-Siegen and to waive the consequence in respect of the future overdrafts, cede to Nassau\-Siegen free hunting and fishing in the County of Wittgenstein with the right to redeem all Wittgenstein pledges, and also open all of his castles to John I. Finally, John III recognised his county as an old Nassau fief and promised to be enfeoffed with the same and all his castles, [towns](/wiki/Town "Town"), districts, [villages](/wiki/Village "Village") and subjects by Nassau\-Siegen for himself and his descendants at any time. On the following day, he issued a special [charter](/wiki/Charter "Charter") concerning the amicable settlement with Hesse and the nobility involved in the alliance. [thumb\|Ginsburg Castle. Photo: Frank Behnsen, 2010\.](/wiki/File:SI_Ginsburg_Totale_3.jpg "SI Ginsburg Totale 3.jpg") John sometimes had to endure attacks and abuse from his younger brother, Henry the Swashbuckler, who, even though he was a [canon](/wiki/Canon_%28clergy%29 "Canon (clergy)"), nevertheless was a brutal fighter of his time, as the disconcerting epithet that his comrades gave him reveals. Before 1389, John built {{Interlanguage link\|Freudenberg Castle (Siegerland)\|de\|3\=Burg Freudenberg (Siegerland)\|lt\=Freudenberg Castle}} against the {{Interlanguage link\|Land Wildenburg\|de\|3\=Wildenburger Land\|lt\=lords of Wildenburg}} and the [counts of Sayn](/wiki/County_of_Sayn "County of Sayn"). He managed to put an end to the [robber knights](/wiki/Robber_baron_%28feudalism%29 "Robber baron (feudalism)") in his county. In those lawless times, he decided to establish a [vehmic court](/wiki/Vehmic_court "Vehmic court") at Ginsburg Castle in the Siegerland. However, the establishment of a vehmic court was not allowed without imperial consent. In 1384 John received it from Roman King Wenceslaus when he visited him in Frankfurt. According to another charter of Wenceslaus from 1389, the seat of the vehmic court was to be at Ginsburg Castle and the judicial district of this court was to extend from the borders of the Westphalian [lordship of Bilstein](/wiki/House_of_Bilstein "House of Bilstein") to the County of Sayn. A charter of the same king from 1398 appoints Wynekin von Hilchenbach as a judge of the Ginsburg vehmic court, presumably after the court had been settled. Perhaps, however, John soon realised his own mistake, or perhaps his sons later understood the abuses of this vehmic court; for it did not exist very long. A century later John's great\-grandson, Count [John V](/wiki/John_V%2C_Count_of_Nassau-Siegen "John V, Count of Nassau-Siegen"), again established a vehmic court at Ginsburg Castle.Becker (1983\), p. 27\. Disagreements with the [counts of Solms](/wiki/County_of_Solms "County of Solms") over [Greifenstein](/wiki/Greifenstein "Greifenstein") eventually led in 1395 to the purchase of this lordship from Count [Engelbert of Sayn\-Wittgenstein](/wiki/Engelbert%2C_Count_of_Sayn-Wittgenstein "Engelbert, Count of Sayn-Wittgenstein") with the permission of the feudal lord, the [Bishop](/wiki/Bishop "Bishop") of [Worms](/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Worms "Prince-Bishopric of Worms"); but for the time being, there was no real takeover.Dek (1970\), p. 214 only mentions the purchase itself and states that it took place on 6 September 1395\. John gained territorial expansion through the succession dispute over the [County of Nassau\-Hadamar](/wiki/Nassau-Hadamar "Nassau-Hadamar"), which were feuds with Count Rupert of Nassau\-Sonnenberg and the counts [Diether VIII](/wiki/Diether_VIII%2C_Count_of_Katzenelnbogen "Diether VIII, Count of Katzenelnbogen") and [John IV of Katzenelnbogen](/wiki/Johann_IV%2C_Count_of_Katzenelnbogen "Johann IV, Count of Katzenelnbogen"). John obtained ⅓ of [Hadamar](/wiki/Hadamar "Hadamar") and {{Interlanguage link\|Ellar Castle\|de\|3\=Burg Ellar}}, ⅔ of [(Bad) Ems](/wiki/Bad_Ems "Bad Ems"),{{refn\|group\=note\|"Shortly afterwards, the division was revised and (Bad) Ems seems to have belonged half to Nassau and to the counts of Katzenelnbogen (see ''Handbuch der historische Stätten Deutschlands'' V, 23\). The latter also inherited from Nassau\-Hadamar two\-thirds of Driedorf, the last third of which had meanwhile passed to Hesse (see ''Handbuch der historische Stätten Deutschlands'' V, 75\)."Huberty, et al. (1981\), p. 223\.}} the [Esterau](/wiki/County_of_Holzappel "County of Holzappel") and [Dietkirchen](/wiki/Dietkirchen "Dietkirchen"). [thumb\|left\|Herborn Castle. Photo: Marco Dienst, 2018\.](/wiki/File:Schloss_Herborn_2018_03.JPG "Schloss Herborn 2018 03.JPG") [thumb\|Keppel Abbey Church, 2018\.](/wiki/File:Allenbach%2C_Stiftskirche.jpg "Allenbach, Stiftskirche.jpg") In his old days, John had himself appointed councillor to the Archbishop of [Trier](/wiki/Electorate_of_Trier "Electorate of Trier"), and in 1400 he also experienced the humiliation of Roman King Wenceslaus. John died at [Herborn Castle](/wiki/Herborn_Castle "Herborn Castle")Dek (1970\), p. 66 and Vorsterman van Oyen (1882\), p. 90 state the city of Herborn as place of death. on 4 September 1416\.von Stramberg (1865\), p. 722\. He was buried in {{Interlanguage link\|Keppel Abbey\|de\|3\=Stift Keppel}} near [Hilchenbach](/wiki/Hilchenbach "Hilchenbach"). He was succeeded by his sons [Adolf I](/wiki/Adolf_I%2C_Count_of_Nassau-Siegen "Adolf I, Count of Nassau-Siegen"), [John II with the Helmet](/wiki/John_II%2C_Count_of_Nassau-Siegen "John II, Count of Nassau-Siegen"), [Engelbert I](/wiki/Engelbert_I_of_Nassau "Engelbert I of Nassau") and [John III the Younger](/wiki/John_III%2C_Count_of_Nassau-Siegen "John III, Count of Nassau-Siegen"),{{cite encyclopedia \|editor\-last\=Hoffmann \|editor\-first\=A.G. \|encyclopedia\=Allgemeine Encyklopädie der Wissenschaften und Künste \|title\=Johann II. \|language\=de \|year\=1842 \|series\=Zweite Section. H–N \|volume\=Einundzwanzigster Theil: Johann Infant von Castilien – Johann\-Boniten \|location\=\[\[Leipzig]] \|publisher\=F.A. Brochhaus \|page\=135 }} who had already agreed on a joint continuation of the government on 21 December 1409\. Whichever of the brothers would be native or closest to his lands on the father's death should take possession of them in all brothers' name until a division would have taken place. Likewise, they promised each other, out of conviction of mutual advantages, not to inflict any violent advances on each other, and to allow the preferences of one and the other to apply, which had been established by older decrees. Whoever would take something for himself alone would be disinherited. All parental decrees favouring one brother over the other were declared [null and void](/wiki/Null_and_void "Null and void") in advance. Adolf hereby tacitly renounced his right to the part of Nassau\-Hadamar and the districts of Herborn, Haiger and [Löhnberg](/wiki/L%C3%B6hnberg "Löhnberg"), which he could have claimed in advance from the [marriage contract](/wiki/Marriage_contract "Marriage contract") with the heiress of the County of Diez. In accordance with this agreement, the brothers took over the government jointly after their father's death in 1416\.Dek (1970\), p. 66 and Vorsterman van Oyen (1882\), p. 90 state that only Adolf and John with the Helmet succeeded their father. However, the intended division did not take place: Adolf had no male offspring, the elder John was not married, the younger of the same name was a [clergyman](/wiki/Clergyman "Clergyman"); it was to be expected that a division would not last long.{{clearall}}
[ "Biography\n---------", "John was born {{circa\\|1339}}Dek (1970\\), p. 66\\.Vorsterman van Oyen (1882\\), p. 90 and Joachim (1881\\), p. 250 state born {{circa\\|1340}}. von Stramberg (1865\\), p. 712 and Hoffmann (1842\\), p. 134 state born in 1339 or 1340\\. as the eldest son of [Count](/wiki/Count \"Count\") [Otto II of Nassau\\-Siegen](/wiki/Otto_II%2C_Count_of_Nassau-Siegen \"Otto II, Count of Nassau-Siegen\") and Countess [Adelaide of Vianden](/wiki/Adelaide_of_Vianden \"Adelaide of Vianden\").Vorsterman van Oyen (1882\\), p. 90\\.von Stramberg (1865\\), p. 712\\.", "[thumb\\|left\\|Siegen Castle, 2011\\.](/wiki/File:Siegen_Schloss_-_20.3.2011_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg \"Siegen Schloss - 20.3.2011 - panoramio (1).jpg\")\nWhen John's father was killed in action between 6 December 1350 and 25 January 1351,von Stramberg (1865\\), p. 711\\. John succeeded him as Count of [Nassau\\-Siegen](/wiki/Nassau-Siegen \"Nassau-Siegen\"). As John was still a [minor](/wiki/Minor_%28law%29 \"Minor (law)\"), his mother assumed [regency](/wiki/Regency \"Regency\") over the county.Becker (1983\\), p. 12\\.Lück (1981\\), p. 22\\. This clever and energetic woman, endeavoured to gradually settle the numerous feuds inherited by her and her son with the local [noble families](/wiki/Nobility \"Nobility\"), the powerful lords of {{Interlanguage link\\|House of Bicken\\|de\\|3\\=Bicken (Adelsgeschlecht)\\|lt\\=Bicken}}, {{Interlanguage link\\|House of Walderdorff\\|de\\|3\\=Walderdorff (Adelsgeschlecht)\\|lt\\=Walderdorff}} and {{Interlanguage link\\|House of Haiger\\|de\\|3\\=Burg Haiger\\|lt\\=Haiger}}, although she herself did not disdain to take up the gauntlet forced upon her on one occasion or another. On the other hand, she also resolved many of the [pledges](/wiki/Pledge_%28law%29 \"Pledge (law)\") entered into by her husband. In the underdeveloped [County of Nassau\\-Siegen](/wiki/Nassau-Siegen \"Nassau-Siegen\"), where the local nobility thought they had a free hand, she kept the reins tight. She did have to pledge land to clear her husband's debts, and although ending her husband's numerous feuds was not without sacrifice, these agreements brought her the peace for undisturbed reconstruction. The unfinished feuds and frequent interference from the country's resident powerful nobility forced her to make new debts. In 1356, she was forced to conclude a protection alliance with [Landgrave](/wiki/Landgrave \"Landgrave\") [Henry II the Iron of Hesse](/wiki/Henry_II%2C_Landgrave_of_Hesse \"Henry II, Landgrave of Hesse\"), opening all Nassau [castles](/wiki/Castle \"Castle\") to the landgrave, during John's minority.", "In the district of [Haiger](/wiki/Haiger \"Haiger\"), the noble family of the same name had been very powerful from old times. Under the favour of its [feudal lords](/wiki/Feudalism \"Feudalism\"), it resisted the overlordship of the Counts of Nassau. John's minority seemed to be the most opportune time for it to shake off this yoke completely. Heiderich von Haiger's arrogance went so far that he allowed himself to commit abuses against the person of the young John. An open feud ensued, the ruinous consequences of which, as usual, affected the [countryside](/wiki/Countryside \"Countryside\") and its inhabitants. Adelaide, however, did not lack courage and steadfastness to counter the insolence and violence of her enemies with vigour and to defend the rights of her son. There is no doubt that she benefited greatly from the support of her allies, Landgrave Henry II the Iron of Hesse and his son [Otto the Younger](/wiki/Otto_the_Younger \"Otto the Younger\").von Stramberg (1865\\), p. 713\\. The conflict with [sword](/wiki/Sword \"Sword\") and [lance](/wiki/Lance \"Lance\") was followed by a legal dispute, before a settlement was concluded in 1357 by Count [Thierry III of Looz](/wiki/Diederik_of_Heinsberg%2C_Count_of_Loon \"Diederik of Heinsberg, Count of Loon\"), the [chairman](/wiki/Chairman \"Chairman\") of the [court](/wiki/Court \"Court\"), in a decision written in 63 articles, which is a most remarkable explanation of the customs and rights of that age. The pledge of the parish of Haiger and half of [Ginsburg Castle](/wiki/Hilchenbach%23Ginsburg \"Hilchenbach#Ginsburg\") was undone. It decided the struggle with the lords of Haiger for supremacy in the Mark Haiger in favour of the Nassaus. The lords of Haiger became vassals of the Nassaus.Becker (1983\\), p. 14\\. The beneficial consequences of peace and tranquillity became apparent in the next few years.", "[thumb\\|left\\|Emperor Charles IV. Detail from the [Votive Panel of Jan Očko of Vlašim](/wiki/Votive_Panel_of_Jan_O%C4%8Dko_of_Vla%C5%A1im \"Votive Panel of Jan Očko of Vlašim\"), before 1371\\. [Convent of Saint Agnes](/wiki/Convent_of_Saint_Agnes_%28Prague%29 \"Convent of Saint Agnes (Prague)\"), [Prague](/wiki/Prague \"Prague\").](/wiki/File:Charles_IV-John_Ocko_votive_picture-fragment.jpg \"Charles IV-John Ocko votive picture-fragment.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|Gerlach of Nassau, Archbishop of Mainz. Anonymous engraving of a statue made by Schonhofer in 1361, 17th century. [Rijksmuseum](/wiki/Rijksmuseum \"Rijksmuseum\"), [Amsterdam](/wiki/Amsterdam \"Amsterdam\").](/wiki/File:Standbeeld_van_Gerlach_van_Nassau%2C_RP-P-1910-2152.jpg \"Standbeeld van Gerlach van Nassau, RP-P-1910-2152.jpg\")\nFrom 1359 to 1362, Adelaide and John redeemed the most considerable pledges. Because of 3200 [pounds](/wiki/Pound_%28mass%29 \"Pound (mass)\") [Heller](/wiki/Heller_%28coin%29 \"Heller (coin)\") and 2000 shield [guilders](/wiki/Guilder \"Guilder\"), which [Holy Roman Emperor](/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor \"Holy Roman Emperor\") [Charles IV](/wiki/Charles_IV%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor \"Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor\") owed the deceased Count Otto, he assigned 1½ old large [tornesel](/wiki/Tornesel \"Tornesel\") from some water or land [tolls](/wiki/Toll_%28fee%29 \"Toll (fee)\"). Often to such grants this clause was added: 'when he may acquire it at a prince's or lord's tolls'. If an agreement was reached with the owner of the toll, the toll's duty was increased in proportion to the sum granted, which, of course, should only have been temporary in accordance with the intention, but which may have given rise to many a continuing increase in toll's duty that was detrimental to [trade](/wiki/Trade \"Trade\").von Stramberg (1865\\), pp. 713–714\\. Adelaide and her son, as it seems, sought satisfaction for the aforementioned debt of Emperor Charles IV to the toll of the [Electorate of Mainz](/wiki/Electorate_of_Mainz \"Electorate of Mainz\") at [Oberlahnstein](/wiki/Oberlahnstein \"Oberlahnstein\"),von Stramberg (1865\\), p. 714\\. which was closest to them. In any case, they had even older claims on the Electorate of Mainz, probably dating back to [Roman King](/wiki/King_of_the_Romans \"King of the Romans\") [Louis IV](/wiki/Louis_IV%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor \"Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor\")'s time. As usual, a feud ensued. In the autumn of 1362, [Archbishop](/wiki/Archbishop \"Archbishop\") {{Interlanguage link\\|Gerlach of Nassau\\|de\\|3\\=Gerlach von Nassau\\|lt\\=Gerlach}},{{refn\\|group\\=note\\|Archbishop Gerlach of Mainz descended from the Walramian Line of the House of Nassau, and was therefore a distant cousin of Adelaide and her son John.Dek (1970\\), p. 18\\.Vorsterman van Oyen (1882\\), pp. 37–38\\.}} invaded Nassau\\-Siegen with 500 [horsemen](/wiki/Cavalry \"Cavalry\"), each of whom, according to the custom of the time, were accompanied by a few armed [footmen](/wiki/Infantry \"Infantry\"). The long known belligerent [peasants](/wiki/Peasant \"Peasant\") of the [Rheingau](/wiki/Rheingau \"Rheingau\") scorched, [looted](/wiki/Looting \"Looting\") and devastated the county, but had to retreat across the [Rhine](/wiki/Rhine \"Rhine\") when the floods came, to prevent being cut off. In December of the same year, Gerlach and John signed a peace treaty at [Aschaffenburg](/wiki/Aschaffenburg \"Aschaffenburg\"). Gerlach promised to pay 3500 [florins](/wiki/Florin \"Florin\") and to grant John a tornesel from the toll at Oberlahnstein until he would have drawn 2000 florins from it. Later, a new dispute arose over this toll, which was only settled in 1407 to the effect that John should be allowed a tornesel from the toll for life.", "John took over the reign in 1362\\. He immediately started a feud with [Godfrey of Heinsberg](/wiki/Godfrey_of_Heinsberg%2C_Count_of_Loon \"Godfrey of Heinsberg, Count of Loon\") over John's claims to the [Lordship of Heinsberg](/wiki/Lordship_of_Heinsberg \"Lordship of Heinsberg\") and {{Interlanguage link\\|Stadt Blankenberg\\|de\\|3\\=Stadt Blankenberg}}, originating from the marriage of his grandfather Count [Henry I of Nassau\\-Siegen](/wiki/Henry_I%2C_Count_of_Nassau-Siegen \"Henry I, Count of Nassau-Siegen\") to Lady {{Interlanguage link\\|Adelaide of Heinsberg and Blankenberg\\|nl\\|3\\=Adelheid van Heinsberg en Blankenberg}}, which Godfrey had partly transferred to his brother\\-in\\-law, [Duke](/wiki/Duke \"Duke\") [William I of Jülich](/wiki/William_V%2C_Duke_of_J%C3%BClich \"William V, Duke of Jülich\"). The feud was eventually sufficiently resolved by the assurance of monetary payments in 1363 and 1374\\.", "John joined the *{{Interlanguage link\\|Sternerbund\\|de\\|3\\=Sternerbund}}*, a knights alliance. This alliance was founded following the death of Landgrave Otto the Younger of Hesse in 1366\\. As the only son of the old Landgrave Henry II the Iron, Otto had taken a most active part in the government for several years. Now Landgrave Henry appointed his brother's son [Herman the Younger](/wiki/Hermann_II%2C_Landgrave_of_Hesse \"Hermann II, Landgrave of Hesse\") as co\\-regent and successor. Henry's grandson, Duke [Otto I of Brunswick\\-Göttingen](/wiki/Otto_I%2C_Duke_of_Brunswick-G%C3%B6ttingen \"Otto I, Duke of Brunswick-Göttingen\"), who had also hoped for this succession, was very dissatisfied with his grandfather's choice. The Hessian nobility, who, like the nobility elsewhere, always knew how to profit from internal unrest, was largely averse to the new ruler because of the reforms introduced and the abolition of abuses that had crept in. Rarely did any of the neighbours remain on good terms with each other longer than during a joint feud against a third. In this case, Landgrave Henry was also exposed to the jealousy of most of his neighbours. In these circumstances, it was not difficult for Duke Otto to find a large number of participants in his dispute with his grandfather and his co\\-ruler. Count {{Interlanguage link\\|Godfrey VII, Count of Ziegenhain\\|de\\|3\\=Gottfried VII. (Ziegenhain)\\|lt\\=Godfrey VII of Ziegenhain}} presented himself as the leader of the allies. From the [coat of arms](/wiki/Coat_of_arms \"Coat of arms\") of the [County of Ziegenhain](/wiki/County_of_Ziegenhain \"County of Ziegenhain\"), the allies took the silver star as their field emblem, from which they received the name Sterners. The allies included, among others, the counts [Engelbert III of the Mark](/wiki/Engelbert%C2%A0III_of_the_Mark \"Engelbert III of the Mark\"), [Henry VI of Waldeck](/wiki/Henry_VI%2C_Count_of_Waldeck \"Henry VI, Count of Waldeck\"), [Diether VIII](/wiki/Diether_VIII%2C_Count_of_Katzenelnbogen \"Diether VIII, Count of Katzenelnbogen\") and {{Interlanguage link\\|William II, Count of Katzenelnbogen\\|de\\|3\\=Wilhelm II. (Katzenelnbogen)\\|lt\\=William II of Katzenelnbogen}}, the lords [Ulrich IV of Hanau](/wiki/Ulrich_IV%2C_Lord_of_Hanau \"Ulrich IV, Lord of Hanau\"), of [Epstein](/wiki/Lords_of_Eppstein \"Lords of Eppstein\"), and several of the nobility and lords of [Westphalia](/wiki/Duchy_of_Westphalia \"Duchy of Westphalia\"), [Hesse](/wiki/Landgraviate_of_Hesse \"Landgraviate of Hesse\"), [Franconia](/wiki/Franconia \"Franconia\"), the [Wetterau](/wiki/Wetterau \"Wetterau\") and by the Rhine. The inclination towards war of Count John I of Nassau\\-Siegen alone would have made this opportunity to satisfy it desirable to him. He had also been an enemy of Landgrave Henry from earlier years, and might now consider it the best time to avenge the damage that the Hessians had inflicted on the [Siegerland](/wiki/Siegerland \"Siegerland\") in the Hatzfeld feud around 1360\\.von Stramberg (1865\\), p. 715\\. Furthermore, Landgrave Henry had obtained the [feudal lordship](/wiki/Feudalism \"Feudalism\") over [Driedorf](/wiki/Driedorf \"Driedorf\") in 1348 and now, after the death of Count {{Interlanguage link\\|John, Count of Nassau\\-Hadamar\\|de\\|3\\=Johann (Nassau\\-Hadamar)\\|lt\\=John of Nassau\\-Hadamar}}, took occasion from the [idiocy](/wiki/Idiocy \"Idiocy\") of Count {{Interlanguage link\\|Emicho III, Count of Nassau\\-Hadamar\\|de\\|3\\=Emich III. (Nassau\\-Hadamar)\\|lt\\=Emicho III of Nassau\\-Hadamar}} to treat this district as an open [fief](/wiki/Fief \"Fief\") and to seize a part of it for himself.von Stramberg (1865\\), pp. 715–716\\. There was also a dispute between them about the {{Interlanguage link\\|Lordship of Itter\\|de\\|3\\=Herrschaft Itter}} of Nassau, a fief acquired by purchase by Hesse, and which John wanted to obtain as forfeited.von Stramberg (1865\\), p. 716\\.", "In another feud, against Lord John of Westerburg, John was captured with 44 horsemen near {{Interlanguage link\\|Obertiefenbach (Beselich)\\|de\\|3\\=Obertiefenbach (Beselich)\\|lt\\=Obertiefenbach}} in 1370 and only released after paying a [ransom](/wiki/Ransom \"Ransom\") of 10,000 guilders. Both parties remained at peace until 1408, when the renewal of hostilities interrupted the friendly understanding for a while. In 1371 John fought in the [Battle of Baesweiler](/wiki/Battle_of_Baesweiler \"Battle of Baesweiler\") on the side of Duke [William II of Jülich](/wiki/William_II%2C_Duke_of_J%C3%BClich \"William II, Duke of Jülich\") and Duke [Edward of Guelders](/wiki/Edward%2C_Duke_of_Guelders \"Edward, Duke of Guelders\") against Duke [Wenceslaus I of Luxembourg](/wiki/Wenceslaus_I%2C_Duke_of_Luxembourg \"Wenceslaus I, Duke of Luxembourg\") and Duchess [Joanne of Brabant](/wiki/Joanna%2C_Duchess_of_Brabant \"Joanna, Duchess of Brabant\").von Stramberg (1865\\), p. 721\\. Meanwhile, the war with Hesse lasted until around 1373 and was conducted according to the custom of the time. The Sterners invaded Hesse several times, devastated and plundered as much as they could and then retreated with the booty to their castles. In all this, the first and main purpose of the *Sternerbund* was not achieved. Landgrave Herman remained in possession of the co\\-regency and was Landgrave Henry's only successor after his death. John achieved just as little of his original intention. The Sterners were unable to assert his right to Driedorf.", "[thumb\\|Hermannstein Castle. Photo: Manuel Funk, 2011\\.](/wiki/File:Hermannstein%2C_Burgstra%C3%9Fe_11%2C_Burg_6.jpg \"Hermannstein, Burgstraße 11, Burg 6.jpg\")\nIn 1373, John brought about a new alliance against Hesse under the name: *Bund der alten Minne* (Alliance of the Old Love). It was actually aimed at the conquest of Driedorf, and John seems to have been the leader of the alliance. The members, mostly Sterners, now called themselves: *Gesellen der alten Minne* (Fellows of the Old Love). The Hessians were defeated by John at [Wetzlar](/wiki/Wetzlar \"Wetzlar\"), who then plundered the districts of {{Interlanguage link\\|Hermannstein Castle\\|de\\|3\\=Burg Hermannstein}}, [Giessen](/wiki/Giessen \"Giessen\"), {{Interlanguage link\\|Königsberg (Biebertal)\\|de\\|3\\=Königsberg (Biebertal)\\|lt\\=Königsberg}}, {{Interlanguage link\\|Blankenstein (Gladenbach)\\|de\\|3\\=Blankenstein (Gladenbach)\\|lt\\=Blankenstein}}, [Biedenkopf](/wiki/Biedenkopf \"Biedenkopf\"), [Caldern](/wiki/Caldern \"Caldern\"), [Marburg](/wiki/Marburg \"Marburg\"), and others, and caused great damage to the landgrave everywhere. Perhaps it was a further consequence of this victory that John drove the Hessians out of Driedorf. The settlement of 1378 at least proves that he had regained possession of this castle and district, although there are no definite records of when this happened and how Driedorf was returned to Hesse after 1378\\. This much is certain: the hostilities against Landgrave Henry and his successors continued for several years after 1373\\. Anyone who had a dispute with Hesse could count on John's support. John entered into a special alliance with Count John of Solms in 1375 because of the dispute between the latter and Hesse over the Lordship of [Lich](/wiki/Lich%2C_Hesse \"Lich, Hesse\"). Finally, under the mediation of the [*Hoch\\- und Deutschmeister*](/wiki/Grand_Master_of_the_Teutonic_Order \"Grand Master of the Teutonic Order\") Johann von Hayn and the [counts of Katzenelnbogen](/wiki/County_of_Katzenelnbogen \"County of Katzenelnbogen\") and [Sponheim](/wiki/County_of_Sponheim \"County of Sponheim\"), a provisional settlement was reached in [Friedberg](/wiki/Friedberg%2C_Hesse \"Friedberg, Hesse\") in 1377\\. A further reconciliation, the conditions of which were not stated, was initiated by Duke Otto I of Brunswick\\-Göttingen, and also recognised in 1378 at a personal meeting of Herman and John in [Frankfurt](/wiki/Frankfurt \"Frankfurt\") before counts [Rupert of Nassau\\-Sonnenberg](/wiki/Rupert%2C_Count_of_Nassau-Sonnenberg \"Rupert, Count of Nassau-Sonnenberg\") and Diether VIII of Katzenelnbogen as chosen arbitrators, that John should be left undisturbed in the castle of Driedorf and its appurtenances, that the fiefs of the lordship of Itter should be returned to him, that the castle built by Hesse at the River [Dill](/wiki/Dill_%28river%29 \"Dill (river)\"), presumably at Hermannstein, should be dismantled, and that, contrary to custom, no toll should be taken from John's subjects there. Landgrave Herman, however, did not want to settle down with this decision, but nevertheless promised to give John a hearing before his knights and men on the matter of Driedorf and Itter. Whether this was done is unknown. At least this did not end the dispute. As early as 1379, John joined a new alliance against Hesse, which was established in the Wetterau under the name of the *Gesellschaft mit dem Löwen* (Society with the Lions). The hostilities continued for more than 30 years, but with several interruptions, especially during the alliance of 1390 against the common enemy, Count [John III of Sayn\\-Wittgenstein](/wiki/John_III%2C_Count_of_Sayn-Wittgenstein \"John III, Count of Sayn-Wittgenstein\"), and although they ceased in 1411 by a treaty between Herman and John, they soon resumed under their sons. John also seems to have been a member of a *Gesellschaft mit den Hörnern* (Society with the Horns), which was also established around this time with the purpose of mutual defence and assistance.von Stramberg (1865\\), p. 717\\.", "[thumb\\|left\\|Roman King Wenceslaus. Detail from the [Wenceslas Bible](/wiki/Wenceslas_Bible \"Wenceslas Bible\"), 1390s.](/wiki/File:Vaclav4_modlitebnikniha.jpg \"Vaclav4 modlitebnikniha.jpg\")\nJohn was invested with the {{Interlanguage link\\|County of Arnsberg\\|de\\|3\\=Grafschaft Arnsberg}} by [imperial vicar](/wiki/Imperial_vicar \"Imperial vicar\") [Wenceslaus of Bohemia](/wiki/Wenceslaus_IV_of_Bohemia \"Wenceslaus IV of Bohemia\")von Stramberg (1865\\), p. 719\\. on 27 July 1369\\. The county had been sold by the last count, {{Interlanguage link\\|Godfrey IV, Count of Arnsberg\\|de\\|3\\=Gottfried IV. (Arnsberg)\\|lt\\=Godfrey IV of Arnsberg}}, to the [Electorate of Cologne](/wiki/Electorate_of_Cologne \"Electorate of Cologne\"), in 1368\\.{{cite book \\|last\\=Wisplinghoff \\|first\\=Erich \\|date\\=1964 \\|chapter\\=Gottfried IV. \\|chapter\\-url\\=https://www.deutsche\\-biographie.de/gnd136052967\\.html\\#ndbcontent \\|title\\=\\[\\[Neue Deutsche Biographie]] \\|language\\=de \\|location\\=\\[\\[Berlin]] \\|publisher\\=Duncker \\& Humblot \\|volume\\=Band 6 \\|page\\=661 }} The Electorate of Cologne, however, was and remained in possession of the county, and was able to effect the enfeoffment over it from Emperor Charles IV in 1371\\. John, involved in several disputes around this time, had to let his claims based on an earlier enfeoffment rest for the time being. However, Charles IV's son and successor, Roman King [Wenceslaus](/wiki/Wenceslaus_IV_of_Bohemia \"Wenceslaus IV of Bohemia\"), enfeoffed him with Arnsberg in [Nuremberg](/wiki/Nuremberg \"Nuremberg\") in 1379, as a county that had rightfully and honestly accrued to him. John now also made attempts to assert his right and to take possession of the fief. This led to a feud, and although the circumstances of this feud are unknown, the settlements between Archbishop {{Interlanguage link\\|Frederick III of Saarwerden, Archbishop of Cologne\\|de\\|3\\=Friedrich III. von Saarwerden\\|lt\\=Frederick III}} and Count John in 1381, 1401 and 1404 prove that the latter was not able to seize the disputed county, but did oust the Electorate of Cologne from the joint ownership of the [city](/wiki/City \"City\") of [Siegen](/wiki/Siegen \"Siegen\"). John remained in sole possession of the city through these settlements.Huberty, et al. (1981\\), p. 219 states that John's sons bought back the other half of Siegen from the Electorate of Cologne. The archbishop, however, retained his right to Siegen as well as John did with his right to Arnsberg. Count Godfrey IV of Arnsberg had also ceded the office of [Marshal](/wiki/Marshal \"Marshal\") of the [Duchy of Westphalia](/wiki/Duchy_of_Westphalia \"Duchy of Westphalia\") to the Electorate of Cologne with his county. This office, and the right to fly the storm flag in Westphalia, had been granted to him by Roman King Louis IV.von Stramberg (1865\\), pp. 719–720\\. This very honourable prerogative carried with it the authority to ensure the preservation of the land peace and public safety in the name of the Emperor, to execute the [imperial ban](/wiki/Imperial_ban \"Imperial ban\") on disobedient persons and, finally, to assemble an armed force under the imperial banner against disturbers of the peace or [outlaws](/wiki/Outlaw \"Outlaw\"). It is unknown how this right came to John, probably it was due to his claim to Arnsberg. What is certain, is that from 1392 onwards John granted his vassals, the {{Interlanguage link\\|House of Rennenberg\\|de\\|3\\=Rennenberg (Adelsgeschlecht)\\|lt\\=Lords of Rennenberg}}, the right to fly this storm flag in the event that he did not go into the field in person.von Stramberg (1865\\), p. 720\\.", "John exchanged inheritance claims for toll concessions for the city of Siegen with Duke William II of Jülich, thus promoting Siegen's already brisk trade with [the Netherlands](/wiki/Low_Countries \"Low Countries\"). William was related to [King](/wiki/King \"King\") [Edward III of England](/wiki/Edward%C2%A0III_of_England \"Edward III of England\"). Probably through William's mediation, the English [royal decrees](/wiki/Royal_decree \"Royal decree\") came about that allowed Siegen's [citizens](/wiki/Citizen \"Citizen\") to trade in England undisturbed and with many [privileges](/wiki/Privilege_%28law%29 \"Privilege (law)\"), and to live according to their own morals and customs. They were exempt from [taxes](/wiki/Tax \"Tax\") for [fortification](/wiki/Fortification \"Fortification\") and [city gate](/wiki/City_gate \"City gate\") tolls. In the [Hundred Years' War](/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War \"Hundred Years' War\"), noblemen from the Siegerland also fought on the English side.", "On 30 November 1376, John concluded a [marriage contract](/wiki/Marriage_contract \"Marriage contract\") with Count [Gerhard VII of Diez](/wiki/Gerhard_VII%2C_Count_of_Diez \"Gerhard VII, Count of Diez\"), for a marriage of the latter's only daughter Jutta to John's eldest son, Adolf. The family of the counts of Diez was on the verge of becoming extinct in the male line; the [County of Diez](/wiki/County_of_Diez \"County of Diez\") would then pass to Jutta, who was at most eight years old. According to this contract, Adolf would immediately receive everything that was or would become due to his father from the inheritance of [Nassau\\-Hadamar](/wiki/Nassau-Hadamar \"Nassau-Hadamar\"). In addition, Adolf was to receive the [dowers](/wiki/Dower \"Dower\") belonging to his grandmother [Adelaide of Vianden](/wiki/Adelaide_of_Vianden \"Adelaide of Vianden\") (the [Herbermark](/wiki/Herbermark \"Herbermark\") and the parish of [Haiger](/wiki/Haiger \"Haiger\")), as well as half of [castle](/wiki/Castle \"Castle\"), [city](/wiki/City \"City\") and district of [Löhnberg](/wiki/L%C3%B6hnberg \"Löhnberg\"), but only until he came into full possession of the Nassau\\-Hadamar inheritance. The marriage contract further stipulated that the {{Interlanguage link\\|Zent\\|de\\|3\\=Zent (historische Verwaltungseinheit)\\|lt\\=''Zents''}} of [Nentershausen](/wiki/Nentershausen%2C_Rhineland-Palatinate \"Nentershausen, Rhineland-Palatinate\"), [Meudt](/wiki/Meudt \"Meudt\"), [Salz](/wiki/Salz%2C_Rhineland-Palatinate \"Salz, Rhineland-Palatinate\"), [Hundsangen](/wiki/Hundsangen \"Hundsangen\"), and two others, transferred by Gerhard, {{Interlanguage link\\|Dehrn Castle\\|de\\|3\\=Burg Dehrn}} and the district of {{Interlanguage link\\|Kirberg\\|de\\|3\\=Kirberg}} were to be redeemed by John and given to his daughter\\-in\\-law as a dower. The [dowry](/wiki/Dowry \"Dowry\") was set at 7,000 [guilders](/wiki/Guilder \"Guilder\") and assigned to {{Interlanguage link\\|Dehrn\\|de\\|3\\=Dehrn}}, the six *Zents*, [Laurenburg](/wiki/Laurenburg \"Laurenburg\"), the [Esterau](/wiki/County_of_Holzappel \"County of Holzappel\") and the *Zents* of Diez in the parish of [Driedorf](/wiki/Driedorf \"Driedorf\"). If Gerhard were to die without leaving any sons, his daughter's marriage to Adolf would be consummated immediately and the entire County of Diez would pass to him.von Stramberg (1865\\), p. 718\\. For the time being, John was [inaugurated](/wiki/Inauguration \"Inauguration\") in the name of his son in the entire County of Diez, and the administration of Kirberg, [Camberg](/wiki/Bad_Camberg \"Bad Camberg\"), {{Interlanguage link\\|Altweilnau\\|de\\|3\\=Altweilnau\\|lt\\=Weilnau}} and [Wehrheim](/wiki/Wehrheim \"Wehrheim\") was transferred to him for eight years in such a way that, if after the expiry of this period the debts paid by John would exceed the income from these districts and lordships, the administration would continue even longer.von Stramberg (1865\\), p. 718–719\\. Nothing remained for Gerhard but *[de facto](/wiki/De_facto \"De facto\")* [sovereignty](/wiki/Sovereignty \"Sovereignty\") and the assignment of ecclesiastical and secular [fiefdoms](/wiki/Fief \"Fief\"). John had to seek [dispensation](/wiki/Dispensation_%28Catholic_canon_law%29 \"Dispensation (Catholic canon law)\") from the [Pope](/wiki/Pope \"Pope\") for this marriage, because the betrothed were related in the fourth degree, great\\-grandchildren of the brothers [Henry I of Nassau\\-Siegen](/wiki/Henry_I%2C_Count_of_Nassau-Siegen \"Henry I, Count of Nassau-Siegen\") and [Emicho I of Nassau\\-Hadamar](/wiki/Emicho_I%2C_Count_of_Nassau-Hadamar \"Emicho I, Count of Nassau-Hadamar\").von Stramberg (1865\\), p. 719\\.", "John used the feud with Count John III of Sayn\\-Wittgenstein to extend his feudal rights over parts of the [County of Wittgenstein](/wiki/County_of_Wittgenstein \"County of Wittgenstein\") to its entire territory. John III had incurred the enmity of all his neighbours through devastating invasions of the surrounding lands. In 1390, Landgrave Herman of Hesse and John I united with several of the nobility, the lords of {{Interlanguage link\\|Breidenbach zu Breidenstein\\|de\\|3\\=Breidenbach zu Breidenstein\\|lt\\=Breidenbach}} and [Hatzfeld](/wiki/House_of_Hatzfeld \"House of Hatzfeld\"), against John III, in order to finally put a stop to his mischief, which had been encouraged by the almost uninterrupted war unrest in Hesse, Nassau and the entire region for a long time. His impassable, mountainous and wooded country, however, provided John III with such safe havens that he could only be defeated after two years. He was taken to [Dillenburg Castle](/wiki/Dillenburg_Castle \"Dillenburg Castle\") as a [prisoner](/wiki/Prisoner \"Prisoner\") and, through the intercession of his friends, was released for a short time, but had to take an [oath](/wiki/Oath \"Oath\") to surrender himself again at this castle after the expiry of the time limit, Friday after [Easter](/wiki/Easter \"Easter\") 1392\\. This happened, and his release did not take place until 28 June, after he had agreed not to rob the streets any more, nor to ravish, rob or burn [churches](/wiki/Church_%28building%29 \"Church (building)\"), [churchyards](/wiki/Churchyard \"Churchyard\") and [monasteries](/wiki/Monastery \"Monastery\") any more, nor to house and shelter anyone who would do so.von Stramberg (1865\\), pp. 720–721\\. He had to swear to the whole treaty and had to renounce all claims from his ancestors and pay a ransom of 1000 gold guilders to avoid a new imprisonment. In addition, he had to abandon all his [serfs](/wiki/Serf \"Serf\") in Nassau\\-Siegen and to waive the consequence in respect of the future overdrafts, cede to Nassau\\-Siegen free hunting and fishing in the County of Wittgenstein with the right to redeem all Wittgenstein pledges, and also open all of his castles to John I. Finally, John III recognised his county as an old Nassau fief and promised to be enfeoffed with the same and all his castles, [towns](/wiki/Town \"Town\"), districts, [villages](/wiki/Village \"Village\") and subjects by Nassau\\-Siegen for himself and his descendants at any time. On the following day, he issued a special [charter](/wiki/Charter \"Charter\") concerning the amicable settlement with Hesse and the nobility involved in the alliance.", "[thumb\\|Ginsburg Castle. Photo: Frank Behnsen, 2010\\.](/wiki/File:SI_Ginsburg_Totale_3.jpg \"SI Ginsburg Totale 3.jpg\")\nJohn sometimes had to endure attacks and abuse from his younger brother, Henry the Swashbuckler, who, even though he was a [canon](/wiki/Canon_%28clergy%29 \"Canon (clergy)\"), nevertheless was a brutal fighter of his time, as the disconcerting epithet that his comrades gave him reveals. Before 1389, John built {{Interlanguage link\\|Freudenberg Castle (Siegerland)\\|de\\|3\\=Burg Freudenberg (Siegerland)\\|lt\\=Freudenberg Castle}} against the {{Interlanguage link\\|Land Wildenburg\\|de\\|3\\=Wildenburger Land\\|lt\\=lords of Wildenburg}} and the [counts of Sayn](/wiki/County_of_Sayn \"County of Sayn\"). He managed to put an end to the [robber knights](/wiki/Robber_baron_%28feudalism%29 \"Robber baron (feudalism)\") in his county. In those lawless times, he decided to establish a [vehmic court](/wiki/Vehmic_court \"Vehmic court\") at Ginsburg Castle in the Siegerland. However, the establishment of a vehmic court was not allowed without imperial consent. In 1384 John received it from Roman King Wenceslaus when he visited him in Frankfurt. According to another charter of Wenceslaus from 1389, the seat of the vehmic court was to be at Ginsburg Castle and the judicial district of this court was to extend from the borders of the Westphalian [lordship of Bilstein](/wiki/House_of_Bilstein \"House of Bilstein\") to the County of Sayn. A charter of the same king from 1398 appoints Wynekin von Hilchenbach as a judge of the Ginsburg vehmic court, presumably after the court had been settled. Perhaps, however, John soon realised his own mistake, or perhaps his sons later understood the abuses of this vehmic court; for it did not exist very long. A century later John's great\\-grandson, Count [John V](/wiki/John_V%2C_Count_of_Nassau-Siegen \"John V, Count of Nassau-Siegen\"), again established a vehmic court at Ginsburg Castle.Becker (1983\\), p. 27\\.", "Disagreements with the [counts of Solms](/wiki/County_of_Solms \"County of Solms\") over [Greifenstein](/wiki/Greifenstein \"Greifenstein\") eventually led in 1395 to the purchase of this lordship from Count [Engelbert of Sayn\\-Wittgenstein](/wiki/Engelbert%2C_Count_of_Sayn-Wittgenstein \"Engelbert, Count of Sayn-Wittgenstein\") with the permission of the feudal lord, the [Bishop](/wiki/Bishop \"Bishop\") of [Worms](/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Worms \"Prince-Bishopric of Worms\"); but for the time being, there was no real takeover.Dek (1970\\), p. 214 only mentions the purchase itself and states that it took place on 6 September 1395\\. John gained territorial expansion through the succession dispute over the [County of Nassau\\-Hadamar](/wiki/Nassau-Hadamar \"Nassau-Hadamar\"), which were feuds with Count Rupert of Nassau\\-Sonnenberg and the counts [Diether VIII](/wiki/Diether_VIII%2C_Count_of_Katzenelnbogen \"Diether VIII, Count of Katzenelnbogen\") and [John IV of Katzenelnbogen](/wiki/Johann_IV%2C_Count_of_Katzenelnbogen \"Johann IV, Count of Katzenelnbogen\"). John obtained ⅓ of [Hadamar](/wiki/Hadamar \"Hadamar\") and {{Interlanguage link\\|Ellar Castle\\|de\\|3\\=Burg Ellar}}, ⅔ of [(Bad) Ems](/wiki/Bad_Ems \"Bad Ems\"),{{refn\\|group\\=note\\|\"Shortly afterwards, the division was revised and (Bad) Ems seems to have belonged half to Nassau and to the counts of Katzenelnbogen (see ''Handbuch der historische Stätten Deutschlands'' V, 23\\). The latter also inherited from Nassau\\-Hadamar two\\-thirds of Driedorf, the last third of which had meanwhile passed to Hesse (see ''Handbuch der historische Stätten Deutschlands'' V, 75\\).\"Huberty, et al. (1981\\), p. 223\\.}} the [Esterau](/wiki/County_of_Holzappel \"County of Holzappel\") and [Dietkirchen](/wiki/Dietkirchen \"Dietkirchen\").", "[thumb\\|left\\|Herborn Castle. Photo: Marco Dienst, 2018\\.](/wiki/File:Schloss_Herborn_2018_03.JPG \"Schloss Herborn 2018 03.JPG\")\n[thumb\\|Keppel Abbey Church, 2018\\.](/wiki/File:Allenbach%2C_Stiftskirche.jpg \"Allenbach, Stiftskirche.jpg\")\nIn his old days, John had himself appointed councillor to the Archbishop of [Trier](/wiki/Electorate_of_Trier \"Electorate of Trier\"), and in 1400 he also experienced the humiliation of Roman King Wenceslaus. John died at [Herborn Castle](/wiki/Herborn_Castle \"Herborn Castle\")Dek (1970\\), p. 66 and Vorsterman van Oyen (1882\\), p. 90 state the city of Herborn as place of death. on 4 September 1416\\.von Stramberg (1865\\), p. 722\\. He was buried in {{Interlanguage link\\|Keppel Abbey\\|de\\|3\\=Stift Keppel}} near [Hilchenbach](/wiki/Hilchenbach \"Hilchenbach\"). He was succeeded by his sons [Adolf I](/wiki/Adolf_I%2C_Count_of_Nassau-Siegen \"Adolf I, Count of Nassau-Siegen\"), [John II with the Helmet](/wiki/John_II%2C_Count_of_Nassau-Siegen \"John II, Count of Nassau-Siegen\"), [Engelbert I](/wiki/Engelbert_I_of_Nassau \"Engelbert I of Nassau\") and [John III the Younger](/wiki/John_III%2C_Count_of_Nassau-Siegen \"John III, Count of Nassau-Siegen\"),{{cite encyclopedia \\|editor\\-last\\=Hoffmann \\|editor\\-first\\=A.G. \\|encyclopedia\\=Allgemeine Encyklopädie der Wissenschaften und Künste \\|title\\=Johann II. \\|language\\=de \\|year\\=1842 \\|series\\=Zweite Section. H–N \\|volume\\=Einundzwanzigster Theil: Johann Infant von Castilien – Johann\\-Boniten \\|location\\=\\[\\[Leipzig]] \\|publisher\\=F.A. Brochhaus \\|page\\=135 }} who had already agreed on a joint continuation of the government on 21 December 1409\\. Whichever of the brothers would be native or closest to his lands on the father's death should take possession of them in all brothers' name until a division would have taken place. Likewise, they promised each other, out of conviction of mutual advantages, not to inflict any violent advances on each other, and to allow the preferences of one and the other to apply, which had been established by older decrees. Whoever would take something for himself alone would be disinherited. All parental decrees favouring one brother over the other were declared [null and void](/wiki/Null_and_void \"Null and void\") in advance. Adolf hereby tacitly renounced his right to the part of Nassau\\-Hadamar and the districts of Herborn, Haiger and [Löhnberg](/wiki/L%C3%B6hnberg \"Löhnberg\"), which he could have claimed in advance from the [marriage contract](/wiki/Marriage_contract \"Marriage contract\") with the heiress of the County of Diez. In accordance with this agreement, the brothers took over the government jointly after their father's death in 1416\\.Dek (1970\\), p. 66 and Vorsterman van Oyen (1882\\), p. 90 state that only Adolf and John with the Helmet succeeded their father. However, the intended division did not take place: Adolf had no male offspring, the elder John was not married, the younger of the same name was a [clergyman](/wiki/Clergyman \"Clergyman\"); it was to be expected that a division would not last long.{{clearall}}", "" ]
Timeline -------- ### 10 November According to the Israeli government, the round of escalation that led to the operation began on November 10 when an anti\-tank missile from Gaza struck an IDF jeep near the Karni crossing wounding four soldiers, two seriously.[Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs](http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Terrorism-+Obstacle+to+Peace/Hamas+war+against+Israel/Palestinian_ceasefire_violations_since_end_Operation_Cast_Lead.htm)[MFA Hamas War Against Israel](http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Terrorism-+Obstacle+to+Peace/Hamas+war+against+Israel/Israel_under_fire-November_2012.htm) Four Palestinian teenagers, aged 16 to 18, were killed by an Israeli airstrike in a sports stadium while they played soccer.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/nov/30/footballers\-u21\-european\-championship\-israel\|title\=Footballers condemn plans to hold U21 European championship in Israel\|work\=The Guardian\|date\=30 November 2012\|accessdate\=30 November 2012}} ### 11 November Rocket and mortar shell fire into Israel continued and increased the following day, a total of 64 rockets hits were identified on November 11\. Rockets with longer ranges were fired and the damage incurred was greater, a number of Israeli civilians were wounded by the rocket fire, several were treated for shock and there was extensive property damage. ### 12 November 21 rockets were launched into Israel from Gaza. ### 13 November As of November 13, 121 rockets were fired into Israeli territory, as well as a number of mortar shells. ### 14 November (Start of Operation Pillar of Defense) [thumb\|[Iron Dome](/wiki/Iron_Dome "Iron Dome") intercepting a rocket above a populated Israeli area during the fourth day of the operation](/wiki/File:IronDome246.jpg "IronDome246.jpg") At approximately 16:00 (Israel time), the Israeli Air Force killed [Ahmed Jabari](/wiki/Ahmed_Jabari "Ahmed Jabari"), chief of [Hamas](/wiki/Hamas "Hamas")'s military wing, who was wanted by Israel for masterminding a string of deadly attacks and 'decade\-long terrorist activities'.{{cite news\|location\=UK\|url\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/palestinianauthority/9677782/Hamas\-military\-chief\-killed\-in\-Gaza\-air\-strike.html\|date\=14 November 2012\|newspaper\=The Daily Telegraph\|first\=Barney\|last\=Henderson\|title\=Hamas military chief killed in Gaza air strike}}[Hamas Military Chief Killed](https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/11/14/ahmed-jabari-hamas_n_2131265.html) Osama Hamdan, a Hamas representative in Lebanon, claimed that the airstrike also killed Jabari's son. Hamdan's claim was quickly shown to be false.[Hamas spokesman: We will respond](http://www.aljazeera.com/video/middleeast/2012/11/2012111418187773579.html), Al Jazeera 14 November 2012 The IDF released a video of this airstrike.{{cite news\|title\=Israeli air strike on Hamas military chief – video released by IDF\|date\=15 November 2012\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/video/2012/nov/15/israeli\-air\-strike\-hamas\-video\-idf\| work\=The Guardian\|location\=UK\|accessdate\=16 November 2012}} The IDF also struck against 20 Hamas targets in the Gaza Strip, including underground rocket launchers and an ammunition warehouse stocking Iranian\-made, long\-range [Fajr\-5](/wiki/Fajr-5 "Fajr-5") missiles.{{cite web \|title\=Hamas Military Chief Ahmed Jabari Killed by Israeli Strike \|website\=\[\[Haaretz]] \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702023843/https://www.haaretz.com/2012\-11\-14/ty\-article/.premium/head\-of\-hamas\-military\-wing\-killed\-in\-israeli\-gaza\-strike/0000017f\-e7cc\-df5f\-a17f\-ffde14240000 \|archive\-date\=2022\-07\-02 \|url\-status\=dead \|url\=https://www.haaretz.com/2012\-11\-14/ty\-article/.premium/head\-of\-hamas\-military\-wing\-killed\-in\-israeli\-gaza\-strike/0000017f\-e7cc\-df5f\-a17f\-ffde14240000}} The IDF said that many of the targeted weapon stashes were in residential areas and evidenced "the pattern of Hamas to use the population in Gaza as human shields." Israel claims to have destroyed most of this long\-range capability. An IDF spokesman said that the goal of the operation is to "bring back quiet to southern Israel, and... to strike at terror organizations."{{cite news\|url\=http://www.jpost.com/Defense/Article.aspx?id\=291779\|title\=Israeli air strike kills Hamas military chief\|last\=Lappin\|first\=Yaakov\|date\=14 November 2012\|work\=\[\[The Jerusalem Post]]\|accessdate\=14 November 2012}} At the same time, Israeli spokespersons said that it would try "to avoid civilian casualties."{{cite news\|title\=Gaza rocket fire persists; gov't okays IDF reserves call\-up\|url\=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L\-4305624,00\.html\|newspaper\=Ynet news\|date\=15 November 2012\|location\=\[\[Israel\|IL]]\|accessdate\=15 November 2012}} 10 people including 2 children were killed in Israeli strikes.{{cite web \|title\=Israel hammers Hamas in Gaza offensive \|website\=\[\[Reuters]] \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230525192528/https://www.reuters.com/article/us\-palestinians\-israel\-hamas\-idUSBRE8AD0WP20121114 \|archive\-date\=2023\-05\-25 \|url\-status\=live \|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\-palestinians\-israel\-hamas\-idUSBRE8AD0WP20121114}} An 11\-month\-old Omar Misharawi, son of Jihad Misharawi, a [BBC Arabic](/wiki/BBC_Arabic "BBC Arabic") video editor residing in Gaza, was killed when a Palestinian rocket launched towards Israel fell short and exploded back into Gaza.{{Cite news \|url\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle\_east/un\-report\-errant\-palestinian\-rocket\-most\-likely\-killed\-gaza\-baby\-in\-november\-clash/2013/03/11/b9ecd652\-8a58\-11e2\-a88e\-461ffa2e34e4\_story.html \|title\=Wash Post Errand Palestinian Rocket killed Gaza Baby \|newspaper\=\[\[The Washington Post]] \|access\-date\=2017\-09\-16 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181103210207/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle\_east/un\-report\-errant\-palestinian\-rocket\-most\-likely\-killed\-gaza\-baby\-in\-november\-clash/2013/03/11/b9ecd652\-8a58\-11e2\-a88e\-461ffa2e34e4\_story.html \|archive\-date\=2018\-11\-03 \|url\-status\=dead }} Gazan militants continued to fire rockets towards the Israeli cities of [Beersheba](/wiki/Beersheba "Beersheba"), [Ashdod](/wiki/Ashdod "Ashdod"), [Ofakim](/wiki/Ofakim "Ofakim") and the [Shaar Hanegev](/wiki/Shaar_Hanegev "Shaar Hanegev") and [Eshkol Regional Council](/wiki/Eshkol_Regional_Council "Eshkol Regional Council"). The [Iron Dome](/wiki/Iron_Dome "Iron Dome") missile defense system made 130 interceptions.{{Cite news\|newspaper\=Ynet news\|title\=Gaza op: IDF attacked 310 targets; 120 rockets intercepted\|date\=2012\-11\-15\|place\=\[\[Israel\|IL]]\|type\=tweet\|quote\=IDF sources said that since the beginning of Operation Pillar of Defense 320 terror targets were successfully attacked in Gaza. In addition they stated that the defensive missile system Iron Dome has successfully intercepted 130 rockets fired at Israel.\|first\=Yoav\|last\=Zitun\|url\=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L\-4306366,00\.html}} About 55 rockets were launched on the evening of 14 November, including a [Grad rocket](/wiki/Grad_rocket "Grad rocket") fired in the direction of the [Negev Nuclear Research Center](/wiki/Negev_Nuclear_Research_Center "Negev Nuclear Research Center") near [Dimona](/wiki/Dimona "Dimona").{{cite news\|url\=http://www.jpost.com/Defense/Article.aspx?id\=291859\|title\=Iron Dome intercepts 13 Gaza rockets; 6 land near Beersheba\|date\= November 5–14, 2012\|work\=The Jerusalem Post\|accessdate\=16 November 2012}} On the night of 14 November, Prime Minister [Benjamin Netanyahu](/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu "Benjamin Netanyahu") announced that the [Israeli cabinet](/wiki/Israeli_cabinet "Israeli cabinet") had authorized a partial call\-up of reservists in case they were needed for a large ground\-based operation.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.timesofisrael.com/idf\-prepared\-to\-broaden\-operation\-to\-protect\-southern\-israel\-netanyahu\-says/\|title\=Wider offensive and possible ground operation on the table, as cabinet okays reserves call\-up\|last\=Ben Zion\|first\=Ilan\|date\=14 November 2012\|work\=The Times of Israel\|accessdate\=15 November 2012}} The Egyptian military confirmed that four rockets were fired from [Sinai](/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula "Sinai Peninsula") toward Israel by militant groups in an area with a history in the prior eighteen months of cross\-border shootings and rocket launches.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.timesofisrael.com/egypt\-confirms\-rockets\-fired\-at\-border\-town\-came\-from\-sinai/\|title\=Egypt confirms rockets fired at border town came from Sinai}}{{cite news\|url\=http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID\=538433\|title\=Egypt security: 3 rockets fired from Sinai toward Israel\|access\-date\=2012\-12\-13\|archive\-date\=2012\-11\-18\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121118105851/http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID\=538433\|url\-status\=dead}} The United Nations confirmed{{cite web\|url\=http://www.unrwa.org/etemplate.php?id\=1500\|title\=Death of UNRWA teacher in Gaza\|publisher\=UNRWA\|date\=15 November 2012\|accessdate\=19 November 2012}} that Marwan Abu El Qumsan, a teacher for the United Nations Relief and Works Agency was killed in his car near the scene of an airstrike. His brother, who was also with him, was severely injured.{{cite news\|agency\=Associated Press\|url\=http://www.foxnews.com/world/2012/11/14/egypt\-asks\-for\-emergency\-un\-security\-council\-meeting\-on\-gaza\-attacks\-israeli/\|title\=UN says relief agency teacher killed in Gaza\|publisher\=Fox News\|date\=14 November 2012\|accessdate\=19 November 2012}} ### 15 November [thumb\|right\|Israeli apartment building in [Kiryat Malakhi](/wiki/Kiryat_Malakhi "Kiryat Malakhi") hit by Gaza rockets](/wiki/Image:Apartment_building_in_the_Israeli_town_of_Kiryat_Malachi_that_took_a_direct_hit_from_a_Hamas_rocket._3_residents_were_killed%2C_and_several_others_seriously_wounded_including_a_1.5_year_old_baby.jpg "Apartment building in the Israeli town of Kiryat Malachi that took a direct hit from a Hamas rocket. 3 residents were killed, and several others seriously wounded including a 1.5 year old baby.jpg") [thumb\|Rising smoke in Gaza after it was hit by Israeli airstrikes](/wiki/File:Israel_smoke_after_Hamas_rockets_2012.PNG "Israel smoke after Hamas rockets 2012.PNG") [thumb\|A Gaza house destroyed by Israeli shelling](/wiki/File:Gaza_house_destroyed.PNG "Gaza house destroyed.PNG") [thumb\|Children from the Israeli town of Kiryat Malachi running for shelter as rockets are fired from Gaza](/wiki/File:Flickr_-_Israel_Defense_Forces_-_Children_in_Town_Under_Fire_by_Rockets_from_Gaza_%282%29.jpg "Flickr - Israel Defense Forces - Children in Town Under Fire by Rockets from Gaza (2).jpg") Israel continued its offensive through the night, carrying out over 100 strikes on targets in Gaza. An IDF spokesperson stated that seven militants had been killed in the overnight attacks.{{cite news\|title\=IDF pummels Gaza, orders call\-up, after rockets encroach on Tel Aviv\|url\=http://www.timesofisrael.com/southern\-israel\-under\-fire\-air\-force\-strikes\-terrorist\-targets\-in\-gaza/\|accessdate\=18 November 2012\|date\=15 November 2012}} On 15 November, 13 Israelis were treated for injuries suffered during the morning. Three Israelis, two men and a woman, were killed when a rocket struck a four\-story building in [Kiryat Malakhi](/wiki/Kiryat_Malakhi "Kiryat Malakhi").{{cite web\|author\=Kristin Deasy\|url\=http://www.salon.com/2012/11/15/rocket\_strike\_in\_israels\_kiryat\_malachi\_kills\_3/\|title\=Rocket strike in Israel's Kiryat Malachi kills 3\|work\=Salon\|date\=15 November 2012\|accessdate\=18 November 2012}} [Magen David Adom](/wiki/Magen_David_Adom "Magen David Adom") paramedics treated five wounded people at the scene, including an 11\-month\-old child who was critically injured. A further five missiles were fired at the town as emergency services attempted to rescue those trapped inside the debris. A residence in Ashdod and a school in Ofakim were struck by rockets.{{cite web\|author\=Yaakov Lappin \|url\=http://www.jpost.com/Defense/Article.aspx?id\=291954 \|title\=Gaza terrorists fire two rockets at Tel Aviv \|publisher\=The Jerusalem Post \|date\=16 November 2012 \|accessdate\=18 November 2012 \|url\-status\=dead \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121115162200/http://www.jpost.com/Defense/Article.aspx?id\=291954 \|archivedate\=November 15, 2012 }} During the morning the Israeli air force continued flying sorties to both to identify and destroy targets in the Gaza strip. The attacks included an airstrike on Khan Younis, in the Southern Gaza Strip, that led to the injury of four people including a woman and two children, according to Palestinian sources. Israel put all of its communities with less than 15 seconds of warning from mortar/rocket attack in lockdown and closed all schools in less than 60\-second warning radius.{{Cite news\|url\=http://www.jpost.com/Defense/Article.aspx?id\=291906\|title\=Gazans fire 95 rockets after Jabari hit\|newspaper\=The Jerusalem Post\|date\=15 November 2012\|first1\=Yaakov\|last1\=Lappin\|first2\=Tovah\|last2\=Lazaroff}} The Israeli air force distributed leaflets over Gaza telling residents to keep a distance away from Hamas facilities and their forces.{{Cite news\|url\=http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID\=537704\|title\=Israel army drops leaflets over Gaza Strip\|date\=15 November 2012\|newspaper\=Maan\|access\-date\=13 December 2012\|archive\-date\=20 November 2012\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121120013359/http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID\=537704\|url\-status\=dead}} Two [Fajr](/wiki/Fajr-5 "Fajr-5") rockets landed in the suburbs of [Tel Aviv](/wiki/Tel_Aviv "Tel Aviv") metropolis. No injuries were reported. This was the first time that [Gush Dan](/wiki/Gush_Dan "Gush Dan") has been targeted by missiles since the [Persian Gulf War](/wiki/Persian_Gulf_War "Persian Gulf War"), when [Saddam Hussein](/wiki/Saddam_Hussein "Saddam Hussein") launched a number of [Scud](/wiki/Scud "Scud") missiles at Israel.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.timesofisrael.com/southern\-israel\-under\-fire\-air\-force\-strikes\-terrorist\-targets\-in\-gaza/\|title\=IDF pummels Gaza, orders call\-up, after rockets encroach on Tel Aviv area\|date\=15 November 2012\|work\=The Times of Israel\|accessdate\=15 November 2012}} On the night of 15 November, the Israeli Air Force launched a series of 70 bombing runs to destroy what it said were underground medium\-range rocket launchers.{{cite news\|last\=Lappin\|first\=Yaakov\|date\=15 November 2012\|url\=http://www.jpost.com/Defense/Article.aspx?id\=292102\|title\=Air Force hits 70 Gaza Strip targets in an hour\|work\=\[\[The Jerusalem Post]]\|accessdate\=15 November 2012}} Palestinian sources said that 15 people were killed in Gaza as a result of the IAF strikes, including five militants and two children during the airstrikes.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.timesofisrael.com/rockets\-rain\-down\-on\-south\-after\-israel\-launches\-operation\-pillar\-of\-defense/\|title\=Three dead in rocket attack on Kiryat Malachi\|work\=The Times of Israel\|date\=14 November 2012\|accessdate\=16 November 2012}}{{cite news\|first\=Kevin\|last\=Connolly\|title\=Three Israelis killed by Gaza rocket as violence escalates\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world\-20336811\|publisher\=BBC\|location\=UK\|accessdate\=15 November 2012\|date\=14 November 2012}}{{cite web\|title\=Gaza terrorists fire two rockets at Tel Aviv \|first\=Yaakov \|last\=Lappin \|date\=15 November 2012 \|url\=http://www.jpost.com/Defense/Article.aspx?id\=291954 \|work\=The Jerusalem Post \|accessdate\=15 November 2012 \|url\-status\=dead \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121115162200/http://www.jpost.com/Defense/Article.aspx?id\=291954 \|archivedate\=November 15, 2012 }}{{cite news\|title\=Brief truce quickly collapses as Egypt's PM visits Gaza\|first\=Karin\|last\=Brulliard\|accessdate\=16 November 2012\|url\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle\_east/3\-israelis\-killed\-in\-rocket\-strike\-from\-gaza\-intensive\-israeli\-assault\-leaves\-13\-palestinians\-dead/2012/11/15/22023084\-2f1e\-11e2\-ac4a\-33b8b41fb531\_story.html\|date\=15 November 2012\|newspaper\=The Washington Post}} ### 16 November The prime minister of Egypt, [Hisham Qandil](/wiki/Hisham_Qandil "Hisham Qandil"), paid a visit to the Gaza Strip on 16 November. His official purpose of the visit was to "show solidarity with the Palestinian people." He arranged for a 3\-hour ceasefire to accommodate his visit.{{cite news\|last\=Sherwood\|first\=Harriet\|title\=Gaza hospital draws on emergency reserves and waits for worse to come\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/nov/16/gaza\-hospital\-emergency\-reserves\|accessdate\=16 November 2012\|newspaper\=Guardian\|date\=16 November 2012\|location\=London}} About 50 rockets were fired from the Gaza Strip during this window hitting sites in southern Israel. Hamas argued that the IDF bombed a Hamas commander's house in Gaza during the ceasefire, something the IDF strongly denied, and accused Hamas of violating the cease fire.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/israel/9681562/Israel\-and\-Gaza\-conflict\-rockets\-from\-Gaza\-land\-near\-Jerusalem.html\|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20130114065922/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/israel/9681562/Israel\-and\-Gaza\-conflict\-rockets\-from\-Gaza\-land\-near\-Jerusalem.html\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=January 14, 2013\|title\=Israel and Gaza conflict: rocket from Gaza lands near Jerusalem\|last1\=Greenwood\|first1\=Phoebe\| first2\=Damien\|last2\=McElroy\|first3\=Richard\|last3\=Spencer\|date\=16 November 2012\|work\=\[\[The Daily Telegraph]]\|accessdate\=16 November 2012\|location\=London}}{{cite web\|url\=http://news.nationalpost.com/2012/11/16/egypt\-led\-truce\-hopes\-crumble\-as\-gaza\-rocket\-rattles\-tel\-aviv/\|title\=Egypt\-led truce hopes crumble as Gaza rocket rattles Tel Aviv\|publisher\=National Post\|accessdate\=17 November 2012}} [Mohammed Sadallah](/wiki/%23Mohammed_Sadallah "#Mohammed Sadallah"), a four\-year\-old Gazan boy, was killed after an explosion in [Annazla](/wiki/Nazla "Nazla"). Initially it was stated by Hamas to have been caused by an Israeli bomb. However, experts from the Palestinian Centre for Human Rights examined the site and opined the explosion was caused by a Palestinian rocket. They boy's mother acknowledged that either case could be possible.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/israel/9685564/Israeli\-forces\-prepare\-for\-war\-as\-troops\-mass\-on\-Gaza\-border.html\|title\=Israeli forces prepare for war as troops mass on Gaza border\|publisher\=Telegraph\|accessdate\=18 November 2012\|location\=London\|date\=17 November 2012}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.algemeiner.com/2012/11/18/shocking\-evidence\-indicates\-child\-whose\-death\-was\-blamed\-on\-israel\-was\-actually\-killed\-by\-hamas\-rocket\-video/\|title\=Shocking: Evidence Indicates Child Whose Death Was Blamed on Israel, Was Actually Killed by Hamas Rocket (VIDEO)\|publisher\=Algemeiner\|accessdate\=19 November 2012}} According to the *[New York Times](/wiki/New_York_Times "New York Times")*, "the damage was nowhere near severe enough to have come from an Israeli F\-16, raising the possibility that an errant missile fired by Palestinian militants was responsible for the deaths."[Mistaken Lull, Simple Errand, Death in Gaza](https://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/17/world/middleeast/in-gaza-tragic-result-for-misplaced-hopes-of-cease-fire.html?_r=1&;;;;), New York Times 16 November 2012 Israel denied that it carried out any attacks in the area at the time.[Gaza's children face grave risks in crowded urban battle zone](http://www.foxnews.com/world/2012/11/16/gaza-children-face-grave-risks-in-crowded-urban-battle-zone/), AP 16 November 2012 The Associated Press reported that "no one appeared to have witnessed the strike" and that "local security officials quickly took what remained of the projectile, making it impossible to verify who fired it."{{cite web\|url\=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle\-East/2012/Nov\-16/195314\-gaza\-kids\-at\-risk\-in\-crowded\-urban\-battle\-zone.ashx\#axzz2CZ1vgo30\|title\=Gaza kids at risk in crowded urban battle zone\|publisher\=Daily Star\|accessdate\=19 November 2012}} The Egyptian prime minister was filmed lifting the body saying "the boy, the martyr...is something that we cannot keep silent about," before promising to defend the Palestinian people. Through the evening of 16 November, around 500 rockets were fired from Gaza. [Iron Dome](/wiki/Iron_Dome "Iron Dome") intercepted 184 of these. Israel at this point had bombed about 500 targets in Gaza.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5iZV78IKMHWZyqLrBYuEoor0MPZ9Q?docId\=CNG.2cf3bc7be53e2f556cc0a63105c9224a.6f1 \|title\=AFP: Israel's Iron Dome plays growing role in Gaza conflict \|date\=16 November 2012 \|agency\=Agence France\-Presse \|accessdate\=16 November 2012 \|url\-status\=dead \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121119204212/https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5iZV78IKMHWZyqLrBYuEoor0MPZ9Q?docId\=CNG.2cf3bc7be53e2f556cc0a63105c9224a.6f1 \|archivedate\=November 19, 2012 }} Palestinian militants fired a rocket aimed at [Gush Etzion](/wiki/Gush_Etzion "Gush Etzion") setting off air raid sirens in nearby Jerusalem.{{cite news\|title\=Hamas fires rocket at Jerusalem\|url\=http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/world\-news/israel\-vow\-as\-egypt\-pm\-visits\-gaza\-16238525\.html\|newspaper\=\[\[The Belfast Telegraph]]\|date\=16 November 2012\|accessdate\=16 November 2012}} A rocket struck a home in Ashdod wounding five Israeli civilians.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.jpost.com/Defense/Article.aspx?id\=292277\|title\=Iron Dome intercepts 2 Fajr\-5 missiles aimed at Tel Aviv\|publisher\=Jerusalem Post\|accessdate\=17 November 2012}} Also that evening, the Israeli cabinet approved expanding the cap on reservist call\-ups from 30,000 to 75,000\.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.jpost.com/Defense/Article.aspx?id\=292195\|title\=Cabinet OKs 75,000 reservists for possible Gaza operation\|last\=Lappin\|first\=Yaakov\|date\=16 November 2012\|work\=\[\[The Jerusalem Post]]\|accessdate\=16 November 2012}} Foreign Minister [Avigdor Lieberman](/wiki/Avigdor_Lieberman "Avigdor Lieberman") said that the government was not considering an overthrow of the Hamas\-led government in Gaza. ### 17 November [thumb\|[IDF Chief of Staff, Lt. Gen. Benny Gantz](/wiki/Benny_Gantz "Benny Gantz"), and senior officers in a situational assessment regarding the operation, 17 November.](/wiki/File:Flickr_-_Israel_Defense_Forces_-_IDF_Chief_of_Staff_Lt._Gen._Benny_Gantz_in_Situational_Assessment.jpg "Flickr - Israel Defense Forces - IDF Chief of Staff Lt. Gen. Benny Gantz in Situational Assessment.jpg") The IDF broadened its targets in the offensive from military targets to include Hamas government sites,{{cite news\|last\=Rodoren\|first\=Jodi\|title\=Israel Broadens Its Bombing in Gaza to Include Government Sites\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/18/world/middleeast/israel\-gaza\-conflict.html\|work\=New York Times\|accessdate\=17 November 2012\|date\=17 November 2012}} with an Israeli air strike destroying the office building of the Hamas Prime Minister [Ismail Haniyeh](/wiki/Ismail_Haniyeh "Ismail Haniyeh") in Gaza. 30 people were rescued from the rubble of the building.{{cite news\|last\=Sherwood\|first\=Harriet\|title\=Israeli air strike hits Hamas PM's office\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/nov/17/israeli\-air\-strike\-hamas\-pm\-office\|work\=The Guardian\|accessdate\=17 November 2012\|location\=London\|date\=17 November 2012}}[Tunisia foreign minister slams Israel on Gaza visit](https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jtGDPts4HoBMVR-RMU8P4u5-CWjg) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121226012330/https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jtGDPts4HoBMVR\-RMU8P4u5\-CWjg \|date\=December 26, 2012 }}, AFP The [World Health Organization](/wiki/World_Health_Organization "World Health Organization") reported that "Gaza hospitals are overwhelmed with casualties from Israel's bombings and face critical shortages of drugs and medical supplies." According to the Health Ministry officials in Gaza "382 people have been injured – 245 adults and 137 children."{{cite news\|title\=Gaza hospitals stretched, need supplies to treat wounded: WHO\|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\-palestinians\-israel\-who\-idUSBRE8AG0I120121117\|publisher\=Reuters\|accessdate\=17 November 2012\|date\=17 November 2012\|first\=Stephanie\|last\=Nebehay}} Israel's Defense Ministry announced it will open the [Kerem Shalom](/wiki/Kerem_Shalom "Kerem Shalom") border crossing to allow civilian supplies to reach Gaza.{{cite web\|title\=Israel to open Kerem Shalom crossing into Gaza for aid\|url\=http://www.jpost.com/Headlines/Article.aspx?id\=292313\|accessdate\=17 November 2012}} Israel's Interior Minister [Eli Yishai](/wiki/Eli_Yishai "Eli Yishai") explained the offensive as aiming to "send Gaza back to the Middle Ages" by destroying infrastructure, including roads and wells.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.thenation.com/blog/171333/prominent\-israelis\-flatten\-gaza\-or\-send\-it\-back\-middle\-ages\|title\=Prominent Israelis: 'Flatten' Gaza or Send It Back to the 'Middle Ages'\|author\=Greg Mitchell\|date\=19 November 2012\|accessdate\=27 November 2012\|publisher\=The Nation\|archive\-date\=21 November 2012\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121121015240/http://www.thenation.com/blog/171333/prominent\-israelis\-flatten\-gaza\-or\-send\-it\-back\-middle\-ages\|url\-status\=dead}}{{cite news\|title\=Israel pounds Gaza from air as troops assemble\|first1\=Karin\|last1\=Brulliard \|first2\=Abigail\|last2\=Hauslohner\|url\=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle\-east/israel\-pounds\-gaza\-from\-air\-as\-troops\-assemble\-8326924\.html \|archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220507/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle\-east/israel\-pounds\-gaza\-from\-air\-as\-troops\-assemble\-8326924\.html \|archive\-date\=2022\-05\-07 \|url\-access\=subscription \|url\-status\=live \|newspaper\=The Independent\|date\=18 November 2012\|accessdate\=28 November 2012\|location\=London}}{{cbignore}} Over 70 rockets were launched at Southern Israel. According to [Magen David Adom](/wiki/Magen_David_Adom "Magen David Adom"), Palestinian rocket attacks injured sixteen Israelis and twenty Israelis were treated for shock.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.jpost.com/Headlines/Article.aspx?id\=292325\|title\=16 Israelis injured in last 12 hours from rocket attacks\|publisher\=Jerusalem Post\|accessdate\=17 November 2012}} Two Fajr\-5 missiles aimed at Tel Aviv were intercepted by the Iron Dome. Two rockets also landed outside Jerusalem. A home in Ashdod was directly hit, wounding five Israeli civilians. Two rockets were fired at Rishon Lezion and houses were damaged in Eshkol and Be'er Tuviya by missiles; one rocket fell near a Palestinian village in the West Bank damaging properties.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.jpost.com/Defense/Article.aspx?id\=292277\|title\=Iron Dome intercepts missiles aimed at Tel Aviv\|publisher\=Jerusalem Post\|accessdate\=19 November 2012}} According to CNN, the Israeli government is moving tanks and soldiers in preparation for what could be a ground invasion of Gaza.{{cite news\|title\=Israel on the brink of war: Violence escalating with Palestinian militants in Gaza – Early Start with John Berman \& Zoraida Sam\|url\=http://earlystart.blogs.cnn.com/2012/11/16/israel\-on\-the\-brink\-of\-war\-violence\-escalating\-with\-palestinian\-militants\-in\-gaza/?iref\=allsearch\|work\=CNN Early Start\|publisher\=CNN\|accessdate\=17 November 2012\|date\=16 November 2012\|archive\-date\=4 February 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204075302/http://earlystart.blogs.cnn.com/2012/11/16/israel\-on\-the\-brink\-of\-war\-violence\-escalating\-with\-palestinian\-militants\-in\-gaza/?iref\=allsearch\|url\-status\=dead}} In the West Bank, several demonstrations in support of Gaza led to dozens of protesters injured and several arrested by Israeli forces.{{cite news\|title\=Dozens injured in West Bank rallies for Gaza\|url\=http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID\=538693\|newspaper\=Ma'an News Agency\|date\=17 November 2012\|accessdate\=17 November 2012\|archive\-date\=22 May 2013\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522053608/http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID\=538693\|url\-status\=dead}} ### 18 November Israel continued to bombard the Gaza Strip, and, for the first time, Israeli ships fired shells too. The IDF killed the head of Hamas' rocket program, Yahyia Byya, who according to IDF sources, had been responsible for most of the rocket attacks.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.jpost.com/Headlines/Article.aspx?id\=292421\|title\=IDF assassinates head of Hamas' rocket program\|publisher\=Jerusalem Post\|accessdate\=18 November 2012}} Two buildings housing journalists were hit by IDF. The first housed [Sky News](/wiki/Sky_News "Sky News") and other international journalists. No one was injured.{{cite web\|author\=Sam Kiley\|url\=http://news.sky.com/story/1013182/gaza\-the\-moment\-media\-buildings\-were\-hit\|title\=Gaza: The Moment Media Buildings Were Hit\|publisher\=Sky News\|date\=18 November 2012\|accessdate\=18 November 2012}} Another media tower was hit, with reports of 7 injured Palestinian journalists.{{cite news\|title\=Israel Bombs Gaza Media and Government Sites, Warning of 'Expansion'\|author1\=Jodi Rudoren \|author2\=Isabel Kershner \|author3\=Alan Cowell \|name\-list\-style\=amp \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/19/world/middleeast/israel\-gaza\-conflict.html?pagewanted\=all\&\_r\=0\|newspaper\=\[\[The New York Times]]\|date\=18 November 2012\|accessdate\=18 November 2012}} The tower, known as the Al\-Sharouk compound, contained the offices of [Al\-Quds TV](/wiki/Al-Quds_TV "Al-Quds TV"), [Sky News](/wiki/Sky_News "Sky News"), [ARD](/wiki/ARD_%28broadcaster%29 "ARD (broadcaster)"), [Kuwait TV](/wiki/Kuwait_Television "Kuwait Television"), [RAI](/wiki/RAI "RAI"), and [ITN](/wiki/ITN "ITN"), and had previously also been used by [BBC](/wiki/BBC "BBC").{{cite news\|title\=Israel pounds Gaza for fifth day\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world\-middle\-east\-20383001\|publisher\=BBC News\|date\=18 November 2012}}{{cite news\|url\=http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/office\-of\-prohamas\-tv\-bombed\-by\-israel\-3\-injured/article4108066\.ece\|title\=Office of pro\-Hamas TV bombed by Israel, 3 injured\|publisher\=Xinhua via The Hindu\|date\=18 November 2012\|accessdate\=18 November 2012\|location\=Chennai, India\|first\=Atul\|last\=Aneja}} The IDF said that it targeted Hamas communications devices located on the roofs of two media buildings.{{cite web\|url\=http://news.sky.com/story/1013081/gaza\-israel\-denies\-strikes\-targeted\-media\|title\=Gaza: Israel Denies Strikes Targeted Media\|publisher\=Sky News\|date\=18 November 2012\|accessdate\=18 November 2012}} It alleged Hamas was using journalists as human shields. [Reporters without Borders](/wiki/Reporters_without_Borders "Reporters without Borders") (an international NGO focused on issues of freedom of the press) issued a strong condemnation of the attacks.{{cite web \|url\=http://en.rsf.org/palestinian\-terr\-rwb\-condemns\-air\-strikes\-on\-news\-18\-11\-2012,43690\.html \|title\=RWB condemns air strikes on news media in Gaza city – Reporters Without Borders \|publisher\=En.rsf.org \|date\= \|accessdate\=20 November 2012 \|archive\-date\=4 March 2016 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304061708/http://en.rsf.org/palestinian\-terr\-rwb\-condemns\-air\-strikes\-on\-news\-18\-11\-2012,43690\.html \|url\-status\=dead }} [Christophe Deloire](/wiki/Christophe_Deloire "Christophe Deloire"), the director of RWB, described the attacks as unjustified and as a threat to freedom of information, stating that "even though the outlets targeted are linked to Hamas, it does not legitimize the attacks." The attacks injured five people; one cameraman lost his leg.{{cite news\|title\=Reporters Without Borders condemns Israeli strikes on building housing media outlets\|url\=http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy\-defense/reporters\-without\-borders\-condemns\-israeli\-strikes\-on\-building\-housing\-media\-outlets\-1\.478896\|accessdate\=20 November 2012\|newspaper\=The Associated Press\|date\=19 November 2012}} Lieutenant Colonel [Avital Leibovich](/wiki/Avital_Leibovich "Avital Leibovich") responded by urging journalists to avoid areas with any Hamas presence whatsoever, while another Israeli government official stated that the offices of both Al Quds and Al Aqsa were legitimate military targets. Sam Kiley, a correspondent for Sky News who was present during the attack, said that there was 'reason to disbelieve' Israel's official account of the incident, and that he believes the incident demonstrates that no civilian in Gaza can feel safe.{{cite news\|title\=Gaza: Israel Denies Strikes Targeted Media\|url\=http://news.sky.com/story/1013081/gaza\-israel\-denies\-strikes\-targeted\-media\|accessdate\=20 November 2012\|newspaper\=Sky News\|date\=18 November 2012}} The [Foreign Press Association](/wiki/Foreign_Press_Association "Foreign Press Association") also issued a statement expressing concern over the strike, and pointing to a [UN Security Council](/wiki/UN_Security_Council "UN Security Council") statement that condemned all attacks against journalists in combat zones.{{cite web\|title\=The Foreign Press Association is concerned at the attacks by the Israeli IDF on buildings housing journalists in Gaza last night\|url\=http://www.fpa.org.il/?categoryId\=73840\|publisher\=Foreign Press Association\|accessdate\=20 November 2012}} Rockets were launched from Gaza towards Tel\-Aviv, which were intercepted by Tel Aviv's iron dome.{{cite news \|date\=18 November 2012 \|title\=Israeli police say 2 more rockets fired toward Tel Aviv, intercepted by defense system \|url\=https://www.al.com/montgomery\-web/2012/11/israeli\_police\_say\_2\_more\_rockets\_fired\_toward\_tel\_aviv\_intercepted\_by\_defense\_system.html \|accessdate\=18 November 2012 \|publisher\=AP via AL.com}} According to Hamas television, the rockets were launched by the [Qassam Brigades](/wiki/Izz_ad-Din_al-Qassam_Brigades "Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades"). Several rockets were fired at the south of Israel, one struck a building in Ashkelon injuring two people. The Iron Dome intercepted another two rockets fired at the city.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.jpost.com/Defense/Article.aspx?id\=292368\|title\=Iron Dome intercepts rockets over TA; 2 injured in Ashkelon\|publisher\=Jerusalem Post\|accessdate\=18 November 2012}} A rescue service worker in his 20s from the Sha'ar Hanegev was seriously wounded by a rocket that struck the area.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.jpost.com/Headlines/Article.aspx?id\=292396\|title\=Rocket seriously wounds man in Sha'ar Hanegev region\|publisher\=Jerusalem Post\|accessdate\=18 November 2012}} Three rockets struck the city of Beersheba and a home in Sderot.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.jpost.com/Headlines/Article.aspx?id\=292404\|title\=3 rockets strike Beersheba; no injuries\|publisher\=Jerusalem Post\|accessdate\=18 November 2012}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.jpost.com/Headlines/Article.aspx?id\=292403\|title\=Rocket from Gaza strikes home in Sderot\|publisher\=Jerusalem Post\|accessdate\=18 November 2012}} Two rockets hit Ashdod after coming under fire from a large rocket salvo.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.jpost.com/Headlines/Article.aspx?id\=292407\|title\=Two rockets fired from Gaza hit Ashdod\|publisher\=Jerusalem Post\|accessdate\=18 November 2012}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.jpost.com/Headlines/Article.aspx?id\=292411\|title\=Several Grad rockets fired at Ashdod, one hits building\|publisher\=Jerusalem Post\|accessdate\=18 November 2012}} In [Ofakim](/wiki/Ofakim "Ofakim"), a rocket struck a car wounding five people including couple and their two\-year\-old daughter.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L\-4307758,00\.html\|title\=Grad hits near car in Ofakim; 5 wounded\|newspaper\=Ynetnews \|date\=18 November 2012 \|publisher\=Ynet\|accessdate\=18 November 2012}} An elderly woman was injured by shrapnel from a rocket that struck a building in the city.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.jpost.com/Headlines/Article.aspx?id\=292415\|title\=MDA: Elderly woman lightly injured in Ofakim rocket strike\|publisher\=Jerusalem Post\|accessdate\=18 November 2012}} Three rockets fell in the Eshkol area.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.jpost.com/Headlines/Article.aspx?id\=292443\|title\=Three rockets fired from Gaza fall in Eshkol area\|publisher\=Jerusalem Post\|accessdate\=18 November 2012}} Israel facilitated the passage of eighty trucks loaded with medical supplies and food into the Gaza Strip through the [Kerem Shalom](/wiki/Kerem_Shalom "Kerem Shalom") crossing.[LIVE BLOG: OPERATION PILLAR OF DEFENSE, DAY 5, PART 2](http://www.timesofisrael.com/peres-we-have-received-no-truce-offers-says-hamas-must-cease-rocket-fire-before-any-agreement-is-reached/), Times of Israel 18 November 2012 The Israeli Foreign Ministry stated that Hamas refused to allow 22 foreign nationals to leave the Gaza Strip including nine Italian citizens, one Canadian, one South Korean, a French national, six journalists from Japan, and two Turkish Red Crescent members. Israel accused Hamas of manipulating and pressuring the press.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/About\+the\+Ministry/MFA\+Spokesman/2012/Hamas\_detains\_foreign\_journalists\_Gaza\_Strip\_17\-Nov\-2012\.htm \|title\=Hamas detains foreign journalists in the Gaza Strip \|publisher\=Ministry of Foreign Affairs \|accessdate\=18 November 2012 \|url\-status\=dead \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121122003006/http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/About\+the\+Ministry/MFA\+Spokesman/2012/Hamas\_detains\_foreign\_journalists\_Gaza\_Strip\_17\-Nov\-2012\.htm \|archivedate\=November 22, 2012 }}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.jewishpress.com/news/breaking\-news/hamas\-detaining\-foreign\-citizens\-in\-the\-gaza\-strip/2012/11/18/\|title\=Hamas Detaining Foreign Citizens in the Gaza Strip\|publisher\=Jewish Press\|accessdate\=18 November 2012}} Benjamin Netanyahu told his cabinet that the Israel Defense Forces were prepared for a "significant expansion of the operation."{{cite news\|author1\=Harriet Sherwood \|author2\=Peter Beaumont \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/nov/18/israel\-ready\-expand\-gaza\-offensive\|title\=Israel ready to expand Gaza offensive, says Binyamin Netanyahu\|work\=the Guardian\|date\=18 November 2012\|accessdate\=18 November 2012\|location\=London}} British Foreign Secretary [William Hague](/wiki/William_Hague "William Hague") told [Sky News](/wiki/Sky_News "Sky News") that a ground offensive would lose Israel much international support, but blamed Hamas for instigating the conflict and urged them to cease their rocket fire.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/israel/9686058/Gaza\-William\-Hague\-warns\-that\-ground\-invasion\-would\-damage\-Israel.html\|title\=Gaza: William Hague warns that ground invasion would damage Israel\|publisher\=the Telegraph\|date\=18 November 2012\|accessdate\=18 November 2012\|location\=London}}{{cite web\|url\=http://news.sky.com/story/1012899/gaza\-israel\-prepares\-to\-widen\-offensive\|title\=Gaza: Israel Prepares To Widen Offensive\|publisher\=Sky News\|date\=18 November 2012\|accessdate\=18 November 2012}} A 13\-year\-old girl and her uncle were killed by the Israeli naval shelling while sitting on the beach near Gaza city.{{cite web\|title\=THE TOLL IN GAZA\|url\=http://nationalpostnews.files.wordpress.com/2012/11/fo1119\_gazaweb1\.pdf\|publisher\=\[\[National Post]]\|url\-status\=dead\|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140912225445/http://nationalpostnews.files.wordpress.com/2012/11/fo1119\_gazaweb1\.pdf\|archivedate\=2014\-09\-12}} Another student died by an Israeli airstrike at an open area of the UNRWA Beach Preparatory Girls’ School. The strike caused another fatality. Six more were reported as being injured, including a female clerk at the school.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.unrwa.org/etemplate.php?id\=1512\|title\=Gaza situation report, 19 November\|date\=19 November 2012\|accessdate\=6 December 2012\|publisher\=United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East}} #### Al\-Dalu family deaths {{main\|Al\-Dalu family killing}} In the [Nasser neighborhood](/wiki/Nasser%2C_Gaza "Nasser, Gaza"),{{cite news\|last\=Sanders\|first\=Edmund\|url\=https://www.latimes.com/news/world/worldnow/la\-fg\-israeli\-airstrike\-gaza\-family\-12\-20121118,0,1580606\.story\|title\=Israeli airstrike hits Gaza family's home, killing 12\|work\=Los Angeles Times\|date\=18 November 2012\|accessdate\=20 November 2012}} an IDF missile destroyed the family home of Jamal Mahmoud Yassin al\-Dalu, 52, killing twelve people: ten of his family members, including five children and an elderly woman, plus two of the family's neighbors, including another elderly woman — the highest death toll of any single strike during the Operation.{{cite news\|title\=Dalu Family In Gaza Mourns Dead After Israel Bombs House\|url\=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/11/19/dalu\-family\-gaza\_n\_2159086\.html\|date\=2012\-11\-19\|accessdate\=December 2, 2012\|publisher\=Reuters via \[\[The Huffington Post]]\|first\=Ryan\|last\=Craggs}} Fourteen more people were killed in total in the other attacks of that day.{{cite web\|first\= Avi\|last\= Issacharoff\|url\=http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy\-defense/as\-idf\-strike\-kills\-entire\-family\-in\-gaza\-israel\-is\-starting\-to\-get\-in\-trouble\-1\.478879/as\-idf\-strike\-kills\-entire\-family\-in\-gaza\-israel\-is\-starting\-to\-get\-in\-trouble\-1\.478879\|title\=As IDF strike kills entire family in Gaza, Israel is starting to get in trouble\|publisher\=Ha'aretz\|date\=18 November 2012\|accessdate\=19 November 2012}} According to Israel, the target was Yehiya Rabiah, allegedly a senior commander of rocket operations.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2012\-11\-19/strikes\-on\-gaza\-day\-six/4379648\|title\=Israel blasts Hamas police building on sixth day of conflict\|publisher\=AFP via ABC News\|date\=18 November 2012\|accessdate\=19 November 2012}} A relative of the al\-Dalu family said, however, people in the area have never heard of the man before. "I have never heard such a name (Yihia Abayah). This is nonsense", he said to [Reuters](/wiki/Reuters "Reuters").{{cite news\|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\-palestinians\-israel\-civilians\-idUSBRE8AI0IU20121119\|title\=Israel investigating Gaza attack that killed 11 Palestinians\|publisher\=Reuters\|date\=19 November 2012\|accessdate\=2 December 2012\|author\=Maayan Lubell}} The IDF now says of the strike that it was intentional and that the target was Mohamed al\-Dalu, a police officer who died in the strike.{{cite web\|title\=Strike that killed Gaza family was 'no mistake': Israel\|url\=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/2/8/59317/World/Region/Strike\-that\-killed\-Gaza\-family\-was\-no\-mistake\-Isra.aspx\|date\=27 November 2012\|accessdate\=2 December 2012\|publisher\=\[\[Agence France Presse]] via Ahram Online}} After the change in explanation, IDF spokeswoman Avital Leibovich accused him of being "a known terror operative affiliated with the military wing of Hamas", though neighbors of the family state there is no connection between the al\-Dalu family and militant groups.{{cite web\|url\=\|title\=Gaza conflict: family's four children buried as bombardment continues\|date\=19 November 2012\|author\=Harriet Sherwood\|work\=The Guardian}} The [Palestinian Centre for Human Rights](/wiki/Palestinian_Centre_for_Human_Rights "Palestinian Centre for Human Rights") called the strike "blatant targeting of civilians".{{cite web\|title\=Attempts to Rescue the al\-Dalu Family Ongoing; Israeli Occupation Forces Destroy House over Its Residents\|url\=http://www.pchrgaza.org/portal/en/index.php?option\=com\_content\&view\=article\&id\=9010:attempts\-to\-rescue\-the\-al\-dalu\-family\-ongoing\-israeli\-occupation\-forces\-destroy\-house\-over\-its\-residents\-\&catid\=145:in\-focus\|publisher\=Palestinian Centre for Human Rights\|date\=19 November 2012\|accessdate\=2 December 2012\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121129030704/http://www.pchrgaza.org/portal/en/index.php?option\=com\_content\&view\=article\&id\=9010:attempts\-to\-rescue\-the\-al\-dalu\-family\-ongoing\-israeli\-occupation\-forces\-destroy\-house\-over\-its\-residents\-\&catid\=145:in\-focus\|archive\-date\=29 November 2012\|url\-status\=dead}} Scholars generally regard police officers as lawful targets if they are incorporated into a military force, or if they participate in hostilities.{{Cite journal \|last\=N. Schmitt \|first\=Michael \|last2\=W. Widmar \|first2\=Eric \|date\=29 September 2014 \|title\=“On Target”: Precision \& Balance in the Contemporary Law of Targeting \|url\=https://jnslp.com/wp\-content/uploads/2015/03/Precision\-and\-Balance\-in\-the\-Contemporary\-Law\-of\-Targeting\_2\.pdf \|journal\=Journal of National Security Law \& Policy \|volume\=7 \|issue\=3 \|pages\=379\-409}}{{Cite journal \|last\=Dinstein \|first\=Yoram \|date\=2002 \|title\=Legitimate Military Objectives Under the Current Jus In Bello \|url\=https://digital\-commons.usnwc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer\=\&httpsredir\=1\&article\=1361\&context\=ils \|journal\=International Law Studies \|volume\=78 \|issue\=1}} ### 19 November Israel launched attacks on Gaza Strip near dawn on 19 November. Four people, including a 4\-year\-old child and two women, both 19, were killed in the [az\-Zeitoun](/wiki/Az-Zeitoun "Az-Zeitoun") neighborhood of Gaza City, when the houses of the Abu Zour family, the Azzam family and al\-Qattaty family were attacked. Palestinian medics additionally reported that Rana ash\-Shandi, 18 months old, was killed in an IDF strike in as\-Saraya.{{cite news\|title\=Three Family Members Killed In Central Gaza\|url\=http://www.imemc.org/article/64598\|publisher\=\[\[International Middle East Media Center]]\|date\=21 November 2012}} IDF stated that since the beginning of Operation Pillar of Defense, over 540 rockets were fired from Gaza have hit and 290 were intercepted in\-flight over populated areas in Israel.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.idf.il/1283\-17607\-EN/Dover.aspx\|title\=Over 540 rockets have hit Israel, 290 intercepted\|publisher\=Israel Defense Forces\|date\=18 November 2012\|accessdate\=18 November 2012}} Over 135 rockets were fired from Gaza at areas of Southern Israel.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L\-4308768,00\.html\|title\=135 rockets fired at Israel Monday; 42 intercepted\|newspaper\=Ynetnews \|date\=19 November 2012 \|publisher\=Ynet\|accessdate\=19 November 2012}} Sirens were again sounded as multiple rockets were fired into Ashkelon; most were intercepted but two rockets struck a house and a yard. Another struck a school parking lot. Three people were treated for shock. Seven rockets launched at Ashkelon and Ashdod, and another towards Beersheba, were intercepted. A 63\-year\-old man was wounded by shrapnel in the Bnei Shimon Regiona. The Sderot and Eshkol regions come under heavy fire, rockets struck near Sha'ar Hanegev. A woman was injured from a mortar in the Eshkol area.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.jpost.com/Headlines/Article.aspx?id\=292549\|title\=Two rockets strike house, yard in Ashkelon; none hurt\|publisher\=Jerusalem Post\|accessdate\=19 November 2012}} It was aired live on [Al Jazeera English](/wiki/Al_Jazeera_English "Al Jazeera English") as a correspondent was reporting.{{cite web\|author\=Listening Post\|url\=http://blogs.aljazeera.com/liveblog/topic/gaza\-136\|title\=Gaza Live Blog – Al Jazeera Blogs\|publisher\=Blogs.aljazeera.com\|accessdate\=20 November 2012}} A salvo of rockets struck the cities of Ashdod and Gan Yavne.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.jpost.com/Headlines/Article.aspx?id\=292555\|title\=Gazan rockets hit Ashdod, Gan Yavne, Ashkelon\|publisher\=Jerusalem Post\|accessdate\=19 November 2012}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.jpost.com/Defense/Article.aspx?id\=292483 \|title\=Over 65 Gazan rockets fired at South, 24 intercepted \|publisher\=Jerusalem Post \|accessdate\=19 November 2012 \|url\-status\=dead \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121119195013/http://www.jpost.com/Defense/Article.aspx?id\=292483 \|archivedate\=November 19, 2012 }} Later during the day, a second school was struck by a rocket destroying the building after a barrage of rockets targeted Ashkelon during the evening. Mayor Benny Vaknin said that the rocket, after destroying the roof, "tore apart an entire classroom. Hundreds of shards of metal were scattered in the school's yard. Had the schools here been open we would have seen disasters."{{cite web\|url\=http://www.jpost.com/Headlines/Article.aspx?id\=292589\|title\=Five rockets fired at Ashkelon, one hits a school\|publisher\=Jerusalem Post\|accessdate\=19 November 2012}}{{cite news\|url\=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L\-4308707,00\.html\|title\=Another Ashkelon school hit as Cairo truce talks continue\|newspaper\=Ynetnews \|date\=19 November 2012 \|publisher\=Ynet\|accessdate\=19 November 2012}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.timesofisrael.com/all\-eyes\-on\-cairo\-ahead\-of\-gaza\-ground\-incursion/\|title\=Netanyahu indicates calm must return before Israel will consider Hamas truce terms\|publisher\=Times of Israel\|accessdate\=19 November 2012}} Israeli paramedics treated sixteen casualties taking the number of wounded treated by Magen David Adom to over 252\.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.jpost.com/Headlines/Article.aspx?id\=292599\|title\=MDA: 16 injured in South on sixth day of operation\|publisher\=Jerusalem Post\|accessdate\=19 November 2012}} Rockets also exploded near Ofakim.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L\-4308779,00\.html\|title\=Gaza rockets explode in Ofakim\|newspaper\=Ynetnews \|date\=19 November 2012 \|publisher\=Ynet\|accessdate\=19 November 2012}} At 2 am local time, a building housing the second largest police facility in Gaza was hit by an Israeli airstrike.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2012\-11\-19/strikes\-on\-gaza\-day\-six/4379648\|title\=Israel blasts Hamas police building on sixth day of conflict\|publisher\=AFP via ABC News\|date\=18 November 2012\|accessdate\=18 November 2012}} The airstrike was aired live on [CNN](/wiki/CNN "CNN"){{cite news\|url\=http://www.cnn.com/video/?hpt\=hp\_t1\#/video/bestoftv/2012/11/19/nr\-sot\-gaza\-anderson\-cooper\-explosion.cnn\|title\=Video – Breaking News Videos from\|publisher\=CNN.com\|date\=19 November 2012\|accessdate\=20 November 2012}} and [Al Jazeera English](/wiki/Al_Jazeera_English "Al Jazeera English"){{cite web\|author\=AlJazeeraEnglish\|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=SqeZoW7C2Ng\|title\=As it happened: Huge airstrike in Gaza\|publisher\=YouTube\|date\=18 November 2012\|accessdate\=20 November 2012}} as their correspondents were reporting. The Israel Air Force hit four Islamic Jihad militants hiding out in a media center in Gaza, the Al\-Sharouk compound.[JPost](http://www.jpost.com/Defense/Article.aspx?id=292483) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121212214300/http://www.jpost.com/Defense/Article.aspx?id\=292483 \|date\=December 12, 2012 }}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2012/11/2012111915617518485\.html\|title\=Diplomatic push for Gaza truce\|publisher\=Al Jazeera English\|date\=19 November 2012\|accessdate\=19 November 2012}} [PIJ](/wiki/Islamic_Jihad_Movement_in_Palestine "Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine") reported by text message that one of their senior militant operatives, [Ramez Harb](/wiki/Ramez_Harb "Ramez Harb"), was killed in that airstrike in Gaza City. {{cite news\|url\=http://www.timesofisrael.com/media\-building\-in\-gaza\-hit\-in\-israeli\-airstrike/\|title\=Leading Islamic Jihad operative killed in strike on media center\|last\=Kalman\|first\=Aaron\|date\=19 November 2012\|work\=Times of Israel\|accessdate\=19 November 2012}} The same strike also killed Salem Paul Sweliem, a 52\-year\-old [Greek Orthodox](/wiki/Greek_Orthodox "Greek Orthodox") Christian carpenter.{{cite news \|title\=Egypt: Israel's Gaza Assault to End Tuesday \|url\=http://world.time.com/2012/11/20/egypt\-israels\-gaza\-offensive\-to\-end\-tuesday\-2/?iid\=tsmodule \|publisher\=\[\[TIME (magazine)\|TIME]] \|date\=12 November 2012 \|access\-date\=13 December 2012 \|archive\-date\=23 November 2012 \|archive\-url\=http://web.archive.bibalex.org/web/20121123004319/http://world.time.com/2012/11/20/egypt\-israels\-gaza\-offensive\-to\-end\-tuesday\-2/?iid\=tsmodule \|url\-status\=dead }} An airstrike hit the [Jabalia Refugee Camp](/wiki/Jabalia_Camp "Jabalia Camp"), killing two children.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID\=538835\|title\=Official: 2 children killed in dawn Gaza strike\|publisher\=Ma'an\|date\=18 November 2012\|accessdate\=19 November 2012\|archive\-date\=1 November 2014\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101031257/http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID\=538835\|url\-status\=dead}} ### 20 November [thumb\|right\|Wreckage of Hamas Government building, after an Israeli strike](/wiki/File:Destroyed_Gaza_stuff.PNG "Destroyed Gaza stuff.PNG") [thumb\|Residential apartment building in [Rishon LeZion](/wiki/Rishon_LeZion "Rishon LeZion") hit by a Palestinian rocket](/wiki/File:Building_in_Rishon_le_Zion_hit_by_Hamas_rocket_in_November_2012.jpg "Building in Rishon le Zion hit by Hamas rocket in November 2012.jpg") More than 80 rockets were fired towards Southern Israel.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L\-4309145,00\.html\|title\=2 rockets fired at Jerusalem; man hurt in Eshkol\|newspaper\=Ynetnews \|date\=20 November 2012 \|publisher\=Ynet\|accessdate\=20 November 2012\|last1\=Curiel \|first1\=Ilana }} An Israeli Bedouin civilian was killed in Palestinian rocket fire that struck the Bedouin village of [Rejwan](/wiki/Rejwan "Rejwan") in the Negev.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.timesofisrael.com/rocket\-kills\-yosef\-partok\-an\-ultra\-orthodox\-soldier\-near\-gaza\-border/\|title\=Rockets kill soldier, Bedouin civilian in Eshkol region\|publisher\=Times of Israel\|accessdate\=21 November 2012}} Palestinian militants fired 18 rockets at Beersheba. At least 9 were intercepted by the Iron Dome, while three landed in the city. One landed near a bus, which suffered shrapnel damage, another damaged a vehicle, and the third landed in a soccer field. Rockets were also fired at [Ashkelon](/wiki/Ashkelon "Ashkelon"); one was intercepted and another landed in an open area. The city's [Barzilai Medical Center](/wiki/Barzilai_Medical_Center "Barzilai Medical Center") relocated its emergency room to its fortified basement after rocket shrapnel struck near the hospital's maternity ward. There was also rocket fire at Ofakim.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.timesofisrael.com/rocket\-fired\-at\-jerusalem\-and\-south\-takes\-beating\-but\-ground\-op\-off\-the\-table\-for\-now/\|title\=Rockets fired at Jerusalem as south takes beating, but ceasefire reportedly on the way\|publisher\=Time of Israel\|accessdate\=20 November 2012}}{{cite news\|title\=Reserve officer wounded in Eshkol\|url\=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L\-4308824,00\.html\|newspaper\=Ynetnews\|date\=20 November 2012 }} For the second time, sirens sounded in Jerusalem, and two rockets were fired at the city, but landed in an open area of the [West Bank](/wiki/West_Bank "West Bank") between two Palestinian villages.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.jpost.com/Defense/Article.aspx?id\=292656\|title\=Gaza rocket fired toward J'lem lands in West Bank village\|publisher\=Jerusalem Post\|accessdate\=20 November 2012}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.jpost.com/Defense/Article.aspx?id\=292656\|title\=Red alert siren sounds in Jerusalem\|publisher\=JPost\|date\=20 November 2012\|accessdate\=20 November 2012}} Dozens of rockets struck Kiryat Malakhi, Sderot and Ashdod. Thirteen rockets were fired at the [Eshkol Regional Council](/wiki/Eshkol_Regional_Council "Eshkol Regional Council"), killing an Israeli soldier deployed in the vicinity of Gaza and an Israeli civilian.{{cite news\|author\=Ilana Curiel\|url\=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L\-4309432,00\.html\|title\=Israeli soldier, civilian killed by barrages from Gaza\|newspaper\=Ynetnews \|publisher\=Ynet News\|date\=20 November 2012\|accessdate\=20 November 2012}}{{cite news\|url\=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L\-4308824,00\.html\|title\=Reserve officer wounded in Eshkol\|newspaper\=YNetNews\|date\=20 November 2012\|accessdate\=20 November 2012}} Later during the day, a rocket struck Eshkol wounding five people.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L\-4309204,00\.html\|title\=Rocket hits structure in Eshkol; 5 lightly hurt\|newspaper\=Ynetnews \|date\=20 November 2012 \|publisher\=Ynet\|accessdate\=20 November 2012}} Two rockets were fired at Jerusalem. A rocket struck a six\-story building in [Rishon LeZion](/wiki/Rishon_LeZion "Rishon LeZion") injuring four people.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.jpost.com/Headlines/Article.aspx?id\=292743\|title\=Gaza rocket strikes building in Rishon Lezion\|publisher\=Jerusalem Post\|accessdate\=20 November 2012}}{{cite news\|url\=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L\-4309365,00\.html\|title\=4 lightly injured when rocket hits building in Rishon Lezion\|newspaper\=Ynetnews \|date\=20 November 2012 \|publisher\=Ynet\|accessdate\=20 November 2012}} Israeli aircraft and artillery struck eleven militant cells and thirty rocket launchers in Gaza.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.jpost.com/Headlines/Article.aspx?id\=292702 \|title\=IDF: Latest strikes in Gaza hit 11 terrorist cells \|publisher\=Jerusalem Post \|accessdate\=20 November 2012 \|url\-status\=dead \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121121010430/http://www.jpost.com/Headlines/Article.aspx?id\=292702 \|archivedate\=November 21, 2012 }} Three Hamas fighters were killed, two of whom were involved in rocket attacks. It was reported that the IDF had destroyed 50 weapons smuggling tunnels since the start of the operation.{{cite news\|author\=Yoav Zitun\|url\=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L\-4309238,00\.html\|title\=IDF bombards Gaza; 3 Hamas terrorists killed\|newspaper\=Ynetnews \|publisher\=Ynet News\|date\=20 November 2012\|accessdate\=20 November 2012}} Drones attacked two cars in [Sabra, Gaza](/wiki/Sabra%2C_Gaza "Sabra, Gaza"), killing six, some of whom were injured beyond identification. Four people were killed at Gaza's Baghdad street. In [Zeitoun, Gaza](/wiki/Zeitoun%2C_Gaza "Zeitoun, Gaza"), two children were killed by Israeli airstrikes while they were playing soccer.{{cite news\|title\=Missile's Firing, Bomb Blasts and Sirens Shatter Gaza Calm\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/21/world/middleeast/gaza\-hospitals\-quiet\-day\-shattered\-by\-rockets\-and\-sirens.html\|date\=20 November 2012\|work\=New York Times\|first\=Jodi\|last\=Rudoren}} Hamas gunmen in Gaza executed six Palestinians who were accused of collaborating with Israel. According to a Hamas security source quoted on Hamas' Aqsa Radio, the men were "caught red\-handed" with cameras and hi\-tech equipment. The body of one of the alleged collaborators was chained to a motorcycle and dragged through the streets.{{cite news\|author\=Elior Levy\|url\=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L\-4309436,00\.html\|title\=Gaza gunmen kill 6 alleged collaborators\|newspaper\=Ynetnews \|publisher\=Ynet News\|date\=20 November 2012\|accessdate\=20 November 2012}} In the [West Bank](/wiki/West_Bank "West Bank"), Palestinians protested the Israeli attacks at multiple locations. In some instances, protesters threw stones and [Molotov cocktails](/wiki/Molotov_cocktail "Molotov cocktail") at IDF troops and [Israel Border Police](/wiki/Israel_Border_Police "Israel Border Police") gendarmes, who responded with crowd\-dispersal means. One Palestinian man was shot dead in [Halhul](/wiki/Halhul "Halhul") after attacking a soldier, and another Palestinian was shot while throwing a Molotov cocktail at an Israeli neighborhood in Hebron. In addition, Palestinians pelted Israeli civilian vehicles, attempted to block a road, and laid stones which caused damage to civilian vehicles.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L\-4308667,00\.html\|title\=Palestinian shot to death near Hebron; IDF says 'attacked soldier'\|newspaper\=Ynetnews\|date\=20 June 1995\|accessdate\=20 November 2012\|last1\=Levy \|first1\=Elior }} The building housing [Agence France\-Presse](/wiki/Agence_France-Presse "Agence France-Presse")'s office was hit by Israel. Three rockets were reported to have hit the building. No one was injured. IDF says they were targeting a Hamas intelligence operations center on 7th floor of the building.{{cite news \|title\=Israeli strike hits building housing AFP Gaza office \|url\=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5iYHoDumNlC3Suc61UZSMqSRWxh3w \|newspaper\=Agence France\-Presse \|date\=21 November 2012 \|accessdate\=21 November 2012 \|url\-status\=dead \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121128220312/https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5iYHoDumNlC3Suc61UZSMqSRWxh3w \|archivedate\=November 28, 2012 }} A missile strike killed three Palestinian journalists in their cars. Two of the journalists were cameramen for [Al\-Aqsa](/wiki/Al-Aqsa_TV "Al-Aqsa TV"). Another missile killed an employee for Al Quds Educational Radio while he was driving in his car. Israel acknowledged the attack, claiming they had ties to militants and were Hamas operatives.{{cite news\|author\=Ibrahim Barzak\|url\=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/11/20/israel\-strikes\-kill\-palestinian\-journalists\_n\_2166428\.html\|publisher\=AP via Huffington Post\|date\=20 November 2012\|accessdate\=20 November 2012\|title\=Three Palestinian Journalists Killed In Israeli Strikes\|url\-status\=dead\|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121122123354/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/11/20/israel\-strikes\-kill\-palestinian\-journalists\_n\_2166428\.html\|archivedate\=22 November 2012}}{{cite news\|agency\=Associated Press\|url\=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2012/11/20/israeli\-airstrikes\-kill\-palestinian\-journalists/1718177/\|publisher\=USA Today\|date\=20 November 2012\|accessdate\=20 November 2012\|title\=Israeli airstrikes kill 3 Palestinian journalists }} [United States Secretary of State](/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State "United States Secretary of State") [Hillary Clinton](/wiki/Hillary_Clinton "Hillary Clinton") arrived in Tel Aviv in a visit to Israel to try to promote a ceasefire.{{cite news\|author\=Anne Gearan\|url\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national\-security/sending\-in\-hillary\-clinton\-obama\-signals\-a\-shift\-in\-his\-approach\-to\-middle\-east/2012/11/20/b74f5258\-3332\-11e2\-9cfa\-e41bac906cc9\_story.html\|newspaper\=Washington Post\|date\=20 November 2012\|accessdate\=20 November 2012\|title\=National Security}} She had talks with Israeli Prime Minister [Benjamin Netanyahu](/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu "Benjamin Netanyahu"). She did not meet with Hamas, due to the United States designating [Hamas](/wiki/Hamas "Hamas") as a terrorist organization.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2012/11/20/clinton\-headed\-to\-jerusalem\-ramallah\-and\-cairo\-to\-seek\-end\-to\-israelgaza/\|title\=Netanyahu ready for 'whatever action' is needed in Gaza, as Clinton arrives for talks\|publisher\=Fox News\|date\=20 November 2012\|accessdate\=20 November 2012}} Egypt's President [Mohammed Morsi](/wiki/Mohammed_Morsi "Mohammed Morsi") declared on the 20th that there would be a deal that day.{{cite news\|author\=Ravi Nessman\|url\=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/11/20/mohammed\-morsi\-gaza\-truce\_n\_2164404\.html\|title\=Egypt President Mohammed Morsi: Gaza Truce Deal Will Be Reached On Tuesday\|publisher\=AP via Huffington Post\|date\=20 November 2012\|accessdate\=20 November 2012}} However, talks failed and violence continued. A Hamas spokesman said later that night that a deal was close.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.cnn.com/2012/11/20/world/meast/gaza\-israel\-strike/index.html?hpt\=hp\_t1\|title\=Calm elusive as rockets rain in Gaza, Israel\|publisher\=CNN\|date\=20 November 2012\|accessdate\=20 November 2012}} ### 21 November Israeli aircraft attacked a Gazan militant cell preparing to fire rockets from the Jabalia neighborhood. They also struck militants in [Khan Younis](/wiki/Khan_Younis "Khan Younis") that were preparing to fire rockets into Israel.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L\-4309970,00\.html\|title\=IDF bombs Gaza; rockets fired at Beersheba\|newspaper\=Ynetnews \|date\=21 November 2012 \|publisher\=Ynet\|accessdate\=21 November 2012\|last1\=Zitun \|first1\=Yoav \|last2\=Kais \|first2\=Roi }} An airstrike against the Nusseirat refugee camp killed a 4 year old Gazan girl and wounded her mother. Six people were killed in air strikes on Gaza City. An 80\-year\-old man and his teenage granddaughter were killed in a raid on [Khan Yunis](/wiki/Khan_Yunis "Khan Yunis").{{cite news\|title\=New Gaza raids kill 11\|url\=http://www.bangkokpost.com/breakingnews/322430/new\-gaza\-raids\-kill\-11\|publisher\=\[\[Bangkok Post]]\|date\=21 November 2012}} Airstrikes struck three tunnels and two underground rocket launchers.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.jpost.com/Headlines/Article.aspx?id\=292944 \|title\=IDF strikes terror tunnels, rocket launchers in Gaza \|publisher\=Jerusalem Post \|accessdate\=22 November 2012 \|url\-status\=dead \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121122201407/http://www.jpost.com/Headlines/Article.aspx?id\=292944 \|archivedate\=November 22, 2012 }} Two Palestinians were killed shortly after the announcement and shortly before the ceasefire officially began at 9PM.{{cite news\|title\=Israel ends deadly Gaza assault after Egypt brokers ceasefir\|url\=http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID\=540862\|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20130223060408/http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID\=540862\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=February 23, 2013\|date\=22 November 2012\|publisher\=\[\[Ma'an News Agency]]}} 116 rockets were fired from Gaza into Israel.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L\-4310092,00\.html\|title\=DF: 116 rockets fired on Israel on Wednesday; 21 intercepted\|newspaper\=Ynetnews \|date\=21 November 2012 \|publisher\=Ynet\|accessdate\=21 November 2012}} Seven people were wounded when a rocket struck the Eshkol region.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L\-4310064,00\.html\|title\=7 injured by rocket in Eshkol\|newspaper\=Ynetnews \|date\=21 November 2012\|publisher\=Ynet\|accessdate\=21 November 2012}} A barrage of rockets was fired at Sdot Negev{{cite news\|url\=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L\-4309956,00\.html\|title\=Rocket barrage fired at Sdot Negev\|newspaper\=Ynetnews \|date\=21 November 2012\|publisher\=Ynet\|accessdate\=21 November 2012}} and two rockets struck Hof Ashkelon and Sha'ar Hanegev.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L\-4310101,00\.html\|title\=2 rockets hit Hof Ashkelon; Sha'ar Hanegev\|newspaper\=Ynetnews \|date\=21 November 2012\|publisher\=Ynet\|accessdate\=21 November 2012}} Several rockets were fired at Beer Sheva, one hitting a home.{{cite web\|title\=Rocket barrage on south ahead of truce\|publisher\=Ynet}} Two rockets targeted Bnei Shimon{{cite news\|url\=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L\-4310146,00\.html\|title\=2 rockets fired towards Bnei Shimon\|newspaper\=Ynetnews \|date\=21 November 2012\|publisher\=Ynet\|accessdate\=21 November 2012}} and a rocket struck a building in Netivot injuring one person.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L\-4310180,00\.html\|title\=1 lightly hurt by rocket in Netivot\|newspaper\=Ynetnews \|date\=21 November 2012\|publisher\=Ynet\|accessdate\=21 November 2012}} A rocket exploded close to a building in Ashdod{{cite news\|url\=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L\-4310167,00\.html\|title\=Rocket explodes near building in Ashdod\|newspaper\=Ynetnews \|date\=21 November 2012\|publisher\=Ynet\|accessdate\=21 November 2012}} and two rockets fell in the Beer Tuvia Region damaging a building and injuring a woman. [Al Jazeera](/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Media_Network "Al Jazeera Media Network")'s bureau in [Gaza City](/wiki/Gaza_City "Gaza City") was damaged after an airstrike hit the nearby Abu Khadra government building. The office of the [Associated Press](/wiki/Associated_Press "Associated Press") was also damaged.{{cite news \|url\=http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID\=540405 \|title\=AP, Jazeera offices damaged in Gaza airstrikes \|publisher\=Ma'an News Agency \|date\=20 November 2012 \|accessdate\=20 November 2012 \|archive\-date\=22 November 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121122011112/http://maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID\=540405 \|url\-status\=dead }} The building housing [Agence France\-Presse](/wiki/Agence_France-Presse "Agence France-Presse")'s office in Gaza city was attacked twice; the second strike killed a 2\-year\-old child who was in the neighborhood.{{cite news\|last\=Mirkinson\|first\=Jack\|title\=Israel Hits Agence France\-Presse Building In Gaza Airstrike\|url\=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/11/20/israel\-agence\-france\-presse\-gaza\_n\_2168376\.html\|work\=The Huffington Post\|accessdate\=21 November 2012\|date\=20 November 2012}} The [2012–13 UEFA Europa League](/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_UEFA_Europa_League "2012–13 UEFA Europa League") game between [Hapoel Ironi Kiryat Shmona F.C.](/wiki/Hapoel_Ironi_Kiryat_Shmona_F.C. "Hapoel Ironi Kiryat Shmona F.C.") and [Athletic Bilbao](/wiki/Athletic_Bilbao "Athletic Bilbao") which was scheduled to take place on 22 November at the [Kiryat Eliezer Stadium](/wiki/Kiryat_Eliezer_Stadium "Kiryat Eliezer Stadium") in [Haifa](/wiki/Haifa "Haifa") is postponed by [UEFA](/wiki/UEFA "UEFA") due to the tense security situation in the region.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.uefa.com/uefaeuropaleague/news/newsid\=1895747\.html\|title\=Kiryat Shmona v Athletic game postponed\|publisher\=UEFA\|date\=21 November 2012\|accessdate\=21 November 2012}} #### Tel Aviv bus bombing {{main\|2012 Tel Aviv bus bombing}} An [explosion on a bus in Tel Aviv](/wiki/2012_Tel_Aviv_bus_bombing "2012 Tel Aviv bus bombing") wounded at least 28 people, including three seriously.{{cite news\|author\=Ben Hartman \|url\=http://www.jpost.com/NationalNews/Article.aspx?id\=292860 \|title\=Terrorist blows up bus in central Tel Aviv; 10 injured \|publisher\=Jerusalem Post \|date\=21 November 2012 \|accessdate\=21 November 2012 \|url\-status\=dead \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121122112016/http://www.jpost.com/NationalNews/Article.aspx?id\=292860 \|archivedate\=November 22, 2012 }}{{cite news\|url\=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L\-4309791,00\.html\|title\=Terror attack: Blast on Tel Aviv bus; 28 hurt\|publisher\=Ynet News\|date\=21 November 2012\|accessdate\=21 November 2012}} The blast on the bus occurred in an area with many office buildings and heavy pedestrian traffic. The bus bombing complicated efforts to reach a truce and was the first notable bombing in [Tel Aviv](/wiki/Tel_Aviv "Tel Aviv") since 2006\.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.jpost.com/DiplomacyAndPolitics/Article.aspx?id\=292926\|title\=Egypt FM: Israel, Hamas cease\-fire to go into effect at 9pm\|publisher\=Jerusalem Post\|accessdate\=21 November 2012}} The United Nations, US, UK, France and Russia all condemned the attack against civilians{{cite web\|url\=http://www.timesofisrael.com/chaos\-in\-tel\-aviv\-as\-bus\-explodes/\|title\=21 wounded in terror attack on Tel Aviv bus\|publisher\=Times of Israel\|accessdate\=21 November 2012}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.jpost.com/International/Article.aspx?id\=292892\|title\=White House: Tel Aviv bus bombing is 'outrageous'\|publisher\=Jerusalem Post\|accessdate\=21 November 2012}} which was described by Israel as a terrorist attack.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world\-middle\-east\-20425352\|title\=Israel\-Gaza crisis: 'Bomb blast' on bus in Tel Aviv\|publisher\=BBC\|date\=21 November 2012\|accessdate\=21 November 2012}} UN Secretary\-General Ban Ki\-moon deplored the attack saying "there are no circumstances that justify the targeting of civilians."{{cite news\|url\=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L\-4309965,00\.html\|title\=UN chief Ban Ki\-moon 'shocked' by Tel Aviv attack\|newspaper\=Ynetnews \|date\=21 November 2012\|publisher\=Ynet\|accessdate\=21 November 2012}} The White House said that "today's terrorist attack" and attacks against innocent Israeli civilians were "outrageous", and the Russian foreign ministry termed the attack a "criminal terrorist act." Britain's Foreign Secretary said following the attack that "we are clear that terrorists must not be allowed to set the agenda." The French Foreign Minister similarly condemned it saying it took place during efforts to secure a ceasefire.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L\-4309926,00\.html\|title\=US, France condemn terror attack in Tel Aviv\|newspaper\=Ynetnews \|date\=21 November 2012\|publisher\=Ynet\|accessdate\=21 November 2012}} [Khaled Mashal](/wiki/Khaled_Mashal "Khaled Mashal"), leader of Hamas, categorically rejected any connection of the bombing to his group.{{cite news\|title\=Hamas leader tells Amanpour his group wasn't behind bombing\|url\=http://amanpour.blogs.cnn.com/2012/11/21/hamas\-political\-leader\-speaks\-to\-amanpour/\|publisher\=CNN\|date\=21 November 2012\|access\-date\=13 December 2012\|archive\-date\=24 November 2012\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121124003022/http://amanpour.blogs.cnn.com/2012/11/21/hamas\-political\-leader\-speaks\-to\-amanpour/\|url\-status\=dead}} Hamas spokesperson, Fawzi Barhoum, praised the attack, calling it the "natural response to the occupation crimes and ongoing massacres against civilians in the Gaza Strip"{{cite news\|title\=Tel Aviv bus bombing raises fears in Israel that Gaza conflict will spread\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/nov/21/tel\-aviv\-bus\-bomb\-gaza\-spread\|work\=The Guardian\|date\=21 November 2012\|location\=London\|first\=Harriet\|last\=Sherwood}} The bus bombing was lauded from a Gaza mosque's loudspeakers{{cite news\|url\=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L\-4309890,00\.html\|title\=Gaza: Celebrations over TA bombing\|newspaper\=Ynetnews \|date\=21 November 2012\|publisher\=Ynet\|accessdate\=21 November 2012\|last1\=Kais \|first1\=Roi }} and celebratory gunfire was heard when news of the bombing was reported. Hamas' television featured people praising the attack.
[ "Timeline\n--------", "### 10 November", "According to the Israeli government, the round of escalation that led to the operation began on November 10 when an anti\\-tank missile from Gaza struck an IDF jeep near the Karni crossing wounding four soldiers, two seriously.[Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs](http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Terrorism-+Obstacle+to+Peace/Hamas+war+against+Israel/Palestinian_ceasefire_violations_since_end_Operation_Cast_Lead.htm)[MFA Hamas War Against Israel](http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Terrorism-+Obstacle+to+Peace/Hamas+war+against+Israel/Israel_under_fire-November_2012.htm) Four Palestinian teenagers, aged 16 to 18, were killed by an Israeli airstrike in a sports stadium while they played soccer.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/nov/30/footballers\\-u21\\-european\\-championship\\-israel\\|title\\=Footballers condemn plans to hold U21 European championship in Israel\\|work\\=The Guardian\\|date\\=30 November 2012\\|accessdate\\=30 November 2012}}", "### 11 November", "Rocket and mortar shell fire into Israel continued and increased the following day, a total of 64 rockets hits were identified on November 11\\. Rockets with longer ranges were fired and the damage incurred was greater, a number of Israeli civilians were wounded by the rocket fire, several were treated for shock and there was extensive property damage.", "### 12 November", "21 rockets were launched into Israel from Gaza.", "### 13 November", "As of November 13, 121 rockets were fired into Israeli territory, as well as a number of mortar shells.", "### 14 November (Start of Operation Pillar of Defense)", "[thumb\\|[Iron Dome](/wiki/Iron_Dome \"Iron Dome\") intercepting a rocket above a populated Israeli area during the fourth day of the operation](/wiki/File:IronDome246.jpg \"IronDome246.jpg\")", "At approximately 16:00 (Israel time), the Israeli Air Force killed [Ahmed Jabari](/wiki/Ahmed_Jabari \"Ahmed Jabari\"), chief of [Hamas](/wiki/Hamas \"Hamas\")'s military wing, who was wanted by Israel for masterminding a string of deadly attacks and 'decade\\-long terrorist activities'.{{cite news\\|location\\=UK\\|url\\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/palestinianauthority/9677782/Hamas\\-military\\-chief\\-killed\\-in\\-Gaza\\-air\\-strike.html\\|date\\=14 November 2012\\|newspaper\\=The Daily Telegraph\\|first\\=Barney\\|last\\=Henderson\\|title\\=Hamas military chief killed in Gaza air strike}}[Hamas Military Chief Killed](https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/11/14/ahmed-jabari-hamas_n_2131265.html) Osama Hamdan, a Hamas representative in Lebanon, claimed that the airstrike also killed Jabari's son. Hamdan's claim was quickly shown to be false.[Hamas spokesman: We will respond](http://www.aljazeera.com/video/middleeast/2012/11/2012111418187773579.html), Al Jazeera 14 November 2012 The IDF released a video of this airstrike.{{cite news\\|title\\=Israeli air strike on Hamas military chief – video released by IDF\\|date\\=15 November 2012\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/video/2012/nov/15/israeli\\-air\\-strike\\-hamas\\-video\\-idf\\| work\\=The Guardian\\|location\\=UK\\|accessdate\\=16 November 2012}} The IDF also struck against 20 Hamas targets in the Gaza Strip, including underground rocket launchers and an ammunition warehouse stocking Iranian\\-made, long\\-range [Fajr\\-5](/wiki/Fajr-5 \"Fajr-5\") missiles.{{cite web \\|title\\=Hamas Military Chief Ahmed Jabari Killed by Israeli Strike \\|website\\=\\[\\[Haaretz]] \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702023843/https://www.haaretz.com/2012\\-11\\-14/ty\\-article/.premium/head\\-of\\-hamas\\-military\\-wing\\-killed\\-in\\-israeli\\-gaza\\-strike/0000017f\\-e7cc\\-df5f\\-a17f\\-ffde14240000 \\|archive\\-date\\=2022\\-07\\-02 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|url\\=https://www.haaretz.com/2012\\-11\\-14/ty\\-article/.premium/head\\-of\\-hamas\\-military\\-wing\\-killed\\-in\\-israeli\\-gaza\\-strike/0000017f\\-e7cc\\-df5f\\-a17f\\-ffde14240000}} The IDF said that many of the targeted weapon stashes were in residential areas and evidenced \"the pattern of Hamas to use the population in Gaza as human shields.\" Israel claims to have destroyed most of this long\\-range capability. An IDF spokesman said that the goal of the operation is to \"bring back quiet to southern Israel, and... to strike at terror organizations.\"{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.jpost.com/Defense/Article.aspx?id\\=291779\\|title\\=Israeli air strike kills Hamas military chief\\|last\\=Lappin\\|first\\=Yaakov\\|date\\=14 November 2012\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Jerusalem Post]]\\|accessdate\\=14 November 2012}} At the same time, Israeli spokespersons said that it would try \"to avoid civilian casualties.\"{{cite news\\|title\\=Gaza rocket fire persists; gov't okays IDF reserves call\\-up\\|url\\=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L\\-4305624,00\\.html\\|newspaper\\=Ynet news\\|date\\=15 November 2012\\|location\\=\\[\\[Israel\\|IL]]\\|accessdate\\=15 November 2012}}", "10 people including 2 children were killed in Israeli strikes.{{cite web \\|title\\=Israel hammers Hamas in Gaza offensive \\|website\\=\\[\\[Reuters]] \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230525192528/https://www.reuters.com/article/us\\-palestinians\\-israel\\-hamas\\-idUSBRE8AD0WP20121114 \\|archive\\-date\\=2023\\-05\\-25 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\\-palestinians\\-israel\\-hamas\\-idUSBRE8AD0WP20121114}} An 11\\-month\\-old Omar Misharawi, son of Jihad Misharawi, a [BBC Arabic](/wiki/BBC_Arabic \"BBC Arabic\") video editor residing in Gaza, was killed when a Palestinian rocket launched towards Israel fell short and exploded back into Gaza.{{Cite news \\|url\\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle\\_east/un\\-report\\-errant\\-palestinian\\-rocket\\-most\\-likely\\-killed\\-gaza\\-baby\\-in\\-november\\-clash/2013/03/11/b9ecd652\\-8a58\\-11e2\\-a88e\\-461ffa2e34e4\\_story.html \\|title\\=Wash Post Errand Palestinian Rocket killed Gaza Baby \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Washington Post]] \\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-09\\-16 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181103210207/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle\\_east/un\\-report\\-errant\\-palestinian\\-rocket\\-most\\-likely\\-killed\\-gaza\\-baby\\-in\\-november\\-clash/2013/03/11/b9ecd652\\-8a58\\-11e2\\-a88e\\-461ffa2e34e4\\_story.html \\|archive\\-date\\=2018\\-11\\-03 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}", "Gazan militants continued to fire rockets towards the Israeli cities of [Beersheba](/wiki/Beersheba \"Beersheba\"), [Ashdod](/wiki/Ashdod \"Ashdod\"), [Ofakim](/wiki/Ofakim \"Ofakim\") and the [Shaar Hanegev](/wiki/Shaar_Hanegev \"Shaar Hanegev\") and [Eshkol Regional Council](/wiki/Eshkol_Regional_Council \"Eshkol Regional Council\"). The [Iron Dome](/wiki/Iron_Dome \"Iron Dome\") missile defense system made 130 interceptions.{{Cite news\\|newspaper\\=Ynet news\\|title\\=Gaza op: IDF attacked 310 targets; 120 rockets intercepted\\|date\\=2012\\-11\\-15\\|place\\=\\[\\[Israel\\|IL]]\\|type\\=tweet\\|quote\\=IDF sources said that since the beginning of Operation Pillar of Defense 320 terror targets were successfully attacked in Gaza. In addition they stated that the defensive missile system Iron Dome has successfully intercepted 130 rockets fired at Israel.\\|first\\=Yoav\\|last\\=Zitun\\|url\\=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L\\-4306366,00\\.html}} About 55 rockets were launched on the evening of 14 November, including a [Grad rocket](/wiki/Grad_rocket \"Grad rocket\") fired in the direction of the [Negev Nuclear Research Center](/wiki/Negev_Nuclear_Research_Center \"Negev Nuclear Research Center\") near [Dimona](/wiki/Dimona \"Dimona\").{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.jpost.com/Defense/Article.aspx?id\\=291859\\|title\\=Iron Dome intercepts 13 Gaza rockets; 6 land near Beersheba\\|date\\= November 5–14, 2012\\|work\\=The Jerusalem Post\\|accessdate\\=16 November 2012}} On the night of 14 November, Prime Minister [Benjamin Netanyahu](/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu \"Benjamin Netanyahu\") announced that the [Israeli cabinet](/wiki/Israeli_cabinet \"Israeli cabinet\") had authorized a partial call\\-up of reservists in case they were needed for a large ground\\-based operation.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.timesofisrael.com/idf\\-prepared\\-to\\-broaden\\-operation\\-to\\-protect\\-southern\\-israel\\-netanyahu\\-says/\\|title\\=Wider offensive and possible ground operation on the table, as cabinet okays reserves call\\-up\\|last\\=Ben Zion\\|first\\=Ilan\\|date\\=14 November 2012\\|work\\=The Times of Israel\\|accessdate\\=15 November 2012}}", "The Egyptian military confirmed that four rockets were fired from [Sinai](/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula \"Sinai Peninsula\") toward Israel by militant groups in an area with a history in the prior eighteen months of cross\\-border shootings and rocket launches.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.timesofisrael.com/egypt\\-confirms\\-rockets\\-fired\\-at\\-border\\-town\\-came\\-from\\-sinai/\\|title\\=Egypt confirms rockets fired at border town came from Sinai}}{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID\\=538433\\|title\\=Egypt security: 3 rockets fired from Sinai toward Israel\\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-12\\-13\\|archive\\-date\\=2012\\-11\\-18\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121118105851/http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID\\=538433\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}", "The United Nations confirmed{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.unrwa.org/etemplate.php?id\\=1500\\|title\\=Death of UNRWA teacher in Gaza\\|publisher\\=UNRWA\\|date\\=15 November 2012\\|accessdate\\=19 November 2012}} that Marwan Abu El Qumsan, a teacher for the United Nations Relief and Works Agency was killed in his car near the scene of an airstrike. His brother, who was also with him, was severely injured.{{cite news\\|agency\\=Associated Press\\|url\\=http://www.foxnews.com/world/2012/11/14/egypt\\-asks\\-for\\-emergency\\-un\\-security\\-council\\-meeting\\-on\\-gaza\\-attacks\\-israeli/\\|title\\=UN says relief agency teacher killed in Gaza\\|publisher\\=Fox News\\|date\\=14 November 2012\\|accessdate\\=19 November 2012}}", "### 15 November", "[thumb\\|right\\|Israeli apartment building in [Kiryat Malakhi](/wiki/Kiryat_Malakhi \"Kiryat Malakhi\") hit by Gaza rockets](/wiki/Image:Apartment_building_in_the_Israeli_town_of_Kiryat_Malachi_that_took_a_direct_hit_from_a_Hamas_rocket._3_residents_were_killed%2C_and_several_others_seriously_wounded_including_a_1.5_year_old_baby.jpg \"Apartment building in the Israeli town of Kiryat Malachi that took a direct hit from a Hamas rocket. 3 residents were killed, and several others seriously wounded including a 1.5 year old baby.jpg\")", "[thumb\\|Rising smoke in Gaza after it was hit by Israeli airstrikes](/wiki/File:Israel_smoke_after_Hamas_rockets_2012.PNG \"Israel smoke after Hamas rockets 2012.PNG\")", "[thumb\\|A Gaza house destroyed by Israeli shelling](/wiki/File:Gaza_house_destroyed.PNG \"Gaza house destroyed.PNG\")", "[thumb\\|Children from the Israeli town of Kiryat Malachi running for shelter as rockets are fired from Gaza](/wiki/File:Flickr_-_Israel_Defense_Forces_-_Children_in_Town_Under_Fire_by_Rockets_from_Gaza_%282%29.jpg \"Flickr - Israel Defense Forces - Children in Town Under Fire by Rockets from Gaza (2).jpg\")", "Israel continued its offensive through the night, carrying out over 100 strikes on targets in Gaza. An IDF spokesperson stated that seven militants had been killed in the overnight attacks.{{cite news\\|title\\=IDF pummels Gaza, orders call\\-up, after rockets encroach on Tel Aviv\\|url\\=http://www.timesofisrael.com/southern\\-israel\\-under\\-fire\\-air\\-force\\-strikes\\-terrorist\\-targets\\-in\\-gaza/\\|accessdate\\=18 November 2012\\|date\\=15 November 2012}}", "On 15 November, 13 Israelis were treated for injuries suffered during the morning. Three Israelis, two men and a woman, were killed when a rocket struck a four\\-story building in [Kiryat Malakhi](/wiki/Kiryat_Malakhi \"Kiryat Malakhi\").{{cite web\\|author\\=Kristin Deasy\\|url\\=http://www.salon.com/2012/11/15/rocket\\_strike\\_in\\_israels\\_kiryat\\_malachi\\_kills\\_3/\\|title\\=Rocket strike in Israel's Kiryat Malachi kills 3\\|work\\=Salon\\|date\\=15 November 2012\\|accessdate\\=18 November 2012}} [Magen David Adom](/wiki/Magen_David_Adom \"Magen David Adom\") paramedics treated five wounded people at the scene, including an 11\\-month\\-old child who was critically injured. A further five missiles were fired at the town as emergency services attempted to rescue those trapped inside the debris. A residence in Ashdod and a school in Ofakim were struck by rockets.{{cite web\\|author\\=Yaakov Lappin \\|url\\=http://www.jpost.com/Defense/Article.aspx?id\\=291954 \\|title\\=Gaza terrorists fire two rockets at Tel Aviv \\|publisher\\=The Jerusalem Post \\|date\\=16 November 2012 \\|accessdate\\=18 November 2012 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121115162200/http://www.jpost.com/Defense/Article.aspx?id\\=291954 \\|archivedate\\=November 15, 2012 }} During the morning the Israeli air force continued flying sorties to both to identify and destroy targets in the Gaza strip. The attacks included an airstrike on Khan Younis, in the Southern Gaza Strip, that led to the injury of four people including a woman and two children, according to Palestinian sources.", "Israel put all of its communities with less than 15 seconds of warning from mortar/rocket attack in lockdown and closed all schools in less than 60\\-second warning radius.{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://www.jpost.com/Defense/Article.aspx?id\\=291906\\|title\\=Gazans fire 95 rockets after Jabari hit\\|newspaper\\=The Jerusalem Post\\|date\\=15 November 2012\\|first1\\=Yaakov\\|last1\\=Lappin\\|first2\\=Tovah\\|last2\\=Lazaroff}} The Israeli air force distributed leaflets over Gaza telling residents to keep a distance away from Hamas facilities and their forces.{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID\\=537704\\|title\\=Israel army drops leaflets over Gaza Strip\\|date\\=15 November 2012\\|newspaper\\=Maan\\|access\\-date\\=13 December 2012\\|archive\\-date\\=20 November 2012\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121120013359/http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID\\=537704\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}", "Two [Fajr](/wiki/Fajr-5 \"Fajr-5\") rockets landed in the suburbs of [Tel Aviv](/wiki/Tel_Aviv \"Tel Aviv\") metropolis. No injuries were reported. This was the first time that [Gush Dan](/wiki/Gush_Dan \"Gush Dan\") has been targeted by missiles since the [Persian Gulf War](/wiki/Persian_Gulf_War \"Persian Gulf War\"), when [Saddam Hussein](/wiki/Saddam_Hussein \"Saddam Hussein\") launched a number of [Scud](/wiki/Scud \"Scud\") missiles at Israel.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.timesofisrael.com/southern\\-israel\\-under\\-fire\\-air\\-force\\-strikes\\-terrorist\\-targets\\-in\\-gaza/\\|title\\=IDF pummels Gaza, orders call\\-up, after rockets encroach on Tel Aviv area\\|date\\=15 November 2012\\|work\\=The Times of Israel\\|accessdate\\=15 November 2012}} On the night of 15 November, the Israeli Air Force launched a series of 70 bombing runs to destroy what it said were underground medium\\-range rocket launchers.{{cite news\\|last\\=Lappin\\|first\\=Yaakov\\|date\\=15 November 2012\\|url\\=http://www.jpost.com/Defense/Article.aspx?id\\=292102\\|title\\=Air Force hits 70 Gaza Strip targets in an hour\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Jerusalem Post]]\\|accessdate\\=15 November 2012}} Palestinian sources said that 15 people were killed in Gaza as a result of the IAF strikes, including five militants and two children during the airstrikes.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.timesofisrael.com/rockets\\-rain\\-down\\-on\\-south\\-after\\-israel\\-launches\\-operation\\-pillar\\-of\\-defense/\\|title\\=Three dead in rocket attack on Kiryat Malachi\\|work\\=The Times of Israel\\|date\\=14 November 2012\\|accessdate\\=16 November 2012}}{{cite news\\|first\\=Kevin\\|last\\=Connolly\\|title\\=Three Israelis killed by Gaza rocket as violence escalates\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world\\-20336811\\|publisher\\=BBC\\|location\\=UK\\|accessdate\\=15 November 2012\\|date\\=14 November 2012}}{{cite web\\|title\\=Gaza terrorists fire two rockets at Tel Aviv \\|first\\=Yaakov \\|last\\=Lappin \\|date\\=15 November 2012 \\|url\\=http://www.jpost.com/Defense/Article.aspx?id\\=291954 \\|work\\=The Jerusalem Post \\|accessdate\\=15 November 2012 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121115162200/http://www.jpost.com/Defense/Article.aspx?id\\=291954 \\|archivedate\\=November 15, 2012 }}{{cite news\\|title\\=Brief truce quickly collapses as Egypt's PM visits Gaza\\|first\\=Karin\\|last\\=Brulliard\\|accessdate\\=16 November 2012\\|url\\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle\\_east/3\\-israelis\\-killed\\-in\\-rocket\\-strike\\-from\\-gaza\\-intensive\\-israeli\\-assault\\-leaves\\-13\\-palestinians\\-dead/2012/11/15/22023084\\-2f1e\\-11e2\\-ac4a\\-33b8b41fb531\\_story.html\\|date\\=15 November 2012\\|newspaper\\=The Washington Post}}", "### 16 November", "The prime minister of Egypt, [Hisham Qandil](/wiki/Hisham_Qandil \"Hisham Qandil\"), paid a visit to the Gaza Strip on 16 November. His official purpose of the visit was to \"show solidarity with the Palestinian people.\" He arranged for a 3\\-hour ceasefire to accommodate his visit.{{cite news\\|last\\=Sherwood\\|first\\=Harriet\\|title\\=Gaza hospital draws on emergency reserves and waits for worse to come\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/nov/16/gaza\\-hospital\\-emergency\\-reserves\\|accessdate\\=16 November 2012\\|newspaper\\=Guardian\\|date\\=16 November 2012\\|location\\=London}} About 50 rockets were fired from the Gaza Strip during this window hitting sites in southern Israel. Hamas argued that the IDF bombed a Hamas commander's house in Gaza during the ceasefire, something the IDF strongly denied, and accused Hamas of violating the cease fire.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/israel/9681562/Israel\\-and\\-Gaza\\-conflict\\-rockets\\-from\\-Gaza\\-land\\-near\\-Jerusalem.html\\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20130114065922/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/israel/9681562/Israel\\-and\\-Gaza\\-conflict\\-rockets\\-from\\-Gaza\\-land\\-near\\-Jerusalem.html\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=January 14, 2013\\|title\\=Israel and Gaza conflict: rocket from Gaza lands near Jerusalem\\|last1\\=Greenwood\\|first1\\=Phoebe\\| first2\\=Damien\\|last2\\=McElroy\\|first3\\=Richard\\|last3\\=Spencer\\|date\\=16 November 2012\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Daily Telegraph]]\\|accessdate\\=16 November 2012\\|location\\=London}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://news.nationalpost.com/2012/11/16/egypt\\-led\\-truce\\-hopes\\-crumble\\-as\\-gaza\\-rocket\\-rattles\\-tel\\-aviv/\\|title\\=Egypt\\-led truce hopes crumble as Gaza rocket rattles Tel Aviv\\|publisher\\=National Post\\|accessdate\\=17 November 2012}}", "[Mohammed Sadallah](/wiki/%23Mohammed_Sadallah \"#Mohammed Sadallah\"), a four\\-year\\-old Gazan boy, was killed after an explosion in [Annazla](/wiki/Nazla \"Nazla\"). Initially it was stated by Hamas to have been caused by an Israeli bomb. However, experts from the Palestinian Centre for Human Rights examined the site and opined the explosion was caused by a Palestinian rocket. They boy's mother acknowledged that either case could be possible.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/israel/9685564/Israeli\\-forces\\-prepare\\-for\\-war\\-as\\-troops\\-mass\\-on\\-Gaza\\-border.html\\|title\\=Israeli forces prepare for war as troops mass on Gaza border\\|publisher\\=Telegraph\\|accessdate\\=18 November 2012\\|location\\=London\\|date\\=17 November 2012}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.algemeiner.com/2012/11/18/shocking\\-evidence\\-indicates\\-child\\-whose\\-death\\-was\\-blamed\\-on\\-israel\\-was\\-actually\\-killed\\-by\\-hamas\\-rocket\\-video/\\|title\\=Shocking: Evidence Indicates Child Whose Death Was Blamed on Israel, Was Actually Killed by Hamas Rocket (VIDEO)\\|publisher\\=Algemeiner\\|accessdate\\=19 November 2012}} According to the *[New York Times](/wiki/New_York_Times \"New York Times\")*, \"the damage was nowhere near severe enough to have come from an Israeli F\\-16, raising the possibility that an errant missile fired by Palestinian militants was responsible for the deaths.\"[Mistaken Lull, Simple Errand, Death in Gaza](https://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/17/world/middleeast/in-gaza-tragic-result-for-misplaced-hopes-of-cease-fire.html?_r=1&;;;;), New York Times 16 November 2012 Israel denied that it carried out any attacks in the area at the time.[Gaza's children face grave risks in crowded urban battle zone](http://www.foxnews.com/world/2012/11/16/gaza-children-face-grave-risks-in-crowded-urban-battle-zone/), AP 16 November 2012 The Associated Press reported that \"no one appeared to have witnessed the strike\" and that \"local security officials quickly took what remained of the projectile, making it impossible to verify who fired it.\"{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle\\-East/2012/Nov\\-16/195314\\-gaza\\-kids\\-at\\-risk\\-in\\-crowded\\-urban\\-battle\\-zone.ashx\\#axzz2CZ1vgo30\\|title\\=Gaza kids at risk in crowded urban battle zone\\|publisher\\=Daily Star\\|accessdate\\=19 November 2012}} The Egyptian prime minister was filmed lifting the body saying \"the boy, the martyr...is something that we cannot keep silent about,\" before promising to defend the Palestinian people.", "Through the evening of 16 November, around 500 rockets were fired from Gaza. [Iron Dome](/wiki/Iron_Dome \"Iron Dome\") intercepted 184 of these. Israel at this point had bombed about 500 targets in Gaza.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5iZV78IKMHWZyqLrBYuEoor0MPZ9Q?docId\\=CNG.2cf3bc7be53e2f556cc0a63105c9224a.6f1 \\|title\\=AFP: Israel's Iron Dome plays growing role in Gaza conflict \\|date\\=16 November 2012 \\|agency\\=Agence France\\-Presse \\|accessdate\\=16 November 2012 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121119204212/https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5iZV78IKMHWZyqLrBYuEoor0MPZ9Q?docId\\=CNG.2cf3bc7be53e2f556cc0a63105c9224a.6f1 \\|archivedate\\=November 19, 2012 }} Palestinian militants fired a rocket aimed at [Gush Etzion](/wiki/Gush_Etzion \"Gush Etzion\") setting off air raid sirens in nearby Jerusalem.{{cite news\\|title\\=Hamas fires rocket at Jerusalem\\|url\\=http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/world\\-news/israel\\-vow\\-as\\-egypt\\-pm\\-visits\\-gaza\\-16238525\\.html\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Belfast Telegraph]]\\|date\\=16 November 2012\\|accessdate\\=16 November 2012}} A rocket struck a home in Ashdod wounding five Israeli civilians.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.jpost.com/Defense/Article.aspx?id\\=292277\\|title\\=Iron Dome intercepts 2 Fajr\\-5 missiles aimed at Tel Aviv\\|publisher\\=Jerusalem Post\\|accessdate\\=17 November 2012}}", "Also that evening, the Israeli cabinet approved expanding the cap on reservist call\\-ups from 30,000 to 75,000\\.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.jpost.com/Defense/Article.aspx?id\\=292195\\|title\\=Cabinet OKs 75,000 reservists for possible Gaza operation\\|last\\=Lappin\\|first\\=Yaakov\\|date\\=16 November 2012\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Jerusalem Post]]\\|accessdate\\=16 November 2012}} Foreign Minister [Avigdor Lieberman](/wiki/Avigdor_Lieberman \"Avigdor Lieberman\") said that the government was not considering an overthrow of the Hamas\\-led government in Gaza.", "### 17 November", "[thumb\\|[IDF Chief of Staff, Lt. Gen. Benny Gantz](/wiki/Benny_Gantz \"Benny Gantz\"), and senior officers in a situational assessment regarding the operation, 17 November.](/wiki/File:Flickr_-_Israel_Defense_Forces_-_IDF_Chief_of_Staff_Lt._Gen._Benny_Gantz_in_Situational_Assessment.jpg \"Flickr - Israel Defense Forces - IDF Chief of Staff Lt. Gen. Benny Gantz in Situational Assessment.jpg\")", "The IDF broadened its targets in the offensive from military targets to include Hamas government sites,{{cite news\\|last\\=Rodoren\\|first\\=Jodi\\|title\\=Israel Broadens Its Bombing in Gaza to Include Government Sites\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/18/world/middleeast/israel\\-gaza\\-conflict.html\\|work\\=New York Times\\|accessdate\\=17 November 2012\\|date\\=17 November 2012}} with an Israeli air strike destroying the office building of the Hamas Prime Minister [Ismail Haniyeh](/wiki/Ismail_Haniyeh \"Ismail Haniyeh\") in Gaza. 30 people were rescued from the rubble of the building.{{cite news\\|last\\=Sherwood\\|first\\=Harriet\\|title\\=Israeli air strike hits Hamas PM's office\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/nov/17/israeli\\-air\\-strike\\-hamas\\-pm\\-office\\|work\\=The Guardian\\|accessdate\\=17 November 2012\\|location\\=London\\|date\\=17 November 2012}}[Tunisia foreign minister slams Israel on Gaza visit](https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jtGDPts4HoBMVR-RMU8P4u5-CWjg) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121226012330/https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jtGDPts4HoBMVR\\-RMU8P4u5\\-CWjg \\|date\\=December 26, 2012 }}, AFP", "The [World Health Organization](/wiki/World_Health_Organization \"World Health Organization\") reported that \"Gaza hospitals are overwhelmed with casualties from Israel's bombings and face critical shortages of drugs and medical supplies.\" According to the Health Ministry officials in Gaza \"382 people have been injured – 245 adults and 137 children.\"{{cite news\\|title\\=Gaza hospitals stretched, need supplies to treat wounded: WHO\\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\\-palestinians\\-israel\\-who\\-idUSBRE8AG0I120121117\\|publisher\\=Reuters\\|accessdate\\=17 November 2012\\|date\\=17 November 2012\\|first\\=Stephanie\\|last\\=Nebehay}}\nIsrael's Defense Ministry announced it will open the [Kerem Shalom](/wiki/Kerem_Shalom \"Kerem Shalom\") border crossing to allow civilian supplies to reach Gaza.{{cite web\\|title\\=Israel to open Kerem Shalom crossing into Gaza for aid\\|url\\=http://www.jpost.com/Headlines/Article.aspx?id\\=292313\\|accessdate\\=17 November 2012}}", "Israel's Interior Minister [Eli Yishai](/wiki/Eli_Yishai \"Eli Yishai\") explained the offensive as aiming to \"send Gaza back to the Middle Ages\" by destroying infrastructure, including roads and wells.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.thenation.com/blog/171333/prominent\\-israelis\\-flatten\\-gaza\\-or\\-send\\-it\\-back\\-middle\\-ages\\|title\\=Prominent Israelis: 'Flatten' Gaza or Send It Back to the 'Middle Ages'\\|author\\=Greg Mitchell\\|date\\=19 November 2012\\|accessdate\\=27 November 2012\\|publisher\\=The Nation\\|archive\\-date\\=21 November 2012\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121121015240/http://www.thenation.com/blog/171333/prominent\\-israelis\\-flatten\\-gaza\\-or\\-send\\-it\\-back\\-middle\\-ages\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}{{cite news\\|title\\=Israel pounds Gaza from air as troops assemble\\|first1\\=Karin\\|last1\\=Brulliard \\|first2\\=Abigail\\|last2\\=Hauslohner\\|url\\=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle\\-east/israel\\-pounds\\-gaza\\-from\\-air\\-as\\-troops\\-assemble\\-8326924\\.html \\|archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220507/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle\\-east/israel\\-pounds\\-gaza\\-from\\-air\\-as\\-troops\\-assemble\\-8326924\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=2022\\-05\\-07 \\|url\\-access\\=subscription \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|newspaper\\=The Independent\\|date\\=18 November 2012\\|accessdate\\=28 November 2012\\|location\\=London}}{{cbignore}}", "Over 70 rockets were launched at Southern Israel. According to [Magen David Adom](/wiki/Magen_David_Adom \"Magen David Adom\"), Palestinian rocket attacks injured sixteen Israelis and twenty Israelis were treated for shock.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.jpost.com/Headlines/Article.aspx?id\\=292325\\|title\\=16 Israelis injured in last 12 hours from rocket attacks\\|publisher\\=Jerusalem Post\\|accessdate\\=17 November 2012}} Two Fajr\\-5 missiles aimed at Tel Aviv were intercepted by the Iron Dome. Two rockets also landed outside Jerusalem. A home in Ashdod was directly hit, wounding five Israeli civilians. Two rockets were fired at Rishon Lezion and houses were damaged in Eshkol and Be'er Tuviya by missiles; one rocket fell near a Palestinian village in the West Bank damaging properties.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.jpost.com/Defense/Article.aspx?id\\=292277\\|title\\=Iron Dome intercepts missiles aimed at Tel Aviv\\|publisher\\=Jerusalem Post\\|accessdate\\=19 November 2012}}", "According to CNN, the Israeli government is moving tanks and soldiers in preparation for what could be a ground invasion of Gaza.{{cite news\\|title\\=Israel on the brink of war: Violence escalating with Palestinian militants in Gaza – Early Start with John Berman \\& Zoraida Sam\\|url\\=http://earlystart.blogs.cnn.com/2012/11/16/israel\\-on\\-the\\-brink\\-of\\-war\\-violence\\-escalating\\-with\\-palestinian\\-militants\\-in\\-gaza/?iref\\=allsearch\\|work\\=CNN Early Start\\|publisher\\=CNN\\|accessdate\\=17 November 2012\\|date\\=16 November 2012\\|archive\\-date\\=4 February 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204075302/http://earlystart.blogs.cnn.com/2012/11/16/israel\\-on\\-the\\-brink\\-of\\-war\\-violence\\-escalating\\-with\\-palestinian\\-militants\\-in\\-gaza/?iref\\=allsearch\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} In the West Bank, several demonstrations in support of Gaza led to dozens of protesters injured and several arrested by Israeli forces.{{cite news\\|title\\=Dozens injured in West Bank rallies for Gaza\\|url\\=http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID\\=538693\\|newspaper\\=Ma'an News Agency\\|date\\=17 November 2012\\|accessdate\\=17 November 2012\\|archive\\-date\\=22 May 2013\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522053608/http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID\\=538693\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}", "### 18 November", "Israel continued to bombard the Gaza Strip, and, for the first time, Israeli ships fired shells too. The IDF killed the head of Hamas' rocket program, Yahyia Byya, who according to IDF sources, had been responsible for most of the rocket attacks.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.jpost.com/Headlines/Article.aspx?id\\=292421\\|title\\=IDF assassinates head of Hamas' rocket program\\|publisher\\=Jerusalem Post\\|accessdate\\=18 November 2012}} Two buildings housing journalists were hit by IDF. The first housed [Sky News](/wiki/Sky_News \"Sky News\") and other international journalists. No one was injured.{{cite web\\|author\\=Sam Kiley\\|url\\=http://news.sky.com/story/1013182/gaza\\-the\\-moment\\-media\\-buildings\\-were\\-hit\\|title\\=Gaza: The Moment Media Buildings Were Hit\\|publisher\\=Sky News\\|date\\=18 November 2012\\|accessdate\\=18 November 2012}} Another media tower was hit, with reports of 7 injured Palestinian journalists.{{cite news\\|title\\=Israel Bombs Gaza Media and Government Sites, Warning of 'Expansion'\\|author1\\=Jodi Rudoren \\|author2\\=Isabel Kershner \\|author3\\=Alan Cowell \\|name\\-list\\-style\\=amp \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/19/world/middleeast/israel\\-gaza\\-conflict.html?pagewanted\\=all\\&\\_r\\=0\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]]\\|date\\=18 November 2012\\|accessdate\\=18 November 2012}} The tower, known as the Al\\-Sharouk compound, contained the offices of [Al\\-Quds TV](/wiki/Al-Quds_TV \"Al-Quds TV\"), [Sky News](/wiki/Sky_News \"Sky News\"), [ARD](/wiki/ARD_%28broadcaster%29 \"ARD (broadcaster)\"), [Kuwait TV](/wiki/Kuwait_Television \"Kuwait Television\"), [RAI](/wiki/RAI \"RAI\"), and [ITN](/wiki/ITN \"ITN\"), and had previously also been used by [BBC](/wiki/BBC \"BBC\").{{cite news\\|title\\=Israel pounds Gaza for fifth day\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world\\-middle\\-east\\-20383001\\|publisher\\=BBC News\\|date\\=18 November 2012}}{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/office\\-of\\-prohamas\\-tv\\-bombed\\-by\\-israel\\-3\\-injured/article4108066\\.ece\\|title\\=Office of pro\\-Hamas TV bombed by Israel, 3 injured\\|publisher\\=Xinhua via The Hindu\\|date\\=18 November 2012\\|accessdate\\=18 November 2012\\|location\\=Chennai, India\\|first\\=Atul\\|last\\=Aneja}} The IDF said that it targeted Hamas communications devices located on the roofs of two media buildings.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://news.sky.com/story/1013081/gaza\\-israel\\-denies\\-strikes\\-targeted\\-media\\|title\\=Gaza: Israel Denies Strikes Targeted Media\\|publisher\\=Sky News\\|date\\=18 November 2012\\|accessdate\\=18 November 2012}} It alleged Hamas was using journalists as human shields. [Reporters without Borders](/wiki/Reporters_without_Borders \"Reporters without Borders\") (an international NGO focused on issues of freedom of the press) issued a strong condemnation of the attacks.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://en.rsf.org/palestinian\\-terr\\-rwb\\-condemns\\-air\\-strikes\\-on\\-news\\-18\\-11\\-2012,43690\\.html \\|title\\=RWB condemns air strikes on news media in Gaza city – Reporters Without Borders \\|publisher\\=En.rsf.org \\|date\\= \\|accessdate\\=20 November 2012 \\|archive\\-date\\=4 March 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304061708/http://en.rsf.org/palestinian\\-terr\\-rwb\\-condemns\\-air\\-strikes\\-on\\-news\\-18\\-11\\-2012,43690\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} [Christophe Deloire](/wiki/Christophe_Deloire \"Christophe Deloire\"), the director of RWB, described the attacks as unjustified and as a threat to freedom of information, stating that \"even though the outlets targeted are linked to Hamas, it does not legitimize the attacks.\" The attacks injured five people; one cameraman lost his leg.{{cite news\\|title\\=Reporters Without Borders condemns Israeli strikes on building housing media outlets\\|url\\=http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy\\-defense/reporters\\-without\\-borders\\-condemns\\-israeli\\-strikes\\-on\\-building\\-housing\\-media\\-outlets\\-1\\.478896\\|accessdate\\=20 November 2012\\|newspaper\\=The Associated Press\\|date\\=19 November 2012}} Lieutenant Colonel [Avital Leibovich](/wiki/Avital_Leibovich \"Avital Leibovich\") responded by urging journalists to avoid areas with any Hamas presence whatsoever, while another Israeli government official stated that the offices of both Al Quds and Al Aqsa were legitimate military targets. Sam Kiley, a correspondent for Sky News who was present during the attack, said that there was 'reason to disbelieve' Israel's official account of the incident, and that he believes the incident demonstrates that no civilian in Gaza can feel safe.{{cite news\\|title\\=Gaza: Israel Denies Strikes Targeted Media\\|url\\=http://news.sky.com/story/1013081/gaza\\-israel\\-denies\\-strikes\\-targeted\\-media\\|accessdate\\=20 November 2012\\|newspaper\\=Sky News\\|date\\=18 November 2012}} The [Foreign Press Association](/wiki/Foreign_Press_Association \"Foreign Press Association\") also issued a statement expressing concern over the strike, and pointing to a [UN Security Council](/wiki/UN_Security_Council \"UN Security Council\") statement that condemned all attacks against journalists in combat zones.{{cite web\\|title\\=The Foreign Press Association is concerned at the attacks by the Israeli IDF on buildings housing journalists in Gaza last night\\|url\\=http://www.fpa.org.il/?categoryId\\=73840\\|publisher\\=Foreign Press Association\\|accessdate\\=20 November 2012}}", "Rockets were launched from Gaza towards Tel\\-Aviv, which were intercepted by Tel Aviv's iron dome.{{cite news \\|date\\=18 November 2012 \\|title\\=Israeli police say 2 more rockets fired toward Tel Aviv, intercepted by defense system \\|url\\=https://www.al.com/montgomery\\-web/2012/11/israeli\\_police\\_say\\_2\\_more\\_rockets\\_fired\\_toward\\_tel\\_aviv\\_intercepted\\_by\\_defense\\_system.html \\|accessdate\\=18 November 2012 \\|publisher\\=AP via AL.com}} According to Hamas television, the rockets were launched by the [Qassam Brigades](/wiki/Izz_ad-Din_al-Qassam_Brigades \"Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades\"). Several rockets were fired at the south of Israel, one struck a building in Ashkelon injuring two people. The Iron Dome intercepted another two rockets fired at the city.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.jpost.com/Defense/Article.aspx?id\\=292368\\|title\\=Iron Dome intercepts rockets over TA; 2 injured in Ashkelon\\|publisher\\=Jerusalem Post\\|accessdate\\=18 November 2012}} A rescue service worker in his 20s from the Sha'ar Hanegev was seriously wounded by a rocket that struck the area.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.jpost.com/Headlines/Article.aspx?id\\=292396\\|title\\=Rocket seriously wounds man in Sha'ar Hanegev region\\|publisher\\=Jerusalem Post\\|accessdate\\=18 November 2012}} Three rockets struck the city of Beersheba and a home in Sderot.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.jpost.com/Headlines/Article.aspx?id\\=292404\\|title\\=3 rockets strike Beersheba; no injuries\\|publisher\\=Jerusalem Post\\|accessdate\\=18 November 2012}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.jpost.com/Headlines/Article.aspx?id\\=292403\\|title\\=Rocket from Gaza strikes home in Sderot\\|publisher\\=Jerusalem Post\\|accessdate\\=18 November 2012}} Two rockets hit Ashdod after coming under fire from a large rocket salvo.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.jpost.com/Headlines/Article.aspx?id\\=292407\\|title\\=Two rockets fired from Gaza hit Ashdod\\|publisher\\=Jerusalem Post\\|accessdate\\=18 November 2012}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.jpost.com/Headlines/Article.aspx?id\\=292411\\|title\\=Several Grad rockets fired at Ashdod, one hits building\\|publisher\\=Jerusalem Post\\|accessdate\\=18 November 2012}} In [Ofakim](/wiki/Ofakim \"Ofakim\"), a rocket struck a car wounding five people including couple and their two\\-year\\-old daughter.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L\\-4307758,00\\.html\\|title\\=Grad hits near car in Ofakim; 5 wounded\\|newspaper\\=Ynetnews \\|date\\=18 November 2012 \\|publisher\\=Ynet\\|accessdate\\=18 November 2012}} An elderly woman was injured by shrapnel from a rocket that struck a building in the city.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.jpost.com/Headlines/Article.aspx?id\\=292415\\|title\\=MDA: Elderly woman lightly injured in Ofakim rocket strike\\|publisher\\=Jerusalem Post\\|accessdate\\=18 November 2012}} Three rockets fell in the Eshkol area.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.jpost.com/Headlines/Article.aspx?id\\=292443\\|title\\=Three rockets fired from Gaza fall in Eshkol area\\|publisher\\=Jerusalem Post\\|accessdate\\=18 November 2012}}", "Israel facilitated the passage of eighty trucks loaded with medical supplies and food into the Gaza Strip through the [Kerem Shalom](/wiki/Kerem_Shalom \"Kerem Shalom\") crossing.[LIVE BLOG: OPERATION PILLAR OF DEFENSE, DAY 5, PART 2](http://www.timesofisrael.com/peres-we-have-received-no-truce-offers-says-hamas-must-cease-rocket-fire-before-any-agreement-is-reached/), Times of Israel 18 November 2012 The Israeli Foreign Ministry stated that Hamas refused to allow 22 foreign nationals to leave the Gaza Strip including nine Italian citizens, one Canadian, one South Korean, a French national, six journalists from Japan, and two Turkish Red Crescent members. Israel accused Hamas of manipulating and pressuring the press.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/About\\+the\\+Ministry/MFA\\+Spokesman/2012/Hamas\\_detains\\_foreign\\_journalists\\_Gaza\\_Strip\\_17\\-Nov\\-2012\\.htm \\|title\\=Hamas detains foreign journalists in the Gaza Strip \\|publisher\\=Ministry of Foreign Affairs \\|accessdate\\=18 November 2012 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121122003006/http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/About\\+the\\+Ministry/MFA\\+Spokesman/2012/Hamas\\_detains\\_foreign\\_journalists\\_Gaza\\_Strip\\_17\\-Nov\\-2012\\.htm \\|archivedate\\=November 22, 2012 }}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.jewishpress.com/news/breaking\\-news/hamas\\-detaining\\-foreign\\-citizens\\-in\\-the\\-gaza\\-strip/2012/11/18/\\|title\\=Hamas Detaining Foreign Citizens in the Gaza Strip\\|publisher\\=Jewish Press\\|accessdate\\=18 November 2012}}", "Benjamin Netanyahu told his cabinet that the Israel Defense Forces were prepared for a \"significant expansion of the operation.\"{{cite news\\|author1\\=Harriet Sherwood \\|author2\\=Peter Beaumont \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/nov/18/israel\\-ready\\-expand\\-gaza\\-offensive\\|title\\=Israel ready to expand Gaza offensive, says Binyamin Netanyahu\\|work\\=the Guardian\\|date\\=18 November 2012\\|accessdate\\=18 November 2012\\|location\\=London}} British Foreign Secretary [William Hague](/wiki/William_Hague \"William Hague\") told [Sky News](/wiki/Sky_News \"Sky News\") that a ground offensive would lose Israel much international support, but blamed Hamas for instigating the conflict and urged them to cease their rocket fire.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/israel/9686058/Gaza\\-William\\-Hague\\-warns\\-that\\-ground\\-invasion\\-would\\-damage\\-Israel.html\\|title\\=Gaza: William Hague warns that ground invasion would damage Israel\\|publisher\\=the Telegraph\\|date\\=18 November 2012\\|accessdate\\=18 November 2012\\|location\\=London}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://news.sky.com/story/1012899/gaza\\-israel\\-prepares\\-to\\-widen\\-offensive\\|title\\=Gaza: Israel Prepares To Widen Offensive\\|publisher\\=Sky News\\|date\\=18 November 2012\\|accessdate\\=18 November 2012}}", "A 13\\-year\\-old girl and her uncle were killed by the Israeli naval shelling while sitting on the beach near Gaza city.{{cite web\\|title\\=THE TOLL IN GAZA\\|url\\=http://nationalpostnews.files.wordpress.com/2012/11/fo1119\\_gazaweb1\\.pdf\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[National Post]]\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140912225445/http://nationalpostnews.files.wordpress.com/2012/11/fo1119\\_gazaweb1\\.pdf\\|archivedate\\=2014\\-09\\-12}} Another student died by an Israeli airstrike at an open area of the UNRWA Beach Preparatory Girls’ School. The strike caused another fatality. Six more were reported as being injured, including a female clerk at the school.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.unrwa.org/etemplate.php?id\\=1512\\|title\\=Gaza situation report, 19 November\\|date\\=19 November 2012\\|accessdate\\=6 December 2012\\|publisher\\=United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East}}", "#### Al\\-Dalu family deaths", "{{main\\|Al\\-Dalu family killing}}", "In the [Nasser neighborhood](/wiki/Nasser%2C_Gaza \"Nasser, Gaza\"),{{cite news\\|last\\=Sanders\\|first\\=Edmund\\|url\\=https://www.latimes.com/news/world/worldnow/la\\-fg\\-israeli\\-airstrike\\-gaza\\-family\\-12\\-20121118,0,1580606\\.story\\|title\\=Israeli airstrike hits Gaza family's home, killing 12\\|work\\=Los Angeles Times\\|date\\=18 November 2012\\|accessdate\\=20 November 2012}} an IDF missile destroyed the family home of Jamal Mahmoud Yassin al\\-Dalu, 52, killing twelve people: ten of his family members, including five children and an elderly woman, plus two of the family's neighbors, including another elderly woman — the highest death toll of any single strike during the Operation.{{cite news\\|title\\=Dalu Family In Gaza Mourns Dead After Israel Bombs House\\|url\\=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/11/19/dalu\\-family\\-gaza\\_n\\_2159086\\.html\\|date\\=2012\\-11\\-19\\|accessdate\\=December 2, 2012\\|publisher\\=Reuters via \\[\\[The Huffington Post]]\\|first\\=Ryan\\|last\\=Craggs}} Fourteen more people were killed in total in the other attacks of that day.{{cite web\\|first\\= Avi\\|last\\= Issacharoff\\|url\\=http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy\\-defense/as\\-idf\\-strike\\-kills\\-entire\\-family\\-in\\-gaza\\-israel\\-is\\-starting\\-to\\-get\\-in\\-trouble\\-1\\.478879/as\\-idf\\-strike\\-kills\\-entire\\-family\\-in\\-gaza\\-israel\\-is\\-starting\\-to\\-get\\-in\\-trouble\\-1\\.478879\\|title\\=As IDF strike kills entire family in Gaza, Israel is starting to get in trouble\\|publisher\\=Ha'aretz\\|date\\=18 November 2012\\|accessdate\\=19 November 2012}} According to Israel, the target was Yehiya Rabiah, allegedly a senior commander of rocket operations.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2012\\-11\\-19/strikes\\-on\\-gaza\\-day\\-six/4379648\\|title\\=Israel blasts Hamas police building on sixth day of conflict\\|publisher\\=AFP via ABC News\\|date\\=18 November 2012\\|accessdate\\=19 November 2012}} A relative of the al\\-Dalu family said, however, people in the area have never heard of the man before. \"I have never heard such a name (Yihia Abayah). This is nonsense\", he said to [Reuters](/wiki/Reuters \"Reuters\").{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\\-palestinians\\-israel\\-civilians\\-idUSBRE8AI0IU20121119\\|title\\=Israel investigating Gaza attack that killed 11 Palestinians\\|publisher\\=Reuters\\|date\\=19 November 2012\\|accessdate\\=2 December 2012\\|author\\=Maayan Lubell}} The IDF now says of the strike that it was intentional and that the target was Mohamed al\\-Dalu, a police officer who died in the strike.{{cite web\\|title\\=Strike that killed Gaza family was 'no mistake': Israel\\|url\\=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/2/8/59317/World/Region/Strike\\-that\\-killed\\-Gaza\\-family\\-was\\-no\\-mistake\\-Isra.aspx\\|date\\=27 November 2012\\|accessdate\\=2 December 2012\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Agence France Presse]] via Ahram Online}} After the change in explanation, IDF spokeswoman Avital Leibovich accused him of being \"a known terror operative affiliated with the military wing of Hamas\", though neighbors of the family state there is no connection between the al\\-Dalu family and militant groups.{{cite web\\|url\\=\\|title\\=Gaza conflict: family's four children buried as bombardment continues\\|date\\=19 November 2012\\|author\\=Harriet Sherwood\\|work\\=The Guardian}} The [Palestinian Centre for Human Rights](/wiki/Palestinian_Centre_for_Human_Rights \"Palestinian Centre for Human Rights\") called the strike \"blatant targeting of civilians\".{{cite web\\|title\\=Attempts to Rescue the al\\-Dalu Family Ongoing; Israeli Occupation Forces Destroy House over Its Residents\\|url\\=http://www.pchrgaza.org/portal/en/index.php?option\\=com\\_content\\&view\\=article\\&id\\=9010:attempts\\-to\\-rescue\\-the\\-al\\-dalu\\-family\\-ongoing\\-israeli\\-occupation\\-forces\\-destroy\\-house\\-over\\-its\\-residents\\-\\&catid\\=145:in\\-focus\\|publisher\\=Palestinian Centre for Human Rights\\|date\\=19 November 2012\\|accessdate\\=2 December 2012\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121129030704/http://www.pchrgaza.org/portal/en/index.php?option\\=com\\_content\\&view\\=article\\&id\\=9010:attempts\\-to\\-rescue\\-the\\-al\\-dalu\\-family\\-ongoing\\-israeli\\-occupation\\-forces\\-destroy\\-house\\-over\\-its\\-residents\\-\\&catid\\=145:in\\-focus\\|archive\\-date\\=29 November 2012\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} Scholars generally regard police officers as lawful targets if they are incorporated into a military force, or if they participate in hostilities.{{Cite journal \\|last\\=N. Schmitt \\|first\\=Michael \\|last2\\=W. Widmar \\|first2\\=Eric \\|date\\=29 September 2014 \\|title\\=“On Target”: Precision \\& Balance in the Contemporary Law of Targeting \\|url\\=https://jnslp.com/wp\\-content/uploads/2015/03/Precision\\-and\\-Balance\\-in\\-the\\-Contemporary\\-Law\\-of\\-Targeting\\_2\\.pdf \\|journal\\=Journal of National Security Law \\& Policy \\|volume\\=7 \\|issue\\=3 \\|pages\\=379\\-409}}{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Dinstein \\|first\\=Yoram \\|date\\=2002 \\|title\\=Legitimate Military Objectives Under the Current Jus In Bello \\|url\\=https://digital\\-commons.usnwc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer\\=\\&httpsredir\\=1\\&article\\=1361\\&context\\=ils \\|journal\\=International Law Studies \\|volume\\=78 \\|issue\\=1}}", "### 19 November", "Israel launched attacks on Gaza Strip near dawn on 19 November. Four people, including a 4\\-year\\-old child and two women, both 19, were killed in the [az\\-Zeitoun](/wiki/Az-Zeitoun \"Az-Zeitoun\") neighborhood of Gaza City, when the houses of the Abu Zour family, the Azzam family and al\\-Qattaty family were attacked. Palestinian medics additionally reported that Rana ash\\-Shandi, 18 months old, was killed in an IDF strike in as\\-Saraya.{{cite news\\|title\\=Three Family Members Killed In Central Gaza\\|url\\=http://www.imemc.org/article/64598\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[International Middle East Media Center]]\\|date\\=21 November 2012}}", "IDF stated that since the beginning of Operation Pillar of Defense, over 540 rockets were fired from Gaza have hit and 290 were intercepted in\\-flight over populated areas in Israel.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.idf.il/1283\\-17607\\-EN/Dover.aspx\\|title\\=Over 540 rockets have hit Israel, 290 intercepted\\|publisher\\=Israel Defense Forces\\|date\\=18 November 2012\\|accessdate\\=18 November 2012}} Over 135 rockets were fired from Gaza at areas of Southern Israel.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L\\-4308768,00\\.html\\|title\\=135 rockets fired at Israel Monday; 42 intercepted\\|newspaper\\=Ynetnews \\|date\\=19 November 2012 \\|publisher\\=Ynet\\|accessdate\\=19 November 2012}} Sirens were again sounded as multiple rockets were fired into Ashkelon; most were intercepted but two rockets struck a house and a yard. Another struck a school parking lot. Three people were treated for shock. Seven rockets launched at Ashkelon and Ashdod, and another towards Beersheba, were intercepted. A 63\\-year\\-old man was wounded by shrapnel in the Bnei Shimon Regiona. The Sderot and Eshkol regions come under heavy fire, rockets struck near Sha'ar Hanegev. A woman was injured from a mortar in the Eshkol area.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.jpost.com/Headlines/Article.aspx?id\\=292549\\|title\\=Two rockets strike house, yard in Ashkelon; none hurt\\|publisher\\=Jerusalem Post\\|accessdate\\=19 November 2012}} It was aired live on [Al Jazeera English](/wiki/Al_Jazeera_English \"Al Jazeera English\") as a correspondent was reporting.{{cite web\\|author\\=Listening Post\\|url\\=http://blogs.aljazeera.com/liveblog/topic/gaza\\-136\\|title\\=Gaza Live Blog – Al Jazeera Blogs\\|publisher\\=Blogs.aljazeera.com\\|accessdate\\=20 November 2012}} A salvo of rockets struck the cities of Ashdod and Gan Yavne.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.jpost.com/Headlines/Article.aspx?id\\=292555\\|title\\=Gazan rockets hit Ashdod, Gan Yavne, Ashkelon\\|publisher\\=Jerusalem Post\\|accessdate\\=19 November 2012}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.jpost.com/Defense/Article.aspx?id\\=292483 \\|title\\=Over 65 Gazan rockets fired at South, 24 intercepted \\|publisher\\=Jerusalem Post \\|accessdate\\=19 November 2012 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121119195013/http://www.jpost.com/Defense/Article.aspx?id\\=292483 \\|archivedate\\=November 19, 2012 }} Later during the day, a second school was struck by a rocket destroying the building after a barrage of rockets targeted Ashkelon during the evening. Mayor Benny Vaknin said that the rocket, after destroying the roof, \"tore apart an entire classroom. Hundreds of shards of metal were scattered in the school's yard. Had the schools here been open we would have seen disasters.\"{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.jpost.com/Headlines/Article.aspx?id\\=292589\\|title\\=Five rockets fired at Ashkelon, one hits a school\\|publisher\\=Jerusalem Post\\|accessdate\\=19 November 2012}}{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L\\-4308707,00\\.html\\|title\\=Another Ashkelon school hit as Cairo truce talks continue\\|newspaper\\=Ynetnews \\|date\\=19 November 2012 \\|publisher\\=Ynet\\|accessdate\\=19 November 2012}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.timesofisrael.com/all\\-eyes\\-on\\-cairo\\-ahead\\-of\\-gaza\\-ground\\-incursion/\\|title\\=Netanyahu indicates calm must return before Israel will consider Hamas truce terms\\|publisher\\=Times of Israel\\|accessdate\\=19 November 2012}} Israeli paramedics treated sixteen casualties taking the number of wounded treated by Magen David Adom to over 252\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.jpost.com/Headlines/Article.aspx?id\\=292599\\|title\\=MDA: 16 injured in South on sixth day of operation\\|publisher\\=Jerusalem Post\\|accessdate\\=19 November 2012}} Rockets also exploded near Ofakim.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L\\-4308779,00\\.html\\|title\\=Gaza rockets explode in Ofakim\\|newspaper\\=Ynetnews \\|date\\=19 November 2012 \\|publisher\\=Ynet\\|accessdate\\=19 November 2012}}", "At 2 am local time, a building housing the second largest police facility in Gaza was hit by an Israeli airstrike.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2012\\-11\\-19/strikes\\-on\\-gaza\\-day\\-six/4379648\\|title\\=Israel blasts Hamas police building on sixth day of conflict\\|publisher\\=AFP via ABC News\\|date\\=18 November 2012\\|accessdate\\=18 November 2012}} The airstrike was aired live on [CNN](/wiki/CNN \"CNN\"){{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.cnn.com/video/?hpt\\=hp\\_t1\\#/video/bestoftv/2012/11/19/nr\\-sot\\-gaza\\-anderson\\-cooper\\-explosion.cnn\\|title\\=Video – Breaking News Videos from\\|publisher\\=CNN.com\\|date\\=19 November 2012\\|accessdate\\=20 November 2012}} and [Al Jazeera English](/wiki/Al_Jazeera_English \"Al Jazeera English\"){{cite web\\|author\\=AlJazeeraEnglish\\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=SqeZoW7C2Ng\\|title\\=As it happened: Huge airstrike in Gaza\\|publisher\\=YouTube\\|date\\=18 November 2012\\|accessdate\\=20 November 2012}} as their correspondents were reporting.", "The Israel Air Force hit four Islamic Jihad militants hiding out in a media center in Gaza, the Al\\-Sharouk compound.[JPost](http://www.jpost.com/Defense/Article.aspx?id=292483) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121212214300/http://www.jpost.com/Defense/Article.aspx?id\\=292483 \\|date\\=December 12, 2012 }}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2012/11/2012111915617518485\\.html\\|title\\=Diplomatic push for Gaza truce\\|publisher\\=Al Jazeera English\\|date\\=19 November 2012\\|accessdate\\=19 November 2012}} [PIJ](/wiki/Islamic_Jihad_Movement_in_Palestine \"Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine\") reported by text message that one of their senior militant operatives, [Ramez Harb](/wiki/Ramez_Harb \"Ramez Harb\"), was killed in that airstrike in Gaza City.\n{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.timesofisrael.com/media\\-building\\-in\\-gaza\\-hit\\-in\\-israeli\\-airstrike/\\|title\\=Leading Islamic Jihad operative killed in strike on media center\\|last\\=Kalman\\|first\\=Aaron\\|date\\=19 November 2012\\|work\\=Times of Israel\\|accessdate\\=19 November 2012}} The same strike also killed Salem Paul Sweliem, a 52\\-year\\-old [Greek Orthodox](/wiki/Greek_Orthodox \"Greek Orthodox\") Christian carpenter.{{cite news \\|title\\=Egypt: Israel's Gaza Assault to End Tuesday \\|url\\=http://world.time.com/2012/11/20/egypt\\-israels\\-gaza\\-offensive\\-to\\-end\\-tuesday\\-2/?iid\\=tsmodule \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[TIME (magazine)\\|TIME]] \\|date\\=12 November 2012 \\|access\\-date\\=13 December 2012 \\|archive\\-date\\=23 November 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=http://web.archive.bibalex.org/web/20121123004319/http://world.time.com/2012/11/20/egypt\\-israels\\-gaza\\-offensive\\-to\\-end\\-tuesday\\-2/?iid\\=tsmodule \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}", "An airstrike hit the [Jabalia Refugee Camp](/wiki/Jabalia_Camp \"Jabalia Camp\"), killing two children.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID\\=538835\\|title\\=Official: 2 children killed in dawn Gaza strike\\|publisher\\=Ma'an\\|date\\=18 November 2012\\|accessdate\\=19 November 2012\\|archive\\-date\\=1 November 2014\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101031257/http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID\\=538835\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}", "### 20 November", "[thumb\\|right\\|Wreckage of Hamas Government building, after an Israeli strike](/wiki/File:Destroyed_Gaza_stuff.PNG \"Destroyed Gaza stuff.PNG\")", "[thumb\\|Residential apartment building in [Rishon LeZion](/wiki/Rishon_LeZion \"Rishon LeZion\") hit by a Palestinian rocket](/wiki/File:Building_in_Rishon_le_Zion_hit_by_Hamas_rocket_in_November_2012.jpg \"Building in Rishon le Zion hit by Hamas rocket in November 2012.jpg\")", "More than 80 rockets were fired towards Southern Israel.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L\\-4309145,00\\.html\\|title\\=2 rockets fired at Jerusalem; man hurt in Eshkol\\|newspaper\\=Ynetnews \\|date\\=20 November 2012 \\|publisher\\=Ynet\\|accessdate\\=20 November 2012\\|last1\\=Curiel \\|first1\\=Ilana }} An Israeli Bedouin civilian was killed in Palestinian rocket fire that struck the Bedouin village of [Rejwan](/wiki/Rejwan \"Rejwan\") in the Negev.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.timesofisrael.com/rocket\\-kills\\-yosef\\-partok\\-an\\-ultra\\-orthodox\\-soldier\\-near\\-gaza\\-border/\\|title\\=Rockets kill soldier, Bedouin civilian in Eshkol region\\|publisher\\=Times of Israel\\|accessdate\\=21 November 2012}} Palestinian militants fired 18 rockets at Beersheba. At least 9 were intercepted by the Iron Dome, while three landed in the city. One landed near a bus, which suffered shrapnel damage, another damaged a vehicle, and the third landed in a soccer field. Rockets were also fired at [Ashkelon](/wiki/Ashkelon \"Ashkelon\"); one was intercepted and another landed in an open area. The city's [Barzilai Medical Center](/wiki/Barzilai_Medical_Center \"Barzilai Medical Center\") relocated its emergency room to its fortified basement after rocket shrapnel struck near the hospital's maternity ward. There was also rocket fire at Ofakim.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.timesofisrael.com/rocket\\-fired\\-at\\-jerusalem\\-and\\-south\\-takes\\-beating\\-but\\-ground\\-op\\-off\\-the\\-table\\-for\\-now/\\|title\\=Rockets fired at Jerusalem as south takes beating, but ceasefire reportedly on the way\\|publisher\\=Time of Israel\\|accessdate\\=20 November 2012}}{{cite news\\|title\\=Reserve officer wounded in Eshkol\\|url\\=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L\\-4308824,00\\.html\\|newspaper\\=Ynetnews\\|date\\=20 November 2012 }} For the second time, sirens sounded in Jerusalem, and two rockets were fired at the city, but landed in an open area of the [West Bank](/wiki/West_Bank \"West Bank\") between two Palestinian villages.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.jpost.com/Defense/Article.aspx?id\\=292656\\|title\\=Gaza rocket fired toward J'lem lands in West Bank village\\|publisher\\=Jerusalem Post\\|accessdate\\=20 November 2012}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.jpost.com/Defense/Article.aspx?id\\=292656\\|title\\=Red alert siren sounds in Jerusalem\\|publisher\\=JPost\\|date\\=20 November 2012\\|accessdate\\=20 November 2012}} Dozens of rockets struck Kiryat Malakhi, Sderot and Ashdod. Thirteen rockets were fired at the [Eshkol Regional Council](/wiki/Eshkol_Regional_Council \"Eshkol Regional Council\"), killing an Israeli soldier deployed in the vicinity of Gaza and an Israeli civilian.{{cite news\\|author\\=Ilana Curiel\\|url\\=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L\\-4309432,00\\.html\\|title\\=Israeli soldier, civilian killed by barrages from Gaza\\|newspaper\\=Ynetnews \\|publisher\\=Ynet News\\|date\\=20 November 2012\\|accessdate\\=20 November 2012}}{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L\\-4308824,00\\.html\\|title\\=Reserve officer wounded in Eshkol\\|newspaper\\=YNetNews\\|date\\=20 November 2012\\|accessdate\\=20 November 2012}} Later during the day, a rocket struck Eshkol wounding five people.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L\\-4309204,00\\.html\\|title\\=Rocket hits structure in Eshkol; 5 lightly hurt\\|newspaper\\=Ynetnews \\|date\\=20 November 2012 \\|publisher\\=Ynet\\|accessdate\\=20 November 2012}} Two rockets were fired at Jerusalem. A rocket struck a six\\-story building in [Rishon LeZion](/wiki/Rishon_LeZion \"Rishon LeZion\") injuring four people.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.jpost.com/Headlines/Article.aspx?id\\=292743\\|title\\=Gaza rocket strikes building in Rishon Lezion\\|publisher\\=Jerusalem Post\\|accessdate\\=20 November 2012}}{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L\\-4309365,00\\.html\\|title\\=4 lightly injured when rocket hits building in Rishon Lezion\\|newspaper\\=Ynetnews \\|date\\=20 November 2012 \\|publisher\\=Ynet\\|accessdate\\=20 November 2012}}", "Israeli aircraft and artillery struck eleven militant cells and thirty rocket launchers in Gaza.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.jpost.com/Headlines/Article.aspx?id\\=292702 \\|title\\=IDF: Latest strikes in Gaza hit 11 terrorist cells \\|publisher\\=Jerusalem Post \\|accessdate\\=20 November 2012 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121121010430/http://www.jpost.com/Headlines/Article.aspx?id\\=292702 \\|archivedate\\=November 21, 2012 }} Three Hamas fighters were killed, two of whom were involved in rocket attacks. It was reported that the IDF had destroyed 50 weapons smuggling tunnels since the start of the operation.{{cite news\\|author\\=Yoav Zitun\\|url\\=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L\\-4309238,00\\.html\\|title\\=IDF bombards Gaza; 3 Hamas terrorists killed\\|newspaper\\=Ynetnews \\|publisher\\=Ynet News\\|date\\=20 November 2012\\|accessdate\\=20 November 2012}} Drones attacked two cars in [Sabra, Gaza](/wiki/Sabra%2C_Gaza \"Sabra, Gaza\"), killing six, some of whom were injured beyond identification. Four people were killed at Gaza's Baghdad street. In [Zeitoun, Gaza](/wiki/Zeitoun%2C_Gaza \"Zeitoun, Gaza\"), two children were killed by Israeli airstrikes while they were playing soccer.{{cite news\\|title\\=Missile's Firing, Bomb Blasts and Sirens Shatter Gaza Calm\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/21/world/middleeast/gaza\\-hospitals\\-quiet\\-day\\-shattered\\-by\\-rockets\\-and\\-sirens.html\\|date\\=20 November 2012\\|work\\=New York Times\\|first\\=Jodi\\|last\\=Rudoren}}", "Hamas gunmen in Gaza executed six Palestinians who were accused of collaborating with Israel. According to a Hamas security source quoted on Hamas' Aqsa Radio, the men were \"caught red\\-handed\" with cameras and hi\\-tech equipment. The body of one of the alleged collaborators was chained to a motorcycle and dragged through the streets.{{cite news\\|author\\=Elior Levy\\|url\\=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L\\-4309436,00\\.html\\|title\\=Gaza gunmen kill 6 alleged collaborators\\|newspaper\\=Ynetnews \\|publisher\\=Ynet News\\|date\\=20 November 2012\\|accessdate\\=20 November 2012}}", "In the [West Bank](/wiki/West_Bank \"West Bank\"), Palestinians protested the Israeli attacks at multiple locations. In some instances, protesters threw stones and [Molotov cocktails](/wiki/Molotov_cocktail \"Molotov cocktail\") at IDF troops and [Israel Border Police](/wiki/Israel_Border_Police \"Israel Border Police\") gendarmes, who responded with crowd\\-dispersal means. One Palestinian man was shot dead in [Halhul](/wiki/Halhul \"Halhul\") after attacking a soldier, and another Palestinian was shot while throwing a Molotov cocktail at an Israeli neighborhood in Hebron. In addition, Palestinians pelted Israeli civilian vehicles, attempted to block a road, and laid stones which caused damage to civilian vehicles.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L\\-4308667,00\\.html\\|title\\=Palestinian shot to death near Hebron; IDF says 'attacked soldier'\\|newspaper\\=Ynetnews\\|date\\=20 June 1995\\|accessdate\\=20 November 2012\\|last1\\=Levy \\|first1\\=Elior }}", "The building housing [Agence France\\-Presse](/wiki/Agence_France-Presse \"Agence France-Presse\")'s office was hit by Israel. Three rockets were reported to have hit the building. No one was injured. IDF says they were targeting a Hamas intelligence operations center on 7th floor of the building.{{cite news \\|title\\=Israeli strike hits building housing AFP Gaza office \\|url\\=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5iYHoDumNlC3Suc61UZSMqSRWxh3w \\|newspaper\\=Agence France\\-Presse \\|date\\=21 November 2012 \\|accessdate\\=21 November 2012 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121128220312/https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5iYHoDumNlC3Suc61UZSMqSRWxh3w \\|archivedate\\=November 28, 2012 }} A missile strike killed three Palestinian journalists in their cars. Two of the journalists were cameramen for [Al\\-Aqsa](/wiki/Al-Aqsa_TV \"Al-Aqsa TV\"). Another missile killed an employee for Al Quds Educational Radio while he was driving in his car. Israel acknowledged the attack, claiming they had ties to militants and were Hamas operatives.{{cite news\\|author\\=Ibrahim Barzak\\|url\\=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/11/20/israel\\-strikes\\-kill\\-palestinian\\-journalists\\_n\\_2166428\\.html\\|publisher\\=AP via Huffington Post\\|date\\=20 November 2012\\|accessdate\\=20 November 2012\\|title\\=Three Palestinian Journalists Killed In Israeli Strikes\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121122123354/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/11/20/israel\\-strikes\\-kill\\-palestinian\\-journalists\\_n\\_2166428\\.html\\|archivedate\\=22 November 2012}}{{cite news\\|agency\\=Associated Press\\|url\\=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2012/11/20/israeli\\-airstrikes\\-kill\\-palestinian\\-journalists/1718177/\\|publisher\\=USA Today\\|date\\=20 November 2012\\|accessdate\\=20 November 2012\\|title\\=Israeli airstrikes kill 3 Palestinian journalists }}", "[United States Secretary of State](/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State \"United States Secretary of State\") [Hillary Clinton](/wiki/Hillary_Clinton \"Hillary Clinton\") arrived in Tel Aviv in a visit to Israel to try to promote a ceasefire.{{cite news\\|author\\=Anne Gearan\\|url\\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national\\-security/sending\\-in\\-hillary\\-clinton\\-obama\\-signals\\-a\\-shift\\-in\\-his\\-approach\\-to\\-middle\\-east/2012/11/20/b74f5258\\-3332\\-11e2\\-9cfa\\-e41bac906cc9\\_story.html\\|newspaper\\=Washington Post\\|date\\=20 November 2012\\|accessdate\\=20 November 2012\\|title\\=National Security}} She had talks with Israeli Prime Minister [Benjamin Netanyahu](/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu \"Benjamin Netanyahu\"). She did not meet with Hamas, due to the United States designating [Hamas](/wiki/Hamas \"Hamas\") as a terrorist organization.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2012/11/20/clinton\\-headed\\-to\\-jerusalem\\-ramallah\\-and\\-cairo\\-to\\-seek\\-end\\-to\\-israelgaza/\\|title\\=Netanyahu ready for 'whatever action' is needed in Gaza, as Clinton arrives for talks\\|publisher\\=Fox News\\|date\\=20 November 2012\\|accessdate\\=20 November 2012}} Egypt's President [Mohammed Morsi](/wiki/Mohammed_Morsi \"Mohammed Morsi\") declared on the 20th that there would be a deal that day.{{cite news\\|author\\=Ravi Nessman\\|url\\=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/11/20/mohammed\\-morsi\\-gaza\\-truce\\_n\\_2164404\\.html\\|title\\=Egypt President Mohammed Morsi: Gaza Truce Deal Will Be Reached On Tuesday\\|publisher\\=AP via Huffington Post\\|date\\=20 November 2012\\|accessdate\\=20 November 2012}} However, talks failed and violence continued. A Hamas spokesman said later that night that a deal was close.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.cnn.com/2012/11/20/world/meast/gaza\\-israel\\-strike/index.html?hpt\\=hp\\_t1\\|title\\=Calm elusive as rockets rain in Gaza, Israel\\|publisher\\=CNN\\|date\\=20 November 2012\\|accessdate\\=20 November 2012}}", "### 21 November", "Israeli aircraft attacked a Gazan militant cell preparing to fire rockets from the Jabalia neighborhood. They also struck militants in [Khan Younis](/wiki/Khan_Younis \"Khan Younis\") that were preparing to fire rockets into Israel.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L\\-4309970,00\\.html\\|title\\=IDF bombs Gaza; rockets fired at Beersheba\\|newspaper\\=Ynetnews \\|date\\=21 November 2012 \\|publisher\\=Ynet\\|accessdate\\=21 November 2012\\|last1\\=Zitun \\|first1\\=Yoav \\|last2\\=Kais \\|first2\\=Roi }} An airstrike against the Nusseirat refugee camp killed a 4 year old Gazan girl and wounded her mother. Six people were killed in air strikes on Gaza City. An 80\\-year\\-old man and his teenage granddaughter were killed in a raid on [Khan Yunis](/wiki/Khan_Yunis \"Khan Yunis\").{{cite news\\|title\\=New Gaza raids kill 11\\|url\\=http://www.bangkokpost.com/breakingnews/322430/new\\-gaza\\-raids\\-kill\\-11\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Bangkok Post]]\\|date\\=21 November 2012}}\nAirstrikes struck three tunnels and two underground rocket launchers.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.jpost.com/Headlines/Article.aspx?id\\=292944 \\|title\\=IDF strikes terror tunnels, rocket launchers in Gaza \\|publisher\\=Jerusalem Post \\|accessdate\\=22 November 2012 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121122201407/http://www.jpost.com/Headlines/Article.aspx?id\\=292944 \\|archivedate\\=November 22, 2012 }} Two Palestinians were killed shortly after the announcement and shortly before the ceasefire officially began at 9PM.{{cite news\\|title\\=Israel ends deadly Gaza assault after Egypt brokers ceasefir\\|url\\=http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID\\=540862\\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20130223060408/http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID\\=540862\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=February 23, 2013\\|date\\=22 November 2012\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Ma'an News Agency]]}}", "116 rockets were fired from Gaza into Israel.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L\\-4310092,00\\.html\\|title\\=DF: 116 rockets fired on Israel on Wednesday; 21 intercepted\\|newspaper\\=Ynetnews \\|date\\=21 November 2012 \\|publisher\\=Ynet\\|accessdate\\=21 November 2012}} Seven people were wounded when a rocket struck the Eshkol region.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L\\-4310064,00\\.html\\|title\\=7 injured by rocket in Eshkol\\|newspaper\\=Ynetnews \\|date\\=21 November 2012\\|publisher\\=Ynet\\|accessdate\\=21 November 2012}}\nA barrage of rockets was fired at Sdot Negev{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L\\-4309956,00\\.html\\|title\\=Rocket barrage fired at Sdot Negev\\|newspaper\\=Ynetnews \\|date\\=21 November 2012\\|publisher\\=Ynet\\|accessdate\\=21 November 2012}} and two rockets struck Hof Ashkelon and Sha'ar Hanegev.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L\\-4310101,00\\.html\\|title\\=2 rockets hit Hof Ashkelon; Sha'ar Hanegev\\|newspaper\\=Ynetnews \\|date\\=21 November 2012\\|publisher\\=Ynet\\|accessdate\\=21 November 2012}} Several rockets were fired at Beer Sheva, one hitting a home.{{cite web\\|title\\=Rocket barrage on south ahead of truce\\|publisher\\=Ynet}} Two rockets targeted Bnei Shimon{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L\\-4310146,00\\.html\\|title\\=2 rockets fired towards Bnei Shimon\\|newspaper\\=Ynetnews \\|date\\=21 November 2012\\|publisher\\=Ynet\\|accessdate\\=21 November 2012}} and a rocket struck a building in Netivot injuring one person.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L\\-4310180,00\\.html\\|title\\=1 lightly hurt by rocket in Netivot\\|newspaper\\=Ynetnews \\|date\\=21 November 2012\\|publisher\\=Ynet\\|accessdate\\=21 November 2012}} A rocket exploded close to a building in Ashdod{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L\\-4310167,00\\.html\\|title\\=Rocket explodes near building in Ashdod\\|newspaper\\=Ynetnews \\|date\\=21 November 2012\\|publisher\\=Ynet\\|accessdate\\=21 November 2012}} and two rockets fell in the Beer Tuvia Region damaging a building and injuring a woman. [Al Jazeera](/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Media_Network \"Al Jazeera Media Network\")'s bureau in [Gaza City](/wiki/Gaza_City \"Gaza City\") was damaged after an airstrike hit the nearby Abu Khadra government building. The office of the [Associated Press](/wiki/Associated_Press \"Associated Press\") was also damaged.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID\\=540405 \\|title\\=AP, Jazeera offices damaged in Gaza airstrikes \\|publisher\\=Ma'an News Agency \\|date\\=20 November 2012 \\|accessdate\\=20 November 2012 \\|archive\\-date\\=22 November 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121122011112/http://maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID\\=540405 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} The building housing [Agence France\\-Presse](/wiki/Agence_France-Presse \"Agence France-Presse\")'s office in Gaza city was attacked twice; the second strike killed a 2\\-year\\-old child who was in the neighborhood.{{cite news\\|last\\=Mirkinson\\|first\\=Jack\\|title\\=Israel Hits Agence France\\-Presse Building In Gaza Airstrike\\|url\\=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/11/20/israel\\-agence\\-france\\-presse\\-gaza\\_n\\_2168376\\.html\\|work\\=The Huffington Post\\|accessdate\\=21 November 2012\\|date\\=20 November 2012}}", "The [2012–13 UEFA Europa League](/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_UEFA_Europa_League \"2012–13 UEFA Europa League\") game between [Hapoel Ironi Kiryat Shmona F.C.](/wiki/Hapoel_Ironi_Kiryat_Shmona_F.C. \"Hapoel Ironi Kiryat Shmona F.C.\") and [Athletic Bilbao](/wiki/Athletic_Bilbao \"Athletic Bilbao\") which was scheduled to take place on 22 November at the [Kiryat Eliezer Stadium](/wiki/Kiryat_Eliezer_Stadium \"Kiryat Eliezer Stadium\") in [Haifa](/wiki/Haifa \"Haifa\") is postponed by [UEFA](/wiki/UEFA \"UEFA\") due to the tense security situation in the region.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.uefa.com/uefaeuropaleague/news/newsid\\=1895747\\.html\\|title\\=Kiryat Shmona v Athletic game postponed\\|publisher\\=UEFA\\|date\\=21 November 2012\\|accessdate\\=21 November 2012}}", "#### Tel Aviv bus bombing", "{{main\\|2012 Tel Aviv bus bombing}}", "An [explosion on a bus in Tel Aviv](/wiki/2012_Tel_Aviv_bus_bombing \"2012 Tel Aviv bus bombing\") wounded at least 28 people, including three seriously.{{cite news\\|author\\=Ben Hartman \\|url\\=http://www.jpost.com/NationalNews/Article.aspx?id\\=292860 \\|title\\=Terrorist blows up bus in central Tel Aviv; 10 injured \\|publisher\\=Jerusalem Post \\|date\\=21 November 2012 \\|accessdate\\=21 November 2012 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121122112016/http://www.jpost.com/NationalNews/Article.aspx?id\\=292860 \\|archivedate\\=November 22, 2012 }}{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L\\-4309791,00\\.html\\|title\\=Terror attack: Blast on Tel Aviv bus; 28 hurt\\|publisher\\=Ynet News\\|date\\=21 November 2012\\|accessdate\\=21 November 2012}} The blast on the bus occurred in an area with many office buildings and heavy pedestrian traffic. The bus bombing complicated efforts to reach a truce and was the first notable bombing in [Tel Aviv](/wiki/Tel_Aviv \"Tel Aviv\") since 2006\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.jpost.com/DiplomacyAndPolitics/Article.aspx?id\\=292926\\|title\\=Egypt FM: Israel, Hamas cease\\-fire to go into effect at 9pm\\|publisher\\=Jerusalem Post\\|accessdate\\=21 November 2012}} The United Nations, US, UK, France and Russia all condemned the attack against civilians{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.timesofisrael.com/chaos\\-in\\-tel\\-aviv\\-as\\-bus\\-explodes/\\|title\\=21 wounded in terror attack on Tel Aviv bus\\|publisher\\=Times of Israel\\|accessdate\\=21 November 2012}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.jpost.com/International/Article.aspx?id\\=292892\\|title\\=White House: Tel Aviv bus bombing is 'outrageous'\\|publisher\\=Jerusalem Post\\|accessdate\\=21 November 2012}} which was described by Israel as a terrorist attack.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world\\-middle\\-east\\-20425352\\|title\\=Israel\\-Gaza crisis: 'Bomb blast' on bus in Tel Aviv\\|publisher\\=BBC\\|date\\=21 November 2012\\|accessdate\\=21 November 2012}} UN Secretary\\-General Ban Ki\\-moon deplored the attack saying \"there are no circumstances that justify the targeting of civilians.\"{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L\\-4309965,00\\.html\\|title\\=UN chief Ban Ki\\-moon 'shocked' by Tel Aviv attack\\|newspaper\\=Ynetnews \\|date\\=21 November 2012\\|publisher\\=Ynet\\|accessdate\\=21 November 2012}} The White House said that \"today's terrorist attack\" and attacks against innocent Israeli civilians were \"outrageous\", and the Russian foreign ministry termed the attack a \"criminal terrorist act.\" Britain's Foreign Secretary said following the attack that \"we are clear that terrorists must not be allowed to set the agenda.\" The French Foreign Minister similarly condemned it saying it took place during efforts to secure a ceasefire.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L\\-4309926,00\\.html\\|title\\=US, France condemn terror attack in Tel Aviv\\|newspaper\\=Ynetnews \\|date\\=21 November 2012\\|publisher\\=Ynet\\|accessdate\\=21 November 2012}}", "[Khaled Mashal](/wiki/Khaled_Mashal \"Khaled Mashal\"), leader of Hamas, categorically rejected any connection of the bombing to his group.{{cite news\\|title\\=Hamas leader tells Amanpour his group wasn't behind bombing\\|url\\=http://amanpour.blogs.cnn.com/2012/11/21/hamas\\-political\\-leader\\-speaks\\-to\\-amanpour/\\|publisher\\=CNN\\|date\\=21 November 2012\\|access\\-date\\=13 December 2012\\|archive\\-date\\=24 November 2012\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121124003022/http://amanpour.blogs.cnn.com/2012/11/21/hamas\\-political\\-leader\\-speaks\\-to\\-amanpour/\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} Hamas spokesperson, Fawzi Barhoum, praised the attack, calling it the \"natural response to the occupation crimes and ongoing massacres against civilians in the Gaza Strip\"{{cite news\\|title\\=Tel Aviv bus bombing raises fears in Israel that Gaza conflict will spread\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/nov/21/tel\\-aviv\\-bus\\-bomb\\-gaza\\-spread\\|work\\=The Guardian\\|date\\=21 November 2012\\|location\\=London\\|first\\=Harriet\\|last\\=Sherwood}} The bus bombing was lauded from a Gaza mosque's loudspeakers{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L\\-4309890,00\\.html\\|title\\=Gaza: Celebrations over TA bombing\\|newspaper\\=Ynetnews \\|date\\=21 November 2012\\|publisher\\=Ynet\\|accessdate\\=21 November 2012\\|last1\\=Kais \\|first1\\=Roi }} and celebratory gunfire was heard when news of the bombing was reported. Hamas' television featured people praising the attack.", "" ]
Political career ---------------- Holton was active in the Republican Party when it barely existed in Virginia. He was one of the leading Republicans who fought the [Byrd Organization](/wiki/Byrd_Organization "Byrd Organization") during the three decades it dominated Virginia politics. In 1965, Holton ran for governor as the Republican candidate and was defeated by [Democrat](/wiki/Democratic_Party_%28United_States%29 "Democratic Party (United States)") [Mills E. Godwin Jr.](/wiki/Mills_E._Godwin_Jr. "Mills E. Godwin Jr.") In 1969, Holton won 52\.51% of the vote in the gubernatorial election, defeating Democrat [William C. Battle](/wiki/William_C._Battle "William C. Battle"), Virginia Conservative Beverly B. McDowell, American Independent William A. Pennington, and Independent George R. Walker. He became the first Republican governor of Virginia since 1869\. [thumb\|left\|Holton at [Virginia Tech](/wiki/Virginia_Tech "Virginia Tech") in 1971](/wiki/File:Linwood_Holton_%281971_Bugle%29.png "Linwood Holton (1971 Bugle).png") In 1970, when [desegregation](/wiki/Desegregation_busing_in_the_United_States "Desegregation busing in the United States") was an issue in Virginia, Holton voluntarily placed his children, including future First Lady Anne Holton, in the mostly\-black [Richmond Public Schools](/wiki/Richmond_Public_Schools "Richmond Public Schools"), garnering much publicity. As governor, he increased employment of blacks and women in state government, created the [Virginia Governor's Schools Program](/wiki/Governor%27s_Schools_%28Virginia%29 "Governor's Schools (Virginia)") in 1973, provided the first state funds for community mental health centers, and supported environmental efforts. A moderate Republican, Holton was against welcoming conservative Byrd Democrats into the [Virginia Republican Party](/wiki/Virginia_Republican_Party "Virginia Republican Party"). As the GOP moved increasingly rightward, it turned its back on Holton. When [Harry F. Byrd Jr.](/wiki/Harry_F._Byrd_Jr. "Harry F. Byrd Jr.") broke ranks with the increasingly liberal national Democrats and ran as an independent for the Senate in 1970, Holton insisted on running a Republican candidate rather than endorsing an independent. That eventually led to the nomination of [Ray Garland](/wiki/Ray_L._Garland "Ray L. Garland").{{cite book\|first\=Frank B. \|last\=Atkinson \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=vHBBBSxSJg0C\&pg\=PA240 \|title\= The Dynamic Dominion \|year\=2006 \|pages\= 240–250\|publisher\=Rowman \& Littlefield \|isbn\=9780742552098 }} Byrd went on to win the three\-way election with an absolute majority. Holton also encouraged a moderate Republican to run in the [special election](/wiki/Special_election "Special election") in 1971 to choose a successor for deceased Lieutenant Governor [J. Sargeant Reynolds](/wiki/J._Sargeant_Reynolds "J. Sargeant Reynolds"), an election that was won by another independent, populist [Henry Howell](/wiki/Henry_Howell "Henry Howell"). Holton was not eligible to run in 1973, as Virginia does not allow governors to serve consecutive terms. In 1973, Mills Godwin, the conservative former Democrat who had defeated Holton in the 1965 election, was the Republican nominee. Godwin had supported [massive resistance](/wiki/Massive_resistance "Massive resistance") to [racial integration](/wiki/Racial_integration "Racial integration") and had first identified himself as a Republican in his speech accepting the Virginia Republican convention's nomination for governor.{{cite news \|date\=September 25, 1989\|last\=Apple, Jr.\|first\=R. W.\|author\-link\=R. W. Apple, Jr.\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/09/25/us/though\-racial\-politics\-lurks\-it\-is\-muted\-in\-virginia\-contest.html \|title\= Though Racial Politics Lurks, It Is Muted in Virginia Contest\| work\=\[\[The New York Times]]\|access\-date\=February 17, 2008}}{{cite news\|date\=February 17, 2008\|last\=Rich\|first\=Frank\|author\-link\=Frank Rich\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/17/opinion/17rich.html \|title\=The Grand Old White Party Confronts Obama\|work\=\[\[The New York Times]] \|access\-date\=February 17, 2008}}
[ "Political career\n----------------", "Holton was active in the Republican Party when it barely existed in Virginia. He was one of the leading Republicans who fought the [Byrd Organization](/wiki/Byrd_Organization \"Byrd Organization\") during the three decades it dominated Virginia politics.", "In 1965, Holton ran for governor as the Republican candidate and was defeated by [Democrat](/wiki/Democratic_Party_%28United_States%29 \"Democratic Party (United States)\") [Mills E. Godwin Jr.](/wiki/Mills_E._Godwin_Jr. \"Mills E. Godwin Jr.\") In 1969, Holton won 52\\.51% of the vote in the gubernatorial election, defeating Democrat [William C. Battle](/wiki/William_C._Battle \"William C. Battle\"), Virginia Conservative Beverly B. McDowell, American Independent William A. Pennington, and Independent George R. Walker. He became the first Republican governor of Virginia since 1869\\.\n[thumb\\|left\\|Holton at [Virginia Tech](/wiki/Virginia_Tech \"Virginia Tech\") in 1971](/wiki/File:Linwood_Holton_%281971_Bugle%29.png \"Linwood Holton (1971 Bugle).png\")\nIn 1970, when [desegregation](/wiki/Desegregation_busing_in_the_United_States \"Desegregation busing in the United States\") was an issue in Virginia, Holton voluntarily placed his children, including future First Lady Anne Holton, in the mostly\\-black [Richmond Public Schools](/wiki/Richmond_Public_Schools \"Richmond Public Schools\"), garnering much publicity.", "As governor, he increased employment of blacks and women in state government, created the [Virginia Governor's Schools Program](/wiki/Governor%27s_Schools_%28Virginia%29 \"Governor's Schools (Virginia)\") in 1973, provided the first state funds for community mental health centers, and supported environmental efforts.", "A moderate Republican, Holton was against welcoming conservative Byrd Democrats into the [Virginia Republican Party](/wiki/Virginia_Republican_Party \"Virginia Republican Party\"). As the GOP moved increasingly rightward, it turned its back on Holton. When [Harry F. Byrd Jr.](/wiki/Harry_F._Byrd_Jr. \"Harry F. Byrd Jr.\") broke ranks with the increasingly liberal national Democrats and ran as an independent for the Senate in 1970, Holton insisted on running a Republican candidate rather than endorsing an independent. That eventually led to the nomination of [Ray Garland](/wiki/Ray_L._Garland \"Ray L. Garland\").{{cite book\\|first\\=Frank B. \\|last\\=Atkinson \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=vHBBBSxSJg0C\\&pg\\=PA240 \\|title\\= The Dynamic Dominion \\|year\\=2006 \\|pages\\= 240–250\\|publisher\\=Rowman \\& Littlefield \\|isbn\\=9780742552098 }} Byrd went on to win the three\\-way election with an absolute majority.", "Holton also encouraged a moderate Republican to run in the [special election](/wiki/Special_election \"Special election\") in 1971 to choose a successor for deceased Lieutenant Governor [J. Sargeant Reynolds](/wiki/J._Sargeant_Reynolds \"J. Sargeant Reynolds\"), an election that was won by another independent, populist [Henry Howell](/wiki/Henry_Howell \"Henry Howell\").", "Holton was not eligible to run in 1973, as Virginia does not allow governors to serve consecutive terms. In 1973, Mills Godwin, the conservative former Democrat who had defeated Holton in the 1965 election, was the Republican nominee. Godwin had supported [massive resistance](/wiki/Massive_resistance \"Massive resistance\") to [racial integration](/wiki/Racial_integration \"Racial integration\") and had first identified himself as a Republican in his speech accepting the Virginia Republican convention's nomination for governor.{{cite news \\|date\\=September 25, 1989\\|last\\=Apple, Jr.\\|first\\=R. W.\\|author\\-link\\=R. W. Apple, Jr.\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/09/25/us/though\\-racial\\-politics\\-lurks\\-it\\-is\\-muted\\-in\\-virginia\\-contest.html \\|title\\= Though Racial Politics Lurks, It Is Muted in Virginia Contest\\| work\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]]\\|access\\-date\\=February 17, 2008}}{{cite news\\|date\\=February 17, 2008\\|last\\=Rich\\|first\\=Frank\\|author\\-link\\=Frank Rich\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/17/opinion/17rich.html \\|title\\=The Grand Old White Party Confronts Obama\\|work\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]] \\|access\\-date\\=February 17, 2008}}", "" ]
Later life ---------- Following his term as governor, Holton served one year in the [Nixon Administration](/wiki/Nixon_Administration "Nixon Administration") as the Assistant Secretary of State for Congressional Relations.{{efn\|The position was later renamed as the \[\[Assistant Secretary of State for Legislative Affairs]]}}{{cite web\|title\=Archive: Assistant Secretary of State for Legislative Affairs \|url\=http://1997\-2001\.state.gov/www/about\_state/history/officers/asecla.html \|publisher\=United States Department of State \|access\-date\=January 1, 2014}} After leaving Washington, he practiced law as a shareholder at McCandlish Holton, P.C. Holton later unsuccessfully sought the Republican nomination for the [United States Senate](/wiki/United_States_Senate "United States Senate") in 1978, finishing third in a race against [Richard D. Obenshain](/wiki/Richard_D._Obenshain "Richard D. Obenshain"), [John Warner](/wiki/John_Warner "John Warner"), and [Nathan H. Miller](/wiki/Nathan_H._Miller "Nathan H. Miller"). Warner subsequently became the nominee after Obenshain's death in a plane crash. Under Gov. [Gerald Baliles](/wiki/Gerald_Baliles "Gerald Baliles") (1987–1991\), he served as interim president of the [Center for Innovative Technology](/wiki/Center_for_Innovative_Technology "Center for Innovative Technology") in [Northern Virginia](/wiki/Northern_Virginia "Northern Virginia"), where he guided it through managerial difficulties. After his retirement, Holton supported moderate Republicans, including [John Warner](/wiki/John_Warner "John Warner"). As the [Virginia Republican Party](/wiki/Virginia_Republican_Party "Virginia Republican Party") became more conservative, however, he found himself more in line with the [state Democratic Party](/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Virginia "Democratic Party of Virginia") and endorsed several Democrats for statewide office, including his son\-in\-law, Governor [Tim Kaine](/wiki/Tim_Kaine "Tim Kaine"). Holton [endorsed](/wiki/List_of_Barack_Obama_presidential_campaign_endorsements%2C_2008%23Governors "List of Barack Obama presidential campaign endorsements, 2008#Governors") [Barack Obama](/wiki/Barack_Obama "Barack Obama") in the [2008 presidential election](/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election "2008 United States presidential election").{{cite news \|date\=September 13, 2008\| last\=Craig\|first\=Tim \|url\=http://voices.washingtonpost.com/virginiapolitics/2008/09/linwood\_holton\_to\_campaign\_for.html \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080917215214/http://voices.washingtonpost.com/virginiapolitics/2008/09/linwood\_holton\_to\_campaign\_for.html \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=September 17, 2008 \|title\= Linwood Holton to Campaign for Obama\|newspaper\=\[\[The Washington Post]]\| access\-date\=September 16, 2008}} The Holtons have four children: Tayloe, [Anne](/wiki/Anne_Holton "Anne Holton"), [Woody](/wiki/Woody_Holton "Woody Holton"), and [Dwight](/wiki/Dwight_Holton "Dwight Holton"). Anne is married to U.S. Senator and former Virginia Governor [Tim Kaine](/wiki/Tim_Kaine "Tim Kaine"), the nominee of the Democratic Party for Vice President of the United States in 2016\. She was the first First Lady of Virginia to live in Virginia's [Executive Mansion](/wiki/Executive_Mansion_%28Virginia%29 "Executive Mansion (Virginia)") both as a child and as a First Lady.{{efn\|\[\[Thomas Jefferson]]'s daughter \[\[Martha Jefferson Randolph]], known as "Patsy", was married to Virginia Governor \[\[Thomas Mann Randolph Jr.]] but never lived in the Mansion.}} In January 2014, Anne Holton was named Virginia Secretary of Education.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.nbc12\.com/story/24355752/former\-first\-lady\-anne\-holton\-named\-va\-secretary\-of\-education \|title\=Former First Lady Anne Holton named VA Secretary of Education \|last1\=Daudani \|first1\=Ray \|date\=January 3, 2014 \|website\=nbc12\.com \|access\-date\=January 13, 2014}} [Woody Holton](/wiki/Woody_Holton "Woody Holton") (Abner Linwood Holton III) has published three books, including *Unruly Americans and the Origins of the Constitution* (2007\), a finalist for the [National Book Award](/wiki/National_Book_Award "National Book Award"), and *Forced Founders: Indians, Debtors, Slaves and the Making of the American Revolution in Virginia* (1999\). His third book, a biography of [Abigail Adams](/wiki/Abigail_Adams "Abigail Adams"), won the [Bancroft Prize](/wiki/Bancroft_Prize "Bancroft Prize") in 2010\. [Dwight Holton](/wiki/Dwight_Holton "Dwight Holton") served as acting [U.S. Attorney](/wiki/U.S._Attorney "U.S. Attorney") for Oregon from 2010 to 2011\.{{cite news \|date\=September 24, 2000\| url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/09/24/style/weddings\-mary\-ellen\-glynn\-dwight\-holton.html\|title\= Weddings: Mary Ellen Glynn, Dwight Holton\|work\=\[\[New York Times]]\|access\-date\=October 18, 2011}}{{cite news\|date\=February 10, 2010\|url\=http://www.oregonlive.com/news/index.ssf/2010/02/a\_second\_acting\_us\_attorney\_na.html\|title\= Dwight Holton named interim U.S. attorney for Oregon\|work\=\[\[The Oregonian]]\|access\-date\=October 18, 2011}} He later lost to [Ellen Rosenblum](/wiki/Ellen_Rosenblum "Ellen Rosenblum") in the May 2012 primary in the race for [Oregon Attorney General](/wiki/Oregon_Attorney_General "Oregon Attorney General").{{cite news \|url\=http://www.oregonlive.com/politics/index.ssf/2012/05/ellen\_rosenblum\_dwight\_h.html \|title\=Ellen Rosenblum defeats Dwight Holton for attorney general (2012 primary election) \|last1\=Manning \|first1\=Jeff \|date\=May 16, 2012 \|publisher\=Oregon Live \|access\-date\=January 13, 2014}} In 1999, Linwood Holton Elementary School, in [Richmond, Virginia](/wiki/Richmond%2C_Virginia "Richmond, Virginia"), was named in his honor. In November 2005, Holton underwent surgery for [bladder cancer](/wiki/Bladder_cancer "Bladder cancer"). In 2006, Holton, his wife Jinks, daughter [Anne](/wiki/Anne_Holton "Anne Holton") and son\-in\-law [Tim Kaine](/wiki/Tim_Kaine "Tim Kaine") opposed a proposed constitutional ban on same\-sex marriage in Virginia.{{cite web\|url\=https://apnews.com/article/europe\-virginia\-tim\-kaine\-a\-linwood\-holton\-jr\-fdf180a898ebd290bcc02009286e6337\|title\=Former Virginia first lady ‘Jinks’ Holton dies at 97}} The [University of Virginia Press](/wiki/University_of_Virginia_Press "University of Virginia Press") published his memoir, *Opportunity Time*, in March 2008\.Holton Jr., A. Linwood (2008\). *Opportunity Time: A Memoir by Governor Linwood Holton*. [Description.](https://www.upress.virginia.edu/title/3908) Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, {{ISBN\|978\-0\-8139\-2720\-6}} He was a long\-time member of the Governing Council of the [University of Virginia](/wiki/University_of_Virginia "University of Virginia")'s [Miller Center of Public Affairs](/wiki/Miller_Center_of_Public_Affairs "Miller Center of Public Affairs"). In 2017, the City of Roanoke hosted Holton for the dedication of a plaza named in his honor.{{Cite news\|url\=http://www.roanoke.com/news/local/roanoke/downtown\-plaza\-dedicated\-for\-linwood\-holton\-history\-making\-former\-governor/article\_5db641ac\-81d8\-5c80\-9c4c\-4fee64230f29\.html\|title\=Downtown plaza dedicated for Linwood Holton, history\-making former governor and one\-time Roanoker\|first\=Matt\|last\=Chittum\|work\=Roanoke Times\|access\-date\=October 17, 2017\|language\=en}} On the day of [Ralph Northam](/wiki/Ralph_Northam "Ralph Northam")'s inauguration in January 2018, Holton sat front and center for a photograph with Northam and nine other former governors who had followed Holton, including [Bob McDonnell](/wiki/Bob_McDonnell "Bob McDonnell"), [Jim Gilmore](/wiki/Jim_Gilmore "Jim Gilmore"), [Tim Kaine](/wiki/Tim_Kaine "Tim Kaine"), [Terry McAuliffe](/wiki/Terry_McAuliffe "Terry McAuliffe"), [George Allen](/wiki/George_Allen_%28American_politician%29 "George Allen (American politician)"), [Mark Warner](/wiki/Mark_Warner "Mark Warner"), [L. Douglas Wilder](/wiki/L._Douglas_Wilder "L. Douglas Wilder"), [Chuck Robb](/wiki/Chuck_Robb "Chuck Robb"), and [Gerald Baliles](/wiki/Gerald_Baliles "Gerald Baliles").Cain, Andrew (December 19, 2021\). ["'History had its eyes on' Gov. Linwood Holton, journalist Ann Compton says in memorial tribute,"](https://richmond.com/news/state-and-regional/govt-and-politics/history-had-its-eyes-on-gov-linwood-holton-journalist-ann-compton-says-in-memorial-tribute/article_628c0f8f-1f6c-5b52-998b-d014d855985b.html) *Richmond Times\-Dispatch*. pp. A1\-A2\.
[ "Later life\n----------", "Following his term as governor, Holton served one year in the [Nixon Administration](/wiki/Nixon_Administration \"Nixon Administration\") as the Assistant Secretary of State for Congressional Relations.{{efn\\|The position was later renamed as the \\[\\[Assistant Secretary of State for Legislative Affairs]]}}{{cite web\\|title\\=Archive: Assistant Secretary of State for Legislative Affairs \\|url\\=http://1997\\-2001\\.state.gov/www/about\\_state/history/officers/asecla.html \\|publisher\\=United States Department of State \\|access\\-date\\=January 1, 2014}} After leaving Washington, he practiced law as a shareholder at McCandlish Holton, P.C.", "Holton later unsuccessfully sought the Republican nomination for the [United States Senate](/wiki/United_States_Senate \"United States Senate\") in 1978, finishing third in a race against [Richard D. Obenshain](/wiki/Richard_D._Obenshain \"Richard D. Obenshain\"), [John Warner](/wiki/John_Warner \"John Warner\"), and [Nathan H. Miller](/wiki/Nathan_H._Miller \"Nathan H. Miller\"). Warner subsequently became the nominee after Obenshain's death in a plane crash.", "Under Gov. [Gerald Baliles](/wiki/Gerald_Baliles \"Gerald Baliles\") (1987–1991\\), he served as interim president of the [Center for Innovative Technology](/wiki/Center_for_Innovative_Technology \"Center for Innovative Technology\") in [Northern Virginia](/wiki/Northern_Virginia \"Northern Virginia\"), where he guided it through managerial difficulties.", "After his retirement, Holton supported moderate Republicans, including [John Warner](/wiki/John_Warner \"John Warner\"). As the [Virginia Republican Party](/wiki/Virginia_Republican_Party \"Virginia Republican Party\") became more conservative, however, he found himself more in line with the [state Democratic Party](/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Virginia \"Democratic Party of Virginia\") and endorsed several Democrats for statewide office, including his son\\-in\\-law, Governor [Tim Kaine](/wiki/Tim_Kaine \"Tim Kaine\"). Holton [endorsed](/wiki/List_of_Barack_Obama_presidential_campaign_endorsements%2C_2008%23Governors \"List of Barack Obama presidential campaign endorsements, 2008#Governors\") [Barack Obama](/wiki/Barack_Obama \"Barack Obama\") in the [2008 presidential election](/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election \"2008 United States presidential election\").{{cite news \\|date\\=September 13, 2008\\| last\\=Craig\\|first\\=Tim \\|url\\=http://voices.washingtonpost.com/virginiapolitics/2008/09/linwood\\_holton\\_to\\_campaign\\_for.html \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080917215214/http://voices.washingtonpost.com/virginiapolitics/2008/09/linwood\\_holton\\_to\\_campaign\\_for.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=September 17, 2008 \\|title\\= Linwood Holton to Campaign for Obama\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Washington Post]]\\| access\\-date\\=September 16, 2008}}", "The Holtons have four children: Tayloe, [Anne](/wiki/Anne_Holton \"Anne Holton\"), [Woody](/wiki/Woody_Holton \"Woody Holton\"), and [Dwight](/wiki/Dwight_Holton \"Dwight Holton\"). Anne is married to U.S. Senator and former Virginia Governor [Tim Kaine](/wiki/Tim_Kaine \"Tim Kaine\"), the nominee of the Democratic Party for Vice President of the United States in 2016\\. She was the first First Lady of Virginia to live in Virginia's [Executive Mansion](/wiki/Executive_Mansion_%28Virginia%29 \"Executive Mansion (Virginia)\") both as a child and as a First Lady.{{efn\\|\\[\\[Thomas Jefferson]]'s daughter \\[\\[Martha Jefferson Randolph]], known as \"Patsy\", was married to Virginia Governor \\[\\[Thomas Mann Randolph Jr.]] but never lived in the Mansion.}} In January 2014, Anne Holton was named Virginia Secretary of Education.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.nbc12\\.com/story/24355752/former\\-first\\-lady\\-anne\\-holton\\-named\\-va\\-secretary\\-of\\-education \\|title\\=Former First Lady Anne Holton named VA Secretary of Education \\|last1\\=Daudani \\|first1\\=Ray \\|date\\=January 3, 2014 \\|website\\=nbc12\\.com \\|access\\-date\\=January 13, 2014}} [Woody Holton](/wiki/Woody_Holton \"Woody Holton\") (Abner Linwood Holton III) has published three books, including *Unruly Americans and the Origins of the Constitution* (2007\\), a finalist for the [National Book Award](/wiki/National_Book_Award \"National Book Award\"), and *Forced Founders: Indians, Debtors, Slaves and the Making of the American Revolution in Virginia* (1999\\). His third book, a biography of [Abigail Adams](/wiki/Abigail_Adams \"Abigail Adams\"), won the [Bancroft Prize](/wiki/Bancroft_Prize \"Bancroft Prize\") in 2010\\. [Dwight Holton](/wiki/Dwight_Holton \"Dwight Holton\") served as acting [U.S. Attorney](/wiki/U.S._Attorney \"U.S. Attorney\") for Oregon from 2010 to 2011\\.{{cite news \\|date\\=September 24, 2000\\| url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/09/24/style/weddings\\-mary\\-ellen\\-glynn\\-dwight\\-holton.html\\|title\\= Weddings: Mary Ellen Glynn, Dwight Holton\\|work\\=\\[\\[New York Times]]\\|access\\-date\\=October 18, 2011}}{{cite news\\|date\\=February 10, 2010\\|url\\=http://www.oregonlive.com/news/index.ssf/2010/02/a\\_second\\_acting\\_us\\_attorney\\_na.html\\|title\\= Dwight Holton named interim U.S. attorney for Oregon\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Oregonian]]\\|access\\-date\\=October 18, 2011}} He later lost to [Ellen Rosenblum](/wiki/Ellen_Rosenblum \"Ellen Rosenblum\") in the May 2012 primary in the race for [Oregon Attorney General](/wiki/Oregon_Attorney_General \"Oregon Attorney General\").{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.oregonlive.com/politics/index.ssf/2012/05/ellen\\_rosenblum\\_dwight\\_h.html \\|title\\=Ellen Rosenblum defeats Dwight Holton for attorney general (2012 primary election) \\|last1\\=Manning \\|first1\\=Jeff \\|date\\=May 16, 2012 \\|publisher\\=Oregon Live \\|access\\-date\\=January 13, 2014}}", "In 1999, Linwood Holton Elementary School, in [Richmond, Virginia](/wiki/Richmond%2C_Virginia \"Richmond, Virginia\"), was named in his honor.", "In November 2005, Holton underwent surgery for [bladder cancer](/wiki/Bladder_cancer \"Bladder cancer\"). In 2006, Holton, his wife Jinks, daughter [Anne](/wiki/Anne_Holton \"Anne Holton\") and son\\-in\\-law [Tim Kaine](/wiki/Tim_Kaine \"Tim Kaine\") opposed a proposed constitutional ban on same\\-sex marriage in Virginia.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://apnews.com/article/europe\\-virginia\\-tim\\-kaine\\-a\\-linwood\\-holton\\-jr\\-fdf180a898ebd290bcc02009286e6337\\|title\\=Former Virginia first lady ‘Jinks’ Holton dies at 97}}", "The [University of Virginia Press](/wiki/University_of_Virginia_Press \"University of Virginia Press\") published his memoir, *Opportunity Time*, in March 2008\\.Holton Jr., A. Linwood (2008\\). *Opportunity Time: A Memoir by Governor Linwood Holton*. [Description.](https://www.upress.virginia.edu/title/3908) Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, {{ISBN\\|978\\-0\\-8139\\-2720\\-6}} He was a long\\-time member of the Governing Council of the [University of Virginia](/wiki/University_of_Virginia \"University of Virginia\")'s [Miller Center of Public Affairs](/wiki/Miller_Center_of_Public_Affairs \"Miller Center of Public Affairs\").", "In 2017, the City of Roanoke hosted Holton for the dedication of a plaza named in his honor.{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://www.roanoke.com/news/local/roanoke/downtown\\-plaza\\-dedicated\\-for\\-linwood\\-holton\\-history\\-making\\-former\\-governor/article\\_5db641ac\\-81d8\\-5c80\\-9c4c\\-4fee64230f29\\.html\\|title\\=Downtown plaza dedicated for Linwood Holton, history\\-making former governor and one\\-time Roanoker\\|first\\=Matt\\|last\\=Chittum\\|work\\=Roanoke Times\\|access\\-date\\=October 17, 2017\\|language\\=en}}", "On the day of [Ralph Northam](/wiki/Ralph_Northam \"Ralph Northam\")'s inauguration in January 2018, Holton sat front and center for a photograph with Northam and nine other former governors who had followed Holton, including [Bob McDonnell](/wiki/Bob_McDonnell \"Bob McDonnell\"), [Jim Gilmore](/wiki/Jim_Gilmore \"Jim Gilmore\"), [Tim Kaine](/wiki/Tim_Kaine \"Tim Kaine\"), [Terry McAuliffe](/wiki/Terry_McAuliffe \"Terry McAuliffe\"), [George Allen](/wiki/George_Allen_%28American_politician%29 \"George Allen (American politician)\"), [Mark Warner](/wiki/Mark_Warner \"Mark Warner\"), [L. Douglas Wilder](/wiki/L._Douglas_Wilder \"L. Douglas Wilder\"), [Chuck Robb](/wiki/Chuck_Robb \"Chuck Robb\"), and [Gerald Baliles](/wiki/Gerald_Baliles \"Gerald Baliles\").Cain, Andrew (December 19, 2021\\). [\"'History had its eyes on' Gov. Linwood Holton, journalist Ann Compton says in memorial tribute,\"](https://richmond.com/news/state-and-regional/govt-and-politics/history-had-its-eyes-on-gov-linwood-holton-journalist-ann-compton-says-in-memorial-tribute/article_628c0f8f-1f6c-5b52-998b-d014d855985b.html) *Richmond Times\\-Dispatch*. pp. A1\\-A2\\.", "" ]
History ------- {{Infobox UK legislation \| short\_title \= Rugby and Leamington Railway Act 1846 \| type \= Act \| parliament \= Parliament of the United Kingdom \| long\_title \= An Act for making a Railway from the London and Birmingham Railway in the Parish oi Rugby in the County of Warwick to Leamington in the County of Warwick. \| year \= 1846 \| citation \= \[\[9 \& 10 Vict.]] c. ccclxviii \| introduced\_commons \= \| introduced\_lords \= \| territorial\_extent \= \| royal\_assent \= 13 August 1846 \| commencement \= \| expiry\_date \= \| repeal\_date \= \| amends \= \| replaces \= \| amendments \= \| repealing\_legislation \= \| related\_legislation \= \| status \= \| legislation\_history \= \| theyworkforyou \= \| millbankhansard \= \| original\_text \= https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukla/Vict/9\-10/368/pdfs/ukla\_18460368\_en.pdf \| revised\_text \= \| use\_new\_UK\-LEG \= \| UK\-LEG\_title \= \| collapsed \= yes }} [thumb\|The former station at [Birdingbury](/wiki/Birdingbury "Birdingbury") in 2010 showing the station buildings and platforms.](/wiki/File:TheSiteOfBirdingburyRailwayStationWarwickshire.jpg "TheSiteOfBirdingburyRailwayStationWarwickshire.jpg") The original proposal for the line were promoted by the *Rugby and Leamington Railway Company*. The **{{visible anchor\|Rugby and Leamington Railway Act 1846}}** ([9 \& 10 Vict.](/wiki/9_%26_10_Vict. "9 & 10 Vict.") c. ccclxviii) received [royal assent](/wiki/Royal_assent "Royal assent") on 13 August 1846\. The line was to be built and operated by the London and Birmingham Railway, which became part of the LNWR the following year.{{cite book\|last\=Hurst\|first\=Geoffrey\|title\=LNWR Branch Lines of West Leicestershire \& East Warwickshire\|publisher\=Milepost Publications\|date\=1993\|pages\=60–68\|edition\=First\|isbn\=0\-947796\-16\-9}} At Rugby, the branch diverged from the main line at a junction west of [Rugby railway station](/wiki/Rugby_railway_station "Rugby railway station") and ran south\-west for 15 miles and eight [chains](/wiki/Chain_%28unit%29 "Chain (unit)") to Leamington, where it was joined end\-on to the LNWR's existing branch line [from Coventry to Leamington](/wiki/Coventry%E2%80%93Leamington_line "Coventry–Leamington line"), which had been extended into Leamington town centre from its original terminus at [Milverton station](/wiki/Warwick_%28Milverton%29_railway_station "Warwick (Milverton) railway station"), which had been on the edge of the town. The line from Rugby to Leamington opened throughout on 1 March 1851\. The first intermediate station at [Marton](/wiki/Marton_railway_station_%28Warwickshire%29 "Marton railway station (Warwickshire)") was opened on 1 January 1852, {{rws\|Birdingbury}} station opened on 1 February 1853\. In February 1854, [Leamington Spa Avenue station](/wiki/Leamington_Spa_%28Avenue%29_railway_station "Leamington Spa (Avenue) railway station") opened which was closer to the town centre than the original Milverton station, and was alongside the rival [Great Western Railway](/wiki/Great_Western_Railway "Great Western Railway")'s (GWR) [Leamington station](/wiki/Leamington_Spa_railway_station "Leamington Spa railway station"). The station at {{rws\|Dunchurch}} was opened twenty years after the opening of the line on 2 October 1871\. The line was originally built as [single track](/wiki/Single_track_%28rail%29 "Single track (rail)"), but as traffic grew the line was [doubled](/wiki/Double_track "Double track") in stages from Rugby between 1882 and 1884\. The lines were designated [Up](/wiki/Railroad_directions%23United_Kingdom "Railroad directions#United Kingdom") to Rugby and [Down](/wiki/Railroad_directions%23United_Kingdom "Railroad directions#United Kingdom") to Leamington. Local trains for Leamington used the down (north) end [bay platforms](/wiki/Bay_platform "Bay platform") at Rugby. At the other end of the line, services from Rugby ran through to Warwick (Milverton) and this practice continued until closure because the [loco shed](/wiki/Motive_power_depot "Motive power depot") and servicing depot for the Rugby\-Leamington\-Coventry lines was at Milverton. In 1895, a new junction was created when the LNWR's single track [line from Weedon to Daventry](/wiki/Weedon%E2%80%93Marton_Junction_line "Weedon–Marton Junction line") was extended westward to join the Rugby to Leamington line at Marton Junction, which was two miles southwest of Marton station in a deep cutting through a ridge of high ground. At Leamington, the LNWR used a single track connection facing Rugby to exchange goods trains with the adjacent Great Western Railway. This connection was doubled in 1908 in order to cope with the increased traffic. The local passenger service was withdrawn by [British Railways](/wiki/British_Railways "British Railways") in June 1959, and the local goods sidings were closed in the early 1960s, however the line continued to see use as a diversionary route by both passenger and freight trains until 1965, during the electrification of the [West Coast Main Line](/wiki/West_Coast_Main_Line "West Coast Main Line"). When this finished the line was closed as a through route on 4 April 1966, and the line closed between Marton Junction and Leamington, with the remainder of the track singled. The only remaining traffic was goods trains serving the [Rugby Cement](/wiki/Rugby_Cement "Rugby Cement") works at both Rugby and [Southam](/wiki/Southam "Southam"), the latter of which was located on a stub of the former line to Weedon and so required trains to reverse at Marton Junction. Trains to the cement works at Southam continued until June 1985, with the track being lifted two years later. Infrequent trains served the cement works at Rugby until July 1991\. The track at this end remained, and remains in place however.
[ "History\n-------", "{{Infobox UK legislation\n\\| short\\_title \\= Rugby and Leamington Railway Act 1846\n\\| type \\= Act\n\\| parliament \\= Parliament of the United Kingdom\n\\| long\\_title \\= An Act for making a Railway from the London and Birmingham Railway in the Parish oi Rugby in the County of Warwick to Leamington in the County of Warwick.\n\\| year \\= 1846\n\\| citation \\= \\[\\[9 \\& 10 Vict.]] c. ccclxviii\n\\| introduced\\_commons \\= \n\\| introduced\\_lords \\= \n\\| territorial\\_extent \\= \n\\| royal\\_assent \\= 13 August 1846\n\\| commencement \\= \n\\| expiry\\_date \\= \n\\| repeal\\_date \\= \n\\| amends \\= \n\\| replaces \\= \n\\| amendments \\= \n\\| repealing\\_legislation \\= \n\\| related\\_legislation \\= \n\\| status \\= \n\\| legislation\\_history \\= \n\\| theyworkforyou \\= \n\\| millbankhansard \\= \n\\| original\\_text \\= https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukla/Vict/9\\-10/368/pdfs/ukla\\_18460368\\_en.pdf\n\\| revised\\_text \\= \n\\| use\\_new\\_UK\\-LEG \\= \n\\| UK\\-LEG\\_title \\= \n\\| collapsed \\= yes\n}}\n[thumb\\|The former station at [Birdingbury](/wiki/Birdingbury \"Birdingbury\") in 2010 showing the station buildings and platforms.](/wiki/File:TheSiteOfBirdingburyRailwayStationWarwickshire.jpg \"TheSiteOfBirdingburyRailwayStationWarwickshire.jpg\")", "The original proposal for the line were promoted by the *Rugby and Leamington Railway Company*. The **{{visible anchor\\|Rugby and Leamington Railway Act 1846}}** ([9 \\& 10 Vict.](/wiki/9_%26_10_Vict. \"9 & 10 Vict.\") c. ccclxviii) received [royal assent](/wiki/Royal_assent \"Royal assent\") on 13 August 1846\\. The line was to be built and operated by the London and Birmingham Railway, which became part of the LNWR the following year.{{cite book\\|last\\=Hurst\\|first\\=Geoffrey\\|title\\=LNWR Branch Lines of West Leicestershire \\& East Warwickshire\\|publisher\\=Milepost Publications\\|date\\=1993\\|pages\\=60–68\\|edition\\=First\\|isbn\\=0\\-947796\\-16\\-9}}", "At Rugby, the branch diverged from the main line at a junction west of [Rugby railway station](/wiki/Rugby_railway_station \"Rugby railway station\") and ran south\\-west for 15 miles and eight [chains](/wiki/Chain_%28unit%29 \"Chain (unit)\") to Leamington, where it was joined end\\-on to the LNWR's existing branch line [from Coventry to Leamington](/wiki/Coventry%E2%80%93Leamington_line \"Coventry–Leamington line\"), which had been extended into Leamington town centre from its original terminus at [Milverton station](/wiki/Warwick_%28Milverton%29_railway_station \"Warwick (Milverton) railway station\"), which had been on the edge of the town.", "The line from Rugby to Leamington opened throughout on 1 March 1851\\. The first intermediate station at [Marton](/wiki/Marton_railway_station_%28Warwickshire%29 \"Marton railway station (Warwickshire)\") was opened on 1 January 1852, {{rws\\|Birdingbury}} station opened on 1 February 1853\\. In February 1854, [Leamington Spa Avenue station](/wiki/Leamington_Spa_%28Avenue%29_railway_station \"Leamington Spa (Avenue) railway station\") opened which was closer to the town centre than the original Milverton station, and was alongside the rival [Great Western Railway](/wiki/Great_Western_Railway \"Great Western Railway\")'s (GWR) [Leamington station](/wiki/Leamington_Spa_railway_station \"Leamington Spa railway station\"). The station at {{rws\\|Dunchurch}} was opened twenty years after the opening of the line on 2 October 1871\\. The line was originally built as [single track](/wiki/Single_track_%28rail%29 \"Single track (rail)\"), but as traffic grew the line was [doubled](/wiki/Double_track \"Double track\") in stages from Rugby between 1882 and 1884\\. The lines were designated [Up](/wiki/Railroad_directions%23United_Kingdom \"Railroad directions#United Kingdom\") to Rugby and [Down](/wiki/Railroad_directions%23United_Kingdom \"Railroad directions#United Kingdom\") to Leamington.", "Local trains for Leamington used the down (north) end [bay platforms](/wiki/Bay_platform \"Bay platform\") at Rugby. At the other end of the line, services from Rugby ran through to Warwick (Milverton) and this practice continued until closure because the [loco shed](/wiki/Motive_power_depot \"Motive power depot\") and servicing depot for the Rugby\\-Leamington\\-Coventry lines was at Milverton.", "In 1895, a new junction was created when the LNWR's single track [line from Weedon to Daventry](/wiki/Weedon%E2%80%93Marton_Junction_line \"Weedon–Marton Junction line\") was extended westward to join the Rugby to Leamington line at Marton Junction, which was two miles southwest of Marton station in a deep cutting through a ridge of high ground.", "At Leamington, the LNWR used a single track connection facing Rugby to exchange goods trains with the adjacent Great Western Railway. This connection was doubled in 1908 in order to cope with the increased traffic.", "The local passenger service was withdrawn by [British Railways](/wiki/British_Railways \"British Railways\") in June 1959, and the local goods sidings were closed in the early 1960s, however the line continued to see use as a diversionary route by both passenger and freight trains until 1965, during the electrification of the [West Coast Main Line](/wiki/West_Coast_Main_Line \"West Coast Main Line\"). When this finished the line was closed as a through route on 4 April 1966, and the line closed between Marton Junction and Leamington, with the remainder of the track singled. The only remaining traffic was goods trains serving the [Rugby Cement](/wiki/Rugby_Cement \"Rugby Cement\") works at both Rugby and [Southam](/wiki/Southam \"Southam\"), the latter of which was located on a stub of the former line to Weedon and so required trains to reverse at Marton Junction. Trains to the cement works at Southam continued until June 1985, with the track being lifted two years later. Infrequent trains served the cement works at Rugby until July 1991\\. The track at this end remained, and remains in place however.", "" ]
Professional career ------------------- After playing collegiately for Louisiana State University, Ainsworth was the first\-round draft pick (24th overall) of the [San Francisco Giants](/wiki/San_Francisco_Giants "San Francisco Giants") in the [1999 MLB draft](/wiki/1999_Major_League_Baseball_Draft "1999 Major League Baseball Draft"). He signed with the Giants and finished the 1999 season with the [Salem\-Keizer Volcanoes](/wiki/Salem-Keizer_Volcanoes "Salem-Keizer Volcanoes") of the Class A [Northwest League](/wiki/Northwest_League "Northwest League"), where he started 10 games and accumulated a record of 3\-3 and an [ERA](/wiki/Earned_run_average "Earned run average") of 1\.61\. He spent the {{Baseball year\|2000}} season with the [Shreveport Captains](/wiki/Shreveport_Captains "Shreveport Captains") of the [Texas League](/wiki/Texas_League "Texas League"). At the age of 21, he was the same age as many of the players in rookie leagues, but he went 10–9 with an ERA of 3\.30 and 130 [strikeouts](/wiki/Strikeout "Strikeout") in 158 innings in the Class AA Texas League. This earned him a promotion to the Class AAA [Fresno Grizzlies](/wiki/Fresno_Grizzlies "Fresno Grizzlies") of the [Pacific Coast League](/wiki/Pacific_Coast_League "Pacific Coast League") in {{Baseball year\|2001}}. Although he again went 10–9 at Fresno, his ERA in 27 games was 5\.07; nevertheless, he was still called up to the MLB and made two relief appearances for the Giants in 2001\. The {{Baseball year\|2002}} season was a more successful one for Ainsworth. He again spent much of the season with Fresno, but with better results; his ERA in 19 starts there was 3\.41, and his record for the season was 8–6\. He made six appearances (four starts) for the Giants during the season; although his record for the Giants was just 1–2, his ERA in 25{{fraction\|2\|3}} innings was 2\.10, and he struck out 15 batters. Just as Ainsworth's career was looking very promising, it started falling prey to serious arm injuries in {{Baseball year\|2003}}. He began the season in the Giants' starting rotation and made 11 starts for them; he went 5–4 with an ERA of 3\.82 in 66 innings pitched. On June 3, 2003, he was placed on the [disabled list](/wiki/Disabled_list "Disabled list") with inflammation in his shoulder. He made a rehabilitation appearance with Fresno on June 15, but lasted just two innings; later in the month, doctors found that his [shoulder blade](/wiki/Scapula "Scapula") was broken, an extremely unusual injury for a pitcher. On July 31, the trading deadline, the Giants traded him and [Damian Moss](/wiki/Damian_Moss "Damian Moss") to the Baltimore Orioles for [Sidney Ponson](/wiki/Sidney_Ponson "Sidney Ponson"). He was not activated from the disabled list until September 20, and he appeared in just three games for the Orioles in 2003, pitching 2{{fraction\|1\|3}} innings in relief and accumulating an 0–1 record with an 11\.57 ERA. Ainsworth recovered in time to start the {{Baseball year\|2004}} season with the Orioles, but he made only seven starts before the Orioles demoted him to the Class AAA [Ottawa Lynx](/wiki/Ottawa_Lynx "Ottawa Lynx"). He pitched only four innings for the Lynx before he went on the disabled list again with right elbow inflammation; he was out until mid\-August, and he finished the season by making two rehab starts for the Orioles's short\-season Class A club, the [Aberdeen IronBirds](/wiki/Aberdeen_IronBirds "Aberdeen IronBirds"). Ainsworth made two appearances for the Orioles in [spring training](/wiki/Spring_training "Spring training") in {{Baseball year\|2005}}. In three innings, he allowed five runs, for an ERA of 15\.00, and his record was 0–1\. He was sidelined beginning in spring training with what he would find out was a [torn labrum](/wiki/Glenoid_labrum "Glenoid labrum") and a torn [rotator cuff](/wiki/Rotator_cuff "Rotator cuff"). He considered retirement but underwent shoulder surgery in late March. He hoped to make a return in the {{Baseball year\|2006}} season, but was unsuccessful and never pitched professionally again.
[ "Professional career\n-------------------", "After playing collegiately for Louisiana State University, Ainsworth was the first\\-round draft pick (24th overall) of the [San Francisco Giants](/wiki/San_Francisco_Giants \"San Francisco Giants\") in the [1999 MLB draft](/wiki/1999_Major_League_Baseball_Draft \"1999 Major League Baseball Draft\"). He signed with the Giants and finished the 1999 season with the [Salem\\-Keizer Volcanoes](/wiki/Salem-Keizer_Volcanoes \"Salem-Keizer Volcanoes\") of the Class A [Northwest League](/wiki/Northwest_League \"Northwest League\"), where he started 10 games and accumulated a record of 3\\-3 and an [ERA](/wiki/Earned_run_average \"Earned run average\") of 1\\.61\\.", "He spent the {{Baseball year\\|2000}} season with the [Shreveport Captains](/wiki/Shreveport_Captains \"Shreveport Captains\") of the [Texas League](/wiki/Texas_League \"Texas League\"). At the age of 21, he was the same age as many of the players in rookie leagues, but he went 10–9 with an ERA of 3\\.30 and 130 [strikeouts](/wiki/Strikeout \"Strikeout\") in 158 innings in the Class AA Texas League. This earned him a promotion to the Class AAA [Fresno Grizzlies](/wiki/Fresno_Grizzlies \"Fresno Grizzlies\") of the [Pacific Coast League](/wiki/Pacific_Coast_League \"Pacific Coast League\") in {{Baseball year\\|2001}}. Although he again went 10–9 at Fresno, his ERA in 27 games was 5\\.07; nevertheless, he was still called up to the MLB and made two relief appearances for the Giants in 2001\\.", "The {{Baseball year\\|2002}} season was a more successful one for Ainsworth. He again spent much of the season with Fresno, but with better results; his ERA in 19 starts there was 3\\.41, and his record for the season was 8–6\\. He made six appearances (four starts) for the Giants during the season; although his record for the Giants was just 1–2, his ERA in 25{{fraction\\|2\\|3}} innings was 2\\.10, and he struck out 15 batters.", "Just as Ainsworth's career was looking very promising, it started falling prey to serious arm injuries in {{Baseball year\\|2003}}. He began the season in the Giants' starting rotation and made 11 starts for them; he went 5–4 with an ERA of 3\\.82 in 66 innings pitched. On June 3, 2003, he was placed on the [disabled list](/wiki/Disabled_list \"Disabled list\") with inflammation in his shoulder. He made a rehabilitation appearance with Fresno on June 15, but lasted just two innings; later in the month, doctors found that his [shoulder blade](/wiki/Scapula \"Scapula\") was broken, an extremely unusual injury for a pitcher. On July 31, the trading deadline, the Giants traded him and [Damian Moss](/wiki/Damian_Moss \"Damian Moss\") to the Baltimore Orioles for [Sidney Ponson](/wiki/Sidney_Ponson \"Sidney Ponson\"). He was not activated from the disabled list until September 20, and he appeared in just three games for the Orioles in 2003, pitching 2{{fraction\\|1\\|3}} innings in relief and accumulating an 0–1 record with an 11\\.57 ERA.", "Ainsworth recovered in time to start the {{Baseball year\\|2004}} season with the Orioles, but he made only seven starts before the Orioles demoted him to the Class AAA [Ottawa Lynx](/wiki/Ottawa_Lynx \"Ottawa Lynx\"). He pitched only four innings for the Lynx before he went on the disabled list again with right elbow inflammation; he was out until mid\\-August, and he finished the season by making two rehab starts for the Orioles's short\\-season Class A club, the [Aberdeen IronBirds](/wiki/Aberdeen_IronBirds \"Aberdeen IronBirds\").", "Ainsworth made two appearances for the Orioles in [spring training](/wiki/Spring_training \"Spring training\") in {{Baseball year\\|2005}}. In three innings, he allowed five runs, for an ERA of 15\\.00, and his record was 0–1\\. He was sidelined beginning in spring training with what he would find out was a [torn labrum](/wiki/Glenoid_labrum \"Glenoid labrum\") and a torn [rotator cuff](/wiki/Rotator_cuff \"Rotator cuff\"). He considered retirement but underwent shoulder surgery in late March. He hoped to make a return in the {{Baseball year\\|2006}} season, but was unsuccessful and never pitched professionally again.", "" ]
Geography --------- The main hydrographic slopes neighboring the "Rivière du Sud" are: * north side: [rivière des Hurons](/wiki/Rivi%C3%A8re_des_Hurons_%28Richelieu_River%29 "Rivière des Hurons (Richelieu River)"); * east side: [Yamaska River](/wiki/Yamaska_River "Yamaska River"); * south side: [lake Champlain](/wiki/Lake_Champlain "Lake Champlain"), [Missisquoi Bay](/wiki/Missisquoi_Bay "Missisquoi Bay"); * west side: [Richelieu River](/wiki/Richelieu_River "Richelieu River"). The Rivière du Sud takes its head water from the confluence of the streams Méthé and Martel, in agricultural zone. This source is located at {{convert\|4\.3\|km}} at the south of the village of [Saint\-Alexandre](/wiki/Saint-Alexandre%2C_Quebec "Saint-Alexandre, Quebec") which is located on the south side of [Mont Saint\-Grégoire](/wiki/Mont_Saint-Gr%C3%A9goire "Mont Saint-Grégoire"). The South River flows 10\.8 km southwest to the south of the village of [Saint\-Alexandre](/wiki/Saint-Alexandre%2C_Quebec "Saint-Alexandre, Quebec") in agricultural areas, passing east of the village of [Henryville](/wiki/Henryville%2C_Quebec "Henryville, Quebec"), to the limit of the marsh areas. Then, the river flows for 3\.4 km to the southwest, in the marsh area, to the outlet of the Boue stream (coming from the south) located 350 m west of Pont Couture. This last segment, the South River splits; and the second course runs in parallel (on the south side) for 3\.4 km passing north of Hawley's Corner. The last segment, the Rivière du Sud, flows 5\.4 km north, in marsh areas, passing under the Métier bridge (ie [route 225](/wiki/Quebec_Route_225 "Quebec Route 225")), to reach the east bank of the [Richelieu River](/wiki/Richelieu_River "Richelieu River"), forming a point advancing towards the north, designated "Pointe du Gouvernement". The mouth of the South River is located on the limits of the seigneuries of [Noyan](/wiki/Seigneurie_de_Noyan "Seigneurie de Noyan") and [Sabrevois](/wiki/Seigneurie_de_Sabrevois "Seigneurie de Sabrevois"), very close to [Île aux Noix](/wiki/%C3%8Ele_aux_Noix "Île aux Noix"), 16\.7 km downstream from the Jean\-Jacques\-Bertrand bridge located at [Lacolle](/wiki/Lacolle%2C_Quebec "Lacolle, Quebec") and 26\.7 km downstream from the [Canada](/wiki/Canada "Canada")\-[United States](/wiki/United_States "United States") border.Segments de the river measured from the Atlas of Canada, Department of Natural Resources Canada.
[ "Geography\n---------", "The main hydrographic slopes neighboring the \"Rivière du Sud\" are:\n* north side: [rivière des Hurons](/wiki/Rivi%C3%A8re_des_Hurons_%28Richelieu_River%29 \"Rivière des Hurons (Richelieu River)\");\n* east side: [Yamaska River](/wiki/Yamaska_River \"Yamaska River\");\n* south side: [lake Champlain](/wiki/Lake_Champlain \"Lake Champlain\"), [Missisquoi Bay](/wiki/Missisquoi_Bay \"Missisquoi Bay\");\n* west side: [Richelieu River](/wiki/Richelieu_River \"Richelieu River\").", "The Rivière du Sud takes its head water from the confluence of the streams Méthé and Martel, in agricultural zone. This source is located at {{convert\\|4\\.3\\|km}} at the south of the village of [Saint\\-Alexandre](/wiki/Saint-Alexandre%2C_Quebec \"Saint-Alexandre, Quebec\") which is located on the south side of [Mont Saint\\-Grégoire](/wiki/Mont_Saint-Gr%C3%A9goire \"Mont Saint-Grégoire\").", "The South River flows 10\\.8 km southwest to the south of the village of [Saint\\-Alexandre](/wiki/Saint-Alexandre%2C_Quebec \"Saint-Alexandre, Quebec\") in agricultural areas, passing east of the village of [Henryville](/wiki/Henryville%2C_Quebec \"Henryville, Quebec\"), to the limit of the marsh areas. Then, the river flows for 3\\.4 km to the southwest, in the marsh area, to the outlet of the Boue stream (coming from the south) located 350 m west of Pont Couture. This last segment, the South River splits; and the second course runs in parallel (on the south side) for 3\\.4 km passing north of Hawley's Corner.", "The last segment, the Rivière du Sud, flows 5\\.4 km north, in marsh areas, passing under the Métier bridge (ie [route 225](/wiki/Quebec_Route_225 \"Quebec Route 225\")), to reach the east bank of the [Richelieu River](/wiki/Richelieu_River \"Richelieu River\"), forming a point advancing towards the north, designated \"Pointe du Gouvernement\".", "The mouth of the South River is located on the limits of the seigneuries of [Noyan](/wiki/Seigneurie_de_Noyan \"Seigneurie de Noyan\") and [Sabrevois](/wiki/Seigneurie_de_Sabrevois \"Seigneurie de Sabrevois\"), very close to [Île aux Noix](/wiki/%C3%8Ele_aux_Noix \"Île aux Noix\"), 16\\.7 km downstream from the Jean\\-Jacques\\-Bertrand bridge located at [Lacolle](/wiki/Lacolle%2C_Quebec \"Lacolle, Quebec\") and 26\\.7 km downstream from the [Canada](/wiki/Canada \"Canada\")\\-[United States](/wiki/United_States \"United States\") border.Segments de the river measured from the Atlas of Canada, Department of Natural Resources Canada.", "" ]
History ------- [thumb\|right\|Plaque at 3 Dame Street, Dublin which marks the site of the first Scout meeting in Ireland.](/wiki/File:Irish_Scouting_plaque_in_Dublin.jpg "Irish Scouting plaque in Dublin.jpg") *Scouting Ireland (SAI)* traces its origins to the foundation of [Scouting](/wiki/Scouting "Scouting") in Ireland. The initial growth mirrors that of Scouting in the United Kingdom, with groups forming organically, with young people and adults inspired by Baden Powell's writings coming together. Formal structures came later. The first Scout Groups in Dublin came together to form the *Dublin City and County Boy Scouts*, but it would be false to think that Scouting first established itself in the capital, with Groups in Wicklow and Louth among the first to form. Later, the *County Wicklow Scout Association* and the *Port of Dublin Sea Scout Association* established themselves in and around the capital. As Ireland remained part of the British Empire, the governance of Scouting in Ireland was headed in an official capacity by [The Scout Association](/wiki/The_Scout_Association "The Scout Association") and its Chief Scout, [Robert Baden\-Powell](/wiki/Robert_Baden-Powell%2C_1st_Baron_Baden-Powell "Robert Baden-Powell, 1st Baron Baden-Powell") The first recorded meeting took place at the home of [Richard P. Fortune](/wiki/Richard_P._Fortune "Richard P. Fortune"), a [Royal Naval Reservist](/wiki/Royal_Naval_Reserve "Royal Naval Reserve"), at 3 Dame Street, Dublin on 15 February 1908 where four boys were enrolled in the Wolf Patrol of the 1st Dublin Troop. Fortune's 1st Dublin Troop would go on to become the first group to register as part of the *Port of Dublin Sea Scout Association* in 1912, becoming 1st Port of Dublin Sea Scouts ([Ringsend](/wiki/Ringsend "Ringsend")). A plaque marks the location of the house, now demolished, on the plaza next to Dublin's City Hall. The 2nd Dublin formed the following week at 5 Upper Camden Street.{{cite web\| url \= http://www.scouts.ie/more/about\_scouting\_ireland/history\_of\_scouting\_ireland\-177\.html\| url\-status \= dead\| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20110719205336/http://www.scouts.ie/more/about\_scouting\_ireland/history\_of\_scouting\_ireland\-177\.html\| archive\-date \= 2011\-07\-19\| title \= History of Scouting in Ireland Join the Adventure! {{!}} Scouting Ireland {{!}} www.scouts.ie}} Details of the formation of early Scout Patrols and Troops are sketchy, as initially there was no administration to keep such records, but other Scout Troops formed in Dublin and in Bray, Greystones, Dundalk and Belfast in the early months of 1908\. The Greystones and Dundalk troops have been in continuous existence ever since. In 1921, the signing of the [Anglo\-Irish Treaty](/wiki/Anglo-Irish_Treaty "Anglo-Irish Treaty") established the [Irish Free State](/wiki/Irish_Free_State "Irish Free State"). At this time, the name of *Irish Free State Scout Council* was adopted, as the association expanded its reach outside of the greater Dublin area, becoming a national organisation. The name of the association was changed again with the foundation of the [Republic of Ireland](/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland "Republic of Ireland"). Taking on the title of the *Boy Scouts of Ireland*. At this time, the association also gained the recognition of the [World Organization of the Scout Movement (WOSM)](/wiki/World_Organization_of_the_Scout_Movement "World Organization of the Scout Movement")[Some statistics / National Scout Organisations / Countries / Around the world / Home \- World Organization of the Scout Movement](http://www.scout.org/en/around_the_world/countries/national_scout_organisations/some_statistics) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100402025708/http://www.scout.org/en/around\_the\_world/countries/national\_scout\_organisations/some\_statistics \|date\=2 April 2010 }} becoming Ireland's only officially recognised Scout association. In 1927, the [Catholic Boy Scouts of Ireland (CBSI)](/wiki/Scouting_Ireland_%28CSI%29 "Scouting Ireland (CSI)") was formed under the guidance of the Catholic Church as a means of imprinting a Catholic ethos on the young men of Ireland. Originating with Fr. Ernest Farrell, a curate in Greystones, County Wicklow in 1925/1926, the association was hastened in its initiation by his brother Fr. Tom Farrell, a curate in the Pro\-Cathedral. The association continued to work through the 1950s and 1960s during which it adapted to the development of Ireland as an independent republic. In 1965, the SAI formed the *Federation of Irish Scout Associations (FISA)* with the CBSI. This enabled the two associations and their members the recognition and resources of WOSM. All Scouts in Ireland were thus able to play an active role in International Scouting. Developments following the late 60's saw the association take on the name of the Scout Association of Ireland. This was subsequently changed to Scouting Ireland (SAI) in advance of the merging of the association with the CBSI. From 1 January 2004, both the SAI and the CSI ceased operations. Scouting in Ireland from this point forward would be overseen by the unified [Scouting Ireland](/wiki/Scouting_Ireland "Scouting Ireland"). In May 2020, it was revealed that prior to the 2004 merger with the CBSI which formed Scouting Ireland, the SAI covered up sex abuse committed by people who served in the organization.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/scouting\-ireland\-abuse\-a\-damning\-verdict\-but\-there\-is\-more\-to\-be\-found\-z0hhc9tvx\|title\=Scouting Ireland abuse: a damning verdict, but there is more to be found\|first\=Paul\|last\=O'Donoghue\|work\=The Times\|date\=15 May 2020\|accessdate\=15 May 2020}} In a period spanning decades, both the CBSI and SAI shielded 275 known or suspected predators who abused children after becoming aware of the reported acts of abuse. Scouting Ireland backed the findings of the report and issued an apology.
[ "History\n-------", "[thumb\\|right\\|Plaque at 3 Dame Street, Dublin which marks the site of the first Scout meeting in Ireland.](/wiki/File:Irish_Scouting_plaque_in_Dublin.jpg \"Irish Scouting plaque in Dublin.jpg\")", "*Scouting Ireland (SAI)* traces its origins to the foundation of [Scouting](/wiki/Scouting \"Scouting\") in Ireland. The initial growth mirrors that of Scouting in the United Kingdom, with groups forming organically, with young people and adults inspired by Baden Powell's writings coming together. Formal structures came later. The first Scout Groups in Dublin came together to form the *Dublin City and County Boy Scouts*, but it would be false to think that Scouting first established itself in the capital, with Groups in Wicklow and Louth among the first to form. Later, the *County Wicklow Scout Association* and the *Port of Dublin Sea Scout Association* established themselves in and around the capital. As Ireland remained part of the British Empire, the governance of Scouting in Ireland was headed in an official capacity by [The Scout Association](/wiki/The_Scout_Association \"The Scout Association\") and its Chief Scout, [Robert Baden\\-Powell](/wiki/Robert_Baden-Powell%2C_1st_Baron_Baden-Powell \"Robert Baden-Powell, 1st Baron Baden-Powell\")", "The first recorded meeting took place at the home of [Richard P. Fortune](/wiki/Richard_P._Fortune \"Richard P. Fortune\"), a [Royal Naval Reservist](/wiki/Royal_Naval_Reserve \"Royal Naval Reserve\"), at 3 Dame Street, Dublin on 15 February 1908 where four boys were enrolled in the Wolf Patrol of the 1st Dublin Troop. Fortune's 1st Dublin Troop would go on to become the first group to register as part of the *Port of Dublin Sea Scout Association* in 1912, becoming 1st Port of Dublin Sea Scouts ([Ringsend](/wiki/Ringsend \"Ringsend\")). A plaque marks the location of the house, now demolished, on the plaza next to Dublin's City Hall. The 2nd Dublin formed the following week at 5 Upper Camden Street.{{cite web\\| url \\= http://www.scouts.ie/more/about\\_scouting\\_ireland/history\\_of\\_scouting\\_ireland\\-177\\.html\\| url\\-status \\= dead\\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20110719205336/http://www.scouts.ie/more/about\\_scouting\\_ireland/history\\_of\\_scouting\\_ireland\\-177\\.html\\| archive\\-date \\= 2011\\-07\\-19\\| title \\= History of Scouting in Ireland Join the Adventure! {{!}} Scouting Ireland {{!}} www.scouts.ie}} Details of the formation of early Scout Patrols and Troops are sketchy, as initially there was no administration to keep such records, but other Scout Troops formed in Dublin and in Bray, Greystones, Dundalk and Belfast in the early months of 1908\\. The Greystones and Dundalk troops have been in continuous existence ever since.", "In 1921, the signing of the [Anglo\\-Irish Treaty](/wiki/Anglo-Irish_Treaty \"Anglo-Irish Treaty\") established the [Irish Free State](/wiki/Irish_Free_State \"Irish Free State\"). At this time, the name of *Irish Free State Scout Council* was adopted, as the association expanded its reach outside of the greater Dublin area, becoming a national organisation. The name of the association was changed again with the foundation of the [Republic of Ireland](/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland \"Republic of Ireland\"). Taking on the title of the *Boy Scouts of Ireland*. At this time, the association also gained the recognition of the [World Organization of the Scout Movement (WOSM)](/wiki/World_Organization_of_the_Scout_Movement \"World Organization of the Scout Movement\")[Some statistics / National Scout Organisations / Countries / Around the world / Home \\- World Organization of the Scout Movement](http://www.scout.org/en/around_the_world/countries/national_scout_organisations/some_statistics) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100402025708/http://www.scout.org/en/around\\_the\\_world/countries/national\\_scout\\_organisations/some\\_statistics \\|date\\=2 April 2010 }} becoming Ireland's only officially recognised Scout association.", "In 1927, the [Catholic Boy Scouts of Ireland (CBSI)](/wiki/Scouting_Ireland_%28CSI%29 \"Scouting Ireland (CSI)\") was formed under the guidance of the Catholic Church as a means of imprinting a Catholic ethos on the young men of Ireland. Originating with Fr. Ernest Farrell, a curate in Greystones, County Wicklow in 1925/1926, the association was hastened in its initiation by his brother Fr. Tom Farrell, a curate in the Pro\\-Cathedral.", "The association continued to work through the 1950s and 1960s during which it adapted to the development of Ireland as an independent republic. In 1965, the SAI formed the *Federation of Irish Scout Associations (FISA)* with the CBSI. This enabled the two associations and their members the recognition and resources of WOSM. All Scouts in Ireland were thus able to play an active role in International Scouting.", "Developments following the late 60's saw the association take on the name of the Scout Association of Ireland. This was subsequently changed to Scouting Ireland (SAI) in advance of the merging of the association with the CBSI. From 1 January 2004, both the SAI and the CSI ceased operations. Scouting in Ireland from this point forward would be overseen by the unified [Scouting Ireland](/wiki/Scouting_Ireland \"Scouting Ireland\").", "In May 2020, it was revealed that prior to the 2004 merger with the CBSI which formed Scouting Ireland, the SAI covered up sex abuse committed by people who served in the organization.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/scouting\\-ireland\\-abuse\\-a\\-damning\\-verdict\\-but\\-there\\-is\\-more\\-to\\-be\\-found\\-z0hhc9tvx\\|title\\=Scouting Ireland abuse: a damning verdict, but there is more to be found\\|first\\=Paul\\|last\\=O'Donoghue\\|work\\=The Times\\|date\\=15 May 2020\\|accessdate\\=15 May 2020}} In a period spanning decades, both the CBSI and SAI shielded 275 known or suspected predators who abused children after becoming aware of the reported acts of abuse. Scouting Ireland backed the findings of the report and issued an apology.", "" ]
Architecture ------------ The Paramount Hotel was designed by [Thomas W. Lamb](/wiki/Thomas_W._Lamb "Thomas W. Lamb"){{Cite news \|date\=June 10, 1928 \|title\=Paramount Hotel Opens; Formal Opening Dinner to Be Held Tuesday Evening. \|language\=en\-US \|work\=The New York Times \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1928/06/10/archives/paramount\-hotel\-opens\-formal\-opening\-dinner\-to\-be\-held\-tuesday.html \|access\-date\=February 1, 2022 \|issn\=0362\-4331 \|archive\-date\=February 1, 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201170451/https://www.nytimes.com/1928/06/10/archives/paramount\-hotel\-opens\-formal\-opening\-dinner\-to\-be\-held\-tuesday.html \|url\-status\=live }} and built by the O'Day Construction Company.{{Cite news \|date\=May 27, 1928 \|title\=New Paramount Hotel Nearing Completion; Seven Hundred\-Room Structure to Open Its Door to Public on June 5\. \|language\=en\-US \|work\=The New York Times \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1928/05/27/archives/new\-paramount\-hotel\-nearing\-completion\-seven\-hundredroom\-structure.html \|access\-date\=February 1, 2022 \|issn\=0362\-4331 \|archive\-date\=February 1, 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201173701/https://www.nytimes.com/1928/05/27/archives/new\-paramount\-hotel\-nearing\-completion\-seven\-hundredroom\-structure.html \|url\-status\=live }}{{cite news \|date\=May 27, 1928 \|title\=Paramount Hotel Opens June 1 \|page\=20 \|work\=New York Herald Tribune \|id\={{ProQuest\|1113380943}}}} It was one of Lamb's few non\-theatrical buildings; most of his work consisted of over 300 theaters and cinemas.{{cite web \|title\=History \|url\=https://www.nycparamount.com/the\-hotel/history \|access\-date\=February 2, 2022 \|website\=Paramount Hotel \|archive\-date\=February 2, 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220202151701/https://www.nycparamount.com/the\-hotel/history \|url\-status\=live }}{{Cite web \|last\=Chan \|first\=Sewell \|date\=November 17, 2009 \|title\=Newly Renovated Paramount Hotel Is Now a Landmark \|url\=https://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/11/17/newly\-renovated\-paramount\-hotel\-is\-now\-a\-landmark/ \|access\-date\=February 3, 2022 \|website\=City Room \|language\=en\-US \|archive\-date\=January 29, 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129074706/https://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/11/17/newly\-renovated\-paramount\-hotel\-is\-now\-a\-landmark/ \|url\-status\=live }} An early source characterized the hotel as being [Italian Renaissance](/wiki/Renaissance_architecture "Renaissance architecture") in design, but the hotel's own website and the [New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission](/wiki/New_York_City_Landmarks_Preservation_Commission "New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission") describe the building as being [French Renaissance](/wiki/French_Renaissance_architecture "French Renaissance architecture")\-inspired.{{harvnb\|Landmarks Preservation Commission\|2009\|ps\=.\|p\=5}} Due to the presence of a [mezzanine](/wiki/Mezzanine "Mezzanine") level above the ground story, sources differ as to how many stories the hotel contains. While the [New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission](/wiki/New_York_City_Landmarks_Preservation_Commission "New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission") and [SkyscraperPage](/wiki/SkyscraperPage "SkyscraperPage") give a figure of 19 stories (excluding the ground\-story mezzanine),{{harvnb\|Landmarks Preservation Commission\|2009\|ps\=.\|p\=6}}{{cite web \|title\=Diagrams \|url\=https://skyscraperpage.com/diagrams/?searchID\=96024347 \|access\-date\=February 1, 2022 \|website\=SkyscraperPage.com \|archive\-date\=February 1, 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201193923/https://skyscraperpage.com/diagrams/?searchID\=96024347 \|url\-status\=live }} the [New York City Department of City Planning](/wiki/New_York_City_Department_of_City_Planning "New York City Department of City Planning") cites the hotel as being 18 stories tall, and [Emporis](/wiki/Emporis "Emporis") gives a figure of 20 stories.{{Cite web \|title\=Paramount Hotel \|url\=https://www.emporis.com/buildings/114933/paramount\-hotel\-new\-york\-city\-ny\-usa \|access\-date\=January 1, 2022 \|publisher\=Emporis \|archive\-date\=February 1, 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201193921/https://www.emporis.com/buildings/114933/paramount\-hotel\-new\-york\-city\-ny\-usa \|url\-status\=usurped }} Originally, the hotel had 700 rooms. ### Form The hotel is H\-shaped in arrangement. The northern and southern [elevations](/wiki/Elevation_%28architecture%29 "Elevation (architecture)") are twelve [bays](/wiki/Bay_%28architecture%29 "Bay (architecture)") wide, while the western and eastern elevations are narrower and have [light courts](/wiki/Light_court "Light court") at their centers. The northern elevation faces the center of the block, toward [47th Street](/wiki/47th_Street_%28Manhattan%29 "47th Street (Manhattan)"), and the southern elevation faces 46th Street. The [massing](/wiki/Massing "Massing") includes several [setbacks](/wiki/Setback_%28architecture%29 "Setback (architecture)") at the 12th, 14th, 16th, and 18th stories. Because the setbacks are only placed on the northern and southern elevations of the facade, they are only visible from the west and east. Along 46th Street, the first eleven stories occupy nearly the entire site (except for the light courts), extending outward to the [lot line](/wiki/Lot_line "Lot line"). The eight center bays on the 12th and 13th stories are recessed from the two end bays on either side. There is another setback across all twelve bays at the 14th story, though the center bays on the 14th and 15th stories are still recessed. Above the 16th story, the three outermost bays on each side are recessed significantly. Diagonal wall sections link the outermost bays with the four center bays, which continue straight up from the 14th\-story setback. At the 18th and 19th stories, the outer bays on each side form a copper [mansard roof](/wiki/Mansard_roof "Mansard roof") with [dormer](/wiki/Dormer "Dormer") windows, while the center bays are topped by a [hip roof](/wiki/Hip_roof "Hip roof").{{harvnb\|Landmarks Preservation Commission\|2009\|ps\=.\|pp\=6–7}} Along the north elevation (facing 47th Street), the lowest ten stories are obscured by neighboring buildings such as the Brooks Atkinson Theatre, though the 11th through 19th stories are visible from 47th Street. The setbacks on this elevation all span the width of the facade. ### Facade The [facade](/wiki/Facade "Facade") is made of brick, stone, and [terracotta](/wiki/Terracotta "Terracotta"). Most of the decorative detail is concentrated on the south elevation, facing 46th Street. The most ornate decorations are on the ground story, mezzanine, and 2nd story, since that is the most prominent portion of the facade from the street level. The other floors contain simpler decorative details. #### Base [thumb\|Detail of the mezzanine (bottom) and the second\-story windows (top). The upper portion of each arch contains a tripartite iron frame. The second\-story windows, above the arches, are rectangular [sash windows](/wiki/Sash_window "Sash window") surrounded by eared moldings. There are marble panels between each set of second\-story windows.](/wiki/File:Paramount_Hotel_Nov_2021_11.jpg "Paramount Hotel Nov 2021 11.jpg") At ground level, the 46th Street facade consists of a double\-height [colonnade](/wiki/Colonnade "Colonnade") with twelve round arches, spanning the width of the hotel. The arches are supported by white marble [piers](/wiki/Pier_%28architecture%29 "Pier (architecture)") above a granite [water table](/wiki/Water_table_%28architecture%29 "Water table (architecture)"). Most of the ground\-level openings contain storefront windows or doors. The third and fourth bays from the right contain the hotel's entrance, while the fifth bay from the left contains an entrance to Sony Hall.{{harvnb\|Landmarks Preservation Commission\|2009\|ps\=.\|p\=7}} Two ornate [marquees](/wiki/Marquee_%28structure%29 "Marquee (structure)"), one each in front of Sony Hall's and the hotel's entrances, were installed as part of a 2013 renovation.[Diamond Horseshoe: Stonehill \& Taylor](https://restaurantandbardesign.com/2014/09/04/diamond-horseshoe-stonehill-taylor/) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190413000508/https://restaurantandbardesign.com/2014/09/04/diamond\-horseshoe\-stonehill\-taylor/ \|date\=April 13, 2019 }}. [Restaurant \& Bar Design Ltd.](/wiki/Restaurant_%26_Bar_Design_Awards "Restaurant & Bar Design Awards") Retrieved May 12, 2020\. The piers on either side of the Sony Hall entrance contain bronze\-framed sign boards. The upper portion of each arch contains a tripartite iron frame, which separates the cast\-iron [spandrels](/wiki/Spandrels "Spandrels") between the ground and mezzanine windows, as well as the mezzanine windows themselves. The tops of the arches are surrounded by moldings, and the [keystone](/wiki/Keystone_%28architecture%29 "Keystone (architecture)") of each arch contains a [volute](/wiki/Volute "Volute") with ribbons on either side. A marble [string course](/wiki/String_course "String course") runs above the first\-story colonnade. The 2nd\-story windows are rectangular [sash windows](/wiki/Sash_window "Sash window") surrounded by eared moldings. All of the windows share a paneled [window sill](/wiki/Window_sill "Window sill"), which contains [swags](/wiki/Swag_%28motif%29 "Swag (motif)") just beneath each window. There are volutes flanking each window, above which rise vertical bands of foliate decoration. The tops of each window contain keystones with shells and foliate swags. The windows are separated by marble panels that are alternatively round and rectangular, with ornate frames. The panels contain shells at their bottoms, as well as swags, curved [pediments](/wiki/Pediments "Pediments"), and angels' heads above. A [cornice](/wiki/Cornice "Cornice") runs above the 2nd story. #### Upper stories The 3rd through 10th stories are mostly clad in plain brick with rectangular window openings. The 3rd\-story window openings are surrounded by eared moldings; above each window are volutes flanking swags, which support segmental\-arched and triangular pediments. The 4th\- through 10th\-story windows are plain in design, except for window sills and air\-conditioning vents below each window. Starting on the 3rd story, the two outer bays are flanked by narrow bands of brick [quoins](/wiki/Quoin "Quoin"). The 11th\-story windows contain eared moldings, swags below each window, and elaborate keystones. There are marble panels between most of the 11th\-story windows (except in front of the quoins); the panels have alternating lozenge and circular shapes. Each of these marble panels is topped by three [brackets](/wiki/Bracket_%28architecture%29 "Bracket (architecture)") shaped like [acanthus leaves](/wiki/Acanthus_%28ornament%29 "Acanthus (ornament)"). A string course runs above the 11th story.[thumb\|Facade of the Paramount Hotel above the 11th story. At the 12th\-story setback, there is a terracotta balustrade in front of the eight center bays. There are further setbacks at the 14th, 16th, and 18th stories. Parts of the facade are separated vertically by iron railings and metal security grates. At](/wiki/File:Paramount_Hotel_Nov_2021_05.jpg "Paramount Hotel Nov 2021 05.jpg") the 12th\-story setback, there is a terracotta balustrade in front of the eight center bays. Each of these bays is separated by an [urn](/wiki/Urn "Urn") with a terracotta [finial](/wiki/Finial "Finial"). Metal security grates are installed between the facade and the urns, dividing the balcony into several sections. The four outer windows on the 12th story are filled with iron balustrades. At the 14th\-story setback, there is a string course and a balustrade across all twelve bays; metal grates are installed at several points. Within each bay, the windows at the 12th and 13th stories are placed within the same terracotta molding, as are the 14th\- and 15th\-story windows in each bay. On each of the 12th through 15th stories, there are bands of quoins separating each of the bays, except for the two outermost bays on either side, which are separated by plain brick.{{harvnb\|Landmarks Preservation Commission\|2009\|ps\=.\|pp\=7–8}} Another cornice runs above the 15th story, supported by pairs of brackets and acanthus leaves.{{harvnb\|Landmarks Preservation Commission\|2009\|ps\=.\|p\=8}} At the 16th and 17th stories, the four central bays rise without setting back further. The three outermost bays on either side are significantly set back, creating the impression of a projecting central pavilion. The central bays and the outer bays are connected by diagonal wall sections, which are decorated with urns atop volutes. The two outermost bays on either side have stone balustrades, while the remainders of the outer pavilions contain iron railings and metal security grates. Within each bay, the windows at the 16th and 17th stories are placed within the same terracotta molding. Each of the four center bays is separated by a row of quoins. At the 17th story, the center bays have pediments decorated with [cartouches](/wiki/Cartouche "Cartouche") and volutes. A terracotta [frieze](/wiki/Frieze "Frieze") separates the 17th story from the roof. The west and east elevations are generally designed in plain brick with rectangular window openings. The southern sections of these elevations contain chimneys above the 8th story, as well as stone bands at the 12th, 14th, 16th, and 18th\-story setbacks. The north elevation contains terracotta balconies at each setback, which span the width of the facade. The setbacks also have metal security grates. #### Roof The hotel's southern and northern wings share a hip roof at the center, flanked by mansard roofs on either side of each wing. The central hip roof is topped by a frieze with ribbons and swags, with cartouches at the corners. A plain [coping](/wiki/Coping_%28architecture%29 "Coping (architecture)") runs above the rest of the roof.{{harvnb\|Landmarks Preservation Commission\|2009\|ps\=.\|pp\=8–9}} To the south, the hip\-roofed section is flanked by two volutes on either side. The four center windows contain stone dormers at the 18th story; these are topped by arched pediments decorated with shells and foliate decorations. The center of the 19th story has three circular copper dormers with pediments, which alternate with the 18th\-story windows. On the south elevation, the side bays each have three copper dormers on the 18th and 19th stories, with segmentally arched pediments. To the north, there are two square dormer windows at the 18th story. ### Interior #### Lobby [thumb\|Lobby of the Paramount HotelThe](/wiki/File:Paramount_Hotel.jpg "Paramount Hotel.jpg") hotel's lobby was originally decorated in marble and contained art from [Cornelius Vanderbilt](/wiki/Cornelius_Vanderbilt "Cornelius Vanderbilt")'s estate.{{cite news \|date\=August 9, 1945 \|title\=Syndicate Buys The Paramount Hotel in 46th St: Building Sold by Chase National Bank to Ritter, Bogdanffy Group \|page\=32 \|work\=New York Herald Tribune \|id\={{ProQuest\|1291138528}}}} The modern lobby design dates to a 1990 renovation by [Philippe Starck](/wiki/Philippe_Starck "Philippe Starck"), who drew inspiration from science\-fiction themes{{cite magazine \|last\=Dworetzky \|first\=Tom \|date\=Nov 1990 \|title\=Arts: Designs for Living \|volume\=13 \|issue\=2 \|page\=18 \|id\={{ProQuest\|229727450}} \|magazine\=Omni}} and 19th\-century ocean liners. The lobby is decorated with stucco, and the marble walls have niches decorated with roses, which enclose a newsstand, reception desk, cashier, and concierge. A {{cvt\|2000\|ft2\|adj\=on}} white\-gold\-leaf panel is placed on one wall. There is also furniture in various designs, as well as a carpeted central seating area with sofas, chairs, and a checkerboard carpet. Furnishings by designers such as [Marc Newson](/wiki/Marc_Newson "Marc Newson"), [Antoni Gaudí](/wiki/Antoni_Gaud%C3%AD "Antoni Gaudí"), and [Jean\-Michel Frank](/wiki/Jean-Michel_Frank "Jean-Michel Frank") are also featured in the lobby.{{Cite news \|last\=Slesin \|first\=Suzanne \|date\=August 9, 1990 \|title\=Lobby as Urban Living Room \|language\=en\-US \|work\=The New York Times \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/08/09/garden/lobby\-as\-urban\-living\-room.html \|access\-date\=February 3, 2022 \|issn\=0362\-4331 \|archive\-date\=February 3, 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220203025005/https://www.nytimes.com/1990/08/09/garden/lobby\-as\-urban\-living\-room.html \|url\-status\=live }} On the main level was also a brasserie operated by [Dean \& DeLuca](/wiki/Dean_%26_DeLuca "Dean & DeLuca"), as well as a take\-out restaurant.{{cite news \|last\=Stein \|first\=Jeannine \|date\=November 21, 1990 \|title\=The Place to Be Scene: Guests Schmooze and Snooze at N.Y.'s Chichi Newcomer, the Paramount \|page\=E1 \|work\=Los Angeles Times \|id\={{ProQuest\|1459850574}}}} At the rear of the lobby was the Whiskey Bar, designed in a "semi\-industrial" manner with Polaroids on the walls.{{Cite news \|last\=Grimes \|first\=William \|date\=September 13, 1992 \|title\=Manhattan's Hotel Bars: Clubby Comfort \|language\=en\-US \|work\=The New York Times \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/09/13/travel/manhattan\-s\-hotel\-bars\-clubby\-comfort.html \|access\-date\=February 3, 2022 \|issn\=0362\-4331 \|archive\-date\=February 3, 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220203165042/https://www.nytimes.com/1992/09/13/travel/manhattan\-s\-hotel\-bars\-clubby\-comfort.html \|url\-status\=live }}{{Cite news \|last\=Sherman \|first\=Beth \|date\=February 14, 1992 \|title\=For the Young, Dateless: Whiskey Bar \|pages\=98 \|work\=Newsday \|via\=newspapers.com \|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/94110157/for\-the\-young\-dateless\-whiskey/ \|access\-date\=February 3, 2022 \|archive\-date\=February 3, 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220203165053/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/94110157/for\-the\-young\-dateless\-whiskey/ \|url\-status\=live }} One reviewer said of the lobby: "Despite its severe, concrete\-like interiors, the lobby has something spunky about it."{{Cite news \|last\=Brown \|first\=Patricia Leigh \|date\=September 21, 1990 \|title\=No Headline \|language\=en\-US \|work\=The New York Times \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/09/21/arts/no\-headline\-904390\.html \|access\-date\=February 3, 2022 \|issn\=0362\-4331 \|archive\-date\=February 3, 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220203025005/https://www.nytimes.com/1990/09/21/arts/no\-headline\-904390\.html \|url\-status\=live }} The lobby also has a mezzanine spanning 2,000 square feet, which wraps around the ground\-floor space. The ground and mezzanine levels are connected by a plexiglass\-and\-marble stairway, which is designed to give the impression that it is floating. After the renovation in 1990, the mezzanine level had a movie theater, a fitness center, and a business center. The lobby mezzanine also contained a playroom designed by [Gary Panter](/wiki/Gary_Panter "Gary Panter"), though the playroom has since been dismantled.{{Cite web \|last\=Browne \|first\=Alix \|date\=April 8, 2010 \|title\=From Playhouse to Our House \|url\=https://tmagazine.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/04/08/from\-playhouse\-to\-our\-house/ \|access\-date\=February 3, 2022 \|website\=T Magazine \|language\=en\-US \|archive\-date\=February 3, 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220203194821/https://tmagazine.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/04/08/from\-playhouse\-to\-our\-house/ \|url\-status\=live }} Starck designed custom lamps for the mezzanine, which subsequently were sold commercially under the name "Miss Sissi".{{Cite news \|date\=June 18, 1992 \|title\=Currents; Stork Club Memories \|language\=en\-US \|work\=The New York Times \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/06/18/garden/currents\-stork\-club\-memories.html \|access\-date\=February 3, 2022 \|issn\=0362\-4331 \|archive\-date\=February 3, 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220203172615/https://www.nytimes.com/1992/06/18/garden/currents\-stork\-club\-memories.html \|url\-status\=live }}{{Cite news \|last\=Palazzo \|first\=Risa \|date\=April 1, 1999 \|title\=From Ashtrays to Beds, Many Chic Hotels Are Selling Their Decor \|pages\=120 \|work\=Newsday \|via\=newspapers.com \|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/94111797/from\-ashtrays\-to\-beds\-many\-chic\-hotels/ \|access\-date\=February 3, 2022 \|archive\-date\=February 3, 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220203172614/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/94111797/from\-ashtrays\-to\-beds\-many\-chic\-hotels/ \|url\-status\=live }} Restrooms, decorated with multicolored tiles, are also placed on this level. When the hotel was renovated, [Pierre Sabatti](/wiki/Pierre_Sabatti "Pierre Sabatti") redesigned the mezzanine restrooms with stainless\-steel sinks, shaped like cones and decorated with etchings of leaves and feathers.{{Cite news \|last\=Sherman \|first\=Beth \|date\=October 4, 1990 \|title\=City's Best Bathrooms \|pages\=202 \|work\=Newsday \|via\=newspapers.com \|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/94105205/citys\-best\-bathroomsbeth\-sherman/ \|access\-date\=February 3, 2022 \|archive\-date\=February 3, 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220203165042/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/94105205/citys\-best\-bathroomsbeth\-sherman/ \|url\-status\=live }} A writer for *Newsday* characterized the mezzanine bathrooms as among New York City's ten best restrooms. #### Sony Hall {{Main\|Sony Hall}} When the hotel was completed, it contained an 850\-seat grill room measuring {{cvt\|75\|by\|100\|ft}}, with a {{cvt\|19\|ft\|m\|\-high\|adj\=mid}} ceiling and attached dressing rooms. In 1938, the room became a night club called Billy Rose's Diamond Horseshoe. The basement space then became a theater and was known by several names, including as the Stairway Theatre, Mayfair Theatre, and Century Theatre.[Century Theatre](https://www.ibdb.com/theatre/century-theatre-1092) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200326022952/https://www.ibdb.com/theatre/century\-theatre\-1092 \|date\=March 26, 2020 }}. [Internet Broadway Database](/wiki/Internet_Broadway_Database "Internet Broadway Database"). [The Broadway League](/wiki/The_Broadway_League "The Broadway League"). Retrieved May 12, 2020\. Since 2018, the theater in the basement has operated as an event venue named Sony Hall.{{cite web \|last\=Kis \|first\=Eva \|date\=March 26, 2018 \|title\=A 1930s basement theater becomes NYC's new high\-tech Sony Hall \|url\=https://www.metro.us/a\-1930s\-basement\-theater\-becomes\-nycs\-new\-high\-tech\-sony\-hall/ \|access\-date\=February 1, 2022 \|website\=Metro US \|archive\-date\=February 1, 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201160338/https://www.metro.us/a\-1930s\-basement\-theater\-becomes\-nycs\-new\-high\-tech\-sony\-hall/ \|url\-status\=live }} Lamb's original design for the space was a [nostalgic](/wiki/Nostalgia "Nostalgia") take on a [saloon](/wiki/Bar_%28establishment%29 "Bar (establishment)") from the 1890s.{{cite magazine \|last\=Monahan \|first\=Patrick \|date\=January 24, 2014 \|title\=The Diamond Horseshoe, the World War II\-Era Nightclub Resurrected by Randy Weiner and Simon Hammerstein \|url\=https://www.vanityfair.com/culture/2014/01/diamond\-horseshoe\-nightclub\-simon\-hammerstein \|access\-date\=February 1, 2022 \|magazine\=Vanity Fair \|archive\-date\=June 13, 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613122110/https://www.vanityfair.com/culture/2014/01/diamond\-horseshoe\-nightclub\-simon\-hammerstein \|url\-status\=live }}{{cite web \|last\=Sullivan \|first\=Megan \|date\=November 6, 2014 \|title\=Diamond Horseshoe Club at the Paramount \|url\=https://lodgingmagazine.com/diamond\-horseshoe\-club\-at\-the\-paramount/ \|access\-date\=February 1, 2022 \|website\=Lodging Magazine \|archive\-date\=February 1, 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201154835/https://lodgingmagazine.com/diamond\-horseshoe\-club\-at\-the\-paramount/ \|url\-status\=live }} The design was based on that of grill rooms and restaurants in Europe, with pink, blue, and white [Celanese](/wiki/Celanese "Celanese") satin at the entrance.{{cite news \|date\=August 16, 1928 \|title\=Cottons And Fabrics Of Synthetic Yarns: Celanese Fabric Display At Entrance To Grill Room Of New Paramount Hotel \|volume\=37 \|pages\=SIII13 \|work\=Women's Wear Daily \|issue\=39 \|id\={{ProQuest\|1653391417}}}} The current design dates to a renovation in 2013, carried out by architectural firm [Stonehill \& Taylor](/wiki/Stonehill_%26_Taylor "Stonehill & Taylor") and interior designer [Meg Sharpe](/wiki/Meg_Sharpe "Meg Sharpe"),{{cite web \|last\=Santiago \|first\=Rebecca \|date\=December 31, 2013 \|title\=The Diamond Horseshoe Club and Theater Reopens in New York's Paramount Hotel \|url\=https://www.architecturaldigest.com/story/diamond\-horshoe\-club\-theater\-paramount\-hotel \|access\-date\=February 1, 2022 \|website\=Architectural Digest \|archive\-date\=February 1, 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201154833/https://www.architecturaldigest.com/story/diamond\-horshoe\-club\-theater\-paramount\-hotel \|url\-status\=live }} as most of the original design elements were too badly deteriorated to be restored. Sony Hall's entrance leads to a grand marble staircase, which has been [distressed](/wiki/Distressing "Distressing") with [scenic painting](/wiki/Scenic_painting "Scenic painting") techniques.Robin, Natalie. [Noble Concepts: Queen Of The Night](https://www.livedesignonline.com/theatre/noble-concepts-queen-night) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220202230917/https://www.livedesignonline.com/theatre/noble\-concepts\-queen\-night \|date\=February 2, 2022 }}. *[Live Design](/wiki/Live_Design "Live Design")*. March 24, 2014\. Retrieved May 13, 2020\.{{cite web \|title\=Diamond Horseshoe at The Paramount Hotel by Stonehill Taylor \|url\=https://architizer.com/projects/diamond\-horseshoe\-at\-the\-paramount\-hotel/ \|access\-date\=February 1, 2022 \|website\=Architizer \|date\=February 3, 2015 \|archive\-date\=February 1, 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201154835/https://architizer.com/projects/diamond\-horseshoe\-at\-the\-paramount\-hotel/ \|url\-status\=live }} The main room's interior, is largely new construction but takes design cues from Lamb's original intent, such as [lunettes](/wiki/Lunette "Lunette") and a [frieze](/wiki/Frieze "Frieze"). The hall's ceiling is designed with multiple domes and trim framing out a center ellipse containing a [fiber optic](/wiki/Fiber_optic "Fiber optic") night sky. The walls are lined with antique faceted mirrors above curving [banquette](/wiki/Banquette "Banquette") seating built in tiers with curving railings. Additional raised seating pods dot the space. #### Other spaces The hotel's original decorative features included bronze elevator doors in the Baroque style, as well as marble stairs with iron handrails.{{cite news \|last\=Lee \|first\=Madeline \|date\=October 30, 1983 \|title\=Not all New York hotels need be expensive \|page\=A39 \|work\=Boston Globe \|id\={{ProQuest\|1637317010}}}} After the 1990 renovation, the elevators were refitted with multicolored lights in emerald, ruby, indigo, and amber colors. The elevator lobby was redecorated with mirrored walls, which one publication likened to a "funhouse". After a 1990 renovation, the hotel was divided into 610 rooms,{{Cite news \|last\=Stasi \|first\=Linda \|date\=August 17, 1990 \|title\=Fast facts \|pages\=11 \|work\=Newsday \|via\=newspapers.com \|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/94106478/fast\-factslinda\-stasi/ \|access\-date\=February 3, 2022 \|archive\-date\=February 3, 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220203165049/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/94106478/fast\-factslinda\-stasi/ \|url\-status\=live }}{{cite news \|last\=della Cava \|first\=Marco R. \|date\=August 31, 1990 \|title\=Two old grand hotels check in with new faces \|page\=4E \|work\=USA TODAY \|id\={{ProQuest\|306370543}}}} which include both single and double rooms.{{cite news \|last\=Yenckel \|first\=James T \|date\=June 30, 1991 \|title\=Manhattan's New Hotels: an Inn for Every Taste \|page\=H1 \|work\=Orlando Sentinel \|id\={{ProQuest\|277867840}}}} Most suites are small, measuring only 8 by 10 feet. *Newsday* compared the sizes of the suites to a "janitorial supply closet",{{Cite news \|last\=Enrico \|first\=Dottie \|date\=April 13, 1992 \|title\=Whimsical, High\-Tech Promos For the Hippest Joint in Town \|pages\=48 \|work\=Newsday \|via\=newspapers.com \|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/94108341/whimsical\-high\-tech\-promos\-for\-the/ \|access\-date\=February 3, 2022 \|archive\-date\=February 3, 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220203165047/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/94108341/whimsical\-high\-tech\-promos\-for\-the/ \|url\-status\=live }} and a reviewer from the *[Orlando Sentinel](/wiki/Orlando_Sentinel "Orlando Sentinel")* wrote that his single room "was very small, verging on confining". Each suite contained a reproduction of a [Vermeer](/wiki/Vermeer "Vermeer") painting.{{cite news \|last\=Miller \|first\=Nancy \|date\=August 10, 1990 \|title\=Luxury Lodging in Manhattan for Less \|page\=4B \|work\=USA TODAY \|id\={{ProQuest\|306396453}}}} The beds were designed with gold\-colored headboards beneath the paintings.{{Cite news \|last\=Weisenhaus \|first\=Doreen \|date\=August 22, 1999 \|title\=COPING; Accidental Tourists in Search of Freon \|language\=en\-US \|work\=The New York Times \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/08/22/nyregion/coping\-accidental\-tourists\-in\-search\-of\-freon.html \|access\-date\=February 3, 2022 \|issn\=0362\-4331 \|archive\-date\=February 3, 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220203172620/https://www.nytimes.com/1999/08/22/nyregion/coping\-accidental\-tourists\-in\-search\-of\-freon.html \|url\-status\=live }} Other features of the design include conical sinks as well as "high\-backed chairs with unusual curves". The hotel also has mirrors that can display weather forecasts.{{Cite news \|last\=Rodgers \|first\=Mary Augusta \|date\=September 30, 1990 \|title\=Specifications For The Perfect Hotel \|pages\=97 \|work\=Newsday \|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/94107719/specifications\-for\-the\-perfect/ \|access\-date\=February 3, 2022 \|via\=newspapers.com \|archive\-date\=February 3, 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220203165042/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/94107719/specifications\-for\-the\-perfect/ \|url\-status\=live }}{{cite web \|date\=May 5, 2014 \|title\=Paramount Hotel New York Review: What To REALLY Expect If You Stay \|url\=https://www.oyster.com/new\-york\-city/hotels/paramount\-hotel\-new\-york/ \|access\-date\=September 19, 2024 \|website\=Oyster.com}} {{As of\|2024}}, there are 597 rooms;{{cite web \|title\=Paramount Hotel Reviews \& Prices \|url\=https://travel.usnews.com/hotels/review\-paramount\_hotel\_new\_york\_city\-new\_york\-new\_york\-23409/ \|access\-date\=September 19, 2024 \|website\=U.S. News Travel}} the smallest room available is a {{Convert\|140\|ft2\|adj\=on}} studio.
[ "Architecture\n------------", "The Paramount Hotel was designed by [Thomas W. Lamb](/wiki/Thomas_W._Lamb \"Thomas W. Lamb\"){{Cite news \\|date\\=June 10, 1928 \\|title\\=Paramount Hotel Opens; Formal Opening Dinner to Be Held Tuesday Evening. \\|language\\=en\\-US \\|work\\=The New York Times \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1928/06/10/archives/paramount\\-hotel\\-opens\\-formal\\-opening\\-dinner\\-to\\-be\\-held\\-tuesday.html \\|access\\-date\\=February 1, 2022 \\|issn\\=0362\\-4331 \\|archive\\-date\\=February 1, 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201170451/https://www.nytimes.com/1928/06/10/archives/paramount\\-hotel\\-opens\\-formal\\-opening\\-dinner\\-to\\-be\\-held\\-tuesday.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }} and built by the O'Day Construction Company.{{Cite news \\|date\\=May 27, 1928 \\|title\\=New Paramount Hotel Nearing Completion; Seven Hundred\\-Room Structure to Open Its Door to Public on June 5\\. \\|language\\=en\\-US \\|work\\=The New York Times \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1928/05/27/archives/new\\-paramount\\-hotel\\-nearing\\-completion\\-seven\\-hundredroom\\-structure.html \\|access\\-date\\=February 1, 2022 \\|issn\\=0362\\-4331 \\|archive\\-date\\=February 1, 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201173701/https://www.nytimes.com/1928/05/27/archives/new\\-paramount\\-hotel\\-nearing\\-completion\\-seven\\-hundredroom\\-structure.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{cite news \\|date\\=May 27, 1928 \\|title\\=Paramount Hotel Opens June 1 \\|page\\=20 \\|work\\=New York Herald Tribune \\|id\\={{ProQuest\\|1113380943}}}} It was one of Lamb's few non\\-theatrical buildings; most of his work consisted of over 300 theaters and cinemas.{{cite web \\|title\\=History \\|url\\=https://www.nycparamount.com/the\\-hotel/history \\|access\\-date\\=February 2, 2022 \\|website\\=Paramount Hotel \\|archive\\-date\\=February 2, 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220202151701/https://www.nycparamount.com/the\\-hotel/history \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{Cite web \\|last\\=Chan \\|first\\=Sewell \\|date\\=November 17, 2009 \\|title\\=Newly Renovated Paramount Hotel Is Now a Landmark \\|url\\=https://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/11/17/newly\\-renovated\\-paramount\\-hotel\\-is\\-now\\-a\\-landmark/ \\|access\\-date\\=February 3, 2022 \\|website\\=City Room \\|language\\=en\\-US \\|archive\\-date\\=January 29, 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129074706/https://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/11/17/newly\\-renovated\\-paramount\\-hotel\\-is\\-now\\-a\\-landmark/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} An early source characterized the hotel as being [Italian Renaissance](/wiki/Renaissance_architecture \"Renaissance architecture\") in design, but the hotel's own website and the [New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission](/wiki/New_York_City_Landmarks_Preservation_Commission \"New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission\") describe the building as being [French Renaissance](/wiki/French_Renaissance_architecture \"French Renaissance architecture\")\\-inspired.{{harvnb\\|Landmarks Preservation Commission\\|2009\\|ps\\=.\\|p\\=5}}", "Due to the presence of a [mezzanine](/wiki/Mezzanine \"Mezzanine\") level above the ground story, sources differ as to how many stories the hotel contains. While the [New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission](/wiki/New_York_City_Landmarks_Preservation_Commission \"New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission\") and [SkyscraperPage](/wiki/SkyscraperPage \"SkyscraperPage\") give a figure of 19 stories (excluding the ground\\-story mezzanine),{{harvnb\\|Landmarks Preservation Commission\\|2009\\|ps\\=.\\|p\\=6}}{{cite web \\|title\\=Diagrams \\|url\\=https://skyscraperpage.com/diagrams/?searchID\\=96024347 \\|access\\-date\\=February 1, 2022 \\|website\\=SkyscraperPage.com \\|archive\\-date\\=February 1, 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201193923/https://skyscraperpage.com/diagrams/?searchID\\=96024347 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} the [New York City Department of City Planning](/wiki/New_York_City_Department_of_City_Planning \"New York City Department of City Planning\") cites the hotel as being 18 stories tall, and [Emporis](/wiki/Emporis \"Emporis\") gives a figure of 20 stories.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Paramount Hotel \\|url\\=https://www.emporis.com/buildings/114933/paramount\\-hotel\\-new\\-york\\-city\\-ny\\-usa \\|access\\-date\\=January 1, 2022 \\|publisher\\=Emporis \\|archive\\-date\\=February 1, 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201193921/https://www.emporis.com/buildings/114933/paramount\\-hotel\\-new\\-york\\-city\\-ny\\-usa \\|url\\-status\\=usurped }} Originally, the hotel had 700 rooms.", "### Form", "The hotel is H\\-shaped in arrangement. The northern and southern [elevations](/wiki/Elevation_%28architecture%29 \"Elevation (architecture)\") are twelve [bays](/wiki/Bay_%28architecture%29 \"Bay (architecture)\") wide, while the western and eastern elevations are narrower and have [light courts](/wiki/Light_court \"Light court\") at their centers. The northern elevation faces the center of the block, toward [47th Street](/wiki/47th_Street_%28Manhattan%29 \"47th Street (Manhattan)\"), and the southern elevation faces 46th Street. The [massing](/wiki/Massing \"Massing\") includes several [setbacks](/wiki/Setback_%28architecture%29 \"Setback (architecture)\") at the 12th, 14th, 16th, and 18th stories. Because the setbacks are only placed on the northern and southern elevations of the facade, they are only visible from the west and east.", "Along 46th Street, the first eleven stories occupy nearly the entire site (except for the light courts), extending outward to the [lot line](/wiki/Lot_line \"Lot line\"). The eight center bays on the 12th and 13th stories are recessed from the two end bays on either side. There is another setback across all twelve bays at the 14th story, though the center bays on the 14th and 15th stories are still recessed. Above the 16th story, the three outermost bays on each side are recessed significantly. Diagonal wall sections link the outermost bays with the four center bays, which continue straight up from the 14th\\-story setback. At the 18th and 19th stories, the outer bays on each side form a copper [mansard roof](/wiki/Mansard_roof \"Mansard roof\") with [dormer](/wiki/Dormer \"Dormer\") windows, while the center bays are topped by a [hip roof](/wiki/Hip_roof \"Hip roof\").{{harvnb\\|Landmarks Preservation Commission\\|2009\\|ps\\=.\\|pp\\=6–7}}", "Along the north elevation (facing 47th Street), the lowest ten stories are obscured by neighboring buildings such as the Brooks Atkinson Theatre, though the 11th through 19th stories are visible from 47th Street. The setbacks on this elevation all span the width of the facade.", "### Facade", "The [facade](/wiki/Facade \"Facade\") is made of brick, stone, and [terracotta](/wiki/Terracotta \"Terracotta\"). Most of the decorative detail is concentrated on the south elevation, facing 46th Street. The most ornate decorations are on the ground story, mezzanine, and 2nd story, since that is the most prominent portion of the facade from the street level. The other floors contain simpler decorative details.", "#### Base", "[thumb\\|Detail of the mezzanine (bottom) and the second\\-story windows (top). The upper portion of each arch contains a tripartite iron frame. The second\\-story windows, above the arches, are rectangular [sash windows](/wiki/Sash_window \"Sash window\") surrounded by eared moldings. There are marble panels between each set of second\\-story windows.](/wiki/File:Paramount_Hotel_Nov_2021_11.jpg \"Paramount Hotel Nov 2021 11.jpg\")\nAt ground level, the 46th Street facade consists of a double\\-height [colonnade](/wiki/Colonnade \"Colonnade\") with twelve round arches, spanning the width of the hotel. The arches are supported by white marble [piers](/wiki/Pier_%28architecture%29 \"Pier (architecture)\") above a granite [water table](/wiki/Water_table_%28architecture%29 \"Water table (architecture)\"). Most of the ground\\-level openings contain storefront windows or doors. The third and fourth bays from the right contain the hotel's entrance, while the fifth bay from the left contains an entrance to Sony Hall.{{harvnb\\|Landmarks Preservation Commission\\|2009\\|ps\\=.\\|p\\=7}} Two ornate [marquees](/wiki/Marquee_%28structure%29 \"Marquee (structure)\"), one each in front of Sony Hall's and the hotel's entrances, were installed as part of a 2013 renovation.[Diamond Horseshoe: Stonehill \\& Taylor](https://restaurantandbardesign.com/2014/09/04/diamond-horseshoe-stonehill-taylor/) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190413000508/https://restaurantandbardesign.com/2014/09/04/diamond\\-horseshoe\\-stonehill\\-taylor/ \\|date\\=April 13, 2019 }}. [Restaurant \\& Bar Design Ltd.](/wiki/Restaurant_%26_Bar_Design_Awards \"Restaurant & Bar Design Awards\") Retrieved May 12, 2020\\. The piers on either side of the Sony Hall entrance contain bronze\\-framed sign boards. The upper portion of each arch contains a tripartite iron frame, which separates the cast\\-iron [spandrels](/wiki/Spandrels \"Spandrels\") between the ground and mezzanine windows, as well as the mezzanine windows themselves. The tops of the arches are surrounded by moldings, and the [keystone](/wiki/Keystone_%28architecture%29 \"Keystone (architecture)\") of each arch contains a [volute](/wiki/Volute \"Volute\") with ribbons on either side. A marble [string course](/wiki/String_course \"String course\") runs above the first\\-story colonnade.", "The 2nd\\-story windows are rectangular [sash windows](/wiki/Sash_window \"Sash window\") surrounded by eared moldings. All of the windows share a paneled [window sill](/wiki/Window_sill \"Window sill\"), which contains [swags](/wiki/Swag_%28motif%29 \"Swag (motif)\") just beneath each window. There are volutes flanking each window, above which rise vertical bands of foliate decoration. The tops of each window contain keystones with shells and foliate swags. The windows are separated by marble panels that are alternatively round and rectangular, with ornate frames. The panels contain shells at their bottoms, as well as swags, curved [pediments](/wiki/Pediments \"Pediments\"), and angels' heads above. A [cornice](/wiki/Cornice \"Cornice\") runs above the 2nd story.", "#### Upper stories", "The 3rd through 10th stories are mostly clad in plain brick with rectangular window openings. The 3rd\\-story window openings are surrounded by eared moldings; above each window are volutes flanking swags, which support segmental\\-arched and triangular pediments. The 4th\\- through 10th\\-story windows are plain in design, except for window sills and air\\-conditioning vents below each window. Starting on the 3rd story, the two outer bays are flanked by narrow bands of brick [quoins](/wiki/Quoin \"Quoin\"). The 11th\\-story windows contain eared moldings, swags below each window, and elaborate keystones. There are marble panels between most of the 11th\\-story windows (except in front of the quoins); the panels have alternating lozenge and circular shapes. Each of these marble panels is topped by three [brackets](/wiki/Bracket_%28architecture%29 \"Bracket (architecture)\") shaped like [acanthus leaves](/wiki/Acanthus_%28ornament%29 \"Acanthus (ornament)\"). A string course runs above the 11th story.[thumb\\|Facade of the Paramount Hotel above the 11th story. At the 12th\\-story setback, there is a terracotta balustrade in front of the eight center bays. There are further setbacks at the 14th, 16th, and 18th stories. Parts of the facade are separated vertically by iron railings and metal security grates. At](/wiki/File:Paramount_Hotel_Nov_2021_05.jpg \"Paramount Hotel Nov 2021 05.jpg\") the 12th\\-story setback, there is a terracotta balustrade in front of the eight center bays. Each of these bays is separated by an [urn](/wiki/Urn \"Urn\") with a terracotta [finial](/wiki/Finial \"Finial\"). Metal security grates are installed between the facade and the urns, dividing the balcony into several sections. The four outer windows on the 12th story are filled with iron balustrades. At the 14th\\-story setback, there is a string course and a balustrade across all twelve bays; metal grates are installed at several points. Within each bay, the windows at the 12th and 13th stories are placed within the same terracotta molding, as are the 14th\\- and 15th\\-story windows in each bay. On each of the 12th through 15th stories, there are bands of quoins separating each of the bays, except for the two outermost bays on either side, which are separated by plain brick.{{harvnb\\|Landmarks Preservation Commission\\|2009\\|ps\\=.\\|pp\\=7–8}} Another cornice runs above the 15th story, supported by pairs of brackets and acanthus leaves.{{harvnb\\|Landmarks Preservation Commission\\|2009\\|ps\\=.\\|p\\=8}}", "At the 16th and 17th stories, the four central bays rise without setting back further. The three outermost bays on either side are significantly set back, creating the impression of a projecting central pavilion. The central bays and the outer bays are connected by diagonal wall sections, which are decorated with urns atop volutes. The two outermost bays on either side have stone balustrades, while the remainders of the outer pavilions contain iron railings and metal security grates. Within each bay, the windows at the 16th and 17th stories are placed within the same terracotta molding. Each of the four center bays is separated by a row of quoins. At the 17th story, the center bays have pediments decorated with [cartouches](/wiki/Cartouche \"Cartouche\") and volutes. A terracotta [frieze](/wiki/Frieze \"Frieze\") separates the 17th story from the roof.", "The west and east elevations are generally designed in plain brick with rectangular window openings. The southern sections of these elevations contain chimneys above the 8th story, as well as stone bands at the 12th, 14th, 16th, and 18th\\-story setbacks. The north elevation contains terracotta balconies at each setback, which span the width of the facade. The setbacks also have metal security grates.", "#### Roof", "The hotel's southern and northern wings share a hip roof at the center, flanked by mansard roofs on either side of each wing. The central hip roof is topped by a frieze with ribbons and swags, with cartouches at the corners. A plain [coping](/wiki/Coping_%28architecture%29 \"Coping (architecture)\") runs above the rest of the roof.{{harvnb\\|Landmarks Preservation Commission\\|2009\\|ps\\=.\\|pp\\=8–9}}", "To the south, the hip\\-roofed section is flanked by two volutes on either side. The four center windows contain stone dormers at the 18th story; these are topped by arched pediments decorated with shells and foliate decorations. The center of the 19th story has three circular copper dormers with pediments, which alternate with the 18th\\-story windows. On the south elevation, the side bays each have three copper dormers on the 18th and 19th stories, with segmentally arched pediments. To the north, there are two square dormer windows at the 18th story.", "### Interior", "#### Lobby", "[thumb\\|Lobby of the Paramount HotelThe](/wiki/File:Paramount_Hotel.jpg \"Paramount Hotel.jpg\") hotel's lobby was originally decorated in marble and contained art from [Cornelius Vanderbilt](/wiki/Cornelius_Vanderbilt \"Cornelius Vanderbilt\")'s estate.{{cite news \\|date\\=August 9, 1945 \\|title\\=Syndicate Buys The Paramount Hotel in 46th St: Building Sold by Chase National Bank to Ritter, Bogdanffy Group \\|page\\=32 \\|work\\=New York Herald Tribune \\|id\\={{ProQuest\\|1291138528}}}} The modern lobby design dates to a 1990 renovation by [Philippe Starck](/wiki/Philippe_Starck \"Philippe Starck\"), who drew inspiration from science\\-fiction themes{{cite magazine \\|last\\=Dworetzky \\|first\\=Tom \\|date\\=Nov 1990 \\|title\\=Arts: Designs for Living \\|volume\\=13 \\|issue\\=2 \\|page\\=18 \\|id\\={{ProQuest\\|229727450}} \\|magazine\\=Omni}} and 19th\\-century ocean liners. The lobby is decorated with stucco, and the marble walls have niches decorated with roses, which enclose a newsstand, reception desk, cashier, and concierge. A {{cvt\\|2000\\|ft2\\|adj\\=on}} white\\-gold\\-leaf panel is placed on one wall. There is also furniture in various designs, as well as a carpeted central seating area with sofas, chairs, and a checkerboard carpet. Furnishings by designers such as [Marc Newson](/wiki/Marc_Newson \"Marc Newson\"), [Antoni Gaudí](/wiki/Antoni_Gaud%C3%AD \"Antoni Gaudí\"), and [Jean\\-Michel Frank](/wiki/Jean-Michel_Frank \"Jean-Michel Frank\") are also featured in the lobby.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Slesin \\|first\\=Suzanne \\|date\\=August 9, 1990 \\|title\\=Lobby as Urban Living Room \\|language\\=en\\-US \\|work\\=The New York Times \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/08/09/garden/lobby\\-as\\-urban\\-living\\-room.html \\|access\\-date\\=February 3, 2022 \\|issn\\=0362\\-4331 \\|archive\\-date\\=February 3, 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220203025005/https://www.nytimes.com/1990/08/09/garden/lobby\\-as\\-urban\\-living\\-room.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }} On the main level was also a brasserie operated by [Dean \\& DeLuca](/wiki/Dean_%26_DeLuca \"Dean & DeLuca\"), as well as a take\\-out restaurant.{{cite news \\|last\\=Stein \\|first\\=Jeannine \\|date\\=November 21, 1990 \\|title\\=The Place to Be Scene: Guests Schmooze and Snooze at N.Y.'s Chichi Newcomer, the Paramount \\|page\\=E1 \\|work\\=Los Angeles Times \\|id\\={{ProQuest\\|1459850574}}}} At the rear of the lobby was the Whiskey Bar, designed in a \"semi\\-industrial\" manner with Polaroids on the walls.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Grimes \\|first\\=William \\|date\\=September 13, 1992 \\|title\\=Manhattan's Hotel Bars: Clubby Comfort \\|language\\=en\\-US \\|work\\=The New York Times \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/09/13/travel/manhattan\\-s\\-hotel\\-bars\\-clubby\\-comfort.html \\|access\\-date\\=February 3, 2022 \\|issn\\=0362\\-4331 \\|archive\\-date\\=February 3, 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220203165042/https://www.nytimes.com/1992/09/13/travel/manhattan\\-s\\-hotel\\-bars\\-clubby\\-comfort.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{Cite news \\|last\\=Sherman \\|first\\=Beth \\|date\\=February 14, 1992 \\|title\\=For the Young, Dateless: Whiskey Bar \\|pages\\=98 \\|work\\=Newsday \\|via\\=newspapers.com \\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/94110157/for\\-the\\-young\\-dateless\\-whiskey/ \\|access\\-date\\=February 3, 2022 \\|archive\\-date\\=February 3, 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220203165053/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/94110157/for\\-the\\-young\\-dateless\\-whiskey/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} One reviewer said of the lobby: \"Despite its severe, concrete\\-like interiors, the lobby has something spunky about it.\"{{Cite news \\|last\\=Brown \\|first\\=Patricia Leigh \\|date\\=September 21, 1990 \\|title\\=No Headline \\|language\\=en\\-US \\|work\\=The New York Times \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/09/21/arts/no\\-headline\\-904390\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=February 3, 2022 \\|issn\\=0362\\-4331 \\|archive\\-date\\=February 3, 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220203025005/https://www.nytimes.com/1990/09/21/arts/no\\-headline\\-904390\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "The lobby also has a mezzanine spanning 2,000 square feet, which wraps around the ground\\-floor space. The ground and mezzanine levels are connected by a plexiglass\\-and\\-marble stairway, which is designed to give the impression that it is floating. After the renovation in 1990, the mezzanine level had a movie theater, a fitness center, and a business center. The lobby mezzanine also contained a playroom designed by [Gary Panter](/wiki/Gary_Panter \"Gary Panter\"), though the playroom has since been dismantled.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Browne \\|first\\=Alix \\|date\\=April 8, 2010 \\|title\\=From Playhouse to Our House \\|url\\=https://tmagazine.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/04/08/from\\-playhouse\\-to\\-our\\-house/ \\|access\\-date\\=February 3, 2022 \\|website\\=T Magazine \\|language\\=en\\-US \\|archive\\-date\\=February 3, 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220203194821/https://tmagazine.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/04/08/from\\-playhouse\\-to\\-our\\-house/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Starck designed custom lamps for the mezzanine, which subsequently were sold commercially under the name \"Miss Sissi\".{{Cite news \\|date\\=June 18, 1992 \\|title\\=Currents; Stork Club Memories \\|language\\=en\\-US \\|work\\=The New York Times \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/06/18/garden/currents\\-stork\\-club\\-memories.html \\|access\\-date\\=February 3, 2022 \\|issn\\=0362\\-4331 \\|archive\\-date\\=February 3, 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220203172615/https://www.nytimes.com/1992/06/18/garden/currents\\-stork\\-club\\-memories.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{Cite news \\|last\\=Palazzo \\|first\\=Risa \\|date\\=April 1, 1999 \\|title\\=From Ashtrays to Beds, Many Chic Hotels Are Selling Their Decor \\|pages\\=120 \\|work\\=Newsday \\|via\\=newspapers.com \\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/94111797/from\\-ashtrays\\-to\\-beds\\-many\\-chic\\-hotels/ \\|access\\-date\\=February 3, 2022 \\|archive\\-date\\=February 3, 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220203172614/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/94111797/from\\-ashtrays\\-to\\-beds\\-many\\-chic\\-hotels/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Restrooms, decorated with multicolored tiles, are also placed on this level. When the hotel was renovated, [Pierre Sabatti](/wiki/Pierre_Sabatti \"Pierre Sabatti\") redesigned the mezzanine restrooms with stainless\\-steel sinks, shaped like cones and decorated with etchings of leaves and feathers.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Sherman \\|first\\=Beth \\|date\\=October 4, 1990 \\|title\\=City's Best Bathrooms \\|pages\\=202 \\|work\\=Newsday \\|via\\=newspapers.com \\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/94105205/citys\\-best\\-bathroomsbeth\\-sherman/ \\|access\\-date\\=February 3, 2022 \\|archive\\-date\\=February 3, 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220203165042/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/94105205/citys\\-best\\-bathroomsbeth\\-sherman/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} A writer for *Newsday* characterized the mezzanine bathrooms as among New York City's ten best restrooms.", "#### Sony Hall", "{{Main\\|Sony Hall}}\nWhen the hotel was completed, it contained an 850\\-seat grill room measuring {{cvt\\|75\\|by\\|100\\|ft}}, with a {{cvt\\|19\\|ft\\|m\\|\\-high\\|adj\\=mid}} ceiling and attached dressing rooms. In 1938, the room became a night club called Billy Rose's Diamond Horseshoe. The basement space then became a theater and was known by several names, including as the Stairway Theatre, Mayfair Theatre, and Century Theatre.[Century Theatre](https://www.ibdb.com/theatre/century-theatre-1092) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200326022952/https://www.ibdb.com/theatre/century\\-theatre\\-1092 \\|date\\=March 26, 2020 }}. [Internet Broadway Database](/wiki/Internet_Broadway_Database \"Internet Broadway Database\"). [The Broadway League](/wiki/The_Broadway_League \"The Broadway League\"). Retrieved May 12, 2020\\. Since 2018, the theater in the basement has operated as an event venue named Sony Hall.{{cite web \\|last\\=Kis \\|first\\=Eva \\|date\\=March 26, 2018 \\|title\\=A 1930s basement theater becomes NYC's new high\\-tech Sony Hall \\|url\\=https://www.metro.us/a\\-1930s\\-basement\\-theater\\-becomes\\-nycs\\-new\\-high\\-tech\\-sony\\-hall/ \\|access\\-date\\=February 1, 2022 \\|website\\=Metro US \\|archive\\-date\\=February 1, 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201160338/https://www.metro.us/a\\-1930s\\-basement\\-theater\\-becomes\\-nycs\\-new\\-high\\-tech\\-sony\\-hall/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "Lamb's original design for the space was a [nostalgic](/wiki/Nostalgia \"Nostalgia\") take on a [saloon](/wiki/Bar_%28establishment%29 \"Bar (establishment)\") from the 1890s.{{cite magazine \\|last\\=Monahan \\|first\\=Patrick \\|date\\=January 24, 2014 \\|title\\=The Diamond Horseshoe, the World War II\\-Era Nightclub Resurrected by Randy Weiner and Simon Hammerstein \\|url\\=https://www.vanityfair.com/culture/2014/01/diamond\\-horseshoe\\-nightclub\\-simon\\-hammerstein \\|access\\-date\\=February 1, 2022 \\|magazine\\=Vanity Fair \\|archive\\-date\\=June 13, 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613122110/https://www.vanityfair.com/culture/2014/01/diamond\\-horseshoe\\-nightclub\\-simon\\-hammerstein \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{cite web \\|last\\=Sullivan \\|first\\=Megan \\|date\\=November 6, 2014 \\|title\\=Diamond Horseshoe Club at the Paramount \\|url\\=https://lodgingmagazine.com/diamond\\-horseshoe\\-club\\-at\\-the\\-paramount/ \\|access\\-date\\=February 1, 2022 \\|website\\=Lodging Magazine \\|archive\\-date\\=February 1, 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201154835/https://lodgingmagazine.com/diamond\\-horseshoe\\-club\\-at\\-the\\-paramount/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} The design was based on that of grill rooms and restaurants in Europe, with pink, blue, and white [Celanese](/wiki/Celanese \"Celanese\") satin at the entrance.{{cite news \\|date\\=August 16, 1928 \\|title\\=Cottons And Fabrics Of Synthetic Yarns: Celanese Fabric Display At Entrance To Grill Room Of New Paramount Hotel \\|volume\\=37 \\|pages\\=SIII13 \\|work\\=Women's Wear Daily \\|issue\\=39 \\|id\\={{ProQuest\\|1653391417}}}} The current design dates to a renovation in 2013, carried out by architectural firm [Stonehill \\& Taylor](/wiki/Stonehill_%26_Taylor \"Stonehill & Taylor\") and interior designer [Meg Sharpe](/wiki/Meg_Sharpe \"Meg Sharpe\"),{{cite web \\|last\\=Santiago \\|first\\=Rebecca \\|date\\=December 31, 2013 \\|title\\=The Diamond Horseshoe Club and Theater Reopens in New York's Paramount Hotel \\|url\\=https://www.architecturaldigest.com/story/diamond\\-horshoe\\-club\\-theater\\-paramount\\-hotel \\|access\\-date\\=February 1, 2022 \\|website\\=Architectural Digest \\|archive\\-date\\=February 1, 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201154833/https://www.architecturaldigest.com/story/diamond\\-horshoe\\-club\\-theater\\-paramount\\-hotel \\|url\\-status\\=live }} as most of the original design elements were too badly deteriorated to be restored. Sony Hall's entrance leads to a grand marble staircase, which has been [distressed](/wiki/Distressing \"Distressing\") with [scenic painting](/wiki/Scenic_painting \"Scenic painting\") techniques.Robin, Natalie. [Noble Concepts: Queen Of The Night](https://www.livedesignonline.com/theatre/noble-concepts-queen-night) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220202230917/https://www.livedesignonline.com/theatre/noble\\-concepts\\-queen\\-night \\|date\\=February 2, 2022 }}. *[Live Design](/wiki/Live_Design \"Live Design\")*. March 24, 2014\\. Retrieved May 13, 2020\\.{{cite web \\|title\\=Diamond Horseshoe at The Paramount Hotel by Stonehill Taylor \\|url\\=https://architizer.com/projects/diamond\\-horseshoe\\-at\\-the\\-paramount\\-hotel/ \\|access\\-date\\=February 1, 2022 \\|website\\=Architizer \\|date\\=February 3, 2015 \\|archive\\-date\\=February 1, 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201154835/https://architizer.com/projects/diamond\\-horseshoe\\-at\\-the\\-paramount\\-hotel/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} The main room's interior, is largely new construction but takes design cues from Lamb's original intent, such as [lunettes](/wiki/Lunette \"Lunette\") and a [frieze](/wiki/Frieze \"Frieze\"). The hall's ceiling is designed with multiple domes and trim framing out a center ellipse containing a [fiber optic](/wiki/Fiber_optic \"Fiber optic\") night sky. The walls are lined with antique faceted mirrors above curving [banquette](/wiki/Banquette \"Banquette\") seating built in tiers with curving railings. Additional raised seating pods dot the space.", "#### Other spaces", "The hotel's original decorative features included bronze elevator doors in the Baroque style, as well as marble stairs with iron handrails.{{cite news \\|last\\=Lee \\|first\\=Madeline \\|date\\=October 30, 1983 \\|title\\=Not all New York hotels need be expensive \\|page\\=A39 \\|work\\=Boston Globe \\|id\\={{ProQuest\\|1637317010}}}} After the 1990 renovation, the elevators were refitted with multicolored lights in emerald, ruby, indigo, and amber colors. The elevator lobby was redecorated with mirrored walls, which one publication likened to a \"funhouse\".", "After a 1990 renovation, the hotel was divided into 610 rooms,{{Cite news \\|last\\=Stasi \\|first\\=Linda \\|date\\=August 17, 1990 \\|title\\=Fast facts \\|pages\\=11 \\|work\\=Newsday \\|via\\=newspapers.com \\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/94106478/fast\\-factslinda\\-stasi/ \\|access\\-date\\=February 3, 2022 \\|archive\\-date\\=February 3, 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220203165049/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/94106478/fast\\-factslinda\\-stasi/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{cite news \\|last\\=della Cava \\|first\\=Marco R. \\|date\\=August 31, 1990 \\|title\\=Two old grand hotels check in with new faces \\|page\\=4E \\|work\\=USA TODAY \\|id\\={{ProQuest\\|306370543}}}} which include both single and double rooms.{{cite news \\|last\\=Yenckel \\|first\\=James T \\|date\\=June 30, 1991 \\|title\\=Manhattan's New Hotels: an Inn for Every Taste \\|page\\=H1 \\|work\\=Orlando Sentinel \\|id\\={{ProQuest\\|277867840}}}} Most suites are small, measuring only 8 by 10 feet. *Newsday* compared the sizes of the suites to a \"janitorial supply closet\",{{Cite news \\|last\\=Enrico \\|first\\=Dottie \\|date\\=April 13, 1992 \\|title\\=Whimsical, High\\-Tech Promos For the Hippest Joint in Town \\|pages\\=48 \\|work\\=Newsday \\|via\\=newspapers.com \\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/94108341/whimsical\\-high\\-tech\\-promos\\-for\\-the/ \\|access\\-date\\=February 3, 2022 \\|archive\\-date\\=February 3, 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220203165047/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/94108341/whimsical\\-high\\-tech\\-promos\\-for\\-the/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} and a reviewer from the *[Orlando Sentinel](/wiki/Orlando_Sentinel \"Orlando Sentinel\")* wrote that his single room \"was very small, verging on confining\". Each suite contained a reproduction of a [Vermeer](/wiki/Vermeer \"Vermeer\") painting.{{cite news \\|last\\=Miller \\|first\\=Nancy \\|date\\=August 10, 1990 \\|title\\=Luxury Lodging in Manhattan for Less \\|page\\=4B \\|work\\=USA TODAY \\|id\\={{ProQuest\\|306396453}}}} The beds were designed with gold\\-colored headboards beneath the paintings.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Weisenhaus \\|first\\=Doreen \\|date\\=August 22, 1999 \\|title\\=COPING; Accidental Tourists in Search of Freon \\|language\\=en\\-US \\|work\\=The New York Times \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/08/22/nyregion/coping\\-accidental\\-tourists\\-in\\-search\\-of\\-freon.html \\|access\\-date\\=February 3, 2022 \\|issn\\=0362\\-4331 \\|archive\\-date\\=February 3, 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220203172620/https://www.nytimes.com/1999/08/22/nyregion/coping\\-accidental\\-tourists\\-in\\-search\\-of\\-freon.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Other features of the design include conical sinks as well as \"high\\-backed chairs with unusual curves\". The hotel also has mirrors that can display weather forecasts.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Rodgers \\|first\\=Mary Augusta \\|date\\=September 30, 1990 \\|title\\=Specifications For The Perfect Hotel \\|pages\\=97 \\|work\\=Newsday \\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/94107719/specifications\\-for\\-the\\-perfect/ \\|access\\-date\\=February 3, 2022 \\|via\\=newspapers.com \\|archive\\-date\\=February 3, 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220203165042/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/94107719/specifications\\-for\\-the\\-perfect/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{cite web \\|date\\=May 5, 2014 \\|title\\=Paramount Hotel New York Review: What To REALLY Expect If You Stay \\|url\\=https://www.oyster.com/new\\-york\\-city/hotels/paramount\\-hotel\\-new\\-york/ \\|access\\-date\\=September 19, 2024 \\|website\\=Oyster.com}} {{As of\\|2024}}, there are 597 rooms;{{cite web \\|title\\=Paramount Hotel Reviews \\& Prices \\|url\\=https://travel.usnews.com/hotels/review\\-paramount\\_hotel\\_new\\_york\\_city\\-new\\_york\\-new\\_york\\-23409/ \\|access\\-date\\=September 19, 2024 \\|website\\=U.S. News Travel}} the smallest room available is a {{Convert\\|140\\|ft2\\|adj\\=on}} studio.", "" ]
### Facade The [facade](/wiki/Facade "Facade") is made of brick, stone, and [terracotta](/wiki/Terracotta "Terracotta"). Most of the decorative detail is concentrated on the south elevation, facing 46th Street. The most ornate decorations are on the ground story, mezzanine, and 2nd story, since that is the most prominent portion of the facade from the street level. The other floors contain simpler decorative details. #### Base [thumb\|Detail of the mezzanine (bottom) and the second\-story windows (top). The upper portion of each arch contains a tripartite iron frame. The second\-story windows, above the arches, are rectangular [sash windows](/wiki/Sash_window "Sash window") surrounded by eared moldings. There are marble panels between each set of second\-story windows.](/wiki/File:Paramount_Hotel_Nov_2021_11.jpg "Paramount Hotel Nov 2021 11.jpg") At ground level, the 46th Street facade consists of a double\-height [colonnade](/wiki/Colonnade "Colonnade") with twelve round arches, spanning the width of the hotel. The arches are supported by white marble [piers](/wiki/Pier_%28architecture%29 "Pier (architecture)") above a granite [water table](/wiki/Water_table_%28architecture%29 "Water table (architecture)"). Most of the ground\-level openings contain storefront windows or doors. The third and fourth bays from the right contain the hotel's entrance, while the fifth bay from the left contains an entrance to Sony Hall.{{harvnb\|Landmarks Preservation Commission\|2009\|ps\=.\|p\=7}} Two ornate [marquees](/wiki/Marquee_%28structure%29 "Marquee (structure)"), one each in front of Sony Hall's and the hotel's entrances, were installed as part of a 2013 renovation.[Diamond Horseshoe: Stonehill \& Taylor](https://restaurantandbardesign.com/2014/09/04/diamond-horseshoe-stonehill-taylor/) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190413000508/https://restaurantandbardesign.com/2014/09/04/diamond\-horseshoe\-stonehill\-taylor/ \|date\=April 13, 2019 }}. [Restaurant \& Bar Design Ltd.](/wiki/Restaurant_%26_Bar_Design_Awards "Restaurant & Bar Design Awards") Retrieved May 12, 2020\. The piers on either side of the Sony Hall entrance contain bronze\-framed sign boards. The upper portion of each arch contains a tripartite iron frame, which separates the cast\-iron [spandrels](/wiki/Spandrels "Spandrels") between the ground and mezzanine windows, as well as the mezzanine windows themselves. The tops of the arches are surrounded by moldings, and the [keystone](/wiki/Keystone_%28architecture%29 "Keystone (architecture)") of each arch contains a [volute](/wiki/Volute "Volute") with ribbons on either side. A marble [string course](/wiki/String_course "String course") runs above the first\-story colonnade. The 2nd\-story windows are rectangular [sash windows](/wiki/Sash_window "Sash window") surrounded by eared moldings. All of the windows share a paneled [window sill](/wiki/Window_sill "Window sill"), which contains [swags](/wiki/Swag_%28motif%29 "Swag (motif)") just beneath each window. There are volutes flanking each window, above which rise vertical bands of foliate decoration. The tops of each window contain keystones with shells and foliate swags. The windows are separated by marble panels that are alternatively round and rectangular, with ornate frames. The panels contain shells at their bottoms, as well as swags, curved [pediments](/wiki/Pediments "Pediments"), and angels' heads above. A [cornice](/wiki/Cornice "Cornice") runs above the 2nd story. #### Upper stories The 3rd through 10th stories are mostly clad in plain brick with rectangular window openings. The 3rd\-story window openings are surrounded by eared moldings; above each window are volutes flanking swags, which support segmental\-arched and triangular pediments. The 4th\- through 10th\-story windows are plain in design, except for window sills and air\-conditioning vents below each window. Starting on the 3rd story, the two outer bays are flanked by narrow bands of brick [quoins](/wiki/Quoin "Quoin"). The 11th\-story windows contain eared moldings, swags below each window, and elaborate keystones. There are marble panels between most of the 11th\-story windows (except in front of the quoins); the panels have alternating lozenge and circular shapes. Each of these marble panels is topped by three [brackets](/wiki/Bracket_%28architecture%29 "Bracket (architecture)") shaped like [acanthus leaves](/wiki/Acanthus_%28ornament%29 "Acanthus (ornament)"). A string course runs above the 11th story.[thumb\|Facade of the Paramount Hotel above the 11th story. At the 12th\-story setback, there is a terracotta balustrade in front of the eight center bays. There are further setbacks at the 14th, 16th, and 18th stories. Parts of the facade are separated vertically by iron railings and metal security grates. At](/wiki/File:Paramount_Hotel_Nov_2021_05.jpg "Paramount Hotel Nov 2021 05.jpg") the 12th\-story setback, there is a terracotta balustrade in front of the eight center bays. Each of these bays is separated by an [urn](/wiki/Urn "Urn") with a terracotta [finial](/wiki/Finial "Finial"). Metal security grates are installed between the facade and the urns, dividing the balcony into several sections. The four outer windows on the 12th story are filled with iron balustrades. At the 14th\-story setback, there is a string course and a balustrade across all twelve bays; metal grates are installed at several points. Within each bay, the windows at the 12th and 13th stories are placed within the same terracotta molding, as are the 14th\- and 15th\-story windows in each bay. On each of the 12th through 15th stories, there are bands of quoins separating each of the bays, except for the two outermost bays on either side, which are separated by plain brick.{{harvnb\|Landmarks Preservation Commission\|2009\|ps\=.\|pp\=7–8}} Another cornice runs above the 15th story, supported by pairs of brackets and acanthus leaves.{{harvnb\|Landmarks Preservation Commission\|2009\|ps\=.\|p\=8}} At the 16th and 17th stories, the four central bays rise without setting back further. The three outermost bays on either side are significantly set back, creating the impression of a projecting central pavilion. The central bays and the outer bays are connected by diagonal wall sections, which are decorated with urns atop volutes. The two outermost bays on either side have stone balustrades, while the remainders of the outer pavilions contain iron railings and metal security grates. Within each bay, the windows at the 16th and 17th stories are placed within the same terracotta molding. Each of the four center bays is separated by a row of quoins. At the 17th story, the center bays have pediments decorated with [cartouches](/wiki/Cartouche "Cartouche") and volutes. A terracotta [frieze](/wiki/Frieze "Frieze") separates the 17th story from the roof. The west and east elevations are generally designed in plain brick with rectangular window openings. The southern sections of these elevations contain chimneys above the 8th story, as well as stone bands at the 12th, 14th, 16th, and 18th\-story setbacks. The north elevation contains terracotta balconies at each setback, which span the width of the facade. The setbacks also have metal security grates. #### Roof The hotel's southern and northern wings share a hip roof at the center, flanked by mansard roofs on either side of each wing. The central hip roof is topped by a frieze with ribbons and swags, with cartouches at the corners. A plain [coping](/wiki/Coping_%28architecture%29 "Coping (architecture)") runs above the rest of the roof.{{harvnb\|Landmarks Preservation Commission\|2009\|ps\=.\|pp\=8–9}} To the south, the hip\-roofed section is flanked by two volutes on either side. The four center windows contain stone dormers at the 18th story; these are topped by arched pediments decorated with shells and foliate decorations. The center of the 19th story has three circular copper dormers with pediments, which alternate with the 18th\-story windows. On the south elevation, the side bays each have three copper dormers on the 18th and 19th stories, with segmentally arched pediments. To the north, there are two square dormer windows at the 18th story.
[ "### Facade", "The [facade](/wiki/Facade \"Facade\") is made of brick, stone, and [terracotta](/wiki/Terracotta \"Terracotta\"). Most of the decorative detail is concentrated on the south elevation, facing 46th Street. The most ornate decorations are on the ground story, mezzanine, and 2nd story, since that is the most prominent portion of the facade from the street level. The other floors contain simpler decorative details.", "#### Base", "[thumb\\|Detail of the mezzanine (bottom) and the second\\-story windows (top). The upper portion of each arch contains a tripartite iron frame. The second\\-story windows, above the arches, are rectangular [sash windows](/wiki/Sash_window \"Sash window\") surrounded by eared moldings. There are marble panels between each set of second\\-story windows.](/wiki/File:Paramount_Hotel_Nov_2021_11.jpg \"Paramount Hotel Nov 2021 11.jpg\")\nAt ground level, the 46th Street facade consists of a double\\-height [colonnade](/wiki/Colonnade \"Colonnade\") with twelve round arches, spanning the width of the hotel. The arches are supported by white marble [piers](/wiki/Pier_%28architecture%29 \"Pier (architecture)\") above a granite [water table](/wiki/Water_table_%28architecture%29 \"Water table (architecture)\"). Most of the ground\\-level openings contain storefront windows or doors. The third and fourth bays from the right contain the hotel's entrance, while the fifth bay from the left contains an entrance to Sony Hall.{{harvnb\\|Landmarks Preservation Commission\\|2009\\|ps\\=.\\|p\\=7}} Two ornate [marquees](/wiki/Marquee_%28structure%29 \"Marquee (structure)\"), one each in front of Sony Hall's and the hotel's entrances, were installed as part of a 2013 renovation.[Diamond Horseshoe: Stonehill \\& Taylor](https://restaurantandbardesign.com/2014/09/04/diamond-horseshoe-stonehill-taylor/) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190413000508/https://restaurantandbardesign.com/2014/09/04/diamond\\-horseshoe\\-stonehill\\-taylor/ \\|date\\=April 13, 2019 }}. [Restaurant \\& Bar Design Ltd.](/wiki/Restaurant_%26_Bar_Design_Awards \"Restaurant & Bar Design Awards\") Retrieved May 12, 2020\\. The piers on either side of the Sony Hall entrance contain bronze\\-framed sign boards. The upper portion of each arch contains a tripartite iron frame, which separates the cast\\-iron [spandrels](/wiki/Spandrels \"Spandrels\") between the ground and mezzanine windows, as well as the mezzanine windows themselves. The tops of the arches are surrounded by moldings, and the [keystone](/wiki/Keystone_%28architecture%29 \"Keystone (architecture)\") of each arch contains a [volute](/wiki/Volute \"Volute\") with ribbons on either side. A marble [string course](/wiki/String_course \"String course\") runs above the first\\-story colonnade.", "The 2nd\\-story windows are rectangular [sash windows](/wiki/Sash_window \"Sash window\") surrounded by eared moldings. All of the windows share a paneled [window sill](/wiki/Window_sill \"Window sill\"), which contains [swags](/wiki/Swag_%28motif%29 \"Swag (motif)\") just beneath each window. There are volutes flanking each window, above which rise vertical bands of foliate decoration. The tops of each window contain keystones with shells and foliate swags. The windows are separated by marble panels that are alternatively round and rectangular, with ornate frames. The panels contain shells at their bottoms, as well as swags, curved [pediments](/wiki/Pediments \"Pediments\"), and angels' heads above. A [cornice](/wiki/Cornice \"Cornice\") runs above the 2nd story.", "#### Upper stories", "The 3rd through 10th stories are mostly clad in plain brick with rectangular window openings. The 3rd\\-story window openings are surrounded by eared moldings; above each window are volutes flanking swags, which support segmental\\-arched and triangular pediments. The 4th\\- through 10th\\-story windows are plain in design, except for window sills and air\\-conditioning vents below each window. Starting on the 3rd story, the two outer bays are flanked by narrow bands of brick [quoins](/wiki/Quoin \"Quoin\"). The 11th\\-story windows contain eared moldings, swags below each window, and elaborate keystones. There are marble panels between most of the 11th\\-story windows (except in front of the quoins); the panels have alternating lozenge and circular shapes. Each of these marble panels is topped by three [brackets](/wiki/Bracket_%28architecture%29 \"Bracket (architecture)\") shaped like [acanthus leaves](/wiki/Acanthus_%28ornament%29 \"Acanthus (ornament)\"). A string course runs above the 11th story.[thumb\\|Facade of the Paramount Hotel above the 11th story. At the 12th\\-story setback, there is a terracotta balustrade in front of the eight center bays. There are further setbacks at the 14th, 16th, and 18th stories. Parts of the facade are separated vertically by iron railings and metal security grates. At](/wiki/File:Paramount_Hotel_Nov_2021_05.jpg \"Paramount Hotel Nov 2021 05.jpg\") the 12th\\-story setback, there is a terracotta balustrade in front of the eight center bays. Each of these bays is separated by an [urn](/wiki/Urn \"Urn\") with a terracotta [finial](/wiki/Finial \"Finial\"). Metal security grates are installed between the facade and the urns, dividing the balcony into several sections. The four outer windows on the 12th story are filled with iron balustrades. At the 14th\\-story setback, there is a string course and a balustrade across all twelve bays; metal grates are installed at several points. Within each bay, the windows at the 12th and 13th stories are placed within the same terracotta molding, as are the 14th\\- and 15th\\-story windows in each bay. On each of the 12th through 15th stories, there are bands of quoins separating each of the bays, except for the two outermost bays on either side, which are separated by plain brick.{{harvnb\\|Landmarks Preservation Commission\\|2009\\|ps\\=.\\|pp\\=7–8}} Another cornice runs above the 15th story, supported by pairs of brackets and acanthus leaves.{{harvnb\\|Landmarks Preservation Commission\\|2009\\|ps\\=.\\|p\\=8}}", "At the 16th and 17th stories, the four central bays rise without setting back further. The three outermost bays on either side are significantly set back, creating the impression of a projecting central pavilion. The central bays and the outer bays are connected by diagonal wall sections, which are decorated with urns atop volutes. The two outermost bays on either side have stone balustrades, while the remainders of the outer pavilions contain iron railings and metal security grates. Within each bay, the windows at the 16th and 17th stories are placed within the same terracotta molding. Each of the four center bays is separated by a row of quoins. At the 17th story, the center bays have pediments decorated with [cartouches](/wiki/Cartouche \"Cartouche\") and volutes. A terracotta [frieze](/wiki/Frieze \"Frieze\") separates the 17th story from the roof.", "The west and east elevations are generally designed in plain brick with rectangular window openings. The southern sections of these elevations contain chimneys above the 8th story, as well as stone bands at the 12th, 14th, 16th, and 18th\\-story setbacks. The north elevation contains terracotta balconies at each setback, which span the width of the facade. The setbacks also have metal security grates.", "#### Roof", "The hotel's southern and northern wings share a hip roof at the center, flanked by mansard roofs on either side of each wing. The central hip roof is topped by a frieze with ribbons and swags, with cartouches at the corners. A plain [coping](/wiki/Coping_%28architecture%29 \"Coping (architecture)\") runs above the rest of the roof.{{harvnb\\|Landmarks Preservation Commission\\|2009\\|ps\\=.\\|pp\\=8–9}}", "To the south, the hip\\-roofed section is flanked by two volutes on either side. The four center windows contain stone dormers at the 18th story; these are topped by arched pediments decorated with shells and foliate decorations. The center of the 19th story has three circular copper dormers with pediments, which alternate with the 18th\\-story windows. On the south elevation, the side bays each have three copper dormers on the 18th and 19th stories, with segmentally arched pediments. To the north, there are two square dormer windows at the 18th story.", "" ]
History ------- ### Foundation The ANAP was founded on 20 May 1983\. The party's founders were [Turgut Özal](/wiki/Turgut_%C3%96zal "Turgut Özal"), [Cavit Şadi Pehlivanoğlu](/wiki/Cavit_%C5%9Eadi_Pehlivano%C4%9Flu "Cavit Şadi Pehlivanoğlu"), [Mehmet Keçeciler](/wiki/Mehmet_Ke%C3%A7eciler "Mehmet Keçeciler"), [Mesut Yılmaz](/wiki/Mesut_Y%C4%B1lmaz "Mesut Yılmaz"), [Cavit Kavak](/wiki/Cavit_Kavak "Cavit Kavak"), [Adnan Kahveci](/wiki/Adnan_Kahveci "Adnan Kahveci"), [Cemil Çiçek](/wiki/Cemil_%C3%87i%C3%A7ek "Cemil Çiçek"), [Ali Ayağ](/wiki/Ali_Aya%C4%9F "Ali Ayağ"), [Mustafa Taşar](/wiki/Mustafa_Ta%C5%9Far "Mustafa Taşar"), [Kaya Erdem](/wiki/Kaya_Erdem "Kaya Erdem"), [Güneş Taner](/wiki/G%C3%BCne%C5%9F_Taner "Güneş Taner"), [Abdullah Tenekeci](/wiki/Abdullah_Tenekeci "Abdullah Tenekeci"), [Kazım Oksay](/wiki/Kaz%C4%B1m_Oksay "Kazım Oksay"), [Recep Ercüment Konukman](/wiki/Recep_Erc%C3%BCment_Konukman "Recep Ercüment Konukman"), [Veysel Atasoy](/wiki/Veysel_Atasoy "Veysel Atasoy"), [Halil Şıvgın](/wiki/Halil_%C5%9E%C4%B1vg%C4%B1n "Halil Şıvgın"), [Vehbi Dinçerler](/wiki/Vehbi_Din%C3%A7erler "Vehbi Dinçerler"), [Sudi Türel](/wiki/Sudi_T%C3%BCrel "Sudi Türel"), [Necat Eldem](/wiki/Necat_Eldem "Necat Eldem"), [Ali Tanrıyar](/wiki/Ali_Tanr%C4%B1yar "Ali Tanrıyar"), [Bedrettin Doğancan Akyürek](/wiki/Bedrettin_Do%C4%9Fancan_Aky%C3%BCrek "Bedrettin Doğancan Akyürek"), [İbrahim Özdemir](/wiki/%C4%B0brahim_%C3%96zdemir "İbrahim Özdemir"), [Abdulhalim Aras](/wiki/Abdulhalim_Aras "Abdulhalim Aras"), [Hüsnü Doğan](/wiki/H%C3%BCsn%C3%BC_Do%C4%9Fan "Hüsnü Doğan"), [Leyla Yeniay Köseoğlu](/wiki/Leyla_Yeniay_K%C3%B6seo%C4%9Flu "Leyla Yeniay Köseoğlu"), [Vural Arıkan](/wiki/Vural_Ar%C4%B1kan "Vural Arıkan"), [Bedrettin Dalan](/wiki/Bedrettin_Dalan "Bedrettin Dalan"), [Abdülhalim Aras](/wiki/Abd%C3%BClhalim_Aras "Abdülhalim Aras"), [Nail Kul](/wiki/Nail_Kul "Nail Kul"), [Mehmet Altınsoy](/wiki/Mehmet_Alt%C4%B1nsoy "Mehmet Altınsoy") and [Alpaslan Pehlivanlı](/wiki/Alpaslan_Pehlivanl%C4%B1 "Alpaslan Pehlivanlı"). ### 1983 general elections In the [general elections on 6 November 1983](/wiki/1983_Turkish_general_election "1983 Turkish general election"), the Motherland Party, the [Populist Party](/wiki/Populist_Party_%28Turkey%29 "Populist Party (Turkey)") (HP), and the [Nationalist Democracy Party](/wiki/Nationalist_Democracy_Party "Nationalist Democracy Party") (MDP) were allowed to run for office. The ANAP won 212 of the 400 available seats and Turgut Özal, the leader of the party, became the [Prime Minister](/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Turkey "Prime Minister of Turkey").{{cite web\|title\=Turkey \- Political parties\|url\=http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Asia\-and\-Oceania/Turkey\-POLITICAL\-PARTIES.html\|publisher\=Encyclopedia of the Nations\|access\-date\=24 April 2012}} The ANAP maintained a majority in the government of Turkey from 1983 until 1991\. Turgut Özal held the position of [Prime Minister](/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Turkey "Prime Minister of Turkey") from 1983 to 1989, then [President](/wiki/President_of_Turkey "President of Turkey") from 1989 to 1993\. Özal died in office, and was succeeded by the [True Path Party](/wiki/True_Path_Party "True Path Party") leader, [Süleyman Demirel](/wiki/S%C3%BCleyman_Demirel "Süleyman Demirel"). ### 1987 referendum and general elections With the [1987 Turkish constitutional referendum](/wiki/1987_Turkish_constitutional_referendum "1987 Turkish constitutional referendum"), despite the ANAP campaigning against it,{{Cite news \|last\=Kalafat \|first\=Haluk \|date\=2 February 2017 \|title\=1987 Referandumu: Özal 75 Bin Oyla Kaybetti \|work\=Bianet \|url\=https://bianet.org/1/17/183220\-1987\-referandumu\-ozal\-75\-bin\-oyla\-kaybetti}} a 10\-year ban on over 200 leaders of the [Republican People's Party](/wiki/Republican_People%27s_Party "Republican People's Party") and the [Justice Party](/wiki/Justice_Party_%28Turkey%29 "Justice Party (Turkey)") were lifted, allowing them to run for office and participate in political affairs. In [1987 Turkish general election](/wiki/1987_Turkish_general_election "1987 Turkish general election") the ANAP won 292 of the 450 seats.{{cite web\|title\=Turkey \- Political parties\|url\=http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Asia\-and\-Oceania/Turkey\-POLITICAL\-PARTIES.html\|publisher\=Encyclopedia of the Nations\|access\-date\=24 April 2012}} During this time, the ANAP leaders transformed the Turkish economy by beginning free\-market reforms, particularly cutting down the public area and moving towards privately owned business. In 1987, the ANAP\-led government filed for admission into the [European Economic Community](/wiki/European_Economic_Community "European Economic Community"), the forerunner of the [European Union](/wiki/European_Union "European Union"). However, this attempt to enter the EEC was ended when the ANAP criticised the customs union of the EEC and decided the admission terms prescribed by the EEC to be not in the best interest of Turkey or its people. ### 1991 general elections In the [1991 Turkish general election](/wiki/1991_Turkish_general_election "1991 Turkish general election"), the ANAP lost the majority to a coalition of the [True Path Party](/wiki/True_Path_Party "True Path Party") and the [Social Democratic Populist Party](/wiki/Social_Democratic_Populist_Party_%28Turkey%29 "Social Democratic Populist Party (Turkey)").{{cite web\|title\=Turkey \- Political parties\|url\=http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Asia\-and\-Oceania/Turkey\-POLITICAL\-PARTIES.html\|publisher\=Encyclopedia of the Nations\|access\-date\=24 April 2012}} ### 1995 general elections After its longest run, the ANAP has had few opportunities to return to leadership. After the [1995 Turkish general election](/wiki/1995_Turkish_general_election "1995 Turkish general election"), the ANAP formed a brief coalition with the [True Path Party](/wiki/True_Path_Party "True Path Party") (DYP), another centre\-right oriented party, that allowed their influence to return for a short period of time. Then, from July 1997 to November 1998, the ANAP was returned to the head of government with the leader [Mesut Yılmaz](/wiki/Mesut_Y%C4%B1lmaz "Mesut Yılmaz") during Turkey's first televised elections.{{cite web\|title\=Turkey\-Motherland Party\|url\=http://countrystudies.us/turkey/82\.htm\|publisher\=countrystudies.us\|access\-date\=24 April 2012}} ### 1999 general elections However, the ANAP suffered one of the largest defeats during the [April 1999 elections](/wiki/1999_Turkish_general_election "1999 Turkish general election") and became the fourth largest political party in Turkey with only 14% of the votes. Following these elections, the ANAP received only 86 of 365 seats in the Parliament. They were part of the coalition government with [DSP](/wiki/Demokratik_Sol_Parti "Demokratik Sol Parti") and [MHP](/wiki/Nationalist_Movement_Party "Nationalist Movement Party") until 2002\. ### 2002 general elections During the [2002 elections](/wiki/2002_Turkish_general_election "2002 Turkish general election"), they got only 5\.12% of the votes and no seats in Parliament.{{cite web\|title\=Turkey \- Political parties\|url\=http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Asia\-and\-Oceania/Turkey\-POLITICAL\-PARTIES.html\|publisher\=Encyclopedia of the Nations\|access\-date\=24 April 2012}} On 5 May 2007, it was announced that the ANAP and the DYP would merge to the [Democrat Party](/wiki/Democrat_Party_%28Turkey%2C_current%29 "Democrat Party (Turkey, current)") (DP). However, this failed and the ANAP announced that it would not run for the upcoming elections. From 2008 to 2009, its president was [Salih Uzun](/wiki/Salih_Uzun "Salih Uzun"). On 31 October 2009, it was merged to the Democrat Party.{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.zaman.com.tr/haber.do?haberno\=910155 \|title\=ANAP\-DP birleşti \|access\-date\=2010\-06\-21 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229132835/http://www.zaman.com.tr/haber.do?haberno\=910155 \|archive\-date\=2012\-02\-29 \|url\-status\=dead }}
[ "History\n-------", "### Foundation", "The ANAP was founded on 20 May 1983\\. The party's founders were [Turgut Özal](/wiki/Turgut_%C3%96zal \"Turgut Özal\"), [Cavit Şadi Pehlivanoğlu](/wiki/Cavit_%C5%9Eadi_Pehlivano%C4%9Flu \"Cavit Şadi Pehlivanoğlu\"), [Mehmet Keçeciler](/wiki/Mehmet_Ke%C3%A7eciler \"Mehmet Keçeciler\"), [Mesut Yılmaz](/wiki/Mesut_Y%C4%B1lmaz \"Mesut Yılmaz\"), [Cavit Kavak](/wiki/Cavit_Kavak \"Cavit Kavak\"), [Adnan Kahveci](/wiki/Adnan_Kahveci \"Adnan Kahveci\"), [Cemil Çiçek](/wiki/Cemil_%C3%87i%C3%A7ek \"Cemil Çiçek\"), [Ali Ayağ](/wiki/Ali_Aya%C4%9F \"Ali Ayağ\"), [Mustafa Taşar](/wiki/Mustafa_Ta%C5%9Far \"Mustafa Taşar\"), [Kaya Erdem](/wiki/Kaya_Erdem \"Kaya Erdem\"), [Güneş Taner](/wiki/G%C3%BCne%C5%9F_Taner \"Güneş Taner\"), [Abdullah Tenekeci](/wiki/Abdullah_Tenekeci \"Abdullah Tenekeci\"), [Kazım Oksay](/wiki/Kaz%C4%B1m_Oksay \"Kazım Oksay\"), [Recep Ercüment Konukman](/wiki/Recep_Erc%C3%BCment_Konukman \"Recep Ercüment Konukman\"), [Veysel Atasoy](/wiki/Veysel_Atasoy \"Veysel Atasoy\"), [Halil Şıvgın](/wiki/Halil_%C5%9E%C4%B1vg%C4%B1n \"Halil Şıvgın\"), [Vehbi Dinçerler](/wiki/Vehbi_Din%C3%A7erler \"Vehbi Dinçerler\"), [Sudi Türel](/wiki/Sudi_T%C3%BCrel \"Sudi Türel\"), [Necat Eldem](/wiki/Necat_Eldem \"Necat Eldem\"), [Ali Tanrıyar](/wiki/Ali_Tanr%C4%B1yar \"Ali Tanrıyar\"), [Bedrettin Doğancan Akyürek](/wiki/Bedrettin_Do%C4%9Fancan_Aky%C3%BCrek \"Bedrettin Doğancan Akyürek\"), [İbrahim Özdemir](/wiki/%C4%B0brahim_%C3%96zdemir \"İbrahim Özdemir\"), [Abdulhalim Aras](/wiki/Abdulhalim_Aras \"Abdulhalim Aras\"), [Hüsnü Doğan](/wiki/H%C3%BCsn%C3%BC_Do%C4%9Fan \"Hüsnü Doğan\"), [Leyla Yeniay Köseoğlu](/wiki/Leyla_Yeniay_K%C3%B6seo%C4%9Flu \"Leyla Yeniay Köseoğlu\"), [Vural Arıkan](/wiki/Vural_Ar%C4%B1kan \"Vural Arıkan\"), [Bedrettin Dalan](/wiki/Bedrettin_Dalan \"Bedrettin Dalan\"), [Abdülhalim Aras](/wiki/Abd%C3%BClhalim_Aras \"Abdülhalim Aras\"), [Nail Kul](/wiki/Nail_Kul \"Nail Kul\"), [Mehmet Altınsoy](/wiki/Mehmet_Alt%C4%B1nsoy \"Mehmet Altınsoy\") and [Alpaslan Pehlivanlı](/wiki/Alpaslan_Pehlivanl%C4%B1 \"Alpaslan Pehlivanlı\").", "### 1983 general elections", "In the [general elections on 6 November 1983](/wiki/1983_Turkish_general_election \"1983 Turkish general election\"), the Motherland Party, the [Populist Party](/wiki/Populist_Party_%28Turkey%29 \"Populist Party (Turkey)\") (HP), and the [Nationalist Democracy Party](/wiki/Nationalist_Democracy_Party \"Nationalist Democracy Party\") (MDP) were allowed to run for office. The ANAP won 212 of the 400 available seats and Turgut Özal, the leader of the party, became the [Prime Minister](/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Turkey \"Prime Minister of Turkey\").{{cite web\\|title\\=Turkey \\- Political parties\\|url\\=http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Asia\\-and\\-Oceania/Turkey\\-POLITICAL\\-PARTIES.html\\|publisher\\=Encyclopedia of the Nations\\|access\\-date\\=24 April 2012}} The ANAP maintained a majority in the government of Turkey from 1983 until 1991\\. Turgut Özal held the position of [Prime Minister](/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Turkey \"Prime Minister of Turkey\") from 1983 to 1989, then [President](/wiki/President_of_Turkey \"President of Turkey\") from 1989 to 1993\\. Özal died in office, and was succeeded by the [True Path Party](/wiki/True_Path_Party \"True Path Party\") leader, [Süleyman Demirel](/wiki/S%C3%BCleyman_Demirel \"Süleyman Demirel\").", "### 1987 referendum and general elections", "With the [1987 Turkish constitutional referendum](/wiki/1987_Turkish_constitutional_referendum \"1987 Turkish constitutional referendum\"), despite the ANAP campaigning against it,{{Cite news \\|last\\=Kalafat \\|first\\=Haluk \\|date\\=2 February 2017 \\|title\\=1987 Referandumu: Özal 75 Bin Oyla Kaybetti \\|work\\=Bianet \\|url\\=https://bianet.org/1/17/183220\\-1987\\-referandumu\\-ozal\\-75\\-bin\\-oyla\\-kaybetti}} a 10\\-year ban on over 200 leaders of the [Republican People's Party](/wiki/Republican_People%27s_Party \"Republican People's Party\") and the [Justice Party](/wiki/Justice_Party_%28Turkey%29 \"Justice Party (Turkey)\") were lifted, allowing them to run for office and participate in political affairs. In [1987 Turkish general election](/wiki/1987_Turkish_general_election \"1987 Turkish general election\") the ANAP won 292 of the 450 seats.{{cite web\\|title\\=Turkey \\- Political parties\\|url\\=http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Asia\\-and\\-Oceania/Turkey\\-POLITICAL\\-PARTIES.html\\|publisher\\=Encyclopedia of the Nations\\|access\\-date\\=24 April 2012}}", "During this time, the ANAP leaders transformed the Turkish economy by beginning free\\-market reforms, particularly cutting down the public area and moving towards privately owned business. In 1987, the ANAP\\-led government filed for admission into the [European Economic Community](/wiki/European_Economic_Community \"European Economic Community\"), the forerunner of the [European Union](/wiki/European_Union \"European Union\"). However, this attempt to enter the EEC was ended when the ANAP criticised the customs union of the EEC and decided the admission terms prescribed by the EEC to be not in the best interest of Turkey or its people.", "### 1991 general elections", "In the [1991 Turkish general election](/wiki/1991_Turkish_general_election \"1991 Turkish general election\"), the ANAP lost the majority to a coalition of the [True Path Party](/wiki/True_Path_Party \"True Path Party\") and the [Social Democratic Populist Party](/wiki/Social_Democratic_Populist_Party_%28Turkey%29 \"Social Democratic Populist Party (Turkey)\").{{cite web\\|title\\=Turkey \\- Political parties\\|url\\=http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Asia\\-and\\-Oceania/Turkey\\-POLITICAL\\-PARTIES.html\\|publisher\\=Encyclopedia of the Nations\\|access\\-date\\=24 April 2012}}", "### 1995 general elections", "After its longest run, the ANAP has had few opportunities to return to leadership. After the [1995 Turkish general election](/wiki/1995_Turkish_general_election \"1995 Turkish general election\"), the ANAP formed a brief coalition with the [True Path Party](/wiki/True_Path_Party \"True Path Party\") (DYP), another centre\\-right oriented party, that allowed their influence to return for a short period of time. Then, from July 1997 to November 1998, the ANAP was returned to the head of government with the leader [Mesut Yılmaz](/wiki/Mesut_Y%C4%B1lmaz \"Mesut Yılmaz\") during Turkey's first televised elections.{{cite web\\|title\\=Turkey\\-Motherland Party\\|url\\=http://countrystudies.us/turkey/82\\.htm\\|publisher\\=countrystudies.us\\|access\\-date\\=24 April 2012}}", "### 1999 general elections", "However, the ANAP suffered one of the largest defeats during the [April 1999 elections](/wiki/1999_Turkish_general_election \"1999 Turkish general election\") and became the fourth largest political party in Turkey with only 14% of the votes. Following these elections, the ANAP received only 86 of 365 seats in the Parliament. They were part of the coalition government with [DSP](/wiki/Demokratik_Sol_Parti \"Demokratik Sol Parti\") and [MHP](/wiki/Nationalist_Movement_Party \"Nationalist Movement Party\") until 2002\\.", "### 2002 general elections", "During the [2002 elections](/wiki/2002_Turkish_general_election \"2002 Turkish general election\"), they got only 5\\.12% of the votes and no seats in Parliament.{{cite web\\|title\\=Turkey \\- Political parties\\|url\\=http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Asia\\-and\\-Oceania/Turkey\\-POLITICAL\\-PARTIES.html\\|publisher\\=Encyclopedia of the Nations\\|access\\-date\\=24 April 2012}}", "On 5 May 2007, it was announced that the ANAP and the DYP would merge to the [Democrat Party](/wiki/Democrat_Party_%28Turkey%2C_current%29 \"Democrat Party (Turkey, current)\") (DP). However, this failed and the ANAP announced that it would not run for the upcoming elections.", "From 2008 to 2009, its president was [Salih Uzun](/wiki/Salih_Uzun \"Salih Uzun\"). On 31 October 2009, it was merged to the Democrat Party.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.zaman.com.tr/haber.do?haberno\\=910155 \\|title\\=ANAP\\-DP birleşti \\|access\\-date\\=2010\\-06\\-21 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229132835/http://www.zaman.com.tr/haber.do?haberno\\=910155 \\|archive\\-date\\=2012\\-02\\-29 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}", "" ]
Finite abelian groups --------------------- Cyclic groups of [integers modulo n](/wiki/Modular_arithmetic "Modular arithmetic"), \\mathbb{Z}/n\\mathbb{Z}, were among the first examples of groups. It turns out that an arbitrary finite abelian group is isomorphic to a direct sum of finite cyclic groups of prime power order, and these orders are uniquely determined, forming a complete system of invariants. The [automorphism group](/wiki/Automorphism_group "Automorphism group") of a finite abelian group can be described directly in terms of these invariants. The theory had been first developed in the 1879 paper of [Georg Frobenius](/wiki/Georg_Frobenius "Georg Frobenius") and [Ludwig Stickelberger](/wiki/Ludwig_Stickelberger "Ludwig Stickelberger") and later was both simplified and generalized to finitely generated modules over a principal ideal domain, forming an important chapter of [linear algebra](/wiki/Linear_algebra "Linear algebra"). Any group of prime order is isomorphic to a cyclic group and therefore abelian. Any group whose order is a square of a prime number is also abelian.Rose 2012, [p. 79](https://books.google.com/books?id=pYk6AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA79&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false). In fact, for every prime number p there are (up to isomorphism) exactly two groups of order p^2, namely \\mathbb{Z}\_{p^2} and \\mathbb{Z}\_p\\times\\mathbb{Z}\_p. ### Classification The **fundamental theorem of finite abelian groups** states that every finite abelian group G can be expressed as the direct sum of cyclic subgroups of [prime](/wiki/Prime_number "Prime number")\-power order; it is also known as the **basis theorem for finite abelian groups**. Moreover, automorphism groups of cyclic groups are examples of abelian groups.[Kurzweil, H.](/wiki/Hans_Kurzweil "Hans Kurzweil"), \& [Stellmacher, B.](/wiki/Bernd_Stellmacher "Bernd Stellmacher"), *The Theory of Finite Groups: An Introduction* (New York, Berlin, Heidelberg: [Springer Verlag](/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media "Springer Science+Business Media"), 2004\), [pp. 43–54](https://books.google.com/books?id=iebSBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA43&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false). This is generalized by the [fundamental theorem of finitely generated abelian groups](/wiki/Fundamental_theorem_of_finitely_generated_abelian_groups "Fundamental theorem of finitely generated abelian groups"), with finite groups being the special case when *G* has zero [rank](/wiki/Rank_of_an_abelian_group "Rank of an abelian group"); this in turn admits numerous further generalizations. The classification was proven by [Leopold Kronecker](/wiki/Leopold_Kronecker "Leopold Kronecker") in 1870, though it was not stated in modern group\-theoretic terms until later, and was preceded by a similar classification of quadratic forms by [Carl Friedrich Gauss](/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss "Carl Friedrich Gauss") in 1801; see [history](/wiki/Fundamental_theorem_of_finitely_generated_abelian_groups%23History "Fundamental theorem of finitely generated abelian groups#History") for details. The cyclic group \\mathbb{Z}\_{mn} of order mn is isomorphic to the direct sum of \\mathbb{Z}\_m and \\mathbb{Z}\_n if and only if m and n are [coprime](/wiki/Coprime "Coprime"). It follows that any finite abelian group G is isomorphic to a direct sum of the form \\bigoplus\_{i\=1}^{u}\\ \\mathbb{Z}\_{k\_i} in either of the following canonical ways: * the numbers k\_1, k\_2, \\dots, k\_u are powers of (not necessarily distinct) primes, * or k\_1 [divides](/wiki/Divisor "Divisor") k\_2, which divides k\_3, and so on up to k\_u. For example, \\mathbb{Z}\_{15} can be expressed as the direct sum of two cyclic subgroups of order 3 and 5: \\mathbb{Z}\_{15} \\cong \\{0,5,10\\} \\oplus \\{0,3,6,9,12\\}. The same can be said for any abelian group of order 15, leading to the remarkable conclusion that all abelian groups of order 15 are [isomorphic](/wiki/Group_isomorphism "Group isomorphism"). For another example, every abelian group of order 8 is isomorphic to either \\mathbb{Z}\_8 (the integers 0 to 7 under addition modulo 8\), \\mathbb{Z}\_4\\oplus \\mathbb{Z}\_2 (the odd integers 1 to 15 under multiplication modulo 16\), or \\mathbb{Z}\_2\\oplus \\mathbb{Z}\_2 \\oplus \\mathbb{Z}\_2. See also [list of small groups](/wiki/List_of_small_groups "List of small groups") for finite abelian groups of order 30 or less. ### Automorphisms One can apply the [fundamental theorem](/wiki/%23Classification "#Classification") to count (and sometimes determine) the [automorphisms](/wiki/Group_isomorphism%23Automorphisms "Group isomorphism#Automorphisms") of a given finite abelian group G. To do this, one uses the fact that if G splits as a direct sum H\\oplus K of subgroups of [coprime](/wiki/Coprime "Coprime") order, then \\operatorname{Aut}(H\\oplus K) \\cong \\operatorname{Aut}(H)\\oplus \\operatorname{Aut}(K). Given this, the fundamental theorem shows that to compute the automorphism group of G it suffices to compute the automorphism groups of the [Sylow](/wiki/Sylow_theorems "Sylow theorems") p\-subgroups separately (that is, all direct sums of cyclic subgroups, each with order a power of p). Fix a prime p and suppose the exponents e\_i of the cyclic factors of the Sylow p\-subgroup are arranged in increasing order: e\_1\\leq e\_2 \\leq\\cdots\\leq e\_n for some n \> 0. One needs to find the automorphisms of \\mathbf{Z}\_{p^{e\_1}} \\oplus \\cdots \\oplus \\mathbf{Z}\_{p^{e\_n}}. One special case is when n \= 1, so that there is only one cyclic prime\-power factor in the Sylow p\-subgroup P. In this case the theory of automorphisms of a finite [cyclic group](/wiki/Cyclic_group "Cyclic group") can be used. Another special case is when n is arbitrary but e\_i \= 1 for 1 \\le i \\le n. Here, one is considering P to be of the form \\mathbf{Z}\_p \\oplus \\cdots \\oplus \\mathbf{Z}\_p, so elements of this subgroup can be viewed as comprising a vector space of dimension n over the finite field of p elements \\mathbb{F}\_p. The automorphisms of this subgroup are therefore given by the invertible linear transformations, so \\operatorname{Aut}(P)\\cong\\mathrm{GL}(n,\\mathbf{F}\_p), where \\mathrm{GL} is the appropriate [general linear group](/wiki/General_linear_group "General linear group"). This is easily shown to have order \\left\|\\operatorname{Aut}(P)\\right\|\=(p^n\-1\)\\cdots(p^n\-p^{n\-1}). In the most general case, where the e\_i and n are arbitrary, the automorphism group is more difficult to determine. It is known, however, that if one defines d\_k\=\\max\\{r\\mid e\_r \= e\_k\\} and c\_k\=\\min\\{r\\mid e\_r\=e\_k\\} then one has in particular k \\le d\_k, c\_k \\le k, and \\left\|\\operatorname{Aut}(P)\\right\| \= \\prod\_{k\=1}^n (p^{d\_k}\-p^{k\-1}) \\prod\_{j\=1}^n (p^{e\_j})^{n\-d\_j} \\prod\_{i\=1}^n (p^{e\_i\-1})^{n\-c\_i\+1}. One can check that this yields the orders in the previous examples as special cases (see Hillar \& Rhea).
[ "Finite abelian groups\n---------------------", "Cyclic groups of [integers modulo n](/wiki/Modular_arithmetic \"Modular arithmetic\"), \\\\mathbb{Z}/n\\\\mathbb{Z}, were among the first examples of groups. It turns out that an arbitrary finite abelian group is isomorphic to a direct sum of finite cyclic groups of prime power order, and these orders are uniquely determined, forming a complete system of invariants. The [automorphism group](/wiki/Automorphism_group \"Automorphism group\") of a finite abelian group can be described directly in terms of these invariants. The theory had been first developed in the 1879 paper of [Georg Frobenius](/wiki/Georg_Frobenius \"Georg Frobenius\") and [Ludwig Stickelberger](/wiki/Ludwig_Stickelberger \"Ludwig Stickelberger\") and later was both simplified and generalized to finitely generated modules over a principal ideal domain, forming an important chapter of [linear algebra](/wiki/Linear_algebra \"Linear algebra\").", "Any group of prime order is isomorphic to a cyclic group and therefore abelian. Any group whose order is a square of a prime number is also abelian.Rose 2012, [p. 79](https://books.google.com/books?id=pYk6AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA79&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false). In fact, for every prime number p there are (up to isomorphism) exactly two groups of order p^2, namely \\\\mathbb{Z}\\_{p^2} and \\\\mathbb{Z}\\_p\\\\times\\\\mathbb{Z}\\_p.", "### Classification", "The **fundamental theorem of finite abelian groups** states that every finite abelian group G can be expressed as the direct sum of cyclic subgroups of [prime](/wiki/Prime_number \"Prime number\")\\-power order; it is also known as the **basis theorem for finite abelian groups**. Moreover, automorphism groups of cyclic groups are examples of abelian groups.[Kurzweil, H.](/wiki/Hans_Kurzweil \"Hans Kurzweil\"), \\& [Stellmacher, B.](/wiki/Bernd_Stellmacher \"Bernd Stellmacher\"), *The Theory of Finite Groups: An Introduction* (New York, Berlin, Heidelberg: [Springer Verlag](/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media \"Springer Science+Business Media\"), 2004\\), [pp. 43–54](https://books.google.com/books?id=iebSBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA43&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false). This is generalized by the [fundamental theorem of finitely generated abelian groups](/wiki/Fundamental_theorem_of_finitely_generated_abelian_groups \"Fundamental theorem of finitely generated abelian groups\"), with finite groups being the special case when *G* has zero [rank](/wiki/Rank_of_an_abelian_group \"Rank of an abelian group\"); this in turn admits numerous further generalizations.", "The classification was proven by [Leopold Kronecker](/wiki/Leopold_Kronecker \"Leopold Kronecker\") in 1870, though it was not stated in modern group\\-theoretic terms until later, and was preceded by a similar classification of quadratic forms by [Carl Friedrich Gauss](/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss \"Carl Friedrich Gauss\") in 1801; see [history](/wiki/Fundamental_theorem_of_finitely_generated_abelian_groups%23History \"Fundamental theorem of finitely generated abelian groups#History\") for details.", "The cyclic group \\\\mathbb{Z}\\_{mn} of order mn is isomorphic to the direct sum of \\\\mathbb{Z}\\_m and \\\\mathbb{Z}\\_n if and only if m and n are [coprime](/wiki/Coprime \"Coprime\"). It follows that any finite abelian group G is isomorphic to a direct sum of the form", "\\\\bigoplus\\_{i\\=1}^{u}\\\\ \\\\mathbb{Z}\\_{k\\_i}\nin either of the following canonical ways:\n* the numbers k\\_1, k\\_2, \\\\dots, k\\_u are powers of (not necessarily distinct) primes,\n* or k\\_1 [divides](/wiki/Divisor \"Divisor\") k\\_2, which divides k\\_3, and so on up to k\\_u.", "For example, \\\\mathbb{Z}\\_{15} can be expressed as the direct sum of two cyclic subgroups of order 3 and 5: \\\\mathbb{Z}\\_{15} \\\\cong \\\\{0,5,10\\\\} \\\\oplus \\\\{0,3,6,9,12\\\\}. The same can be said for any abelian group of order 15, leading to the remarkable conclusion that all abelian groups of order 15 are [isomorphic](/wiki/Group_isomorphism \"Group isomorphism\").", "For another example, every abelian group of order 8 is isomorphic to either \\\\mathbb{Z}\\_8 (the integers 0 to 7 under addition modulo 8\\), \\\\mathbb{Z}\\_4\\\\oplus \\\\mathbb{Z}\\_2 (the odd integers 1 to 15 under multiplication modulo 16\\), or \\\\mathbb{Z}\\_2\\\\oplus \\\\mathbb{Z}\\_2 \\\\oplus \\\\mathbb{Z}\\_2.", "See also [list of small groups](/wiki/List_of_small_groups \"List of small groups\") for finite abelian groups of order 30 or less.", "### Automorphisms", "One can apply the [fundamental theorem](/wiki/%23Classification \"#Classification\") to count (and sometimes determine) the [automorphisms](/wiki/Group_isomorphism%23Automorphisms \"Group isomorphism#Automorphisms\") of a given finite abelian group G. To do this, one uses the fact that if G splits as a direct sum H\\\\oplus K of subgroups of [coprime](/wiki/Coprime \"Coprime\") order, then\n\\\\operatorname{Aut}(H\\\\oplus K) \\\\cong \\\\operatorname{Aut}(H)\\\\oplus \\\\operatorname{Aut}(K).", "Given this, the fundamental theorem shows that to compute the automorphism group of G it suffices to compute the automorphism groups of the [Sylow](/wiki/Sylow_theorems \"Sylow theorems\") p\\-subgroups separately (that is, all direct sums of cyclic subgroups, each with order a power of p). Fix a prime p and suppose the exponents e\\_i of the cyclic factors of the Sylow p\\-subgroup are arranged in increasing order:", "e\\_1\\\\leq e\\_2 \\\\leq\\\\cdots\\\\leq e\\_n\nfor some n \\> 0. One needs to find the automorphisms of", "\\\\mathbf{Z}\\_{p^{e\\_1}} \\\\oplus \\\\cdots \\\\oplus \\\\mathbf{Z}\\_{p^{e\\_n}}.\nOne special case is when n \\= 1, so that there is only one cyclic prime\\-power factor in the Sylow p\\-subgroup P. In this case the theory of automorphisms of a finite [cyclic group](/wiki/Cyclic_group \"Cyclic group\") can be used. Another special case is when n is arbitrary but e\\_i \\= 1 for 1 \\\\le i \\\\le n. Here, one is considering P to be of the form", "\\\\mathbf{Z}\\_p \\\\oplus \\\\cdots \\\\oplus \\\\mathbf{Z}\\_p,\nso elements of this subgroup can be viewed as comprising a vector space of dimension n over the finite field of p elements \\\\mathbb{F}\\_p. The automorphisms of this subgroup are therefore given by the invertible linear transformations, so", "\\\\operatorname{Aut}(P)\\\\cong\\\\mathrm{GL}(n,\\\\mathbf{F}\\_p),\nwhere \\\\mathrm{GL} is the appropriate [general linear group](/wiki/General_linear_group \"General linear group\"). This is easily shown to have order", "\\\\left\\|\\\\operatorname{Aut}(P)\\\\right\\|\\=(p^n\\-1\\)\\\\cdots(p^n\\-p^{n\\-1}).\nIn the most general case, where the e\\_i and n are arbitrary, the automorphism group is more difficult to determine. It is known, however, that if one defines", "d\\_k\\=\\\\max\\\\{r\\\\mid e\\_r \\= e\\_k\\\\}\nand", "c\\_k\\=\\\\min\\\\{r\\\\mid e\\_r\\=e\\_k\\\\}\nthen one has in particular k \\\\le d\\_k, c\\_k \\\\le k, and", "\\\\left\\|\\\\operatorname{Aut}(P)\\\\right\\| \\= \\\\prod\\_{k\\=1}^n (p^{d\\_k}\\-p^{k\\-1}) \\\\prod\\_{j\\=1}^n (p^{e\\_j})^{n\\-d\\_j} \\\\prod\\_{i\\=1}^n (p^{e\\_i\\-1})^{n\\-c\\_i\\+1}. \nOne can check that this yields the orders in the previous examples as special cases (see Hillar \\& Rhea).", "" ]
### Classification The **fundamental theorem of finite abelian groups** states that every finite abelian group G can be expressed as the direct sum of cyclic subgroups of [prime](/wiki/Prime_number "Prime number")\-power order; it is also known as the **basis theorem for finite abelian groups**. Moreover, automorphism groups of cyclic groups are examples of abelian groups.[Kurzweil, H.](/wiki/Hans_Kurzweil "Hans Kurzweil"), \& [Stellmacher, B.](/wiki/Bernd_Stellmacher "Bernd Stellmacher"), *The Theory of Finite Groups: An Introduction* (New York, Berlin, Heidelberg: [Springer Verlag](/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media "Springer Science+Business Media"), 2004\), [pp. 43–54](https://books.google.com/books?id=iebSBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA43&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false). This is generalized by the [fundamental theorem of finitely generated abelian groups](/wiki/Fundamental_theorem_of_finitely_generated_abelian_groups "Fundamental theorem of finitely generated abelian groups"), with finite groups being the special case when *G* has zero [rank](/wiki/Rank_of_an_abelian_group "Rank of an abelian group"); this in turn admits numerous further generalizations. The classification was proven by [Leopold Kronecker](/wiki/Leopold_Kronecker "Leopold Kronecker") in 1870, though it was not stated in modern group\-theoretic terms until later, and was preceded by a similar classification of quadratic forms by [Carl Friedrich Gauss](/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss "Carl Friedrich Gauss") in 1801; see [history](/wiki/Fundamental_theorem_of_finitely_generated_abelian_groups%23History "Fundamental theorem of finitely generated abelian groups#History") for details. The cyclic group \\mathbb{Z}\_{mn} of order mn is isomorphic to the direct sum of \\mathbb{Z}\_m and \\mathbb{Z}\_n if and only if m and n are [coprime](/wiki/Coprime "Coprime"). It follows that any finite abelian group G is isomorphic to a direct sum of the form \\bigoplus\_{i\=1}^{u}\\ \\mathbb{Z}\_{k\_i} in either of the following canonical ways: * the numbers k\_1, k\_2, \\dots, k\_u are powers of (not necessarily distinct) primes, * or k\_1 [divides](/wiki/Divisor "Divisor") k\_2, which divides k\_3, and so on up to k\_u. For example, \\mathbb{Z}\_{15} can be expressed as the direct sum of two cyclic subgroups of order 3 and 5: \\mathbb{Z}\_{15} \\cong \\{0,5,10\\} \\oplus \\{0,3,6,9,12\\}. The same can be said for any abelian group of order 15, leading to the remarkable conclusion that all abelian groups of order 15 are [isomorphic](/wiki/Group_isomorphism "Group isomorphism"). For another example, every abelian group of order 8 is isomorphic to either \\mathbb{Z}\_8 (the integers 0 to 7 under addition modulo 8\), \\mathbb{Z}\_4\\oplus \\mathbb{Z}\_2 (the odd integers 1 to 15 under multiplication modulo 16\), or \\mathbb{Z}\_2\\oplus \\mathbb{Z}\_2 \\oplus \\mathbb{Z}\_2. See also [list of small groups](/wiki/List_of_small_groups "List of small groups") for finite abelian groups of order 30 or less.
[ "### Classification", "The **fundamental theorem of finite abelian groups** states that every finite abelian group G can be expressed as the direct sum of cyclic subgroups of [prime](/wiki/Prime_number \"Prime number\")\\-power order; it is also known as the **basis theorem for finite abelian groups**. Moreover, automorphism groups of cyclic groups are examples of abelian groups.[Kurzweil, H.](/wiki/Hans_Kurzweil \"Hans Kurzweil\"), \\& [Stellmacher, B.](/wiki/Bernd_Stellmacher \"Bernd Stellmacher\"), *The Theory of Finite Groups: An Introduction* (New York, Berlin, Heidelberg: [Springer Verlag](/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media \"Springer Science+Business Media\"), 2004\\), [pp. 43–54](https://books.google.com/books?id=iebSBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA43&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false). This is generalized by the [fundamental theorem of finitely generated abelian groups](/wiki/Fundamental_theorem_of_finitely_generated_abelian_groups \"Fundamental theorem of finitely generated abelian groups\"), with finite groups being the special case when *G* has zero [rank](/wiki/Rank_of_an_abelian_group \"Rank of an abelian group\"); this in turn admits numerous further generalizations.", "The classification was proven by [Leopold Kronecker](/wiki/Leopold_Kronecker \"Leopold Kronecker\") in 1870, though it was not stated in modern group\\-theoretic terms until later, and was preceded by a similar classification of quadratic forms by [Carl Friedrich Gauss](/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss \"Carl Friedrich Gauss\") in 1801; see [history](/wiki/Fundamental_theorem_of_finitely_generated_abelian_groups%23History \"Fundamental theorem of finitely generated abelian groups#History\") for details.", "The cyclic group \\\\mathbb{Z}\\_{mn} of order mn is isomorphic to the direct sum of \\\\mathbb{Z}\\_m and \\\\mathbb{Z}\\_n if and only if m and n are [coprime](/wiki/Coprime \"Coprime\"). It follows that any finite abelian group G is isomorphic to a direct sum of the form", "\\\\bigoplus\\_{i\\=1}^{u}\\\\ \\\\mathbb{Z}\\_{k\\_i}\nin either of the following canonical ways:\n* the numbers k\\_1, k\\_2, \\\\dots, k\\_u are powers of (not necessarily distinct) primes,\n* or k\\_1 [divides](/wiki/Divisor \"Divisor\") k\\_2, which divides k\\_3, and so on up to k\\_u.", "For example, \\\\mathbb{Z}\\_{15} can be expressed as the direct sum of two cyclic subgroups of order 3 and 5: \\\\mathbb{Z}\\_{15} \\\\cong \\\\{0,5,10\\\\} \\\\oplus \\\\{0,3,6,9,12\\\\}. The same can be said for any abelian group of order 15, leading to the remarkable conclusion that all abelian groups of order 15 are [isomorphic](/wiki/Group_isomorphism \"Group isomorphism\").", "For another example, every abelian group of order 8 is isomorphic to either \\\\mathbb{Z}\\_8 (the integers 0 to 7 under addition modulo 8\\), \\\\mathbb{Z}\\_4\\\\oplus \\\\mathbb{Z}\\_2 (the odd integers 1 to 15 under multiplication modulo 16\\), or \\\\mathbb{Z}\\_2\\\\oplus \\\\mathbb{Z}\\_2 \\\\oplus \\\\mathbb{Z}\\_2.", "See also [list of small groups](/wiki/List_of_small_groups \"List of small groups\") for finite abelian groups of order 30 or less.", "" ]
Infinite abelian groups ----------------------- The simplest infinite abelian group is the [infinite cyclic group](/wiki/Infinite_cyclic_group "Infinite cyclic group") \\mathbb{Z}. Any [finitely generated abelian group](/wiki/Finitely_generated_abelian_group "Finitely generated abelian group") A is isomorphic to the direct sum of r copies of \\mathbb{Z} and a finite abelian group, which in turn is decomposable into a direct sum of finitely many [cyclic groups](/wiki/Cyclic_group "Cyclic group") of [prime power](/wiki/Prime_power "Prime power") orders. Even though the decomposition is not unique, the number r, called the [rank](/wiki/Rank_of_an_abelian_group "Rank of an abelian group") of A, and the prime powers giving the orders of finite cyclic summands are uniquely determined. By contrast, classification of general infinitely generated abelian groups is far from complete. [Divisible groups](/wiki/Divisible_group "Divisible group"), i.e. abelian groups A in which the equation nx \= a admits a solution x \\in A for any natural number n and element a of A, constitute one important class of infinite abelian groups that can be completely characterized. Every divisible group is isomorphic to a direct sum, with summands isomorphic to \\mathbb{Q} and [Prüfer groups](/wiki/Pr%C3%BCfer_group "Prüfer group") \\mathbb{Q}\_p/Z\_p for various prime numbers p, and the cardinality of the set of summands of each type is uniquely determined.For example, \\mathbb{Q}/\\mathbb{Z} \\cong \\sum\_p \\mathbb{Q}\_p/\\mathbb{Z}\_p. Moreover, if a divisible group A is a subgroup of an abelian group G then A admits a direct complement: a subgroup C of G such that G \= A \\oplus C. Thus divisible groups are [injective modules](/wiki/Injective_module "Injective module") in the [category of abelian groups](/wiki/Category_of_abelian_groups "Category of abelian groups"), and conversely, every injective abelian group is divisible ([Baer's criterion](/wiki/Baer%27s_criterion "Baer's criterion")). An abelian group without non\-zero divisible subgroups is called **reduced**. Two important special classes of infinite abelian groups with diametrically opposite properties are *torsion groups* and *torsion\-free groups*, exemplified by the groups \\mathbb{Q}/\\mathbb{Z} (periodic) and \\mathbb{Q} (torsion\-free). ### Torsion groups An abelian group is called **[periodic](/wiki/Periodic_group "Periodic group")** or **[torsion](/wiki/Torsion_%28algebra%29 "Torsion (algebra)")**, if every element has finite [order](/wiki/Order_%28group_theory%29 "Order (group theory)"). A direct sum of finite cyclic groups is periodic. Although the converse statement is not true in general, some special cases are known. The first and second [Prüfer theorems](/wiki/Pr%C3%BCfer_theorems "Prüfer theorems") state that if A is a periodic group, and it either has a **bounded exponent**, i.e., nA \= 0 for some natural number n, or is countable and the [p\-heights](/wiki/Height_%28abelian_group%29 "Height (abelian group)") of the elements of A are finite for each p, then A is isomorphic to a direct sum of finite cyclic groups.Countability assumption in the second Prüfer theorem cannot be removed: the torsion subgroup of the [direct product](/wiki/Direct_product "Direct product") of the cyclic groups \\mathbb{Z}/p^m\\mathbb{Z} for all natural m is not a direct sum of cyclic groups. The cardinality of the set of direct summands isomorphic to \\mathbb{Z}/p^m\\mathbb{Z} in such a decomposition is an invariant of A.Faith, C. C., *Rings and Things and a Fine Array of Twentieth Century Associative Algebra* (Providence: AMS, 2004\), [p. 6](https://books.google.com/books?id=H1TzBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA6).{{rp\|6}} These theorems were later subsumed in the **Kulikov criterion**. In a different direction, [Helmut Ulm](/wiki/Helmut_Ulm "Helmut Ulm") found an extension of the second Prüfer theorem to countable abelian p\-groups with elements of infinite height: those groups are completely classified by means of their [Ulm invariants](/wiki/Ulm_invariant "Ulm invariant").Gao, S., *Invariant Descriptive Set Theory* ([Boca Raton, FL](/wiki/Boca_Raton%2C_Florida "Boca Raton, Florida"): [CRC Press](/wiki/CRC_Press "CRC Press"), 2008\), [p. 317](https://google.com/books?id=VfiOZWY282QC&pg=PT317).{{rp\|317}} ### Torsion\-free and mixed groups An abelian group is called **torsion\-free** if every non\-zero element has infinite order. Several classes of [torsion\-free abelian groups](/wiki/Torsion-free_abelian_group "Torsion-free abelian group") have been studied extensively: * [Free abelian groups](/wiki/Free_abelian_group "Free abelian group"), i.e. arbitrary direct sums of \\mathbb{Z} * [Cotorsion](/wiki/Cotorsion_group "Cotorsion group") and [algebraically compact](/wiki/Algebraically_compact_module "Algebraically compact module") torsion\-free groups such as the [p\-adic integers](/wiki/P-adic_integer "P-adic integer") * [Slender groups](/wiki/Slender_group "Slender group")Albrecht, U., "Products of Slender Abelian Groups", in Göbel, R., \& Walker, E., eds., *Abelian Group Theory: Proceedings of the Third Conference Held on Abelian Group Theory at Oberwolfach, August 11\-17, 1985* (New York: [Gordon \& Breach](/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis "Taylor & Francis"), 1987\), [pp. 259–274](https://books.google.com/books?id=kwvGp9_4lOMC&pg=PT259).{{rp\|259–274}} An abelian group that is neither periodic nor torsion\-free is called **mixed**. If A is an abelian group and T(A) is its [torsion subgroup](/wiki/Torsion_subgroup "Torsion subgroup"), then the factor group A/T(A) is torsion\-free. However, in general the torsion subgroup is not a direct summand of A, so A is *not* isomorphic to T(A) \\oplus A/T(A). Thus the theory of mixed groups involves more than simply combining the results about periodic and torsion\-free groups. The additive group \\mathbb{Z} of integers is torsion\-free \\mathbb{Z}\-module.Lal, R., *Algebra 2: Linear Algebra, Galois Theory, Representation Theory, Group Extensions and Schur Multiplier* (Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, 2017\), [p. 206](https://books.google.com/books?id=FwPNDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA206).{{rp\|206}} ### Invariants and classification One of the most basic invariants of an infinite abelian group A is its [rank](/wiki/Rank_of_an_abelian_group "Rank of an abelian group"): the cardinality of the maximal [linearly independent](/wiki/Linearly_independent "Linearly independent") subset of A. Abelian groups of rank 0 are precisely the periodic groups, while [torsion\-free abelian groups of rank 1](/wiki/Torsion-free_abelian_groups_of_rank_1 "Torsion-free abelian groups of rank 1") are necessarily subgroups of \\mathbb{Q} and can be completely described. More generally, a torsion\-free abelian group of finite rank r is a subgroup of \\mathbb{Q}\_r. On the other hand, the group of [p\-adic integers](/wiki/P-adic_integer "P-adic integer") \\mathbb{Z}\_p is a torsion\-free abelian group of infinite \\mathbb{Z}\-rank and the groups \\mathbb{Z}\_p^n with different n are non\-isomorphic, so this invariant does not even fully capture properties of some familiar groups. The classification theorems for finitely generated, divisible, countable periodic, and rank 1 torsion\-free abelian groups explained above were all obtained before 1950 and form a foundation of the classification of more general infinite abelian groups. Important technical tools used in classification of infinite abelian groups are [pure](/wiki/Pure_subgroup "Pure subgroup") and [basic](/wiki/Basic_subgroup "Basic subgroup") subgroups. Introduction of various invariants of torsion\-free abelian groups has been one avenue of further progress. See the books by [Irving Kaplansky](/wiki/Irving_Kaplansky "Irving Kaplansky"), [László Fuchs](/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_Fuchs "László Fuchs"), [Phillip Griffith](/wiki/Phillip_Griffith "Phillip Griffith"), and [David Arnold](/wiki/David_Arnold_%28mathematician%29 "David Arnold (mathematician)"), as well as the proceedings of the conferences on Abelian Group Theory published in *[Lecture Notes in Mathematics](/wiki/Lecture_Notes_in_Mathematics "Lecture Notes in Mathematics")* for more recent findings. ### Additive groups of rings The additive group of a [ring](/wiki/Ring_%28mathematics%29 "Ring (mathematics)") is an abelian group, but not all abelian groups are additive groups of rings (with nontrivial multiplication). Some important topics in this area of study are: * [Tensor product](/wiki/Tensor_product "Tensor product") * A.L.S. Corner's results on countable torsion\-free groups * Shelah's work to remove cardinality restrictions * [Burnside ring](/wiki/Burnside_ring "Burnside ring")
[ "Infinite abelian groups\n-----------------------", "The simplest infinite abelian group is the [infinite cyclic group](/wiki/Infinite_cyclic_group \"Infinite cyclic group\") \\\\mathbb{Z}. Any [finitely generated abelian group](/wiki/Finitely_generated_abelian_group \"Finitely generated abelian group\") A is isomorphic to the direct sum of r copies of \\\\mathbb{Z} and a finite abelian group, which in turn is decomposable into a direct sum of finitely many [cyclic groups](/wiki/Cyclic_group \"Cyclic group\") of [prime power](/wiki/Prime_power \"Prime power\") orders. Even though the decomposition is not unique, the number r, called the [rank](/wiki/Rank_of_an_abelian_group \"Rank of an abelian group\") of A, and the prime powers giving the orders of finite cyclic summands are uniquely determined.", "By contrast, classification of general infinitely generated abelian groups is far from complete. [Divisible groups](/wiki/Divisible_group \"Divisible group\"), i.e. abelian groups A in which the equation nx \\= a admits a solution x \\\\in A for any natural number n and element a of A, constitute one important class of infinite abelian groups that can be completely characterized. Every divisible group is isomorphic to a direct sum, with summands isomorphic to \\\\mathbb{Q} and [Prüfer groups](/wiki/Pr%C3%BCfer_group \"Prüfer group\") \\\\mathbb{Q}\\_p/Z\\_p for various prime numbers p, and the cardinality of the set of summands of each type is uniquely determined.For example, \\\\mathbb{Q}/\\\\mathbb{Z} \\\\cong \\\\sum\\_p \\\\mathbb{Q}\\_p/\\\\mathbb{Z}\\_p. Moreover, if a divisible group A is a subgroup of an abelian group G then A admits a direct complement: a subgroup C of G such that G \\= A \\\\oplus C. Thus divisible groups are [injective modules](/wiki/Injective_module \"Injective module\") in the [category of abelian groups](/wiki/Category_of_abelian_groups \"Category of abelian groups\"), and conversely, every injective abelian group is divisible ([Baer's criterion](/wiki/Baer%27s_criterion \"Baer's criterion\")). An abelian group without non\\-zero divisible subgroups is called **reduced**.", "Two important special classes of infinite abelian groups with diametrically opposite properties are *torsion groups* and *torsion\\-free groups*, exemplified by the groups \\\\mathbb{Q}/\\\\mathbb{Z} (periodic) and \\\\mathbb{Q} (torsion\\-free).", "### Torsion groups", "An abelian group is called **[periodic](/wiki/Periodic_group \"Periodic group\")** or **[torsion](/wiki/Torsion_%28algebra%29 \"Torsion (algebra)\")**, if every element has finite [order](/wiki/Order_%28group_theory%29 \"Order (group theory)\"). A direct sum of finite cyclic groups is periodic. Although the converse statement is not true in general, some special cases are known. The first and second [Prüfer theorems](/wiki/Pr%C3%BCfer_theorems \"Prüfer theorems\") state that if A is a periodic group, and it either has a **bounded exponent**, i.e., nA \\= 0 for some natural number n, or is countable and the [p\\-heights](/wiki/Height_%28abelian_group%29 \"Height (abelian group)\") of the elements of A are finite for each p, then A is isomorphic to a direct sum of finite cyclic groups.Countability assumption in the second Prüfer theorem cannot be removed: the torsion subgroup of the [direct product](/wiki/Direct_product \"Direct product\") of the cyclic groups \\\\mathbb{Z}/p^m\\\\mathbb{Z} for all natural m is not a direct sum of cyclic groups. \nThe cardinality of the set of direct summands isomorphic to \\\\mathbb{Z}/p^m\\\\mathbb{Z} in such a decomposition is an invariant of A.Faith, C. C., *Rings and Things and a Fine Array of Twentieth Century Associative Algebra* (Providence: AMS, 2004\\), [p. 6](https://books.google.com/books?id=H1TzBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA6).{{rp\\|6}} These theorems were later subsumed in the **Kulikov criterion**. In a different direction, [Helmut Ulm](/wiki/Helmut_Ulm \"Helmut Ulm\") found an extension of the second Prüfer theorem to countable abelian p\\-groups with elements of infinite height: those groups are completely classified by means of their [Ulm invariants](/wiki/Ulm_invariant \"Ulm invariant\").Gao, S., *Invariant Descriptive Set Theory* ([Boca Raton, FL](/wiki/Boca_Raton%2C_Florida \"Boca Raton, Florida\"): [CRC Press](/wiki/CRC_Press \"CRC Press\"), 2008\\), [p. 317](https://google.com/books?id=VfiOZWY282QC&pg=PT317).{{rp\\|317}}", "### Torsion\\-free and mixed groups", "An abelian group is called **torsion\\-free** if every non\\-zero element has infinite order. Several classes of [torsion\\-free abelian groups](/wiki/Torsion-free_abelian_group \"Torsion-free abelian group\") have been studied extensively:", "* [Free abelian groups](/wiki/Free_abelian_group \"Free abelian group\"), i.e. arbitrary direct sums of \\\\mathbb{Z}\n* [Cotorsion](/wiki/Cotorsion_group \"Cotorsion group\") and [algebraically compact](/wiki/Algebraically_compact_module \"Algebraically compact module\") torsion\\-free groups such as the [p\\-adic integers](/wiki/P-adic_integer \"P-adic integer\")\n* [Slender groups](/wiki/Slender_group \"Slender group\")Albrecht, U., \"Products of Slender Abelian Groups\", in Göbel, R., \\& Walker, E., eds., *Abelian Group Theory: Proceedings of the Third Conference Held on Abelian Group Theory at Oberwolfach, August 11\\-17, 1985* (New York: [Gordon \\& Breach](/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis \"Taylor & Francis\"), 1987\\), [pp. 259–274](https://books.google.com/books?id=kwvGp9_4lOMC&pg=PT259).{{rp\\|259–274}}", "An abelian group that is neither periodic nor torsion\\-free is called **mixed**. If A is an abelian group and T(A) is its [torsion subgroup](/wiki/Torsion_subgroup \"Torsion subgroup\"), then the factor group A/T(A) is torsion\\-free. However, in general the torsion subgroup is not a direct summand of A, so A is *not* isomorphic to T(A) \\\\oplus A/T(A). Thus the theory of mixed groups involves more than simply combining the results about periodic and torsion\\-free groups. The additive group \\\\mathbb{Z} of integers is torsion\\-free \\\\mathbb{Z}\\-module.Lal, R., *Algebra 2: Linear Algebra, Galois Theory, Representation Theory, Group Extensions and Schur Multiplier* (Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, 2017\\), [p. 206](https://books.google.com/books?id=FwPNDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA206).{{rp\\|206}}", "### Invariants and classification", "One of the most basic invariants of an infinite abelian group A is its [rank](/wiki/Rank_of_an_abelian_group \"Rank of an abelian group\"): the cardinality of the maximal [linearly independent](/wiki/Linearly_independent \"Linearly independent\") subset of A. Abelian groups of rank 0 are precisely the periodic groups, while [torsion\\-free abelian groups of rank 1](/wiki/Torsion-free_abelian_groups_of_rank_1 \"Torsion-free abelian groups of rank 1\") are necessarily subgroups of \\\\mathbb{Q} and can be completely described. More generally, a torsion\\-free abelian group of finite rank r is a subgroup of \\\\mathbb{Q}\\_r. On the other hand, the group of [p\\-adic integers](/wiki/P-adic_integer \"P-adic integer\") \\\\mathbb{Z}\\_p is a torsion\\-free abelian group of infinite \\\\mathbb{Z}\\-rank and the groups \\\\mathbb{Z}\\_p^n with different n are non\\-isomorphic, so this invariant does not even fully capture properties of some familiar groups.", "The classification theorems for finitely generated, divisible, countable periodic, and rank 1 torsion\\-free abelian groups explained above were all obtained before 1950 and form a foundation of the classification of more general infinite abelian groups. Important technical tools used in classification of infinite abelian groups are [pure](/wiki/Pure_subgroup \"Pure subgroup\") and [basic](/wiki/Basic_subgroup \"Basic subgroup\") subgroups. Introduction of various invariants of torsion\\-free abelian groups has been one avenue of further progress. See the books by [Irving Kaplansky](/wiki/Irving_Kaplansky \"Irving Kaplansky\"), [László Fuchs](/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_Fuchs \"László Fuchs\"), [Phillip Griffith](/wiki/Phillip_Griffith \"Phillip Griffith\"), and [David Arnold](/wiki/David_Arnold_%28mathematician%29 \"David Arnold (mathematician)\"), as well as the proceedings of the conferences on Abelian Group Theory published in *[Lecture Notes in Mathematics](/wiki/Lecture_Notes_in_Mathematics \"Lecture Notes in Mathematics\")* for more recent findings.", "### Additive groups of rings", "The additive group of a [ring](/wiki/Ring_%28mathematics%29 \"Ring (mathematics)\") is an abelian group, but not all abelian groups are additive groups of rings (with nontrivial multiplication). Some important topics in this area of study are:", "* [Tensor product](/wiki/Tensor_product \"Tensor product\")\n* A.L.S. Corner's results on countable torsion\\-free groups\n* Shelah's work to remove cardinality restrictions\n* [Burnside ring](/wiki/Burnside_ring \"Burnside ring\")" ]
Services -------- ### Freight Freight trains serve the major industries along the line, such as textiles in [Kanggye](/wiki/Kanggye "Kanggye") and rubber and cement plants in Manp'o. Coal and forest products are also important commodities shipped on this line. The line is also an important artery for freight traffic to and from China. Due to the large amount of coal shipped on the line, freight traffic towards Sunch'ŏn is three times greater than the amount of freight moved from Sunch'ŏn towards Manp'o. Most of the coal traffic from Kujang towards Sunch'ŏn supplies Chagang Province with fuel; in the other direction, from Kujang towards Manp'o, coal shipped on the line is for local use for heating, and for large factories at [Ch'agap'yŏng](/wiki/Chagapyong_Station "Chagapyong Station") and [Mun'ak](/wiki/Munak_Station "Munak Station") on the [Pukpu Line](/wiki/Pukpu_Line "Pukpu Line"). 58% of all freight traffic between Kanggye and Manp'o is wood. In terms of freight traffic, Kaech'ŏn and Kujang are the most important stations on the line. Kaech'ŏn is the starting point of the [Kaech'ŏn Line](/wiki/Kaechon_Line "Kaechon Line"), which connects the Manp'o line to the [P'yŏngŭi Line](/wiki/P%27y%C5%8Fng%C5%ADi_Line "P'yŏngŭi Line") at [Sinanju](/wiki/Sinanju_Station "Sinanju Station"), and of a branch to the large [colliery](/wiki/Colliery "Colliery") at Choyang. Other important coal mines in the area are at [Ramjŏn](/wiki/Ramjon_Station "Ramjon Station"), [Pongch'ŏn Colliery](/wiki/Pongchon_Tangwang_Station "Pongchon Tangwang Station") and at Kaech'ŏn; this area accounts for 20% of the DPRK's [anthracite](/wiki/Anthracite "Anthracite") production. Kujang, which is the point where the Manp'o Line connects to the [P'yŏngdŏk](/wiki/P%27y%C5%8Fngd%C5%8Fk_Line "P'yŏngdŏk Line") and [Ch'ŏngnyŏn P'alwŏn](/wiki/Ch%27%C5%8Fngny%C5%8Fn_P%27alw%C5%8Fn_Line "Ch'ŏngnyŏn P'alwŏn Line") lines, is the location of a major [cement](/wiki/Cement "Cement") factory that supplies much of North P'yŏngan province; cement is the major outbound commodity originating at Kujang. Hŭich'ŏn, [Chŏnch'ŏn](/wiki/Chonchon_Station "Chonchon Station") and Kanggye are major loading points for freight from areas not served by rail. Hŭich'ŏn station is where freight from [Tongsin County](/wiki/Tongsin_County "Tongsin County") is transferred to trains, Kanggye station for freight from [Usi](/wiki/Usi_County "Usi County"), [Chosan](/wiki/Chosan_County "Chosan County"), [Wiwŏn](/wiki/Wiwon_County "Wiwon County"), [Hwap'yŏng](/wiki/Hwapyong_County "Hwapyong County") and [Changgang](/wiki/Changgang_County "Changgang County") counties, and Chŏnch'ŏn for freight from [Kopung](/wiki/Kopung_County "Kopung County") and [Ryongrim](/wiki/Ryongrim_County "Ryongrim County") counties. ### Passenger {{main\|List of passenger train services in North Korea}} The following passenger trains are known to operate on this line and its branches:Kokubu, Hayato, 将軍様の鉄道 (Shōgun\-sama no Tetsudō), pp.123\-124 {{ISBN\|978\-4\-10\-303731\-6}} * Express trains **15\-16/17\-18**, operating between [Haeju Ch'ŏngnyon](/wiki/Haeju_Chongnyon_Station "Haeju Chongnyon Station") and [Manp'o Ch'ŏngnyŏn](/wiki/Manpo_Chongnyon_Station "Manpo Chongnyon Station"), run on this line between Sunch'ŏn and Manp'o; * Express trains **19/20**, operating between [P'yŏngyang](/wiki/Pyongyang_Station "Pyongyang Station") and [Hŭich'ŏn Ch'ŏngnyŏn](/wiki/Huichon_Chongnyon_Station "Huichon Chongnyon Station"), run on this line between Sunch'ŏn and Hŭich'ŏn; * Semi\-express trains **124\-125/126\-127**, operating between [Sinŭiju Ch'ŏngnyŏn](/wiki/Sinuiju_Chongnyon_Station "Sinuiju Chongnyon Station") and [Ch'ongjin Ch'ŏngnyŏn](/wiki/Chongjin_Chongnyon_Station "Chongjin Chongnyon Station"), run on this line between Kaech'ŏn and Sunch'ŏn; * Semi\-express trains **134\-135/136\-137**, operating between Manp'o Ch'ŏngnyŏn and [Hamhŭng](/wiki/Hamhung_Station "Hamhung Station"), run on this line between Manp'o and Sunch'ŏn; * Semi\-express trains **138\-139/140\-141**, operating between Manp'o Ch'ŏngnyŏn and [Changyŏn](/wiki/Changyon_Station "Changyon Station"), run on this line between Manp'o and Kujang; * Long\-distance stopping trains **250/251**, operating between Sinŭiju Ch'ŏngnyŏn and Hŭich'ŏn Ch'ŏngnyŏn, run on this line between Kaech'ŏn and Hŭich'ŏn. An international passenger service from Manp'o to Ji'an exists in the form of a single passenger car attached to the daily cross\-border freight train. This train is not open to use by foreigners other than ethnic Koreans from China. Commuter trains also operate on this line between Sunch'ŏn and Kaech'ŏn (four pairs), [Kanggye](/wiki/Kanggye_Station "Kanggye Station") and [Chungsŏnggan](/wiki/Chungsonggan_Station "Chungsonggan Station") (five pairs), Hŭich'ŏn Ch'ŏngnyŏn and Koin (two pairs) and Hŭich'ŏn Ch'ŏngnyŏn and Kaego Ch'ŏngnyŏn (one pair). These trains are intended to serve local workers, and stop at all stations.
[ "Services\n--------", "### Freight", "Freight trains serve the major industries along the line, such as textiles in [Kanggye](/wiki/Kanggye \"Kanggye\") and rubber and cement plants in Manp'o. Coal and forest products are also important commodities shipped on this line. The line is also an important artery for freight traffic to and from China. Due to the large amount of coal shipped on the line, freight traffic towards Sunch'ŏn is three times greater than the amount of freight moved from Sunch'ŏn towards Manp'o.", "Most of the coal traffic from Kujang towards Sunch'ŏn supplies Chagang Province with fuel; in the other direction, from Kujang towards Manp'o, coal shipped on the line is for local use for heating, and for large factories at [Ch'agap'yŏng](/wiki/Chagapyong_Station \"Chagapyong Station\") and [Mun'ak](/wiki/Munak_Station \"Munak Station\") on the [Pukpu Line](/wiki/Pukpu_Line \"Pukpu Line\"). 58% of all freight traffic between Kanggye and Manp'o is wood.", "In terms of freight traffic, Kaech'ŏn and Kujang are the most important stations on the line. Kaech'ŏn is the starting point of the [Kaech'ŏn Line](/wiki/Kaechon_Line \"Kaechon Line\"), which connects the Manp'o line to the [P'yŏngŭi Line](/wiki/P%27y%C5%8Fng%C5%ADi_Line \"P'yŏngŭi Line\") at [Sinanju](/wiki/Sinanju_Station \"Sinanju Station\"), and of a branch to the large [colliery](/wiki/Colliery \"Colliery\") at Choyang. Other important coal mines in the area are at [Ramjŏn](/wiki/Ramjon_Station \"Ramjon Station\"), [Pongch'ŏn Colliery](/wiki/Pongchon_Tangwang_Station \"Pongchon Tangwang Station\") and at Kaech'ŏn; this area accounts for 20% of the DPRK's [anthracite](/wiki/Anthracite \"Anthracite\") production. Kujang, which is the point where the Manp'o Line connects to the [P'yŏngdŏk](/wiki/P%27y%C5%8Fngd%C5%8Fk_Line \"P'yŏngdŏk Line\") and [Ch'ŏngnyŏn P'alwŏn](/wiki/Ch%27%C5%8Fngny%C5%8Fn_P%27alw%C5%8Fn_Line \"Ch'ŏngnyŏn P'alwŏn Line\") lines, is the location of a major [cement](/wiki/Cement \"Cement\") factory that supplies much of North P'yŏngan province; cement is the major outbound commodity originating at Kujang.", "Hŭich'ŏn, [Chŏnch'ŏn](/wiki/Chonchon_Station \"Chonchon Station\") and Kanggye are major loading points for freight from areas not served by rail. Hŭich'ŏn station is where freight from [Tongsin County](/wiki/Tongsin_County \"Tongsin County\") is transferred to trains, Kanggye station for freight from [Usi](/wiki/Usi_County \"Usi County\"), [Chosan](/wiki/Chosan_County \"Chosan County\"), [Wiwŏn](/wiki/Wiwon_County \"Wiwon County\"), [Hwap'yŏng](/wiki/Hwapyong_County \"Hwapyong County\") and [Changgang](/wiki/Changgang_County \"Changgang County\") counties, and Chŏnch'ŏn for freight from [Kopung](/wiki/Kopung_County \"Kopung County\") and [Ryongrim](/wiki/Ryongrim_County \"Ryongrim County\") counties.", "### Passenger", "{{main\\|List of passenger train services in North Korea}}", "The following passenger trains are known to operate on this line and its branches:Kokubu, Hayato, 将軍様の鉄道 (Shōgun\\-sama no Tetsudō), pp.123\\-124 {{ISBN\\|978\\-4\\-10\\-303731\\-6}}", "* Express trains **15\\-16/17\\-18**, operating between [Haeju Ch'ŏngnyon](/wiki/Haeju_Chongnyon_Station \"Haeju Chongnyon Station\") and [Manp'o Ch'ŏngnyŏn](/wiki/Manpo_Chongnyon_Station \"Manpo Chongnyon Station\"), run on this line between Sunch'ŏn and Manp'o;\n* Express trains **19/20**, operating between [P'yŏngyang](/wiki/Pyongyang_Station \"Pyongyang Station\") and [Hŭich'ŏn Ch'ŏngnyŏn](/wiki/Huichon_Chongnyon_Station \"Huichon Chongnyon Station\"), run on this line between Sunch'ŏn and Hŭich'ŏn;\n* Semi\\-express trains **124\\-125/126\\-127**, operating between [Sinŭiju Ch'ŏngnyŏn](/wiki/Sinuiju_Chongnyon_Station \"Sinuiju Chongnyon Station\") and [Ch'ongjin Ch'ŏngnyŏn](/wiki/Chongjin_Chongnyon_Station \"Chongjin Chongnyon Station\"), run on this line between Kaech'ŏn and Sunch'ŏn;\n* Semi\\-express trains **134\\-135/136\\-137**, operating between Manp'o Ch'ŏngnyŏn and [Hamhŭng](/wiki/Hamhung_Station \"Hamhung Station\"), run on this line between Manp'o and Sunch'ŏn;\n* Semi\\-express trains **138\\-139/140\\-141**, operating between Manp'o Ch'ŏngnyŏn and [Changyŏn](/wiki/Changyon_Station \"Changyon Station\"), run on this line between Manp'o and Kujang;\n* Long\\-distance stopping trains **250/251**, operating between Sinŭiju Ch'ŏngnyŏn and Hŭich'ŏn Ch'ŏngnyŏn, run on this line between Kaech'ŏn and Hŭich'ŏn.", "An international passenger service from Manp'o to Ji'an exists in the form of a single passenger car attached to the daily cross\\-border freight train. This train is not open to use by foreigners other than ethnic Koreans from China.", "Commuter trains also operate on this line between Sunch'ŏn and Kaech'ŏn (four pairs), [Kanggye](/wiki/Kanggye_Station \"Kanggye Station\") and [Chungsŏnggan](/wiki/Chungsonggan_Station \"Chungsonggan Station\") (five pairs), Hŭich'ŏn Ch'ŏngnyŏn and Koin (two pairs) and Hŭich'ŏn Ch'ŏngnyŏn and Kaego Ch'ŏngnyŏn (one pair). These trains are intended to serve local workers, and stop at all stations.", "" ]
History ------- The first recorded black person to set foot on land now known as Canada was a free man named [Mathieu de Costa](/wiki/Mathieu_de_Costa "Mathieu de Costa"). Travelling with navigator [Samuel de Champlain](/wiki/Samuel_de_Champlain "Samuel de Champlain"), de Costa arrived in [Nova Scotia](/wiki/Nova_Scotia "Nova Scotia") some time between 1603 and 1608 as a translator for the French explorer [Pierre Dugua, Sieur de Monts](/wiki/Pierre_Dugua%2C_Sieur_de_Monts "Pierre Dugua, Sieur de Monts"). The first known black person to live in what would become Canada was a slave from [Madagascar](/wiki/Madagascar "Madagascar") named [Olivier Le Jeune](/wiki/Olivier_Le_Jeune "Olivier Le Jeune"), who may have been of partial [Malay](/wiki/Malays_%28ethnic_group%29 "Malays (ethnic group)") ancestry. As a group, black people arrived in Canada in several waves. The first of these came as free persons serving in the [French Army](/wiki/French_Army "French Army") and [Navy](/wiki/French_Navy "French Navy"), though some were enslaved or [indentured servants](/wiki/Indentured_servant "Indentured servant"). [Marie\-Joseph Angélique](/wiki/Marie-Joseph_Ang%C3%A9lique "Marie-Joseph Angélique"), a black slave from the Madeira islands who arrived in New France in 1725, was accused of setting the fire that burned down most of Montreal on 10 April 1734, for which she was executed.{{Cite book\|last\=Winks, Robin W.\|title\=The Blacks in Canada : a history\|date\=1971\|publisher\=McGill\-Queen's University Press\|isbn\=0\-300\-01361\-2\|location\=Montreal\|oclc\=140347}}{{Cite book\|last\=Reynolds, Graham, 1944\-\|title\=Viola Desmond's Canada : a history of blacks and racial segregation in the promised land\|year\=2016\|isbn\=978\-1\-55266\-837\-5\|location\=Halifax\|oclc\=932093581}} Angélique confessed under torture to setting fire to the home of her owner, a Mme Francois Poulin de Francheville, as a way of creating a diversion so she could escape as she did not wish to be separated from her lover, a white servant named Claude Thibault. Angélique believed her owner was going to sell her to the owner of a sugar plantation in the West Indies. Whether this confession was genuine or not continues to divide historians. Joseph, a black slave who spoke French and English, escaped from his owner in Montreal in 1769\. Several other black slaves escaped from the area over the following decades. ### Modern era Many of Canada's [railway porters](/wiki/Porter_%28railroad%29 "Porter (railroad)") were recruited from the U.S., with many coming from [the South](/wiki/Southern_United_States "Southern United States"), New York City, and Washington, D.C. They settled mainly in the major cities of [Montreal](/wiki/Montreal "Montreal"), [Toronto](/wiki/Toronto "Toronto"), [Winnipeg](/wiki/Winnipeg "Winnipeg") and [Vancouver](/wiki/Vancouver "Vancouver"), which had major rail connections. In Montreal, they settled primarily in the [Little Burgundy](/wiki/Little_Burgundy "Little Burgundy") neighbourhood. The railroads were considered to have good positions, with steady work and a chance to travel.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/llt/50/carson.html \|title\=Riding the Rails: Black Railroad Workers in Canada and the United States \| work\=Labour/Le Travail, 50 \|author\= Jenny Carson \|publisher\=The History Cooperative \|date\=2002\-05\-04 \|accessdate\=2011\-01\-22}} To combat poverty and social exclusion, the nascent black community of [Little Burgundy](/wiki/Little_Burgundy "Little Burgundy") founded numerous social organizations: the Women's Coloured Club of Montreal in 1902, the [Union United Congregational Church](/wiki/Union_United_Church "Union United Church") in 1907, and the [Negro Community Center](/wiki/Negro_Community_Centre_of_Montreal "Negro Community Centre of Montreal") in 1927\.["Little Burgundy."](http://www.arch.mcgill.ca/prof/mellin/arch671/winter2001/marcan/drm/html/littleburgundy.htm) McGill University Faculty of Architecture. Accessed July 4, 2011\. The neighbourhood became famous for producing several talented [jazz](/wiki/Jazz "Jazz") musicians. During [Prohibition](/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States "Prohibition in the United States") and the later pre\-[Jean Drapeau](/wiki/Jean_Drapeau "Jean Drapeau") years as an 'open city,' Little Burgundy was home to many lively [nightclubs](/wiki/Montreal_night_life "Montreal night life") featuring homegrown and international performers; one of them was [Rockhead's Paradise](/wiki/Rockhead%27s_Paradise "Rockhead's Paradise"), owned by [Rufus Rockhead](/wiki/Rufus_Rockhead "Rufus Rockhead"), after whom a street is named. [Oscar Peterson](/wiki/Oscar_Peterson "Oscar Peterson") and [Oliver Jones](/wiki/Oliver_Jones_%28pianist%29 "Oliver Jones (pianist)") are the two best\-known musicians who emerged from the bebop and post\-bop era. As the community grew the community began to spread to nearby areas such as, [Saint\-Henri](/wiki/Saint-Henri%2C_Montreal "Saint-Henri, Montreal"), [Côte\-Saint\-Paul](/wiki/C%C3%B4te-Saint-Paul "Côte-Saint-Paul"), [Verdun](/wiki/Verdun%2C_Montreal "Verdun, Montreal") and [Ville Emard](/wiki/Ville_Emard "Ville Emard"), often living side by side with poor and working class Francophones, who remained the majority in [Le Sud\-Ouest](/wiki/Le_Sud-Ouest "Le Sud-Ouest"), during the early post\-war years. While there were few legal barriers to mixed neighbourhoods in Montreal compared to the United States, everyday racism and discrimination limited housing choices by Black Canadians, limiting them to the South west (le Sud\-Ouest) well into the 1960s.{{cite journal \| url\=https://www.erudit.org/en/journals/uhr/1900\-v1\-n1\-uhr04514/1059112ar/ \| doi\=10\.7202/1059112ar \| title\=Little Burgundy: The Interwoven Histories of Race, Residence, and Work in Twentieth\-Century Montreal \| date\=2019 \| last1\=High \| first1\=Steven \| journal\=Urban History Review \| volume\=46 \| pages\=23–44 \| s2cid\=166843406 }} In 1968 the [Sir George Williams affair](/wiki/Sir_George_Williams_affair "Sir George Williams affair") occurred as a result of racist policies at Sir George Williams University. West Indian women, from both the Francophone and Anglophone Caribbean, came to Montreal after the [Domestic Immigration Program of 1955](/wiki/Domestic_Immigration_Program_of_1955 "Domestic Immigration Program of 1955") was established.Dubinsky, Karen. ""We Adopted a Negro": Interractial Adoption and the Hybrid Baby in 1960s Canada" (Chapter 11\). In: Rutherdale, Robert and Magda Fahrni. *Creating Postwar Canada: Community, Diversity, and Dissent, 1945\-75*. [UBC Press](/wiki/UBC_Press "UBC Press"), July 1, 2008\. {{ISBN\|077485815X}}, 9780774858151\. Start: p. 268\. CITED: p. [279](https://books.google.com/books?id=8uKz-8jB4WsC&pg=PA279). Retrieved on October 7, 2014\. Most settled in [Little Burgundy](/wiki/Little_Burgundy "Little Burgundy"). Canada maintained its restrictions of immigration until 1962, when racial requirements were eliminated from Canadian immigration laws. This coincided with a wave of [decolonization](/wiki/Decolonization "Decolonization") in the Caribbean. Over the next decades, several hundred thousand Afro\-Caribbeans came from that region, becoming the predominant black population in Canada. Since then, an increasing number of new immigrants from Africa have been coming to Canada; they have also immigrated to the United States and Europe. This includes large numbers of refugees, but also many skilled and professional workers pursuing better economic conditions. Today's Black Canadians are largely of Caribbean origin, with some of recent African origin, and smaller numbers from the United States, Europe and Latin America. In 1977, between 1,200 and 2,400 [Black Nova Scotians](/wiki/Black_Nova_Scotians "Black Nova Scotians") lived in Montreal.Though dispersed throughout the city, many settled among African\-Americans and English\-speaking West Indians in [Little Burgundy](/wiki/Little_Burgundy%2C_Montreal "Little Burgundy, Montreal"). As the black community grew they began to move out of the south west, with the wealthiest families, often well\-established railway employees, moving to [Notre\-Dame\-de\-Grâce](/wiki/Notre-Dame-de-Gr%C3%A2ce "Notre-Dame-de-Grâce"). This trend was exacerbated by post war urban renewal and construction in the lead up to [Expo '67](/wiki/Expo_%2767 "Expo '67"), such as the construction of the Ville Marie expressway, which displaced many residents. Those with the means often relocated to NDG and [Côte\-des\-Neiges](/wiki/C%C3%B4te-des-Neiges "Côte-des-Neiges"), creating a diverse Anglophone community in those respective boroughs, while poorer residents were often scattered in nearby areas. Language politics and discrimination may have contributed to the decline of Little Burgundy and le Sud Ouest, as Quebec nationalists and activists, blamed the borough's poverty on discrimination from the wealthy Anglo business community towards Francophones, rather than rally the areas diverse inhabitants, effectively ignoring the robust black community. However, urban renewal policies also affected other groups such as the Irish in [Griffintown](/wiki/Griffintown "Griffintown") and [Pointe Saint\-Charles](/wiki/Pointe_Saint-Charles "Pointe Saint-Charles"). Indeed by 1973, the area's population had dropped from 14,710 in 1966 to just 7,000\.{{cite journal \|last1\=Este \|first1\=David \|last2\=Sato \|first2\=Christa \|last3\=McKenna \|first3\=Darcy \|title\=THE COLOURED WOMEN'S CLUB OF MONTREAL, 1902\-1940: African\-Canadian Women Confronting Anti\-Black Racism \|url\=https://www.erudit.org/en/journals/cswr/2017\-v34\-n1\-cswr03182/1040996ar/ \|website\=Canadian Social Work Review / Revue canadienne de service social \|access\-date\=17 January 2021 \|pages\=81–99 \|language\=en \|doi\=10\.7202/1040996ar \|date\=2017\|doi\-access\=free }}{{cite book \|last1\=Torczyner \|first1\=Jim L. \|title\=The evolution of the black community of Montreal : change and challenge October 2001 \|date\=2001 \|publisher\=MCESSP, McGill School of Social Work \|location\=Montréal \|isbn\=1\-896456\-45\-6}} By 1996 Little Burgundy, once home to 90 per cent of the city's Black residents, was now home to only 2 per cent of all Blacks in Montreal.{{cite web \|title\=Little Burgundy and Montreal's Black English\-Speaking Community {{!}} The Canadian Encyclopedia \|url\=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/little\-burgundy\-and\-montreal\-s\-black\-english\-speaking\-community \|website\=www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca \|access\-date\=20 June 2021}} ### Diversity Today, Montreal's Black community has diversified considerably, led by the mostly francophone, [Haitian](/wiki/Haiti "Haiti") community of 120,000 people, the largest in Canada. Haitians now outnumber the longer established Black Anglophone community, with large percentages of Haitians in [Montréal\-Nord](/wiki/Montr%C3%A9al-Nord "Montréal-Nord"), [Saint\-Michel](/wiki/Villeray%E2%80%93Saint-Michel%E2%80%93Parc-Extension "Villeray–Saint-Michel–Parc-Extension"), [Rosemont](/wiki/Rosemont%2C_Montreal "Rosemont, Montreal") and [R.D.P.](/wiki/Rivi%C3%A8re-des-Prairies%E2%80%93Pointe-aux-Trembles "Rivière-des-Prairies–Pointe-aux-Trembles") Today, [Haitian Creole](/wiki/Haitian_Creole "Haitian Creole") is the sixth most spoken language in Montreal and the seventh most spoken language in the province of [Quebec](/wiki/Quebec "Quebec").{{cite web \| url\=https://haitiantimes.com/2019/09/04/how\-haitian\-immigrants\-have\-shaped\-the\-city\-of\-montreal/ \| title\=How Haitian Immigrants Have Shaped the City of Montreal \| date\=4 September 2019 }} Anglophones traditionally tend to concentrate in the city's western boroughs and historically the South West, while Haitians and other francophones settle in the diverse North eastern boroughs. Smaller groups include [Jamaicans](/wiki/Jamaicans "Jamaicans"), [Dominicans](/wiki/Dominican_Republic "Dominican Republic"), Brazilians, other Caribbeans and students and migrants from mostly French\-speaking African countries. Though most of the former have integrated into the larger Black Anglophone community, most black Montrealers are functionally bilingual today. A large number of Montreal's English\-speaking Black community still lives in the Cote\-des\-Neiges and NDG, however the middle class has also moved to [La Salle](/wiki/La_Salle%2C_Quebec "La Salle, Quebec"), the [West Island](/wiki/West_Island "West Island") and the South Shore.{{cite web \| url\=http://www.noirguides.com/blackmontrealcanada.html \| title\=Black Montreal: A Brief History \| Destinations }}
[ "History\n-------", "The first recorded black person to set foot on land now known as Canada was a free man named [Mathieu de Costa](/wiki/Mathieu_de_Costa \"Mathieu de Costa\"). Travelling with navigator [Samuel de Champlain](/wiki/Samuel_de_Champlain \"Samuel de Champlain\"), de Costa arrived in [Nova Scotia](/wiki/Nova_Scotia \"Nova Scotia\") some time between 1603 and 1608 as a translator for the French explorer [Pierre Dugua, Sieur de Monts](/wiki/Pierre_Dugua%2C_Sieur_de_Monts \"Pierre Dugua, Sieur de Monts\"). The first known black person to live in what would become Canada was a slave from [Madagascar](/wiki/Madagascar \"Madagascar\") named [Olivier Le Jeune](/wiki/Olivier_Le_Jeune \"Olivier Le Jeune\"), who may have been of partial [Malay](/wiki/Malays_%28ethnic_group%29 \"Malays (ethnic group)\") ancestry. As a group, black people arrived in Canada in several waves. The first of these came as free persons serving in the [French Army](/wiki/French_Army \"French Army\") and [Navy](/wiki/French_Navy \"French Navy\"), though some were enslaved or [indentured servants](/wiki/Indentured_servant \"Indentured servant\").", "[Marie\\-Joseph Angélique](/wiki/Marie-Joseph_Ang%C3%A9lique \"Marie-Joseph Angélique\"), a black slave from the Madeira islands who arrived in New France in 1725, was accused of setting the fire that burned down most of Montreal on 10 April 1734, for which she was executed.{{Cite book\\|last\\=Winks, Robin W.\\|title\\=The Blacks in Canada : a history\\|date\\=1971\\|publisher\\=McGill\\-Queen's University Press\\|isbn\\=0\\-300\\-01361\\-2\\|location\\=Montreal\\|oclc\\=140347}}{{Cite book\\|last\\=Reynolds, Graham, 1944\\-\\|title\\=Viola Desmond's Canada : a history of blacks and racial segregation in the promised land\\|year\\=2016\\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-55266\\-837\\-5\\|location\\=Halifax\\|oclc\\=932093581}} Angélique confessed under torture to setting fire to the home of her owner, a Mme Francois Poulin de Francheville, as a way of creating a diversion so she could escape as she did not wish to be separated from her lover, a white servant named Claude Thibault. Angélique believed her owner was going to sell her to the owner of a sugar plantation in the West Indies. Whether this confession was genuine or not continues to divide historians.", "Joseph, a black slave who spoke French and English, escaped from his owner in Montreal in 1769\\. Several other black slaves escaped from the area over the following decades.", "### Modern era", "Many of Canada's [railway porters](/wiki/Porter_%28railroad%29 \"Porter (railroad)\") were recruited from the U.S., with many coming from [the South](/wiki/Southern_United_States \"Southern United States\"), New York City, and Washington, D.C. They settled mainly in the major cities of [Montreal](/wiki/Montreal \"Montreal\"), [Toronto](/wiki/Toronto \"Toronto\"), [Winnipeg](/wiki/Winnipeg \"Winnipeg\") and [Vancouver](/wiki/Vancouver \"Vancouver\"), which had major rail connections. In Montreal, they settled primarily in the [Little Burgundy](/wiki/Little_Burgundy \"Little Burgundy\") neighbourhood. The railroads were considered to have good positions, with steady work and a chance to travel.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/llt/50/carson.html \\|title\\=Riding the Rails: Black Railroad Workers in Canada and the United States \\| work\\=Labour/Le Travail, 50 \\|author\\= Jenny Carson \\|publisher\\=The History Cooperative \\|date\\=2002\\-05\\-04 \\|accessdate\\=2011\\-01\\-22}}", "To combat poverty and social exclusion, the nascent black community of [Little Burgundy](/wiki/Little_Burgundy \"Little Burgundy\") founded numerous social organizations: the Women's Coloured Club of Montreal in 1902, the [Union United Congregational Church](/wiki/Union_United_Church \"Union United Church\") in 1907, and the [Negro Community Center](/wiki/Negro_Community_Centre_of_Montreal \"Negro Community Centre of Montreal\") in 1927\\.[\"Little Burgundy.\"](http://www.arch.mcgill.ca/prof/mellin/arch671/winter2001/marcan/drm/html/littleburgundy.htm) McGill University Faculty of Architecture. Accessed July 4, 2011\\. The neighbourhood became famous for producing several talented [jazz](/wiki/Jazz \"Jazz\") musicians. During [Prohibition](/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States \"Prohibition in the United States\") and the later pre\\-[Jean Drapeau](/wiki/Jean_Drapeau \"Jean Drapeau\") years as an 'open city,' Little Burgundy was home to many lively [nightclubs](/wiki/Montreal_night_life \"Montreal night life\") featuring homegrown and international performers; one of them was [Rockhead's Paradise](/wiki/Rockhead%27s_Paradise \"Rockhead's Paradise\"), owned by [Rufus Rockhead](/wiki/Rufus_Rockhead \"Rufus Rockhead\"), after whom a street is named. [Oscar Peterson](/wiki/Oscar_Peterson \"Oscar Peterson\") and [Oliver Jones](/wiki/Oliver_Jones_%28pianist%29 \"Oliver Jones (pianist)\") are the two best\\-known musicians who emerged from the bebop and post\\-bop era. As the community grew the community began to spread to nearby areas such as, [Saint\\-Henri](/wiki/Saint-Henri%2C_Montreal \"Saint-Henri, Montreal\"), [Côte\\-Saint\\-Paul](/wiki/C%C3%B4te-Saint-Paul \"Côte-Saint-Paul\"), [Verdun](/wiki/Verdun%2C_Montreal \"Verdun, Montreal\") and [Ville Emard](/wiki/Ville_Emard \"Ville Emard\"), often living side by side with poor and working class Francophones, who remained the majority in [Le Sud\\-Ouest](/wiki/Le_Sud-Ouest \"Le Sud-Ouest\"), during the early post\\-war years. While there were few legal barriers to mixed neighbourhoods in Montreal compared to the United States, everyday racism and discrimination limited housing choices by Black Canadians, limiting them to the South west (le Sud\\-Ouest) well into the 1960s.{{cite journal \\| url\\=https://www.erudit.org/en/journals/uhr/1900\\-v1\\-n1\\-uhr04514/1059112ar/ \\| doi\\=10\\.7202/1059112ar \\| title\\=Little Burgundy: The Interwoven Histories of Race, Residence, and Work in Twentieth\\-Century Montreal \\| date\\=2019 \\| last1\\=High \\| first1\\=Steven \\| journal\\=Urban History Review \\| volume\\=46 \\| pages\\=23–44 \\| s2cid\\=166843406 }}", "In 1968 the [Sir George Williams affair](/wiki/Sir_George_Williams_affair \"Sir George Williams affair\") occurred as a result of racist policies at Sir George Williams University.", "West Indian women, from both the Francophone and Anglophone Caribbean, came to Montreal after the [Domestic Immigration Program of 1955](/wiki/Domestic_Immigration_Program_of_1955 \"Domestic Immigration Program of 1955\") was established.Dubinsky, Karen. \"\"We Adopted a Negro\": Interractial Adoption and the Hybrid Baby in 1960s Canada\" (Chapter 11\\). In: Rutherdale, Robert and Magda Fahrni. *Creating Postwar Canada: Community, Diversity, and Dissent, 1945\\-75*. [UBC Press](/wiki/UBC_Press \"UBC Press\"), July 1, 2008\\. {{ISBN\\|077485815X}}, 9780774858151\\. Start: p. 268\\. CITED: p. [279](https://books.google.com/books?id=8uKz-8jB4WsC&pg=PA279). Retrieved on October 7, 2014\\. Most settled in [Little Burgundy](/wiki/Little_Burgundy \"Little Burgundy\").", "Canada maintained its restrictions of immigration until 1962, when racial requirements were eliminated from Canadian immigration laws. This coincided with a wave of [decolonization](/wiki/Decolonization \"Decolonization\") in the Caribbean. Over the next decades, several hundred thousand Afro\\-Caribbeans came from that region, becoming the predominant black population in Canada. Since then, an increasing number of new immigrants from Africa have been coming to Canada; they have also immigrated to the United States and Europe. This includes large numbers of refugees, but also many skilled and professional workers pursuing better economic conditions. Today's Black Canadians are largely of Caribbean origin, with some of recent African origin, and smaller numbers from the United States, Europe and Latin America.", "In 1977, between 1,200 and 2,400 [Black Nova Scotians](/wiki/Black_Nova_Scotians \"Black Nova Scotians\") lived in Montreal.Though dispersed throughout the city, many settled among African\\-Americans and English\\-speaking West Indians in [Little Burgundy](/wiki/Little_Burgundy%2C_Montreal \"Little Burgundy, Montreal\"). As the black community grew they began to move out of the south west, with the wealthiest families, often well\\-established railway employees, moving to [Notre\\-Dame\\-de\\-Grâce](/wiki/Notre-Dame-de-Gr%C3%A2ce \"Notre-Dame-de-Grâce\"). This trend was exacerbated by post war urban renewal and construction in the lead up to [Expo '67](/wiki/Expo_%2767 \"Expo '67\"), such as the construction of the Ville Marie expressway, which displaced many residents. Those with the means often relocated to NDG and [Côte\\-des\\-Neiges](/wiki/C%C3%B4te-des-Neiges \"Côte-des-Neiges\"), creating a diverse Anglophone community in those respective boroughs, while poorer residents were often scattered in nearby areas. Language politics and discrimination may have contributed to the decline of Little Burgundy and le Sud Ouest, as Quebec nationalists and activists, blamed the borough's poverty on discrimination from the wealthy Anglo business community towards Francophones, rather than rally the areas diverse inhabitants, effectively ignoring the robust black community. However, urban renewal policies also affected other groups such as the Irish in [Griffintown](/wiki/Griffintown \"Griffintown\") and [Pointe Saint\\-Charles](/wiki/Pointe_Saint-Charles \"Pointe Saint-Charles\"). Indeed by 1973, the area's population had dropped from 14,710 in 1966 to just 7,000\\.{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Este \\|first1\\=David \\|last2\\=Sato \\|first2\\=Christa \\|last3\\=McKenna \\|first3\\=Darcy \\|title\\=THE COLOURED WOMEN'S CLUB OF MONTREAL, 1902\\-1940: African\\-Canadian Women Confronting Anti\\-Black Racism \\|url\\=https://www.erudit.org/en/journals/cswr/2017\\-v34\\-n1\\-cswr03182/1040996ar/ \\|website\\=Canadian Social Work Review / Revue canadienne de service social \\|access\\-date\\=17 January 2021 \\|pages\\=81–99 \\|language\\=en \\|doi\\=10\\.7202/1040996ar \\|date\\=2017\\|doi\\-access\\=free }}{{cite book \\|last1\\=Torczyner \\|first1\\=Jim L. \\|title\\=The evolution of the black community of Montreal : change and challenge October 2001 \\|date\\=2001 \\|publisher\\=MCESSP, McGill School of Social Work \\|location\\=Montréal \\|isbn\\=1\\-896456\\-45\\-6}} By 1996 Little Burgundy, once home to 90 per cent of the city's Black residents, was now home to only 2 per cent of all Blacks in Montreal.{{cite web \\|title\\=Little Burgundy and Montreal's Black English\\-Speaking Community {{!}} The Canadian Encyclopedia \\|url\\=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/little\\-burgundy\\-and\\-montreal\\-s\\-black\\-english\\-speaking\\-community \\|website\\=www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca \\|access\\-date\\=20 June 2021}}", "### Diversity", "Today, Montreal's Black community has diversified considerably, led by the mostly francophone, [Haitian](/wiki/Haiti \"Haiti\") community of 120,000 people, the largest in Canada. Haitians now outnumber the longer established Black Anglophone community, with large percentages of Haitians in [Montréal\\-Nord](/wiki/Montr%C3%A9al-Nord \"Montréal-Nord\"),\n[Saint\\-Michel](/wiki/Villeray%E2%80%93Saint-Michel%E2%80%93Parc-Extension \"Villeray–Saint-Michel–Parc-Extension\"), [Rosemont](/wiki/Rosemont%2C_Montreal \"Rosemont, Montreal\") and [R.D.P.](/wiki/Rivi%C3%A8re-des-Prairies%E2%80%93Pointe-aux-Trembles \"Rivière-des-Prairies–Pointe-aux-Trembles\") Today, [Haitian Creole](/wiki/Haitian_Creole \"Haitian Creole\") is the sixth most spoken language in Montreal and the seventh most spoken language in the province of [Quebec](/wiki/Quebec \"Quebec\").{{cite web \\| url\\=https://haitiantimes.com/2019/09/04/how\\-haitian\\-immigrants\\-have\\-shaped\\-the\\-city\\-of\\-montreal/ \\| title\\=How Haitian Immigrants Have Shaped the City of Montreal \\| date\\=4 September 2019 }}", "Anglophones traditionally tend to concentrate in the city's western boroughs and historically the South West, while Haitians and other francophones settle in the diverse North eastern boroughs. Smaller groups include [Jamaicans](/wiki/Jamaicans \"Jamaicans\"), [Dominicans](/wiki/Dominican_Republic \"Dominican Republic\"), Brazilians, other Caribbeans and students and migrants from mostly French\\-speaking African countries. Though most of the former have integrated into the larger Black Anglophone community, most black Montrealers are functionally bilingual today. A large number of Montreal's English\\-speaking Black community still lives in the Cote\\-des\\-Neiges and NDG, however the middle class has also moved to [La Salle](/wiki/La_Salle%2C_Quebec \"La Salle, Quebec\"), the [West Island](/wiki/West_Island \"West Island\") and the South Shore.{{cite web \\| url\\=http://www.noirguides.com/blackmontrealcanada.html \\| title\\=Black Montreal: A Brief History \\| Destinations }}", "" ]
Career ------ ### Chelsea Stevenson began his career as a youth player at [Chelsea](/wiki/Chelsea_F.C. "Chelsea F.C.")'s youth academy, staying in the same club accommodation as [John Terry](/wiki/John_Terry "John Terry").{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/ayrshire/troon\-given\-love\-football\-again\-18816497\|title\=Troon have given me a love for football again, says Ryan Stevenson\|first\=Stuart\|last\=Wilson\|date\=2 August 2019\|website\=Daily Record}} He has since stated that "being a YTS at Chelsea was the best time in my life"{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.open\-goal.co.uk/keeping\-the\-ball\-on\-the\-ground\-17\-03\-20/\|title\=Keeping the Ball on the Ground \| CORONAVIRUS SHUTS DOWN FOOTBALL\|first\=Open\|last\=Goal\|date\=17 March 2020}} as he was boot\-boy for first\-team players [Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink](/wiki/Jimmy_Floyd_Hasselbaink "Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink") and [Gianfranco Zola](/wiki/Gianfranco_Zola "Gianfranco Zola"). Stevenson played in a youth team alongside [Carlton Cole](/wiki/Carlton_Cole "Carlton Cole"), [Lenny Pidgeley](/wiki/Lenny_Pidgeley "Lenny Pidgeley"), [Leon Knight](/wiki/Leon_Knight "Leon Knight") and, in his last season, [Robert Huth](/wiki/Robert_Huth "Robert Huth") under the watchful eye of manager [Steve Clarke](/wiki/Steve_Clarke "Steve Clarke"). After making eight reserve\-team appearances for Chelsea,{{Cite web\|url\=http://thechels.info/wiki/2001\-02\_Premier\_Reserve\_League\_South\|title\=2001\-02 Premier Reserve League South \- TheChels.info \- The Chelsea Football Club Wiki\|website\=thechels.info}} scoring one goal,{{Cite web\|url\=http://thechels.info/wiki/2000\-01\_Premier\_Reserve\_League\_South\|title\=2000\-01 Premier Reserve League South \- TheChels.info \- The Chelsea Football Club Wiki\|website\=thechels.info}} he was [released](/wiki/Free_transfer_%28football%29 "Free transfer (football)") in May 2002\. ### St Johnstone After leaving Chelsea, Stevenson was signed for [St Johnstone](/wiki/St_Johnstone_F.C. "St Johnstone F.C.") by [Billy Stark](/wiki/Billy_Stark "Billy Stark"). Stevenson made 74 league appearances for *Saints*, before eventually falling out of favour under [Owen Coyle](/wiki/Owen_Coyle "Owen Coyle") during 2006\. ### Ayr United [Robert Connor](/wiki/Bobby_Connor "Bobby Connor") brought Stevenson home to [Ayr United](/wiki/Ayr_United_F.C. "Ayr United F.C."), the team he had supported as a boy, initially on a 28\-day loan in October 2006\.{{cite news\|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/a/ayr\_united/6073030\.stm\|title\=Short\-term Ayr deal for Stevenson\|publisher\=\[\[BBC Sport]]\|date\=21 October 2006}} This loan was later extended until the end of the year.[Stevenson is to remain with Ayr](http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/a/ayr_united/6168972.stm), [BBC Sport](/wiki/BBC_Sport "BBC Sport"), 21 November 2006\. He then joined the club on a permanent basis during January 2007, for a five\-figure sum, against the wishes of his St. Johnstone boss: "I have told Ryan I don't want to lose him but that I wouldn't stand in his way," Coyle told Saints' website.{{cite news\|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/a/ayr\_united/6226631\.stm\|title\=Ayr Utd buy Stevenson from Saints\|publisher\=\[\[BBC Sport]]\|date\=2 January 2007}} Just two weeks later, Stevenson scored an equaliser for Ayr United against his former club, St Johnstone, in the third round of the [Scottish Cup](/wiki/Scottish_Cup "Scottish Cup") in a 2–1 defeat.{{cite news\|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/scot\_cups/6266519\.stm\|title\=Ayr United 1–2 St Johnstone\|publisher\=\[\[BBC Sport]]\|date\=17 January 2007}} Stevenson scored the goal which promoted Ayr United to the First Division in 2009, in a 1–0 win over [Airdrie United](/wiki/Airdrie_United "Airdrie United") in the second leg of the First Division play\-off Final at New Broomfield. ### Hearts Stevenson signed for [Hearts](/wiki/Heart_of_Midlothian_F.C. "Heart of Midlothian F.C.") on 1 February 2010 for an undisclosed five\-figure sum,{{cite web\|url\=http://www.heartsfc.co.uk/articles/20100201/ryan\-stevenson\-joins\-hearts\_2241384\_1952510 \|title\=Ryan Stevenson joins Hearts \|publisher\=\[\[Heart of Midlothian F.C.]] \|work\=Hearts News \|date\=1 February 2010 \|access\-date\=21 October 2011 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120131153953/http://www.heartsfc.co.uk/articles/20100201/ryan\-stevenson\-joins\-hearts\_2241384\_1952510 \|archive\-date\=31 January 2012 }} with [Rocky Visconte](/wiki/Rocky_Visconte "Rocky Visconte") going the other way on loan.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.ayrunitedfc.co.uk/news.asp?int\_news\_id\=1868\|title\=Ryan Stevenson transfers to Hearts\|publisher\=ayrunitedfc.co.uk\|date\=1 February 2010\|access\-date\=2 February 2010\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100209014052/http://www.ayrunitedfc.co.uk/news.asp?int\_news\_id\=1868\|archive\-date\=9 February 2010}} He made his debut for [Hearts](/wiki/Heart_of_Midlothian_F.C. "Heart of Midlothian F.C.") on 10 February playing the full 90 minutes in a 2–0 defeat to [Celtic](/wiki/Celtic_F.C. "Celtic F.C.") at [Celtic Park](/wiki/Celtic_Park "Celtic Park").{{cite web \| url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/scot\_prem/8505815\.stm \| title\=Celtic 2–0 Hearts \| publisher\=British Broadcasting Corporation \| work\=BBC Sport \| date\=10 February 2010 \| access\-date\=21 October 2011}} He went on to score his first competitive goal for [Hearts](/wiki/Heart_of_Midlothian_F.C. "Heart of Midlothian F.C.") against [Inverness Caledonian Thistle](/wiki/Inverness_Caledonian_Thistle_F.C. "Inverness Caledonian Thistle F.C.") in a [Scottish Premier League](/wiki/Scottish_Premier_League "Scottish Premier League") fixture on 18 September 2010\.{{cite web \| url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/scot\_prem/9007426\.stm \| title\=Inverness CT 1–3 Hearts \| publisher\=British Broadcasting Corporation \| work\=BBC Sport \| date\=18 September 2010 \| access\-date\=21 October 2011}} In the absence of [Kevin Kyle](/wiki/Kevin_Kyle "Kevin Kyle"), Stevenson was predominantly used as a makeshift striker{{cite web \| url\=http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/football/spl/hearts/2011/10/02/ryan\-stevenson\-admits\-he\-might\-have\-to\-become\-a\-striker\-by\-default\-to\-earn\-new\-hearts\-deal\-86908\-23461709/ \| title\=Ryan Stevenson admits he might have to become a striker by default to earn new Hearts deal \| date\=October 2011 \| publisher\=Daily Record \| access\-date\=21 October 2011}} and scored several notable goals, such as in wins over both halves of the [Old Firm](/wiki/Old_Firm "Old Firm") and two against Edinburgh [rivals](/wiki/Edinburgh_derby "Edinburgh derby") [Hibernian](/wiki/Hibernian_F.C. "Hibernian F.C."). In June 2011 Stevenson signed a one\-year contract extension to extend his stay at the club.{{cite web \| url\=http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/football/spl/hearts/2011/06/03/ryan\-stevenson\-signs\-new\-deal\-at\-hearts\-as\-ismael\-bouzid\-and\-ruben\-palazuelos\-are\-freed\-86908\-23176839/ \| title\=Ryan Stevenson signs new deal at Hearts as Ismael Bouzid and Ruben Palazuelos are freed \| work\=Daily Record \| date\=3 June 2011 \| access\-date\=21 October 2011}} On 22 December 2011 with Hearts in financial difficulty and having problems paying wages Stevenson requested his contract be terminated;{{cite web \| url\=http://www.scotsman.com/edinburgh\-evening\-news/other\-sport/stevenson\_i\_won\_t\_play\_for\_hearts\_again\_1\_2021237 \| title\=Stevenson: I won't play for Hearts again \| publisher\=Edinburgh Evening News \| date\=22 December 2011 \| access\-date\=22 December 2011}} this was refused and Stevenson advised the club he would not play or train again until his salary was paid in full.{{cite web \| url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/16299339\.stm \| title\=Ryan Stevenson asks to leave Hearts amid interest from Bristol City \| publisher\=\[\[BBC]] \| work\=BBC SPort \| date\=22 December 2011 \| access\-date\=22 December 2011}} Stevenson cited stress on his unborn baby as one of the reasons behind his decision.{{cite web \| url\=http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/football/spl/hearts/2011/12/23/ryan\-stevenson\-i\-had\-to\-leave\-hearts\-after\-doctor\-said\-stress\-of\-pay\-dispute\-risked\-life\-of\-unborn\-child\-86908\-23655451/ \| title\=Ryan Stevenson: I had to leave Hearts after doctor said stress of pay dispute risked life of unborn child \| last\=Jackson \| first\=Keith \| work\=Daily Record \| date\=23 December 2011 \| access\-date\=23 December 2011}} Despite being paid Stevenson did not return to training. Several clubs including{{cite web \| url\=http://sport.stv.tv/football/scottish\-premier/hearts/293532\-ayr\-united\-in\-talks\-to\-re\-sign\-ryan\-stevenson/ \| title\=Ayr United in talks to re\-sign Ryan Stevenson from Hearts \| publisher\=Scottish Television \| date\=13 January 2012 \| access\-date\=28 January 2012}} [Ayr United](/wiki/Ayr_United_F.C. "Ayr United F.C."), [Crawley Town](/wiki/Crawley_Town_F.C. "Crawley Town F.C."){{cite web \| url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/16655370\.stm \| title\=Crawley Town bid for Hearts' Ryan Stevenson rebuffed \| publisher\=\[\[BBC]] \| work\=BBC Sport \| date\=20 January 2012 \| access\-date\=28 January 2012}} and [Dundee United](/wiki/Dundee_United_F.C. "Dundee United F.C."){{cite web \| url\=http://sport.stv.tv/football/scottish\-premier/dundee\-united/295047\-dundee\-united\-tracking\-ryan\-stevenson/ \| title\=Dundee United tracking Ryan Stevenson \| publisher\=Scottish Television \| date\=25 January 2012 \| access\-date\=28 January 2012}} were interested however Hearts were seeking £100,000 for their exiled player.{{cite web \| url\=http://www.scotsman.com/edinburgh\-evening\-news/football/hearts\_ryan\_stevenson\_in\_limbo\_after\_move\_blocked\_1\_2079450 \| title\=Hearts' Ryan Stevenson in limbo after move blocked \| publisher\=The Scotsman \| date\=26 January 2012 \| access\-date\=28 January 2012}} Hearts pledged to open a disciplinary hearing if he did not leave during the transfer window.{{cite web \| url\=http://www.scotsman.com/edinburgh\-evening\-news/other\-sport/stevenson\_the\_exile\_can\_go\_for\_100k\_1\_2072732 \| title\=Stevenson the exile can go for £100k \| publisher\=The Scotsman \| date\=23 January 2012 \| access\-date\=28 January 2012}} ### Ipswich Town On 28 January 2012, [Championship](/wiki/Football_League_Championship "Football League Championship") side [Ipswich Town](/wiki/Ipswich_Town_F.C. "Ipswich Town F.C.") announced that he was set to join them in a deal worth £50,000 which was concluded on 30 January. He was given the number 16 shirt,{{cite web\|url\=http://www.itfc.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0,,10272\~2592190,00\.html \|title\=I can't wait to get going \|publisher\=\[\[Ipswich Town F.C.\|Ipswich Town F.C]] \|date\=28 January 2012 \|access\-date\=28 January 2012 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120130052725/http://www.itfc.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0%2C%2C10272\~2592190%2C00\.html \|archive\-date\=30 January 2012 }} and had signed an 18\-month contract.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.itfc.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0,,10272\~2593884,00\.html \|title\=Ryan: move was a no\-brainer \|publisher\=\[\[Ipswich Town F.C.\|Ipswich Town F.C]] \|date\=30 January 2012 \|access\-date\=30 January 2012 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120203080523/http://www.itfc.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0%2C%2C10272\~2593884%2C00\.html \|archive\-date\= 3 February 2012 }} Stevenson scored his first goal for Ipswich on 28 April 2012 against [Doncaster Rovers](/wiki/Doncaster_Rovers_F.C. "Doncaster Rovers F.C.") on the final day of the [2011–12 Football League Championship](/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_Football_League_Championship "2011–12 Football League Championship") with a long\-range effort which was later voted as Ipswich Town fans Goal of the Year.{{cite web \| url\=http://www.twtd.co.uk/questionnaire.php?page\=listanswer\&qid\=447 \| title\=TWTD Town goal of the Year? \| publisher\=TWTD \| access\-date\=1 July 2012 }}{{dead link\|date\=December 2017 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }} ### Hearts return [thumbnail\|right\|Stevenson playing for Hearts](/wiki/File:Ryan_Stevenson.jpg "Ryan Stevenson.jpg") On 31 August 2012, after just eight months at [Ipswich Town](/wiki/Ipswich_Town_F.C. "Ipswich Town F.C."), [Hearts](/wiki/Heart_of_Midlothian_F.C. "Heart of Midlothian F.C.") re\-signed Stevenson on a three\-year contract,{{cite web \| url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/19410936 \| title\=Ryan Stevenson returns to Tynecastle from Ipswich \| publisher\=\[\[BBC]] \| work\=BBC Sport \| date\=31 August 2012 \| access\-date\=31 August 2012}} despite interest from [Motherwell](/wiki/Motherwell_F.C. "Motherwell F.C.").{{cite web \| url\=http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/sport/football/football\-news/motherwell\-want\-ryan\-stevenson\-1286437 \| title\=Motherwell interested in snapping up free agent Ryan Stevenson \| last\=Keevins \| first\=Hugh \| publisher\=\[\[Daily Record (Scotland)\|Daily Record]] \| work\=dailyrecord.co.uk \| date\=30 August 2012 \| access\-date\=31 August 2012}} Stevenson scored both Hearts goals in the [2013 Scottish League Cup Final](/wiki/2013_Scottish_League_Cup_Final "2013 Scottish League Cup Final"), but ultimately the club lost 3–2 to [St Mirren](/wiki/St_Mirren_F.C. "St Mirren F.C.").{{cite web \| url\=http://www.espn.co.uk/football/sport/story/198038\.html\# \| title\=St Mirren seal historic League Cup win \| publisher\=\[\[ESPN]] \| work\=espn.co.uk \| date\=17 March 2013 \| access\-date\=20 April 2014}} Stevenson was released by Hearts after the club was relegated to the [Scottish Championship](/wiki/Scottish_Championship "Scottish Championship") in 2014\.[Hearts: Jamie Hamill unhappy as player trio exit Tynecastle](https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/27379580), BBC Sport ### Partick Thistle Stevenson signed for [Partick Thistle](/wiki/Partick_Thistle_F.C. "Partick Thistle F.C.") in June 2014 on a two\-year contract, with an option for a third year.{{cite web\|url\=http://ptfc.co.uk/news/2014/june\_2014/ryan\_stevenson\_joins\_thistle \|title\=Ryan Stevenson Joins Thistle \|publisher\=\[\[Partick Thistle F.C.]] \|work\=ptfc.co.uk \|date\=11 June 2014 \|access\-date\=11 June 2014 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140615003555/http://ptfc.co.uk/news/2014/june\_2014/ryan\_stevenson\_joins\_thistle \|archive\-date\=15 June 2014 }}[Partick Thistle sign Ryan Stevenson](https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/27791153), BBC Sport He scored his first two goals for Thistle in a 2–0 Scottish Cup win over [Hamilton Academical](/wiki/Hamilton_Academical_F.C. "Hamilton Academical F.C.") on 29 November 2014\.{{cite web\|title\=Partick Thistle 2–0 Hamilton\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/30156822\|publisher\=BBC Sport\|last\=McLauchlin\|first\=Brian\|date\=29 November 2014\|access\-date\=4 December 2014}} He scored his first and second league goals in a Scottish Premiership 4–0 away win against [Inverness](/wiki/Inverness_Caledonian_Thistle_F.C. "Inverness Caledonian Thistle F.C."){{cite web\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/30357513?r\=1\#refresh\|title\=Inverness CT 0\-4 Partick Thistle}} On 31 October 2015, Stevenson [had to play as](/wiki/List_of_outfield_association_footballers_who_played_in_goal "List of outfield association footballers who played in goal") [goalkeeper](/wiki/Goalkeeper_%28association_football%29 "Goalkeeper (association football)") for the last five minutes of a 4–0 defeat to Hearts because Thistle 'keeper Ryan Scully had been sent off and Thistle had already used all of their substitutions.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/34623819\|title\=Partick Thistle 0\-4 Hearts\|work\=BBC Sport}} Stevenson's first goal of the 2015–16 season was a 90th\-minute winner in a 2–1 victory over Inverness Caledonian Thistle.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/34817885\|title\=Partick Thistle 2\-1 Inverness CT\|work\=BBC Sport}} Stevenson was released by the club in January 2016\.{{cite web \|title\=Ryan Stevenson \|url\=http://ptfc.co.uk/news/2015\-2016/january\_2016/ryan\_stevenson \|publisher\=ptfc.co.uk \|date\=20 January 2016 \|access\-date\=20 January 2016 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160123020709/http://ptfc.co.uk/news/2015\-2016/january\_2016/ryan\_stevenson \|archive\-date\=23 January 2016}} ### Ayr United return In December 2015, Stevenson signed a short\-term loan deal with his former club [Ayr United](/wiki/Ayr_United_F.C. "Ayr United F.C.").{{cite web\|title\=Ryan Stevenson rejoins Ayr United on 28\-day loan from Partick Thistle \|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/35165774 \|publisher\=BBC Sport \|date\=22 December 2015 \|access\-date\=22 December 2015}} He made three appearances for Ayr before returning to Partick Thistle. However, subsequent to his release by the [Firhill](/wiki/Firhill_Stadium "Firhill Stadium") side, Stevenson signed again with Ayr in January 2016, his fourth separate spell with the side.{{cite web \|title\=Stevo Ayr to stay \|url\=http://www.ayrunitedfc.co.uk/stevo\-ayr\-to\-stay/ \|publisher\=ayrunitedfc.co.uk \|date\=21 January 2016 \|access\-date\=28 January 2016 \|archive\-date\=31 January 2016 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131075409/http://www.ayrunitedfc.co.uk/stevo\-ayr\-to\-stay/ \|url\-status\=dead }} After achieving promotion to the [Scottish Championship](/wiki/Scottish_Championship "Scottish Championship") via the [play\-offs](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Scottish_Championship%23Final "2015–16 Scottish Championship#Final"), Stevenson chose not to renew his contract at [Somerset Park](/wiki/Somerset_Park "Somerset Park").{{cite web\|title\=Player update \|url\=http://www.ayrunitedfc.co.uk/player\-update/ \|publisher\=ayrunitedfc.co.uk \|date\=8 June 2016 \|access\-date\=8 June 2016}} ### Dumbarton Shortly after leaving [Ayr United](/wiki/Ayr_United_F.C. "Ayr United F.C."), Stevenson signed for [Scottish Championship](/wiki/Scottish_Championship "Scottish Championship") side [Dumbarton](/wiki/Dumbarton_F.C. "Dumbarton F.C.").{{cite web \|title\=Stevenson switches to Sons from Ayr Utd \|url\=http://www.dumbartonfootballclub.com/news/?mode\=view\&id\=2493 \|last\=Findlay \|first\=Alan \|publisher\=dumbartonfootballclub.com \|date\=8 June 2016 \|access\-date\=8 June 2016}} He scored his first goal for the club in a 3–3 draw with [Peterhead](/wiki/Peterhead_F.C. "Peterhead F.C.") in July 2016\.{{cite web\|last1\=Barrow\|first1\=Simon\|title\=SONS BEATEN IN BETFRED ON PENALTIES\|url\=http://www.dumbartonfootballclub.com/news/?mode\=view\&id\=2601\|access\-date\=30 July 2016}} He left the club in December 2016{{cite web\|last1\=Findlay\|first1\=Alan\|title\=PLAYER DEPARTURES\|url\=http://www.dumbartonfootballclub.com/news/?mode\=view\&id\=2806\|access\-date\=31 December 2016}} ### Raith Rovers He joined [Raith Rovers](/wiki/Raith_Rovers_F.C. "Raith Rovers F.C.") in January 2017{{cite web\|title\=Ryan Stevenson Signs To Boost Attacking Options\|url\=http://www.raithrovers.net/28014/ryan\-stevenson\-signs\-to\-boost\-attacking\-options.htm\|website\=Raith Rovers\|access\-date\=2 January 2017}} Stevenson hit the headlines after being forced to play a full 90 minutes in goal, after injuries to Raith's three first team goalkeepers. Rovers lost the match 1–0 to [Ayr United](/wiki/Ayr_United_F.C. "Ayr United F.C."){{cite web\|last1\=Borthwick\|first1\=Jamie\|title\=Attacker Ryan Stevenson starts in goals for Raith Rovers\|url\=https://stv.tv/sport/football/1381921\-attacker\-ryan\-stevenson\-starts\-in\-goals\-for\-raith\-rovers/\|website\=STV Sport\|access\-date\=9 March 2017}} In March 2017, just over a week after playing in goals, Stevenson announced his shock retirement from professional football at the age of 32{{cite web\|last1\=Elder\|first1\=Matthew\|title\=Raith striker announces shock retirement\|url\=http://www.fifetoday.co.uk/sport/football/raith\-rovers/raith\-striker\-announces\-shock\-retirement\|website\=Fife Today\|publisher\=Johnston Publishing\|access\-date\=9 March 2017}}{{Dead link\|date\=September 2018 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }} as he sought a long\-term career outside of football. ### Troon and Australia After leaving [Raith Rovers](/wiki/Raith_Rovers_F.C. "Raith Rovers F.C.") in March 2017 to start a long\-term career outside of football, Stevenson signed for [Troon](/wiki/Troon_F.C. "Troon F.C.").{{Cite web \|url\=http://troonfc.com/news/new\-signing\-ryan\-stevenson/ \|title\=New Signing \- Ryan Stevenson \- Troon FC \|access\-date\=29 March 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170330011348/http://troonfc.com/news/new\-signing\-ryan\-stevenson/ \|archive\-date\=30 March 2017 \|url\-status\=dead}} With his personal life in turmoil, and after just one appearance and two weeks with the club, Stevenson announced he was to emigrate and he signed for [Australian State League Division 2 South\-East](/wiki/Victorian_State_League_Division_2 "Victorian State League Division 2") side [Peninsula Strikers](/wiki/Peninsula_Strikers_FC "Peninsula Strikers FC").{{cite web \|url\=https://stv.tv/sport/football/1385492\-ryan\-stevenson\-leaves\-troon\-for\-australian\-fifth\-tier\-side/ \|title\=Ryan Stevenson leaves Troon to join Australian club \|first\=Andy \|last\=Coyle \|work\=STV News \|publisher\=STV \|date\=10 April 2017 \|access\-date\=10 April 2017}} However, the day he was due to leave for Australia he announced he had cancelled the agreement for family reasons.{{Cite web\|url\=https://troonfootballclub.co.uk/player/ryan\-stevenson/\|title\=Ryan Stevenson – Troon Football Club}} ### Annan Athletic Stevenson joined [Scottish League Two](/wiki/Scottish_League_Two "Scottish League Two") side [Annan Athletic](/wiki/Annan_Athletic_F.C. "Annan Athletic F.C.") in June 2017, managed by his former [Ayr United](/wiki/Ayr_United_F.C. "Ayr United F.C.") teammate [Peter Murphy](/wiki/Peter_Murphy_%28footballer%2C_born_1980%29 "Peter Murphy (footballer, born 1980)").{{cite web\|title\=RYAN STEVENSON SIGNS ON\|url\=http://www.annanathleticfc.com/7247\-2/\|website\=Annan Athletic\|date\=27 June 2017\|access\-date\=29 June 2017}} Stevenson played eight matches before an old injury flared up and he decided to take a step back from the game to concentrate on family and work commitments. ### Troon Stevenson rejoined Troon in November 2018 after more than a year out of the game, and he said the move gave him "his love of football back"{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.instagram.com/p/B6oKefElXVE/ \|archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/s/instagram/B6oKefElXVE \|archive\-date\=24 December 2021 \|url\-access\=registration\|title\=Login • Instagram\|website\=www.instagram.com}}{{cbignore}} thanks to the club's Manager Jimmy Kirkwood. The move to Portland Park proved a fruitful one for Stevenson, playing alongside former team\-mates [Christian Nade](/wiki/Christian_Nade "Christian Nade") and [Dean Keenan](/wiki/Dean_Keenan "Dean Keenan"), and he netted 26 times in 50 appearances playing in an attacking midfield or forward role. ### Stranraer With a new\-found hunger for football again, Stevenson got the opportunity to return to senior football and he joined [Stranraer](/wiki/Stranraer_F.C. "Stranraer F.C.") in January 2020\.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.stranraerfc.org/index.php/77\-latest\-news/1663\-stevenson\-signing\|title\=Stevo signs on\|date\=1 January 2020\|website\=Stranraer FC\|access\-date\=1 January 2020}} A part of the lure to Stranraer was their upcoming match against [Rangers](/wiki/Rangers_F.C. "Rangers F.C.") at [Ibrox Park](/wiki/Ibrox_Stadium "Ibrox Stadium") in the [Scottish Cup](/wiki/Scottish_Cup "Scottish Cup"),{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/51058102\|title\=Much\-changed Rangers ease past Stranraer\|work\=BBC Sport}} a possible final chance to play in front of 38,000 supporters and his family. ### Troon return Stevenson returned to Troon for a third time in May 2020\.{{Cite web\|last\=McGowan\|first\=Eric\|date\=2020\-05\-27\|title\=Former Hearts and Ayr United ace returns for another spell at Troon\|url\=https://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/ayrshire/former\-hearts\-ayr\-united\-playmaker\-22095127\|access\-date\=2020\-07\-13\|website\=dailyrecord}} ### Albion Rovers In March 2021, Stevenson signed for [Scottish League Two](/wiki/Scottish_League_Two "Scottish League Two") side [Albion Rovers](/wiki/Albion_Rovers_F.C. "Albion Rovers F.C.").{{Cite web\|date\=10 March 2021\|title\=Ryan Stevenson, David Cox, and Jamie McKernon join Albion Rovers\|url\=https://albionroversfc.com/ryan\-stevenson\-david\-cox\-and\-jamie\-mckernon\-join\-albion\-rovers/\|access\-date\=10 March 2021\|website\=albionroversfc.com}} ### Fourth return to Troon On September 1, 2022, Stevenson returned for the fourth \- and final \- time to [Troon](/wiki/Troon_F.C. "Troon F.C.").[Welcome back Ryan Stevenson!](https://troonfootballclub.co.uk/welcome-back-ryan-stevenson/), troonfootballclub.co.uk, 1 September 2022 However, it was short\-lived as the club confirmed on November 17, 2022 that Stevenson had chosen to leave the club again.[Ryan Stevenson Moves on](https://troonfootballclub.co.uk/ryan-stevenson-moves-on/), troonfootballclub.co.uk, 17 November 2022
[ "Career\n------", "### Chelsea", "Stevenson began his career as a youth player at [Chelsea](/wiki/Chelsea_F.C. \"Chelsea F.C.\")'s youth academy, staying in the same club accommodation as [John Terry](/wiki/John_Terry \"John Terry\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/ayrshire/troon\\-given\\-love\\-football\\-again\\-18816497\\|title\\=Troon have given me a love for football again, says Ryan Stevenson\\|first\\=Stuart\\|last\\=Wilson\\|date\\=2 August 2019\\|website\\=Daily Record}} He has since stated that \"being a YTS at Chelsea was the best time in my life\"{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.open\\-goal.co.uk/keeping\\-the\\-ball\\-on\\-the\\-ground\\-17\\-03\\-20/\\|title\\=Keeping the Ball on the Ground \\| CORONAVIRUS SHUTS DOWN FOOTBALL\\|first\\=Open\\|last\\=Goal\\|date\\=17 March 2020}} as he was boot\\-boy for first\\-team players [Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink](/wiki/Jimmy_Floyd_Hasselbaink \"Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink\") and [Gianfranco Zola](/wiki/Gianfranco_Zola \"Gianfranco Zola\").", "Stevenson played in a youth team alongside [Carlton Cole](/wiki/Carlton_Cole \"Carlton Cole\"), [Lenny Pidgeley](/wiki/Lenny_Pidgeley \"Lenny Pidgeley\"), [Leon Knight](/wiki/Leon_Knight \"Leon Knight\") and, in his last season, [Robert Huth](/wiki/Robert_Huth \"Robert Huth\") under the watchful eye of manager [Steve Clarke](/wiki/Steve_Clarke \"Steve Clarke\").", "After making eight reserve\\-team appearances for Chelsea,{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://thechels.info/wiki/2001\\-02\\_Premier\\_Reserve\\_League\\_South\\|title\\=2001\\-02 Premier Reserve League South \\- TheChels.info \\- The Chelsea Football Club Wiki\\|website\\=thechels.info}} scoring one goal,{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://thechels.info/wiki/2000\\-01\\_Premier\\_Reserve\\_League\\_South\\|title\\=2000\\-01 Premier Reserve League South \\- TheChels.info \\- The Chelsea Football Club Wiki\\|website\\=thechels.info}} he was [released](/wiki/Free_transfer_%28football%29 \"Free transfer (football)\") in May 2002\\.", "### St Johnstone", "After leaving Chelsea, Stevenson was signed for [St Johnstone](/wiki/St_Johnstone_F.C. \"St Johnstone F.C.\") by [Billy Stark](/wiki/Billy_Stark \"Billy Stark\"). Stevenson made 74 league appearances for *Saints*, before eventually falling out of favour under [Owen Coyle](/wiki/Owen_Coyle \"Owen Coyle\") during 2006\\.", "### Ayr United", "[Robert Connor](/wiki/Bobby_Connor \"Bobby Connor\") brought Stevenson home to [Ayr United](/wiki/Ayr_United_F.C. \"Ayr United F.C.\"), the team he had supported as a boy, initially on a 28\\-day loan in October 2006\\.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/a/ayr\\_united/6073030\\.stm\\|title\\=Short\\-term Ayr deal for Stevenson\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[BBC Sport]]\\|date\\=21 October 2006}} This loan was later extended until the end of the year.[Stevenson is to remain with Ayr](http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/a/ayr_united/6168972.stm), [BBC Sport](/wiki/BBC_Sport \"BBC Sport\"), 21 November 2006\\. He then joined the club on a permanent basis during January 2007, for a five\\-figure sum, against the wishes of his St. Johnstone boss: \"I have told Ryan I don't want to lose him but that I wouldn't stand in his way,\" Coyle told Saints' website.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/a/ayr\\_united/6226631\\.stm\\|title\\=Ayr Utd buy Stevenson from Saints\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[BBC Sport]]\\|date\\=2 January 2007}} Just two weeks later, Stevenson scored an equaliser for Ayr United against his former club, St Johnstone, in the third round of the [Scottish Cup](/wiki/Scottish_Cup \"Scottish Cup\") in a 2–1 defeat.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/scot\\_cups/6266519\\.stm\\|title\\=Ayr United 1–2 St Johnstone\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[BBC Sport]]\\|date\\=17 January 2007}} Stevenson scored the goal which promoted Ayr United to the First Division in 2009, in a 1–0 win over [Airdrie United](/wiki/Airdrie_United \"Airdrie United\") in the second leg of the First Division play\\-off Final at New Broomfield.", "### Hearts", "Stevenson signed for [Hearts](/wiki/Heart_of_Midlothian_F.C. \"Heart of Midlothian F.C.\") on 1 February 2010 for an undisclosed five\\-figure sum,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.heartsfc.co.uk/articles/20100201/ryan\\-stevenson\\-joins\\-hearts\\_2241384\\_1952510 \\|title\\=Ryan Stevenson joins Hearts \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Heart of Midlothian F.C.]] \\|work\\=Hearts News \\|date\\=1 February 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=21 October 2011 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120131153953/http://www.heartsfc.co.uk/articles/20100201/ryan\\-stevenson\\-joins\\-hearts\\_2241384\\_1952510 \\|archive\\-date\\=31 January 2012 }} with [Rocky Visconte](/wiki/Rocky_Visconte \"Rocky Visconte\") going the other way on loan.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ayrunitedfc.co.uk/news.asp?int\\_news\\_id\\=1868\\|title\\=Ryan Stevenson transfers to Hearts\\|publisher\\=ayrunitedfc.co.uk\\|date\\=1 February 2010\\|access\\-date\\=2 February 2010\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100209014052/http://www.ayrunitedfc.co.uk/news.asp?int\\_news\\_id\\=1868\\|archive\\-date\\=9 February 2010}} He made his debut for [Hearts](/wiki/Heart_of_Midlothian_F.C. \"Heart of Midlothian F.C.\") on 10 February playing the full 90 minutes in a 2–0 defeat to [Celtic](/wiki/Celtic_F.C. \"Celtic F.C.\") at [Celtic Park](/wiki/Celtic_Park \"Celtic Park\").{{cite web \\| url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/scot\\_prem/8505815\\.stm \\| title\\=Celtic 2–0 Hearts \\| publisher\\=British Broadcasting Corporation \\| work\\=BBC Sport \\| date\\=10 February 2010 \\| access\\-date\\=21 October 2011}} He went on to score his first competitive goal for [Hearts](/wiki/Heart_of_Midlothian_F.C. \"Heart of Midlothian F.C.\") against [Inverness Caledonian Thistle](/wiki/Inverness_Caledonian_Thistle_F.C. \"Inverness Caledonian Thistle F.C.\") in a [Scottish Premier League](/wiki/Scottish_Premier_League \"Scottish Premier League\") fixture on 18 September 2010\\.{{cite web \\| url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/scot\\_prem/9007426\\.stm \\| title\\=Inverness CT 1–3 Hearts \\| publisher\\=British Broadcasting Corporation \\| work\\=BBC Sport \\| date\\=18 September 2010 \\| access\\-date\\=21 October 2011}} In the absence of [Kevin Kyle](/wiki/Kevin_Kyle \"Kevin Kyle\"), Stevenson was predominantly used as a makeshift striker{{cite web \\| url\\=http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/football/spl/hearts/2011/10/02/ryan\\-stevenson\\-admits\\-he\\-might\\-have\\-to\\-become\\-a\\-striker\\-by\\-default\\-to\\-earn\\-new\\-hearts\\-deal\\-86908\\-23461709/ \\| title\\=Ryan Stevenson admits he might have to become a striker by default to earn new Hearts deal \\| date\\=October 2011 \\| publisher\\=Daily Record \\| access\\-date\\=21 October 2011}} and scored several notable goals, such as in wins over both halves of the [Old Firm](/wiki/Old_Firm \"Old Firm\") and two against Edinburgh [rivals](/wiki/Edinburgh_derby \"Edinburgh derby\") [Hibernian](/wiki/Hibernian_F.C. \"Hibernian F.C.\"). In June 2011 Stevenson signed a one\\-year contract extension to extend his stay at the club.{{cite web \\| url\\=http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/football/spl/hearts/2011/06/03/ryan\\-stevenson\\-signs\\-new\\-deal\\-at\\-hearts\\-as\\-ismael\\-bouzid\\-and\\-ruben\\-palazuelos\\-are\\-freed\\-86908\\-23176839/ \\| title\\=Ryan Stevenson signs new deal at Hearts as Ismael Bouzid and Ruben Palazuelos are freed \\| work\\=Daily Record \\| date\\=3 June 2011 \\| access\\-date\\=21 October 2011}}", "On 22 December 2011 with Hearts in financial difficulty and having problems paying wages Stevenson requested his contract be terminated;{{cite web \\| url\\=http://www.scotsman.com/edinburgh\\-evening\\-news/other\\-sport/stevenson\\_i\\_won\\_t\\_play\\_for\\_hearts\\_again\\_1\\_2021237 \\| title\\=Stevenson: I won't play for Hearts again \\| publisher\\=Edinburgh Evening News \\| date\\=22 December 2011 \\| access\\-date\\=22 December 2011}} this was refused and Stevenson advised the club he would not play or train again until his salary was paid in full.{{cite web \\| url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/16299339\\.stm \\| title\\=Ryan Stevenson asks to leave Hearts amid interest from Bristol City \\| publisher\\=\\[\\[BBC]] \\| work\\=BBC SPort \\| date\\=22 December 2011 \\| access\\-date\\=22 December 2011}} Stevenson cited stress on his unborn baby as one of the reasons behind his decision.{{cite web \\| url\\=http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/football/spl/hearts/2011/12/23/ryan\\-stevenson\\-i\\-had\\-to\\-leave\\-hearts\\-after\\-doctor\\-said\\-stress\\-of\\-pay\\-dispute\\-risked\\-life\\-of\\-unborn\\-child\\-86908\\-23655451/ \\| title\\=Ryan Stevenson: I had to leave Hearts after doctor said stress of pay dispute risked life of unborn child \\| last\\=Jackson \\| first\\=Keith \\| work\\=Daily Record \\| date\\=23 December 2011 \\| access\\-date\\=23 December 2011}} Despite being paid Stevenson did not return to training. Several clubs including{{cite web \\| url\\=http://sport.stv.tv/football/scottish\\-premier/hearts/293532\\-ayr\\-united\\-in\\-talks\\-to\\-re\\-sign\\-ryan\\-stevenson/ \\| title\\=Ayr United in talks to re\\-sign Ryan Stevenson from Hearts \\| publisher\\=Scottish Television \\| date\\=13 January 2012 \\| access\\-date\\=28 January 2012}} [Ayr United](/wiki/Ayr_United_F.C. \"Ayr United F.C.\"), [Crawley Town](/wiki/Crawley_Town_F.C. \"Crawley Town F.C.\"){{cite web \\| url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/16655370\\.stm \\| title\\=Crawley Town bid for Hearts' Ryan Stevenson rebuffed \\| publisher\\=\\[\\[BBC]] \\| work\\=BBC Sport \\| date\\=20 January 2012 \\| access\\-date\\=28 January 2012}} and [Dundee United](/wiki/Dundee_United_F.C. \"Dundee United F.C.\"){{cite web \\| url\\=http://sport.stv.tv/football/scottish\\-premier/dundee\\-united/295047\\-dundee\\-united\\-tracking\\-ryan\\-stevenson/ \\| title\\=Dundee United tracking Ryan Stevenson \\| publisher\\=Scottish Television \\| date\\=25 January 2012 \\| access\\-date\\=28 January 2012}} were interested however Hearts were seeking £100,000 for their exiled player.{{cite web \\| url\\=http://www.scotsman.com/edinburgh\\-evening\\-news/football/hearts\\_ryan\\_stevenson\\_in\\_limbo\\_after\\_move\\_blocked\\_1\\_2079450 \\| title\\=Hearts' Ryan Stevenson in limbo after move blocked \\| publisher\\=The Scotsman \\| date\\=26 January 2012 \\| access\\-date\\=28 January 2012}} Hearts pledged to open a disciplinary hearing if he did not leave during the transfer window.{{cite web \\| url\\=http://www.scotsman.com/edinburgh\\-evening\\-news/other\\-sport/stevenson\\_the\\_exile\\_can\\_go\\_for\\_100k\\_1\\_2072732 \\| title\\=Stevenson the exile can go for £100k \\| publisher\\=The Scotsman \\| date\\=23 January 2012 \\| access\\-date\\=28 January 2012}}", "### Ipswich Town", "On 28 January 2012, [Championship](/wiki/Football_League_Championship \"Football League Championship\") side [Ipswich Town](/wiki/Ipswich_Town_F.C. \"Ipswich Town F.C.\") announced that he was set to join them in a deal worth £50,000 which was concluded on 30 January. He was given the number 16 shirt,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.itfc.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0,,10272\\~2592190,00\\.html \\|title\\=I can't wait to get going \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Ipswich Town F.C.\\|Ipswich Town F.C]] \\|date\\=28 January 2012 \\|access\\-date\\=28 January 2012 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120130052725/http://www.itfc.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0%2C%2C10272\\~2592190%2C00\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=30 January 2012 }} and had signed an 18\\-month contract.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.itfc.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0,,10272\\~2593884,00\\.html \\|title\\=Ryan: move was a no\\-brainer \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Ipswich Town F.C.\\|Ipswich Town F.C]] \\|date\\=30 January 2012 \\|access\\-date\\=30 January 2012 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120203080523/http://www.itfc.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0%2C%2C10272\\~2593884%2C00\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\= 3 February 2012 }}", "Stevenson scored his first goal for Ipswich on 28 April 2012 against [Doncaster Rovers](/wiki/Doncaster_Rovers_F.C. \"Doncaster Rovers F.C.\") on the final day of the [2011–12 Football League Championship](/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_Football_League_Championship \"2011–12 Football League Championship\") with a long\\-range effort which was later voted as Ipswich Town fans Goal of the Year.{{cite web \\| url\\=http://www.twtd.co.uk/questionnaire.php?page\\=listanswer\\&qid\\=447 \\| title\\=TWTD Town goal of the Year? \\| publisher\\=TWTD \\| access\\-date\\=1 July 2012 }}{{dead link\\|date\\=December 2017 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }}", "### Hearts return", "[thumbnail\\|right\\|Stevenson playing for Hearts](/wiki/File:Ryan_Stevenson.jpg \"Ryan Stevenson.jpg\")\nOn 31 August 2012, after just eight months at [Ipswich Town](/wiki/Ipswich_Town_F.C. \"Ipswich Town F.C.\"), [Hearts](/wiki/Heart_of_Midlothian_F.C. \"Heart of Midlothian F.C.\") re\\-signed Stevenson on a three\\-year contract,{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/19410936 \\| title\\=Ryan Stevenson returns to Tynecastle from Ipswich \\| publisher\\=\\[\\[BBC]] \\| work\\=BBC Sport \\| date\\=31 August 2012 \\| access\\-date\\=31 August 2012}} despite interest from [Motherwell](/wiki/Motherwell_F.C. \"Motherwell F.C.\").{{cite web \\| url\\=http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/sport/football/football\\-news/motherwell\\-want\\-ryan\\-stevenson\\-1286437 \\| title\\=Motherwell interested in snapping up free agent Ryan Stevenson \\| last\\=Keevins \\| first\\=Hugh \\| publisher\\=\\[\\[Daily Record (Scotland)\\|Daily Record]] \\| work\\=dailyrecord.co.uk \\| date\\=30 August 2012 \\| access\\-date\\=31 August 2012}} Stevenson scored both Hearts goals in the [2013 Scottish League Cup Final](/wiki/2013_Scottish_League_Cup_Final \"2013 Scottish League Cup Final\"), but ultimately the club lost 3–2 to [St Mirren](/wiki/St_Mirren_F.C. \"St Mirren F.C.\").{{cite web \\| url\\=http://www.espn.co.uk/football/sport/story/198038\\.html\\# \\| title\\=St Mirren seal historic League Cup win \\| publisher\\=\\[\\[ESPN]] \\| work\\=espn.co.uk \\| date\\=17 March 2013 \\| access\\-date\\=20 April 2014}} Stevenson was released by Hearts after the club was relegated to the [Scottish Championship](/wiki/Scottish_Championship \"Scottish Championship\") in 2014\\.[Hearts: Jamie Hamill unhappy as player trio exit Tynecastle](https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/27379580), BBC Sport", "### Partick Thistle", "Stevenson signed for [Partick Thistle](/wiki/Partick_Thistle_F.C. \"Partick Thistle F.C.\") in June 2014 on a two\\-year contract, with an option for a third year.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://ptfc.co.uk/news/2014/june\\_2014/ryan\\_stevenson\\_joins\\_thistle \\|title\\=Ryan Stevenson Joins Thistle \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Partick Thistle F.C.]] \\|work\\=ptfc.co.uk \\|date\\=11 June 2014 \\|access\\-date\\=11 June 2014 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140615003555/http://ptfc.co.uk/news/2014/june\\_2014/ryan\\_stevenson\\_joins\\_thistle \\|archive\\-date\\=15 June 2014 }}[Partick Thistle sign Ryan Stevenson](https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/27791153), BBC Sport He scored his first two goals for Thistle in a 2–0 Scottish Cup win over [Hamilton Academical](/wiki/Hamilton_Academical_F.C. \"Hamilton Academical F.C.\") on 29 November 2014\\.{{cite web\\|title\\=Partick Thistle 2–0 Hamilton\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/30156822\\|publisher\\=BBC Sport\\|last\\=McLauchlin\\|first\\=Brian\\|date\\=29 November 2014\\|access\\-date\\=4 December 2014}} He scored his first and second league goals in a Scottish Premiership 4–0 away win against [Inverness](/wiki/Inverness_Caledonian_Thistle_F.C. \"Inverness Caledonian Thistle F.C.\"){{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/30357513?r\\=1\\#refresh\\|title\\=Inverness CT 0\\-4 Partick Thistle}} On 31 October 2015, Stevenson [had to play as](/wiki/List_of_outfield_association_footballers_who_played_in_goal \"List of outfield association footballers who played in goal\") [goalkeeper](/wiki/Goalkeeper_%28association_football%29 \"Goalkeeper (association football)\") for the last five minutes of a 4–0 defeat to Hearts because Thistle 'keeper Ryan Scully had been sent off and Thistle had already used all of their substitutions.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/34623819\\|title\\=Partick Thistle 0\\-4 Hearts\\|work\\=BBC Sport}} Stevenson's first goal of the 2015–16 season was a 90th\\-minute winner in a 2–1 victory over Inverness Caledonian Thistle.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/34817885\\|title\\=Partick Thistle 2\\-1 Inverness CT\\|work\\=BBC Sport}} Stevenson was released by the club in January 2016\\.{{cite web \\|title\\=Ryan Stevenson \\|url\\=http://ptfc.co.uk/news/2015\\-2016/january\\_2016/ryan\\_stevenson \\|publisher\\=ptfc.co.uk \\|date\\=20 January 2016 \\|access\\-date\\=20 January 2016 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160123020709/http://ptfc.co.uk/news/2015\\-2016/january\\_2016/ryan\\_stevenson \\|archive\\-date\\=23 January 2016}}", "### Ayr United return", "In December 2015, Stevenson signed a short\\-term loan deal with his former club [Ayr United](/wiki/Ayr_United_F.C. \"Ayr United F.C.\").{{cite web\\|title\\=Ryan Stevenson rejoins Ayr United on 28\\-day loan from Partick Thistle \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/35165774 \\|publisher\\=BBC Sport \\|date\\=22 December 2015 \\|access\\-date\\=22 December 2015}} He made three appearances for Ayr before returning to Partick Thistle. However, subsequent to his release by the [Firhill](/wiki/Firhill_Stadium \"Firhill Stadium\") side, Stevenson signed again with Ayr in January 2016, his fourth separate spell with the side.{{cite web \\|title\\=Stevo Ayr to stay \\|url\\=http://www.ayrunitedfc.co.uk/stevo\\-ayr\\-to\\-stay/ \\|publisher\\=ayrunitedfc.co.uk \\|date\\=21 January 2016 \\|access\\-date\\=28 January 2016 \\|archive\\-date\\=31 January 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131075409/http://www.ayrunitedfc.co.uk/stevo\\-ayr\\-to\\-stay/ \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} After achieving promotion to the [Scottish Championship](/wiki/Scottish_Championship \"Scottish Championship\") via the [play\\-offs](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Scottish_Championship%23Final \"2015–16 Scottish Championship#Final\"), Stevenson chose not to renew his contract at [Somerset Park](/wiki/Somerset_Park \"Somerset Park\").{{cite web\\|title\\=Player update \\|url\\=http://www.ayrunitedfc.co.uk/player\\-update/ \\|publisher\\=ayrunitedfc.co.uk \\|date\\=8 June 2016 \\|access\\-date\\=8 June 2016}}", "### Dumbarton", "Shortly after leaving [Ayr United](/wiki/Ayr_United_F.C. \"Ayr United F.C.\"), Stevenson signed for [Scottish Championship](/wiki/Scottish_Championship \"Scottish Championship\") side [Dumbarton](/wiki/Dumbarton_F.C. \"Dumbarton F.C.\").{{cite web \\|title\\=Stevenson switches to Sons from Ayr Utd \\|url\\=http://www.dumbartonfootballclub.com/news/?mode\\=view\\&id\\=2493 \\|last\\=Findlay \\|first\\=Alan \\|publisher\\=dumbartonfootballclub.com \\|date\\=8 June 2016 \\|access\\-date\\=8 June 2016}} He scored his first goal for the club in a 3–3 draw with [Peterhead](/wiki/Peterhead_F.C. \"Peterhead F.C.\") in July 2016\\.{{cite web\\|last1\\=Barrow\\|first1\\=Simon\\|title\\=SONS BEATEN IN BETFRED ON PENALTIES\\|url\\=http://www.dumbartonfootballclub.com/news/?mode\\=view\\&id\\=2601\\|access\\-date\\=30 July 2016}} He left the club in December 2016{{cite web\\|last1\\=Findlay\\|first1\\=Alan\\|title\\=PLAYER DEPARTURES\\|url\\=http://www.dumbartonfootballclub.com/news/?mode\\=view\\&id\\=2806\\|access\\-date\\=31 December 2016}}", "### Raith Rovers", "He joined [Raith Rovers](/wiki/Raith_Rovers_F.C. \"Raith Rovers F.C.\") in January 2017{{cite web\\|title\\=Ryan Stevenson Signs To Boost Attacking Options\\|url\\=http://www.raithrovers.net/28014/ryan\\-stevenson\\-signs\\-to\\-boost\\-attacking\\-options.htm\\|website\\=Raith Rovers\\|access\\-date\\=2 January 2017}} Stevenson hit the headlines after being forced to play a full 90 minutes in goal, after injuries to Raith's three first team goalkeepers. Rovers lost the match 1–0 to [Ayr United](/wiki/Ayr_United_F.C. \"Ayr United F.C.\"){{cite web\\|last1\\=Borthwick\\|first1\\=Jamie\\|title\\=Attacker Ryan Stevenson starts in goals for Raith Rovers\\|url\\=https://stv.tv/sport/football/1381921\\-attacker\\-ryan\\-stevenson\\-starts\\-in\\-goals\\-for\\-raith\\-rovers/\\|website\\=STV Sport\\|access\\-date\\=9 March 2017}}", "In March 2017, just over a week after playing in goals, Stevenson announced his shock retirement from professional football at the age of 32{{cite web\\|last1\\=Elder\\|first1\\=Matthew\\|title\\=Raith striker announces shock retirement\\|url\\=http://www.fifetoday.co.uk/sport/football/raith\\-rovers/raith\\-striker\\-announces\\-shock\\-retirement\\|website\\=Fife Today\\|publisher\\=Johnston Publishing\\|access\\-date\\=9 March 2017}}{{Dead link\\|date\\=September 2018 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }} as he sought a long\\-term career outside of football.", "### Troon and Australia", "After leaving [Raith Rovers](/wiki/Raith_Rovers_F.C. \"Raith Rovers F.C.\") in March 2017 to start a long\\-term career outside of football, Stevenson signed for [Troon](/wiki/Troon_F.C. \"Troon F.C.\").{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://troonfc.com/news/new\\-signing\\-ryan\\-stevenson/ \\|title\\=New Signing \\- Ryan Stevenson \\- Troon FC \\|access\\-date\\=29 March 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170330011348/http://troonfc.com/news/new\\-signing\\-ryan\\-stevenson/ \\|archive\\-date\\=30 March 2017 \\|url\\-status\\=dead}}", "With his personal life in turmoil, and after just one appearance and two weeks with the club, Stevenson announced he was to emigrate and he signed for [Australian State League Division 2 South\\-East](/wiki/Victorian_State_League_Division_2 \"Victorian State League Division 2\") side [Peninsula Strikers](/wiki/Peninsula_Strikers_FC \"Peninsula Strikers FC\").{{cite web \\|url\\=https://stv.tv/sport/football/1385492\\-ryan\\-stevenson\\-leaves\\-troon\\-for\\-australian\\-fifth\\-tier\\-side/ \\|title\\=Ryan Stevenson leaves Troon to join Australian club \\|first\\=Andy \\|last\\=Coyle \\|work\\=STV News \\|publisher\\=STV \\|date\\=10 April 2017 \\|access\\-date\\=10 April 2017}} However, the day he was due to leave for Australia he announced he had cancelled the agreement for family reasons.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://troonfootballclub.co.uk/player/ryan\\-stevenson/\\|title\\=Ryan Stevenson – Troon Football Club}}", "### Annan Athletic", "Stevenson joined [Scottish League Two](/wiki/Scottish_League_Two \"Scottish League Two\") side [Annan Athletic](/wiki/Annan_Athletic_F.C. \"Annan Athletic F.C.\") in June 2017, managed by his former [Ayr United](/wiki/Ayr_United_F.C. \"Ayr United F.C.\") teammate [Peter Murphy](/wiki/Peter_Murphy_%28footballer%2C_born_1980%29 \"Peter Murphy (footballer, born 1980)\").{{cite web\\|title\\=RYAN STEVENSON SIGNS ON\\|url\\=http://www.annanathleticfc.com/7247\\-2/\\|website\\=Annan Athletic\\|date\\=27 June 2017\\|access\\-date\\=29 June 2017}} Stevenson played eight matches before an old injury flared up and he decided to take a step back from the game to concentrate on family and work commitments.", "### Troon", "Stevenson rejoined Troon in November 2018 after more than a year out of the game, and he said the move gave him \"his love of football back\"{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.instagram.com/p/B6oKefElXVE/ \\|archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/s/instagram/B6oKefElXVE \\|archive\\-date\\=24 December 2021 \\|url\\-access\\=registration\\|title\\=Login • Instagram\\|website\\=www.instagram.com}}{{cbignore}} thanks to the club's Manager Jimmy Kirkwood.", "The move to Portland Park proved a fruitful one for Stevenson, playing alongside former team\\-mates [Christian Nade](/wiki/Christian_Nade \"Christian Nade\") and [Dean Keenan](/wiki/Dean_Keenan \"Dean Keenan\"), and he netted 26 times in 50 appearances playing in an attacking midfield or forward role.", "### Stranraer", "With a new\\-found hunger for football again, Stevenson got the opportunity to return to senior football and he joined [Stranraer](/wiki/Stranraer_F.C. \"Stranraer F.C.\") in January 2020\\.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.stranraerfc.org/index.php/77\\-latest\\-news/1663\\-stevenson\\-signing\\|title\\=Stevo signs on\\|date\\=1 January 2020\\|website\\=Stranraer FC\\|access\\-date\\=1 January 2020}}", "A part of the lure to Stranraer was their upcoming match against [Rangers](/wiki/Rangers_F.C. \"Rangers F.C.\") at [Ibrox Park](/wiki/Ibrox_Stadium \"Ibrox Stadium\") in the [Scottish Cup](/wiki/Scottish_Cup \"Scottish Cup\"),{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/51058102\\|title\\=Much\\-changed Rangers ease past Stranraer\\|work\\=BBC Sport}} a possible final chance to play in front of 38,000 supporters and his family.", "### Troon return", "Stevenson returned to Troon for a third time in May 2020\\.{{Cite web\\|last\\=McGowan\\|first\\=Eric\\|date\\=2020\\-05\\-27\\|title\\=Former Hearts and Ayr United ace returns for another spell at Troon\\|url\\=https://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/ayrshire/former\\-hearts\\-ayr\\-united\\-playmaker\\-22095127\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-07\\-13\\|website\\=dailyrecord}}", "### Albion Rovers", "In March 2021, Stevenson signed for [Scottish League Two](/wiki/Scottish_League_Two \"Scottish League Two\") side [Albion Rovers](/wiki/Albion_Rovers_F.C. \"Albion Rovers F.C.\").{{Cite web\\|date\\=10 March 2021\\|title\\=Ryan Stevenson, David Cox, and Jamie McKernon join Albion Rovers\\|url\\=https://albionroversfc.com/ryan\\-stevenson\\-david\\-cox\\-and\\-jamie\\-mckernon\\-join\\-albion\\-rovers/\\|access\\-date\\=10 March 2021\\|website\\=albionroversfc.com}}", "### Fourth return to Troon", "On September 1, 2022, Stevenson returned for the fourth \\- and final \\- time to [Troon](/wiki/Troon_F.C. \"Troon F.C.\").[Welcome back Ryan Stevenson!](https://troonfootballclub.co.uk/welcome-back-ryan-stevenson/), troonfootballclub.co.uk, 1 September 2022 However, it was short\\-lived as the club confirmed on November 17, 2022 that Stevenson had chosen to leave the club again.[Ryan Stevenson Moves on](https://troonfootballclub.co.uk/ryan-stevenson-moves-on/), troonfootballclub.co.uk, 17 November 2022", "" ]
Dishes ------ ### Desserts [Halva](/wiki/Halva "Halva") is made from [sesame seeds](/wiki/Sesame_seeds "Sesame seeds"), with flour, sugar, milk and nuts. Fruit [compote](/wiki/Compote "Compote") with nuts is a typical dessert dish. There are hundreds of melon varieties grown locally in Central Asia, and plums, apples, apricots, pears, berries and cherries are locally available. In addition to these pomegranates, fig, peaches and persimmons are imported.{{cite book \|title\=Sweet Treats Around the World \|publisher\=ABC\-CLIO \|date\=2014 \|page\=71}} The local version of *[baklava](/wiki/Baklava "Baklava")* is called *paklama*. For Eid celebrations, deep\-fried dough balls drenched in honey syrup called *[çäkçäk](/wiki/%C3%87%C3%A4k%C3%A7%C3%A4k "Çäkçäk")* are piled into mounds, along with sugar\-dusted dough spirals called *[urama](/wiki/Urama "Urama")*. Kyrgyz [boortsog](/wiki/Boortsog "Boortsog") is a similar deep\-fried dough dish, called *bogursak* in Turkmenistan, and *baursaq* in Kazakhstan. Not traditional to the regional cuisine, European\-style layered cakes and pastries are available in modern times. Nuts, honey, fruits and [halva](/wiki/Halva "Halva") remain common traditional choices. ### Fruits The region's [melons](/wiki/Melons "Melons") are renowned, and cherries, apples, plums, peaches and figs are also locally grown. Fruit is consumed as a snack, fresh or dried, at all times of day. ### Grains [thumb\|[Uighur](/wiki/Uighurs "Uighurs") pulled noodle dish *[laghman](/wiki/Laghman_%28food%29 "Laghman (food)")*](/wiki/File:Uyghur_Lagman.jpg "Uyghur Lagman.jpg") The main grain crops of Central Asia are [millet](/wiki/Millet "Millet"), [rice](/wiki/Rice "Rice"), [wheat](/wiki/Wheat "Wheat") and [barley](/wiki/Barley "Barley"). Rice and wheat are used to make the staple dishes of [flatbread](/wiki/Flatbread "Flatbread") and [noodles](/wiki/Noodles "Noodles"). Wheat flour is used to make traditional flatbread called *tandyr nan*, [dumplings](/wiki/Dumplings "Dumplings") called *manti*, smaller dumplings called *[chuchvara](/wiki/Chuchvara "Chuchvara")* and stuffed pastries called *[samsa](/wiki/Samsa_%28food%29 "Samsa (food)")*. Millet is the main ingredient of the beverage *[boza](/wiki/Boza "Boza")*. Similar in flavor to [beer](/wiki/Beer "Beer"), *boza* is made in [Kazakhstan](/wiki/Kazakhstan "Kazakhstan") and [Kyrgyzstan](/wiki/Kyrgyzstan "Kyrgyzstan"). Rice pilaf is the most iconic Central Asian dish, with [Uzbek cuisine](/wiki/Uzbek_cuisine "Uzbek cuisine") offering a multitude of varieties, often mixed with legumes for added protein.{{cite book \|last\=Anderson \|first\=E.N. \|title\=Asian Cuisines: Food Culture from East Asia to Turkey and Afghanistan \|date\=30 April 2018 \|publisher\=Berkshire Publishing Group \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=A5C8DwAAQBAJ \|page\=87\|isbn\=9781614728467 }} From Turkic cuisine came the flatbreads *[yufka](/wiki/Saj_bread "Saj bread")* and *çörek*, *[katmer](/wiki/Katmer "Katmer")* pastry and a noodle dish called [tutmaç](/wiki/Tutma%C3%A7 "Tutmaç"). *[Beliashi](/wiki/Beliashi "Beliashi")* are open\-faced pies, cooked in a skillet, from [Kazakh cuisine](/wiki/Kazakh_cuisine "Kazakh cuisine"). ### Vegetables The most common vegetables are turnips, tomatoes, radishes, onions, peas, red peppers and cucumbers. *Turp* is the local name for a large green radish that is usually eaten fresh as a side dish or salad. "Yellow carrot" (*sabzi turisida*) is actually a type of [parsnip](/wiki/Parsnip "Parsnip") that is used in [pilaf](/wiki/Pilaf "Pilaf") dishes. Squash are a common ingredient for stews, soups, dumplings, and *samsa*. Both written history and molecular genetic studies indicate that the domestic [carrot](/wiki/Carrot "Carrot") has a single origin in Central Asia.{{cite journal \| last1\=Iorizzo \| first1\=Massimo \| last2\=Curaba \| first2\=Julien \| last3\=Pottorff \| first3\=Marti \| last4\=Ferruzzi \| first4\=Mario G. \| last5\=Simon \| first5\=Philipp \| last6\=Cavagnaro \| first6\=Pablo F. \| title\=Carrot Anthocyanins Genetics and Genomics: Status and Perspectives to Improve Its Application for the Food Colorant Industry \| journal\=Genes \| volume\=11 \| issue\=8 \| date\=2020\-08\-07 \| issn\=2073\-4425 \| pmid\=32784714 \| doi\=10\.3390/genes11080906 \| page\=906\| pmc\=7465225 \| doi\-access\=free }}{{cite journal \|author1\=Iorizzo, Massimo \|author2\=Senalik, Douglas A. \|author3\=Ellison, Shelby L. \|author4\=Grzebelus, Dariusz \|author5\=Cavagnaro, Pablo F. \|author6\=Allender, Charlotte \|author7\=Brunet, Johanne \|author8\=Spooner, David M. \|author9\=Van Deynze, Allen \|author10\=Simon, Philipp W. \|year\=2013 \|title\=Genetic structure and domestication of carrot (''Daucus carota'' subsp. ''sativus'') (Apiaceae) \|journal\=American Journal of Botany \|volume\=100 \|issue\=5 \|pages\=930–938 \|doi\=10\.3732/ajb.1300055 \|pmid\=23594914 \|hdl\=11336/7476 \|hdl\-access\=free }} Its wild ancestors probably originated in [Persia](/wiki/Greater_Persia "Greater Persia") (regions of which are now [Iran](/wiki/Iran "Iran") and [Afghanistan](/wiki/Afghanistan "Afghanistan")).
[ "Dishes\n------", "### Desserts", "[Halva](/wiki/Halva \"Halva\") is made from [sesame seeds](/wiki/Sesame_seeds \"Sesame seeds\"), with flour, sugar, milk and nuts. Fruit [compote](/wiki/Compote \"Compote\") with nuts is a typical dessert dish. There are hundreds of melon varieties grown locally in Central Asia, and plums, apples, apricots, pears, berries and cherries are locally available. In addition to these pomegranates, fig, peaches and persimmons are imported.{{cite book \\|title\\=Sweet Treats Around the World \\|publisher\\=ABC\\-CLIO \\|date\\=2014 \\|page\\=71}}", "The local version of *[baklava](/wiki/Baklava \"Baklava\")* is called *paklama*. For Eid celebrations, deep\\-fried dough balls drenched in honey syrup called *[çäkçäk](/wiki/%C3%87%C3%A4k%C3%A7%C3%A4k \"Çäkçäk\")* are piled into mounds, along with sugar\\-dusted dough spirals called *[urama](/wiki/Urama \"Urama\")*. Kyrgyz [boortsog](/wiki/Boortsog \"Boortsog\") is a similar deep\\-fried dough dish, called *bogursak* in Turkmenistan, and *baursaq* in Kazakhstan.", "Not traditional to the regional cuisine, European\\-style layered cakes and pastries are available in modern times. Nuts, honey, fruits and [halva](/wiki/Halva \"Halva\") remain common traditional choices.", "### Fruits", "The region's [melons](/wiki/Melons \"Melons\") are renowned, and cherries, apples, plums, peaches and figs are also locally grown. Fruit is consumed as a snack, fresh or dried, at all times of day.", "### Grains", "[thumb\\|[Uighur](/wiki/Uighurs \"Uighurs\") pulled noodle dish *[laghman](/wiki/Laghman_%28food%29 \"Laghman (food)\")*](/wiki/File:Uyghur_Lagman.jpg \"Uyghur Lagman.jpg\")\nThe main grain crops of Central Asia are [millet](/wiki/Millet \"Millet\"), [rice](/wiki/Rice \"Rice\"), [wheat](/wiki/Wheat \"Wheat\") and [barley](/wiki/Barley \"Barley\"). Rice and wheat are used to make the staple dishes of [flatbread](/wiki/Flatbread \"Flatbread\") and [noodles](/wiki/Noodles \"Noodles\"). Wheat flour is used to make traditional flatbread called *tandyr nan*, [dumplings](/wiki/Dumplings \"Dumplings\") called *manti*, smaller dumplings called *[chuchvara](/wiki/Chuchvara \"Chuchvara\")* and stuffed pastries called *[samsa](/wiki/Samsa_%28food%29 \"Samsa (food)\")*.", "Millet is the main ingredient of the beverage *[boza](/wiki/Boza \"Boza\")*. Similar in flavor to [beer](/wiki/Beer \"Beer\"), *boza* is made in [Kazakhstan](/wiki/Kazakhstan \"Kazakhstan\") and [Kyrgyzstan](/wiki/Kyrgyzstan \"Kyrgyzstan\").", "Rice pilaf is the most iconic Central Asian dish, with [Uzbek cuisine](/wiki/Uzbek_cuisine \"Uzbek cuisine\") offering a multitude of varieties, often mixed with legumes for added protein.{{cite book \\|last\\=Anderson \\|first\\=E.N. \\|title\\=Asian Cuisines: Food Culture from East Asia to Turkey and Afghanistan \\|date\\=30 April 2018 \\|publisher\\=Berkshire Publishing Group \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=A5C8DwAAQBAJ \\|page\\=87\\|isbn\\=9781614728467 }}", "From Turkic cuisine came the flatbreads *[yufka](/wiki/Saj_bread \"Saj bread\")* and *çörek*, *[katmer](/wiki/Katmer \"Katmer\")* pastry and a noodle dish called [tutmaç](/wiki/Tutma%C3%A7 \"Tutmaç\"). *[Beliashi](/wiki/Beliashi \"Beliashi\")* are open\\-faced pies, cooked in a skillet, from [Kazakh cuisine](/wiki/Kazakh_cuisine \"Kazakh cuisine\").", "### Vegetables", "The most common vegetables are turnips, tomatoes, radishes, onions, peas, red peppers and cucumbers. *Turp* is the local name for a large green radish that is usually eaten fresh as a side dish or salad. \"Yellow carrot\" (*sabzi turisida*) is actually a type of [parsnip](/wiki/Parsnip \"Parsnip\") that is used in [pilaf](/wiki/Pilaf \"Pilaf\") dishes. Squash are a common ingredient for stews, soups, dumplings, and *samsa*.", "Both written history and molecular genetic studies indicate that the domestic [carrot](/wiki/Carrot \"Carrot\") has a single origin in Central Asia.{{cite journal \\| last1\\=Iorizzo \\| first1\\=Massimo \\| last2\\=Curaba \\| first2\\=Julien \\| last3\\=Pottorff \\| first3\\=Marti \\| last4\\=Ferruzzi \\| first4\\=Mario G. \\| last5\\=Simon \\| first5\\=Philipp \\| last6\\=Cavagnaro \\| first6\\=Pablo F. \\| title\\=Carrot Anthocyanins Genetics and Genomics: Status and Perspectives to Improve Its Application for the Food Colorant Industry \\| journal\\=Genes \\| volume\\=11 \\| issue\\=8 \\| date\\=2020\\-08\\-07 \\| issn\\=2073\\-4425 \\| pmid\\=32784714 \\| doi\\=10\\.3390/genes11080906 \\| page\\=906\\| pmc\\=7465225 \\| doi\\-access\\=free }}{{cite journal \\|author1\\=Iorizzo, Massimo \\|author2\\=Senalik, Douglas A. \\|author3\\=Ellison, Shelby L. \\|author4\\=Grzebelus, Dariusz \\|author5\\=Cavagnaro, Pablo F. \\|author6\\=Allender, Charlotte \\|author7\\=Brunet, Johanne \\|author8\\=Spooner, David M. \\|author9\\=Van Deynze, Allen \\|author10\\=Simon, Philipp W. \\|year\\=2013 \\|title\\=Genetic structure and domestication of carrot (''Daucus carota'' subsp. ''sativus'') (Apiaceae) \\|journal\\=American Journal of Botany \\|volume\\=100 \\|issue\\=5 \\|pages\\=930–938 \\|doi\\=10\\.3732/ajb.1300055 \\|pmid\\=23594914 \\|hdl\\=11336/7476 \\|hdl\\-access\\=free }} Its wild ancestors probably originated in [Persia](/wiki/Greater_Persia \"Greater Persia\") (regions of which are now [Iran](/wiki/Iran \"Iran\") and [Afghanistan](/wiki/Afghanistan \"Afghanistan\")).", "" ]
Qualification ------------- ### Qualifiers The top 32 from the [PDC Order of Merit](/wiki/PDC_Order_of_Merit "PDC Order of Merit") began the competition in the second round. The 32 highest ranked players on the PDC Pro Tour Order of Merit (not already qualified) and 32 qualifiers from around the world began in the first round.{{cite web \|last1\=PDC \|title\= Order of Merit Rules, 3\.1\|url\=https://www.pdc.tv/pdc\-order\-merit\-rules\|publisher\=\[\[Professional Darts Corporation\|PDC]] \|access\-date\=20 February 2020}} This was the first time since the [2014 PDC World Darts Championship](/wiki/2014_PDC_World_Darts_Championship "2014 PDC World Darts Championship") that [Michael van Gerwen](/wiki/Michael_van_Gerwen "Michael van Gerwen") would not be seeded for the tournament as the World number 1, with reigning champion [Gerwyn Price](/wiki/Gerwyn_Price "Gerwyn Price") taking his spot. {{col\-begin}} {{col\-break}} **Order of Merit**{{cite web \|title\= WC Race Table\|url\=https://www.pdpa.co.uk/pdc/wc\-race\-table/ \|access\-date\=30 September 2021}} *Second round (seeded)* {{seeds\|1\|1}} {{flagicon\|WAL}} [Gerwyn Price](/wiki/Gerwyn_Price "Gerwyn Price") *(quarter\-finals)* {{seeds\|2\|3}} {{flagicon\|SCO}} **[Peter Wright](/wiki/Peter_Wright_%28darts_player%29 "Peter Wright (darts player)") (champion)** {{seeds\|3\|4}} {{flagicon\|NED}} [Michael van Gerwen](/wiki/Michael_van_Gerwen "Michael van Gerwen") *(third round, COVID\-19\)* {{seeds\|4\|2}} {{flagicon\|ENG}} [James Wade](/wiki/James_Wade "James Wade") *(semi\-finals)* {{seeds\|5\|2}} {{flagicon\|BEL}} [Dimitri Van den Bergh](/wiki/Dimitri_Van_den_Bergh "Dimitri Van den Bergh") *(second round)* {{seeds\|6\|4}} {{flagicon\|SCO}} [Gary Anderson](/wiki/Gary_Anderson_%28darts_player%29 "Gary Anderson (darts player)") *(semi\-finals)* {{seeds\|7\|3}} {{flagicon\|POR}} [José de Sousa](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Sousa "José de Sousa") *(third round)* {{seeds\|8\|1}} {{flagicon\|WAL}} [Jonny Clayton](/wiki/Jonny_Clayton "Jonny Clayton") *(fourth round)* {{seeds\|9\|1}} {{flagicon\|ENG}} [Michael Smith](/wiki/Michael_Smith_%28darts_player%29 "Michael Smith (darts player)") *(runner\-up)* {{seeds\|10\|3}} {{flagicon\|ENG}} [Nathan Aspinall](/wiki/Nathan_Aspinall "Nathan Aspinall") *(third round)* {{seeds\|11\|4}} {{flagicon\|ENG}} [Rob Cross](/wiki/Rob_Cross_%28darts_player%29 "Rob Cross (darts player)") *(fourth round)* {{seeds\|12\|2}} {{flagicon\|POL}} [Krzysztof Ratajski](/wiki/Krzysztof_Ratajski "Krzysztof Ratajski") *(second round)* {{seeds\|13\|2}} {{flagicon\|ENG}} [Joe Cullen](/wiki/Joe_Cullen_%28darts_player%29 "Joe Cullen (darts player)") *(third round)* {{seeds\|14\|4}} {{flagicon\|ENG}} [Dave Chisnall](/wiki/Dave_Chisnall "Dave Chisnall") *(third round, COVID\-19\)* {{seeds\|15\|3}} {{flagicon\|ENG}} [Ryan Searle](/wiki/Ryan_Searle_%28darts_player%29 "Ryan Searle (darts player)") *(fourth round)* {{seeds\|16\|1}} {{flagicon\|ENG}} [Stephen Bunting](/wiki/Stephen_Bunting "Stephen Bunting") *(second round)* {{seeds\|17\|1}} {{flagicon\|NED}} [Dirk van Duijvenbode](/wiki/Dirk_van_Duijvenbode "Dirk van Duijvenbode") *(fourth round)* {{seeds\|18\|3}} {{flagicon\|NED}} [Danny Noppert](/wiki/Danny_Noppert "Danny Noppert") *(third round)* {{seeds\|19\|4}} {{flagicon\|ENG}} [Luke Humphries](/wiki/Luke_Humphries "Luke Humphries") *(quarter\-finals)* {{seeds\|20\|2}} {{flagicon\|AUS}} [Simon Whitlock](/wiki/Simon_Whitlock "Simon Whitlock") *(second round)* {{seeds\|21\|2}} {{flagicon\|ENG}} [Mervyn King](/wiki/Mervyn_King_%28darts_player%29 "Mervyn King (darts player)") *(quarter\-finals)* {{seeds\|22\|4}} {{flagicon\|NIR}} [Daryl Gurney](/wiki/Daryl_Gurney "Daryl Gurney") *(third round)* {{seeds\|23\|3}} {{flagicon\|NIR}} [Brendan Dolan](/wiki/Brendan_Dolan "Brendan Dolan") *(second round)* {{seeds\|24\|1}} {{flagicon\|ENG}} [Glen Durrant](/wiki/Glen_Durrant "Glen Durrant") *(second round)* {{seeds\|25\|1}} {{flagicon\|GER}} [Gabriel Clemens](/wiki/Gabriel_Clemens "Gabriel Clemens") *(third round)* {{seeds\|26\|3}} {{flagicon\|AUT}} [Mensur Suljović](/wiki/Mensur_Suljovi%C4%87 "Mensur Suljović") *(second round)* {{seeds\|27\|4}} {{flagicon\|ENG}} [Ian White](/wiki/Ian_White_%28darts_player%29 "Ian White (darts player)") *(third round)* {{seeds\|28\|2}} {{flagicon\|RSA}} [Devon Petersen](/wiki/Devon_Petersen "Devon Petersen") *(second round)* {{seeds\|29\|2}} {{nowrap\|1\={{flagicon\|NED}} \[\[Vincent van der Voort]] ''(third round, COVID\-19\)''}} {{seeds\|30\|4}} {{flagicon\|ENG}} [Chris Dobey](/wiki/Chris_Dobey "Chris Dobey") *(fourth round)* {{seeds\|31\|3}} {{flagicon\|AUS}} [Damon Heta](/wiki/Damon_Heta "Damon Heta") *(third round)* {{seeds\|32\|1}} {{flagicon\|BEL}} [Kim Huybrechts](/wiki/Kim_Huybrechts "Kim Huybrechts") *(third round)* {{col\-break}} **Pro Tour Order of Merit** *First round* 1. {{flagicon\|ENG}} [Callan Rydz](/wiki/Callan_Rydz "Callan Rydz") *(quarter\-finals)* 2. {{flagicon\|ENG}} [Ross Smith](/wiki/Ross_Smith_%28darts_player%29 "Ross Smith (darts player)") *(third round)* 3. {{nowrap\|{{flagicon\|NED}} \[\[Raymond van Barneveld]] ''(second round)''}} 4. {{flagicon\|ENG}} [Ryan Joyce](/wiki/Ryan_Joyce "Ryan Joyce") *(second round)* 5. {{flagicon\|ENG}} [Adrian Lewis](/wiki/Adrian_Lewis "Adrian Lewis") *(second round)* 6. {{flagicon\|ENG}} [Scott Mitchell](/wiki/Scott_Mitchell_%28darts_player%29 "Scott Mitchell (darts player)") *(first round)* 7. {{flagicon\|SCO}} [Alan Soutar](/wiki/Alan_Soutar "Alan Soutar") *(fourth round)* 8. {{flagicon\|NED}} [Martijn Kleermaker](/wiki/Martijn_Kleermaker "Martijn Kleermaker") *(fourth round)* 9. {{flagicon\|LTU}} [Darius Labanauskas](/wiki/Darius_Labanauskas "Darius Labanauskas") *(first round)* 10. {{flagicon\|ENG}} [Ritchie Edhouse](/wiki/Ritchie_Edhouse "Ritchie Edhouse") *(second round)* 11. {{flagicon\|ENG}} [Luke Woodhouse](/wiki/Luke_Woodhouse "Luke Woodhouse") *(second round)* 12. {{flagicon\|ENG}} [Jamie Hughes](/wiki/Jamie_Hughes_%28darts_player%29 "Jamie Hughes (darts player)") *(first round)* 13. {{flagicon\|NED}} [Maik Kuivenhoven](/wiki/Maik_Kuivenhoven "Maik Kuivenhoven") *(second round)* 14. {{flagicon\|AUT}} [Rowby\-John Rodriguez](/wiki/Rowby-John_Rodriguez "Rowby-John Rodriguez") *(second round)* 15. {{flagicon\|ENG}} [Steve Beaton](/wiki/Steve_Beaton "Steve Beaton") *(second round)* 16. {{flagicon\|IRL}} [William O'Connor](/wiki/William_O%27Connor_%28darts_player%29 "William O'Connor (darts player)") *(third round)* 17. {{flagicon\|ENG}} [Ricky Evans](/wiki/Ricky_Evans_%28darts_player%29 "Ricky Evans (darts player)") *(second round)* 18. {{flagicon\|IRL}} [Keane Barry](/wiki/Keane_Barry "Keane Barry") *(second round)* 19. {{flagicon\|ENG}} Jason Heaver *(second round)* 20. {{flagicon\|SCO}} [William Borland](/wiki/William_Borland_%28darts_player%29 "William Borland (darts player)") *(second round)* 21. {{flagicon\|NED}} [Ron Meulenkamp](/wiki/Ron_Meulenkamp "Ron Meulenkamp") *(second round)* 22. {{flagicon\|IRL}} [Steve Lennon](/wiki/Steve_Lennon "Steve Lennon") *(third round)* 23. {{flagicon\|AUT}} [Rusty\-Jake Rodriguez](/wiki/Rusty-Jake_Rodriguez "Rusty-Jake Rodriguez") *(second round)* 24. {{flagicon\|WAL}} [Lewy Williams](/wiki/Lewy_Williams "Lewy Williams") *(second round)* 25. {{flagicon\|GER}} [Florian Hempel](/wiki/Florian_Hempel "Florian Hempel") *(third round)* 26. {{flagicon\|NED}} [Jermaine Wattimena](/wiki/Jermaine_Wattimena "Jermaine Wattimena") *(first round)* 27. {{flagicon\|ENG}} [Joe Murnan](/wiki/Joe_Murnan "Joe Murnan") *(second round)* 28. {{flagicon\|ENG}} [Ryan Meikle](/wiki/Ryan_Meikle "Ryan Meikle") *(second round)* 29. {{flagicon\|ENG}} Chas Barstow *(second round)* 30. {{flagicon\|ENG}} [Ted Evetts](/wiki/Ted_Evetts "Ted Evetts") *(first round)* 31. {{flagicon\|ENG}} [Adam Hunt](/wiki/Adam_Hunt "Adam Hunt") *(second round)* 32. {{flagicon\|ENG}} [Jason Lowe](/wiki/Jason_Lowe_%28darts_player%29 "Jason Lowe (darts player)") *(second round)* {{col\-break}} **International Qualifiers** *First round* * {{flagicon\|ENG}} [Lisa Ashton](/wiki/Lisa_Ashton "Lisa Ashton") – *Women's Series OoM runner\-up* *(first round)* * {{flagicon\|CZE}} [Roman Benecký](/wiki/Roman_Beneck%C3%BD "Roman Benecký") – *East Europe Qualifier* *(first round)* * {{flagicon\|ENG}} [Bradley Brooks](/wiki/Bradley_Brooks "Bradley Brooks") – *PDC UK Development Tour*{{cite web \|last\=Phillips \|first\=Josh \|title\=Brooks tops UK Development Tour Order of Merit to book Ally Pally spot \|url\=https://www.pdc.tv/news/2021/10/31/brooks\-tops\-uk\-development\-tour\-order\-merit\-book\-ally\-pally\-spot \|website\=PDC \|date\=31 October 2021 \|access\-date\=31 October 2021}} *(first round)* * {{flagicon\|CAN}} [Matt Campbell](/wiki/Matt_Campbell_%28darts_player%29 "Matt Campbell (darts player)") – *PDC Europe Challenge Tour*{{cite web \|title\=Williams and Campbell top Unicorn Challenge Tour Orders of Merit \|date\=5 September 2021 \|url\=https://www.pdc.tv/news/2021/09/05/williams\-and\-campbell\-top\-unicorn\-challenge\-tour\-orders\-merit \|access\-date\=30 September 2021}} *(first round)* * {{flagicon\|PHI}} [Lourence Ilagan](/wiki/Lourence_Ilagan "Lourence Ilagan") – *PDC Asia Philippines Qualifier* {{cite web \|last\=Phillips \|first\=Josh \|title\=Ilagan qualifies for World Championship \& will partner Nebrida at World Cup \|date\=27 July 2021 \|url\=https://www.pdc.tv/news/2021/07/27/ilagan\-qualifies\-world\-championship\-will\-partner\-nebrida\-world\-cup \|access\-date\=30 September 2021}} *(first round)* * {{flagicon\|WAL}} [Nick Kenny](/wiki/Nick_Kenny_%28darts_player%29 "Nick Kenny (darts player)") – *PDPA Qualifier* *(first round)* * {{flagicon\|RUS}} [Boris Koltsov](/wiki/Boris_Koltsov "Boris Koltsov") – *EADC Qualifier*{{cite web \|last\=Phillips \|first\=Josh \|title\=Koltsov wins EADC Qualifier to secure World Championship return \|url\=https://www.pdc.tv/news/2021/10/31/koltsov\-wins\-eadc\-qualifier\-secure\-world\-championship\-return \|website\=PDC \|date\=31 October 2021 \|access\-date\=31 October 2021}} *(second round)* * {{flagicon\|CRO}} [Boris Krčmar](/wiki/Boris_Kr%C4%8Dmar "Boris Krčmar") – *PDPA Qualifier* *(first round)* * {{flagicon\|IND}} [Nitin Kumar](/wiki/Nitin_Kumar "Nitin Kumar") – *Indian Qualifier* *(first round)* * {{flagicon\|HKG}} [Royden Lam](/wiki/Royden_Lam "Royden Lam") – *PDC Asia Hong Kong Qualifier* *(first round)* * {{flagicon\|NED}} [Chris Landman](/wiki/Chris_Landman "Chris Landman") – *West Europe Qualifier* *(second round)* * {{flagicon\|SWE}} [Daniel Larsson](/wiki/Daniel_Larsson_%28darts_player%29 "Daniel Larsson (darts player)") – *PDCNB Order of Merit* *(first round)* * {{flagicon\|USA}} [Danny Lauby](/wiki/Danny_Lauby "Danny Lauby") – *CDC USA Tour*{{cite web \|last1\=Phillips \|first1\=Josh \|title\=Lauby secures World Championship return as US season concludes \|date\=20 September 2021 \|url\=https://www.pdc.tv/news/2021/09/20/lauby\-secures\-world\-championship\-return\-us\-season\-concludes \|access\-date\=30 September 2021}} *(first round)* * {{flagicon\|SIN}} [Paul Lim](/wiki/Paul_Lim "Paul Lim") – *PDC Asia Singapore Qualifier* *(first round)* * ~~{{flagicon\|RSA}} [Charles Losper](/wiki/Charles_Losper "Charles Losper") – *African Qualifier*{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.pdc.tv/news/2021/10/24/african\-qualifier\-losper\-seals\-william\-hill\-world\-championship\-return\|title\=African qualifier Losper seals William Hill World Championship return\|website\=PDC\|date\=24 October 2021 }}~~ *(withdrew)*{{Efn\|name\=Losper}} * {{flagicon\|GRE}} [John Michael](/wiki/John_Michael_%28darts_player%29 "John Michael (darts player)") – *South\-East Europe Qualifier* *(first round)* * {{flagicon\|CAN}} [John Norman Jnr](/wiki/John_Norman_Jnr "John Norman Jnr") – *CDC Canada Tour* *(first round)* * {{flagicon\|BRA}} [Diogo Portela](/wiki/Diogo_Portela "Diogo Portela") – *Central/South America Qualifier*{{cite web \|title\=Portela seals World Championship return \|date\=17 October 2021 \|url\=https://www.pdc.tv/news/2021/10/17/brazils\-portela\-seals\-william\-hill\-world\-darts\-championship\-return \|access\-date\=17 October 2021}} *(first round)* * {{flagicon\|LAT}} [Madars Razma](/wiki/Madars_Razma "Madars Razma") – *PDCNB Order of Merit*{{cite web \|last1\=Plagborg Magnussen \|first1\=Mads \|title\=After consultation with the PDC: The PDCNB season is over \|url\=https://pdc\-nordic.tv/after\-consultation\-with\-the\-pdc\-the\-pdcnb\-season\-is\-over/ \|website\=PDCNB \|date\=13 October 2021 \|access\-date\=13 October 2021}} *(first round)* * {{flagicon\|NZL}} [Ben Robb](/wiki/Ben_Robb "Ben Robb") – *DPNZ Qualifier*{{cite web \|last1\= \|first1\= \|title\=DPNZ cancel Top 16 Playoff for 2021 \|url\=https://www.dartplayers.co.nz/2021/10/23/dpnz\-cancel\-top\-16\-playoff\-for\-2021/ \|website\=Dartplayers New Zealand \|access\-date\=23 October 2021}} *(first round)* * ~~{{flagicon\|ESP}} Juan Rodriguez – *South\-West Europe Qualifier*~~ *(COVID\-19\)*{{Efn\|name\=JRod}} * {{flagicon\|GER}} [Martin Schindler](/wiki/Martin_Schindler "Martin Schindler") – *PDC Europe Super League*{{cite web \|last1\=Phillips \|first1\=Josh \|title\=chindler crowned 2021 PDC Europe Super League champion \|date\=22 April 2021 \|url\=https://www.pdc.tv/news/2021/04/22/schindler\-crowned\-2021\-pdc\-europe\-super\-league\-champion \|access\-date\=30 September 2021}} *(first round)* * {{nowrap\|{{flagicon\|GER}} \[\[Fabian Schmutzler]] – ''PDC Europe Development Tour'' ''(first round)''}} * {{flagicon\|ENG}} [Fallon Sherrock](/wiki/Fallon_Sherrock "Fallon Sherrock") – *Women's Series OoM leader*{{cite web \|last1\=Phillips \|first1\=Josh \|title\=Sherrock books Grand Slam debut with third Women's Series title \|url\=https://www.pdc.tv/news/2021/09/26/sherrock\-books\-grand\-slam\-debut\-third\-womens\-series\-title \|website\=\[\[Professional Darts Corporation]] \|date\=26 September 2021 \|access\-date\=26 September 2021}} *(first round)* * {{flagicon\|JPN}} Toyokazu Shibata – *PDC Asia Japan Qualifier* *(first round)* * {{flagicon\|CAN}} [Jeff Smith](/wiki/Jeff_Smith_%28darts_player%29 "Jeff Smith (darts player)") – *CDC Continental Cup* *(first round)* * {{flagicon\|AUS}} Ky Smith – *Oceanic Masters Winner*{{cite web \|last1\=Phillips \|first1\=Josh \|title\=Ray Smith joins son Ky in qualifying for World Championship \|url\=https://www.pdc.tv/news/2021/10/31/ray\-smith\-joins\-son\-ky\-qualifying\-world\-championship \|website\=PDC \|date\=31 October 2021 \|access\-date\=31 October 2021}} *(first round)* * {{flagicon\|AUS}} [Raymond Smith](/wiki/Raymond_Smith_%28darts_player%29 "Raymond Smith (darts player)") – *DPA Qualifier* *(fourth round)* * ~~{{flagicon\|CHN}} Lihao Wen – *PDC China Champion*~~ *(withdrew)*{{Efn\|name\=Wen}}{{cite web \|last1\=Phillips \|first1\=Josh \|title\=Lihao Wen crowned China champion to qualify for Ally Pally \|url\=https://www.pdc.tv/news/2021/10/30/lihao\-wen\-crowned\-china\-champion\-qualify\-ally\-pally \|website\=PDC \|date\=30 October 2021 \|access\-date\=31 October 2021}} * {{flagicon\|WAL}} [Jim Williams](/wiki/Jim_Williams_%28darts_player%29 "Jim Williams (darts player)") – *PDC UK Challenge Tour* *(second round)* * {{flagicon\|ENG}} [James Wilson](/wiki/James_Wilson_%28darts_player%29 "James Wilson (darts player)") – *PDPA Qualifier* *(first round)* * {{flagicon\|JPN}} [Yuki Yamada](/wiki/Yuki_Yamada_%28darts_player%29 "Yuki Yamada (darts player)") – *PDJ Qualifier*{{cite web \|last1\=Phillips \|first1\=Josh \|title\=Yamada secures Ally Pally return with Japan Qualifier win \|url\=https://www.pdc.tv/news/2021/10/11/yamada\-secures\-ally\-pally\-return\-japan\-qualifier\-win \|website\=\[\[Professional Darts Corporation\|PDC]] \|date\=11 October 2021 \|access\-date\=13 October 2021}} *(first round)* * {{flagicon\|BEL}} [Mike De Decker](/wiki/Mike_De_Decker "Mike De Decker") – *Replacement*{{Efn\|name\=Losper\|\[\[Charles Losper]] withdrew after the draw due to visa issues. \[\[Mike De Decker]], the highest ranked runner\-up from the PDPA Qualifier, replaced him.}} *(second round)* * {{flagicon\|AUS}} [Gordon Mathers](/wiki/Gordon_Mathers "Gordon Mathers") – *Replacement*{{Efn\|name\=JRod\|\[\[Juan Rodriguez (darts player)\|Juan Rodriguez]] withdrew after the draw due to a positive \[\[COVID\-19]] test. \[\[Gordon Mathers]], the second highest ranked runner\-up from the PDPA Qualifier, replaced him.}} *(first round)* * {{flagicon\|ENG}} [Peter Hudson](/wiki/Peter_Hudson_%28darts_player%29 "Peter Hudson (darts player)") – *Replacement*{{Efn\|name\=Wen\|\[\[Lihao Wen]] withdrew after the draw due to visa issues. \[\[Peter Hudson (darts player)\|Peter Hudson]], the third highest ranked runner\-up from the PDPA Qualifier, replaced him.}} *(first round)* {{col\-end}} {{notelist}} #### Seeds [2021](/wiki/2021_PDC_World_Darts_Championship "2021 PDC World Darts Championship") winner [Gerwyn Price](/wiki/Gerwyn_Price "Gerwyn Price"), who since winning has also won the [2021 Grand Slam of Darts](/wiki/2021_Grand_Slam_of_Darts "2021 Grand Slam of Darts"), was top of the two\-year [PDC Order of Merit](/wiki/PDC_Order_of_Merit "PDC Order of Merit") and number one seed going into the tournament. [2020](/wiki/2020_PDC_World_Darts_Championship "2020 PDC World Darts Championship") winner [Peter Wright](/wiki/Peter_Wright_%28darts_player%29 "Peter Wright (darts player)"), the winner of the [2021 World Matchplay](/wiki/2021_World_Matchplay "2021 World Matchplay") and part of the victorious Scotland team at the [2021 PDC World Cup of Darts](/wiki/2021_PDC_World_Cup_of_Darts "2021 PDC World Cup of Darts"), was second seed and [Michael van Gerwen](/wiki/Michael_van_Gerwen "Michael van Gerwen"), the three\-time World Champion from [2014](/wiki/2014_PDC_World_Darts_Championship "2014 PDC World Darts Championship"), [2017](/wiki/2017_PDC_World_Darts_Championship "2017 PDC World Darts Championship") and [2019](/wiki/2019_PDC_World_Darts_Championship "2019 PDC World Darts Championship"), was third seed. As well as Price, Wright and Van Gerwen, two other previous PDC world champions qualified as seeds; [2015](/wiki/2015_PDC_World_Darts_Championship "2015 PDC World Darts Championship") and [2016 World Champion](/wiki/2016_PDC_World_Darts_Championship "2016 PDC World Darts Championship") and 2021 runner\-up [Gary Anderson](/wiki/Gary_Anderson_%28darts_player%29 "Gary Anderson (darts player)") was 6th seeded, and [2018 World Champion](/wiki/2018_PDC_World_Darts_Championship "2018 PDC World Darts Championship") and [2021 European Champion](/wiki/2021_European_Championship_%28darts%29 "2021 European Championship (darts)") [Rob Cross](/wiki/Rob_Cross_%28darts_player%29 "Rob Cross (darts player)") was the 11th seed. Two former champions of the [BDO World Darts Championship](/wiki/BDO_World_Darts_Championship "BDO World Darts Championship") qualified as seeds; three\-time BDO champion [Glen Durrant](/wiki/Glen_Durrant "Glen Durrant") was the 24th seed with [2014 BDO champion](/wiki/2014_BDO_World_Darts_Championship "2014 BDO World Darts Championship") [Stephen Bunting](/wiki/Stephen_Bunting "Stephen Bunting") in 16th.{{cite web \|last1\=Allen \|first1\=Dave \|title\=Price top seed as William Hill World Championship field confirmed \|date\=28 November 2021 \|url\=https://www.pdc.tv/news/2021/11/28/price\-top\-seed\-william\-hill\-world\-championship\-field\-confirmed \|publisher\=\[\[Professional Darts Corporation\|PDC]] \|access\-date\=14 December 2021}} The top seeds behind Price, Wright and Van Gerwen were [2021 UK Open](/wiki/2021_UK_Open "2021 UK Open") champion [James Wade](/wiki/James_Wade "James Wade"), [2020 World Matchplay](/wiki/2020_World_Matchplay "2020 World Matchplay") winner [Dimitri Van den Bergh](/wiki/Dimitri_Van_den_Bergh "Dimitri Van den Bergh"), Anderson, [2020 Grand Slam of Darts](/wiki/2020_Grand_Slam_of_Darts "2020 Grand Slam of Darts") winner [José de Sousa](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Sousa "José de Sousa"), and [2021 Masters](/wiki/2021_Masters_%28darts%29 "2021 Masters (darts)"), [Premier League](/wiki/2021_Premier_League_Darts "2021 Premier League Darts"), [World Series Finals](/wiki/2021_World_Series_of_Darts_Finals "2021 World Series of Darts Finals") and [World Grand Prix](/wiki/2021_World_Grand_Prix "2021 World Grand Prix") champion [Jonny Clayton](/wiki/Jonny_Clayton "Jonny Clayton"). #### Pro Tour qualification [Callan Rydz](/wiki/Callan_Rydz "Callan Rydz"), a two\-time event winner on the [2021 PDC Pro Tour](/wiki/2021_PDC_Pro_Tour "2021 PDC Pro Tour"), was the highest\-ranked non\-seed on the 2021 PDC Pro Tour Order of Merit. [2007 World Champion](/wiki/2007_PDC_World_Darts_Championship "2007 PDC World Darts Championship") [Raymond van Barneveld](/wiki/Raymond_van_Barneveld "Raymond van Barneveld") returned as a Pro Tour qualifier, having announced his retirement following a first\-round exit in 2020, and then reversed his decision after a year out. Van Barneveld was one of two former PDC World Champions to qualify via the Pro Tour, with [2011](/wiki/2011_PDC_World_Darts_Championship "2011 PDC World Darts Championship") and [2012](/wiki/2012_PDC_World_Darts_Championship "2012 PDC World Darts Championship") winner [Adrian Lewis](/wiki/Adrian_Lewis "Adrian Lewis") also qualifying. The highest\-ranked debutant via the Pro Tour was [Scott Mitchell](/wiki/Scott_Mitchell_%28darts_player%29 "Scott Mitchell (darts player)"), the [2015 BDO World Champion](/wiki/2015_BDO_World_Darts_Championship "2015 BDO World Darts Championship"). As well as Mitchell and four\-time BDO World Champion Van Barneveld, [1996 BDO champion](/wiki/1996_BDO_World_Darts_Championship "1996 BDO World Darts Championship") [Steve Beaton](/wiki/Steve_Beaton "Steve Beaton") also qualified via the Pro Tour, making a record 31st consecutive World Championship appearance.{{cite web \|last1\=Phillips \|first1\=Josh \|title\=Lim and Beaton among record\-breakers in World Championship field \|date\=13 December 2021 \|url\=https://www.pdc.tv/news/2021/12/13/lim\-and\-beaton\-among\-record\-breakers\-world\-championship\-field \|publisher\=\[\[Professional Darts Corporation\|PDC]] \|access\-date\=4 January 2023 }} As well as Mitchell, other players qualifying for their PDC World Championship debuts were [Alan Soutar](/wiki/Alan_Soutar "Alan Soutar"), Jason Heaver, [William Borland](/wiki/William_Borland_%28darts_player%29 "William Borland (darts player)"), [Rusty\-Jake Rodriguez](/wiki/Rusty-Jake_Rodriguez "Rusty-Jake Rodriguez"), [Lewy Williams](/wiki/Lewy_Williams "Lewy Williams"), [Florian Hempel](/wiki/Florian_Hempel "Florian Hempel") and [Chas Barstow](/wiki/Chas_Barstow "Chas Barstow"). [Martijn Kleermaker](/wiki/Martijn_Kleermaker "Martijn Kleermaker") also appeared for the first time, having withdrawn from the 2021 tournament following a positive [COVID\-19 test](/wiki/COVID-19_test "COVID-19 test"). Other players qualifying via the Pro Tour included the [2021 World Youth Champion](/wiki/2021_PDC_World_Youth_Championship "2021 PDC World Youth Championship") [Ted Evetts](/wiki/Ted_Evetts "Ted Evetts") and [2021 PDC World Cup of Darts](/wiki/2021_PDC_World_Cup_of_Darts "2021 PDC World Cup of Darts") finalist [Rowby\-John Rodriguez](/wiki/Rowby-John_Rodriguez "Rowby-John Rodriguez"), who along with his brother Rusty\-Jake became the fourth pair of siblings to compete in the same World Championship. #### Unranked qualifiers The final group of 32 qualifiers were determined by a series of [international qualifiers](/wiki/2021_PDC_Pro_Tour%23World_Championship_International_Qualifiers "2021 PDC Pro Tour#World Championship International Qualifiers") and secondary tours. The PDC Development and Challenge Tours were split into UK and EU sections this year, meaning that an extra qualification spot was available via the Challenge Tour. The PDC Asian Tour was not held for a second consecutive year, with one\-off qualification tournaments being held to replace it. The two Australian qualification spots were taken by [Raymond Smith](/wiki/Raymond_Smith_%28darts_player%29 "Raymond Smith (darts player)") and [Ky Smith](/wiki/Ky_Smith "Ky Smith"), the first father\-and\-son to play in the same PDC World Darts Championship. [Paul Lim](/wiki/Paul_Lim "Paul Lim") qualified via the Singapore qualifier, becoming at age 67 and 326 days the oldest player to compete in the World Championship; while [Fabian Schmutzler](/wiki/Fabian_Schmutzler "Fabian Schmutzler"), who qualified via the Development Tour, was the second\-youngest player ever to compete in the World Championship. Four\-time [BDO Women's World Champion](/wiki/BDO_World_Darts_Championship "BDO World Darts Championship") [Lisa Ashton](/wiki/Lisa_Ashton "Lisa Ashton") qualified via the PDC Women's Tour, alongside [Fallon Sherrock](/wiki/Fallon_Sherrock "Fallon Sherrock"), the [2021 Grand Slam of Darts](/wiki/2021_Grand_Slam_of_Darts "2021 Grand Slam of Darts") quarter\-finalist and only woman to have previously won a match at the PDC World Darts Championship.{{cite web \|last\=Allen \|first\=Dave \|title\=Sherrock \& Ashton secure William Hill World Darts Championship return \|date\=23 October 2021 \|url\=https://www.pdc.tv/news/2021/10/23/sherrock\-ashton\-secure\-william\-hill\-world\-darts\-championship\-return \|publisher\=\[\[Professional Darts Corporation\|PDC]] \|access\-date\=14 December 2021}} The final three places were awarded to the winners of a qualification tournament for PDPA members, with the winners being [Nick Kenny](/wiki/Nick_Kenny_%28darts_player%29 "Nick Kenny (darts player)"), [Boris Krčmar](/wiki/Boris_Kr%C4%8Dmar "Boris Krčmar") and [James Wilson](/wiki/James_Wilson_%28darts_player%29 "James Wilson (darts player)").{{cite web \|last1\=Phillips \|first1\=Josh \|title\=Wilson, Krcmar \& Kenny claim final World Championship places \|date\=29 November 2021 \|url\=https://www.pdc.tv/news/2021/11/29/wilson\-krcmar\-kenny\-claim\-final\-world\-championship\-places \|publisher\=\[\[Professional Darts Corporation\|PDC]] \|access\-date\=14 December 2021}} Three of the international qualifiers withdrew following the draw; [Charles Losper](/wiki/Charles_Losper "Charles Losper") and [Lihao Wen](/wiki/Lihao_Wen "Lihao Wen"), due to visa issues, and potential debutant [Juan Rodriguez](/wiki/Juan_Rodriguez_%28darts_player%29 "Juan Rodriguez (darts player)"), following a positive test for [COVID\-19](/wiki/COVID-19 "COVID-19"). They were replaced by runners\-up from the PDPA qualifier in Order of Merit order, [Mike De Decker](/wiki/Mike_De_Decker "Mike De Decker"),{{cite web \|last\=Allen \|first\=Dave \|title\=Losper replaced by De Decker for William Hill World Championship \|date\=6 December 2021 \|url\=https://www.pdc.tv/news/2021/12/06/losper\-replaced\-de\-decker\-william\-hill\-world\-championship \|publisher\=\[\[Professional Darts Corporation\|PDC]] \|access\-date\=14 December 2021}} [Gordon Mathers](/wiki/Gordon_Mathers "Gordon Mathers"){{cite web \|last1\=Allen \|first1\=Dave \|title\=Mathers replaces Rodriguez in William Hill World Darts Championship \|date\=11 December 2021 \|url\=https://www.pdc.tv/news/2021/12/11/mathers\-replaces\-rodriguez\-william\-hill\-world\-darts\-championship \|publisher\=\[\[Professional Darts Corporation\|PDC]] \|access\-date\=14 December 2021}} and [Peter Hudson](/wiki/Peter_Hudson_%28darts_player%29 "Peter Hudson (darts player)").{{cite web \|last\=Allen \|first\=Dave \|title\=Hudson replaces Wen in William Hill World Darts Championship \|date\=14 December 2021 \|url\=https://www.pdc.tv/news/2021/12/14/hudson\-replaces\-wen\-william\-hill\-world\-darts\-championship \|publisher\=\[\[Professional Darts Corporation\|PDC]] \|access\-date\=14 December 2021}} Debutants via the international and invitation qualifiers were [Roman Benecký](/wiki/Roman_Beneck%C3%BD "Roman Benecký"), [Chris Landman](/wiki/Chris_Landman "Chris Landman"), [John Norman Jnr](/wiki/John_Norman_Jnr "John Norman Jnr"), [Fabian Schmutzler](/wiki/Fabian_Schmutzler "Fabian Schmutzler"), [Toyokazu Shibata](/wiki/Toyokazu_Shibata "Toyokazu Shibata"), [Ky Smith](/wiki/Ky_Smith "Ky Smith") and [Jim Williams](/wiki/Jim_Williams_%28darts_player%29 "Jim Williams (darts player)").
[ "Qualification\n-------------", "### Qualifiers", "The top 32 from the [PDC Order of Merit](/wiki/PDC_Order_of_Merit \"PDC Order of Merit\") began the competition in the second round. The 32 highest ranked players on the PDC Pro Tour Order of Merit (not already qualified) and 32 qualifiers from around the world began in the first round.{{cite web \\|last1\\=PDC \\|title\\= Order of Merit Rules, 3\\.1\\|url\\=https://www.pdc.tv/pdc\\-order\\-merit\\-rules\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Professional Darts Corporation\\|PDC]] \\|access\\-date\\=20 February 2020}}", "This was the first time since the [2014 PDC World Darts Championship](/wiki/2014_PDC_World_Darts_Championship \"2014 PDC World Darts Championship\") that [Michael van Gerwen](/wiki/Michael_van_Gerwen \"Michael van Gerwen\") would not be seeded for the tournament as the World number 1, with reigning champion [Gerwyn Price](/wiki/Gerwyn_Price \"Gerwyn Price\") taking his spot.", "{{col\\-begin}}\n{{col\\-break}}\n**Order of Merit**{{cite web \\|title\\= WC Race Table\\|url\\=https://www.pdpa.co.uk/pdc/wc\\-race\\-table/ \\|access\\-date\\=30 September 2021}} \n*Second round (seeded)*", "{{seeds\\|1\\|1}} {{flagicon\\|WAL}} [Gerwyn Price](/wiki/Gerwyn_Price \"Gerwyn Price\") *(quarter\\-finals)*\n{{seeds\\|2\\|3}} {{flagicon\\|SCO}} **[Peter Wright](/wiki/Peter_Wright_%28darts_player%29 \"Peter Wright (darts player)\") (champion)**\n{{seeds\\|3\\|4}} {{flagicon\\|NED}} [Michael van Gerwen](/wiki/Michael_van_Gerwen \"Michael van Gerwen\") *(third round, COVID\\-19\\)*\n{{seeds\\|4\\|2}} {{flagicon\\|ENG}} [James Wade](/wiki/James_Wade \"James Wade\") *(semi\\-finals)*\n{{seeds\\|5\\|2}} {{flagicon\\|BEL}} [Dimitri Van den Bergh](/wiki/Dimitri_Van_den_Bergh \"Dimitri Van den Bergh\") *(second round)*\n{{seeds\\|6\\|4}} {{flagicon\\|SCO}} [Gary Anderson](/wiki/Gary_Anderson_%28darts_player%29 \"Gary Anderson (darts player)\") *(semi\\-finals)*\n{{seeds\\|7\\|3}} {{flagicon\\|POR}} [José de Sousa](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Sousa \"José de Sousa\") *(third round)*\n{{seeds\\|8\\|1}} {{flagicon\\|WAL}} [Jonny Clayton](/wiki/Jonny_Clayton \"Jonny Clayton\") *(fourth round)*\n{{seeds\\|9\\|1}} {{flagicon\\|ENG}} [Michael Smith](/wiki/Michael_Smith_%28darts_player%29 \"Michael Smith (darts player)\") *(runner\\-up)*\n{{seeds\\|10\\|3}} {{flagicon\\|ENG}} [Nathan Aspinall](/wiki/Nathan_Aspinall \"Nathan Aspinall\") *(third round)*\n{{seeds\\|11\\|4}} {{flagicon\\|ENG}} [Rob Cross](/wiki/Rob_Cross_%28darts_player%29 \"Rob Cross (darts player)\") *(fourth round)*\n{{seeds\\|12\\|2}} {{flagicon\\|POL}} [Krzysztof Ratajski](/wiki/Krzysztof_Ratajski \"Krzysztof Ratajski\") *(second round)*\n{{seeds\\|13\\|2}} {{flagicon\\|ENG}} [Joe Cullen](/wiki/Joe_Cullen_%28darts_player%29 \"Joe Cullen (darts player)\") *(third round)*\n{{seeds\\|14\\|4}} {{flagicon\\|ENG}} [Dave Chisnall](/wiki/Dave_Chisnall \"Dave Chisnall\") *(third round, COVID\\-19\\)*\n{{seeds\\|15\\|3}} {{flagicon\\|ENG}} [Ryan Searle](/wiki/Ryan_Searle_%28darts_player%29 \"Ryan Searle (darts player)\") *(fourth round)*\n{{seeds\\|16\\|1}} {{flagicon\\|ENG}} [Stephen Bunting](/wiki/Stephen_Bunting \"Stephen Bunting\") *(second round)*\n{{seeds\\|17\\|1}} {{flagicon\\|NED}} [Dirk van Duijvenbode](/wiki/Dirk_van_Duijvenbode \"Dirk van Duijvenbode\") *(fourth round)*\n{{seeds\\|18\\|3}} {{flagicon\\|NED}} [Danny Noppert](/wiki/Danny_Noppert \"Danny Noppert\") *(third round)*\n{{seeds\\|19\\|4}} {{flagicon\\|ENG}} [Luke Humphries](/wiki/Luke_Humphries \"Luke Humphries\") *(quarter\\-finals)*\n{{seeds\\|20\\|2}} {{flagicon\\|AUS}} [Simon Whitlock](/wiki/Simon_Whitlock \"Simon Whitlock\") *(second round)*\n{{seeds\\|21\\|2}} {{flagicon\\|ENG}} [Mervyn King](/wiki/Mervyn_King_%28darts_player%29 \"Mervyn King (darts player)\") *(quarter\\-finals)*\n{{seeds\\|22\\|4}} {{flagicon\\|NIR}} [Daryl Gurney](/wiki/Daryl_Gurney \"Daryl Gurney\") *(third round)*\n{{seeds\\|23\\|3}} {{flagicon\\|NIR}} [Brendan Dolan](/wiki/Brendan_Dolan \"Brendan Dolan\") *(second round)*\n{{seeds\\|24\\|1}} {{flagicon\\|ENG}} [Glen Durrant](/wiki/Glen_Durrant \"Glen Durrant\") *(second round)*\n{{seeds\\|25\\|1}} {{flagicon\\|GER}} [Gabriel Clemens](/wiki/Gabriel_Clemens \"Gabriel Clemens\") *(third round)*\n{{seeds\\|26\\|3}} {{flagicon\\|AUT}} [Mensur Suljović](/wiki/Mensur_Suljovi%C4%87 \"Mensur Suljović\") *(second round)*\n{{seeds\\|27\\|4}} {{flagicon\\|ENG}} [Ian White](/wiki/Ian_White_%28darts_player%29 \"Ian White (darts player)\") *(third round)*\n{{seeds\\|28\\|2}} {{flagicon\\|RSA}} [Devon Petersen](/wiki/Devon_Petersen \"Devon Petersen\") *(second round)*\n{{seeds\\|29\\|2}} {{nowrap\\|1\\={{flagicon\\|NED}} \\[\\[Vincent van der Voort]] ''(third round, COVID\\-19\\)''}}\n{{seeds\\|30\\|4}} {{flagicon\\|ENG}} [Chris Dobey](/wiki/Chris_Dobey \"Chris Dobey\") *(fourth round)*\n{{seeds\\|31\\|3}} {{flagicon\\|AUS}} [Damon Heta](/wiki/Damon_Heta \"Damon Heta\") *(third round)*\n{{seeds\\|32\\|1}} {{flagicon\\|BEL}} [Kim Huybrechts](/wiki/Kim_Huybrechts \"Kim Huybrechts\") *(third round)*", "{{col\\-break}}\n**Pro Tour Order of Merit** \n*First round*\n1. {{flagicon\\|ENG}} [Callan Rydz](/wiki/Callan_Rydz \"Callan Rydz\") *(quarter\\-finals)*\n2. {{flagicon\\|ENG}} [Ross Smith](/wiki/Ross_Smith_%28darts_player%29 \"Ross Smith (darts player)\") *(third round)*\n3. {{nowrap\\|{{flagicon\\|NED}} \\[\\[Raymond van Barneveld]] ''(second round)''}}\n4. {{flagicon\\|ENG}} [Ryan Joyce](/wiki/Ryan_Joyce \"Ryan Joyce\") *(second round)*\n5. {{flagicon\\|ENG}} [Adrian Lewis](/wiki/Adrian_Lewis \"Adrian Lewis\") *(second round)*\n6. {{flagicon\\|ENG}} [Scott Mitchell](/wiki/Scott_Mitchell_%28darts_player%29 \"Scott Mitchell (darts player)\") *(first round)*\n7. {{flagicon\\|SCO}} [Alan Soutar](/wiki/Alan_Soutar \"Alan Soutar\") *(fourth round)*\n8. {{flagicon\\|NED}} [Martijn Kleermaker](/wiki/Martijn_Kleermaker \"Martijn Kleermaker\") *(fourth round)*\n9. {{flagicon\\|LTU}} [Darius Labanauskas](/wiki/Darius_Labanauskas \"Darius Labanauskas\") *(first round)*\n10. {{flagicon\\|ENG}} [Ritchie Edhouse](/wiki/Ritchie_Edhouse \"Ritchie Edhouse\") *(second round)*\n11. {{flagicon\\|ENG}} [Luke Woodhouse](/wiki/Luke_Woodhouse \"Luke Woodhouse\") *(second round)*\n12. {{flagicon\\|ENG}} [Jamie Hughes](/wiki/Jamie_Hughes_%28darts_player%29 \"Jamie Hughes (darts player)\") *(first round)*\n13. {{flagicon\\|NED}} [Maik Kuivenhoven](/wiki/Maik_Kuivenhoven \"Maik Kuivenhoven\") *(second round)*\n14. {{flagicon\\|AUT}} [Rowby\\-John Rodriguez](/wiki/Rowby-John_Rodriguez \"Rowby-John Rodriguez\") *(second round)*\n15. {{flagicon\\|ENG}} [Steve Beaton](/wiki/Steve_Beaton \"Steve Beaton\") *(second round)*\n16. {{flagicon\\|IRL}} [William O'Connor](/wiki/William_O%27Connor_%28darts_player%29 \"William O'Connor (darts player)\") *(third round)*\n17. {{flagicon\\|ENG}} [Ricky Evans](/wiki/Ricky_Evans_%28darts_player%29 \"Ricky Evans (darts player)\") *(second round)*\n18. {{flagicon\\|IRL}} [Keane Barry](/wiki/Keane_Barry \"Keane Barry\") *(second round)*\n19. {{flagicon\\|ENG}} Jason Heaver *(second round)*\n20. {{flagicon\\|SCO}} [William Borland](/wiki/William_Borland_%28darts_player%29 \"William Borland (darts player)\") *(second round)*\n21. {{flagicon\\|NED}} [Ron Meulenkamp](/wiki/Ron_Meulenkamp \"Ron Meulenkamp\") *(second round)*\n22. {{flagicon\\|IRL}} [Steve Lennon](/wiki/Steve_Lennon \"Steve Lennon\") *(third round)*\n23. {{flagicon\\|AUT}} [Rusty\\-Jake Rodriguez](/wiki/Rusty-Jake_Rodriguez \"Rusty-Jake Rodriguez\") *(second round)*\n24. {{flagicon\\|WAL}} [Lewy Williams](/wiki/Lewy_Williams \"Lewy Williams\") *(second round)*\n25. {{flagicon\\|GER}} [Florian Hempel](/wiki/Florian_Hempel \"Florian Hempel\") *(third round)*\n26. {{flagicon\\|NED}} [Jermaine Wattimena](/wiki/Jermaine_Wattimena \"Jermaine Wattimena\") *(first round)*\n27. {{flagicon\\|ENG}} [Joe Murnan](/wiki/Joe_Murnan \"Joe Murnan\") *(second round)*\n28. {{flagicon\\|ENG}} [Ryan Meikle](/wiki/Ryan_Meikle \"Ryan Meikle\") *(second round)*\n29. {{flagicon\\|ENG}} Chas Barstow *(second round)*\n30. {{flagicon\\|ENG}} [Ted Evetts](/wiki/Ted_Evetts \"Ted Evetts\") *(first round)*\n31. {{flagicon\\|ENG}} [Adam Hunt](/wiki/Adam_Hunt \"Adam Hunt\") *(second round)*\n32. {{flagicon\\|ENG}} [Jason Lowe](/wiki/Jason_Lowe_%28darts_player%29 \"Jason Lowe (darts player)\") *(second round)*\n{{col\\-break}}\n**International Qualifiers** \n*First round*\n* {{flagicon\\|ENG}} [Lisa Ashton](/wiki/Lisa_Ashton \"Lisa Ashton\") – *Women's Series OoM runner\\-up* *(first round)*\n* {{flagicon\\|CZE}} [Roman Benecký](/wiki/Roman_Beneck%C3%BD \"Roman Benecký\") – *East Europe Qualifier* *(first round)*\n* {{flagicon\\|ENG}} [Bradley Brooks](/wiki/Bradley_Brooks \"Bradley Brooks\") – *PDC UK Development Tour*{{cite web \\|last\\=Phillips \\|first\\=Josh \\|title\\=Brooks tops UK Development Tour Order of Merit to book Ally Pally spot \\|url\\=https://www.pdc.tv/news/2021/10/31/brooks\\-tops\\-uk\\-development\\-tour\\-order\\-merit\\-book\\-ally\\-pally\\-spot \\|website\\=PDC \\|date\\=31 October 2021 \\|access\\-date\\=31 October 2021}} *(first round)*\n* {{flagicon\\|CAN}} [Matt Campbell](/wiki/Matt_Campbell_%28darts_player%29 \"Matt Campbell (darts player)\") – *PDC Europe Challenge Tour*{{cite web \\|title\\=Williams and Campbell top Unicorn Challenge Tour Orders of Merit \\|date\\=5 September 2021 \\|url\\=https://www.pdc.tv/news/2021/09/05/williams\\-and\\-campbell\\-top\\-unicorn\\-challenge\\-tour\\-orders\\-merit \\|access\\-date\\=30 September 2021}} *(first round)*\n* {{flagicon\\|PHI}} [Lourence Ilagan](/wiki/Lourence_Ilagan \"Lourence Ilagan\") – *PDC Asia Philippines Qualifier* {{cite web \\|last\\=Phillips \\|first\\=Josh \\|title\\=Ilagan qualifies for World Championship \\& will partner Nebrida at World Cup \\|date\\=27 July 2021 \\|url\\=https://www.pdc.tv/news/2021/07/27/ilagan\\-qualifies\\-world\\-championship\\-will\\-partner\\-nebrida\\-world\\-cup \\|access\\-date\\=30 September 2021}} *(first round)*\n* {{flagicon\\|WAL}} [Nick Kenny](/wiki/Nick_Kenny_%28darts_player%29 \"Nick Kenny (darts player)\") – *PDPA Qualifier* *(first round)*\n* {{flagicon\\|RUS}} [Boris Koltsov](/wiki/Boris_Koltsov \"Boris Koltsov\") – *EADC Qualifier*{{cite web \\|last\\=Phillips \\|first\\=Josh \\|title\\=Koltsov wins EADC Qualifier to secure World Championship return \\|url\\=https://www.pdc.tv/news/2021/10/31/koltsov\\-wins\\-eadc\\-qualifier\\-secure\\-world\\-championship\\-return \\|website\\=PDC \\|date\\=31 October 2021 \\|access\\-date\\=31 October 2021}} *(second round)*\n* {{flagicon\\|CRO}} [Boris Krčmar](/wiki/Boris_Kr%C4%8Dmar \"Boris Krčmar\") – *PDPA Qualifier* *(first round)*\n* {{flagicon\\|IND}} [Nitin Kumar](/wiki/Nitin_Kumar \"Nitin Kumar\") – *Indian Qualifier* *(first round)*\n* {{flagicon\\|HKG}} [Royden Lam](/wiki/Royden_Lam \"Royden Lam\") – *PDC Asia Hong Kong Qualifier* *(first round)*\n* {{flagicon\\|NED}} [Chris Landman](/wiki/Chris_Landman \"Chris Landman\") – *West Europe Qualifier* *(second round)*\n* {{flagicon\\|SWE}} [Daniel Larsson](/wiki/Daniel_Larsson_%28darts_player%29 \"Daniel Larsson (darts player)\") – *PDCNB Order of Merit* *(first round)*\n* {{flagicon\\|USA}} [Danny Lauby](/wiki/Danny_Lauby \"Danny Lauby\") – *CDC USA Tour*{{cite web \\|last1\\=Phillips \\|first1\\=Josh \\|title\\=Lauby secures World Championship return as US season concludes \\|date\\=20 September 2021 \\|url\\=https://www.pdc.tv/news/2021/09/20/lauby\\-secures\\-world\\-championship\\-return\\-us\\-season\\-concludes \\|access\\-date\\=30 September 2021}} *(first round)*\n* {{flagicon\\|SIN}} [Paul Lim](/wiki/Paul_Lim \"Paul Lim\") – *PDC Asia Singapore Qualifier* *(first round)*\n* ~~{{flagicon\\|RSA}} [Charles Losper](/wiki/Charles_Losper \"Charles Losper\") – *African Qualifier*{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.pdc.tv/news/2021/10/24/african\\-qualifier\\-losper\\-seals\\-william\\-hill\\-world\\-championship\\-return\\|title\\=African qualifier Losper seals William Hill World Championship return\\|website\\=PDC\\|date\\=24 October 2021 }}~~ *(withdrew)*{{Efn\\|name\\=Losper}}\n* {{flagicon\\|GRE}} [John Michael](/wiki/John_Michael_%28darts_player%29 \"John Michael (darts player)\") – *South\\-East Europe Qualifier* *(first round)*\n* {{flagicon\\|CAN}} [John Norman Jnr](/wiki/John_Norman_Jnr \"John Norman Jnr\") – *CDC Canada Tour* *(first round)*\n* {{flagicon\\|BRA}} [Diogo Portela](/wiki/Diogo_Portela \"Diogo Portela\") – *Central/South America Qualifier*{{cite web \\|title\\=Portela seals World Championship return \\|date\\=17 October 2021 \\|url\\=https://www.pdc.tv/news/2021/10/17/brazils\\-portela\\-seals\\-william\\-hill\\-world\\-darts\\-championship\\-return \\|access\\-date\\=17 October 2021}} *(first round)*\n* {{flagicon\\|LAT}} [Madars Razma](/wiki/Madars_Razma \"Madars Razma\") – *PDCNB Order of Merit*{{cite web \\|last1\\=Plagborg Magnussen \\|first1\\=Mads \\|title\\=After consultation with the PDC: The PDCNB season is over \\|url\\=https://pdc\\-nordic.tv/after\\-consultation\\-with\\-the\\-pdc\\-the\\-pdcnb\\-season\\-is\\-over/ \\|website\\=PDCNB \\|date\\=13 October 2021 \\|access\\-date\\=13 October 2021}} *(first round)*\n* {{flagicon\\|NZL}} [Ben Robb](/wiki/Ben_Robb \"Ben Robb\") – *DPNZ Qualifier*{{cite web \\|last1\\= \\|first1\\= \\|title\\=DPNZ cancel Top 16 Playoff for 2021 \\|url\\=https://www.dartplayers.co.nz/2021/10/23/dpnz\\-cancel\\-top\\-16\\-playoff\\-for\\-2021/ \\|website\\=Dartplayers New Zealand \\|access\\-date\\=23 October 2021}} *(first round)*\n* ~~{{flagicon\\|ESP}} Juan Rodriguez – *South\\-West Europe Qualifier*~~ *(COVID\\-19\\)*{{Efn\\|name\\=JRod}}\n* {{flagicon\\|GER}} [Martin Schindler](/wiki/Martin_Schindler \"Martin Schindler\") – *PDC Europe Super League*{{cite web \\|last1\\=Phillips \\|first1\\=Josh \\|title\\=chindler crowned 2021 PDC Europe Super League champion \\|date\\=22 April 2021 \\|url\\=https://www.pdc.tv/news/2021/04/22/schindler\\-crowned\\-2021\\-pdc\\-europe\\-super\\-league\\-champion \\|access\\-date\\=30 September 2021}} *(first round)*\n* {{nowrap\\|{{flagicon\\|GER}} \\[\\[Fabian Schmutzler]] – ''PDC Europe Development Tour'' ''(first round)''}}\n* {{flagicon\\|ENG}} [Fallon Sherrock](/wiki/Fallon_Sherrock \"Fallon Sherrock\") – *Women's Series OoM leader*{{cite web \\|last1\\=Phillips \\|first1\\=Josh \\|title\\=Sherrock books Grand Slam debut with third Women's Series title \\|url\\=https://www.pdc.tv/news/2021/09/26/sherrock\\-books\\-grand\\-slam\\-debut\\-third\\-womens\\-series\\-title \\|website\\=\\[\\[Professional Darts Corporation]] \\|date\\=26 September 2021 \\|access\\-date\\=26 September 2021}} *(first round)*\n* {{flagicon\\|JPN}} Toyokazu Shibata – *PDC Asia Japan Qualifier* *(first round)*\n* {{flagicon\\|CAN}} [Jeff Smith](/wiki/Jeff_Smith_%28darts_player%29 \"Jeff Smith (darts player)\") – *CDC Continental Cup* *(first round)*\n* {{flagicon\\|AUS}} Ky Smith – *Oceanic Masters Winner*{{cite web \\|last1\\=Phillips \\|first1\\=Josh \\|title\\=Ray Smith joins son Ky in qualifying for World Championship \\|url\\=https://www.pdc.tv/news/2021/10/31/ray\\-smith\\-joins\\-son\\-ky\\-qualifying\\-world\\-championship \\|website\\=PDC \\|date\\=31 October 2021 \\|access\\-date\\=31 October 2021}} *(first round)*\n* {{flagicon\\|AUS}} [Raymond Smith](/wiki/Raymond_Smith_%28darts_player%29 \"Raymond Smith (darts player)\") – *DPA Qualifier* *(fourth round)*\n* ~~{{flagicon\\|CHN}} Lihao Wen – *PDC China Champion*~~ *(withdrew)*{{Efn\\|name\\=Wen}}{{cite web \\|last1\\=Phillips \\|first1\\=Josh \\|title\\=Lihao Wen crowned China champion to qualify for Ally Pally \\|url\\=https://www.pdc.tv/news/2021/10/30/lihao\\-wen\\-crowned\\-china\\-champion\\-qualify\\-ally\\-pally \\|website\\=PDC \\|date\\=30 October 2021 \\|access\\-date\\=31 October 2021}}\n* {{flagicon\\|WAL}} [Jim Williams](/wiki/Jim_Williams_%28darts_player%29 \"Jim Williams (darts player)\") – *PDC UK Challenge Tour* *(second round)*\n* {{flagicon\\|ENG}} [James Wilson](/wiki/James_Wilson_%28darts_player%29 \"James Wilson (darts player)\") – *PDPA Qualifier* *(first round)*\n* {{flagicon\\|JPN}} [Yuki Yamada](/wiki/Yuki_Yamada_%28darts_player%29 \"Yuki Yamada (darts player)\") – *PDJ Qualifier*{{cite web \\|last1\\=Phillips \\|first1\\=Josh \\|title\\=Yamada secures Ally Pally return with Japan Qualifier win \\|url\\=https://www.pdc.tv/news/2021/10/11/yamada\\-secures\\-ally\\-pally\\-return\\-japan\\-qualifier\\-win \\|website\\=\\[\\[Professional Darts Corporation\\|PDC]] \\|date\\=11 October 2021 \\|access\\-date\\=13 October 2021}} *(first round)*\n* {{flagicon\\|BEL}} [Mike De Decker](/wiki/Mike_De_Decker \"Mike De Decker\") – *Replacement*{{Efn\\|name\\=Losper\\|\\[\\[Charles Losper]] withdrew after the draw due to visa issues. \\[\\[Mike De Decker]], the highest ranked runner\\-up from the PDPA Qualifier, replaced him.}} *(second round)*\n* {{flagicon\\|AUS}} [Gordon Mathers](/wiki/Gordon_Mathers \"Gordon Mathers\") – *Replacement*{{Efn\\|name\\=JRod\\|\\[\\[Juan Rodriguez (darts player)\\|Juan Rodriguez]] withdrew after the draw due to a positive \\[\\[COVID\\-19]] test. \\[\\[Gordon Mathers]], the second highest ranked runner\\-up from the PDPA Qualifier, replaced him.}} *(first round)*\n* {{flagicon\\|ENG}} [Peter Hudson](/wiki/Peter_Hudson_%28darts_player%29 \"Peter Hudson (darts player)\") – *Replacement*{{Efn\\|name\\=Wen\\|\\[\\[Lihao Wen]] withdrew after the draw due to visa issues. \\[\\[Peter Hudson (darts player)\\|Peter Hudson]], the third highest ranked runner\\-up from the PDPA Qualifier, replaced him.}} *(first round)*\n{{col\\-end}}\n{{notelist}}", "#### Seeds", "[2021](/wiki/2021_PDC_World_Darts_Championship \"2021 PDC World Darts Championship\") winner [Gerwyn Price](/wiki/Gerwyn_Price \"Gerwyn Price\"), who since winning has also won the [2021 Grand Slam of Darts](/wiki/2021_Grand_Slam_of_Darts \"2021 Grand Slam of Darts\"), was top of the two\\-year [PDC Order of Merit](/wiki/PDC_Order_of_Merit \"PDC Order of Merit\") and number one seed going into the tournament. [2020](/wiki/2020_PDC_World_Darts_Championship \"2020 PDC World Darts Championship\") winner [Peter Wright](/wiki/Peter_Wright_%28darts_player%29 \"Peter Wright (darts player)\"), the winner of the [2021 World Matchplay](/wiki/2021_World_Matchplay \"2021 World Matchplay\") and part of the victorious Scotland team at the [2021 PDC World Cup of Darts](/wiki/2021_PDC_World_Cup_of_Darts \"2021 PDC World Cup of Darts\"), was second seed and [Michael van Gerwen](/wiki/Michael_van_Gerwen \"Michael van Gerwen\"), the three\\-time World Champion from [2014](/wiki/2014_PDC_World_Darts_Championship \"2014 PDC World Darts Championship\"), [2017](/wiki/2017_PDC_World_Darts_Championship \"2017 PDC World Darts Championship\") and [2019](/wiki/2019_PDC_World_Darts_Championship \"2019 PDC World Darts Championship\"), was third seed. As well as Price, Wright and Van Gerwen, two other previous PDC world champions qualified as seeds; [2015](/wiki/2015_PDC_World_Darts_Championship \"2015 PDC World Darts Championship\") and [2016 World Champion](/wiki/2016_PDC_World_Darts_Championship \"2016 PDC World Darts Championship\") and 2021 runner\\-up [Gary Anderson](/wiki/Gary_Anderson_%28darts_player%29 \"Gary Anderson (darts player)\") was 6th seeded, and [2018 World Champion](/wiki/2018_PDC_World_Darts_Championship \"2018 PDC World Darts Championship\") and [2021 European Champion](/wiki/2021_European_Championship_%28darts%29 \"2021 European Championship (darts)\") [Rob Cross](/wiki/Rob_Cross_%28darts_player%29 \"Rob Cross (darts player)\") was the 11th seed. Two former champions of the [BDO World Darts Championship](/wiki/BDO_World_Darts_Championship \"BDO World Darts Championship\") qualified as seeds; three\\-time BDO champion [Glen Durrant](/wiki/Glen_Durrant \"Glen Durrant\") was the 24th seed with [2014 BDO champion](/wiki/2014_BDO_World_Darts_Championship \"2014 BDO World Darts Championship\") [Stephen Bunting](/wiki/Stephen_Bunting \"Stephen Bunting\") in 16th.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Allen \\|first1\\=Dave \\|title\\=Price top seed as William Hill World Championship field confirmed \\|date\\=28 November 2021 \\|url\\=https://www.pdc.tv/news/2021/11/28/price\\-top\\-seed\\-william\\-hill\\-world\\-championship\\-field\\-confirmed \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Professional Darts Corporation\\|PDC]] \\|access\\-date\\=14 December 2021}}", "The top seeds behind Price, Wright and Van Gerwen were [2021 UK Open](/wiki/2021_UK_Open \"2021 UK Open\") champion [James Wade](/wiki/James_Wade \"James Wade\"), [2020 World Matchplay](/wiki/2020_World_Matchplay \"2020 World Matchplay\") winner [Dimitri Van den Bergh](/wiki/Dimitri_Van_den_Bergh \"Dimitri Van den Bergh\"), Anderson, [2020 Grand Slam of Darts](/wiki/2020_Grand_Slam_of_Darts \"2020 Grand Slam of Darts\") winner [José de Sousa](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Sousa \"José de Sousa\"), and [2021 Masters](/wiki/2021_Masters_%28darts%29 \"2021 Masters (darts)\"), [Premier League](/wiki/2021_Premier_League_Darts \"2021 Premier League Darts\"), [World Series Finals](/wiki/2021_World_Series_of_Darts_Finals \"2021 World Series of Darts Finals\") and [World Grand Prix](/wiki/2021_World_Grand_Prix \"2021 World Grand Prix\") champion [Jonny Clayton](/wiki/Jonny_Clayton \"Jonny Clayton\").", "#### Pro Tour qualification", "[Callan Rydz](/wiki/Callan_Rydz \"Callan Rydz\"), a two\\-time event winner on the [2021 PDC Pro Tour](/wiki/2021_PDC_Pro_Tour \"2021 PDC Pro Tour\"), was the highest\\-ranked non\\-seed on the 2021 PDC Pro Tour Order of Merit. [2007 World Champion](/wiki/2007_PDC_World_Darts_Championship \"2007 PDC World Darts Championship\") [Raymond van Barneveld](/wiki/Raymond_van_Barneveld \"Raymond van Barneveld\") returned as a Pro Tour qualifier, having announced his retirement following a first\\-round exit in 2020, and then reversed his decision after a year out. Van Barneveld was one of two former PDC World Champions to qualify via the Pro Tour, with [2011](/wiki/2011_PDC_World_Darts_Championship \"2011 PDC World Darts Championship\") and [2012](/wiki/2012_PDC_World_Darts_Championship \"2012 PDC World Darts Championship\") winner [Adrian Lewis](/wiki/Adrian_Lewis \"Adrian Lewis\") also qualifying. The highest\\-ranked debutant via the Pro Tour was [Scott Mitchell](/wiki/Scott_Mitchell_%28darts_player%29 \"Scott Mitchell (darts player)\"), the [2015 BDO World Champion](/wiki/2015_BDO_World_Darts_Championship \"2015 BDO World Darts Championship\"). As well as Mitchell and four\\-time BDO World Champion Van Barneveld, [1996 BDO champion](/wiki/1996_BDO_World_Darts_Championship \"1996 BDO World Darts Championship\") [Steve Beaton](/wiki/Steve_Beaton \"Steve Beaton\") also qualified via the Pro Tour, making a record 31st consecutive World Championship appearance.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Phillips \\|first1\\=Josh \\|title\\=Lim and Beaton among record\\-breakers in World Championship field \\|date\\=13 December 2021 \\|url\\=https://www.pdc.tv/news/2021/12/13/lim\\-and\\-beaton\\-among\\-record\\-breakers\\-world\\-championship\\-field \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Professional Darts Corporation\\|PDC]] \\|access\\-date\\=4 January 2023 }}", "As well as Mitchell, other players qualifying for their PDC World Championship debuts were [Alan Soutar](/wiki/Alan_Soutar \"Alan Soutar\"), Jason Heaver, [William Borland](/wiki/William_Borland_%28darts_player%29 \"William Borland (darts player)\"), [Rusty\\-Jake Rodriguez](/wiki/Rusty-Jake_Rodriguez \"Rusty-Jake Rodriguez\"), [Lewy Williams](/wiki/Lewy_Williams \"Lewy Williams\"), [Florian Hempel](/wiki/Florian_Hempel \"Florian Hempel\") and [Chas Barstow](/wiki/Chas_Barstow \"Chas Barstow\"). [Martijn Kleermaker](/wiki/Martijn_Kleermaker \"Martijn Kleermaker\") also appeared for the first time, having withdrawn from the 2021 tournament following a positive [COVID\\-19 test](/wiki/COVID-19_test \"COVID-19 test\"). Other players qualifying via the Pro Tour included the [2021 World Youth Champion](/wiki/2021_PDC_World_Youth_Championship \"2021 PDC World Youth Championship\") [Ted Evetts](/wiki/Ted_Evetts \"Ted Evetts\") and [2021 PDC World Cup of Darts](/wiki/2021_PDC_World_Cup_of_Darts \"2021 PDC World Cup of Darts\") finalist [Rowby\\-John Rodriguez](/wiki/Rowby-John_Rodriguez \"Rowby-John Rodriguez\"), who along with his brother Rusty\\-Jake became the fourth pair of siblings to compete in the same World Championship.", "#### Unranked qualifiers", "The final group of 32 qualifiers were determined by a series of [international qualifiers](/wiki/2021_PDC_Pro_Tour%23World_Championship_International_Qualifiers \"2021 PDC Pro Tour#World Championship International Qualifiers\") and secondary tours. The PDC Development and Challenge Tours were split into UK and EU sections this year, meaning that an extra qualification spot was available via the Challenge Tour. The PDC Asian Tour was not held for a second consecutive year, with one\\-off qualification tournaments being held to replace it. The two Australian qualification spots were taken by [Raymond Smith](/wiki/Raymond_Smith_%28darts_player%29 \"Raymond Smith (darts player)\") and [Ky Smith](/wiki/Ky_Smith \"Ky Smith\"), the first father\\-and\\-son to play in the same PDC World Darts Championship. [Paul Lim](/wiki/Paul_Lim \"Paul Lim\") qualified via the Singapore qualifier, becoming at age 67 and 326 days the oldest player to compete in the World Championship; while [Fabian Schmutzler](/wiki/Fabian_Schmutzler \"Fabian Schmutzler\"), who qualified via the Development Tour, was the second\\-youngest player ever to compete in the World Championship.", "Four\\-time [BDO Women's World Champion](/wiki/BDO_World_Darts_Championship \"BDO World Darts Championship\") [Lisa Ashton](/wiki/Lisa_Ashton \"Lisa Ashton\") qualified via the PDC Women's Tour, alongside [Fallon Sherrock](/wiki/Fallon_Sherrock \"Fallon Sherrock\"), the [2021 Grand Slam of Darts](/wiki/2021_Grand_Slam_of_Darts \"2021 Grand Slam of Darts\") quarter\\-finalist and only woman to have previously won a match at the PDC World Darts Championship.{{cite web \\|last\\=Allen \\|first\\=Dave \\|title\\=Sherrock \\& Ashton secure William Hill World Darts Championship return \\|date\\=23 October 2021 \\|url\\=https://www.pdc.tv/news/2021/10/23/sherrock\\-ashton\\-secure\\-william\\-hill\\-world\\-darts\\-championship\\-return \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Professional Darts Corporation\\|PDC]] \\|access\\-date\\=14 December 2021}} The final three places were awarded to the winners of a qualification tournament for PDPA members, with the winners being [Nick Kenny](/wiki/Nick_Kenny_%28darts_player%29 \"Nick Kenny (darts player)\"), [Boris Krčmar](/wiki/Boris_Kr%C4%8Dmar \"Boris Krčmar\") and [James Wilson](/wiki/James_Wilson_%28darts_player%29 \"James Wilson (darts player)\").{{cite web \\|last1\\=Phillips \\|first1\\=Josh \\|title\\=Wilson, Krcmar \\& Kenny claim final World Championship places \\|date\\=29 November 2021 \\|url\\=https://www.pdc.tv/news/2021/11/29/wilson\\-krcmar\\-kenny\\-claim\\-final\\-world\\-championship\\-places \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Professional Darts Corporation\\|PDC]] \\|access\\-date\\=14 December 2021}}", "Three of the international qualifiers withdrew following the draw; [Charles Losper](/wiki/Charles_Losper \"Charles Losper\") and [Lihao Wen](/wiki/Lihao_Wen \"Lihao Wen\"), due to visa issues, and potential debutant [Juan Rodriguez](/wiki/Juan_Rodriguez_%28darts_player%29 \"Juan Rodriguez (darts player)\"), following a positive test for [COVID\\-19](/wiki/COVID-19 \"COVID-19\"). They were replaced by runners\\-up from the PDPA qualifier in Order of Merit order, [Mike De Decker](/wiki/Mike_De_Decker \"Mike De Decker\"),{{cite web \\|last\\=Allen \\|first\\=Dave \\|title\\=Losper replaced by De Decker for William Hill World Championship \\|date\\=6 December 2021 \\|url\\=https://www.pdc.tv/news/2021/12/06/losper\\-replaced\\-de\\-decker\\-william\\-hill\\-world\\-championship \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Professional Darts Corporation\\|PDC]] \\|access\\-date\\=14 December 2021}} [Gordon Mathers](/wiki/Gordon_Mathers \"Gordon Mathers\"){{cite web \\|last1\\=Allen \\|first1\\=Dave \\|title\\=Mathers replaces Rodriguez in William Hill World Darts Championship \\|date\\=11 December 2021 \\|url\\=https://www.pdc.tv/news/2021/12/11/mathers\\-replaces\\-rodriguez\\-william\\-hill\\-world\\-darts\\-championship \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Professional Darts Corporation\\|PDC]] \\|access\\-date\\=14 December 2021}} and [Peter Hudson](/wiki/Peter_Hudson_%28darts_player%29 \"Peter Hudson (darts player)\").{{cite web \\|last\\=Allen \\|first\\=Dave \\|title\\=Hudson replaces Wen in William Hill World Darts Championship \\|date\\=14 December 2021 \\|url\\=https://www.pdc.tv/news/2021/12/14/hudson\\-replaces\\-wen\\-william\\-hill\\-world\\-darts\\-championship \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Professional Darts Corporation\\|PDC]] \\|access\\-date\\=14 December 2021}}", "Debutants via the international and invitation qualifiers were [Roman Benecký](/wiki/Roman_Beneck%C3%BD \"Roman Benecký\"), [Chris Landman](/wiki/Chris_Landman \"Chris Landman\"), [John Norman Jnr](/wiki/John_Norman_Jnr \"John Norman Jnr\"), [Fabian Schmutzler](/wiki/Fabian_Schmutzler \"Fabian Schmutzler\"), [Toyokazu Shibata](/wiki/Toyokazu_Shibata \"Toyokazu Shibata\"), [Ky Smith](/wiki/Ky_Smith \"Ky Smith\") and [Jim Williams](/wiki/Jim_Williams_%28darts_player%29 \"Jim Williams (darts player)\").", "" ]
### Qualifiers The top 32 from the [PDC Order of Merit](/wiki/PDC_Order_of_Merit "PDC Order of Merit") began the competition in the second round. The 32 highest ranked players on the PDC Pro Tour Order of Merit (not already qualified) and 32 qualifiers from around the world began in the first round.{{cite web \|last1\=PDC \|title\= Order of Merit Rules, 3\.1\|url\=https://www.pdc.tv/pdc\-order\-merit\-rules\|publisher\=\[\[Professional Darts Corporation\|PDC]] \|access\-date\=20 February 2020}} This was the first time since the [2014 PDC World Darts Championship](/wiki/2014_PDC_World_Darts_Championship "2014 PDC World Darts Championship") that [Michael van Gerwen](/wiki/Michael_van_Gerwen "Michael van Gerwen") would not be seeded for the tournament as the World number 1, with reigning champion [Gerwyn Price](/wiki/Gerwyn_Price "Gerwyn Price") taking his spot. {{col\-begin}} {{col\-break}} **Order of Merit**{{cite web \|title\= WC Race Table\|url\=https://www.pdpa.co.uk/pdc/wc\-race\-table/ \|access\-date\=30 September 2021}} *Second round (seeded)* {{seeds\|1\|1}} {{flagicon\|WAL}} [Gerwyn Price](/wiki/Gerwyn_Price "Gerwyn Price") *(quarter\-finals)* {{seeds\|2\|3}} {{flagicon\|SCO}} **[Peter Wright](/wiki/Peter_Wright_%28darts_player%29 "Peter Wright (darts player)") (champion)** {{seeds\|3\|4}} {{flagicon\|NED}} [Michael van Gerwen](/wiki/Michael_van_Gerwen "Michael van Gerwen") *(third round, COVID\-19\)* {{seeds\|4\|2}} {{flagicon\|ENG}} [James Wade](/wiki/James_Wade "James Wade") *(semi\-finals)* {{seeds\|5\|2}} {{flagicon\|BEL}} [Dimitri Van den Bergh](/wiki/Dimitri_Van_den_Bergh "Dimitri Van den Bergh") *(second round)* {{seeds\|6\|4}} {{flagicon\|SCO}} [Gary Anderson](/wiki/Gary_Anderson_%28darts_player%29 "Gary Anderson (darts player)") *(semi\-finals)* {{seeds\|7\|3}} {{flagicon\|POR}} [José de Sousa](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Sousa "José de Sousa") *(third round)* {{seeds\|8\|1}} {{flagicon\|WAL}} [Jonny Clayton](/wiki/Jonny_Clayton "Jonny Clayton") *(fourth round)* {{seeds\|9\|1}} {{flagicon\|ENG}} [Michael Smith](/wiki/Michael_Smith_%28darts_player%29 "Michael Smith (darts player)") *(runner\-up)* {{seeds\|10\|3}} {{flagicon\|ENG}} [Nathan Aspinall](/wiki/Nathan_Aspinall "Nathan Aspinall") *(third round)* {{seeds\|11\|4}} {{flagicon\|ENG}} [Rob Cross](/wiki/Rob_Cross_%28darts_player%29 "Rob Cross (darts player)") *(fourth round)* {{seeds\|12\|2}} {{flagicon\|POL}} [Krzysztof Ratajski](/wiki/Krzysztof_Ratajski "Krzysztof Ratajski") *(second round)* {{seeds\|13\|2}} {{flagicon\|ENG}} [Joe Cullen](/wiki/Joe_Cullen_%28darts_player%29 "Joe Cullen (darts player)") *(third round)* {{seeds\|14\|4}} {{flagicon\|ENG}} [Dave Chisnall](/wiki/Dave_Chisnall "Dave Chisnall") *(third round, COVID\-19\)* {{seeds\|15\|3}} {{flagicon\|ENG}} [Ryan Searle](/wiki/Ryan_Searle_%28darts_player%29 "Ryan Searle (darts player)") *(fourth round)* {{seeds\|16\|1}} {{flagicon\|ENG}} [Stephen Bunting](/wiki/Stephen_Bunting "Stephen Bunting") *(second round)* {{seeds\|17\|1}} {{flagicon\|NED}} [Dirk van Duijvenbode](/wiki/Dirk_van_Duijvenbode "Dirk van Duijvenbode") *(fourth round)* {{seeds\|18\|3}} {{flagicon\|NED}} [Danny Noppert](/wiki/Danny_Noppert "Danny Noppert") *(third round)* {{seeds\|19\|4}} {{flagicon\|ENG}} [Luke Humphries](/wiki/Luke_Humphries "Luke Humphries") *(quarter\-finals)* {{seeds\|20\|2}} {{flagicon\|AUS}} [Simon Whitlock](/wiki/Simon_Whitlock "Simon Whitlock") *(second round)* {{seeds\|21\|2}} {{flagicon\|ENG}} [Mervyn King](/wiki/Mervyn_King_%28darts_player%29 "Mervyn King (darts player)") *(quarter\-finals)* {{seeds\|22\|4}} {{flagicon\|NIR}} [Daryl Gurney](/wiki/Daryl_Gurney "Daryl Gurney") *(third round)* {{seeds\|23\|3}} {{flagicon\|NIR}} [Brendan Dolan](/wiki/Brendan_Dolan "Brendan Dolan") *(second round)* {{seeds\|24\|1}} {{flagicon\|ENG}} [Glen Durrant](/wiki/Glen_Durrant "Glen Durrant") *(second round)* {{seeds\|25\|1}} {{flagicon\|GER}} [Gabriel Clemens](/wiki/Gabriel_Clemens "Gabriel Clemens") *(third round)* {{seeds\|26\|3}} {{flagicon\|AUT}} [Mensur Suljović](/wiki/Mensur_Suljovi%C4%87 "Mensur Suljović") *(second round)* {{seeds\|27\|4}} {{flagicon\|ENG}} [Ian White](/wiki/Ian_White_%28darts_player%29 "Ian White (darts player)") *(third round)* {{seeds\|28\|2}} {{flagicon\|RSA}} [Devon Petersen](/wiki/Devon_Petersen "Devon Petersen") *(second round)* {{seeds\|29\|2}} {{nowrap\|1\={{flagicon\|NED}} \[\[Vincent van der Voort]] ''(third round, COVID\-19\)''}} {{seeds\|30\|4}} {{flagicon\|ENG}} [Chris Dobey](/wiki/Chris_Dobey "Chris Dobey") *(fourth round)* {{seeds\|31\|3}} {{flagicon\|AUS}} [Damon Heta](/wiki/Damon_Heta "Damon Heta") *(third round)* {{seeds\|32\|1}} {{flagicon\|BEL}} [Kim Huybrechts](/wiki/Kim_Huybrechts "Kim Huybrechts") *(third round)* {{col\-break}} **Pro Tour Order of Merit** *First round* 1. {{flagicon\|ENG}} [Callan Rydz](/wiki/Callan_Rydz "Callan Rydz") *(quarter\-finals)* 2. {{flagicon\|ENG}} [Ross Smith](/wiki/Ross_Smith_%28darts_player%29 "Ross Smith (darts player)") *(third round)* 3. {{nowrap\|{{flagicon\|NED}} \[\[Raymond van Barneveld]] ''(second round)''}} 4. {{flagicon\|ENG}} [Ryan Joyce](/wiki/Ryan_Joyce "Ryan Joyce") *(second round)* 5. {{flagicon\|ENG}} [Adrian Lewis](/wiki/Adrian_Lewis "Adrian Lewis") *(second round)* 6. {{flagicon\|ENG}} [Scott Mitchell](/wiki/Scott_Mitchell_%28darts_player%29 "Scott Mitchell (darts player)") *(first round)* 7. {{flagicon\|SCO}} [Alan Soutar](/wiki/Alan_Soutar "Alan Soutar") *(fourth round)* 8. {{flagicon\|NED}} [Martijn Kleermaker](/wiki/Martijn_Kleermaker "Martijn Kleermaker") *(fourth round)* 9. {{flagicon\|LTU}} [Darius Labanauskas](/wiki/Darius_Labanauskas "Darius Labanauskas") *(first round)* 10. {{flagicon\|ENG}} [Ritchie Edhouse](/wiki/Ritchie_Edhouse "Ritchie Edhouse") *(second round)* 11. {{flagicon\|ENG}} [Luke Woodhouse](/wiki/Luke_Woodhouse "Luke Woodhouse") *(second round)* 12. {{flagicon\|ENG}} [Jamie Hughes](/wiki/Jamie_Hughes_%28darts_player%29 "Jamie Hughes (darts player)") *(first round)* 13. {{flagicon\|NED}} [Maik Kuivenhoven](/wiki/Maik_Kuivenhoven "Maik Kuivenhoven") *(second round)* 14. {{flagicon\|AUT}} [Rowby\-John Rodriguez](/wiki/Rowby-John_Rodriguez "Rowby-John Rodriguez") *(second round)* 15. {{flagicon\|ENG}} [Steve Beaton](/wiki/Steve_Beaton "Steve Beaton") *(second round)* 16. {{flagicon\|IRL}} [William O'Connor](/wiki/William_O%27Connor_%28darts_player%29 "William O'Connor (darts player)") *(third round)* 17. {{flagicon\|ENG}} [Ricky Evans](/wiki/Ricky_Evans_%28darts_player%29 "Ricky Evans (darts player)") *(second round)* 18. {{flagicon\|IRL}} [Keane Barry](/wiki/Keane_Barry "Keane Barry") *(second round)* 19. {{flagicon\|ENG}} Jason Heaver *(second round)* 20. {{flagicon\|SCO}} [William Borland](/wiki/William_Borland_%28darts_player%29 "William Borland (darts player)") *(second round)* 21. {{flagicon\|NED}} [Ron Meulenkamp](/wiki/Ron_Meulenkamp "Ron Meulenkamp") *(second round)* 22. {{flagicon\|IRL}} [Steve Lennon](/wiki/Steve_Lennon "Steve Lennon") *(third round)* 23. {{flagicon\|AUT}} [Rusty\-Jake Rodriguez](/wiki/Rusty-Jake_Rodriguez "Rusty-Jake Rodriguez") *(second round)* 24. {{flagicon\|WAL}} [Lewy Williams](/wiki/Lewy_Williams "Lewy Williams") *(second round)* 25. {{flagicon\|GER}} [Florian Hempel](/wiki/Florian_Hempel "Florian Hempel") *(third round)* 26. {{flagicon\|NED}} [Jermaine Wattimena](/wiki/Jermaine_Wattimena "Jermaine Wattimena") *(first round)* 27. {{flagicon\|ENG}} [Joe Murnan](/wiki/Joe_Murnan "Joe Murnan") *(second round)* 28. {{flagicon\|ENG}} [Ryan Meikle](/wiki/Ryan_Meikle "Ryan Meikle") *(second round)* 29. {{flagicon\|ENG}} Chas Barstow *(second round)* 30. {{flagicon\|ENG}} [Ted Evetts](/wiki/Ted_Evetts "Ted Evetts") *(first round)* 31. {{flagicon\|ENG}} [Adam Hunt](/wiki/Adam_Hunt "Adam Hunt") *(second round)* 32. {{flagicon\|ENG}} [Jason Lowe](/wiki/Jason_Lowe_%28darts_player%29 "Jason Lowe (darts player)") *(second round)* {{col\-break}} **International Qualifiers** *First round* * {{flagicon\|ENG}} [Lisa Ashton](/wiki/Lisa_Ashton "Lisa Ashton") – *Women's Series OoM runner\-up* *(first round)* * {{flagicon\|CZE}} [Roman Benecký](/wiki/Roman_Beneck%C3%BD "Roman Benecký") – *East Europe Qualifier* *(first round)* * {{flagicon\|ENG}} [Bradley Brooks](/wiki/Bradley_Brooks "Bradley Brooks") – *PDC UK Development Tour*{{cite web \|last\=Phillips \|first\=Josh \|title\=Brooks tops UK Development Tour Order of Merit to book Ally Pally spot \|url\=https://www.pdc.tv/news/2021/10/31/brooks\-tops\-uk\-development\-tour\-order\-merit\-book\-ally\-pally\-spot \|website\=PDC \|date\=31 October 2021 \|access\-date\=31 October 2021}} *(first round)* * {{flagicon\|CAN}} [Matt Campbell](/wiki/Matt_Campbell_%28darts_player%29 "Matt Campbell (darts player)") – *PDC Europe Challenge Tour*{{cite web \|title\=Williams and Campbell top Unicorn Challenge Tour Orders of Merit \|date\=5 September 2021 \|url\=https://www.pdc.tv/news/2021/09/05/williams\-and\-campbell\-top\-unicorn\-challenge\-tour\-orders\-merit \|access\-date\=30 September 2021}} *(first round)* * {{flagicon\|PHI}} [Lourence Ilagan](/wiki/Lourence_Ilagan "Lourence Ilagan") – *PDC Asia Philippines Qualifier* {{cite web \|last\=Phillips \|first\=Josh \|title\=Ilagan qualifies for World Championship \& will partner Nebrida at World Cup \|date\=27 July 2021 \|url\=https://www.pdc.tv/news/2021/07/27/ilagan\-qualifies\-world\-championship\-will\-partner\-nebrida\-world\-cup \|access\-date\=30 September 2021}} *(first round)* * {{flagicon\|WAL}} [Nick Kenny](/wiki/Nick_Kenny_%28darts_player%29 "Nick Kenny (darts player)") – *PDPA Qualifier* *(first round)* * {{flagicon\|RUS}} [Boris Koltsov](/wiki/Boris_Koltsov "Boris Koltsov") – *EADC Qualifier*{{cite web \|last\=Phillips \|first\=Josh \|title\=Koltsov wins EADC Qualifier to secure World Championship return \|url\=https://www.pdc.tv/news/2021/10/31/koltsov\-wins\-eadc\-qualifier\-secure\-world\-championship\-return \|website\=PDC \|date\=31 October 2021 \|access\-date\=31 October 2021}} *(second round)* * {{flagicon\|CRO}} [Boris Krčmar](/wiki/Boris_Kr%C4%8Dmar "Boris Krčmar") – *PDPA Qualifier* *(first round)* * {{flagicon\|IND}} [Nitin Kumar](/wiki/Nitin_Kumar "Nitin Kumar") – *Indian Qualifier* *(first round)* * {{flagicon\|HKG}} [Royden Lam](/wiki/Royden_Lam "Royden Lam") – *PDC Asia Hong Kong Qualifier* *(first round)* * {{flagicon\|NED}} [Chris Landman](/wiki/Chris_Landman "Chris Landman") – *West Europe Qualifier* *(second round)* * {{flagicon\|SWE}} [Daniel Larsson](/wiki/Daniel_Larsson_%28darts_player%29 "Daniel Larsson (darts player)") – *PDCNB Order of Merit* *(first round)* * {{flagicon\|USA}} [Danny Lauby](/wiki/Danny_Lauby "Danny Lauby") – *CDC USA Tour*{{cite web \|last1\=Phillips \|first1\=Josh \|title\=Lauby secures World Championship return as US season concludes \|date\=20 September 2021 \|url\=https://www.pdc.tv/news/2021/09/20/lauby\-secures\-world\-championship\-return\-us\-season\-concludes \|access\-date\=30 September 2021}} *(first round)* * {{flagicon\|SIN}} [Paul Lim](/wiki/Paul_Lim "Paul Lim") – *PDC Asia Singapore Qualifier* *(first round)* * ~~{{flagicon\|RSA}} [Charles Losper](/wiki/Charles_Losper "Charles Losper") – *African Qualifier*{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.pdc.tv/news/2021/10/24/african\-qualifier\-losper\-seals\-william\-hill\-world\-championship\-return\|title\=African qualifier Losper seals William Hill World Championship return\|website\=PDC\|date\=24 October 2021 }}~~ *(withdrew)*{{Efn\|name\=Losper}} * {{flagicon\|GRE}} [John Michael](/wiki/John_Michael_%28darts_player%29 "John Michael (darts player)") – *South\-East Europe Qualifier* *(first round)* * {{flagicon\|CAN}} [John Norman Jnr](/wiki/John_Norman_Jnr "John Norman Jnr") – *CDC Canada Tour* *(first round)* * {{flagicon\|BRA}} [Diogo Portela](/wiki/Diogo_Portela "Diogo Portela") – *Central/South America Qualifier*{{cite web \|title\=Portela seals World Championship return \|date\=17 October 2021 \|url\=https://www.pdc.tv/news/2021/10/17/brazils\-portela\-seals\-william\-hill\-world\-darts\-championship\-return \|access\-date\=17 October 2021}} *(first round)* * {{flagicon\|LAT}} [Madars Razma](/wiki/Madars_Razma "Madars Razma") – *PDCNB Order of Merit*{{cite web \|last1\=Plagborg Magnussen \|first1\=Mads \|title\=After consultation with the PDC: The PDCNB season is over \|url\=https://pdc\-nordic.tv/after\-consultation\-with\-the\-pdc\-the\-pdcnb\-season\-is\-over/ \|website\=PDCNB \|date\=13 October 2021 \|access\-date\=13 October 2021}} *(first round)* * {{flagicon\|NZL}} [Ben Robb](/wiki/Ben_Robb "Ben Robb") – *DPNZ Qualifier*{{cite web \|last1\= \|first1\= \|title\=DPNZ cancel Top 16 Playoff for 2021 \|url\=https://www.dartplayers.co.nz/2021/10/23/dpnz\-cancel\-top\-16\-playoff\-for\-2021/ \|website\=Dartplayers New Zealand \|access\-date\=23 October 2021}} *(first round)* * ~~{{flagicon\|ESP}} Juan Rodriguez – *South\-West Europe Qualifier*~~ *(COVID\-19\)*{{Efn\|name\=JRod}} * {{flagicon\|GER}} [Martin Schindler](/wiki/Martin_Schindler "Martin Schindler") – *PDC Europe Super League*{{cite web \|last1\=Phillips \|first1\=Josh \|title\=chindler crowned 2021 PDC Europe Super League champion \|date\=22 April 2021 \|url\=https://www.pdc.tv/news/2021/04/22/schindler\-crowned\-2021\-pdc\-europe\-super\-league\-champion \|access\-date\=30 September 2021}} *(first round)* * {{nowrap\|{{flagicon\|GER}} \[\[Fabian Schmutzler]] – ''PDC Europe Development Tour'' ''(first round)''}} * {{flagicon\|ENG}} [Fallon Sherrock](/wiki/Fallon_Sherrock "Fallon Sherrock") – *Women's Series OoM leader*{{cite web \|last1\=Phillips \|first1\=Josh \|title\=Sherrock books Grand Slam debut with third Women's Series title \|url\=https://www.pdc.tv/news/2021/09/26/sherrock\-books\-grand\-slam\-debut\-third\-womens\-series\-title \|website\=\[\[Professional Darts Corporation]] \|date\=26 September 2021 \|access\-date\=26 September 2021}} *(first round)* * {{flagicon\|JPN}} Toyokazu Shibata – *PDC Asia Japan Qualifier* *(first round)* * {{flagicon\|CAN}} [Jeff Smith](/wiki/Jeff_Smith_%28darts_player%29 "Jeff Smith (darts player)") – *CDC Continental Cup* *(first round)* * {{flagicon\|AUS}} Ky Smith – *Oceanic Masters Winner*{{cite web \|last1\=Phillips \|first1\=Josh \|title\=Ray Smith joins son Ky in qualifying for World Championship \|url\=https://www.pdc.tv/news/2021/10/31/ray\-smith\-joins\-son\-ky\-qualifying\-world\-championship \|website\=PDC \|date\=31 October 2021 \|access\-date\=31 October 2021}} *(first round)* * {{flagicon\|AUS}} [Raymond Smith](/wiki/Raymond_Smith_%28darts_player%29 "Raymond Smith (darts player)") – *DPA Qualifier* *(fourth round)* * ~~{{flagicon\|CHN}} Lihao Wen – *PDC China Champion*~~ *(withdrew)*{{Efn\|name\=Wen}}{{cite web \|last1\=Phillips \|first1\=Josh \|title\=Lihao Wen crowned China champion to qualify for Ally Pally \|url\=https://www.pdc.tv/news/2021/10/30/lihao\-wen\-crowned\-china\-champion\-qualify\-ally\-pally \|website\=PDC \|date\=30 October 2021 \|access\-date\=31 October 2021}} * {{flagicon\|WAL}} [Jim Williams](/wiki/Jim_Williams_%28darts_player%29 "Jim Williams (darts player)") – *PDC UK Challenge Tour* *(second round)* * {{flagicon\|ENG}} [James Wilson](/wiki/James_Wilson_%28darts_player%29 "James Wilson (darts player)") – *PDPA Qualifier* *(first round)* * {{flagicon\|JPN}} [Yuki Yamada](/wiki/Yuki_Yamada_%28darts_player%29 "Yuki Yamada (darts player)") – *PDJ Qualifier*{{cite web \|last1\=Phillips \|first1\=Josh \|title\=Yamada secures Ally Pally return with Japan Qualifier win \|url\=https://www.pdc.tv/news/2021/10/11/yamada\-secures\-ally\-pally\-return\-japan\-qualifier\-win \|website\=\[\[Professional Darts Corporation\|PDC]] \|date\=11 October 2021 \|access\-date\=13 October 2021}} *(first round)* * {{flagicon\|BEL}} [Mike De Decker](/wiki/Mike_De_Decker "Mike De Decker") – *Replacement*{{Efn\|name\=Losper\|\[\[Charles Losper]] withdrew after the draw due to visa issues. \[\[Mike De Decker]], the highest ranked runner\-up from the PDPA Qualifier, replaced him.}} *(second round)* * {{flagicon\|AUS}} [Gordon Mathers](/wiki/Gordon_Mathers "Gordon Mathers") – *Replacement*{{Efn\|name\=JRod\|\[\[Juan Rodriguez (darts player)\|Juan Rodriguez]] withdrew after the draw due to a positive \[\[COVID\-19]] test. \[\[Gordon Mathers]], the second highest ranked runner\-up from the PDPA Qualifier, replaced him.}} *(first round)* * {{flagicon\|ENG}} [Peter Hudson](/wiki/Peter_Hudson_%28darts_player%29 "Peter Hudson (darts player)") – *Replacement*{{Efn\|name\=Wen\|\[\[Lihao Wen]] withdrew after the draw due to visa issues. \[\[Peter Hudson (darts player)\|Peter Hudson]], the third highest ranked runner\-up from the PDPA Qualifier, replaced him.}} *(first round)* {{col\-end}} {{notelist}} #### Seeds [2021](/wiki/2021_PDC_World_Darts_Championship "2021 PDC World Darts Championship") winner [Gerwyn Price](/wiki/Gerwyn_Price "Gerwyn Price"), who since winning has also won the [2021 Grand Slam of Darts](/wiki/2021_Grand_Slam_of_Darts "2021 Grand Slam of Darts"), was top of the two\-year [PDC Order of Merit](/wiki/PDC_Order_of_Merit "PDC Order of Merit") and number one seed going into the tournament. [2020](/wiki/2020_PDC_World_Darts_Championship "2020 PDC World Darts Championship") winner [Peter Wright](/wiki/Peter_Wright_%28darts_player%29 "Peter Wright (darts player)"), the winner of the [2021 World Matchplay](/wiki/2021_World_Matchplay "2021 World Matchplay") and part of the victorious Scotland team at the [2021 PDC World Cup of Darts](/wiki/2021_PDC_World_Cup_of_Darts "2021 PDC World Cup of Darts"), was second seed and [Michael van Gerwen](/wiki/Michael_van_Gerwen "Michael van Gerwen"), the three\-time World Champion from [2014](/wiki/2014_PDC_World_Darts_Championship "2014 PDC World Darts Championship"), [2017](/wiki/2017_PDC_World_Darts_Championship "2017 PDC World Darts Championship") and [2019](/wiki/2019_PDC_World_Darts_Championship "2019 PDC World Darts Championship"), was third seed. As well as Price, Wright and Van Gerwen, two other previous PDC world champions qualified as seeds; [2015](/wiki/2015_PDC_World_Darts_Championship "2015 PDC World Darts Championship") and [2016 World Champion](/wiki/2016_PDC_World_Darts_Championship "2016 PDC World Darts Championship") and 2021 runner\-up [Gary Anderson](/wiki/Gary_Anderson_%28darts_player%29 "Gary Anderson (darts player)") was 6th seeded, and [2018 World Champion](/wiki/2018_PDC_World_Darts_Championship "2018 PDC World Darts Championship") and [2021 European Champion](/wiki/2021_European_Championship_%28darts%29 "2021 European Championship (darts)") [Rob Cross](/wiki/Rob_Cross_%28darts_player%29 "Rob Cross (darts player)") was the 11th seed. Two former champions of the [BDO World Darts Championship](/wiki/BDO_World_Darts_Championship "BDO World Darts Championship") qualified as seeds; three\-time BDO champion [Glen Durrant](/wiki/Glen_Durrant "Glen Durrant") was the 24th seed with [2014 BDO champion](/wiki/2014_BDO_World_Darts_Championship "2014 BDO World Darts Championship") [Stephen Bunting](/wiki/Stephen_Bunting "Stephen Bunting") in 16th.{{cite web \|last1\=Allen \|first1\=Dave \|title\=Price top seed as William Hill World Championship field confirmed \|date\=28 November 2021 \|url\=https://www.pdc.tv/news/2021/11/28/price\-top\-seed\-william\-hill\-world\-championship\-field\-confirmed \|publisher\=\[\[Professional Darts Corporation\|PDC]] \|access\-date\=14 December 2021}} The top seeds behind Price, Wright and Van Gerwen were [2021 UK Open](/wiki/2021_UK_Open "2021 UK Open") champion [James Wade](/wiki/James_Wade "James Wade"), [2020 World Matchplay](/wiki/2020_World_Matchplay "2020 World Matchplay") winner [Dimitri Van den Bergh](/wiki/Dimitri_Van_den_Bergh "Dimitri Van den Bergh"), Anderson, [2020 Grand Slam of Darts](/wiki/2020_Grand_Slam_of_Darts "2020 Grand Slam of Darts") winner [José de Sousa](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Sousa "José de Sousa"), and [2021 Masters](/wiki/2021_Masters_%28darts%29 "2021 Masters (darts)"), [Premier League](/wiki/2021_Premier_League_Darts "2021 Premier League Darts"), [World Series Finals](/wiki/2021_World_Series_of_Darts_Finals "2021 World Series of Darts Finals") and [World Grand Prix](/wiki/2021_World_Grand_Prix "2021 World Grand Prix") champion [Jonny Clayton](/wiki/Jonny_Clayton "Jonny Clayton"). #### Pro Tour qualification [Callan Rydz](/wiki/Callan_Rydz "Callan Rydz"), a two\-time event winner on the [2021 PDC Pro Tour](/wiki/2021_PDC_Pro_Tour "2021 PDC Pro Tour"), was the highest\-ranked non\-seed on the 2021 PDC Pro Tour Order of Merit. [2007 World Champion](/wiki/2007_PDC_World_Darts_Championship "2007 PDC World Darts Championship") [Raymond van Barneveld](/wiki/Raymond_van_Barneveld "Raymond van Barneveld") returned as a Pro Tour qualifier, having announced his retirement following a first\-round exit in 2020, and then reversed his decision after a year out. Van Barneveld was one of two former PDC World Champions to qualify via the Pro Tour, with [2011](/wiki/2011_PDC_World_Darts_Championship "2011 PDC World Darts Championship") and [2012](/wiki/2012_PDC_World_Darts_Championship "2012 PDC World Darts Championship") winner [Adrian Lewis](/wiki/Adrian_Lewis "Adrian Lewis") also qualifying. The highest\-ranked debutant via the Pro Tour was [Scott Mitchell](/wiki/Scott_Mitchell_%28darts_player%29 "Scott Mitchell (darts player)"), the [2015 BDO World Champion](/wiki/2015_BDO_World_Darts_Championship "2015 BDO World Darts Championship"). As well as Mitchell and four\-time BDO World Champion Van Barneveld, [1996 BDO champion](/wiki/1996_BDO_World_Darts_Championship "1996 BDO World Darts Championship") [Steve Beaton](/wiki/Steve_Beaton "Steve Beaton") also qualified via the Pro Tour, making a record 31st consecutive World Championship appearance.{{cite web \|last1\=Phillips \|first1\=Josh \|title\=Lim and Beaton among record\-breakers in World Championship field \|date\=13 December 2021 \|url\=https://www.pdc.tv/news/2021/12/13/lim\-and\-beaton\-among\-record\-breakers\-world\-championship\-field \|publisher\=\[\[Professional Darts Corporation\|PDC]] \|access\-date\=4 January 2023 }} As well as Mitchell, other players qualifying for their PDC World Championship debuts were [Alan Soutar](/wiki/Alan_Soutar "Alan Soutar"), Jason Heaver, [William Borland](/wiki/William_Borland_%28darts_player%29 "William Borland (darts player)"), [Rusty\-Jake Rodriguez](/wiki/Rusty-Jake_Rodriguez "Rusty-Jake Rodriguez"), [Lewy Williams](/wiki/Lewy_Williams "Lewy Williams"), [Florian Hempel](/wiki/Florian_Hempel "Florian Hempel") and [Chas Barstow](/wiki/Chas_Barstow "Chas Barstow"). [Martijn Kleermaker](/wiki/Martijn_Kleermaker "Martijn Kleermaker") also appeared for the first time, having withdrawn from the 2021 tournament following a positive [COVID\-19 test](/wiki/COVID-19_test "COVID-19 test"). Other players qualifying via the Pro Tour included the [2021 World Youth Champion](/wiki/2021_PDC_World_Youth_Championship "2021 PDC World Youth Championship") [Ted Evetts](/wiki/Ted_Evetts "Ted Evetts") and [2021 PDC World Cup of Darts](/wiki/2021_PDC_World_Cup_of_Darts "2021 PDC World Cup of Darts") finalist [Rowby\-John Rodriguez](/wiki/Rowby-John_Rodriguez "Rowby-John Rodriguez"), who along with his brother Rusty\-Jake became the fourth pair of siblings to compete in the same World Championship. #### Unranked qualifiers The final group of 32 qualifiers were determined by a series of [international qualifiers](/wiki/2021_PDC_Pro_Tour%23World_Championship_International_Qualifiers "2021 PDC Pro Tour#World Championship International Qualifiers") and secondary tours. The PDC Development and Challenge Tours were split into UK and EU sections this year, meaning that an extra qualification spot was available via the Challenge Tour. The PDC Asian Tour was not held for a second consecutive year, with one\-off qualification tournaments being held to replace it. The two Australian qualification spots were taken by [Raymond Smith](/wiki/Raymond_Smith_%28darts_player%29 "Raymond Smith (darts player)") and [Ky Smith](/wiki/Ky_Smith "Ky Smith"), the first father\-and\-son to play in the same PDC World Darts Championship. [Paul Lim](/wiki/Paul_Lim "Paul Lim") qualified via the Singapore qualifier, becoming at age 67 and 326 days the oldest player to compete in the World Championship; while [Fabian Schmutzler](/wiki/Fabian_Schmutzler "Fabian Schmutzler"), who qualified via the Development Tour, was the second\-youngest player ever to compete in the World Championship. Four\-time [BDO Women's World Champion](/wiki/BDO_World_Darts_Championship "BDO World Darts Championship") [Lisa Ashton](/wiki/Lisa_Ashton "Lisa Ashton") qualified via the PDC Women's Tour, alongside [Fallon Sherrock](/wiki/Fallon_Sherrock "Fallon Sherrock"), the [2021 Grand Slam of Darts](/wiki/2021_Grand_Slam_of_Darts "2021 Grand Slam of Darts") quarter\-finalist and only woman to have previously won a match at the PDC World Darts Championship.{{cite web \|last\=Allen \|first\=Dave \|title\=Sherrock \& Ashton secure William Hill World Darts Championship return \|date\=23 October 2021 \|url\=https://www.pdc.tv/news/2021/10/23/sherrock\-ashton\-secure\-william\-hill\-world\-darts\-championship\-return \|publisher\=\[\[Professional Darts Corporation\|PDC]] \|access\-date\=14 December 2021}} The final three places were awarded to the winners of a qualification tournament for PDPA members, with the winners being [Nick Kenny](/wiki/Nick_Kenny_%28darts_player%29 "Nick Kenny (darts player)"), [Boris Krčmar](/wiki/Boris_Kr%C4%8Dmar "Boris Krčmar") and [James Wilson](/wiki/James_Wilson_%28darts_player%29 "James Wilson (darts player)").{{cite web \|last1\=Phillips \|first1\=Josh \|title\=Wilson, Krcmar \& Kenny claim final World Championship places \|date\=29 November 2021 \|url\=https://www.pdc.tv/news/2021/11/29/wilson\-krcmar\-kenny\-claim\-final\-world\-championship\-places \|publisher\=\[\[Professional Darts Corporation\|PDC]] \|access\-date\=14 December 2021}} Three of the international qualifiers withdrew following the draw; [Charles Losper](/wiki/Charles_Losper "Charles Losper") and [Lihao Wen](/wiki/Lihao_Wen "Lihao Wen"), due to visa issues, and potential debutant [Juan Rodriguez](/wiki/Juan_Rodriguez_%28darts_player%29 "Juan Rodriguez (darts player)"), following a positive test for [COVID\-19](/wiki/COVID-19 "COVID-19"). They were replaced by runners\-up from the PDPA qualifier in Order of Merit order, [Mike De Decker](/wiki/Mike_De_Decker "Mike De Decker"),{{cite web \|last\=Allen \|first\=Dave \|title\=Losper replaced by De Decker for William Hill World Championship \|date\=6 December 2021 \|url\=https://www.pdc.tv/news/2021/12/06/losper\-replaced\-de\-decker\-william\-hill\-world\-championship \|publisher\=\[\[Professional Darts Corporation\|PDC]] \|access\-date\=14 December 2021}} [Gordon Mathers](/wiki/Gordon_Mathers "Gordon Mathers"){{cite web \|last1\=Allen \|first1\=Dave \|title\=Mathers replaces Rodriguez in William Hill World Darts Championship \|date\=11 December 2021 \|url\=https://www.pdc.tv/news/2021/12/11/mathers\-replaces\-rodriguez\-william\-hill\-world\-darts\-championship \|publisher\=\[\[Professional Darts Corporation\|PDC]] \|access\-date\=14 December 2021}} and [Peter Hudson](/wiki/Peter_Hudson_%28darts_player%29 "Peter Hudson (darts player)").{{cite web \|last\=Allen \|first\=Dave \|title\=Hudson replaces Wen in William Hill World Darts Championship \|date\=14 December 2021 \|url\=https://www.pdc.tv/news/2021/12/14/hudson\-replaces\-wen\-william\-hill\-world\-darts\-championship \|publisher\=\[\[Professional Darts Corporation\|PDC]] \|access\-date\=14 December 2021}} Debutants via the international and invitation qualifiers were [Roman Benecký](/wiki/Roman_Beneck%C3%BD "Roman Benecký"), [Chris Landman](/wiki/Chris_Landman "Chris Landman"), [John Norman Jnr](/wiki/John_Norman_Jnr "John Norman Jnr"), [Fabian Schmutzler](/wiki/Fabian_Schmutzler "Fabian Schmutzler"), [Toyokazu Shibata](/wiki/Toyokazu_Shibata "Toyokazu Shibata"), [Ky Smith](/wiki/Ky_Smith "Ky Smith") and [Jim Williams](/wiki/Jim_Williams_%28darts_player%29 "Jim Williams (darts player)").
[ "### Qualifiers", "The top 32 from the [PDC Order of Merit](/wiki/PDC_Order_of_Merit \"PDC Order of Merit\") began the competition in the second round. The 32 highest ranked players on the PDC Pro Tour Order of Merit (not already qualified) and 32 qualifiers from around the world began in the first round.{{cite web \\|last1\\=PDC \\|title\\= Order of Merit Rules, 3\\.1\\|url\\=https://www.pdc.tv/pdc\\-order\\-merit\\-rules\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Professional Darts Corporation\\|PDC]] \\|access\\-date\\=20 February 2020}}", "This was the first time since the [2014 PDC World Darts Championship](/wiki/2014_PDC_World_Darts_Championship \"2014 PDC World Darts Championship\") that [Michael van Gerwen](/wiki/Michael_van_Gerwen \"Michael van Gerwen\") would not be seeded for the tournament as the World number 1, with reigning champion [Gerwyn Price](/wiki/Gerwyn_Price \"Gerwyn Price\") taking his spot.", "{{col\\-begin}}\n{{col\\-break}}\n**Order of Merit**{{cite web \\|title\\= WC Race Table\\|url\\=https://www.pdpa.co.uk/pdc/wc\\-race\\-table/ \\|access\\-date\\=30 September 2021}} \n*Second round (seeded)*", "{{seeds\\|1\\|1}} {{flagicon\\|WAL}} [Gerwyn Price](/wiki/Gerwyn_Price \"Gerwyn Price\") *(quarter\\-finals)*\n{{seeds\\|2\\|3}} {{flagicon\\|SCO}} **[Peter Wright](/wiki/Peter_Wright_%28darts_player%29 \"Peter Wright (darts player)\") (champion)**\n{{seeds\\|3\\|4}} {{flagicon\\|NED}} [Michael van Gerwen](/wiki/Michael_van_Gerwen \"Michael van Gerwen\") *(third round, COVID\\-19\\)*\n{{seeds\\|4\\|2}} {{flagicon\\|ENG}} [James Wade](/wiki/James_Wade \"James Wade\") *(semi\\-finals)*\n{{seeds\\|5\\|2}} {{flagicon\\|BEL}} [Dimitri Van den Bergh](/wiki/Dimitri_Van_den_Bergh \"Dimitri Van den Bergh\") *(second round)*\n{{seeds\\|6\\|4}} {{flagicon\\|SCO}} [Gary Anderson](/wiki/Gary_Anderson_%28darts_player%29 \"Gary Anderson (darts player)\") *(semi\\-finals)*\n{{seeds\\|7\\|3}} {{flagicon\\|POR}} [José de Sousa](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Sousa \"José de Sousa\") *(third round)*\n{{seeds\\|8\\|1}} {{flagicon\\|WAL}} [Jonny Clayton](/wiki/Jonny_Clayton \"Jonny Clayton\") *(fourth round)*\n{{seeds\\|9\\|1}} {{flagicon\\|ENG}} [Michael Smith](/wiki/Michael_Smith_%28darts_player%29 \"Michael Smith (darts player)\") *(runner\\-up)*\n{{seeds\\|10\\|3}} {{flagicon\\|ENG}} [Nathan Aspinall](/wiki/Nathan_Aspinall \"Nathan Aspinall\") *(third round)*\n{{seeds\\|11\\|4}} {{flagicon\\|ENG}} [Rob Cross](/wiki/Rob_Cross_%28darts_player%29 \"Rob Cross (darts player)\") *(fourth round)*\n{{seeds\\|12\\|2}} {{flagicon\\|POL}} [Krzysztof Ratajski](/wiki/Krzysztof_Ratajski \"Krzysztof Ratajski\") *(second round)*\n{{seeds\\|13\\|2}} {{flagicon\\|ENG}} [Joe Cullen](/wiki/Joe_Cullen_%28darts_player%29 \"Joe Cullen (darts player)\") *(third round)*\n{{seeds\\|14\\|4}} {{flagicon\\|ENG}} [Dave Chisnall](/wiki/Dave_Chisnall \"Dave Chisnall\") *(third round, COVID\\-19\\)*\n{{seeds\\|15\\|3}} {{flagicon\\|ENG}} [Ryan Searle](/wiki/Ryan_Searle_%28darts_player%29 \"Ryan Searle (darts player)\") *(fourth round)*\n{{seeds\\|16\\|1}} {{flagicon\\|ENG}} [Stephen Bunting](/wiki/Stephen_Bunting \"Stephen Bunting\") *(second round)*\n{{seeds\\|17\\|1}} {{flagicon\\|NED}} [Dirk van Duijvenbode](/wiki/Dirk_van_Duijvenbode \"Dirk van Duijvenbode\") *(fourth round)*\n{{seeds\\|18\\|3}} {{flagicon\\|NED}} [Danny Noppert](/wiki/Danny_Noppert \"Danny Noppert\") *(third round)*\n{{seeds\\|19\\|4}} {{flagicon\\|ENG}} [Luke Humphries](/wiki/Luke_Humphries \"Luke Humphries\") *(quarter\\-finals)*\n{{seeds\\|20\\|2}} {{flagicon\\|AUS}} [Simon Whitlock](/wiki/Simon_Whitlock \"Simon Whitlock\") *(second round)*\n{{seeds\\|21\\|2}} {{flagicon\\|ENG}} [Mervyn King](/wiki/Mervyn_King_%28darts_player%29 \"Mervyn King (darts player)\") *(quarter\\-finals)*\n{{seeds\\|22\\|4}} {{flagicon\\|NIR}} [Daryl Gurney](/wiki/Daryl_Gurney \"Daryl Gurney\") *(third round)*\n{{seeds\\|23\\|3}} {{flagicon\\|NIR}} [Brendan Dolan](/wiki/Brendan_Dolan \"Brendan Dolan\") *(second round)*\n{{seeds\\|24\\|1}} {{flagicon\\|ENG}} [Glen Durrant](/wiki/Glen_Durrant \"Glen Durrant\") *(second round)*\n{{seeds\\|25\\|1}} {{flagicon\\|GER}} [Gabriel Clemens](/wiki/Gabriel_Clemens \"Gabriel Clemens\") *(third round)*\n{{seeds\\|26\\|3}} {{flagicon\\|AUT}} [Mensur Suljović](/wiki/Mensur_Suljovi%C4%87 \"Mensur Suljović\") *(second round)*\n{{seeds\\|27\\|4}} {{flagicon\\|ENG}} [Ian White](/wiki/Ian_White_%28darts_player%29 \"Ian White (darts player)\") *(third round)*\n{{seeds\\|28\\|2}} {{flagicon\\|RSA}} [Devon Petersen](/wiki/Devon_Petersen \"Devon Petersen\") *(second round)*\n{{seeds\\|29\\|2}} {{nowrap\\|1\\={{flagicon\\|NED}} \\[\\[Vincent van der Voort]] ''(third round, COVID\\-19\\)''}}\n{{seeds\\|30\\|4}} {{flagicon\\|ENG}} [Chris Dobey](/wiki/Chris_Dobey \"Chris Dobey\") *(fourth round)*\n{{seeds\\|31\\|3}} {{flagicon\\|AUS}} [Damon Heta](/wiki/Damon_Heta \"Damon Heta\") *(third round)*\n{{seeds\\|32\\|1}} {{flagicon\\|BEL}} [Kim Huybrechts](/wiki/Kim_Huybrechts \"Kim Huybrechts\") *(third round)*", "{{col\\-break}}\n**Pro Tour Order of Merit** \n*First round*\n1. {{flagicon\\|ENG}} [Callan Rydz](/wiki/Callan_Rydz \"Callan Rydz\") *(quarter\\-finals)*\n2. {{flagicon\\|ENG}} [Ross Smith](/wiki/Ross_Smith_%28darts_player%29 \"Ross Smith (darts player)\") *(third round)*\n3. {{nowrap\\|{{flagicon\\|NED}} \\[\\[Raymond van Barneveld]] ''(second round)''}}\n4. {{flagicon\\|ENG}} [Ryan Joyce](/wiki/Ryan_Joyce \"Ryan Joyce\") *(second round)*\n5. {{flagicon\\|ENG}} [Adrian Lewis](/wiki/Adrian_Lewis \"Adrian Lewis\") *(second round)*\n6. {{flagicon\\|ENG}} [Scott Mitchell](/wiki/Scott_Mitchell_%28darts_player%29 \"Scott Mitchell (darts player)\") *(first round)*\n7. {{flagicon\\|SCO}} [Alan Soutar](/wiki/Alan_Soutar \"Alan Soutar\") *(fourth round)*\n8. {{flagicon\\|NED}} [Martijn Kleermaker](/wiki/Martijn_Kleermaker \"Martijn Kleermaker\") *(fourth round)*\n9. {{flagicon\\|LTU}} [Darius Labanauskas](/wiki/Darius_Labanauskas \"Darius Labanauskas\") *(first round)*\n10. {{flagicon\\|ENG}} [Ritchie Edhouse](/wiki/Ritchie_Edhouse \"Ritchie Edhouse\") *(second round)*\n11. {{flagicon\\|ENG}} [Luke Woodhouse](/wiki/Luke_Woodhouse \"Luke Woodhouse\") *(second round)*\n12. {{flagicon\\|ENG}} [Jamie Hughes](/wiki/Jamie_Hughes_%28darts_player%29 \"Jamie Hughes (darts player)\") *(first round)*\n13. {{flagicon\\|NED}} [Maik Kuivenhoven](/wiki/Maik_Kuivenhoven \"Maik Kuivenhoven\") *(second round)*\n14. {{flagicon\\|AUT}} [Rowby\\-John Rodriguez](/wiki/Rowby-John_Rodriguez \"Rowby-John Rodriguez\") *(second round)*\n15. {{flagicon\\|ENG}} [Steve Beaton](/wiki/Steve_Beaton \"Steve Beaton\") *(second round)*\n16. {{flagicon\\|IRL}} [William O'Connor](/wiki/William_O%27Connor_%28darts_player%29 \"William O'Connor (darts player)\") *(third round)*\n17. {{flagicon\\|ENG}} [Ricky Evans](/wiki/Ricky_Evans_%28darts_player%29 \"Ricky Evans (darts player)\") *(second round)*\n18. {{flagicon\\|IRL}} [Keane Barry](/wiki/Keane_Barry \"Keane Barry\") *(second round)*\n19. {{flagicon\\|ENG}} Jason Heaver *(second round)*\n20. {{flagicon\\|SCO}} [William Borland](/wiki/William_Borland_%28darts_player%29 \"William Borland (darts player)\") *(second round)*\n21. {{flagicon\\|NED}} [Ron Meulenkamp](/wiki/Ron_Meulenkamp \"Ron Meulenkamp\") *(second round)*\n22. {{flagicon\\|IRL}} [Steve Lennon](/wiki/Steve_Lennon \"Steve Lennon\") *(third round)*\n23. {{flagicon\\|AUT}} [Rusty\\-Jake Rodriguez](/wiki/Rusty-Jake_Rodriguez \"Rusty-Jake Rodriguez\") *(second round)*\n24. {{flagicon\\|WAL}} [Lewy Williams](/wiki/Lewy_Williams \"Lewy Williams\") *(second round)*\n25. {{flagicon\\|GER}} [Florian Hempel](/wiki/Florian_Hempel \"Florian Hempel\") *(third round)*\n26. {{flagicon\\|NED}} [Jermaine Wattimena](/wiki/Jermaine_Wattimena \"Jermaine Wattimena\") *(first round)*\n27. {{flagicon\\|ENG}} [Joe Murnan](/wiki/Joe_Murnan \"Joe Murnan\") *(second round)*\n28. {{flagicon\\|ENG}} [Ryan Meikle](/wiki/Ryan_Meikle \"Ryan Meikle\") *(second round)*\n29. {{flagicon\\|ENG}} Chas Barstow *(second round)*\n30. {{flagicon\\|ENG}} [Ted Evetts](/wiki/Ted_Evetts \"Ted Evetts\") *(first round)*\n31. {{flagicon\\|ENG}} [Adam Hunt](/wiki/Adam_Hunt \"Adam Hunt\") *(second round)*\n32. {{flagicon\\|ENG}} [Jason Lowe](/wiki/Jason_Lowe_%28darts_player%29 \"Jason Lowe (darts player)\") *(second round)*\n{{col\\-break}}\n**International Qualifiers** \n*First round*\n* {{flagicon\\|ENG}} [Lisa Ashton](/wiki/Lisa_Ashton \"Lisa Ashton\") – *Women's Series OoM runner\\-up* *(first round)*\n* {{flagicon\\|CZE}} [Roman Benecký](/wiki/Roman_Beneck%C3%BD \"Roman Benecký\") – *East Europe Qualifier* *(first round)*\n* {{flagicon\\|ENG}} [Bradley Brooks](/wiki/Bradley_Brooks \"Bradley Brooks\") – *PDC UK Development Tour*{{cite web \\|last\\=Phillips \\|first\\=Josh \\|title\\=Brooks tops UK Development Tour Order of Merit to book Ally Pally spot \\|url\\=https://www.pdc.tv/news/2021/10/31/brooks\\-tops\\-uk\\-development\\-tour\\-order\\-merit\\-book\\-ally\\-pally\\-spot \\|website\\=PDC \\|date\\=31 October 2021 \\|access\\-date\\=31 October 2021}} *(first round)*\n* {{flagicon\\|CAN}} [Matt Campbell](/wiki/Matt_Campbell_%28darts_player%29 \"Matt Campbell (darts player)\") – *PDC Europe Challenge Tour*{{cite web \\|title\\=Williams and Campbell top Unicorn Challenge Tour Orders of Merit \\|date\\=5 September 2021 \\|url\\=https://www.pdc.tv/news/2021/09/05/williams\\-and\\-campbell\\-top\\-unicorn\\-challenge\\-tour\\-orders\\-merit \\|access\\-date\\=30 September 2021}} *(first round)*\n* {{flagicon\\|PHI}} [Lourence Ilagan](/wiki/Lourence_Ilagan \"Lourence Ilagan\") – *PDC Asia Philippines Qualifier* {{cite web \\|last\\=Phillips \\|first\\=Josh \\|title\\=Ilagan qualifies for World Championship \\& will partner Nebrida at World Cup \\|date\\=27 July 2021 \\|url\\=https://www.pdc.tv/news/2021/07/27/ilagan\\-qualifies\\-world\\-championship\\-will\\-partner\\-nebrida\\-world\\-cup \\|access\\-date\\=30 September 2021}} *(first round)*\n* {{flagicon\\|WAL}} [Nick Kenny](/wiki/Nick_Kenny_%28darts_player%29 \"Nick Kenny (darts player)\") – *PDPA Qualifier* *(first round)*\n* {{flagicon\\|RUS}} [Boris Koltsov](/wiki/Boris_Koltsov \"Boris Koltsov\") – *EADC Qualifier*{{cite web \\|last\\=Phillips \\|first\\=Josh \\|title\\=Koltsov wins EADC Qualifier to secure World Championship return \\|url\\=https://www.pdc.tv/news/2021/10/31/koltsov\\-wins\\-eadc\\-qualifier\\-secure\\-world\\-championship\\-return \\|website\\=PDC \\|date\\=31 October 2021 \\|access\\-date\\=31 October 2021}} *(second round)*\n* {{flagicon\\|CRO}} [Boris Krčmar](/wiki/Boris_Kr%C4%8Dmar \"Boris Krčmar\") – *PDPA Qualifier* *(first round)*\n* {{flagicon\\|IND}} [Nitin Kumar](/wiki/Nitin_Kumar \"Nitin Kumar\") – *Indian Qualifier* *(first round)*\n* {{flagicon\\|HKG}} [Royden Lam](/wiki/Royden_Lam \"Royden Lam\") – *PDC Asia Hong Kong Qualifier* *(first round)*\n* {{flagicon\\|NED}} [Chris Landman](/wiki/Chris_Landman \"Chris Landman\") – *West Europe Qualifier* *(second round)*\n* {{flagicon\\|SWE}} [Daniel Larsson](/wiki/Daniel_Larsson_%28darts_player%29 \"Daniel Larsson (darts player)\") – *PDCNB Order of Merit* *(first round)*\n* {{flagicon\\|USA}} [Danny Lauby](/wiki/Danny_Lauby \"Danny Lauby\") – *CDC USA Tour*{{cite web \\|last1\\=Phillips \\|first1\\=Josh \\|title\\=Lauby secures World Championship return as US season concludes \\|date\\=20 September 2021 \\|url\\=https://www.pdc.tv/news/2021/09/20/lauby\\-secures\\-world\\-championship\\-return\\-us\\-season\\-concludes \\|access\\-date\\=30 September 2021}} *(first round)*\n* {{flagicon\\|SIN}} [Paul Lim](/wiki/Paul_Lim \"Paul Lim\") – *PDC Asia Singapore Qualifier* *(first round)*\n* ~~{{flagicon\\|RSA}} [Charles Losper](/wiki/Charles_Losper \"Charles Losper\") – *African Qualifier*{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.pdc.tv/news/2021/10/24/african\\-qualifier\\-losper\\-seals\\-william\\-hill\\-world\\-championship\\-return\\|title\\=African qualifier Losper seals William Hill World Championship return\\|website\\=PDC\\|date\\=24 October 2021 }}~~ *(withdrew)*{{Efn\\|name\\=Losper}}\n* {{flagicon\\|GRE}} [John Michael](/wiki/John_Michael_%28darts_player%29 \"John Michael (darts player)\") – *South\\-East Europe Qualifier* *(first round)*\n* {{flagicon\\|CAN}} [John Norman Jnr](/wiki/John_Norman_Jnr \"John Norman Jnr\") – *CDC Canada Tour* *(first round)*\n* {{flagicon\\|BRA}} [Diogo Portela](/wiki/Diogo_Portela \"Diogo Portela\") – *Central/South America Qualifier*{{cite web \\|title\\=Portela seals World Championship return \\|date\\=17 October 2021 \\|url\\=https://www.pdc.tv/news/2021/10/17/brazils\\-portela\\-seals\\-william\\-hill\\-world\\-darts\\-championship\\-return \\|access\\-date\\=17 October 2021}} *(first round)*\n* {{flagicon\\|LAT}} [Madars Razma](/wiki/Madars_Razma \"Madars Razma\") – *PDCNB Order of Merit*{{cite web \\|last1\\=Plagborg Magnussen \\|first1\\=Mads \\|title\\=After consultation with the PDC: The PDCNB season is over \\|url\\=https://pdc\\-nordic.tv/after\\-consultation\\-with\\-the\\-pdc\\-the\\-pdcnb\\-season\\-is\\-over/ \\|website\\=PDCNB \\|date\\=13 October 2021 \\|access\\-date\\=13 October 2021}} *(first round)*\n* {{flagicon\\|NZL}} [Ben Robb](/wiki/Ben_Robb \"Ben Robb\") – *DPNZ Qualifier*{{cite web \\|last1\\= \\|first1\\= \\|title\\=DPNZ cancel Top 16 Playoff for 2021 \\|url\\=https://www.dartplayers.co.nz/2021/10/23/dpnz\\-cancel\\-top\\-16\\-playoff\\-for\\-2021/ \\|website\\=Dartplayers New Zealand \\|access\\-date\\=23 October 2021}} *(first round)*\n* ~~{{flagicon\\|ESP}} Juan Rodriguez – *South\\-West Europe Qualifier*~~ *(COVID\\-19\\)*{{Efn\\|name\\=JRod}}\n* {{flagicon\\|GER}} [Martin Schindler](/wiki/Martin_Schindler \"Martin Schindler\") – *PDC Europe Super League*{{cite web \\|last1\\=Phillips \\|first1\\=Josh \\|title\\=chindler crowned 2021 PDC Europe Super League champion \\|date\\=22 April 2021 \\|url\\=https://www.pdc.tv/news/2021/04/22/schindler\\-crowned\\-2021\\-pdc\\-europe\\-super\\-league\\-champion \\|access\\-date\\=30 September 2021}} *(first round)*\n* {{nowrap\\|{{flagicon\\|GER}} \\[\\[Fabian Schmutzler]] – ''PDC Europe Development Tour'' ''(first round)''}}\n* {{flagicon\\|ENG}} [Fallon Sherrock](/wiki/Fallon_Sherrock \"Fallon Sherrock\") – *Women's Series OoM leader*{{cite web \\|last1\\=Phillips \\|first1\\=Josh \\|title\\=Sherrock books Grand Slam debut with third Women's Series title \\|url\\=https://www.pdc.tv/news/2021/09/26/sherrock\\-books\\-grand\\-slam\\-debut\\-third\\-womens\\-series\\-title \\|website\\=\\[\\[Professional Darts Corporation]] \\|date\\=26 September 2021 \\|access\\-date\\=26 September 2021}} *(first round)*\n* {{flagicon\\|JPN}} Toyokazu Shibata – *PDC Asia Japan Qualifier* *(first round)*\n* {{flagicon\\|CAN}} [Jeff Smith](/wiki/Jeff_Smith_%28darts_player%29 \"Jeff Smith (darts player)\") – *CDC Continental Cup* *(first round)*\n* {{flagicon\\|AUS}} Ky Smith – *Oceanic Masters Winner*{{cite web \\|last1\\=Phillips \\|first1\\=Josh \\|title\\=Ray Smith joins son Ky in qualifying for World Championship \\|url\\=https://www.pdc.tv/news/2021/10/31/ray\\-smith\\-joins\\-son\\-ky\\-qualifying\\-world\\-championship \\|website\\=PDC \\|date\\=31 October 2021 \\|access\\-date\\=31 October 2021}} *(first round)*\n* {{flagicon\\|AUS}} [Raymond Smith](/wiki/Raymond_Smith_%28darts_player%29 \"Raymond Smith (darts player)\") – *DPA Qualifier* *(fourth round)*\n* ~~{{flagicon\\|CHN}} Lihao Wen – *PDC China Champion*~~ *(withdrew)*{{Efn\\|name\\=Wen}}{{cite web \\|last1\\=Phillips \\|first1\\=Josh \\|title\\=Lihao Wen crowned China champion to qualify for Ally Pally \\|url\\=https://www.pdc.tv/news/2021/10/30/lihao\\-wen\\-crowned\\-china\\-champion\\-qualify\\-ally\\-pally \\|website\\=PDC \\|date\\=30 October 2021 \\|access\\-date\\=31 October 2021}}\n* {{flagicon\\|WAL}} [Jim Williams](/wiki/Jim_Williams_%28darts_player%29 \"Jim Williams (darts player)\") – *PDC UK Challenge Tour* *(second round)*\n* {{flagicon\\|ENG}} [James Wilson](/wiki/James_Wilson_%28darts_player%29 \"James Wilson (darts player)\") – *PDPA Qualifier* *(first round)*\n* {{flagicon\\|JPN}} [Yuki Yamada](/wiki/Yuki_Yamada_%28darts_player%29 \"Yuki Yamada (darts player)\") – *PDJ Qualifier*{{cite web \\|last1\\=Phillips \\|first1\\=Josh \\|title\\=Yamada secures Ally Pally return with Japan Qualifier win \\|url\\=https://www.pdc.tv/news/2021/10/11/yamada\\-secures\\-ally\\-pally\\-return\\-japan\\-qualifier\\-win \\|website\\=\\[\\[Professional Darts Corporation\\|PDC]] \\|date\\=11 October 2021 \\|access\\-date\\=13 October 2021}} *(first round)*\n* {{flagicon\\|BEL}} [Mike De Decker](/wiki/Mike_De_Decker \"Mike De Decker\") – *Replacement*{{Efn\\|name\\=Losper\\|\\[\\[Charles Losper]] withdrew after the draw due to visa issues. \\[\\[Mike De Decker]], the highest ranked runner\\-up from the PDPA Qualifier, replaced him.}} *(second round)*\n* {{flagicon\\|AUS}} [Gordon Mathers](/wiki/Gordon_Mathers \"Gordon Mathers\") – *Replacement*{{Efn\\|name\\=JRod\\|\\[\\[Juan Rodriguez (darts player)\\|Juan Rodriguez]] withdrew after the draw due to a positive \\[\\[COVID\\-19]] test. \\[\\[Gordon Mathers]], the second highest ranked runner\\-up from the PDPA Qualifier, replaced him.}} *(first round)*\n* {{flagicon\\|ENG}} [Peter Hudson](/wiki/Peter_Hudson_%28darts_player%29 \"Peter Hudson (darts player)\") – *Replacement*{{Efn\\|name\\=Wen\\|\\[\\[Lihao Wen]] withdrew after the draw due to visa issues. \\[\\[Peter Hudson (darts player)\\|Peter Hudson]], the third highest ranked runner\\-up from the PDPA Qualifier, replaced him.}} *(first round)*\n{{col\\-end}}\n{{notelist}}", "#### Seeds", "[2021](/wiki/2021_PDC_World_Darts_Championship \"2021 PDC World Darts Championship\") winner [Gerwyn Price](/wiki/Gerwyn_Price \"Gerwyn Price\"), who since winning has also won the [2021 Grand Slam of Darts](/wiki/2021_Grand_Slam_of_Darts \"2021 Grand Slam of Darts\"), was top of the two\\-year [PDC Order of Merit](/wiki/PDC_Order_of_Merit \"PDC Order of Merit\") and number one seed going into the tournament. [2020](/wiki/2020_PDC_World_Darts_Championship \"2020 PDC World Darts Championship\") winner [Peter Wright](/wiki/Peter_Wright_%28darts_player%29 \"Peter Wright (darts player)\"), the winner of the [2021 World Matchplay](/wiki/2021_World_Matchplay \"2021 World Matchplay\") and part of the victorious Scotland team at the [2021 PDC World Cup of Darts](/wiki/2021_PDC_World_Cup_of_Darts \"2021 PDC World Cup of Darts\"), was second seed and [Michael van Gerwen](/wiki/Michael_van_Gerwen \"Michael van Gerwen\"), the three\\-time World Champion from [2014](/wiki/2014_PDC_World_Darts_Championship \"2014 PDC World Darts Championship\"), [2017](/wiki/2017_PDC_World_Darts_Championship \"2017 PDC World Darts Championship\") and [2019](/wiki/2019_PDC_World_Darts_Championship \"2019 PDC World Darts Championship\"), was third seed. As well as Price, Wright and Van Gerwen, two other previous PDC world champions qualified as seeds; [2015](/wiki/2015_PDC_World_Darts_Championship \"2015 PDC World Darts Championship\") and [2016 World Champion](/wiki/2016_PDC_World_Darts_Championship \"2016 PDC World Darts Championship\") and 2021 runner\\-up [Gary Anderson](/wiki/Gary_Anderson_%28darts_player%29 \"Gary Anderson (darts player)\") was 6th seeded, and [2018 World Champion](/wiki/2018_PDC_World_Darts_Championship \"2018 PDC World Darts Championship\") and [2021 European Champion](/wiki/2021_European_Championship_%28darts%29 \"2021 European Championship (darts)\") [Rob Cross](/wiki/Rob_Cross_%28darts_player%29 \"Rob Cross (darts player)\") was the 11th seed. Two former champions of the [BDO World Darts Championship](/wiki/BDO_World_Darts_Championship \"BDO World Darts Championship\") qualified as seeds; three\\-time BDO champion [Glen Durrant](/wiki/Glen_Durrant \"Glen Durrant\") was the 24th seed with [2014 BDO champion](/wiki/2014_BDO_World_Darts_Championship \"2014 BDO World Darts Championship\") [Stephen Bunting](/wiki/Stephen_Bunting \"Stephen Bunting\") in 16th.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Allen \\|first1\\=Dave \\|title\\=Price top seed as William Hill World Championship field confirmed \\|date\\=28 November 2021 \\|url\\=https://www.pdc.tv/news/2021/11/28/price\\-top\\-seed\\-william\\-hill\\-world\\-championship\\-field\\-confirmed \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Professional Darts Corporation\\|PDC]] \\|access\\-date\\=14 December 2021}}", "The top seeds behind Price, Wright and Van Gerwen were [2021 UK Open](/wiki/2021_UK_Open \"2021 UK Open\") champion [James Wade](/wiki/James_Wade \"James Wade\"), [2020 World Matchplay](/wiki/2020_World_Matchplay \"2020 World Matchplay\") winner [Dimitri Van den Bergh](/wiki/Dimitri_Van_den_Bergh \"Dimitri Van den Bergh\"), Anderson, [2020 Grand Slam of Darts](/wiki/2020_Grand_Slam_of_Darts \"2020 Grand Slam of Darts\") winner [José de Sousa](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Sousa \"José de Sousa\"), and [2021 Masters](/wiki/2021_Masters_%28darts%29 \"2021 Masters (darts)\"), [Premier League](/wiki/2021_Premier_League_Darts \"2021 Premier League Darts\"), [World Series Finals](/wiki/2021_World_Series_of_Darts_Finals \"2021 World Series of Darts Finals\") and [World Grand Prix](/wiki/2021_World_Grand_Prix \"2021 World Grand Prix\") champion [Jonny Clayton](/wiki/Jonny_Clayton \"Jonny Clayton\").", "#### Pro Tour qualification", "[Callan Rydz](/wiki/Callan_Rydz \"Callan Rydz\"), a two\\-time event winner on the [2021 PDC Pro Tour](/wiki/2021_PDC_Pro_Tour \"2021 PDC Pro Tour\"), was the highest\\-ranked non\\-seed on the 2021 PDC Pro Tour Order of Merit. [2007 World Champion](/wiki/2007_PDC_World_Darts_Championship \"2007 PDC World Darts Championship\") [Raymond van Barneveld](/wiki/Raymond_van_Barneveld \"Raymond van Barneveld\") returned as a Pro Tour qualifier, having announced his retirement following a first\\-round exit in 2020, and then reversed his decision after a year out. Van Barneveld was one of two former PDC World Champions to qualify via the Pro Tour, with [2011](/wiki/2011_PDC_World_Darts_Championship \"2011 PDC World Darts Championship\") and [2012](/wiki/2012_PDC_World_Darts_Championship \"2012 PDC World Darts Championship\") winner [Adrian Lewis](/wiki/Adrian_Lewis \"Adrian Lewis\") also qualifying. The highest\\-ranked debutant via the Pro Tour was [Scott Mitchell](/wiki/Scott_Mitchell_%28darts_player%29 \"Scott Mitchell (darts player)\"), the [2015 BDO World Champion](/wiki/2015_BDO_World_Darts_Championship \"2015 BDO World Darts Championship\"). As well as Mitchell and four\\-time BDO World Champion Van Barneveld, [1996 BDO champion](/wiki/1996_BDO_World_Darts_Championship \"1996 BDO World Darts Championship\") [Steve Beaton](/wiki/Steve_Beaton \"Steve Beaton\") also qualified via the Pro Tour, making a record 31st consecutive World Championship appearance.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Phillips \\|first1\\=Josh \\|title\\=Lim and Beaton among record\\-breakers in World Championship field \\|date\\=13 December 2021 \\|url\\=https://www.pdc.tv/news/2021/12/13/lim\\-and\\-beaton\\-among\\-record\\-breakers\\-world\\-championship\\-field \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Professional Darts Corporation\\|PDC]] \\|access\\-date\\=4 January 2023 }}", "As well as Mitchell, other players qualifying for their PDC World Championship debuts were [Alan Soutar](/wiki/Alan_Soutar \"Alan Soutar\"), Jason Heaver, [William Borland](/wiki/William_Borland_%28darts_player%29 \"William Borland (darts player)\"), [Rusty\\-Jake Rodriguez](/wiki/Rusty-Jake_Rodriguez \"Rusty-Jake Rodriguez\"), [Lewy Williams](/wiki/Lewy_Williams \"Lewy Williams\"), [Florian Hempel](/wiki/Florian_Hempel \"Florian Hempel\") and [Chas Barstow](/wiki/Chas_Barstow \"Chas Barstow\"). [Martijn Kleermaker](/wiki/Martijn_Kleermaker \"Martijn Kleermaker\") also appeared for the first time, having withdrawn from the 2021 tournament following a positive [COVID\\-19 test](/wiki/COVID-19_test \"COVID-19 test\"). Other players qualifying via the Pro Tour included the [2021 World Youth Champion](/wiki/2021_PDC_World_Youth_Championship \"2021 PDC World Youth Championship\") [Ted Evetts](/wiki/Ted_Evetts \"Ted Evetts\") and [2021 PDC World Cup of Darts](/wiki/2021_PDC_World_Cup_of_Darts \"2021 PDC World Cup of Darts\") finalist [Rowby\\-John Rodriguez](/wiki/Rowby-John_Rodriguez \"Rowby-John Rodriguez\"), who along with his brother Rusty\\-Jake became the fourth pair of siblings to compete in the same World Championship.", "#### Unranked qualifiers", "The final group of 32 qualifiers were determined by a series of [international qualifiers](/wiki/2021_PDC_Pro_Tour%23World_Championship_International_Qualifiers \"2021 PDC Pro Tour#World Championship International Qualifiers\") and secondary tours. The PDC Development and Challenge Tours were split into UK and EU sections this year, meaning that an extra qualification spot was available via the Challenge Tour. The PDC Asian Tour was not held for a second consecutive year, with one\\-off qualification tournaments being held to replace it. The two Australian qualification spots were taken by [Raymond Smith](/wiki/Raymond_Smith_%28darts_player%29 \"Raymond Smith (darts player)\") and [Ky Smith](/wiki/Ky_Smith \"Ky Smith\"), the first father\\-and\\-son to play in the same PDC World Darts Championship. [Paul Lim](/wiki/Paul_Lim \"Paul Lim\") qualified via the Singapore qualifier, becoming at age 67 and 326 days the oldest player to compete in the World Championship; while [Fabian Schmutzler](/wiki/Fabian_Schmutzler \"Fabian Schmutzler\"), who qualified via the Development Tour, was the second\\-youngest player ever to compete in the World Championship.", "Four\\-time [BDO Women's World Champion](/wiki/BDO_World_Darts_Championship \"BDO World Darts Championship\") [Lisa Ashton](/wiki/Lisa_Ashton \"Lisa Ashton\") qualified via the PDC Women's Tour, alongside [Fallon Sherrock](/wiki/Fallon_Sherrock \"Fallon Sherrock\"), the [2021 Grand Slam of Darts](/wiki/2021_Grand_Slam_of_Darts \"2021 Grand Slam of Darts\") quarter\\-finalist and only woman to have previously won a match at the PDC World Darts Championship.{{cite web \\|last\\=Allen \\|first\\=Dave \\|title\\=Sherrock \\& Ashton secure William Hill World Darts Championship return \\|date\\=23 October 2021 \\|url\\=https://www.pdc.tv/news/2021/10/23/sherrock\\-ashton\\-secure\\-william\\-hill\\-world\\-darts\\-championship\\-return \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Professional Darts Corporation\\|PDC]] \\|access\\-date\\=14 December 2021}} The final three places were awarded to the winners of a qualification tournament for PDPA members, with the winners being [Nick Kenny](/wiki/Nick_Kenny_%28darts_player%29 \"Nick Kenny (darts player)\"), [Boris Krčmar](/wiki/Boris_Kr%C4%8Dmar \"Boris Krčmar\") and [James Wilson](/wiki/James_Wilson_%28darts_player%29 \"James Wilson (darts player)\").{{cite web \\|last1\\=Phillips \\|first1\\=Josh \\|title\\=Wilson, Krcmar \\& Kenny claim final World Championship places \\|date\\=29 November 2021 \\|url\\=https://www.pdc.tv/news/2021/11/29/wilson\\-krcmar\\-kenny\\-claim\\-final\\-world\\-championship\\-places \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Professional Darts Corporation\\|PDC]] \\|access\\-date\\=14 December 2021}}", "Three of the international qualifiers withdrew following the draw; [Charles Losper](/wiki/Charles_Losper \"Charles Losper\") and [Lihao Wen](/wiki/Lihao_Wen \"Lihao Wen\"), due to visa issues, and potential debutant [Juan Rodriguez](/wiki/Juan_Rodriguez_%28darts_player%29 \"Juan Rodriguez (darts player)\"), following a positive test for [COVID\\-19](/wiki/COVID-19 \"COVID-19\"). They were replaced by runners\\-up from the PDPA qualifier in Order of Merit order, [Mike De Decker](/wiki/Mike_De_Decker \"Mike De Decker\"),{{cite web \\|last\\=Allen \\|first\\=Dave \\|title\\=Losper replaced by De Decker for William Hill World Championship \\|date\\=6 December 2021 \\|url\\=https://www.pdc.tv/news/2021/12/06/losper\\-replaced\\-de\\-decker\\-william\\-hill\\-world\\-championship \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Professional Darts Corporation\\|PDC]] \\|access\\-date\\=14 December 2021}} [Gordon Mathers](/wiki/Gordon_Mathers \"Gordon Mathers\"){{cite web \\|last1\\=Allen \\|first1\\=Dave \\|title\\=Mathers replaces Rodriguez in William Hill World Darts Championship \\|date\\=11 December 2021 \\|url\\=https://www.pdc.tv/news/2021/12/11/mathers\\-replaces\\-rodriguez\\-william\\-hill\\-world\\-darts\\-championship \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Professional Darts Corporation\\|PDC]] \\|access\\-date\\=14 December 2021}} and [Peter Hudson](/wiki/Peter_Hudson_%28darts_player%29 \"Peter Hudson (darts player)\").{{cite web \\|last\\=Allen \\|first\\=Dave \\|title\\=Hudson replaces Wen in William Hill World Darts Championship \\|date\\=14 December 2021 \\|url\\=https://www.pdc.tv/news/2021/12/14/hudson\\-replaces\\-wen\\-william\\-hill\\-world\\-darts\\-championship \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Professional Darts Corporation\\|PDC]] \\|access\\-date\\=14 December 2021}}", "Debutants via the international and invitation qualifiers were [Roman Benecký](/wiki/Roman_Beneck%C3%BD \"Roman Benecký\"), [Chris Landman](/wiki/Chris_Landman \"Chris Landman\"), [John Norman Jnr](/wiki/John_Norman_Jnr \"John Norman Jnr\"), [Fabian Schmutzler](/wiki/Fabian_Schmutzler \"Fabian Schmutzler\"), [Toyokazu Shibata](/wiki/Toyokazu_Shibata \"Toyokazu Shibata\"), [Ky Smith](/wiki/Ky_Smith \"Ky Smith\") and [Jim Williams](/wiki/Jim_Williams_%28darts_player%29 \"Jim Williams (darts player)\").", "" ]
History ------- Hokes Bluff was established on a high bluff overlooking the [Coosa River](/wiki/Coosa_River "Coosa River"). The town was called "The Bluff", and was used as a lookout station by Native American tribes, as they could see a great distance across, up and down the Coosa River. Hokes Bluff was one of the staging areas where the [Cherokee](/wiki/Cherokee "Cherokee") were collected, and sent to Gunter's Landing ([Guntersville](/wiki/Guntersville%2C_Alabama "Guntersville, Alabama")), and west to Oklahoma on the [Trail of Tears](/wiki/Trail_of_Tears "Trail of Tears"). Settlers came into the area in the 1840s. Daniel Hoke Jr. was among the settlers, who came in 1850 and built a trading post and a blacksmith shop near the site of the bluff. The town was renamed "Hoke's Bluff" after him in 1853 by W.B. Wynne, a friend of Hoke. The town was raided and pillaged during the [Civil War](/wiki/American_Civil_War "American Civil War") by raiding parties of both sides of the Union and the Confederacy. John Henry Wisdom, who became the "Paul Revere of the Confederacy" after making his famous ride from [Gadsden](/wiki/Gadsden%2C_Alabama "Gadsden, Alabama") to [Rome](/wiki/Rome%2C_Georgia "Rome, Georgia") during the Civil War, was a resident of Hokes Bluff. A new mail route was established from Gadsden to Hokes Bluff in 1890\. Before it was established, Hokes Bluff had poor mail service, receiving most mail by steamboat. The post office was established in 1877 and discontinued in 1931\. One legend associated with the town is about Tawannah Springs, the town's water supply. It is said that the springs are named for a Native American princess (Tawannah) who grieved herself to death after her cousin, Princess Noccalula, jumped herself to death at Noccalula Falls in Gadsden. Hokes Bluff was incorporated in 1946 with a population of 1,200\. W.B. Ford was the first mayor. In 1949, a water system was installed with a 75,000 gallon reservoir and 54 hydrants. In 1953, gas was installed in the town, and in 1956, the streets were paved.
[ "History\n-------", "Hokes Bluff was established on a high bluff overlooking the [Coosa River](/wiki/Coosa_River \"Coosa River\"). The town was called \"The Bluff\", and was used as a lookout station by Native American tribes, as they could see a great distance across, up and down the Coosa River. Hokes Bluff was one of the staging areas where the [Cherokee](/wiki/Cherokee \"Cherokee\") were collected, and sent to Gunter's Landing ([Guntersville](/wiki/Guntersville%2C_Alabama \"Guntersville, Alabama\")), and west to Oklahoma on the [Trail of Tears](/wiki/Trail_of_Tears \"Trail of Tears\").", "Settlers came into the area in the 1840s. Daniel Hoke Jr. was among the settlers, who came in 1850 and built a trading post and a blacksmith shop near the site of the bluff. The town was renamed \"Hoke's Bluff\" after him in 1853 by W.B. Wynne, a friend of Hoke. The town was raided and pillaged during the [Civil War](/wiki/American_Civil_War \"American Civil War\") by raiding parties of both sides of the Union and the Confederacy. John Henry Wisdom, who became the \"Paul Revere of the Confederacy\" after making his famous ride from [Gadsden](/wiki/Gadsden%2C_Alabama \"Gadsden, Alabama\") to [Rome](/wiki/Rome%2C_Georgia \"Rome, Georgia\") during the Civil War, was a resident of Hokes Bluff.", "A new mail route was established from Gadsden to Hokes Bluff in 1890\\. Before it was established, Hokes Bluff had poor mail service, receiving most mail by steamboat. The post office was established in 1877 and discontinued in 1931\\.", "One legend associated with the town is about Tawannah Springs, the town's water supply. It is said that the springs are named for a Native American princess (Tawannah) who grieved herself to death after her cousin, Princess Noccalula, jumped herself to death at Noccalula Falls in Gadsden.", "Hokes Bluff was incorporated in 1946 with a population of 1,200\\. W.B. Ford was the first mayor. In 1949, a water system was installed with a 75,000 gallon reservoir and 54 hydrants. In 1953, gas was installed in the town, and in 1956, the streets were paved.", "" ]
Demographics ------------ {{US Census population \|1950\= 1158 \|1960\= 1619 \|1970\= 2133 \|1980\= 3216 \|1990\= 3739 \|2000\= 4149 \|2010\= 4286 \|2020\= 4446 \|align\-fn\=center \|footnote\=U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\|url\=https://www.census.gov/programs\-surveys/decennial\-census.html\|title\=U.S. Decennial Census\|publisher\=Census.gov\|accessdate\=June 6, 2013}} }} ### 2000 census At the [2000 census](/wiki/2000_United_States_Census "2000 United States Census") there were 4,149 people in 1,638 households, including 1,272 families, in the city. The population density was {{convert\|357\.0\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. There were 1,721 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|148\.1\|/sqmi\|/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. The [racial makeup](/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_Census%232000_census "Race and ethnicity in the United States Census#2000 census") of the city was 98\.99% White, 0\.10% Black or African American, 0\.22% Native American, 0\.07% Asian, 0\.24% from other races, and 0\.39% from two or more races. 0\.46% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.census.gov\|publisher\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]]\|accessdate\=January 31, 2008\|title\=U.S. Census website}} Of the 1,638 households 32\.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 67\.6% were married couples living together, 7\.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 22\.3% were non\-families. 20\.9% of households were one person and 11\.1% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2\.53 and the average family size was 2\.93\. The age distribution was 22\.9% under the age of 18, 7\.1% from 18 to 24, 28\.0% from 25 to 44, 26\.7% from 45 to 64, and 15\.3% 65 or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 93\.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89\.2 males. The median household income was $37,923 and the median family income was $42,534\. Males had a median income of $32,444 versus $26,513 for females. The per capita income for the city was $17,476\. About 3\.8% of families and 4\.3% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line "Poverty line"), including 6\.0% of those under age 18 and 1\.7% of those age 65 or over. ### 2010 census At the [2010 census](/wiki/2010_United_States_Census "2010 United States Census") there were 4,286 people in 1,747 households, including 1,287 families, in the city. The population density was {{convert\|351\.6\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. There were 1,846 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|156\.4\|/sqmi\|/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. The [racial makeup](/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_Census%232010_census "Race and ethnicity in the United States Census#2010 census") of the city was 98\.5% White, 0\.3% Black or African American, 0\.1% Native American, 0\.4% Asian, 0\.1% from other races, and 0\.5% from two or more races. 0\.2% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.census.gov\|publisher\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]]\|accessdate\=July 23, 2015\|title\=U.S. Census website}} Of the 1,747 households 28\.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60\.2% were married couples living together, 9\.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26\.3% were non\-families. 23\.8% of households were one person and 11\.7% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2\.45 and the average family size was 2\.88\. The age distribution was 21\.7% under the age of 18, 6\.6% from 18 to 24, 26\.0% from 25 to 44, 28\.3% from 45 to 64, and 17\.4% 65 or older. The median age was 42\.3 years. For every 100 females, there were 94\.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97\.7 males. The median household income was $54,668 and the median family income was $67,857\. Males had a median income of $47,424 versus $34,288 for females. The per capita income for the city was $26,375\. About 1\.6% of families and 4\.1% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line "Poverty line"), including 10\.3% of those under age 18 and 1\.9% of those age 65 or over. ### 2020 census | \+Hokes Bluff racial composition{{Cite web\|title\=Explore Census Data\|url\=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g\=1600000US0135392\&tid\=DECENNIALPL2020\.P2\|access\-date\=December 11, 2021\|website\=data.census.gov}} | Race | Num. | Perc. | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)") (non\-Hispanic) | 4,175 | 93\.9% | | [Black or African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "African American (U.S. Census)") (non\-Hispanic) | 57 | 1\.28% | | [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "Native American (U.S. Census)") | 15 | 0\.34% | | [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 "Asian (U.S. Census)") | 14 | 0\.31% | | [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_%28U.S._Census%29 "Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)") | 2 | 0\.04% | | [Other/Mixed](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 "Race (United States Census)") | 137 | 3\.08% | | [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 "Hispanic (U.S. Census)") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 "Latino (U.S. Census)") | 46 | 1\.03% | As of the [2020 United States census](/wiki/2020_United_States_census "2020 United States census"), there were 4,446 people, 1,610 households, and 1,046 families residing in the city.
[ "Demographics\n------------", "{{US Census population\n\\|1950\\= 1158\n\\|1960\\= 1619\n\\|1970\\= 2133\n\\|1980\\= 3216\n\\|1990\\= 3739\n\\|2000\\= 4149\n\\|2010\\= 4286\n\\|2020\\= 4446\n\\|align\\-fn\\=center\n\\|footnote\\=U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/programs\\-surveys/decennial\\-census.html\\|title\\=U.S. Decennial Census\\|publisher\\=Census.gov\\|accessdate\\=June 6, 2013}}\n}}", "### 2000 census", "At the [2000 census](/wiki/2000_United_States_Census \"2000 United States Census\") there were 4,149 people in 1,638 households, including 1,272 families, in the city. The population density was {{convert\\|357\\.0\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. There were 1,721 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|148\\.1\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. The [racial makeup](/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_Census%232000_census \"Race and ethnicity in the United States Census#2000 census\") of the city was 98\\.99% White, 0\\.10% Black or African American, 0\\.22% Native American, 0\\.07% Asian, 0\\.24% from other races, and 0\\.39% from two or more races. 0\\.46% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]]\\|accessdate\\=January 31, 2008\\|title\\=U.S. Census website}}\nOf the 1,638 households 32\\.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 67\\.6% were married couples living together, 7\\.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 22\\.3% were non\\-families. 20\\.9% of households were one person and 11\\.1% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2\\.53 and the average family size was 2\\.93\\.", "The age distribution was 22\\.9% under the age of 18, 7\\.1% from 18 to 24, 28\\.0% from 25 to 44, 26\\.7% from 45 to 64, and 15\\.3% 65 or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 93\\.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89\\.2 males.", "The median household income was $37,923 and the median family income was $42,534\\. Males had a median income of $32,444 versus $26,513 for females. The per capita income for the city was $17,476\\. About 3\\.8% of families and 4\\.3% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line \"Poverty line\"), including 6\\.0% of those under age 18 and 1\\.7% of those age 65 or over.", "### 2010 census", "At the [2010 census](/wiki/2010_United_States_Census \"2010 United States Census\") there were 4,286 people in 1,747 households, including 1,287 families, in the city. The population density was {{convert\\|351\\.6\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. There were 1,846 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|156\\.4\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. The [racial makeup](/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_Census%232010_census \"Race and ethnicity in the United States Census#2010 census\") of the city was 98\\.5% White, 0\\.3% Black or African American, 0\\.1% Native American, 0\\.4% Asian, 0\\.1% from other races, and 0\\.5% from two or more races. 0\\.2% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]]\\|accessdate\\=July 23, 2015\\|title\\=U.S. Census website}}\nOf the 1,747 households 28\\.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60\\.2% were married couples living together, 9\\.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26\\.3% were non\\-families. 23\\.8% of households were one person and 11\\.7% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2\\.45 and the average family size was 2\\.88\\.", "The age distribution was 21\\.7% under the age of 18, 6\\.6% from 18 to 24, 26\\.0% from 25 to 44, 28\\.3% from 45 to 64, and 17\\.4% 65 or older. The median age was 42\\.3 years. For every 100 females, there were 94\\.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97\\.7 males.", "The median household income was $54,668 and the median family income was $67,857\\. Males had a median income of $47,424 versus $34,288 for females. The per capita income for the city was $26,375\\. About 1\\.6% of families and 4\\.1% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line \"Poverty line\"), including 10\\.3% of those under age 18 and 1\\.9% of those age 65 or over.", "### 2020 census", "", "| \\+Hokes Bluff racial composition{{Cite web\\|title\\=Explore Census Data\\|url\\=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g\\=1600000US0135392\\&tid\\=DECENNIALPL2020\\.P2\\|access\\-date\\=December 11, 2021\\|website\\=data.census.gov}} | Race | Num. | Perc. |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\") (non\\-Hispanic) | 4,175 | 93\\.9% |\n| [Black or African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"African American (U.S. Census)\") (non\\-Hispanic) | 57 | 1\\.28% |\n| [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Native American (U.S. Census)\") | 15 | 0\\.34% |\n| [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Asian (U.S. Census)\") | 14 | 0\\.31% |\n| [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)\") | 2 | 0\\.04% |\n| [Other/Mixed](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\") | 137 | 3\\.08% |\n| [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") | 46 | 1\\.03% |", "As of the [2020 United States census](/wiki/2020_United_States_census \"2020 United States census\"), there were 4,446 people, 1,610 households, and 1,046 families residing in the city.", "" ]
Europe ------ ### France | Stadium | Club | Name | | --- | --- | --- | | [Parc des Princes](/wiki/Parc_des_Princes "Parc des Princes") | [Paris Saint\-Germain](/wiki/Paris_Saint-Germain "Paris Saint-Germain") | –**Collectif Ultras Paris 2016** | | [Stade Vélodrome](/wiki/Stade_V%C3%A9lodrome "Stade Vélodrome") | [Olympique de Marseille](/wiki/Olympique_de_Marseille "Olympique de Marseille") | –**Commando Ultra '84**– **Club des Amis de l'OM 1987**– **South Winners 1987**– **Fanatics 1988**– **Dodger's 1992**– **Marseille Trop Puissant 1994**– **Handi Fan Club 2005** | | [Stade Geoffroy\-Guichard](/wiki/Stade_Geoffroy-Guichard "Stade Geoffroy-Guichard") | [AS Saint\-Étienne](/wiki/AS_Saint-%C3%89tienne "AS Saint-Étienne") | –**Associés Supporters 1970**– **Magic Fans 1991**– **Green Angels 1992**–**Indépendantistes Stéphanois 1998**– **Union des Supporters Stéphanois 2004** | | [Groupama Stadium](/wiki/Groupama_Stadium "Groupama Stadium") | [Olympique Lyonnais](/wiki/Olympique_Lyonnais "Olympique Lyonnais") | –**Bad Gones**– **Lyon 1950**– **Hex@gones**– **Amicale des Rouge \& Bleu**– **Générations OL**– **O'Elle Club**– **Handi Sup OL**– **Gastrogones 69**– **OL Muséum**– **Dauphigones**– **Brigade Lyon**– **Les Canuts de l'OL** | | [Stade Louis\-II](/wiki/Stade_Louis-II "Stade Louis-II") | [AS Monaco](/wiki/AS_Monaco "AS Monaco") | –**Le Club des supporters de Monaco**– **Ultras Monaco 1994** | | ### Scotland In Scotland, Ultras Aberdeen are the ultras group who follow [Aberdeen F.C.](/wiki/Aberdeen_F.C. "Aberdeen F.C."), they organise chants and choreography in the Merkland Road Stand, at Pittodrie Stadium, also known as the "Red Shed". The [Green Brigade](/wiki/Green_Brigade "Green Brigade") are an ultras group that follow [Celtic F.C.](/wiki/Celtic_F.C. "Celtic F.C.") and regularly make tifo displays and often voice support for a [United Ireland](/wiki/United_Ireland "United Ireland"). They are [left\-wing](/wiki/Left_wing_politics "Left wing politics"). On the other side of Glasgow are the Rangers F.C. ultra group The Union Bears.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.eveningtimes.co.uk/news/16196253\.rangers\-ultras\-union\-bears\-eerie\-message\-after\-ibrox\-fans\-storm\-own\-poty\-awards\-in\-glasgow/\|title \= Rangers ultras Union Bears' eerie message after Ibrox fans storm own POTY Awards in Glasgow}} The Union Bears are known for their elaborate fan displays and their support for [Northern Irish](/wiki/Unionism_in_Ireland "Unionism in Ireland") and [Scottish unionism](/wiki/Scottish_unionism "Scottish unionism") within the UK. They celebrate and support the [Protestant](/wiki/Protestant "Protestant") history of both Rangers and Scotland. Block Seven are a supporters group that support [Hibernian FC](/wiki/Hibernian_FC "Hibernian FC"), the Gorgie Ultras support rivals, [Heart of Midlothian FC](/wiki/Heart_of_Midlothian_F.C. "Heart of Midlothian F.C."). ### England In England, there are ultras groups at, [Colchester United](/wiki/Colchester_United_F.C. "Colchester United F.C.") known as the BWA (Blue and White Army), [Hartlepool United](/wiki/Hartlepool_United "Hartlepool United") known as the NWC, [Middlesbrough F.C.](/wiki/Middlesbrough_F.C. "Middlesbrough F.C.") (Red Faction), [Norwich City](/wiki/Norwich_City "Norwich City") (City Elite), [Crystal Palace F.C.](/wiki/Crystal_Palace_F.C. "Crystal Palace F.C.") ([Holmesdale Fanatics](/wiki/Holmesdale_Fanatics "Holmesdale Fanatics")), [Ipswich Town F.C.](/wiki/Ipswich_Town_F.C. "Ipswich Town F.C.") (Blue Action), [Leicester City F.C.](/wiki/Leicester_City_F.C. "Leicester City F.C.") (Union FS), [Huddersfield Town F.C.](/wiki/Huddersfield_Town_F.C. "Huddersfield Town F.C.") (Cowshed Loyal), and [Stockport County](/wiki/Stockport_County_F.C. "Stockport County F.C.") (Hatters 83\), Bristol City (Section 82\), Arsenal (Ashburton Army){{Cite web\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2016/oct/23/premier\-league\-ultras\-european\-football\|title\=Ultra culture could help Premier League terraces take positive steps\|last\=Bakowski\|first\=Gregg\|date\=23 October 2016\|website\=The Guardian\|access\-date\=10 April 2018\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180411174313/https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2016/oct/23/premier\-league\-ultras\-european\-football\|archive\-date\=11 April 2018\|url\-status\=live}}{{Cite news\|url\=http://www.espn.co.uk/football/club/name/384/blog/post/2356894/headline\|title\=Palace 'ultras' causing anxiety\|publisher\=ESPN\|access\-date\=10 April 2018\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180411111500/http://www.espn.co.uk/football/club/name/384/blog/post/2356894/headline\|archive\-date\=11 April 2018\|url\-status\=live}}{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.wsc.co.uk/wsc\-daily/1193\-march\-2015/12320\-crystal\-palace\-ultras\-under\-pressure\-from\-club\-and\-fans\|title\=When Saturday Comes – Crystal Palace ultras under pressure from club and fans\|last\=Barker\|first\=Matthew\|website\=When Saturday Comes\|access\-date\=10 April 2018\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180411025950/http://www.wsc.co.uk/wsc\-daily/1193\-march\-2015/12320\-crystal\-palace\-ultras\-under\-pressure\-from\-club\-and\-fans\|archive\-date\=11 April 2018\|url\-status\=live}} Several [non\-league football](/wiki/Non-League_football "Non-League football") teams in England have ultras groups that are left\-wing, such as the fans of [Dulwich Hamlet F.C.](/wiki/Dulwich_Hamlet_F.C. "Dulwich Hamlet F.C.") who have a group called The Rabble.{{Cite news\|url\=https://inews.co.uk/news/long\-reads/eastbourne\-town\-fc\-non\-league\-football\-ultras/\|title\=Eastbourne Town's 'ultras' are game for a laugh and making football welcome to all\|date\=16 November 2017\|work\=iNews\|access\-date\=10 April 2018\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180411025832/https://inews.co.uk/news/long\-reads/eastbourne\-town\-fc\-non\-league\-football\-ultras/\|archive\-date\=11 April 2018\|url\-status\=live}}{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.vice.com/en\_uk/article/9bz7d3/dulwich\-hamlet\-non\-league\-football\-109\|title\=London's Left\-Wing Utopian Non\-League Ultras Are Reclaiming Football\|date\=5 January 2015\|work\=Vice\|access\-date\=10 April 2018\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180411025710/https://www.vice.com/en\_uk/article/9bz7d3/dulwich\-hamlet\-non\-league\-football\-109\|archive\-date\=11 April 2018\|url\-status\=live}} A [Vice](/wiki/Vice_News "Vice News") article claims [Casuals United](/wiki/Casuals_United "Casuals United") are at war with anti\-fascist football ultras.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.vice.com/en\_uk/article/4wm3jb/is\-english\-far\-right\-hooligans\-war\-on\-left\-wing\-football\-ultras\-spreading\-to\-the\-premier\-league\-181\|title\=The English Far\-Right's War on Anti\-Fascist Football Ultras\|date\=13 February 2015\|work\=Vice\|access\-date\=10 April 2018\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180411025942/https://www.vice.com/en\_uk/article/4wm3jb/is\-english\-far\-right\-hooligans\-war\-on\-left\-wing\-football\-ultras\-spreading\-to\-the\-premier\-league\-181\|archive\-date\=11 April 2018\|url\-status\=live}} In Early 2022, a [Norwich City](/wiki/Norwich_City "Norwich City") supporters group was formed known as City Elite, they have grown to become one of the leading fan groups at the club after many set backs with the club they have now been approached by the club to help with the new safe standing plans and they hope to be given a singing section within the Barclay. In late 2022, an [Arsenal F.C.](/wiki/Arsenal_F.C. "Arsenal F.C.") supporters group called "Ashburton Army" gained prominence, taking their name from Ashburton Grove, an historic road upon which the team's [Emirates Stadium](/wiki/Emirates_Stadium "Emirates Stadium") was built.{{Cite web \|date\=2022\-12\-30 \|title\= Who are Ashburton Army? The Arsenal ultras group AFTV could only dream of \|url\=https://www.thickaccent.com/2022/12/30/who\-are\-ashburton\-army\-the\-arsenal\-ultras\-group\-putting\-aftv\-to\-shame/ \|access\-date\=2023\-03\-18 \|website\=Thick Accent \|language\=en\-GB}}{{Cite web \|date\=2022\-10\-06 \|title\=The Clock End's boys in black: a look into Arsenal's 'ultras' \|url\=https://paininthearsenal.com/2022/10/06/the\-clock\-ends\-boys\-in\-black\-a\-look\-into\-arsenals\-ultras/ \|access\-date\=2022\-12\-28 \|website\=Pain in the Arsenal \|language\=en\-US}}{{Cite web \|title\=Arsenal fan 'ultras' filmed ahead of West Ham game, fans are divided over the footage \|url\=https://www.sportbible.com/football/arsenal\-fans\-ultras\-premier\-league\-west\-ham\-united\-892312\-20221226 \|access\-date\=2022\-12\-28 \|website\=SPORTbible \|language\=en}} In 2024, following the inception of the group and a subsequent meeting with club officials, an [Aston Villa F.C.](/wiki/Aston_Villa_F.C. "Aston Villa F.C.") supporters group called "1897 Group" were allocated a section of the club's home stadium [Villa Park](/wiki/Villa_Park "Villa Park") for a [Premier League](/wiki/Premier_League "Premier League") match against [A.F.C. Bournemouth](/wiki/A.F.C._Bournemouth "A.F.C. Bournemouth") to launch the group's presence at Aston Villa's matches.{{Cite news \|title\= Aston Villa news from BirminghamLive as the 1897 Group prepare for Bournemouth trial display after encouraging meeting with the club \|url\=https://www.birminghammail.co.uk/sport/football/football\-news/aston\-villa\-launch\-exciting\-villa\-28939048 \|date\=2024\-04\-05 \|website\=BirminghamLive \|language\=en\-GB}} ### Hungary [thumb\|Singing at sector B Central during the opening ceremonies of the Puskás Aréna on 15 November 2019](/wiki/File:B_k%C3%B6z%C3%A9p_a_Pusk%C3%A1s_Ar%C3%A9na_avat%C3%A1s%C3%A1n.ogv "B közép a Puskás Aréna avatásán.ogv") Several clubs in Hungary have large ultras groups, such as [Ferencváros](/wiki/Ferencv%C3%A1rosi_TC "Ferencvárosi TC") (Green Monsters), [Újpest](/wiki/%C3%9Ajpest_FC "Újpest FC") (Viola Fidelity), [Diósgyőr](/wiki/Di%C3%B3sgy%C5%91ri_VTK "Diósgyőri VTK") (Ultras Diósgyőr), [Honvéd](/wiki/Budapest_Honv%C3%A9d_FC "Budapest Honvéd FC") (Ultras Kispest, Északi Kanyar), [Fehérvár](/wiki/MOL_Feh%C3%A9rv%C3%A1r_FC "MOL Fehérvár FC") (Red Blue Devils), [Tatabánya](/wiki/Tatab%C3%A1nyai_SC "Tatabányai SC") (Turul Ultrái), [Debrecen](/wiki/Debreceni_VSC "Debreceni VSC") (Szívtiprók Ultras Debrecen) and other strongly developing groups such as [Kecskemét](/wiki/Kecskem%C3%A9ti_TE "Kecskeméti TE") (Ultras Kecskemét). The national team of Hungary has an ultras group known as the Carpathian Brigade. The group was formed in 2009\. Hungarian ultras occupy sector B Central at the [Puskás Aréna](/wiki/Pusk%C3%A1s_Ar%C3%A9na "Puskás Aréna"). ### Portugal [thumb\|right\|Benfica group, No Name Boys, Lisbon, 2008](/wiki/File:Getafebenficauefa0708qg3-1-.jpg "Getafebenficauefa0708qg3-1-.jpg") | Stadium | Club | Name | | --- | --- | --- | | [Estádio do Dragão](/wiki/Est%C3%A1dio_do_Drag%C3%A3o "Estádio do Dragão") | [FC Porto](/wiki/FC_Porto "FC Porto") | – **Super Dragões 1986**– **Colectivo Ultras 95** | | [Estádio do Bessa](/wiki/Est%C3%A1dio_do_Bessa "Estádio do Bessa") | [Boavista FC](/wiki/Boavista_FC "Boavista FC") | – **Panteras Negras 84** | | [Estádio da Luz](/wiki/Est%C3%A1dio_da_Luz "Estádio da Luz") | [SL Benfica](/wiki/SL_Benfica "SL Benfica") | – **Иo Иame Boys 92**– **Diabos Vermelhos 82**– **Grupo Manks 96** | | [Estádio José Alvalade](/wiki/Est%C3%A1dio_Jos%C3%A9_Alvalade "Estádio José Alvalade") | [Sporting CP](/wiki/Sporting_CP "Sporting CP") | – **Juventude Leonina 1976**– **Torcida Verde**– **Directivo Ultras XXI**– **Brigada Ultras Sporting** | | [Estádio de São Luís](/wiki/Est%C3%A1dio_de_S%C3%A3o_Lu%C3%ADs "Estádio de São Luís") | [Farense](/wiki/Farense "Farense") | – **South Side Boys** | | [Estádio José Gomes](/wiki/Est%C3%A1dio_Jos%C3%A9_Gomes "Estádio José Gomes") | [CF Estrela da Amadora](/wiki/C.F._Estrela_da_Amadora "C.F. Estrela da Amadora") | **– Magia Tricolor** | | | [Estádio Municipal de Braga](/wiki/Est%C3%A1dio_Municipal_de_Braga "Estádio Municipal de Braga") | [SC Braga](/wiki/SC_Braga "SC Braga") | – **Red Boys 92**– **Bracara Legion 2003** | | [Estádio Municipal 22 de Junho](/wiki/Est%C3%A1dio_Municipal_22_de_Junho "Estádio Municipal 22 de Junho") | [F.C. Famalicão](/wiki/F.C._Famalic%C3%A3o "F.C. Famalicão") | – **Fama Boys 1990** | | [Estádio D. Afonso Henriques](/wiki/Est%C3%A1dio_D._Afonso_Henriques "Estádio D. Afonso Henriques") | [Vitória SC](/wiki/Vit%C3%B3ria_SC "Vitória SC") | – **White Angels 1999**– **Insane Guys 1994** | | Estádio Comendador Manuel Violas | [S.C. Espinho](/wiki/S.C._Espinho "S.C. Espinho") | – **Desnorteados** | | Complexo Desportivo de Campanhã | [S.C. Salgueiros](/wiki/S.C._Salgueiros "S.C. Salgueiros") | – **Alma Salgueirista 1985** | | [Estádio Marques da Silva](/wiki/Est%C3%A1dio_Marques_da_Silva "Estádio Marques da Silva") | [AD Ovarense](/wiki/AD_Ovarense "AD Ovarense") | – **Fans\_1921** | ### Greece In [Greece](/wiki/Greece "Greece"), most professional football teams have an ultras group. Most of them are named after a gate number which refers to the specific place where the fans are situated at the stadium. Others have actual names or no special names at all and they are named after their supporting team. | Club | Name | Stadium | | --- | --- | --- | | [Olympiacos F.C](/wiki/Olympiacos_F.C. "Olympiacos F.C.") | [Gate 7](/wiki/Gate_7_%28supporter_group%29 "Gate 7 (supporter group)") | [Karaiskakis Stadium](/wiki/Karaiskakis_Stadium "Karaiskakis Stadium") | | [AEK Athens F.C](/wiki/AEK_Athens_F.C. "AEK Athens F.C.") | [Original 21](/wiki/Original_21 "Original 21") (sometimes Gate 21\) | [Agia Sophia Stadium](/wiki/Agia_Sophia_Stadium "Agia Sophia Stadium") | | [PAOK F.C](/wiki/PAOK_FC "PAOK FC") | [Gate 4](/wiki/Gate_4 "Gate 4") | [Toumba Stadium](/wiki/Toumba_Stadium "Toumba Stadium") | | [Aris Thessaloniki F.C](/wiki/Aris_Thessaloniki_F.C. "Aris Thessaloniki F.C.") | SUPER\-3 | [Kleanthis Vikelidis Stadium](/wiki/Kleanthis_Vikelidis_Stadium "Kleanthis Vikelidis Stadium") | | [Panathinaikos F.C](/wiki/Panathinaikos_F.C. "Panathinaikos F.C.") | [Gate 13](/wiki/Gate_13 "Gate 13") | [Leoforos Stadium](/wiki/Leoforos_Alexandras_Stadium "Leoforos Alexandras Stadium") | | [Atromitos Athinon F.C](/wiki/Atromitos_F.C. "Atromitos F.C.") | Fentagin | [Peristeri Stadium](/wiki/Peristeri_Stadium "Peristeri Stadium") | | [OFI Crete F.C](/wiki/OFI_Crete_F.C. "OFI Crete F.C.") | Gate 4 (Snakes) | [Theodoros Vardinogiannis Stadium](/wiki/Theodoros_Vardinogiannis_Stadium "Theodoros Vardinogiannis Stadium") | | [Panetolikos F.C](/wiki/Panetolikos_F.C. "Panetolikos F.C.") | Gate 6 (Warriors) | [Panetolikos Stadium](/wiki/Panetolikos_Stadium "Panetolikos Stadium") | | [Asteras Tripolis F.C](/wiki/Asteras_Tripolis_F.C. "Asteras Tripolis F.C.") | Tigers | [Theodoros Kolokotronis Stadium](/wiki/Theodoros_Kolokotronis_Stadium "Theodoros Kolokotronis Stadium") | | [AEL F.C](/wiki/Athlitiki_Enosi_Larissa_F.C. "Athlitiki Enosi Larissa F.C.") | Monsters (Gate 1\) | [AEL FC Arena](/wiki/AEL_FC_Arena "AEL FC Arena") | | [Panionios F.C](/wiki/Panionios_F.C. "Panionios F.C.") | Panthers | Panionios Stadium | | [Iraklis F.C](/wiki/Iraklis_F.C._%28Thessaloniki%29 "Iraklis F.C. (Thessaloniki)") | Autonomous Gate 10 | | | [PAS Lamia F.C](/wiki/PAS_Lamia_1964 "PAS Lamia 1964") | Gate 3 | | | [Panseraikos F.C](/wiki/Panserraikos_F.C. "Panserraikos F.C.") | Gate 5 | | | [PAS Giannina F.C](/wiki/PAS_Giannina_F.C. "PAS Giannina F.C.") | Pagouria | [Zosimades Stadium](/wiki/Zosimades_Stadium "Zosimades Stadium") | | [Egaleo F.C](/wiki/Egaleo_F.C. "Egaleo F.C.") | Gate 12 | | ### Kosovo * [Plisat](/wiki/Plisat "Plisat") \- [FC Prishtina](/wiki/FC_Prishtina "FC Prishtina") * [Torcida](/wiki/Torcida "Torcida") \- [KF Trepça](/wiki/KF_Trep%C3%A7a "KF Trepça") * Arpagjik't \- [KF Liria](/wiki/KF_Liria "KF Liria") * Kuqezinjet e Jakoves \- [KF Vëllaznimi](/wiki/KF_V%C3%ABllaznimi "KF Vëllaznimi") * Besa Boys \- [FC Besa](/wiki/FC_Besa "FC Besa") * Intelektualet \- [FC Drita](/wiki/FC_Drita "FC Drita") * Xhebrailat \- [FC Ballkani](/wiki/FC_Ballkani "FC Ballkani") * [Skifterat](/wiki/Skifterat "Skifterat") \- [SC Gjilani](/wiki/SC_Gjilani "SC Gjilani") * Legjendat \- [KF Llapi](/wiki/KF_Llapi "KF Llapi") ### Serbia [Red Star Belgrade](/wiki/Red_Star_Belgrade "Red Star Belgrade") have one of the most dedicated ultras groups in Europe, [Delije](/wiki/Delije "Delije") is a collective name for supporters of various groups that are a part of the Red Star Belgrade multi\-sport club. They attend every match, and usually do choreographies and shout chants, with many subgroups present on the stadium as well. [FK Partizan](/wiki/FK_Partizan "FK Partizan"), have a ultras group of their own named [Grobari](/wiki/Grobari "Grobari") (Gravediggers).They generally support all clubs within the Partizan multi\-sports club, and mostly wear black and white symbols, which are the club's colors. ### Denmark [FC Copenhagen](/wiki/F.C._Copenhagen "F.C. Copenhagen") (Sektion 12\) and [Brøndby IF](/wiki/Br%C3%B8ndby_IF "Brøndby IF") (Sydsiden) have some of the most renowned ultras groups on the continent, and the derby between the two is also one of the fiercest in Europe.{{Cite web\|date\=31 March 2016\|title\=The Copenhagen sektion 12 is Denmarks biggest ultra group they maintain over 10000 people just on the sekttion 12Derby\|url\=https://outsidewrite.co.uk/copenhagen\-derby\-tensions\-rising\-denmark/\|access\-date\=9 September 2020\|website\=Outside Write\|language\=en\-GB}} [AaB's](/wiki/AaB_Fodbold "AaB Fodbold") ultras group caused a 14\-minute delay in the 2020 Danish Cup final for a failure to adhere to COVID\-19 [social distancing](/wiki/Social_distancing "Social distancing") rules.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/53257858\|title\=Danish Cup Final Delayed\|date\=1 July 2020\|website\=bbc.com}} The group was ultimately ejected from the stadium and the game resumed, which was won by [Sønderjyske](/wiki/S%C3%B8nderjyske_Fodbold "Sønderjyske Fodbold"). ### Italy [alt\=ACMilanultras2006curvasud\|thumb\|240x240px\|[AC Milan](/wiki/A.C._Milan "A.C. Milan") ultras in 2006](/wiki/File:ACMilanultras2006curvasud.jpg "ACMilanultras2006curvasud.jpg") In Italy, most professional football clubs have an ultras group which attends every match and has dedicated seating areas in either the north or south end of the stadium behind the goals. Each ultras group will have one or more leaders who choreograph chants, and who hand out banners and flags to other people in the stand to wave throughout the match. Ultras have been credited with creating fantastic atmospheres inside the stadium; however they have also come under universal criticism because of ties to various gangs and the mafia, as well as causing violence which often takes place outside the stadium prior to a match. Over the years inappropriate chanting has resulted in the [FIGC](/wiki/Italian_Football_Federation "Italian Football Federation") issuing partial or full stadium bans to clubs. The ultras will choreograph a wide range of chants throughout a match, but some of the most common chants that result in a ban are anti\-Southern chants towards clubs which are located in the South of Italy, most notably towards [Napoli](/wiki/S.S.C._Napoli "S.S.C. Napoli"), as well as racist chants towards opposition players. However, these issues only partially represent parts of the Ultras culture in Italy – Ultras in Italy are also known for fighting criminals and the Mafia, giving housing to immigrants or helping Italian citizens in need, as well as aiding with food and money during the Covid pandemic to their local hospitals.{{Cite news\|last\=Jones\|first\=Tobias\|date\=15 September 2019\|title\=At home with Italy's ultras: 'It isn't about watching football, but watching each other'\|language\=en\-GB\|work\=The Guardian\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/sep/15/at\-home\-with\-the\-italian\-ultras\-football\-fans\-cosenza\-tobias\-jones\|access\-date\=29 July 2020\|issn\=0261\-3077}}{{Cite web\|last\=Monella\|first\=Lillo Montalto\|date\=9 November 2019\|title\=Racism in football: Are Italy's Ultras the problem or the solution?\|url\=https://www.euronews.com/2019/11/09/racism\-in\-football\-are\-italy\-s\-ultras\-the\-problem\-or\-the\-solution\|access\-date\=29 July 2020\|website\=euronews\|language\=en}} ### Republic of Ireland Several groups exist in Rep. of Ireland, as follows: [Shamrock Rovers](/wiki/Shamrock_Rovers "Shamrock Rovers") \- SRFC Ultras [St Patrick's Athletic](/wiki/St_Patrick%27s_Athletic "St Patrick's Athletic") \- Shed End Invincibles [Drogheda United](/wiki/Drogheda_United "Drogheda United") \- Famous 45 Ultras [Dundalk FC](/wiki/Dundalk_FC "Dundalk FC") \- Shed Side Army [Bohemian FC](/wiki/Bohemian_FC "Bohemian FC") \- Notorious Boo Boys [Galway United F.C.](/wiki/Galway_United_F.C. "Galway United F.C.") \- maroon army [Waterford FC](/wiki/Waterford_F.C. "Waterford F.C.") \- Block E Boys [Finn Harps FC](/wiki/Finn_Harps_F.C. "Finn Harps F.C.") \- Ballybofey brigade ### Northern Ireland The ultras scene in Northern Ireland is new, and since these have begun, the younger generation of fans in Northern Ireland has increased more than it has in many years.{{citation needed\|date\=May 2024}} | \+ | Club | Name | | --- | --- | --- | | [Glentoran F.C.](/wiki/Glentoran_F.C. "Glentoran F.C.") | Glentoran Ultras | | [Linfield F.C.](/wiki/Linfield_F.C. "Linfield F.C.") | Blue Unity | | [Cliftonville F.C.](/wiki/Cliftonville_F.C. "Cliftonville F.C.") | Red Fanatics | | [Coleraine F.C.](/wiki/Coleraine_F.C. "Coleraine F.C.") | Coleraine Casual Army | | [Larne F.C.](/wiki/Larne_F.C. "Larne F.C.") | Casual Inver Army | ### Poland The first Polish ultras groups were formed in 1980s by fans of [Legia Warszawa](/wiki/Legia_Warszawa "Legia Warszawa") and [Arka Gdynia](/wiki/Arka_Gdynia "Arka Gdynia"). Those early ultra groups identified as either fascist or national\-socialist and opposed communist government of [Wojciech Jaruzelski](/wiki/Wojciech_Jaruzelski "Wojciech Jaruzelski"). The 1990s saw the continuing spread and development of the ultra culture with the formation of the [Wisła Sharks](/wiki/Wis%C5%82a_Krak%C3%B3w "Wisła Kraków") and [Cracovia Jude Gang](/wiki/Cracovia_Krak%C3%B3w "Cracovia Kraków") groups, the former often regarded in Poland as the first full\-fledged ultras group. With intimidating and non\-stop chanting, they've made their presence felt in the stands.[Subcultrue of stadium hooligans – Pathology or crime?](https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1836603.pdf) Modern hooligans try to be inconspicuous when they enter the stadium; usually not wearing team colours, to avoid detection by the police and [PZPN](/wiki/PZPN "PZPN") officials.{{cite journal\|url\=https://uwb.edu.pl/\|title\=Prawno\-kryminalistyczna problematyka przestępczości stadionowej\|journal\=Wydział Prawa, Uniwersytet w Białymstoku\|last1\=Jurczewski\|first1\=Mariusz\|date\=October 2013}} ### Spain Spanish ultraism is generally agreed to have come from Italian and English ultraism and hooliganism at the 1982 World Cup held in Spain. Held only seven years after the death of Franco, the World Cup was an opportunity for Spain to join the world of modern international football. Spanish ultraism is particularly known for its dramatic and polarized distinction across two ideological cleavages: fascism and (regional) nationalism. The vast majority of ultra groups identify as either fascist or anti\-fascist, and either separatist or nationalist.{{cite thesis \|url\=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316659628 \|doi\=10\.13140/RG.2\.2\.28548\.94088\|year\=2017 \|last1\=Westby \|first1\=David \|title\=Ultras in Spain: A Study on the Relationship Between Macro\-level Cleavages and Micro\-level Actors }} ### The Netherlands In [The Netherlands](/wiki/Netherlands "Netherlands"), most professional football teams have an ultras group. the first ultras groups in the Netherlands were formed in the 1970s by fans of [Feyenoord](/wiki/Feyenoord "Feyenoord") they called themselves [S.C.F. Hooligans](/wiki/S.C.F._Hooligans "S.C.F. Hooligans"). After S.C.F. Hooligans were formed many other ultras groups started forming such as [AFC Ajax](/wiki/AFC_Ajax "AFC Ajax") ([F\-side](/wiki/F-side "F-side")) [FC Utrecht](/wiki/FC_Utrecht "FC Utrecht") (Bunnikside) [ADO Den Haag](/wiki/ADO_Den_Haag "ADO Den Haag") (north side) [De Graafschap](/wiki/De_Graafschap "De Graafschap") (Brigata Tifosi) [FC Twente](/wiki/FC_Twente "FC Twente") (Vak\-P) [FC Groningen](/wiki/FC_Groningen "FC Groningen") (Z\-Side). ### Belgium Most clubs in Belgium have an ultra\-group, such as [Sporting Charleroi](/wiki/Sporting_Charleroi "Sporting Charleroi") (Storm Ultras 2001\), [Sint\-Truidense V.V.](/wiki/Sint-Truidense_V.V. "Sint-Truidense V.V.") (Brigada Hesbania), [KRC Genk](/wiki/KRC_Genk "KRC Genk") (Drughi Genk), [RSC Anderlecht](/wiki/RSC_Anderlecht "RSC Anderlecht") (Mauves Army 2003\) [Standard Liège](/wiki/Standard_Li%C3%A8ge "Standard Liège") (Ultras Inferno 1996\) ### Luxembourg Several clubs in Luxembourg have an ultras group, such as [FC Differdange 03](/wiki/FC_Differdange_03 "FC Differdange 03") (UD45\), [Jeunesse Esch](/wiki/Jeunesse_Esch "Jeunesse Esch") (Ultras Esch), [Avenir Beggen](/wiki/Avenir_Beggen "Avenir Beggen") (Ultras Beggen), [Luxembourg national football team](/wiki/Luxembourg_national_football_team "Luxembourg national football team") (M\-Block) ### Bosnia and Herzegovina People in Bosnia and Herzegovina are known for their national ultras group [BHFanaticos](/wiki/BHFanaticos "BHFanaticos"). Also, they have a few ultras that are connected to football clubs [Manijaci](/wiki/The_Maniacs "The Maniacs"), [Horde zla](/wiki/Horde_Zla "Horde Zla"), [Lešinari](/wiki/Le%C5%A1inari "Lešinari"), [Red Army](/wiki/Red_Army_Mostar "Red Army Mostar"), [Škripari](/wiki/%C5%A0kripari "Škripari"), [Ultras Mostar](/wiki/Ultras_Mostar "Ultras Mostar") and many more. ### Cyprus **[Gate\-9](/wiki/Gate-9 "Gate-9")** ([Greek](/wiki/Greek_language "Greek language"):**Θύρα 9**) is a Cypriot fans' group that supports the football team [People's Athletic Club Omonia 1948](/wiki/%CE%91%CE%B8%CE%BB%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%9B%CE%B1%CF%8A%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%A3%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BF_%CE%9F%CE%BC%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%B9%CE%B1_1948 "Αθλητικό Λαϊκό Σωματείο Ομόνοια 1948") and all the sport departments of [AC Omonia](/wiki/AC_Omonia "AC Omonia") except football. Omonia supporters are traditionally left wing. A 2009 gallop poll estimated that three out of four Omonia fans vote for the [Progressive Party of Working People](/wiki/Progressive_Party_of_Working_People "Progressive Party of Working People"), the communist party of Cyprus.{{Cite web \|title\=Η ΚΑΘΗΜΕΡΙΝΗ, kathimerini.com.cy \|url\=http://www.kathimerini.com.cy/index.php/index.php?pageaction\=kat\&modid\=1\&artid\=10294\&show\=Y \|access\-date\=20 September 2021 \|website\=www.kathimerini.com.cy}} While the group retains its left wing beliefs, in recent years it has been openly critical of the party's involvement in the club's administrative decisions. The party has denied accusations that it influences club decisions.{{Cite web \|title\=Η θύρα 9 μεγάλωσε και δεν ελέγχεται \|url\=http://www.reporter.com.cy/politics/article/19046/ \|trans\-title\=Port 9 has grown and is not controlled \|language\=el \|date\=14 December 2015 \|website\=Reporter}} Gate\-9 members are associated with [communist](/wiki/Communist "Communist") beliefs and have been noted for waving banners bearing [Che Guevara](/wiki/Che_Guevara "Che Guevara")'s portrait, and other communist symbols.{{Cite web \|date\=3 October 2011 \|title\=Omonoia: Feisty team blends sports and left politics \|url\=http://www.peoplesworld.org/omonoia\-feisty\-team\-blends\-sports\-and\-left\-politics/ \|website\=People's World \|last\=Bono \|first\=Gary}} The group is also involved in humanitarian work for refugees in Cyprus.{{cite web \|title\=Αθλητικά νέα \- Αθλητικές ειδήσεις για όλα τα sport {{!}} Thema Sports \|url\=http://www.themasports.com/paraskinio/2015/09/10/organomenoi\-omonoias\-den\-to\-perimenan/ \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915195446/http://www.themasports.com/paraskinio/2015/09/10/organomenoi\-omonoias\-den\-to\-perimenan \|archive\-date\=15 September 2015 \|access\-date\=15 July 2021}} The group, besides [Nicosia](/wiki/Nicosia "Nicosia"), has fan clubs in [Limassol](/wiki/Limassol "Limassol"), Athens, [Thessaloniki](/wiki/Thessaloniki "Thessaloniki"), [Larnaka](/wiki/Larnaka "Larnaka"),{{Cite web \|title\=Ομόνοια: Σε νέο οίκημα το Συ.Φι Λάρνακας Αμμοχώστου \|trans\-title\=Omonia: In a new building the Sy.Fi Larnaca Famagusta \|website\=Balla \|last\=Christou \|first\=Andreas \|date\=16 July 2013 \|language\=el \|url\=http://www.balla.com.cy/3/14\_Protathlima\_a\_katigorias/56690\_Omonia\_Se\_neo\_oikima\_to\_SyFi\_Larnakas\_Amohostou \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714165243/http://www.balla.com.cy/3/14\_Protathlima\_a\_katigorias/56690\_Omonia\_Se\_neo\_oikima\_to\_SyFi\_Larnakas\_Amohostou \|archive\-date\=14 July 2014 \|access\-date\=30 June 2014}} [Paphos](/wiki/Paphos "Paphos"),[http://sport\-fm.com.cy/podosfairo/omonoia/item/1676\-omonoia\-«ομάδα\-όλης\-της\-κύπρου»/1676\-omonoia\-«ομάδα\-όλης\-της\-κύπρου».html](http://sport-fm.com.cy/podosfairo/omonoia/item/1676-omonoia-«ομάδα-όλης-της-κύπρου»/1676-omonoia-«ομάδα-όλης-της-κύπρου».html) {{Dead link\|date\=February 2022}} and London.{{cite web \|title\=Ομόνοια: Χαμός στο Συ.Φι. Λεμεσού με Καϊάφα και παίκτες! (pics) {{!}} Α' Κατηγορία {{!}} Κύπρος {{!}} Ποδόσφαιρο {{!}} BALLA \|url\=http://www.balla.com.cy/3/14\_Protathlima\_a\_katigorias/74962\_Omonia\_Xamos\_sto\_SyFi\_Lemesoy\_me\_Kaiafa\_ke\_paiktes\_(pics) \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140322102147/http://www.balla.com.cy/3/14\_Protathlima\_a\_katigorias/74962\_Omonia\_Xamos\_sto\_SyFi\_Lemesoy\_me\_Kaiafa\_ke\_paiktes\_(pics) \|archive\-date\=22 March 2014}} There are also ultras groups affiliated with the [APOEL FC](/wiki/APOEL_FC "APOEL FC"){{cite web\|url\=http://www.apoelfc.com.cy/nqcontent.cfm?a\_id\=1438\&tt\=graphic⟨\=l1 \|publisher\=APOEL FC \|script\-title\=el:ΠΑΝ.ΣΥ.ΦΙ \|language\=Greek \|accessdate\=23 May 2008 \|url\-status\=dead \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080520111544/http://www.apoelfc.com.cy/nqcontent.cfm?a\_id\=1438\&tt\=graphic⟨\=l1 \|archivedate\=20 May 2008 }} and the [Anorthosis Famagusta FC](/wiki/Anorthosis_Famagusta_FC "Anorthosis Famagusta FC").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.sigmalive.com/news/local/103398/epeisodia\-ston\-petosfairiko\-agona\-anagennisi\-anorthosi\|title\=Επεισόδια στον πετοσφαιρικό αγώνα Αναγέννηση\- Ανόρθωση\|author\=sigmalive/ΚΥΠΕ\|date\=22 February 2014\|access\-date\=3 May 2016}} ### Malta Although small in size, Malta has some notable ultras groups. The main ultras groups in Malta are Birkirkara Ultras 1997, Ultras Beltin 999, and Paola Boys Hibs Ultras, Sliema Ultras Blue Gladiators as well as the [Maltese national football team](/wiki/Maltese_national_football_team "Maltese national football team") ultras group, the South End Core. ### Ukraine | Stadium | Club | Name | | --- | --- | --- | |[Chernihiv Stadium](/wiki/Chernihiv_Stadium "Chernihiv Stadium") [Desna Chernihiv](/wiki/FC_Desna_Chernihiv "FC Desna Chernihiv") | – **[Ultras Desna](/wiki/Ultras_Desna "Ultras Desna")** | | ### Romania Romania's ultras only finds itself in the traditional teams like Steaua București, Dinamo București and Rapid București; but there are some small ultras groups which support their local club. The biggest ultras groups are: Peluza Nord Steaua, Peluza Dus WC Regal, Peluza Cătălin Hîldan, Peluza Sud Dinamo, Peluza Nord Rapid, Peluza Sud Timisoara, t2 Rapid, Peluza Şepcile Roşii and Peluza Nord Hunedoara. There are also some honourable mentions like Peluza Marină Farul, Peluza Sud Craiova, Peluza Dron Craiolguța and Peluza Nord Galați. ### Turkey The three big clubs of Turkey, namely [Beşiktaş](/wiki/Be%C5%9Fikta%C5%9F "Beşiktaş"), [Fenerbahçe](/wiki/Fenerbah%C3%A7e "Fenerbahçe") and [Galatasaray](/wiki/Galatasaray "Galatasaray"), have a dedicated and passionate fanbase. The ultras of these clubs are [Çarşı](/wiki/%C3%87ar%C5%9F%C4%B1_%28supporter_group%29 "Çarşı (supporter group)"), [Genç Fenerbahçeliler](/wiki/Gen%C3%A7_Fenerbah%C3%A7eliler "Genç Fenerbahçeliler") and [UltrAslan](/wiki/UltrAslan "UltrAslan"), respectively. ### Bulgaria The most famous ultras in Bulgaria are [Sector G](/wiki/Sector_G "Sector G") ([CSKA Sofia](/wiki/PFC_CSKA_Sofia "PFC CSKA Sofia")), Sector B ([Levski Sofia](/wiki/PFC_Levski_Sofia "PFC Levski Sofia")), Bultras ([Botev Plovdiv](/wiki/Botev_Plovdiv "Botev Plovdiv")), Green Fighters ([Neftochimic Burgas](/wiki/PFC_Neftochimic_Burgas "PFC Neftochimic Burgas")), Moryatsi ([Cherno More Varna](/wiki/Cherno_More_Varna "Cherno More Varna")) and Lauta Army ([Lokomotiv Plovdiv](/wiki/PFC_Lokomotiv_Plovdiv "PFC Lokomotiv Plovdiv")).
[ "Europe\n------", "### France", "", "| Stadium | Club | Name |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| [Parc des Princes](/wiki/Parc_des_Princes \"Parc des Princes\") | [Paris Saint\\-Germain](/wiki/Paris_Saint-Germain \"Paris Saint-Germain\") | –**Collectif Ultras Paris 2016** |\n| [Stade Vélodrome](/wiki/Stade_V%C3%A9lodrome \"Stade Vélodrome\") | [Olympique de Marseille](/wiki/Olympique_de_Marseille \"Olympique de Marseille\") | –**Commando Ultra '84**– **Club des Amis de l'OM 1987**– **South Winners 1987**– **Fanatics 1988**– **Dodger's 1992**– **Marseille Trop Puissant 1994**– **Handi Fan Club 2005** |\n| [Stade Geoffroy\\-Guichard](/wiki/Stade_Geoffroy-Guichard \"Stade Geoffroy-Guichard\") | [AS Saint\\-Étienne](/wiki/AS_Saint-%C3%89tienne \"AS Saint-Étienne\") | –**Associés Supporters 1970**– **Magic Fans 1991**– **Green Angels 1992**–**Indépendantistes Stéphanois 1998**– **Union des Supporters Stéphanois 2004** |\n| [Groupama Stadium](/wiki/Groupama_Stadium \"Groupama Stadium\") | [Olympique Lyonnais](/wiki/Olympique_Lyonnais \"Olympique Lyonnais\") | –**Bad Gones**– **Lyon 1950**– **Hex@gones**– **Amicale des Rouge \\& Bleu**– **Générations OL**– **O'Elle Club**– **Handi Sup OL**– **Gastrogones 69**– **OL Muséum**– **Dauphigones**– **Brigade Lyon**– **Les Canuts de l'OL** |\n| [Stade Louis\\-II](/wiki/Stade_Louis-II \"Stade Louis-II\") | [AS Monaco](/wiki/AS_Monaco \"AS Monaco\") | –**Le Club des supporters de Monaco**– **Ultras Monaco 1994** |\n|", "### Scotland", "In Scotland, Ultras Aberdeen are the ultras group who follow [Aberdeen F.C.](/wiki/Aberdeen_F.C. \"Aberdeen F.C.\"), they organise chants and choreography in the Merkland Road Stand, at Pittodrie Stadium, also known as the \"Red Shed\". The [Green Brigade](/wiki/Green_Brigade \"Green Brigade\") are an ultras group that follow [Celtic F.C.](/wiki/Celtic_F.C. \"Celtic F.C.\") and regularly make tifo displays and often voice support for a [United Ireland](/wiki/United_Ireland \"United Ireland\"). They are [left\\-wing](/wiki/Left_wing_politics \"Left wing politics\"). On the other side of Glasgow are the Rangers F.C. ultra group The Union Bears.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.eveningtimes.co.uk/news/16196253\\.rangers\\-ultras\\-union\\-bears\\-eerie\\-message\\-after\\-ibrox\\-fans\\-storm\\-own\\-poty\\-awards\\-in\\-glasgow/\\|title \\= Rangers ultras Union Bears' eerie message after Ibrox fans storm own POTY Awards in Glasgow}} The Union Bears are known for their elaborate fan displays and their support for [Northern Irish](/wiki/Unionism_in_Ireland \"Unionism in Ireland\") and [Scottish unionism](/wiki/Scottish_unionism \"Scottish unionism\") within the UK. They celebrate and support the [Protestant](/wiki/Protestant \"Protestant\") history of both Rangers and Scotland. Block Seven are a supporters group that support [Hibernian FC](/wiki/Hibernian_FC \"Hibernian FC\"), the Gorgie Ultras support rivals, [Heart of Midlothian FC](/wiki/Heart_of_Midlothian_F.C. \"Heart of Midlothian F.C.\").", "### England", "In England, there are ultras groups at, [Colchester United](/wiki/Colchester_United_F.C. \"Colchester United F.C.\") known as the BWA (Blue and White Army), [Hartlepool United](/wiki/Hartlepool_United \"Hartlepool United\") known as the NWC, [Middlesbrough F.C.](/wiki/Middlesbrough_F.C. \"Middlesbrough F.C.\") (Red Faction), [Norwich City](/wiki/Norwich_City \"Norwich City\") (City Elite), [Crystal Palace F.C.](/wiki/Crystal_Palace_F.C. \"Crystal Palace F.C.\") ([Holmesdale Fanatics](/wiki/Holmesdale_Fanatics \"Holmesdale Fanatics\")), [Ipswich Town F.C.](/wiki/Ipswich_Town_F.C. \"Ipswich Town F.C.\") (Blue Action), [Leicester City F.C.](/wiki/Leicester_City_F.C. \"Leicester City F.C.\") (Union FS), [Huddersfield Town F.C.](/wiki/Huddersfield_Town_F.C. \"Huddersfield Town F.C.\") (Cowshed Loyal), and [Stockport County](/wiki/Stockport_County_F.C. \"Stockport County F.C.\") (Hatters 83\\), Bristol City (Section 82\\), Arsenal (Ashburton Army){{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2016/oct/23/premier\\-league\\-ultras\\-european\\-football\\|title\\=Ultra culture could help Premier League terraces take positive steps\\|last\\=Bakowski\\|first\\=Gregg\\|date\\=23 October 2016\\|website\\=The Guardian\\|access\\-date\\=10 April 2018\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180411174313/https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2016/oct/23/premier\\-league\\-ultras\\-european\\-football\\|archive\\-date\\=11 April 2018\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://www.espn.co.uk/football/club/name/384/blog/post/2356894/headline\\|title\\=Palace 'ultras' causing anxiety\\|publisher\\=ESPN\\|access\\-date\\=10 April 2018\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180411111500/http://www.espn.co.uk/football/club/name/384/blog/post/2356894/headline\\|archive\\-date\\=11 April 2018\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.wsc.co.uk/wsc\\-daily/1193\\-march\\-2015/12320\\-crystal\\-palace\\-ultras\\-under\\-pressure\\-from\\-club\\-and\\-fans\\|title\\=When Saturday Comes – Crystal Palace ultras under pressure from club and fans\\|last\\=Barker\\|first\\=Matthew\\|website\\=When Saturday Comes\\|access\\-date\\=10 April 2018\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180411025950/http://www.wsc.co.uk/wsc\\-daily/1193\\-march\\-2015/12320\\-crystal\\-palace\\-ultras\\-under\\-pressure\\-from\\-club\\-and\\-fans\\|archive\\-date\\=11 April 2018\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Several [non\\-league football](/wiki/Non-League_football \"Non-League football\") teams in England have ultras groups that are left\\-wing, such as the fans of [Dulwich Hamlet F.C.](/wiki/Dulwich_Hamlet_F.C. \"Dulwich Hamlet F.C.\") who have a group called The Rabble.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://inews.co.uk/news/long\\-reads/eastbourne\\-town\\-fc\\-non\\-league\\-football\\-ultras/\\|title\\=Eastbourne Town's 'ultras' are game for a laugh and making football welcome to all\\|date\\=16 November 2017\\|work\\=iNews\\|access\\-date\\=10 April 2018\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180411025832/https://inews.co.uk/news/long\\-reads/eastbourne\\-town\\-fc\\-non\\-league\\-football\\-ultras/\\|archive\\-date\\=11 April 2018\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.vice.com/en\\_uk/article/9bz7d3/dulwich\\-hamlet\\-non\\-league\\-football\\-109\\|title\\=London's Left\\-Wing Utopian Non\\-League Ultras Are Reclaiming Football\\|date\\=5 January 2015\\|work\\=Vice\\|access\\-date\\=10 April 2018\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180411025710/https://www.vice.com/en\\_uk/article/9bz7d3/dulwich\\-hamlet\\-non\\-league\\-football\\-109\\|archive\\-date\\=11 April 2018\\|url\\-status\\=live}} A [Vice](/wiki/Vice_News \"Vice News\") article claims [Casuals United](/wiki/Casuals_United \"Casuals United\") are at war with anti\\-fascist football ultras.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.vice.com/en\\_uk/article/4wm3jb/is\\-english\\-far\\-right\\-hooligans\\-war\\-on\\-left\\-wing\\-football\\-ultras\\-spreading\\-to\\-the\\-premier\\-league\\-181\\|title\\=The English Far\\-Right's War on Anti\\-Fascist Football Ultras\\|date\\=13 February 2015\\|work\\=Vice\\|access\\-date\\=10 April 2018\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180411025942/https://www.vice.com/en\\_uk/article/4wm3jb/is\\-english\\-far\\-right\\-hooligans\\-war\\-on\\-left\\-wing\\-football\\-ultras\\-spreading\\-to\\-the\\-premier\\-league\\-181\\|archive\\-date\\=11 April 2018\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "In Early 2022, a [Norwich City](/wiki/Norwich_City \"Norwich City\") supporters group was formed known as City Elite, they have grown to become one of the leading fan groups at the club after many set backs with the club they have now been approached by the club to help with the new safe standing plans and they hope to be given a singing section within the Barclay.", "In late 2022, an [Arsenal F.C.](/wiki/Arsenal_F.C. \"Arsenal F.C.\") supporters group called \"Ashburton Army\" gained prominence, taking their name from Ashburton Grove, an historic road upon which the team's [Emirates Stadium](/wiki/Emirates_Stadium \"Emirates Stadium\") was built.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2022\\-12\\-30 \\|title\\= Who are Ashburton Army? The Arsenal ultras group AFTV could only dream of \\|url\\=https://www.thickaccent.com/2022/12/30/who\\-are\\-ashburton\\-army\\-the\\-arsenal\\-ultras\\-group\\-putting\\-aftv\\-to\\-shame/ \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-03\\-18 \\|website\\=Thick Accent \\|language\\=en\\-GB}}{{Cite web \\|date\\=2022\\-10\\-06 \\|title\\=The Clock End's boys in black: a look into Arsenal's 'ultras' \\|url\\=https://paininthearsenal.com/2022/10/06/the\\-clock\\-ends\\-boys\\-in\\-black\\-a\\-look\\-into\\-arsenals\\-ultras/ \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-12\\-28 \\|website\\=Pain in the Arsenal \\|language\\=en\\-US}}{{Cite web \\|title\\=Arsenal fan 'ultras' filmed ahead of West Ham game, fans are divided over the footage \\|url\\=https://www.sportbible.com/football/arsenal\\-fans\\-ultras\\-premier\\-league\\-west\\-ham\\-united\\-892312\\-20221226 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-12\\-28 \\|website\\=SPORTbible \\|language\\=en}}", "In 2024, following the inception of the group and a subsequent meeting with club officials, an [Aston Villa F.C.](/wiki/Aston_Villa_F.C. \"Aston Villa F.C.\") supporters group called \"1897 Group\" were allocated a section of the club's home stadium [Villa Park](/wiki/Villa_Park \"Villa Park\") for a [Premier League](/wiki/Premier_League \"Premier League\") match against [A.F.C. Bournemouth](/wiki/A.F.C._Bournemouth \"A.F.C. Bournemouth\") to launch the group's presence at Aston Villa's matches.{{Cite news \\|title\\= Aston Villa news from BirminghamLive as the 1897 Group prepare for Bournemouth trial display after encouraging meeting with the club \\|url\\=https://www.birminghammail.co.uk/sport/football/football\\-news/aston\\-villa\\-launch\\-exciting\\-villa\\-28939048 \\|date\\=2024\\-04\\-05 \\|website\\=BirminghamLive \\|language\\=en\\-GB}}", "### Hungary", "[thumb\\|Singing at sector B Central during the opening ceremonies of the Puskás Aréna on 15 November 2019](/wiki/File:B_k%C3%B6z%C3%A9p_a_Pusk%C3%A1s_Ar%C3%A9na_avat%C3%A1s%C3%A1n.ogv \"B közép a Puskás Aréna avatásán.ogv\")\nSeveral clubs in Hungary have large ultras groups, such as [Ferencváros](/wiki/Ferencv%C3%A1rosi_TC \"Ferencvárosi TC\") (Green Monsters), [Újpest](/wiki/%C3%9Ajpest_FC \"Újpest FC\") (Viola Fidelity), [Diósgyőr](/wiki/Di%C3%B3sgy%C5%91ri_VTK \"Diósgyőri VTK\") (Ultras Diósgyőr), [Honvéd](/wiki/Budapest_Honv%C3%A9d_FC \"Budapest Honvéd FC\") (Ultras Kispest, Északi Kanyar), [Fehérvár](/wiki/MOL_Feh%C3%A9rv%C3%A1r_FC \"MOL Fehérvár FC\") (Red Blue Devils), [Tatabánya](/wiki/Tatab%C3%A1nyai_SC \"Tatabányai SC\") (Turul Ultrái), [Debrecen](/wiki/Debreceni_VSC \"Debreceni VSC\") (Szívtiprók Ultras Debrecen) and other strongly developing groups such as [Kecskemét](/wiki/Kecskem%C3%A9ti_TE \"Kecskeméti TE\") (Ultras Kecskemét). The national team of Hungary has an ultras group known as the Carpathian Brigade. The group was formed in 2009\\. Hungarian ultras occupy sector B Central at the [Puskás Aréna](/wiki/Pusk%C3%A1s_Ar%C3%A9na \"Puskás Aréna\").", "### Portugal", "[thumb\\|right\\|Benfica group, No Name Boys, Lisbon, 2008](/wiki/File:Getafebenficauefa0708qg3-1-.jpg \"Getafebenficauefa0708qg3-1-.jpg\")", "| Stadium | Club | Name |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| [Estádio do Dragão](/wiki/Est%C3%A1dio_do_Drag%C3%A3o \"Estádio do Dragão\") | [FC Porto](/wiki/FC_Porto \"FC Porto\") | – **Super Dragões 1986**– **Colectivo Ultras 95** |\n| [Estádio do Bessa](/wiki/Est%C3%A1dio_do_Bessa \"Estádio do Bessa\") | [Boavista FC](/wiki/Boavista_FC \"Boavista FC\") | – **Panteras Negras 84** |\n| [Estádio da Luz](/wiki/Est%C3%A1dio_da_Luz \"Estádio da Luz\") | [SL Benfica](/wiki/SL_Benfica \"SL Benfica\") | – **Иo Иame Boys 92**– **Diabos Vermelhos 82**– **Grupo Manks 96** |\n| [Estádio José Alvalade](/wiki/Est%C3%A1dio_Jos%C3%A9_Alvalade \"Estádio José Alvalade\") | [Sporting CP](/wiki/Sporting_CP \"Sporting CP\") | – **Juventude Leonina 1976**– **Torcida Verde**– **Directivo Ultras XXI**– **Brigada Ultras Sporting** |\n| [Estádio de São Luís](/wiki/Est%C3%A1dio_de_S%C3%A3o_Lu%C3%ADs \"Estádio de São Luís\") | [Farense](/wiki/Farense \"Farense\") | – **South Side Boys** |\n| [Estádio José Gomes](/wiki/Est%C3%A1dio_Jos%C3%A9_Gomes \"Estádio José Gomes\") | [CF Estrela da Amadora](/wiki/C.F._Estrela_da_Amadora \"C.F. Estrela da Amadora\") | **– Magia Tricolor** |\n|\n| [Estádio Municipal de Braga](/wiki/Est%C3%A1dio_Municipal_de_Braga \"Estádio Municipal de Braga\") | [SC Braga](/wiki/SC_Braga \"SC Braga\") | – **Red Boys 92**– **Bracara Legion 2003** |\n| [Estádio Municipal 22 de Junho](/wiki/Est%C3%A1dio_Municipal_22_de_Junho \"Estádio Municipal 22 de Junho\") | [F.C. Famalicão](/wiki/F.C._Famalic%C3%A3o \"F.C. Famalicão\") | – **Fama Boys 1990** |\n| [Estádio D. Afonso Henriques](/wiki/Est%C3%A1dio_D._Afonso_Henriques \"Estádio D. Afonso Henriques\") | [Vitória SC](/wiki/Vit%C3%B3ria_SC \"Vitória SC\") | – **White Angels 1999**– **Insane Guys 1994** |\n| Estádio Comendador Manuel Violas | [S.C. Espinho](/wiki/S.C._Espinho \"S.C. Espinho\") | – **Desnorteados** |\n| Complexo Desportivo de Campanhã | [S.C. Salgueiros](/wiki/S.C._Salgueiros \"S.C. Salgueiros\") | – **Alma Salgueirista 1985** |\n| [Estádio Marques da Silva](/wiki/Est%C3%A1dio_Marques_da_Silva \"Estádio Marques da Silva\") | [AD Ovarense](/wiki/AD_Ovarense \"AD Ovarense\") | – **Fans\\_1921** |", "", "### Greece", "In [Greece](/wiki/Greece \"Greece\"), most professional football teams have an ultras group. Most of them are named after a gate number which refers to the specific place where the fans are situated at the stadium. Others have actual names or no special names at all and they are named after their supporting team.", "", "| Club | Name | Stadium |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| [Olympiacos F.C](/wiki/Olympiacos_F.C. \"Olympiacos F.C.\") | [Gate 7](/wiki/Gate_7_%28supporter_group%29 \"Gate 7 (supporter group)\") | [Karaiskakis Stadium](/wiki/Karaiskakis_Stadium \"Karaiskakis Stadium\") |\n| [AEK Athens F.C](/wiki/AEK_Athens_F.C. \"AEK Athens F.C.\") | [Original 21](/wiki/Original_21 \"Original 21\") (sometimes Gate 21\\) | [Agia Sophia Stadium](/wiki/Agia_Sophia_Stadium \"Agia Sophia Stadium\") |\n| [PAOK F.C](/wiki/PAOK_FC \"PAOK FC\") | [Gate 4](/wiki/Gate_4 \"Gate 4\") | [Toumba Stadium](/wiki/Toumba_Stadium \"Toumba Stadium\") |\n| [Aris Thessaloniki F.C](/wiki/Aris_Thessaloniki_F.C. \"Aris Thessaloniki F.C.\") | SUPER\\-3 | [Kleanthis Vikelidis Stadium](/wiki/Kleanthis_Vikelidis_Stadium \"Kleanthis Vikelidis Stadium\") |\n| [Panathinaikos F.C](/wiki/Panathinaikos_F.C. \"Panathinaikos F.C.\") | [Gate 13](/wiki/Gate_13 \"Gate 13\") | [Leoforos Stadium](/wiki/Leoforos_Alexandras_Stadium \"Leoforos Alexandras Stadium\") |\n| [Atromitos Athinon F.C](/wiki/Atromitos_F.C. \"Atromitos F.C.\") | Fentagin | [Peristeri Stadium](/wiki/Peristeri_Stadium \"Peristeri Stadium\") |\n| [OFI Crete F.C](/wiki/OFI_Crete_F.C. \"OFI Crete F.C.\") | Gate 4 (Snakes) | [Theodoros Vardinogiannis Stadium](/wiki/Theodoros_Vardinogiannis_Stadium \"Theodoros Vardinogiannis Stadium\") |\n| [Panetolikos F.C](/wiki/Panetolikos_F.C. \"Panetolikos F.C.\") | Gate 6 (Warriors) | [Panetolikos Stadium](/wiki/Panetolikos_Stadium \"Panetolikos Stadium\") |\n| [Asteras Tripolis F.C](/wiki/Asteras_Tripolis_F.C. \"Asteras Tripolis F.C.\") | Tigers | [Theodoros Kolokotronis Stadium](/wiki/Theodoros_Kolokotronis_Stadium \"Theodoros Kolokotronis Stadium\") |\n| [AEL F.C](/wiki/Athlitiki_Enosi_Larissa_F.C. \"Athlitiki Enosi Larissa F.C.\") | Monsters (Gate 1\\) | [AEL FC Arena](/wiki/AEL_FC_Arena \"AEL FC Arena\") |\n| [Panionios F.C](/wiki/Panionios_F.C. \"Panionios F.C.\") | Panthers | Panionios Stadium |\n| [Iraklis F.C](/wiki/Iraklis_F.C._%28Thessaloniki%29 \"Iraklis F.C. (Thessaloniki)\") | Autonomous Gate 10 | |\n| [PAS Lamia F.C](/wiki/PAS_Lamia_1964 \"PAS Lamia 1964\") | Gate 3 | |\n| [Panseraikos F.C](/wiki/Panserraikos_F.C. \"Panserraikos F.C.\") | Gate 5 | |\n| [PAS Giannina F.C](/wiki/PAS_Giannina_F.C. \"PAS Giannina F.C.\") | Pagouria | [Zosimades Stadium](/wiki/Zosimades_Stadium \"Zosimades Stadium\") |\n| [Egaleo F.C](/wiki/Egaleo_F.C. \"Egaleo F.C.\") | Gate 12 | |", "### Kosovo", "* [Plisat](/wiki/Plisat \"Plisat\") \\- [FC Prishtina](/wiki/FC_Prishtina \"FC Prishtina\")\n* [Torcida](/wiki/Torcida \"Torcida\") \\- [KF Trepça](/wiki/KF_Trep%C3%A7a \"KF Trepça\")\n* Arpagjik't \\- [KF Liria](/wiki/KF_Liria \"KF Liria\")\n* Kuqezinjet e Jakoves \\- [KF Vëllaznimi](/wiki/KF_V%C3%ABllaznimi \"KF Vëllaznimi\")\n* Besa Boys \\- [FC Besa](/wiki/FC_Besa \"FC Besa\")\n* Intelektualet \\- [FC Drita](/wiki/FC_Drita \"FC Drita\")\n* Xhebrailat \\- [FC Ballkani](/wiki/FC_Ballkani \"FC Ballkani\")\n* [Skifterat](/wiki/Skifterat \"Skifterat\") \\- [SC Gjilani](/wiki/SC_Gjilani \"SC Gjilani\")\n* Legjendat \\- [KF Llapi](/wiki/KF_Llapi \"KF Llapi\")", "### Serbia", "[Red Star Belgrade](/wiki/Red_Star_Belgrade \"Red Star Belgrade\") have one of the most dedicated ultras groups in Europe, [Delije](/wiki/Delije \"Delije\") is a collective name for supporters of various groups that are a part of the Red Star Belgrade multi\\-sport club.\nThey attend every match, and usually do choreographies and shout chants, with many subgroups present on the stadium as well.", "[FK Partizan](/wiki/FK_Partizan \"FK Partizan\"), have a ultras group of their own named [Grobari](/wiki/Grobari \"Grobari\") (Gravediggers).They generally support all clubs within the Partizan multi\\-sports club, and mostly wear black and white symbols, which are the club's colors.", "### Denmark", "[FC Copenhagen](/wiki/F.C._Copenhagen \"F.C. Copenhagen\") (Sektion 12\\) and [Brøndby IF](/wiki/Br%C3%B8ndby_IF \"Brøndby IF\") (Sydsiden) have some of the most renowned ultras groups on the continent, and the derby between the two is also one of the fiercest in Europe.{{Cite web\\|date\\=31 March 2016\\|title\\=The Copenhagen sektion 12 is Denmarks biggest ultra group they maintain over 10000 people just on the sekttion 12Derby\\|url\\=https://outsidewrite.co.uk/copenhagen\\-derby\\-tensions\\-rising\\-denmark/\\|access\\-date\\=9 September 2020\\|website\\=Outside Write\\|language\\=en\\-GB}}", "[AaB's](/wiki/AaB_Fodbold \"AaB Fodbold\") ultras group caused a 14\\-minute delay in the 2020 Danish Cup final for a failure to adhere to COVID\\-19 [social distancing](/wiki/Social_distancing \"Social distancing\") rules.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/53257858\\|title\\=Danish Cup Final Delayed\\|date\\=1 July 2020\\|website\\=bbc.com}} The group was ultimately ejected from the stadium and the game resumed, which was won by [Sønderjyske](/wiki/S%C3%B8nderjyske_Fodbold \"Sønderjyske Fodbold\").", "### Italy", "[alt\\=ACMilanultras2006curvasud\\|thumb\\|240x240px\\|[AC Milan](/wiki/A.C._Milan \"A.C. Milan\") ultras in 2006](/wiki/File:ACMilanultras2006curvasud.jpg \"ACMilanultras2006curvasud.jpg\")\nIn Italy, most professional football clubs have an ultras group which attends every match and has dedicated seating areas in either the north or south end of the stadium behind the goals. Each ultras group will have one or more leaders who choreograph chants, and who hand out banners and flags to other people in the stand to wave throughout the match. Ultras have been credited with creating fantastic atmospheres inside the stadium; however they have also come under universal criticism because of ties to various gangs and the mafia, as well as causing violence which often takes place outside the stadium prior to a match. Over the years inappropriate chanting has resulted in the [FIGC](/wiki/Italian_Football_Federation \"Italian Football Federation\") issuing partial or full stadium bans to clubs. The ultras will choreograph a wide range of chants throughout a match, but some of the most common chants that result in a ban are anti\\-Southern chants towards clubs which are located in the South of Italy, most notably towards [Napoli](/wiki/S.S.C._Napoli \"S.S.C. Napoli\"), as well as racist chants towards opposition players. However, these issues only partially represent parts of the Ultras culture in Italy – Ultras in Italy are also known for fighting criminals and the Mafia, giving housing to immigrants or helping Italian citizens in need, as well as aiding with food and money during the Covid pandemic to their local hospitals.{{Cite news\\|last\\=Jones\\|first\\=Tobias\\|date\\=15 September 2019\\|title\\=At home with Italy's ultras: 'It isn't about watching football, but watching each other'\\|language\\=en\\-GB\\|work\\=The Guardian\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/sep/15/at\\-home\\-with\\-the\\-italian\\-ultras\\-football\\-fans\\-cosenza\\-tobias\\-jones\\|access\\-date\\=29 July 2020\\|issn\\=0261\\-3077}}{{Cite web\\|last\\=Monella\\|first\\=Lillo Montalto\\|date\\=9 November 2019\\|title\\=Racism in football: Are Italy's Ultras the problem or the solution?\\|url\\=https://www.euronews.com/2019/11/09/racism\\-in\\-football\\-are\\-italy\\-s\\-ultras\\-the\\-problem\\-or\\-the\\-solution\\|access\\-date\\=29 July 2020\\|website\\=euronews\\|language\\=en}}", "### Republic of Ireland", "Several groups exist in Rep. of Ireland, as follows:", "[Shamrock Rovers](/wiki/Shamrock_Rovers \"Shamrock Rovers\") \\- SRFC Ultras", "[St Patrick's Athletic](/wiki/St_Patrick%27s_Athletic \"St Patrick's Athletic\") \\- Shed End Invincibles", "[Drogheda United](/wiki/Drogheda_United \"Drogheda United\") \\- Famous 45 Ultras", "[Dundalk FC](/wiki/Dundalk_FC \"Dundalk FC\") \\- Shed Side Army", "[Bohemian FC](/wiki/Bohemian_FC \"Bohemian FC\") \\- Notorious Boo Boys", "[Galway United F.C.](/wiki/Galway_United_F.C. \"Galway United F.C.\") \\- maroon army", "[Waterford FC](/wiki/Waterford_F.C. \"Waterford F.C.\") \\- Block E Boys", "[Finn Harps FC](/wiki/Finn_Harps_F.C. \"Finn Harps F.C.\") \\- Ballybofey brigade", "### Northern Ireland", "The ultras scene in Northern Ireland is new, and since these have begun, the younger generation of fans in Northern Ireland has increased more than it has in many years.{{citation needed\\|date\\=May 2024}}", "| \\+ | Club | Name |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| [Glentoran F.C.](/wiki/Glentoran_F.C. \"Glentoran F.C.\") | Glentoran Ultras |\n| [Linfield F.C.](/wiki/Linfield_F.C. \"Linfield F.C.\") | Blue Unity |\n| [Cliftonville F.C.](/wiki/Cliftonville_F.C. \"Cliftonville F.C.\") | Red Fanatics |\n| [Coleraine F.C.](/wiki/Coleraine_F.C. \"Coleraine F.C.\") | Coleraine Casual Army |\n| [Larne F.C.](/wiki/Larne_F.C. \"Larne F.C.\") | Casual Inver Army |", "### Poland", "The first Polish ultras groups were formed in 1980s by fans of [Legia Warszawa](/wiki/Legia_Warszawa \"Legia Warszawa\") and [Arka Gdynia](/wiki/Arka_Gdynia \"Arka Gdynia\"). Those early ultra groups identified as either fascist or national\\-socialist and opposed communist government of [Wojciech Jaruzelski](/wiki/Wojciech_Jaruzelski \"Wojciech Jaruzelski\"). The 1990s saw the continuing spread and development of the ultra culture with the formation of the [Wisła Sharks](/wiki/Wis%C5%82a_Krak%C3%B3w \"Wisła Kraków\") and [Cracovia Jude Gang](/wiki/Cracovia_Krak%C3%B3w \"Cracovia Kraków\") groups, the former often regarded in Poland as the first full\\-fledged ultras group. With intimidating and non\\-stop chanting, they've made their presence felt in the stands.[Subcultrue of stadium hooligans – Pathology or crime?](https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1836603.pdf) Modern hooligans try to be inconspicuous when they enter the stadium; usually not wearing team colours, to avoid detection by the police and [PZPN](/wiki/PZPN \"PZPN\") officials.{{cite journal\\|url\\=https://uwb.edu.pl/\\|title\\=Prawno\\-kryminalistyczna problematyka przestępczości stadionowej\\|journal\\=Wydział Prawa, Uniwersytet w Białymstoku\\|last1\\=Jurczewski\\|first1\\=Mariusz\\|date\\=October 2013}}", "### Spain", "Spanish ultraism is generally agreed to have come from Italian and English ultraism and hooliganism at the 1982 World Cup held in Spain. Held only seven years after the death of Franco, the World Cup was an opportunity for Spain to join the world of modern international football. Spanish ultraism is particularly known for its dramatic and polarized distinction across two ideological cleavages: fascism and (regional) nationalism. The vast majority of ultra groups identify as either fascist or anti\\-fascist, and either separatist or nationalist.{{cite thesis \\|url\\=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316659628 \\|doi\\=10\\.13140/RG.2\\.2\\.28548\\.94088\\|year\\=2017 \\|last1\\=Westby \\|first1\\=David \\|title\\=Ultras in Spain: A Study on the Relationship Between Macro\\-level Cleavages and Micro\\-level Actors }}", "### The Netherlands", "In [The Netherlands](/wiki/Netherlands \"Netherlands\"), most professional football teams have an ultras group. the first ultras groups in the Netherlands were formed in the 1970s by fans of [Feyenoord](/wiki/Feyenoord \"Feyenoord\") they called themselves [S.C.F. Hooligans](/wiki/S.C.F._Hooligans \"S.C.F. Hooligans\"). After S.C.F. Hooligans were formed many other ultras groups started forming such as [AFC Ajax](/wiki/AFC_Ajax \"AFC Ajax\") ([F\\-side](/wiki/F-side \"F-side\")) [FC Utrecht](/wiki/FC_Utrecht \"FC Utrecht\") (Bunnikside) [ADO Den Haag](/wiki/ADO_Den_Haag \"ADO Den Haag\") (north side) [De Graafschap](/wiki/De_Graafschap \"De Graafschap\") (Brigata Tifosi) [FC Twente](/wiki/FC_Twente \"FC Twente\") (Vak\\-P) [FC Groningen](/wiki/FC_Groningen \"FC Groningen\") (Z\\-Side).", "### Belgium", "Most clubs in Belgium have an ultra\\-group, such as [Sporting Charleroi](/wiki/Sporting_Charleroi \"Sporting Charleroi\") (Storm Ultras 2001\\), [Sint\\-Truidense V.V.](/wiki/Sint-Truidense_V.V. \"Sint-Truidense V.V.\") (Brigada Hesbania), [KRC Genk](/wiki/KRC_Genk \"KRC Genk\") (Drughi Genk), [RSC Anderlecht](/wiki/RSC_Anderlecht \"RSC Anderlecht\") (Mauves Army 2003\\) [Standard Liège](/wiki/Standard_Li%C3%A8ge \"Standard Liège\") (Ultras Inferno 1996\\)", "### Luxembourg", "Several clubs in Luxembourg have an ultras group, such as [FC Differdange 03](/wiki/FC_Differdange_03 \"FC Differdange 03\") (UD45\\), [Jeunesse Esch](/wiki/Jeunesse_Esch \"Jeunesse Esch\") (Ultras Esch), [Avenir Beggen](/wiki/Avenir_Beggen \"Avenir Beggen\") (Ultras Beggen), [Luxembourg national football team](/wiki/Luxembourg_national_football_team \"Luxembourg national football team\") (M\\-Block)", "### Bosnia and Herzegovina", "People in Bosnia and Herzegovina are known for their national ultras group [BHFanaticos](/wiki/BHFanaticos \"BHFanaticos\"). Also, they have a few ultras that are connected to football clubs [Manijaci](/wiki/The_Maniacs \"The Maniacs\"), [Horde zla](/wiki/Horde_Zla \"Horde Zla\"), [Lešinari](/wiki/Le%C5%A1inari \"Lešinari\"), [Red Army](/wiki/Red_Army_Mostar \"Red Army Mostar\"), [Škripari](/wiki/%C5%A0kripari \"Škripari\"), [Ultras Mostar](/wiki/Ultras_Mostar \"Ultras Mostar\") and many more.", "### Cyprus", "**[Gate\\-9](/wiki/Gate-9 \"Gate-9\")** ([Greek](/wiki/Greek_language \"Greek language\"):**Θύρα 9**) is a Cypriot fans' group that supports the football team [People's Athletic Club Omonia 1948](/wiki/%CE%91%CE%B8%CE%BB%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%9B%CE%B1%CF%8A%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%A3%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BF_%CE%9F%CE%BC%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%B9%CE%B1_1948 \"Αθλητικό Λαϊκό Σωματείο Ομόνοια 1948\") and all the sport departments of [AC Omonia](/wiki/AC_Omonia \"AC Omonia\") except football. Omonia supporters are traditionally left wing. A 2009 gallop poll estimated that three out of four Omonia fans vote for the [Progressive Party of Working People](/wiki/Progressive_Party_of_Working_People \"Progressive Party of Working People\"), the communist party of Cyprus.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Η ΚΑΘΗΜΕΡΙΝΗ, kathimerini.com.cy \\|url\\=http://www.kathimerini.com.cy/index.php/index.php?pageaction\\=kat\\&modid\\=1\\&artid\\=10294\\&show\\=Y \\|access\\-date\\=20 September 2021 \\|website\\=www.kathimerini.com.cy}} While the group retains its left wing beliefs, in recent years it has been openly critical of the party's involvement in the club's administrative decisions. The party has denied accusations that it influences club decisions.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Η θύρα 9 μεγάλωσε και δεν ελέγχεται \\|url\\=http://www.reporter.com.cy/politics/article/19046/ \\|trans\\-title\\=Port 9 has grown and is not controlled \\|language\\=el \\|date\\=14 December 2015 \\|website\\=Reporter}} Gate\\-9 members are associated with [communist](/wiki/Communist \"Communist\") beliefs and have been noted for waving banners bearing [Che Guevara](/wiki/Che_Guevara \"Che Guevara\")'s portrait, and other communist symbols.{{Cite web \\|date\\=3 October 2011 \\|title\\=Omonoia: Feisty team blends sports and left politics \\|url\\=http://www.peoplesworld.org/omonoia\\-feisty\\-team\\-blends\\-sports\\-and\\-left\\-politics/ \\|website\\=People's World \\|last\\=Bono \\|first\\=Gary}} The group is also involved in humanitarian work for refugees in Cyprus.{{cite web \\|title\\=Αθλητικά νέα \\- Αθλητικές ειδήσεις για όλα τα sport {{!}} Thema Sports \\|url\\=http://www.themasports.com/paraskinio/2015/09/10/organomenoi\\-omonoias\\-den\\-to\\-perimenan/ \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915195446/http://www.themasports.com/paraskinio/2015/09/10/organomenoi\\-omonoias\\-den\\-to\\-perimenan \\|archive\\-date\\=15 September 2015 \\|access\\-date\\=15 July 2021}} The group, besides [Nicosia](/wiki/Nicosia \"Nicosia\"), has fan clubs in [Limassol](/wiki/Limassol \"Limassol\"), Athens, [Thessaloniki](/wiki/Thessaloniki \"Thessaloniki\"), [Larnaka](/wiki/Larnaka \"Larnaka\"),{{Cite web \\|title\\=Ομόνοια: Σε νέο οίκημα το Συ.Φι Λάρνακας Αμμοχώστου \\|trans\\-title\\=Omonia: In a new building the Sy.Fi Larnaca Famagusta \\|website\\=Balla \\|last\\=Christou \\|first\\=Andreas \\|date\\=16 July 2013 \\|language\\=el \\|url\\=http://www.balla.com.cy/3/14\\_Protathlima\\_a\\_katigorias/56690\\_Omonia\\_Se\\_neo\\_oikima\\_to\\_SyFi\\_Larnakas\\_Amohostou \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714165243/http://www.balla.com.cy/3/14\\_Protathlima\\_a\\_katigorias/56690\\_Omonia\\_Se\\_neo\\_oikima\\_to\\_SyFi\\_Larnakas\\_Amohostou \\|archive\\-date\\=14 July 2014 \\|access\\-date\\=30 June 2014}} [Paphos](/wiki/Paphos \"Paphos\"),[http://sport\\-fm.com.cy/podosfairo/omonoia/item/1676\\-omonoia\\-«ομάδα\\-όλης\\-της\\-κύπρου»/1676\\-omonoia\\-«ομάδα\\-όλης\\-της\\-κύπρου».html](http://sport-fm.com.cy/podosfairo/omonoia/item/1676-omonoia-«ομάδα-όλης-της-κύπρου»/1676-omonoia-«ομάδα-όλης-της-κύπρου».html) {{Dead link\\|date\\=February 2022}} and London.{{cite web \\|title\\=Ομόνοια: Χαμός στο Συ.Φι. Λεμεσού με Καϊάφα και παίκτες! (pics) {{!}} Α' Κατηγορία {{!}} Κύπρος {{!}} Ποδόσφαιρο {{!}} BALLA \\|url\\=http://www.balla.com.cy/3/14\\_Protathlima\\_a\\_katigorias/74962\\_Omonia\\_Xamos\\_sto\\_SyFi\\_Lemesoy\\_me\\_Kaiafa\\_ke\\_paiktes\\_(pics) \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140322102147/http://www.balla.com.cy/3/14\\_Protathlima\\_a\\_katigorias/74962\\_Omonia\\_Xamos\\_sto\\_SyFi\\_Lemesoy\\_me\\_Kaiafa\\_ke\\_paiktes\\_(pics) \\|archive\\-date\\=22 March 2014}}", "There are also ultras groups affiliated with the [APOEL FC](/wiki/APOEL_FC \"APOEL FC\"){{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.apoelfc.com.cy/nqcontent.cfm?a\\_id\\=1438\\&tt\\=graphic⟨\\=l1 \\|publisher\\=APOEL FC \\|script\\-title\\=el:ΠΑΝ.ΣΥ.ΦΙ \\|language\\=Greek \\|accessdate\\=23 May 2008 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080520111544/http://www.apoelfc.com.cy/nqcontent.cfm?a\\_id\\=1438\\&tt\\=graphic⟨\\=l1 \\|archivedate\\=20 May 2008 }} and the [Anorthosis Famagusta FC](/wiki/Anorthosis_Famagusta_FC \"Anorthosis Famagusta FC\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.sigmalive.com/news/local/103398/epeisodia\\-ston\\-petosfairiko\\-agona\\-anagennisi\\-anorthosi\\|title\\=Επεισόδια στον πετοσφαιρικό αγώνα Αναγέννηση\\- Ανόρθωση\\|author\\=sigmalive/ΚΥΠΕ\\|date\\=22 February 2014\\|access\\-date\\=3 May 2016}}", "### Malta", "Although small in size, Malta has some notable ultras groups. The main ultras groups in Malta are Birkirkara Ultras 1997, Ultras Beltin 999, and Paola Boys Hibs Ultras, Sliema Ultras Blue Gladiators as well as the [Maltese national football team](/wiki/Maltese_national_football_team \"Maltese national football team\") ultras group, the South End Core.", "### Ukraine", "", "| Stadium | Club | Name |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n|[Chernihiv Stadium](/wiki/Chernihiv_Stadium \"Chernihiv Stadium\") [Desna Chernihiv](/wiki/FC_Desna_Chernihiv \"FC Desna Chernihiv\") | – **[Ultras Desna](/wiki/Ultras_Desna \"Ultras Desna\")** |\n|", "### Romania", "Romania's ultras only finds itself in the traditional teams like Steaua București, Dinamo București and Rapid București; but there are some small ultras groups which support their local club. The biggest ultras groups are: Peluza Nord Steaua, Peluza Dus WC Regal, Peluza Cătălin Hîldan, Peluza Sud Dinamo, Peluza Nord Rapid, Peluza Sud Timisoara, t2 Rapid, Peluza Şepcile Roşii and Peluza Nord Hunedoara. There are also some honourable mentions like Peluza Marină Farul, Peluza Sud Craiova, Peluza Dron Craiolguța and Peluza Nord Galați.", "### Turkey", "The three big clubs of Turkey, namely [Beşiktaş](/wiki/Be%C5%9Fikta%C5%9F \"Beşiktaş\"), [Fenerbahçe](/wiki/Fenerbah%C3%A7e \"Fenerbahçe\") and [Galatasaray](/wiki/Galatasaray \"Galatasaray\"), have a dedicated and passionate fanbase. The ultras of these clubs are [Çarşı](/wiki/%C3%87ar%C5%9F%C4%B1_%28supporter_group%29 \"Çarşı (supporter group)\"), [Genç Fenerbahçeliler](/wiki/Gen%C3%A7_Fenerbah%C3%A7eliler \"Genç Fenerbahçeliler\") and [UltrAslan](/wiki/UltrAslan \"UltrAslan\"), respectively.", "### Bulgaria", "The most famous ultras in Bulgaria are [Sector G](/wiki/Sector_G \"Sector G\") ([CSKA Sofia](/wiki/PFC_CSKA_Sofia \"PFC CSKA Sofia\")), Sector B ([Levski Sofia](/wiki/PFC_Levski_Sofia \"PFC Levski Sofia\")), Bultras ([Botev Plovdiv](/wiki/Botev_Plovdiv \"Botev Plovdiv\")), Green Fighters ([Neftochimic Burgas](/wiki/PFC_Neftochimic_Burgas \"PFC Neftochimic Burgas\")), Moryatsi ([Cherno More Varna](/wiki/Cherno_More_Varna \"Cherno More Varna\")) and Lauta Army ([Lokomotiv Plovdiv](/wiki/PFC_Lokomotiv_Plovdiv \"PFC Lokomotiv Plovdiv\")).", "" ]
In Mahāyāna traditions ---------------------- [thumb\|[Bodhisattva](/wiki/Bodhisattva "Bodhisattva") seated in meditation. [Afghanistan](/wiki/Afghanistan "Afghanistan"), 2nd century CE.](/wiki/File:Gandhara%2C_bodhisattva_assiso%2C_II_sec..JPG "Gandhara, bodhisattva assiso, II sec..JPG") Mahāyāna Buddhism includes numerous schools of practice. Each draw upon various Buddhist sūtras, philosophical treatises, and commentaries, and each has its own emphasis, mode of expression, and philosophical outlook. Accordingly, each school has its own meditation methods for the purpose of developing samādhi and [prajñā](/wiki/Wisdom_in_Buddhism "Wisdom in Buddhism"), with the goal of ultimately attaining enlightenment.{{Citation needed\|date\=April 2024}} ### *Dhyana* as open awareness Both Polak and Arbel suggest that the traditions of [Dzogchen](/wiki/Dzogchen "Dzogchen"),{{sfn\|Polak\|2011\|p\=208}}{{sfn\|Arbel\|2016\|p\=171, n.65}} [Mahamudra](/wiki/Mahamudra "Mahamudra") and [Chan](/wiki/Chan_Buddhism "Chan Buddhism"){{sfn\|Polak\|2011\|p\=208}} preserve or resemble *dhyana* as an open awareness of body and mind, thus transcending the dichotomy between *[vipassana](/wiki/Vipassana "Vipassana")* and *[samatha](/wiki/Samatha "Samatha")*.{{sfn\|Polak\|2011\|p\=208}}{{sfn\|Arbel\|2016\|p\=171, n.65}}{{refn\|group\=note\|Arbel refers to Bodhi (2011\) ''What Does Minfulness really Mean? A Canonical perspective''. Contemporary Buddhism 12, no.1, p.25: "... a stance of ''observation'' or ''wtachfulness'' towards one's own experience. One might even call this a stance of ''sati'' a 'bending back' of the light of consciousness upon the experiencing subject in its physical, sensory and psychological dimensions."{{sfn\|Arbel\|2016\|p\=141}} "'Bending back' of the light" resembles \[\[Chinul]]'s "turning back the radiance," in which the light of consciousness is turned back to apprehend the source of awareness; and \[\[Dogen]] in ''Fukan Zazen\-gi'', "Recommending Zazen to All People: "Take the backward step and turn the light inward. Your body\-mind of itself will drop off and your original face will appear."{{sfn\|Dogen\|1999\|p\=32}} This goes back to the \[\[Xinxin Ming]], "Faith in Mind," attributed to the third Zen\-patriarch \[\[Sengcan]], which states "Turning the light around for an instant / routs becoming, abiding, and decay,"{{sfn\|Baker\|2008\|p\=235, note 136}} and is expressed in the \[\[Chinese Chan]] practice of \[\[Zen\#Observing the mind"\|Observing the mind]].{{sfn\|Sharf\|2014}}}} ### Chan Buddhism {{See also\|Zen\|Chan Buddhism\|Zazen\|Korean Seon\|Vietnamese Thiền\|Zen in the United States}} Anapanasati and dhyāna are a central aspect of Buddhist practice in Chan, necessary for progress on the path and "true entry into the Dharma".{{refn\|group\=note\|Dhyāna is a central aspect of Buddhist practice in Chan: \* \[\[Nan Huai\-Chin]]: "Intellectual reasoning is just another spinning of the \[\[Eight Consciousnesses\|sixth consciousness]], whereas the practice of meditation is the true entry into the Dharma."Nan, Huai\-Chin. ''To Realize Enlightenment: Practice of the Cultivation Path.'' 1994\. p. 1 \* According to \[\[Sheng Yen]], meditative concentration is necessary, calling samādhi one of the requisite factors for progress on the path toward enlightenment.Sheng Yen. ''Orthodox Chinese Buddhism.'' North Atlantic Books. 2007\. p. 122}} #### Origins In China, the word *dhyāna* was originally transliterated with {{zh\|t\=禪那\|p\=chánnà}} and shortened to just {{zh\|p\=chán}} in common usage. The word and the practice of Buddhist meditation entered into Chinese through the translations of [An Shigao](/wiki/An_Shigao "An Shigao") (fl. c. 148–180 CE), and [Kumārajīva](/wiki/Kum%C4%81raj%C4%ABva "Kumārajīva") (334–413 CE), who translated [Dhyāna sutras](/wiki/Dhy%C4%81na_sutras "Dhyāna sutras"), which were influential early meditation texts mostly based on the [Yogacara](/wiki/Yogacara "Yogacara") meditation teachings of the [Sarvāstivāda](/wiki/Sarvastivada "Sarvastivada") school of [Kashmir](/wiki/Kashmir "Kashmir") circa 1st–4th centuries CE.Deleanu, Florin (1992\); [Mindfulness of Breathing in the Dhyāna Sūtras](https://ahandfulofleaves.files.wordpress.com/2012/02/mindfulness-of-breathing-in-the-dhayana-sutra_florin-deleanu_1992.pdf). Transactions of the International Conference of Orientalists in Japan (TICOJ) 37, 42–57\. The word *chán* became the designation for [Chan Buddhism](/wiki/Chan_Buddhism "Chan Buddhism") ([Korean Seon](/wiki/Korean_Seon "Korean Seon"), [Vietnamese Thiền](/wiki/Vietnamese_Thi%E1%BB%81n "Vietnamese Thiền"), [Japanese Zen](/wiki/Zen "Zen")). In Chinese Buddhism, following the [*Ur\-text* of the Satipatthana Sutra](/wiki/Satipatthana_Sutta%23Comparison_of_the_content_in_other_sources "Satipatthana Sutta#Comparison of the content in other sources") and the *dhyana sutras*, *dhyāna* refers to [various kinds of meditation techniques](/wiki/Kamma%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81na "Kammaṭṭhāna") and their preparatory practices, which are necessary to practice *dhyana*.{{sfn\|Fischer\-Schreiber\|Ehrhard\|Diener\|2008\|p\=103}} The five main types of meditation in the *Dhyana sutras* are [anapanasati](/wiki/Anapanasati "Anapanasati") (mindfulness of breathing); [paṭikūlamanasikāra](/wiki/Patikulamanasikara "Patikulamanasikara") meditation, mindfulness of the impurities of the body; loving\-kindness [maitrī](/wiki/Mett%C4%81 "Mettā") meditation; the contemplation on the twelve links of [pratītyasamutpāda](/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da "Pratītyasamutpāda"); and the contemplation on the [Buddha's thirty\-two Characteristics](/wiki/Physical_characteristics_of_the_Buddha%23The_32_Signs_of_a_Great_Man "Physical characteristics of the Buddha#The 32 Signs of a Great Man").Ven. Dr. Yuanci, [A Study of the Meditation Methods in the DESM and Other Early Chinese Texts](http://www.undv.org/vesak2012/iabudoc/31YuanciFINAL.pdf) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508164744/http://www.undv.org/vesak2012/iabudoc/31YuanciFINAL.pdf \|date\=2013\-05\-08 }}, The Buddhist Academy of China. Downplaying the body\-recollections{{sfn\|Sharf\|2015\|p\=475}} (but maintaining the awareness of imminent death), the early Chan\-tradition developed the notions or practices of *wu nian* ("no thought, no "fixation on thought, such as one's own views, experiences, and knowledge"){{sfn\|Yu\|2021\|p\=157}}{{sfn\|Lai\|Cheng\|2008\|p\=351}} and *fēi sīliàng* ({{Lang\|zh\|非思量}}, Japanese: *hishiryō*, "nonthinking");{{sfn\|Suzuki\|2014\|p\=112}} and *kanxin* ("observing the mind"){{sfn\|Schaik\|2018\|p\=70, 93}} and *shou\-i pu i* ({{Lang\|zh\|守一不移}}, "maintaining the one without wavering"){{sfn\|McRae\|1986\|p\=143}} turning the attention from the objects of experience, to the [nature of mind](/wiki/Svasa%E1%B9%83vedana "Svasaṃvedana"), the perceiving subject itself, which is equated with [Buddha\-nature](/wiki/Buddha-nature "Buddha-nature").{{sfn\|Sharf\|2014\|p\=939}} #### Mindfulness ##### Observing the breath [thumb\|right\|upright\|Venerable [Hsuan Hua](/wiki/Hsuan_Hua "Hsuan Hua") meditating in the Lotus Position. [Hong Kong](/wiki/Hong_Kong "Hong Kong"), 1953](/wiki/File:Hsuan_Hua_Hong_Kong_1.jpeg "Hsuan Hua Hong Kong 1.jpeg") During sitting meditation, practitioners usually assume a position such as the [lotus position](/wiki/Lotus_position "Lotus position"), half\-lotus, Burmese, or [yoga](/wiki/Yoga "Yoga") postures, using the [dhyāna](/wiki/Mudra%23Dhy.C4.81na_Mudr.C4.81 "Mudra#Dhy.C4.81na Mudr.C4.81") [mudrā](/wiki/Mudra "Mudra"). To regulate the mind, awareness is directed towards counting or watching the breath or by bringing that awareness to the energy center below the navel (see also [ānāpānasati](/wiki/%C4%80n%C4%81p%C4%81nasati "Ānāpānasati")).{{cite web\|title\=Fundamentals of Meditation\|last\=Sheng\|first\=Yen\|url\=http://www.chancenter.org/chanctr/ddp/talks/zuochan.html}} Often, a square or round cushion placed on a padded mat is used to sit on; in some other cases, a chair may be used. This practice may simply be called sitting dhyāna, which is *zuòchán* ({{Lang\|zh\|坐禅}}) in Chinese, *[zazen](/wiki/Zazen "Zazen")* ({{Lang\|ja\|坐禅}}) in Japanese, {{Transliteration\|ko\|jwaseon}} ({{Lang\|ko\|坐禅}}) in Korean, and *[tọa thiền](/wiki/T%E1%BB%8Da_thi%E1%BB%81n "Tọa thiền")* in Vietnamese.{{Citation needed\|date\=April 2024}} ##### Observing the mind In the Sōtō school of Zen, meditation with no objects, anchors, or content, is the primary form of practice. The meditator strives to be aware of the stream of thoughts, allowing them to arise and pass away without interference. Considerable textual, philosophical, and phenomenological justification of this practice can be found throughout [Dōgen](/wiki/D%C5%8Dgen "Dōgen")'s *Shōbōgenzō*, as for example in the "Principles of Zazen"{{cite web\|title\=Zazengi translation\|url\=https://web.stanford.edu/group/scbs/sztp3/translations/shobogenzo/translations/zazengi/zazengi.html\|author\=Sōtō Zen Text Project\|publisher\=\[\[Stanford University]]\|access\-date\=15 November 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117022108/https://web.stanford.edu/group/scbs/sztp3/translations/shobogenzo/translations/zazengi/zazengi.html\|archive\-date\=17 November 2015\|url\-status\=dead\|df\=dmy\-all}} and the "Universally Recommended Instructions for Zazen".{{cite web\|url\=http://www.stanford.edu/group/scbs/sztp3/translations/gongyo\_seiten/translations/part\_3/fukan\_zazengi.html\|title\=Fukan Zazengi\|author\=Sōtō Zen Text Project\|publisher\=Stanford University\|access\-date\=2008\-03\-26\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080429201213/http://www.stanford.edu/group/scbs/sztp3/translations/gongyo\_seiten/translations/part\_3/fukan\_zazengi.html\|archive\-date\=2008\-04\-29}} In the Japanese language, this practice is called *[Shikantaza](/wiki/Shikantaza "Shikantaza")*. #### Insight ##### Pointing to the nature of the mind According to Charles Luk, in the earliest traditions of Chán, there was no fixed method or formula for teaching meditation, and all instructions were simply heuristic methods, to point to the true nature of the mind, also known as *[Buddha\-nature](/wiki/Buddha-nature "Buddha-nature")*. According to Luk, this method is referred to as the "Mind Dharma", and exemplified in the story of Śākyamuni Buddha holding up a flower silently, and [Mahākāśyapa](/wiki/Mah%C4%81k%C4%81%C5%9Byapa "Mahākāśyapa") smiling as he understood.{{efn\|group\=note\|See \[\[Flower Sermon]]}}Luk, Charles. *The Secrets of Chinese Meditation.* 1964\. p. 44 A traditional formula of this is, "Chán points directly to the human mind, to enable people to see their true nature and become buddhas."Nan, Huai\-Chin. *Basic Buddhism: Exploring Buddhism and Zen.* 1997\. p. 92 ##### Kōan practice {{Main\|Kōan}} [thumb\|right\|upright\|[Chinese character](/wiki/Chinese_characters "Chinese characters") for "[nothing](/wiki/Mu_%28negative%29 "Mu (negative)")" ({{CJKV\|p\=wú\|r\=mu\|rr\=mu\|v\=vô}}). It figures in the famous *Zhaozhou's dog* [kōan](/wiki/K%C5%8Dan "Kōan").](/wiki/File:Wu_%28negative%29.svg "Wu (negative).svg") At the beginning of the [Sòng dynasty](/wiki/S%C3%B2ng_dynasty "Sòng dynasty"), practice with the kōan method became popular, whereas others practiced "silent illumination".{{sfn\|Blyth\|1966}} This became the source of some differences in practice between the [Línjì](/wiki/Linji_school "Linji school") and [Cáodòng schools](/wiki/C%C3%A1od%C3%B2ng_school "Cáodòng school"). A kōan, literally "public case", is a story or dialogue, describing an interaction between a Zen master and a student. These anecdotes give a demonstration of the master's insight. Koans emphasize the non\-conceptional insight that the Buddhist teachings are pointing to. Koans can be used to provoke the "great doubt", and test a student's progress in Zen practice. Kōan\-inquiry may be practiced during zazen (sitting meditation), [kinhin](/wiki/Kinhin "Kinhin") (walking meditation), and throughout all the activities of daily life. Kōan practice is particularly emphasized by the Japanese [Rinzai school](/wiki/Rinzai_school "Rinzai school"), but it also occurs in other schools or branches of Zen depending on the teaching line.{{sfn\|Loori\|2006}} The Zen student's mastery of a given kōan is presented to the teacher in a private interview (referred to in Japanese as *dokusan* (独参), *daisan* (代参), or *sanzen* (参禅)). While there is no unique answer to a kōan, practitioners are expected to demonstrate their understanding of the kōan and of Zen through their responses. The teacher may approve or disapprove of the answer and guide the student in the right direction. The interaction with a Zen teacher is central in Zen, but makes Zen practice also vulnerable to misunderstanding and exploitation.{{sfn\|Lachs\|2006}} ### Vajrayāna [B. Alan Wallace](/wiki/B._Alan_Wallace "B. Alan Wallace") holds that modern Tibetan Buddhism lacks emphasis on achieving levels of concentration higher than access concentration.B. Alan Wallace, *The Bridge of Quiescence: Experiencing Tibetan Buddhist Meditation.* Carus Publishing Company, 1998, pages 215–216\.*Study and Practice of Meditation: Tibetan Interpretations of the Concentrations and Formless Absorptions* by Leah Zahler. Snow Lion Publications: 2009 pg 264\-5 According to Wallace, one possible explanation for this situation is that virtually all Tibetan Buddhist meditators seek to become enlightened through the use of [tantric practices](/wiki/Tantra_techniques_%28Vajrayana%29 "Tantra techniques (Vajrayana)"). These require the presence of sense desire and passion in one's consciousness, but *jhāna* effectively inhibits these phenomena. While few Tibetan Buddhists, either inside or outside Tibet, devote themselves to the practice of concentration, Tibetan Buddhist literature does provide extensive instructions on it, and great Tibetan meditators of earlier times stressed its importance.B. Alan Wallace, *The Attention Revolution: Unlocking the Power of the Focused Mind*. Wisdom Publications, 2006, page xii.
[ "In Mahāyāna traditions\n----------------------", "[thumb\\|[Bodhisattva](/wiki/Bodhisattva \"Bodhisattva\") seated in meditation. [Afghanistan](/wiki/Afghanistan \"Afghanistan\"), 2nd century CE.](/wiki/File:Gandhara%2C_bodhisattva_assiso%2C_II_sec..JPG \"Gandhara, bodhisattva assiso, II sec..JPG\")", "Mahāyāna Buddhism includes numerous schools of practice. Each draw upon various Buddhist sūtras, philosophical treatises, and commentaries, and each has its own emphasis, mode of expression, and philosophical outlook. Accordingly, each school has its own meditation methods for the purpose of developing samādhi and [prajñā](/wiki/Wisdom_in_Buddhism \"Wisdom in Buddhism\"), with the goal of ultimately attaining enlightenment.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=April 2024}}", "### *Dhyana* as open awareness", "Both Polak and Arbel suggest that the traditions of [Dzogchen](/wiki/Dzogchen \"Dzogchen\"),{{sfn\\|Polak\\|2011\\|p\\=208}}{{sfn\\|Arbel\\|2016\\|p\\=171, n.65}} [Mahamudra](/wiki/Mahamudra \"Mahamudra\") and [Chan](/wiki/Chan_Buddhism \"Chan Buddhism\"){{sfn\\|Polak\\|2011\\|p\\=208}} preserve or resemble *dhyana* as an open awareness of body and mind, thus transcending the dichotomy between *[vipassana](/wiki/Vipassana \"Vipassana\")* and *[samatha](/wiki/Samatha \"Samatha\")*.{{sfn\\|Polak\\|2011\\|p\\=208}}{{sfn\\|Arbel\\|2016\\|p\\=171, n.65}}{{refn\\|group\\=note\\|Arbel refers to Bodhi (2011\\) ''What Does Minfulness really Mean? A Canonical perspective''. Contemporary Buddhism 12, no.1, p.25: \"... a stance of ''observation'' or ''wtachfulness'' towards one's own experience. One might even call this a stance of ''sati'' a 'bending back' of the light of consciousness upon the experiencing subject in its physical, sensory and psychological dimensions.\"{{sfn\\|Arbel\\|2016\\|p\\=141}} \n\"'Bending back' of the light\" resembles \\[\\[Chinul]]'s \"turning back the radiance,\" in which the light of consciousness is turned back to apprehend the source of awareness; and \\[\\[Dogen]] in ''Fukan Zazen\\-gi'', \"Recommending Zazen to All People: \"Take the backward step and turn the light inward. Your body\\-mind of itself will drop off and your original face will appear.\"{{sfn\\|Dogen\\|1999\\|p\\=32}} This goes back to the \\[\\[Xinxin Ming]], \"Faith in Mind,\" attributed to the third Zen\\-patriarch \\[\\[Sengcan]], which states \"Turning the light around for an instant / routs becoming, abiding, and decay,\"{{sfn\\|Baker\\|2008\\|p\\=235, note 136}} and is expressed in the \\[\\[Chinese Chan]] practice of \\[\\[Zen\\#Observing the mind\"\\|Observing the mind]].{{sfn\\|Sharf\\|2014}}}}", "### Chan Buddhism", "{{See also\\|Zen\\|Chan Buddhism\\|Zazen\\|Korean Seon\\|Vietnamese Thiền\\|Zen in the United States}}", "Anapanasati and dhyāna are a central aspect of Buddhist practice in Chan, necessary for progress on the path and \"true entry into the Dharma\".{{refn\\|group\\=note\\|Dhyāna is a central aspect of Buddhist practice in Chan: \n\\* \\[\\[Nan Huai\\-Chin]]: \"Intellectual reasoning is just another spinning of the \\[\\[Eight Consciousnesses\\|sixth consciousness]], whereas the practice of meditation is the true entry into the Dharma.\"Nan, Huai\\-Chin. ''To Realize Enlightenment: Practice of the Cultivation Path.'' 1994\\. p. 1 \n\\* According to \\[\\[Sheng Yen]], meditative concentration is necessary, calling samādhi one of the requisite factors for progress on the path toward enlightenment.Sheng Yen. ''Orthodox Chinese Buddhism.'' North Atlantic Books. 2007\\. p. 122}}", "#### Origins", "In China, the word *dhyāna* was originally transliterated with {{zh\\|t\\=禪那\\|p\\=chánnà}} and shortened to just {{zh\\|p\\=chán}} in common usage. The word and the practice of Buddhist meditation entered into Chinese through the translations of [An Shigao](/wiki/An_Shigao \"An Shigao\") (fl. c. 148–180 CE), and [Kumārajīva](/wiki/Kum%C4%81raj%C4%ABva \"Kumārajīva\") (334–413 CE), who translated [Dhyāna sutras](/wiki/Dhy%C4%81na_sutras \"Dhyāna sutras\"), which were influential early meditation texts mostly based on the [Yogacara](/wiki/Yogacara \"Yogacara\") meditation teachings of the [Sarvāstivāda](/wiki/Sarvastivada \"Sarvastivada\") school of [Kashmir](/wiki/Kashmir \"Kashmir\") circa 1st–4th centuries CE.Deleanu, Florin (1992\\); [Mindfulness of Breathing in the Dhyāna Sūtras](https://ahandfulofleaves.files.wordpress.com/2012/02/mindfulness-of-breathing-in-the-dhayana-sutra_florin-deleanu_1992.pdf). Transactions of the International Conference of Orientalists in Japan (TICOJ) 37, 42–57\\. The word *chán* became the designation for [Chan Buddhism](/wiki/Chan_Buddhism \"Chan Buddhism\") ([Korean Seon](/wiki/Korean_Seon \"Korean Seon\"), [Vietnamese Thiền](/wiki/Vietnamese_Thi%E1%BB%81n \"Vietnamese Thiền\"), [Japanese Zen](/wiki/Zen \"Zen\")).", "In Chinese Buddhism, following the [*Ur\\-text* of the Satipatthana Sutra](/wiki/Satipatthana_Sutta%23Comparison_of_the_content_in_other_sources \"Satipatthana Sutta#Comparison of the content in other sources\") and the *dhyana sutras*, *dhyāna* refers to [various kinds of meditation techniques](/wiki/Kamma%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81na \"Kammaṭṭhāna\") and their preparatory practices, which are necessary to practice *dhyana*.{{sfn\\|Fischer\\-Schreiber\\|Ehrhard\\|Diener\\|2008\\|p\\=103}} The five main types of meditation in the *Dhyana sutras* are [anapanasati](/wiki/Anapanasati \"Anapanasati\") (mindfulness of breathing); [paṭikūlamanasikāra](/wiki/Patikulamanasikara \"Patikulamanasikara\") meditation, mindfulness of the impurities of the body; loving\\-kindness [maitrī](/wiki/Mett%C4%81 \"Mettā\") meditation; the contemplation on the twelve links of [pratītyasamutpāda](/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da \"Pratītyasamutpāda\"); and the contemplation on the [Buddha's thirty\\-two Characteristics](/wiki/Physical_characteristics_of_the_Buddha%23The_32_Signs_of_a_Great_Man \"Physical characteristics of the Buddha#The 32 Signs of a Great Man\").Ven. Dr. Yuanci, [A Study of the Meditation Methods in the DESM and Other Early Chinese Texts](http://www.undv.org/vesak2012/iabudoc/31YuanciFINAL.pdf) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508164744/http://www.undv.org/vesak2012/iabudoc/31YuanciFINAL.pdf \\|date\\=2013\\-05\\-08 }}, The Buddhist Academy of China.", "Downplaying the body\\-recollections{{sfn\\|Sharf\\|2015\\|p\\=475}} (but maintaining the awareness of imminent death), the early Chan\\-tradition developed the notions or practices of *wu nian* (\"no thought, no \"fixation on thought, such as one's own views, experiences, and knowledge\"){{sfn\\|Yu\\|2021\\|p\\=157}}{{sfn\\|Lai\\|Cheng\\|2008\\|p\\=351}} and *fēi sīliàng* ({{Lang\\|zh\\|非思量}}, Japanese: *hishiryō*, \"nonthinking\");{{sfn\\|Suzuki\\|2014\\|p\\=112}} and *kanxin* (\"observing the mind\"){{sfn\\|Schaik\\|2018\\|p\\=70, 93}} and *shou\\-i pu i* ({{Lang\\|zh\\|守一不移}}, \"maintaining the one without wavering\"){{sfn\\|McRae\\|1986\\|p\\=143}} turning the attention from the objects of experience, to the [nature of mind](/wiki/Svasa%E1%B9%83vedana \"Svasaṃvedana\"), the perceiving subject itself, which is equated with [Buddha\\-nature](/wiki/Buddha-nature \"Buddha-nature\").{{sfn\\|Sharf\\|2014\\|p\\=939}}", "#### Mindfulness", "##### Observing the breath", "[thumb\\|right\\|upright\\|Venerable [Hsuan Hua](/wiki/Hsuan_Hua \"Hsuan Hua\") meditating in the Lotus Position. [Hong Kong](/wiki/Hong_Kong \"Hong Kong\"), 1953](/wiki/File:Hsuan_Hua_Hong_Kong_1.jpeg \"Hsuan Hua Hong Kong 1.jpeg\")", "During sitting meditation, practitioners usually assume a position such as the [lotus position](/wiki/Lotus_position \"Lotus position\"), half\\-lotus, Burmese, or [yoga](/wiki/Yoga \"Yoga\") postures, using the [dhyāna](/wiki/Mudra%23Dhy.C4.81na_Mudr.C4.81 \"Mudra#Dhy.C4.81na Mudr.C4.81\") [mudrā](/wiki/Mudra \"Mudra\"). To regulate the mind, awareness is directed towards counting or watching the breath or by bringing that awareness to the energy center below the navel (see also [ānāpānasati](/wiki/%C4%80n%C4%81p%C4%81nasati \"Ānāpānasati\")).{{cite web\\|title\\=Fundamentals of Meditation\\|last\\=Sheng\\|first\\=Yen\\|url\\=http://www.chancenter.org/chanctr/ddp/talks/zuochan.html}} Often, a square or round cushion placed on a padded mat is used to sit on; in some other cases, a chair may be used. This practice may simply be called sitting dhyāna, which is *zuòchán* ({{Lang\\|zh\\|坐禅}}) in Chinese, *[zazen](/wiki/Zazen \"Zazen\")* ({{Lang\\|ja\\|坐禅}}) in Japanese, {{Transliteration\\|ko\\|jwaseon}} ({{Lang\\|ko\\|坐禅}}) in Korean, and *[tọa thiền](/wiki/T%E1%BB%8Da_thi%E1%BB%81n \"Tọa thiền\")* in Vietnamese.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=April 2024}}", "##### Observing the mind", "In the Sōtō school of Zen, meditation with no objects, anchors, or content, is the primary form of practice. The meditator strives to be aware of the stream of thoughts, allowing them to arise and pass away without interference. Considerable textual, philosophical, and phenomenological justification of this practice can be found throughout [Dōgen](/wiki/D%C5%8Dgen \"Dōgen\")'s *Shōbōgenzō*, as for example in the \"Principles of Zazen\"{{cite web\\|title\\=Zazengi translation\\|url\\=https://web.stanford.edu/group/scbs/sztp3/translations/shobogenzo/translations/zazengi/zazengi.html\\|author\\=Sōtō Zen Text Project\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Stanford University]]\\|access\\-date\\=15 November 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117022108/https://web.stanford.edu/group/scbs/sztp3/translations/shobogenzo/translations/zazengi/zazengi.html\\|archive\\-date\\=17 November 2015\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|df\\=dmy\\-all}} and the \"Universally Recommended Instructions for Zazen\".{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.stanford.edu/group/scbs/sztp3/translations/gongyo\\_seiten/translations/part\\_3/fukan\\_zazengi.html\\|title\\=Fukan Zazengi\\|author\\=Sōtō Zen Text Project\\|publisher\\=Stanford University\\|access\\-date\\=2008\\-03\\-26\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080429201213/http://www.stanford.edu/group/scbs/sztp3/translations/gongyo\\_seiten/translations/part\\_3/fukan\\_zazengi.html\\|archive\\-date\\=2008\\-04\\-29}} In the Japanese language, this practice is called *[Shikantaza](/wiki/Shikantaza \"Shikantaza\")*.", "#### Insight", "##### Pointing to the nature of the mind", "According to Charles Luk, in the earliest traditions of Chán, there was no fixed method or formula for teaching meditation, and all instructions were simply heuristic methods, to point to the true nature of the mind, also known as *[Buddha\\-nature](/wiki/Buddha-nature \"Buddha-nature\")*. According to Luk, this method is referred to as the \"Mind Dharma\", and exemplified in the story of Śākyamuni Buddha holding up a flower silently, and [Mahākāśyapa](/wiki/Mah%C4%81k%C4%81%C5%9Byapa \"Mahākāśyapa\") smiling as he understood.{{efn\\|group\\=note\\|See \\[\\[Flower Sermon]]}}Luk, Charles. *The Secrets of Chinese Meditation.* 1964\\. p. 44 A traditional formula of this is, \"Chán points directly to the human mind, to enable people to see their true nature and become buddhas.\"Nan, Huai\\-Chin. *Basic Buddhism: Exploring Buddhism and Zen.* 1997\\. p. 92", "##### Kōan practice", "{{Main\\|Kōan}}\n[thumb\\|right\\|upright\\|[Chinese character](/wiki/Chinese_characters \"Chinese characters\") for \"[nothing](/wiki/Mu_%28negative%29 \"Mu (negative)\")\" ({{CJKV\\|p\\=wú\\|r\\=mu\\|rr\\=mu\\|v\\=vô}}). It figures in the famous *Zhaozhou's dog* [kōan](/wiki/K%C5%8Dan \"Kōan\").](/wiki/File:Wu_%28negative%29.svg \"Wu (negative).svg\")", "At the beginning of the [Sòng dynasty](/wiki/S%C3%B2ng_dynasty \"Sòng dynasty\"), practice with the kōan method became popular, whereas others practiced \"silent illumination\".{{sfn\\|Blyth\\|1966}} This became the source of some differences in practice between the [Línjì](/wiki/Linji_school \"Linji school\") and [Cáodòng schools](/wiki/C%C3%A1od%C3%B2ng_school \"Cáodòng school\").", "A kōan, literally \"public case\", is a story or dialogue, describing an interaction between a Zen master and a student. These anecdotes give a demonstration of the master's insight. Koans emphasize the non\\-conceptional insight that the Buddhist teachings are pointing to. Koans can be used to provoke the \"great doubt\", and test a student's progress in Zen practice.", "Kōan\\-inquiry may be practiced during zazen (sitting meditation), [kinhin](/wiki/Kinhin \"Kinhin\") (walking meditation), and throughout all the activities of daily life. Kōan practice is particularly emphasized by the Japanese [Rinzai school](/wiki/Rinzai_school \"Rinzai school\"), but it also occurs in other schools or branches of Zen depending on the teaching line.{{sfn\\|Loori\\|2006}}", "The Zen student's mastery of a given kōan is presented to the teacher in a private interview (referred to in Japanese as *dokusan* (独参), *daisan* (代参), or *sanzen* (参禅)). While there is no unique answer to a kōan, practitioners are expected to demonstrate their understanding of the kōan and of Zen through their responses. The teacher may approve or disapprove of the answer and guide the student in the right direction. The interaction with a Zen teacher is central in Zen, but makes Zen practice also vulnerable to misunderstanding and exploitation.{{sfn\\|Lachs\\|2006}}", "### Vajrayāna", "[B. Alan Wallace](/wiki/B._Alan_Wallace \"B. Alan Wallace\") holds that modern Tibetan Buddhism lacks emphasis on achieving levels of concentration higher than access concentration.B. Alan Wallace, *The Bridge of Quiescence: Experiencing Tibetan Buddhist Meditation.* Carus Publishing Company, 1998, pages 215–216\\.*Study and Practice of Meditation: Tibetan Interpretations of the Concentrations and Formless Absorptions* by Leah Zahler. Snow Lion Publications: 2009 pg 264\\-5 According to Wallace, one possible explanation for this situation is that virtually all Tibetan Buddhist meditators seek to become enlightened through the use of [tantric practices](/wiki/Tantra_techniques_%28Vajrayana%29 \"Tantra techniques (Vajrayana)\"). These require the presence of sense desire and passion in one's consciousness, but *jhāna* effectively inhibits these phenomena.", "While few Tibetan Buddhists, either inside or outside Tibet, devote themselves to the practice of concentration, Tibetan Buddhist literature does provide extensive instructions on it, and great Tibetan meditators of earlier times stressed its importance.B. Alan Wallace, *The Attention Revolution: Unlocking the Power of the Focused Mind*. Wisdom Publications, 2006, page xii.", "" ]
### Chan Buddhism {{See also\|Zen\|Chan Buddhism\|Zazen\|Korean Seon\|Vietnamese Thiền\|Zen in the United States}} Anapanasati and dhyāna are a central aspect of Buddhist practice in Chan, necessary for progress on the path and "true entry into the Dharma".{{refn\|group\=note\|Dhyāna is a central aspect of Buddhist practice in Chan: \* \[\[Nan Huai\-Chin]]: "Intellectual reasoning is just another spinning of the \[\[Eight Consciousnesses\|sixth consciousness]], whereas the practice of meditation is the true entry into the Dharma."Nan, Huai\-Chin. ''To Realize Enlightenment: Practice of the Cultivation Path.'' 1994\. p. 1 \* According to \[\[Sheng Yen]], meditative concentration is necessary, calling samādhi one of the requisite factors for progress on the path toward enlightenment.Sheng Yen. ''Orthodox Chinese Buddhism.'' North Atlantic Books. 2007\. p. 122}} #### Origins In China, the word *dhyāna* was originally transliterated with {{zh\|t\=禪那\|p\=chánnà}} and shortened to just {{zh\|p\=chán}} in common usage. The word and the practice of Buddhist meditation entered into Chinese through the translations of [An Shigao](/wiki/An_Shigao "An Shigao") (fl. c. 148–180 CE), and [Kumārajīva](/wiki/Kum%C4%81raj%C4%ABva "Kumārajīva") (334–413 CE), who translated [Dhyāna sutras](/wiki/Dhy%C4%81na_sutras "Dhyāna sutras"), which were influential early meditation texts mostly based on the [Yogacara](/wiki/Yogacara "Yogacara") meditation teachings of the [Sarvāstivāda](/wiki/Sarvastivada "Sarvastivada") school of [Kashmir](/wiki/Kashmir "Kashmir") circa 1st–4th centuries CE.Deleanu, Florin (1992\); [Mindfulness of Breathing in the Dhyāna Sūtras](https://ahandfulofleaves.files.wordpress.com/2012/02/mindfulness-of-breathing-in-the-dhayana-sutra_florin-deleanu_1992.pdf). Transactions of the International Conference of Orientalists in Japan (TICOJ) 37, 42–57\. The word *chán* became the designation for [Chan Buddhism](/wiki/Chan_Buddhism "Chan Buddhism") ([Korean Seon](/wiki/Korean_Seon "Korean Seon"), [Vietnamese Thiền](/wiki/Vietnamese_Thi%E1%BB%81n "Vietnamese Thiền"), [Japanese Zen](/wiki/Zen "Zen")). In Chinese Buddhism, following the [*Ur\-text* of the Satipatthana Sutra](/wiki/Satipatthana_Sutta%23Comparison_of_the_content_in_other_sources "Satipatthana Sutta#Comparison of the content in other sources") and the *dhyana sutras*, *dhyāna* refers to [various kinds of meditation techniques](/wiki/Kamma%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81na "Kammaṭṭhāna") and their preparatory practices, which are necessary to practice *dhyana*.{{sfn\|Fischer\-Schreiber\|Ehrhard\|Diener\|2008\|p\=103}} The five main types of meditation in the *Dhyana sutras* are [anapanasati](/wiki/Anapanasati "Anapanasati") (mindfulness of breathing); [paṭikūlamanasikāra](/wiki/Patikulamanasikara "Patikulamanasikara") meditation, mindfulness of the impurities of the body; loving\-kindness [maitrī](/wiki/Mett%C4%81 "Mettā") meditation; the contemplation on the twelve links of [pratītyasamutpāda](/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da "Pratītyasamutpāda"); and the contemplation on the [Buddha's thirty\-two Characteristics](/wiki/Physical_characteristics_of_the_Buddha%23The_32_Signs_of_a_Great_Man "Physical characteristics of the Buddha#The 32 Signs of a Great Man").Ven. Dr. Yuanci, [A Study of the Meditation Methods in the DESM and Other Early Chinese Texts](http://www.undv.org/vesak2012/iabudoc/31YuanciFINAL.pdf) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508164744/http://www.undv.org/vesak2012/iabudoc/31YuanciFINAL.pdf \|date\=2013\-05\-08 }}, The Buddhist Academy of China. Downplaying the body\-recollections{{sfn\|Sharf\|2015\|p\=475}} (but maintaining the awareness of imminent death), the early Chan\-tradition developed the notions or practices of *wu nian* ("no thought, no "fixation on thought, such as one's own views, experiences, and knowledge"){{sfn\|Yu\|2021\|p\=157}}{{sfn\|Lai\|Cheng\|2008\|p\=351}} and *fēi sīliàng* ({{Lang\|zh\|非思量}}, Japanese: *hishiryō*, "nonthinking");{{sfn\|Suzuki\|2014\|p\=112}} and *kanxin* ("observing the mind"){{sfn\|Schaik\|2018\|p\=70, 93}} and *shou\-i pu i* ({{Lang\|zh\|守一不移}}, "maintaining the one without wavering"){{sfn\|McRae\|1986\|p\=143}} turning the attention from the objects of experience, to the [nature of mind](/wiki/Svasa%E1%B9%83vedana "Svasaṃvedana"), the perceiving subject itself, which is equated with [Buddha\-nature](/wiki/Buddha-nature "Buddha-nature").{{sfn\|Sharf\|2014\|p\=939}} #### Mindfulness ##### Observing the breath [thumb\|right\|upright\|Venerable [Hsuan Hua](/wiki/Hsuan_Hua "Hsuan Hua") meditating in the Lotus Position. [Hong Kong](/wiki/Hong_Kong "Hong Kong"), 1953](/wiki/File:Hsuan_Hua_Hong_Kong_1.jpeg "Hsuan Hua Hong Kong 1.jpeg") During sitting meditation, practitioners usually assume a position such as the [lotus position](/wiki/Lotus_position "Lotus position"), half\-lotus, Burmese, or [yoga](/wiki/Yoga "Yoga") postures, using the [dhyāna](/wiki/Mudra%23Dhy.C4.81na_Mudr.C4.81 "Mudra#Dhy.C4.81na Mudr.C4.81") [mudrā](/wiki/Mudra "Mudra"). To regulate the mind, awareness is directed towards counting or watching the breath or by bringing that awareness to the energy center below the navel (see also [ānāpānasati](/wiki/%C4%80n%C4%81p%C4%81nasati "Ānāpānasati")).{{cite web\|title\=Fundamentals of Meditation\|last\=Sheng\|first\=Yen\|url\=http://www.chancenter.org/chanctr/ddp/talks/zuochan.html}} Often, a square or round cushion placed on a padded mat is used to sit on; in some other cases, a chair may be used. This practice may simply be called sitting dhyāna, which is *zuòchán* ({{Lang\|zh\|坐禅}}) in Chinese, *[zazen](/wiki/Zazen "Zazen")* ({{Lang\|ja\|坐禅}}) in Japanese, {{Transliteration\|ko\|jwaseon}} ({{Lang\|ko\|坐禅}}) in Korean, and *[tọa thiền](/wiki/T%E1%BB%8Da_thi%E1%BB%81n "Tọa thiền")* in Vietnamese.{{Citation needed\|date\=April 2024}} ##### Observing the mind In the Sōtō school of Zen, meditation with no objects, anchors, or content, is the primary form of practice. The meditator strives to be aware of the stream of thoughts, allowing them to arise and pass away without interference. Considerable textual, philosophical, and phenomenological justification of this practice can be found throughout [Dōgen](/wiki/D%C5%8Dgen "Dōgen")'s *Shōbōgenzō*, as for example in the "Principles of Zazen"{{cite web\|title\=Zazengi translation\|url\=https://web.stanford.edu/group/scbs/sztp3/translations/shobogenzo/translations/zazengi/zazengi.html\|author\=Sōtō Zen Text Project\|publisher\=\[\[Stanford University]]\|access\-date\=15 November 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117022108/https://web.stanford.edu/group/scbs/sztp3/translations/shobogenzo/translations/zazengi/zazengi.html\|archive\-date\=17 November 2015\|url\-status\=dead\|df\=dmy\-all}} and the "Universally Recommended Instructions for Zazen".{{cite web\|url\=http://www.stanford.edu/group/scbs/sztp3/translations/gongyo\_seiten/translations/part\_3/fukan\_zazengi.html\|title\=Fukan Zazengi\|author\=Sōtō Zen Text Project\|publisher\=Stanford University\|access\-date\=2008\-03\-26\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080429201213/http://www.stanford.edu/group/scbs/sztp3/translations/gongyo\_seiten/translations/part\_3/fukan\_zazengi.html\|archive\-date\=2008\-04\-29}} In the Japanese language, this practice is called *[Shikantaza](/wiki/Shikantaza "Shikantaza")*. #### Insight ##### Pointing to the nature of the mind According to Charles Luk, in the earliest traditions of Chán, there was no fixed method or formula for teaching meditation, and all instructions were simply heuristic methods, to point to the true nature of the mind, also known as *[Buddha\-nature](/wiki/Buddha-nature "Buddha-nature")*. According to Luk, this method is referred to as the "Mind Dharma", and exemplified in the story of Śākyamuni Buddha holding up a flower silently, and [Mahākāśyapa](/wiki/Mah%C4%81k%C4%81%C5%9Byapa "Mahākāśyapa") smiling as he understood.{{efn\|group\=note\|See \[\[Flower Sermon]]}}Luk, Charles. *The Secrets of Chinese Meditation.* 1964\. p. 44 A traditional formula of this is, "Chán points directly to the human mind, to enable people to see their true nature and become buddhas."Nan, Huai\-Chin. *Basic Buddhism: Exploring Buddhism and Zen.* 1997\. p. 92 ##### Kōan practice {{Main\|Kōan}} [thumb\|right\|upright\|[Chinese character](/wiki/Chinese_characters "Chinese characters") for "[nothing](/wiki/Mu_%28negative%29 "Mu (negative)")" ({{CJKV\|p\=wú\|r\=mu\|rr\=mu\|v\=vô}}). It figures in the famous *Zhaozhou's dog* [kōan](/wiki/K%C5%8Dan "Kōan").](/wiki/File:Wu_%28negative%29.svg "Wu (negative).svg") At the beginning of the [Sòng dynasty](/wiki/S%C3%B2ng_dynasty "Sòng dynasty"), practice with the kōan method became popular, whereas others practiced "silent illumination".{{sfn\|Blyth\|1966}} This became the source of some differences in practice between the [Línjì](/wiki/Linji_school "Linji school") and [Cáodòng schools](/wiki/C%C3%A1od%C3%B2ng_school "Cáodòng school"). A kōan, literally "public case", is a story or dialogue, describing an interaction between a Zen master and a student. These anecdotes give a demonstration of the master's insight. Koans emphasize the non\-conceptional insight that the Buddhist teachings are pointing to. Koans can be used to provoke the "great doubt", and test a student's progress in Zen practice. Kōan\-inquiry may be practiced during zazen (sitting meditation), [kinhin](/wiki/Kinhin "Kinhin") (walking meditation), and throughout all the activities of daily life. Kōan practice is particularly emphasized by the Japanese [Rinzai school](/wiki/Rinzai_school "Rinzai school"), but it also occurs in other schools or branches of Zen depending on the teaching line.{{sfn\|Loori\|2006}} The Zen student's mastery of a given kōan is presented to the teacher in a private interview (referred to in Japanese as *dokusan* (独参), *daisan* (代参), or *sanzen* (参禅)). While there is no unique answer to a kōan, practitioners are expected to demonstrate their understanding of the kōan and of Zen through their responses. The teacher may approve or disapprove of the answer and guide the student in the right direction. The interaction with a Zen teacher is central in Zen, but makes Zen practice also vulnerable to misunderstanding and exploitation.{{sfn\|Lachs\|2006}}
[ "### Chan Buddhism", "{{See also\\|Zen\\|Chan Buddhism\\|Zazen\\|Korean Seon\\|Vietnamese Thiền\\|Zen in the United States}}", "Anapanasati and dhyāna are a central aspect of Buddhist practice in Chan, necessary for progress on the path and \"true entry into the Dharma\".{{refn\\|group\\=note\\|Dhyāna is a central aspect of Buddhist practice in Chan: \n\\* \\[\\[Nan Huai\\-Chin]]: \"Intellectual reasoning is just another spinning of the \\[\\[Eight Consciousnesses\\|sixth consciousness]], whereas the practice of meditation is the true entry into the Dharma.\"Nan, Huai\\-Chin. ''To Realize Enlightenment: Practice of the Cultivation Path.'' 1994\\. p. 1 \n\\* According to \\[\\[Sheng Yen]], meditative concentration is necessary, calling samādhi one of the requisite factors for progress on the path toward enlightenment.Sheng Yen. ''Orthodox Chinese Buddhism.'' North Atlantic Books. 2007\\. p. 122}}", "#### Origins", "In China, the word *dhyāna* was originally transliterated with {{zh\\|t\\=禪那\\|p\\=chánnà}} and shortened to just {{zh\\|p\\=chán}} in common usage. The word and the practice of Buddhist meditation entered into Chinese through the translations of [An Shigao](/wiki/An_Shigao \"An Shigao\") (fl. c. 148–180 CE), and [Kumārajīva](/wiki/Kum%C4%81raj%C4%ABva \"Kumārajīva\") (334–413 CE), who translated [Dhyāna sutras](/wiki/Dhy%C4%81na_sutras \"Dhyāna sutras\"), which were influential early meditation texts mostly based on the [Yogacara](/wiki/Yogacara \"Yogacara\") meditation teachings of the [Sarvāstivāda](/wiki/Sarvastivada \"Sarvastivada\") school of [Kashmir](/wiki/Kashmir \"Kashmir\") circa 1st–4th centuries CE.Deleanu, Florin (1992\\); [Mindfulness of Breathing in the Dhyāna Sūtras](https://ahandfulofleaves.files.wordpress.com/2012/02/mindfulness-of-breathing-in-the-dhayana-sutra_florin-deleanu_1992.pdf). Transactions of the International Conference of Orientalists in Japan (TICOJ) 37, 42–57\\. The word *chán* became the designation for [Chan Buddhism](/wiki/Chan_Buddhism \"Chan Buddhism\") ([Korean Seon](/wiki/Korean_Seon \"Korean Seon\"), [Vietnamese Thiền](/wiki/Vietnamese_Thi%E1%BB%81n \"Vietnamese Thiền\"), [Japanese Zen](/wiki/Zen \"Zen\")).", "In Chinese Buddhism, following the [*Ur\\-text* of the Satipatthana Sutra](/wiki/Satipatthana_Sutta%23Comparison_of_the_content_in_other_sources \"Satipatthana Sutta#Comparison of the content in other sources\") and the *dhyana sutras*, *dhyāna* refers to [various kinds of meditation techniques](/wiki/Kamma%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81na \"Kammaṭṭhāna\") and their preparatory practices, which are necessary to practice *dhyana*.{{sfn\\|Fischer\\-Schreiber\\|Ehrhard\\|Diener\\|2008\\|p\\=103}} The five main types of meditation in the *Dhyana sutras* are [anapanasati](/wiki/Anapanasati \"Anapanasati\") (mindfulness of breathing); [paṭikūlamanasikāra](/wiki/Patikulamanasikara \"Patikulamanasikara\") meditation, mindfulness of the impurities of the body; loving\\-kindness [maitrī](/wiki/Mett%C4%81 \"Mettā\") meditation; the contemplation on the twelve links of [pratītyasamutpāda](/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da \"Pratītyasamutpāda\"); and the contemplation on the [Buddha's thirty\\-two Characteristics](/wiki/Physical_characteristics_of_the_Buddha%23The_32_Signs_of_a_Great_Man \"Physical characteristics of the Buddha#The 32 Signs of a Great Man\").Ven. Dr. Yuanci, [A Study of the Meditation Methods in the DESM and Other Early Chinese Texts](http://www.undv.org/vesak2012/iabudoc/31YuanciFINAL.pdf) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508164744/http://www.undv.org/vesak2012/iabudoc/31YuanciFINAL.pdf \\|date\\=2013\\-05\\-08 }}, The Buddhist Academy of China.", "Downplaying the body\\-recollections{{sfn\\|Sharf\\|2015\\|p\\=475}} (but maintaining the awareness of imminent death), the early Chan\\-tradition developed the notions or practices of *wu nian* (\"no thought, no \"fixation on thought, such as one's own views, experiences, and knowledge\"){{sfn\\|Yu\\|2021\\|p\\=157}}{{sfn\\|Lai\\|Cheng\\|2008\\|p\\=351}} and *fēi sīliàng* ({{Lang\\|zh\\|非思量}}, Japanese: *hishiryō*, \"nonthinking\");{{sfn\\|Suzuki\\|2014\\|p\\=112}} and *kanxin* (\"observing the mind\"){{sfn\\|Schaik\\|2018\\|p\\=70, 93}} and *shou\\-i pu i* ({{Lang\\|zh\\|守一不移}}, \"maintaining the one without wavering\"){{sfn\\|McRae\\|1986\\|p\\=143}} turning the attention from the objects of experience, to the [nature of mind](/wiki/Svasa%E1%B9%83vedana \"Svasaṃvedana\"), the perceiving subject itself, which is equated with [Buddha\\-nature](/wiki/Buddha-nature \"Buddha-nature\").{{sfn\\|Sharf\\|2014\\|p\\=939}}", "#### Mindfulness", "##### Observing the breath", "[thumb\\|right\\|upright\\|Venerable [Hsuan Hua](/wiki/Hsuan_Hua \"Hsuan Hua\") meditating in the Lotus Position. [Hong Kong](/wiki/Hong_Kong \"Hong Kong\"), 1953](/wiki/File:Hsuan_Hua_Hong_Kong_1.jpeg \"Hsuan Hua Hong Kong 1.jpeg\")", "During sitting meditation, practitioners usually assume a position such as the [lotus position](/wiki/Lotus_position \"Lotus position\"), half\\-lotus, Burmese, or [yoga](/wiki/Yoga \"Yoga\") postures, using the [dhyāna](/wiki/Mudra%23Dhy.C4.81na_Mudr.C4.81 \"Mudra#Dhy.C4.81na Mudr.C4.81\") [mudrā](/wiki/Mudra \"Mudra\"). To regulate the mind, awareness is directed towards counting or watching the breath or by bringing that awareness to the energy center below the navel (see also [ānāpānasati](/wiki/%C4%80n%C4%81p%C4%81nasati \"Ānāpānasati\")).{{cite web\\|title\\=Fundamentals of Meditation\\|last\\=Sheng\\|first\\=Yen\\|url\\=http://www.chancenter.org/chanctr/ddp/talks/zuochan.html}} Often, a square or round cushion placed on a padded mat is used to sit on; in some other cases, a chair may be used. This practice may simply be called sitting dhyāna, which is *zuòchán* ({{Lang\\|zh\\|坐禅}}) in Chinese, *[zazen](/wiki/Zazen \"Zazen\")* ({{Lang\\|ja\\|坐禅}}) in Japanese, {{Transliteration\\|ko\\|jwaseon}} ({{Lang\\|ko\\|坐禅}}) in Korean, and *[tọa thiền](/wiki/T%E1%BB%8Da_thi%E1%BB%81n \"Tọa thiền\")* in Vietnamese.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=April 2024}}", "##### Observing the mind", "In the Sōtō school of Zen, meditation with no objects, anchors, or content, is the primary form of practice. The meditator strives to be aware of the stream of thoughts, allowing them to arise and pass away without interference. Considerable textual, philosophical, and phenomenological justification of this practice can be found throughout [Dōgen](/wiki/D%C5%8Dgen \"Dōgen\")'s *Shōbōgenzō*, as for example in the \"Principles of Zazen\"{{cite web\\|title\\=Zazengi translation\\|url\\=https://web.stanford.edu/group/scbs/sztp3/translations/shobogenzo/translations/zazengi/zazengi.html\\|author\\=Sōtō Zen Text Project\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Stanford University]]\\|access\\-date\\=15 November 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117022108/https://web.stanford.edu/group/scbs/sztp3/translations/shobogenzo/translations/zazengi/zazengi.html\\|archive\\-date\\=17 November 2015\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|df\\=dmy\\-all}} and the \"Universally Recommended Instructions for Zazen\".{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.stanford.edu/group/scbs/sztp3/translations/gongyo\\_seiten/translations/part\\_3/fukan\\_zazengi.html\\|title\\=Fukan Zazengi\\|author\\=Sōtō Zen Text Project\\|publisher\\=Stanford University\\|access\\-date\\=2008\\-03\\-26\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080429201213/http://www.stanford.edu/group/scbs/sztp3/translations/gongyo\\_seiten/translations/part\\_3/fukan\\_zazengi.html\\|archive\\-date\\=2008\\-04\\-29}} In the Japanese language, this practice is called *[Shikantaza](/wiki/Shikantaza \"Shikantaza\")*.", "#### Insight", "##### Pointing to the nature of the mind", "According to Charles Luk, in the earliest traditions of Chán, there was no fixed method or formula for teaching meditation, and all instructions were simply heuristic methods, to point to the true nature of the mind, also known as *[Buddha\\-nature](/wiki/Buddha-nature \"Buddha-nature\")*. According to Luk, this method is referred to as the \"Mind Dharma\", and exemplified in the story of Śākyamuni Buddha holding up a flower silently, and [Mahākāśyapa](/wiki/Mah%C4%81k%C4%81%C5%9Byapa \"Mahākāśyapa\") smiling as he understood.{{efn\\|group\\=note\\|See \\[\\[Flower Sermon]]}}Luk, Charles. *The Secrets of Chinese Meditation.* 1964\\. p. 44 A traditional formula of this is, \"Chán points directly to the human mind, to enable people to see their true nature and become buddhas.\"Nan, Huai\\-Chin. *Basic Buddhism: Exploring Buddhism and Zen.* 1997\\. p. 92", "##### Kōan practice", "{{Main\\|Kōan}}\n[thumb\\|right\\|upright\\|[Chinese character](/wiki/Chinese_characters \"Chinese characters\") for \"[nothing](/wiki/Mu_%28negative%29 \"Mu (negative)\")\" ({{CJKV\\|p\\=wú\\|r\\=mu\\|rr\\=mu\\|v\\=vô}}). It figures in the famous *Zhaozhou's dog* [kōan](/wiki/K%C5%8Dan \"Kōan\").](/wiki/File:Wu_%28negative%29.svg \"Wu (negative).svg\")", "At the beginning of the [Sòng dynasty](/wiki/S%C3%B2ng_dynasty \"Sòng dynasty\"), practice with the kōan method became popular, whereas others practiced \"silent illumination\".{{sfn\\|Blyth\\|1966}} This became the source of some differences in practice between the [Línjì](/wiki/Linji_school \"Linji school\") and [Cáodòng schools](/wiki/C%C3%A1od%C3%B2ng_school \"Cáodòng school\").", "A kōan, literally \"public case\", is a story or dialogue, describing an interaction between a Zen master and a student. These anecdotes give a demonstration of the master's insight. Koans emphasize the non\\-conceptional insight that the Buddhist teachings are pointing to. Koans can be used to provoke the \"great doubt\", and test a student's progress in Zen practice.", "Kōan\\-inquiry may be practiced during zazen (sitting meditation), [kinhin](/wiki/Kinhin \"Kinhin\") (walking meditation), and throughout all the activities of daily life. Kōan practice is particularly emphasized by the Japanese [Rinzai school](/wiki/Rinzai_school \"Rinzai school\"), but it also occurs in other schools or branches of Zen depending on the teaching line.{{sfn\\|Loori\\|2006}}", "The Zen student's mastery of a given kōan is presented to the teacher in a private interview (referred to in Japanese as *dokusan* (独参), *daisan* (代参), or *sanzen* (参禅)). While there is no unique answer to a kōan, practitioners are expected to demonstrate their understanding of the kōan and of Zen through their responses. The teacher may approve or disapprove of the answer and guide the student in the right direction. The interaction with a Zen teacher is central in Zen, but makes Zen practice also vulnerable to misunderstanding and exploitation.{{sfn\\|Lachs\\|2006}}", "" ]
History ------- ### Background #### Gilbert Gottfried joke [Gilbert Gottfried](/wiki/Gilbert_Gottfried "Gilbert Gottfried") was a featured comedian at the *[Comedy Central Roast](/wiki/Comedy_Central_Roast "Comedy Central Roast")* of [Bob Saget](/wiki/Bob_Saget "Bob Saget") which first aired on August 16, 2008\.{{cite news\|first\=Gilbert\|last\=Gottfried\|title\=Comedy Central Roast of Bob Saget\|work\=\[\[Comedy Central]]\|author\-link\=Gilbert Gottfried\|date\=August 16, 2008\|publisher\=\[\[Viacom (2005–present)\|Viacom]]}} At Saget's [roast](/wiki/Roast_%28comedy%29 "Roast (comedy)"), Gottfried jokingly begged listeners to disregard the (nonexistent) rumor that his fellow comedian "raped and killed a girl in 1990". Gottfried repeatedly warned the audience at the roast not to spread the rumor, which did not exist before the comedian's speech. The audience in attendance at the *Comedy Central Roast* were both shocked and amused by the preposterous nature of Gottfried's joke which seemed more ludicrous each time he repeated it. #### Internet meme [thumb\|alt\=Glenn Beck\|[Glenn Beck](/wiki/Glenn_Beck "Glenn Beck") in 2010](/wiki/File:Glenn_Beck_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg "Glenn Beck by Gage Skidmore.jpg") On August 31, 2009, a post on the Internet discussion community [Fark](/wiki/Fark "Fark") applied Gottfried's joke to Glenn Beck.{{cite news\| first\=Billy \| last\=Manes\|author2\=Bob Whitby \|url\=http://www.orlandoweekly.com/features/story.asp?id\=13504\|title\=Happytown \|work\=\[\[Orlando Weekly]] \|publisher\=www.orlandoweekly.com\|date\=October 7, 2009\|access\-date \=November 9, 2013 }} Online posters compared the [Internet meme](/wiki/Internet_meme "Internet meme") to Beck's style of arguing, requesting that Beck disprove that he had committed the act in question. The meme spread to social\-media websites, including [Encyclopedia Dramatica](/wiki/Encyclopedia_Dramatica "Encyclopedia Dramatica"), [Reddit](/wiki/Reddit "Reddit"), [Yahoo!](/wiki/Yahoo%21 "Yahoo!"), [Answers.com](/wiki/Answers.com "Answers.com"), [YouTube](/wiki/YouTube "YouTube"), [Twitter](/wiki/Twitter "Twitter") and [Digg.com](/wiki/Digg.com "Digg.com").{{cite news\| first\=Robert \| last\=Quigley \|url\=http://www.mediaite.com/online/anti\-beck\-backlash\-hits\-nauseating\-extreme\-with\-murder\-and\-rape\-meme/ \|title\=Anti\-Beck Backlash Hits Nauseating Extreme with "Murder and Rape" Meme (UPDATED THRICE)\| publisher\=\[\[Mediaite]]\|date\=September 3, 2009\|access\-date \= November 9, 2013 }}{{cite news\|last\=Ogino \|first\=Christopher \|title\=Useless government? \|work\=The State Press \|publisher\=\[\[Arizona State University]] \|date\=November 10, 2009 \|url\=http://www.statepress.com/node/9135 \|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20130204011903/http://www.statepress.com/node/9135 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=February 4, 2013 \|access\-date\=November 9, 2013 }} A variation of the [Googlebomb](/wiki/Googlebomb "Googlebomb") technique was used, in which [Google](/wiki/Google "Google") provided "Glenn Beck murder" as a search suggestion in a query for "Glenn Beck". Isaac Eiland\-Hall, a 34\-year\-old [computer science](/wiki/Computer_science "Computer science") student in [Panama City](/wiki/Panama_City%2C_Florida "Panama City, Florida"), Florida,{{cite news \| last \=Sarlin \| first \=Benjamin \| title \=The Man Who Beat Glenn Beck \| work \=\[\[The Daily Beast]] \| publisher \=RTST, INC. \| date \=November 12, 2009 \| url \=http://www.thedailybeast.com/blogs\-and\-stories/2009\-11\-12/the\-man\-who\-beat\-glenn\-beck/ \| access\-date \=November 9, 2013 \| archive\-url \=https://web.archive.org/web/20091116124215/http://www.thedailybeast.com/blogs\-and\-stories/2009\-11\-12/the\-man\-who\-beat\-glenn\-beck/ \| archive\-date \=16 November 2009 \| url\-status \=live }} saw the discussion on Fark using the Gottfried joke on Beck and created a website, GlennBeckRapedAndMurderedAYoungGirlIn1990\.com, intending it as a parody of Beck's style of political commentary.{{cite news \| first\=Jessica \| last\=Hesslam \| title\=Bay State lawyer takes on FOX yakker \| date\=October 2, 2009\| work\=\[\[Boston Herald]] \|publisher\=Boston Herald and Herald Media\| url \=http://bostonherald.com/news\_opinion/local\_coverage/2009/10/bay\_state\_lawyer\_takes\_fox\_yakker \| access\-date \=November 9, 2013 }}{{cite news\| first\=Nate \| last\=Anderson \|url\=https://arstechnica.com/tech\-policy/news/2009/09/can\-a\-mere\-domain\-name\-be\-defamation\-glenn\-beck\-says\-yes.ars\|title\=Can a mere domain name be defamation? Glenn Beck says yes\| work\=\[\[Ars Technica]]\|publisher\=\[\[Condé Nast Publications]]\|date\=September 9, 2009\|access\-date \=November 9, 2013 \| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20091002022212/http://arstechnica.com/tech\-policy/news/2009/09/can\-a\-mere\-domain\-name\-be\-defamation\-glenn\-beck\-says\-yes.ars\| archive\-date\= 2 October 2009 \| url\-status\= live}}{{cite news\|first\=Wendy\|last\=Davis\|url\=http://www.mediapost.com/publications/?fa\=Articles.showArticle\&art\_aid\=114601\|title\=Glenn Beck Urges Parody Site Be Shut Down\|work\=MediaPost News: Online Media Daily\|publisher\=MediaPost Communications\|date\=September 30, 2009\|access\-date\=November 9, 2013\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091004072045/http://www.mediapost.com/publications/?fa\=Articles.showArticle\&art\_aid\=114601\|archive\-date\=2009\-10\-04\|url\-status\=dead}}{{cite news\| author\=Citizen Media Law Project staff \|url\=http://www.citmedialaw.org/threats/beck\-v\-eiland\-hall\|title\=Beck v. Eiland\-Hall\|publisher\=www.citmedialaw.org\| work\=\[\[Citizen Media Law Project]]\|date\=September 28, 2009\|access\-date \= November 9, 2013 \| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20091003011149/http://www.citmedialaw.org/threats/beck\-v\-eiland\-hall\| archive\-date\= 3 October 2009 \| url\-status\= live}} He chose not to identify with the [WHOIS](/wiki/WHOIS "WHOIS") service and decided to remain anonymous. Eiland\-Hall used the domain name registrar [Namecheap](/wiki/Namecheap "Namecheap") for his site. It was launched on September 1, 2009, and received over 120,000 page views during its first 24 hours. The website asserted that it did not believe the charges were true. Eiland\-Hall wrote on the site that those furthering the meme were asserting that Beck used a similar strategy to promote his opinions and increase his viewership.{{cite news \| last \=Matyszczyk \| first \= Chris \| title \=Glenn Beck's legal action against site that parodies, um, Glenn Beck \| work \=\[\[CNET News]] \| publisher \=CBS Interactive Inc. \| date \=October 24, 2009 \| url \=http://news.cnet.com/8301\-17852\_3\-10382416\-71\.html \| access\-date \=November 9, 2013 }} The webpage originally displayed a small text disclaimer at the bottom, stating that the site was satirical. Eiland\-Hall later placed two prominent disclaimers at the top of the page, which identified it as parody. The disclaimer at the top of the website's main page stated its entire contents was parody, and included a link to a larger disclaimer at the bottom of the page. The site criticized Beck's tactic of challenging those he opposes to prove a negative. Eiland\-Hall told *[Politics Daily](/wiki/Politics_Daily "Politics Daily")* that after reading the initial thread at Fark which started the meme, he came to the conclusion that for those involved online participation in its propagation was a form of catharsis. He explained in an interview with *[Ars Technica](/wiki/Ars_Technica "Ars Technica")* that it was a means of utilizing Beck's strategies to criticize him and a way to focus exasperation around Beck's style of commentary into action. Eiland\-Hall's website inspired copycat parodies.{{cite news \| last \=Webster \| first \= Stephen C. \| title \=Glenn Beck publicly shamed by satirist after losing domain battle \| work \=The Raw Story \| publisher \=rawstory.com \| date \=November 10, 2009\|url\=http://www.rawstory.com/rs/2009/11/10/glenn\-beck\-publicly\-shamed\-satirist\-losing\-domain\-battle/\|access\-date\=November 19, 2013 }} ### Litigation #### Beck initiates legal action By September 3, 2009, attorneys representing Mercury Radio Arts, Glenn Beck's media company, had requested that the domain registrar of Eiland\-Hall's website delete the site. Beck's lawyers characterized the site's location as libelous. They demanded that the domain registrar revoke the WhoisGuard privacy\-protection service for the website, and turn over contact information for the then\-anonymous Eiland\-Hall. The registrar, NameCheap, refused. On September 4, 2009, Beck's lawyers sent another letter to the domain registrar, repeating their requests and noting that they had read the website's contents and were therefore aware from statements posted to the site that its operator had been notified by the registrar. Their second letter to NameCheap observed that the site was still operational on September 4, 2009, in spite of their prior requests on behalf of Beck. The domain registrar changed the [name server](/wiki/Name_server "Name server") of the website without telling Eiland\-Hall; after contacting the registrar, he was permitted to return to his original name server. In an interview with *[Gawker](/wiki/Gawker "Gawker")* on September 9, 2009, Eiland\-Hall remarked that Beck's attorneys contacted the registrar of the domain, his hosting provider, as well as the company which housed the servers for his website. He noted that the hosting provider informed him they would not cooperate with the requests from Beck's lawyers unless they received a [court order](/wiki/Court_order "Court order"). #### WIPO complaint In September 2009, lawyers for Beck and Mercury Radio Arts filed a complaint with the [World Intellectual Property Organization](/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organization "World Intellectual Property Organization") (WIPO) under the [Uniform Domain\-Name Dispute\-Resolution Policy](/wiki/Uniform_Domain-Name_Dispute-Resolution_Policy "Uniform Domain-Name Dispute-Resolution Policy") (UDRP) against the privacy service for Eiland\-Hall's website. WIPO is a [Switzerland](/wiki/Switzerland "Switzerland")\-based agency of the [United Nations](/wiki/United_Nations "United Nations").{{cite news \| last \=Emerson \| first \=Jim \| title \=All Your Beck Are Belong To Us \| work \=Scanners \| publisher \=\[\[Chicago Sun\-Times]] \| date \=October 2, 2009 \| url \=http://blogs.suntimes.com/scanners/2009/10/all\_your\_beck\_are\_belong\_to\_us.html \| access\-date \=November 9, 2013 \| archive\-url \=https://web.archive.org/web/20091007231641/http://blogs.suntimes.com/scanners/2009/10/all\_your\_beck\_are\_belong\_to\_us.html \| archive\-date \=2009\-10\-07 \| url\-status \=dead }} The rules of WIPO's Arbitration and Mediation Center were created by the [Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers](/wiki/Internet_Corporation_for_Assigned_Names_and_Numbers "Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers") (ICANN).{{cite web \| last \=Schmidt \| first \=Steffen \| title \=Media Meme's and Glenn Beck – Truth or Lies? \| work \=\[\[Des Moines Register]] \| publisher \=The Des Moines Register \| date \=October 5, 2009 \| url \=http://blogs.desmoinesregister.com/dmr/index.php/2009/10/05/media\-memes\-and\-glenn\-beck\-truth\-or\-lies/ \| access\-date \=November 9, 2013 }} The privacy service for the website revealed the identity of the site's owner in response to Beck's complaint. The complaint stated that Eiland\-Hall was trying to distort perceptions about the purpose and derivation of the site. Beck argued that the domain name of the website could be confused with his trademark, "Glenn Beck". The complaint described the website's domain name as libelous claiming that it encroached upon Beck's legally registered claim of his name.{{cite news\|first\=Eriq\|last\=Gardner\|url\=http://www.adweek.com/aw/content\_display/news/agency/e3i49ed8b00bbe771aa3d0035e57251257f\|title\=Glenn Beck Satire Site Fights Back\| work\=\[\[Adweek]]\|date\=September 29, 2009\|access\-date \= November 9, 2013 \| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20091002192431/http://www.adweek.com/aw/content\_display/news/agency/e3i49ed8b00bbe771aa3d0035e57251257f\| archive\-date\= 2 October 2009 \| url\-status\= live}}{{cite news\| author\=Citizen Media Law Project staff \|url\=http://www.citmedialaw.org/blog/2009/will\-glenn\-beck\-sue\-defamatory\-website\-2009\|title\=Will Glenn Beck Sue a Defamatory Website in 2009?\| publisher\=www.citmedialaw.org\|work\=\[\[Citizen Media Law Project]]\|date\=September 11, 2009\|access\-date \= November 9, 2013 }}{{cite news\|first\=John \|last\=Cook \|url\=http://gawker.com/5355901/glenn\-beck\-pr\-genius\-spreads\-the\-false\-rumor\-he\-raped\-and\-murdered\-a\-young\-girl\-in\-1990 \|title\=Glenn Beck, PR Genius, Spreads the False Rumor He Raped and Murdered a Young Girl in 1990 \|work\=\[\[Gawker]] \|publisher\=Gawker Media \|date\=September 9, 2009 \|access\-date\=November 9, 2013 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109051401/http://gawker.com/5355901/glenn\-beck\-pr\-genius\-spreads\-the\-false\-rumor\-he\-raped\-and\-murdered\-a\-young\-girl\-in\-1990 \|archive\-date\=November 9, 2013 }} Beck did not claim libel or defamation in the complaint, focusing on the legal issue of trademark.{{cite news \| last \= Hamilton \| first \= David \| title \= TV Host Glenn Beck to Take Legal Action Against Nasty Domain \| newspaper \= Web Host Industry Review \| publisher \= www.thewhir.com \| date \= September 9, 2009 \| url \= http://www.thewhir.com/web\-hosting\-news/091009\_TV\_Host\_Glenn\_Beck\_to\_Take\_Legal\_Action\_Against\_Libelous\_Domain \| access\-date \=November 9, 2013 \| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20091016201813/http://www.thewhir.com/web\-hosting\-news/091009\_TV\_Host\_Glenn\_Beck\_to\_Take\_Legal\_Action\_Against\_Libelous\_Domain\| archive\-date\= 16 October 2009 \| url\-status\= live}} The complaint asserted that the website itself contained factually inaccurate information, was unauthorized and defamatory, and that it was highly probable it would create uncertainty among Beck's potential customers.{{cite news\|url\=http://minnesotaindependent.com/46546/glenn\-beck\-keith\-ellison\-rape\-murder\-site\|title\=Glenn Beck appeals to international body to shut down satirical site\|last\=Schmelzer\|first\=Paul\|date\=October 7, 2009\|work\=\[\[Minnesota Independent]]\|publisher\=\[\[Center for Independent Media]]\|access\-date\=November 9, 2013 \| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20091013043211/http://minnesotaindependent.com/46546/glenn\-beck\-keith\-ellison\-rape\-murder\-site\| archive\-date\= 13 October 2009 \| url\-status\= live}} Beck's complaint asserted that the domain name of the website was an example of bad\-faith registration. It argued that Eiland\-Hall had no legitimate interest in, or right to, the website's domain name. As of September 2009 Beck was in the process of trademarking the use of his name for "goods and services", including the usage of "Glenn Beck" on merchandise. #### Eiland\-Hall response [thumb\|alt\=Legal response by Eiland\-Hall\|Brief filed by respondent (September 28, 2009\)](/wiki/File:Eiland-Hall_Response_Brief.pdf "Eiland-Hall Response Brief.pdf") Eiland\-Hall retained [First Amendment rights](/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution "First Amendment to the United States Constitution") lawyer [Marc Randazza](/wiki/Marc_Randazza "Marc Randazza") to represent him. According to Randazza, Eiland\-Hall sought legal representation after he was contacted with legal requests from lawyers representing Beck. On September 28, 2009, Randazza filed a 17\-page response brief on behalf of his client, asserting that the website's domain name was a form of protected political speech and satirical political humor. According to Randazza, the website was used for satirical purposes and its owner was not attempting to profit from it. Randazza wrote that an individual would have to be a pathetic idiot to come under the impression that his client's website was directly affiliated with Beck,{{cite news\| first\=Andy \| last\=Carvin\|url\=https://www.npr.org/blogs/alltechconsidered/2009/10/when\_internet\_memes\_go\_to\_cour.html\|title\=Glenn Beck Internet Meme Gets Ugly\| work\=\[\[National Public Radio]]\|publisher\=www.npr.org\|date\=October 2, 2009\|access\-date \= November 9, 2013 \| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20091003213942/http://www.npr.org/blogs/alltechconsidered/2009/10/when\_internet\_memes\_go\_to\_cour.html\| archive\-date\= 3 October 2009 \| url\-status\= live}}{{cite news\| first\=Andrew \| last\=Allemann \|url\=http://domainnamewire.com/2009/10/01/hot\-off\-press\-domain\-owner\-responds\-to\-glenn\-beck/\|title\=Hot off Press: Domain Owner Responds to Glenn Beck \|work\=Domain Name Wire\|publisher\=domainnamewire.com\|date\=October 1, 2009\|access\-date \= November 9, 2013 \| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20091004071919/http://domainnamewire.com/2009/10/01/hot\-off\-press\-domain\-owner\-responds\-to\-glenn\-beck/\| archive\-date\= 4 October 2009 \| url\-status\= live}} contending that the website's domain name could not be confused with the "Glenn Beck" trademark except to "[a moron in a hurry](/wiki/A_moron_in_a_hurry "A moron in a hurry")".{{efn\|"\[\[Moron in a hurry]]" refers to a legal concept where a reasonable person could become confused or deceived.{{cite book\| last \= MacQueen \| first \=Hector L. \|author2\=Charlotte Waelde\|author3\=Graeme T. Laurie \| title \= Contemporary intellectual property: law and policy \| publisher \= Oxford University Press, USA \| year \= 2007 \| page \=742 \| isbn \=978\-0\-19\-926339\-4 }}}} Randazza asserted that Beck had insufficiently demonstrated trademark rights to his name, "Glenn Beck", and claimed that Beck was actually trying to have the website taken down because he did not appreciate the criticism through satire which parodied Beck's own techniques. He argued that Eiland\-Hall had legitimate rights to his website's domain name because of its use to criticize Beck using [political satire](/wiki/Political_satire "Political satire") and as part of the Internet meme which had begun on the Fark website. The brief gave a short history of Internet phenomena, including video parodies of the [German film](/wiki/Cinema_of_Germany "Cinema of Germany") *[Downfall](/wiki/Downfall_%282004_film%29 "Downfall (2004 film)")*, memes based on the film *[300](/wiki/300_%28film%29 "300 (film)")*, "Hitler Hates Kanye West", "[All your base are belong to us](/wiki/All_your_base_are_belong_to_us "All your base are belong to us")", "[Mr. Spock Ate My Balls](/wiki/Ate_my_balls "Ate my balls")", and the gerbil story involving [Richard Gere](/wiki/Richard_Gere "Richard Gere").{{cite web\|last\=Sawyer \|first\=Rick \|title\=Gloucester Lawyer Defends Satirical Glenn Beck Website \|work\=\[\[Gothamist\|Bostonist]] \|publisher\=\[\[Gothamist]] \|date\=September 30, 2009 \|url\=http://bostonist.com/2009/09/30/satirical\_glenn\_beck\_website\_based.php \|access\-date\=November 9, 2013 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224090707/http://bostonist.com/2009/09/30/satirical\_glenn\_beck\_website\_based.php \|archive\-date\=February 24, 2012 }} Randazza traced the website's origin, explaining the internet meme's roots in Gilbert Gottfried's joke. He then spelled out the root comedic intent of Eiland\-Hall's website, in an explanation he termed the *humor equation*: {{math\|1\=(Outrageous Accusation) \+ (Celebrity) \+ (Question Why the Celebrity Does Not Deny the Accusation) \= (Confirmation of the Falsity of the Accusation \+ Laughter)}} The Eiland\-Hall response brief cited a clip of Beck interviewing [United States Congressman](/wiki/United_States_Congress "United States Congress") [Keith Ellison](/wiki/Keith_Ellison_%28politician%29 "Keith Ellison (politician)"), a [Muslim](/wiki/Muslim "Muslim") from [Minnesota](/wiki/Minnesota "Minnesota"). Beck had stated to [U.S. Representative](/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives "United States House of Representatives") Ellison, "No offense and I know Muslims, I like Muslims, I've been to mosques, I really don't think Islam is a religion of evil. I think it's being hijacked, quite frankly. With that being said, you are a Democrat. You are saying let's cut and run. And I have to tell you, I have been nervous about this interview because what I feel like saying is, sir, prove to me that you are not working with our enemies. And I know you’re not. I’m not accusing you of being an enemy. But that’s the way I feel, and I think a lot of Americans will feel that way."{{cite web \| last \=Brayton \| first \=Ed \| title \=Beck Tries to Kill Parody Website \| work \=\[\[ScienceBlogs]] \| publisher \=Seed Media Group \| date \=October 5, 2009 \| url \=http://scienceblogs.com/dispatches/2009/10/05/beck\-tries\-to\-kill\-parody\-webs/ \| access\-date \= November 9, 2013 \| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20091008103623/http://scienceblogs.com/dispatches/2009/10/beck\_tries\_to\_kill\_parody\_webs.php\| archive\-date\= 8 October 2009 \| url\-status\= live}} It was argued that this was an example of Beck's interview style in which he challenged his guests to prove a negative. Randazza concluded Beck's rhetorical style was similar to Gottfried's, simply devoid of comedic intent. Randazza's argument compared the case to the [Supreme Court of the United States](/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States "Supreme Court of the United States") case *[Hustler Magazine v. Falwell](/wiki/Hustler_Magazine_v._Falwell "Hustler Magazine v. Falwell")*. Randazza wrote that Beck was attempting to evade the First Amendment to the United States Constitution by filing the legal process with an agency of the United Nations instead of in a U.S. court. In the legal brief, Randazza pointed out that Beck's action of going to the WIPO in an attempt to get the website taken down was in contradiction to his prior statements saying he preferred [United States law](/wiki/United_States_law "United States law") over international law. On September 29, 2009, Randazza requested that Beck voluntarily ask that the First Amendment be applied to the arbitration case, despite its international setting. Randazza made this request because Beck's political commentary favored the [United States Constitution](/wiki/United_States_Constitution "United States Constitution") over [international law](/wiki/International_law "International law").{{cite web \| last \=Brayton \| first \=Ed \| title \=Brilliant Response to Beck Case \| work \=\[\[ScienceBlogs]] \| publisher \=Seed Media Group \| date \=October 6, 2009 \| url \=http://scienceblogs.com/dispatches/2009/10/brilliant\_response\_to\_beck\_cas.php \| access\-date \=November 9, 2013 \| archive\-url \=https://web.archive.org/web/20091009085612/http://scienceblogs.com/dispatches/2009/10/brilliant\_response\_to\_beck\_cas.php \| archive\-date \=2009\-10\-09 \| url\-status \=dead }} Randazza's September 29, 2009 letter to Beck's attorneys cited statements by Beck in which he indicated he preferred United States law over international law. Beck had said, "Once we sign our rights over to international law, the Constitution is officially dead." Randazza's letter concluded: "I am certain that neither party wishes to see First Amendment rights subordinated to international trademark principles, thus unwittingly proving Mr. Beck's point. Lest this case become an example of international law causing damage to the constitutional rights that both of our clients hold dear, I respectfully request that your client agree to stipulate to the application of American constitutional law to this case."{{cite web\|last\=Sawyer \|first\=Rick \|title\=Today in Randazza's Zings: Glenn Beck, Why Do You Hate America? \|work\=\[\[Bostonist]] \|publisher\=\[\[Gothamist]] \|date\=October 1, 2009 \|url\=http://bostonist.com/2009/10/01/today\_in\_randazzas\_zings\_glenn\_beck.php \|access\-date\=November 9, 2013 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224090724/http://bostonist.com/2009/10/01/today\_in\_randazzas\_zings\_glenn\_beck.php \|archive\-date\=February 24, 2012 }} [thumb\|alt\=Audio interview of Marc Randazza\|Audio interview of [Marc Randazza](/wiki/Marc_Randazza "Marc Randazza") on [WPRR](/wiki/WPRR_%28AM%29 "WPRR (AM)") radio program *Declaring Independence* (October 8, 2009\)](/wiki/File:2009_10_08_Marc_Randazza_interview.ogg "2009 10 08 Marc Randazza interview.ogg") On October 8, 2009, Randazza was interviewed about the case on the [WPRR](/wiki/WPRR_%28AM%29 "WPRR (AM)") radio program, *Declaring Independence*.{{cite web \| last \=Brayton \| first \=Ed \| title \=Radio Show Preview 10\-8\-09 \| work \=\[\[ScienceBlogs]] \| publisher \=Seed Media Group \| date \=October 8, 2009 \| url \=http://scienceblogs.com/dispatches/2009/10/radio\_show\_preview\_10\-8\-09\.php \| access\-date \=November 9, 2013 \| archive\-url \=https://web.archive.org/web/20091011112024/http://scienceblogs.com/dispatches/2009/10/radio\_show\_preview\_10\-8\-09\.php \| archive\-date \=2009\-10\-11 \| url\-status \=dead }}{{cite news \| last \=Brayton \| first \=Ed \| title \=Interview with Marc Randazza \| work \=Declaring Independence \| publisher \=\[\[WPRR (AM)\|WPRR]] \| date \=October 8, 2009 \|location\=\[\[Grand Rapids, Michigan\|Grand Rapids]], Michigan\|url\=http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/2009\-10\-08\_Interview\_of\_Marc\_Randazza\_by\_Ed\_Brayton}} He explained why Beck did not file a libel lawsuit in the United States. He pointed out that because Beck was a [public figure](/wiki/Public_figure "Public figure") he had to prove a legal standard referred to as [actual malice](/wiki/Actual_malice "Actual malice"), and show that Eiland\-Hall knew his assertions were inaccurate. He explained that this did not apply to Eiland\-Hall's website even if it was knowingly inaccurate, because the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in *Hustler Magazine v. Falwell* that no proof is needed for an absurd statement made in the context of satire. #### Supplemental filing and surreply Beck submitted a supplemental filing in the case on October 13, 2009\. In the supplemental filing, his attorneys argued that the joke of the Eiland\-Hall website was not obvious; therefore, the website's domain name was misleading.{{cite news \| last \= Hamilton \| first \= David \| title \= Glenn Beck Accuses Nasty Domain Of Misleading Visitors \| newspaper \= Web Host Industry Review \| publisher \= www.thewhir.com \| date \= October 21, 2009 \| url \= http://www.thewhir.com/web\-hosting\-news/102109\_Glenn\_Beck\_Accuses\_Nasty\_Domain\_Of\_Misleading\_Visitors \| access\-date \= November 9, 2013 \| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20091024223819/http://www.thewhir.com/web\-hosting\-news/102109\_Glenn\_Beck\_Accuses\_Nasty\_Domain\_Of\_Misleading\_Visitors\| archive\-date\= 24 October 2009 \| url\-status\= live}} The filing asserted: "While there is absolutely nothing humorous or amusing about the statement made by Respondent in his domain name that 'Glenn Beck Raped and Murdered a Young Girl in 1990,' the average Internet user finding the domain name GlennBeckRapedAndMurderedAYoungGirlin1990\.com ("Disputed Domain Name") in a search would have no reason not to believe that they will be directed to a website providing factual information (as opposed to protected criticism or similar protected speech) about Mr. Beck." {{Wikinews\|US free speech lawyer Marc Randazza discusses Glenn Beck parody}} On October 20, 2009, Eiland\-Hall filed a [surreply](/wiki/Wikt:Surreply "Surreply") in response to Beck's supplemental filing. Eiland\-Hall asserted in the surreply that Beck was the butt of a [viral joke](/wiki/Viral_marketing "Viral marketing") which was protected speech even if it was not perceived as comedic in nature by the subject. He stated Beck had depreciated the value of the First Amendment by attempting to evade its reach in a legal proceeding outside U.S. courts.{{cite news\|last\=Sawyer \|first\=Rick \|title\=Randazza Strikes Again: Glenn Beck is "the Butt" \|newspaper\=\[\[Bostonist]] \|publisher\=Gothamist LLC \|date\=October 21, 2009 \|url\=http://bostonist.com/2009/10/21/randazza\-glenn\-beck.php \|access\-date\=November 9, 2013 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224090800/http://bostonist.com/2009/10/21/randazza\-glenn\-beck.php \|archive\-date\=February 24, 2012 }} #### WIPO ruling On October 29, 2009, the WIPO ruled against Glenn Beck in the case.{{cite news \| last \=World Intellectual Property Organization \| author\-link \=World Intellectual Property Organization \| title \= Administrative Panel Decision; Mercury Radio Arts, Inc. and Glenn Beck v. Isaac Eiland\-Hall; Case No. D2009\-1182\|work\=\[\[Citizen Media Law Project]] \| publisher \=www.citmedialaw.org \| date \=October 29, 2009 \| url \=http://www.citmedialaw.org/sites/citmedialaw.org/files/2009\-10\-29\-Beck%20v.%20Eiland\-Hall%20UDRP%20Decision\_0\.pdf \| access\-date \=November 9, 2013 }}{{cite news \| last \=Allemann \| first \=Andrew \| title \=Glenn Beck Loses Domain Dispute Over Meme Site \| work \=Domain Name Wire \| publisher \=domainnamewire.com \| date \=November 6, 2009 \| url \=http://domainnamewire.com/2009/11/06/glenn\-beck\-loses\-domain\-dispute\-over\-meme\-site/ \| access\-date \= November 9, 2013 \| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20091109004234/http://domainnamewire.com/2009/11/06/glenn\-beck\-loses\-domain\-dispute\-over\-meme\-site/\| archive\-date\= 9 November 2009 \| url\-status\= live}} For Beck to have prevailed in the case, the WIPO court would have had to have ruled in Beck's favor on three issues: that the domain name could be mistaken for the mark "Glenn Beck"; that Eiland\-Hall did not have a justifiable stake in the name, and that the domain name was "[bad faith](/wiki/Bad_faith "Bad faith")". On the first point, WIPO arbitrator [Frederick M. Abbott](/wiki/Frederick_M._Abbott "Frederick M. Abbott") ruled that the domain name could be confused with the "Glenn Beck" mark. On the issue of profit from Beck's mark WIPO ruled that there had not been substantial commercial activity to warrant this particular claim. Abbott was the sole arbitrator on the WIPO panel.{{cite news\|last\=Kuznia \|first\=Rob \|title\=Glenn Beck Loses Suit Over Controversial Domain Name \|work\=HispanicBusiness.com \|publisher\=Hispanic Business Inc. \|date\=November 10, 2009 \|url\=http://www.hispanicbusiness.com/news/newsbyid.asp?idx\=166251\&cat1\=newswire \|access\-date\=November 9, 2013 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109053242/http://www.hispanicbusiness.com/news/newsbyid.asp?idx\=166251\&cat1\=newswire \|archive\-date\=November 9, 2013 }} Abbott concluded that Eiland\-Hall had legitimate interests in the website's name for purposes of political satire in the form of comedic parody. Abbott did not draw a conclusion on the third point, noting that it was unlikely that Beck would have prevailed on the "bad faith" issue. Abbott wrote that the determination of whether the website is defamatory would not be an issue for WIPO. Instead, the WIPO limited the case's scope to a determination of whether the website registrant had engaged in "abusive domain name registration and use". ### Eiland\-Hall gives domain to Beck On November 6, 2009, Eiland\-Hall wrote to Beck, giving him control of the domain free of charge,{{cite news \| last \=Allemann \| first \=Andrew \| title \=After Winning Case, Man Hands Domain Name to Glenn Beck \| work \=Domain Name Wire \| publisher \=domainnamewire.com \| date \=November 6, 2009 \| url \=http://domainnamewire.com/2009/11/06/after\-winning\-case\-man\-hands\-domain\-name\-to\-glenn\-beck/ \| access\-date \= November 9, 2013 \| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20091109004218/http://domainnamewire.com/2009/11/06/after\-winning\-case\-man\-hands\-domain\-name\-to\-glenn\-beck/\| archive\-date\= 9 November 2009 \| url\-status\= live}} and providing Beck with its username and password.{{cite news \| last \=Hudson \| first \=John \| title \=Glenn Beck vs. The Internet \| work \=The Atlantic Wire \| publisher \=The Atlantic Monthly Group \| date \=November 10, 2009 \| url \=http://www.theatlanticwire.com/features/view/feature/Glenn\-Beck\-vs\-The\-Internet\-320 \| access\-date \=November 9, 2013 \| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20091115030545/http://www.theatlanticwire.com/features/view/feature/Glenn\-Beck\-vs\-The\-Internet\-320\| archive\-date\= 15 November 2009 \| url\-status\= live}} Eiland\-Hall wrote that he had made his point, and the act of filing the complaint exacerbated the situation for the complainant. Eiland\-Hall explained his rationale for giving away the domain name, citing his desire to protect the applicability of the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution had been satisfied. *[Techdirt](/wiki/Techdirt "Techdirt")* reported on November 6, 2009, that GlennBeckRapedAndMurderedAYoungGirlIn1990\.com was a dead site;{{cite news \| last \=Techdirt staff \| title \=Glenn Beck Not Allowed To Rape And Murder An Internet Meme \| work \=\[\[Techdirt]] \| publisher \=www.techdirt.com \| date \=November 6, 2009 \| url \=http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20091106/1353106839\.shtml \| access\-date \= November 9, 2013 \| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20091109042022/http://techdirt.com/articles/20091106/1353106839\.shtml\| archive\-date\= 9 November 2009 \| url\-status\= live}} by November 10 the domain name was registered to Beck's company, Mercury Radio Arts. In a notice posted to one of his other websites, Eiland\-Hall wished Beck (then suffering from [appendicitis](/wiki/Appendicitis "Appendicitis")) well, and characterized the conclusion of the case as a success.{{cite news \| last \=Anderson \| first \=Nate \| title \=Glenn Beck loses domain dispute, still ends up with domain \| work \=\[\[Techdirt]] \| publisher \=Condé Nast Digital \| date \=November 9, 2009 \| url \=https://arstechnica.com/tech\-policy/news/2009/11/glenn\-beck\-loses\-domain\-dispute\-still\-ends\-up\-with\-domain.ars \| access\-date \= November 9, 2013 \| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20091112083355/http://arstechnica.com/tech\-policy/news/2009/11/glenn\-beck\-loses\-domain\-dispute\-still\-ends\-up\-with\-domain.ars\| archive\-date\= 12 November 2009 \| url\-status\= live}} In a post on his blog, Eiland\-Hall's lawyer Marc Randazza described the case as a victory for freedom of speech.{{cite news \| last \=Randazza \| first \=Marc \| title \=Glenn Beck's Attempt to Rape and Murder Free Speech in 2009 — Thwarted \| work \=The Legal Satyricon \| date \=November 6, 2009 \| url \=http://randazza.wordpress.com/2009/11/06/glenn\-beck\-decision/ \| access\-date \=November 9, 2013 \| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20091109020343/http://randazza.wordpress.com/2009/11/06/glenn\-beck\-decision/\| archive\-date\= 9 November 2009 \| url\-status\= live}} Beck did not respond to Eiland\-Hall's letter,{{cite news \| last \=Pardon \| first \=Rhett \| title \=Domain Owner Says He'll Give URL to Glenn Beck \| work \=\[\[XBIZ]] \| publisher \=www.xbiznewswire.com \| date \=November 7, 2009 \| url \=http://www.xbiz.com/news/114483 \| access\-date \=November 9, 2013 }} and Beck's representative declined comment to *[PC Magazine](/wiki/PC_Magazine "PC Magazine")* about the conclusion of the case.{{cite news \| last \=Albanesius \| first \=Chloe \| title \=WIPO Rules in Favor of Glenn Beck Parody Site \| work \=\[\[PC Magazine]] \| publisher \=www.pcmag.com \| date \=November 6, 2009 \| url \=https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2355560,00\.asp \| access\-date \=November 9, 2013 \| archive\-url \=https://web.archive.org/web/20091108121004/http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0%2C2817%2C2355560%2C00\.asp \| archive\-date \=8 November 2009 \| url\-status \=live }} Lawyers for Beck did not respond to a request for comment about the WIPO ruling from *[National Public Radio](/wiki/National_Public_Radio "National Public Radio")*.{{cite news \| last \=Carvin \| first \=Andy \| title \=Glenn Beck Loses Domain Name Dispute \| work \=\[\[National Public Radio]] \| publisher \=www.npr.org \| date \=November 10, 2009 \| url \=https://www.npr.org/blogs/alltechconsidered/2009/11/glenn\_beck\_loses\_domain\_name\_d.html \| access\-date \= November 9, 2013 \| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20091112161749/http://www.npr.org/blogs/alltechconsidered/2009/11/glenn\_beck\_loses\_domain\_name\_d.html\| archive\-date\= 12 November 2009 \| url\-status\= live}}
[ "History\n-------", "### Background", "#### Gilbert Gottfried joke", "[Gilbert Gottfried](/wiki/Gilbert_Gottfried \"Gilbert Gottfried\") was a featured comedian at the *[Comedy Central Roast](/wiki/Comedy_Central_Roast \"Comedy Central Roast\")* of [Bob Saget](/wiki/Bob_Saget \"Bob Saget\") which first aired on August 16, 2008\\.{{cite news\\|first\\=Gilbert\\|last\\=Gottfried\\|title\\=Comedy Central Roast of Bob Saget\\|work\\=\\[\\[Comedy Central]]\\|author\\-link\\=Gilbert Gottfried\\|date\\=August 16, 2008\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Viacom (2005–present)\\|Viacom]]}} At Saget's [roast](/wiki/Roast_%28comedy%29 \"Roast (comedy)\"), Gottfried jokingly begged listeners to disregard the (nonexistent) rumor that his fellow comedian \"raped and killed a girl in 1990\". Gottfried repeatedly warned the audience at the roast not to spread the rumor, which did not exist before the comedian's speech. The audience in attendance at the *Comedy Central Roast* were both shocked and amused by the preposterous nature of Gottfried's joke which seemed more ludicrous each time he repeated it.", "#### Internet meme", "[thumb\\|alt\\=Glenn Beck\\|[Glenn Beck](/wiki/Glenn_Beck \"Glenn Beck\") in 2010](/wiki/File:Glenn_Beck_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg \"Glenn Beck by Gage Skidmore.jpg\")\nOn August 31, 2009, a post on the Internet discussion community [Fark](/wiki/Fark \"Fark\") applied Gottfried's joke to Glenn Beck.{{cite news\\| first\\=Billy \\| last\\=Manes\\|author2\\=Bob Whitby \\|url\\=http://www.orlandoweekly.com/features/story.asp?id\\=13504\\|title\\=Happytown \\|work\\=\\[\\[Orlando Weekly]] \\|publisher\\=www.orlandoweekly.com\\|date\\=October 7, 2009\\|access\\-date \\=November 9, 2013 }} Online posters compared the [Internet meme](/wiki/Internet_meme \"Internet meme\") to Beck's style of arguing, requesting that Beck disprove that he had committed the act in question. The meme spread to social\\-media websites, including [Encyclopedia Dramatica](/wiki/Encyclopedia_Dramatica \"Encyclopedia Dramatica\"), [Reddit](/wiki/Reddit \"Reddit\"), [Yahoo!](/wiki/Yahoo%21 \"Yahoo!\"), [Answers.com](/wiki/Answers.com \"Answers.com\"), [YouTube](/wiki/YouTube \"YouTube\"), [Twitter](/wiki/Twitter \"Twitter\") and [Digg.com](/wiki/Digg.com \"Digg.com\").{{cite news\\| first\\=Robert \\| last\\=Quigley \\|url\\=http://www.mediaite.com/online/anti\\-beck\\-backlash\\-hits\\-nauseating\\-extreme\\-with\\-murder\\-and\\-rape\\-meme/ \\|title\\=Anti\\-Beck Backlash Hits Nauseating Extreme with \"Murder and Rape\" Meme (UPDATED THRICE)\\| publisher\\=\\[\\[Mediaite]]\\|date\\=September 3, 2009\\|access\\-date \\= November 9, 2013 }}{{cite news\\|last\\=Ogino \\|first\\=Christopher \\|title\\=Useless government? \\|work\\=The State Press \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Arizona State University]] \\|date\\=November 10, 2009 \\|url\\=http://www.statepress.com/node/9135 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20130204011903/http://www.statepress.com/node/9135 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=February 4, 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=November 9, 2013 }} A variation of the [Googlebomb](/wiki/Googlebomb \"Googlebomb\") technique was used, in which [Google](/wiki/Google \"Google\") provided \"Glenn Beck murder\" as a search suggestion in a query for \"Glenn Beck\".", "Isaac Eiland\\-Hall, a 34\\-year\\-old [computer science](/wiki/Computer_science \"Computer science\") student in [Panama City](/wiki/Panama_City%2C_Florida \"Panama City, Florida\"), Florida,{{cite news \\| last \\=Sarlin \\| first \\=Benjamin \\| title \\=The Man Who Beat Glenn Beck \\| work \\=\\[\\[The Daily Beast]] \\| publisher \\=RTST, INC. \\| date \\=November 12, 2009 \\| url \\=http://www.thedailybeast.com/blogs\\-and\\-stories/2009\\-11\\-12/the\\-man\\-who\\-beat\\-glenn\\-beck/ \\| access\\-date \\=November 9, 2013 \\| archive\\-url \\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091116124215/http://www.thedailybeast.com/blogs\\-and\\-stories/2009\\-11\\-12/the\\-man\\-who\\-beat\\-glenn\\-beck/ \\| archive\\-date \\=16 November 2009 \\| url\\-status \\=live }} saw the discussion on Fark using the Gottfried joke on Beck and created a website, GlennBeckRapedAndMurderedAYoungGirlIn1990\\.com, intending it as a parody of Beck's style of political commentary.{{cite news \\| first\\=Jessica \\| last\\=Hesslam \\| title\\=Bay State lawyer takes on FOX yakker \\| date\\=October 2, 2009\\| work\\=\\[\\[Boston Herald]] \\|publisher\\=Boston Herald and Herald Media\\| url \\=http://bostonherald.com/news\\_opinion/local\\_coverage/2009/10/bay\\_state\\_lawyer\\_takes\\_fox\\_yakker \\| access\\-date \\=November 9, 2013 }}{{cite news\\| first\\=Nate \\| last\\=Anderson \\|url\\=https://arstechnica.com/tech\\-policy/news/2009/09/can\\-a\\-mere\\-domain\\-name\\-be\\-defamation\\-glenn\\-beck\\-says\\-yes.ars\\|title\\=Can a mere domain name be defamation? Glenn Beck says yes\\| work\\=\\[\\[Ars Technica]]\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Condé Nast Publications]]\\|date\\=September 9, 2009\\|access\\-date \\=November 9, 2013 \\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20091002022212/http://arstechnica.com/tech\\-policy/news/2009/09/can\\-a\\-mere\\-domain\\-name\\-be\\-defamation\\-glenn\\-beck\\-says\\-yes.ars\\| archive\\-date\\= 2 October 2009 \\| url\\-status\\= live}}{{cite news\\|first\\=Wendy\\|last\\=Davis\\|url\\=http://www.mediapost.com/publications/?fa\\=Articles.showArticle\\&art\\_aid\\=114601\\|title\\=Glenn Beck Urges Parody Site Be Shut Down\\|work\\=MediaPost News: Online Media Daily\\|publisher\\=MediaPost Communications\\|date\\=September 30, 2009\\|access\\-date\\=November 9, 2013\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091004072045/http://www.mediapost.com/publications/?fa\\=Articles.showArticle\\&art\\_aid\\=114601\\|archive\\-date\\=2009\\-10\\-04\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}{{cite news\\| author\\=Citizen Media Law Project staff \\|url\\=http://www.citmedialaw.org/threats/beck\\-v\\-eiland\\-hall\\|title\\=Beck v. Eiland\\-Hall\\|publisher\\=www.citmedialaw.org\\| work\\=\\[\\[Citizen Media Law Project]]\\|date\\=September 28, 2009\\|access\\-date \\= November 9, 2013 \\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20091003011149/http://www.citmedialaw.org/threats/beck\\-v\\-eiland\\-hall\\| archive\\-date\\= 3 October 2009 \\| url\\-status\\= live}} He chose not to identify with the [WHOIS](/wiki/WHOIS \"WHOIS\") service and decided to remain anonymous. Eiland\\-Hall used the domain name registrar [Namecheap](/wiki/Namecheap \"Namecheap\") for his site. It was launched on September 1, 2009, and received over 120,000 page views during its first 24 hours. The website asserted that it did not believe the charges were true. Eiland\\-Hall wrote on the site that those furthering the meme were asserting that Beck used a similar strategy to promote his opinions and increase his viewership.{{cite news \\| last \\=Matyszczyk \\| first \\= Chris \\| title \\=Glenn Beck's legal action against site that parodies, um, Glenn Beck \\| work \\=\\[\\[CNET News]] \\| publisher \\=CBS Interactive Inc. \\| date \\=October 24, 2009 \\| url \\=http://news.cnet.com/8301\\-17852\\_3\\-10382416\\-71\\.html \\| access\\-date \\=November 9, 2013 }}", "The webpage originally displayed a small text disclaimer at the bottom, stating that the site was satirical. Eiland\\-Hall later placed two prominent disclaimers at the top of the page, which identified it as parody. The disclaimer at the top of the website's main page stated its entire contents was parody, and included a link to a larger disclaimer at the bottom of the page. The site criticized Beck's tactic of challenging those he opposes to prove a negative. Eiland\\-Hall told *[Politics Daily](/wiki/Politics_Daily \"Politics Daily\")* that after reading the initial thread at Fark which started the meme, he came to the conclusion that for those involved online participation in its propagation was a form of catharsis. He explained in an interview with *[Ars Technica](/wiki/Ars_Technica \"Ars Technica\")* that it was a means of utilizing Beck's strategies to criticize him and a way to focus exasperation around Beck's style of commentary into action. Eiland\\-Hall's website inspired copycat parodies.{{cite news \\| last \\=Webster \\| first \\= Stephen C. \\| title \\=Glenn Beck publicly shamed by satirist after losing domain battle \\| work \\=The Raw Story \\| publisher \\=rawstory.com \\| date \\=November 10, 2009\\|url\\=http://www.rawstory.com/rs/2009/11/10/glenn\\-beck\\-publicly\\-shamed\\-satirist\\-losing\\-domain\\-battle/\\|access\\-date\\=November 19, 2013 }}", "### Litigation", "#### Beck initiates legal action", "By September 3, 2009, attorneys representing Mercury Radio Arts, Glenn Beck's media company, had requested that the domain registrar of Eiland\\-Hall's website delete the site. Beck's lawyers characterized the site's location as libelous. They demanded that the domain registrar revoke the WhoisGuard privacy\\-protection service for the website, and turn over contact information for the then\\-anonymous Eiland\\-Hall. The registrar, NameCheap, refused. On September 4, 2009, Beck's lawyers sent another letter to the domain registrar, repeating their requests and noting that they had read the website's contents and were therefore aware from statements posted to the site that its operator had been notified by the registrar.", "Their second letter to NameCheap observed that the site was still operational on September 4, 2009, in spite of their prior requests on behalf of Beck. The domain registrar changed the [name server](/wiki/Name_server \"Name server\") of the website without telling Eiland\\-Hall; after contacting the registrar, he was permitted to return to his original name server. In an interview with *[Gawker](/wiki/Gawker \"Gawker\")* on September 9, 2009, Eiland\\-Hall remarked that Beck's attorneys contacted the registrar of the domain, his hosting provider, as well as the company which housed the servers for his website. He noted that the hosting provider informed him they would not cooperate with the requests from Beck's lawyers unless they received a [court order](/wiki/Court_order \"Court order\").", "#### WIPO complaint", "In September 2009, lawyers for Beck and Mercury Radio Arts filed a complaint with the [World Intellectual Property Organization](/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organization \"World Intellectual Property Organization\") (WIPO) under the [Uniform Domain\\-Name Dispute\\-Resolution Policy](/wiki/Uniform_Domain-Name_Dispute-Resolution_Policy \"Uniform Domain-Name Dispute-Resolution Policy\") (UDRP) against the privacy service for Eiland\\-Hall's website. WIPO is a [Switzerland](/wiki/Switzerland \"Switzerland\")\\-based agency of the [United Nations](/wiki/United_Nations \"United Nations\").{{cite news \\| last \\=Emerson \\| first \\=Jim \\| title \\=All Your Beck Are Belong To Us \\| work \\=Scanners \\| publisher \\=\\[\\[Chicago Sun\\-Times]] \\| date \\=October 2, 2009 \\| url \\=http://blogs.suntimes.com/scanners/2009/10/all\\_your\\_beck\\_are\\_belong\\_to\\_us.html \\| access\\-date \\=November 9, 2013 \\| archive\\-url \\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091007231641/http://blogs.suntimes.com/scanners/2009/10/all\\_your\\_beck\\_are\\_belong\\_to\\_us.html \\| archive\\-date \\=2009\\-10\\-07 \\| url\\-status \\=dead }} The rules of WIPO's Arbitration and Mediation Center were created by the [Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers](/wiki/Internet_Corporation_for_Assigned_Names_and_Numbers \"Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers\") (ICANN).{{cite web \\| last \\=Schmidt \\| first \\=Steffen \\| title \\=Media Meme's and Glenn Beck – Truth or Lies? \\| work \\=\\[\\[Des Moines Register]] \\| publisher \\=The Des Moines Register \\| date \\=October 5, 2009 \\| url \\=http://blogs.desmoinesregister.com/dmr/index.php/2009/10/05/media\\-memes\\-and\\-glenn\\-beck\\-truth\\-or\\-lies/ \\| access\\-date \\=November 9, 2013 }} The privacy service for the website revealed the identity of the site's owner in response to Beck's complaint.", "The complaint stated that Eiland\\-Hall was trying to distort perceptions about the purpose and derivation of the site. Beck argued that the domain name of the website could be confused with his trademark, \"Glenn Beck\". The complaint described the website's domain name as libelous claiming that it encroached upon Beck's legally registered claim of his name.{{cite news\\|first\\=Eriq\\|last\\=Gardner\\|url\\=http://www.adweek.com/aw/content\\_display/news/agency/e3i49ed8b00bbe771aa3d0035e57251257f\\|title\\=Glenn Beck Satire Site Fights Back\\| work\\=\\[\\[Adweek]]\\|date\\=September 29, 2009\\|access\\-date \\= November 9, 2013 \\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20091002192431/http://www.adweek.com/aw/content\\_display/news/agency/e3i49ed8b00bbe771aa3d0035e57251257f\\| archive\\-date\\= 2 October 2009 \\| url\\-status\\= live}}{{cite news\\| author\\=Citizen Media Law Project staff \\|url\\=http://www.citmedialaw.org/blog/2009/will\\-glenn\\-beck\\-sue\\-defamatory\\-website\\-2009\\|title\\=Will Glenn Beck Sue a Defamatory Website in 2009?\\| publisher\\=www.citmedialaw.org\\|work\\=\\[\\[Citizen Media Law Project]]\\|date\\=September 11, 2009\\|access\\-date \\= November 9, 2013 }}{{cite news\\|first\\=John \\|last\\=Cook \\|url\\=http://gawker.com/5355901/glenn\\-beck\\-pr\\-genius\\-spreads\\-the\\-false\\-rumor\\-he\\-raped\\-and\\-murdered\\-a\\-young\\-girl\\-in\\-1990 \\|title\\=Glenn Beck, PR Genius, Spreads the False Rumor He Raped and Murdered a Young Girl in 1990 \\|work\\=\\[\\[Gawker]] \\|publisher\\=Gawker Media \\|date\\=September 9, 2009 \\|access\\-date\\=November 9, 2013 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109051401/http://gawker.com/5355901/glenn\\-beck\\-pr\\-genius\\-spreads\\-the\\-false\\-rumor\\-he\\-raped\\-and\\-murdered\\-a\\-young\\-girl\\-in\\-1990 \\|archive\\-date\\=November 9, 2013 }} Beck did not claim libel or defamation in the complaint, focusing on the legal issue of trademark.{{cite news \\| last \\= Hamilton \\| first \\= David \\| title \\= TV Host Glenn Beck to Take Legal Action Against Nasty Domain \\| newspaper \\= Web Host Industry Review \\| publisher \\= www.thewhir.com \\| date \\= September 9, 2009 \\| url \\= http://www.thewhir.com/web\\-hosting\\-news/091009\\_TV\\_Host\\_Glenn\\_Beck\\_to\\_Take\\_Legal\\_Action\\_Against\\_Libelous\\_Domain \\| access\\-date \\=November 9, 2013 \\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20091016201813/http://www.thewhir.com/web\\-hosting\\-news/091009\\_TV\\_Host\\_Glenn\\_Beck\\_to\\_Take\\_Legal\\_Action\\_Against\\_Libelous\\_Domain\\| archive\\-date\\= 16 October 2009 \\| url\\-status\\= live}} The complaint asserted that the website itself contained factually inaccurate information, was unauthorized and defamatory, and that it was highly probable it would create uncertainty among Beck's potential customers.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://minnesotaindependent.com/46546/glenn\\-beck\\-keith\\-ellison\\-rape\\-murder\\-site\\|title\\=Glenn Beck appeals to international body to shut down satirical site\\|last\\=Schmelzer\\|first\\=Paul\\|date\\=October 7, 2009\\|work\\=\\[\\[Minnesota Independent]]\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Center for Independent Media]]\\|access\\-date\\=November 9, 2013 \\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20091013043211/http://minnesotaindependent.com/46546/glenn\\-beck\\-keith\\-ellison\\-rape\\-murder\\-site\\| archive\\-date\\= 13 October 2009 \\| url\\-status\\= live}}", "Beck's complaint asserted that the domain name of the website was an example of bad\\-faith registration. It argued that Eiland\\-Hall had no legitimate interest in, or right to, the website's domain name. As of September 2009 Beck was in the process of trademarking the use of his name for \"goods and services\", including the usage of \"Glenn Beck\" on merchandise.", "#### Eiland\\-Hall response", "[thumb\\|alt\\=Legal response by Eiland\\-Hall\\|Brief filed by respondent (September 28, 2009\\)](/wiki/File:Eiland-Hall_Response_Brief.pdf \"Eiland-Hall Response Brief.pdf\")\nEiland\\-Hall retained [First Amendment rights](/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution \"First Amendment to the United States Constitution\") lawyer [Marc Randazza](/wiki/Marc_Randazza \"Marc Randazza\") to represent him. According to Randazza, Eiland\\-Hall sought legal representation after he was contacted with legal requests from lawyers representing Beck. On September 28, 2009, Randazza filed a 17\\-page response brief on behalf of his client, asserting that the website's domain name was a form of protected political speech and satirical political humor. According to Randazza, the website was used for satirical purposes and its owner was not attempting to profit from it. Randazza wrote that an individual would have to be a pathetic idiot to come under the impression that his client's website was directly affiliated with Beck,{{cite news\\| first\\=Andy \\| last\\=Carvin\\|url\\=https://www.npr.org/blogs/alltechconsidered/2009/10/when\\_internet\\_memes\\_go\\_to\\_cour.html\\|title\\=Glenn Beck Internet Meme Gets Ugly\\| work\\=\\[\\[National Public Radio]]\\|publisher\\=www.npr.org\\|date\\=October 2, 2009\\|access\\-date \\= November 9, 2013 \\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20091003213942/http://www.npr.org/blogs/alltechconsidered/2009/10/when\\_internet\\_memes\\_go\\_to\\_cour.html\\| archive\\-date\\= 3 October 2009 \\| url\\-status\\= live}}{{cite news\\| first\\=Andrew \\| last\\=Allemann \\|url\\=http://domainnamewire.com/2009/10/01/hot\\-off\\-press\\-domain\\-owner\\-responds\\-to\\-glenn\\-beck/\\|title\\=Hot off Press: Domain Owner Responds to Glenn Beck \\|work\\=Domain Name Wire\\|publisher\\=domainnamewire.com\\|date\\=October 1, 2009\\|access\\-date \\= November 9, 2013 \\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20091004071919/http://domainnamewire.com/2009/10/01/hot\\-off\\-press\\-domain\\-owner\\-responds\\-to\\-glenn\\-beck/\\| archive\\-date\\= 4 October 2009 \\| url\\-status\\= live}} contending that the website's domain name could not be confused with the \"Glenn Beck\" trademark except to \"[a moron in a hurry](/wiki/A_moron_in_a_hurry \"A moron in a hurry\")\".{{efn\\|\"\\[\\[Moron in a hurry]]\" refers to a legal concept where a reasonable person could become confused or deceived.{{cite book\\| last \\= MacQueen \\| first \\=Hector L. \\|author2\\=Charlotte Waelde\\|author3\\=Graeme T. Laurie \\| title \\= Contemporary intellectual property: law and policy \\| publisher \\= Oxford University Press, USA \\| year \\= 2007 \\| page \\=742 \\| isbn \\=978\\-0\\-19\\-926339\\-4 }}}}", "Randazza asserted that Beck had insufficiently demonstrated trademark rights to his name, \"Glenn Beck\", and claimed that Beck was actually trying to have the website taken down because he did not appreciate the criticism through satire which parodied Beck's own techniques. He argued that Eiland\\-Hall had legitimate rights to his website's domain name because of its use to criticize Beck using [political satire](/wiki/Political_satire \"Political satire\") and as part of the Internet meme which had begun on the Fark website.", "The brief gave a short history of Internet phenomena, including video parodies of the [German film](/wiki/Cinema_of_Germany \"Cinema of Germany\") *[Downfall](/wiki/Downfall_%282004_film%29 \"Downfall (2004 film)\")*, memes based on the film *[300](/wiki/300_%28film%29 \"300 (film)\")*, \"Hitler Hates Kanye West\", \"[All your base are belong to us](/wiki/All_your_base_are_belong_to_us \"All your base are belong to us\")\", \"[Mr. Spock Ate My Balls](/wiki/Ate_my_balls \"Ate my balls\")\", and the gerbil story involving [Richard Gere](/wiki/Richard_Gere \"Richard Gere\").{{cite web\\|last\\=Sawyer \\|first\\=Rick \\|title\\=Gloucester Lawyer Defends Satirical Glenn Beck Website \\|work\\=\\[\\[Gothamist\\|Bostonist]] \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Gothamist]] \\|date\\=September 30, 2009 \\|url\\=http://bostonist.com/2009/09/30/satirical\\_glenn\\_beck\\_website\\_based.php \\|access\\-date\\=November 9, 2013 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224090707/http://bostonist.com/2009/09/30/satirical\\_glenn\\_beck\\_website\\_based.php \\|archive\\-date\\=February 24, 2012 }}", "Randazza traced the website's origin, explaining the internet meme's roots in Gilbert Gottfried's joke. He then spelled out the root comedic intent of Eiland\\-Hall's website, in an explanation he termed the *humor equation*:\n{{math\\|1\\=(Outrageous Accusation) \\+ (Celebrity) \\+ (Question Why the Celebrity Does Not Deny the Accusation) \\= (Confirmation of the Falsity of the Accusation \\+ Laughter)}}", "The Eiland\\-Hall response brief cited a clip of Beck interviewing [United States Congressman](/wiki/United_States_Congress \"United States Congress\") [Keith Ellison](/wiki/Keith_Ellison_%28politician%29 \"Keith Ellison (politician)\"), a [Muslim](/wiki/Muslim \"Muslim\") from [Minnesota](/wiki/Minnesota \"Minnesota\"). Beck had stated to [U.S. Representative](/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives \"United States House of Representatives\") Ellison, \"No offense and I know Muslims, I like Muslims, I've been to mosques, I really don't think Islam is a religion of evil. I think it's being hijacked, quite frankly. With that being said, you are a Democrat. You are saying let's cut and run. And I have to tell you, I have been nervous about this interview because what I feel like saying is, sir, prove to me that you are not working with our enemies. And I know you’re not. I’m not accusing you of being an enemy. But that’s the way I feel, and I think a lot of Americans will feel that way.\"{{cite web \\| last \\=Brayton \\| first \\=Ed \\| title \\=Beck Tries to Kill Parody Website \\| work \\=\\[\\[ScienceBlogs]] \\| publisher \\=Seed Media Group \\| date \\=October 5, 2009 \\| url \\=http://scienceblogs.com/dispatches/2009/10/05/beck\\-tries\\-to\\-kill\\-parody\\-webs/ \\| access\\-date \\= November 9, 2013 \\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20091008103623/http://scienceblogs.com/dispatches/2009/10/beck\\_tries\\_to\\_kill\\_parody\\_webs.php\\| archive\\-date\\= 8 October 2009 \\| url\\-status\\= live}} It was argued that this was an example of Beck's interview style in which he challenged his guests to prove a negative. Randazza concluded Beck's rhetorical style was similar to Gottfried's, simply devoid of comedic intent.", "Randazza's argument compared the case to the [Supreme Court of the United States](/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States \"Supreme Court of the United States\") case *[Hustler Magazine v. Falwell](/wiki/Hustler_Magazine_v._Falwell \"Hustler Magazine v. Falwell\")*. Randazza wrote that Beck was attempting to evade the First Amendment to the United States Constitution by filing the legal process with an agency of the United Nations instead of in a U.S. court. In the legal brief, Randazza pointed out that Beck's action of going to the WIPO in an attempt to get the website taken down was in contradiction to his prior statements saying he preferred [United States law](/wiki/United_States_law \"United States law\") over international law.", "On September 29, 2009, Randazza requested that Beck voluntarily ask that the First Amendment be applied to the arbitration case, despite its international setting. Randazza made this request because Beck's political commentary favored the [United States Constitution](/wiki/United_States_Constitution \"United States Constitution\") over [international law](/wiki/International_law \"International law\").{{cite web \\| last \\=Brayton \\| first \\=Ed \\| title \\=Brilliant Response to Beck Case \\| work \\=\\[\\[ScienceBlogs]] \\| publisher \\=Seed Media Group \\| date \\=October 6, 2009 \\| url \\=http://scienceblogs.com/dispatches/2009/10/brilliant\\_response\\_to\\_beck\\_cas.php \\| access\\-date \\=November 9, 2013 \\| archive\\-url \\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091009085612/http://scienceblogs.com/dispatches/2009/10/brilliant\\_response\\_to\\_beck\\_cas.php \\| archive\\-date \\=2009\\-10\\-09 \\| url\\-status \\=dead }} Randazza's September 29, 2009 letter to Beck's attorneys cited statements by Beck in which he indicated he preferred United States law over international law. Beck had said, \"Once we sign our rights over to international law, the Constitution is officially dead.\" Randazza's letter concluded: \"I am certain that neither party wishes to see First Amendment rights subordinated to international trademark principles, thus unwittingly proving Mr. Beck's point. Lest this case become an example of international law causing damage to the constitutional rights that both of our clients hold dear, I respectfully request that your client agree to stipulate to the application of American constitutional law to this case.\"{{cite web\\|last\\=Sawyer \\|first\\=Rick \\|title\\=Today in Randazza's Zings: Glenn Beck, Why Do You Hate America? \\|work\\=\\[\\[Bostonist]] \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Gothamist]] \\|date\\=October 1, 2009 \\|url\\=http://bostonist.com/2009/10/01/today\\_in\\_randazzas\\_zings\\_glenn\\_beck.php \\|access\\-date\\=November 9, 2013 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224090724/http://bostonist.com/2009/10/01/today\\_in\\_randazzas\\_zings\\_glenn\\_beck.php \\|archive\\-date\\=February 24, 2012 }}", "[thumb\\|alt\\=Audio interview of Marc Randazza\\|Audio interview of [Marc Randazza](/wiki/Marc_Randazza \"Marc Randazza\") on [WPRR](/wiki/WPRR_%28AM%29 \"WPRR (AM)\") radio program *Declaring Independence* (October 8, 2009\\)](/wiki/File:2009_10_08_Marc_Randazza_interview.ogg \"2009 10 08 Marc Randazza interview.ogg\")\nOn October 8, 2009, Randazza was interviewed about the case on the [WPRR](/wiki/WPRR_%28AM%29 \"WPRR (AM)\") radio program, *Declaring Independence*.{{cite web \\| last \\=Brayton \\| first \\=Ed \\| title \\=Radio Show Preview 10\\-8\\-09 \\| work \\=\\[\\[ScienceBlogs]] \\| publisher \\=Seed Media Group \\| date \\=October 8, 2009 \\| url \\=http://scienceblogs.com/dispatches/2009/10/radio\\_show\\_preview\\_10\\-8\\-09\\.php \\| access\\-date \\=November 9, 2013 \\| archive\\-url \\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091011112024/http://scienceblogs.com/dispatches/2009/10/radio\\_show\\_preview\\_10\\-8\\-09\\.php \\| archive\\-date \\=2009\\-10\\-11 \\| url\\-status \\=dead }}{{cite news \\| last \\=Brayton \\| first \\=Ed \\| title \\=Interview with Marc Randazza \\| work \\=Declaring Independence \\| publisher \\=\\[\\[WPRR (AM)\\|WPRR]] \\| date \\=October 8, 2009 \\|location\\=\\[\\[Grand Rapids, Michigan\\|Grand Rapids]], Michigan\\|url\\=http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/2009\\-10\\-08\\_Interview\\_of\\_Marc\\_Randazza\\_by\\_Ed\\_Brayton}} He explained why Beck did not file a libel lawsuit in the United States. He pointed out that because Beck was a [public figure](/wiki/Public_figure \"Public figure\") he had to prove a legal standard referred to as [actual malice](/wiki/Actual_malice \"Actual malice\"), and show that Eiland\\-Hall knew his assertions were inaccurate. He explained that this did not apply to Eiland\\-Hall's website even if it was knowingly inaccurate, because the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in *Hustler Magazine v. Falwell* that no proof is needed for an absurd statement made in the context of satire.", "#### Supplemental filing and surreply", "Beck submitted a supplemental filing in the case on October 13, 2009\\. In the supplemental filing, his attorneys argued that the joke of the Eiland\\-Hall website was not obvious; therefore, the website's domain name was misleading.{{cite news \\| last \\= Hamilton \\| first \\= David \\| title \\= Glenn Beck Accuses Nasty Domain Of Misleading Visitors \\| newspaper \\= Web Host Industry Review \\| publisher \\= www.thewhir.com \\| date \\= October 21, 2009 \\| url \\= http://www.thewhir.com/web\\-hosting\\-news/102109\\_Glenn\\_Beck\\_Accuses\\_Nasty\\_Domain\\_Of\\_Misleading\\_Visitors \\| access\\-date \\= November 9, 2013 \\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20091024223819/http://www.thewhir.com/web\\-hosting\\-news/102109\\_Glenn\\_Beck\\_Accuses\\_Nasty\\_Domain\\_Of\\_Misleading\\_Visitors\\| archive\\-date\\= 24 October 2009 \\| url\\-status\\= live}} The filing asserted: \"While there is absolutely nothing humorous or amusing about the statement made by Respondent in his domain name that 'Glenn Beck Raped and Murdered a Young Girl in 1990,' the average Internet user finding the domain name GlennBeckRapedAndMurderedAYoungGirlin1990\\.com (\"Disputed Domain Name\") in a search would have no reason not to believe that they will be directed to a website providing factual information (as opposed to protected criticism or similar protected speech) about Mr. Beck.\"", "{{Wikinews\\|US free speech lawyer Marc Randazza discusses Glenn Beck parody}}\nOn October 20, 2009, Eiland\\-Hall filed a [surreply](/wiki/Wikt:Surreply \"Surreply\") in response to Beck's supplemental filing. Eiland\\-Hall asserted in the surreply that Beck was the butt of a [viral joke](/wiki/Viral_marketing \"Viral marketing\") which was protected speech even if it was not perceived as comedic in nature by the subject. He stated Beck had depreciated the value of the First Amendment by attempting to evade its reach in a legal proceeding outside U.S. courts.{{cite news\\|last\\=Sawyer \\|first\\=Rick \\|title\\=Randazza Strikes Again: Glenn Beck is \"the Butt\" \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Bostonist]] \\|publisher\\=Gothamist LLC \\|date\\=October 21, 2009 \\|url\\=http://bostonist.com/2009/10/21/randazza\\-glenn\\-beck.php \\|access\\-date\\=November 9, 2013 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224090800/http://bostonist.com/2009/10/21/randazza\\-glenn\\-beck.php \\|archive\\-date\\=February 24, 2012 }}", "#### WIPO ruling", "On October 29, 2009, the WIPO ruled against Glenn Beck in the case.{{cite news \\| last \\=World Intellectual Property Organization \\| author\\-link \\=World Intellectual Property Organization \\| title \\= Administrative Panel Decision; Mercury Radio Arts, Inc. and Glenn Beck v. Isaac Eiland\\-Hall; Case No. D2009\\-1182\\|work\\=\\[\\[Citizen Media Law Project]] \\| publisher \\=www.citmedialaw.org \\| date \\=October 29, 2009 \\| url \\=http://www.citmedialaw.org/sites/citmedialaw.org/files/2009\\-10\\-29\\-Beck%20v.%20Eiland\\-Hall%20UDRP%20Decision\\_0\\.pdf \\| access\\-date \\=November 9, 2013 }}{{cite news \\| last \\=Allemann \\| first \\=Andrew \\| title \\=Glenn Beck Loses Domain Dispute Over Meme Site \\| work \\=Domain Name Wire \\| publisher \\=domainnamewire.com \\| date \\=November 6, 2009 \\| url \\=http://domainnamewire.com/2009/11/06/glenn\\-beck\\-loses\\-domain\\-dispute\\-over\\-meme\\-site/ \\| access\\-date \\= November 9, 2013 \\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20091109004234/http://domainnamewire.com/2009/11/06/glenn\\-beck\\-loses\\-domain\\-dispute\\-over\\-meme\\-site/\\| archive\\-date\\= 9 November 2009 \\| url\\-status\\= live}} For Beck to have prevailed in the case, the WIPO court would have had to have ruled in Beck's favor on three issues: that the domain name could be mistaken for the mark \"Glenn Beck\"; that Eiland\\-Hall did not have a justifiable stake in the name, and that the domain name was \"[bad faith](/wiki/Bad_faith \"Bad faith\")\". On the first point, WIPO arbitrator [Frederick M. Abbott](/wiki/Frederick_M._Abbott \"Frederick M. Abbott\") ruled that the domain name could be confused with the \"Glenn Beck\" mark. On the issue of profit from Beck's mark WIPO ruled that there had not been substantial commercial activity to warrant this particular claim. Abbott was the sole arbitrator on the WIPO panel.{{cite news\\|last\\=Kuznia \\|first\\=Rob \\|title\\=Glenn Beck Loses Suit Over Controversial Domain Name \\|work\\=HispanicBusiness.com \\|publisher\\=Hispanic Business Inc. \\|date\\=November 10, 2009 \\|url\\=http://www.hispanicbusiness.com/news/newsbyid.asp?idx\\=166251\\&cat1\\=newswire \\|access\\-date\\=November 9, 2013 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109053242/http://www.hispanicbusiness.com/news/newsbyid.asp?idx\\=166251\\&cat1\\=newswire \\|archive\\-date\\=November 9, 2013 }}", "Abbott concluded that Eiland\\-Hall had legitimate interests in the website's name for purposes of political satire in the form of comedic parody. Abbott did not draw a conclusion on the third point, noting that it was unlikely that Beck would have prevailed on the \"bad faith\" issue. Abbott wrote that the determination of whether the website is defamatory would not be an issue for WIPO. Instead, the WIPO limited the case's scope to a determination of whether the website registrant had engaged in \"abusive domain name registration and use\".", "### Eiland\\-Hall gives domain to Beck", "On November 6, 2009, Eiland\\-Hall wrote to Beck, giving him control of the domain free of charge,{{cite news \\| last \\=Allemann \\| first \\=Andrew \\| title \\=After Winning Case, Man Hands Domain Name to Glenn Beck \\| work \\=Domain Name Wire \\| publisher \\=domainnamewire.com \\| date \\=November 6, 2009 \\| url \\=http://domainnamewire.com/2009/11/06/after\\-winning\\-case\\-man\\-hands\\-domain\\-name\\-to\\-glenn\\-beck/ \\| access\\-date \\= November 9, 2013 \\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20091109004218/http://domainnamewire.com/2009/11/06/after\\-winning\\-case\\-man\\-hands\\-domain\\-name\\-to\\-glenn\\-beck/\\| archive\\-date\\= 9 November 2009 \\| url\\-status\\= live}} and providing Beck with its username and password.{{cite news \\| last \\=Hudson \\| first \\=John \\| title \\=Glenn Beck vs. The Internet \\| work \\=The Atlantic Wire \\| publisher \\=The Atlantic Monthly Group \\| date \\=November 10, 2009 \\| url \\=http://www.theatlanticwire.com/features/view/feature/Glenn\\-Beck\\-vs\\-The\\-Internet\\-320 \\| access\\-date \\=November 9, 2013 \\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20091115030545/http://www.theatlanticwire.com/features/view/feature/Glenn\\-Beck\\-vs\\-The\\-Internet\\-320\\| archive\\-date\\= 15 November 2009 \\| url\\-status\\= live}} Eiland\\-Hall wrote that he had made his point, and the act of filing the complaint exacerbated the situation for the complainant. Eiland\\-Hall explained his rationale for giving away the domain name, citing his desire to protect the applicability of the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution had been satisfied.", "*[Techdirt](/wiki/Techdirt \"Techdirt\")* reported on November 6, 2009, that GlennBeckRapedAndMurderedAYoungGirlIn1990\\.com was a dead site;{{cite news \\| last \\=Techdirt staff \\| title \\=Glenn Beck Not Allowed To Rape And Murder An Internet Meme \\| work \\=\\[\\[Techdirt]] \\| publisher \\=www.techdirt.com \\| date \\=November 6, 2009 \\| url \\=http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20091106/1353106839\\.shtml \\| access\\-date \\= November 9, 2013 \\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20091109042022/http://techdirt.com/articles/20091106/1353106839\\.shtml\\| archive\\-date\\= 9 November 2009 \\| url\\-status\\= live}} by November 10 the domain name was registered to Beck's company, Mercury Radio Arts. In a notice posted to one of his other websites, Eiland\\-Hall wished Beck (then suffering from [appendicitis](/wiki/Appendicitis \"Appendicitis\")) well, and characterized the conclusion of the case as a success.{{cite news \\| last \\=Anderson \\| first \\=Nate \\| title \\=Glenn Beck loses domain dispute, still ends up with domain \\| work \\=\\[\\[Techdirt]] \\| publisher \\=Condé Nast Digital \\| date \\=November 9, 2009 \\| url \\=https://arstechnica.com/tech\\-policy/news/2009/11/glenn\\-beck\\-loses\\-domain\\-dispute\\-still\\-ends\\-up\\-with\\-domain.ars \\| access\\-date \\= November 9, 2013 \\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20091112083355/http://arstechnica.com/tech\\-policy/news/2009/11/glenn\\-beck\\-loses\\-domain\\-dispute\\-still\\-ends\\-up\\-with\\-domain.ars\\| archive\\-date\\= 12 November 2009 \\| url\\-status\\= live}} In a post on his blog, Eiland\\-Hall's lawyer Marc Randazza described the case as a victory for freedom of speech.{{cite news \\| last \\=Randazza \\| first \\=Marc \\| title \\=Glenn Beck's Attempt to Rape and Murder Free Speech in 2009 — Thwarted \\| work \\=The Legal Satyricon \\| date \\=November 6, 2009 \\| url \\=http://randazza.wordpress.com/2009/11/06/glenn\\-beck\\-decision/ \\| access\\-date \\=November 9, 2013 \\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20091109020343/http://randazza.wordpress.com/2009/11/06/glenn\\-beck\\-decision/\\| archive\\-date\\= 9 November 2009 \\| url\\-status\\= live}}", "Beck did not respond to Eiland\\-Hall's letter,{{cite news \\| last \\=Pardon \\| first \\=Rhett \\| title \\=Domain Owner Says He'll Give URL to Glenn Beck \\| work \\=\\[\\[XBIZ]] \\| publisher \\=www.xbiznewswire.com \\| date \\=November 7, 2009 \\| url \\=http://www.xbiz.com/news/114483 \\| access\\-date \\=November 9, 2013 }} and Beck's representative declined comment to *[PC Magazine](/wiki/PC_Magazine \"PC Magazine\")* about the conclusion of the case.{{cite news \\| last \\=Albanesius \\| first \\=Chloe \\| title \\=WIPO Rules in Favor of Glenn Beck Parody Site \\| work \\=\\[\\[PC Magazine]] \\| publisher \\=www.pcmag.com \\| date \\=November 6, 2009 \\| url \\=https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2355560,00\\.asp \\| access\\-date \\=November 9, 2013 \\| archive\\-url \\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091108121004/http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0%2C2817%2C2355560%2C00\\.asp \\| archive\\-date \\=8 November 2009 \\| url\\-status \\=live }} Lawyers for Beck did not respond to a request for comment about the WIPO ruling from *[National Public Radio](/wiki/National_Public_Radio \"National Public Radio\")*.{{cite news \\| last \\=Carvin \\| first \\=Andy \\| title \\=Glenn Beck Loses Domain Name Dispute \\| work \\=\\[\\[National Public Radio]] \\| publisher \\=www.npr.org \\| date \\=November 10, 2009 \\| url \\=https://www.npr.org/blogs/alltechconsidered/2009/11/glenn\\_beck\\_loses\\_domain\\_name\\_d.html \\| access\\-date \\= November 9, 2013 \\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20091112161749/http://www.npr.org/blogs/alltechconsidered/2009/11/glenn\\_beck\\_loses\\_domain\\_name\\_d.html\\| archive\\-date\\= 12 November 2009 \\| url\\-status\\= live}}", "" ]
### Litigation #### Beck initiates legal action By September 3, 2009, attorneys representing Mercury Radio Arts, Glenn Beck's media company, had requested that the domain registrar of Eiland\-Hall's website delete the site. Beck's lawyers characterized the site's location as libelous. They demanded that the domain registrar revoke the WhoisGuard privacy\-protection service for the website, and turn over contact information for the then\-anonymous Eiland\-Hall. The registrar, NameCheap, refused. On September 4, 2009, Beck's lawyers sent another letter to the domain registrar, repeating their requests and noting that they had read the website's contents and were therefore aware from statements posted to the site that its operator had been notified by the registrar. Their second letter to NameCheap observed that the site was still operational on September 4, 2009, in spite of their prior requests on behalf of Beck. The domain registrar changed the [name server](/wiki/Name_server "Name server") of the website without telling Eiland\-Hall; after contacting the registrar, he was permitted to return to his original name server. In an interview with *[Gawker](/wiki/Gawker "Gawker")* on September 9, 2009, Eiland\-Hall remarked that Beck's attorneys contacted the registrar of the domain, his hosting provider, as well as the company which housed the servers for his website. He noted that the hosting provider informed him they would not cooperate with the requests from Beck's lawyers unless they received a [court order](/wiki/Court_order "Court order"). #### WIPO complaint In September 2009, lawyers for Beck and Mercury Radio Arts filed a complaint with the [World Intellectual Property Organization](/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organization "World Intellectual Property Organization") (WIPO) under the [Uniform Domain\-Name Dispute\-Resolution Policy](/wiki/Uniform_Domain-Name_Dispute-Resolution_Policy "Uniform Domain-Name Dispute-Resolution Policy") (UDRP) against the privacy service for Eiland\-Hall's website. WIPO is a [Switzerland](/wiki/Switzerland "Switzerland")\-based agency of the [United Nations](/wiki/United_Nations "United Nations").{{cite news \| last \=Emerson \| first \=Jim \| title \=All Your Beck Are Belong To Us \| work \=Scanners \| publisher \=\[\[Chicago Sun\-Times]] \| date \=October 2, 2009 \| url \=http://blogs.suntimes.com/scanners/2009/10/all\_your\_beck\_are\_belong\_to\_us.html \| access\-date \=November 9, 2013 \| archive\-url \=https://web.archive.org/web/20091007231641/http://blogs.suntimes.com/scanners/2009/10/all\_your\_beck\_are\_belong\_to\_us.html \| archive\-date \=2009\-10\-07 \| url\-status \=dead }} The rules of WIPO's Arbitration and Mediation Center were created by the [Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers](/wiki/Internet_Corporation_for_Assigned_Names_and_Numbers "Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers") (ICANN).{{cite web \| last \=Schmidt \| first \=Steffen \| title \=Media Meme's and Glenn Beck – Truth or Lies? \| work \=\[\[Des Moines Register]] \| publisher \=The Des Moines Register \| date \=October 5, 2009 \| url \=http://blogs.desmoinesregister.com/dmr/index.php/2009/10/05/media\-memes\-and\-glenn\-beck\-truth\-or\-lies/ \| access\-date \=November 9, 2013 }} The privacy service for the website revealed the identity of the site's owner in response to Beck's complaint. The complaint stated that Eiland\-Hall was trying to distort perceptions about the purpose and derivation of the site. Beck argued that the domain name of the website could be confused with his trademark, "Glenn Beck". The complaint described the website's domain name as libelous claiming that it encroached upon Beck's legally registered claim of his name.{{cite news\|first\=Eriq\|last\=Gardner\|url\=http://www.adweek.com/aw/content\_display/news/agency/e3i49ed8b00bbe771aa3d0035e57251257f\|title\=Glenn Beck Satire Site Fights Back\| work\=\[\[Adweek]]\|date\=September 29, 2009\|access\-date \= November 9, 2013 \| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20091002192431/http://www.adweek.com/aw/content\_display/news/agency/e3i49ed8b00bbe771aa3d0035e57251257f\| archive\-date\= 2 October 2009 \| url\-status\= live}}{{cite news\| author\=Citizen Media Law Project staff \|url\=http://www.citmedialaw.org/blog/2009/will\-glenn\-beck\-sue\-defamatory\-website\-2009\|title\=Will Glenn Beck Sue a Defamatory Website in 2009?\| publisher\=www.citmedialaw.org\|work\=\[\[Citizen Media Law Project]]\|date\=September 11, 2009\|access\-date \= November 9, 2013 }}{{cite news\|first\=John \|last\=Cook \|url\=http://gawker.com/5355901/glenn\-beck\-pr\-genius\-spreads\-the\-false\-rumor\-he\-raped\-and\-murdered\-a\-young\-girl\-in\-1990 \|title\=Glenn Beck, PR Genius, Spreads the False Rumor He Raped and Murdered a Young Girl in 1990 \|work\=\[\[Gawker]] \|publisher\=Gawker Media \|date\=September 9, 2009 \|access\-date\=November 9, 2013 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109051401/http://gawker.com/5355901/glenn\-beck\-pr\-genius\-spreads\-the\-false\-rumor\-he\-raped\-and\-murdered\-a\-young\-girl\-in\-1990 \|archive\-date\=November 9, 2013 }} Beck did not claim libel or defamation in the complaint, focusing on the legal issue of trademark.{{cite news \| last \= Hamilton \| first \= David \| title \= TV Host Glenn Beck to Take Legal Action Against Nasty Domain \| newspaper \= Web Host Industry Review \| publisher \= www.thewhir.com \| date \= September 9, 2009 \| url \= http://www.thewhir.com/web\-hosting\-news/091009\_TV\_Host\_Glenn\_Beck\_to\_Take\_Legal\_Action\_Against\_Libelous\_Domain \| access\-date \=November 9, 2013 \| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20091016201813/http://www.thewhir.com/web\-hosting\-news/091009\_TV\_Host\_Glenn\_Beck\_to\_Take\_Legal\_Action\_Against\_Libelous\_Domain\| archive\-date\= 16 October 2009 \| url\-status\= live}} The complaint asserted that the website itself contained factually inaccurate information, was unauthorized and defamatory, and that it was highly probable it would create uncertainty among Beck's potential customers.{{cite news\|url\=http://minnesotaindependent.com/46546/glenn\-beck\-keith\-ellison\-rape\-murder\-site\|title\=Glenn Beck appeals to international body to shut down satirical site\|last\=Schmelzer\|first\=Paul\|date\=October 7, 2009\|work\=\[\[Minnesota Independent]]\|publisher\=\[\[Center for Independent Media]]\|access\-date\=November 9, 2013 \| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20091013043211/http://minnesotaindependent.com/46546/glenn\-beck\-keith\-ellison\-rape\-murder\-site\| archive\-date\= 13 October 2009 \| url\-status\= live}} Beck's complaint asserted that the domain name of the website was an example of bad\-faith registration. It argued that Eiland\-Hall had no legitimate interest in, or right to, the website's domain name. As of September 2009 Beck was in the process of trademarking the use of his name for "goods and services", including the usage of "Glenn Beck" on merchandise. #### Eiland\-Hall response [thumb\|alt\=Legal response by Eiland\-Hall\|Brief filed by respondent (September 28, 2009\)](/wiki/File:Eiland-Hall_Response_Brief.pdf "Eiland-Hall Response Brief.pdf") Eiland\-Hall retained [First Amendment rights](/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution "First Amendment to the United States Constitution") lawyer [Marc Randazza](/wiki/Marc_Randazza "Marc Randazza") to represent him. According to Randazza, Eiland\-Hall sought legal representation after he was contacted with legal requests from lawyers representing Beck. On September 28, 2009, Randazza filed a 17\-page response brief on behalf of his client, asserting that the website's domain name was a form of protected political speech and satirical political humor. According to Randazza, the website was used for satirical purposes and its owner was not attempting to profit from it. Randazza wrote that an individual would have to be a pathetic idiot to come under the impression that his client's website was directly affiliated with Beck,{{cite news\| first\=Andy \| last\=Carvin\|url\=https://www.npr.org/blogs/alltechconsidered/2009/10/when\_internet\_memes\_go\_to\_cour.html\|title\=Glenn Beck Internet Meme Gets Ugly\| work\=\[\[National Public Radio]]\|publisher\=www.npr.org\|date\=October 2, 2009\|access\-date \= November 9, 2013 \| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20091003213942/http://www.npr.org/blogs/alltechconsidered/2009/10/when\_internet\_memes\_go\_to\_cour.html\| archive\-date\= 3 October 2009 \| url\-status\= live}}{{cite news\| first\=Andrew \| last\=Allemann \|url\=http://domainnamewire.com/2009/10/01/hot\-off\-press\-domain\-owner\-responds\-to\-glenn\-beck/\|title\=Hot off Press: Domain Owner Responds to Glenn Beck \|work\=Domain Name Wire\|publisher\=domainnamewire.com\|date\=October 1, 2009\|access\-date \= November 9, 2013 \| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20091004071919/http://domainnamewire.com/2009/10/01/hot\-off\-press\-domain\-owner\-responds\-to\-glenn\-beck/\| archive\-date\= 4 October 2009 \| url\-status\= live}} contending that the website's domain name could not be confused with the "Glenn Beck" trademark except to "[a moron in a hurry](/wiki/A_moron_in_a_hurry "A moron in a hurry")".{{efn\|"\[\[Moron in a hurry]]" refers to a legal concept where a reasonable person could become confused or deceived.{{cite book\| last \= MacQueen \| first \=Hector L. \|author2\=Charlotte Waelde\|author3\=Graeme T. Laurie \| title \= Contemporary intellectual property: law and policy \| publisher \= Oxford University Press, USA \| year \= 2007 \| page \=742 \| isbn \=978\-0\-19\-926339\-4 }}}} Randazza asserted that Beck had insufficiently demonstrated trademark rights to his name, "Glenn Beck", and claimed that Beck was actually trying to have the website taken down because he did not appreciate the criticism through satire which parodied Beck's own techniques. He argued that Eiland\-Hall had legitimate rights to his website's domain name because of its use to criticize Beck using [political satire](/wiki/Political_satire "Political satire") and as part of the Internet meme which had begun on the Fark website. The brief gave a short history of Internet phenomena, including video parodies of the [German film](/wiki/Cinema_of_Germany "Cinema of Germany") *[Downfall](/wiki/Downfall_%282004_film%29 "Downfall (2004 film)")*, memes based on the film *[300](/wiki/300_%28film%29 "300 (film)")*, "Hitler Hates Kanye West", "[All your base are belong to us](/wiki/All_your_base_are_belong_to_us "All your base are belong to us")", "[Mr. Spock Ate My Balls](/wiki/Ate_my_balls "Ate my balls")", and the gerbil story involving [Richard Gere](/wiki/Richard_Gere "Richard Gere").{{cite web\|last\=Sawyer \|first\=Rick \|title\=Gloucester Lawyer Defends Satirical Glenn Beck Website \|work\=\[\[Gothamist\|Bostonist]] \|publisher\=\[\[Gothamist]] \|date\=September 30, 2009 \|url\=http://bostonist.com/2009/09/30/satirical\_glenn\_beck\_website\_based.php \|access\-date\=November 9, 2013 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224090707/http://bostonist.com/2009/09/30/satirical\_glenn\_beck\_website\_based.php \|archive\-date\=February 24, 2012 }} Randazza traced the website's origin, explaining the internet meme's roots in Gilbert Gottfried's joke. He then spelled out the root comedic intent of Eiland\-Hall's website, in an explanation he termed the *humor equation*: {{math\|1\=(Outrageous Accusation) \+ (Celebrity) \+ (Question Why the Celebrity Does Not Deny the Accusation) \= (Confirmation of the Falsity of the Accusation \+ Laughter)}} The Eiland\-Hall response brief cited a clip of Beck interviewing [United States Congressman](/wiki/United_States_Congress "United States Congress") [Keith Ellison](/wiki/Keith_Ellison_%28politician%29 "Keith Ellison (politician)"), a [Muslim](/wiki/Muslim "Muslim") from [Minnesota](/wiki/Minnesota "Minnesota"). Beck had stated to [U.S. Representative](/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives "United States House of Representatives") Ellison, "No offense and I know Muslims, I like Muslims, I've been to mosques, I really don't think Islam is a religion of evil. I think it's being hijacked, quite frankly. With that being said, you are a Democrat. You are saying let's cut and run. And I have to tell you, I have been nervous about this interview because what I feel like saying is, sir, prove to me that you are not working with our enemies. And I know you’re not. I’m not accusing you of being an enemy. But that’s the way I feel, and I think a lot of Americans will feel that way."{{cite web \| last \=Brayton \| first \=Ed \| title \=Beck Tries to Kill Parody Website \| work \=\[\[ScienceBlogs]] \| publisher \=Seed Media Group \| date \=October 5, 2009 \| url \=http://scienceblogs.com/dispatches/2009/10/05/beck\-tries\-to\-kill\-parody\-webs/ \| access\-date \= November 9, 2013 \| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20091008103623/http://scienceblogs.com/dispatches/2009/10/beck\_tries\_to\_kill\_parody\_webs.php\| archive\-date\= 8 October 2009 \| url\-status\= live}} It was argued that this was an example of Beck's interview style in which he challenged his guests to prove a negative. Randazza concluded Beck's rhetorical style was similar to Gottfried's, simply devoid of comedic intent. Randazza's argument compared the case to the [Supreme Court of the United States](/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States "Supreme Court of the United States") case *[Hustler Magazine v. Falwell](/wiki/Hustler_Magazine_v._Falwell "Hustler Magazine v. Falwell")*. Randazza wrote that Beck was attempting to evade the First Amendment to the United States Constitution by filing the legal process with an agency of the United Nations instead of in a U.S. court. In the legal brief, Randazza pointed out that Beck's action of going to the WIPO in an attempt to get the website taken down was in contradiction to his prior statements saying he preferred [United States law](/wiki/United_States_law "United States law") over international law. On September 29, 2009, Randazza requested that Beck voluntarily ask that the First Amendment be applied to the arbitration case, despite its international setting. Randazza made this request because Beck's political commentary favored the [United States Constitution](/wiki/United_States_Constitution "United States Constitution") over [international law](/wiki/International_law "International law").{{cite web \| last \=Brayton \| first \=Ed \| title \=Brilliant Response to Beck Case \| work \=\[\[ScienceBlogs]] \| publisher \=Seed Media Group \| date \=October 6, 2009 \| url \=http://scienceblogs.com/dispatches/2009/10/brilliant\_response\_to\_beck\_cas.php \| access\-date \=November 9, 2013 \| archive\-url \=https://web.archive.org/web/20091009085612/http://scienceblogs.com/dispatches/2009/10/brilliant\_response\_to\_beck\_cas.php \| archive\-date \=2009\-10\-09 \| url\-status \=dead }} Randazza's September 29, 2009 letter to Beck's attorneys cited statements by Beck in which he indicated he preferred United States law over international law. Beck had said, "Once we sign our rights over to international law, the Constitution is officially dead." Randazza's letter concluded: "I am certain that neither party wishes to see First Amendment rights subordinated to international trademark principles, thus unwittingly proving Mr. Beck's point. Lest this case become an example of international law causing damage to the constitutional rights that both of our clients hold dear, I respectfully request that your client agree to stipulate to the application of American constitutional law to this case."{{cite web\|last\=Sawyer \|first\=Rick \|title\=Today in Randazza's Zings: Glenn Beck, Why Do You Hate America? \|work\=\[\[Bostonist]] \|publisher\=\[\[Gothamist]] \|date\=October 1, 2009 \|url\=http://bostonist.com/2009/10/01/today\_in\_randazzas\_zings\_glenn\_beck.php \|access\-date\=November 9, 2013 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224090724/http://bostonist.com/2009/10/01/today\_in\_randazzas\_zings\_glenn\_beck.php \|archive\-date\=February 24, 2012 }} [thumb\|alt\=Audio interview of Marc Randazza\|Audio interview of [Marc Randazza](/wiki/Marc_Randazza "Marc Randazza") on [WPRR](/wiki/WPRR_%28AM%29 "WPRR (AM)") radio program *Declaring Independence* (October 8, 2009\)](/wiki/File:2009_10_08_Marc_Randazza_interview.ogg "2009 10 08 Marc Randazza interview.ogg") On October 8, 2009, Randazza was interviewed about the case on the [WPRR](/wiki/WPRR_%28AM%29 "WPRR (AM)") radio program, *Declaring Independence*.{{cite web \| last \=Brayton \| first \=Ed \| title \=Radio Show Preview 10\-8\-09 \| work \=\[\[ScienceBlogs]] \| publisher \=Seed Media Group \| date \=October 8, 2009 \| url \=http://scienceblogs.com/dispatches/2009/10/radio\_show\_preview\_10\-8\-09\.php \| access\-date \=November 9, 2013 \| archive\-url \=https://web.archive.org/web/20091011112024/http://scienceblogs.com/dispatches/2009/10/radio\_show\_preview\_10\-8\-09\.php \| archive\-date \=2009\-10\-11 \| url\-status \=dead }}{{cite news \| last \=Brayton \| first \=Ed \| title \=Interview with Marc Randazza \| work \=Declaring Independence \| publisher \=\[\[WPRR (AM)\|WPRR]] \| date \=October 8, 2009 \|location\=\[\[Grand Rapids, Michigan\|Grand Rapids]], Michigan\|url\=http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/2009\-10\-08\_Interview\_of\_Marc\_Randazza\_by\_Ed\_Brayton}} He explained why Beck did not file a libel lawsuit in the United States. He pointed out that because Beck was a [public figure](/wiki/Public_figure "Public figure") he had to prove a legal standard referred to as [actual malice](/wiki/Actual_malice "Actual malice"), and show that Eiland\-Hall knew his assertions were inaccurate. He explained that this did not apply to Eiland\-Hall's website even if it was knowingly inaccurate, because the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in *Hustler Magazine v. Falwell* that no proof is needed for an absurd statement made in the context of satire. #### Supplemental filing and surreply Beck submitted a supplemental filing in the case on October 13, 2009\. In the supplemental filing, his attorneys argued that the joke of the Eiland\-Hall website was not obvious; therefore, the website's domain name was misleading.{{cite news \| last \= Hamilton \| first \= David \| title \= Glenn Beck Accuses Nasty Domain Of Misleading Visitors \| newspaper \= Web Host Industry Review \| publisher \= www.thewhir.com \| date \= October 21, 2009 \| url \= http://www.thewhir.com/web\-hosting\-news/102109\_Glenn\_Beck\_Accuses\_Nasty\_Domain\_Of\_Misleading\_Visitors \| access\-date \= November 9, 2013 \| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20091024223819/http://www.thewhir.com/web\-hosting\-news/102109\_Glenn\_Beck\_Accuses\_Nasty\_Domain\_Of\_Misleading\_Visitors\| archive\-date\= 24 October 2009 \| url\-status\= live}} The filing asserted: "While there is absolutely nothing humorous or amusing about the statement made by Respondent in his domain name that 'Glenn Beck Raped and Murdered a Young Girl in 1990,' the average Internet user finding the domain name GlennBeckRapedAndMurderedAYoungGirlin1990\.com ("Disputed Domain Name") in a search would have no reason not to believe that they will be directed to a website providing factual information (as opposed to protected criticism or similar protected speech) about Mr. Beck." {{Wikinews\|US free speech lawyer Marc Randazza discusses Glenn Beck parody}} On October 20, 2009, Eiland\-Hall filed a [surreply](/wiki/Wikt:Surreply "Surreply") in response to Beck's supplemental filing. Eiland\-Hall asserted in the surreply that Beck was the butt of a [viral joke](/wiki/Viral_marketing "Viral marketing") which was protected speech even if it was not perceived as comedic in nature by the subject. He stated Beck had depreciated the value of the First Amendment by attempting to evade its reach in a legal proceeding outside U.S. courts.{{cite news\|last\=Sawyer \|first\=Rick \|title\=Randazza Strikes Again: Glenn Beck is "the Butt" \|newspaper\=\[\[Bostonist]] \|publisher\=Gothamist LLC \|date\=October 21, 2009 \|url\=http://bostonist.com/2009/10/21/randazza\-glenn\-beck.php \|access\-date\=November 9, 2013 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224090800/http://bostonist.com/2009/10/21/randazza\-glenn\-beck.php \|archive\-date\=February 24, 2012 }} #### WIPO ruling On October 29, 2009, the WIPO ruled against Glenn Beck in the case.{{cite news \| last \=World Intellectual Property Organization \| author\-link \=World Intellectual Property Organization \| title \= Administrative Panel Decision; Mercury Radio Arts, Inc. and Glenn Beck v. Isaac Eiland\-Hall; Case No. D2009\-1182\|work\=\[\[Citizen Media Law Project]] \| publisher \=www.citmedialaw.org \| date \=October 29, 2009 \| url \=http://www.citmedialaw.org/sites/citmedialaw.org/files/2009\-10\-29\-Beck%20v.%20Eiland\-Hall%20UDRP%20Decision\_0\.pdf \| access\-date \=November 9, 2013 }}{{cite news \| last \=Allemann \| first \=Andrew \| title \=Glenn Beck Loses Domain Dispute Over Meme Site \| work \=Domain Name Wire \| publisher \=domainnamewire.com \| date \=November 6, 2009 \| url \=http://domainnamewire.com/2009/11/06/glenn\-beck\-loses\-domain\-dispute\-over\-meme\-site/ \| access\-date \= November 9, 2013 \| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20091109004234/http://domainnamewire.com/2009/11/06/glenn\-beck\-loses\-domain\-dispute\-over\-meme\-site/\| archive\-date\= 9 November 2009 \| url\-status\= live}} For Beck to have prevailed in the case, the WIPO court would have had to have ruled in Beck's favor on three issues: that the domain name could be mistaken for the mark "Glenn Beck"; that Eiland\-Hall did not have a justifiable stake in the name, and that the domain name was "[bad faith](/wiki/Bad_faith "Bad faith")". On the first point, WIPO arbitrator [Frederick M. Abbott](/wiki/Frederick_M._Abbott "Frederick M. Abbott") ruled that the domain name could be confused with the "Glenn Beck" mark. On the issue of profit from Beck's mark WIPO ruled that there had not been substantial commercial activity to warrant this particular claim. Abbott was the sole arbitrator on the WIPO panel.{{cite news\|last\=Kuznia \|first\=Rob \|title\=Glenn Beck Loses Suit Over Controversial Domain Name \|work\=HispanicBusiness.com \|publisher\=Hispanic Business Inc. \|date\=November 10, 2009 \|url\=http://www.hispanicbusiness.com/news/newsbyid.asp?idx\=166251\&cat1\=newswire \|access\-date\=November 9, 2013 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109053242/http://www.hispanicbusiness.com/news/newsbyid.asp?idx\=166251\&cat1\=newswire \|archive\-date\=November 9, 2013 }} Abbott concluded that Eiland\-Hall had legitimate interests in the website's name for purposes of political satire in the form of comedic parody. Abbott did not draw a conclusion on the third point, noting that it was unlikely that Beck would have prevailed on the "bad faith" issue. Abbott wrote that the determination of whether the website is defamatory would not be an issue for WIPO. Instead, the WIPO limited the case's scope to a determination of whether the website registrant had engaged in "abusive domain name registration and use".
[ "### Litigation", "#### Beck initiates legal action", "By September 3, 2009, attorneys representing Mercury Radio Arts, Glenn Beck's media company, had requested that the domain registrar of Eiland\\-Hall's website delete the site. Beck's lawyers characterized the site's location as libelous. They demanded that the domain registrar revoke the WhoisGuard privacy\\-protection service for the website, and turn over contact information for the then\\-anonymous Eiland\\-Hall. The registrar, NameCheap, refused. On September 4, 2009, Beck's lawyers sent another letter to the domain registrar, repeating their requests and noting that they had read the website's contents and were therefore aware from statements posted to the site that its operator had been notified by the registrar.", "Their second letter to NameCheap observed that the site was still operational on September 4, 2009, in spite of their prior requests on behalf of Beck. The domain registrar changed the [name server](/wiki/Name_server \"Name server\") of the website without telling Eiland\\-Hall; after contacting the registrar, he was permitted to return to his original name server. In an interview with *[Gawker](/wiki/Gawker \"Gawker\")* on September 9, 2009, Eiland\\-Hall remarked that Beck's attorneys contacted the registrar of the domain, his hosting provider, as well as the company which housed the servers for his website. He noted that the hosting provider informed him they would not cooperate with the requests from Beck's lawyers unless they received a [court order](/wiki/Court_order \"Court order\").", "#### WIPO complaint", "In September 2009, lawyers for Beck and Mercury Radio Arts filed a complaint with the [World Intellectual Property Organization](/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organization \"World Intellectual Property Organization\") (WIPO) under the [Uniform Domain\\-Name Dispute\\-Resolution Policy](/wiki/Uniform_Domain-Name_Dispute-Resolution_Policy \"Uniform Domain-Name Dispute-Resolution Policy\") (UDRP) against the privacy service for Eiland\\-Hall's website. WIPO is a [Switzerland](/wiki/Switzerland \"Switzerland\")\\-based agency of the [United Nations](/wiki/United_Nations \"United Nations\").{{cite news \\| last \\=Emerson \\| first \\=Jim \\| title \\=All Your Beck Are Belong To Us \\| work \\=Scanners \\| publisher \\=\\[\\[Chicago Sun\\-Times]] \\| date \\=October 2, 2009 \\| url \\=http://blogs.suntimes.com/scanners/2009/10/all\\_your\\_beck\\_are\\_belong\\_to\\_us.html \\| access\\-date \\=November 9, 2013 \\| archive\\-url \\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091007231641/http://blogs.suntimes.com/scanners/2009/10/all\\_your\\_beck\\_are\\_belong\\_to\\_us.html \\| archive\\-date \\=2009\\-10\\-07 \\| url\\-status \\=dead }} The rules of WIPO's Arbitration and Mediation Center were created by the [Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers](/wiki/Internet_Corporation_for_Assigned_Names_and_Numbers \"Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers\") (ICANN).{{cite web \\| last \\=Schmidt \\| first \\=Steffen \\| title \\=Media Meme's and Glenn Beck – Truth or Lies? \\| work \\=\\[\\[Des Moines Register]] \\| publisher \\=The Des Moines Register \\| date \\=October 5, 2009 \\| url \\=http://blogs.desmoinesregister.com/dmr/index.php/2009/10/05/media\\-memes\\-and\\-glenn\\-beck\\-truth\\-or\\-lies/ \\| access\\-date \\=November 9, 2013 }} The privacy service for the website revealed the identity of the site's owner in response to Beck's complaint.", "The complaint stated that Eiland\\-Hall was trying to distort perceptions about the purpose and derivation of the site. Beck argued that the domain name of the website could be confused with his trademark, \"Glenn Beck\". The complaint described the website's domain name as libelous claiming that it encroached upon Beck's legally registered claim of his name.{{cite news\\|first\\=Eriq\\|last\\=Gardner\\|url\\=http://www.adweek.com/aw/content\\_display/news/agency/e3i49ed8b00bbe771aa3d0035e57251257f\\|title\\=Glenn Beck Satire Site Fights Back\\| work\\=\\[\\[Adweek]]\\|date\\=September 29, 2009\\|access\\-date \\= November 9, 2013 \\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20091002192431/http://www.adweek.com/aw/content\\_display/news/agency/e3i49ed8b00bbe771aa3d0035e57251257f\\| archive\\-date\\= 2 October 2009 \\| url\\-status\\= live}}{{cite news\\| author\\=Citizen Media Law Project staff \\|url\\=http://www.citmedialaw.org/blog/2009/will\\-glenn\\-beck\\-sue\\-defamatory\\-website\\-2009\\|title\\=Will Glenn Beck Sue a Defamatory Website in 2009?\\| publisher\\=www.citmedialaw.org\\|work\\=\\[\\[Citizen Media Law Project]]\\|date\\=September 11, 2009\\|access\\-date \\= November 9, 2013 }}{{cite news\\|first\\=John \\|last\\=Cook \\|url\\=http://gawker.com/5355901/glenn\\-beck\\-pr\\-genius\\-spreads\\-the\\-false\\-rumor\\-he\\-raped\\-and\\-murdered\\-a\\-young\\-girl\\-in\\-1990 \\|title\\=Glenn Beck, PR Genius, Spreads the False Rumor He Raped and Murdered a Young Girl in 1990 \\|work\\=\\[\\[Gawker]] \\|publisher\\=Gawker Media \\|date\\=September 9, 2009 \\|access\\-date\\=November 9, 2013 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109051401/http://gawker.com/5355901/glenn\\-beck\\-pr\\-genius\\-spreads\\-the\\-false\\-rumor\\-he\\-raped\\-and\\-murdered\\-a\\-young\\-girl\\-in\\-1990 \\|archive\\-date\\=November 9, 2013 }} Beck did not claim libel or defamation in the complaint, focusing on the legal issue of trademark.{{cite news \\| last \\= Hamilton \\| first \\= David \\| title \\= TV Host Glenn Beck to Take Legal Action Against Nasty Domain \\| newspaper \\= Web Host Industry Review \\| publisher \\= www.thewhir.com \\| date \\= September 9, 2009 \\| url \\= http://www.thewhir.com/web\\-hosting\\-news/091009\\_TV\\_Host\\_Glenn\\_Beck\\_to\\_Take\\_Legal\\_Action\\_Against\\_Libelous\\_Domain \\| access\\-date \\=November 9, 2013 \\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20091016201813/http://www.thewhir.com/web\\-hosting\\-news/091009\\_TV\\_Host\\_Glenn\\_Beck\\_to\\_Take\\_Legal\\_Action\\_Against\\_Libelous\\_Domain\\| archive\\-date\\= 16 October 2009 \\| url\\-status\\= live}} The complaint asserted that the website itself contained factually inaccurate information, was unauthorized and defamatory, and that it was highly probable it would create uncertainty among Beck's potential customers.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://minnesotaindependent.com/46546/glenn\\-beck\\-keith\\-ellison\\-rape\\-murder\\-site\\|title\\=Glenn Beck appeals to international body to shut down satirical site\\|last\\=Schmelzer\\|first\\=Paul\\|date\\=October 7, 2009\\|work\\=\\[\\[Minnesota Independent]]\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Center for Independent Media]]\\|access\\-date\\=November 9, 2013 \\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20091013043211/http://minnesotaindependent.com/46546/glenn\\-beck\\-keith\\-ellison\\-rape\\-murder\\-site\\| archive\\-date\\= 13 October 2009 \\| url\\-status\\= live}}", "Beck's complaint asserted that the domain name of the website was an example of bad\\-faith registration. It argued that Eiland\\-Hall had no legitimate interest in, or right to, the website's domain name. As of September 2009 Beck was in the process of trademarking the use of his name for \"goods and services\", including the usage of \"Glenn Beck\" on merchandise.", "#### Eiland\\-Hall response", "[thumb\\|alt\\=Legal response by Eiland\\-Hall\\|Brief filed by respondent (September 28, 2009\\)](/wiki/File:Eiland-Hall_Response_Brief.pdf \"Eiland-Hall Response Brief.pdf\")\nEiland\\-Hall retained [First Amendment rights](/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution \"First Amendment to the United States Constitution\") lawyer [Marc Randazza](/wiki/Marc_Randazza \"Marc Randazza\") to represent him. According to Randazza, Eiland\\-Hall sought legal representation after he was contacted with legal requests from lawyers representing Beck. On September 28, 2009, Randazza filed a 17\\-page response brief on behalf of his client, asserting that the website's domain name was a form of protected political speech and satirical political humor. According to Randazza, the website was used for satirical purposes and its owner was not attempting to profit from it. Randazza wrote that an individual would have to be a pathetic idiot to come under the impression that his client's website was directly affiliated with Beck,{{cite news\\| first\\=Andy \\| last\\=Carvin\\|url\\=https://www.npr.org/blogs/alltechconsidered/2009/10/when\\_internet\\_memes\\_go\\_to\\_cour.html\\|title\\=Glenn Beck Internet Meme Gets Ugly\\| work\\=\\[\\[National Public Radio]]\\|publisher\\=www.npr.org\\|date\\=October 2, 2009\\|access\\-date \\= November 9, 2013 \\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20091003213942/http://www.npr.org/blogs/alltechconsidered/2009/10/when\\_internet\\_memes\\_go\\_to\\_cour.html\\| archive\\-date\\= 3 October 2009 \\| url\\-status\\= live}}{{cite news\\| first\\=Andrew \\| last\\=Allemann \\|url\\=http://domainnamewire.com/2009/10/01/hot\\-off\\-press\\-domain\\-owner\\-responds\\-to\\-glenn\\-beck/\\|title\\=Hot off Press: Domain Owner Responds to Glenn Beck \\|work\\=Domain Name Wire\\|publisher\\=domainnamewire.com\\|date\\=October 1, 2009\\|access\\-date \\= November 9, 2013 \\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20091004071919/http://domainnamewire.com/2009/10/01/hot\\-off\\-press\\-domain\\-owner\\-responds\\-to\\-glenn\\-beck/\\| archive\\-date\\= 4 October 2009 \\| url\\-status\\= live}} contending that the website's domain name could not be confused with the \"Glenn Beck\" trademark except to \"[a moron in a hurry](/wiki/A_moron_in_a_hurry \"A moron in a hurry\")\".{{efn\\|\"\\[\\[Moron in a hurry]]\" refers to a legal concept where a reasonable person could become confused or deceived.{{cite book\\| last \\= MacQueen \\| first \\=Hector L. \\|author2\\=Charlotte Waelde\\|author3\\=Graeme T. Laurie \\| title \\= Contemporary intellectual property: law and policy \\| publisher \\= Oxford University Press, USA \\| year \\= 2007 \\| page \\=742 \\| isbn \\=978\\-0\\-19\\-926339\\-4 }}}}", "Randazza asserted that Beck had insufficiently demonstrated trademark rights to his name, \"Glenn Beck\", and claimed that Beck was actually trying to have the website taken down because he did not appreciate the criticism through satire which parodied Beck's own techniques. He argued that Eiland\\-Hall had legitimate rights to his website's domain name because of its use to criticize Beck using [political satire](/wiki/Political_satire \"Political satire\") and as part of the Internet meme which had begun on the Fark website.", "The brief gave a short history of Internet phenomena, including video parodies of the [German film](/wiki/Cinema_of_Germany \"Cinema of Germany\") *[Downfall](/wiki/Downfall_%282004_film%29 \"Downfall (2004 film)\")*, memes based on the film *[300](/wiki/300_%28film%29 \"300 (film)\")*, \"Hitler Hates Kanye West\", \"[All your base are belong to us](/wiki/All_your_base_are_belong_to_us \"All your base are belong to us\")\", \"[Mr. Spock Ate My Balls](/wiki/Ate_my_balls \"Ate my balls\")\", and the gerbil story involving [Richard Gere](/wiki/Richard_Gere \"Richard Gere\").{{cite web\\|last\\=Sawyer \\|first\\=Rick \\|title\\=Gloucester Lawyer Defends Satirical Glenn Beck Website \\|work\\=\\[\\[Gothamist\\|Bostonist]] \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Gothamist]] \\|date\\=September 30, 2009 \\|url\\=http://bostonist.com/2009/09/30/satirical\\_glenn\\_beck\\_website\\_based.php \\|access\\-date\\=November 9, 2013 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224090707/http://bostonist.com/2009/09/30/satirical\\_glenn\\_beck\\_website\\_based.php \\|archive\\-date\\=February 24, 2012 }}", "Randazza traced the website's origin, explaining the internet meme's roots in Gilbert Gottfried's joke. He then spelled out the root comedic intent of Eiland\\-Hall's website, in an explanation he termed the *humor equation*:\n{{math\\|1\\=(Outrageous Accusation) \\+ (Celebrity) \\+ (Question Why the Celebrity Does Not Deny the Accusation) \\= (Confirmation of the Falsity of the Accusation \\+ Laughter)}}", "The Eiland\\-Hall response brief cited a clip of Beck interviewing [United States Congressman](/wiki/United_States_Congress \"United States Congress\") [Keith Ellison](/wiki/Keith_Ellison_%28politician%29 \"Keith Ellison (politician)\"), a [Muslim](/wiki/Muslim \"Muslim\") from [Minnesota](/wiki/Minnesota \"Minnesota\"). Beck had stated to [U.S. Representative](/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives \"United States House of Representatives\") Ellison, \"No offense and I know Muslims, I like Muslims, I've been to mosques, I really don't think Islam is a religion of evil. I think it's being hijacked, quite frankly. With that being said, you are a Democrat. You are saying let's cut and run. And I have to tell you, I have been nervous about this interview because what I feel like saying is, sir, prove to me that you are not working with our enemies. And I know you’re not. I’m not accusing you of being an enemy. But that’s the way I feel, and I think a lot of Americans will feel that way.\"{{cite web \\| last \\=Brayton \\| first \\=Ed \\| title \\=Beck Tries to Kill Parody Website \\| work \\=\\[\\[ScienceBlogs]] \\| publisher \\=Seed Media Group \\| date \\=October 5, 2009 \\| url \\=http://scienceblogs.com/dispatches/2009/10/05/beck\\-tries\\-to\\-kill\\-parody\\-webs/ \\| access\\-date \\= November 9, 2013 \\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20091008103623/http://scienceblogs.com/dispatches/2009/10/beck\\_tries\\_to\\_kill\\_parody\\_webs.php\\| archive\\-date\\= 8 October 2009 \\| url\\-status\\= live}} It was argued that this was an example of Beck's interview style in which he challenged his guests to prove a negative. Randazza concluded Beck's rhetorical style was similar to Gottfried's, simply devoid of comedic intent.", "Randazza's argument compared the case to the [Supreme Court of the United States](/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States \"Supreme Court of the United States\") case *[Hustler Magazine v. Falwell](/wiki/Hustler_Magazine_v._Falwell \"Hustler Magazine v. Falwell\")*. Randazza wrote that Beck was attempting to evade the First Amendment to the United States Constitution by filing the legal process with an agency of the United Nations instead of in a U.S. court. In the legal brief, Randazza pointed out that Beck's action of going to the WIPO in an attempt to get the website taken down was in contradiction to his prior statements saying he preferred [United States law](/wiki/United_States_law \"United States law\") over international law.", "On September 29, 2009, Randazza requested that Beck voluntarily ask that the First Amendment be applied to the arbitration case, despite its international setting. Randazza made this request because Beck's political commentary favored the [United States Constitution](/wiki/United_States_Constitution \"United States Constitution\") over [international law](/wiki/International_law \"International law\").{{cite web \\| last \\=Brayton \\| first \\=Ed \\| title \\=Brilliant Response to Beck Case \\| work \\=\\[\\[ScienceBlogs]] \\| publisher \\=Seed Media Group \\| date \\=October 6, 2009 \\| url \\=http://scienceblogs.com/dispatches/2009/10/brilliant\\_response\\_to\\_beck\\_cas.php \\| access\\-date \\=November 9, 2013 \\| archive\\-url \\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091009085612/http://scienceblogs.com/dispatches/2009/10/brilliant\\_response\\_to\\_beck\\_cas.php \\| archive\\-date \\=2009\\-10\\-09 \\| url\\-status \\=dead }} Randazza's September 29, 2009 letter to Beck's attorneys cited statements by Beck in which he indicated he preferred United States law over international law. Beck had said, \"Once we sign our rights over to international law, the Constitution is officially dead.\" Randazza's letter concluded: \"I am certain that neither party wishes to see First Amendment rights subordinated to international trademark principles, thus unwittingly proving Mr. Beck's point. Lest this case become an example of international law causing damage to the constitutional rights that both of our clients hold dear, I respectfully request that your client agree to stipulate to the application of American constitutional law to this case.\"{{cite web\\|last\\=Sawyer \\|first\\=Rick \\|title\\=Today in Randazza's Zings: Glenn Beck, Why Do You Hate America? \\|work\\=\\[\\[Bostonist]] \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Gothamist]] \\|date\\=October 1, 2009 \\|url\\=http://bostonist.com/2009/10/01/today\\_in\\_randazzas\\_zings\\_glenn\\_beck.php \\|access\\-date\\=November 9, 2013 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224090724/http://bostonist.com/2009/10/01/today\\_in\\_randazzas\\_zings\\_glenn\\_beck.php \\|archive\\-date\\=February 24, 2012 }}", "[thumb\\|alt\\=Audio interview of Marc Randazza\\|Audio interview of [Marc Randazza](/wiki/Marc_Randazza \"Marc Randazza\") on [WPRR](/wiki/WPRR_%28AM%29 \"WPRR (AM)\") radio program *Declaring Independence* (October 8, 2009\\)](/wiki/File:2009_10_08_Marc_Randazza_interview.ogg \"2009 10 08 Marc Randazza interview.ogg\")\nOn October 8, 2009, Randazza was interviewed about the case on the [WPRR](/wiki/WPRR_%28AM%29 \"WPRR (AM)\") radio program, *Declaring Independence*.{{cite web \\| last \\=Brayton \\| first \\=Ed \\| title \\=Radio Show Preview 10\\-8\\-09 \\| work \\=\\[\\[ScienceBlogs]] \\| publisher \\=Seed Media Group \\| date \\=October 8, 2009 \\| url \\=http://scienceblogs.com/dispatches/2009/10/radio\\_show\\_preview\\_10\\-8\\-09\\.php \\| access\\-date \\=November 9, 2013 \\| archive\\-url \\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091011112024/http://scienceblogs.com/dispatches/2009/10/radio\\_show\\_preview\\_10\\-8\\-09\\.php \\| archive\\-date \\=2009\\-10\\-11 \\| url\\-status \\=dead }}{{cite news \\| last \\=Brayton \\| first \\=Ed \\| title \\=Interview with Marc Randazza \\| work \\=Declaring Independence \\| publisher \\=\\[\\[WPRR (AM)\\|WPRR]] \\| date \\=October 8, 2009 \\|location\\=\\[\\[Grand Rapids, Michigan\\|Grand Rapids]], Michigan\\|url\\=http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/2009\\-10\\-08\\_Interview\\_of\\_Marc\\_Randazza\\_by\\_Ed\\_Brayton}} He explained why Beck did not file a libel lawsuit in the United States. He pointed out that because Beck was a [public figure](/wiki/Public_figure \"Public figure\") he had to prove a legal standard referred to as [actual malice](/wiki/Actual_malice \"Actual malice\"), and show that Eiland\\-Hall knew his assertions were inaccurate. He explained that this did not apply to Eiland\\-Hall's website even if it was knowingly inaccurate, because the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in *Hustler Magazine v. Falwell* that no proof is needed for an absurd statement made in the context of satire.", "#### Supplemental filing and surreply", "Beck submitted a supplemental filing in the case on October 13, 2009\\. In the supplemental filing, his attorneys argued that the joke of the Eiland\\-Hall website was not obvious; therefore, the website's domain name was misleading.{{cite news \\| last \\= Hamilton \\| first \\= David \\| title \\= Glenn Beck Accuses Nasty Domain Of Misleading Visitors \\| newspaper \\= Web Host Industry Review \\| publisher \\= www.thewhir.com \\| date \\= October 21, 2009 \\| url \\= http://www.thewhir.com/web\\-hosting\\-news/102109\\_Glenn\\_Beck\\_Accuses\\_Nasty\\_Domain\\_Of\\_Misleading\\_Visitors \\| access\\-date \\= November 9, 2013 \\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20091024223819/http://www.thewhir.com/web\\-hosting\\-news/102109\\_Glenn\\_Beck\\_Accuses\\_Nasty\\_Domain\\_Of\\_Misleading\\_Visitors\\| archive\\-date\\= 24 October 2009 \\| url\\-status\\= live}} The filing asserted: \"While there is absolutely nothing humorous or amusing about the statement made by Respondent in his domain name that 'Glenn Beck Raped and Murdered a Young Girl in 1990,' the average Internet user finding the domain name GlennBeckRapedAndMurderedAYoungGirlin1990\\.com (\"Disputed Domain Name\") in a search would have no reason not to believe that they will be directed to a website providing factual information (as opposed to protected criticism or similar protected speech) about Mr. Beck.\"", "{{Wikinews\\|US free speech lawyer Marc Randazza discusses Glenn Beck parody}}\nOn October 20, 2009, Eiland\\-Hall filed a [surreply](/wiki/Wikt:Surreply \"Surreply\") in response to Beck's supplemental filing. Eiland\\-Hall asserted in the surreply that Beck was the butt of a [viral joke](/wiki/Viral_marketing \"Viral marketing\") which was protected speech even if it was not perceived as comedic in nature by the subject. He stated Beck had depreciated the value of the First Amendment by attempting to evade its reach in a legal proceeding outside U.S. courts.{{cite news\\|last\\=Sawyer \\|first\\=Rick \\|title\\=Randazza Strikes Again: Glenn Beck is \"the Butt\" \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Bostonist]] \\|publisher\\=Gothamist LLC \\|date\\=October 21, 2009 \\|url\\=http://bostonist.com/2009/10/21/randazza\\-glenn\\-beck.php \\|access\\-date\\=November 9, 2013 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224090800/http://bostonist.com/2009/10/21/randazza\\-glenn\\-beck.php \\|archive\\-date\\=February 24, 2012 }}", "#### WIPO ruling", "On October 29, 2009, the WIPO ruled against Glenn Beck in the case.{{cite news \\| last \\=World Intellectual Property Organization \\| author\\-link \\=World Intellectual Property Organization \\| title \\= Administrative Panel Decision; Mercury Radio Arts, Inc. and Glenn Beck v. Isaac Eiland\\-Hall; Case No. D2009\\-1182\\|work\\=\\[\\[Citizen Media Law Project]] \\| publisher \\=www.citmedialaw.org \\| date \\=October 29, 2009 \\| url \\=http://www.citmedialaw.org/sites/citmedialaw.org/files/2009\\-10\\-29\\-Beck%20v.%20Eiland\\-Hall%20UDRP%20Decision\\_0\\.pdf \\| access\\-date \\=November 9, 2013 }}{{cite news \\| last \\=Allemann \\| first \\=Andrew \\| title \\=Glenn Beck Loses Domain Dispute Over Meme Site \\| work \\=Domain Name Wire \\| publisher \\=domainnamewire.com \\| date \\=November 6, 2009 \\| url \\=http://domainnamewire.com/2009/11/06/glenn\\-beck\\-loses\\-domain\\-dispute\\-over\\-meme\\-site/ \\| access\\-date \\= November 9, 2013 \\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20091109004234/http://domainnamewire.com/2009/11/06/glenn\\-beck\\-loses\\-domain\\-dispute\\-over\\-meme\\-site/\\| archive\\-date\\= 9 November 2009 \\| url\\-status\\= live}} For Beck to have prevailed in the case, the WIPO court would have had to have ruled in Beck's favor on three issues: that the domain name could be mistaken for the mark \"Glenn Beck\"; that Eiland\\-Hall did not have a justifiable stake in the name, and that the domain name was \"[bad faith](/wiki/Bad_faith \"Bad faith\")\". On the first point, WIPO arbitrator [Frederick M. Abbott](/wiki/Frederick_M._Abbott \"Frederick M. Abbott\") ruled that the domain name could be confused with the \"Glenn Beck\" mark. On the issue of profit from Beck's mark WIPO ruled that there had not been substantial commercial activity to warrant this particular claim. Abbott was the sole arbitrator on the WIPO panel.{{cite news\\|last\\=Kuznia \\|first\\=Rob \\|title\\=Glenn Beck Loses Suit Over Controversial Domain Name \\|work\\=HispanicBusiness.com \\|publisher\\=Hispanic Business Inc. \\|date\\=November 10, 2009 \\|url\\=http://www.hispanicbusiness.com/news/newsbyid.asp?idx\\=166251\\&cat1\\=newswire \\|access\\-date\\=November 9, 2013 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109053242/http://www.hispanicbusiness.com/news/newsbyid.asp?idx\\=166251\\&cat1\\=newswire \\|archive\\-date\\=November 9, 2013 }}", "Abbott concluded that Eiland\\-Hall had legitimate interests in the website's name for purposes of political satire in the form of comedic parody. Abbott did not draw a conclusion on the third point, noting that it was unlikely that Beck would have prevailed on the \"bad faith\" issue. Abbott wrote that the determination of whether the website is defamatory would not be an issue for WIPO. Instead, the WIPO limited the case's scope to a determination of whether the website registrant had engaged in \"abusive domain name registration and use\".", "" ]
Career ------ ### Stage She started her career in stage plays in 1958, appearing with the [Old Tote Theatre](/wiki/Old_Tote_Theatre "Old Tote Theatre") and the [Nimrod Theatre Company](/wiki/Nimrod_Theatre_Company "Nimrod Theatre Company"), before undertaking a lengthy arts tour with *[A View from the Bridge](/wiki/A_View_from_the_Bridge "A View from the Bridge")* and starring in numerous roles with the [Neutral Bay Music Hall](/wiki/The_Music_Hall_%28Sydney_theatre%29 "The Music Hall (Sydney theatre)"). ### Television Sheila had been a staple of the small screen since the late 1960s until retiring in 2008, firstly appearing in plays at the ABC, before taking soap opera and comedy relief roles She became a household name in the hugely popular serial *[Number 96](/wiki/Number_96_%28TV_series%29 "Number 96 (TV series)")* as brassy bubbly barmaid Norma Whittaker, a comedy character opposite [Gordon McDougall](/wiki/Gordon_McDougall "Gordon McDougall"). Norma's trademark catchphrase was calling everyone 'Ducky'. Whilst her husband, amateur inventor Les was killed off in the infamous bomb blast storyline, Norma remained with the series for {{frac\|4\|1\|2}} years, returning for the final episode. Both characters also featured briefly in the *[Number 96](/wiki/Number_96_%28film%29 "Number 96 (film)")* feature film version. In one storyline, a fictional artist (played by [Owen Weingott](/wiki/Owen_Weingott "Owen Weingott")) visits the apartment and requests to paint a nude portrait of Norma; the painting is subsequently hung in the wine bar. This famed portrait of Norma, was in reality painted by the network's art director Eunice Dyer, and was based on "[Chloé](/wiki/Chlo%C3%A9_%28artwork%29 "Chloé (artwork)")" a painting at a Melbourne hotel. After the series' demise it was given to [Tom Oliver](/wiki/Tom_Oliver "Tom Oliver"), who housed it at a wine establishment business he owned in Sydney *Jacks Sellers*Giles, Nigel "NUMBER 96", published by Melbourne Books {{ISBN\|9\-781925\-556001}} In a 2009 reunion with the cast of *[Number 96](/wiki/Number_96_%28TV_series%29 "Number 96 (TV series)")* on *[Where Are They Now?](/wiki/Where_Are_They_Now%3F_%28Australian_TV_program%29 "Where Are They Now? (Australian TV program)")*, Kennelly stated she had wanted to become a serious actor featuring in plays by such dramatists as [Arthur Miller](/wiki/Arthur_Miller "Arthur Miller") and [Bertolt Brecht](/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht "Bertolt Brecht"), but ended up in *[Number 96](/wiki/Number_96_%28TV_series%29 "Number 96 (TV series)")* instead as Norma, in which she used a blonde wig to disguise 'the real Sheila'. From 1980 until 1984, she appeared opposite [Ross Higgins](/wiki/Ross_Higgins "Ross Higgins") in the sitcom *[Kingswood Country](/wiki/Kingswood_Country "Kingswood Country")*. She played 'cheery wog', Rosa Berlucci who looked after Ted Bullpitt when his wife Thel played by [Judi Farr](/wiki/Judi_Farr "Judi Farr") left him. Throughout the 1980s, she continued to make appearances in serials such as *[Glenview High](/wiki/Glenview_High "Glenview High")*, children's series *[Secret Valley](/wiki/Secret_Valley "Secret Valley")*, *[The Flying Doctors](/wiki/The_Flying_Doctors "The Flying Doctors")* and in a few guest roles in *[A Country Practice](/wiki/A_Country_Practice "A Country Practice")* In 1987, she was given the choice of appearing in a small role in the film *[Evil Angels](/wiki/Evil_Angels_%28film%29 "Evil Angels (film)")*. She stated at the time she would have loved to have been in the film, purely to be able to say she had appeared with [Meryl Streep](/wiki/Meryl_Streep "Meryl Streep"),Oram, James "Home and Away" Behind the Scene's, published by Angus and Robertson but ultimately turned it down to appear in new [Seven Network](/wiki/Seven_Network "Seven Network") soap opera *[Home and Away](/wiki/Home_and_Away "Home and Away")* as one of 16 original characters. She played retired carnival worker [Floss McPhee](/wiki/Floss_McPhee "Floss McPhee") for the first year of screening, but was eventually written out, as the producers wanted to concentrate on a younger cast and updated formula. Kennelly's later roles included guest parts in *[The Flying Doctors](/wiki/The_Flying_Doctors "The Flying Doctors")*, *[Big Sky](/wiki/Big_Sky_%28Australian_TV_series%29 "Big Sky (Australian TV series)")* (in 1997\), and medical drama *[All Saints](/wiki/All_Saints_%28TV_series%29 "All Saints (TV series)")*.
[ "Career\n------", "### Stage", "She started her career in stage plays in 1958, appearing with the [Old Tote Theatre](/wiki/Old_Tote_Theatre \"Old Tote Theatre\") and the [Nimrod Theatre Company](/wiki/Nimrod_Theatre_Company \"Nimrod Theatre Company\"), before undertaking a lengthy arts tour with *[A View from the Bridge](/wiki/A_View_from_the_Bridge \"A View from the Bridge\")* and starring in numerous roles with the [Neutral Bay Music Hall](/wiki/The_Music_Hall_%28Sydney_theatre%29 \"The Music Hall (Sydney theatre)\").", "### Television", "Sheila had been a staple of the small screen since the late 1960s until retiring in 2008, firstly appearing in plays at the ABC, before taking soap opera and comedy relief roles", "She became a household name in the hugely popular serial *[Number 96](/wiki/Number_96_%28TV_series%29 \"Number 96 (TV series)\")* as brassy bubbly barmaid Norma Whittaker, a comedy character opposite [Gordon McDougall](/wiki/Gordon_McDougall \"Gordon McDougall\"). Norma's trademark catchphrase was calling everyone 'Ducky'. Whilst her husband, amateur inventor Les was killed off in the infamous bomb blast storyline, Norma remained with the series for {{frac\\|4\\|1\\|2}} years, returning for the final episode. Both characters also featured briefly in the *[Number 96](/wiki/Number_96_%28film%29 \"Number 96 (film)\")* feature film version.", "In one storyline, a fictional artist (played by [Owen Weingott](/wiki/Owen_Weingott \"Owen Weingott\")) visits the apartment and requests to paint a nude portrait of Norma; the painting is subsequently hung in the wine bar. This famed portrait of Norma, was in reality painted by the network's art director Eunice Dyer, and was based on \"[Chloé](/wiki/Chlo%C3%A9_%28artwork%29 \"Chloé (artwork)\")\" a painting at a Melbourne hotel. After the series' demise it was given to [Tom Oliver](/wiki/Tom_Oliver \"Tom Oliver\"), who housed it at a wine establishment business he owned in Sydney *Jacks Sellers*Giles, Nigel \"NUMBER 96\", published by Melbourne Books {{ISBN\\|9\\-781925\\-556001}}", "In a 2009 reunion with the cast of *[Number 96](/wiki/Number_96_%28TV_series%29 \"Number 96 (TV series)\")* on *[Where Are They Now?](/wiki/Where_Are_They_Now%3F_%28Australian_TV_program%29 \"Where Are They Now? (Australian TV program)\")*, Kennelly stated she had wanted to become a serious actor featuring in plays by such dramatists as [Arthur Miller](/wiki/Arthur_Miller \"Arthur Miller\") and [Bertolt Brecht](/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht \"Bertolt Brecht\"), but ended up in *[Number 96](/wiki/Number_96_%28TV_series%29 \"Number 96 (TV series)\")* instead as Norma, in which she used a blonde wig to disguise 'the real Sheila'.", "From 1980 until 1984, she appeared opposite [Ross Higgins](/wiki/Ross_Higgins \"Ross Higgins\") in the sitcom *[Kingswood Country](/wiki/Kingswood_Country \"Kingswood Country\")*. She played 'cheery wog', Rosa Berlucci who looked after Ted Bullpitt when his wife Thel played by [Judi Farr](/wiki/Judi_Farr \"Judi Farr\") left him. Throughout the 1980s, she continued to make appearances in serials such as *[Glenview High](/wiki/Glenview_High \"Glenview High\")*, children's series *[Secret Valley](/wiki/Secret_Valley \"Secret Valley\")*, *[The Flying Doctors](/wiki/The_Flying_Doctors \"The Flying Doctors\")* and in a few guest roles in *[A Country Practice](/wiki/A_Country_Practice \"A Country Practice\")*", "In 1987, she was given the choice of appearing in a small role in the film *[Evil Angels](/wiki/Evil_Angels_%28film%29 \"Evil Angels (film)\")*. She stated at the time she would have loved to have been in the film, purely to be able to say she had appeared with [Meryl Streep](/wiki/Meryl_Streep \"Meryl Streep\"),Oram, James \"Home and Away\" Behind the Scene's, published by Angus and Robertson but ultimately turned it down to appear in new [Seven Network](/wiki/Seven_Network \"Seven Network\") soap opera *[Home and Away](/wiki/Home_and_Away \"Home and Away\")* as one of 16 original characters. She played retired carnival worker [Floss McPhee](/wiki/Floss_McPhee \"Floss McPhee\") for the first year of screening, but was eventually written out, as the producers wanted to concentrate on a younger cast and updated formula.", "Kennelly's later roles included guest parts in *[The Flying Doctors](/wiki/The_Flying_Doctors \"The Flying Doctors\")*, *[Big Sky](/wiki/Big_Sky_%28Australian_TV_series%29 \"Big Sky (Australian TV series)\")* (in 1997\\), and medical drama *[All Saints](/wiki/All_Saints_%28TV_series%29 \"All Saints (TV series)\")*.", "" ]
Requirements ------------ The term *heirloom* to describe a seed variety was first used in the 1930s by horticulturist and vegetable grower J.R. Hepler to describe bean varieties handed down through families.{{cite web \|last1\=Hepler \|first1\=Billy \|title\=America's Youngest Seed Grower \|url\=https://shop.seedsavers.org/site/pdf/BillyHepler.pdf \|website\=Seed Savers \|access\-date\=11 December 2023}} However, the current definition and use of the word *heirloom* to describe plants is fiercely debated. One school of thought places an age or date point on the [cultivars](/wiki/Cultivars "Cultivars"). For instance, one school says the cultivar must be over 100 years old, others 50 years, and others prefer the date of 1945, which marks the end of [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II") and roughly the beginning of widespread hybrid use by growers and seed companies. Many gardeners consider 1951 to be the latest year a plant could have originated and still be called an heirloom, since that year marked the widespread introduction of the first [hybrid](/wiki/Hybrid_%28biology%29 "Hybrid (biology)") varieties. It was in the 1970s that hybrid seeds began to proliferate in the commercial seed trade. Some heirloom varieties are much older; some are apparently [pre\-historic](/wiki/Pre-historic "Pre-historic"). Another way of defining heirloom cultivars is to use the definition of the word *heirloom* in its truest sense. Under this interpretation, a true heirloom is a cultivar that has been nurtured, selected, and handed down from one family member to another for many generations. Additionally, there is another category of cultivars that could be classified as "commercial heirlooms": cultivars that were introduced many generations ago and were of such merit that they have been saved, maintained and handed down—even if the seed company has gone out of business or otherwise dropped the line. Additionally, many old commercial releases have actually been family heirlooms that a seed company obtained and introduced. Regardless of a person's specific interpretation, most authorities agree that heirlooms, by definition, must be [open\-pollinated](/wiki/Open_pollination "Open pollination"). They may also require open\-pollinated varieties to have been bred and stabilized using classic breeding practices. While there is currently one genetically modified tomato available to home growers,{{Cite web \|last\=Woodruff \|first\=Sasha \|date\=February 6, 2024 \|title\=Gardeners can now grow a genetically modified purple tomato made with snapdragon DNA \|url\=https://www.npr.org/sections/health\-shots/2024/02/06/1228868005/purple\-tomato\-gmo\-gardeners \|access\-date\=September 12, 2024 \|website\=NPR}} it is generally agreed that no [genetically modified organisms](/wiki/Genetically_modified_organism "Genetically modified organism") can be considered heirloom cultivars. Another important point of discussion is that without the ongoing growing and storage of heirloom plants, the seed companies and the government will control all seed distribution. Most, if not all, hybrid plants, if they do not have sterile seeds and can be regrown, will not be the same as the original hybrid plant, thus ensuring the dependency on seed distributors for future crops. Writer and author Jennifer A. Jordan describes the term "heirloom" as a culturally constructed concept that is only relevant due to the relatively recent loss of many crop varieties: "It is only with the rise of industrial agriculture that \[the] practice of treating food as a literal heirloom has disappeared in many parts of the world—and that is precisely when the heirloom label emerges. ...\[T]he concept of an heirloom becomes possible only in the context of the loss of actual heirloom varieties, of increased [urbanization](/wiki/Urbanization "Urbanization") and [industrialization](/wiki/Industrialisation "Industrialisation") as fewer people grow their own food, or at least know the people who grow their food."{{cite book \|last1\=Jordan \|first1\=Jennifer A. \|title\=Edible memory: the lure of heirloom tomatoes \& other forgotten foods \|date\=2015 \|publisher\=The University of Chicago Press \|location\=Chicago London \|isbn\=9780226228105 \|pages\=328 \|url\=https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/E/bo19503009\.html}}
[ "Requirements\n------------", "The term *heirloom* to describe a seed variety was first used in the 1930s by horticulturist and vegetable grower J.R. Hepler to describe bean varieties handed down through families.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Hepler \\|first1\\=Billy \\|title\\=America's Youngest Seed Grower \\|url\\=https://shop.seedsavers.org/site/pdf/BillyHepler.pdf \\|website\\=Seed Savers \\|access\\-date\\=11 December 2023}} However, the current definition and use of the word *heirloom* to describe plants is fiercely debated.", "One school of thought places an age or date point on the [cultivars](/wiki/Cultivars \"Cultivars\"). For instance, one school says the cultivar must be over 100 years old, others 50 years, and others prefer the date of 1945, which marks the end of [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\") and roughly the beginning of widespread hybrid use by growers and seed companies. Many gardeners consider 1951 to be the latest year a plant could have originated and still be called an heirloom, since that year marked the widespread introduction of the first [hybrid](/wiki/Hybrid_%28biology%29 \"Hybrid (biology)\") varieties. It was in the 1970s that hybrid seeds began to proliferate in the commercial seed trade. Some heirloom varieties are much older; some are apparently [pre\\-historic](/wiki/Pre-historic \"Pre-historic\").", "Another way of defining heirloom cultivars is to use the definition of the word *heirloom* in its truest sense. Under this interpretation, a true heirloom is a cultivar that has been nurtured, selected, and handed down from one family member to another for many generations.", "Additionally, there is another category of cultivars that could be classified as \"commercial heirlooms\": cultivars that were introduced many generations ago and were of such merit that they have been saved, maintained and handed down—even if the seed company has gone out of business or otherwise dropped the line. Additionally, many old commercial releases have actually been family heirlooms that a seed company obtained and introduced.", "Regardless of a person's specific interpretation, most authorities agree that heirlooms, by definition, must be [open\\-pollinated](/wiki/Open_pollination \"Open pollination\"). They may also require open\\-pollinated varieties to have been bred and stabilized using classic breeding practices. While there is currently one genetically modified tomato available to home growers,{{Cite web \\|last\\=Woodruff \\|first\\=Sasha \\|date\\=February 6, 2024 \\|title\\=Gardeners can now grow a genetically modified purple tomato made with snapdragon DNA \\|url\\=https://www.npr.org/sections/health\\-shots/2024/02/06/1228868005/purple\\-tomato\\-gmo\\-gardeners \\|access\\-date\\=September 12, 2024 \\|website\\=NPR}} it is generally agreed that no [genetically modified organisms](/wiki/Genetically_modified_organism \"Genetically modified organism\") can be considered heirloom cultivars. Another important point of discussion is that without the ongoing growing and storage of heirloom plants, the seed companies and the government will control all seed distribution. Most, if not all, hybrid plants, if they do not have sterile seeds and can be regrown, will not be the same as the original hybrid plant, thus ensuring the dependency on seed distributors for future crops.", "Writer and author Jennifer A. Jordan describes the term \"heirloom\" as a culturally constructed concept that is only relevant due to the relatively recent loss of many crop varieties: \"It is only with the rise of industrial agriculture that \\[the] practice of treating food as a literal heirloom has disappeared in many parts of the world—and that is precisely when the heirloom label emerges. ...\\[T]he concept of an heirloom becomes possible only in the context of the loss of actual heirloom varieties, of increased [urbanization](/wiki/Urbanization \"Urbanization\") and [industrialization](/wiki/Industrialisation \"Industrialisation\") as fewer people grow their own food, or at least know the people who grow their food.\"{{cite book \\|last1\\=Jordan \\|first1\\=Jennifer A. \\|title\\=Edible memory: the lure of heirloom tomatoes \\& other forgotten foods \\|date\\=2015 \\|publisher\\=The University of Chicago Press \\|location\\=Chicago London \\|isbn\\=9780226228105 \\|pages\\=328 \\|url\\=https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/E/bo19503009\\.html}}", "" ]
UK and EU law and national lists -------------------------------- In the UK and Europe, it is thought that many heritage vegetable varieties (perhaps over 2,000\) have been lost since the 1970s, when EEC (now EU) laws were passed making it illegal to sell any vegetable cultivar not on the national list of any EEC country. This was set up to help in eliminating seed suppliers selling one seed as another, guarantee the seeds were true to type, and that they germinated consistently. Thus, there were stringent tests to assess varieties, with a view to ensuring they remain the same from one generation to the next. However, unique varieties were lost for posterity. These tests (called **DUS**) assess "distinctness", "uniformity", and "stability". But since some heritage cultivars are not necessarily uniform from plant to plant, or indeed within a single plant—a single cultivar—this has been a sticking point. "Distinctness" has been a problem, moreover, because many cultivars have several names, perhaps coming from different areas or countries (e.g., carrot cultivar Long Surrey Red is also known as "Red Intermediate", "St. Valery", and "Chertsey"). However, it has been ascertained that some of these varieties that look similar are in fact different cultivars. On the other hand, two that were known to be different cultivars were almost identical to each other, thus one would be dropped from the national list in order to clean it up. Another problem has been the fact that it is somewhat expensive to register and then maintain a cultivar on a national list. Therefore, if no seed breeder or supplier thinks it will sell well, no one will maintain it on a list, and so the seed will not be re\-bred by commercial seed breeders. In recent years,{{When\|date\=August 2015}} progress has been made in the UK to set up allowances and less stringent tests for heritage varieties on a B national list, but this is still under consideration. When heirloom plants are not being sold, however, laws are often more lenient. Because most heirloom plants are at least 50 years old and grown and swapped in a family or community they fall under the public domain.{{Cite book\|title\=The seed garden : the art and practice of seed saving\|last\=Colley, Micaela\|others\=Zystro, Jared,, Buttala, Lee Alan,, Siegel, Shanyn\|isbn\=978\-0\-9884749\-1\-8\|location\=Decorah, IA\|oclc\=893453721\|year \= 2015}} Another worldwide alternative is to submit heirloom seeds to a [seedbank](/wiki/Seedbank "Seedbank"). These public repositories in turn maintain and disperse these genetics to anyone who will use them appropriately. Typically, approved uses are breeding, study, and sometimes, further distribution.
[ "UK and EU law and national lists\n--------------------------------", "In the UK and Europe, it is thought that many heritage vegetable varieties (perhaps over 2,000\\) have been lost since the 1970s, when EEC (now EU) laws were passed making it illegal to sell any vegetable cultivar not on the national list of any EEC country. This was set up to help in eliminating seed suppliers selling one seed as another, guarantee the seeds were true to type, and that they germinated consistently. Thus, there were stringent tests to assess varieties, with a view to ensuring they remain the same from one generation to the next. However, unique varieties were lost for posterity.", "These tests (called **DUS**) assess \"distinctness\", \"uniformity\", and \"stability\". But since some heritage cultivars are not necessarily uniform from plant to plant, or indeed within a single plant—a single cultivar—this has been a sticking point. \"Distinctness\" has been a problem, moreover, because many cultivars have several names, perhaps coming from different areas or countries (e.g., carrot cultivar Long Surrey Red is also known as \"Red Intermediate\", \"St. Valery\", and \"Chertsey\"). However, it has been ascertained that some of these varieties that look similar are in fact different cultivars. On the other hand, two that were known to be different cultivars were almost identical to each other, thus one would be dropped from the national list in order to clean it up.", "Another problem has been the fact that it is somewhat expensive to register and then maintain a cultivar on a national list. Therefore, if no seed breeder or supplier thinks it will sell well, no one will maintain it on a list, and so the seed will not be re\\-bred by commercial seed breeders.", "In recent years,{{When\\|date\\=August 2015}} progress has been made in the UK to set up allowances and less stringent tests for heritage varieties on a B national list, but this is still under consideration.", "When heirloom plants are not being sold, however, laws are often more lenient. Because most heirloom plants are at least 50 years old and grown and swapped in a family or community they fall under the public domain.{{Cite book\\|title\\=The seed garden : the art and practice of seed saving\\|last\\=Colley, Micaela\\|others\\=Zystro, Jared,, Buttala, Lee Alan,, Siegel, Shanyn\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-9884749\\-1\\-8\\|location\\=Decorah, IA\\|oclc\\=893453721\\|year \\= 2015}} Another worldwide alternative is to submit heirloom seeds to a [seedbank](/wiki/Seedbank \"Seedbank\"). These public repositories in turn maintain and disperse these genetics to anyone who will use them appropriately. Typically, approved uses are breeding, study, and sometimes, further distribution.", "" ]
Principles ---------- [thumb\|The White River is so named due to the clay it picks up in the Badlands of South Dakota. Here it flows into the Missouri River and colors it with clay.](/wiki/File:ISS013-E-46370.jpg "ISS013-E-46370.jpg") The movement of water across the [stream bed](/wiki/Stream_bed "Stream bed") exerts a [shear stress](/wiki/Shear_stress "Shear stress") directly onto the bed. If the [cohesive](/wiki/Cohesion_%28geology%29 "Cohesion (geology)") strength of the substrate is lower than the shear exerted, or the bed is composed of loose sediment which can be mobilized by such stresses, then the bed will be lowered purely by clearwater flow. In addition, if the river carries significant quantities of [sediment](/wiki/Sediment "Sediment"), this material can act as tools to enhance wear of the bed ([abrasion](/wiki/Abrasion_%28geology%29 "Abrasion (geology)")). At the same time the fragments themselves are ground down, becoming smaller and more rounded ([attrition](/wiki/Attrition_%28erosion%29 "Attrition (erosion)")). Sediment in rivers is transported as either [bedload](/wiki/Bedload "Bedload") (the coarser fragments which move close to the bed) or [suspended load](/wiki/Suspended_load "Suspended load") (finer fragments carried in the water). There is also a component carried as dissolved material. For each grain size there is a specific [flow velocity](/wiki/Flow_velocity "Flow velocity") at which the grains start to move, called *entrainment velocity*. However the grains will continue to be transported even if the velocity falls below the entrainment velocity due to the reduced (or removed) [friction](/wiki/Friction "Friction") between the grains and the river bed. Eventually the velocity will fall low enough for the grains to be deposited. This is shown by the [Hjulström curve](/wiki/Hjulstr%C3%B6m_curve "Hjulström curve"). A river is continually picking up and dropping solid particles of rock and soil from its bed throughout its length. Where the river flow is fast, more particles are picked up than dropped. Where the river flow is slow, more particles are dropped than picked up. Areas where more particles are dropped are called [alluvial](/wiki/Alluvial "Alluvial") or flood plains, and the dropped particles are called [alluvium](/wiki/Alluvium "Alluvium"). Even small streams make alluvial deposits, but it is in [floodplains](/wiki/Floodplain "Floodplain") and [deltas](/wiki/River_delta "River delta") of large rivers that large, geologically\-significant alluvial deposits are found. The amount of matter carried by a large river is enormous. It has been estimated that the [Mississippi River](/wiki/Mississippi_River "Mississippi River") annually carries 406 million tons of sediment to the sea,Mathur, Anuradha; Dilip da Cunha (2001\). Mississippi Floods: Designing a Shifting Landscape. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. {{ISBN\|0\-300\-08430\-7}} the [Yellow River](/wiki/Yellow_River "Yellow River") 796 million tons, and the [Po River](/wiki/Po_River "Po River") in [Italy](/wiki/Italy "Italy") 67 million tons.Dill, William A. (1990\). Inland fisheries of Europe. Rome, Italy: UN Food and Agriculture Organization. {{ISBN\|92\-5\-102999\-7}}. [http://www.fao.org/docrep/009/t0377e/t0377e00\.htm](http://www.fao.org/docrep/009/t0377e/t0377e00.htm) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180301093624/http://www.fao.org/docrep/009/t0377e/t0377e00\.htm \|date\=2018\-03\-01 }} The names of many rivers derive from the color that the transported matter gives the water. For example, the [Yellow River (Huang He)](/wiki/Yellow_River "Yellow River") in [China](/wiki/China "China") is named after the hue of the sediment it carries,{{Cite book \|last1\=MOSTERN \|first1\=RUTH \|title\=The Yellow River: A Natural and Unnatural History \|last2\=HORNE \|first2\=RYAN M. \|date\=2021 \|publisher\=Yale University Press \|isbn\=978\-0\-300\-23833\-4 \|page\=33 \|doi\=10\.2307/j.ctv1vbd1d8\.7\|jstor\=j.ctv1vbd1d8 }} and the [White Nile](/wiki/White_Nile "White Nile") is named for the clay it carries.
[ "Principles\n----------", "[thumb\\|The White River is so named due to the clay it picks up in the Badlands of South Dakota. Here it flows into the Missouri River and colors it with clay.](/wiki/File:ISS013-E-46370.jpg \"ISS013-E-46370.jpg\")", "The movement of water across the [stream bed](/wiki/Stream_bed \"Stream bed\") exerts a [shear stress](/wiki/Shear_stress \"Shear stress\") directly onto the bed. If the [cohesive](/wiki/Cohesion_%28geology%29 \"Cohesion (geology)\") strength of the substrate is lower than the shear exerted, or the bed is composed of loose sediment which can be mobilized by such stresses, then the bed will be lowered purely by clearwater flow. In addition, if the river carries significant quantities of [sediment](/wiki/Sediment \"Sediment\"), this material can act as tools to enhance wear of the bed ([abrasion](/wiki/Abrasion_%28geology%29 \"Abrasion (geology)\")). At the same time the fragments themselves are ground down, becoming smaller and more rounded ([attrition](/wiki/Attrition_%28erosion%29 \"Attrition (erosion)\")).", "Sediment in rivers is transported as either [bedload](/wiki/Bedload \"Bedload\") (the coarser fragments which move close to the bed) or [suspended load](/wiki/Suspended_load \"Suspended load\") (finer fragments carried in the water). There is also a component carried as dissolved material.", "For each grain size there is a specific [flow velocity](/wiki/Flow_velocity \"Flow velocity\") at which the grains start to move, called *entrainment velocity*. However the grains will continue to be transported even if the velocity falls below the entrainment velocity due to the reduced (or removed) [friction](/wiki/Friction \"Friction\") between the grains and the river bed. Eventually the velocity will fall low enough for the grains to be deposited. This is shown by the [Hjulström curve](/wiki/Hjulstr%C3%B6m_curve \"Hjulström curve\").", "A river is continually picking up and dropping solid particles of rock and soil from its bed throughout its length. Where the river flow is fast, more particles are picked up than dropped. Where the river flow is slow, more particles are dropped than picked up. Areas where more particles are dropped are called [alluvial](/wiki/Alluvial \"Alluvial\") or flood plains, and the dropped particles are called [alluvium](/wiki/Alluvium \"Alluvium\").", "Even small streams make alluvial deposits, but it is in [floodplains](/wiki/Floodplain \"Floodplain\") and [deltas](/wiki/River_delta \"River delta\") of large rivers that large, geologically\\-significant alluvial deposits are found.", "The amount of matter carried by a large river is enormous. It has been estimated that the [Mississippi River](/wiki/Mississippi_River \"Mississippi River\") annually carries 406 million tons of sediment to the sea,Mathur, Anuradha; Dilip da Cunha (2001\\). Mississippi Floods: Designing a Shifting Landscape. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. {{ISBN\\|0\\-300\\-08430\\-7}} the [Yellow River](/wiki/Yellow_River \"Yellow River\") 796 million tons, and the [Po River](/wiki/Po_River \"Po River\") in [Italy](/wiki/Italy \"Italy\") 67 million tons.Dill, William A. (1990\\). Inland fisheries of Europe. Rome, Italy: UN Food and Agriculture Organization. {{ISBN\\|92\\-5\\-102999\\-7}}. [http://www.fao.org/docrep/009/t0377e/t0377e00\\.htm](http://www.fao.org/docrep/009/t0377e/t0377e00.htm) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180301093624/http://www.fao.org/docrep/009/t0377e/t0377e00\\.htm \\|date\\=2018\\-03\\-01 }} The names of many rivers derive from the color that the transported matter gives the water. For example, the [Yellow River (Huang He)](/wiki/Yellow_River \"Yellow River\") in [China](/wiki/China \"China\") is named after the hue of the sediment it carries,{{Cite book \\|last1\\=MOSTERN \\|first1\\=RUTH \\|title\\=The Yellow River: A Natural and Unnatural History \\|last2\\=HORNE \\|first2\\=RYAN M. \\|date\\=2021 \\|publisher\\=Yale University Press \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-300\\-23833\\-4 \\|page\\=33 \\|doi\\=10\\.2307/j.ctv1vbd1d8\\.7\\|jstor\\=j.ctv1vbd1d8 }} and the [White Nile](/wiki/White_Nile \"White Nile\") is named for the clay it carries.", "" ]
History ------- [thumb\|Elevated portions of Toronto's waterfront, like the [Scarborough Bluffs](/wiki/Scarborough_Bluffs "Scarborough Bluffs"), made up the shorelines of [Lake Iroquois](/wiki/Glacial_Lake_Iroquois "Glacial Lake Iroquois"), a glacial lake that preceded [Lake Ontario](/wiki/Lake_Ontario "Lake Ontario").](/wiki/File:Scarborough_Bluffs_-_Laslovarga_%2861%29.jpg "Scarborough Bluffs - Laslovarga (61).jpg") Lake Ontario is a recent lake.{{cite news\| url\=http://www.aquatichabitat.ca/nearshore\_geology.shtml\| title\=Nearshore Geology\| publisher\=\[\[Aquatichabitat.ca]]\| url\-status\=dead\| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226233631/http://www.aquatichabitat.ca/nearshore\_geology.shtml\| archive\-date\=2012\-02\-26}} As the last [glaciation](/wiki/Glacial_period "Glacial period"), the [Laurentian glaciation](/wiki/Laurentian_glaciation "Laurentian glaciation") receded, a number of [proglacial lakes](/wiki/Proglacial_lakes "Proglacial lakes") filled in basins adjacent to the glacier. One of those [proglacial lakes](/wiki/Proglacial_lake "Proglacial lake") was [Lake Iroquois](/wiki/Glacial_Lake_Iroquois "Glacial Lake Iroquois"). Lake Iroquois was considerably deeper than Lake Ontario, as a lobe of the [Laurentian glacier](/wiki/Laurentide_Ice_Sheet "Laurentide Ice Sheet") still filled the valley of what is now the [St. Lawrence River](/wiki/Saint_Lawrence_River "Saint Lawrence River"). The southern boundary of Lake Iroquois was the Niagara escarpment. The lake flowed over the [Niagara Escarpment](/wiki/Niagara_Escarpment "Niagara Escarpment") east of Rochester, and flowed to the [Atlantic Ocean](/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean "Atlantic Ocean") down what is now the [Mohawk River](/wiki/Mohawk_River "Mohawk River"), to the [Hudson River](/wiki/Hudson_River "Hudson River"). The shoreline of Lake Iroquois can be observed in steep hills, such as that on the north side of [Davenport Road](/wiki/Davenport_Road "Davenport Road"). [Casa Loma](/wiki/Casa_Loma "Casa Loma") has a view of the harbour, four kilometres away, as it is on the height of the old shoreline. When the glacier retreated from the St. Lawrence Valley, the shoreline receded to a much shallower level than today's lake, as it takes time for land that had been under a heavy glacier to rebound. This lake was called [Admiralty Lake](/wiki/Admiralty_Lake "Admiralty Lake"). {{cite journal \| title\=Postglacial chronology and the origin of deep lake basins in Prince Edward County, Ontario \| publisher\= International Association for Great Lakes Research \| work\=Conference on Great Lakes Research \| year\=1964 \| author\=J Terasmae, E Mirynech }} Some sources suggest the drainage of the lake triggered the [Upper Dryas](/wiki/Upper_Dryas "Upper Dryas") climatic change. Some sources suggest the lake drained all the way to [sea level](/wiki/Sea_level "Sea level") and the lake became [brackish](/wiki/Brackish_water "Brackish water").{{Citation needed\|date\=January 2020}} Since the last [ice age](/wiki/Ice_age "Ice age"), silt deposits, borne mostly from the erosion of the [Scarborough Bluffs](/wiki/Scarborough_Bluffs "Scarborough Bluffs") and the [eluvial](/wiki/Eluvium "Eluvium") rivers to the east were swept by strong, natural Lake Ontario currents creating prominent fingers of land away from the lakeshore in the current central waterfront area, including the [Toronto Islands](/wiki/Toronto_Islands "Toronto Islands"). The shore of Lake Ontario (at least within present\-day [Toronto Harbour](/wiki/Toronto_Harbour "Toronto Harbour")) is mostly landfill, extending a kilometre or more from the natural shoreline. [thumb\|left\|Cannon emplacement at [Fort York](/wiki/Fort_York "Fort York"), located close to where Toronto's original shoreline was. Due to [land reclamation](/wiki/Land_reclamation "Land reclamation") projects in the late\-19th to early\-20th century, the original shoreline is now located inland.](/wiki/File:FortYorkWaterfrontCannon.jpg "FortYorkWaterfrontCannon.jpg") Adding to the existing silt deposits, [Ashbridges Bay](/wiki/Ashbridges_Bay "Ashbridges Bay") was filled in and the [Port Lands](/wiki/Port_Lands%2C_Toronto "Port Lands, Toronto") area (Cherry Street to Leslie Street) was created in the early 1900s. The bay was filled in partly due to concerns about public health – locals had disposed of sewage, farm animal carcasses and household waste in the bay for years. During this period, the [Don River](/wiki/Don_River_%28Ontario%29 "Don River (Ontario)"), which used to flow into the bay to the south\-west, was diverted (straightened) toward the harbour, first directly southward and later westward through the current configuration of the [Keating Channel](/wiki/Keating_Channel "Keating Channel"). Currently, there are proposals to restore the original natural watercourse of the Don, which would bring it closer to the downtown core. The modern harbour area was mostly formed through landfill in the years around the [First World War](/wiki/First_World_War "First World War"), to allow for deeper container vessel wharf access. The central waterfront functioned as an important industrial area for many years, providing shipping access to communities from [Port Union](/wiki/Port_Union%2C_Toronto "Port Union, Toronto") in the east to [Mimico](/wiki/Mimico "Mimico") in the west. Toronto expanded along the waterfront with new residential suburbs. West of the [Humber River](/wiki/Humber_River_%28Ontario%29 "Humber River (Ontario)"), outside the city limits, the waterfront has been mainly private lands fronting on the lake. East of the Humber River, within the city limits, the waterfront is under the control of the government. The [Sunnyside](/wiki/Sunnyside%2C_Toronto "Sunnyside, Toronto") lakefront from the Humber east to Jameson was filled in, creating new lands for recreational and park land uses. To the east of Sunnyside, the lands were originally military grounds, centred on [Fort York](/wiki/Fort_York "Fort York"). The Garrison lands became the Exhibition grounds and have been public ever since. To the east of the harbour area, parklands were built along the waterfront from [Ashbridges Bay](/wiki/Ashbridge%27s_Bay "Ashbridge's Bay") east to the eastern city border at Victoria Park. Further east, the Scarborough lands have been dominated by the [Scarborough Bluffs](/wiki/Scarborough_Bluffs "Scarborough Bluffs") and development could not proceed to the waterfront. [thumb\|Construction of the [Gardiner Expressway](/wiki/Gardiner_Expressway "Gardiner Expressway") in the 1963\. The highway substantially changed the western portion of the waterfront.](/wiki/File:Jarvis_Street%2C_looking_north-east_from_Lake_Shore_Boulevard.jpg "Jarvis Street, looking north-east from Lake Shore Boulevard.jpg") In the 1950s, the [Gardiner Expressway](/wiki/Gardiner_Expressway "Gardiner Expressway") project, connecting suburbs to the west, substantially changed the western waterfront. As the Toronto area prospered and the downtown lands became more developed, industry began to move out of the central area seeking cheaper land in the suburbs. This left behind many heavily polluted sites (some of the main uses of the waterfront were oil and coal storage, waste disposal and incineration, and heavy manufacturing especially in Toronto harbour). The railway lands just to the north of the waterfront now became too valuable to keep industrial and have been converted to other uses, starting with the [CN Tower](/wiki/CN_Tower "CN Tower") in the 1970s. The railway lands became the site of the SkyDome (now [Rogers Centre](/wiki/Rogers_Centre "Rogers Centre")), the [Toronto Convention Centre](/wiki/Toronto_Convention_Centre "Toronto Convention Centre"), office buildings and numerous condominium residential buildings. Tonnage to the Toronto Port has declined over the past 50 years, replaced by increases in other modes of transportation. The Toronto Harbour Commission was eventually dissolved, its lands transferred to the City except for those specifically to be controlled by the successor [Toronto Port Authority](/wiki/Toronto_Port_Authority "Toronto Port Authority"), which retained authority over transportation uses in the Port, including the [Island Airport](/wiki/Billy_Bishop_Toronto_City_Airport "Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport"). The federal government created the authority along with others around Canada to manage ports in a more business\-like fashion. Following its mandate, the Port Authority has made attempts to increase usage of the Port, initiating a Ship Terminal and Ferry Service to [Rochester](/wiki/Rochester%2C_New_York "Rochester, New York"), a container facility in the Port lands and plans to expand the usage of the Island Airport, although expanded use of the Island Airport is opposed by local residents and organizations, and puts it at odds with the current City of Toronto council. The [1972 Canadian election](/wiki/1972_Canadian_election "1972 Canadian election") saw a further step in the conversion of the central waterfront away from industrial uses. The [Federal](/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada "Parliament of Canada") [Liberals](/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada "Liberal Party of Canada") promised to improve Toronto's waterfront, expropriating the area from [Bathurst Street](/wiki/Bathurst_Street_%28Toronto%29 "Bathurst Street (Toronto)") to York Street along the waterfront for the "Harbourfront" project. Some buildings, such as [Queen's Quay Terminal](/wiki/Queen%27s_Quay_Terminal "Queen's Quay Terminal") and [Harbourfront Centre](/wiki/Harbourfront_Centre%2C_Toronto "Harbourfront Centre, Toronto") were remodeled, and others such as [Maple Leaf Mills Silos](/wiki/Maple_Leaf_Mills_Silos "Maple Leaf Mills Silos") demolished and replaced by new structures. The areas south of Queens Quay have been changed mainly to cultural and recreational uses and the area north of [Queens Quay](/wiki/Queens_Quay_%28Toronto%29 "Queens Quay (Toronto)") has been redeveloped into condominium residential towers. West of Bathurst Street, the lands have been converted into a new residential area. The area between York Street and [Jarvis Street](/wiki/Jarvis_Street "Jarvis Street") along the water has remained in private ownership except for the [Jack Layton Ferry Terminal](/wiki/Jack_Layton_Ferry_Terminal "Jack Layton Ferry Terminal"). Residential condominiums and the large Harbour Castle hotel were built along the water and the [Toronto Star](/wiki/Toronto_Star "Toronto Star") built a new headquarters office building at Yonge Street. [thumb\|left\|Condominiums and other commercial developments were built in favour of industrial developments beginning in the 1970s.](/wiki/File:Ensoleill%C3%A9_et_des_pluies_-_panoramio.jpg "Ensoleillé et des pluies - panoramio.jpg") The Redpath Sugar Factory remains, and several industrial buildings have been converted into other uses. The area along the water has been primarily owned by the Toronto Harbour Commission, and eventually transferred to the City's Economic Commission. In 1988, Prime Minister [Brian Mulroney](/wiki/Brian_Mulroney "Brian Mulroney") called another Royal Commission into the waterfront that was headed by former mayor [David Crombie](/wiki/David_Crombie "David Crombie"). It was reported in 1992 with a detailed, but expensive plan of environmentally sound development following on the heels of his 1982–86 Toronto Waterfront Regeneration Trust Commission report. Few, if any of the recommendations were carried out, as had been the case during the previous 60 years. Toronto's bids for the 1996 and 2008 [Summer Olympics](/wiki/Summer_Olympics "Summer Olympics") saw plans for much of the new facilities to be located along the waterfront, with all three levels of government committed to spending a great deal of money if the games were won, but on both attempts Toronto lost its bid due to the lack of diversity in facilities either planned or in situ and, except for further commercial condominium development at [Harbourfront](/wiki/Harbourfront_%28Toronto%29 "Harbourfront (Toronto)") offering grandiose views of the water, the waterfront was unchanged. The [recent bid](http://www.toronto.ca/toronto_international/pdf/expo2015_final_report.pdf) by Toronto for the [World's Fair](/wiki/World%27s_Fair "World's Fair") 2015 also planned to use waterfront sites to accommodate the fair, but this bid also failed. As of 2008, most of the lands to the east of Yonge Street, around and east of the Don River are slated for redevelopment directed by the Toronto Waterfront Revitalization Corporation. Plans are to build predominantly low\-rise developments, with a waterfront opened up to public uses, including recreation. The Don River, diverted into a channel is slated to become 'naturalized' with more natural river banks and a more natural appearance. ### Timeline * 1750 – [Fort Rouillé](/wiki/Fort_Rouill%C3%A9 "Fort Rouillé") trading post is built on waterfront by French military * 1759 – Fort Rouillé abandoned by French during war with Great Britain * 1793 – [John Graves Simcoe](/wiki/John_Graves_Simcoe "John Graves Simcoe") orders the building of Toronto Garrison to guard the western entrance (then, the only entrance) to the harbour. * 1808 – [Gibraltar Point Lighthouse](/wiki/Gibraltar_Point_Lighthouse "Gibraltar Point Lighthouse") is built on Toronto Bay peninsula [thumb\|275px\|Depiction of the American [attack on York](/wiki/Battle_of_York "Battle of York") in 1813\. American forces that landed along the shoreline were supported by the American naval flotilla along the waterfront.](/wiki/File:Battle_of_York_airborne.jpg "Battle of York airborne.jpg") * 1813 – [American](/wiki/United_States "United States") forces capture the Toronto Garrison at the [Battle of York](/wiki/Battle_of_York "Battle of York"), along with ransacking York, and burning down the Parliament buildings. * 1814 – Garrison is rebuilt as [Fort York](/wiki/Fort_York "Fort York") * 1832 – Construction of the [Gooderham \& Worts](/wiki/Gooderham_%26_Worts "Gooderham & Worts") distillery to the west of the [Don River](/wiki/Don_River_%28Ontario%29 "Don River (Ontario)") mouth which grew to become the world's largest distillery. * 1858 – a violent storm rips a gap at the eastern end of the Toronto Bay peninsula now known as Toronto Island — the gap later becomes the eastern channel. * 1890s – First undertaken as a sanitary works project, channelization of the lower Don begins, first the mouth is straightened directly southward (Ainsworth Cut). * 1911 – Toronto Harbour Commission created to manage port infrastructure and work on resolve the Don River mouth alignments. * 1922 – Construction of the Keating Channel is completed in order to allow large container vessels deeper water access closer to the Don mouth and nearby industry. [thumb\|Opened in 1922, [Sunnyside Amusement Park](/wiki/Sunnyside_Amusement_Park "Sunnyside Amusement Park") was an amusement park that operated along Toronto's waterfront until 1955\.](/wiki/File:Sunnyside-rides-1923.jpg "Sunnyside-rides-1923.jpg") * 1920s – THC fills in {{Convert\|200\|ft\|m}} of harbour shoreline in area south of Harbour Street from Bathurst Street to Don River. THC also fills in marshlands south of Don River for industrial and port development. These are known today as the [Portlands](/wiki/Portlands "Portlands"). THC also extends shoreline in Sunnyside district and opens [Sunnyside Amusement Park](/wiki/Sunnyside_Amusement_Park "Sunnyside Amusement Park") * 1926 – The City of Toronto takes over the [Toronto Island ferries](/wiki/Toronto_Island_ferries "Toronto Island ferries"). * 1935 – Construction begins on a tunnel from the end of Stadium Road to the western sandbar (a future airport site) as a depression relief project. Opposed by Toronto Mayor [Samuel McBride](/wiki/Samuel_McBride "Samuel McBride"), it is abandoned several weeks later after a change of federal government. * 1939 – After 11 years of planning and two years of construction, the *Port George VI Island Airport* opens on the western sandbar, near the foot of Bathurst Street. * 1940–43 – The [Royal Norwegian Air Force](/wiki/Royal_Norwegian_Air_Force "Royal Norwegian Air Force") trains at the island airport during the [Nazi occupation of Norway](/wiki/Nazi_occupation_of_Norway "Nazi occupation of Norway"). Moves to Northern Ontario base after several crashes and noise from operations. * 1949 – While docked at Pier 9, the luxury cruise ship [SS Noronic](/wiki/SS_Noronic "SS Noronic") catches fire and burns, killing over 118 people * 1954 – [Hurricane Hazel](/wiki/Hurricane_Hazel "Hurricane Hazel") changes the topography of the harbour, splintering the main island into several smaller islands. * 1970 – [Captain John's Harbour Boat Restaurant](/wiki/Captain_John%27s_Harbour_Boat_Restaurant "Captain John's Harbour Boat Restaurant"), a restaurant on board the MS Normac in Toronto harbour opens * 1971 – [Ontario Place](/wiki/Ontario_Place "Ontario Place") opens, on man\-made islands to the west of the [Toronto Islands](/wiki/Toronto_Islands "Toronto Islands") * 1972 – [Harbourfront Centre](/wiki/Harbourfront_Centre%2C_Toronto "Harbourfront Centre, Toronto") is established by the Federal Government * 1988 – Royal Commission set\-up to formulate a plan for Toronto's harbour * 1991–94 – Transfer of {{Convert\|800\|acres\|ha}} of port lands to City of Toronto' Toronto Economic Development Commission (TEDCO) in return for permanent subsidy of THC. * 1994 – Toronto Island Airport renamed Toronto City Centre Airport. * 1999 – Prime Minister [Jean Chrétien](/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien "Jean Chrétien"), Premier [Mike Harris](/wiki/Mike_Harris "Mike Harris") and Mayor [Mel Lastman](/wiki/Mel_Lastman "Mel Lastman") announced at a press conference the formation of the Toronto Waterfront Revitalization Task Force [thumb\|Headquarters of [Toronto Port Authority](/wiki/PortsToronto "PortsToronto") (TPA). The TPA was established in 1999, replacing the [Toronto Harbour Commission](/wiki/Toronto_Harbour_Commission "Toronto Harbour Commission").](/wiki/File:Toronto_Harbour_Commission_Building.jpg "Toronto Harbour Commission Building.jpg") * 1999 – [Toronto Waterfront Revitalization Corporation](/wiki/Waterfront_Toronto "Waterfront Toronto") is established; [Toronto Port Authority](/wiki/Toronto_Port_Authority "Toronto Port Authority") (TPA) created to replace the Toronto Harbour Commission * 2000 – The (Robert Fung) Toronto Waterfront Revitalization Task Force Report was released to the public. * 2001–2002 – The TPA sues the City for $1 billion over lands transferred in 1990s; settles for $55 million settlement and agreement to permit building of bridge to Island; end of permanent subsidy for lands. * 2003 – After election of Mayor David Miller; bridge to island airport is canceled. * 2004 – The Rochester/Toronto Ferry starts service in May and ends in November * 2006 – The Rochester/Toronto Ferry announces that it will no longer be in business * 2006 – TEDCO and its partners Rose Corp and Toronto Film Studios begin construction of a new Film Studio ("[Filmport](/wiki/Filmport "Filmport")") in the Portlands set to open in Spring 2008 * 2006 – The Ontario Government proposes a new electrical generation plant in the port lands ([Portlands Energy Centre](/wiki/Portlands_Energy_Centre "Portlands Energy Centre")) * 2006 – [REGCO Holdings](/wiki/Porter_Airlines "Porter Airlines") signs a 25\-year deal with the Toronto Port Authority to run an airline service out of the island airport ([Porter Airlines](/wiki/Porter_Airlines "Porter Airlines")) * 2007 – TEDCO begins construction of [Corus Quay](/wiki/Corus_Quay "Corus Quay") office building for media company Corus Entertainment at the foot of Jarvis Street * 2009 – [Waterfront Toronto](/wiki/Waterfront_Toronto "Waterfront Toronto") breaks ground on the new [Sherbourne Park](/wiki/Sherbourne_Park_%28Toronto%29 "Sherbourne Park (Toronto)").[Sherbourne Park](https://www.thestar.com/gta/columnist/article/671147) * 2009 – Toronto City Centre Airport renamed [Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport](/wiki/Billy_Bishop_Toronto_City_Airport "Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport"). [thumb\|Opened in 2010, [Sugar Beach](/wiki/Sugar_Beach "Sugar Beach") is an [urban beach](/wiki/Urban_beach "Urban beach") at [East Bayfront](/wiki/East_Bayfront "East Bayfront").](/wiki/File:SugarBeach6.jpg "SugarBeach6.jpg") * 2010 – Corus Quay opens * 2010 – [Sugar Beach](/wiki/Sugar_Beach "Sugar Beach") opens at foot of Jarvis Street * 2011 – Final season of Ontario Place theme park; park to be redeveloped; some facilities remain open * 2012 – Captain John's Harbour Boat Restaurant closes in default * 2013 – [Porter Airlines](/wiki/Porter_Airlines "Porter Airlines") proposes jets at island airport * 2015 – Toronto Port Authority renamed to PortsToronto * 2015 – Pedestrian tunnel opens to island airport * 2015 – Pan\-Am Games use revitalized water channel along Ontario Place for competitions * 2015 – Jets proposal for island airport is cancelled after Canadian federal election * 2017 – [Google](/wiki/Google "Google")'s [Sidewalk Labs](/wiki/Sidewalk_Labs "Sidewalk Labs") announces multi\-level government partnership, through Waterfront Toronto, to develop Quayside; plans were later abandoned by Google in 2020\.
[ "History\n-------", "[thumb\\|Elevated portions of Toronto's waterfront, like the [Scarborough Bluffs](/wiki/Scarborough_Bluffs \"Scarborough Bluffs\"), made up the shorelines of [Lake Iroquois](/wiki/Glacial_Lake_Iroquois \"Glacial Lake Iroquois\"), a glacial lake that preceded [Lake Ontario](/wiki/Lake_Ontario \"Lake Ontario\").](/wiki/File:Scarborough_Bluffs_-_Laslovarga_%2861%29.jpg \"Scarborough Bluffs - Laslovarga (61).jpg\")\nLake Ontario is a recent lake.{{cite news\\| url\\=http://www.aquatichabitat.ca/nearshore\\_geology.shtml\\| title\\=Nearshore Geology\\| publisher\\=\\[\\[Aquatichabitat.ca]]\\| url\\-status\\=dead\\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226233631/http://www.aquatichabitat.ca/nearshore\\_geology.shtml\\| archive\\-date\\=2012\\-02\\-26}} As the last [glaciation](/wiki/Glacial_period \"Glacial period\"), the [Laurentian glaciation](/wiki/Laurentian_glaciation \"Laurentian glaciation\") receded, a number of [proglacial lakes](/wiki/Proglacial_lakes \"Proglacial lakes\") filled in basins adjacent to the glacier. One of those [proglacial lakes](/wiki/Proglacial_lake \"Proglacial lake\") was [Lake Iroquois](/wiki/Glacial_Lake_Iroquois \"Glacial Lake Iroquois\"). Lake Iroquois was considerably deeper than Lake Ontario, as a lobe of the [Laurentian glacier](/wiki/Laurentide_Ice_Sheet \"Laurentide Ice Sheet\") still filled the valley of what is now the [St. Lawrence River](/wiki/Saint_Lawrence_River \"Saint Lawrence River\"). The southern boundary of Lake Iroquois was the Niagara escarpment. The lake flowed over the [Niagara Escarpment](/wiki/Niagara_Escarpment \"Niagara Escarpment\") east of Rochester, and flowed to the [Atlantic Ocean](/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean \"Atlantic Ocean\") down what is now the [Mohawk River](/wiki/Mohawk_River \"Mohawk River\"), to the [Hudson River](/wiki/Hudson_River \"Hudson River\"). The shoreline of Lake Iroquois can be observed in steep hills, such as that on the north side of [Davenport Road](/wiki/Davenport_Road \"Davenport Road\"). [Casa Loma](/wiki/Casa_Loma \"Casa Loma\") has a view of the harbour, four kilometres away, as it is on the height of the old shoreline.", "When the glacier retreated from the St. Lawrence Valley, the shoreline receded to a much shallower level than today's lake, as it takes time for land that had been under a heavy glacier to rebound. This lake was called [Admiralty Lake](/wiki/Admiralty_Lake \"Admiralty Lake\").\n{{cite journal\n\\| title\\=Postglacial chronology and the origin of deep lake basins in Prince Edward County, Ontario\n\\| publisher\\= International Association for Great Lakes Research\n\\| work\\=Conference on Great Lakes Research\n\\| year\\=1964\n\\| author\\=J Terasmae, E Mirynech\n}}\nSome sources suggest the drainage of the lake triggered the [Upper Dryas](/wiki/Upper_Dryas \"Upper Dryas\") climatic change. Some sources suggest the lake drained all the way to [sea level](/wiki/Sea_level \"Sea level\") and the lake became [brackish](/wiki/Brackish_water \"Brackish water\").{{Citation needed\\|date\\=January 2020}}", "Since the last [ice age](/wiki/Ice_age \"Ice age\"), silt deposits, borne mostly from the erosion of the [Scarborough Bluffs](/wiki/Scarborough_Bluffs \"Scarborough Bluffs\") and the [eluvial](/wiki/Eluvium \"Eluvium\") rivers to the east were swept by strong, natural Lake Ontario currents creating prominent fingers of land away from the lakeshore in the current central waterfront area, including the [Toronto Islands](/wiki/Toronto_Islands \"Toronto Islands\").\nThe shore of Lake Ontario (at least within present\\-day [Toronto Harbour](/wiki/Toronto_Harbour \"Toronto Harbour\")) is mostly landfill, extending a kilometre or more from the natural shoreline.\n[thumb\\|left\\|Cannon emplacement at [Fort York](/wiki/Fort_York \"Fort York\"), located close to where Toronto's original shoreline was. Due to [land reclamation](/wiki/Land_reclamation \"Land reclamation\") projects in the late\\-19th to early\\-20th century, the original shoreline is now located inland.](/wiki/File:FortYorkWaterfrontCannon.jpg \"FortYorkWaterfrontCannon.jpg\")\nAdding to the existing silt deposits, [Ashbridges Bay](/wiki/Ashbridges_Bay \"Ashbridges Bay\") was filled in and the [Port Lands](/wiki/Port_Lands%2C_Toronto \"Port Lands, Toronto\") area (Cherry Street to Leslie Street) was created in the early 1900s. The bay was filled in partly due to concerns about public health – locals had disposed of sewage, farm animal carcasses and household waste in the bay for years. During this period, the [Don River](/wiki/Don_River_%28Ontario%29 \"Don River (Ontario)\"), which used to flow into the bay to the south\\-west, was diverted (straightened) toward the harbour, first directly southward and later westward through the current configuration of the [Keating Channel](/wiki/Keating_Channel \"Keating Channel\"). Currently, there are proposals to restore the original natural watercourse of the Don, which would bring it closer to the downtown core. The modern harbour area was mostly formed through landfill in the years around the [First World War](/wiki/First_World_War \"First World War\"), to allow for deeper container vessel wharf access. The central waterfront functioned as an important industrial area for many years, providing shipping access to communities from [Port Union](/wiki/Port_Union%2C_Toronto \"Port Union, Toronto\") in the east to [Mimico](/wiki/Mimico \"Mimico\") in the west.", "Toronto expanded along the waterfront with new residential suburbs. West of the [Humber River](/wiki/Humber_River_%28Ontario%29 \"Humber River (Ontario)\"), outside the city limits, the waterfront has been mainly private lands fronting on the lake. East of the Humber River, within the city limits, the waterfront is under the control of the government. The [Sunnyside](/wiki/Sunnyside%2C_Toronto \"Sunnyside, Toronto\") lakefront from the Humber east to Jameson was filled in, creating new lands for recreational and park land uses. To the east of Sunnyside, the lands were originally military grounds, centred on [Fort York](/wiki/Fort_York \"Fort York\"). The Garrison lands became the Exhibition grounds and have been public ever since. To the east of the harbour area, parklands were built along the waterfront from [Ashbridges Bay](/wiki/Ashbridge%27s_Bay \"Ashbridge's Bay\") east to the eastern city border at Victoria Park. Further east, the Scarborough lands have been dominated by the [Scarborough Bluffs](/wiki/Scarborough_Bluffs \"Scarborough Bluffs\") and development could not proceed to the waterfront.\n[thumb\\|Construction of the [Gardiner Expressway](/wiki/Gardiner_Expressway \"Gardiner Expressway\") in the 1963\\. The highway substantially changed the western portion of the waterfront.](/wiki/File:Jarvis_Street%2C_looking_north-east_from_Lake_Shore_Boulevard.jpg \"Jarvis Street, looking north-east from Lake Shore Boulevard.jpg\")\nIn the 1950s, the [Gardiner Expressway](/wiki/Gardiner_Expressway \"Gardiner Expressway\") project, connecting suburbs to the west, substantially changed the western waterfront. As the Toronto area prospered and the downtown lands became more developed, industry began to move out of the central area seeking cheaper land in the suburbs. This left behind many heavily polluted sites (some of the main uses of the waterfront were oil and coal storage, waste disposal and incineration, and heavy manufacturing especially in Toronto harbour). The railway lands just to the north of the waterfront now became too valuable to keep industrial and have been converted to other uses, starting with the [CN Tower](/wiki/CN_Tower \"CN Tower\") in the 1970s. The railway lands became the site of the SkyDome (now [Rogers Centre](/wiki/Rogers_Centre \"Rogers Centre\")), the [Toronto Convention Centre](/wiki/Toronto_Convention_Centre \"Toronto Convention Centre\"), office buildings and numerous condominium residential buildings.", "Tonnage to the Toronto Port has declined over the past 50 years, replaced by increases in other modes of transportation. The Toronto Harbour Commission was eventually dissolved, its lands transferred to the City except for those specifically to be controlled by the successor [Toronto Port Authority](/wiki/Toronto_Port_Authority \"Toronto Port Authority\"), which retained authority over transportation uses in the Port, including the [Island Airport](/wiki/Billy_Bishop_Toronto_City_Airport \"Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport\"). The federal government created the authority along with others around Canada to manage ports in a more business\\-like fashion. Following its mandate, the Port Authority has made attempts to increase usage of the Port, initiating a Ship Terminal and Ferry Service to [Rochester](/wiki/Rochester%2C_New_York \"Rochester, New York\"), a container facility in the Port lands and plans to expand the usage of the Island Airport, although expanded use of the Island Airport is opposed by local residents and organizations, and puts it at odds with the current City of Toronto council.", "The [1972 Canadian election](/wiki/1972_Canadian_election \"1972 Canadian election\") saw a further step in the conversion of the central waterfront away from industrial uses. The [Federal](/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada \"Parliament of Canada\") [Liberals](/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada \"Liberal Party of Canada\") promised to improve Toronto's waterfront, expropriating the area from [Bathurst Street](/wiki/Bathurst_Street_%28Toronto%29 \"Bathurst Street (Toronto)\") to York Street along the waterfront for the \"Harbourfront\" project. Some buildings, such as [Queen's Quay Terminal](/wiki/Queen%27s_Quay_Terminal \"Queen's Quay Terminal\") and [Harbourfront Centre](/wiki/Harbourfront_Centre%2C_Toronto \"Harbourfront Centre, Toronto\") were remodeled, and others such as [Maple Leaf Mills Silos](/wiki/Maple_Leaf_Mills_Silos \"Maple Leaf Mills Silos\") demolished and replaced by new structures. The areas south of Queens Quay have been changed mainly to cultural and recreational uses and the area north of [Queens Quay](/wiki/Queens_Quay_%28Toronto%29 \"Queens Quay (Toronto)\") has been redeveloped into condominium residential towers. West of Bathurst Street, the lands have been converted into a new residential area.", "The area between York Street and [Jarvis Street](/wiki/Jarvis_Street \"Jarvis Street\") along the water has remained in private ownership except for the [Jack Layton Ferry Terminal](/wiki/Jack_Layton_Ferry_Terminal \"Jack Layton Ferry Terminal\"). Residential condominiums and the large Harbour Castle hotel were built along the water and the [Toronto Star](/wiki/Toronto_Star \"Toronto Star\") built a new headquarters office building at Yonge Street.\n[thumb\\|left\\|Condominiums and other commercial developments were built in favour of industrial developments beginning in the 1970s.](/wiki/File:Ensoleill%C3%A9_et_des_pluies_-_panoramio.jpg \"Ensoleillé et des pluies - panoramio.jpg\")\nThe Redpath Sugar Factory remains, and several industrial buildings have been converted into other uses. The area along the water has been primarily owned by the Toronto Harbour Commission, and eventually transferred to the City's Economic Commission.", "In 1988, Prime Minister [Brian Mulroney](/wiki/Brian_Mulroney \"Brian Mulroney\") called another Royal Commission into the waterfront that was headed by former mayor [David Crombie](/wiki/David_Crombie \"David Crombie\"). It was reported in 1992 with a detailed, but expensive plan of environmentally sound development following on the heels of his 1982–86 Toronto Waterfront Regeneration Trust Commission report. Few, if any of the recommendations were carried out, as had been the case during the previous 60 years.", "Toronto's bids for the 1996 and 2008 [Summer Olympics](/wiki/Summer_Olympics \"Summer Olympics\") saw plans for much of the new facilities to be located along the waterfront, with all three levels of government committed to spending a great deal of money if the games were won, but on both attempts Toronto lost its bid due to the lack of diversity in facilities either planned or in situ and, except for further commercial condominium development at [Harbourfront](/wiki/Harbourfront_%28Toronto%29 \"Harbourfront (Toronto)\") offering grandiose views of the water, the waterfront was unchanged.\nThe [recent bid](http://www.toronto.ca/toronto_international/pdf/expo2015_final_report.pdf) by Toronto for the [World's Fair](/wiki/World%27s_Fair \"World's Fair\") 2015 also planned to use waterfront sites to accommodate the fair, but this bid also failed.", "As of 2008, most of the lands to the east of Yonge Street, around and east of the Don River are slated for redevelopment directed by the Toronto Waterfront Revitalization Corporation. Plans are to build predominantly low\\-rise developments, with a waterfront opened up to public uses, including recreation. The Don River, diverted into a channel is slated to become 'naturalized' with more natural river banks and a more natural appearance.", "### Timeline", "* 1750 – [Fort Rouillé](/wiki/Fort_Rouill%C3%A9 \"Fort Rouillé\") trading post is built on waterfront by French military\n* 1759 – Fort Rouillé abandoned by French during war with Great Britain\n* 1793 – [John Graves Simcoe](/wiki/John_Graves_Simcoe \"John Graves Simcoe\") orders the building of Toronto Garrison to guard the western entrance (then, the only entrance) to the harbour.\n* 1808 – [Gibraltar Point Lighthouse](/wiki/Gibraltar_Point_Lighthouse \"Gibraltar Point Lighthouse\") is built on Toronto Bay peninsula\n[thumb\\|275px\\|Depiction of the American [attack on York](/wiki/Battle_of_York \"Battle of York\") in 1813\\. American forces that landed along the shoreline were supported by the American naval flotilla along the waterfront.](/wiki/File:Battle_of_York_airborne.jpg \"Battle of York airborne.jpg\")\n* 1813 – [American](/wiki/United_States \"United States\") forces capture the Toronto Garrison at the [Battle of York](/wiki/Battle_of_York \"Battle of York\"), along with ransacking York, and burning down the Parliament buildings.\n* 1814 – Garrison is rebuilt as [Fort York](/wiki/Fort_York \"Fort York\")\n* 1832 – Construction of the [Gooderham \\& Worts](/wiki/Gooderham_%26_Worts \"Gooderham & Worts\") distillery to the west of the [Don River](/wiki/Don_River_%28Ontario%29 \"Don River (Ontario)\") mouth which grew to become the world's largest distillery.\n* 1858 – a violent storm rips a gap at the eastern end of the Toronto Bay peninsula now known as Toronto Island — the gap later becomes the eastern channel.\n* 1890s – First undertaken as a sanitary works project, channelization of the lower Don begins, first the mouth is straightened directly southward (Ainsworth Cut).\n* 1911 – Toronto Harbour Commission created to manage port infrastructure and work on resolve the Don River mouth alignments.\n* 1922 – Construction of the Keating Channel is completed in order to allow large container vessels deeper water access closer to the Don mouth and nearby industry.\n[thumb\\|Opened in 1922, [Sunnyside Amusement Park](/wiki/Sunnyside_Amusement_Park \"Sunnyside Amusement Park\") was an amusement park that operated along Toronto's waterfront until 1955\\.](/wiki/File:Sunnyside-rides-1923.jpg \"Sunnyside-rides-1923.jpg\")\n* 1920s – THC fills in {{Convert\\|200\\|ft\\|m}} of harbour shoreline in area south of Harbour Street from Bathurst Street to Don River. THC also fills in marshlands south of Don River for industrial and port development. These are known today as the [Portlands](/wiki/Portlands \"Portlands\"). THC also extends shoreline in Sunnyside district and opens [Sunnyside Amusement Park](/wiki/Sunnyside_Amusement_Park \"Sunnyside Amusement Park\")\n* 1926 – The City of Toronto takes over the [Toronto Island ferries](/wiki/Toronto_Island_ferries \"Toronto Island ferries\").\n* 1935 – Construction begins on a tunnel from the end of Stadium Road to the western sandbar (a future airport site) as a depression relief project. Opposed by Toronto Mayor [Samuel McBride](/wiki/Samuel_McBride \"Samuel McBride\"), it is abandoned several weeks later after a change of federal government.\n* 1939 – After 11 years of planning and two years of construction, the *Port George VI Island Airport* opens on the western sandbar, near the foot of Bathurst Street.\n* 1940–43 – The [Royal Norwegian Air Force](/wiki/Royal_Norwegian_Air_Force \"Royal Norwegian Air Force\") trains at the island airport during the [Nazi occupation of Norway](/wiki/Nazi_occupation_of_Norway \"Nazi occupation of Norway\"). Moves to Northern Ontario base after several crashes and noise from operations.\n* 1949 – While docked at Pier 9, the luxury cruise ship [SS Noronic](/wiki/SS_Noronic \"SS Noronic\") catches fire and burns, killing over 118 people\n* 1954 – [Hurricane Hazel](/wiki/Hurricane_Hazel \"Hurricane Hazel\") changes the topography of the harbour, splintering the main island into several smaller islands.\n* 1970 – [Captain John's Harbour Boat Restaurant](/wiki/Captain_John%27s_Harbour_Boat_Restaurant \"Captain John's Harbour Boat Restaurant\"), a restaurant on board the MS Normac in Toronto harbour opens\n* 1971 – [Ontario Place](/wiki/Ontario_Place \"Ontario Place\") opens, on man\\-made islands to the west of the [Toronto Islands](/wiki/Toronto_Islands \"Toronto Islands\")\n* 1972 – [Harbourfront Centre](/wiki/Harbourfront_Centre%2C_Toronto \"Harbourfront Centre, Toronto\") is established by the Federal Government\n* 1988 – Royal Commission set\\-up to formulate a plan for Toronto's harbour\n* 1991–94 – Transfer of {{Convert\\|800\\|acres\\|ha}} of port lands to City of Toronto' Toronto Economic Development Commission (TEDCO) in return for permanent subsidy of THC.\n* 1994 – Toronto Island Airport renamed Toronto City Centre Airport.\n* 1999 – Prime Minister [Jean Chrétien](/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien \"Jean Chrétien\"), Premier [Mike Harris](/wiki/Mike_Harris \"Mike Harris\") and Mayor [Mel Lastman](/wiki/Mel_Lastman \"Mel Lastman\") announced at a press conference the formation of the Toronto Waterfront Revitalization Task Force\n[thumb\\|Headquarters of [Toronto Port Authority](/wiki/PortsToronto \"PortsToronto\") (TPA). The TPA was established in 1999, replacing the [Toronto Harbour Commission](/wiki/Toronto_Harbour_Commission \"Toronto Harbour Commission\").](/wiki/File:Toronto_Harbour_Commission_Building.jpg \"Toronto Harbour Commission Building.jpg\")\n* 1999 – [Toronto Waterfront Revitalization Corporation](/wiki/Waterfront_Toronto \"Waterfront Toronto\") is established; [Toronto Port Authority](/wiki/Toronto_Port_Authority \"Toronto Port Authority\") (TPA) created to replace the Toronto Harbour Commission\n* 2000 – The (Robert Fung) Toronto Waterfront Revitalization Task Force Report was released to the public.\n* 2001–2002 – The TPA sues the City for $1 billion over lands transferred in 1990s; settles for $55 million settlement and agreement to permit building of bridge to Island; end of permanent subsidy for lands.\n* 2003 – After election of Mayor David Miller; bridge to island airport is canceled.\n* 2004 – The Rochester/Toronto Ferry starts service in May and ends in November\n* 2006 – The Rochester/Toronto Ferry announces that it will no longer be in business\n* 2006 – TEDCO and its partners Rose Corp and Toronto Film Studios begin construction of a new Film Studio (\"[Filmport](/wiki/Filmport \"Filmport\")\") in the Portlands set to open in Spring 2008\n* 2006 – The Ontario Government proposes a new electrical generation plant in the port lands ([Portlands Energy Centre](/wiki/Portlands_Energy_Centre \"Portlands Energy Centre\"))\n* 2006 – [REGCO Holdings](/wiki/Porter_Airlines \"Porter Airlines\") signs a 25\\-year deal with the Toronto Port Authority to run an airline service out of the island airport ([Porter Airlines](/wiki/Porter_Airlines \"Porter Airlines\"))\n* 2007 – TEDCO begins construction of [Corus Quay](/wiki/Corus_Quay \"Corus Quay\") office building for media company Corus Entertainment at the foot of Jarvis Street\n* 2009 – [Waterfront Toronto](/wiki/Waterfront_Toronto \"Waterfront Toronto\") breaks ground on the new [Sherbourne Park](/wiki/Sherbourne_Park_%28Toronto%29 \"Sherbourne Park (Toronto)\").[Sherbourne Park](https://www.thestar.com/gta/columnist/article/671147)\n* 2009 – Toronto City Centre Airport renamed [Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport](/wiki/Billy_Bishop_Toronto_City_Airport \"Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport\").\n[thumb\\|Opened in 2010, [Sugar Beach](/wiki/Sugar_Beach \"Sugar Beach\") is an [urban beach](/wiki/Urban_beach \"Urban beach\") at [East Bayfront](/wiki/East_Bayfront \"East Bayfront\").](/wiki/File:SugarBeach6.jpg \"SugarBeach6.jpg\")\n* 2010 – Corus Quay opens\n* 2010 – [Sugar Beach](/wiki/Sugar_Beach \"Sugar Beach\") opens at foot of Jarvis Street\n* 2011 – Final season of Ontario Place theme park; park to be redeveloped; some facilities remain open\n* 2012 – Captain John's Harbour Boat Restaurant closes in default\n* 2013 – [Porter Airlines](/wiki/Porter_Airlines \"Porter Airlines\") proposes jets at island airport\n* 2015 – Toronto Port Authority renamed to PortsToronto\n* 2015 – Pedestrian tunnel opens to island airport\n* 2015 – Pan\\-Am Games use revitalized water channel along Ontario Place for competitions\n* 2015 – Jets proposal for island airport is cancelled after Canadian federal election\n* 2017 – [Google](/wiki/Google \"Google\")'s [Sidewalk Labs](/wiki/Sidewalk_Labs \"Sidewalk Labs\") announces multi\\-level government partnership, through Waterfront Toronto, to develop Quayside; plans were later abandoned by Google in 2020\\." ]
Revitalization plans -------------------- Waterfront revitalization has been a hot topic of debate in Toronto for decades. In 1972, the federal government established the "Harbourfront Project" which converted part of the central waterfront from industrial uses to cultural, recreational and residential uses. Harbourfront Centre and [Queen's Quay Terminal](/wiki/Queen%27s_Quay_Terminal "Queen's Quay Terminal") are legacies of that revitalization effort. In 1999, a task force was established to develop recommendations and a business plan for revitalization.{{Citation needed\|date\=December 2023}} [thumb\|left\|Originally a warehouse terminal, [Queen's Quay Terminal](/wiki/Queen%27s_Quay_Terminal "Queen's Quay Terminal") was converted into a condo/mall complex in 1983\.](/wiki/File:TorontoWaterFront10.jpg "TorontoWaterFront10.jpg") In 2001, following the recommendations of the task force, the federal, provincial and municipal governments established the Toronto Waterfront Revitalization Corporation (now known as [Waterfront Toronto](/wiki/Waterfront_Toronto "Waterfront Toronto")), to lead and manage the renewal of Toronto's waterfront. The three levels of government committed $1\.5 billion to launch the redevelopment initiative. Waterfront Toronto is overseen by a 13\-member government appointed Board of Directors. Waterfront revitalization is concentrated on Toronto's central waterfront, an area that extends from Dowling Avenue in the west to Coxwell Avenue in the east. The revitalization of Toronto's waterfront is one of the largest urban redevelopment project currently underway in North America with {{convert\|800\|ha\|acre\|abbr\=off}} of largely underutilized, derelict land located steps away from Canada's largest financial and cultural urban core. Full revitalization is projected to take 25 to 30 years and an estimated $17 billion in public and private funds to complete. According to Waterfront Toronto's master plan, once fully developed, Toronto's waterfront will include 40,000 new residences (20% of which will be affordable housing), 40,000 new jobs, new transit infrastructure and {{convert\|300\|ha\|acre\|abbr\=off}} of parks and public spaces.{{Citation needed\|date\=December 2023}} [thumb\|Construction over the [West Don Lands](/wiki/West_Don_Lands "West Don Lands") in 2013\. The area was one of the first neighbourhoods to be developed by [Waterfront Toronto](/wiki/Waterfront_Toronto "Waterfront Toronto").](/wiki/File:Construction_in_the_West_Don_Lands%2C_2013_06_03_A_%282%29.JPG "Construction in the West Don Lands, 2013 06 03 A (2).JPG") Waterfront Toronto's plans identify public accessibility to the waterfront and the development of parks and public spaces as major priorities. A variety of waterfront public space projects have already been completed by the organization including York and John Quay Promenades, improvements to Cherry Beach, the Western Beaches Watercourse, Marilyn Bell Park improvements and expansion of the Martin Goodman Trail from Marilyn Bell Park to Ontario Place and the completion of phase one Port Union Waterfront Park. The first phase on construction of the Central Waterfront and Mimico Waterfront Park were completed in summer 2008\. The first new neighborhoods to be developed by Waterfront Toronto are the East Bayfront and West Don Lands. These lands are now rezoned as mixed use developments. Based on plans developed in consultation with public stakeholders, these environmental communities will feature green roof tops, pedestrian\-friendly streets, extensive parks and public spaces, affordable housing, public transit within a five\-minute walk of all residences, schools, childcare and recreation facilities. Site preparation activities and phase one infrastructure are currently underway in East Bayfront and West Don Lands. Waterfront Toronto launched the developer selection process for the East Bayfront in March 2008 and announced Urban Capital Property Group/Redquartz Developments as the first phase developer partner for the West Don Lands in April 2008\. ### Central Waterfront Innovative Design Competition [thumb\|The Simcoe WaveDeck is one of several [WaveDecks](/wiki/WaveDecks "WaveDecks") built along the waterfront. These public spaces were built in an effort to revitalize the waterfront.](/wiki/File:Wavedeck_at_Simcoe_and_Queens_Quay.jpg "Wavedeck at Simcoe and Queens Quay.jpg") The Toronto waterfront has seen at least 15 design charettes over the last 65 years, the most recent being the Innovative Design Competition for the Central Waterfront that took place in 2006\. This charette was won by a team led by [West 8](/wiki/West_8 "West 8"), a landscape architecture and urban design firm from [Rotterdam](/wiki/Rotterdam "Rotterdam"), in joint venture with DTAH (du Toit Allsopp Hillier), a Toronto architecture, landscape architecture and urban design firm.{{cite web \|url \= http://www.toronto.ca/waterfront/newsrel060206\.htm \|title \= West 8 Wins Waterfront Corp. Design Competition \|work \= City of Toronto: News releases \|date \= 2006\-06\-02 \|access\-date \= 2007\-03\-18 \|url\-status \= dead \|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20070927194328/http://www.toronto.ca/waterfront/newsrel060206\.htm \|archive\-date \= 2007\-09\-27 }} The proposed design includes a wide promenade along the water and extensive green space. Bridges and [WaveDecks](/wiki/WaveDecks "WaveDecks") rising from the boardwalk and spanning the ends of the slips will provide continuous public access to the lakeshore. Additionally, the southern half of [Queens Quay](/wiki/Queens_Quay_%28Toronto%29 "Queens Quay (Toronto)") will be turned into a pedestrian walkway.{{cite web \| url \= http://www.dtah.com/waterfront/ \| title \= The Multiple Waterfront \| author \= du Toit Allsopp Hiller \| access\-date \= 2007\-03\-18 }} The proposal also emphasizes the need for stronger north–south connections between the harbour and the downtown core. The first phase was to be completed by 2008\. As of January 2008, no such work has been undertaken, but private developers began construction of a condominium complex at the foot of Yonge Street, and TEDCO started construction of [Corus Quay](/wiki/Corus_Quay "Corus Quay"). ### Major issues * Some see the [Gardiner Expressway](/wiki/Gardiner_Expressway "Gardiner Expressway"), a raised [highway](/wiki/Highway "Highway") that runs just north of the lakeshore, as a major obstacle to waterfront redevelopment. The highway is often seen as both a physical and psychological barrier for pedestrians that separates the city from the lake. Proposals call for the highway to be replaced with an at\-grade level 10\-lane thoroughfare or burying it (tunnelling), but implementation of any such plans would be extremely expensive and would entail massive traffic disruptions. Others claim that the railway lines just north of the Gardiner are the real barrier, and still others see the condominium towers built along the waterfront in the 1990s and 2000s as either a barrier, or contributing to the separation. * The [Portlands Energy Centre](/wiki/Portlands_Energy_Centre "Portlands Energy Centre") is a recently approved natural gas electrical generating station, which has met with large\-scale local community opposition. * The island airport generates both strong opposition and strong support from different groups both inside and outside the city, and was a major issue in the 2003 municipal election. Opposition by residents prevented the building of a bridge, but the [Government of Canada](/wiki/Government_of_Canada "Government of Canada") paid a {{CAD\|35 million}} out\-of\-court settlement to the affected parties, part of which may have helped launch [Porter Airlines](/wiki/Porter_Airlines "Porter Airlines"). In 2015, there were plans to lengthen the airport runway and to allow jet aircraft. * Renaturalization of the [Don River](/wiki/Don_River_%28Ontario%29 "Don River (Ontario)") mouth. The lower Don Lands are planned to be "renaturalised" and the surrounding flood plain area, including the downtown core, will be flood\-proofed by building a berm (a plan that was first proposed in the early 60's by City Planner Eric Arthur). There is currently an environmental assessment underway on this proposal which was waived by the Province. Ecologists are calling for a return to the [lacustrine](/wiki/Lake "Lake") marsh that existed in Ashbridges Bay prior to extensive land filling done from the late 19th century on. * The needs of existing recreational stakeholders. For over thirty years, several sailing, rowing, and windsurfing clubs have been using the area east of Cherry Beach and south of Unwin Avenue. These volunteer\-run clubs, comprised collectively of up to 2,000 members, have spent many years building up physical and recreational infrastructure which would be difficult to replicate elsewhere.
[ "Revitalization plans\n--------------------", "Waterfront revitalization has been a hot topic of debate in Toronto for decades. In 1972, the federal government established the \"Harbourfront Project\" which converted part of the central waterfront from industrial uses to cultural, recreational and residential uses. Harbourfront Centre and [Queen's Quay Terminal](/wiki/Queen%27s_Quay_Terminal \"Queen's Quay Terminal\") are legacies of that revitalization effort. In 1999, a task force was established to develop recommendations and a business plan for revitalization.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=December 2023}}\n[thumb\\|left\\|Originally a warehouse terminal, [Queen's Quay Terminal](/wiki/Queen%27s_Quay_Terminal \"Queen's Quay Terminal\") was converted into a condo/mall complex in 1983\\.](/wiki/File:TorontoWaterFront10.jpg \"TorontoWaterFront10.jpg\")\nIn 2001, following the recommendations of the task force, the federal, provincial and municipal governments established the Toronto Waterfront Revitalization Corporation (now known as [Waterfront Toronto](/wiki/Waterfront_Toronto \"Waterfront Toronto\")), to lead and manage the renewal of Toronto's waterfront. The three levels of government committed $1\\.5 billion to launch the redevelopment initiative. Waterfront Toronto is overseen by a 13\\-member government appointed Board of Directors.", "Waterfront revitalization is concentrated on Toronto's central waterfront, an area that extends from Dowling Avenue in the west to Coxwell Avenue in the east. The revitalization of Toronto's waterfront is one of the largest urban redevelopment project currently underway in North America with {{convert\\|800\\|ha\\|acre\\|abbr\\=off}} of largely underutilized, derelict land located steps away from Canada's largest financial and cultural urban core. Full revitalization is projected to take 25 to 30 years and an estimated $17 billion in public and private funds to complete.", "According to Waterfront Toronto's master plan, once fully developed, Toronto's waterfront will include 40,000 new residences (20% of which will be affordable housing), 40,000 new jobs, new transit infrastructure and {{convert\\|300\\|ha\\|acre\\|abbr\\=off}} of parks and public spaces.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=December 2023}}\n[thumb\\|Construction over the [West Don Lands](/wiki/West_Don_Lands \"West Don Lands\") in 2013\\. The area was one of the first neighbourhoods to be developed by [Waterfront Toronto](/wiki/Waterfront_Toronto \"Waterfront Toronto\").](/wiki/File:Construction_in_the_West_Don_Lands%2C_2013_06_03_A_%282%29.JPG \"Construction in the West Don Lands, 2013 06 03 A (2).JPG\")\nWaterfront Toronto's plans identify public accessibility to the waterfront and the development of parks and public spaces as major priorities. A variety of waterfront public space projects have already been completed by the organization including York and John Quay Promenades, improvements to Cherry Beach, the Western Beaches Watercourse, Marilyn Bell Park improvements and expansion of the Martin Goodman Trail from Marilyn Bell Park to Ontario Place and the completion of phase one Port Union Waterfront Park. The first phase on construction of the Central Waterfront and Mimico Waterfront Park were completed in summer 2008\\.", "The first new neighborhoods to be developed by Waterfront Toronto are the East Bayfront and West Don Lands. These lands are now rezoned as mixed use developments. Based on plans developed in consultation with public stakeholders, these environmental communities will feature green roof tops, pedestrian\\-friendly streets, extensive parks and public spaces, affordable housing, public transit within a five\\-minute walk of all residences, schools, childcare and recreation facilities.", "Site preparation activities and phase one infrastructure are currently underway in East Bayfront and West Don Lands. Waterfront Toronto launched the developer selection process for the East Bayfront in March 2008 and announced Urban Capital Property Group/Redquartz Developments as the first phase developer partner for the West Don Lands in April 2008\\.", "### Central Waterfront Innovative Design Competition", "[thumb\\|The Simcoe WaveDeck is one of several [WaveDecks](/wiki/WaveDecks \"WaveDecks\") built along the waterfront. These public spaces were built in an effort to revitalize the waterfront.](/wiki/File:Wavedeck_at_Simcoe_and_Queens_Quay.jpg \"Wavedeck at Simcoe and Queens Quay.jpg\")\nThe Toronto waterfront has seen at least 15 design charettes over the last 65 years, the most recent being the Innovative Design Competition for the Central Waterfront that took place in 2006\\. This charette was won by a team led by [West 8](/wiki/West_8 \"West 8\"), a landscape architecture and urban design firm from [Rotterdam](/wiki/Rotterdam \"Rotterdam\"), in joint venture with DTAH (du Toit Allsopp Hillier), a Toronto architecture, landscape architecture and urban design firm.{{cite web\n \\|url \\= http://www.toronto.ca/waterfront/newsrel060206\\.htm\n \\|title \\= West 8 Wins Waterfront Corp. Design Competition\n \\|work \\= City of Toronto: News releases\n \\|date \\= 2006\\-06\\-02\n \\|access\\-date \\= 2007\\-03\\-18\n \\|url\\-status \\= dead\n \\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20070927194328/http://www.toronto.ca/waterfront/newsrel060206\\.htm\n \\|archive\\-date \\= 2007\\-09\\-27\n}} The proposed design includes a wide promenade along the water and extensive green space. Bridges and [WaveDecks](/wiki/WaveDecks \"WaveDecks\") rising from the boardwalk and spanning the ends of the slips will provide continuous public access to the lakeshore. Additionally, the southern half of [Queens Quay](/wiki/Queens_Quay_%28Toronto%29 \"Queens Quay (Toronto)\") will be turned into a pedestrian walkway.{{cite web\n\\| url \\= http://www.dtah.com/waterfront/\n\\| title \\= The Multiple Waterfront\n\\| author \\= du Toit Allsopp Hiller\n\\| access\\-date \\= 2007\\-03\\-18\n}} The proposal also emphasizes the need for stronger north–south connections between the harbour and the downtown core. The first phase was to be completed by 2008\\. As of January 2008, no such work has been undertaken, but private developers began construction of a condominium complex at the foot of Yonge Street, and TEDCO started construction of [Corus Quay](/wiki/Corus_Quay \"Corus Quay\").", "### Major issues", "* Some see the [Gardiner Expressway](/wiki/Gardiner_Expressway \"Gardiner Expressway\"), a raised [highway](/wiki/Highway \"Highway\") that runs just north of the lakeshore, as a major obstacle to waterfront redevelopment. The highway is often seen as both a physical and psychological barrier for pedestrians that separates the city from the lake. Proposals call for the highway to be replaced with an at\\-grade level 10\\-lane thoroughfare or burying it (tunnelling), but implementation of any such plans would be extremely expensive and would entail massive traffic disruptions. Others claim that the railway lines just north of the Gardiner are the real barrier, and still others see the condominium towers built along the waterfront in the 1990s and 2000s as either a barrier, or contributing to the separation.\n* The [Portlands Energy Centre](/wiki/Portlands_Energy_Centre \"Portlands Energy Centre\") is a recently approved natural gas electrical generating station, which has met with large\\-scale local community opposition.\n* The island airport generates both strong opposition and strong support from different groups both inside and outside the city, and was a major issue in the 2003 municipal election. Opposition by residents prevented the building of a bridge, but the [Government of Canada](/wiki/Government_of_Canada \"Government of Canada\") paid a {{CAD\\|35 million}} out\\-of\\-court settlement to the affected parties, part of which may have helped launch [Porter Airlines](/wiki/Porter_Airlines \"Porter Airlines\"). In 2015, there were plans to lengthen the airport runway and to allow jet aircraft.\n* Renaturalization of the [Don River](/wiki/Don_River_%28Ontario%29 \"Don River (Ontario)\") mouth. The lower Don Lands are planned to be \"renaturalised\" and the surrounding flood plain area, including the downtown core, will be flood\\-proofed by building a berm (a plan that was first proposed in the early 60's by City Planner Eric Arthur). There is currently an environmental assessment underway on this proposal which was waived by the Province. Ecologists are calling for a return to the [lacustrine](/wiki/Lake \"Lake\") marsh that existed in Ashbridges Bay prior to extensive land filling done from the late 19th century on.\n* The needs of existing recreational stakeholders. For over thirty years, several sailing, rowing, and windsurfing clubs have been using the area east of Cherry Beach and south of Unwin Avenue. These volunteer\\-run clubs, comprised collectively of up to 2,000 members, have spent many years building up physical and recreational infrastructure which would be difficult to replicate elsewhere." ]
Career ------ ### Early career Working as a freelance [sign painter](/wiki/Sign_painting "Sign painting") from 1917, Ellington began assembling groups to play for dances. In 1919, he met drummer [Sonny Greer](/wiki/Sonny_Greer "Sonny Greer") from New Jersey, who encouraged Ellington's ambition to become a professional musician. Ellington built his music business through his day job. When a customer asked him to make a sign for a dance or party, he would ask if they had musical entertainment; if not, Ellington would offer to play for the occasion. He also had a messenger job with the U.S. Navy and State departments, where he made a wide range of contacts. Ellington moved out of his parents' home and bought his own as he became a successful pianist. At first, he played in other ensembles, and in late 1917 formed his first group, "The Duke's Serenaders" ("Colored Syncopators", his telephone directory advertising proclaimed). He was also the group's booking agent. His first play date was at the True Reformer's Hall, where he took home 75 cents.{{Harvnb\|Hasse\|1993\|p\=45}}. Ellington played throughout the D.C. area and into [Virginia](/wiki/Virginia "Virginia") for private society balls and embassy parties. The band included childhood friend [Otto Hardwick](/wiki/Otto_Hardwick "Otto Hardwick"), who began playing the string bass, then moved to C\-melody sax and finally settled on alto saxophone; [Arthur Whetsel](/wiki/Arthur_Whetsel "Arthur Whetsel") on trumpet; [Elmer Snowden](/wiki/Elmer_Snowden "Elmer Snowden") on banjo; and Sonny Greer on drums. The band thrived, performing for both African\-American and white audiences, rare in the [segregated](/wiki/Racial_segregation "Racial segregation") society of the day.{{cite journal \|last\= Cohen\| first\= Harvey G.\|date\=Autumn 2004 \|title\=The Marketing of Duke Ellington: Setting the Strategy for an African American Maestro \|journal\=The Journal of African American History \|volume\= 89\|issue\=4\|pages\=291–315 \|jstor\=4134056\|doi\=10\.2307/4134056\| s2cid\= 145278913}} [thumb\|British pressing of "East St. Louis Toodle\-Oo" (1927\)](/wiki/File:Duke_Ellington_St._Louis_Toodle-Oo.jpg "Duke Ellington St. Louis Toodle-Oo.jpg") When his drummer Sonny Greer was invited to join the [Wilber Sweatman](/wiki/Wilber_Sweatman "Wilber Sweatman") Orchestra in New York City, Ellington left his successful career in D.C. and moved to [Harlem](/wiki/Harlem "Harlem"), ultimately becoming part of the [Harlem Renaissance](/wiki/Harlem_Renaissance "Harlem Renaissance").{{sfn\|page\=13\|Brothers\|2018}} New dance crazes such as the [Charleston](/wiki/Charleston_%28dance%29 "Charleston (dance)") emerged in Harlem, as well as African\-American [musical theater](/wiki/Musical_theater "Musical theater"), including [Eubie Blake](/wiki/Eubie_Blake "Eubie Blake")'s and [Noble Sissle](/wiki/Noble_Sissle "Noble Sissle")'s (the latter of whom was his neighbor) *[Shuffle Along](/wiki/Shuffle_Along "Shuffle Along")*. After the young musicians left the Sweatman Orchestra to strike out on their own, they found an emerging jazz scene that was highly competitive with difficult inroad. They [hustled pool](/wiki/Pool_hustling "Pool hustling") by day and played whatever gigs they could find. The young band met stride pianist [Willie "The Lion" Smith](/wiki/Willie_%22The_Lion%22_Smith "Willie "), who introduced them to the scene and gave them some money. They played at [rent\-house parties](/wiki/Rent_party "Rent party") for income. After a few months, the young musicians returned to Washington, D.C., feeling discouraged. In June 1923, they played a gig in [Atlantic City, New Jersey](/wiki/Atlantic_City%2C_New_Jersey "Atlantic City, New Jersey") and another at the prestigious Exclusive Club in Harlem. This was followed in September 1923 by a move to the Hollywood Club (at 49th and Broadway) and a four\-year engagement, which gave Ellington a solid artistic base. He was known to play the [bugle](/wiki/Bugle "Bugle") at the end of each performance. The group was initially called Elmer Snowden and his Black Sox Orchestra and had seven members, including trumpeter [James "Bubber" Miley](/wiki/James_%22Bubber%22_Miley "James "). They renamed themselves The Washingtonians. Snowden left the group in early 1924, and Ellington took over as bandleader. After a fire, the club was re\-opened as the Club Kentucky (often referred to as the Kentucky Club). Ellington then made eight records in 1924, receiving composing credit on three including "Choo Choo".{{Harvnb\|Hasse\|1993\|p\=79}}. In 1925, Ellington contributed four songs to *[Chocolate Kiddies](/wiki/Chocolate_Kiddies "Chocolate Kiddies")* starring [Lottie Gee](/wiki/Lottie_Gee "Lottie Gee") and [Adelaide Hall](/wiki/Adelaide_Hall "Adelaide Hall"),{{citation needed\|date\=August 2022}} an all–African\-American revue which introduced European audiences to African\-American styles and performers. Duke Ellington and his Kentucky Club Orchestra grew to a group of ten players; they developed their own sound via the non\-traditional expression of Ellington's arrangements, the street rhythms of Harlem, and the exotic\-sounding trombone growls and wah\-wahs, high\-squealing trumpets, and saxophone blues licks of the band members. For a short time, soprano saxophonist and clarinetist [Sidney Bechet](/wiki/Sidney_Bechet "Sidney Bechet") played with them, reportedly becoming the dominant personality in the group, with Sonny Greer saying Bechet "fitted out the band like a glove". His presence resulted in friction with Miley and trombonist [Charlie Irvis](/wiki/Charlie_Irvis "Charlie Irvis"), whose styles differed from Bechet's New Orleans\-influenced playing. It was mainly Bechet's unreliability—he was absent for three days in succession—which made his association with Ellington short\-lived.{{Harvnb\|Lawrence\|2001\|pp\=46–47}} ### Cotton Club engagement In October 1926, Ellington made an agreement with agent\-publisher [Irving Mills](/wiki/Irving_Mills "Irving Mills"),Gary Giddins *Visions of Jazz: The First Century*, New York \& Oxford, 1998, pp. 112–113\. giving Mills a 45% interest in Ellington's future.{{Harvnb\|Hasse\|1993\|p\=90}} Mills had an eye for new talent and published compositions by [Hoagy Carmichael](/wiki/Hoagy_Carmichael "Hoagy Carmichael"), [Dorothy Fields](/wiki/Dorothy_Fields "Dorothy Fields"), and [Harold Arlen](/wiki/Harold_Arlen "Harold Arlen") early in their careers. After recording a handful of [acoustic sides](/wiki/Acoustic_recording "Acoustic recording") during 1924–26, Ellington's signing with Mills allowed him to record prolifically. However, sometimes he recorded different versions of the same tune. Mills regularly took a co\-composer credit. From the beginning of their relationship, Mills arranged recording sessions on nearly every label, including [Brunswick](/wiki/Brunswick_Records "Brunswick Records"), [Victor](/wiki/Victor_Talking_Machine_Company "Victor Talking Machine Company"), [Columbia](/wiki/Columbia_Records "Columbia Records"), [OKeh](/wiki/Okeh_Records "Okeh Records"), [Pathé](/wiki/Pathe_Records "Pathe Records") (and its subsidiary, Perfect), the ARC/Plaza group of labels (Oriole, Domino, Jewel, Banner) and their dime\-store labels (Cameo, Lincoln, Romeo), Hit of the Week, and Columbia's cheaper labels (Harmony, Diva, Velvet Tone, Clarion), labels that gave Ellington popular recognition. On OKeh, his records were usually issued as The Harlem Footwarmers. In contrast, the Brunswicks were usually issued as The Jungle Band. Whoopee Makers and the Ten BlackBerries were other pseudonyms. In September 1927, [King Oliver](/wiki/King_Oliver "King Oliver") turned down a regular booking for his group as the house band at Harlem's [Cotton Club](/wiki/Cotton_Club "Cotton Club");{{Harvnb\|Lawrence\|2001\|p\=77}} the offer passed to Ellington after [Jimmy McHugh](/wiki/Jimmy_McHugh "Jimmy McHugh") suggested him and Mills arranged an audition.Gutman, Bill. *Duke: The Musical Life of Duke Ellington*, New York: E\-Rights/E\-Reads, 1977 \[2001], p. 35\. Ellington had to increase from a six to 11\-piece group to meet the requirements of the Cotton Club's management for the audition,Duke Ellington *Music is my Mistress*, New York: Da Capo, 1973 \[1976], pp. 75–76\. and the engagement finally began on December 4\.John Franceschina *Duke Ellington's Music for the Theatre*, Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland, 2001, p. 16\. With a weekly radio broadcast, the Cotton Club's exclusively white and wealthy clientele poured in nightly to see them. At the Cotton Club, Ellington's group performed all the music for the revues, which mixed comedy, dance numbers, vaudeville, burlesque, music, and [illicit alcohol](/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States "Prohibition in the United States"). The musical numbers were composed by Jimmy McHugh and the lyrics were written by Dorothy Fields (later Harold Arlen and [Ted Koehler](/wiki/Ted_Koehler "Ted Koehler")), with some Ellington originals mixed in. (Here, he moved in with a dancer, his second wife [Mildred Dixon](/wiki/Mildred_Dixon "Mildred Dixon")). Weekly radio broadcasts from the club gave Ellington national exposure. At the same time, Ellington also recorded Fields\-JMcHugh and [Fats Waller](/wiki/Fats_Waller "Fats Waller")–[Andy Razaf](/wiki/Andy_Razaf "Andy Razaf") songs. [thumb\| [Adelaide Hall](/wiki/Adelaide_Hall "Adelaide Hall") recorded "[Creole Love Call](/wiki/Creole_Love_Call "Creole Love Call")" with Ellington in 1927\. The recording became a worldwide hit.](/wiki/File:Vu_%28magazine%29_N%C2%B077.JPG "Vu (magazine) N°77.JPG") Although trumpeter Bubber Miley was a member of the orchestra for only a short period, he had a major influence on Ellington's sound.{{cite journal\|last\=Schuller\|first\=Gunther\|date\=October 1992\|title\=Jazz and Composition: The Many Sides of Duke Ellington, the Music's Greatest Composer\|journal\=Bulletin of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences\|volume\=46\|issue\=1\|pages\=36–51\|doi\=10\.2307/3824163\|jstor\=3824163}} As an early exponent of growl trumpet, Miley changed the sweet dance band sound of the group to one that was hotter, which contemporaries termed Jungle Style, which can be seen in his feature chorus in *East St. Louis Toodle\-Oo* (1926\).{{sfn\|page\=33\|Brothers\|2018}} In October 1927, Ellington and his Orchestra recorded several compositions with [Adelaide Hall](/wiki/Adelaide_Hall "Adelaide Hall"). One side in particular, "[Creole Love Call](/wiki/Creole_Love_Call "Creole Love Call")", became a worldwide sensation and gave both Ellington and Hall their first hit record.{{cite AV media \|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=fjI1tbAXO2w \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140105220224/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=fjI1tbAXO2w \|archive\-date\=January 5, 2014 \|url\-status\=bot: unknown \|title\=Adelaide Hall talks about 1920s Harlem and Creole Love Call \|publisher\=jazzgirl1920s \|via\=YouTube \|access\-date\=February 2, 2013 }}{{unreliable source?\|date\=August 2022}}Williams, Iain Cameron, [*Underneath a Harlem Moon ... The Harlem to Paris Years of Adelaide Hall*](http://www.bloomsbury.com/us/underneath-a-harlem-moon-9780826458933/) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226182123/https://www.bloomsbury.com/us/underneath\-a\-harlem\-moon\-9780826458933/ \|date\=February 26, 2021 }}, Continuum Publishing Int., 2002 (on pp. 112–117 Williams talks about "Creole Love Call" in\-depth). Miley had composed most of "[Creole Love Call](/wiki/Creole_Love_Call "Creole Love Call")" and "[Black and Tan Fantasy](/wiki/Black_and_Tan_Fantasy "Black and Tan Fantasy")". An alcoholic, Miley had to leave the band before they gained wider fame. He died in 1932 at the age of 29, but he was an important influence on [Cootie Williams](/wiki/Cootie_Williams "Cootie Williams"), who replaced him. In 1929, the Cotton Club Orchestra appeared on stage for several months in [Florenz Ziegfeld](/wiki/Florenz_Ziegfeld "Florenz Ziegfeld")'s Show Girl, along with vaudeville stars [Jimmy Durante](/wiki/Jimmy_Durante "Jimmy Durante"), [Eddie Foy, Jr.](/wiki/Eddie_Foy%2C_Jr. "Eddie Foy, Jr."), [Ruby Keeler](/wiki/Ruby_Keeler "Ruby Keeler"), and with music and lyrics by [George Gershwin](/wiki/George_Gershwin "George Gershwin") and [Gus Kahn](/wiki/Gus_Kahn "Gus Kahn"). [Will Vodery](/wiki/Will_Vodery "Will Vodery"), Ziegfeld's musical supervisor, recommended Ellington for the show.{{sfn\|pages\=53–54\|Brothers\|2018}} According to John Edward Hasse's *Beyond Category: The Life and Genius of Duke Ellington*, "Perhaps during the run of *Show Girl*, Ellington received what he later termed 'valuable lessons in orchestration from Will Vody." In his 1946 biography, *Duke Ellington*, [Barry Ulanov](/wiki/Barry_Ulanov "Barry Ulanov") wrote: {{blockquote\|From Vodery, as he (Ellington) says himself, he drew his \[\[chromatic scale\|chromatic]] convictions, his uses of the tones ordinarily extraneous to the \[\[diatonic scale]], with the consequent alteration of the harmonic character of his music, it's broadening, The deepening of his resources. It has become customary to ascribe the classical influences upon Duke—\[\[Frederick Delius\|Delius]], \[\[Claude Debussy\|Debussy]], and \[\[Maurice Ravel\|Ravel]]—to direct contact with their music. Actually, his serious appreciation of those and other modern composers, came after he met with Vody.Ulanov, Barry. ''Duke Ellington'', Creative Age Press, 1946\.}} Ellington's film work began with *[Black and Tan](/wiki/Black_and_Tan_%28film%29 "Black and Tan (film)")* (1929\), a 19\-minute all\-African\-American [RKO](/wiki/RKO_Pictures "RKO Pictures") shortStratemann, Klaus. *Duke Ellington: Day by Day and Film by Film*, 1992\. {{ISBN\|8788043347}} in which he played the hero "Duke". He also appeared in the [Amos 'n' Andy](/wiki/Amos_%27n%27_Andy "Amos 'n' Andy") film *[Check and Double Check](/wiki/Check_and_Double_Check "Check and Double Check")* released in 1930, which features the orchestra playing "Old Man Blues" in an extended ballroom scene.{{sfn\|page\=65\|Brothers\|2018}} That year, Ellington and his Orchestra connected with a whole different audience in a concert with [Maurice Chevalier](/wiki/Maurice_Chevalier "Maurice Chevalier") and they also performed at the [Roseland Ballroom](/wiki/Roseland_Ballroom "Roseland Ballroom"), "America's foremost ballroom". Australian\-born composer [Percy Grainger](/wiki/Percy_Grainger "Percy Grainger") was an early admirer and supporter. He wrote, "The three greatest composers who ever lived are [Bach](/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach "Johann Sebastian Bach"), [Delius](/wiki/Frederick_Delius "Frederick Delius") and Duke Ellington. Unfortunately, Bach is dead, Delius is very ill but we are happy to have with us today The Duke".John Bird, *Percy Grainger*. Ellington's first period at the Cotton Club concluded in 1931\. ### Early 1930s Ellington led the orchestra by conducting from the keyboard using piano cues and visual gestures; very rarely did he conduct using a baton. By 1932 his orchestra consisted of six brass instruments, four reeds, and a rhythm section of four players.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/grove/music/08731\|title\=Ellington, Duke\|last\=Hodeir\|first\=André\|website\=Oxford Music Online\|publisher\=Oxford University Press\|access\-date\=September 15, 2016}} As the leader, Ellington was not a strict disciplinarian; he maintained control of his orchestra with a combination of charm, humor, flattery, and astute psychology. A complex, private person, he revealed his feelings to only his closest intimates. He effectively used his public persona to deflect attention away from himself. Ellington signed exclusively to Brunswick in 1932 and stayed with them through to late 1936 (albeit with a short\-lived 1933–34 switch to Victor when Irving Mills temporarily moved his acts from Brunswick). As the Depression worsened, the recording industry was in crisis, dropping over 90% of its artists by 1933\.{{Harvnb\|Hasse\|1993\|p\=166}} [Ivie Anderson](/wiki/Ivie_Anderson "Ivie Anderson") was hired as the Ellington Orchestra's featured vocalist in 1931\. She is the vocalist on "[It Don't Mean a Thing (If It Ain't Got That Swing)](/wiki/It_Don%27t_Mean_a_Thing_%28If_It_Ain%27t_Got_That_Swing%29 "It Don't Mean a Thing (If It Ain't Got That Swing)")" (1932\) among other recordings. Sonny Greer had been providing occasional vocals and continued to do in a cross\-talk feature with Anderson. Radio exposure helped maintain Ellington's public profile as his orchestra began to tour. The other 78s of this era include: "[Mood Indigo](/wiki/Mood_Indigo "Mood Indigo")" (1930\), "[Sophisticated Lady](/wiki/Sophisticated_Lady "Sophisticated Lady")" (1933\), "[Solitude](/wiki/%28In_My%29_Solitude "(In My) Solitude")" (1934\), and "[In a Sentimental Mood](/wiki/In_a_Sentimental_Mood "In a Sentimental Mood")" (1935\). While Ellington's United States audience remained mainly African\-American in this period, the orchestra had a significant following overseas. They traveled to England and Scotland in 1933, as well as France (three concerts at the [Salle Pleyel](/wiki/Salle_Pleyel "Salle Pleyel") in Paris){{Harvnb\|Hasse\|1993\|p\=173}} and the Netherlands before returning to New York.{{Harvnb\|Green\|2015\|p\=221}}{{cite news\|last\=Williams\|first\=Richard\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2011/jun/17/duke\-ellington\-mother\-dies\|title\=Duke Ellington's mother dies\|work\=The Guardian\|date\=June 17, 2011\|access\-date\=December 5, 2020}} On June 12, 1933, the Duke Ellington Orchestra gave its British debut at the [London Palladium](/wiki/London_Palladium "London Palladium");{{Harvnb\|Hasse\|1993\|p\=385}} Ellington received an ovation when he walked on stage.{{Harvnb\|Tucker\|1993\|p\=243}} They were one of 13 acts on the bill and were restricted to eight short numbers; the booking lasted until June 24\.{{Harvnb\|Stratemann\|1992\|p\=65}} The British visit saw Ellington win praise from members of the serious music community, including composer [Constant Lambert](/wiki/Constant_Lambert "Constant Lambert"), which gave a boost to Ellington's interest in composing longer works. [thumb\|thumbtime\=10\|*[Symphony in Black](/wiki/Symphony_in_Black "Symphony in Black")* (1935\)](/wiki/File:Symphony_in_Black_%281935%29.webm "Symphony in Black (1935).webm") His longer pieces had already begun to appear. Ellington had composed and recorded "Creole Rhapsody" as early as 1931 (issued as both sides of a 12" record for Victor and both sides of a 10" record for Brunswick).{{sfn\|page\=73\|Brothers\|2018}} A tribute to his mother, "Reminiscing in Tempo", took four 10" 78rpm record sides to record in 1935 after her death in that year.{{sfn\|page\=75\|Brothers\|2018}} *[Symphony in Black](/wiki/Symphony_in_Black "Symphony in Black")* (also 1935\), a short film, featured his extended piece 'A Rhapsody of Negro Life'. It introduced [Billie Holiday](/wiki/Billie_Holiday "Billie Holiday"), and won the [Academy Award](/wiki/Academy_Award "Academy Award") for Best Musical Short Subject.{{Harvnb\|Schuller\|1989\|p\=94}} Ellington and his Orchestra also appeared in the features *[Murder at the Vanities](/wiki/Murder_at_the_Vanities "Murder at the Vanities")* and *[Belle of the Nineties](/wiki/Belle_of_the_Nineties "Belle of the Nineties")* (both 1934\). For agent Mills, the attention was a publicity triumph, as Ellington was now internationally known. On the band's tour through the segregated South in 1934, they avoided some of the traveling difficulties of African Americans by touring in private railcars. These provided accessible accommodations, dining, and storage for equipment while avoiding the indignities of segregated facilities. However, the competition intensified as swing bands like [Benny Goodman](/wiki/Benny_Goodman "Benny Goodman")'s began to receive widespread attention. Swing dancing became a youth phenomenon, particularly with white college audiences, and danceability drove record sales and bookings. [Jukeboxes](/wiki/Jukebox "Jukebox") proliferated nationwide, spreading the gospel of swing. Ellington's band could certainly swing, but their strengths were mood, nuance, and richness of composition, hence his statement "jazz is music, the swing is business".{{Harvnb\|Hasse\|1993\|p\=203}}. ### Later 1930s From 1936, Ellington began to make recordings with smaller groups (sextets, octets, and nonets) drawn from his then\-15\-man orchestra.{{sfn\|page\=91\|Brothers\|2018}} He composed pieces intended to feature a specific instrumentalist, such as "Jeep's Blues" for [Johnny Hodges](/wiki/Johnny_Hodges "Johnny Hodges"), "Yearning for Love" for [Lawrence Brown](/wiki/Lawrence_Brown_%28jazz_trombonist%29 "Lawrence Brown (jazz trombonist)"), "Trumpet in Spades" for [Rex Stewart](/wiki/Rex_Stewart "Rex Stewart"), "[Echoes of Harlem](/wiki/Echoes_of_Harlem "Echoes of Harlem")" for [Cootie Williams](/wiki/Cootie_Williams "Cootie Williams") and "Clarinet Lament" for [Barney Bigard](/wiki/Barney_Bigard "Barney Bigard").{{sfn\|page\=88\|Brothers\|2018}} In 1937, Ellington returned to the Cotton Club, which had relocated to the mid\-town [Theater District](/wiki/Theater_District%2C_Manhattan "Theater District, Manhattan"). In the summer of that year, his father died, and due to many expenses, Ellington's finances were tight. However, his situation improved in the following years. After leaving agent Irving Mills, he signed on with the [William Morris Agency](/wiki/William_Morris_Agency "William Morris Agency"). Mills, though, continued to record Ellington. After only a year, his Master and Variety labels (the small groups had recorded for the latter) collapsed in late 1937\. Mills placed Ellington back on Brunswick and those small group units on Vocalion through to 1940\. Well\-known sides continued to be recorded, "[Caravan](/wiki/Caravan_%281937_song%29 "Caravan (1937 song)")" in 1937, and "I Let a Song Go Out of My Heart" the following year. [thumb\|Ellington in 1939](/wiki/File:Duke_Ellington_in_ons_land.ogv "Duke Ellington in ons land.ogv") [Billy Strayhorn](/wiki/Billy_Strayhorn "Billy Strayhorn"), originally hired as a lyricist, began his association with Ellington in 1939\.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.billystrayhorn.com/biography.htm \|title\=William Thomas Strayhorn \|editor\-last\=Stone \|editor\-first\=Sonjia \|year\=1983 \|work\=Billy Strayhorn Songs \|publisher\=University of North Carolina – Chapel Hill \|access\-date\=July 14, 2009 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090622191412/http://www.billystrayhorn.com/biography.htm \|archive\-date\=June 22, 2009 }} Nicknamed "Sweet Pea" for his mild manner, Strayhorn soon became a vital member of the Ellington organization. Ellington showed great fondness for Strayhorn and never failed to speak glowingly of the man and their collaborative working relationship, "my right arm, my left arm, all the eyes in the back of my head, my brain waves in his head, and his in mine".{{Harvnb\|Ellington\|1976\|p\=156}}. Strayhorn, with his training in classical music, not only contributed his original lyrics and music but also arranged and polished many of Ellington's works, becoming a second Ellington or "Duke's doppelgänger". It was not uncommon for Strayhorn to fill in for Duke, whether in conducting or rehearsing the band, playing the piano, on stage, and in the recording studio.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.allaboutjazz.com/php/article\_print.php?id\=31974 \|title\=Duke Ellington: Symphony of the Body and Soul \|author\=d'Gama Rose, Raul\|publisher\=Allaboutjazz.com \|access\-date\=December 31, 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120707041536/http://www.allaboutjazz.com/php/article\_print.php?id\=31974 \|archive\-date\=July 7, 2012 }} The decade ended with a very successful European tour in 1939 just as World War II loomed in Europe. ### Ellington in the early to mid\-1940s [thumb\|right\| Ellington at the Hurricane Club, Broadway \& W. 51St, New York City,{{cite book\|last1\=Jackson\|first1\=Kenneth T.\|last2\=Keller\|first2\=Lisa\|last3\=Flood\|first3\=Nancy\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=lI5ERUmHf3YC\&pg\=PT1951\|title\=The Encyclopedia of New York\|location\=New Haven\|publisher\=Yale University Press\|date\=2010\|page\=1951\|isbn\=978\-0300182576}} May 1943](/wiki/File:Duke_Ellington_at_the_Hurricane_Club_1943.jpg "Duke Ellington at the Hurricane Club 1943.jpg") Two musicians who joined Ellington at this time created a sensation in their own right, [Jimmy Blanton](/wiki/Jimmy_Blanton "Jimmy Blanton") and [Ben Webster](/wiki/Ben_Webster "Ben Webster"). Blanton was effectively hired on the spot in late October 1939, before Ellington was aware of his name, when he dropped in on a gig of [Fate Marable](/wiki/Fate_Marable "Fate Marable") in St Louis.{{cite news\|last1\=Whitehead\|first1\=Kevin\|last2\=Bianculli\|first2\=David\|url\=https://www.npr.org/2018/10/05/654774239/a\-look\-back\-at\-how\-virtuoso\-jimmy\-blanton\-changed\-the\-bass\-forever\|title\=A Look Back At How Virtuoso Jimmy Blanton Changed The Bass Forever\|work\=NPR\|date\=October 5, 2018\|access\-date\=June 17, 2021}} The short\-lived Blanton transformed the use of double bass in jazz, allowing it to function as a solo/melodic instrument rather than a rhythm instrument alone.{{sfn\|page\=99–100\|Brothers\|2018}}Terminal illness forced him to leave by late 1941 after around two years. Ben Webster's principal tenure with Ellington spanned 1939 to 1943\. An ambition of his, he told his previous employer, [Teddy Wilson](/wiki/Teddy_Wilson "Teddy Wilson"), then leading a big band, that Ellington was the only rival he would leave Wilson for.{{Harvnb\|Büchmann\-Møller\|2006\|p\=57}} He was the orchestra's first regular tenor saxophonist and increased the size of the sax section to five for the first time.{{Harvnb\|Schuller\|1989\|p\=789}} Much influenced by Johnny Hodges, he often credited Hodges with showing him "how to play my horn". The two men sat next to each other in the orchestra.{{Harvnb\|Schuller\|1989\|p\=795}} Trumpeter [Ray Nance](/wiki/Ray_Nance "Ray Nance") joined, replacing [Cootie Williams](/wiki/Cootie_Williams "Cootie Williams") who had defected to [Benny Goodman](/wiki/Benny_Goodman "Benny Goodman"). Additionally, Nance added violin to the instrumental colors Ellington had at his disposal. Recordings exist of Nance's first concert date on November 7, 1940, at [Fargo, North Dakota](/wiki/Fargo%2C_North_Dakota "Fargo, North Dakota"). Privately made by [Jack Towers](/wiki/Jack_Towers "Jack Towers") and Dick Burris, these recordings were first legitimately issued in 1978 as *[Duke Ellington at Fargo, 1940 Live](/wiki/Duke_Ellington_at_Fargo%2C_1940_Live "Duke Ellington at Fargo, 1940 Live")*; they are among the earliest of innumerable live performances which survive. Nance was an occasional vocalist as well, although [Herb Jeffries](/wiki/Herb_Jeffries "Herb Jeffries") was the main male vocalist in this era (until 1943\) while [Al Hibbler](/wiki/Al_Hibbler "Al Hibbler") (who replaced Jeffries in 1943\) continued until 1951\. Ivie Anderson left in 1942 for health reasons after 11 years, the longest term of any of Ellington's vocalists.{{cite web\|url\=http://musicians.allaboutjazz.com/musician.php?id\=3424 \|title\=Musician Ivie Anderson (Vocal) @ All About Jazz \|publisher\=Musicians.allaboutjazz.com \|access\-date\=February 2, 2013}} Once more recording for Victor (from 1940\), with the small groups being issued on their [Bluebird](/wiki/Bluebird_Records "Bluebird Records") label, three\-minute masterpieces on [78 rpm record](/wiki/Gramophone_record "Gramophone record") sides continued to flow from Ellington, Billy Strayhorn, Ellington's son [Mercer Ellington](/wiki/Mercer_Ellington "Mercer Ellington"), and members of the orchestra.{{sfn\|page\=121\|Brothers\|2018}} "[Cotton Tail](/wiki/Cotton_Tail "Cotton Tail")", "Main Stem", "[Harlem Air Shaft](/wiki/Harlem_Air_Shaft "Harlem Air Shaft")", "Jack the Bear", and dozens of others date from this period. Strayhorn's "[Take the "A" Train](/wiki/Take_the_%22A%22_Train "Take the ")", a hit in 1941, became the band's theme, replacing "[East St. Louis Toodle\-Oo](/wiki/East_St._Louis_Toodle-Oo "East St. Louis Toodle-Oo")". Ellington and his associates wrote for an orchestra of distinctive voices displaying tremendous creativity.{{cite web\|url\=http://theoryjazz.com/artists/ellington.html\|title\=Jazz Musicians – Duke Ellington\|publisher\=Theory Jazz\|access\-date\=July 14, 2009\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150903233432/http://theoryjazz.com/artists/ellington.html\|archive\-date\=September 3, 2015}} The commercial recordings from this era were re\-issued in the three\-CD collection, *[Never No Lament](/wiki/Never_No_Lament:The_Blanton-Webster_Band "The Blanton-Webster Band")*, in 2003\. Ellington's long\-term aim, though, was to extend the jazz form from that three\-minute limit, of which he was an acknowledged master.{{cite book\|last\=Crawford\|first\=Richard\|title\=The American Musical Landscape\|publisher\=University of California Press\|location\=Berkeley\|year\=1993\|isbn\=978\-0520077645\|url\=https://archive.org/details/americanmusicall00rich}} While he had composed and recorded some extended pieces before, such works now became a regular feature of Ellington's output. In this, he was helped by Strayhorn, who had enjoyed a more thorough training in the forms associated with classical music than Ellington. The first of these, *[Black, Brown, and Beige](/wiki/Black%2C_Brown%2C_and_Beige "Black, Brown, and Beige")* (1943\), was dedicated to telling the story of African Americans and the place of slavery and the church in their history.{{sfn\|page\=131\|Brothers\|2018}} *Black, Brown and Beige* debuted at [Carnegie Hall](/wiki/Carnegie_Hall "Carnegie Hall") on January 23, 1943, beginning an annual series of Ellington concerts at the venue over the next four years. While some jazz musicians had played at Carnegie Hall before, none had performed anything as elaborate as Ellington's work. Unfortunately, starting a regular pattern, Ellington's longer works were generally not well received. A partial exception was *Jump for Joy*, a full\-length musical based on themes of African\-American identity, which debuted on July 10, 1941, at the [Mayan Theater](/wiki/Mayan_Theater "Mayan Theater") in Los Angeles. Hollywood actors [John Garfield](/wiki/John_Garfield "John Garfield") and [Mickey Rooney](/wiki/Mickey_Rooney "Mickey Rooney") invested in the production, and [Charlie Chaplin](/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin "Charlie Chaplin") and [Orson Welles](/wiki/Orson_Welles "Orson Welles") offered to direct.Harvey G. Cohen, *Duke Ellington's America*, Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 2010, p. 189\. At one performance, Garfield insisted that Herb Jeffries, who was light\-skinned, should wear makeup. Ellington objected in the interval and compared Jeffries to [Al Jolson](/wiki/Al_Jolson "Al Jolson"). The change was reverted. The singer later commented that the audience must have thought he was an entirely different character in the second half of the show.{{harvnb\|Cohen\|2010\|pp\=190–191}} Although it had sold\-out performances and received positive reviews,{{harvnb\|Cohen\|2010\|pp\=191–92}} it ran for only 122 performances until September 29, 1941, with a brief revival in November of that year. Its subject matter did not make it appealing to Broadway; Ellington had unfulfilled plans to take it there.{{cite web\|last\=Brent \|first\=David \|url\=http://indianapublicmedia.org/nightlights/jump\-for\-joy\-duke\-ellingtons\-celebratory\-musical/ \|title\=Jump For Joy: Duke Ellington's Celebratory Musical \| Night Lights Classic Jazz – WFIU Public Radio \|publisher\=Indianapublicmedia.org \|date\=February 6, 2008 \|access\-date\=December 31, 2011}} Despite this disappointment, a Broadway production of Ellington's *[Beggar's Holiday](/wiki/Beggar%27s_Holiday "Beggar's Holiday")*, his sole book musical, premiered on December 23, 1946,Lawrence, 2001, p. 287\. under the direction of [Nicholas Ray](/wiki/Nicholas_Ray "Nicholas Ray"). The settlement of the [first recording ban of 1942–44](/wiki/1942%E2%80%931944_musicians%27_strike "1942–1944 musicians' strike"), leading to an increase in royalties paid to musicians, had a severe effect on the financial viability of the big bands, including Ellington's Orchestra. His income as a songwriter ultimately subsidized it. Although he always spent lavishly and drew a respectable income from the orchestra's operations, the band's income often just covered expenses.{{Harvnb\|Hasse\|1993\|p\=274}}. However, in 1943 Ellington asked Webster to leave; the saxophonist's personality made his colleagues anxious and the saxophonist was regularly in conflict with the leader.{{Harvnb\|Lawrence\|2001\|pp\=321–322}}. ### Early post\-war years Musicians enlisting in the military and travel restrictions made touring difficult for the big bands, and dancing became subject to a new tax, which continued for many years, affecting the choices of club owners. By the time World War II ended, the focus of popular music was shifting towards singing crooners such as [Frank Sinatra](/wiki/Frank_Sinatra "Frank Sinatra") and [Jo Stafford](/wiki/Jo_Stafford "Jo Stafford"). As the cost of hiring big bands had increased, club owners now found smaller jazz groups more cost\-effective. Some of Ellington's new works, such as the wordless vocal feature "Transblucency" (1946\) with [Kay Davis](/wiki/Kay_Davis "Kay Davis"), were not going to have a similar reach as the newly emerging stars. [thumb\|Ellington poses with his piano at the KFG Radio Studio on November 3, 1954\.](/wiki/File:Jazz_musician_Duke_Ellington.JPEG "Jazz musician Duke Ellington.JPEG") Ellington continued on his own course through these tectonic shifts. While [Count Basie](/wiki/Count_Basie "Count Basie") was forced to disband his whole ensemble and work as an octet for a time, Ellington was able to tour most of Western Europe between April 6 and June 30, 1950, with the orchestra playing 74 dates over 77 days.{{Harvnb\|Lawrence\|2001\|p\=291}} During the tour, according to Sonny Greer, Ellington did not perform the newer works. However, Ellington's extended composition, *[Harlem](/wiki/Harlem_%28Ellington%29 "Harlem (Ellington)")* (1950\), was in the process of being completed at this time. Ellington later presented its score to music\-loving President [Harry Truman](/wiki/Harry_Truman "Harry Truman"). Also during his time in Europe, Ellington would compose the music for a stage production by [Orson Welles](/wiki/Orson_Welles "Orson Welles"). Titled *Time Runs* in Paris{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/3965054/Eartha\-Kitt.html \|archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/3965054/Eartha\-Kitt.html \|archive\-date\=January 11, 2022 \|url\-access\=subscription \|url\-status\=live\|title\=Eartha Kitt: Singer who rose from poverty to captivate audiences around the world with her purring voice\|date\=December 26, 2008\|work\=\[\[The Daily Telegraph]]\|access\-date\=December 14, 2014}}{{cbignore}} and *An Evening With Orson Welles* in [Frankfurt](/wiki/Frankfurt "Frankfurt"), the variety show also featured a newly discovered [Eartha Kitt](/wiki/Eartha_Kitt "Eartha Kitt"), who performed Ellington's original song "Hungry Little Trouble" as [Helen of Troy](/wiki/Helen_of_Troy "Helen of Troy").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.stripes.com/news/eartha\-kitt\-wins\-raves\-in\-welles\-show\-at\-frankfurt\-1\.16046\|title\=Eartha Kitt wins raves in Welles' show at Frankfurt\|author\=Win Fanning \|date\=August 13, 1950\|work\=\[\[Stars and Stripes (newspaper)\|Stars and Stripes]]\|access\-date\=December 14, 2014}} In 1951, Ellington suffered a significant loss of personnel: Sonny Greer, Lawrence Brown, and, most importantly, [Johnny Hodges](/wiki/Johnny_Hodges "Johnny Hodges") left to pursue other ventures. However, only Greer was a permanent departee. Drummer [Louie Bellson](/wiki/Louie_Bellson "Louie Bellson") replaced Greer, and his "Skin Deep" was a hit for Ellington. Tenor player [Paul Gonsalves](/wiki/Paul_Gonsalves "Paul Gonsalves") had joined in December 1950 after periods with [Count Basie](/wiki/Count_Basie "Count Basie") and [Dizzy Gillespie](/wiki/Dizzy_Gillespie "Dizzy Gillespie") and stayed for the rest of his life, while [Clark Terry](/wiki/Clark_Terry "Clark Terry") joined in November 1951\.Ken Vail *Duke's Diary: The Life of Duke Ellington*, Lanham, Maryland \& Oxford, UK: Scarecrow Press, 2002, p. 28\. [André Previn](/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Previn "André Previn") said in 1952: "You know, [Stan Kenton](/wiki/Stan_Kenton "Stan Kenton") can stand in front of a thousand fiddles and a thousand brass and make a dramatic gesture and every studio arranger can nod his head and say, *Oh, yes, that's done like this.* But Duke merely lifts his finger, three horns make a sound, and I don't know what it is!"[Ralph J. Gleason](/wiki/Ralph_J._Gleason "Ralph J. Gleason") "Duke Excites, Mystifies Without Any Pretension", *DownBeat*, November 5, 1952, reprinted in *Jazz Perspectives* Vol. 2, No. 2, July 2008, pp. 215–249\. However, by 1955, after three years of recording for [Capitol](/wiki/Capitol_Records "Capitol Records"), Ellington lacked a regular recording affiliation. ### Career revival Ellington's appearance at the [Newport Jazz Festival](/wiki/Newport_Jazz_Festival "Newport Jazz Festival") on July 7, 1956, returned him to wider prominence. The feature "[Diminuendo and Crescendo in Blue](/wiki/Diminuendo_and_Crescendo_in_Blue "Diminuendo and Crescendo in Blue")" comprised two tunes that had been in the band's book since 1937\. Ellington, who had abruptly ended the band's scheduled set because of the late arrival of four key players, called the two tunes as the time was approaching midnight. Announcing that the two pieces would be separated by an interlude played by tenor saxophonist [Paul Gonsalves](/wiki/Paul_Gonsalves "Paul Gonsalves"), Ellington proceeded to lead the band through the two pieces, with Gonsalves' 27\-chorus marathon solo whipping the crowd into a frenzy, leading the Maestro to play way beyond the curfew time despite urgent pleas from festival organizer [George Wein](/wiki/George_Wein "George Wein") to bring the program to an end. The concert made international headlines, and led to one of only five *[Time](/wiki/Time_%28magazine%29 "Time (magazine)")* magazine cover stories dedicated to a jazz musician,{{cite magazine\|url\=http://www.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19560820,00\.html \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20061207074656/http://www.time.com/time/covers/0%2C16641%2C19560820%2C00\.html \|archive\-date\=December 7, 2006 \|title\=Jazzman Duke Ellington\|magazine\=Time \|date\=August 20, 1956 \|access\-date\=February 2, 2013}} and resulted in an album produced by [George Avakian](/wiki/George_Avakian "George Avakian") that would become the best\-selling LP of Ellington's career.Jack Sohmer ["Duke Ellington: *Ellington at Newport 1956* (Complete)"](http://jazztimes.com/articles/10496-ellington-at-newport-1956-complete-duke-ellington) *JazzTimes*, October 1999\. Much of the music on the LP was, in effect, simulated, with only about 40% actually from the concert itself. According to Avakian, Ellington was dissatisfied with aspects of the performance and felt the musicians had been under\-rehearsed. The band assembled the next day to re\-record several numbers with the addition of the faked sound of a crowd, none of which was disclosed to purchasers of the album. Not until 1999 was the concert recording properly released for the first time. The revived attention brought about by the Newport appearance should not have surprised anyone, Johnny Hodges had returned the previous year,{{Harvnb\|Hasse\|1995\|pp\=317–318}} and Ellington's collaboration with Strayhorn was renewed around the same time, under terms more amenable to the younger man.{{Harvnb\|Hajdu\|1996\|pp\=153–154}} The original *[Ellington at Newport](/wiki/Ellington_at_Newport "Ellington at Newport")* album was the first release in a new recording contract with [Columbia Records](/wiki/Columbia_Records "Columbia Records") which yielded several years of recording stability, mainly under producer [Irving Townsend](/wiki/Irving_Townsend "Irving Townsend"), who coaxed both commercial and artistic productions from Ellington.{{cite book\|last\=Wein\|first\=George\|title\=Myself Among Others: A Life in Music\|publisher\=Da Capo Press\|year\=2003}} In 1957, [CBS](/wiki/CBS "CBS") (Columbia Records' parent corporation) aired a live television production of *[A Drum Is a Woman](/wiki/A_Drum_Is_a_Woman "A Drum Is a Woman")*, an allegorical suite which received mixed reviews. Festival appearances at the new [Monterey Jazz Festival](/wiki/Monterey_Jazz_Festival "Monterey Jazz Festival") and elsewhere provided venues for live exposure, and a European tour in 1958 was well received. *[Such Sweet Thunder](/wiki/Such_Sweet_Thunder "Such Sweet Thunder")* (1957\), based on [Shakespeare's](/wiki/William_Shakespeare "William Shakespeare") plays and characters, and *[The Queen's Suite](/wiki/The_Ellington_Suites "The Ellington Suites")* (1958\), dedicated to Britain's [Queen Elizabeth II](/wiki/Elizabeth_II_of_the_United_Kingdom "Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom"), were products of the renewed impetus which the Newport appearance helped to create. However, the latter work was not commercially issued at the time. The late 1950s also saw [Ella Fitzgerald](/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald "Ella Fitzgerald") record her *[Duke Ellington Songbook](/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald_Sings_the_Duke_Ellington_Songbook "Ella Fitzgerald Sings the Duke Ellington Songbook")* (Verve) with Ellington and his orchestra—a recognition that Ellington's songs had now become part of the cultural canon known as the '[Great American Songbook](/wiki/Great_American_Songbook "Great American Songbook")'. [thumb\|[James Stewart](/wiki/James_Stewart "James Stewart") and Ellington in *[Anatomy of a Murder](/wiki/Anatomy_of_a_Murder "Anatomy of a Murder")* (1959\)](/wiki/File:James_Stewart-Duke_Ellington_in_Anatomy_of_a_Murder_trailer.jpg "James Stewart-Duke Ellington in Anatomy of a Murder trailer.jpg") Around this time Ellington and Strayhorn began to work on film [scoring](/wiki/Film_score "Film score"). The first of these was *[Anatomy of a Murder](/wiki/Anatomy_of_a_Murder "Anatomy of a Murder")* (1959\), a courtroom drama directed by [Otto Preminger](/wiki/Otto_Preminger "Otto Preminger") and featuring [James Stewart](/wiki/James_Stewart "James Stewart"), in which Ellington appeared fronting a roadhouse combo. Film historians have recognized the score "as a landmark—the first significant Hollywood film music by African Americans comprising [non\-diegetic](/wiki/Diegetic%23Film_sound_and_music "Diegetic#Film sound and music") music, that is, music whose source is not visible or implied by action in the film, like an on\-screen band." The score avoided the cultural [stereotypes](/wiki/Stereotypes "Stereotypes") which previously characterized jazz scores and rejected a strict adherence to visuals in ways that presaged the [New Wave](/wiki/French_New_Wave "French New Wave") cinema of the '60s".Mark Stryker, "Ellington's score still celebrated", *[Detroit Free Press](/wiki/Detroit_Free_Press "Detroit Free Press")*, January 20, 2009; Mervyn Cooke, *History of Film Music*, 2008, Cambridge University Press. Ellington and Strayhorn, always looking for new musical territory, produced suites for [John Steinbeck](/wiki/John_Steinbeck "John Steinbeck")'s novel *Sweet Thursday*, [Tchaikovsky](/wiki/Tchaikovsky "Tchaikovsky")'s *Nutcracker Suite* and [Edvard Grieg](/wiki/Edvard_Grieg "Edvard Grieg")'s *Peer Gynt*. *Anatomy of a Murder* was followed by *[Paris Blues](/wiki/Paris_Blues "Paris Blues")* (1961\), which featured [Paul Newman](/wiki/Paul_Newman "Paul Newman") and [Sidney Poitier](/wiki/Sidney_Poitier "Sidney Poitier") as jazz musicians. For this work, Ellington was nominated for the [Academy Award for Best Score](/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Score "Academy Award for Best Score"). In the early 1960s, Ellington embraced recording with artists who had been friendly rivals in the past or were younger musicians who focused on later styles. The Ellington and [Count Basie](/wiki/Count_Basie "Count Basie") orchestras recorded together with the album *[First Time! The Count Meets the Duke](/wiki/First_Time%21_The_Count_Meets_the_Duke "First Time! The Count Meets the Duke")* (1961\). During a period when Ellington was between recording contracts, he made records with [Louis Armstrong](/wiki/Louis_Armstrong "Louis Armstrong") ([Roulette](/wiki/Roulette_Records "Roulette Records")), [Coleman Hawkins](/wiki/Coleman_Hawkins "Coleman Hawkins"), [John Coltrane](/wiki/John_Coltrane "John Coltrane") (both for [Impulse](/wiki/Impulse%21_Records "Impulse! Records")) and participated in a session with [Charles Mingus](/wiki/Charles_Mingus "Charles Mingus") and [Max Roach](/wiki/Max_Roach "Max Roach") which produced the *[Money Jungle](/wiki/Money_Jungle "Money Jungle")* ([United Artists](/wiki/United_Artists_Records "United Artists Records")) album. He signed to [Frank Sinatra](/wiki/Frank_Sinatra "Frank Sinatra")'s new [Reprise label](/wiki/Reprise_Records "Reprise Records"), but the association with the label was short\-lived. Musicians who had previously worked with Ellington returned to the Orchestra as members: Lawrence Brown in 1960 and [Cootie Williams](/wiki/Cootie_Williams "Cootie Williams") in 1962\. > The writing and playing of music is a matter of intent... You can't just throw a paintbrush against the wall and call whatever happens art. My music fits the tonal personality of the player. I think too strongly in terms of altering my music to fit the performer to be impressed by accidental music. You can't take doodling seriously. He was now performing worldwide and spent a significant part of each year on overseas tours. As a consequence, he formed new working relationships with artists from around the world, including the Swedish vocalist [Alice Babs](/wiki/Alice_Babs "Alice Babs"), and the South African musicians [Dollar Brand](/wiki/Abdullah_Ibrahim "Abdullah Ibrahim") and [Sathima Bea Benjamin](/wiki/Sathima_Bea_Benjamin "Sathima Bea Benjamin") (*A Morning in Paris*, 1963/1997\). Ellington wrote an original score for director [Michael Langham](/wiki/Michael_Langham "Michael Langham")'s production of Shakespeare's *[Timon of Athens](/wiki/Timon_of_Athens "Timon of Athens")* at the [Stratford Festival](/wiki/Stratford_Shakespeare_Festival "Stratford Shakespeare Festival") in Ontario, Canada, which opened on July 29, 1963\. Langham has used it for several subsequent productions, including a much later adaptation by [Stanley Silverman](/wiki/Stanley_Silverman "Stanley Silverman") which expands the score with some of Ellington's best\-known works. ### Last years [thumb\|Ellington receiving the [Presidential Medal of Freedom](/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom "Presidential Medal of Freedom") from [President Nixon](/wiki/Richard_Nixon "Richard Nixon") in 1969](/wiki/File:Richard_Nixon_and_Duke_Ellington_1969.jpg "Richard Nixon and Duke Ellington 1969.jpg") Ellington was shortlisted for the [Pulitzer Prize for Music](/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_for_Music "Pulitzer Prize for Music") in 1965\. However, no prize was ultimately awarded that year.[Gary Giddins](/wiki/Gary_Giddins "Gary Giddins"), "How Come Jazz Isn't Dead", pp. 39–55 in {{Harvnb\|Weisbard\|2004\|pp\=41–42}}. Giddins says that Ellington was denied the 1965 Music Pulitzer because the jury commended him for his body of work rather than for a particular composition. Still, his posthumous Pulitzer was granted precisely for that life\-long body of work. Then 66 years old, he joked: "Fate is being kind to me. Fate doesn't want me to be famous too young."{{Harvnb\|Tucker\|1993\|p\=362}} In 1999, he was posthumously awarded a [special Pulitzer Prize](/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_Special_Citations_and_Awards "Pulitzer Prize Special Citations and Awards") "commemorating the centennial year of his birth, in recognition of his musical genius, which evoked aesthetically the principles of democracy through the medium of jazz and thus made an indelible contribution to art and culture."{{cite web \|url\=http://www.thedukeellingtonsociety.org/dukeellington/dukebio.asp \|title\=Duke Ellington – Biography \|publisher\=The Duke Ellington Society \|date\=May 24, 1974 \|access\-date\=February 2, 2013 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121112071049/http://www.thedukeellingtonsociety.org/dukeellington/dukebio.asp \|archive\-date\=November 12, 2012 }} In September 1965, he premiered the first of his [Sacred Concerts](/wiki/Duke_Ellington%27s_Sacred_Concerts "Duke Ellington's Sacred Concerts"). He created a jazz Christian liturgy. Although the work received mixed reviews, Ellington was proud of the composition and performed it dozens of times. This concert was followed by two others of the same type in 1968 and 1973, known as the Second and Third Sacred Concerts. Many saw the Sacred Music suites as an attempt to reinforce commercial support for organized religion. However, Ellington simply said it was "the most important thing I've done".{{Harvnb\|Ellington\|1976\|p\=269}}. The [Steinway](/wiki/Steinway_%26_Sons "Steinway & Sons") piano upon which the Sacred Concerts were composed is part of the collection of the [Smithsonian](/wiki/Smithsonian "Smithsonian")'s [National Museum of American History](/wiki/National_Museum_of_American_History "National Museum of American History"). Like [Haydn](/wiki/Joseph_Haydn "Joseph Haydn") and [Mozart](/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart "Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart"), Ellington conducted his orchestra from the piano—he always played the keyboard parts when the Sacred Concerts were performed.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.piano300\.si.edu/collectn.htm\|title\=Ellington's Steinway Grand\|publisher\=National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution\|access\-date\=August 26, 2008\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080810022114/http://piano300\.si.edu/collectn.htm\|archive\-date\=August 10, 2008}} Duke turned 65 in the spring of 1964 but showed no signs of slowing down as he continued to make recordings of significant works such as *[The Far East Suite](/wiki/The_Far_East_Suite "The Far East Suite")* (1966\), *[New Orleans Suite](/wiki/New_Orleans_Suite "New Orleans Suite")* (1970\), *[The Afro\-Eurasian Eclipse](/wiki/The_Afro-Eurasian_Eclipse "The Afro-Eurasian Eclipse")* (1971\) and the *[Latin American Suite](/wiki/Latin_American_Suite "Latin American Suite")* (1972\), much of it inspired by his world tours. It was during this time that he recorded his only album with [Frank Sinatra](/wiki/Frank_Sinatra "Frank Sinatra"), titled *[Francis A. \& Edward K.](/wiki/Francis_A._%26_Edward_K. "Francis A. & Edward K.")* (1967\). In 1972–1974 Ellington worked on his only opera, *[Queenie Pie](/wiki/Queenie_Pie "Queenie Pie")*, together with [Maurice Peress](/wiki/Maurice_Peress "Maurice Peress"). Ellington got an idea to write an opera about a black beautician in the 1930s, but did not finish it.{{cite book \|first\=Maurice \|last\=Peress \|title\=Dvorak to Duke Ellington \|date\=2004 \|publisher\=Oxford University Press, US \|isbn\=978\-0\-19\-509822\-8 \|url\=https://archive.org/details/dvoraktodukeelli00pere \|chapter\=Ellington’s Queenie Pie \|pages\=161–171}}{{cite web \|title\=Duke Ellington's Lost Opera, Forever A Work In Progress \|url\=https://www.npr.org/2014/02/02/269524876/duke\-ellingtons\-lost\-opera\-forever\-a\-work\-in\-progress \|website\=npr.org \|access\-date\=March 8, 2023}} Among the last shows Ellington and his orchestra performed were one on March 21, 1973, at [Purdue University](/wiki/Purdue_University "Purdue University")'s Hall of Music, two on March 22, 1973, at the Sturges\-Young Auditorium in [Sturgis, Michigan](/wiki/Sturgis%2C_Michigan "Sturgis, Michigan"){{cite book\|last\=Vail\|first\=Ken\|title\=Duke's Diary: The Life of Duke Ellington\|year\=2002\|publisher\=Scarecrow Press\|isbn\=978\-0810841192\|pages\=449–452\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=B9b\-fWBgzVQC\&pg\=PA449}} and the *[Eastbourne Performance](/wiki/Eastbourne_Performance "Eastbourne Performance")* on December 1, 1973, later issued on LP.{{harvnb\|Green\|2015\|pp\=\[https://books.google.com/books?id\=Mq30BQAAQBAJ\&dq\=%22Eastbourne\+Performance%22\+%22Duke\+Ellington%22\&pg\=PT47 47–48]}} Ellington performed what is considered his final full concert in a ballroom at [Northern Illinois University](/wiki/Northern_Illinois_University "Northern Illinois University") on March 20, 1974\. Since 1980, that ballroom has been dedicated as the "Duke Ellington Ballroom".{{cite web\|url\=http://www.niu.edu/PubAffairs/RELEASES/2003/nov/ellington.shtml\|title\=NIU to rededicate Duke Ellington Ballroom during Nov. 6 NIU Jazz Ensemble concert\|last\=McGowan\|first\=Mark\|date\=November 3, 2003\|publisher\=Northern Illinois University\|access\-date\=July 14, 2009\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090625194727/http://www.niu.edu/PubAffairs/RELEASES/2003/nov/ellington.shtml\|archive\-date\=June 25, 2009}}
[ "Career\n------", "### Early career", "Working as a freelance [sign painter](/wiki/Sign_painting \"Sign painting\") from 1917, Ellington began assembling groups to play for dances. In 1919, he met drummer [Sonny Greer](/wiki/Sonny_Greer \"Sonny Greer\") from New Jersey, who encouraged Ellington's ambition to become a professional musician. Ellington built his music business through his day job. When a customer asked him to make a sign for a dance or party, he would ask if they had musical entertainment; if not, Ellington would offer to play for the occasion. He also had a messenger job with the U.S. Navy and State departments, where he made a wide range of contacts.", "Ellington moved out of his parents' home and bought his own as he became a successful pianist. At first, he played in other ensembles, and in late 1917 formed his first group, \"The Duke's Serenaders\" (\"Colored Syncopators\", his telephone directory advertising proclaimed). He was also the group's booking agent. His first play date was at the True Reformer's Hall, where he took home 75 cents.{{Harvnb\\|Hasse\\|1993\\|p\\=45}}.", "Ellington played throughout the D.C. area and into [Virginia](/wiki/Virginia \"Virginia\") for private society balls and embassy parties. The band included childhood friend [Otto Hardwick](/wiki/Otto_Hardwick \"Otto Hardwick\"), who began playing the string bass, then moved to C\\-melody sax and finally settled on alto saxophone; [Arthur Whetsel](/wiki/Arthur_Whetsel \"Arthur Whetsel\") on trumpet; [Elmer Snowden](/wiki/Elmer_Snowden \"Elmer Snowden\") on banjo; and Sonny Greer on drums. The band thrived, performing for both African\\-American and white audiences, rare in the [segregated](/wiki/Racial_segregation \"Racial segregation\") society of the day.{{cite journal \\|last\\= Cohen\\| first\\= Harvey G.\\|date\\=Autumn 2004 \\|title\\=The Marketing of Duke Ellington: Setting the Strategy for an African American Maestro \\|journal\\=The Journal of African American History \\|volume\\= 89\\|issue\\=4\\|pages\\=291–315 \\|jstor\\=4134056\\|doi\\=10\\.2307/4134056\\| s2cid\\= 145278913}}", "[thumb\\|British pressing of \"East St. Louis Toodle\\-Oo\" (1927\\)](/wiki/File:Duke_Ellington_St._Louis_Toodle-Oo.jpg \"Duke Ellington St. Louis Toodle-Oo.jpg\")", "When his drummer Sonny Greer was invited to join the [Wilber Sweatman](/wiki/Wilber_Sweatman \"Wilber Sweatman\") Orchestra in New York City, Ellington left his successful career in D.C. and moved to [Harlem](/wiki/Harlem \"Harlem\"), ultimately becoming part of the [Harlem Renaissance](/wiki/Harlem_Renaissance \"Harlem Renaissance\").{{sfn\\|page\\=13\\|Brothers\\|2018}} New dance crazes such as the [Charleston](/wiki/Charleston_%28dance%29 \"Charleston (dance)\") emerged in Harlem, as well as African\\-American [musical theater](/wiki/Musical_theater \"Musical theater\"), including [Eubie Blake](/wiki/Eubie_Blake \"Eubie Blake\")'s and [Noble Sissle](/wiki/Noble_Sissle \"Noble Sissle\")'s (the latter of whom was his neighbor) *[Shuffle Along](/wiki/Shuffle_Along \"Shuffle Along\")*. After the young musicians left the Sweatman Orchestra to strike out on their own, they found an emerging jazz scene that was highly competitive with difficult inroad. They [hustled pool](/wiki/Pool_hustling \"Pool hustling\") by day and played whatever gigs they could find. The young band met stride pianist [Willie \"The Lion\" Smith](/wiki/Willie_%22The_Lion%22_Smith \"Willie \"), who introduced them to the scene and gave them some money. They played at [rent\\-house parties](/wiki/Rent_party \"Rent party\") for income. After a few months, the young musicians returned to Washington, D.C., feeling discouraged.", "In June 1923, they played a gig in [Atlantic City, New Jersey](/wiki/Atlantic_City%2C_New_Jersey \"Atlantic City, New Jersey\") and another at the prestigious Exclusive Club in Harlem. This was followed in September 1923 by a move to the Hollywood Club (at 49th and Broadway) and a four\\-year engagement, which gave Ellington a solid artistic base. He was known to play the [bugle](/wiki/Bugle \"Bugle\") at the end of each performance. The group was initially called Elmer Snowden and his Black Sox Orchestra and had seven members, including trumpeter [James \"Bubber\" Miley](/wiki/James_%22Bubber%22_Miley \"James \"). They renamed themselves The Washingtonians. Snowden left the group in early 1924, and Ellington took over as bandleader. After a fire, the club was re\\-opened as the Club Kentucky (often referred to as the Kentucky Club).", "Ellington then made eight records in 1924, receiving composing credit on three including \"Choo Choo\".{{Harvnb\\|Hasse\\|1993\\|p\\=79}}. In 1925, Ellington contributed four songs to *[Chocolate Kiddies](/wiki/Chocolate_Kiddies \"Chocolate Kiddies\")* starring [Lottie Gee](/wiki/Lottie_Gee \"Lottie Gee\") and [Adelaide Hall](/wiki/Adelaide_Hall \"Adelaide Hall\"),{{citation needed\\|date\\=August 2022}} an all–African\\-American revue which introduced European audiences to African\\-American styles and performers. Duke Ellington and his Kentucky Club Orchestra grew to a group of ten players; they developed their own sound via the non\\-traditional expression of Ellington's arrangements, the street rhythms of Harlem, and the exotic\\-sounding trombone growls and wah\\-wahs, high\\-squealing trumpets, and saxophone blues licks of the band members. For a short time, soprano saxophonist and clarinetist [Sidney Bechet](/wiki/Sidney_Bechet \"Sidney Bechet\") played with them, reportedly becoming the dominant personality in the group, with Sonny Greer saying Bechet \"fitted out the band like a glove\". His presence resulted in friction with Miley and trombonist [Charlie Irvis](/wiki/Charlie_Irvis \"Charlie Irvis\"), whose styles differed from Bechet's New Orleans\\-influenced playing. It was mainly Bechet's unreliability—he was absent for three days in succession—which made his association with Ellington short\\-lived.{{Harvnb\\|Lawrence\\|2001\\|pp\\=46–47}}", "### Cotton Club engagement", "In October 1926, Ellington made an agreement with agent\\-publisher [Irving Mills](/wiki/Irving_Mills \"Irving Mills\"),Gary Giddins *Visions of Jazz: The First Century*, New York \\& Oxford, 1998, pp. 112–113\\. giving Mills a 45% interest in Ellington's future.{{Harvnb\\|Hasse\\|1993\\|p\\=90}} Mills had an eye for new talent and published compositions by [Hoagy Carmichael](/wiki/Hoagy_Carmichael \"Hoagy Carmichael\"), [Dorothy Fields](/wiki/Dorothy_Fields \"Dorothy Fields\"), and [Harold Arlen](/wiki/Harold_Arlen \"Harold Arlen\") early in their careers. After recording a handful of [acoustic sides](/wiki/Acoustic_recording \"Acoustic recording\") during 1924–26, Ellington's signing with Mills allowed him to record prolifically. However, sometimes he recorded different versions of the same tune. Mills regularly took a co\\-composer credit. From the beginning of their relationship, Mills arranged recording sessions on nearly every label, including [Brunswick](/wiki/Brunswick_Records \"Brunswick Records\"), [Victor](/wiki/Victor_Talking_Machine_Company \"Victor Talking Machine Company\"), [Columbia](/wiki/Columbia_Records \"Columbia Records\"), [OKeh](/wiki/Okeh_Records \"Okeh Records\"), [Pathé](/wiki/Pathe_Records \"Pathe Records\") (and its subsidiary, Perfect), the ARC/Plaza group of labels (Oriole, Domino, Jewel, Banner) and their dime\\-store labels (Cameo, Lincoln, Romeo), Hit of the Week, and Columbia's cheaper labels (Harmony, Diva, Velvet Tone, Clarion), labels that gave Ellington popular recognition. On OKeh, his records were usually issued as The Harlem Footwarmers. In contrast, the Brunswicks were usually issued as The Jungle Band. Whoopee Makers and the Ten BlackBerries were other pseudonyms.", "In September 1927, [King Oliver](/wiki/King_Oliver \"King Oliver\") turned down a regular booking for his group as the house band at Harlem's [Cotton Club](/wiki/Cotton_Club \"Cotton Club\");{{Harvnb\\|Lawrence\\|2001\\|p\\=77}} the offer passed to Ellington after [Jimmy McHugh](/wiki/Jimmy_McHugh \"Jimmy McHugh\") suggested him and Mills arranged an audition.Gutman, Bill. *Duke: The Musical Life of Duke Ellington*, New York: E\\-Rights/E\\-Reads, 1977 \\[2001], p. 35\\. Ellington had to increase from a six to 11\\-piece group to meet the requirements of the Cotton Club's management for the audition,Duke Ellington *Music is my Mistress*, New York: Da Capo, 1973 \\[1976], pp. 75–76\\. and the engagement finally began on December 4\\.John Franceschina *Duke Ellington's Music for the Theatre*, Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland, 2001, p. 16\\. With a weekly radio broadcast, the Cotton Club's exclusively white and wealthy clientele poured in nightly to see them. At the Cotton Club, Ellington's group performed all the music for the revues, which mixed comedy, dance numbers, vaudeville, burlesque, music, and [illicit alcohol](/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States \"Prohibition in the United States\"). The musical numbers were composed by Jimmy McHugh and the lyrics were written by Dorothy Fields (later Harold Arlen and [Ted Koehler](/wiki/Ted_Koehler \"Ted Koehler\")), with some Ellington originals mixed in. (Here, he moved in with a dancer, his second wife [Mildred Dixon](/wiki/Mildred_Dixon \"Mildred Dixon\")). Weekly radio broadcasts from the club gave Ellington national exposure. At the same time, Ellington also recorded Fields\\-JMcHugh and [Fats Waller](/wiki/Fats_Waller \"Fats Waller\")–[Andy Razaf](/wiki/Andy_Razaf \"Andy Razaf\") songs.", "[thumb\\| [Adelaide Hall](/wiki/Adelaide_Hall \"Adelaide Hall\") recorded \"[Creole Love Call](/wiki/Creole_Love_Call \"Creole Love Call\")\" with Ellington in 1927\\. The recording became a worldwide hit.](/wiki/File:Vu_%28magazine%29_N%C2%B077.JPG \"Vu (magazine) N°77.JPG\")", "Although trumpeter Bubber Miley was a member of the orchestra for only a short period, he had a major influence on Ellington's sound.{{cite journal\\|last\\=Schuller\\|first\\=Gunther\\|date\\=October 1992\\|title\\=Jazz and Composition: The Many Sides of Duke Ellington, the Music's Greatest Composer\\|journal\\=Bulletin of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences\\|volume\\=46\\|issue\\=1\\|pages\\=36–51\\|doi\\=10\\.2307/3824163\\|jstor\\=3824163}} As an early exponent of growl trumpet, Miley changed the sweet dance band sound of the group to one that was hotter, which contemporaries termed Jungle Style, which can be seen in his feature chorus in *East St. Louis Toodle\\-Oo* (1926\\).{{sfn\\|page\\=33\\|Brothers\\|2018}} In October 1927, Ellington and his Orchestra recorded several compositions with [Adelaide Hall](/wiki/Adelaide_Hall \"Adelaide Hall\"). One side in particular, \"[Creole Love Call](/wiki/Creole_Love_Call \"Creole Love Call\")\", became a worldwide sensation and gave both Ellington and Hall their first hit record.{{cite AV media \\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=fjI1tbAXO2w \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140105220224/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=fjI1tbAXO2w \\|archive\\-date\\=January 5, 2014 \\|url\\-status\\=bot: unknown \\|title\\=Adelaide Hall talks about 1920s Harlem and Creole Love Call \\|publisher\\=jazzgirl1920s \\|via\\=YouTube \\|access\\-date\\=February 2, 2013 }}{{unreliable source?\\|date\\=August 2022}}Williams, Iain Cameron, [*Underneath a Harlem Moon ... The Harlem to Paris Years of Adelaide Hall*](http://www.bloomsbury.com/us/underneath-a-harlem-moon-9780826458933/) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226182123/https://www.bloomsbury.com/us/underneath\\-a\\-harlem\\-moon\\-9780826458933/ \\|date\\=February 26, 2021 }}, Continuum Publishing Int., 2002 (on pp. 112–117 Williams talks about \"Creole Love Call\" in\\-depth). Miley had composed most of \"[Creole Love Call](/wiki/Creole_Love_Call \"Creole Love Call\")\" and \"[Black and Tan Fantasy](/wiki/Black_and_Tan_Fantasy \"Black and Tan Fantasy\")\". An alcoholic, Miley had to leave the band before they gained wider fame. He died in 1932 at the age of 29, but he was an important influence on [Cootie Williams](/wiki/Cootie_Williams \"Cootie Williams\"), who replaced him.", "In 1929, the Cotton Club Orchestra appeared on stage for several months in [Florenz Ziegfeld](/wiki/Florenz_Ziegfeld \"Florenz Ziegfeld\")'s Show Girl, along with vaudeville stars [Jimmy Durante](/wiki/Jimmy_Durante \"Jimmy Durante\"), [Eddie Foy, Jr.](/wiki/Eddie_Foy%2C_Jr. \"Eddie Foy, Jr.\"), [Ruby Keeler](/wiki/Ruby_Keeler \"Ruby Keeler\"), and with music and lyrics by [George Gershwin](/wiki/George_Gershwin \"George Gershwin\") and [Gus Kahn](/wiki/Gus_Kahn \"Gus Kahn\"). [Will Vodery](/wiki/Will_Vodery \"Will Vodery\"), Ziegfeld's musical supervisor, recommended Ellington for the show.{{sfn\\|pages\\=53–54\\|Brothers\\|2018}} According to John Edward Hasse's *Beyond Category: The Life and Genius of Duke Ellington*, \"Perhaps during the run of *Show Girl*, Ellington received what he later termed 'valuable lessons in orchestration from Will Vody.\" In his 1946 biography, *Duke Ellington*, [Barry Ulanov](/wiki/Barry_Ulanov \"Barry Ulanov\") wrote:", "{{blockquote\\|From Vodery, as he (Ellington) says himself, he drew his \\[\\[chromatic scale\\|chromatic]] convictions, his uses of the tones ordinarily extraneous to the \\[\\[diatonic scale]], with the consequent alteration of the harmonic character of his music, it's broadening, The deepening of his resources. It has become customary to ascribe the classical influences upon Duke—\\[\\[Frederick Delius\\|Delius]], \\[\\[Claude Debussy\\|Debussy]], and \\[\\[Maurice Ravel\\|Ravel]]—to direct contact with their music. Actually, his serious appreciation of those and other modern composers, came after he met with Vody.Ulanov, Barry. ''Duke Ellington'', Creative Age Press, 1946\\.}}", "Ellington's film work began with *[Black and Tan](/wiki/Black_and_Tan_%28film%29 \"Black and Tan (film)\")* (1929\\), a 19\\-minute all\\-African\\-American [RKO](/wiki/RKO_Pictures \"RKO Pictures\") shortStratemann, Klaus. *Duke Ellington: Day by Day and Film by Film*, 1992\\. {{ISBN\\|8788043347}} in which he played the hero \"Duke\". He also appeared in the [Amos 'n' Andy](/wiki/Amos_%27n%27_Andy \"Amos 'n' Andy\") film *[Check and Double Check](/wiki/Check_and_Double_Check \"Check and Double Check\")* released in 1930, which features the orchestra playing \"Old Man Blues\" in an extended ballroom scene.{{sfn\\|page\\=65\\|Brothers\\|2018}} That year, Ellington and his Orchestra connected with a whole different audience in a concert with [Maurice Chevalier](/wiki/Maurice_Chevalier \"Maurice Chevalier\") and they also performed at the [Roseland Ballroom](/wiki/Roseland_Ballroom \"Roseland Ballroom\"), \"America's foremost ballroom\". Australian\\-born composer [Percy Grainger](/wiki/Percy_Grainger \"Percy Grainger\") was an early admirer and supporter. He wrote, \"The three greatest composers who ever lived are [Bach](/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach \"Johann Sebastian Bach\"), [Delius](/wiki/Frederick_Delius \"Frederick Delius\") and Duke Ellington. Unfortunately, Bach is dead, Delius is very ill but we are happy to have with us today The Duke\".John Bird, *Percy Grainger*. Ellington's first period at the Cotton Club concluded in 1931\\.", "### Early 1930s", "Ellington led the orchestra by conducting from the keyboard using piano cues and visual gestures; very rarely did he conduct using a baton. By 1932 his orchestra consisted of six brass instruments, four reeds, and a rhythm section of four players.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/grove/music/08731\\|title\\=Ellington, Duke\\|last\\=Hodeir\\|first\\=André\\|website\\=Oxford Music Online\\|publisher\\=Oxford University Press\\|access\\-date\\=September 15, 2016}} As the leader, Ellington was not a strict disciplinarian; he maintained control of his orchestra with a combination of charm, humor, flattery, and astute psychology. A complex, private person, he revealed his feelings to only his closest intimates. He effectively used his public persona to deflect attention away from himself.", "Ellington signed exclusively to Brunswick in 1932 and stayed with them through to late 1936 (albeit with a short\\-lived 1933–34 switch to Victor when Irving Mills temporarily moved his acts from Brunswick).", "As the Depression worsened, the recording industry was in crisis, dropping over 90% of its artists by 1933\\.{{Harvnb\\|Hasse\\|1993\\|p\\=166}} [Ivie Anderson](/wiki/Ivie_Anderson \"Ivie Anderson\") was hired as the Ellington Orchestra's featured vocalist in 1931\\. She is the vocalist on \"[It Don't Mean a Thing (If It Ain't Got That Swing)](/wiki/It_Don%27t_Mean_a_Thing_%28If_It_Ain%27t_Got_That_Swing%29 \"It Don't Mean a Thing (If It Ain't Got That Swing)\")\" (1932\\) among other recordings. Sonny Greer had been providing occasional vocals and continued to do in a cross\\-talk feature with Anderson. Radio exposure helped maintain Ellington's public profile as his orchestra began to tour. The other 78s of this era include: \"[Mood Indigo](/wiki/Mood_Indigo \"Mood Indigo\")\" (1930\\), \"[Sophisticated Lady](/wiki/Sophisticated_Lady \"Sophisticated Lady\")\" (1933\\), \"[Solitude](/wiki/%28In_My%29_Solitude \"(In My) Solitude\")\" (1934\\), and \"[In a Sentimental Mood](/wiki/In_a_Sentimental_Mood \"In a Sentimental Mood\")\" (1935\\).", "While Ellington's United States audience remained mainly African\\-American in this period, the orchestra had a significant following overseas. They traveled to England and Scotland in 1933, as well as France (three concerts at the [Salle Pleyel](/wiki/Salle_Pleyel \"Salle Pleyel\") in Paris){{Harvnb\\|Hasse\\|1993\\|p\\=173}} and the Netherlands before returning to New York.{{Harvnb\\|Green\\|2015\\|p\\=221}}{{cite news\\|last\\=Williams\\|first\\=Richard\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2011/jun/17/duke\\-ellington\\-mother\\-dies\\|title\\=Duke Ellington's mother dies\\|work\\=The Guardian\\|date\\=June 17, 2011\\|access\\-date\\=December 5, 2020}} On June 12, 1933, the Duke Ellington Orchestra gave its British debut at the [London Palladium](/wiki/London_Palladium \"London Palladium\");{{Harvnb\\|Hasse\\|1993\\|p\\=385}} Ellington received an ovation when he walked on stage.{{Harvnb\\|Tucker\\|1993\\|p\\=243}} They were one of 13 acts on the bill and were restricted to eight short numbers; the booking lasted until June 24\\.{{Harvnb\\|Stratemann\\|1992\\|p\\=65}} The British visit saw Ellington win praise from members of the serious music community, including composer [Constant Lambert](/wiki/Constant_Lambert \"Constant Lambert\"), which gave a boost to Ellington's interest in composing longer works.", "[thumb\\|thumbtime\\=10\\|*[Symphony in Black](/wiki/Symphony_in_Black \"Symphony in Black\")* (1935\\)](/wiki/File:Symphony_in_Black_%281935%29.webm \"Symphony in Black (1935).webm\")\nHis longer pieces had already begun to appear. Ellington had composed and recorded \"Creole Rhapsody\" as early as 1931 (issued as both sides of a 12\" record for Victor and both sides of a 10\" record for Brunswick).{{sfn\\|page\\=73\\|Brothers\\|2018}} A tribute to his mother, \"Reminiscing in Tempo\", took four 10\" 78rpm record sides to record in 1935 after her death in that year.{{sfn\\|page\\=75\\|Brothers\\|2018}} *[Symphony in Black](/wiki/Symphony_in_Black \"Symphony in Black\")* (also 1935\\), a short film, featured his extended piece 'A Rhapsody of Negro Life'. It introduced [Billie Holiday](/wiki/Billie_Holiday \"Billie Holiday\"), and won the [Academy Award](/wiki/Academy_Award \"Academy Award\") for Best Musical Short Subject.{{Harvnb\\|Schuller\\|1989\\|p\\=94}} Ellington and his Orchestra also appeared in the features *[Murder at the Vanities](/wiki/Murder_at_the_Vanities \"Murder at the Vanities\")* and *[Belle of the Nineties](/wiki/Belle_of_the_Nineties \"Belle of the Nineties\")* (both 1934\\).", "For agent Mills, the attention was a publicity triumph, as Ellington was now internationally known. On the band's tour through the segregated South in 1934, they avoided some of the traveling difficulties of African Americans by touring in private railcars. These provided accessible accommodations, dining, and storage for equipment while avoiding the indignities of segregated facilities.", "However, the competition intensified as swing bands like [Benny Goodman](/wiki/Benny_Goodman \"Benny Goodman\")'s began to receive widespread attention. Swing dancing became a youth phenomenon, particularly with white college audiences, and danceability drove record sales and bookings. [Jukeboxes](/wiki/Jukebox \"Jukebox\") proliferated nationwide, spreading the gospel of swing. Ellington's band could certainly swing, but their strengths were mood, nuance, and richness of composition, hence his statement \"jazz is music, the swing is business\".{{Harvnb\\|Hasse\\|1993\\|p\\=203}}.", "### Later 1930s", "From 1936, Ellington began to make recordings with smaller groups (sextets, octets, and nonets) drawn from his then\\-15\\-man orchestra.{{sfn\\|page\\=91\\|Brothers\\|2018}} He composed pieces intended to feature a specific instrumentalist, such as \"Jeep's Blues\" for [Johnny Hodges](/wiki/Johnny_Hodges \"Johnny Hodges\"), \"Yearning for Love\" for [Lawrence Brown](/wiki/Lawrence_Brown_%28jazz_trombonist%29 \"Lawrence Brown (jazz trombonist)\"), \"Trumpet in Spades\" for [Rex Stewart](/wiki/Rex_Stewart \"Rex Stewart\"), \"[Echoes of Harlem](/wiki/Echoes_of_Harlem \"Echoes of Harlem\")\" for [Cootie Williams](/wiki/Cootie_Williams \"Cootie Williams\") and \"Clarinet Lament\" for [Barney Bigard](/wiki/Barney_Bigard \"Barney Bigard\").{{sfn\\|page\\=88\\|Brothers\\|2018}} In 1937, Ellington returned to the Cotton Club, which had relocated to the mid\\-town [Theater District](/wiki/Theater_District%2C_Manhattan \"Theater District, Manhattan\"). In the summer of that year, his father died, and due to many expenses, Ellington's finances were tight. However, his situation improved in the following years.", "After leaving agent Irving Mills, he signed on with the [William Morris Agency](/wiki/William_Morris_Agency \"William Morris Agency\"). Mills, though, continued to record Ellington. After only a year, his Master and Variety labels (the small groups had recorded for the latter) collapsed in late 1937\\. Mills placed Ellington back on Brunswick and those small group units on Vocalion through to 1940\\. Well\\-known sides continued to be recorded, \"[Caravan](/wiki/Caravan_%281937_song%29 \"Caravan (1937 song)\")\" in 1937, and \"I Let a Song Go Out of My Heart\" the following year.", "[thumb\\|Ellington in 1939](/wiki/File:Duke_Ellington_in_ons_land.ogv \"Duke Ellington in ons land.ogv\")\n[Billy Strayhorn](/wiki/Billy_Strayhorn \"Billy Strayhorn\"), originally hired as a lyricist, began his association with Ellington in 1939\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.billystrayhorn.com/biography.htm \\|title\\=William Thomas Strayhorn \\|editor\\-last\\=Stone \\|editor\\-first\\=Sonjia \\|year\\=1983 \\|work\\=Billy Strayhorn Songs \\|publisher\\=University of North Carolina – Chapel Hill \\|access\\-date\\=July 14, 2009 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090622191412/http://www.billystrayhorn.com/biography.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=June 22, 2009 }} Nicknamed \"Sweet Pea\" for his mild manner, Strayhorn soon became a vital member of the Ellington organization. Ellington showed great fondness for Strayhorn and never failed to speak glowingly of the man and their collaborative working relationship, \"my right arm, my left arm, all the eyes in the back of my head, my brain waves in his head, and his in mine\".{{Harvnb\\|Ellington\\|1976\\|p\\=156}}. Strayhorn, with his training in classical music, not only contributed his original lyrics and music but also arranged and polished many of Ellington's works, becoming a second Ellington or \"Duke's doppelgänger\". It was not uncommon for Strayhorn to fill in for Duke, whether in conducting or rehearsing the band, playing the piano, on stage, and in the recording studio.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.allaboutjazz.com/php/article\\_print.php?id\\=31974 \\|title\\=Duke Ellington: Symphony of the Body and Soul \\|author\\=d'Gama Rose, Raul\\|publisher\\=Allaboutjazz.com \\|access\\-date\\=December 31, 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120707041536/http://www.allaboutjazz.com/php/article\\_print.php?id\\=31974 \\|archive\\-date\\=July 7, 2012 }} The decade ended with a very successful European tour in 1939 just as World War II loomed in Europe.", "### Ellington in the early to mid\\-1940s", "[thumb\\|right\\| Ellington at the Hurricane Club, Broadway \\& W. 51St, New York City,{{cite book\\|last1\\=Jackson\\|first1\\=Kenneth T.\\|last2\\=Keller\\|first2\\=Lisa\\|last3\\=Flood\\|first3\\=Nancy\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=lI5ERUmHf3YC\\&pg\\=PT1951\\|title\\=The Encyclopedia of New York\\|location\\=New Haven\\|publisher\\=Yale University Press\\|date\\=2010\\|page\\=1951\\|isbn\\=978\\-0300182576}} May 1943](/wiki/File:Duke_Ellington_at_the_Hurricane_Club_1943.jpg \"Duke Ellington at the Hurricane Club 1943.jpg\")\nTwo musicians who joined Ellington at this time created a sensation in their own right, [Jimmy Blanton](/wiki/Jimmy_Blanton \"Jimmy Blanton\") and [Ben Webster](/wiki/Ben_Webster \"Ben Webster\"). Blanton was effectively hired on the spot in late October 1939, before Ellington was aware of his name, when he dropped in on a gig of [Fate Marable](/wiki/Fate_Marable \"Fate Marable\") in St Louis.{{cite news\\|last1\\=Whitehead\\|first1\\=Kevin\\|last2\\=Bianculli\\|first2\\=David\\|url\\=https://www.npr.org/2018/10/05/654774239/a\\-look\\-back\\-at\\-how\\-virtuoso\\-jimmy\\-blanton\\-changed\\-the\\-bass\\-forever\\|title\\=A Look Back At How Virtuoso Jimmy Blanton Changed The Bass Forever\\|work\\=NPR\\|date\\=October 5, 2018\\|access\\-date\\=June 17, 2021}} The short\\-lived Blanton transformed the use of double bass in jazz, allowing it to function as a solo/melodic instrument rather than a rhythm instrument alone.{{sfn\\|page\\=99–100\\|Brothers\\|2018}}Terminal illness forced him to leave by late 1941 after around two years. Ben Webster's principal tenure with Ellington spanned 1939 to 1943\\. An ambition of his, he told his previous employer, [Teddy Wilson](/wiki/Teddy_Wilson \"Teddy Wilson\"), then leading a big band, that Ellington was the only rival he would leave Wilson for.{{Harvnb\\|Büchmann\\-Møller\\|2006\\|p\\=57}} He was the orchestra's first regular tenor saxophonist and increased the size of the sax section to five for the first time.{{Harvnb\\|Schuller\\|1989\\|p\\=789}} Much influenced by Johnny Hodges, he often credited Hodges with showing him \"how to play my horn\". The two men sat next to each other in the orchestra.{{Harvnb\\|Schuller\\|1989\\|p\\=795}}", "Trumpeter [Ray Nance](/wiki/Ray_Nance \"Ray Nance\") joined, replacing [Cootie Williams](/wiki/Cootie_Williams \"Cootie Williams\") who had defected to [Benny Goodman](/wiki/Benny_Goodman \"Benny Goodman\"). Additionally, Nance added violin to the instrumental colors Ellington had at his disposal. Recordings exist of Nance's first concert date on November 7, 1940, at [Fargo, North Dakota](/wiki/Fargo%2C_North_Dakota \"Fargo, North Dakota\"). Privately made by [Jack Towers](/wiki/Jack_Towers \"Jack Towers\") and Dick Burris, these recordings were first legitimately issued in 1978 as *[Duke Ellington at Fargo, 1940 Live](/wiki/Duke_Ellington_at_Fargo%2C_1940_Live \"Duke Ellington at Fargo, 1940 Live\")*; they are among the earliest of innumerable live performances which survive. Nance was an occasional vocalist as well, although [Herb Jeffries](/wiki/Herb_Jeffries \"Herb Jeffries\") was the main male vocalist in this era (until 1943\\) while [Al Hibbler](/wiki/Al_Hibbler \"Al Hibbler\") (who replaced Jeffries in 1943\\) continued until 1951\\. Ivie Anderson left in 1942 for health reasons after 11 years, the longest term of any of Ellington's vocalists.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://musicians.allaboutjazz.com/musician.php?id\\=3424 \\|title\\=Musician Ivie Anderson (Vocal) @ All About Jazz \\|publisher\\=Musicians.allaboutjazz.com \\|access\\-date\\=February 2, 2013}}", "Once more recording for Victor (from 1940\\), with the small groups being issued on their [Bluebird](/wiki/Bluebird_Records \"Bluebird Records\") label, three\\-minute masterpieces on [78 rpm record](/wiki/Gramophone_record \"Gramophone record\") sides continued to flow from Ellington, Billy Strayhorn, Ellington's son [Mercer Ellington](/wiki/Mercer_Ellington \"Mercer Ellington\"), and members of the orchestra.{{sfn\\|page\\=121\\|Brothers\\|2018}} \"[Cotton Tail](/wiki/Cotton_Tail \"Cotton Tail\")\", \"Main Stem\", \"[Harlem Air Shaft](/wiki/Harlem_Air_Shaft \"Harlem Air Shaft\")\", \"Jack the Bear\", and dozens of others date from this period. Strayhorn's \"[Take the \"A\" Train](/wiki/Take_the_%22A%22_Train \"Take the \")\", a hit in 1941, became the band's theme, replacing \"[East St. Louis Toodle\\-Oo](/wiki/East_St._Louis_Toodle-Oo \"East St. Louis Toodle-Oo\")\". Ellington and his associates wrote for an orchestra of distinctive voices displaying tremendous creativity.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://theoryjazz.com/artists/ellington.html\\|title\\=Jazz Musicians – Duke Ellington\\|publisher\\=Theory Jazz\\|access\\-date\\=July 14, 2009\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150903233432/http://theoryjazz.com/artists/ellington.html\\|archive\\-date\\=September 3, 2015}} The commercial recordings from this era were re\\-issued in the three\\-CD collection, *[Never No Lament](/wiki/Never_No_Lament:The_Blanton-Webster_Band \"The Blanton-Webster Band\")*, in 2003\\.", "Ellington's long\\-term aim, though, was to extend the jazz form from that three\\-minute limit, of which he was an acknowledged master.{{cite book\\|last\\=Crawford\\|first\\=Richard\\|title\\=The American Musical Landscape\\|publisher\\=University of California Press\\|location\\=Berkeley\\|year\\=1993\\|isbn\\=978\\-0520077645\\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/americanmusicall00rich}} While he had composed and recorded some extended pieces before, such works now became a regular feature of Ellington's output. In this, he was helped by Strayhorn, who had enjoyed a more thorough training in the forms associated with classical music than Ellington. The first of these, *[Black, Brown, and Beige](/wiki/Black%2C_Brown%2C_and_Beige \"Black, Brown, and Beige\")* (1943\\), was dedicated to telling the story of African Americans and the place of slavery and the church in their history.{{sfn\\|page\\=131\\|Brothers\\|2018}} *Black, Brown and Beige* debuted at [Carnegie Hall](/wiki/Carnegie_Hall \"Carnegie Hall\") on January 23, 1943, beginning an annual series of Ellington concerts at the venue over the next four years. While some jazz musicians had played at Carnegie Hall before, none had performed anything as elaborate as Ellington's work. Unfortunately, starting a regular pattern, Ellington's longer works were generally not well received.", "A partial exception was *Jump for Joy*, a full\\-length musical based on themes of African\\-American identity, which debuted on July 10, 1941, at the [Mayan Theater](/wiki/Mayan_Theater \"Mayan Theater\") in Los Angeles. Hollywood actors [John Garfield](/wiki/John_Garfield \"John Garfield\") and [Mickey Rooney](/wiki/Mickey_Rooney \"Mickey Rooney\") invested in the production, and [Charlie Chaplin](/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin \"Charlie Chaplin\") and [Orson Welles](/wiki/Orson_Welles \"Orson Welles\") offered to direct.Harvey G. Cohen, *Duke Ellington's America*, Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 2010, p. 189\\. At one performance, Garfield insisted that Herb Jeffries, who was light\\-skinned, should wear makeup. Ellington objected in the interval and compared Jeffries to [Al Jolson](/wiki/Al_Jolson \"Al Jolson\"). The change was reverted. The singer later commented that the audience must have thought he was an entirely different character in the second half of the show.{{harvnb\\|Cohen\\|2010\\|pp\\=190–191}}", "Although it had sold\\-out performances and received positive reviews,{{harvnb\\|Cohen\\|2010\\|pp\\=191–92}} it ran for only 122 performances until September 29, 1941, with a brief revival in November of that year. Its subject matter did not make it appealing to Broadway; Ellington had unfulfilled plans to take it there.{{cite web\\|last\\=Brent \\|first\\=David \\|url\\=http://indianapublicmedia.org/nightlights/jump\\-for\\-joy\\-duke\\-ellingtons\\-celebratory\\-musical/ \\|title\\=Jump For Joy: Duke Ellington's Celebratory Musical \\| Night Lights Classic Jazz – WFIU Public Radio \\|publisher\\=Indianapublicmedia.org \\|date\\=February 6, 2008 \\|access\\-date\\=December 31, 2011}} Despite this disappointment, a Broadway production of Ellington's *[Beggar's Holiday](/wiki/Beggar%27s_Holiday \"Beggar's Holiday\")*, his sole book musical, premiered on December 23, 1946,Lawrence, 2001, p. 287\\. under the direction of [Nicholas Ray](/wiki/Nicholas_Ray \"Nicholas Ray\").", "The settlement of the [first recording ban of 1942–44](/wiki/1942%E2%80%931944_musicians%27_strike \"1942–1944 musicians' strike\"), leading to an increase in royalties paid to musicians, had a severe effect on the financial viability of the big bands, including Ellington's Orchestra. His income as a songwriter ultimately subsidized it. Although he always spent lavishly and drew a respectable income from the orchestra's operations, the band's income often just covered expenses.{{Harvnb\\|Hasse\\|1993\\|p\\=274}}. However, in 1943 Ellington asked Webster to leave; the saxophonist's personality made his colleagues anxious and the saxophonist was regularly in conflict with the leader.{{Harvnb\\|Lawrence\\|2001\\|pp\\=321–322}}.", "### Early post\\-war years", "Musicians enlisting in the military and travel restrictions made touring difficult for the big bands, and dancing became subject to a new tax, which continued for many years, affecting the choices of club owners. By the time World War II ended, the focus of popular music was shifting towards singing crooners such as [Frank Sinatra](/wiki/Frank_Sinatra \"Frank Sinatra\") and [Jo Stafford](/wiki/Jo_Stafford \"Jo Stafford\"). As the cost of hiring big bands had increased, club owners now found smaller jazz groups more cost\\-effective. Some of Ellington's new works, such as the wordless vocal feature \"Transblucency\" (1946\\) with [Kay Davis](/wiki/Kay_Davis \"Kay Davis\"), were not going to have a similar reach as the newly emerging stars.\n[thumb\\|Ellington poses with his piano at the KFG Radio Studio on November 3, 1954\\.](/wiki/File:Jazz_musician_Duke_Ellington.JPEG \"Jazz musician Duke Ellington.JPEG\")", "Ellington continued on his own course through these tectonic shifts. While [Count Basie](/wiki/Count_Basie \"Count Basie\") was forced to disband his whole ensemble and work as an octet for a time, Ellington was able to tour most of Western Europe between April 6 and June 30, 1950, with the orchestra playing 74 dates over 77 days.{{Harvnb\\|Lawrence\\|2001\\|p\\=291}} During the tour, according to Sonny Greer, Ellington did not perform the newer works. However, Ellington's extended composition, *[Harlem](/wiki/Harlem_%28Ellington%29 \"Harlem (Ellington)\")* (1950\\), was in the process of being completed at this time. Ellington later presented its score to music\\-loving President [Harry Truman](/wiki/Harry_Truman \"Harry Truman\"). Also during his time in Europe, Ellington would compose the music for a stage production by [Orson Welles](/wiki/Orson_Welles \"Orson Welles\"). Titled *Time Runs* in Paris{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/3965054/Eartha\\-Kitt.html \\|archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/3965054/Eartha\\-Kitt.html \\|archive\\-date\\=January 11, 2022 \\|url\\-access\\=subscription \\|url\\-status\\=live\\|title\\=Eartha Kitt: Singer who rose from poverty to captivate audiences around the world with her purring voice\\|date\\=December 26, 2008\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Daily Telegraph]]\\|access\\-date\\=December 14, 2014}}{{cbignore}} and *An Evening With Orson Welles* in [Frankfurt](/wiki/Frankfurt \"Frankfurt\"), the variety show also featured a newly discovered [Eartha Kitt](/wiki/Eartha_Kitt \"Eartha Kitt\"), who performed Ellington's original song \"Hungry Little Trouble\" as [Helen of Troy](/wiki/Helen_of_Troy \"Helen of Troy\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.stripes.com/news/eartha\\-kitt\\-wins\\-raves\\-in\\-welles\\-show\\-at\\-frankfurt\\-1\\.16046\\|title\\=Eartha Kitt wins raves in Welles' show at Frankfurt\\|author\\=Win Fanning \\|date\\=August 13, 1950\\|work\\=\\[\\[Stars and Stripes (newspaper)\\|Stars and Stripes]]\\|access\\-date\\=December 14, 2014}}", "In 1951, Ellington suffered a significant loss of personnel: Sonny Greer, Lawrence Brown, and, most importantly, [Johnny Hodges](/wiki/Johnny_Hodges \"Johnny Hodges\") left to pursue other ventures. However, only Greer was a permanent departee. Drummer [Louie Bellson](/wiki/Louie_Bellson \"Louie Bellson\") replaced Greer, and his \"Skin Deep\" was a hit for Ellington. Tenor player [Paul Gonsalves](/wiki/Paul_Gonsalves \"Paul Gonsalves\") had joined in December 1950 after periods with [Count Basie](/wiki/Count_Basie \"Count Basie\") and [Dizzy Gillespie](/wiki/Dizzy_Gillespie \"Dizzy Gillespie\") and stayed for the rest of his life, while [Clark Terry](/wiki/Clark_Terry \"Clark Terry\") joined in November 1951\\.Ken Vail *Duke's Diary: The Life of Duke Ellington*, Lanham, Maryland \\& Oxford, UK: Scarecrow Press, 2002, p. 28\\.", "[André Previn](/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Previn \"André Previn\") said in 1952: \"You know, [Stan Kenton](/wiki/Stan_Kenton \"Stan Kenton\") can stand in front of a thousand fiddles and a thousand brass and make a dramatic gesture and every studio arranger can nod his head and say, *Oh, yes, that's done like this.* But Duke merely lifts his finger, three horns make a sound, and I don't know what it is!\"[Ralph J. Gleason](/wiki/Ralph_J._Gleason \"Ralph J. Gleason\") \"Duke Excites, Mystifies Without Any Pretension\", *DownBeat*, November 5, 1952, reprinted in *Jazz Perspectives* Vol. 2, No. 2, July 2008, pp. 215–249\\. However, by 1955, after three years of recording for [Capitol](/wiki/Capitol_Records \"Capitol Records\"), Ellington lacked a regular recording affiliation.", "### Career revival", "Ellington's appearance at the [Newport Jazz Festival](/wiki/Newport_Jazz_Festival \"Newport Jazz Festival\") on July 7, 1956, returned him to wider prominence. The feature \"[Diminuendo and Crescendo in Blue](/wiki/Diminuendo_and_Crescendo_in_Blue \"Diminuendo and Crescendo in Blue\")\" comprised two tunes that had been in the band's book since 1937\\. Ellington, who had abruptly ended the band's scheduled set because of the late arrival of four key players, called the two tunes as the time was approaching midnight. Announcing that the two pieces would be separated by an interlude played by tenor saxophonist [Paul Gonsalves](/wiki/Paul_Gonsalves \"Paul Gonsalves\"), Ellington proceeded to lead the band through the two pieces, with Gonsalves' 27\\-chorus marathon solo whipping the crowd into a frenzy, leading the Maestro to play way beyond the curfew time despite urgent pleas from festival organizer [George Wein](/wiki/George_Wein \"George Wein\") to bring the program to an end.", "The concert made international headlines, and led to one of only five *[Time](/wiki/Time_%28magazine%29 \"Time (magazine)\")* magazine cover stories dedicated to a jazz musician,{{cite magazine\\|url\\=http://www.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19560820,00\\.html \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20061207074656/http://www.time.com/time/covers/0%2C16641%2C19560820%2C00\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=December 7, 2006 \\|title\\=Jazzman Duke Ellington\\|magazine\\=Time \\|date\\=August 20, 1956 \\|access\\-date\\=February 2, 2013}} and resulted in an album produced by [George Avakian](/wiki/George_Avakian \"George Avakian\") that would become the best\\-selling LP of Ellington's career.Jack Sohmer [\"Duke Ellington: *Ellington at Newport 1956* (Complete)\"](http://jazztimes.com/articles/10496-ellington-at-newport-1956-complete-duke-ellington) *JazzTimes*, October 1999\\. Much of the music on the LP was, in effect, simulated, with only about 40% actually from the concert itself. According to Avakian, Ellington was dissatisfied with aspects of the performance and felt the musicians had been under\\-rehearsed. The band assembled the next day to re\\-record several numbers with the addition of the faked sound of a crowd, none of which was disclosed to purchasers of the album. Not until 1999 was the concert recording properly released for the first time. The revived attention brought about by the Newport appearance should not have surprised anyone, Johnny Hodges had returned the previous year,{{Harvnb\\|Hasse\\|1995\\|pp\\=317–318}} and Ellington's collaboration with Strayhorn was renewed around the same time, under terms more amenable to the younger man.{{Harvnb\\|Hajdu\\|1996\\|pp\\=153–154}}", "The original *[Ellington at Newport](/wiki/Ellington_at_Newport \"Ellington at Newport\")* album was the first release in a new recording contract with [Columbia Records](/wiki/Columbia_Records \"Columbia Records\") which yielded several years of recording stability, mainly under producer [Irving Townsend](/wiki/Irving_Townsend \"Irving Townsend\"), who coaxed both commercial and artistic productions from Ellington.{{cite book\\|last\\=Wein\\|first\\=George\\|title\\=Myself Among Others: A Life in Music\\|publisher\\=Da Capo Press\\|year\\=2003}}", "In 1957, [CBS](/wiki/CBS \"CBS\") (Columbia Records' parent corporation) aired a live television production of *[A Drum Is a Woman](/wiki/A_Drum_Is_a_Woman \"A Drum Is a Woman\")*, an allegorical suite which received mixed reviews. Festival appearances at the new [Monterey Jazz Festival](/wiki/Monterey_Jazz_Festival \"Monterey Jazz Festival\") and elsewhere provided venues for live exposure, and a European tour in 1958 was well received. *[Such Sweet Thunder](/wiki/Such_Sweet_Thunder \"Such Sweet Thunder\")* (1957\\), based on [Shakespeare's](/wiki/William_Shakespeare \"William Shakespeare\") plays and characters, and *[The Queen's Suite](/wiki/The_Ellington_Suites \"The Ellington Suites\")* (1958\\), dedicated to Britain's [Queen Elizabeth II](/wiki/Elizabeth_II_of_the_United_Kingdom \"Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom\"), were products of the renewed impetus which the Newport appearance helped to create. However, the latter work was not commercially issued at the time. The late 1950s also saw [Ella Fitzgerald](/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald \"Ella Fitzgerald\") record her *[Duke Ellington Songbook](/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald_Sings_the_Duke_Ellington_Songbook \"Ella Fitzgerald Sings the Duke Ellington Songbook\")* (Verve) with Ellington and his orchestra—a recognition that Ellington's songs had now become part of the cultural canon known as the '[Great American Songbook](/wiki/Great_American_Songbook \"Great American Songbook\")'.", "[thumb\\|[James Stewart](/wiki/James_Stewart \"James Stewart\") and Ellington in *[Anatomy of a Murder](/wiki/Anatomy_of_a_Murder \"Anatomy of a Murder\")* (1959\\)](/wiki/File:James_Stewart-Duke_Ellington_in_Anatomy_of_a_Murder_trailer.jpg \"James Stewart-Duke Ellington in Anatomy of a Murder trailer.jpg\")\nAround this time Ellington and Strayhorn began to work on film [scoring](/wiki/Film_score \"Film score\"). The first of these was *[Anatomy of a Murder](/wiki/Anatomy_of_a_Murder \"Anatomy of a Murder\")* (1959\\), a courtroom drama directed by [Otto Preminger](/wiki/Otto_Preminger \"Otto Preminger\") and featuring [James Stewart](/wiki/James_Stewart \"James Stewart\"), in which Ellington appeared fronting a roadhouse combo. Film historians have recognized the score \"as a landmark—the first significant Hollywood film music by African Americans comprising [non\\-diegetic](/wiki/Diegetic%23Film_sound_and_music \"Diegetic#Film sound and music\") music, that is, music whose source is not visible or implied by action in the film, like an on\\-screen band.\" The score avoided the cultural [stereotypes](/wiki/Stereotypes \"Stereotypes\") which previously characterized jazz scores and rejected a strict adherence to visuals in ways that presaged the [New Wave](/wiki/French_New_Wave \"French New Wave\") cinema of the '60s\".Mark Stryker, \"Ellington's score still celebrated\", *[Detroit Free Press](/wiki/Detroit_Free_Press \"Detroit Free Press\")*, January 20, 2009; Mervyn Cooke, *History of Film Music*, 2008, Cambridge University Press. Ellington and Strayhorn, always looking for new musical territory, produced suites for [John Steinbeck](/wiki/John_Steinbeck \"John Steinbeck\")'s novel *Sweet Thursday*, [Tchaikovsky](/wiki/Tchaikovsky \"Tchaikovsky\")'s *Nutcracker Suite* and [Edvard Grieg](/wiki/Edvard_Grieg \"Edvard Grieg\")'s *Peer Gynt*.", "*Anatomy of a Murder* was followed by *[Paris Blues](/wiki/Paris_Blues \"Paris Blues\")* (1961\\), which featured [Paul Newman](/wiki/Paul_Newman \"Paul Newman\") and [Sidney Poitier](/wiki/Sidney_Poitier \"Sidney Poitier\") as jazz musicians. For this work, Ellington was nominated for the [Academy Award for Best Score](/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Score \"Academy Award for Best Score\").", "In the early 1960s, Ellington embraced recording with artists who had been friendly rivals in the past or were younger musicians who focused on later styles. The Ellington and [Count Basie](/wiki/Count_Basie \"Count Basie\") orchestras recorded together with the album *[First Time! The Count Meets the Duke](/wiki/First_Time%21_The_Count_Meets_the_Duke \"First Time! The Count Meets the Duke\")* (1961\\). During a period when Ellington was between recording contracts, he made records with [Louis Armstrong](/wiki/Louis_Armstrong \"Louis Armstrong\") ([Roulette](/wiki/Roulette_Records \"Roulette Records\")), [Coleman Hawkins](/wiki/Coleman_Hawkins \"Coleman Hawkins\"), [John Coltrane](/wiki/John_Coltrane \"John Coltrane\") (both for [Impulse](/wiki/Impulse%21_Records \"Impulse! Records\")) and participated in a session with [Charles Mingus](/wiki/Charles_Mingus \"Charles Mingus\") and [Max Roach](/wiki/Max_Roach \"Max Roach\") which produced the *[Money Jungle](/wiki/Money_Jungle \"Money Jungle\")* ([United Artists](/wiki/United_Artists_Records \"United Artists Records\")) album. He signed to [Frank Sinatra](/wiki/Frank_Sinatra \"Frank Sinatra\")'s new [Reprise label](/wiki/Reprise_Records \"Reprise Records\"), but the association with the label was short\\-lived.", "Musicians who had previously worked with Ellington returned to the Orchestra as members: Lawrence Brown in 1960 and [Cootie Williams](/wiki/Cootie_Williams \"Cootie Williams\") in 1962\\.", "", "> The writing and playing of music is a matter of intent... You can't just throw a paintbrush against the wall and call whatever happens art. My music fits the tonal personality of the player. I think too strongly in terms of altering my music to fit the performer to be impressed by accidental music. You can't take doodling seriously.", "He was now performing worldwide and spent a significant part of each year on overseas tours. As a consequence, he formed new working relationships with artists from around the world, including the Swedish vocalist [Alice Babs](/wiki/Alice_Babs \"Alice Babs\"), and the South African musicians [Dollar Brand](/wiki/Abdullah_Ibrahim \"Abdullah Ibrahim\") and [Sathima Bea Benjamin](/wiki/Sathima_Bea_Benjamin \"Sathima Bea Benjamin\") (*A Morning in Paris*, 1963/1997\\).", "Ellington wrote an original score for director [Michael Langham](/wiki/Michael_Langham \"Michael Langham\")'s production of Shakespeare's *[Timon of Athens](/wiki/Timon_of_Athens \"Timon of Athens\")* at the [Stratford Festival](/wiki/Stratford_Shakespeare_Festival \"Stratford Shakespeare Festival\") in Ontario, Canada, which opened on July 29, 1963\\. Langham has used it for several subsequent productions, including a much later adaptation by [Stanley Silverman](/wiki/Stanley_Silverman \"Stanley Silverman\") which expands the score with some of Ellington's best\\-known works.", "### Last years", "[thumb\\|Ellington receiving the [Presidential Medal of Freedom](/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom \"Presidential Medal of Freedom\") from [President Nixon](/wiki/Richard_Nixon \"Richard Nixon\") in 1969](/wiki/File:Richard_Nixon_and_Duke_Ellington_1969.jpg \"Richard Nixon and Duke Ellington 1969.jpg\")", "Ellington was shortlisted for the [Pulitzer Prize for Music](/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_for_Music \"Pulitzer Prize for Music\") in 1965\\. However, no prize was ultimately awarded that year.[Gary Giddins](/wiki/Gary_Giddins \"Gary Giddins\"), \"How Come Jazz Isn't Dead\", pp. 39–55 in {{Harvnb\\|Weisbard\\|2004\\|pp\\=41–42}}. Giddins says that Ellington was denied the 1965 Music Pulitzer because the jury commended him for his body of work rather than for a particular composition. Still, his posthumous Pulitzer was granted precisely for that life\\-long body of work. Then 66 years old, he joked: \"Fate is being kind to me. Fate doesn't want me to be famous too young.\"{{Harvnb\\|Tucker\\|1993\\|p\\=362}} In 1999, he was posthumously awarded a [special Pulitzer Prize](/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_Special_Citations_and_Awards \"Pulitzer Prize Special Citations and Awards\") \"commemorating the centennial year of his birth, in recognition of his musical genius, which evoked aesthetically the principles of democracy through the medium of jazz and thus made an indelible contribution to art and culture.\"{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.thedukeellingtonsociety.org/dukeellington/dukebio.asp \\|title\\=Duke Ellington – Biography \\|publisher\\=The Duke Ellington Society \\|date\\=May 24, 1974 \\|access\\-date\\=February 2, 2013 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121112071049/http://www.thedukeellingtonsociety.org/dukeellington/dukebio.asp \\|archive\\-date\\=November 12, 2012 }}", "In September 1965, he premiered the first of his [Sacred Concerts](/wiki/Duke_Ellington%27s_Sacred_Concerts \"Duke Ellington's Sacred Concerts\"). He created a jazz Christian liturgy. Although the work received mixed reviews, Ellington was proud of the composition and performed it dozens of times. This concert was followed by two others of the same type in 1968 and 1973, known as the Second and Third Sacred Concerts. Many saw the Sacred Music suites as an attempt to reinforce commercial support for organized religion. However, Ellington simply said it was \"the most important thing I've done\".{{Harvnb\\|Ellington\\|1976\\|p\\=269}}. The [Steinway](/wiki/Steinway_%26_Sons \"Steinway & Sons\") piano upon which the Sacred Concerts were composed is part of the collection of the [Smithsonian](/wiki/Smithsonian \"Smithsonian\")'s [National Museum of American History](/wiki/National_Museum_of_American_History \"National Museum of American History\"). Like [Haydn](/wiki/Joseph_Haydn \"Joseph Haydn\") and [Mozart](/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart \"Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart\"), Ellington conducted his orchestra from the piano—he always played the keyboard parts when the Sacred Concerts were performed.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.piano300\\.si.edu/collectn.htm\\|title\\=Ellington's Steinway Grand\\|publisher\\=National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution\\|access\\-date\\=August 26, 2008\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080810022114/http://piano300\\.si.edu/collectn.htm\\|archive\\-date\\=August 10, 2008}}", "Duke turned 65 in the spring of 1964 but showed no signs of slowing down as he continued to make recordings of significant works such as *[The Far East Suite](/wiki/The_Far_East_Suite \"The Far East Suite\")* (1966\\), *[New Orleans Suite](/wiki/New_Orleans_Suite \"New Orleans Suite\")* (1970\\), *[The Afro\\-Eurasian Eclipse](/wiki/The_Afro-Eurasian_Eclipse \"The Afro-Eurasian Eclipse\")* (1971\\) and the *[Latin American Suite](/wiki/Latin_American_Suite \"Latin American Suite\")* (1972\\), much of it inspired by his world tours. It was during this time that he recorded his only album with [Frank Sinatra](/wiki/Frank_Sinatra \"Frank Sinatra\"), titled *[Francis A. \\& Edward K.](/wiki/Francis_A._%26_Edward_K. \"Francis A. & Edward K.\")* (1967\\).", "In 1972–1974 Ellington worked on his only opera, *[Queenie Pie](/wiki/Queenie_Pie \"Queenie Pie\")*, together with [Maurice Peress](/wiki/Maurice_Peress \"Maurice Peress\"). Ellington got an idea to write an opera about a black beautician in the 1930s, but did not finish it.{{cite book \\|first\\=Maurice \\|last\\=Peress \\|title\\=Dvorak to Duke Ellington \\|date\\=2004 \\|publisher\\=Oxford University Press, US \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-19\\-509822\\-8 \\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/dvoraktodukeelli00pere \\|chapter\\=Ellington’s Queenie Pie \\|pages\\=161–171}}{{cite web \\|title\\=Duke Ellington's Lost Opera, Forever A Work In Progress \\|url\\=https://www.npr.org/2014/02/02/269524876/duke\\-ellingtons\\-lost\\-opera\\-forever\\-a\\-work\\-in\\-progress \\|website\\=npr.org \\|access\\-date\\=March 8, 2023}}", "Among the last shows Ellington and his orchestra performed were one on March 21, 1973, at [Purdue University](/wiki/Purdue_University \"Purdue University\")'s Hall of Music, two on March 22, 1973, at the Sturges\\-Young Auditorium in [Sturgis, Michigan](/wiki/Sturgis%2C_Michigan \"Sturgis, Michigan\"){{cite book\\|last\\=Vail\\|first\\=Ken\\|title\\=Duke's Diary: The Life of Duke Ellington\\|year\\=2002\\|publisher\\=Scarecrow Press\\|isbn\\=978\\-0810841192\\|pages\\=449–452\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=B9b\\-fWBgzVQC\\&pg\\=PA449}} and the *[Eastbourne Performance](/wiki/Eastbourne_Performance \"Eastbourne Performance\")* on December 1, 1973, later issued on LP.{{harvnb\\|Green\\|2015\\|pp\\=\\[https://books.google.com/books?id\\=Mq30BQAAQBAJ\\&dq\\=%22Eastbourne\\+Performance%22\\+%22Duke\\+Ellington%22\\&pg\\=PT47 47–48]}} Ellington performed what is considered his final full concert in a ballroom at [Northern Illinois University](/wiki/Northern_Illinois_University \"Northern Illinois University\") on March 20, 1974\\. Since 1980, that ballroom has been dedicated as the \"Duke Ellington Ballroom\".{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.niu.edu/PubAffairs/RELEASES/2003/nov/ellington.shtml\\|title\\=NIU to rededicate Duke Ellington Ballroom during Nov. 6 NIU Jazz Ensemble concert\\|last\\=McGowan\\|first\\=Mark\\|date\\=November 3, 2003\\|publisher\\=Northern Illinois University\\|access\\-date\\=July 14, 2009\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090625194727/http://www.niu.edu/PubAffairs/RELEASES/2003/nov/ellington.shtml\\|archive\\-date\\=June 25, 2009}}", "" ]
### Early 1930s Ellington led the orchestra by conducting from the keyboard using piano cues and visual gestures; very rarely did he conduct using a baton. By 1932 his orchestra consisted of six brass instruments, four reeds, and a rhythm section of four players.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/grove/music/08731\|title\=Ellington, Duke\|last\=Hodeir\|first\=André\|website\=Oxford Music Online\|publisher\=Oxford University Press\|access\-date\=September 15, 2016}} As the leader, Ellington was not a strict disciplinarian; he maintained control of his orchestra with a combination of charm, humor, flattery, and astute psychology. A complex, private person, he revealed his feelings to only his closest intimates. He effectively used his public persona to deflect attention away from himself. Ellington signed exclusively to Brunswick in 1932 and stayed with them through to late 1936 (albeit with a short\-lived 1933–34 switch to Victor when Irving Mills temporarily moved his acts from Brunswick). As the Depression worsened, the recording industry was in crisis, dropping over 90% of its artists by 1933\.{{Harvnb\|Hasse\|1993\|p\=166}} [Ivie Anderson](/wiki/Ivie_Anderson "Ivie Anderson") was hired as the Ellington Orchestra's featured vocalist in 1931\. She is the vocalist on "[It Don't Mean a Thing (If It Ain't Got That Swing)](/wiki/It_Don%27t_Mean_a_Thing_%28If_It_Ain%27t_Got_That_Swing%29 "It Don't Mean a Thing (If It Ain't Got That Swing)")" (1932\) among other recordings. Sonny Greer had been providing occasional vocals and continued to do in a cross\-talk feature with Anderson. Radio exposure helped maintain Ellington's public profile as his orchestra began to tour. The other 78s of this era include: "[Mood Indigo](/wiki/Mood_Indigo "Mood Indigo")" (1930\), "[Sophisticated Lady](/wiki/Sophisticated_Lady "Sophisticated Lady")" (1933\), "[Solitude](/wiki/%28In_My%29_Solitude "(In My) Solitude")" (1934\), and "[In a Sentimental Mood](/wiki/In_a_Sentimental_Mood "In a Sentimental Mood")" (1935\). While Ellington's United States audience remained mainly African\-American in this period, the orchestra had a significant following overseas. They traveled to England and Scotland in 1933, as well as France (three concerts at the [Salle Pleyel](/wiki/Salle_Pleyel "Salle Pleyel") in Paris){{Harvnb\|Hasse\|1993\|p\=173}} and the Netherlands before returning to New York.{{Harvnb\|Green\|2015\|p\=221}}{{cite news\|last\=Williams\|first\=Richard\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2011/jun/17/duke\-ellington\-mother\-dies\|title\=Duke Ellington's mother dies\|work\=The Guardian\|date\=June 17, 2011\|access\-date\=December 5, 2020}} On June 12, 1933, the Duke Ellington Orchestra gave its British debut at the [London Palladium](/wiki/London_Palladium "London Palladium");{{Harvnb\|Hasse\|1993\|p\=385}} Ellington received an ovation when he walked on stage.{{Harvnb\|Tucker\|1993\|p\=243}} They were one of 13 acts on the bill and were restricted to eight short numbers; the booking lasted until June 24\.{{Harvnb\|Stratemann\|1992\|p\=65}} The British visit saw Ellington win praise from members of the serious music community, including composer [Constant Lambert](/wiki/Constant_Lambert "Constant Lambert"), which gave a boost to Ellington's interest in composing longer works. [thumb\|thumbtime\=10\|*[Symphony in Black](/wiki/Symphony_in_Black "Symphony in Black")* (1935\)](/wiki/File:Symphony_in_Black_%281935%29.webm "Symphony in Black (1935).webm") His longer pieces had already begun to appear. Ellington had composed and recorded "Creole Rhapsody" as early as 1931 (issued as both sides of a 12" record for Victor and both sides of a 10" record for Brunswick).{{sfn\|page\=73\|Brothers\|2018}} A tribute to his mother, "Reminiscing in Tempo", took four 10" 78rpm record sides to record in 1935 after her death in that year.{{sfn\|page\=75\|Brothers\|2018}} *[Symphony in Black](/wiki/Symphony_in_Black "Symphony in Black")* (also 1935\), a short film, featured his extended piece 'A Rhapsody of Negro Life'. It introduced [Billie Holiday](/wiki/Billie_Holiday "Billie Holiday"), and won the [Academy Award](/wiki/Academy_Award "Academy Award") for Best Musical Short Subject.{{Harvnb\|Schuller\|1989\|p\=94}} Ellington and his Orchestra also appeared in the features *[Murder at the Vanities](/wiki/Murder_at_the_Vanities "Murder at the Vanities")* and *[Belle of the Nineties](/wiki/Belle_of_the_Nineties "Belle of the Nineties")* (both 1934\). For agent Mills, the attention was a publicity triumph, as Ellington was now internationally known. On the band's tour through the segregated South in 1934, they avoided some of the traveling difficulties of African Americans by touring in private railcars. These provided accessible accommodations, dining, and storage for equipment while avoiding the indignities of segregated facilities. However, the competition intensified as swing bands like [Benny Goodman](/wiki/Benny_Goodman "Benny Goodman")'s began to receive widespread attention. Swing dancing became a youth phenomenon, particularly with white college audiences, and danceability drove record sales and bookings. [Jukeboxes](/wiki/Jukebox "Jukebox") proliferated nationwide, spreading the gospel of swing. Ellington's band could certainly swing, but their strengths were mood, nuance, and richness of composition, hence his statement "jazz is music, the swing is business".{{Harvnb\|Hasse\|1993\|p\=203}}.
[ "### Early 1930s", "Ellington led the orchestra by conducting from the keyboard using piano cues and visual gestures; very rarely did he conduct using a baton. By 1932 his orchestra consisted of six brass instruments, four reeds, and a rhythm section of four players.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/grove/music/08731\\|title\\=Ellington, Duke\\|last\\=Hodeir\\|first\\=André\\|website\\=Oxford Music Online\\|publisher\\=Oxford University Press\\|access\\-date\\=September 15, 2016}} As the leader, Ellington was not a strict disciplinarian; he maintained control of his orchestra with a combination of charm, humor, flattery, and astute psychology. A complex, private person, he revealed his feelings to only his closest intimates. He effectively used his public persona to deflect attention away from himself.", "Ellington signed exclusively to Brunswick in 1932 and stayed with them through to late 1936 (albeit with a short\\-lived 1933–34 switch to Victor when Irving Mills temporarily moved his acts from Brunswick).", "As the Depression worsened, the recording industry was in crisis, dropping over 90% of its artists by 1933\\.{{Harvnb\\|Hasse\\|1993\\|p\\=166}} [Ivie Anderson](/wiki/Ivie_Anderson \"Ivie Anderson\") was hired as the Ellington Orchestra's featured vocalist in 1931\\. She is the vocalist on \"[It Don't Mean a Thing (If It Ain't Got That Swing)](/wiki/It_Don%27t_Mean_a_Thing_%28If_It_Ain%27t_Got_That_Swing%29 \"It Don't Mean a Thing (If It Ain't Got That Swing)\")\" (1932\\) among other recordings. Sonny Greer had been providing occasional vocals and continued to do in a cross\\-talk feature with Anderson. Radio exposure helped maintain Ellington's public profile as his orchestra began to tour. The other 78s of this era include: \"[Mood Indigo](/wiki/Mood_Indigo \"Mood Indigo\")\" (1930\\), \"[Sophisticated Lady](/wiki/Sophisticated_Lady \"Sophisticated Lady\")\" (1933\\), \"[Solitude](/wiki/%28In_My%29_Solitude \"(In My) Solitude\")\" (1934\\), and \"[In a Sentimental Mood](/wiki/In_a_Sentimental_Mood \"In a Sentimental Mood\")\" (1935\\).", "While Ellington's United States audience remained mainly African\\-American in this period, the orchestra had a significant following overseas. They traveled to England and Scotland in 1933, as well as France (three concerts at the [Salle Pleyel](/wiki/Salle_Pleyel \"Salle Pleyel\") in Paris){{Harvnb\\|Hasse\\|1993\\|p\\=173}} and the Netherlands before returning to New York.{{Harvnb\\|Green\\|2015\\|p\\=221}}{{cite news\\|last\\=Williams\\|first\\=Richard\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2011/jun/17/duke\\-ellington\\-mother\\-dies\\|title\\=Duke Ellington's mother dies\\|work\\=The Guardian\\|date\\=June 17, 2011\\|access\\-date\\=December 5, 2020}} On June 12, 1933, the Duke Ellington Orchestra gave its British debut at the [London Palladium](/wiki/London_Palladium \"London Palladium\");{{Harvnb\\|Hasse\\|1993\\|p\\=385}} Ellington received an ovation when he walked on stage.{{Harvnb\\|Tucker\\|1993\\|p\\=243}} They were one of 13 acts on the bill and were restricted to eight short numbers; the booking lasted until June 24\\.{{Harvnb\\|Stratemann\\|1992\\|p\\=65}} The British visit saw Ellington win praise from members of the serious music community, including composer [Constant Lambert](/wiki/Constant_Lambert \"Constant Lambert\"), which gave a boost to Ellington's interest in composing longer works.", "[thumb\\|thumbtime\\=10\\|*[Symphony in Black](/wiki/Symphony_in_Black \"Symphony in Black\")* (1935\\)](/wiki/File:Symphony_in_Black_%281935%29.webm \"Symphony in Black (1935).webm\")\nHis longer pieces had already begun to appear. Ellington had composed and recorded \"Creole Rhapsody\" as early as 1931 (issued as both sides of a 12\" record for Victor and both sides of a 10\" record for Brunswick).{{sfn\\|page\\=73\\|Brothers\\|2018}} A tribute to his mother, \"Reminiscing in Tempo\", took four 10\" 78rpm record sides to record in 1935 after her death in that year.{{sfn\\|page\\=75\\|Brothers\\|2018}} *[Symphony in Black](/wiki/Symphony_in_Black \"Symphony in Black\")* (also 1935\\), a short film, featured his extended piece 'A Rhapsody of Negro Life'. It introduced [Billie Holiday](/wiki/Billie_Holiday \"Billie Holiday\"), and won the [Academy Award](/wiki/Academy_Award \"Academy Award\") for Best Musical Short Subject.{{Harvnb\\|Schuller\\|1989\\|p\\=94}} Ellington and his Orchestra also appeared in the features *[Murder at the Vanities](/wiki/Murder_at_the_Vanities \"Murder at the Vanities\")* and *[Belle of the Nineties](/wiki/Belle_of_the_Nineties \"Belle of the Nineties\")* (both 1934\\).", "For agent Mills, the attention was a publicity triumph, as Ellington was now internationally known. On the band's tour through the segregated South in 1934, they avoided some of the traveling difficulties of African Americans by touring in private railcars. These provided accessible accommodations, dining, and storage for equipment while avoiding the indignities of segregated facilities.", "However, the competition intensified as swing bands like [Benny Goodman](/wiki/Benny_Goodman \"Benny Goodman\")'s began to receive widespread attention. Swing dancing became a youth phenomenon, particularly with white college audiences, and danceability drove record sales and bookings. [Jukeboxes](/wiki/Jukebox \"Jukebox\") proliferated nationwide, spreading the gospel of swing. Ellington's band could certainly swing, but their strengths were mood, nuance, and richness of composition, hence his statement \"jazz is music, the swing is business\".{{Harvnb\\|Hasse\\|1993\\|p\\=203}}.", "" ]
### Career revival Ellington's appearance at the [Newport Jazz Festival](/wiki/Newport_Jazz_Festival "Newport Jazz Festival") on July 7, 1956, returned him to wider prominence. The feature "[Diminuendo and Crescendo in Blue](/wiki/Diminuendo_and_Crescendo_in_Blue "Diminuendo and Crescendo in Blue")" comprised two tunes that had been in the band's book since 1937\. Ellington, who had abruptly ended the band's scheduled set because of the late arrival of four key players, called the two tunes as the time was approaching midnight. Announcing that the two pieces would be separated by an interlude played by tenor saxophonist [Paul Gonsalves](/wiki/Paul_Gonsalves "Paul Gonsalves"), Ellington proceeded to lead the band through the two pieces, with Gonsalves' 27\-chorus marathon solo whipping the crowd into a frenzy, leading the Maestro to play way beyond the curfew time despite urgent pleas from festival organizer [George Wein](/wiki/George_Wein "George Wein") to bring the program to an end. The concert made international headlines, and led to one of only five *[Time](/wiki/Time_%28magazine%29 "Time (magazine)")* magazine cover stories dedicated to a jazz musician,{{cite magazine\|url\=http://www.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19560820,00\.html \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20061207074656/http://www.time.com/time/covers/0%2C16641%2C19560820%2C00\.html \|archive\-date\=December 7, 2006 \|title\=Jazzman Duke Ellington\|magazine\=Time \|date\=August 20, 1956 \|access\-date\=February 2, 2013}} and resulted in an album produced by [George Avakian](/wiki/George_Avakian "George Avakian") that would become the best\-selling LP of Ellington's career.Jack Sohmer ["Duke Ellington: *Ellington at Newport 1956* (Complete)"](http://jazztimes.com/articles/10496-ellington-at-newport-1956-complete-duke-ellington) *JazzTimes*, October 1999\. Much of the music on the LP was, in effect, simulated, with only about 40% actually from the concert itself. According to Avakian, Ellington was dissatisfied with aspects of the performance and felt the musicians had been under\-rehearsed. The band assembled the next day to re\-record several numbers with the addition of the faked sound of a crowd, none of which was disclosed to purchasers of the album. Not until 1999 was the concert recording properly released for the first time. The revived attention brought about by the Newport appearance should not have surprised anyone, Johnny Hodges had returned the previous year,{{Harvnb\|Hasse\|1995\|pp\=317–318}} and Ellington's collaboration with Strayhorn was renewed around the same time, under terms more amenable to the younger man.{{Harvnb\|Hajdu\|1996\|pp\=153–154}} The original *[Ellington at Newport](/wiki/Ellington_at_Newport "Ellington at Newport")* album was the first release in a new recording contract with [Columbia Records](/wiki/Columbia_Records "Columbia Records") which yielded several years of recording stability, mainly under producer [Irving Townsend](/wiki/Irving_Townsend "Irving Townsend"), who coaxed both commercial and artistic productions from Ellington.{{cite book\|last\=Wein\|first\=George\|title\=Myself Among Others: A Life in Music\|publisher\=Da Capo Press\|year\=2003}} In 1957, [CBS](/wiki/CBS "CBS") (Columbia Records' parent corporation) aired a live television production of *[A Drum Is a Woman](/wiki/A_Drum_Is_a_Woman "A Drum Is a Woman")*, an allegorical suite which received mixed reviews. Festival appearances at the new [Monterey Jazz Festival](/wiki/Monterey_Jazz_Festival "Monterey Jazz Festival") and elsewhere provided venues for live exposure, and a European tour in 1958 was well received. *[Such Sweet Thunder](/wiki/Such_Sweet_Thunder "Such Sweet Thunder")* (1957\), based on [Shakespeare's](/wiki/William_Shakespeare "William Shakespeare") plays and characters, and *[The Queen's Suite](/wiki/The_Ellington_Suites "The Ellington Suites")* (1958\), dedicated to Britain's [Queen Elizabeth II](/wiki/Elizabeth_II_of_the_United_Kingdom "Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom"), were products of the renewed impetus which the Newport appearance helped to create. However, the latter work was not commercially issued at the time. The late 1950s also saw [Ella Fitzgerald](/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald "Ella Fitzgerald") record her *[Duke Ellington Songbook](/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald_Sings_the_Duke_Ellington_Songbook "Ella Fitzgerald Sings the Duke Ellington Songbook")* (Verve) with Ellington and his orchestra—a recognition that Ellington's songs had now become part of the cultural canon known as the '[Great American Songbook](/wiki/Great_American_Songbook "Great American Songbook")'. [thumb\|[James Stewart](/wiki/James_Stewart "James Stewart") and Ellington in *[Anatomy of a Murder](/wiki/Anatomy_of_a_Murder "Anatomy of a Murder")* (1959\)](/wiki/File:James_Stewart-Duke_Ellington_in_Anatomy_of_a_Murder_trailer.jpg "James Stewart-Duke Ellington in Anatomy of a Murder trailer.jpg") Around this time Ellington and Strayhorn began to work on film [scoring](/wiki/Film_score "Film score"). The first of these was *[Anatomy of a Murder](/wiki/Anatomy_of_a_Murder "Anatomy of a Murder")* (1959\), a courtroom drama directed by [Otto Preminger](/wiki/Otto_Preminger "Otto Preminger") and featuring [James Stewart](/wiki/James_Stewart "James Stewart"), in which Ellington appeared fronting a roadhouse combo. Film historians have recognized the score "as a landmark—the first significant Hollywood film music by African Americans comprising [non\-diegetic](/wiki/Diegetic%23Film_sound_and_music "Diegetic#Film sound and music") music, that is, music whose source is not visible or implied by action in the film, like an on\-screen band." The score avoided the cultural [stereotypes](/wiki/Stereotypes "Stereotypes") which previously characterized jazz scores and rejected a strict adherence to visuals in ways that presaged the [New Wave](/wiki/French_New_Wave "French New Wave") cinema of the '60s".Mark Stryker, "Ellington's score still celebrated", *[Detroit Free Press](/wiki/Detroit_Free_Press "Detroit Free Press")*, January 20, 2009; Mervyn Cooke, *History of Film Music*, 2008, Cambridge University Press. Ellington and Strayhorn, always looking for new musical territory, produced suites for [John Steinbeck](/wiki/John_Steinbeck "John Steinbeck")'s novel *Sweet Thursday*, [Tchaikovsky](/wiki/Tchaikovsky "Tchaikovsky")'s *Nutcracker Suite* and [Edvard Grieg](/wiki/Edvard_Grieg "Edvard Grieg")'s *Peer Gynt*. *Anatomy of a Murder* was followed by *[Paris Blues](/wiki/Paris_Blues "Paris Blues")* (1961\), which featured [Paul Newman](/wiki/Paul_Newman "Paul Newman") and [Sidney Poitier](/wiki/Sidney_Poitier "Sidney Poitier") as jazz musicians. For this work, Ellington was nominated for the [Academy Award for Best Score](/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Score "Academy Award for Best Score"). In the early 1960s, Ellington embraced recording with artists who had been friendly rivals in the past or were younger musicians who focused on later styles. The Ellington and [Count Basie](/wiki/Count_Basie "Count Basie") orchestras recorded together with the album *[First Time! The Count Meets the Duke](/wiki/First_Time%21_The_Count_Meets_the_Duke "First Time! The Count Meets the Duke")* (1961\). During a period when Ellington was between recording contracts, he made records with [Louis Armstrong](/wiki/Louis_Armstrong "Louis Armstrong") ([Roulette](/wiki/Roulette_Records "Roulette Records")), [Coleman Hawkins](/wiki/Coleman_Hawkins "Coleman Hawkins"), [John Coltrane](/wiki/John_Coltrane "John Coltrane") (both for [Impulse](/wiki/Impulse%21_Records "Impulse! Records")) and participated in a session with [Charles Mingus](/wiki/Charles_Mingus "Charles Mingus") and [Max Roach](/wiki/Max_Roach "Max Roach") which produced the *[Money Jungle](/wiki/Money_Jungle "Money Jungle")* ([United Artists](/wiki/United_Artists_Records "United Artists Records")) album. He signed to [Frank Sinatra](/wiki/Frank_Sinatra "Frank Sinatra")'s new [Reprise label](/wiki/Reprise_Records "Reprise Records"), but the association with the label was short\-lived. Musicians who had previously worked with Ellington returned to the Orchestra as members: Lawrence Brown in 1960 and [Cootie Williams](/wiki/Cootie_Williams "Cootie Williams") in 1962\. > The writing and playing of music is a matter of intent... You can't just throw a paintbrush against the wall and call whatever happens art. My music fits the tonal personality of the player. I think too strongly in terms of altering my music to fit the performer to be impressed by accidental music. You can't take doodling seriously. He was now performing worldwide and spent a significant part of each year on overseas tours. As a consequence, he formed new working relationships with artists from around the world, including the Swedish vocalist [Alice Babs](/wiki/Alice_Babs "Alice Babs"), and the South African musicians [Dollar Brand](/wiki/Abdullah_Ibrahim "Abdullah Ibrahim") and [Sathima Bea Benjamin](/wiki/Sathima_Bea_Benjamin "Sathima Bea Benjamin") (*A Morning in Paris*, 1963/1997\). Ellington wrote an original score for director [Michael Langham](/wiki/Michael_Langham "Michael Langham")'s production of Shakespeare's *[Timon of Athens](/wiki/Timon_of_Athens "Timon of Athens")* at the [Stratford Festival](/wiki/Stratford_Shakespeare_Festival "Stratford Shakespeare Festival") in Ontario, Canada, which opened on July 29, 1963\. Langham has used it for several subsequent productions, including a much later adaptation by [Stanley Silverman](/wiki/Stanley_Silverman "Stanley Silverman") which expands the score with some of Ellington's best\-known works.
[ "### Career revival", "Ellington's appearance at the [Newport Jazz Festival](/wiki/Newport_Jazz_Festival \"Newport Jazz Festival\") on July 7, 1956, returned him to wider prominence. The feature \"[Diminuendo and Crescendo in Blue](/wiki/Diminuendo_and_Crescendo_in_Blue \"Diminuendo and Crescendo in Blue\")\" comprised two tunes that had been in the band's book since 1937\\. Ellington, who had abruptly ended the band's scheduled set because of the late arrival of four key players, called the two tunes as the time was approaching midnight. Announcing that the two pieces would be separated by an interlude played by tenor saxophonist [Paul Gonsalves](/wiki/Paul_Gonsalves \"Paul Gonsalves\"), Ellington proceeded to lead the band through the two pieces, with Gonsalves' 27\\-chorus marathon solo whipping the crowd into a frenzy, leading the Maestro to play way beyond the curfew time despite urgent pleas from festival organizer [George Wein](/wiki/George_Wein \"George Wein\") to bring the program to an end.", "The concert made international headlines, and led to one of only five *[Time](/wiki/Time_%28magazine%29 \"Time (magazine)\")* magazine cover stories dedicated to a jazz musician,{{cite magazine\\|url\\=http://www.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19560820,00\\.html \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20061207074656/http://www.time.com/time/covers/0%2C16641%2C19560820%2C00\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=December 7, 2006 \\|title\\=Jazzman Duke Ellington\\|magazine\\=Time \\|date\\=August 20, 1956 \\|access\\-date\\=February 2, 2013}} and resulted in an album produced by [George Avakian](/wiki/George_Avakian \"George Avakian\") that would become the best\\-selling LP of Ellington's career.Jack Sohmer [\"Duke Ellington: *Ellington at Newport 1956* (Complete)\"](http://jazztimes.com/articles/10496-ellington-at-newport-1956-complete-duke-ellington) *JazzTimes*, October 1999\\. Much of the music on the LP was, in effect, simulated, with only about 40% actually from the concert itself. According to Avakian, Ellington was dissatisfied with aspects of the performance and felt the musicians had been under\\-rehearsed. The band assembled the next day to re\\-record several numbers with the addition of the faked sound of a crowd, none of which was disclosed to purchasers of the album. Not until 1999 was the concert recording properly released for the first time. The revived attention brought about by the Newport appearance should not have surprised anyone, Johnny Hodges had returned the previous year,{{Harvnb\\|Hasse\\|1995\\|pp\\=317–318}} and Ellington's collaboration with Strayhorn was renewed around the same time, under terms more amenable to the younger man.{{Harvnb\\|Hajdu\\|1996\\|pp\\=153–154}}", "The original *[Ellington at Newport](/wiki/Ellington_at_Newport \"Ellington at Newport\")* album was the first release in a new recording contract with [Columbia Records](/wiki/Columbia_Records \"Columbia Records\") which yielded several years of recording stability, mainly under producer [Irving Townsend](/wiki/Irving_Townsend \"Irving Townsend\"), who coaxed both commercial and artistic productions from Ellington.{{cite book\\|last\\=Wein\\|first\\=George\\|title\\=Myself Among Others: A Life in Music\\|publisher\\=Da Capo Press\\|year\\=2003}}", "In 1957, [CBS](/wiki/CBS \"CBS\") (Columbia Records' parent corporation) aired a live television production of *[A Drum Is a Woman](/wiki/A_Drum_Is_a_Woman \"A Drum Is a Woman\")*, an allegorical suite which received mixed reviews. Festival appearances at the new [Monterey Jazz Festival](/wiki/Monterey_Jazz_Festival \"Monterey Jazz Festival\") and elsewhere provided venues for live exposure, and a European tour in 1958 was well received. *[Such Sweet Thunder](/wiki/Such_Sweet_Thunder \"Such Sweet Thunder\")* (1957\\), based on [Shakespeare's](/wiki/William_Shakespeare \"William Shakespeare\") plays and characters, and *[The Queen's Suite](/wiki/The_Ellington_Suites \"The Ellington Suites\")* (1958\\), dedicated to Britain's [Queen Elizabeth II](/wiki/Elizabeth_II_of_the_United_Kingdom \"Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom\"), were products of the renewed impetus which the Newport appearance helped to create. However, the latter work was not commercially issued at the time. The late 1950s also saw [Ella Fitzgerald](/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald \"Ella Fitzgerald\") record her *[Duke Ellington Songbook](/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald_Sings_the_Duke_Ellington_Songbook \"Ella Fitzgerald Sings the Duke Ellington Songbook\")* (Verve) with Ellington and his orchestra—a recognition that Ellington's songs had now become part of the cultural canon known as the '[Great American Songbook](/wiki/Great_American_Songbook \"Great American Songbook\")'.", "[thumb\\|[James Stewart](/wiki/James_Stewart \"James Stewart\") and Ellington in *[Anatomy of a Murder](/wiki/Anatomy_of_a_Murder \"Anatomy of a Murder\")* (1959\\)](/wiki/File:James_Stewart-Duke_Ellington_in_Anatomy_of_a_Murder_trailer.jpg \"James Stewart-Duke Ellington in Anatomy of a Murder trailer.jpg\")\nAround this time Ellington and Strayhorn began to work on film [scoring](/wiki/Film_score \"Film score\"). The first of these was *[Anatomy of a Murder](/wiki/Anatomy_of_a_Murder \"Anatomy of a Murder\")* (1959\\), a courtroom drama directed by [Otto Preminger](/wiki/Otto_Preminger \"Otto Preminger\") and featuring [James Stewart](/wiki/James_Stewart \"James Stewart\"), in which Ellington appeared fronting a roadhouse combo. Film historians have recognized the score \"as a landmark—the first significant Hollywood film music by African Americans comprising [non\\-diegetic](/wiki/Diegetic%23Film_sound_and_music \"Diegetic#Film sound and music\") music, that is, music whose source is not visible or implied by action in the film, like an on\\-screen band.\" The score avoided the cultural [stereotypes](/wiki/Stereotypes \"Stereotypes\") which previously characterized jazz scores and rejected a strict adherence to visuals in ways that presaged the [New Wave](/wiki/French_New_Wave \"French New Wave\") cinema of the '60s\".Mark Stryker, \"Ellington's score still celebrated\", *[Detroit Free Press](/wiki/Detroit_Free_Press \"Detroit Free Press\")*, January 20, 2009; Mervyn Cooke, *History of Film Music*, 2008, Cambridge University Press. Ellington and Strayhorn, always looking for new musical territory, produced suites for [John Steinbeck](/wiki/John_Steinbeck \"John Steinbeck\")'s novel *Sweet Thursday*, [Tchaikovsky](/wiki/Tchaikovsky \"Tchaikovsky\")'s *Nutcracker Suite* and [Edvard Grieg](/wiki/Edvard_Grieg \"Edvard Grieg\")'s *Peer Gynt*.", "*Anatomy of a Murder* was followed by *[Paris Blues](/wiki/Paris_Blues \"Paris Blues\")* (1961\\), which featured [Paul Newman](/wiki/Paul_Newman \"Paul Newman\") and [Sidney Poitier](/wiki/Sidney_Poitier \"Sidney Poitier\") as jazz musicians. For this work, Ellington was nominated for the [Academy Award for Best Score](/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Score \"Academy Award for Best Score\").", "In the early 1960s, Ellington embraced recording with artists who had been friendly rivals in the past or were younger musicians who focused on later styles. The Ellington and [Count Basie](/wiki/Count_Basie \"Count Basie\") orchestras recorded together with the album *[First Time! The Count Meets the Duke](/wiki/First_Time%21_The_Count_Meets_the_Duke \"First Time! The Count Meets the Duke\")* (1961\\). During a period when Ellington was between recording contracts, he made records with [Louis Armstrong](/wiki/Louis_Armstrong \"Louis Armstrong\") ([Roulette](/wiki/Roulette_Records \"Roulette Records\")), [Coleman Hawkins](/wiki/Coleman_Hawkins \"Coleman Hawkins\"), [John Coltrane](/wiki/John_Coltrane \"John Coltrane\") (both for [Impulse](/wiki/Impulse%21_Records \"Impulse! Records\")) and participated in a session with [Charles Mingus](/wiki/Charles_Mingus \"Charles Mingus\") and [Max Roach](/wiki/Max_Roach \"Max Roach\") which produced the *[Money Jungle](/wiki/Money_Jungle \"Money Jungle\")* ([United Artists](/wiki/United_Artists_Records \"United Artists Records\")) album. He signed to [Frank Sinatra](/wiki/Frank_Sinatra \"Frank Sinatra\")'s new [Reprise label](/wiki/Reprise_Records \"Reprise Records\"), but the association with the label was short\\-lived.", "Musicians who had previously worked with Ellington returned to the Orchestra as members: Lawrence Brown in 1960 and [Cootie Williams](/wiki/Cootie_Williams \"Cootie Williams\") in 1962\\.", "", "> The writing and playing of music is a matter of intent... You can't just throw a paintbrush against the wall and call whatever happens art. My music fits the tonal personality of the player. I think too strongly in terms of altering my music to fit the performer to be impressed by accidental music. You can't take doodling seriously.", "He was now performing worldwide and spent a significant part of each year on overseas tours. As a consequence, he formed new working relationships with artists from around the world, including the Swedish vocalist [Alice Babs](/wiki/Alice_Babs \"Alice Babs\"), and the South African musicians [Dollar Brand](/wiki/Abdullah_Ibrahim \"Abdullah Ibrahim\") and [Sathima Bea Benjamin](/wiki/Sathima_Bea_Benjamin \"Sathima Bea Benjamin\") (*A Morning in Paris*, 1963/1997\\).", "Ellington wrote an original score for director [Michael Langham](/wiki/Michael_Langham \"Michael Langham\")'s production of Shakespeare's *[Timon of Athens](/wiki/Timon_of_Athens \"Timon of Athens\")* at the [Stratford Festival](/wiki/Stratford_Shakespeare_Festival \"Stratford Shakespeare Festival\") in Ontario, Canada, which opened on July 29, 1963\\. Langham has used it for several subsequent productions, including a much later adaptation by [Stanley Silverman](/wiki/Stanley_Silverman \"Stanley Silverman\") which expands the score with some of Ellington's best\\-known works.", "" ]
Legacy ------ ### Memorialized Numerous memorials have been dedicated to Duke Ellington in cities from New York and Washington, D.C. to Los Angeles. In Ellington's birthplace, Washington, D.C., the [Duke Ellington School of the Arts](/wiki/Duke_Ellington_School_of_the_Arts "Duke Ellington School of the Arts") educates talented students who are considering careers in the arts by providing art instruction and academic programs to prepare students for post\-secondary education and professional careers. In 1974, the District renamed the Calvert Street Bridge, originally built in 1935, as the [Duke Ellington Bridge](/wiki/Duke_Ellington_Bridge "Duke Ellington Bridge"). Another school is P.S. 004 Duke Ellington in New York. In 1989, a bronze plaque was attached to the newly named Duke Ellington Building at 2121 Ward Place NW.{{cite web\|title\=Program and Invitation entitled "the Dedication of the Birth Site of Edward Kennedy 'Duke' Ellington" at 2129 Ward Place, N.W., Washington, D.C., April 29, 1989\|url\=http://www.aladin0\.wrlc.org/gsdl/cgi\-bin/library?e\=q\-01000\-00\-\-\-off\-0grant\-\-00\-1\-\-0\-10\-0\-\-\-0\-\-\-0prompt\-10\-KEY%2cSU%2cCO%2cPE\-\-4\-\-ward%2c%2c%2c\-\-\-\-\-0\-1l\-\-11\-en\-50\-\-\-20\-home\-%5bward%5d%3aKEY\+\-\-01\-3\-1\-00\-0\-0\-11\-0\-0utfZz\-8\-00\&a\=d\&c\=grant\&srp\=0\&srn\=0\&cl\=search\&d\=HASH0194ab871aee7f616ed57be6\|publisher\=Felix E. Grant Digital Collection\|access\-date\=December 5, 2012\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160115110449/http://www.aladin0\.wrlc.org/gsdl/cgi\-bin/library?e\=q\-01000\-00\-\-\-off\-0grant\-\-00\-1\-\-0\-10\-0\-\-\-0\-\-\-0prompt\-10\-KEY,SU,CO,PE\-\-4\-\-ward,,,\-\-\-\-\-0\-1l\-\-11\-en\-50\-\-\-20\-home\-%5bward%5d:KEY\+\-\-01\-3\-1\-00\-0\-0\-11\-0\-0utfZz\-8\-00\&a\=d\&c\=grant\&srp\=0\&srn\=0\&cl\=search\&d\=HASH0194ab871aee7f616ed57be6\|archive\-date\=January 15, 2016}} In 2012, the new owner of the building commissioned a mural by [Aniekan Udofia](/wiki/Aniekan_Udofia "Aniekan Udofia") that appears above the lettering "Duke Ellington". In 2010 the triangular park, across the street from Duke Ellington's birth site, at the intersection of New Hampshire and M Streets NW, was named the [Duke Ellington Park](/wiki/Duke_Ellington_Park "Duke Ellington Park"). Ellington's residence at 2728 Sherman Avenue NW, during the years 1919–1922,{{cite web\|title\=Letter from Curator of the Peabody Library Association of Georgetown, D.C. Mathilde D. Williams to Felix Grant, September 21, 1972\|url\=http://www.aladin0\.wrlc.org/gsdl/cgi\-bin/library?e\=q\-01000\-00\-\-\-off\-0grant\-\-00\-1\-\-0\-10\-0\-\-\-0\-\-\-0prompt\-10\-KEY%2cSU%2cCO%2cPE\-\-4\-\-peabody%2c%2c%2c\-\-\-\-\-0\-1l\-\-11\-en\-50\-\-\-20\-home\-%5bpeabody%5d%3aKEY\+\-\-01\-3\-1\-00\-0\-0\-11\-0\-0utfZz\-8\-00\&a\=d\&c\=grant\&srp\=0\&srn\=0\&cl\=search\&d\=HASHbdd7ebe76fe566dcb566d5\|publisher\=Felix E. Grant Digital Collection\|access\-date\=December 5, 2012\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160115110839/http://www.aladin0\.wrlc.org/gsdl/cgi\-bin/library?e\=q\-01000\-00\-\-\-off\-0grant\-\-00\-1\-\-0\-10\-0\-\-\-0\-\-\-0prompt\-10\-KEY,SU,CO,PE\-\-4\-\-peabody,,,\-\-\-\-\-0\-1l\-\-11\-en\-50\-\-\-20\-home\-%5bpeabody%5d:KEY\+\-\-01\-3\-1\-00\-0\-0\-11\-0\-0utfZz\-8\-00\&a\=d\&c\=grant\&srp\=0\&srn\=0\&cl\=search\&d\=HASHbdd7ebe76fe566dcb566d5\|archive\-date\=January 15, 2016}} is marked by a bronze plaque. On February 24, 2009, the [United States Mint](/wiki/United_States_Mint "United States Mint") issued a coin with Duke Ellington on it, making him the first African American to appear by himself on a circulating U.S. coin.{{cite news\|title \= Jazz man is first African\-American to solo on U.S. circulating coin\|publisher \= CNN\|date \= February 24, 2009\|url \= http://www.cnn.com/2009/US/02/24/duke.ellington.coin/index.html \|access\-date \= October 3, 2009\|quote \= The United States Mint launched a new coin Tuesday featuring jazz legend Duke Ellington, making him the first African American to appear by himself on a circulating U.S. coin. \[...] The coin was issued to celebrate Ellington's birthplace, the District of Columbia.\|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20090821173757/http://www.cnn.com/2009/US/02/24/duke.ellington.coin/index.html\|archive\-date \= August 21, 2009\|df \= mdy}} Ellington appears on the reverse (tails) side of the District of Columbia [quarter](/wiki/Quarter_%28United_States_coin%29 "Quarter (United States coin)"). The coin is part of the U.S. Mint's program honoring the District and the U.S. territories and celebrates Ellington's birthplace in the District of Columbia. Ellington is depicted on the quarter seated at a piano, sheet music in hand, along with the inscription "Justice for All", which is the District's motto.United States Mint. Coins and Medals. [*District of Columbia*.](http://www.usmint.gov/mint_programs/DCAndTerritories/index.cfm?action=dcterritories&local=DC) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414174747/http://www.usmint.gov/mint\_programs/DCAndTerritories/index.cfm?action\=dcterritories\&local\=DC \|date\=April 14, 2016 }} In 1986, a United States commemorative stamp was issued featuring Ellington's likeness.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.grammy.com/grammys/artists/duke\-ellington \|title\=Duke Ellington – Artist – www.grammy.com \|publisher\=Recording Academy \|access\-date\=April 12, 2018\|date\=May 22, 2018 }} [thumb\|Ellington on the Washington, D.C., quarter released in 2009](/wiki/File:2009_DC_Proof.png "2009 DC Proof.png") Ellington lived out his final years in Manhattan, in a townhouse at 333 [Riverside Drive](/wiki/Riverside_Drive_%28Manhattan%29 "Riverside Drive (Manhattan)") near West 106th Street. His sister Ruth, who managed his publishing company, also lived there, and his son Mercer lived next door. After his death, West 106th Street was officially renamed Duke Ellington Boulevard. A large memorial to Ellington, created by sculptor [Robert Graham](/wiki/Robert_Graham_%28sculptor%29 "Robert Graham (sculptor)"), was dedicated in 1997 in New York's [Central Park](/wiki/Central_Park "Central Park"), near [Fifth Avenue](/wiki/Fifth_Avenue_%28Manhattan%29 "Fifth Avenue (Manhattan)") and [110th Street](/wiki/110th_Street_%28Manhattan%29 "110th Street (Manhattan)"), an intersection named [Duke Ellington Circle](/wiki/Duke_Ellington_Circle "Duke Ellington Circle"). A statue of Ellington at a piano is featured at the entrance to [UCLA](/wiki/UCLA "UCLA")'s Schoenberg Hall. According to *UCLA* magazine: {{blockquote\|When UCLA students were entranced by Duke Ellington's provocative tunes at a \[\[Culver City]] club in 1937, they asked the budding musical great to play a free concert in \[\[Royce Hall]]. 'I've been waiting for someone to ask us!' Ellington exclaimed. On the day of the concert, Ellington accidentally mixed up the venues and drove to USC instead. He eventually arrived at the UCLA campus and, to apologize for his tardiness, played to the packed crowd for more than four hours. And so, "Sir Duke" and his group played the first\-ever jazz performance in a concert venue.Maya Parmer, \[http://www.magazine.ucla.edu/depts/happenings/two\_days\_of\_the\_duke/ "Curtain Up: Two Days of the Duke"] {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090403212339/http://www.magazine.ucla.edu/depts/happenings/two\_days\_of\_the\_duke/ \|date\=April 3, 2009 }}, ''UCLA Magazine'', April 1, 2009\.}} The [Essentially Ellington High School Jazz Band Competition and Festival](/wiki/Essentially_Ellington_High_School_Jazz_Band_Competition_and_Festival "Essentially Ellington High School Jazz Band Competition and Festival") is a nationally renowned annual competition for prestigious high school bands. Started in 1996 at [Jazz at Lincoln Center](/wiki/Jazz_at_Lincoln_Center "Jazz at Lincoln Center"), the festival is named after Ellington because of the significant focus that the festival places on his works. ### Tributes After Duke died, his son Mercer took over leadership of the orchestra, continuing until he died in 1996\. Like the [Count Basie Orchestra](/wiki/Count_Basie_Orchestra "Count Basie Orchestra"), this "ghost band" continued to release albums for many years. *[Digital Duke](/wiki/Digital_Duke "Digital Duke")*, credited to The Duke Ellington Orchestra, won the 1988 [Grammy Award for Best Large Jazz Ensemble Album](/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Large_Jazz_Ensemble_Album "Grammy Award for Best Large Jazz Ensemble Album"). Mercer Ellington had been handling all administrative aspects of his father's business for several decades. Mercer's children continue a connection with their grandfather's work. [Gunther Schuller](/wiki/Gunther_Schuller "Gunther Schuller") wrote in 1989: > Ellington composed incessantly to the very last days of his life. Music was indeed his mistress; it was his total life and his commitment to it was incomparable and unalterable. In jazz he was a giant among giants. And in twentieth century music, he may yet one day be recognized as one of the half\-dozen greatest masters of our time.{{cite book\|last\=Schuller\|first\=Gunther\|title\=The Swing Era\|year\=1989\|publisher\=Oxford University Press\|location\=New York\|isbn\=019504312X}}{{rp\|157}} [Martin Williams](/wiki/Martin_Williams_%28writer%29 "Martin Williams (writer)") said: "Duke Ellington lived long enough to hear himself named among our best composers. And since his death in 1974, it has become not at all uncommon to see him named, along with [Charles Ives](/wiki/Charles_Ives "Charles Ives"), as the greatest composer we have produced, regardless of category."Martin Williams, liner notes, *Duke Ellington's Symphony in Black*, The Smithsonian Jazz Repertory Ensemble conducted by [Gunther Schuller](/wiki/Gunther_Schuller "Gunther Schuller"), The [Smithsonian](/wiki/Smithsonian "Smithsonian") Collections recording, 1980\. In the opinion of Bob Blumenthal of *[The Boston Globe](/wiki/The_Boston_Globe "The Boston Globe")* in 1999: "\[i]n the century since his birth, there has been no greater composer, American or otherwise, than Edward Kennedy Ellington."*Boston Globe*, April 25, 1999\. In 2002, scholar [Molefi Kete Asante](/wiki/Molefi_Kete_Asante "Molefi Kete Asante") listed Duke Ellington on his list of [100 Greatest African Americans](/wiki/100_Greatest_African_Americans "100 Greatest African Americans").Asante, Molefi Kete (2002\). *100 Greatest African Americans: A Biographical Encyclopedia*. Amherst, New York: Prometheus Books. {{ISBN\|1573929638}}. [thumb\|right\|Star on the [Hollywood Walk of Fame](/wiki/Hollywood_Walk_of_Fame "Hollywood Walk of Fame") at 6535 Hollywood Blvd.](/wiki/File:Duke_Ellington_star_HWF.JPG "Duke Ellington star HWF.JPG") His compositions have been revisited by artists and musicians worldwide as sources of inspiration and a bedrock of their performing careers: * [Dave Brubeck](/wiki/Dave_Brubeck "Dave Brubeck") dedicated "The Duke" (1954\) to Ellington and it became a standard covered by others,{{cite web \| url \= {{AllMusic\|class\=song\|id\=t933027\|pure\_url\=yes}} \| title \= 'The Duke' by Dave Brubeck: song review, recordings, covers \|website\=AllMusic \| access\-date \=March 21, 2007}} including [Miles Davis](/wiki/Miles_Davis "Miles Davis") on his *[Miles Ahead](/wiki/Miles_Ahead_%28album%29 "Miles Ahead (album)")*, 1957\. The album *[The Real Ambassadors](/wiki/The_Real_Ambassadors "The Real Ambassadors")* has a vocal version of this piece, "You Swing Baby (The Duke)", with lyrics by Iola Brubeck, Dave Brubeck's wife. It is performed as a duet between [Louis Armstrong](/wiki/Louis_Armstrong "Louis Armstrong") and [Carmen McRae](/wiki/Carmen_McRae "Carmen McRae"). It is also dedicated to Duke Ellington. * [Miles Davis](/wiki/Miles_Davis "Miles Davis") created his half\-hour [dirge](/wiki/Dirge "Dirge") "He Loved Him Madly" (on *[Get Up with It](/wiki/Get_Up_with_It "Get Up with It")*) as a tribute to Ellington one month after his death. * [Charles Mingus](/wiki/Charles_Mingus "Charles Mingus"), who had been fired by Ellington decades earlier, wrote the elegy "Duke Ellington's Sound Of Love" in 1974, a few months after Ellington's death. * [Stevie Wonder](/wiki/Stevie_Wonder "Stevie Wonder") wrote the song "[Sir Duke](/wiki/Sir_Duke "Sir Duke")" as a tribute to Ellington, which appeared on his album *[Songs in the Key of Life](/wiki/Songs_in_the_Key_of_Life "Songs in the Key of Life")* released in 1976\. There are hundreds of albums dedicated to the music of Duke Ellington and Billy Strayhorn by artists famous and obscure. *[Sophisticated Ladies](/wiki/Sophisticated_Ladies "Sophisticated Ladies")*, an award\-winning 1981 musical revue, incorporated many tunes from Ellington's repertoire. A second Broadway musical interpolating Ellington's music, *[Play On!](/wiki/Play_On_%28musical%29 "Play On (musical)")*, debuted in 1997\.
[ "Legacy\n------", "### Memorialized", "Numerous memorials have been dedicated to Duke Ellington in cities from New York and Washington, D.C. to Los Angeles.", "In Ellington's birthplace, Washington, D.C., the [Duke Ellington School of the Arts](/wiki/Duke_Ellington_School_of_the_Arts \"Duke Ellington School of the Arts\") educates talented students who are considering careers in the arts by providing art instruction and academic programs to prepare students for post\\-secondary education and professional careers. In 1974, the District renamed the Calvert Street Bridge, originally built in 1935, as the [Duke Ellington Bridge](/wiki/Duke_Ellington_Bridge \"Duke Ellington Bridge\"). Another school is P.S. 004 Duke Ellington in New York.", "In 1989, a bronze plaque was attached to the newly named Duke Ellington Building at 2121 Ward Place NW.{{cite web\\|title\\=Program and Invitation entitled \"the Dedication of the Birth Site of Edward Kennedy 'Duke' Ellington\" at 2129 Ward Place, N.W., Washington, D.C., April 29, 1989\\|url\\=http://www.aladin0\\.wrlc.org/gsdl/cgi\\-bin/library?e\\=q\\-01000\\-00\\-\\-\\-off\\-0grant\\-\\-00\\-1\\-\\-0\\-10\\-0\\-\\-\\-0\\-\\-\\-0prompt\\-10\\-KEY%2cSU%2cCO%2cPE\\-\\-4\\-\\-ward%2c%2c%2c\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-0\\-1l\\-\\-11\\-en\\-50\\-\\-\\-20\\-home\\-%5bward%5d%3aKEY\\+\\-\\-01\\-3\\-1\\-00\\-0\\-0\\-11\\-0\\-0utfZz\\-8\\-00\\&a\\=d\\&c\\=grant\\&srp\\=0\\&srn\\=0\\&cl\\=search\\&d\\=HASH0194ab871aee7f616ed57be6\\|publisher\\=Felix E. Grant Digital Collection\\|access\\-date\\=December 5, 2012\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160115110449/http://www.aladin0\\.wrlc.org/gsdl/cgi\\-bin/library?e\\=q\\-01000\\-00\\-\\-\\-off\\-0grant\\-\\-00\\-1\\-\\-0\\-10\\-0\\-\\-\\-0\\-\\-\\-0prompt\\-10\\-KEY,SU,CO,PE\\-\\-4\\-\\-ward,,,\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-0\\-1l\\-\\-11\\-en\\-50\\-\\-\\-20\\-home\\-%5bward%5d:KEY\\+\\-\\-01\\-3\\-1\\-00\\-0\\-0\\-11\\-0\\-0utfZz\\-8\\-00\\&a\\=d\\&c\\=grant\\&srp\\=0\\&srn\\=0\\&cl\\=search\\&d\\=HASH0194ab871aee7f616ed57be6\\|archive\\-date\\=January 15, 2016}} In 2012, the new owner of the building commissioned a mural by [Aniekan Udofia](/wiki/Aniekan_Udofia \"Aniekan Udofia\") that appears above the lettering \"Duke Ellington\". In 2010 the triangular park, across the street from Duke Ellington's birth site, at the intersection of New Hampshire and M Streets NW, was named the [Duke Ellington Park](/wiki/Duke_Ellington_Park \"Duke Ellington Park\").", "Ellington's residence at 2728 Sherman Avenue NW, during the years 1919–1922,{{cite web\\|title\\=Letter from Curator of the Peabody Library Association of Georgetown, D.C. Mathilde D. Williams to Felix Grant, September 21, 1972\\|url\\=http://www.aladin0\\.wrlc.org/gsdl/cgi\\-bin/library?e\\=q\\-01000\\-00\\-\\-\\-off\\-0grant\\-\\-00\\-1\\-\\-0\\-10\\-0\\-\\-\\-0\\-\\-\\-0prompt\\-10\\-KEY%2cSU%2cCO%2cPE\\-\\-4\\-\\-peabody%2c%2c%2c\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-0\\-1l\\-\\-11\\-en\\-50\\-\\-\\-20\\-home\\-%5bpeabody%5d%3aKEY\\+\\-\\-01\\-3\\-1\\-00\\-0\\-0\\-11\\-0\\-0utfZz\\-8\\-00\\&a\\=d\\&c\\=grant\\&srp\\=0\\&srn\\=0\\&cl\\=search\\&d\\=HASHbdd7ebe76fe566dcb566d5\\|publisher\\=Felix E. Grant Digital Collection\\|access\\-date\\=December 5, 2012\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160115110839/http://www.aladin0\\.wrlc.org/gsdl/cgi\\-bin/library?e\\=q\\-01000\\-00\\-\\-\\-off\\-0grant\\-\\-00\\-1\\-\\-0\\-10\\-0\\-\\-\\-0\\-\\-\\-0prompt\\-10\\-KEY,SU,CO,PE\\-\\-4\\-\\-peabody,,,\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-0\\-1l\\-\\-11\\-en\\-50\\-\\-\\-20\\-home\\-%5bpeabody%5d:KEY\\+\\-\\-01\\-3\\-1\\-00\\-0\\-0\\-11\\-0\\-0utfZz\\-8\\-00\\&a\\=d\\&c\\=grant\\&srp\\=0\\&srn\\=0\\&cl\\=search\\&d\\=HASHbdd7ebe76fe566dcb566d5\\|archive\\-date\\=January 15, 2016}} is marked by a bronze plaque.", "On February 24, 2009, the [United States Mint](/wiki/United_States_Mint \"United States Mint\") issued a coin with Duke Ellington on it, making him the first African American to appear by himself on a circulating U.S. coin.{{cite news\\|title \\= Jazz man is first African\\-American to solo on U.S. circulating coin\\|publisher \\= CNN\\|date \\= February 24, 2009\\|url \\= http://www.cnn.com/2009/US/02/24/duke.ellington.coin/index.html \\|access\\-date \\= October 3, 2009\\|quote \\= The United States Mint launched a new coin Tuesday featuring jazz legend Duke Ellington, making him the first African American to appear by himself on a circulating U.S. coin. \\[...] The coin was issued to celebrate Ellington's birthplace, the District of Columbia.\\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20090821173757/http://www.cnn.com/2009/US/02/24/duke.ellington.coin/index.html\\|archive\\-date \\= August 21, 2009\\|df \\= mdy}} Ellington appears on the reverse (tails) side of the District of Columbia [quarter](/wiki/Quarter_%28United_States_coin%29 \"Quarter (United States coin)\"). The coin is part of the U.S. Mint's program honoring the District and the U.S. territories and celebrates Ellington's birthplace in the District of Columbia. Ellington is depicted on the quarter seated at a piano, sheet music in hand, along with the inscription \"Justice for All\", which is the District's motto.United States Mint. Coins and Medals. [*District of Columbia*.](http://www.usmint.gov/mint_programs/DCAndTerritories/index.cfm?action=dcterritories&local=DC) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414174747/http://www.usmint.gov/mint\\_programs/DCAndTerritories/index.cfm?action\\=dcterritories\\&local\\=DC \\|date\\=April 14, 2016 }}", "In 1986, a United States commemorative stamp was issued featuring Ellington's likeness.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.grammy.com/grammys/artists/duke\\-ellington \\|title\\=Duke Ellington – Artist – www.grammy.com \\|publisher\\=Recording Academy \\|access\\-date\\=April 12, 2018\\|date\\=May 22, 2018 }}", "[thumb\\|Ellington on the Washington, D.C., quarter released in 2009](/wiki/File:2009_DC_Proof.png \"2009 DC Proof.png\")", "Ellington lived out his final years in Manhattan, in a townhouse at 333 [Riverside Drive](/wiki/Riverside_Drive_%28Manhattan%29 \"Riverside Drive (Manhattan)\") near West 106th Street. His sister Ruth, who managed his publishing company, also lived there, and his son Mercer lived next door. After his death, West 106th Street was officially renamed Duke Ellington Boulevard.", "A large memorial to Ellington, created by sculptor [Robert Graham](/wiki/Robert_Graham_%28sculptor%29 \"Robert Graham (sculptor)\"), was dedicated in 1997 in New York's [Central Park](/wiki/Central_Park \"Central Park\"), near [Fifth Avenue](/wiki/Fifth_Avenue_%28Manhattan%29 \"Fifth Avenue (Manhattan)\") and [110th Street](/wiki/110th_Street_%28Manhattan%29 \"110th Street (Manhattan)\"), an intersection named [Duke Ellington Circle](/wiki/Duke_Ellington_Circle \"Duke Ellington Circle\").", "A statue of Ellington at a piano is featured at the entrance to [UCLA](/wiki/UCLA \"UCLA\")'s Schoenberg Hall. According to *UCLA* magazine:", "{{blockquote\\|When UCLA students were entranced by Duke Ellington's provocative tunes at a \\[\\[Culver City]] club in 1937, they asked the budding musical great to play a free concert in \\[\\[Royce Hall]]. 'I've been waiting for someone to ask us!' Ellington exclaimed.", "On the day of the concert, Ellington accidentally mixed up the venues and drove to USC instead. He eventually arrived at the UCLA campus and, to apologize for his tardiness, played to the packed crowd for more than four hours. And so, \"Sir Duke\" and his group played the first\\-ever jazz performance in a concert venue.Maya Parmer, \\[http://www.magazine.ucla.edu/depts/happenings/two\\_days\\_of\\_the\\_duke/ \"Curtain Up: Two Days of the Duke\"] {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090403212339/http://www.magazine.ucla.edu/depts/happenings/two\\_days\\_of\\_the\\_duke/ \\|date\\=April 3, 2009 }}, ''UCLA Magazine'', April 1, 2009\\.}}", "The [Essentially Ellington High School Jazz Band Competition and Festival](/wiki/Essentially_Ellington_High_School_Jazz_Band_Competition_and_Festival \"Essentially Ellington High School Jazz Band Competition and Festival\") is a nationally renowned annual competition for prestigious high school bands. Started in 1996 at [Jazz at Lincoln Center](/wiki/Jazz_at_Lincoln_Center \"Jazz at Lincoln Center\"), the festival is named after Ellington because of the significant focus that the festival places on his works.", "### Tributes", "After Duke died, his son Mercer took over leadership of the orchestra, continuing until he died in 1996\\. Like the [Count Basie Orchestra](/wiki/Count_Basie_Orchestra \"Count Basie Orchestra\"), this \"ghost band\" continued to release albums for many years. *[Digital Duke](/wiki/Digital_Duke \"Digital Duke\")*, credited to The Duke Ellington Orchestra, won the 1988 [Grammy Award for Best Large Jazz Ensemble Album](/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Large_Jazz_Ensemble_Album \"Grammy Award for Best Large Jazz Ensemble Album\"). Mercer Ellington had been handling all administrative aspects of his father's business for several decades. Mercer's children continue a connection with their grandfather's work.", "[Gunther Schuller](/wiki/Gunther_Schuller \"Gunther Schuller\") wrote in 1989:", "", "> Ellington composed incessantly to the very last days of his life. Music was indeed his mistress; it was his total life and his commitment to it was incomparable and unalterable. In jazz he was a giant among giants. And in twentieth century music, he may yet one day be recognized as one of the half\\-dozen greatest masters of our time.{{cite book\\|last\\=Schuller\\|first\\=Gunther\\|title\\=The Swing Era\\|year\\=1989\\|publisher\\=Oxford University Press\\|location\\=New York\\|isbn\\=019504312X}}{{rp\\|157}}", "[Martin Williams](/wiki/Martin_Williams_%28writer%29 \"Martin Williams (writer)\") said: \"Duke Ellington lived long enough to hear himself named among our best composers. And since his death in 1974, it has become not at all uncommon to see him named, along with [Charles Ives](/wiki/Charles_Ives \"Charles Ives\"), as the greatest composer we have produced, regardless of category.\"Martin Williams, liner notes, *Duke Ellington's Symphony in Black*, The Smithsonian Jazz Repertory Ensemble conducted by [Gunther Schuller](/wiki/Gunther_Schuller \"Gunther Schuller\"), The [Smithsonian](/wiki/Smithsonian \"Smithsonian\") Collections recording, 1980\\.", "In the opinion of Bob Blumenthal of *[The Boston Globe](/wiki/The_Boston_Globe \"The Boston Globe\")* in 1999: \"\\[i]n the century since his birth, there has been no greater composer, American or otherwise, than Edward Kennedy Ellington.\"*Boston Globe*, April 25, 1999\\.", "In 2002, scholar [Molefi Kete Asante](/wiki/Molefi_Kete_Asante \"Molefi Kete Asante\") listed Duke Ellington on his list of [100 Greatest African Americans](/wiki/100_Greatest_African_Americans \"100 Greatest African Americans\").Asante, Molefi Kete (2002\\). *100 Greatest African Americans: A Biographical Encyclopedia*. Amherst, New York: Prometheus Books. {{ISBN\\|1573929638}}.", "[thumb\\|right\\|Star on the [Hollywood Walk of Fame](/wiki/Hollywood_Walk_of_Fame \"Hollywood Walk of Fame\") at 6535 Hollywood Blvd.](/wiki/File:Duke_Ellington_star_HWF.JPG \"Duke Ellington star HWF.JPG\")\nHis compositions have been revisited by artists and musicians worldwide as sources of inspiration and a bedrock of their performing careers:\n* [Dave Brubeck](/wiki/Dave_Brubeck \"Dave Brubeck\") dedicated \"The Duke\" (1954\\) to Ellington and it became a standard covered by others,{{cite web\n \\| url \\= {{AllMusic\\|class\\=song\\|id\\=t933027\\|pure\\_url\\=yes}}\n \\| title \\= 'The Duke' by Dave Brubeck: song review, recordings, covers\n \\|website\\=AllMusic\n \\| access\\-date \\=March 21, 2007}} including [Miles Davis](/wiki/Miles_Davis \"Miles Davis\") on his *[Miles Ahead](/wiki/Miles_Ahead_%28album%29 \"Miles Ahead (album)\")*, 1957\\. The album *[The Real Ambassadors](/wiki/The_Real_Ambassadors \"The Real Ambassadors\")* has a vocal version of this piece, \"You Swing Baby (The Duke)\", with lyrics by Iola Brubeck, Dave Brubeck's wife. It is performed as a duet between [Louis Armstrong](/wiki/Louis_Armstrong \"Louis Armstrong\") and [Carmen McRae](/wiki/Carmen_McRae \"Carmen McRae\"). It is also dedicated to Duke Ellington.\n* [Miles Davis](/wiki/Miles_Davis \"Miles Davis\") created his half\\-hour [dirge](/wiki/Dirge \"Dirge\") \"He Loved Him Madly\" (on *[Get Up with It](/wiki/Get_Up_with_It \"Get Up with It\")*) as a tribute to Ellington one month after his death.\n* [Charles Mingus](/wiki/Charles_Mingus \"Charles Mingus\"), who had been fired by Ellington decades earlier, wrote the elegy \"Duke Ellington's Sound Of Love\" in 1974, a few months after Ellington's death.\n* [Stevie Wonder](/wiki/Stevie_Wonder \"Stevie Wonder\") wrote the song \"[Sir Duke](/wiki/Sir_Duke \"Sir Duke\")\" as a tribute to Ellington, which appeared on his album *[Songs in the Key of Life](/wiki/Songs_in_the_Key_of_Life \"Songs in the Key of Life\")* released in 1976\\.", "There are hundreds of albums dedicated to the music of Duke Ellington and Billy Strayhorn by artists famous and obscure. *[Sophisticated Ladies](/wiki/Sophisticated_Ladies \"Sophisticated Ladies\")*, an award\\-winning 1981 musical revue, incorporated many tunes from Ellington's repertoire. A second Broadway musical interpolating Ellington's music, *[Play On!](/wiki/Play_On_%28musical%29 \"Play On (musical)\")*, debuted in 1997\\.", "" ]
### Memorialized Numerous memorials have been dedicated to Duke Ellington in cities from New York and Washington, D.C. to Los Angeles. In Ellington's birthplace, Washington, D.C., the [Duke Ellington School of the Arts](/wiki/Duke_Ellington_School_of_the_Arts "Duke Ellington School of the Arts") educates talented students who are considering careers in the arts by providing art instruction and academic programs to prepare students for post\-secondary education and professional careers. In 1974, the District renamed the Calvert Street Bridge, originally built in 1935, as the [Duke Ellington Bridge](/wiki/Duke_Ellington_Bridge "Duke Ellington Bridge"). Another school is P.S. 004 Duke Ellington in New York. In 1989, a bronze plaque was attached to the newly named Duke Ellington Building at 2121 Ward Place NW.{{cite web\|title\=Program and Invitation entitled "the Dedication of the Birth Site of Edward Kennedy 'Duke' Ellington" at 2129 Ward Place, N.W., Washington, D.C., April 29, 1989\|url\=http://www.aladin0\.wrlc.org/gsdl/cgi\-bin/library?e\=q\-01000\-00\-\-\-off\-0grant\-\-00\-1\-\-0\-10\-0\-\-\-0\-\-\-0prompt\-10\-KEY%2cSU%2cCO%2cPE\-\-4\-\-ward%2c%2c%2c\-\-\-\-\-0\-1l\-\-11\-en\-50\-\-\-20\-home\-%5bward%5d%3aKEY\+\-\-01\-3\-1\-00\-0\-0\-11\-0\-0utfZz\-8\-00\&a\=d\&c\=grant\&srp\=0\&srn\=0\&cl\=search\&d\=HASH0194ab871aee7f616ed57be6\|publisher\=Felix E. Grant Digital Collection\|access\-date\=December 5, 2012\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160115110449/http://www.aladin0\.wrlc.org/gsdl/cgi\-bin/library?e\=q\-01000\-00\-\-\-off\-0grant\-\-00\-1\-\-0\-10\-0\-\-\-0\-\-\-0prompt\-10\-KEY,SU,CO,PE\-\-4\-\-ward,,,\-\-\-\-\-0\-1l\-\-11\-en\-50\-\-\-20\-home\-%5bward%5d:KEY\+\-\-01\-3\-1\-00\-0\-0\-11\-0\-0utfZz\-8\-00\&a\=d\&c\=grant\&srp\=0\&srn\=0\&cl\=search\&d\=HASH0194ab871aee7f616ed57be6\|archive\-date\=January 15, 2016}} In 2012, the new owner of the building commissioned a mural by [Aniekan Udofia](/wiki/Aniekan_Udofia "Aniekan Udofia") that appears above the lettering "Duke Ellington". In 2010 the triangular park, across the street from Duke Ellington's birth site, at the intersection of New Hampshire and M Streets NW, was named the [Duke Ellington Park](/wiki/Duke_Ellington_Park "Duke Ellington Park"). Ellington's residence at 2728 Sherman Avenue NW, during the years 1919–1922,{{cite web\|title\=Letter from Curator of the Peabody Library Association of Georgetown, D.C. Mathilde D. Williams to Felix Grant, September 21, 1972\|url\=http://www.aladin0\.wrlc.org/gsdl/cgi\-bin/library?e\=q\-01000\-00\-\-\-off\-0grant\-\-00\-1\-\-0\-10\-0\-\-\-0\-\-\-0prompt\-10\-KEY%2cSU%2cCO%2cPE\-\-4\-\-peabody%2c%2c%2c\-\-\-\-\-0\-1l\-\-11\-en\-50\-\-\-20\-home\-%5bpeabody%5d%3aKEY\+\-\-01\-3\-1\-00\-0\-0\-11\-0\-0utfZz\-8\-00\&a\=d\&c\=grant\&srp\=0\&srn\=0\&cl\=search\&d\=HASHbdd7ebe76fe566dcb566d5\|publisher\=Felix E. Grant Digital Collection\|access\-date\=December 5, 2012\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160115110839/http://www.aladin0\.wrlc.org/gsdl/cgi\-bin/library?e\=q\-01000\-00\-\-\-off\-0grant\-\-00\-1\-\-0\-10\-0\-\-\-0\-\-\-0prompt\-10\-KEY,SU,CO,PE\-\-4\-\-peabody,,,\-\-\-\-\-0\-1l\-\-11\-en\-50\-\-\-20\-home\-%5bpeabody%5d:KEY\+\-\-01\-3\-1\-00\-0\-0\-11\-0\-0utfZz\-8\-00\&a\=d\&c\=grant\&srp\=0\&srn\=0\&cl\=search\&d\=HASHbdd7ebe76fe566dcb566d5\|archive\-date\=January 15, 2016}} is marked by a bronze plaque. On February 24, 2009, the [United States Mint](/wiki/United_States_Mint "United States Mint") issued a coin with Duke Ellington on it, making him the first African American to appear by himself on a circulating U.S. coin.{{cite news\|title \= Jazz man is first African\-American to solo on U.S. circulating coin\|publisher \= CNN\|date \= February 24, 2009\|url \= http://www.cnn.com/2009/US/02/24/duke.ellington.coin/index.html \|access\-date \= October 3, 2009\|quote \= The United States Mint launched a new coin Tuesday featuring jazz legend Duke Ellington, making him the first African American to appear by himself on a circulating U.S. coin. \[...] The coin was issued to celebrate Ellington's birthplace, the District of Columbia.\|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20090821173757/http://www.cnn.com/2009/US/02/24/duke.ellington.coin/index.html\|archive\-date \= August 21, 2009\|df \= mdy}} Ellington appears on the reverse (tails) side of the District of Columbia [quarter](/wiki/Quarter_%28United_States_coin%29 "Quarter (United States coin)"). The coin is part of the U.S. Mint's program honoring the District and the U.S. territories and celebrates Ellington's birthplace in the District of Columbia. Ellington is depicted on the quarter seated at a piano, sheet music in hand, along with the inscription "Justice for All", which is the District's motto.United States Mint. Coins and Medals. [*District of Columbia*.](http://www.usmint.gov/mint_programs/DCAndTerritories/index.cfm?action=dcterritories&local=DC) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414174747/http://www.usmint.gov/mint\_programs/DCAndTerritories/index.cfm?action\=dcterritories\&local\=DC \|date\=April 14, 2016 }} In 1986, a United States commemorative stamp was issued featuring Ellington's likeness.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.grammy.com/grammys/artists/duke\-ellington \|title\=Duke Ellington – Artist – www.grammy.com \|publisher\=Recording Academy \|access\-date\=April 12, 2018\|date\=May 22, 2018 }} [thumb\|Ellington on the Washington, D.C., quarter released in 2009](/wiki/File:2009_DC_Proof.png "2009 DC Proof.png") Ellington lived out his final years in Manhattan, in a townhouse at 333 [Riverside Drive](/wiki/Riverside_Drive_%28Manhattan%29 "Riverside Drive (Manhattan)") near West 106th Street. His sister Ruth, who managed his publishing company, also lived there, and his son Mercer lived next door. After his death, West 106th Street was officially renamed Duke Ellington Boulevard. A large memorial to Ellington, created by sculptor [Robert Graham](/wiki/Robert_Graham_%28sculptor%29 "Robert Graham (sculptor)"), was dedicated in 1997 in New York's [Central Park](/wiki/Central_Park "Central Park"), near [Fifth Avenue](/wiki/Fifth_Avenue_%28Manhattan%29 "Fifth Avenue (Manhattan)") and [110th Street](/wiki/110th_Street_%28Manhattan%29 "110th Street (Manhattan)"), an intersection named [Duke Ellington Circle](/wiki/Duke_Ellington_Circle "Duke Ellington Circle"). A statue of Ellington at a piano is featured at the entrance to [UCLA](/wiki/UCLA "UCLA")'s Schoenberg Hall. According to *UCLA* magazine: {{blockquote\|When UCLA students were entranced by Duke Ellington's provocative tunes at a \[\[Culver City]] club in 1937, they asked the budding musical great to play a free concert in \[\[Royce Hall]]. 'I've been waiting for someone to ask us!' Ellington exclaimed. On the day of the concert, Ellington accidentally mixed up the venues and drove to USC instead. He eventually arrived at the UCLA campus and, to apologize for his tardiness, played to the packed crowd for more than four hours. And so, "Sir Duke" and his group played the first\-ever jazz performance in a concert venue.Maya Parmer, \[http://www.magazine.ucla.edu/depts/happenings/two\_days\_of\_the\_duke/ "Curtain Up: Two Days of the Duke"] {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090403212339/http://www.magazine.ucla.edu/depts/happenings/two\_days\_of\_the\_duke/ \|date\=April 3, 2009 }}, ''UCLA Magazine'', April 1, 2009\.}} The [Essentially Ellington High School Jazz Band Competition and Festival](/wiki/Essentially_Ellington_High_School_Jazz_Band_Competition_and_Festival "Essentially Ellington High School Jazz Band Competition and Festival") is a nationally renowned annual competition for prestigious high school bands. Started in 1996 at [Jazz at Lincoln Center](/wiki/Jazz_at_Lincoln_Center "Jazz at Lincoln Center"), the festival is named after Ellington because of the significant focus that the festival places on his works.
[ "### Memorialized", "Numerous memorials have been dedicated to Duke Ellington in cities from New York and Washington, D.C. to Los Angeles.", "In Ellington's birthplace, Washington, D.C., the [Duke Ellington School of the Arts](/wiki/Duke_Ellington_School_of_the_Arts \"Duke Ellington School of the Arts\") educates talented students who are considering careers in the arts by providing art instruction and academic programs to prepare students for post\\-secondary education and professional careers. In 1974, the District renamed the Calvert Street Bridge, originally built in 1935, as the [Duke Ellington Bridge](/wiki/Duke_Ellington_Bridge \"Duke Ellington Bridge\"). Another school is P.S. 004 Duke Ellington in New York.", "In 1989, a bronze plaque was attached to the newly named Duke Ellington Building at 2121 Ward Place NW.{{cite web\\|title\\=Program and Invitation entitled \"the Dedication of the Birth Site of Edward Kennedy 'Duke' Ellington\" at 2129 Ward Place, N.W., Washington, D.C., April 29, 1989\\|url\\=http://www.aladin0\\.wrlc.org/gsdl/cgi\\-bin/library?e\\=q\\-01000\\-00\\-\\-\\-off\\-0grant\\-\\-00\\-1\\-\\-0\\-10\\-0\\-\\-\\-0\\-\\-\\-0prompt\\-10\\-KEY%2cSU%2cCO%2cPE\\-\\-4\\-\\-ward%2c%2c%2c\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-0\\-1l\\-\\-11\\-en\\-50\\-\\-\\-20\\-home\\-%5bward%5d%3aKEY\\+\\-\\-01\\-3\\-1\\-00\\-0\\-0\\-11\\-0\\-0utfZz\\-8\\-00\\&a\\=d\\&c\\=grant\\&srp\\=0\\&srn\\=0\\&cl\\=search\\&d\\=HASH0194ab871aee7f616ed57be6\\|publisher\\=Felix E. Grant Digital Collection\\|access\\-date\\=December 5, 2012\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160115110449/http://www.aladin0\\.wrlc.org/gsdl/cgi\\-bin/library?e\\=q\\-01000\\-00\\-\\-\\-off\\-0grant\\-\\-00\\-1\\-\\-0\\-10\\-0\\-\\-\\-0\\-\\-\\-0prompt\\-10\\-KEY,SU,CO,PE\\-\\-4\\-\\-ward,,,\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-0\\-1l\\-\\-11\\-en\\-50\\-\\-\\-20\\-home\\-%5bward%5d:KEY\\+\\-\\-01\\-3\\-1\\-00\\-0\\-0\\-11\\-0\\-0utfZz\\-8\\-00\\&a\\=d\\&c\\=grant\\&srp\\=0\\&srn\\=0\\&cl\\=search\\&d\\=HASH0194ab871aee7f616ed57be6\\|archive\\-date\\=January 15, 2016}} In 2012, the new owner of the building commissioned a mural by [Aniekan Udofia](/wiki/Aniekan_Udofia \"Aniekan Udofia\") that appears above the lettering \"Duke Ellington\". In 2010 the triangular park, across the street from Duke Ellington's birth site, at the intersection of New Hampshire and M Streets NW, was named the [Duke Ellington Park](/wiki/Duke_Ellington_Park \"Duke Ellington Park\").", "Ellington's residence at 2728 Sherman Avenue NW, during the years 1919–1922,{{cite web\\|title\\=Letter from Curator of the Peabody Library Association of Georgetown, D.C. Mathilde D. Williams to Felix Grant, September 21, 1972\\|url\\=http://www.aladin0\\.wrlc.org/gsdl/cgi\\-bin/library?e\\=q\\-01000\\-00\\-\\-\\-off\\-0grant\\-\\-00\\-1\\-\\-0\\-10\\-0\\-\\-\\-0\\-\\-\\-0prompt\\-10\\-KEY%2cSU%2cCO%2cPE\\-\\-4\\-\\-peabody%2c%2c%2c\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-0\\-1l\\-\\-11\\-en\\-50\\-\\-\\-20\\-home\\-%5bpeabody%5d%3aKEY\\+\\-\\-01\\-3\\-1\\-00\\-0\\-0\\-11\\-0\\-0utfZz\\-8\\-00\\&a\\=d\\&c\\=grant\\&srp\\=0\\&srn\\=0\\&cl\\=search\\&d\\=HASHbdd7ebe76fe566dcb566d5\\|publisher\\=Felix E. Grant Digital Collection\\|access\\-date\\=December 5, 2012\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160115110839/http://www.aladin0\\.wrlc.org/gsdl/cgi\\-bin/library?e\\=q\\-01000\\-00\\-\\-\\-off\\-0grant\\-\\-00\\-1\\-\\-0\\-10\\-0\\-\\-\\-0\\-\\-\\-0prompt\\-10\\-KEY,SU,CO,PE\\-\\-4\\-\\-peabody,,,\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-0\\-1l\\-\\-11\\-en\\-50\\-\\-\\-20\\-home\\-%5bpeabody%5d:KEY\\+\\-\\-01\\-3\\-1\\-00\\-0\\-0\\-11\\-0\\-0utfZz\\-8\\-00\\&a\\=d\\&c\\=grant\\&srp\\=0\\&srn\\=0\\&cl\\=search\\&d\\=HASHbdd7ebe76fe566dcb566d5\\|archive\\-date\\=January 15, 2016}} is marked by a bronze plaque.", "On February 24, 2009, the [United States Mint](/wiki/United_States_Mint \"United States Mint\") issued a coin with Duke Ellington on it, making him the first African American to appear by himself on a circulating U.S. coin.{{cite news\\|title \\= Jazz man is first African\\-American to solo on U.S. circulating coin\\|publisher \\= CNN\\|date \\= February 24, 2009\\|url \\= http://www.cnn.com/2009/US/02/24/duke.ellington.coin/index.html \\|access\\-date \\= October 3, 2009\\|quote \\= The United States Mint launched a new coin Tuesday featuring jazz legend Duke Ellington, making him the first African American to appear by himself on a circulating U.S. coin. \\[...] The coin was issued to celebrate Ellington's birthplace, the District of Columbia.\\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20090821173757/http://www.cnn.com/2009/US/02/24/duke.ellington.coin/index.html\\|archive\\-date \\= August 21, 2009\\|df \\= mdy}} Ellington appears on the reverse (tails) side of the District of Columbia [quarter](/wiki/Quarter_%28United_States_coin%29 \"Quarter (United States coin)\"). The coin is part of the U.S. Mint's program honoring the District and the U.S. territories and celebrates Ellington's birthplace in the District of Columbia. Ellington is depicted on the quarter seated at a piano, sheet music in hand, along with the inscription \"Justice for All\", which is the District's motto.United States Mint. Coins and Medals. [*District of Columbia*.](http://www.usmint.gov/mint_programs/DCAndTerritories/index.cfm?action=dcterritories&local=DC) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414174747/http://www.usmint.gov/mint\\_programs/DCAndTerritories/index.cfm?action\\=dcterritories\\&local\\=DC \\|date\\=April 14, 2016 }}", "In 1986, a United States commemorative stamp was issued featuring Ellington's likeness.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.grammy.com/grammys/artists/duke\\-ellington \\|title\\=Duke Ellington – Artist – www.grammy.com \\|publisher\\=Recording Academy \\|access\\-date\\=April 12, 2018\\|date\\=May 22, 2018 }}", "[thumb\\|Ellington on the Washington, D.C., quarter released in 2009](/wiki/File:2009_DC_Proof.png \"2009 DC Proof.png\")", "Ellington lived out his final years in Manhattan, in a townhouse at 333 [Riverside Drive](/wiki/Riverside_Drive_%28Manhattan%29 \"Riverside Drive (Manhattan)\") near West 106th Street. His sister Ruth, who managed his publishing company, also lived there, and his son Mercer lived next door. After his death, West 106th Street was officially renamed Duke Ellington Boulevard.", "A large memorial to Ellington, created by sculptor [Robert Graham](/wiki/Robert_Graham_%28sculptor%29 \"Robert Graham (sculptor)\"), was dedicated in 1997 in New York's [Central Park](/wiki/Central_Park \"Central Park\"), near [Fifth Avenue](/wiki/Fifth_Avenue_%28Manhattan%29 \"Fifth Avenue (Manhattan)\") and [110th Street](/wiki/110th_Street_%28Manhattan%29 \"110th Street (Manhattan)\"), an intersection named [Duke Ellington Circle](/wiki/Duke_Ellington_Circle \"Duke Ellington Circle\").", "A statue of Ellington at a piano is featured at the entrance to [UCLA](/wiki/UCLA \"UCLA\")'s Schoenberg Hall. According to *UCLA* magazine:", "{{blockquote\\|When UCLA students were entranced by Duke Ellington's provocative tunes at a \\[\\[Culver City]] club in 1937, they asked the budding musical great to play a free concert in \\[\\[Royce Hall]]. 'I've been waiting for someone to ask us!' Ellington exclaimed.", "On the day of the concert, Ellington accidentally mixed up the venues and drove to USC instead. He eventually arrived at the UCLA campus and, to apologize for his tardiness, played to the packed crowd for more than four hours. And so, \"Sir Duke\" and his group played the first\\-ever jazz performance in a concert venue.Maya Parmer, \\[http://www.magazine.ucla.edu/depts/happenings/two\\_days\\_of\\_the\\_duke/ \"Curtain Up: Two Days of the Duke\"] {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090403212339/http://www.magazine.ucla.edu/depts/happenings/two\\_days\\_of\\_the\\_duke/ \\|date\\=April 3, 2009 }}, ''UCLA Magazine'', April 1, 2009\\.}}", "The [Essentially Ellington High School Jazz Band Competition and Festival](/wiki/Essentially_Ellington_High_School_Jazz_Band_Competition_and_Festival \"Essentially Ellington High School Jazz Band Competition and Festival\") is a nationally renowned annual competition for prestigious high school bands. Started in 1996 at [Jazz at Lincoln Center](/wiki/Jazz_at_Lincoln_Center \"Jazz at Lincoln Center\"), the festival is named after Ellington because of the significant focus that the festival places on his works.", "" ]
History ------- The event was established in 1892, and it was originally called the Omnium de Deux Ans. It was initially run over 1,100 metres, and was extended to 1,200 metres in 1903\. For a period it was held in early August, and it was one of France's first two\-year\-old races of the season. It reverted to 1,100 metres in 1907, and from this point juveniles could be raced earlier in the year. The Omnium de Deux Ans was the country's richest race for two\-year\-olds until 1914\. Its prize fund was greater than those of both the [Prix Morny](/wiki/Prix_Morny "Prix Morny") and the [Grand Critérium](/wiki/Prix_Jean-Luc_Lagard%C3%A8re "Prix Jean-Luc Lagardère"). It was abandoned throughout World War I, with no running from 1915 to 1918\. The race was renamed in memory of Robert Papin (1848–1926\), a former president of the Société Sportive d'Encouragement, in 1928\. It was increased to 1,200 metres in 1929\. The Prix Robert Papin was held at [Auteuil](/wiki/Auteuil_Hippodrome "Auteuil Hippodrome") in 1940\. On this occasion it was contested over 1,400 metres in late October. Its regular length was cut to 1,100 metres in 1942\. It was run at [Longchamp](/wiki/Longchamp_Racecourse "Longchamp Racecourse") over 1,000 metres in 1944\. Its distance returned to 1,200 metres in 1946, and it began its current spell over 1,100 metres in 1963\. The present system of race grading was introduced in 1971, and the Prix Robert Papin was given Group 1 status. It was relegated to Group 2 level in 1987\. Under [Maisons\-Laffitte Racecourse](/wiki/Maisons-Laffitte_Racecourse "Maisons-Laffitte Racecourse") are closure on 2020, Prix Robert Papin moved to Chantilly and the race is eligible for geldings .[Geldings' green light in French Group races](https://www.racing.com/news/2019-07-09/news-geldings-green-light-in-french-group-races)
[ "History\n-------", "The event was established in 1892, and it was originally called the Omnium de Deux Ans. It was initially run over 1,100 metres, and was extended to 1,200 metres in 1903\\. For a period it was held in early August, and it was one of France's first two\\-year\\-old races of the season. It reverted to 1,100 metres in 1907, and from this point juveniles could be raced earlier in the year.", "The Omnium de Deux Ans was the country's richest race for two\\-year\\-olds until 1914\\. Its prize fund was greater than those of both the [Prix Morny](/wiki/Prix_Morny \"Prix Morny\") and the [Grand Critérium](/wiki/Prix_Jean-Luc_Lagard%C3%A8re \"Prix Jean-Luc Lagardère\"). It was abandoned throughout World War I, with no running from 1915 to 1918\\.", "The race was renamed in memory of Robert Papin (1848–1926\\), a former president of the Société Sportive d'Encouragement, in 1928\\. It was increased to 1,200 metres in 1929\\.", "The Prix Robert Papin was held at [Auteuil](/wiki/Auteuil_Hippodrome \"Auteuil Hippodrome\") in 1940\\. On this occasion it was contested over 1,400 metres in late October. Its regular length was cut to 1,100 metres in 1942\\. It was run at [Longchamp](/wiki/Longchamp_Racecourse \"Longchamp Racecourse\") over 1,000 metres in 1944\\. Its distance returned to 1,200 metres in 1946, and it began its current spell over 1,100 metres in 1963\\.", "The present system of race grading was introduced in 1971, and the Prix Robert Papin was given Group 1 status. It was relegated to Group 2 level in 1987\\.", "Under [Maisons\\-Laffitte Racecourse](/wiki/Maisons-Laffitte_Racecourse \"Maisons-Laffitte Racecourse\") are closure on 2020, Prix Robert Papin moved to Chantilly and the race is eligible for geldings .[Geldings' green light in French Group races](https://www.racing.com/news/2019-07-09/news-geldings-green-light-in-french-group-races)", "" ]
Pre\-war journalism career -------------------------- After graduating in 1924, Irene Silverstein moved to East St. Louis, Illinois. She got her first job with the *[St. Louis Post\-Dispatch](/wiki/St._Louis_Post-Dispatch "St. Louis Post-Dispatch"),* and there, was assigned a weekly column. She also worked with the U.S. Junior Chamber of Commerce where she helped to edit their monthly publication that was called, *Expansion*. After marrying Edmond Taylor, she and her husband moved to [Paris](/wiki/Paris "Paris"), in 1928\. She continued working for the *St. Louis Post Dispatch* and wrote a column about St. Louis natives and their lives as [expats](/wiki/Expats "Expats") in Paris. She also worked for a variety of other newspapers including the *Chicago Tribune, New York Herald\-Tribune, New York Daily News,* and *United Press.* At these newspapers, she was a stringer, which is a journalist who covers certain events and works for the newspaper on a part\-time basis,{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.merriam\-webster.com/dictionary/stringer\|title\=Definition of STRINGER\|website\=www.merriam\-webster.com\|access\-date\=2016\-09\-30}} at their branches in Paris. ### A career in Paris While in Paris, Silverstein had the opportunity to report on a variety of cultural and social events as well as influential world matters. She covered fashion and attended a fashion show for the first time. The [Spanish Civil War](/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War "Spanish Civil War") took place while she was in Paris. She covered news that came from this war and its implications. Also, as an American living in Paris, with war fast approaching France, she covered the evacuation of American citizens back to the United States. Taylor also worked at CBS as an assistant to Eric Severied. ### Celebrity, fashion, and media coverage In 1938, Silverstein also covered the wedding of the [Duke](/wiki/Duke_of_Windsor "Duke of Windsor") and [Duchesse](/wiki/Wallis_Simpson "Wallis Simpson") of Windsor in 1938\. She was the only reporter allowed to enter the room in which they were married. She wrote a variety of articles on the couple, including the discussion of the Duchess' new hair bob, their financial endeavors and their political support while traveling. Throughout her time in Paris, Silverstein also had the opportunity to cover fashion. She attended a variety of fashion shows and viewed different collections. She attended the [Vera Borea](/wiki/Vera_Borea "Vera Borea") Summer Collection of 1940, the [Paquin](/wiki/Jeanne_Paquin "Jeanne Paquin") Spring Collection of 1940, [Bruyère](/wiki/Marie-Louise_Bruy%C3%A8re "Marie-Louise Bruyère") Summer Collection of 1940, and the [Molyneux](/wiki/Edward_Molyneux "Edward Molyneux") Summer Collection of 1940\. In her notes, preserved by the Missouri Historical Society for her article, she describes that, "1940 fashions stress above all courage, calm and stubborn determination that only the French know how to crystallize into productive revenue". Later stating, "the dressmaking industry of this country \[France] has charted the course of feminine fashion for the next decade". ### World and political coverage In 1937, she had the opportunity to cover the confrontation between [Leni Riefenstahl](/wiki/Leni_Riefenstahl "Leni Riefenstahl") and [Joseph Goebbels](/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels "Joseph Goebbels"), two influential figures in the [Nazi regime](/wiki/Nazi_Germany "Nazi Germany"), who had ties to [Hitler](/wiki/Adolf_Hitler "Adolf Hitler"), and were involved in the creation of [Nazi propaganda](/wiki/Nazi_propaganda "Nazi propaganda").{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/films/2016/06/03/leni\-riefenstahl\-was\-hitlers\-favourite\-film\-maker\-really\-this\-ni/\|title\=Leni Riefenstahl: Was Hitler's favourite film\-maker really this nice?\|newspaper\=The Telegraph\|access\-date\=2016\-10\-15}} She explains their relationship and conducted research on their relationship with Hitler and the movie that they created on the Olympic games of 1936\. She also covered the evacuation of Americans from France and other maritime disasters. She wrote one such article entitled "Survivors Crowd U.S. Rescue Ship: 284 Reach Bordeaux; 2 Lost Craft Part of Unconvoyed Fleet of 22".{{Cite news\|title\=United Press\|last\=Taylor\|first\=Irene\|work\=Survivors Crowd U.S. Rescue Ship}} After the ship, the City of Mandalay, carrying passengers from Rangoon to Britain, had sent out an SOS, the Captain F.J. MacKenzie of the ship Independence Hall went out to aid the ship who was hit by a German [U46](/wiki/German_submarine_U-468 "German submarine U-468"). The ship ended up buckling. Some 284 passengers were saved before its destruction.{{Cite book\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=IHb\_geGUpFcC\&q\=british\+freighter\+city\+of\+mandalay\&pg\=PA407\|title\=Watson's Really Big WWII Almanac\|last\=Watson\|first\=Patrick\|date\=2007\-12\-01\|publisher\=Xlibris Corporation\|isbn\=9781425789930\|pages\=407\|language\=en}} In 1940, on her journey back to America, Silverstein stumbled upon an exclusive story. The boat that she was on was being threatened to be shot at with a [torpedo](/wiki/Torpedo "Torpedo") by a German [U\-boat](/wiki/U-boat "U-boat"). While everyone on the ship was evacuated onto life rafts, she risked her life to obtain a copy of the messages that were exchanged between the two boats. ### Transition back to America After evacuating France, Silverstein moved to [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City "New York City") and worked there for some time. She worked at United Press Radio as the Women's Editor. There, she reported on women's fashions and worked as a feature writer. She was also employed by [CBS Radio](/wiki/CBS_Radio "CBS Radio") where was the assistant to [Adelaide Hawley](/wiki/Adelaide_Hawley_Cumming "Adelaide Hawley Cumming").
[ "Pre\\-war journalism career\n--------------------------", "After graduating in 1924, Irene Silverstein moved to East St. Louis, Illinois. She got her first job with the *[St. Louis Post\\-Dispatch](/wiki/St._Louis_Post-Dispatch \"St. Louis Post-Dispatch\"),* and there, was assigned a weekly column. She also worked with the U.S. Junior Chamber of Commerce where she helped to edit their monthly publication that was called, *Expansion*.", "After marrying Edmond Taylor, she and her husband moved to [Paris](/wiki/Paris \"Paris\"), in 1928\\. She continued working for the *St. Louis Post Dispatch* and wrote a column about St. Louis natives and their lives as [expats](/wiki/Expats \"Expats\") in Paris. She also worked for a variety of other newspapers including the *Chicago Tribune, New York Herald\\-Tribune, New York Daily News,* and *United Press.* At these newspapers, she was a stringer, which is a journalist who covers certain events and works for the newspaper on a part\\-time basis,{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.merriam\\-webster.com/dictionary/stringer\\|title\\=Definition of STRINGER\\|website\\=www.merriam\\-webster.com\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-09\\-30}} at their branches in Paris.", "### A career in Paris", "While in Paris, Silverstein had the opportunity to report on a variety of cultural and social events as well as influential world matters. She covered fashion and attended a fashion show for the first time. The [Spanish Civil War](/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War \"Spanish Civil War\") took place while she was in Paris. She covered news that came from this war and its implications. Also, as an American living in Paris, with war fast approaching France, she covered the evacuation of American citizens back to the United States. Taylor also worked at CBS as an assistant to Eric Severied.", "### Celebrity, fashion, and media coverage", "In 1938, Silverstein also covered the wedding of the [Duke](/wiki/Duke_of_Windsor \"Duke of Windsor\") and [Duchesse](/wiki/Wallis_Simpson \"Wallis Simpson\") of Windsor in 1938\\. She was the only reporter allowed to enter the room in which they were married. She wrote a variety of articles on the couple, including the discussion of the Duchess' new hair bob, their financial endeavors and their political support while traveling.", "Throughout her time in Paris, Silverstein also had the opportunity to cover fashion. She attended a variety of fashion shows and viewed different collections. She attended the [Vera Borea](/wiki/Vera_Borea \"Vera Borea\") Summer Collection of 1940, the [Paquin](/wiki/Jeanne_Paquin \"Jeanne Paquin\") Spring Collection of 1940, [Bruyère](/wiki/Marie-Louise_Bruy%C3%A8re \"Marie-Louise Bruyère\") Summer Collection of 1940, and the [Molyneux](/wiki/Edward_Molyneux \"Edward Molyneux\") Summer Collection of 1940\\. In her notes, preserved by the Missouri Historical Society for her article, she describes that, \"1940 fashions stress above all courage, calm and stubborn determination that only the French know how to crystallize into productive revenue\". Later stating, \"the dressmaking industry of this country \\[France] has charted the course of feminine fashion for the next decade\".", "### World and political coverage", "In 1937, she had the opportunity to cover the confrontation between [Leni Riefenstahl](/wiki/Leni_Riefenstahl \"Leni Riefenstahl\") and [Joseph Goebbels](/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels \"Joseph Goebbels\"), two influential figures in the [Nazi regime](/wiki/Nazi_Germany \"Nazi Germany\"), who had ties to [Hitler](/wiki/Adolf_Hitler \"Adolf Hitler\"), and were involved in the creation of [Nazi propaganda](/wiki/Nazi_propaganda \"Nazi propaganda\").{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/films/2016/06/03/leni\\-riefenstahl\\-was\\-hitlers\\-favourite\\-film\\-maker\\-really\\-this\\-ni/\\|title\\=Leni Riefenstahl: Was Hitler's favourite film\\-maker really this nice?\\|newspaper\\=The Telegraph\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-10\\-15}} She explains their relationship and conducted research on their relationship with Hitler and the movie that they created on the Olympic games of 1936\\.", "She also covered the evacuation of Americans from France and other maritime disasters. She wrote one such article entitled \"Survivors Crowd U.S. Rescue Ship: 284 Reach Bordeaux; 2 Lost Craft Part of Unconvoyed Fleet of 22\".{{Cite news\\|title\\=United Press\\|last\\=Taylor\\|first\\=Irene\\|work\\=Survivors Crowd U.S. Rescue Ship}} After the ship, the City of Mandalay, carrying passengers from Rangoon to Britain, had sent out an SOS, the Captain F.J. MacKenzie of the ship Independence Hall went out to aid the ship who was hit by a German [U46](/wiki/German_submarine_U-468 \"German submarine U-468\"). The ship ended up buckling. Some 284 passengers were saved before its destruction.{{Cite book\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=IHb\\_geGUpFcC\\&q\\=british\\+freighter\\+city\\+of\\+mandalay\\&pg\\=PA407\\|title\\=Watson's Really Big WWII Almanac\\|last\\=Watson\\|first\\=Patrick\\|date\\=2007\\-12\\-01\\|publisher\\=Xlibris Corporation\\|isbn\\=9781425789930\\|pages\\=407\\|language\\=en}}", "In 1940, on her journey back to America, Silverstein stumbled upon an exclusive story. The boat that she was on was being threatened to be shot at with a [torpedo](/wiki/Torpedo \"Torpedo\") by a German [U\\-boat](/wiki/U-boat \"U-boat\"). While everyone on the ship was evacuated onto life rafts, she risked her life to obtain a copy of the messages that were exchanged between the two boats.", "### Transition back to America", "After evacuating France, Silverstein moved to [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\") and worked there for some time. She worked at United Press Radio as the Women's Editor. There, she reported on women's fashions and worked as a feature writer. She was also employed by [CBS Radio](/wiki/CBS_Radio \"CBS Radio\") where was the assistant to [Adelaide Hawley](/wiki/Adelaide_Hawley_Cumming \"Adelaide Hawley Cumming\").", "" ]
Competition requirements ------------------------ {{quote box \| width \= 25% \| align \= right \| quote \= Pair skating today is arguably the most difficult discipline technically. Pair skaters do the same jumps and spins as single skaters, sometimes with fewer revolutions, but timing is far more critical because they must execute moves in perfect unison. In addition to jumps and spins, pair skaters perform lifts unique to their discipline. More intangible but no less important is the necessity for expressive and convincing interaction between partners as they interpret the music. \| salign \= right \| source \= –Figure skating historian James Hines{{sfnp\|Hines\|2006\|p\=124}} }} Pair skating required elements include pair lifts, twist lifts, throw jumps, jumps, spin combinations, death spirals, step sequences, and choreographic sequences.S\&P/ID 2022, pp. 110–111 The elements performed by pair teams must be "linked together by connecting steps of a different nature" and by other comparable movements and with a variety of holds and positions. The team does not have to always execute the same movements and can separate from time to time, but they have to "give an impression of unison and harmony of composition of program and of execution of the skating". They must limit movements executed on two feet, and must fully use the entire ice surface. The ISU also states, about how programs are performed by pair skating teams, "Harmonious steps and connecting movements, in time to the music, should be maintained throughout the program".S\&P/ID 2021, p. 110 The ISU published the first judges' handbook for pair skating in 1966\.{{sfnp\|Hines\|2011\|p\=xxv}} ### Pair lifts {{Main\|Figure skating lifts\#Pair lifts}} There are five groups of pair skating lifts, categorized in order of increasing level of difficulty, and determined by the hold at the moment the woman passes the man's shoulder. * **Group One:** Armpit hold position * **Group Two:** Waist hold position * **Group Three:** Hand to hip or upper part of the leg (above the knee) position * **Group Four:** Hand to hand position (Press Lift type) * **Group Five:** Hand to hand position (Lasso Lift type)Tech panel, p. 22 Judges look for the following when evaluating pair lifts: speed of entry and exit; control of the woman's free leg when she is exiting out of the lift, with the goal of keeping the leg high and sweeping; the position of the woman in the air; the man's footwork; quick and easy changes of position; and the maintenance of flow throughout the lift.{{cite web \|title\=Skating Glossary \|url\=https://skatecanada.ca/glossary/ \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806043409/https://skatecanada.ca/glossary/ \|archive\-date\=6 August 2020 \|access\-date\=16 July 2022 \|website\=Skate Canada}} Judges begin counting how many revolutions pair teams execute from the moment when the woman leaves the ice until when the man's arm (or arms) begin to bend after he has made a full extension and the woman begins to descend.Tech panel, p. 23[left\|thumb\|150px\|East Germans [Mandy Wötzel](/wiki/Mandy_W%C3%B6tzel "Mandy Wötzel") and [Axel Rauschenbach](/wiki/Axel_Rauschenbach "Axel Rauschenbach"), 1988](/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1988-1106-005%2C_Mandy_W%C3%B6tzel%2C_Axel_Rauschnbach.jpg "Bundesarchiv Bild 183-1988-1106-005, Mandy Wötzel, Axel Rauschnbach.jpg") A complete pair skating lift must include full extension of the lifting arm or arms, if required for the type of lift being performed. Small lifts, or ones in which the man does not raise his hands higher than his shoulders, or lifts that include movements in which the man holds the woman by the legs, are also allowed. The man must complete at least one revolution.S\&P/ID 2021, p. 112 The woman can perform both a simple take\-off and a difficult take\-off. A difficult take\-off can include, but is not limited to, the following: a somersault take\-off; a one\-hand take\-off; an [Ina Bauer](/wiki/Ina_Bauer_%28element%29 "Ina Bauer (element)"); a [spread\-eagle](/wiki/Spread_eagle_%28figure_skating%29 "Spread eagle (figure skating)"); [spirals](/wiki/Figure_skating_spirals "Figure skating spirals") as the entry curve executed by one or both partners; or a dance lift followed immediately by a pair lift take\-off. Difficult landings include, but are not limited to, the following: somersaults; one\-hand landings; variations in holds; and spread\-eagle positions of the man during dismounting.Tech panel, p. 20 Carry lifts are defined as "the simple carrying of a partner without rotation"S\&P/ID 2021, p. 116 are allowed; they do not count as overhead lifts, but are considered as transition elements.S\&P/ID 2021, p. 118 A lift is judged illegal if it is accomplished with a wrong hold.S\&P/ID 2021, p. 102 The only times pair skating partners can give each other assistance in executing lifts are "through hand\-to\-hand, hand\-to\-arm, hand\-to\-body and hand to upper part of the leg (above the knee) grips". They are allowed changes of hold, or going from one of the grips to another or from one hand to another in a one\-hand hold, during lifts. Teams earn fewer points if the woman's position and a change of hold is executed at the same time.Tech panel, p. 23 They earn more points if the execution of the woman's position and the change in hold are "significantly different from lift to lift". Teams can increase the difficulty of lifts in any group by using a one\-hand hold.Tech panel, p. 24 There are three types of positions performed by the woman: upright, or when her upper body is vertical; the star, or when she faces sideways with her upper body parallel to the ice; and the platter, or when her position is flat and facing up or down with her upper body parallel to the ice. The lifts ends when the man's arm or arms begins to bend after he completes a full extension and when the woman begins to descend. ### Twist lifts {{Main\|Figure skating lifts\#Twist lifts}} [left\|thumb\|150px\|[Tong Jian](/wiki/Tong_Jian "Tong Jian") and [Pang Qing](/wiki/Pang_Qing "Pang Qing") from China perform a twist lift at the [2010 Olympics](/wiki/2010_Winter_Olympics "2010 Winter Olympics")](/wiki/File:Tong_Jian_and_Pang_Qing_%282010_Olympics%29.jpg "Tong Jian and Pang Qing (2010 Olympics).jpg") [Skate Canada](/wiki/Skate_Canada "Skate Canada") calls twist lifts "sometimes the most thrilling and exciting component in pair skating". They can also be most difficult movement to perform correctly. Judges look for the following when evaluating twist lifts: speed at entry and exit; whether or not the woman performs a split position while on her way to the top of the twist lift; her height once she gets there; clean rotations; a clean catch by the male (accomplished by placing both hands at the woman's waist and without any part of her upper body touching him); and a one\-foot exit executed by both partners. A pair team can make twist lifts more complicated when the woman executes a split position (each leg is at least 45° from her body axis and her legs are straight or almost straight) before rotating. They also can earn more points when the man's arms are sideways and straight or almost straight after he releases the woman. Difficult take\-offs include turns, steps, movements, and small lifts executed preceding the take\-off and with continuous flow. Pair teams lose points for not having enough rotations, one\-half a rotation or more.Tech Panel, p. 26 The first quadruple twist lift performed in international competition was by Russian pair team [Marina Cherkasova](/wiki/Marina_Cherkasova "Marina Cherkasova") and [Sergei Shakhrai](/wiki/Sergei_Shakhrai "Sergei Shakhrai") at the European Championship in 1977\.{{sfnp\|Hines\|2011\|p\=57}} ### Solo jumps and throw jumps #### Solo jumps Pair teams, both juniors and seniors, must perform one solo jump during their short programs; it can include a double flip or double Axel for juniors, or any kind of double or triple jump for seniors. In the free skate, both juniors and seniors must perform only one solo jump and only one jump combination or sequence. A jump sequence consists of two jumps, with no limitations on the number of revolutions per jump. It starts with any type of jump, immediately followed by an Axel\-type jump. Skaters must, during a jump combination, make sure that they land on the same foot they took off on, and that they execute a full rotation on the ice between the jumps. They can, however, execute an [Euler](/wiki/Euler_jump "Euler jump") between the two jumps. When the Euler is performed separately, it is considered a non\-listed jump.Tech Panel, p. 15 Junior pairs, during their short programs, earn no points for the solo jump if they perform a different jump than what is required. Both junior and senior pairs earn no points if, during their free skating programs, they repeat a jump with over two revolutions.Tech Panel, p. 17 All jumps are considered in the order in which they were performed. If the partners do not execute the same number of revolutions during a solo jump or part of a jump sequence or combination (which can consist of two or three jumps), only the jump with the fewer revolutions will be counted in their score. The double Axel and all triple and quadruple jumps, which have more than two revolutions, must be different from one another, although jump sequences and combinations can include the same two jumps. Extra jumps that do not fulfill the requirements are not counted in the team's score.S\&P/ID 2021, pp. 111, 116 Teams are allowed, however, to execute the same two jumps during a jump combination or sequence. If they perform any or both jump or jumps incorrectly, only the incorrectly done jump is not counted and it is not considered a jump sequence or combination. Both partners can execute two solo jumps during their short programs, but the second jump is worth less points than the first. A jump attempt, in which one or both partners execute a clear preparation for a take\-off but step to the entry edge or place their skate's toe pick into the ice and leave the ice with or without a turn, counts as one jump element. If the partners execute an unequal number of rotations during a solo jump or as part of a jump combination or sequence, the jump with the lesser number of revolutions will be counted. They receive no points if they perform different types of jumps. A small hop or a jump with up to one\-half revolution (considered "decoration") is not marked as a jump and called a "transition" instead. Non\-listed jumps do not count as jumps, either, but can also be called a transition and can be used as "a special entrance to the jump".Tech Panel, p. 16 If the partners execute a spin and a jump back to back, or vice versa, they are considered separate elements and the team is awarded more points for executing a difficult take\-off or entry. They lose points if the partners fall or step out of a jump during a jump sequence or combination. #### Throw jumps Throw jumps are "partner assisted jumps in which the Lady is thrown into the air by the Man on the take\-off and lands without assistance from her partner on a backward outside edge".S\&P/ID 2021, pp. 111 Skate Canada says, "the male partner assists the female into flight". Many pair skaters consider the throw jump "a jump rather than a throw".{{cite news \|last1\=Brannen \|first1\=Sarah S. \|date\=16 May 2012 \|title\=Element of Drama: A Look at Pairs Throw Jumps \|work\=Icenetwork.com \|url\=http://web.icenetwork.com/news/article.jsp?ymd\=20120515\&content\_id\=31336512\&vkey\=ice\_news \|url\-status\=dead \|access\-date\=16 July 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140227152621/http://web.icenetwork.com/news/article.jsp?ymd\=20120515\&content\_id\=31336512\&vkey\=ice\_news \|archive\-date\=27 February 2014}} The throw jump is also considered an assisted jump, performed by the woman. The man supports the woman, initiates her rotations, and assists her with her height, timing, and direction. The types of throw jumps include: the throw Axel, the throw [salchow](/wiki/Salchow_jump "Salchow jump"), the throw toe loop, the throw loop, the throw flip, and the throw Lutz. The speed of the team's entry into the throw jump and the number of rotations performed increases its difficulty, as well as the height and/or distance they create. Pair teams must perform one throw jump during their short programs; senior teams can perform any double or triple throw jump, and junior teams must perform a double or triple Salchow. If the throw jump does not satisfy the requirements as described by the ISU, including if it has the wrong number of revolutions, it receives no value.Tech Panel, p. 18 The first throw triple Axel jump performed in competition was by American pair team [Rena Inoue](/wiki/Rena_Inoue "Rena Inoue") and [John Baldwin Jr.](/wiki/John_Baldwin_%28figure_skater%29 "John Baldwin (figure skater)") at the [2006 U.S. Championships](/wiki/2006_U.S._Figure_Skating_Championships "2006 U.S. Figure Skating Championships"). They also performed it at the [Four Continents Championships in 2006](/wiki/2006_Four_Continents_Figure_Skating_Championships "2006 Four Continents Figure Skating Championships") and the [2006 Winter Olympics](/wiki/Figure_skating_at_the_2006_Winter_Olympics "Figure skating at the 2006 Winter Olympics").{{cite web \|date\=20 April 2022 \|title\=ISU Figure Skating Media Guide 2021/22 \|url\=https://www.isu.org/media\-centre/guides/media/26363\-figure\-skating\-media\-guide\-2021\-22/file \|access\-date\=16 July 2022 \|publisher\=International Skating Union \|page\=19}} The throw triple Axel is a difficult throw to accomplish because the woman must perform three\-and\-one\-half revolutions after being thrown by the man, a half\-revolution more than other triple jumps, and because it requires a forward take\-off.{{cite news \|last1\=Henderson \|first1\=John \|date\=26 January 2006 \|title\=Duo Throws Caution to Wind \|work\=The Denver Post \|url\=https://www.denverpost.com/2006/01/25/duo\-throws\-caution\-to\-wind/ \|access\-date\=16 July 2022}} File:Skate Canada 2023 \-Pairs Long\-Stellato\-Dudek \& Deschamps\-03\.jpg\|\[\[Deanna Stellato\-Dudek]] \& \[\[Maxime Deschamps]] set up for a throw jump. File:2018 Skate Canada \- Evelyn Walsh \& Trennt Michaud \- 13\.jpg\|\[\[Evelyn Walsh]] \& \[\[Trennt Michaud]] set up for a throw jump. File:Ashley Cain, Timothy LeDuc \- 2018 Skate America \- 3\.jpg\|\[\[Ashley Cain (figure skater)\|Ashley Cain]] rotates after being thrown by \[\[Timothy LeDuc]]. File:Aleksandra Boikova, Dmitrii Kozlovskii \- 2018 Skate Canada \- 15\.jpg\|\[\[Aleksandra Boikova]] rotates after being thrown by \[\[Dmitrii Kozlovskii]]. File:Anabelle Langlois \& Cody Hay Throw Jump \- 2006 Skate America.jpg\|\[\[Anabelle Langlois]] lands after performing a throw jump with \[\[Cody Hay]]. ### Spins {{Main\|Figure skating spins\#Pair skating and ice dance}} [thumb\|right\|East German pair skaters [Sabine Baeß](/wiki/Sabine_Bae%C3%9F "Sabine Baeß") and [Tassilo Thierbach](/wiki/Tassilo_Thierbach "Tassilo Thierbach") performing a pair spin, 1979](/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-U1215-0046%2C_Sabine_Bae%C3%9F%2C_Tassilo_Thierbach.jpg "Bundesarchiv Bild 183-U1215-0046, Sabine Baeß, Tassilo Thierbach.jpg") #### Solo spin combinations The solo spin combination must be performed once during the short program of pair skating competitions, with at least two revolutions in two basic positions. Both partners must include all three basic positions in order to earn the full points possible. There must be a minimum of five revolutions made on each foot.Tech Panel, p. 7 Spins can be commenced with jumps and must have at least two different basic positions, and both partners must include two revolutions in each position. A solo spin combination must have all three basic positions (the camel spin, the sit spin, and upright positions) performed by both partners, at any time during the spin to receive the full value of points, and must have all three basic positions performed by both partners to receive full value for the element. A spin with less than three revolutions is not counted as a spin; rather, it is considered a skating movement. If a skater changes to a non\-basic position,{{Efn\|A non\-basic position is defined as "all the other positions not fulfilling the requirements of any basic positions".Tech Panel, p. 8}} it is not considered a change of position. The number of revolutions in non\-basic positions, which may be considered difficult variations, are counted towards the team's total number of revolutions. Only positions, whether basic or non\-basic, must be performed by the partners at the same time.S\&P/ID 2021, p. 113 If a skater falls while entering into the spin, he or she can perform another spin or spinning movement immediately after the fall, to fill the time lost from the fall, but it is not counted as a solo spin combination. A change of foot, in the form of a jump or step over, is allowed, and the change of position and change of foot can be performed separately or at the same time. Pair teams require "significant strength, skill and control" to perform a change from a basic position to a different basic position without performing a nonbasic position first. They also have to execute a continuous movement throughout the change, without jumps to execute it, and they must hold the basic position for two revolutions both before and after the change. They lose points if they take a long time to reach the necessary basic position.Tech Panel, p. 10 Pair teams earn more points for performing difficult entrances and exits. An entrance is defined as "the preparation immediately preceding a spin",Tech panel, p. 9 including a flying entrance by one or both partners; it can include the spin's beginning phase. All entrances must have a "significant impact" on the spin's execution, balance, and control, and must be completed on the first spinning foot. The intended spin position must be achieved within the team's first two revolutions, and can be non\-basic in spin combinations only. An exit is defined as "the last phase of the spin"; it can include the phase immediately following the spin. Like the entrance, an exit must have a "significant impact" on the spin's execution, balance, and control. There are 11 categories of difficult solo spin variations.{{Efn\|See the 2020/2021 ''Technical Panel Handbook''.Tech Panel, p. 9}} #### Spin combinations Both junior and senior pair teams must perform one pair spin combination, which may begin with a fly spin, during their free skating programs.Tech Panel, p. 12 Pair spin combinations must have at least eight revolutions, which must be counted from "the entry of the spin until its exit".S\&P/ID 2021, p. 119 If spins are done with less than two revolutions, pairs receive zero points; if they have less than three revolutions, they are considered a skating movement, not a spin. Pair teams cannot, except for a short step when changing directions, stop while performing a rotation. Spins must have at least two different basic positions, with two revolutions in each position performed by both partners anywhere within the spin; full value for pair spin combinations are awarded only when both partners perform all three basic positions. A spin executed in both clockwise and counter\-clockwise directions is considered one spin. When a team simultaneously performs spins in both directions that immediately follow each other, they earn more points, but they must execute a minimum of three revolutions in each direction without any changes in position.Tech Panel, p. 14 Both partners must execute at least one change of position and one change of foot (although not necessarily done simultaneously); if not, the element will have no value.S\&P/ID 2021, pp. 113, 119 Like the solo spin combination, the spin combination has three basic positions: the camel spin, the sit spin, and the upright spin. Also like the solo spin combination, changes to a non\-basic position is counted towards the team's total number of revolutions and are not considered a change of position. A change of foot must have at least three revolutions, before and after the change, and can be any basic or non\-basic position, in order for the element to be counted.Tech Panel, p. 13 The woman is allowed to be lifted from the ice during the spin, but her partner must stay on one foot, and the revolutions they execute while in the air counts towards the total number of revolutions. The ISU states that this does not increase the difficulty of a combination spin, but it does allow for creativity. Fluctuations of speed and variations of positions of the head, arms, or free leg are allowed. Difficult variations of a combined pair spin must have at least two revolutions. They receive more points if the spin contains three difficult variations, two of which can be non\-basic positions, although each partner must have at least one difficult variation. The same rules apply for difficult entrances into pair spin combinations as they do for solo spin combinations, except that they must be executed by both partners for the element to count towards their final score. A difficult exit, in which the skaters exit the spin in a lift or spinning movement, is defined as "an innovative move that makes the exit significantly more difficult"; Also like the solo spin combination, the exit must have "significant impact on the balance, control and execution of the spin". If one or both partners fall while entering a spin, they can execute a spin or a spinning movement to fill up time lost during the fall. ### Death spirals {{Main\|Death spiral (figure skating)}} [thumb\|right\|[Keauna McLaughlin](/wiki/Keauna_McLaughlin "Keauna McLaughlin") and [Rockne Brubaker](/wiki/Rockne_Brubaker "Rockne Brubaker") perform a death spiral during the [2008 U.S. Figure Skating Championships](/wiki/2008_U.S._Figure_Skating_Championships "2008 U.S. Figure Skating Championships")](/wiki/File:McLaughlin_Brubaker_Death_Spiral.jpg "McLaughlin Brubaker Death Spiral.jpg") The death spiral is "a circular move in which the male lowers his partner to the ice while she is arched backwards gliding on one foot". There are four types of death spirals: the forward inside death spiral, the backward inside death spiral, the backward outside death spiral, and the forward outside death spiral.Tech Panel, p. 28 According to Skate Canada, the forward inside death spiral is the easiest one to execute, and the forward outside death spiral is the most difficult.{{Efn\|See the 2021/2022 ''Technical Panel Handbook'' for descriptions of the types of death spirals.}} The death spiral performed in the short program at the senior level must be different from the death spiral during the free skating program. In the 2022–2023 season, both junior and senior pair teams must perform the backward inside death spiral. In 2023–2024, both juniors and seniors had to perform the forward inside death spiral.S\&P/ID 2021, pp. 112–113 If a different death spiral other than what has been prescribed is executed, it receives no points.S\&P/ID 2021, p. 114 One death spiral is required for juniors and seniors during their free skate. ### Step sequences {{Main\|Step sequence}} Step sequences in pair skating should be performed "together or close together". Step sequences must be a part of the short program, but they are not required in the free skating program. There is no required pattern, but pair teams must fully use the ice surface.Tech Panel, p. 3 The step sequence must be "visible and identifiable", and teams must use the full ice surface (oval, circle, straight line, serpentine, or similar shape). The team must skate three meters or less near each other while executing the crossing feature of the sequence.Tech Panel, pp. 3, 4 They must not separate, with no breaks, for at least half of the sequence. Changes of holds, which can include "a brief moment" when the partners do not touch, are permitted during the step sequence.Tech Panel, p. 5 The workload between the partners must be even to help them earn more points. More points are rewarded to teams when they change places or holds, or when they perform difficult skating moves together. Both partners must execute the combinations of difficult turns at the same time and with a clear rhythm and continuous flow. Partners can perform [rockers](/wiki/Rocker_turn "Rocker turn"), [counters](/wiki/Counter_turn "Counter turn"), [brackets](/wiki/Bracket_turn "Bracket turn"), loops, and [twizzles](/wiki/Twizzle "Twizzle") during combinations of difficult turns. [Three turns](/wiki/3_turn "3 turn"), changes of edges, jumps and/or hops, and changes of feet are not allowed, and "at least one turn in the combination must be of a different type than the others".Tech Panel, p. 4 Two combinations of difficult turns are the same if they consist of the same turns performed in the same order, on the same foot and on the same edges. ### Choreographic sequences {{Main\|Choreographic sequence}} [250px\|thumb\|right\|[Aljona Savchenko](/wiki/Aljona_Savchenko "Aljona Savchenko") and [Robin Szolkowy](/wiki/Robin_Szolkowy "Robin Szolkowy") (2005\) from Germany perform a spiral](/wiki/File:SawtschenkoSzolkowy_1.jpg "SawtschenkoSzolkowy 1.jpg") Pair teams must perform one choreographic sequence during their free skating programs.Tech Panel, p. 6 According to the ISU, a choreographic sequence "consists of at least two different movements like steps, turns, [spirals](/wiki/Figure_skating_spirals "Figure skating spirals"), arabesques, [spread eagles](/wiki/Spread_eagle_%28figure_skating%29 "Spread eagle (figure skating)"), [Ina Bauers](/wiki/Ina_Bauer_%28element%29 "Ina Bauer (element)"), [hydroblading](/wiki/Hydroblading "Hydroblading"), any jumps with maximum of 2 revolutions, spins, etc.".{{Cite web \|date\=30 June 2022 \|title\=Communication No. 2494: Single \& Pair Skating/Ice Dance \|url\=https://www.isu.org/inside\-isu/isu\-communications/communications/28951\-isu\-communication\-2494/file \|access\-date\=5 July 2022 \|publisher\=International Skating Union \|location\=Lausanne, Switzerland \|page\=4}} Pair skating teams can use steps and turns to connect the two or more movements together.{{Efn\|If a team performs a jump with more than two revolutions, the sequence is considered ended at the commencement of the jump.}} It begins at the first skating movement and ends when the team begins to prepare to execute the next element, unless the sequence is the last element performed during the program. Judges do not evaluate individual elements in a choreographic segment; rather, they note that it was accomplished. There are no restrictions limiting the sequence of the movements, but the sequence must be "clearly visible".S\&P/ID 2021, p. 117 Pair skaters, in order to earn the most points possible, must include the following in their choreographic sequences: they must have originality and creativity; the sequence must match the music and reflect the program's concept and character; and they must demonstrate effortlessness of the element as a sequence. They must also do the following: "have good ice coverage" or perform an interesting pattern; demonstrate good unison between the partners; and demonstrate "excellent commitment" and control of the whole body.{{cite web \|date\=21 May 2019 \|title\=Communication No. 2254: Single \& Pair Skating \|url\=https://isu.org/figure\-skating/rules/fsk\-communications/21211\-2254\-s\-p\-levels\-of\-difficulty\-and\-guidelines\-for\-marking\-goe\-2019\-20/file \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200702034124/https://isu.org/figure\-skating/rules/fsk\-communications/21211\-2254\-s\-p\-levels\-of\-difficulty\-and\-guidelines\-for\-marking\-goe\-2019\-20/file \|archive\-date\=2 July 2020 \|access\-date\=17 July 2022 \|publisher\=International Skating Union \|location\=Lausanne, Switzerland \|page\=7}}
[ "Competition requirements\n------------------------", "{{quote box\n\\| width \\= 25%\n\\| align \\= right\n\\| quote \\= Pair skating today is arguably the most difficult discipline technically. Pair skaters do the same jumps and spins as single skaters, sometimes with fewer revolutions, but timing is far more critical because they must execute moves in perfect unison. In addition to jumps and spins, pair skaters perform lifts unique to their discipline. More intangible but no less important is the necessity for expressive and convincing interaction between partners as they interpret the music.\n\\| salign \\= right\n\\| source \\= –Figure skating historian James Hines{{sfnp\\|Hines\\|2006\\|p\\=124}}\n}}", "Pair skating required elements include pair lifts, twist lifts, throw jumps, jumps, spin combinations, death spirals, step sequences, and choreographic sequences.S\\&P/ID 2022, pp. 110–111 The elements performed by pair teams must be \"linked together by connecting steps of a different nature\" and by other comparable movements and with a variety of holds and positions. The team does not have to always execute the same movements and can separate from time to time, but they have to \"give an impression of unison and harmony of composition of program and of execution of the skating\". They must limit movements executed on two feet, and must fully use the entire ice surface. The ISU also states, about how programs are performed by pair skating teams, \"Harmonious steps and connecting movements, in time to the music, should be maintained throughout the program\".S\\&P/ID 2021, p. 110 The ISU published the first judges' handbook for pair skating in 1966\\.{{sfnp\\|Hines\\|2011\\|p\\=xxv}}", "### Pair lifts", "{{Main\\|Figure skating lifts\\#Pair lifts}}", "There are five groups of pair skating lifts, categorized in order of increasing level of difficulty, and determined by the hold at the moment the woman passes the man's shoulder.", "* **Group One:** Armpit hold position\n* **Group Two:** Waist hold position\n* **Group Three:** Hand to hip or upper part of the leg (above the knee) position\n* **Group Four:** Hand to hand position (Press Lift type)\n* **Group Five:** Hand to hand position (Lasso Lift type)Tech panel, p. 22", "Judges look for the following when evaluating pair lifts: speed of entry and exit; control of the woman's free leg when she is exiting out of the lift, with the goal of keeping the leg high and sweeping; the position of the woman in the air; the man's footwork; quick and easy changes of position; and the maintenance of flow throughout the lift.{{cite web \\|title\\=Skating Glossary \\|url\\=https://skatecanada.ca/glossary/ \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806043409/https://skatecanada.ca/glossary/ \\|archive\\-date\\=6 August 2020 \\|access\\-date\\=16 July 2022 \\|website\\=Skate Canada}} Judges begin counting how many revolutions pair teams execute from the moment when the woman leaves the ice until when the man's arm (or arms) begin to bend after he has made a full extension and the woman begins to descend.Tech panel, p. 23[left\\|thumb\\|150px\\|East Germans [Mandy Wötzel](/wiki/Mandy_W%C3%B6tzel \"Mandy Wötzel\") and [Axel Rauschenbach](/wiki/Axel_Rauschenbach \"Axel Rauschenbach\"), 1988](/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1988-1106-005%2C_Mandy_W%C3%B6tzel%2C_Axel_Rauschnbach.jpg \"Bundesarchiv Bild 183-1988-1106-005, Mandy Wötzel, Axel Rauschnbach.jpg\")", "A complete pair skating lift must include full extension of the lifting arm or arms, if required for the type of lift being performed. Small lifts, or ones in which the man does not raise his hands higher than his shoulders, or lifts that include movements in which the man holds the woman by the legs, are also allowed. The man must complete at least one revolution.S\\&P/ID 2021, p. 112 The woman can perform both a simple take\\-off and a difficult take\\-off. A difficult take\\-off can include, but is not limited to, the following: a somersault take\\-off; a one\\-hand take\\-off; an [Ina Bauer](/wiki/Ina_Bauer_%28element%29 \"Ina Bauer (element)\"); a [spread\\-eagle](/wiki/Spread_eagle_%28figure_skating%29 \"Spread eagle (figure skating)\"); [spirals](/wiki/Figure_skating_spirals \"Figure skating spirals\") as the entry curve executed by one or both partners; or a dance lift followed immediately by a pair lift take\\-off. Difficult landings include, but are not limited to, the following: somersaults; one\\-hand landings; variations in holds; and spread\\-eagle positions of the man during dismounting.Tech panel, p. 20 Carry lifts are defined as \"the simple carrying of a partner without rotation\"S\\&P/ID 2021, p. 116 are allowed; they do not count as overhead lifts, but are considered as transition elements.S\\&P/ID 2021, p. 118 A lift is judged illegal if it is accomplished with a wrong hold.S\\&P/ID 2021, p. 102", "The only times pair skating partners can give each other assistance in executing lifts are \"through hand\\-to\\-hand, hand\\-to\\-arm, hand\\-to\\-body and hand to upper part of the leg (above the knee) grips\". They are allowed changes of hold, or going from one of the grips to another or from one hand to another in a one\\-hand hold, during lifts. Teams earn fewer points if the woman's position and a change of hold is executed at the same time.Tech panel, p. 23 They earn more points if the execution of the woman's position and the change in hold are \"significantly different from lift to lift\". Teams can increase the difficulty of lifts in any group by using a one\\-hand hold.Tech panel, p. 24", "There are three types of positions performed by the woman: upright, or when her upper body is vertical; the star, or when she faces sideways with her upper body parallel to the ice; and the platter, or when her position is flat and facing up or down with her upper body parallel to the ice. The lifts ends when the man's arm or arms begins to bend after he completes a full extension and when the woman begins to descend.", "### Twist lifts", "{{Main\\|Figure skating lifts\\#Twist lifts}}", "[left\\|thumb\\|150px\\|[Tong Jian](/wiki/Tong_Jian \"Tong Jian\") and [Pang Qing](/wiki/Pang_Qing \"Pang Qing\") from China perform a twist lift at the [2010 Olympics](/wiki/2010_Winter_Olympics \"2010 Winter Olympics\")](/wiki/File:Tong_Jian_and_Pang_Qing_%282010_Olympics%29.jpg \"Tong Jian and Pang Qing (2010 Olympics).jpg\")\n[Skate Canada](/wiki/Skate_Canada \"Skate Canada\") calls twist lifts \"sometimes the most thrilling and exciting component in pair skating\". They can also be most difficult movement to perform correctly. Judges look for the following when evaluating twist lifts: speed at entry and exit; whether or not the woman performs a split position while on her way to the top of the twist lift; her height once she gets there; clean rotations; a clean catch by the male (accomplished by placing both hands at the woman's waist and without any part of her upper body touching him); and a one\\-foot exit executed by both partners. A pair team can make twist lifts more complicated when the woman executes a split position (each leg is at least 45° from her body axis and her legs are straight or almost straight) before rotating. They also can earn more points when the man's arms are sideways and straight or almost straight after he releases the woman. Difficult take\\-offs include turns, steps, movements, and small lifts executed preceding the take\\-off and with continuous flow. Pair teams lose points for not having enough rotations, one\\-half a rotation or more.Tech Panel, p. 26", "The first quadruple twist lift performed in international competition was by Russian pair team [Marina Cherkasova](/wiki/Marina_Cherkasova \"Marina Cherkasova\") and [Sergei Shakhrai](/wiki/Sergei_Shakhrai \"Sergei Shakhrai\") at the European Championship in 1977\\.{{sfnp\\|Hines\\|2011\\|p\\=57}}", "### Solo jumps and throw jumps", "#### Solo jumps", "Pair teams, both juniors and seniors, must perform one solo jump during their short programs; it can include a double flip or double Axel for juniors, or any kind of double or triple jump for seniors. In the free skate, both juniors and seniors must perform only one solo jump and only one jump combination or sequence. A jump sequence consists of two jumps, with no limitations on the number of revolutions per jump. It starts with any type of jump, immediately followed by an Axel\\-type jump. Skaters must, during a jump combination, make sure that they land on the same foot they took off on, and that they execute a full rotation on the ice between the jumps. They can, however, execute an [Euler](/wiki/Euler_jump \"Euler jump\") between the two jumps. When the Euler is performed separately, it is considered a non\\-listed jump.Tech Panel, p. 15 Junior pairs, during their short programs, earn no points for the solo jump if they perform a different jump than what is required. Both junior and senior pairs earn no points if, during their free skating programs, they repeat a jump with over two revolutions.Tech Panel, p. 17", "All jumps are considered in the order in which they were performed. If the partners do not execute the same number of revolutions during a solo jump or part of a jump sequence or combination (which can consist of two or three jumps), only the jump with the fewer revolutions will be counted in their score. The double Axel and all triple and quadruple jumps, which have more than two revolutions, must be different from one another, although jump sequences and combinations can include the same two jumps. Extra jumps that do not fulfill the requirements are not counted in the team's score.S\\&P/ID 2021, pp. 111, 116 Teams are allowed, however, to execute the same two jumps during a jump combination or sequence. If they perform any or both jump or jumps incorrectly, only the incorrectly done jump is not counted and it is not considered a jump sequence or combination. Both partners can execute two solo jumps during their short programs, but the second jump is worth less points than the first.", "A jump attempt, in which one or both partners execute a clear preparation for a take\\-off but step to the entry edge or place their skate's toe pick into the ice and leave the ice with or without a turn, counts as one jump element. If the partners execute an unequal number of rotations during a solo jump or as part of a jump combination or sequence, the jump with the lesser number of revolutions will be counted. They receive no points if they perform different types of jumps. A small hop or a jump with up to one\\-half revolution (considered \"decoration\") is not marked as a jump and called a \"transition\" instead. Non\\-listed jumps do not count as jumps, either, but can also be called a transition and can be used as \"a special entrance to the jump\".Tech Panel, p. 16 If the partners execute a spin and a jump back to back, or vice versa, they are considered separate elements and the team is awarded more points for executing a difficult take\\-off or entry. They lose points if the partners fall or step out of a jump during a jump sequence or combination.", "#### Throw jumps", "Throw jumps are \"partner assisted jumps in which the Lady is thrown into the air by the Man on the take\\-off and lands without assistance from her partner on a backward outside edge\".S\\&P/ID 2021, pp. 111 Skate Canada says, \"the male partner assists the female into flight\". Many pair skaters consider the throw jump \"a jump rather than a throw\".{{cite news \\|last1\\=Brannen \\|first1\\=Sarah S. \\|date\\=16 May 2012 \\|title\\=Element of Drama: A Look at Pairs Throw Jumps \\|work\\=Icenetwork.com \\|url\\=http://web.icenetwork.com/news/article.jsp?ymd\\=20120515\\&content\\_id\\=31336512\\&vkey\\=ice\\_news \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|access\\-date\\=16 July 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140227152621/http://web.icenetwork.com/news/article.jsp?ymd\\=20120515\\&content\\_id\\=31336512\\&vkey\\=ice\\_news \\|archive\\-date\\=27 February 2014}} The throw jump is also considered an assisted jump, performed by the woman. The man supports the woman, initiates her rotations, and assists her with her height, timing, and direction.", "The types of throw jumps include: the throw Axel, the throw [salchow](/wiki/Salchow_jump \"Salchow jump\"), the throw toe loop, the throw loop, the throw flip, and the throw Lutz. The speed of the team's entry into the throw jump and the number of rotations performed increases its difficulty, as well as the height and/or distance they create. Pair teams must perform one throw jump during their short programs; senior teams can perform any double or triple throw jump, and junior teams must perform a double or triple Salchow. If the throw jump does not satisfy the requirements as described by the ISU, including if it has the wrong number of revolutions, it receives no value.Tech Panel, p. 18", "The first throw triple Axel jump performed in competition was by American pair team [Rena Inoue](/wiki/Rena_Inoue \"Rena Inoue\") and [John Baldwin Jr.](/wiki/John_Baldwin_%28figure_skater%29 \"John Baldwin (figure skater)\") at the [2006 U.S. Championships](/wiki/2006_U.S._Figure_Skating_Championships \"2006 U.S. Figure Skating Championships\"). They also performed it at the [Four Continents Championships in 2006](/wiki/2006_Four_Continents_Figure_Skating_Championships \"2006 Four Continents Figure Skating Championships\") and the [2006 Winter Olympics](/wiki/Figure_skating_at_the_2006_Winter_Olympics \"Figure skating at the 2006 Winter Olympics\").{{cite web \\|date\\=20 April 2022 \\|title\\=ISU Figure Skating Media Guide 2021/22 \\|url\\=https://www.isu.org/media\\-centre/guides/media/26363\\-figure\\-skating\\-media\\-guide\\-2021\\-22/file \\|access\\-date\\=16 July 2022 \\|publisher\\=International Skating Union \\|page\\=19}} The throw triple Axel is a difficult throw to accomplish because the woman must perform three\\-and\\-one\\-half revolutions after being thrown by the man, a half\\-revolution more than other triple jumps, and because it requires a forward take\\-off.{{cite news \\|last1\\=Henderson \\|first1\\=John \\|date\\=26 January 2006 \\|title\\=Duo Throws Caution to Wind \\|work\\=The Denver Post \\|url\\=https://www.denverpost.com/2006/01/25/duo\\-throws\\-caution\\-to\\-wind/ \\|access\\-date\\=16 July 2022}}", "File:Skate Canada 2023 \\-Pairs Long\\-Stellato\\-Dudek \\& Deschamps\\-03\\.jpg\\|\\[\\[Deanna Stellato\\-Dudek]] \\& \\[\\[Maxime Deschamps]] set up for a throw jump.\nFile:2018 Skate Canada \\- Evelyn Walsh \\& Trennt Michaud \\- 13\\.jpg\\|\\[\\[Evelyn Walsh]] \\& \\[\\[Trennt Michaud]] set up for a throw jump.\nFile:Ashley Cain, Timothy LeDuc \\- 2018 Skate America \\- 3\\.jpg\\|\\[\\[Ashley Cain (figure skater)\\|Ashley Cain]] rotates after being thrown by \\[\\[Timothy LeDuc]].\nFile:Aleksandra Boikova, Dmitrii Kozlovskii \\- 2018 Skate Canada \\- 15\\.jpg\\|\\[\\[Aleksandra Boikova]] rotates after being thrown by \\[\\[Dmitrii Kozlovskii]].\nFile:Anabelle Langlois \\& Cody Hay Throw Jump \\- 2006 Skate America.jpg\\|\\[\\[Anabelle Langlois]] lands after performing a throw jump with \\[\\[Cody Hay]].", "", "### Spins", "{{Main\\|Figure skating spins\\#Pair skating and ice dance}}\n[thumb\\|right\\|East German pair skaters [Sabine Baeß](/wiki/Sabine_Bae%C3%9F \"Sabine Baeß\") and [Tassilo Thierbach](/wiki/Tassilo_Thierbach \"Tassilo Thierbach\") performing a pair spin, 1979](/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-U1215-0046%2C_Sabine_Bae%C3%9F%2C_Tassilo_Thierbach.jpg \"Bundesarchiv Bild 183-U1215-0046, Sabine Baeß, Tassilo Thierbach.jpg\")", "#### Solo spin combinations", "The solo spin combination must be performed once during the short program of pair skating competitions, with at least two revolutions in two basic positions. Both partners must include all three basic positions in order to earn the full points possible. There must be a minimum of five revolutions made on each foot.Tech Panel, p. 7 Spins can be commenced with jumps and must have at least two different basic positions, and both partners must include two revolutions in each position. A solo spin combination must have all three basic positions (the camel spin, the sit spin, and upright positions) performed by both partners, at any time during the spin to receive the full value of points, and must have all three basic positions performed by both partners to receive full value for the element. A spin with less than three revolutions is not counted as a spin; rather, it is considered a skating movement. If a skater changes to a non\\-basic position,{{Efn\\|A non\\-basic position is defined as \"all the other positions not fulfilling the requirements of any basic positions\".Tech Panel, p. 8}} it is not considered a change of position. The number of revolutions in non\\-basic positions, which may be considered difficult variations, are counted towards the team's total number of revolutions. Only positions, whether basic or non\\-basic, must be performed by the partners at the same time.S\\&P/ID 2021, p. 113", "If a skater falls while entering into the spin, he or she can perform another spin or spinning movement immediately after the fall, to fill the time lost from the fall, but it is not counted as a solo spin combination. A change of foot, in the form of a jump or step over, is allowed, and the change of position and change of foot can be performed separately or at the same time. Pair teams require \"significant strength, skill and control\" to perform a change from a basic position to a different basic position without performing a nonbasic position first. They also have to execute a continuous movement throughout the change, without jumps to execute it, and they must hold the basic position for two revolutions both before and after the change. They lose points if they take a long time to reach the necessary basic position.Tech Panel, p. 10", "Pair teams earn more points for performing difficult entrances and exits. An entrance is defined as \"the preparation immediately preceding a spin\",Tech panel, p. 9 including a flying entrance by one or both partners; it can include the spin's beginning phase. All entrances must have a \"significant impact\" on the spin's execution, balance, and control, and must be completed on the first spinning foot. The intended spin position must be achieved within the team's first two revolutions, and can be non\\-basic in spin combinations only. An exit is defined as \"the last phase of the spin\"; it can include the phase immediately following the spin. Like the entrance, an exit must have a \"significant impact\" on the spin's execution, balance, and control. There are 11 categories of difficult solo spin variations.{{Efn\\|See the 2020/2021 ''Technical Panel Handbook''.Tech Panel, p. 9}}", "#### Spin combinations", "Both junior and senior pair teams must perform one pair spin combination, which may begin with a fly spin, during their free skating programs.Tech Panel, p. 12 Pair spin combinations must have at least eight revolutions, which must be counted from \"the entry of the spin until its exit\".S\\&P/ID 2021, p. 119 If spins are done with less than two revolutions, pairs receive zero points; if they have less than three revolutions, they are considered a skating movement, not a spin. Pair teams cannot, except for a short step when changing directions, stop while performing a rotation. Spins must have at least two different basic positions, with two revolutions in each position performed by both partners anywhere within the spin; full value for pair spin combinations are awarded only when both partners perform all three basic positions. A spin executed in both clockwise and counter\\-clockwise directions is considered one spin. When a team simultaneously performs spins in both directions that immediately follow each other, they earn more points, but they must execute a minimum of three revolutions in each direction without any changes in position.Tech Panel, p. 14", "Both partners must execute at least one change of position and one change of foot (although not necessarily done simultaneously); if not, the element will have no value.S\\&P/ID 2021, pp. 113, 119 Like the solo spin combination, the spin combination has three basic positions: the camel spin, the sit spin, and the upright spin. Also like the solo spin combination, changes to a non\\-basic position is counted towards the team's total number of revolutions and are not considered a change of position. A change of foot must have at least three revolutions, before and after the change, and can be any basic or non\\-basic position, in order for the element to be counted.Tech Panel, p. 13 The woman is allowed to be lifted from the ice during the spin, but her partner must stay on one foot, and the revolutions they execute while in the air counts towards the total number of revolutions. The ISU states that this does not increase the difficulty of a combination spin, but it does allow for creativity.", "Fluctuations of speed and variations of positions of the head, arms, or free leg are allowed. Difficult variations of a combined pair spin must have at least two revolutions. They receive more points if the spin contains three difficult variations, two of which can be non\\-basic positions, although each partner must have at least one difficult variation. The same rules apply for difficult entrances into pair spin combinations as they do for solo spin combinations, except that they must be executed by both partners for the element to count towards their final score. A difficult exit, in which the skaters exit the spin in a lift or spinning movement, is defined as \"an innovative move that makes the exit significantly more difficult\"; Also like the solo spin combination, the exit must have \"significant impact on the balance, control and execution of the spin\". If one or both partners fall while entering a spin, they can execute a spin or a spinning movement to fill up time lost during the fall.", "### Death spirals", "{{Main\\|Death spiral (figure skating)}}\n[thumb\\|right\\|[Keauna McLaughlin](/wiki/Keauna_McLaughlin \"Keauna McLaughlin\") and [Rockne Brubaker](/wiki/Rockne_Brubaker \"Rockne Brubaker\") perform a death spiral during the [2008 U.S. Figure Skating Championships](/wiki/2008_U.S._Figure_Skating_Championships \"2008 U.S. Figure Skating Championships\")](/wiki/File:McLaughlin_Brubaker_Death_Spiral.jpg \"McLaughlin Brubaker Death Spiral.jpg\")", "The death spiral is \"a circular move in which the male lowers his partner to the ice while she is arched backwards gliding on one foot\". There are four types of death spirals: the forward inside death spiral, the backward inside death spiral, the backward outside death spiral, and the forward outside death spiral.Tech Panel, p. 28 According to Skate Canada, the forward inside death spiral is the easiest one to execute, and the forward outside death spiral is the most difficult.{{Efn\\|See the 2021/2022 ''Technical Panel Handbook'' for descriptions of the types of death spirals.}}", "The death spiral performed in the short program at the senior level must be different from the death spiral during the free skating program. In the 2022–2023 season, both junior and senior pair teams must perform the backward inside death spiral. In 2023–2024, both juniors and seniors had to perform the forward inside death spiral.S\\&P/ID 2021, pp. 112–113 If a different death spiral other than what has been prescribed is executed, it receives no points.S\\&P/ID 2021, p. 114 One death spiral is required for juniors and seniors during their free skate.", "### Step sequences", "{{Main\\|Step sequence}}", "Step sequences in pair skating should be performed \"together or close together\". Step sequences must be a part of the short program, but they are not required in the free skating program. There is no required pattern, but pair teams must fully use the ice surface.Tech Panel, p. 3 The step sequence must be \"visible and identifiable\", and teams must use the full ice surface (oval, circle, straight line, serpentine, or similar shape). The team must skate three meters or less near each other while executing the crossing feature of the sequence.Tech Panel, pp. 3, 4 They must not separate, with no breaks, for at least half of the sequence. Changes of holds, which can include \"a brief moment\" when the partners do not touch, are permitted during the step sequence.Tech Panel, p. 5", "The workload between the partners must be even to help them earn more points. More points are rewarded to teams when they change places or holds, or when they perform difficult skating moves together. Both partners must execute the combinations of difficult turns at the same time and with a clear rhythm and continuous flow. Partners can perform [rockers](/wiki/Rocker_turn \"Rocker turn\"), [counters](/wiki/Counter_turn \"Counter turn\"), [brackets](/wiki/Bracket_turn \"Bracket turn\"), loops, and [twizzles](/wiki/Twizzle \"Twizzle\") during combinations of difficult turns. [Three turns](/wiki/3_turn \"3 turn\"), changes of edges, jumps and/or hops, and changes of feet are not allowed, and \"at least one turn in the combination must be of a different type than the others\".Tech Panel, p. 4 Two combinations of difficult turns are the same if they consist of the same turns performed in the same order, on the same foot and on the same edges.", "### Choreographic sequences", "{{Main\\|Choreographic sequence}}\n[250px\\|thumb\\|right\\|[Aljona Savchenko](/wiki/Aljona_Savchenko \"Aljona Savchenko\") and [Robin Szolkowy](/wiki/Robin_Szolkowy \"Robin Szolkowy\") (2005\\) from Germany perform a spiral](/wiki/File:SawtschenkoSzolkowy_1.jpg \"SawtschenkoSzolkowy 1.jpg\")", "Pair teams must perform one choreographic sequence during their free skating programs.Tech Panel, p. 6 According to the ISU, a choreographic sequence \"consists of at least two different movements like steps, turns, [spirals](/wiki/Figure_skating_spirals \"Figure skating spirals\"), arabesques, [spread eagles](/wiki/Spread_eagle_%28figure_skating%29 \"Spread eagle (figure skating)\"), [Ina Bauers](/wiki/Ina_Bauer_%28element%29 \"Ina Bauer (element)\"), [hydroblading](/wiki/Hydroblading \"Hydroblading\"), any jumps with maximum of 2 revolutions, spins, etc.\".{{Cite web \\|date\\=30 June 2022 \\|title\\=Communication No. 2494: Single \\& Pair Skating/Ice Dance \\|url\\=https://www.isu.org/inside\\-isu/isu\\-communications/communications/28951\\-isu\\-communication\\-2494/file \\|access\\-date\\=5 July 2022 \\|publisher\\=International Skating Union \\|location\\=Lausanne, Switzerland \\|page\\=4}} Pair skating teams can use steps and turns to connect the two or more movements together.{{Efn\\|If a team performs a jump with more than two revolutions, the sequence is considered ended at the commencement of the jump.}} It begins at the first skating movement and ends when the team begins to prepare to execute the next element, unless the sequence is the last element performed during the program. Judges do not evaluate individual elements in a choreographic segment; rather, they note that it was accomplished. There are no restrictions limiting the sequence of the movements, but the sequence must be \"clearly visible\".S\\&P/ID 2021, p. 117 Pair skaters, in order to earn the most points possible, must include the following in their choreographic sequences: they must have originality and creativity; the sequence must match the music and reflect the program's concept and character; and they must demonstrate effortlessness of the element as a sequence. They must also do the following: \"have good ice coverage\" or perform an interesting pattern; demonstrate good unison between the partners; and demonstrate \"excellent commitment\" and control of the whole body.{{cite web \\|date\\=21 May 2019 \\|title\\=Communication No. 2254: Single \\& Pair Skating \\|url\\=https://isu.org/figure\\-skating/rules/fsk\\-communications/21211\\-2254\\-s\\-p\\-levels\\-of\\-difficulty\\-and\\-guidelines\\-for\\-marking\\-goe\\-2019\\-20/file \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200702034124/https://isu.org/figure\\-skating/rules/fsk\\-communications/21211\\-2254\\-s\\-p\\-levels\\-of\\-difficulty\\-and\\-guidelines\\-for\\-marking\\-goe\\-2019\\-20/file \\|archive\\-date\\=2 July 2020 \\|access\\-date\\=17 July 2022 \\|publisher\\=International Skating Union \\|location\\=Lausanne, Switzerland \\|page\\=7}}", "" ]
Professional career ------------------- He was selected in the fourth round (109th overall) of the NFL/AFL 1968 [Common Draft](/wiki/Common_Draft "Common Draft") by the [American Football League](/wiki/American_Football_League "American Football League")'s [Cincinnati Bengals](/wiki/Cincinnati_Bengals "Cincinnati Bengals") during the team's expansion season. In 12 games, he rushed nine times for 133 yards (an astounding 14\.8 yards per carry) including an 80\-yard run, with one touchdown. He also caught 21 passes for 264 yards (a 12\.6 average) and two touchdowns. He also returned 14 kicks for 210 yards, a 22\.1 average.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.pro\-football\-reference.com/players/M/McVeWa00\.htm\|title \= Warren McVea Stats\|website \= \[\[Pro\-Football\-Reference.com]]}} He was traded to the AFL's [Kansas City Chiefs](/wiki/Kansas_City_Chiefs "Kansas City Chiefs") for kicker [Horst Muhlmann](/wiki/Horst_Muhlmann "Horst Muhlmann") and a draft choice on September 8, 1969\. McVea's timing proved to be excellent. McVea rushed 106 times for 500 yards (a 4\.7 average) and seven touchdowns, with seven receptions for 71 yards (a 10\.1 average) and he returned 13 kicks for 318 yards (a 24\.5 average) as the Chiefs went on to capture the final [American Football League](/wiki/American_Football_League "American Football League") championship. The Chiefs then defeated the [Minnesota Vikings](/wiki/Minnesota_Vikings "Minnesota Vikings") 23–7 in [Super Bowl IV](/wiki/Super_Bowl_IV "Super Bowl IV") on January 11, 1970\. In the Super Bowl, McVea rushed 12 times for 26 yards.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.nfl.com/superbowl/history/boxscore/sbiv\|title \= 2021 Super Bowl Sunday: When, Where, \& More\|website \= \[\[NFL.com]]}} During his years in Kansas City, TV commentators referred to him as "The Flea", reflecting his small size and ability to avoid defenders. In 1970, the Chiefs began play in the [National Football League](/wiki/National_Football_League "National Football League") as a result of the NFL\-AFL merger. In McVea's third pro season, he totaled 61 carries for 260 yards (a 4\.3 average) while catching five passes for 26 yards. He returned three kicks for 57 yards. In 1971, he rushed 68 times for 288 yards (a 4\.2 average) and three touchdowns. He caught five passes but for \-3 yards, and he returned nine kicks for 177 yards (a 19\.7 average). He was inactive for the 1972 season due to a knee injury.{{Cite news\|url\=http://thedailycougar.com/2008/03/13/black\-history\-feature\-mcvea\-says\-uh\-stood\-by\-no\-matter\-what/\|title \= Black history feature: McVea says UH stood by no matter what \|work\=\[\[The Cougar (newspaper)\|The Cougar]]\|last\=Turner \|first\=Ronnie \|date \= 13 March 2008}} His fifth and final year in the NFL/AFL was 1973, when he rushed only four times for five yards and returned eight kicks for 146 yards, an 18\.3 average. After the 1973 season, McVea signed with the fledgling [World Football League](/wiki/World_Football_League "World Football League")'s [Detroit Wheels](/wiki/Detroit_Wheels "Detroit Wheels"), and was immediately considered one of their top players. However, one month into the season, McVea was traded to the [Houston Texans](/wiki/Houston_Texans_%28WFL%29 "Houston Texans (WFL)"), most likely due to the precarious financial situation of the franchise. He later finished out his playing career with a tryout with the [Houston Oilers](/wiki/Houston_Oilers "Houston Oilers"), but injuries effectively ended the comeback.
[ "Professional career\n-------------------", "He was selected in the fourth round (109th overall) of the NFL/AFL 1968 [Common Draft](/wiki/Common_Draft \"Common Draft\") by the [American Football League](/wiki/American_Football_League \"American Football League\")'s [Cincinnati Bengals](/wiki/Cincinnati_Bengals \"Cincinnati Bengals\") during the team's expansion season. In 12 games, he rushed nine times for 133 yards (an astounding 14\\.8 yards per carry) including an 80\\-yard run, with one touchdown. He also caught 21 passes for 264 yards (a 12\\.6 average) and two touchdowns. He also returned 14 kicks for 210 yards, a 22\\.1 average.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.pro\\-football\\-reference.com/players/M/McVeWa00\\.htm\\|title \\= Warren McVea Stats\\|website \\= \\[\\[Pro\\-Football\\-Reference.com]]}}", "He was traded to the AFL's [Kansas City Chiefs](/wiki/Kansas_City_Chiefs \"Kansas City Chiefs\") for kicker [Horst Muhlmann](/wiki/Horst_Muhlmann \"Horst Muhlmann\") and a draft choice on September 8, 1969\\. McVea's timing proved to be excellent. McVea rushed 106 times for 500 yards (a 4\\.7 average) and seven touchdowns, with seven receptions for 71 yards (a 10\\.1 average) and he returned 13 kicks for 318 yards (a 24\\.5 average) as the Chiefs went on to capture the final [American Football League](/wiki/American_Football_League \"American Football League\") championship. The Chiefs then defeated the [Minnesota Vikings](/wiki/Minnesota_Vikings \"Minnesota Vikings\") 23–7 in [Super Bowl IV](/wiki/Super_Bowl_IV \"Super Bowl IV\") on January 11, 1970\\. In the Super Bowl, McVea rushed 12 times for 26 yards.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.nfl.com/superbowl/history/boxscore/sbiv\\|title \\= 2021 Super Bowl Sunday: When, Where, \\& More\\|website \\= \\[\\[NFL.com]]}}", "During his years in Kansas City, TV commentators referred to him as \"The Flea\", reflecting his small size and ability to avoid defenders.", "In 1970, the Chiefs began play in the [National Football League](/wiki/National_Football_League \"National Football League\") as a result of the NFL\\-AFL merger. In McVea's third pro season, he totaled 61 carries for 260 yards (a 4\\.3 average) while catching five passes for 26 yards. He returned three kicks for 57 yards.", "In 1971, he rushed 68 times for 288 yards (a 4\\.2 average) and three touchdowns. He caught five passes but for \\-3 yards, and he returned nine kicks for 177 yards (a 19\\.7 average).", "He was inactive for the 1972 season due to a knee injury.{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://thedailycougar.com/2008/03/13/black\\-history\\-feature\\-mcvea\\-says\\-uh\\-stood\\-by\\-no\\-matter\\-what/\\|title \\= Black history feature: McVea says UH stood by no matter what \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Cougar (newspaper)\\|The Cougar]]\\|last\\=Turner \\|first\\=Ronnie \\|date \\= 13 March 2008}}", "His fifth and final year in the NFL/AFL was 1973, when he rushed only four times for five yards and returned eight kicks for 146 yards, an 18\\.3 average.", "After the 1973 season, McVea signed with the fledgling [World Football League](/wiki/World_Football_League \"World Football League\")'s [Detroit Wheels](/wiki/Detroit_Wheels \"Detroit Wheels\"), and was immediately considered one of their top players. However, one month into the season, McVea was traded to the [Houston Texans](/wiki/Houston_Texans_%28WFL%29 \"Houston Texans (WFL)\"), most likely due to the precarious financial situation of the franchise. He later finished out his playing career with a tryout with the [Houston Oilers](/wiki/Houston_Oilers \"Houston Oilers\"), but injuries effectively ended the comeback.", "" ]
History ------- In 1931, industrialist and philanthropist [Charles Stewart Mott](/wiki/Charles_Stewart_Mott "Charles Stewart Mott") purchased assets near Clewiston, Florida from a 1920s bankrupt sugarcane company, Southern Sugar Company, to form the United States Sugar Corporation.{{cite news \|last1\=Durkin \|first1\=Barbara J. \|last2\=Altaner \|first2\=David \|title\=C.S. Harding Mott, Lead U.S. Sugar Corp. \|url\=http://articles.sun\-sentinel.com/1989\-05\-12/news/8901240644\_1\_sugar\-business\-harding\-mott\-mr\-mott \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180717070828/http://articles.sun\-sentinel.com/1989\-05\-12/news/8901240644\_1\_sugar\-business\-harding\-mott\-mr\-mott \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=July 17, 2018 \|access\-date\=May 31, 2018 \|work\=Sun Sentinel \|publisher\=Tribune Publishing \|date\=May 12, 1989 \|language\=en}} In the 1940s, U.S. Sugar was charged with slavery violation.{{cite news \|last1\=Clary \|first1\=Mike \|title\=A Bittersweet Tale \|url\=http://articles.sun\-sentinel.com/2004\-04\-25/news/0404250174\_1\_big\-sugar\-sugar\-mill\-domestic\-sugar \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180717041707/http://articles.sun\-sentinel.com/2004\-04\-25/news/0404250174\_1\_big\-sugar\-sugar\-mill\-domestic\-sugar \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=July 17, 2018 \|access\-date\=31 May 2018 \|work\=Sun Sentinel \|publisher\=Tribune Publishing \|date\=April 25, 2004 \|language\=en}} Mott later transferred shares to his [Charles Stewart Mott Foundation](/wiki/Charles_Stewart_Mott_Foundation "Charles Stewart Mott Foundation"). When the [Tax Reform Act of 1969](/wiki/Tax_Reform_Act_of_1969 "Tax Reform Act of 1969") limited the shares that private family foundations could hold of a corporation, the foundation gave a large number of shares to the Mott Children's Health Center, a Flint, Michigan, charitable medical organization founded in 1939, to be below the 35% limit.{{cite news \|last1\=Walsh \|first1\=Mary Williams \|title\=Ostensibly Independent, a Charity Is U.S. Sugar's Swing\-Vote Shareholder \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/29/business/29sugarside.html?\_r\=0 \|access\-date\=May 31, 2018 \|work\=The New York Times \|date\=May 29, 2008 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180531135026/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/29/business/29sugarside.html?\_r\=0 \|archive\-date\=May 31, 2018}} In 1962, the company opened the Bryant Sugar House, which at the time was the largest and most advanced sugarcane processing mill in the world. The mill had a capacity of 5,000 tons of sugarcane per day. After C.S. Mott died in 1973, C.S. Harding Mott, his son, took over as chairman of the corporation. With sugar at 60 cents a pound in the 1970s and purchasers switching to corn syrup, the company expanded into other areas of farming including cattle, citrus and vegetables. In 1980, the U.S. acquired South Bay Growers. South Bay Growers produced 13% of the US's leafy vegetables growing lettuce, celery and others.{{cite news \|last1\=McCabe \|first1\=Robert \|title\=South Bay Growers To Close \|url\=http://articles.sun\-sentinel.com/1994\-07\-07/business/9407060623\_1\_seasonal\-workers\-mexico\-bay \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180717070815/http://articles.sun\-sentinel.com/1994\-07\-07/business/9407060623\_1\_seasonal\-workers\-mexico\-bay \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=July 17, 2018 \|access\-date\=May 31, 2018 \|work\=Sun Sentinel \|publisher\=Tribune Publishing \|date\=July 7, 1994 \|language\=en}} In late 1985, U.S. Sugar began planting orange trees. In 1983, the company formed an [Employee stock ownership plan](/wiki/Employee_stock_ownership_plan "Employee stock ownership plan") (ESOP) in an attempt to go private. U.S. Sugar borrowed millions in long\-term debt to create the ESOP. Some shareholders did not sell out believing the price per share to be too low triggering a class action lawsuit.{{cite news \|last1\=Pounds \|first1\=Marcia H. \|title\=U.s. Sugar Wants To Go Private \|url\=http://articles.sun\-sentinel.com/1987\-10\-10/business/8703180856\_1\_esop\-sugar\-voting\-shares \|access\-date\=May 31, 2018 \|work\=Sun Sentinel \|publisher\=Tribune Publishing \|date\=October 10, 1987 \|language\=en}}{{dead link\|date\=September 2024\|bot\=medic}}{{cbignore\|bot\=medic}} The ESOP and Mott group of owners in October 1987 offered $80 per share for the other 110,000 voting shares held by 500 public shareholders. This took the company private and reduced its reporting costs. Most of South Bay Growers was closed down on September 4, 1994, after four out of five prior years of losses including 10 million in 1994\. South Bay's salad processing plant with customers like [McDonald's](/wiki/McDonald%27s "McDonald's") and [Burger King](/wiki/Burger_King "Burger King") and 146 employees would continue to operate while seeking new ownership. Big sugar moved in the early 1990s to mechanical cane harvesters. The displaced cane field workers filed a class action lawsuit in which the company paid $5 million plus in 1998\.{{cite news \|last1\=Blum \|first1\=Vanessa \|title\=Workers, retirees sue U.S. Sugar \|url\=http://articles.sun\-sentinel.com/2008\-02\-01/business/0801310529\_1\_sugar\-buyout\-offer\-employee\-shareholders \|access\-date\=May 31, 2018 \|work\=Sun Sentinel \|publisher\=Tribune Publishing \|date\=February 1, 2008 \|language\=en}}{{dead link\|date\=September 2024\|bot\=medic}}{{cbignore\|bot\=medic}} In 2004, U.S. Sugar closed a mill and laid off workers. Its Bryant mill was closed in 2007\. In February 2008, the corporation, CEO Robert Buker, Chairman William S. White and his family and Charles Stewart Mott Foundation were sued by employees claiming that they were not getting full value for the ESOP stock given two bids for the company stock for amounts more than ESOP redemption were offered by outside parties. Employees alleged that the Gaylon Lawrence family agro\-conglomerate offered $293 per share for the company twice, once in August 2005 and in January 2007\. The Company stated that the offer (approximately $500 million) was well below market value—which was proved to be the case when the State of Florida publicly offered to buy US Sugar for $2 billion in 2008\.
[ "History\n-------", "In 1931, industrialist and philanthropist [Charles Stewart Mott](/wiki/Charles_Stewart_Mott \"Charles Stewart Mott\") purchased assets near Clewiston, Florida from a 1920s bankrupt sugarcane company, Southern Sugar Company, to form the United States Sugar Corporation.{{cite news \\|last1\\=Durkin \\|first1\\=Barbara J. \\|last2\\=Altaner \\|first2\\=David \\|title\\=C.S. Harding Mott, Lead U.S. Sugar Corp. \\|url\\=http://articles.sun\\-sentinel.com/1989\\-05\\-12/news/8901240644\\_1\\_sugar\\-business\\-harding\\-mott\\-mr\\-mott \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180717070828/http://articles.sun\\-sentinel.com/1989\\-05\\-12/news/8901240644\\_1\\_sugar\\-business\\-harding\\-mott\\-mr\\-mott \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=July 17, 2018 \\|access\\-date\\=May 31, 2018 \\|work\\=Sun Sentinel \\|publisher\\=Tribune Publishing \\|date\\=May 12, 1989 \\|language\\=en}} In the 1940s, U.S. Sugar was charged with slavery violation.{{cite news \\|last1\\=Clary \\|first1\\=Mike \\|title\\=A Bittersweet Tale \\|url\\=http://articles.sun\\-sentinel.com/2004\\-04\\-25/news/0404250174\\_1\\_big\\-sugar\\-sugar\\-mill\\-domestic\\-sugar \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180717041707/http://articles.sun\\-sentinel.com/2004\\-04\\-25/news/0404250174\\_1\\_big\\-sugar\\-sugar\\-mill\\-domestic\\-sugar \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=July 17, 2018 \\|access\\-date\\=31 May 2018 \\|work\\=Sun Sentinel \\|publisher\\=Tribune Publishing \\|date\\=April 25, 2004 \\|language\\=en}}", "Mott later transferred shares to his [Charles Stewart Mott Foundation](/wiki/Charles_Stewart_Mott_Foundation \"Charles Stewart Mott Foundation\"). When the [Tax Reform Act of 1969](/wiki/Tax_Reform_Act_of_1969 \"Tax Reform Act of 1969\") limited the shares that private family foundations could hold of a corporation, the foundation gave a large number of shares to the Mott Children's Health Center, a Flint, Michigan, charitable medical organization founded in 1939, to be below the 35% limit.{{cite news \\|last1\\=Walsh \\|first1\\=Mary Williams \\|title\\=Ostensibly Independent, a Charity Is U.S. Sugar's Swing\\-Vote Shareholder \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/29/business/29sugarside.html?\\_r\\=0 \\|access\\-date\\=May 31, 2018 \\|work\\=The New York Times \\|date\\=May 29, 2008 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180531135026/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/29/business/29sugarside.html?\\_r\\=0 \\|archive\\-date\\=May 31, 2018}}", "In 1962, the company opened the Bryant Sugar House, which at the time was the largest and most advanced sugarcane processing mill in the world. The mill had a capacity of 5,000 tons of sugarcane per day.", "After C.S. Mott died in 1973, C.S. Harding Mott, his son, took over as chairman of the corporation. With sugar at 60 cents a pound in the 1970s and purchasers switching to corn syrup, the company expanded into other areas of farming including cattle, citrus and vegetables. In 1980, the U.S. acquired South Bay Growers. South Bay Growers produced 13% of the US's leafy vegetables growing lettuce, celery and others.{{cite news \\|last1\\=McCabe \\|first1\\=Robert \\|title\\=South Bay Growers To Close \\|url\\=http://articles.sun\\-sentinel.com/1994\\-07\\-07/business/9407060623\\_1\\_seasonal\\-workers\\-mexico\\-bay \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180717070815/http://articles.sun\\-sentinel.com/1994\\-07\\-07/business/9407060623\\_1\\_seasonal\\-workers\\-mexico\\-bay \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=July 17, 2018 \\|access\\-date\\=May 31, 2018 \\|work\\=Sun Sentinel \\|publisher\\=Tribune Publishing \\|date\\=July 7, 1994 \\|language\\=en}} In late 1985, U.S. Sugar began planting orange trees.\nIn 1983, the company formed an [Employee stock ownership plan](/wiki/Employee_stock_ownership_plan \"Employee stock ownership plan\") (ESOP) in an attempt to go private. U.S. Sugar borrowed millions in long\\-term debt to create the ESOP. Some shareholders did not sell out believing the price per share to be too low triggering a class action lawsuit.{{cite news \\|last1\\=Pounds \\|first1\\=Marcia H. \\|title\\=U.s. Sugar Wants To Go Private \\|url\\=http://articles.sun\\-sentinel.com/1987\\-10\\-10/business/8703180856\\_1\\_esop\\-sugar\\-voting\\-shares \\|access\\-date\\=May 31, 2018 \\|work\\=Sun Sentinel \\|publisher\\=Tribune Publishing \\|date\\=October 10, 1987 \\|language\\=en}}{{dead link\\|date\\=September 2024\\|bot\\=medic}}{{cbignore\\|bot\\=medic}}", "The ESOP and Mott group of owners in October 1987 offered $80 per share for the other 110,000 voting shares held by 500 public shareholders. This took the company private and reduced its reporting costs.", "Most of South Bay Growers was closed down on September 4, 1994, after four out of five prior years of losses including 10 million in 1994\\. South Bay's salad processing plant with customers like [McDonald's](/wiki/McDonald%27s \"McDonald's\") and [Burger King](/wiki/Burger_King \"Burger King\") and 146 employees would continue to operate while seeking new ownership.", "Big sugar moved in the early 1990s to mechanical cane harvesters. The displaced cane field workers filed a class action lawsuit in which the company paid $5 million plus in 1998\\.{{cite news \\|last1\\=Blum \\|first1\\=Vanessa \\|title\\=Workers, retirees sue U.S. Sugar \\|url\\=http://articles.sun\\-sentinel.com/2008\\-02\\-01/business/0801310529\\_1\\_sugar\\-buyout\\-offer\\-employee\\-shareholders \\|access\\-date\\=May 31, 2018 \\|work\\=Sun Sentinel \\|publisher\\=Tribune Publishing \\|date\\=February 1, 2008 \\|language\\=en}}{{dead link\\|date\\=September 2024\\|bot\\=medic}}{{cbignore\\|bot\\=medic}} In 2004, U.S. Sugar closed a mill and laid off workers. Its Bryant mill was closed in 2007\\.", "In February 2008, the corporation, CEO Robert Buker, Chairman William S. White and his family and Charles Stewart Mott Foundation were sued by employees claiming that they were not getting full value for the ESOP stock given two bids for the company stock for amounts more than ESOP redemption were offered by outside parties. Employees alleged that the Gaylon Lawrence family agro\\-conglomerate offered $293 per share for the company twice, once in August 2005 and in January 2007\\. The Company stated that the offer (approximately $500 million) was well below market value—which was proved to be the case when the State of Florida publicly offered to buy US Sugar for $2 billion in 2008\\.", "" ]
Post\-Sinn Féin activism ------------------------ McGeough is known for his opposition to what he perceives as "liberalism" within contemporary Sinn Féin: > You would never get a leader of Sinn Féin condemning abortion, homosexual "marriage" or anything of that nature. I, as an Irish nationalist and Roman Catholic, never want to see the day when there are abortion clinics in every market town in Ireland. But looking around there is no political grouping willing to take a stance against that.{{cite news \| title \= IRA bomber attacks Sinn Féin on abortion \| author \= Henry McDonald \| url \= http://observer.guardian.co.uk/nireland/story/0,,1113241,00\.html \| newspaper \= The Observer \| date \= 28 December 2003 \| access\-date \= 2007\-04\-18 \| archive\-date \= 13 August 2006 \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20060813092137/http://observer.guardian.co.uk/nireland/story/0,,1113241,00\.html \| url\-status \= live }} He accompanied [Justin Barrett](/wiki/Justin_Barrett "Justin Barrett") on a lecture tour of Irish towns in March 2004, in support of Barrett's unsuccessful attempt to become a member of the [European Parliament](/wiki/European_Parliament "European Parliament"). In May 2006, McGeough, as editor, and Charles Byrne, a 28\-year\-old from [Drogheda](/wiki/Drogheda "Drogheda"), launched a monthly magazine called *[The Hibernian](/wiki/The_Hibernian "The Hibernian")*, dedicated to "Faith, Family and Country". The magazine had articles espousing the views of [Father Denis Fahey](/wiki/Denis_Fahey "Denis Fahey") and also promoted the [Society of St. Pius X](/wiki/Society_of_St._Pius_X "Society of St. Pius X"). In 2007, McGeough declared he would be standing for election in the [Northern Ireland Assembly elections](/wiki/2007_Northern_Ireland_Assembly_election "2007 Northern Ireland Assembly election") against Sinn Féin in the [Fermanagh and South Tyrone constituency](/wiki/Fermanagh_and_South_Tyrone_%28Assembly_constituency%29 "Fermanagh and South Tyrone (Assembly constituency)"). He put himself forward as a protest against Sinn Féin's vote in January 2007 to support the [Police Service of Northern Ireland](/wiki/Police_Service_of_Northern_Ireland "Police Service of Northern Ireland") (PSNI), a key provision of the [St Andrews Agreement](/wiki/St_Andrews_Agreement "St Andrews Agreement").{{cite news \| title \= Gunrunner in poll threat to Sinn Féin \| author \= Henry McDonald \| url \= https://www.theguardian.com/Northern\_Ireland/Story/0,,1984587,00\.html \| newspaper \= The Observer \| date \= 7 January 2007 \| access\-date \= 2007\-04\-18}} He polled 1\.8% of the vote.{{cite web \| title\= Fermanagh and South Tyrone election result 2007 \| url\= http://www.ark.ac.uk/elections/afst.htm \| access\-date\= 18 August 2008 \| archive\-date\= 9 June 2009 \| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20090609235105/http://www.ark.ac.uk/elections/afst.htm \| url\-status\= live }} *The Hibernian* ceased publication in 2008\.Magazine run by murder\-bid defendant folds, Diana Rusk, The Irish News, 11 October 2008, retrieved 10 April 2009 In the same period, McGeough became associated with the [Ancient Order of Hibernians](/wiki/Ancient_Order_of_Hibernians "Ancient Order of Hibernians"), taking control of the organisation's branch in [County Tyrone](/wiki/County_Tyrone "County Tyrone").[Ex\-Provo gives new life to Irish clerical fascism](http://www.searchlightmagazine.com/index.php?link=template&story=172) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20061024115318/http://www.searchlightmagazine.com/index.php?link\=template\&story\=172 \|date\=24 October 2006 }}, Scott Millar, Searchlight Magazine, August 2006 McGeough was expelled from the Ancient Order of Hibernians in 2019\.{{cite news \|last\=Young \|first\=Connla \|date\=3 July 2019 \|title\=Gerry McGeough vows to fight expulsion from Ancient Order of Hibernians \|url\=https://www.irishnews.com/news/northernirelandnews/2019/07/03/news/gerry\-mcgeough\-vows\-to\-fight\-expulsion\-from\-ancient\-order\-of\-hibernians\-1654609/ \|work\= \|location\= \|access\-date\=14 March 2021 \|archive\-date\=6 July 2019 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190706013442/http://www.irishnews.com/news/northernirelandnews/2019/07/03/news/gerry\-mcgeough\-vows\-to\-fight\-expulsion\-from\-ancient\-order\-of\-hibernians\-1654609/ \|url\-status\=live }} Gerry McGeough was invited to join the American Ancient Order of Hibernians (A.O.H.) in 1992, becoming a member of Division 35 in Brooklyn, New York. The Division was noted for the fact that it proudly counted a long list of Irish Republican rebels among its membership since the mid\-1800s. Following his return to Ireland, he joined the A.O.H. (Board of Erin), a totally separate organisation from its American counterpart and was instrumental in establishing new Divisions in Dublin and Cork. (Citation: The Irish Family, August 2005\). In 2016, he was asked to run for President of the Tyrone County Board of the A.O.H. and was unanimously elected at Annual General Meetings for four years in succession. (Cit: Irish News, March 24th, 2016\). He immediately set about raising the media profile of the organisation and dramatically increasing its membership. (Cit: Ulster Herald, May 28th, 2017\). He opened several new Divisions in the county, including ones specifically dedicated to pro\-life activity (Cit: Irish News, October 15th, 2016\), opposing gold\-mining in the Sperrin Mountains (Cit: November 29th, 2016\), and promoting the Irish language (Cit: Irish News, March 10th, 2017\). He also initiated ‘Hibernian Day’ parades in Tyrone, which proved very successful. (Cit: Irish News, September 12th, 2016\), and launched the annual Easter Tuesday commemoration at the Republican Garden of Remembrance in honour of Ed Walsh, a member of the Hibernian Rifles who was killed in action in Dublin during the 1916 Easter Rising. (Cit: Irish News \[letters] April 14th, 2017\). In response to Sinn Féin officially adopting an extreme abortion policy, he had every A.O.H. Division in Tyrone sign a ‘Pro\-Life Charter’ (Cit: BBC Ni, November 21st, 2017\), and led a delegation of Tyrone Hibernians to Armagh in order to formally present the Charter to the Archbishop of the diocese, Eamon Martin. (Irish News, March 16th, 2018\). In addition to developing the A.O.H. in Tyrone, McGeough also initiated the re\-launch of the organisation in neighbouring County Fermanagh. (Cit: Fermanagh Herald, January 8th, 2017\). Furthermore, he spearheaded the re\-opening of defunct Hibernian Halls in Tyrone (Cit: OfficialTyroneAOH @AOHTyrone, August 10th, 2018\). Throughout his presidency, McGeough focused on establishing close contacts with the American A.O.H. and hosted several visits from American Hibernian delegations. (Cit: IrishCentral.com February 14th, 2019\). His activities often provoked serious hostility from pro\-British Unionist politicians and commentators, who regularly called for his expulsion from the A.O.H. (Cit: Newsletter, August 5th, 2017; Nelson’s View Blog, February 25th, 2019\). In early 2019, rumours began to circulate on social media that British Intelligence had placed an agent within the Tyrone A.O.H. who had been given specific instructions to stir\-up trouble, chaos and dissent in order to cause maximum problems for McGeough’s presidency, pull him down and destroy the organisation in Tyrone. This came at a time when there was growing speculation from Hibernians across Ireland that McGeough would be elected as the organisation’s new National President at the next National Convention. Commencing in April 2019 a hitherto inactive group of Tyrone Hibernians, who were known to be jealous of McGeough’s successes and virulently opposed to his Republican politics and strong Catholic views, launched an orchestrated campaign of frivolous complaints against his leadership. This resulted in the National Board, some of whom made no secret of their opposition to McGeough, suspending the entire Tyrone County Board of the organisation and calling for a new election at an Emergency General Meeting. On his way into the meeting at Ardboe A.O.H. Hall on June 29th, 2019, Gerry McGeough was informed on the roadside by a third party that he and a number of others had been expelled and would therefore not be eligible to vote, despite being properly selected delegates. There had been no hint of expulsions up until this point. The fact that no procedure had been followed and that the style of the expulsion was utterly unconstitutional led to an instant rift within the A.O.H. in Tyrone. At no time since the meeting has McGeough received a letter signed by the National Board to confirm his expulsion and explain why it occurred, as is required by the organisation’s Constitution. Nor has he been given any right of appeal. The bulk of the Tyrone A.O.H. membership has since withdrawn from the organisation. (Cit: Tyrone Courier, January 28th, 2020\).
[ "Post\\-Sinn Féin activism\n------------------------", "McGeough is known for his opposition to what he perceives as \"liberalism\" within contemporary Sinn Féin:", "", "> You would never get a leader of Sinn Féin condemning abortion, homosexual \"marriage\" or anything of that nature. I, as an Irish nationalist and Roman Catholic, never want to see the day when there are abortion clinics in every market town in Ireland. But looking around there is no political grouping willing to take a stance against that.{{cite news \\| title \\= IRA bomber attacks Sinn Féin on abortion \\| author \\= Henry McDonald \\| url \\= http://observer.guardian.co.uk/nireland/story/0,,1113241,00\\.html \\| newspaper \\= The Observer \\| date \\= 28 December 2003 \\| access\\-date \\= 2007\\-04\\-18 \\| archive\\-date \\= 13 August 2006 \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20060813092137/http://observer.guardian.co.uk/nireland/story/0,,1113241,00\\.html \\| url\\-status \\= live }}", "He accompanied [Justin Barrett](/wiki/Justin_Barrett \"Justin Barrett\") on a lecture tour of Irish towns in March 2004, in support of Barrett's unsuccessful attempt to become a member of the [European Parliament](/wiki/European_Parliament \"European Parliament\").", "In May 2006, McGeough, as editor, and Charles Byrne, a 28\\-year\\-old from [Drogheda](/wiki/Drogheda \"Drogheda\"), launched a monthly magazine called *[The Hibernian](/wiki/The_Hibernian \"The Hibernian\")*, dedicated to \"Faith, Family and Country\". The magazine had articles espousing the views of [Father Denis Fahey](/wiki/Denis_Fahey \"Denis Fahey\") and also promoted the [Society of St. Pius X](/wiki/Society_of_St._Pius_X \"Society of St. Pius X\").", "In 2007, McGeough declared he would be standing for election in the [Northern Ireland Assembly elections](/wiki/2007_Northern_Ireland_Assembly_election \"2007 Northern Ireland Assembly election\") against Sinn Féin in the [Fermanagh and South Tyrone constituency](/wiki/Fermanagh_and_South_Tyrone_%28Assembly_constituency%29 \"Fermanagh and South Tyrone (Assembly constituency)\"). He put himself forward as a protest against Sinn Féin's vote in January 2007 to support the [Police Service of Northern Ireland](/wiki/Police_Service_of_Northern_Ireland \"Police Service of Northern Ireland\") (PSNI), a key provision of the [St Andrews Agreement](/wiki/St_Andrews_Agreement \"St Andrews Agreement\").{{cite news \\| title \\= Gunrunner in poll threat to Sinn Féin \\| author \\= Henry McDonald \\| url \\= https://www.theguardian.com/Northern\\_Ireland/Story/0,,1984587,00\\.html \\| newspaper \\= The Observer \\| date \\= 7 January 2007 \\| access\\-date \\= 2007\\-04\\-18}} He polled 1\\.8% of the vote.{{cite web \\| title\\= Fermanagh and South Tyrone election result 2007 \\| url\\= http://www.ark.ac.uk/elections/afst.htm \\| access\\-date\\= 18 August 2008 \\| archive\\-date\\= 9 June 2009 \\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20090609235105/http://www.ark.ac.uk/elections/afst.htm \\| url\\-status\\= live }}", "*The Hibernian* ceased publication in 2008\\.Magazine run by murder\\-bid defendant folds, Diana Rusk, The Irish News, 11 October 2008, retrieved 10 April 2009", "In the same period, McGeough became associated with the [Ancient Order of Hibernians](/wiki/Ancient_Order_of_Hibernians \"Ancient Order of Hibernians\"), taking control of the organisation's branch in [County Tyrone](/wiki/County_Tyrone \"County Tyrone\").[Ex\\-Provo gives new life to Irish clerical fascism](http://www.searchlightmagazine.com/index.php?link=template&story=172) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20061024115318/http://www.searchlightmagazine.com/index.php?link\\=template\\&story\\=172 \\|date\\=24 October 2006 }}, Scott Millar, Searchlight Magazine, August 2006 McGeough was expelled from the Ancient Order of Hibernians in 2019\\.{{cite news \\|last\\=Young \\|first\\=Connla \\|date\\=3 July 2019 \\|title\\=Gerry McGeough vows to fight expulsion from Ancient Order of Hibernians \\|url\\=https://www.irishnews.com/news/northernirelandnews/2019/07/03/news/gerry\\-mcgeough\\-vows\\-to\\-fight\\-expulsion\\-from\\-ancient\\-order\\-of\\-hibernians\\-1654609/ \\|work\\= \\|location\\= \\|access\\-date\\=14 March 2021 \\|archive\\-date\\=6 July 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190706013442/http://www.irishnews.com/news/northernirelandnews/2019/07/03/news/gerry\\-mcgeough\\-vows\\-to\\-fight\\-expulsion\\-from\\-ancient\\-order\\-of\\-hibernians\\-1654609/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "Gerry McGeough was invited to join the American Ancient Order of Hibernians (A.O.H.) in 1992, becoming a member of Division 35 in Brooklyn, New York. The Division was noted for the fact that it proudly counted a long list of Irish Republican rebels among its membership since the mid\\-1800s.", "Following his return to Ireland, he joined the A.O.H. (Board of Erin), a totally separate organisation from its American counterpart and was instrumental in establishing new Divisions in Dublin and Cork. (Citation: The Irish Family, August 2005\\).", "In 2016, he was asked to run for President of the Tyrone County Board of the A.O.H. and was unanimously elected at Annual General Meetings for four years in succession. (Cit: Irish News, March 24th, 2016\\).\nHe immediately set about raising the media profile of the organisation and dramatically increasing its membership. (Cit: Ulster Herald, May 28th, 2017\\).", "He opened several new Divisions in the county, including ones specifically dedicated to pro\\-life activity (Cit: Irish News, October 15th, 2016\\), opposing gold\\-mining in the Sperrin Mountains (Cit: November 29th, 2016\\), and promoting the Irish language (Cit: Irish News, March 10th, 2017\\).", "He also initiated ‘Hibernian Day’ parades in Tyrone, which proved very successful. (Cit: Irish News, September 12th, 2016\\), and launched the annual Easter Tuesday commemoration at the Republican Garden of Remembrance in honour of Ed Walsh, a member of the Hibernian Rifles who was killed in action in Dublin during the 1916 Easter Rising. (Cit: Irish News \\[letters] April 14th, 2017\\).", "In response to Sinn Féin officially adopting an extreme abortion policy, he had every A.O.H. Division in Tyrone sign a ‘Pro\\-Life Charter’ (Cit: BBC Ni, November 21st, 2017\\), and led a delegation of Tyrone Hibernians to Armagh in order to formally present the Charter to the Archbishop of the diocese, Eamon Martin. (Irish News, March 16th, 2018\\).\nIn addition to developing the A.O.H. in Tyrone, McGeough also initiated the re\\-launch of the organisation in neighbouring County Fermanagh. (Cit: Fermanagh Herald, January 8th, 2017\\). Furthermore, he spearheaded the re\\-opening of defunct Hibernian Halls in Tyrone (Cit: OfficialTyroneAOH @AOHTyrone, August 10th, 2018\\).", "Throughout his presidency, McGeough focused on establishing close contacts with the American A.O.H. and hosted several visits from American Hibernian delegations. (Cit: IrishCentral.com February 14th, 2019\\).", "His activities often provoked serious hostility from pro\\-British Unionist politicians and commentators, who regularly called for his expulsion from the A.O.H. (Cit: Newsletter, August 5th, 2017; Nelson’s View Blog, February 25th, 2019\\).", "In early 2019, rumours began to circulate on social media that British Intelligence had placed an agent within the Tyrone A.O.H. who had been given specific instructions to stir\\-up trouble, chaos and dissent in order to cause maximum problems for McGeough’s presidency, pull him down and destroy the organisation in Tyrone. This came at a time when there was growing speculation from Hibernians across Ireland that McGeough would be elected as the organisation’s new National President at the next National Convention.", "Commencing in April 2019 a hitherto inactive group of Tyrone Hibernians, who were known to be jealous of McGeough’s successes and virulently opposed to his Republican politics and strong Catholic views, launched an orchestrated campaign of frivolous complaints against his leadership. This resulted in the National Board, some of whom made no secret of their opposition to McGeough, suspending the entire Tyrone County Board of the organisation and calling for a new election at an Emergency General Meeting.", "On his way into the meeting at Ardboe A.O.H. Hall on June 29th, 2019, Gerry McGeough was informed on the roadside by a third party that he and a number of others had been expelled and would therefore not be eligible to vote, despite being properly selected delegates. There had been no hint of expulsions up until this point.", "The fact that no procedure had been followed and that the style of the expulsion was utterly unconstitutional led to an instant rift within the A.O.H. in Tyrone. At no time since the meeting has McGeough received a letter signed by the National Board to confirm his expulsion and explain why it occurred, as is required by the organisation’s Constitution. Nor has he been given any right of appeal.", "The bulk of the Tyrone A.O.H. membership has since withdrawn from the organisation. (Cit: Tyrone Courier, January 28th, 2020\\).", "" ]
Life and career --------------- ### 1987–2009: Early life and career beginnings Iyaz aka Keidran Jones was born in 1987, into a musical family. He is from and grew up in [Tortola](/wiki/Tortola "Tortola") in the [Virgin Islands](/wiki/Virgin_Islands "Virgin Islands"). Iyaz studied [digital recording](/wiki/Digital_recording "Digital recording") at [New England Institute of Technology](/wiki/New_England_Institute_of_Technology "New England Institute of Technology").David Caplan, ["5 Things to Know About Singer Iyaz"](http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20341342,00.html), *People*, 2 April 2010 He was featured on the track "Island Girls" by Out Da Box Family, which achieved radio success in the [Caribbean](/wiki/Caribbean "Caribbean"). [Sean Kingston](/wiki/Sean_Kingston "Sean Kingston") found Iyaz through his [Myspace](/wiki/Myspace "Myspace") page in 2008{{cite web\|url\=http://www.bigtop40\.com/artists/h\-j/iyaz/replay/ \|title\=Artists \| Replay – Big Top 40 Music moms \|publisher\=Bigtop40\.com \|access\-date\=9 August 2010}} and later signed him to a [recording contract](/wiki/Recording_contract "Recording contract") with Time Is Money/Beluga Heights. Sean Kingston introduced him to producer and Beluga Heights head [J.R. Rotem](/wiki/J.R._Rotem "J.R. Rotem"). ### 2009–present: *Replay* and *Aurora* In 2009, he released "Replay" which peaked at number 2 on the [*Billboard* Hot 100](/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100 "Billboard Hot 100") and at number 1 in several territories, including the United Kingdom.{{cite magazine\|last\=Lipshutz\|first\=Jason\|title\=Young island\-pop singer Iyaz hits "Replay"\|magazine\=Billboard\|publisher\=Reuters\|date\=6 November 2009\|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/musicNews/idUSTRE5A601820091107\|access\-date\=20 November 2009}} His second single "Solo" was released in February 2010, and peaked at number 32 on the Hot 100\. He also took part in recording the Haiti charity single, "[We Are the World 25 for Haiti](/wiki/We_Are_the_World_25_for_Haiti "We Are the World 25 for Haiti")". His debut album, *[Replay](/wiki/Replay_%28Iyaz_album%29 "Replay (Iyaz album)")*, was released in 2010, and he was also featured on [Jake Zyrus’s](/wiki/Charice_Pempengco "Charice Pempengco") single "[Pyramid](/wiki/Pyramid_%28song%29 "Pyramid (song)")". In an interview with [HitQuarters](/wiki/HitQuarters "HitQuarters"), Rotem described Iyaz's creative perfectionism: > "Where as \[*[sic](/wiki/Sic "Sic")*] others might work on several songs in one day, he might sit there and work on one song for days. The end result that he gets is usually an absolute gem, so heartfelt and genuine."{{cite web \|url\=http://www.hitquarters.com/index.php3?page\=intrview/opar/intrview\_JR\_Rotem\_Interview.html \|title\=Interview With JR Rotem \|publisher\=\[\[HitQuarters]] \|date\=4 April 2010 \|access\-date\=8 April 2010 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314061738/http://www.hitquarters.com/index.php3?page\=intrview/opar/intrview\_JR\_Rotem\_Interview.html \|archive\-date\=14 March 2012 \|url\-status\=dead }} Iyaz also appeared on the fourth season of *[Hannah Montana](/wiki/Hannah_Montana "Hannah Montana")*, *[Hannah Montana Forever](/wiki/Hannah_Montana_season_4 "Hannah Montana season 4")* and made a song with [Miley Cyrus](/wiki/Miley_Cyrus "Miley Cyrus") called "[Gonna Get This](/wiki/Gonna_Get_This "Gonna Get This")", which is featured on the *[Hannah Montana Forever](/wiki/Hannah_Montana_Forever_%28soundtrack%29 "Hannah Montana Forever (soundtrack)")* soundtrack album. In 2011, Iyaz played his part in [Big Time Rush](/wiki/Big_Time_Rush "Big Time Rush")'s song "If I Ruled the World". Iyaz released "Last Forever" with [David Guetta](/wiki/David_Guetta "David Guetta") as the producer,{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/iyaz\-last\-forever\-prod\-by\-david\-guetta\-song.313693\.html\|title\=IYAZ \- Last Forever (Prod. By David Guetta)\|website\=HotNewHipHop\| date\=3 June 2011 }} and its follow\-up, "At Last". Iyaz was featured on [New Boyz](/wiki/New_Boyz "New Boyz")'s single "Break My Bank" and [Akon](/wiki/Akon "Akon")'s "My Girl". Later, Iyaz did a duet called "[You're My Only Shorty](/wiki/You%27re_My_Only_Shorty "You're My Only Shorty")" with [Demi Lovato](/wiki/Demi_Lovato "Demi Lovato"), which is from Lovato's third studio album, *[Unbroken](/wiki/Unbroken_%28Demi_Lovato_album%29 "Unbroken (Demi Lovato album)")*. He released a song with [Travie McCoy](/wiki/Travie_McCoy "Travie McCoy") titled "[Pretty Girls](/wiki/Pretty_Girls_%28Iyaz_song%29 "Pretty Girls (Iyaz song)")" and later in the year a song titled "My Heart Broke" surfaced. Iyaz uploaded a duet song named, "Christmas Time" featuring Sha Sha Jones on to [YouTube](/wiki/YouTube "YouTube"), A Christmas song which his grandparents requested. In 2013, a slew of tracks credited to Iyaz surfaced online, namely "Da Da Da", along with "Congrats", "What Is This Feeling" and "Too Sexy". In 2014, after leaving his previous labels the year prior, Iyaz signed with new Los Angeles\-based independent record label Rekless Music, which is distributed by the [Alternative Distribution Alliance](/wiki/Alternative_Distribution_Alliance "Alternative Distribution Alliance") and [Warner Music Group](/wiki/Warner_Music_Group "Warner Music Group"). Iyaz made a cover of [Chris Brown](/wiki/Chris_Brown "Chris Brown")'s "[Loyal](/wiki/Loyal_%28Chris_Brown_song%29 "Loyal (Chris Brown song)")" named "Comin' for Ya", followed by another cover months after of [Magic!](/wiki/Magic%21 "Magic!")'s song "[Rude](/wiki/Rude_%28song%29 "Rude (song)")", which he shared on SoundCloud. Iyaz tweeted in December 2014 he would release a single titled "One Million", and released a snippet of the song on SoundCloud. Iyaz released "One Million" on [iTunes](/wiki/ITunes "ITunes") in Japan on 12 December 2014, the first single from his second album *Aurora*, released exclusively in Japan on 8 April 2015\.{{Cite web\|url\=https://music.apple.com/jp/album/aurora\-bonus\-track\-version/975814324\|title\=Iyazの「Aurora (Bonus Track Version)」\|via\=music.apple.com}} On 24 July 2015 Iyaz released the second single from *Aurora*, "Alive", featuring [Nash Overstreet](/wiki/Nash_Overstreet "Nash Overstreet") of [Hot Chelle Rae](/wiki/Hot_Chelle_Rae "Hot Chelle Rae"). It was produced by J.D. "Boy Rekless" Salbego, the President/CEO of Rekless Music, Iyaz's new label, and Stuart Hart. On 23 September 2015, MTV exclusively premiered the official video of "Alive".
[ "Life and career\n---------------", "### 1987–2009: Early life and career beginnings", "Iyaz aka Keidran Jones was born in 1987, into a musical family. He is from and grew up in [Tortola](/wiki/Tortola \"Tortola\") in the [Virgin Islands](/wiki/Virgin_Islands \"Virgin Islands\"). Iyaz studied [digital recording](/wiki/Digital_recording \"Digital recording\") at [New England Institute of Technology](/wiki/New_England_Institute_of_Technology \"New England Institute of Technology\").David Caplan, [\"5 Things to Know About Singer Iyaz\"](http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20341342,00.html), *People*, 2 April 2010 He was featured on the track \"Island Girls\" by Out Da Box Family, which achieved radio success in the [Caribbean](/wiki/Caribbean \"Caribbean\"). [Sean Kingston](/wiki/Sean_Kingston \"Sean Kingston\") found Iyaz through his [Myspace](/wiki/Myspace \"Myspace\") page in 2008{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.bigtop40\\.com/artists/h\\-j/iyaz/replay/ \\|title\\=Artists \\| Replay – Big Top 40 Music moms \\|publisher\\=Bigtop40\\.com \\|access\\-date\\=9 August 2010}} and later signed him to a [recording contract](/wiki/Recording_contract \"Recording contract\") with Time Is Money/Beluga Heights. Sean Kingston introduced him to producer and Beluga Heights head [J.R. Rotem](/wiki/J.R._Rotem \"J.R. Rotem\").", "### 2009–present: *Replay* and *Aurora*", "In 2009, he released \"Replay\" which peaked at number 2 on the [*Billboard* Hot 100](/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100 \"Billboard Hot 100\") and at number 1 in several territories, including the United Kingdom.{{cite magazine\\|last\\=Lipshutz\\|first\\=Jason\\|title\\=Young island\\-pop singer Iyaz hits \"Replay\"\\|magazine\\=Billboard\\|publisher\\=Reuters\\|date\\=6 November 2009\\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/musicNews/idUSTRE5A601820091107\\|access\\-date\\=20 November 2009}} His second single \"Solo\" was released in February 2010, and peaked at number 32 on the Hot 100\\. He also took part in recording the Haiti charity single, \"[We Are the World 25 for Haiti](/wiki/We_Are_the_World_25_for_Haiti \"We Are the World 25 for Haiti\")\". His debut album, *[Replay](/wiki/Replay_%28Iyaz_album%29 \"Replay (Iyaz album)\")*, was released in 2010, and he was also featured on [Jake Zyrus’s](/wiki/Charice_Pempengco \"Charice Pempengco\") single \"[Pyramid](/wiki/Pyramid_%28song%29 \"Pyramid (song)\")\". In an interview with [HitQuarters](/wiki/HitQuarters \"HitQuarters\"), Rotem described Iyaz's creative perfectionism:", "", "> \"Where as \\[*[sic](/wiki/Sic \"Sic\")*] others might work on several songs in one day, he might sit there and work on one song for days. The end result that he gets is usually an absolute gem, so heartfelt and genuine.\"{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.hitquarters.com/index.php3?page\\=intrview/opar/intrview\\_JR\\_Rotem\\_Interview.html \\|title\\=Interview With JR Rotem \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[HitQuarters]] \\|date\\=4 April 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=8 April 2010 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314061738/http://www.hitquarters.com/index.php3?page\\=intrview/opar/intrview\\_JR\\_Rotem\\_Interview.html \\|archive\\-date\\=14 March 2012 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}", "Iyaz also appeared on the fourth season of *[Hannah Montana](/wiki/Hannah_Montana \"Hannah Montana\")*, *[Hannah Montana Forever](/wiki/Hannah_Montana_season_4 \"Hannah Montana season 4\")* and made a song with [Miley Cyrus](/wiki/Miley_Cyrus \"Miley Cyrus\") called \"[Gonna Get This](/wiki/Gonna_Get_This \"Gonna Get This\")\", which is featured on the *[Hannah Montana Forever](/wiki/Hannah_Montana_Forever_%28soundtrack%29 \"Hannah Montana Forever (soundtrack)\")* soundtrack album.\nIn 2011, Iyaz played his part in [Big Time Rush](/wiki/Big_Time_Rush \"Big Time Rush\")'s song \"If I Ruled the World\". Iyaz released \"Last Forever\" with [David Guetta](/wiki/David_Guetta \"David Guetta\") as the producer,{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/iyaz\\-last\\-forever\\-prod\\-by\\-david\\-guetta\\-song.313693\\.html\\|title\\=IYAZ \\- Last Forever (Prod. By David Guetta)\\|website\\=HotNewHipHop\\| date\\=3 June 2011 }} and its follow\\-up, \"At Last\". Iyaz was featured on [New Boyz](/wiki/New_Boyz \"New Boyz\")'s single \"Break My Bank\" and [Akon](/wiki/Akon \"Akon\")'s \"My Girl\".", "Later, Iyaz did a duet called \"[You're My Only Shorty](/wiki/You%27re_My_Only_Shorty \"You're My Only Shorty\")\" with [Demi Lovato](/wiki/Demi_Lovato \"Demi Lovato\"), which is from Lovato's third studio album, *[Unbroken](/wiki/Unbroken_%28Demi_Lovato_album%29 \"Unbroken (Demi Lovato album)\")*. He released a song with [Travie McCoy](/wiki/Travie_McCoy \"Travie McCoy\") titled \"[Pretty Girls](/wiki/Pretty_Girls_%28Iyaz_song%29 \"Pretty Girls (Iyaz song)\")\" and later in the year a song titled \"My Heart Broke\" surfaced. Iyaz uploaded a duet song named, \"Christmas Time\" featuring Sha Sha Jones on to [YouTube](/wiki/YouTube \"YouTube\"), A Christmas song which his grandparents requested.", "In 2013, a slew of tracks credited to Iyaz surfaced online, namely \"Da Da Da\", along with \"Congrats\", \"What Is This Feeling\" and \"Too Sexy\".", "In 2014, after leaving his previous labels the year prior, Iyaz signed with new Los Angeles\\-based independent record label Rekless Music, which is distributed by the [Alternative Distribution Alliance](/wiki/Alternative_Distribution_Alliance \"Alternative Distribution Alliance\") and [Warner Music Group](/wiki/Warner_Music_Group \"Warner Music Group\"). Iyaz made a cover of [Chris Brown](/wiki/Chris_Brown \"Chris Brown\")'s \"[Loyal](/wiki/Loyal_%28Chris_Brown_song%29 \"Loyal (Chris Brown song)\")\" named \"Comin' for Ya\", followed by another cover months after of [Magic!](/wiki/Magic%21 \"Magic!\")'s song \"[Rude](/wiki/Rude_%28song%29 \"Rude (song)\")\", which he shared on SoundCloud. Iyaz tweeted in December 2014 he would release a single titled \"One Million\", and released a snippet of the song on SoundCloud. Iyaz released \"One Million\" on [iTunes](/wiki/ITunes \"ITunes\") in Japan on 12 December 2014, the first single from his second album *Aurora*, released exclusively in Japan on 8 April 2015\\.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://music.apple.com/jp/album/aurora\\-bonus\\-track\\-version/975814324\\|title\\=Iyazの「Aurora (Bonus Track Version)」\\|via\\=music.apple.com}}", "On 24 July 2015 Iyaz released the second single from *Aurora*, \"Alive\", featuring [Nash Overstreet](/wiki/Nash_Overstreet \"Nash Overstreet\") of [Hot Chelle Rae](/wiki/Hot_Chelle_Rae \"Hot Chelle Rae\"). It was produced by J.D. \"Boy Rekless\" Salbego, the President/CEO of Rekless Music, Iyaz's new label, and Stuart Hart. On 23 September 2015, MTV exclusively premiered the official video of \"Alive\".", "" ]
History ------- The first chambers of rhetoric were founded in [Flanders](/wiki/Flanders "Flanders") around the 15th century; they later flowered in [Holland](/wiki/Holland "Holland"), where they were an important part of the literary scene in the [Dutch Golden Age](/wiki/Dutch_Golden_Age "Dutch Golden Age") and experimented with poetic form and structure. Most Dutch cities sponsored a chamber of rhetoric, and many cities had more than one, which competed with each other during prize contests. The building that currently houses the [Frans Hals Museum](/wiki/Frans_Hals_Museum "Frans Hals Museum") was built with the proceeds of a lottery in which chambers of rhetoric participated from all over the country. The Haarlem society [Trou moet Blycken](/wiki/Trou_moet_Blycken "Trou moet Blycken") still has many of the blazons that it kept as host of that lottery. At the start of the 16th century, Antwerp had three rederijker societies, the "[Violieren](/wiki/Violieren "Violieren")", the "[Olijftak](/wiki/De_Olijftak "De Olijftak")", and the "[Goudbloem](/wiki/Goudbloem "Goudbloem")", while Brussels and Ghent each had four rederijker societies. An important chamber of rhetoric in the Netherlands was "De [Egelantier](/wiki/Egelantier "Egelantier")" in Amsterdam: [Coster](/wiki/Samuel_Coster "Samuel Coster"), [Bredero](/wiki/Gerbrand_Adriaensz_Bredero "Gerbrand Adriaensz Bredero"), [Hooft](/wiki/Pieter_Corneliszoon_Hooft "Pieter Corneliszoon Hooft") and [Roemer Visscher](/wiki/Roemer_Visscher "Roemer Visscher") were all members of this society. During the [Protestant Reformation](/wiki/Protestant_Reformation "Protestant Reformation") the society sided with the reformers against the city government and enjoyed its most blooming period despite receiving very little funding from official sources. Because many of the *rederijkers* were by definition amateurs, the literary quality of their work was often rather low, and in the 18th century, some chambers of rhetoric were spoken of with contempt.{{Citation needed\|date\=July 2007}} One work of literary historical importance that came from the Rederijkers is the play *[Elckerlijc](/wiki/Elckerlijc "Elckerlijc")* (Everyman). By the 17th century many chambers enjoyed the services of semi\-professional actors, *personagiën*, who did not pay membership fees and worked in exchange for free food and drink (provided after rehearsals and performances) and for exemption from other civic obligations.[A. A. Keersmaekers](/wiki/August_Keersmaekers "August Keersmaekers"), *Geschiedenis van de Antwerpse Rederijkerskamers in de jaren 1585–1635* (Aalst, 1952\), pp. 16–17\.
[ "History\n-------", "The first chambers of rhetoric were founded in [Flanders](/wiki/Flanders \"Flanders\") around the 15th century; they later flowered in [Holland](/wiki/Holland \"Holland\"), where they were an important part of the literary scene in the [Dutch Golden Age](/wiki/Dutch_Golden_Age \"Dutch Golden Age\") and experimented with poetic form and structure. Most Dutch cities sponsored a chamber of rhetoric, and many cities had more than one, which competed with each other during prize contests. The building that currently houses the [Frans Hals Museum](/wiki/Frans_Hals_Museum \"Frans Hals Museum\") was built with the proceeds of a lottery in which chambers of rhetoric participated from all over the country. The Haarlem society [Trou moet Blycken](/wiki/Trou_moet_Blycken \"Trou moet Blycken\") still has many of the blazons that it kept as host of that lottery.", "At the start of the 16th century, Antwerp had three rederijker societies, the \"[Violieren](/wiki/Violieren \"Violieren\")\", the \"[Olijftak](/wiki/De_Olijftak \"De Olijftak\")\", and the \"[Goudbloem](/wiki/Goudbloem \"Goudbloem\")\", while Brussels and Ghent each had four rederijker societies.", "An important chamber of rhetoric in the Netherlands was \"De [Egelantier](/wiki/Egelantier \"Egelantier\")\" in Amsterdam: [Coster](/wiki/Samuel_Coster \"Samuel Coster\"), [Bredero](/wiki/Gerbrand_Adriaensz_Bredero \"Gerbrand Adriaensz Bredero\"), [Hooft](/wiki/Pieter_Corneliszoon_Hooft \"Pieter Corneliszoon Hooft\") and [Roemer Visscher](/wiki/Roemer_Visscher \"Roemer Visscher\") were all members of this society. During the [Protestant Reformation](/wiki/Protestant_Reformation \"Protestant Reformation\") the society sided with the reformers against the city government and enjoyed its most blooming period despite receiving very little funding from official sources.", "Because many of the *rederijkers* were by definition amateurs, the literary quality of their work was often rather low, and in the 18th century, some chambers of rhetoric were spoken of with contempt.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=July 2007}} One work of literary historical importance that came from the Rederijkers is the play *[Elckerlijc](/wiki/Elckerlijc \"Elckerlijc\")* (Everyman).", "By the 17th century many chambers enjoyed the services of semi\\-professional actors, *personagiën*, who did not pay membership fees and worked in exchange for free food and drink (provided after rehearsals and performances) and for exemption from other civic obligations.[A. A. Keersmaekers](/wiki/August_Keersmaekers \"August Keersmaekers\"), *Geschiedenis van de Antwerpse Rederijkerskamers in de jaren 1585–1635* (Aalst, 1952\\), pp. 16–17\\.", "" ]
History ------- {{unreferencedsect\|date\=April 2024}} The college was founded in 1980 when the surrounding area was developed from orchards to housing estates for potential middle class residents. The nearest high schools at the time were [Vermont](/wiki/Vermont_Secondary_College "Vermont Secondary College"), [Highvale](/wiki/Highvale_Secondary_College "Highvale Secondary College") and [Bayswater](/wiki/Bayswater_Secondary_College "Bayswater Secondary College"). The establishment of Wantirna College catered for this urban growth. In 1980, only Year 7 was available; in 1981, both Year 7 and 8 were available, and in subsequent years another year level was added until the school finally reached its full strength with Year 12 commencing in 1985\. Construction has been a frequent sight at the college with facilities for students being built or improved. 2001 additions include a new VCE Study/Common Room with kitchen and computer facilities which opened in May 2006, an expanded music area which opened in April 2004 along with new lockers, G block classrooms and a library a few years earlier. Recently,{{When\|date\=July 2013}} the college completed additional construction projects in a bid to make the college facilities similar to those available in [United States](/wiki/United_States "United States") public high schools. These facilities include the new Senior Year General Learning block and the refurbishment of the existing Year 7 Learning Centre. These buildings comprise classrooms, IT labs, collaborative learning spaces and staff\-rooms. A new cafeteria includes indoor dining and substantial commercial kitchen facilities (now operated by an external party). Construction incorporated a new Theatre including rehearsal rooms, storage areas, control rooms and car parking. Extensive landscape, both hard and soft, was also completed. These works were carried out simultaneously on multiple sites within the school grounds.
[ "History\n-------", "{{unreferencedsect\\|date\\=April 2024}}\nThe college was founded in 1980 when the surrounding area was developed from orchards to housing estates for potential middle class residents. The nearest high schools at the time were [Vermont](/wiki/Vermont_Secondary_College \"Vermont Secondary College\"), [Highvale](/wiki/Highvale_Secondary_College \"Highvale Secondary College\") and [Bayswater](/wiki/Bayswater_Secondary_College \"Bayswater Secondary College\"). The establishment of Wantirna College catered for this urban growth.", "In 1980, only Year 7 was available; in 1981, both Year 7 and 8 were available, and in subsequent years another year level was added until the school finally reached its full strength with Year 12 commencing in 1985\\.", "Construction has been a frequent sight at the college with facilities for students being built or improved. 2001 additions include a new VCE Study/Common Room with kitchen and computer facilities which opened in May 2006, an expanded music area which opened in April 2004 along with new lockers, G block classrooms and a library a few years earlier.", "Recently,{{When\\|date\\=July 2013}} the college completed additional construction projects in a bid to make the college facilities similar to those available in [United States](/wiki/United_States \"United States\") public high schools. These facilities include the new Senior Year General Learning block and the refurbishment of the existing Year 7 Learning Centre. These buildings comprise classrooms, IT labs, collaborative learning spaces and staff\\-rooms. A new cafeteria includes indoor dining and substantial commercial kitchen facilities (now operated by an external party).", "Construction incorporated a new Theatre including rehearsal rooms, storage areas, control rooms and car parking.", "Extensive landscape, both hard and soft, was also completed. These works were carried out simultaneously on multiple sites within the school grounds.", "" ]
History ------- ### 1880 to 1900 [thumb\|right\|[Thomas Parker](/wiki/Thomas_Parker_%28inventor%29 "Thomas Parker (inventor)") produced the first [Electric Car](/wiki/Electric_Car "Electric Car") in 1884{{Cite web \|title\=Thomas Parker invented the First Electric Car in 1884 \|url\=https://historycollection.com/thomas\-parker\-invented\-first\-electric\-car\-1884 \|publisher\=History Collection \|access\-date\=14 June 2024\|date\=23 February 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614191023/https://historycollection.com/thomas\-parker\-invented\-first\-electric\-car\-1884/ \|archive\-date\=14 June 2024}}](/wiki/File:Thomas_Parker_Electric_car.jpg "Thomas Parker Electric car.jpg") The inception of the **British motor industry** can be traced back to the mid\-1880s when there were several key developments. One development was when [Frederick Simms](/wiki/Frederick_Richard_Simms "Frederick Richard Simms"), a London\-based consulting engineer, became friends with [Gottlieb Daimler](/wiki/Gottlieb_Daimler "Gottlieb Daimler"), who had, in 1885, patented a successful design for a high\-speed [petrol engine](/wiki/Petrol_engine "Petrol engine"). Simms acquired the British rights to Daimler's engine and associated patents and from 1891 successfully sold launches using these [Cannstatt](/wiki/Daimler_Motoren_Gesellschaft "Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft")\-made motors from [Eel Pie Island](/wiki/Eel_Pie_Island "Eel Pie Island") in the Thames. In 1893 he formed *The Daimler Motor Syndicate Limited* for his various Daimler\-related enterprises.Lord Montagu and David Burgess\-Wise *Daimler Century*; Stephens 1995 {{ISBN\|1\-85260\-494\-8}} In June 1895, Simms and his friend Evelyn Ellis promoted motor cars in the [United Kingdom](/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom") by bringing a Daimler\-engined *Panhard \& Levassor* to England and in July it completed, without police intervention, the first British long\-distance motorcar journey from Southampton to Malvern. Simms' documented plans to manufacture Daimler motors and Daimler Motor Carriages (in Cheltenham) were taken over, together with his company and its Daimler licences, by London company\-promoter [H J Lawson](/wiki/Harry_J._Lawson "Harry J. Lawson"). Lawson contracted to buy *The Daimler Motor Syndicate Limited* and all its rights and on 14 January 1896 formed and in February successfully floated in London [*The Daimler Motor Company Limited*](/wiki/Daimler_Company "Daimler Company"). It then purchased from a friend of Lawson a disused cotton mill in [Coventry](/wiki/Coventry "Coventry") for car engine and chassis manufacture where, it is claimed, the UK's first serial production car was made. [thumb\|left\|1897 [Daimler](/wiki/Daimler_Company "Daimler Company") Grafton Phaeton](/wiki/File:Daimler_Grafton_Phaeton_1897.jpg "Daimler Grafton Phaeton 1897.jpg") [George Lanchester](/wiki/George_Lanchester "George Lanchester") produced one of the first British cars between 1895 and 1896 having a single\-cylinder 1306cc engine, he went on to sell the first car with [disc brakes](/wiki/Disc_brakes "Disc brakes").{{cite web\|last\=Lentinello \|first \=Richard \|title\=The first car with disc brakes really was . . . \|url\= https://www.hemmings.com/magazine/hsx/2011/04/The\-first\-car\-with\-disc\-brakes\-really\-was\-\-\-\-\-\-/3698201\.html \|work\=Hemmings Sports \& Exotic Car \|date\=April 2011 \|access\-date\=16 June 2024}} In 1891 Richard Stephens, a mining engineer from South Wales, returned from a commission in Michigan to establish a bicycle works in Clevedon, Somerset. Whilst in the United States, he had seen the developments in motive power and by 1897 he had produced his first car. This was entirely of his own design and manufacture, including the two\-cylinder engine, apart from the wheels which he bought from Starley in Coventry. This was probably the first all\-British car and Stephens set up a production line, manufacturing in all, twelve vehicles, including four\- and six\-seater cars and hackneys, and nine\-seater buses.{{cite web \|title\=Daimler: History \|url\=http://www.daimler.co.uk/history/html/simm\&daimler.htm \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20061106230418/http://www.daimler.co.uk/history/html/simm%26daimler.htm \|archive\-date\=6 November 2006 }} Early motor vehicle development in the UK had been effectively stopped by a series of [Locomotive Acts](/wiki/Locomotive_Acts "Locomotive Acts") introduced during the 19th century which severely restricted the use of mechanically propelled vehicles on the [public highways](/wiki/Public_highway "Public highway"). Following intense advocacy by motor vehicle enthusiasts, including Harry J. Lawson of Daimler, the worst restrictions of these acts, (the need for each vehicle to be accompanied by a crew of three, and a {{convert\|2\|mi/h\|km/h\|abbr\=on}} speed limit in towns), was lifted by the [Locomotives on Highways Act 1896](/wiki/Locomotives_on_Highways_Act_1896 "Locomotives on Highways Act 1896").{{cite web\|url\=http://media.daimler.com/dcmedia/0\-921\-614822\-1\-874742\-1\-0\-0\-0\-0\-0\-11702\-614318\-0\-1\-0\-0\-0\-0\-0\.html\|title\=The early years of the automobile in Britain\|publisher\=Dailmer\|access\-date\=2010\-10\-09\|quote\=Meanwhile, British Motor Syndicate began a public relations campaign to lobby for the repeal of the "Highways and Locomotive Act", still the main obstacle to the introduction of the car in Britain}} Under this regulation, *light locomotives* (those vehicles under 3 [tons](/wiki/Ton "Ton") unladen weight) were exempt from the previous restrictions, and a higher speed limit – {{convert\|14\|mi/h\|km/h\|abbr\=on}} was set for them. To celebrate the new freedoms Lawson organised the [Emancipation Run](/wiki/Emancipation_Run "Emancipation Run") held on 14 November 1896, the day the new Act came into force. This occasion has been commemorated since 1927 by the annual [London to Brighton Veteran Car Run](/wiki/London_to_Brighton_Veteran_Car_Run "London to Brighton Veteran Car Run").{{cite book \|author\=Setright, L. J. K. \|title\=Drive On!: A Social History of the Motor Car \|publisher\=Granta Books \|year\=2004 \|isbn\=1\-86207\-698\-7}} ### 1900 to 1939 [thumb\|right\| [Rolls\-Royce 10 hp](/wiki/Rolls-Royce_10_hp "Rolls-Royce 10 hp"), produced from 1904 \- 1906](/wiki/File:Rollsroyce1905.jpg "Rollsroyce1905.jpg") The early British vehicles of the late\-nineteenth century relied mainly upon developments from [Germany](/wiki/German_Empire "German Empire") and [France](/wiki/French_Third_Republic "French Third Republic"). By 1900 however, the first all\-British 4\-wheel car had been designed and built by [Herbert Austin](/wiki/Herbert_Austin "Herbert Austin") as manager of [The Wolseley Sheep Shearing Machine Company](/wiki/The_Wolseley_Sheep_Shearing_Machine_Company%23Wolseley_cars "The Wolseley Sheep Shearing Machine Company#Wolseley cars"). In 1901, backed by ([Vickers Limited](/wiki/Vickers_Limited "Vickers Limited")) brothers ['Colonel Tom'](/wiki/Thomas_Vickers "Thomas Vickers") and [Albert Vickers](/wiki/Albert_Vickers "Albert Vickers") \[la], Austin started what became [Wolseley Motors](/wiki/Wolseley_Motors "Wolseley Motors") in Birmingham and was the UK's largest car manufacturer until Ford overtook them in 1913\.{{cite book \|author\=Church, Roy \|title\=The rise and decline of the British motor industry \|publisher\=Cambridge University Press \|year\=1995 \|isbn\=0\-521\-55770\-4 }} The great bulk of the pioneering car producers, many of them from the bicycle industry, got off to a shaky start. Of the 200 British makes of car that had been launched up until 1913, only about 100 of the firms were still in existence. In 1910, UK vehicle production was 14,000 units. By 1913, [Henry Ford](/wiki/Henry_Ford "Henry Ford") had built a new factory in [Manchester](/wiki/Manchester "Manchester") and was the leading UK carmaker, building 7,310 cars that year, followed by Wolseley at 3,000, [Humber](/wiki/Humber_Limited "Humber Limited") (making cars since 1898 in Coventry) at 2,500, [Rover](/wiki/Rover_Company "Rover Company") (Coventry car maker since 1904\) at 1,800 and [Sunbeam](/wiki/Sunbeam_Motor_Car_Company "Sunbeam Motor Car Company") (producing cars since 1901\) at 1,700, with the plethora of smaller producers bringing the 1913 total up to about 16,000 vehicles.{{cite book \|title\=The Motor Men \|author\=King, Peter \|publisher\=Quiller Press \|year\=1989 \|isbn\=1\-870948\-23\-8 }} Car production virtually came to an end during [the war years 1914–1918](/wiki/World_War_I "World War I"), although the requirements of war production led to the development of new mass\-production techniques in the motor industry. [left\|thumb\|A 1934 [MG PA](/wiki/MG_P-type "MG P-type")](/wiki/File:MG_PA%2C_Bj._1934_%282007-06-17%29.jpg "MG PA, Bj. 1934 (2007-06-17).jpg") By 1922, there were 183 motor companies in the UK, and by 1929, following the slump years, there were 58 companies remaining.{{cite book \|last\=Baldwin \|first\=N. \|title\=A\-Z of Cars of the 1920s\|year\=1994 \|publisher\=Bay View Books \|location\=Devon, UK \|isbn\=1\-870979\-53\-2}} In 1929, production was dominated by [Morris](/wiki/Morris_Motors "Morris Motors") (founded by [William Morris](/wiki/William_Morris%2C_1st_Viscount_Nuffield "William Morris, 1st Viscount Nuffield") in 1910 in [Oxford](/wiki/Oxford "Oxford")) and [Austin](/wiki/Austin_Motor_Company "Austin Motor Company") (founded by Herbert Austin in [Birmingham](/wiki/Birmingham "Birmingham") in 1905 after he left Wolseley) which between them produced around 60% of total UK output. [Singer](/wiki/Singer_%28car%29 "Singer (car)") (Coventry motorcycle manufacturer started building cars in 1905\) followed in third place that year with 15% of production. In 1932, the UK overtook France to become Europe's largest car producer (a position which it retained until 1955\). In 1937, the UK produced 379,310 passenger cars and 113,946 commercial vehicles.{{cite book \|last\=Vanderveen \|first\=Bart H. \|title\=British Cars of the Late Thirties 1935 – 1939\|year\=1973 \|publisher\=Frederick Warne \|location\=London and New York \|isbn\=0\-7232\-1712\-2}} To celebrate the granting of his peerage, William Morris upon becoming Viscount Nuffield, reorganised his motor vehicle companies in 1938, which by then included not only Morris Motors and [MG](/wiki/MG_%28car%29 "MG (car)"), but also Wolseley and [Riley](/wiki/Riley_%28motorcar%29 "Riley (motorcar)") (bicycle company founded in Coventry in 1890 and making cars since 1906\), into the [Nuffield Organization](/wiki/Nuffield_Organization "Nuffield Organization"). In 1939, the top producers were Morris: 27%, Austin: 24%, Ford: 15%, [Standard](/wiki/Standard_Motor_Company "Standard Motor Company") (founded in Coventry in 1903\): 13%, [Rootes](/wiki/Rootes_Group "Rootes Group") (which had acquired Humber and Sunbeam): 11%, [Vauxhall](/wiki/Vauxhall_Motors "Vauxhall Motors") (building cars since 1903, acquired by [GM](/wiki/General_Motors "General Motors") in 1925\): 10%. {{Further\|Leidart}} ### 1939 to 1955 [right\|thumb\|The [Land Rover Series](/wiki/Land_Rover_Series "Land Rover Series") I, introduced in 1948\.](/wiki/File:Land_Rover_Series_1_HT_%28cropped%29.jpg "Land Rover Series 1 HT (cropped).jpg") During the [Second World War](/wiki/Second_World_War "Second World War"), car production in the UK gave way to commercial and military vehicle production, and many motor vehicle plants were converted to aircraft and aero engine production. Following the war, the UK Government had nationalised the steel industry; where priority was given to supplying foreign\-revenue\-raising export businesses. In 1947, steel was available only to businesses which exported at least 75% of their production. This, coupled with the inevitably limited competition from continental Europe, and with demand for new vehicles in America and in Australia being greater than the American industry alone could supply, resulted in British vehicle exports reaching record levels and the UK became the world's largest motor vehicle exporter. In 1937, the UK provided 15% of world vehicle exports. By 1950, a year in which 75% of British car production and 60% of its commercial vehicle production was exported, the UK provided 52% of the world's exported vehicles.{{fact\|date\=August 2024}} This situation remained until the mid\-1950s, by which time the American industry production had caught up with American demand, and European production was recovering. By 1952, the American\-owned producers in the UK (Ford and GM's Vauxhall) had between them a 29% share of the British market, which exceeded the share of either of the UK's two top domestically owned manufacturers. It was in that context that Viscount Nuffield agreed to the merger of his company, the Nuffield Organization, with Austin, to form the [British Motor Corporation](/wiki/British_Motor_Corporation "British Motor Corporation") (BMC). Thus BMC, comprising Austin, Morris, MG, Riley and Wolseley was formed in 1952 and commanded a 40% share of the British market. German production was increasing yearly, and by 1953 it had exceeded that of France, and by 1956 it had overtaken that of the UK. ### 1955 to 1968 [left\|thumb\|[Jaguar E\-type](/wiki/Jaguar_E-type "Jaguar E-type") (introduced 1961\)](/wiki/File:1963_Jaguar_XK-E_Roadster.jpg "1963 Jaguar XK-E Roadster.jpg") By 1955 five companies produced 90% of the UK's motor vehicle output: BMC, Ford, Rootes, Standard\-Triumph and Vauxhall. Of the dozen or so smaller producers Rover and Jaguar were strong niche producers. By 1960 the UK had dropped from being the world's second largest motor vehicle producer into third place. Labour\-intensive methods, and wide model ranges hindered opportunities to reduce manufacturing costs – the UK's unit costs were higher than those of their major Japanese, European and American competitors.{{cite book \|title\=The British Motor Industry 1945–1994 \|author\=Timothy R. Whisler \|year\=1999 \|publisher\=Oxford University Press \|isbn\=0\-19\-829074\-8 }} Although rationalisation of motor vehicle companies had started, full integration did not occur. BMC continued to produce vehicles under the marque names of its incorporated companies, many of which competed with each other.{{cite book \|title\=Twentieth Century Industrial Archaeology \|author\=Michael Stratton \|publisher\=Spon Press \|year\=2000 \|isbn\=0\-419\-24680\-0 }} Standard\-Triumph's attempts to reduce costs by embracing a modern volume production strategy almost led to their bankruptcy in 1960, the result was that they were purchased by the [commercial vehicle](/wiki/Commercial_vehicle "Commercial vehicle") manufacturing company [Leyland Motors](/wiki/Leyland_Motors "Leyland Motors"). In 1966, BMC and Jaguar came together, to form [British Motor Holdings](/wiki/British_Motor_Holdings "British Motor Holdings") (BMH). Leyland had achieved some sales success with Leyland\-Triumph and in 1967 it acquired Rover. By 1966 the UK had slipped to become the world's fourth largest motor vehicle producer. Following a gradual process which had begun in 1964, [Chrysler UK](/wiki/Chrysler_Europe "Chrysler Europe") (CUK) had fully acquired Rootes by 1967\.{{fact\|date\=August 2024}} [thumb\|right\|1967 [Mini](/wiki/Mini "Mini") (introduced 1959\)](/wiki/File:Morris_Mini-Minor_1967.jpg "Morris Mini-Minor 1967.jpg") In the context of BMC's wide, complex, and expensive\-to\-produce model range, Ford's conventionally designed [Cortina](/wiki/Ford_Cortina "Ford Cortina") challenging for the number one spot in the domestic market, and the heavy reliance of the British economy on motor vehicle production, in 1968 the Government brokered the merger of the successful Leyland\-Triumph\-Rover and the struggling BMH, to form Europe's fourth\-largest car maker, the [British Leyland Motor Corporation](/wiki/British_Leyland_Motor_Corporation "British Leyland Motor Corporation") (BLMC). The new company announced its intention to invest in a new volume car range, and to equip its factories with the latest capital\-intensive production methods. BMC's [Mini](/wiki/Mini "Mini"), designed by [Alec Issigonis](/wiki/Alec_Issigonis "Alec Issigonis"), had revolutionized the small car market in 1959, and the car remained among the UK's best selling cars for more than 20 years after its launch, the last version finally rolling off the production line on 4 October 2000 after a run of 41 years. The [Rootes Group](/wiki/Rootes_Group "Rootes Group") launched the similar\-sized [Hillman Imp](/wiki/Hillman_Imp "Hillman Imp") four years later, but by the end of the 1960s [Ford](/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company "Ford Motor Company") and Vauxhall had yet to launch a comparable product, and even with foreign imports slowly starting to gain ground on the British market, [Italy](/wiki/Italy "Italy")'s [Fiat 500](/wiki/Fiat_500 "Fiat 500") was one of the few comparable alternatives to the virtual monopoly of the Mini and Hillman Imp in this sector of the market.{{fact\|date\=August 2024}} [left\|thumb\|1962 [AC Ace](/wiki/AC_Ace "AC Ace"), produced 1953\-1963](/wiki/File:1962_AC_Ace_2.6_Ruddspeed_front.jpg "1962 AC Ace 2.6 Ruddspeed front.jpg") Also designed by Alec Issigonis was the [Morris Minor](/wiki/Morris_Minor "Morris Minor"), which was heavily updated in 1956 having originally gone into production in 1948\. It earned a reputation for low running costs, good reliability and competitive pricing, and continued to sell well throughout the 1960s in spite of the popularity of BMC's [1100/1300](/wiki/Austin_1100 "Austin 1100") range which was launched in 1962, The Morris Minor was also the first British car to reach one million in production in 1961 with this record number reached a special model of the Morris Minor was created and sent to all of the main dealerships under the name "Morris Million".{{fact\|date\=August 2024}} Ford's competitor in this sector was the [Anglia](/wiki/Ford_Anglia "Ford Anglia"), which featured unconventional styling but was still one of the country's most successful cars from its launch in 1959 up to the end of production in 1967, after which it was replaced by the [Escort](/wiki/Ford_Escort_%28Europe%29 "Ford Escort (Europe)"). Other British competitors in this sector were the [Vauxhall Viva](/wiki/Vauxhall_Viva_%281963%E2%80%931979%29 "Vauxhall Viva (1963–1979)") and [Hillman Minx](/wiki/Hillman_Minx "Hillman Minx").{{fact\|date\=August 2024}} Larger family cars enjoyed strong sales in the 1960s, namely the [Ford Cortina](/wiki/Ford_Cortina "Ford Cortina") (launched in 1962\), [Austin](/wiki/Austin_Motor_Company "Austin Motor Company")/[Morris](/wiki/Morris_Motors "Morris Motors") [1800](/wiki/Austin_1800 "Austin 1800") (1964\) and [Vauxhall Victor](/wiki/Vauxhall_Victor "Vauxhall Victor") (1957\). Later in the 1960s, the Rootes Group launched a new competitor in this growing sector of the market \- the [Hillman Hunter](/wiki/Hillman_Hunter "Hillman Hunter").{{fact\|date\=August 2024}} The [Rover P6](/wiki/Rover_P6 "Rover P6"), launched in 1963 and the first winner of the [European Car of the Year](/wiki/European_Car_of_the_Year "European Car of the Year") award, was arguably the most popular luxury model in the UK during the 1960s.{{fact\|date\=August 2024}} [right\|thumb\|1966 [Jaguar Mk 2](/wiki/Jaguar_Mk_2 "Jaguar Mk 2"), produced 1959\-1967](/wiki/File:Jaguar_Mk_2_3.4L_%281966%29_-_14568296915.jpg "Jaguar Mk 2 3.4L (1966) - 14568296915.jpg") The iconic [Jaguar E\-Type](/wiki/Jaguar_E-Type "Jaguar E-Type") sports car, designed by Malcolm Sayer, with a top speed of {{convert\|145\|mph}} and the choice of a coupe or roadster bodystyle, was launched in 1961 and would remain in production until 1975\. Cheaper sports cars also enjoyed strong sales during the 1960s, including the [MG B](/wiki/MG_B "MG B") and [Triumph Spitfire](/wiki/Triumph_Spitfire "Triumph Spitfire") which were launched in the early part of the decade, and the [Ford Capri](/wiki/Ford_Capri "Ford Capri") which was launched just before the decade's end.{{fact\|date\=August 2024}} The 1960s saw a slow but sure increase in the popularity of foreign cars on the British market. [Volkswagen](/wiki/Volkswagen "Volkswagen") of [West Germany](/wiki/West_Germany "West Germany") had imported the iconic [Beetle](/wiki/Volkswagen_Beetle "Volkswagen Beetle") to Britain since 1953; this car was first launched in 1937 as a "people's car" for the German market under the [Nazi](/wiki/Nazi "Nazi") regime. Its arrival on the UK market less than a decade after the end of [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II") was met with hostility, with many examples being vandalised soon after being distributed, but it quickly became popular, with nearly 10,000 being sold in 1959\. Volkswagen also began importing examples of its people carrier and van models, and by 1963 had sold 100,000 cars in Britain.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.vwheritage.com/blog/2013/10/31/60\-years\-of\-vw\-in\-uk/\|title \= 60 Years of VW in UK\|date \= 31 October 2013}}[Renault](/wiki/Renault "Renault") of [France](/wiki/France "France") had actually built UK market versions of its cars at a site in [Acton](/wiki/Acton%2C_London "Acton, London"), West London, from 1902 until 1962, but its popularity actually increased after the end of UK production, helped by the arrival of the [Renault 4](/wiki/Renault_4 "Renault 4") minicar in 1961 and the world's first production hatchback model, the [Renault 16](/wiki/Renault_16 "Renault 16"), in 1965\. By the end of the decade, it had launched a smaller hatchback model, the [Renault 6](/wiki/Renault_6 "Renault 6"), and a mid\-range saloon, the [Renault 12](/wiki/Renault_12 "Renault 12"), and was continuing to grow in popularity.[Renault in the UK \| Discover Renault \| Renault UK](https://www.renault.co.uk/discover-renault/renault-in-the-uk.html) Renault's French rival [Peugeot](/wiki/Peugeot "Peugeot") also enjoyed success in the 1960s with its [404](/wiki/Peugeot_404 "Peugeot 404") saloon and even more so with its successor, the [504](/wiki/Peugeot_504 "Peugeot 504"), which was launched in 1968\.[Peugeot 504 \- Classic Car Review \| Honest John](http://classics.honestjohn.co.uk/reviews/peugeot/504/) This set the scene for even more sales for foreign carmakers on the UK market during the next two decades, as their market share continued to grow.{{fact\|date\=August 2024}} [Japanese](/wiki/Japan "Japan") cars also started to appear on the UK market during the 1960s, although they were a rare on British roads until exploding in popularity during the early 1970s. The [Daihatsu Compagno](/wiki/Daihatsu_Compagno "Daihatsu Compagno") was the first Japanese car to be sold in Britain when imports began during 1964\. This car was not popular with British buyers and was withdrawn from sale within a few years, although Daihatsu would return to the UK market in the early 1980s.[Daihatsu Compagno \- Classic Car Review \| Honest John](http://classics.honestjohn.co.uk/reviews/daihatsu/compagno/) A year later, [Toyota](/wiki/Toyota "Toyota") became the second Japanese carmaker to import cars to Britain. It was followed shortly afterwards by [Nissan](/wiki/Nissan "Nissan") (which used the [Datsun](/wiki/Datsun "Datsun") brand for the UK market) and [Mazda](/wiki/Mazda "Mazda"). [Honda](/wiki/Honda "Honda") was also enjoying great success on the motorcycle market by this stage, although it didn't start importing passenger cars to the UK until 1972\.{{Cite web \|url\=http://blog.toyota.co.uk/toyota\-celebrates\-50\-years\-in\-the\-uk \|title\=Toyota celebrates 50 years in the UK \- Toyota \|access\-date\=29 March 2017 \|archive\-date\=30 March 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170330083528/http://blog.toyota.co.uk/toyota\-celebrates\-50\-years\-in\-the\-uk \|url\-status\=dead }} ### 1968 to 1987 [left\|thumbnail\|[Morgan Plus 8](/wiki/Morgan_Plus_8 "Morgan Plus 8"), produced from 1968 to 2004 \& 2012 to 2018](/wiki/File:Morgan_Plus_8_%4001.JPG "Morgan Plus 8 @01.JPG") By 1968, UK motor vehicle production was dominated by four companies: BLMC, Chrysler (UK), Ford, and Vauxhall (GM). The [Rootes Group](/wiki/Rootes_Group "Rootes Group") had taken on the name Chrysler UK after its takeover by the [American](/wiki/United_States_of_America "United States of America") car giant [Chrysler](/wiki/Chrysler "Chrysler"), which had also taken over French carmaker [Simca](/wiki/Simca "Simca"). The national champion, BLMC ([British Leyland](/wiki/British_Leyland "British Leyland") from 1968\), was handicapped in its attempts to modernise by internal rivalries. Unattractive new products (particularly the [Austin Allegro](/wiki/Austin_Allegro "Austin Allegro") and [Morris Marina](/wiki/Morris_Marina "Morris Marina")) which were widely criticised by the motoring press, retention of legacy marques and models, labour disputes, quality issues, supplier problems and inefficient use of new equipment thwarted the dream of efficient high volume production. Increased overseas competition and high unit costs led to lowered profits, which in turn jeopardised investment plans. Although the cars continued to sell well in Britain, they were less popular on overseas markets. As well as that, the company often produced several cars to compete in the same market sector. For instance, it produced four competitors for the [Ford Cortina](/wiki/Ford_Cortina "Ford Cortina") at the same time \- the Morris Marina, Austin Maxi, Triumph Dolomite and the [Princess](/wiki/Princess_%28car%29 "Princess (car)"). [Japanese](/wiki/Japan "Japan") cars, particularly the [Datsun](/wiki/Datsun "Datsun") badged cars built by [Nissan](/wiki/Nissan "Nissan") enjoyed a strong surge in popularity during the first half of the 1970s, while [French](/wiki/France "France") carmaker [Renault](/wiki/Renault "Renault") and [West German](/wiki/West_Germany "West Germany") carmaker [Volkswagen](/wiki/Volkswagen "Volkswagen") also enjoyed an upturn on the British market, helped by the arrival of well\-received new cars, particularly the [Renault 5](/wiki/Renault_5 "Renault 5") in 1972 and the [Volkswagen Golf](/wiki/Volkswagen_Golf "Volkswagen Golf") in 1974\. The fortunes of foreign carmakers on the British market were also assisted by the fact that most British manufacturers adopted the hatchback bodystyle, mostly featuring front\-wheel drive, considerably later than their continental rivals. For instance, the arrival of the front\-wheel drive [Volkswagen Golf](/wiki/Volkswagen_Golf "Volkswagen Golf") hatchback in 1974 came four years before any of the four British\-based carmakers had launched an equivalent car. By the time the first small British\-built hatchback, the [Vauxhall Chevette](/wiki/Vauxhall_Chevette "Vauxhall Chevette"), was launched in 1975, the French [Renault 5](/wiki/Renault_5 "Renault 5") had already been in production for three years. However, [British Leyland](/wiki/British_Leyland "British Leyland")'s larger [Austin Maxi](/wiki/Austin_Maxi "Austin Maxi") had been sold with a hatchback and front\-wheel drive since its 1969 launch, although it sold similar\-sized cars like the [Morris Marina](/wiki/Morris_Marina "Morris Marina") and [Triumph Dolomite](/wiki/Triumph_Dolomite "Triumph Dolomite") alongside it as a rear\-wheel drive saloon alternative, with the Dolomite being sold further upmarket than the Marina. For buyers wanting six\-cylinder and larger four\-cylinder engines, the Princess was launched in 1975\. Chrysler launched the [Alpine](/wiki/Chrysler_Alpine "Chrysler Alpine") for this market sector in 1975, featuring front wheel drive and a hatchback, but kept the [Hunter](/wiki/Hillman_Hunter "Hillman Hunter") in production alongside it until 1979 for buyers who still preferred rear\-wheel drive and a saloon or estate bodystyle. At the luxury end of the market, British Leyland was actually one of the first manufacturers in the world to put a hatchback on an upmarket car when it launched the [Rover SD1](/wiki/Rover_SD1 "Rover SD1") in 1976\. This car signalled the beginning of rationalisation at British Leyland, with the SD1 replacing two model ranges \- the [Rover P6](/wiki/Rover_P6 "Rover P6") and [Triumph 2000/2500](/wiki/Triumph_2000 "Triumph 2000"). The popularity of Nissan's range of Datsun\-badged cars in the 1970s was largely down to their low prices, cheap running costs, good equipment levels and a reputation for better reliability than most British cars, although these cars also went on to gain a reputation for being prone to rust. BLMC's share of the UK market dropped from 40% to 32% between 1971 and 1973, with its new [Morris Marina](/wiki/Morris_Marina "Morris Marina") and [Austin Allegro](/wiki/Austin_Allegro "Austin Allegro") family cars selling well on the British market but not proving popular on many export markets, with the motoring media being critical of the styling of these new models as well as questions regarding the level of quality. [right\|thumbnail\|The first\-generation [Range Rover](/wiki/Range_Rover "Range Rover"), produced from 1970 to 1996](/wiki/File:1974_Range_Rover_Classic_4X4_Wagon_%2847201968852%29.jpg "1974 Range Rover Classic 4X4 Wagon (47201968852).jpg") By 1974, the UK's position as a world motor vehicle manufacturer had dropped to sixth place. In 1974, both BLMC and Chrysler UK appealed to the UK Government for financial help. The Government rejected the idea of a merger between the two companies, and instead Chrysler UK received a loan and BLMC was subjected to a series of studies to determine its future. The Government's official BLMC enquiry, led by [Lord Ryder](/wiki/Ryder_Report_%28British_Leyland%29 "Ryder Report (British Leyland)"), suggested that BLMC's strategy was sound, but required huge state investment to improve productivity by providing mechanisation and improving labour relations. Despite the effective [nationalisation](/wiki/Nationalisation "Nationalisation") of BLMC as [British Leyland](/wiki/British_Leyland "British Leyland") (BL) in 1975, the recovery never happened. Chrysler sold its European interests (including those in the UK) to [Peugeot](/wiki/Peugeot "Peugeot") in 1978, to allow it to concentrate on its own difficulties in the [United States](/wiki/United_States "United States"). The UK interests were renamed [Peugeot\-Talbot](/wiki/Talbot_%28automobile%29 "Talbot (automobile)"), with production of the Chrysler\-developed cars continuing, with the last Rootes\-developed car, the [Avenger](/wiki/Hillman_Avenger "Hillman Avenger"), being discontinued in 1981\. Peugeot also developed a saloon version of the Alpine called the [Solara](/wiki/Talbot_Solara "Talbot Solara"), and also launched the larger [Tagora](/wiki/Talbot_Tagora "Talbot Tagora"), which had been in development by Chrysler when it sold its European operations. It also replaced the entry\-level [Sunbeam](/wiki/Talbot_Sunbeam "Talbot Sunbeam") with the [Peugeot](/wiki/Peugeot "Peugeot") based [Samba](/wiki/Talbot_Samba "Talbot Samba") in 1981\.{{cite book \|title\=Rival Capitalists \|author\=Jeffrey A. Hart \|publisher\=Cornell University Press \|year\=1993 \|isbn\=0\-8014\-9949\-6 \|url\-access\=registration \|url\=https://archive.org/details/rivalcapitalists00hart\_0 }} As in most other developed countries, the 1970s saw major changes to the cars produced in the UK. Front\-wheel drive, which had been pioneered by BMC on several new models between 1959 and 1965, now became a common feature on family cars after decades of producing only rear\-wheel drive models. The hatchback bodystyle, which had debuted in Europe on the French [Renault 16](/wiki/Renault_16 "Renault 16") in 1965, became more popular, with many of Britain's best\-selling cars being available with a hatchback by the early\-1980s. Many Ford and Vauxhall models were also being produced at their parent company's continental factories by 1980\. Ford had switched Capri and Granada production to [Germany](/wiki/Germany "Germany") by this stage, while production of its new Fiesta supermini was divided between Britain, West Germany and a new plant in [Spain](/wiki/Spain "Spain") from its 1976 launch. [General Motors](/wiki/General_Motors "General Motors") had not only decided to make its [Vauxhall](/wiki/Vauxhall_Motors "Vauxhall Motors") and [Opel](/wiki/Opel "Opel") badged cars mechanically identical during the 1970s, but it had also imported some of its Vauxhall\-badged cars from Opel factories in West Germany and [Belgium](/wiki/Belgium "Belgium"), and its [Corsa](/wiki/Opel_Corsa "Opel Corsa") supermini (Vauxhall Nova in the UK) was solely assembled at a factory in [Zaragoza](/wiki/Zaragoza "Zaragoza"), Spain, which opened in 1982\. British Leyland's overseas outposts in countries like [Italy](/wiki/Italy "Italy") (where cars were produced under the [Innocenti](/wiki/Innocenti "Innocenti") brand) were gradually closed down or sold to other carmakers, so by the 1980s; it was entirely a British\-based operation. [left\|thumb\|1981 [Aston Martin V8 Vantage](/wiki/Aston_Martin_V8_Vantage_%281977%29 "Aston Martin V8 Vantage (1977)"), produced from 1977 to 1989](/wiki/File:1981_Aston_Martin_V8_Vantage_Blue.jpg "1981 Aston Martin V8 Vantage Blue.jpg") By the end of the 1970s, Ford, Peugeot\-Talbot and Vauxhall (GM) were well\-integrated with their parent companies' other European operations. BL stood alone in the UK as an increasingly junior player. As part of the drive for increased productivity in the late\-1970s, BL reduced its workforce and number of plants, and strived to centralise its management activities. The city of Coventry suffered particularly badly, with many thousands becoming unemployed after the closure of the [Triumph](/wiki/Triumph_Motor_Company "Triumph Motor Company") car factory in the city in 1980\. In 1979, BL struck a collaboration deal with [Honda](/wiki/Honda "Honda") to share the development and production of a new mid\-sized car ([Triumph Acclaim](/wiki/Triumph_Acclaim "Triumph Acclaim")/[Honda Ballade](/wiki/Honda_Ballade "Honda Ballade")), which was launched in 1981\. The new car combined Honda engine and transmission designs with a BL body, as did its successor model \- the [Rover 200 Series](/wiki/Rover_200_Series "Rover 200 Series") \- in 1984\. The next plan was to work on a new luxury car together, the end product being the [Rover 800 Series](/wiki/Rover_800_Series "Rover 800 Series"), which arrived in 1986\. Although UK politics changed in 1979 with the election of the [Conservative Party](/wiki/First_Thatcher_ministry "First Thatcher ministry"), the UK Government continued to support BL with funds for the development of a new mass\-market model range ([Mini Metro](/wiki/Austin_Metro "Austin Metro"), [Maestro](/wiki/Austin_Maestro "Austin Maestro"), [Montego](/wiki/Austin_Montego "Austin Montego") and another Honda collaboration the [Rover 800](/wiki/Rover_800 "Rover 800")), which were all launched between 1980 and 1986\. The Metro was the most successful of these cars. Car assembly, with the exception of Jaguar, was concentrated into two central plants – [Longbridge](/wiki/Longbridge_plant "Longbridge plant") and [Cowley](/wiki/Plant_Oxford "Plant Oxford"). In July 1986, BL was renamed the [Rover Group](/wiki/Rover_Group "Rover Group"). By the mid\-1980s, front\-wheel drive was now the standard on mass market cars, with most new models having a hatchback bodystyle as at least an option. Although Ford had adopted front\-wheel drive for its new [Spanish built](/wiki/Spain "Spain") [Fiesta](/wiki/Ford_Fiesta "Ford Fiesta") supermini in 1976 and the third generation [Escort](/wiki/Ford_Escort_%28Europe%29 "Ford Escort (Europe)") in 1980, it had curiously retained rear\-wheel drive for its larger [Sierra](/wiki/Ford_Sierra "Ford Sierra") (the [Cortina](/wiki/Ford_Cortina "Ford Cortina") replacement) in 1982, although the Sierra did feature a hatchback bodystyle and was not available as a saloon until 1987\. In 1983, it recognised the continuing demand for smaller and medium\-sized family saloons by introducing the [Orion](/wiki/Ford_Orion "Ford Orion"), which was based on the Escort floorpan. [right\|thumb\|The third generation [Lotus Esprit](/wiki/Lotus_Esprit "Lotus Esprit") S3, produced from 1982 to 1993](/wiki/File:1982_Lotus_Esprit_%288941980993%29.jpg "1982 Lotus Esprit (8941980993).jpg") The supermini sector had expanded rapidly since the early\-1970s. BMC's Mini had remained popular beyond its twentieth anniversary, but successor organisation [British Leyland](/wiki/British_Leyland "British Leyland") had started work on a more modern and practical alternative by the mid\-1970s, the final result being the [Austin Metro](/wiki/Austin_Metro "Austin Metro") in 1980 \- the new car featured more modern styling and a hatchback bodystyle. [Chrysler Europe](/wiki/Chrysler_Europe "Chrysler Europe") had axed the long\-running [Hillman Imp](/wiki/Hillman_Imp "Hillman Imp") (launched by the [Rootes Group](/wiki/Rootes_Group "Rootes Group") in 1963\) in 1976 and replaced it with the [Chrysler Sunbeam](/wiki/Chrysler_Sunbeam "Chrysler Sunbeam") hatchback a year later. [General Motors](/wiki/General_Motors "General Motors") had already adopted this bodystyle with the [Vauxhall Chevette](/wiki/Vauxhall_Chevette "Vauxhall Chevette") (which was also available as a saloon or estate) and Ford with the [Fiesta](/wiki/Ford_Fiesta "Ford Fiesta"). Comparable foreign products like the [Fiat 127](/wiki/Fiat_127 "Fiat 127"), [Renault 5](/wiki/Renault_5 "Renault 5") and [Volkswagen Polo](/wiki/Volkswagen_Polo "Volkswagen Polo") were also proving popular in the UK. Ford had now divided its European operations between its British factories and other European plants in [Spain](/wiki/Spain "Spain"), [Belgium](/wiki/Belgium "Belgium") and [West Germany](/wiki/West_Germany "West Germany"). [General Motors](/wiki/General_Motors "General Motors") had started importing some of its West German and [Belgian](/wiki/Belgium "Belgium") built [Opel](/wiki/Opel "Opel") products to the UK to be badged as Vauxhalls, and by 1983 its [Nova](/wiki/Vauxhall_Nova "Vauxhall Nova") supermini (badged as the [Opel Corsa](/wiki/Opel_Corsa "Opel Corsa") on the continent) was built solely in its Spanish factory. Peugeot was dividing production of most of the Talbot badged vehicles between the Ryton plant near [Coventry](/wiki/Coventry "Coventry") (the [Linwood](/wiki/Linwood%2C_Renfrewshire "Linwood, Renfrewshire") plant in [Scotland](/wiki/Scotland "Scotland") closed in 1981\) and its French factories by the early\-1980s, and started producing its own models at Coventry in 1985 after deciding to axe the Talbot marque due to falling sales. Foreign carmakers continued to gain ground on the British market during the 1980s, with the likes of [Renault](/wiki/Renault "Renault"), [Peugeot](/wiki/Peugeot "Peugeot"), [Citroen](/wiki/Citroen "Citroen") (France), [Volvo](/wiki/Volvo "Volvo") ([Sweden](/wiki/Sweden "Sweden")), [Volkswagen](/wiki/Volkswagen "Volkswagen") (West Germany) and [Fiat](/wiki/Fiat "Fiat") ([Italy](/wiki/Italy "Italy")) proving particularly popular. The [Russian\-built](/wiki/Russia "Russia") [Lada](/wiki/Lada "Lada"), first sold in the UK in 1974, also sold well, despite its outdated Fiat\-sourced design; with buyers mostly being attracted by its low price. By the late\-1980s, with the four\-wheel drive Niva and a front\-wheel drive hatchback, the [Samara](/wiki/Lada_Samara "Lada Samara"), complementing the long\-running [Riva](/wiki/Lada_Riva "Lada Riva"), Lada sales in Britain had amounted to more than 30,000 a year (some 1\.5% of the new car market), but tailed off after 1990 as a result of growing competition and a lack of new model launches. Imports to Britain finally ceased in 1997 due to Lada's difficulties in meeting emissions requirements. [Skoda](/wiki/%C5%A0koda_Auto "Škoda Auto") also enjoyed similarly decent sales of its well\-priced rear\-engined saloon cars during the 1970s and 1980s, going from strength to strength in the 1990s following its takeover by [Volkswagen](/wiki/Volkswagen "Volkswagen") and the launch of new model ranges with modern technology and styling. [Zastava's](/wiki/Zastava_Automobiles "Zastava Automobiles") [Yugo\-badged](/wiki/Yugo-badged "Yugo-badged") cars, based on Fiat designs from the 1970s, also sold reasonably well in Britain during the 1980s, but the carmaker was forced to halt imports in 1992 due to sanctions imposed on [Yugoslavia](/wiki/Yugoslavia "Yugoslavia") as a result of the civil war there. [Polish](/wiki/Poland "Poland") carmaker [FSO](/wiki/Fabryka_Samochod%C3%B3w_Osobowych "Fabryka Samochodów Osobowych") imported its version of the [Fiat 125](/wiki/Polski_Fiat_125p "Polski Fiat 125p") to Britain from 1975, later launching a hatchback model (the [Polonez](/wiki/FSO_Polonez "FSO Polonez")) alongside it. However, by 1998, Skoda was the only [Eastern European](/wiki/Eastern_Europe "Eastern Europe") carmaker still exporting cars to Britain, now competing with budget\-priced Asian cars from the likes of [Daewoo](/wiki/Daewoo "Daewoo"), [Kia](/wiki/Kia "Kia"), [Hyundai](/wiki/Hyundai_Motor_Company "Hyundai Motor Company") and [Proton](/wiki/Proton_%28car%29 "Proton (car)"). Nissan had axed the Datsun brand by 1984 and used its own name on all cars, and in 1986 opened a factory in Britain near [Sunderland](/wiki/Sunderland%2C_Tyne_and_Wear "Sunderland, Tyne and Wear"), which produced the mid\-range [Bluebird](/wiki/Nissan_Bluebird "Nissan Bluebird") hatchbacks and saloons, although it was the Japanese\-built [Micra](/wiki/Nissan_Micra "Nissan Micra") which was the company's best\-selling car in Britain during the 1980s. [left\|thumb\|[Motorsport in the UK](/wiki/Motorsport_in_the_United_Kingdom "Motorsport in the United Kingdom") serves as a testing ground for production cars](/wiki/File:McLaren_duo_1-2_finish_2010_Canada.jpg "McLaren duo 1-2 finish 2010 Canada.jpg") The decade also saw the arrival of purpose\-built people carriers on the British market, starting with the Japanese [Mitsubishi Space Wagon](/wiki/Mitsubishi_Space_Wagon "Mitsubishi Space Wagon") in 1984, and then the market\-leading [Renault Espace](/wiki/Renault_Espace "Renault Espace") in 1985, but by the end of the decade this type of vehicle still had only a very small share of the British market and there were still no British\-built people carriers available, although a few seven\-seater estate models including Austin Rover's [Montego](/wiki/Austin_Montego "Austin Montego") were being produced. The decade also saw a fall in demand for sports cars, perhaps due to the rising popularity of "hot hatchbacks" (high performance versions of hatchback cars), and so a number of manufacturers pulled out of the sports car market. [British Leyland](/wiki/British_Leyland "British Leyland") finished production of its MG and Triumph sports cars early in the decade, with no replacement. [General Motors](/wiki/General_Motors "General Motors") had launched coupe versions of its [Cavalier](/wiki/Vauxhall_Cavalier "Vauxhall Cavalier") mid\-range model in the 1970s, but did not produce any equivalent models of the MK2 Cavalier which arrived in 1981\. It did, however, continue to offer the German\-built [Opel Manta](/wiki/Opel_Manta "Opel Manta") to British buyers until the end of production in 1988, replacing it with the [Calibra](/wiki/Opel_Calibra "Opel Calibra") (also built in Germany) a year later. Ford had enjoyed success in the 1970s with its [Capri](/wiki/Ford_Capri "Ford Capri") coupe, but this declined in popularity after 1980 and when production ended in 1986, there was no direct replacement. As well as the rebranding of the former Rootes Group and its eventual integration into Peugeot, the 1980s also saw the disappearance of several long\-established car brands. Production of MG sports cars finished when the [Abingdon](/wiki/Abingdon-on-Thames "Abingdon-on-Thames") factory closed in 1980, although the brand was quickly revived on higher performance versions of the Metro, Maestro and Montego. 1980 also saw the closure of the Triumph factory at [Canley](/wiki/Canley "Canley"), [Coventry](/wiki/Coventry "Coventry"), although the marque survived until 1984 \- the same year that the Morris marque was discontinued after more than seventy years. The [Morris Ital's](/wiki/Morris_Ital "Morris Ital") successor, the [Montego](/wiki/Austin_Montego "Austin Montego"), was sold under the Austin and MG brands, while the Triumph Acclaim's successor was sold as the Rover 200 Series. By 1988, however, the Austin marque had also been phased out, with the former Austin\-badged products now being incorporated into the Rover brand. General Motors enjoyed an upturn in Britain during the 1980s, as its Vauxhall\-badged cars increased their market share and the company's image also improved. At the beginning of 1980, it replaced the Viva with a new front\-wheel drive range of hatchback and estates \- the [Astra](/wiki/Vauxhall_Astra "Vauxhall Astra"), which was built in Britain and also in [Opel](/wiki/Opel "Opel") factories on the continent. The MK2 Cavalier was launched in 1981, and became the company's best selling car of the decade. Its replacement for the [Chevette](/wiki/Vauxhall_Chevette "Vauxhall Chevette") was the [Nova](/wiki/Vauxhall_Nova "Vauxhall Nova"), a rebadged version of the [Spanish](/wiki/Spain "Spain") built [Opel Corsa](/wiki/Opel_Corsa "Opel Corsa"), which was launched in 1983\. The MK2 Astra was voted European Car of the Year shortly after its launch in 1984, as was the flagship MK2 Carlton ([Opel Omega](/wiki/Opel_Omega "Opel Omega") on the continent) two years later. ### 1987 to 2001 [thumb\|right\|1996 [McLaren F1](/wiki/McLaren_F1 "McLaren F1"), produced from 1992 to 2000](/wiki/File:1996_McLaren_F1_Chassis_No_63_6.1_Front.jpg "1996 McLaren F1 Chassis No 63 6.1 Front.jpg") In July 1986, [Nissan](/wiki/Nissan "Nissan") became the first Japanese carmaker to set up a production facility in Europe, when it opened a new plant in [Sunderland](/wiki/Sunderland%2C_Tyne_and_Wear "Sunderland, Tyne and Wear"). The plant initially produced the [Bluebird](/wiki/Nissan_Bluebird "Nissan Bluebird") and from 1990 its successor, the [Primera](/wiki/Nissan_Primera "Nissan Primera"), with the [MK2 Micra](/wiki/Nissan_Micra "Nissan Micra") joining it in 1992\.{{Citation needed\|date\=August 2008}} [Toyota](/wiki/Toyota "Toyota") opened a new plant in Burnaston near [Derby](/wiki/Derby "Derby") at the beginning of 1992\.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.economist.com/node/107325\|title\=Toyota learns French\|date\=27 November 1997\|newspaper\=The Economist\|access\-date\=26 June 2012}} Peugeot started production of the [Peugeot 309](/wiki/Peugeot_309 "Peugeot 309") hatchback at Ryton (originally a [Rootes Group](/wiki/Rootes_Group "Rootes Group") factory) in October 1985, followed by the [Peugeot 405](/wiki/Peugeot_405 "Peugeot 405") two years later.{{Citation needed\|date\=August 2008}} During the 1990s, production of the [306](/wiki/Peugeot_306 "Peugeot 306") and [206](/wiki/Peugeot_206 "Peugeot 206") also began at Ryton.{{Citation needed\|date\=August 2008}} [Honda](/wiki/Honda "Honda")'s venture with [Austin Rover](/wiki/Austin_Rover "Austin Rover")/[Rover Group](/wiki/Rover_Group "Rover Group") saw a number of different designs shared between the two marques. The venture came to an end in February 1994 when [British Aerospace](/wiki/British_Aerospace "British Aerospace") sold Rover Group to the German carmaker [BMW](/wiki/BMW "BMW") for £800 million.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/the\-rover\-takeover\-carmaking\-tradition\-dies\-with\-bmw\-deal\-the\-industry\-end\-of\-britishowned\-volume\-production\-1391160\.html\|title\=The Rover Takeover: Car\-making tradition dies with BMW deal: The Industry: End of British\-owned volume production \|date\=1 February 1994\|newspaper\=The Independent\|access\-date\=30 June 2012\|first\=Michael\|last\=Harrison}} The takeover meant that, for the first time in 112 years, the United Kingdom no longer had a British\-owned volume car maker. BMW's ownership of the Rover Group saw the development of several newer, more upmarket models, giving the British brand an image to match that of its parent company. BMW also revived the [MG](/wiki/MG_%28car%29 "MG (car)") marque in 1995 on a new affordable sports car, the [MGF](/wiki/MG_F "MG F"), as well as strengthening [Land Rover](/wiki/Land_Rover "Land Rover")'s position in the off\-roader market. In March 2000 BMW controversially announced the break\-up of the [Rover Group](/wiki/Rover_Group "Rover Group").{{cite news\|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/679988\.stm\|title\=Rover sell\-off: BMW statement\|date\=16 March 2000\|work\=BBC News\|access\-date\=30 June 2012}}{{cite news\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2000/apr/20/rover.uknews?INTCMP\=ILCNETTXT3487\|title\=Rover report predicts jobs catastrophe\|date\=20 April 2000\|newspaper\=The Guardian\|access\-date\=30 June 2012\|first\=Kevin\|last\=Maguire}} It retained the rights to the [Mini](/wiki/Mini_%28marque%29 "Mini (marque)") marque, while selling Land Rover to [Ford](/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company "Ford Motor Company").{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/03/17/business/bmw\-will\-shed\-rover\-selling\-sport\-utility\-vehicle\-line\-to\-ford.html\|title\=BMW Will Shed Rover, Selling Sport Utility Vehicle Line to Ford\|date\=17 March 2000\|newspaper\=The New York Times\|access\-date\=30 June 2012\|first\=Edmund L.\|last\=Andrews}} The MG and Rover marques were sold to the Phoenix Consortium, who branded the remains of the group as [MG Rover](/wiki/MG_Rover "MG Rover") and concentrated all production at the [Longbridge plant](/wiki/Longbridge_plant "Longbridge plant"). After the split from Rover, [Honda](/wiki/Honda "Honda") continued making the [Civic](/wiki/Honda_Civic "Honda Civic") range in the UK at a new plant in [Swindon](/wiki/Swindon "Swindon").{{Citation needed\|date\=August 2008}} [thumb\|left\|The [Bentley Azure](/wiki/Bentley_Azure "Bentley Azure"), produced from 1995 to 2003](/wiki/File:Bentley_Exhibit.jpg "Bentley Exhibit.jpg") Ford acquired [Aston Martin](/wiki/Aston_Martin "Aston Martin") for an undisclosed sum in September 1987{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/09/08/business/ford\-buys\-prestigious\-car\-maker.html\|title\=Ford buys prestigious car maker\|date\=8 September 1987\|newspaper\=The New York Times\|access\-date\=26 June 2012\|first\=William\|last\=Glaberson}}{{cite news\|url\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\=qspRAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=6811,2344222\&dq\=ford\+acquire\+aston\+martin\&hl\=en\|title\=Ford plans to acquire Aston Martin maker\|date\=8 September 1987\|newspaper\=Pittsburgh Post\-Gazette\|access\-date\=26 June 2012}} and [Jaguar](/wiki/Jaguar_Cars "Jaguar Cars") for US$2\.38 billion in November 1989\.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/11/03/business/ford\-to\-buy\-jaguar\-for\-2\.38\-billion.html?pagewanted\=all\&src\=pm\|title\=Ford to Buy Jaguar for $2\.38 Billion\|date\=3 November 1989\|newspaper\=The New York Times\|access\-date\=26 June 2012\|first\=Steven\|last\=Prokesch}} Production of the new small Jaguar, the X type, started at Halewood in late 2000\. By the end of the century, Ford had also acquired [Land Rover](/wiki/Land_Rover "Land Rover").{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/03/23/business/gentlemen\-merge\-your\-manufacturers\-consolidation\-hits\-on\-virtually\-all\-cylinders.html\|title\=Gentlemen, Merge Your Manufacturers; Consolidation Hits on Virtually All Cylinders\|date\=23 March 2000\|newspaper\=The New York Times\|access\-date\=26 June 2012\|first\=Keith\|last\=Bradsher}} In 1998 [Vickers plc](/wiki/Vickers_plc "Vickers plc") put [Rolls\-Royce Motors](/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Motors "Rolls-Royce Motors"), including [Bentley](/wiki/Bentley "Bentley"), up for auction.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/09/23/business/the\-new\-rolls\-royce\-an\-automotive\-classic\-coming\-to\-dealerships\-in\-2003\.html?src\=pm\|title\=The New Rolls\-Royce; An Automotive Classic Coming to Dealerships in 2003\|date\=23 September 2000\|newspaper\=The New York Times\|access\-date\=26 June 2012\|first\=Edmund L.\|last\=Andrews}} [Volkswagen Group](/wiki/Volkswagen_Group "Volkswagen Group") won the auction with a bid of US$780 million, but [Rolls\-Royce plc](/wiki/Rolls-Royce_plc "Rolls-Royce plc"), which had the right to block a transfer of the Rolls\-Royce name to non\-British owners, agreed to sell the rights to BMW for US$65 million. It was subsequently agreed that control of the Rolls\-Royce marque would pass from Volkswagen to BMW in 2003\. In 1995, Ford finally entered the decade\-old people carrier market with its [Galaxy](/wiki/Ford_Galaxy "Ford Galaxy"), which was built in [Portugal](/wiki/Portugal "Portugal") alongside the identical [Volkswagen Sharan](/wiki/Volkswagen_Sharan "Volkswagen Sharan") and [Seat Alhambra](/wiki/Seat_Alhambra "Seat Alhambra") as part of a venture between Ford and Volkswagen. Vauxhall entered this sector of the market a year later with the American\-built [Sintra](/wiki/Vauxhall_Sintra "Vauxhall Sintra"), but this was not popular with British buyers and was discontinued after just three years when the smaller, German\-built [Zafira](/wiki/Vauxhall_Zafira "Vauxhall Zafira") was launched, and proved far more popular than Vauxhall's original entry into the MPV market. The affordable sports car market enjoyed a revival in the 1990s after going into virtual hibernation in the 1980s. Sparked by the popularity of the Japanese\-built [Mazda MX\-5](/wiki/Mazda_MX-5 "Mazda MX-5") after its launch in 1989, Rover began development on a new sports car in the early 1990s, finally launching the [MG F](/wiki/MG_F "MG F") two\-seater roadster in 1995, 15 years after the demise of the last volume MG sports cars. The 1996 [Lotus Elise](/wiki/Lotus_Elise "Lotus Elise") also enjoyed relatively strong sales in this market sector, as did the [Vauxhall VX220](/wiki/Vauxhall_VX220 "Vauxhall VX220") (based on the Elise) which was launched in 2000\. Ford, which had exited the sports car market by 1987 with the demise of the [Capri](/wiki/Ford_Capri "Ford Capri") to concentrate on faster versions of its best\-selling hatchbacks and saloons, returned to this market sector in 1994 with the American\-built [Probe](/wiki/Ford_Probe "Ford Probe"), and then enjoyed more success with its smaller [Puma](/wiki/Ford_Puma_%28sport_compact%29 "Ford Puma (sport compact)") between 1997 and 2002\. ### 2001 to 2011 [thumb\|right\|2003 First generation [Mini Cooper](/wiki/Mini_Hatch "Mini Hatch"), produced from 2001 \- 2006](/wiki/File:2003_Mini_Cooper_Automatic_1.6_Front.jpg "2003 Mini Cooper Automatic 1.6 Front.jpg") In May 2000 Ford announced that passenger car assembly as its [Ford Dagenham](/wiki/Ford_Dagenham "Ford Dagenham") plant would cease in 2002, ending 90 years of Ford passenger car assembly in the UK.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/05/13/business/international\-business\-ford\-to\-close\-british\-plant\-laying\-off\-1900\-workers.html?src\=pm\|title\=Ford to Close British Plant, Laying Off 1,900 Workers\|access\-date\=2 December 2011\|newspaper\=The New York Times\|date\=13 May 2000\|first\=Alan\|last\=Cowell}} At the same time Ford announced that it would invest US$500 million in the expansion of a diesel engine factory at the site, making Dagenham its largest diesel engine center worldwide and creating about 500 new jobs to offset the 1,900 lost in vehicle assembly for a total loss of 1,400\. In December 2004 Ford announced a further investment of £169 million in the Dagenham plant, increasing annual output to one million diesel engines.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/ford\-invests\-pound169m\-at\-dagenham\-engine\-plant\-691514\.html\|title\=Ford invests £169m at Dagenham engine plant\|access\-date\=2 December 2011\|newspaper\=The Independent\|date\=17 December 2004\|location\=London\|first\=Michael\|last\=Harrison}} The closure of Vauxhall's Luton car assembly plant in March 2003 left [Ellesmere Port](/wiki/Ellesmere_Port "Ellesmere Port") as the sole Vauxhall assembly plant remaining in the UK. General Motors also retained the former [Bedford](/wiki/Bedford_Vehicles "Bedford Vehicles") works in Luton for producing vans such as the [Vivaro](/wiki/Opel_Vivaro_A "Opel Vivaro A") and the [Movano](/wiki/Opel_Movano_A "Opel Movano A") as well as Renault and Nissan badged variants. In April 2007, it was confirmed that the Ellesmere Port would produce the next generation Astra from 2010\.{{cite news\|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/6563937\.stm\|title\=Four countries share new GM Astra\|access\-date\=21 April 2012\|work\=BBC News\|date\=17 April 2007}} Losses at Jaguar led to closure of the company's [Browns Lane plant](/wiki/Browns_Lane_plant "Browns Lane plant") in [Coventry](/wiki/Coventry "Coventry") in 2004\.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/09/18/business/18ford.html\|title\=Ford Increases Expectations for Revenue\|access\-date\=2 December 2011\|newspaper\=The New York Times\|date\=18 September 2004\|first\=Danny\|last\=Hakim}}{{cite news\|url\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1472022/Post\-war\-beacon\-of\-hope\-snuffed\-out.html \|archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1472022/Post\-war\-beacon\-of\-hope\-snuffed\-out.html \|archive\-date\=12 January 2022 \|url\-access\=subscription \|url\-status\=live\|title\=Post\-war beacon of hope snuffed out\|access\-date\=2 December 2011\|newspaper\=The Telegraph\|date\=18 September 2004\|location\=London\|first\=Nick\|last\=Britten}}{{cbignore}} Spare capacity at Halewood allowed Land Rover Freelander production to be transferred there in 2006\. [MG Rover](/wiki/MG_Rover "MG Rover") spent the early part of the 2000s investigating possible ventures with other carmakers in order to develop a new range of cars. Proposed links with foreign organisations including Malaysian carmaker [Proton](/wiki/Proton_%28carmaker%29 "Proton (carmaker)") failed to materialise,{{cite news\|url\=http://www.autocar.co.uk/News/NewsArticle/AllCars/210694/\|title\=Proton shut the door on MG Rover\|access\-date\=21 April 2012\|publisher\=Autocar\|date\=20 August 2004}}{{cite news\|url\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\=zKc9AAAAIBAJ\&pg\=2533,2481548\&dq\=proton\+mg\+rover\&hl\=en\|title\=Phoenix drops plans to develop new car models with Proton\|access\-date\=21 April 2012\|newspaper\=New Straits Times\|date\=25 August 2004}} and by late 2004 Chinese carmaker [SAIC Motor](/wiki/SAIC_Motor "SAIC Motor") had shown an interest in taking over the Longbridge\-based firm – which was now hundreds of millions of pounds in debt.{{Citation needed\|date\=August 2008}} Talks broke down and the firm went into receivership in April 2005 with the loss of more than 6,000 jobs. Three months later, the firm's assets were purchased by another Chinese carmaker – [Nanjing Automobile](/wiki/Nanjing_Automobile "Nanjing Automobile") – and Longbridge partially re\-opened over the summer of 2007 with an initial workforce of around 250 preparing to restart production of the [MG TF](/wiki/MG_F%23TF "MG F#TF") which was relaunched in August 2008\. [left\|thumb\|[Aston Martin DB9](/wiki/Aston_Martin_DB9 "Aston Martin DB9"), produced from 2004 \- 2016](/wiki/File:Gdansk_Aston_Martin_DB9.jpg "Gdansk Aston Martin DB9.jpg") In April 2006 Peugeot closed its Ryton plant and moved 206 production to Slovakia.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/peugeot\-to\-close\-ryton\-with\-2300\-job\-losses\-474746\.html\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090726052459/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/peugeot\-to\-close\-ryton\-with\-2300\-job\-losses\-474746\.html\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=26 July 2009\|title\=Peugeot to close Ryton with 2,300 job losses\|access\-date\=2 December 2011\|newspaper\=The Independent\|date\=19 April 2006\|location\=London\|first\=Michael\|last\=Harrison}}{{cite news\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2006/jun/08/motoring.money?INTCMP\=ILCNETTXT3487\|title\=Unions call for Peugeot boycott\|access\-date\=2 December 2011\|newspaper\=The Guardian\|date\=8 June 2006\|location\=London\|first\=Mark\|last\=Tran}} In 2007, Ford sold [Aston Martin](/wiki/Aston_Martin "Aston Martin") to a British\-led Consortium backed by Middle East investors, retaining a small stake in the company and agreeing to continue the supply of components including engines.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2007/mar/12/9\|title\=Ford sells Aston Martin\|access\-date\=2 December 2011\|newspaper\=The Guardian\|date\=12 March 2007\|location\=London\|first\=Terry\|last\=MacAlister}}{{cite news\|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/6442101\.stm\|title\=Aston Martin sold to UK\-led group\|access\-date\=2 December 2011\|work\=BBC News\|date\=12 March 2007}} In 2008 Ford sold [Jaguar Land Rover](/wiki/Jaguar_Land_Rover "Jaguar Land Rover") to Tata Motors of India for £1\.15 billion.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/26/business/worldbusiness/26cnd\-auto.html\|title\=Ford Sells Land Rover and Jaguar to Tata \|access\-date\=1 December 2011\|newspaper\=The New York Times\|date\=26 March 2008\|first\=Heather\|last\=Timmons}}{{cite news\|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/7313380\.stm\|title\=Tata buys Jaguar in £1\.15bn deal\|access\-date\=1 December 2011\|work\=BBC News\|date\=26 March 2008}} In November 2009, Dutch sportscar maker [Spyker Cars](/wiki/Spyker_Cars "Spyker Cars") announced that it would be moving production from [Zeewolde](/wiki/Zeewolde "Zeewolde") to [Whitley, Coventry](/wiki/Whitley%2C_Coventry "Whitley, Coventry"), and UK production began in February 2010\.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/transport/6617142/Spyker\-relocates\-from\-Holland\-to\-Coventry.html \|archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/transport/6617142/Spyker\-relocates\-from\-Holland\-to\-Coventry.html \|archive\-date\=12 January 2022 \|url\-access\=subscription \|url\-status\=live\|title\=Spyker relocates from Holland to Coventry\|access\-date\=14 May 2011\|newspaper\=The Telegraph\|date\=20 November 2009\|location\=London\|first\=Graham\|last\=Ruddick}}{{cbignore}}{{cite news\|url\=https://www.independent.co.uk/life\-style/motoring/motoring\-news/dutch\-carmaker\-spyker\-cars\-begins\-uk\-production\-1894067\.html\|title\=Dutch car\-maker Spyker Cars begins UK production\|access\-date\=14 May 2011\|newspaper\=The Independent\|date\=9 February 2010\|location\=London\|first\=Matthew\|last\=Cooper}} In March 2010 McLaren Automotive unveiled its MP4\-12C model, alongside plans to produce around 4,000 cars per year at its Woking factory by the middle of the decade.{{cite news\|url\=http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk\-motor\-racing\-mclaren\-iduktre62h2xh20100318?pageNumber\=2\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306212357/http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk\-motor\-racing\-mclaren\-iduktre62h2xh20100318?pageNumber\=2\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=6 March 2016\|title\=McLaren unveil supercar to take on Ferrari\|access\-date\=14 May 2011\|work\=Reuters\|date\=18 March 2010}}{{cite news\|url\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/motoring/news/7470064/McLaren\-to\-build\-150000\-12C\-supercar\-in\-Britain.html \|archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/motoring/news/7470064/McLaren\-to\-build\-150000\-12C\-supercar\-in\-Britain.html \|archive\-date\=12 January 2022 \|url\-access\=subscription \|url\-status\=live\|title\=McLaren to build £150,000 12C supercar in Britain\|access\-date\=14 May 2011\|newspaper\=The Telegraph\|date\=18 March 2010\|location\=London}}{{cbignore}} At the Paris Motor Show in September 2010 Lotus Cars unveiled five new models due to go on sale by 2016, alongside plans for an investment of £770 million over 10 years, the complete redevelopment of its Hethel factory and an increase in production from under 3,000 cars per year to 6,000 to 7,000\.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/motoring/motor\-shows/paris\-motor\-show/8037488/Paris\-Motor\-Show\-2010\-five\-new\-models\-from\-Lotus.html \|archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/motoring/motor\-shows/paris\-motor\-show/8037488/Paris\-Motor\-Show\-2010\-five\-new\-models\-from\-Lotus.html \|archive\-date\=12 January 2022 \|url\-access\=subscription \|url\-status\=live\|title\=Paris Motor Show 2010: five new models from Lotus\|access\-date\=14 May 2011\|newspaper\=The Telegraph\|date\=1 October 2010\|location\=London\|first\=Chris\|last\=Knapman}}{{cbignore}} In December 2010 it was announced that Renault had sold its remaining 25% shareholding in its eponymous Formula 1 team to Lotus Cars, and that the team would be renamed Lotus Renault in 2011\.{{cite news\|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motorsport/formula\_one/9267715\.stm\|title\=Renault F1 team to be renamed Lotus Renault GP in 2011\|access\-date\=14 May 2011\|work\=BBC Sport\|date\=8 December 2010}} ### 2011 to 2019 [right\|thumb\|2016 [Range Rover](/wiki/Range_Rover "Range Rover") Vogue, produced from 2012 \- 2022](/wiki/File:2016_Land_Rover_Range_Rover_Vogue_%28L_405_MY17%29_wagon_%282018-11-29%29_01.jpg "2016 Land Rover Range Rover Vogue (L 405 MY17) wagon (2018-11-29) 01.jpg") In January 2011 BMW announced that it would be extending the Mini range with the launch of two new two\-door sports crossover vehicles based on the [Mini Paceman](/wiki/Mini_%28marque%29%23Mini_Paceman_%282011%29 "Mini (marque)#Mini Paceman (2011)") concept car, with a coupe version to enter production in 2011 and a roadster in 2012\.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.freep.com/article/20110110/BUSINESS03/110110061/Mini\-build\-2\-door\-sporty\-crossover\|title\=Mini to build 2\-door sporty crossover\|access\-date\=14 May 2011\|newspaper\=Detroit Free Press\|date\=10 January 2011\|archive\-date\=14 January 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160114033848/http://www.freep.com/article/20110110/BUSINESS03/110110061/Mini\-build\-2\-door\-sporty\-crossover\|url\-status\=dead}}{{cite news\|url\=http://www.miamiherald.com/2011/01/12/2013072/mini\-paceman\-concept\-confirmed.html\|title\=Mini Paceman Concept Confirmed for Production\|access\-date\=14 May 2011\|newspaper\=Miami Herald\|date\=12 January 2011}} In March 2011 [Jaguar Land Rover](/wiki/Jaguar_Land_Rover "Jaguar Land Rover") announced that it would be hiring an additional 1,500 staff at its [Halewood plant](/wiki/Halewood_Body_%26_Assembly "Halewood Body & Assembly"), and signed over £2 billion of supply contracts with UK\-based companies, to enable production of its new [Range Rover Evoque](/wiki/Range_Rover_Evoque "Range Rover Evoque") model.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk\-england\-merseyside\-12627680\|title\=Jaguar announces £2bn supply contracts for Evoque model\|access\-date\=29 May 2011\|work\=BBC News\|date\=2 March 2011\| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20110519171342/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk\-england\-merseyside\-12627680\| archive\-date\= 19 May 2011 \| url\-status\= live}}{{cite news\|url\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/industry/8470371/Jaguar\-plans\-UK\-expansion\-set\-to\-create\-1000\-jobs.html\|title\=Jaguar plans UK expansion set to create 1,000 jobs\|access\-date\=29 May 2011\|newspaper\=The Telegraph\|date\=23 April 2011\|location\=London\|first\=Graham\|last\=Ruddick\| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20110712151825/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/industry/8470371/Jaguar\-plans\-UK\-expansion\-set\-to\-create\-1000\-jobs.html\| archive\-date\= 12 July 2011 \| url\-status\= live}} In April 2011 the [MG Motor](/wiki/MG_Motor "MG Motor") subsidiary of [SAIC Motor](/wiki/SAIC_Motor "SAIC Motor") announced that mass production had resumed at the [Longbridge plant](/wiki/Longbridge_plant "Longbridge plant"), as the first [MG 6](/wiki/MG_6 "MG 6") to be produced in the United Kingdom came off the production line.{{cite news\|url\=http://news.sky.com/skynews/Home/Business/Video\-New\-MG6\-Sports\-Car\-Rolls\-Out\-Of\-Birminghams\-Longbridge\-Factory\-Six\-Years\-After\-Plant\-Closed/Article/201104215971486?lpos\=Business\_Third\_Home\_Page\_Article\_Teaser\_Region\_\_5\&lid\=ARTICLE\_15971486\_Video%3B\_New\_MG6\_Sports\_Car\_Rolls\_Out\_Of\_Birminghams\_Longbridge\_Factory\_Six\_Years\_After\_Plant\_Closed\|title\=New MG Sports Rolls Out of Longbridge Plant\|access\-date\=14 May 2011\|publisher\=Sky News\|date\=13 April 2011}} In May 2011 Jaguar unveiled plans to build the [C\-X75](/wiki/Jaguar_C-X75 "Jaguar C-X75") petrol\-electric hybrid supercar in the UK from 2013, with production to be in association with [Williams Grand Prix Engineering](/wiki/Williams_Grand_Prix_Engineering "Williams Grand Prix Engineering");{{cite news\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business\-13307919\|title\=Jaguar to build £700,000 hybrid supercar with Williams\|access\-date\=14 May 2011\|work\=BBC News\|date\=6 May 2011\| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20110513081651/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business\-13307919\| archive\-date\= 13 May 2011 \| url\-status\= live}}{{cite news\|url\=https://www.independent.co.uk/life\-style/motoring/jaguars\-hybrid\-supercar\-to\-enter\-production\-2280253\.html\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110509033139/http://www.independent.co.uk/life\-style/motoring/jaguars\-hybrid\-supercar\-to\-enter\-production\-2280253\.html\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=9 May 2011\|title\=Jaguar's hybrid supercar to enter production\|access\-date\=14 May 2011\|newspaper\=The Independent on Sunday\|date\=6 May 2011\|location\=London}} Jaguar announced the cancellation of the project in December 2012 due to the [ongoing global economic crisis](/wiki/2008%E2%80%932012_global_recession "2008–2012 global recession").{{cite news\|url\=http://www.autocar.co.uk/car\-news/industry/jaguar\-c\-x75\-axed\|title\=Jaguar C\-X75 axed\|author\=Mark Tisshaw\|work\=\[\[Autocar (magazine)\|Autocar]]\|date\=2012\-12\-11\|access\-date\=12 October 2013}} In May 2011, Aston Martin Lagonda confirmed that it was planning to revive the [Lagonda](/wiki/Lagonda "Lagonda") marque, with the launch of two or three new models.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.carmagazine.co.uk/News/Search\-Results/Industry\-News/Aston\-to\-launch\-two\-or\-three\-Lagonda\-models\-\-\-Bez/\|title\=Aston to launch 'two or three Lagonda models' – Bez\|access\-date\=29 May 2011\|publisher\=Car Magazine\|date\=19 May 2011}} In an interview with Reuters in the same month, [Carl\-Peter Forster](/wiki/Carl-Peter_Forster "Carl-Peter Forster"), the Chief Executive of [Tata Motors](/wiki/Tata_Motors "Tata Motors"), revealed that Jaguar Land Rover would be investing over £5 billion in product development over the succeeding five years.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/tata\-jaguar\-idUSLDE7451D320110506\|title\=Tata's Jaguar Land Rover seeks China auto partner\|access\-date\=14 May 2011\|work\=Reuters\|date\=6 May 2011\|first\=Rhys\|last\=Jones}} In June, Nissan announced that the replacement for its Qashqai model would be designed and built in the UK, in a total investment of £192 million safeguarding around 6,000 jobs.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/transport/8564578/Nissan\-to\-build\-new\-Qashqai\-in\-Britain\-saving\-6000\-jobs.html \|archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/transport/8564578/Nissan\-to\-build\-new\-Qashqai\-in\-Britain\-saving\-6000\-jobs.html \|archive\-date\=12 January 2022 \|url\-access\=subscription \|url\-status\=live\|title\=Nissan to build new Qashqai in Britain, saving 6,000 jobs\|access\-date\=23 October 2011\|newspaper\=The Telegraph\|date\=8 June 2011\|location\=London\|first\=Graham\|last\=Ruddick}}{{cbignore}}{{cite news\|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/nissan\-britain\-idUSLDE7571AX20110608\|title\=Nissan to invest US$315 million in UK Qashqai update\|access\-date\=23 October 2011\|work\=Reuters\|date\=8 June 2011}} In June BMW announced an investment of £500 million in the UK over the subsequent three years as part of an expansion of the Mini range to seven models.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011\-06\-09/bmw\-plans\-to\-invest\-500\-million\-pounds\-for\-mini\-assembly\-1\-.html\|title\=BMW Plans to Invest 500 Million Pounds for Mini Assembly\|access\-date\=23 October 2011\|publisher\=Bloomberg L.P.\|date\=9 June 2011\|first\=Chris\|last\=Reiter}}{{cite news\|url\=http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk\-bmw\-britain\-idUKTRE75818420110609\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160114033849/http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk\-bmw\-britain\-idUKTRE75818420110609\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=14 January 2016\|title\=BMW to invest £500 million in UK on new Mini\|access\-date\=23 October 2011\|work\=Reuters\|date\=9 June 2011}} In September 2011, Jaguar Land Rover confirmed that it would be investing £355 million in the construction of a new engine plant near [Wolverhampton](/wiki/Wolverhampton "Wolverhampton"), to manufacture a new family of four\-cylinder petrol and diesel engines.{{cite news\|url\=http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk\-autos\-jlr\-idUKTRE78I16A20110919\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127152140/http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk\-autos\-jlr\-idUKTRE78I16A20110919\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=27 November 2016\|title\=Tata's Jaguar Land Rover picks UK for new plant\|date\=19 September 2011\|work\=Reuters\|access\-date\=23 October 2011}}{{cite news\|url\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/industry/engineering/8773359/Jaguar\-Land\-Rover\-to\-confirm\-new\-UK\-plant.html \|archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/industry/engineering/8773359/Jaguar\-Land\-Rover\-to\-confirm\-new\-UK\-plant.html \|archive\-date\=12 January 2022 \|url\-access\=subscription \|url\-status\=live\|title\=Jaguar Land Rover confirms new UK plant\|date\=19 September 2011\|newspaper\=The Telegraph\|access\-date\=23 October 2011\|location\=London\|first\=Donna\|last\=Bowater}}{{cbignore}} Later in the same month it was announced that the [Jensen](/wiki/Jensen_Motors "Jensen Motors") marque would be revived, with a new version of the [Interceptor](/wiki/Jensen_Interceptor "Jensen Interceptor") to be built by CPP Holdings at the former Jaguar factory [Browns Lane](/wiki/Browns_Lane_plant "Browns Lane plant") in Coventry.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/motoring/news/8776461/New\-Jensen\-Interceptor\-to\-be\-built\-in\-Britain.html \|archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/motoring/news/8776461/New\-Jensen\-Interceptor\-to\-be\-built\-in\-Britain.html \|archive\-date\=12 January 2022 \|url\-access\=subscription \|url\-status\=live\|title\=New Jensen Interceptor to be built in Britain\|date\=20 September 2011\|newspaper\=The Telegraph\|access\-date\=23 October 2011\|location\=London\|first\=Chris\|last\=Knapman}}{{cbignore}}{{cite magazine\|url\=http://www.autoexpress.co.uk/news/autoexpressnews/272977/new\_jensen\_interceptor.html\|title\=New Jensen Interceptor\|date\=20 September 2011\|magazine\=Auto Express\|access\-date\=28 October 2011}} In November, Toyota announced plans to make the UK its sole European manufacturing base for hatchback versions of its next C\-segment family car, resulting in the investment of over £100 million in its Burnaston plant and the creation of around 1,500 new jobs.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk\-england\-derbyshire\-15870451\|title\=Toyota announces 1,500 new jobs for Burnaston factory\|date\=24 November 2011\|work\=BBC News\|access\-date\=1 December 2011}}{{Cite news\|url\=http://www.autocar.co.uk/News/NewsArticle/AllCars/260208/\|title\=Toyota to build new hatch in UK\|date\=24 November 2011\|publisher\=Autocar\|access\-date\=1 December 2011}} [left\|thumb\|2017 First generation [Jaguar F\-Type](/wiki/Jaguar_F-Type "Jaguar F-Type") R Coupe, produced from 2013 \- 2019](/wiki/File:2017_Jaguar_F-Type_V6_R-Dynamic_Automatic_3.0_Front.jpg "2017 Jaguar F-Type V6 R-Dynamic Automatic 3.0 Front.jpg") In September 2013 it was announced that a new [National Automotive Innovation Campus](/wiki/National_Automotive_Innovation_Campus "National Automotive Innovation Campus") would be built at the [University of Warwick](/wiki/University_of_Warwick "University of Warwick")'s main campus at a cost of £100 million, with £45 million to be contributed by [Jaguar Land Rover](/wiki/Jaguar_Land_Rover "Jaguar Land Rover").{{cite news\|url\=https://www.independent.co.uk/student/news/100m\-investment\-boost\-for\-warwick\-university\-8839352\.html\|title\=£100m investment boost for Warwick University\|access\-date\=12 October 2013\|newspaper\=The Independent\|date\=25 September 2013}}{{cite news\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk\-england\-coventry\-warwickshire\-24227662\|title\=University of Warwick £100m car centre 'will secure jobs'\|access\-date\=12 October 2013\|publisher\=BBC\|date\=24 September 2013}} In the half\-year from January to June 2014, the UK had its best year in new car sales in 9 years. 1\.28 million new cars were sold during the period, a rise of 10% compared to the same period in 2013\.{{citation needed\|date\=January 2015}} In 2014, more than 1\.5 million cars were produced, the highest since 2007\.["UK car production at seven\-year high."](https://www.bbc.com/news/business-30945288) *BBC*. 23 January 2015\. Retrieved 24 January 2015\. The [Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders](/wiki/Society_of_Motor_Manufacturers_and_Traders "Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders") (SMMT) figures show a total of 2\.31 million new cars were registered in 2019, down 2\.4% from the year before. It was the third consecutive year of decline, and the SMMT expects that trend to continue in 2020\.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.bbc.com/news/business\-50985412\|title\=New car registrations at lowest level since 2013\|last\=Leggett\|first\=Theo\|date\=2020\-01\-06\|access\-date\=2020\-01\-06\|language\=en\-GB}} In the year 2019, the best selling vehicle in the UK was Ford Fiesta, followed by Volkswagen Golf, Ford Transit, Ford Focus, and Vauxhall Corsa.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.msn.com/en\-gb/cars/news/ford\-transit\-custom\-van\-is\-britains\-third\-best\-selling\-vehicle/ar\-BBYFDUy \|title\=Ford Transit Custom VAN is Britain's third best\-selling vehicle \|website\=www.msn.com \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216204428/https://www.msn.com/en\-gb/cars/news/ford\-transit\-custom\-van\-is\-britains\-third\-best\-selling\-vehicle/ar\-BBYFDUy \|archive\-date\=2020\-02\-16}} In 2019, Honda announced that its [Swindon](/wiki/Swindon "Swindon") plant will close by 2021\.{{cite web \|last1\=Chapman \|first1\=Ben \|date\=2019\-05\-13 \|title\=Honda to close Swindon plant by 2021 with loss of 3,500 jobs \|url\=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/honda\-swindon\-manufacturing\-plant\-closure\-jobs\-employees\-latest\-a8911766\.html \|access\-date\=2020\-07\-01 \|website\=independent.co.uk}} In June 2019, [Ford](/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company "Ford Motor Company") announced that it would close its [Ford Bridgend Engine Plant](/wiki/Ford_Bridgend_Engine_Plant "Ford Bridgend Engine Plant") by September 2020 due to a lack of demand for the "Dragon" engine produced there.{{Cite news \|date\=2019\-06\-06 \|title\=Exactly why Ford says it is closing the Bridgend engine plant \|url\=https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/politics/ford\-closing\-bridgend\-engine\-plant\-16387275 \|access\-date\=2023\-11\-10 \|work\=Wales Online \|language\=en\-GB}} The plant was closed on 25 September 2020\. ### From 2020 [right\|thumb\|[Lotus Emira](/wiki/Lotus_Emira "Lotus Emira"), produced from 2022 \- PresentIn](/wiki/File:2022_Lotus_Emira_First_Edition_Silver.jpg "2022 Lotus Emira First Edition Silver.jpg") March 2021, [Aston Martin](/wiki/Aston_Martin "Aston Martin") announced that their electric sports models would be manufactured at their car plant in [Gaydon](/wiki/Gaydon "Gaydon"), [Warwickshire](/wiki/Warwickshire "Warwickshire").{{Cite news\|date\=2021\-03\-07\|title\=Aston Martin's electric sports models to be made at Gaydon plant\|language\=en\-GB\|work\=BBC News\|url\=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk\-england\-coventry\-warwickshire\-56315124\|access\-date\=2021\-03\-09}}
[ "History\n-------", "### 1880 to 1900", "[thumb\\|right\\|[Thomas Parker](/wiki/Thomas_Parker_%28inventor%29 \"Thomas Parker (inventor)\") produced the first [Electric Car](/wiki/Electric_Car \"Electric Car\") in 1884{{Cite web \\|title\\=Thomas Parker invented the First Electric Car in 1884 \\|url\\=https://historycollection.com/thomas\\-parker\\-invented\\-first\\-electric\\-car\\-1884 \\|publisher\\=History Collection \\|access\\-date\\=14 June 2024\\|date\\=23 February 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614191023/https://historycollection.com/thomas\\-parker\\-invented\\-first\\-electric\\-car\\-1884/ \\|archive\\-date\\=14 June 2024}}](/wiki/File:Thomas_Parker_Electric_car.jpg \"Thomas Parker Electric car.jpg\")\nThe inception of the **British motor industry** can be traced back to the mid\\-1880s when there were several key developments. One development was when [Frederick Simms](/wiki/Frederick_Richard_Simms \"Frederick Richard Simms\"), a London\\-based consulting engineer, became friends with [Gottlieb Daimler](/wiki/Gottlieb_Daimler \"Gottlieb Daimler\"), who had, in 1885, patented a successful design for a high\\-speed [petrol engine](/wiki/Petrol_engine \"Petrol engine\"). Simms acquired the British rights to Daimler's engine and associated patents and from 1891 successfully sold launches using these [Cannstatt](/wiki/Daimler_Motoren_Gesellschaft \"Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft\")\\-made motors from [Eel Pie Island](/wiki/Eel_Pie_Island \"Eel Pie Island\") in the Thames. In 1893 he formed *The Daimler Motor Syndicate Limited* for his various Daimler\\-related enterprises.Lord Montagu and David Burgess\\-Wise *Daimler Century*; Stephens 1995 {{ISBN\\|1\\-85260\\-494\\-8}}", "In June 1895, Simms and his friend Evelyn Ellis promoted motor cars in the [United Kingdom](/wiki/United_Kingdom \"United Kingdom\") by bringing a Daimler\\-engined *Panhard \\& Levassor* to England and in July it completed, without police intervention, the first British long\\-distance motorcar journey from Southampton to Malvern.", "Simms' documented plans to manufacture Daimler motors and Daimler Motor Carriages (in Cheltenham) were taken over, together with his company and its Daimler licences, by London company\\-promoter [H J Lawson](/wiki/Harry_J._Lawson \"Harry J. Lawson\"). Lawson contracted to buy *The Daimler Motor Syndicate Limited* and all its rights and on 14 January 1896 formed and in February successfully floated in London [*The Daimler Motor Company Limited*](/wiki/Daimler_Company \"Daimler Company\"). It then purchased from a friend of Lawson a disused cotton mill in [Coventry](/wiki/Coventry \"Coventry\") for car engine and chassis manufacture where, it is claimed, the UK's first serial production car was made.", "[thumb\\|left\\|1897 [Daimler](/wiki/Daimler_Company \"Daimler Company\") Grafton Phaeton](/wiki/File:Daimler_Grafton_Phaeton_1897.jpg \"Daimler Grafton Phaeton 1897.jpg\")\n[George Lanchester](/wiki/George_Lanchester \"George Lanchester\") produced one of the first British cars between 1895 and 1896 having a single\\-cylinder 1306cc engine, he went on to sell the first car with [disc brakes](/wiki/Disc_brakes \"Disc brakes\").{{cite web\\|last\\=Lentinello \\|first \\=Richard \\|title\\=The first car with disc brakes really was . . . \\|url\\= https://www.hemmings.com/magazine/hsx/2011/04/The\\-first\\-car\\-with\\-disc\\-brakes\\-really\\-was\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-/3698201\\.html \\|work\\=Hemmings Sports \\& Exotic Car \\|date\\=April 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=16 June 2024}} In 1891 Richard Stephens, a mining engineer from South Wales, returned from a commission in Michigan to establish a bicycle works in Clevedon, Somerset. Whilst in the United States, he had seen the developments in motive power and by 1897 he had produced his first car. This was entirely of his own design and manufacture, including the two\\-cylinder engine, apart from the wheels which he bought from Starley in Coventry. This was probably the first all\\-British car and Stephens set up a production line, manufacturing in all, twelve vehicles, including four\\- and six\\-seater cars and hackneys, and nine\\-seater buses.{{cite web\n \\|title\\=Daimler: History \n \\|url\\=http://www.daimler.co.uk/history/html/simm\\&daimler.htm \n \\|url\\-status\\=dead \n \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20061106230418/http://www.daimler.co.uk/history/html/simm%26daimler.htm \n \\|archive\\-date\\=6 November 2006\n}}", "Early motor vehicle development in the UK had been effectively stopped by a series of [Locomotive Acts](/wiki/Locomotive_Acts \"Locomotive Acts\") introduced during the 19th century which severely restricted the use of mechanically propelled vehicles on the [public highways](/wiki/Public_highway \"Public highway\"). Following intense advocacy by motor vehicle enthusiasts, including Harry J. Lawson of Daimler, the worst restrictions of these acts, (the need for each vehicle to be accompanied by a crew of three, and a {{convert\\|2\\|mi/h\\|km/h\\|abbr\\=on}} speed limit in towns), was lifted by the [Locomotives on Highways Act 1896](/wiki/Locomotives_on_Highways_Act_1896 \"Locomotives on Highways Act 1896\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://media.daimler.com/dcmedia/0\\-921\\-614822\\-1\\-874742\\-1\\-0\\-0\\-0\\-0\\-0\\-11702\\-614318\\-0\\-1\\-0\\-0\\-0\\-0\\-0\\.html\\|title\\=The early years of the automobile in Britain\\|publisher\\=Dailmer\\|access\\-date\\=2010\\-10\\-09\\|quote\\=Meanwhile, British Motor Syndicate began a public relations campaign to lobby for the repeal of the \"Highways and Locomotive Act\", still the main obstacle to the introduction of the car in Britain}} Under this regulation, *light locomotives* (those vehicles under 3 [tons](/wiki/Ton \"Ton\") unladen weight) were exempt from the previous restrictions, and a higher speed limit – {{convert\\|14\\|mi/h\\|km/h\\|abbr\\=on}} was set for them. To celebrate the new freedoms Lawson organised the [Emancipation Run](/wiki/Emancipation_Run \"Emancipation Run\") held on 14 November 1896, the day the new Act came into force. This occasion has been commemorated since 1927 by the annual [London to Brighton Veteran Car Run](/wiki/London_to_Brighton_Veteran_Car_Run \"London to Brighton Veteran Car Run\").{{cite book \\|author\\=Setright, L. J. K. \\|title\\=Drive On!: A Social History of the Motor Car \\|publisher\\=Granta Books \\|year\\=2004 \\|isbn\\=1\\-86207\\-698\\-7}}", "### 1900 to 1939", "[thumb\\|right\\| [Rolls\\-Royce 10 hp](/wiki/Rolls-Royce_10_hp \"Rolls-Royce 10 hp\"), produced from 1904 \\- 1906](/wiki/File:Rollsroyce1905.jpg \"Rollsroyce1905.jpg\")\nThe early British vehicles of the late\\-nineteenth century relied mainly upon developments from [Germany](/wiki/German_Empire \"German Empire\") and [France](/wiki/French_Third_Republic \"French Third Republic\"). By 1900 however, the first all\\-British 4\\-wheel car had been designed and built by [Herbert Austin](/wiki/Herbert_Austin \"Herbert Austin\") as manager of [The Wolseley Sheep Shearing Machine Company](/wiki/The_Wolseley_Sheep_Shearing_Machine_Company%23Wolseley_cars \"The Wolseley Sheep Shearing Machine Company#Wolseley cars\"). In 1901, backed by ([Vickers Limited](/wiki/Vickers_Limited \"Vickers Limited\")) brothers ['Colonel Tom'](/wiki/Thomas_Vickers \"Thomas Vickers\") and [Albert Vickers](/wiki/Albert_Vickers \"Albert Vickers\") \\[la], Austin started what became [Wolseley Motors](/wiki/Wolseley_Motors \"Wolseley Motors\") in Birmingham and was the UK's largest car manufacturer until Ford overtook them in 1913\\.{{cite book\n\\|author\\=Church, Roy\n\\|title\\=The rise and decline of the British motor industry\n\\|publisher\\=Cambridge University Press\n\\|year\\=1995\n\\|isbn\\=0\\-521\\-55770\\-4\n}}", "The great bulk of the pioneering car producers, many of them from the bicycle industry, got off to a shaky start. Of the 200 British makes of car that had been launched up until 1913, only about 100 of the firms were still in existence. In 1910, UK vehicle production was 14,000 units. By 1913, [Henry Ford](/wiki/Henry_Ford \"Henry Ford\") had built a new factory in [Manchester](/wiki/Manchester \"Manchester\") and was the leading UK carmaker, building 7,310 cars that year, followed by Wolseley at 3,000, [Humber](/wiki/Humber_Limited \"Humber Limited\") (making cars since 1898 in Coventry) at 2,500, [Rover](/wiki/Rover_Company \"Rover Company\") (Coventry car maker since 1904\\) at 1,800 and [Sunbeam](/wiki/Sunbeam_Motor_Car_Company \"Sunbeam Motor Car Company\") (producing cars since 1901\\) at 1,700, with the plethora of smaller producers bringing the 1913 total up to about 16,000 vehicles.{{cite book\n\\|title\\=The Motor Men\n\\|author\\=King, Peter\n\\|publisher\\=Quiller Press\n\\|year\\=1989\n\\|isbn\\=1\\-870948\\-23\\-8\n}} Car production virtually came to an end during [the war years 1914–1918](/wiki/World_War_I \"World War I\"), although the requirements of war production led to the development of new mass\\-production techniques in the motor industry.", "[left\\|thumb\\|A 1934 [MG PA](/wiki/MG_P-type \"MG P-type\")](/wiki/File:MG_PA%2C_Bj._1934_%282007-06-17%29.jpg \"MG PA, Bj. 1934 (2007-06-17).jpg\")\nBy 1922, there were 183 motor companies in the UK, and by 1929, following the slump years, there were 58 companies remaining.{{cite book \\|last\\=Baldwin \\|first\\=N. \\|title\\=A\\-Z of Cars of the 1920s\\|year\\=1994 \\|publisher\\=Bay View Books \\|location\\=Devon, UK \\|isbn\\=1\\-870979\\-53\\-2}} In 1929, production was dominated by [Morris](/wiki/Morris_Motors \"Morris Motors\") (founded by [William Morris](/wiki/William_Morris%2C_1st_Viscount_Nuffield \"William Morris, 1st Viscount Nuffield\") in 1910 in [Oxford](/wiki/Oxford \"Oxford\")) and [Austin](/wiki/Austin_Motor_Company \"Austin Motor Company\") (founded by Herbert Austin in [Birmingham](/wiki/Birmingham \"Birmingham\") in 1905 after he left Wolseley) which between them produced around 60% of total UK output. [Singer](/wiki/Singer_%28car%29 \"Singer (car)\") (Coventry motorcycle manufacturer started building cars in 1905\\) followed in third place that year with 15% of production.", "In 1932, the UK overtook France to become Europe's largest car producer (a position which it retained until 1955\\). In 1937, the UK produced 379,310 passenger cars and 113,946 commercial vehicles.{{cite book \\|last\\=Vanderveen \\|first\\=Bart H. \\|title\\=British Cars of the Late Thirties 1935 – 1939\\|year\\=1973 \\|publisher\\=Frederick Warne \\|location\\=London and New York \\|isbn\\=0\\-7232\\-1712\\-2}} To celebrate the granting of his peerage, William Morris upon becoming Viscount Nuffield, reorganised his motor vehicle companies in 1938, which by then included not only Morris Motors and [MG](/wiki/MG_%28car%29 \"MG (car)\"), but also Wolseley and [Riley](/wiki/Riley_%28motorcar%29 \"Riley (motorcar)\") (bicycle company founded in Coventry in 1890 and making cars since 1906\\), into the [Nuffield Organization](/wiki/Nuffield_Organization \"Nuffield Organization\"). In 1939, the top producers were Morris: 27%, Austin: 24%, Ford: 15%, [Standard](/wiki/Standard_Motor_Company \"Standard Motor Company\") (founded in Coventry in 1903\\): 13%, [Rootes](/wiki/Rootes_Group \"Rootes Group\") (which had acquired Humber and Sunbeam): 11%, [Vauxhall](/wiki/Vauxhall_Motors \"Vauxhall Motors\") (building cars since 1903, acquired by [GM](/wiki/General_Motors \"General Motors\") in 1925\\): 10%.", "{{Further\\|Leidart}}", "### 1939 to 1955", "[right\\|thumb\\|The [Land Rover Series](/wiki/Land_Rover_Series \"Land Rover Series\") I, introduced in 1948\\.](/wiki/File:Land_Rover_Series_1_HT_%28cropped%29.jpg \"Land Rover Series 1 HT (cropped).jpg\")\nDuring the [Second World War](/wiki/Second_World_War \"Second World War\"), car production in the UK gave way to commercial and military vehicle production, and many motor vehicle plants were converted to aircraft and aero engine production. Following the war, the UK Government had nationalised the steel industry; where priority was given to supplying foreign\\-revenue\\-raising export businesses. In 1947, steel was available only to businesses which exported at least 75% of their production. This, coupled with the inevitably limited competition from continental Europe, and with demand for new vehicles in America and in Australia being greater than the American industry alone could supply, resulted in British vehicle exports reaching record levels and the UK became the world's largest motor vehicle exporter. In 1937, the UK provided 15% of world vehicle exports. By 1950, a year in which 75% of British car production and 60% of its commercial vehicle production was exported, the UK provided 52% of the world's exported vehicles.{{fact\\|date\\=August 2024}}", "This situation remained until the mid\\-1950s, by which time the American industry production had caught up with American demand, and European production was recovering. By 1952, the American\\-owned producers in the UK (Ford and GM's Vauxhall) had between them a 29% share of the British market, which exceeded the share of either of the UK's two top domestically owned manufacturers. It was in that context that Viscount Nuffield agreed to the merger of his company, the Nuffield Organization, with Austin, to form the [British Motor Corporation](/wiki/British_Motor_Corporation \"British Motor Corporation\") (BMC). Thus BMC, comprising Austin, Morris, MG, Riley and Wolseley was formed in 1952 and commanded a 40% share of the British market. German production was increasing yearly, and by 1953 it had exceeded that of France, and by 1956 it had overtaken that of the UK.", "### 1955 to 1968", "[left\\|thumb\\|[Jaguar E\\-type](/wiki/Jaguar_E-type \"Jaguar E-type\") (introduced 1961\\)](/wiki/File:1963_Jaguar_XK-E_Roadster.jpg \"1963 Jaguar XK-E Roadster.jpg\")\nBy 1955 five companies produced 90% of the UK's motor vehicle output: BMC, Ford, Rootes, Standard\\-Triumph and Vauxhall. Of the dozen or so smaller producers Rover and Jaguar were strong niche producers. By 1960 the UK had dropped from being the world's second largest motor vehicle producer into third place. Labour\\-intensive methods, and wide model ranges hindered opportunities to reduce manufacturing costs – the UK's unit costs were higher than those of their major Japanese, European and American competitors.{{cite book\n\\|title\\=The British Motor Industry 1945–1994\n\\|author\\=Timothy R. Whisler\n\\|year\\=1999\n\\|publisher\\=Oxford University Press\n\\|isbn\\=0\\-19\\-829074\\-8\n}} Although rationalisation of motor vehicle companies had started, full integration did not occur. BMC continued to produce vehicles under the marque names of its incorporated companies, many of which competed with each other.{{cite book\n\\|title\\=Twentieth Century Industrial Archaeology\n\\|author\\=Michael Stratton\n\\|publisher\\=Spon Press\n\\|year\\=2000\n\\|isbn\\=0\\-419\\-24680\\-0\n}} Standard\\-Triumph's attempts to reduce costs by embracing a modern volume production strategy almost led to their bankruptcy in 1960, the result was that they were purchased by the [commercial vehicle](/wiki/Commercial_vehicle \"Commercial vehicle\") manufacturing company [Leyland Motors](/wiki/Leyland_Motors \"Leyland Motors\"). In 1966, BMC and Jaguar came together, to form [British Motor Holdings](/wiki/British_Motor_Holdings \"British Motor Holdings\") (BMH). Leyland had achieved some sales success with Leyland\\-Triumph and in 1967 it acquired Rover. By 1966 the UK had slipped to become the world's fourth largest motor vehicle producer. Following a gradual process which had begun in 1964, [Chrysler UK](/wiki/Chrysler_Europe \"Chrysler Europe\") (CUK) had fully acquired Rootes by 1967\\.{{fact\\|date\\=August 2024}}\n[thumb\\|right\\|1967 [Mini](/wiki/Mini \"Mini\") (introduced 1959\\)](/wiki/File:Morris_Mini-Minor_1967.jpg \"Morris Mini-Minor 1967.jpg\")\nIn the context of BMC's wide, complex, and expensive\\-to\\-produce model range, Ford's conventionally designed [Cortina](/wiki/Ford_Cortina \"Ford Cortina\") challenging for the number one spot in the domestic market, and the heavy reliance of the British economy on motor vehicle production, in 1968 the Government brokered the merger of the successful Leyland\\-Triumph\\-Rover and the struggling BMH, to form Europe's fourth\\-largest car maker, the [British Leyland Motor Corporation](/wiki/British_Leyland_Motor_Corporation \"British Leyland Motor Corporation\") (BLMC). The new company announced its intention to invest in a new volume car range, and to equip its factories with the latest capital\\-intensive production methods.", "BMC's [Mini](/wiki/Mini \"Mini\"), designed by [Alec Issigonis](/wiki/Alec_Issigonis \"Alec Issigonis\"), had revolutionized the small car market in 1959, and the car remained among the UK's best selling cars for more than 20 years after its launch, the last version finally rolling off the production line on 4 October 2000 after a run of 41 years. The [Rootes Group](/wiki/Rootes_Group \"Rootes Group\") launched the similar\\-sized [Hillman Imp](/wiki/Hillman_Imp \"Hillman Imp\") four years later, but by the end of the 1960s [Ford](/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company \"Ford Motor Company\") and Vauxhall had yet to launch a comparable product, and even with foreign imports slowly starting to gain ground on the British market, [Italy](/wiki/Italy \"Italy\")'s [Fiat 500](/wiki/Fiat_500 \"Fiat 500\") was one of the few comparable alternatives to the virtual monopoly of the Mini and Hillman Imp in this sector of the market.{{fact\\|date\\=August 2024}}", "[left\\|thumb\\|1962 [AC Ace](/wiki/AC_Ace \"AC Ace\"), produced 1953\\-1963](/wiki/File:1962_AC_Ace_2.6_Ruddspeed_front.jpg \"1962 AC Ace 2.6 Ruddspeed front.jpg\")\nAlso designed by Alec Issigonis was the [Morris Minor](/wiki/Morris_Minor \"Morris Minor\"), which was heavily updated in 1956 having originally gone into production in 1948\\. It earned a reputation for low running costs, good reliability and competitive pricing, and continued to sell well throughout the 1960s in spite of the popularity of BMC's [1100/1300](/wiki/Austin_1100 \"Austin 1100\") range which was launched in 1962, The Morris Minor was also the first British car to reach one million in production in 1961 with this record number reached a special model of the Morris Minor was created and sent to all of the main dealerships under the name \"Morris Million\".{{fact\\|date\\=August 2024}}", "Ford's competitor in this sector was the [Anglia](/wiki/Ford_Anglia \"Ford Anglia\"), which featured unconventional styling but was still one of the country's most successful cars from its launch in 1959 up to the end of production in 1967, after which it was replaced by the [Escort](/wiki/Ford_Escort_%28Europe%29 \"Ford Escort (Europe)\"). Other British competitors in this sector were the [Vauxhall Viva](/wiki/Vauxhall_Viva_%281963%E2%80%931979%29 \"Vauxhall Viva (1963–1979)\") and [Hillman Minx](/wiki/Hillman_Minx \"Hillman Minx\").{{fact\\|date\\=August 2024}}", "Larger family cars enjoyed strong sales in the 1960s, namely the [Ford Cortina](/wiki/Ford_Cortina \"Ford Cortina\") (launched in 1962\\), [Austin](/wiki/Austin_Motor_Company \"Austin Motor Company\")/[Morris](/wiki/Morris_Motors \"Morris Motors\") [1800](/wiki/Austin_1800 \"Austin 1800\") (1964\\) and [Vauxhall Victor](/wiki/Vauxhall_Victor \"Vauxhall Victor\") (1957\\). Later in the 1960s, the Rootes Group launched a new competitor in this growing sector of the market \\- the [Hillman Hunter](/wiki/Hillman_Hunter \"Hillman Hunter\").{{fact\\|date\\=August 2024}}", "The [Rover P6](/wiki/Rover_P6 \"Rover P6\"), launched in 1963 and the first winner of the [European Car of the Year](/wiki/European_Car_of_the_Year \"European Car of the Year\") award, was arguably the most popular luxury model in the UK during the 1960s.{{fact\\|date\\=August 2024}}", "[right\\|thumb\\|1966 [Jaguar Mk 2](/wiki/Jaguar_Mk_2 \"Jaguar Mk 2\"), produced 1959\\-1967](/wiki/File:Jaguar_Mk_2_3.4L_%281966%29_-_14568296915.jpg \"Jaguar Mk 2 3.4L (1966) - 14568296915.jpg\")\nThe iconic [Jaguar E\\-Type](/wiki/Jaguar_E-Type \"Jaguar E-Type\") sports car, designed by Malcolm Sayer, with a top speed of {{convert\\|145\\|mph}} and the choice of a coupe or roadster bodystyle, was launched in 1961 and would remain in production until 1975\\. Cheaper sports cars also enjoyed strong sales during the 1960s, including the [MG B](/wiki/MG_B \"MG B\") and [Triumph Spitfire](/wiki/Triumph_Spitfire \"Triumph Spitfire\") which were launched in the early part of the decade, and the [Ford Capri](/wiki/Ford_Capri \"Ford Capri\") which was launched just before the decade's end.{{fact\\|date\\=August 2024}}", "The 1960s saw a slow but sure increase in the popularity of foreign cars on the British market. [Volkswagen](/wiki/Volkswagen \"Volkswagen\") of [West Germany](/wiki/West_Germany \"West Germany\") had imported the iconic [Beetle](/wiki/Volkswagen_Beetle \"Volkswagen Beetle\") to Britain since 1953; this car was first launched in 1937 as a \"people's car\" for the German market under the [Nazi](/wiki/Nazi \"Nazi\") regime. Its arrival on the UK market less than a decade after the end of [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\") was met with hostility, with many examples being vandalised soon after being distributed, but it quickly became popular, with nearly 10,000 being sold in 1959\\. Volkswagen also began importing examples of its people carrier and van models, and by 1963 had sold 100,000 cars in Britain.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.vwheritage.com/blog/2013/10/31/60\\-years\\-of\\-vw\\-in\\-uk/\\|title \\= 60 Years of VW in UK\\|date \\= 31 October 2013}}[Renault](/wiki/Renault \"Renault\") of [France](/wiki/France \"France\") had actually built UK market versions of its cars at a site in [Acton](/wiki/Acton%2C_London \"Acton, London\"), West London, from 1902 until 1962, but its popularity actually increased after the end of UK production, helped by the arrival of the [Renault 4](/wiki/Renault_4 \"Renault 4\") minicar in 1961 and the world's first production hatchback model, the [Renault 16](/wiki/Renault_16 \"Renault 16\"), in 1965\\. By the end of the decade, it had launched a smaller hatchback model, the [Renault 6](/wiki/Renault_6 \"Renault 6\"), and a mid\\-range saloon, the [Renault 12](/wiki/Renault_12 \"Renault 12\"), and was continuing to grow in popularity.[Renault in the UK \\| Discover Renault \\| Renault UK](https://www.renault.co.uk/discover-renault/renault-in-the-uk.html) Renault's French rival [Peugeot](/wiki/Peugeot \"Peugeot\") also enjoyed success in the 1960s with its [404](/wiki/Peugeot_404 \"Peugeot 404\") saloon and even more so with its successor, the [504](/wiki/Peugeot_504 \"Peugeot 504\"), which was launched in 1968\\.[Peugeot 504 \\- Classic Car Review \\| Honest John](http://classics.honestjohn.co.uk/reviews/peugeot/504/) This set the scene for even more sales for foreign carmakers on the UK market during the next two decades, as their market share continued to grow.{{fact\\|date\\=August 2024}}", "[Japanese](/wiki/Japan \"Japan\") cars also started to appear on the UK market during the 1960s, although they were a rare on British roads until exploding in popularity during the early 1970s. The [Daihatsu Compagno](/wiki/Daihatsu_Compagno \"Daihatsu Compagno\") was the first Japanese car to be sold in Britain when imports began during 1964\\. This car was not popular with British buyers and was withdrawn from sale within a few years, although Daihatsu would return to the UK market in the early 1980s.[Daihatsu Compagno \\- Classic Car Review \\| Honest John](http://classics.honestjohn.co.uk/reviews/daihatsu/compagno/) A year later, [Toyota](/wiki/Toyota \"Toyota\") became the second Japanese carmaker to import cars to Britain. It was followed shortly afterwards by [Nissan](/wiki/Nissan \"Nissan\") (which used the [Datsun](/wiki/Datsun \"Datsun\") brand for the UK market) and [Mazda](/wiki/Mazda \"Mazda\"). [Honda](/wiki/Honda \"Honda\") was also enjoying great success on the motorcycle market by this stage, although it didn't start importing passenger cars to the UK until 1972\\.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://blog.toyota.co.uk/toyota\\-celebrates\\-50\\-years\\-in\\-the\\-uk \\|title\\=Toyota celebrates 50 years in the UK \\- Toyota \\|access\\-date\\=29 March 2017 \\|archive\\-date\\=30 March 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170330083528/http://blog.toyota.co.uk/toyota\\-celebrates\\-50\\-years\\-in\\-the\\-uk \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}", "### 1968 to 1987", "[left\\|thumbnail\\|[Morgan Plus 8](/wiki/Morgan_Plus_8 \"Morgan Plus 8\"), produced from 1968 to 2004 \\& 2012 to 2018](/wiki/File:Morgan_Plus_8_%4001.JPG \"Morgan Plus 8 @01.JPG\")\nBy 1968, UK motor vehicle production was dominated by four companies: BLMC, Chrysler (UK), Ford, and Vauxhall (GM). The [Rootes Group](/wiki/Rootes_Group \"Rootes Group\") had taken on the name Chrysler UK after its takeover by the [American](/wiki/United_States_of_America \"United States of America\") car giant [Chrysler](/wiki/Chrysler \"Chrysler\"), which had also taken over French carmaker [Simca](/wiki/Simca \"Simca\").", "The national champion, BLMC ([British Leyland](/wiki/British_Leyland \"British Leyland\") from 1968\\), was handicapped in its attempts to modernise by internal rivalries. Unattractive new products (particularly the [Austin Allegro](/wiki/Austin_Allegro \"Austin Allegro\") and [Morris Marina](/wiki/Morris_Marina \"Morris Marina\")) which were widely criticised by the motoring press, retention of legacy marques and models, labour disputes, quality issues, supplier problems and inefficient use of new equipment thwarted the dream of efficient high volume production. Increased overseas competition and high unit costs led to lowered profits, which in turn jeopardised investment plans. Although the cars continued to sell well in Britain, they were less popular on overseas markets. As well as that, the company often produced several cars to compete in the same market sector. For instance, it produced four competitors for the [Ford Cortina](/wiki/Ford_Cortina \"Ford Cortina\") at the same time \\- the Morris Marina, Austin Maxi, Triumph Dolomite and the [Princess](/wiki/Princess_%28car%29 \"Princess (car)\").", "[Japanese](/wiki/Japan \"Japan\") cars, particularly the [Datsun](/wiki/Datsun \"Datsun\") badged cars built by [Nissan](/wiki/Nissan \"Nissan\") enjoyed a strong surge in popularity during the first half of the 1970s, while [French](/wiki/France \"France\") carmaker [Renault](/wiki/Renault \"Renault\") and [West German](/wiki/West_Germany \"West Germany\") carmaker [Volkswagen](/wiki/Volkswagen \"Volkswagen\") also enjoyed an upturn on the British market, helped by the arrival of well\\-received new cars, particularly the [Renault 5](/wiki/Renault_5 \"Renault 5\") in 1972 and the [Volkswagen Golf](/wiki/Volkswagen_Golf \"Volkswagen Golf\") in 1974\\.", "The fortunes of foreign carmakers on the British market were also assisted by the fact that most British manufacturers adopted the hatchback bodystyle, mostly featuring front\\-wheel drive, considerably later than their continental rivals. For instance, the arrival of the front\\-wheel drive [Volkswagen Golf](/wiki/Volkswagen_Golf \"Volkswagen Golf\") hatchback in 1974 came four years before any of the four British\\-based carmakers had launched an equivalent car. By the time the first small British\\-built hatchback, the [Vauxhall Chevette](/wiki/Vauxhall_Chevette \"Vauxhall Chevette\"), was launched in 1975, the French [Renault 5](/wiki/Renault_5 \"Renault 5\") had already been in production for three years. However, [British Leyland](/wiki/British_Leyland \"British Leyland\")'s larger [Austin Maxi](/wiki/Austin_Maxi \"Austin Maxi\") had been sold with a hatchback and front\\-wheel drive since its 1969 launch, although it sold similar\\-sized cars like the [Morris Marina](/wiki/Morris_Marina \"Morris Marina\") and [Triumph Dolomite](/wiki/Triumph_Dolomite \"Triumph Dolomite\") alongside it as a rear\\-wheel drive saloon alternative, with the Dolomite being sold further upmarket than the Marina. For buyers wanting six\\-cylinder and larger four\\-cylinder engines, the Princess was launched in 1975\\. Chrysler launched the [Alpine](/wiki/Chrysler_Alpine \"Chrysler Alpine\") for this market sector in 1975, featuring front wheel drive and a hatchback, but kept the [Hunter](/wiki/Hillman_Hunter \"Hillman Hunter\") in production alongside it until 1979 for buyers who still preferred rear\\-wheel drive and a saloon or estate bodystyle.", "At the luxury end of the market, British Leyland was actually one of the first manufacturers in the world to put a hatchback on an upmarket car when it launched the [Rover SD1](/wiki/Rover_SD1 \"Rover SD1\") in 1976\\. This car signalled the beginning of rationalisation at British Leyland, with the SD1 replacing two model ranges \\- the [Rover P6](/wiki/Rover_P6 \"Rover P6\") and [Triumph 2000/2500](/wiki/Triumph_2000 \"Triumph 2000\").", "The popularity of Nissan's range of Datsun\\-badged cars in the 1970s was largely down to their low prices, cheap running costs, good equipment levels and a reputation for better reliability than most British cars, although these cars also went on to gain a reputation for being prone to rust.", "BLMC's share of the UK market dropped from 40% to 32% between 1971 and 1973, with its new [Morris Marina](/wiki/Morris_Marina \"Morris Marina\") and [Austin Allegro](/wiki/Austin_Allegro \"Austin Allegro\") family cars selling well on the British market but not proving popular on many export markets, with the motoring media being critical of the styling of these new models as well as questions regarding the level of quality.", "[right\\|thumbnail\\|The first\\-generation [Range Rover](/wiki/Range_Rover \"Range Rover\"), produced from 1970 to 1996](/wiki/File:1974_Range_Rover_Classic_4X4_Wagon_%2847201968852%29.jpg \"1974 Range Rover Classic 4X4 Wagon (47201968852).jpg\")\nBy 1974, the UK's position as a world motor vehicle manufacturer had dropped to sixth place. In 1974, both BLMC and Chrysler UK appealed to the UK Government for financial help. The Government rejected the idea of a merger between the two companies, and instead Chrysler UK received a loan and BLMC was subjected to a series of studies to determine its future. The Government's official BLMC enquiry, led by [Lord Ryder](/wiki/Ryder_Report_%28British_Leyland%29 \"Ryder Report (British Leyland)\"), suggested that BLMC's strategy was sound, but required huge state investment to improve productivity by providing mechanisation and improving labour relations.", "Despite the effective [nationalisation](/wiki/Nationalisation \"Nationalisation\") of BLMC as [British Leyland](/wiki/British_Leyland \"British Leyland\") (BL) in 1975, the recovery never happened. Chrysler sold its European interests (including those in the UK) to [Peugeot](/wiki/Peugeot \"Peugeot\") in 1978, to allow it to concentrate on its own difficulties in the [United States](/wiki/United_States \"United States\"). The UK interests were renamed [Peugeot\\-Talbot](/wiki/Talbot_%28automobile%29 \"Talbot (automobile)\"), with production of the Chrysler\\-developed cars continuing, with the last Rootes\\-developed car, the [Avenger](/wiki/Hillman_Avenger \"Hillman Avenger\"), being discontinued in 1981\\. Peugeot also developed a saloon version of the Alpine called the [Solara](/wiki/Talbot_Solara \"Talbot Solara\"), and also launched the larger [Tagora](/wiki/Talbot_Tagora \"Talbot Tagora\"), which had been in development by Chrysler when it sold its European operations. It also replaced the entry\\-level [Sunbeam](/wiki/Talbot_Sunbeam \"Talbot Sunbeam\") with the [Peugeot](/wiki/Peugeot \"Peugeot\") based [Samba](/wiki/Talbot_Samba \"Talbot Samba\") in 1981\\.{{cite book \\|title\\=Rival Capitalists \\|author\\=Jeffrey A. Hart \\|publisher\\=Cornell University Press \\|year\\=1993 \\|isbn\\=0\\-8014\\-9949\\-6 \\|url\\-access\\=registration \\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/rivalcapitalists00hart\\_0 }}", "As in most other developed countries, the 1970s saw major changes to the cars produced in the UK. Front\\-wheel drive, which had been pioneered by BMC on several new models between 1959 and 1965, now became a common feature on family cars after decades of producing only rear\\-wheel drive models. The hatchback bodystyle, which had debuted in Europe on the French [Renault 16](/wiki/Renault_16 \"Renault 16\") in 1965, became more popular, with many of Britain's best\\-selling cars being available with a hatchback by the early\\-1980s.", "Many Ford and Vauxhall models were also being produced at their parent company's continental factories by 1980\\. Ford had switched Capri and Granada production to [Germany](/wiki/Germany \"Germany\") by this stage, while production of its new Fiesta supermini was divided between Britain, West Germany and a new plant in [Spain](/wiki/Spain \"Spain\") from its 1976 launch. [General Motors](/wiki/General_Motors \"General Motors\") had not only decided to make its [Vauxhall](/wiki/Vauxhall_Motors \"Vauxhall Motors\") and [Opel](/wiki/Opel \"Opel\") badged cars mechanically identical during the 1970s, but it had also imported some of its Vauxhall\\-badged cars from Opel factories in West Germany and [Belgium](/wiki/Belgium \"Belgium\"), and its [Corsa](/wiki/Opel_Corsa \"Opel Corsa\") supermini (Vauxhall Nova in the UK) was solely assembled at a factory in [Zaragoza](/wiki/Zaragoza \"Zaragoza\"), Spain, which opened in 1982\\. British Leyland's overseas outposts in countries like [Italy](/wiki/Italy \"Italy\") (where cars were produced under the [Innocenti](/wiki/Innocenti \"Innocenti\") brand) were gradually closed down or sold to other carmakers, so by the 1980s; it was entirely a British\\-based operation.", "[left\\|thumb\\|1981 [Aston Martin V8 Vantage](/wiki/Aston_Martin_V8_Vantage_%281977%29 \"Aston Martin V8 Vantage (1977)\"), produced from 1977 to 1989](/wiki/File:1981_Aston_Martin_V8_Vantage_Blue.jpg \"1981 Aston Martin V8 Vantage Blue.jpg\")\nBy the end of the 1970s, Ford, Peugeot\\-Talbot and Vauxhall (GM) were well\\-integrated with their parent companies' other European operations. BL stood alone in the UK as an increasingly junior player. As part of the drive for increased productivity in the late\\-1970s, BL reduced its workforce and number of plants, and strived to centralise its management activities. The city of Coventry suffered particularly badly, with many thousands becoming unemployed after the closure of the [Triumph](/wiki/Triumph_Motor_Company \"Triumph Motor Company\") car factory in the city in 1980\\.", "In 1979, BL struck a collaboration deal with [Honda](/wiki/Honda \"Honda\") to share the development and production of a new mid\\-sized car ([Triumph Acclaim](/wiki/Triumph_Acclaim \"Triumph Acclaim\")/[Honda Ballade](/wiki/Honda_Ballade \"Honda Ballade\")), which was launched in 1981\\. The new car combined Honda engine and transmission designs with a BL body, as did its successor model \\- the [Rover 200 Series](/wiki/Rover_200_Series \"Rover 200 Series\") \\- in 1984\\. The next plan was to work on a new luxury car together, the end product being the [Rover 800 Series](/wiki/Rover_800_Series \"Rover 800 Series\"), which arrived in 1986\\.", "Although UK politics changed in 1979 with the election of the [Conservative Party](/wiki/First_Thatcher_ministry \"First Thatcher ministry\"), the UK Government continued to support BL with funds for the development of a new mass\\-market model range ([Mini Metro](/wiki/Austin_Metro \"Austin Metro\"), [Maestro](/wiki/Austin_Maestro \"Austin Maestro\"), [Montego](/wiki/Austin_Montego \"Austin Montego\") and another Honda collaboration the [Rover 800](/wiki/Rover_800 \"Rover 800\")), which were all launched between 1980 and 1986\\. The Metro was the most successful of these cars.", "Car assembly, with the exception of Jaguar, was concentrated into two central plants – [Longbridge](/wiki/Longbridge_plant \"Longbridge plant\") and [Cowley](/wiki/Plant_Oxford \"Plant Oxford\"). In July 1986, BL was renamed the [Rover Group](/wiki/Rover_Group \"Rover Group\").", "By the mid\\-1980s, front\\-wheel drive was now the standard on mass market cars, with most new models having a hatchback bodystyle as at least an option. Although Ford had adopted front\\-wheel drive for its new [Spanish built](/wiki/Spain \"Spain\") [Fiesta](/wiki/Ford_Fiesta \"Ford Fiesta\") supermini in 1976 and the third generation [Escort](/wiki/Ford_Escort_%28Europe%29 \"Ford Escort (Europe)\") in 1980, it had curiously retained rear\\-wheel drive for its larger [Sierra](/wiki/Ford_Sierra \"Ford Sierra\") (the [Cortina](/wiki/Ford_Cortina \"Ford Cortina\") replacement) in 1982, although the Sierra did feature a hatchback bodystyle and was not available as a saloon until 1987\\. In 1983, it recognised the continuing demand for smaller and medium\\-sized family saloons by introducing the [Orion](/wiki/Ford_Orion \"Ford Orion\"), which was based on the Escort floorpan.", "[right\\|thumb\\|The third generation [Lotus Esprit](/wiki/Lotus_Esprit \"Lotus Esprit\") S3, produced from 1982 to 1993](/wiki/File:1982_Lotus_Esprit_%288941980993%29.jpg \"1982 Lotus Esprit (8941980993).jpg\")\nThe supermini sector had expanded rapidly since the early\\-1970s. BMC's Mini had remained popular beyond its twentieth anniversary, but successor organisation [British Leyland](/wiki/British_Leyland \"British Leyland\") had started work on a more modern and practical alternative by the mid\\-1970s, the final result being the [Austin Metro](/wiki/Austin_Metro \"Austin Metro\") in 1980 \\- the new car featured more modern styling and a hatchback bodystyle. [Chrysler Europe](/wiki/Chrysler_Europe \"Chrysler Europe\") had axed the long\\-running [Hillman Imp](/wiki/Hillman_Imp \"Hillman Imp\") (launched by the [Rootes Group](/wiki/Rootes_Group \"Rootes Group\") in 1963\\) in 1976 and replaced it with the [Chrysler Sunbeam](/wiki/Chrysler_Sunbeam \"Chrysler Sunbeam\") hatchback a year later. [General Motors](/wiki/General_Motors \"General Motors\") had already adopted this bodystyle with the [Vauxhall Chevette](/wiki/Vauxhall_Chevette \"Vauxhall Chevette\") (which was also available as a saloon or estate) and Ford with the [Fiesta](/wiki/Ford_Fiesta \"Ford Fiesta\"). Comparable foreign products like the [Fiat 127](/wiki/Fiat_127 \"Fiat 127\"), [Renault 5](/wiki/Renault_5 \"Renault 5\") and [Volkswagen Polo](/wiki/Volkswagen_Polo \"Volkswagen Polo\") were also proving popular in the UK.", "Ford had now divided its European operations between its British factories and other European plants in [Spain](/wiki/Spain \"Spain\"), [Belgium](/wiki/Belgium \"Belgium\") and [West Germany](/wiki/West_Germany \"West Germany\"). [General Motors](/wiki/General_Motors \"General Motors\") had started importing some of its West German and [Belgian](/wiki/Belgium \"Belgium\") built [Opel](/wiki/Opel \"Opel\") products to the UK to be badged as Vauxhalls, and by 1983 its [Nova](/wiki/Vauxhall_Nova \"Vauxhall Nova\") supermini (badged as the [Opel Corsa](/wiki/Opel_Corsa \"Opel Corsa\") on the continent) was built solely in its Spanish factory. Peugeot was dividing production of most of the Talbot badged vehicles between the Ryton plant near [Coventry](/wiki/Coventry \"Coventry\") (the [Linwood](/wiki/Linwood%2C_Renfrewshire \"Linwood, Renfrewshire\") plant in [Scotland](/wiki/Scotland \"Scotland\") closed in 1981\\) and its French factories by the early\\-1980s, and started producing its own models at Coventry in 1985 after deciding to axe the Talbot marque due to falling sales.", "Foreign carmakers continued to gain ground on the British market during the 1980s, with the likes of [Renault](/wiki/Renault \"Renault\"), [Peugeot](/wiki/Peugeot \"Peugeot\"), [Citroen](/wiki/Citroen \"Citroen\") (France), [Volvo](/wiki/Volvo \"Volvo\") ([Sweden](/wiki/Sweden \"Sweden\")), [Volkswagen](/wiki/Volkswagen \"Volkswagen\") (West Germany) and [Fiat](/wiki/Fiat \"Fiat\") ([Italy](/wiki/Italy \"Italy\")) proving particularly popular.", "The [Russian\\-built](/wiki/Russia \"Russia\") [Lada](/wiki/Lada \"Lada\"), first sold in the UK in 1974, also sold well, despite its outdated Fiat\\-sourced design; with buyers mostly being attracted by its low price. By the late\\-1980s, with the four\\-wheel drive Niva and a front\\-wheel drive hatchback, the [Samara](/wiki/Lada_Samara \"Lada Samara\"), complementing the long\\-running [Riva](/wiki/Lada_Riva \"Lada Riva\"), Lada sales in Britain had amounted to more than 30,000 a year (some 1\\.5% of the new car market), but tailed off after 1990 as a result of growing competition and a lack of new model launches. Imports to Britain finally ceased in 1997 due to Lada's difficulties in meeting emissions requirements. [Skoda](/wiki/%C5%A0koda_Auto \"Škoda Auto\") also enjoyed similarly decent sales of its well\\-priced rear\\-engined saloon cars during the 1970s and 1980s, going from strength to strength in the 1990s following its takeover by [Volkswagen](/wiki/Volkswagen \"Volkswagen\") and the launch of new model ranges with modern technology and styling. [Zastava's](/wiki/Zastava_Automobiles \"Zastava Automobiles\") [Yugo\\-badged](/wiki/Yugo-badged \"Yugo-badged\") cars, based on Fiat designs from the 1970s, also sold reasonably well in Britain during the 1980s, but the carmaker was forced to halt imports in 1992 due to sanctions imposed on [Yugoslavia](/wiki/Yugoslavia \"Yugoslavia\") as a result of the civil war there. [Polish](/wiki/Poland \"Poland\") carmaker [FSO](/wiki/Fabryka_Samochod%C3%B3w_Osobowych \"Fabryka Samochodów Osobowych\") imported its version of the [Fiat 125](/wiki/Polski_Fiat_125p \"Polski Fiat 125p\") to Britain from 1975, later launching a hatchback model (the [Polonez](/wiki/FSO_Polonez \"FSO Polonez\")) alongside it. However, by 1998, Skoda was the only [Eastern European](/wiki/Eastern_Europe \"Eastern Europe\") carmaker still exporting cars to Britain, now competing with budget\\-priced Asian cars from the likes of [Daewoo](/wiki/Daewoo \"Daewoo\"), [Kia](/wiki/Kia \"Kia\"), [Hyundai](/wiki/Hyundai_Motor_Company \"Hyundai Motor Company\") and [Proton](/wiki/Proton_%28car%29 \"Proton (car)\").", "Nissan had axed the Datsun brand by 1984 and used its own name on all cars, and in 1986 opened a factory in Britain near [Sunderland](/wiki/Sunderland%2C_Tyne_and_Wear \"Sunderland, Tyne and Wear\"), which produced the mid\\-range [Bluebird](/wiki/Nissan_Bluebird \"Nissan Bluebird\") hatchbacks and saloons, although it was the Japanese\\-built [Micra](/wiki/Nissan_Micra \"Nissan Micra\") which was the company's best\\-selling car in Britain during the 1980s.", "[left\\|thumb\\|[Motorsport in the UK](/wiki/Motorsport_in_the_United_Kingdom \"Motorsport in the United Kingdom\") serves as a testing ground for production cars](/wiki/File:McLaren_duo_1-2_finish_2010_Canada.jpg \"McLaren duo 1-2 finish 2010 Canada.jpg\")\nThe decade also saw the arrival of purpose\\-built people carriers on the British market, starting with the Japanese [Mitsubishi Space Wagon](/wiki/Mitsubishi_Space_Wagon \"Mitsubishi Space Wagon\") in 1984, and then the market\\-leading [Renault Espace](/wiki/Renault_Espace \"Renault Espace\") in 1985, but by the end of the decade this type of vehicle still had only a very small share of the British market and there were still no British\\-built people carriers available, although a few seven\\-seater estate models including Austin Rover's [Montego](/wiki/Austin_Montego \"Austin Montego\") were being produced.", "The decade also saw a fall in demand for sports cars, perhaps due to the rising popularity of \"hot hatchbacks\" (high performance versions of hatchback cars), and so a number of manufacturers pulled out of the sports car market. [British Leyland](/wiki/British_Leyland \"British Leyland\") finished production of its MG and Triumph sports cars early in the decade, with no replacement. [General Motors](/wiki/General_Motors \"General Motors\") had launched coupe versions of its [Cavalier](/wiki/Vauxhall_Cavalier \"Vauxhall Cavalier\") mid\\-range model in the 1970s, but did not produce any equivalent models of the MK2 Cavalier which arrived in 1981\\. It did, however, continue to offer the German\\-built [Opel Manta](/wiki/Opel_Manta \"Opel Manta\") to British buyers until the end of production in 1988, replacing it with the [Calibra](/wiki/Opel_Calibra \"Opel Calibra\") (also built in Germany) a year later. Ford had enjoyed success in the 1970s with its [Capri](/wiki/Ford_Capri \"Ford Capri\") coupe, but this declined in popularity after 1980 and when production ended in 1986, there was no direct replacement.", "As well as the rebranding of the former Rootes Group and its eventual integration into Peugeot, the 1980s also saw the disappearance of several long\\-established car brands. Production of MG sports cars finished when the [Abingdon](/wiki/Abingdon-on-Thames \"Abingdon-on-Thames\") factory closed in 1980, although the brand was quickly revived on higher performance versions of the Metro, Maestro and Montego. 1980 also saw the closure of the Triumph factory at [Canley](/wiki/Canley \"Canley\"), [Coventry](/wiki/Coventry \"Coventry\"), although the marque survived until 1984 \\- the same year that the Morris marque was discontinued after more than seventy years. The [Morris Ital's](/wiki/Morris_Ital \"Morris Ital\") successor, the [Montego](/wiki/Austin_Montego \"Austin Montego\"), was sold under the Austin and MG brands, while the Triumph Acclaim's successor was sold as the Rover 200 Series. By 1988, however, the Austin marque had also been phased out, with the former Austin\\-badged products now being incorporated into the Rover brand.", "General Motors enjoyed an upturn in Britain during the 1980s, as its Vauxhall\\-badged cars increased their market share and the company's image also improved. At the beginning of 1980, it replaced the Viva with a new front\\-wheel drive range of hatchback and estates \\- the [Astra](/wiki/Vauxhall_Astra \"Vauxhall Astra\"), which was built in Britain and also in [Opel](/wiki/Opel \"Opel\") factories on the continent. The MK2 Cavalier was launched in 1981, and became the company's best selling car of the decade. Its replacement for the [Chevette](/wiki/Vauxhall_Chevette \"Vauxhall Chevette\") was the [Nova](/wiki/Vauxhall_Nova \"Vauxhall Nova\"), a rebadged version of the [Spanish](/wiki/Spain \"Spain\") built [Opel Corsa](/wiki/Opel_Corsa \"Opel Corsa\"), which was launched in 1983\\. The MK2 Astra was voted European Car of the Year shortly after its launch in 1984, as was the flagship MK2 Carlton ([Opel Omega](/wiki/Opel_Omega \"Opel Omega\") on the continent) two years later.", "### 1987 to 2001", "[thumb\\|right\\|1996 [McLaren F1](/wiki/McLaren_F1 \"McLaren F1\"), produced from 1992 to 2000](/wiki/File:1996_McLaren_F1_Chassis_No_63_6.1_Front.jpg \"1996 McLaren F1 Chassis No 63 6.1 Front.jpg\")\nIn July 1986, [Nissan](/wiki/Nissan \"Nissan\") became the first Japanese carmaker to set up a production facility in Europe, when it opened a new plant in [Sunderland](/wiki/Sunderland%2C_Tyne_and_Wear \"Sunderland, Tyne and Wear\"). The plant initially produced the [Bluebird](/wiki/Nissan_Bluebird \"Nissan Bluebird\") and from 1990 its successor, the [Primera](/wiki/Nissan_Primera \"Nissan Primera\"), with the [MK2 Micra](/wiki/Nissan_Micra \"Nissan Micra\") joining it in 1992\\.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=August 2008}} [Toyota](/wiki/Toyota \"Toyota\") opened a new plant in Burnaston near [Derby](/wiki/Derby \"Derby\") at the beginning of 1992\\.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.economist.com/node/107325\\|title\\=Toyota learns French\\|date\\=27 November 1997\\|newspaper\\=The Economist\\|access\\-date\\=26 June 2012}}", "Peugeot started production of the [Peugeot 309](/wiki/Peugeot_309 \"Peugeot 309\") hatchback at Ryton (originally a [Rootes Group](/wiki/Rootes_Group \"Rootes Group\") factory) in October 1985, followed by the [Peugeot 405](/wiki/Peugeot_405 \"Peugeot 405\") two years later.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=August 2008}} During the 1990s, production of the [306](/wiki/Peugeot_306 \"Peugeot 306\") and [206](/wiki/Peugeot_206 \"Peugeot 206\") also began at Ryton.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=August 2008}}", "[Honda](/wiki/Honda \"Honda\")'s venture with [Austin Rover](/wiki/Austin_Rover \"Austin Rover\")/[Rover Group](/wiki/Rover_Group \"Rover Group\") saw a number of different designs shared between the two marques. The venture came to an end in February 1994 when [British Aerospace](/wiki/British_Aerospace \"British Aerospace\") sold Rover Group to the German carmaker [BMW](/wiki/BMW \"BMW\") for £800 million.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/the\\-rover\\-takeover\\-carmaking\\-tradition\\-dies\\-with\\-bmw\\-deal\\-the\\-industry\\-end\\-of\\-britishowned\\-volume\\-production\\-1391160\\.html\\|title\\=The Rover Takeover: Car\\-making tradition dies with BMW deal: The Industry: End of British\\-owned volume production \\|date\\=1 February 1994\\|newspaper\\=The Independent\\|access\\-date\\=30 June 2012\\|first\\=Michael\\|last\\=Harrison}} The takeover meant that, for the first time in 112 years, the United Kingdom no longer had a British\\-owned volume car maker. BMW's ownership of the Rover Group saw the development of several newer, more upmarket models, giving the British brand an image to match that of its parent company. BMW also revived the [MG](/wiki/MG_%28car%29 \"MG (car)\") marque in 1995 on a new affordable sports car, the [MGF](/wiki/MG_F \"MG F\"), as well as strengthening [Land Rover](/wiki/Land_Rover \"Land Rover\")'s position in the off\\-roader market. In March 2000 BMW controversially announced the break\\-up of the [Rover Group](/wiki/Rover_Group \"Rover Group\").{{cite news\\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/679988\\.stm\\|title\\=Rover sell\\-off: BMW statement\\|date\\=16 March 2000\\|work\\=BBC News\\|access\\-date\\=30 June 2012}}{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2000/apr/20/rover.uknews?INTCMP\\=ILCNETTXT3487\\|title\\=Rover report predicts jobs catastrophe\\|date\\=20 April 2000\\|newspaper\\=The Guardian\\|access\\-date\\=30 June 2012\\|first\\=Kevin\\|last\\=Maguire}} It retained the rights to the [Mini](/wiki/Mini_%28marque%29 \"Mini (marque)\") marque, while selling Land Rover to [Ford](/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company \"Ford Motor Company\").{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/03/17/business/bmw\\-will\\-shed\\-rover\\-selling\\-sport\\-utility\\-vehicle\\-line\\-to\\-ford.html\\|title\\=BMW Will Shed Rover, Selling Sport Utility Vehicle Line to Ford\\|date\\=17 March 2000\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times\\|access\\-date\\=30 June 2012\\|first\\=Edmund L.\\|last\\=Andrews}} The MG and Rover marques were sold to the Phoenix Consortium, who branded the remains of the group as [MG Rover](/wiki/MG_Rover \"MG Rover\") and concentrated all production at the [Longbridge plant](/wiki/Longbridge_plant \"Longbridge plant\"). After the split from Rover, [Honda](/wiki/Honda \"Honda\") continued making the [Civic](/wiki/Honda_Civic \"Honda Civic\") range in the UK at a new plant in [Swindon](/wiki/Swindon \"Swindon\").{{Citation needed\\|date\\=August 2008}}\n[thumb\\|left\\|The [Bentley Azure](/wiki/Bentley_Azure \"Bentley Azure\"), produced from 1995 to 2003](/wiki/File:Bentley_Exhibit.jpg \"Bentley Exhibit.jpg\")", "Ford acquired [Aston Martin](/wiki/Aston_Martin \"Aston Martin\") for an undisclosed sum in September 1987{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/09/08/business/ford\\-buys\\-prestigious\\-car\\-maker.html\\|title\\=Ford buys prestigious car maker\\|date\\=8 September 1987\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times\\|access\\-date\\=26 June 2012\\|first\\=William\\|last\\=Glaberson}}{{cite news\\|url\\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\\=qspRAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=6811,2344222\\&dq\\=ford\\+acquire\\+aston\\+martin\\&hl\\=en\\|title\\=Ford plans to acquire Aston Martin maker\\|date\\=8 September 1987\\|newspaper\\=Pittsburgh Post\\-Gazette\\|access\\-date\\=26 June 2012}} and [Jaguar](/wiki/Jaguar_Cars \"Jaguar Cars\") for US$2\\.38 billion in November 1989\\.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/11/03/business/ford\\-to\\-buy\\-jaguar\\-for\\-2\\.38\\-billion.html?pagewanted\\=all\\&src\\=pm\\|title\\=Ford to Buy Jaguar for $2\\.38 Billion\\|date\\=3 November 1989\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times\\|access\\-date\\=26 June 2012\\|first\\=Steven\\|last\\=Prokesch}} Production of the new small Jaguar, the X type, started at Halewood in late 2000\\. By the end of the century, Ford had also acquired [Land Rover](/wiki/Land_Rover \"Land Rover\").{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/03/23/business/gentlemen\\-merge\\-your\\-manufacturers\\-consolidation\\-hits\\-on\\-virtually\\-all\\-cylinders.html\\|title\\=Gentlemen, Merge Your Manufacturers; Consolidation Hits on Virtually All Cylinders\\|date\\=23 March 2000\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times\\|access\\-date\\=26 June 2012\\|first\\=Keith\\|last\\=Bradsher}}", "In 1998 [Vickers plc](/wiki/Vickers_plc \"Vickers plc\") put [Rolls\\-Royce Motors](/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Motors \"Rolls-Royce Motors\"), including [Bentley](/wiki/Bentley \"Bentley\"), up for auction.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/09/23/business/the\\-new\\-rolls\\-royce\\-an\\-automotive\\-classic\\-coming\\-to\\-dealerships\\-in\\-2003\\.html?src\\=pm\\|title\\=The New Rolls\\-Royce; An Automotive Classic Coming to Dealerships in 2003\\|date\\=23 September 2000\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times\\|access\\-date\\=26 June 2012\\|first\\=Edmund L.\\|last\\=Andrews}} [Volkswagen Group](/wiki/Volkswagen_Group \"Volkswagen Group\") won the auction with a bid of US$780 million, but [Rolls\\-Royce plc](/wiki/Rolls-Royce_plc \"Rolls-Royce plc\"), which had the right to block a transfer of the Rolls\\-Royce name to non\\-British owners, agreed to sell the rights to BMW for US$65 million. It was subsequently agreed that control of the Rolls\\-Royce marque would pass from Volkswagen to BMW in 2003\\.", "In 1995, Ford finally entered the decade\\-old people carrier market with its [Galaxy](/wiki/Ford_Galaxy \"Ford Galaxy\"), which was built in [Portugal](/wiki/Portugal \"Portugal\") alongside the identical [Volkswagen Sharan](/wiki/Volkswagen_Sharan \"Volkswagen Sharan\") and [Seat Alhambra](/wiki/Seat_Alhambra \"Seat Alhambra\") as part of a venture between Ford and Volkswagen. Vauxhall entered this sector of the market a year later with the American\\-built [Sintra](/wiki/Vauxhall_Sintra \"Vauxhall Sintra\"), but this was not popular with British buyers and was discontinued after just three years when the smaller, German\\-built [Zafira](/wiki/Vauxhall_Zafira \"Vauxhall Zafira\") was launched, and proved far more popular than Vauxhall's original entry into the MPV market.", "The affordable sports car market enjoyed a revival in the 1990s after going into virtual hibernation in the 1980s. Sparked by the popularity of the Japanese\\-built [Mazda MX\\-5](/wiki/Mazda_MX-5 \"Mazda MX-5\") after its launch in 1989, Rover began development on a new sports car in the early 1990s, finally launching the [MG F](/wiki/MG_F \"MG F\") two\\-seater roadster in 1995, 15 years after the demise of the last volume MG sports cars. The 1996 [Lotus Elise](/wiki/Lotus_Elise \"Lotus Elise\") also enjoyed relatively strong sales in this market sector, as did the [Vauxhall VX220](/wiki/Vauxhall_VX220 \"Vauxhall VX220\") (based on the Elise) which was launched in 2000\\. Ford, which had exited the sports car market by 1987 with the demise of the [Capri](/wiki/Ford_Capri \"Ford Capri\") to concentrate on faster versions of its best\\-selling hatchbacks and saloons, returned to this market sector in 1994 with the American\\-built [Probe](/wiki/Ford_Probe \"Ford Probe\"), and then enjoyed more success with its smaller [Puma](/wiki/Ford_Puma_%28sport_compact%29 \"Ford Puma (sport compact)\") between 1997 and 2002\\.", "### 2001 to 2011", "[thumb\\|right\\|2003 First generation [Mini Cooper](/wiki/Mini_Hatch \"Mini Hatch\"), produced from 2001 \\- 2006](/wiki/File:2003_Mini_Cooper_Automatic_1.6_Front.jpg \"2003 Mini Cooper Automatic 1.6 Front.jpg\")\nIn May 2000 Ford announced that passenger car assembly as its [Ford Dagenham](/wiki/Ford_Dagenham \"Ford Dagenham\") plant would cease in 2002, ending 90 years of Ford passenger car assembly in the UK.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/05/13/business/international\\-business\\-ford\\-to\\-close\\-british\\-plant\\-laying\\-off\\-1900\\-workers.html?src\\=pm\\|title\\=Ford to Close British Plant, Laying Off 1,900 Workers\\|access\\-date\\=2 December 2011\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times\\|date\\=13 May 2000\\|first\\=Alan\\|last\\=Cowell}} At the same time Ford announced that it would invest US$500 million in the expansion of a diesel engine factory at the site, making Dagenham its largest diesel engine center worldwide and creating about 500 new jobs to offset the 1,900 lost in vehicle assembly for a total loss of 1,400\\. In December 2004 Ford announced a further investment of £169 million in the Dagenham plant, increasing annual output to one million diesel engines.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/ford\\-invests\\-pound169m\\-at\\-dagenham\\-engine\\-plant\\-691514\\.html\\|title\\=Ford invests £169m at Dagenham engine plant\\|access\\-date\\=2 December 2011\\|newspaper\\=The Independent\\|date\\=17 December 2004\\|location\\=London\\|first\\=Michael\\|last\\=Harrison}}", "The closure of Vauxhall's Luton car assembly plant in March 2003 left [Ellesmere Port](/wiki/Ellesmere_Port \"Ellesmere Port\") as the sole Vauxhall assembly plant remaining in the UK. General Motors also retained the former [Bedford](/wiki/Bedford_Vehicles \"Bedford Vehicles\") works in Luton for producing vans such as the [Vivaro](/wiki/Opel_Vivaro_A \"Opel Vivaro A\") and the [Movano](/wiki/Opel_Movano_A \"Opel Movano A\") as well as Renault and Nissan badged variants. In April 2007, it was confirmed that the Ellesmere Port would produce the next generation Astra from 2010\\.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/6563937\\.stm\\|title\\=Four countries share new GM Astra\\|access\\-date\\=21 April 2012\\|work\\=BBC News\\|date\\=17 April 2007}}", "Losses at Jaguar led to closure of the company's [Browns Lane plant](/wiki/Browns_Lane_plant \"Browns Lane plant\") in [Coventry](/wiki/Coventry \"Coventry\") in 2004\\.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/09/18/business/18ford.html\\|title\\=Ford Increases Expectations for Revenue\\|access\\-date\\=2 December 2011\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times\\|date\\=18 September 2004\\|first\\=Danny\\|last\\=Hakim}}{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1472022/Post\\-war\\-beacon\\-of\\-hope\\-snuffed\\-out.html \\|archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1472022/Post\\-war\\-beacon\\-of\\-hope\\-snuffed\\-out.html \\|archive\\-date\\=12 January 2022 \\|url\\-access\\=subscription \\|url\\-status\\=live\\|title\\=Post\\-war beacon of hope snuffed out\\|access\\-date\\=2 December 2011\\|newspaper\\=The Telegraph\\|date\\=18 September 2004\\|location\\=London\\|first\\=Nick\\|last\\=Britten}}{{cbignore}} Spare capacity at Halewood allowed Land Rover Freelander production to be transferred there in 2006\\.", "[MG Rover](/wiki/MG_Rover \"MG Rover\") spent the early part of the 2000s investigating possible ventures with other carmakers in order to develop a new range of cars. Proposed links with foreign organisations including Malaysian carmaker [Proton](/wiki/Proton_%28carmaker%29 \"Proton (carmaker)\") failed to materialise,{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.autocar.co.uk/News/NewsArticle/AllCars/210694/\\|title\\=Proton shut the door on MG Rover\\|access\\-date\\=21 April 2012\\|publisher\\=Autocar\\|date\\=20 August 2004}}{{cite news\\|url\\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\\=zKc9AAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=2533,2481548\\&dq\\=proton\\+mg\\+rover\\&hl\\=en\\|title\\=Phoenix drops plans to develop new car models with Proton\\|access\\-date\\=21 April 2012\\|newspaper\\=New Straits Times\\|date\\=25 August 2004}} and by late 2004 Chinese carmaker [SAIC Motor](/wiki/SAIC_Motor \"SAIC Motor\") had shown an interest in taking over the Longbridge\\-based firm – which was now hundreds of millions of pounds in debt.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=August 2008}} Talks broke down and the firm went into receivership in April 2005 with the loss of more than 6,000 jobs. Three months later, the firm's assets were purchased by another Chinese carmaker – [Nanjing Automobile](/wiki/Nanjing_Automobile \"Nanjing Automobile\") – and Longbridge partially re\\-opened over the summer of 2007 with an initial workforce of around 250 preparing to restart production of the [MG TF](/wiki/MG_F%23TF \"MG F#TF\") which was relaunched in August 2008\\.", "[left\\|thumb\\|[Aston Martin DB9](/wiki/Aston_Martin_DB9 \"Aston Martin DB9\"), produced from 2004 \\- 2016](/wiki/File:Gdansk_Aston_Martin_DB9.jpg \"Gdansk Aston Martin DB9.jpg\")\nIn April 2006 Peugeot closed its Ryton plant and moved 206 production to Slovakia.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/peugeot\\-to\\-close\\-ryton\\-with\\-2300\\-job\\-losses\\-474746\\.html\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090726052459/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/peugeot\\-to\\-close\\-ryton\\-with\\-2300\\-job\\-losses\\-474746\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=26 July 2009\\|title\\=Peugeot to close Ryton with 2,300 job losses\\|access\\-date\\=2 December 2011\\|newspaper\\=The Independent\\|date\\=19 April 2006\\|location\\=London\\|first\\=Michael\\|last\\=Harrison}}{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2006/jun/08/motoring.money?INTCMP\\=ILCNETTXT3487\\|title\\=Unions call for Peugeot boycott\\|access\\-date\\=2 December 2011\\|newspaper\\=The Guardian\\|date\\=8 June 2006\\|location\\=London\\|first\\=Mark\\|last\\=Tran}} In 2007, Ford sold [Aston Martin](/wiki/Aston_Martin \"Aston Martin\") to a British\\-led Consortium backed by Middle East investors, retaining a small stake in the company and agreeing to continue the supply of components including engines.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2007/mar/12/9\\|title\\=Ford sells Aston Martin\\|access\\-date\\=2 December 2011\\|newspaper\\=The Guardian\\|date\\=12 March 2007\\|location\\=London\\|first\\=Terry\\|last\\=MacAlister}}{{cite news\\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/6442101\\.stm\\|title\\=Aston Martin sold to UK\\-led group\\|access\\-date\\=2 December 2011\\|work\\=BBC News\\|date\\=12 March 2007}} In 2008 Ford sold [Jaguar Land Rover](/wiki/Jaguar_Land_Rover \"Jaguar Land Rover\") to Tata Motors of India for £1\\.15 billion.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/26/business/worldbusiness/26cnd\\-auto.html\\|title\\=Ford Sells Land Rover and Jaguar to Tata \\|access\\-date\\=1 December 2011\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times\\|date\\=26 March 2008\\|first\\=Heather\\|last\\=Timmons}}{{cite news\\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/7313380\\.stm\\|title\\=Tata buys Jaguar in £1\\.15bn deal\\|access\\-date\\=1 December 2011\\|work\\=BBC News\\|date\\=26 March 2008}} In November 2009, Dutch sportscar maker [Spyker Cars](/wiki/Spyker_Cars \"Spyker Cars\") announced that it would be moving production from [Zeewolde](/wiki/Zeewolde \"Zeewolde\") to [Whitley, Coventry](/wiki/Whitley%2C_Coventry \"Whitley, Coventry\"), and UK production began in February 2010\\.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/transport/6617142/Spyker\\-relocates\\-from\\-Holland\\-to\\-Coventry.html \\|archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/transport/6617142/Spyker\\-relocates\\-from\\-Holland\\-to\\-Coventry.html \\|archive\\-date\\=12 January 2022 \\|url\\-access\\=subscription \\|url\\-status\\=live\\|title\\=Spyker relocates from Holland to Coventry\\|access\\-date\\=14 May 2011\\|newspaper\\=The Telegraph\\|date\\=20 November 2009\\|location\\=London\\|first\\=Graham\\|last\\=Ruddick}}{{cbignore}}{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.independent.co.uk/life\\-style/motoring/motoring\\-news/dutch\\-carmaker\\-spyker\\-cars\\-begins\\-uk\\-production\\-1894067\\.html\\|title\\=Dutch car\\-maker Spyker Cars begins UK production\\|access\\-date\\=14 May 2011\\|newspaper\\=The Independent\\|date\\=9 February 2010\\|location\\=London\\|first\\=Matthew\\|last\\=Cooper}}", "In March 2010 McLaren Automotive unveiled its MP4\\-12C model, alongside plans to produce around 4,000 cars per year at its Woking factory by the middle of the decade.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk\\-motor\\-racing\\-mclaren\\-iduktre62h2xh20100318?pageNumber\\=2\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306212357/http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk\\-motor\\-racing\\-mclaren\\-iduktre62h2xh20100318?pageNumber\\=2\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=6 March 2016\\|title\\=McLaren unveil supercar to take on Ferrari\\|access\\-date\\=14 May 2011\\|work\\=Reuters\\|date\\=18 March 2010}}{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/motoring/news/7470064/McLaren\\-to\\-build\\-150000\\-12C\\-supercar\\-in\\-Britain.html \\|archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/motoring/news/7470064/McLaren\\-to\\-build\\-150000\\-12C\\-supercar\\-in\\-Britain.html \\|archive\\-date\\=12 January 2022 \\|url\\-access\\=subscription \\|url\\-status\\=live\\|title\\=McLaren to build £150,000 12C supercar in Britain\\|access\\-date\\=14 May 2011\\|newspaper\\=The Telegraph\\|date\\=18 March 2010\\|location\\=London}}{{cbignore}} At the Paris Motor Show in September 2010 Lotus Cars unveiled five new models due to go on sale by 2016, alongside plans for an investment of £770 million over 10 years, the complete redevelopment of its Hethel factory and an increase in production from under 3,000 cars per year to 6,000 to 7,000\\.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/motoring/motor\\-shows/paris\\-motor\\-show/8037488/Paris\\-Motor\\-Show\\-2010\\-five\\-new\\-models\\-from\\-Lotus.html \\|archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/motoring/motor\\-shows/paris\\-motor\\-show/8037488/Paris\\-Motor\\-Show\\-2010\\-five\\-new\\-models\\-from\\-Lotus.html \\|archive\\-date\\=12 January 2022 \\|url\\-access\\=subscription \\|url\\-status\\=live\\|title\\=Paris Motor Show 2010: five new models from Lotus\\|access\\-date\\=14 May 2011\\|newspaper\\=The Telegraph\\|date\\=1 October 2010\\|location\\=London\\|first\\=Chris\\|last\\=Knapman}}{{cbignore}} In December 2010 it was announced that Renault had sold its remaining 25% shareholding in its eponymous Formula 1 team to Lotus Cars, and that the team would be renamed Lotus Renault in 2011\\.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motorsport/formula\\_one/9267715\\.stm\\|title\\=Renault F1 team to be renamed Lotus Renault GP in 2011\\|access\\-date\\=14 May 2011\\|work\\=BBC Sport\\|date\\=8 December 2010}}", "### 2011 to 2019", "[right\\|thumb\\|2016 [Range Rover](/wiki/Range_Rover \"Range Rover\") Vogue, produced from 2012 \\- 2022](/wiki/File:2016_Land_Rover_Range_Rover_Vogue_%28L_405_MY17%29_wagon_%282018-11-29%29_01.jpg \"2016 Land Rover Range Rover Vogue (L 405 MY17) wagon (2018-11-29) 01.jpg\")\nIn January 2011 BMW announced that it would be extending the Mini range with the launch of two new two\\-door sports crossover vehicles based on the [Mini Paceman](/wiki/Mini_%28marque%29%23Mini_Paceman_%282011%29 \"Mini (marque)#Mini Paceman (2011)\") concept car, with a coupe version to enter production in 2011 and a roadster in 2012\\.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.freep.com/article/20110110/BUSINESS03/110110061/Mini\\-build\\-2\\-door\\-sporty\\-crossover\\|title\\=Mini to build 2\\-door sporty crossover\\|access\\-date\\=14 May 2011\\|newspaper\\=Detroit Free Press\\|date\\=10 January 2011\\|archive\\-date\\=14 January 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160114033848/http://www.freep.com/article/20110110/BUSINESS03/110110061/Mini\\-build\\-2\\-door\\-sporty\\-crossover\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.miamiherald.com/2011/01/12/2013072/mini\\-paceman\\-concept\\-confirmed.html\\|title\\=Mini Paceman Concept Confirmed for Production\\|access\\-date\\=14 May 2011\\|newspaper\\=Miami Herald\\|date\\=12 January 2011}} In March 2011 [Jaguar Land Rover](/wiki/Jaguar_Land_Rover \"Jaguar Land Rover\") announced that it would be hiring an additional 1,500 staff at its [Halewood plant](/wiki/Halewood_Body_%26_Assembly \"Halewood Body & Assembly\"), and signed over £2 billion of supply contracts with UK\\-based companies, to enable production of its new [Range Rover Evoque](/wiki/Range_Rover_Evoque \"Range Rover Evoque\") model.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk\\-england\\-merseyside\\-12627680\\|title\\=Jaguar announces £2bn supply contracts for Evoque model\\|access\\-date\\=29 May 2011\\|work\\=BBC News\\|date\\=2 March 2011\\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20110519171342/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk\\-england\\-merseyside\\-12627680\\| archive\\-date\\= 19 May 2011 \\| url\\-status\\= live}}{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/industry/8470371/Jaguar\\-plans\\-UK\\-expansion\\-set\\-to\\-create\\-1000\\-jobs.html\\|title\\=Jaguar plans UK expansion set to create 1,000 jobs\\|access\\-date\\=29 May 2011\\|newspaper\\=The Telegraph\\|date\\=23 April 2011\\|location\\=London\\|first\\=Graham\\|last\\=Ruddick\\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20110712151825/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/industry/8470371/Jaguar\\-plans\\-UK\\-expansion\\-set\\-to\\-create\\-1000\\-jobs.html\\| archive\\-date\\= 12 July 2011 \\| url\\-status\\= live}} In April 2011 the [MG Motor](/wiki/MG_Motor \"MG Motor\") subsidiary of [SAIC Motor](/wiki/SAIC_Motor \"SAIC Motor\") announced that mass production had resumed at the [Longbridge plant](/wiki/Longbridge_plant \"Longbridge plant\"), as the first [MG 6](/wiki/MG_6 \"MG 6\") to be produced in the United Kingdom came off the production line.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://news.sky.com/skynews/Home/Business/Video\\-New\\-MG6\\-Sports\\-Car\\-Rolls\\-Out\\-Of\\-Birminghams\\-Longbridge\\-Factory\\-Six\\-Years\\-After\\-Plant\\-Closed/Article/201104215971486?lpos\\=Business\\_Third\\_Home\\_Page\\_Article\\_Teaser\\_Region\\_\\_5\\&lid\\=ARTICLE\\_15971486\\_Video%3B\\_New\\_MG6\\_Sports\\_Car\\_Rolls\\_Out\\_Of\\_Birminghams\\_Longbridge\\_Factory\\_Six\\_Years\\_After\\_Plant\\_Closed\\|title\\=New MG Sports Rolls Out of Longbridge Plant\\|access\\-date\\=14 May 2011\\|publisher\\=Sky News\\|date\\=13 April 2011}} In May 2011 Jaguar unveiled plans to build the [C\\-X75](/wiki/Jaguar_C-X75 \"Jaguar C-X75\") petrol\\-electric hybrid supercar in the UK from 2013, with production to be in association with [Williams Grand Prix Engineering](/wiki/Williams_Grand_Prix_Engineering \"Williams Grand Prix Engineering\");{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business\\-13307919\\|title\\=Jaguar to build £700,000 hybrid supercar with Williams\\|access\\-date\\=14 May 2011\\|work\\=BBC News\\|date\\=6 May 2011\\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20110513081651/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business\\-13307919\\| archive\\-date\\= 13 May 2011 \\| url\\-status\\= live}}{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.independent.co.uk/life\\-style/motoring/jaguars\\-hybrid\\-supercar\\-to\\-enter\\-production\\-2280253\\.html\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110509033139/http://www.independent.co.uk/life\\-style/motoring/jaguars\\-hybrid\\-supercar\\-to\\-enter\\-production\\-2280253\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=9 May 2011\\|title\\=Jaguar's hybrid supercar to enter production\\|access\\-date\\=14 May 2011\\|newspaper\\=The Independent on Sunday\\|date\\=6 May 2011\\|location\\=London}} Jaguar announced the cancellation of the project in December 2012 due to the [ongoing global economic crisis](/wiki/2008%E2%80%932012_global_recession \"2008–2012 global recession\").{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.autocar.co.uk/car\\-news/industry/jaguar\\-c\\-x75\\-axed\\|title\\=Jaguar C\\-X75 axed\\|author\\=Mark Tisshaw\\|work\\=\\[\\[Autocar (magazine)\\|Autocar]]\\|date\\=2012\\-12\\-11\\|access\\-date\\=12 October 2013}}", "In May 2011, Aston Martin Lagonda confirmed that it was planning to revive the [Lagonda](/wiki/Lagonda \"Lagonda\") marque, with the launch of two or three new models.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.carmagazine.co.uk/News/Search\\-Results/Industry\\-News/Aston\\-to\\-launch\\-two\\-or\\-three\\-Lagonda\\-models\\-\\-\\-Bez/\\|title\\=Aston to launch 'two or three Lagonda models' – Bez\\|access\\-date\\=29 May 2011\\|publisher\\=Car Magazine\\|date\\=19 May 2011}} In an interview with Reuters in the same month, [Carl\\-Peter Forster](/wiki/Carl-Peter_Forster \"Carl-Peter Forster\"), the Chief Executive of [Tata Motors](/wiki/Tata_Motors \"Tata Motors\"), revealed that Jaguar Land Rover would be investing over £5 billion in product development over the succeeding five years.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/tata\\-jaguar\\-idUSLDE7451D320110506\\|title\\=Tata's Jaguar Land Rover seeks China auto partner\\|access\\-date\\=14 May 2011\\|work\\=Reuters\\|date\\=6 May 2011\\|first\\=Rhys\\|last\\=Jones}}", "In June, Nissan announced that the replacement for its Qashqai model would be designed and built in the UK, in a total investment of £192 million safeguarding around 6,000 jobs.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/transport/8564578/Nissan\\-to\\-build\\-new\\-Qashqai\\-in\\-Britain\\-saving\\-6000\\-jobs.html \\|archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/transport/8564578/Nissan\\-to\\-build\\-new\\-Qashqai\\-in\\-Britain\\-saving\\-6000\\-jobs.html \\|archive\\-date\\=12 January 2022 \\|url\\-access\\=subscription \\|url\\-status\\=live\\|title\\=Nissan to build new Qashqai in Britain, saving 6,000 jobs\\|access\\-date\\=23 October 2011\\|newspaper\\=The Telegraph\\|date\\=8 June 2011\\|location\\=London\\|first\\=Graham\\|last\\=Ruddick}}{{cbignore}}{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/nissan\\-britain\\-idUSLDE7571AX20110608\\|title\\=Nissan to invest US$315 million in UK Qashqai update\\|access\\-date\\=23 October 2011\\|work\\=Reuters\\|date\\=8 June 2011}} In June BMW announced an investment of £500 million in the UK over the subsequent three years as part of an expansion of the Mini range to seven models.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011\\-06\\-09/bmw\\-plans\\-to\\-invest\\-500\\-million\\-pounds\\-for\\-mini\\-assembly\\-1\\-.html\\|title\\=BMW Plans to Invest 500 Million Pounds for Mini Assembly\\|access\\-date\\=23 October 2011\\|publisher\\=Bloomberg L.P.\\|date\\=9 June 2011\\|first\\=Chris\\|last\\=Reiter}}{{cite news\\|url\\=http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk\\-bmw\\-britain\\-idUKTRE75818420110609\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160114033849/http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk\\-bmw\\-britain\\-idUKTRE75818420110609\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=14 January 2016\\|title\\=BMW to invest £500 million in UK on new Mini\\|access\\-date\\=23 October 2011\\|work\\=Reuters\\|date\\=9 June 2011}} In September 2011, Jaguar Land Rover confirmed that it would be investing £355 million in the construction of a new engine plant near [Wolverhampton](/wiki/Wolverhampton \"Wolverhampton\"), to manufacture a new family of four\\-cylinder petrol and diesel engines.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk\\-autos\\-jlr\\-idUKTRE78I16A20110919\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127152140/http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk\\-autos\\-jlr\\-idUKTRE78I16A20110919\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=27 November 2016\\|title\\=Tata's Jaguar Land Rover picks UK for new plant\\|date\\=19 September 2011\\|work\\=Reuters\\|access\\-date\\=23 October 2011}}{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/industry/engineering/8773359/Jaguar\\-Land\\-Rover\\-to\\-confirm\\-new\\-UK\\-plant.html \\|archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/industry/engineering/8773359/Jaguar\\-Land\\-Rover\\-to\\-confirm\\-new\\-UK\\-plant.html \\|archive\\-date\\=12 January 2022 \\|url\\-access\\=subscription \\|url\\-status\\=live\\|title\\=Jaguar Land Rover confirms new UK plant\\|date\\=19 September 2011\\|newspaper\\=The Telegraph\\|access\\-date\\=23 October 2011\\|location\\=London\\|first\\=Donna\\|last\\=Bowater}}{{cbignore}} Later in the same month it was announced that the [Jensen](/wiki/Jensen_Motors \"Jensen Motors\") marque would be revived, with a new version of the [Interceptor](/wiki/Jensen_Interceptor \"Jensen Interceptor\") to be built by CPP Holdings at the former Jaguar factory [Browns Lane](/wiki/Browns_Lane_plant \"Browns Lane plant\") in Coventry.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/motoring/news/8776461/New\\-Jensen\\-Interceptor\\-to\\-be\\-built\\-in\\-Britain.html \\|archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/motoring/news/8776461/New\\-Jensen\\-Interceptor\\-to\\-be\\-built\\-in\\-Britain.html \\|archive\\-date\\=12 January 2022 \\|url\\-access\\=subscription \\|url\\-status\\=live\\|title\\=New Jensen Interceptor to be built in Britain\\|date\\=20 September 2011\\|newspaper\\=The Telegraph\\|access\\-date\\=23 October 2011\\|location\\=London\\|first\\=Chris\\|last\\=Knapman}}{{cbignore}}{{cite magazine\\|url\\=http://www.autoexpress.co.uk/news/autoexpressnews/272977/new\\_jensen\\_interceptor.html\\|title\\=New Jensen Interceptor\\|date\\=20 September 2011\\|magazine\\=Auto Express\\|access\\-date\\=28 October 2011}} In November, Toyota announced plans to make the UK its sole European manufacturing base for hatchback versions of its next C\\-segment family car, resulting in the investment of over £100 million in its Burnaston plant and the creation of around 1,500 new jobs.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk\\-england\\-derbyshire\\-15870451\\|title\\=Toyota announces 1,500 new jobs for Burnaston factory\\|date\\=24 November 2011\\|work\\=BBC News\\|access\\-date\\=1 December 2011}}{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://www.autocar.co.uk/News/NewsArticle/AllCars/260208/\\|title\\=Toyota to build new hatch in UK\\|date\\=24 November 2011\\|publisher\\=Autocar\\|access\\-date\\=1 December 2011}}", "[left\\|thumb\\|2017 First generation [Jaguar F\\-Type](/wiki/Jaguar_F-Type \"Jaguar F-Type\") R Coupe, produced from 2013 \\- 2019](/wiki/File:2017_Jaguar_F-Type_V6_R-Dynamic_Automatic_3.0_Front.jpg \"2017 Jaguar F-Type V6 R-Dynamic Automatic 3.0 Front.jpg\")\nIn September 2013 it was announced that a new [National Automotive Innovation Campus](/wiki/National_Automotive_Innovation_Campus \"National Automotive Innovation Campus\") would be built at the [University of Warwick](/wiki/University_of_Warwick \"University of Warwick\")'s main campus at a cost of £100 million, with £45 million to be contributed by [Jaguar Land Rover](/wiki/Jaguar_Land_Rover \"Jaguar Land Rover\").{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.independent.co.uk/student/news/100m\\-investment\\-boost\\-for\\-warwick\\-university\\-8839352\\.html\\|title\\=£100m investment boost for Warwick University\\|access\\-date\\=12 October 2013\\|newspaper\\=The Independent\\|date\\=25 September 2013}}{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk\\-england\\-coventry\\-warwickshire\\-24227662\\|title\\=University of Warwick £100m car centre 'will secure jobs'\\|access\\-date\\=12 October 2013\\|publisher\\=BBC\\|date\\=24 September 2013}}", "In the half\\-year from January to June 2014, the UK had its best year in new car sales in 9 years. 1\\.28 million new cars were sold during the period, a rise of 10% compared to the same period in 2013\\.{{citation needed\\|date\\=January 2015}} In 2014, more than 1\\.5 million cars were produced, the highest since 2007\\.[\"UK car production at seven\\-year high.\"](https://www.bbc.com/news/business-30945288) *BBC*. 23 January 2015\\. Retrieved 24 January 2015\\.", "The [Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders](/wiki/Society_of_Motor_Manufacturers_and_Traders \"Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders\") (SMMT) figures show a total of 2\\.31 million new cars were registered in 2019, down 2\\.4% from the year before. It was the third consecutive year of decline, and the SMMT expects that trend to continue in 2020\\.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.com/news/business\\-50985412\\|title\\=New car registrations at lowest level since 2013\\|last\\=Leggett\\|first\\=Theo\\|date\\=2020\\-01\\-06\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-01\\-06\\|language\\=en\\-GB}}", "In the year 2019, the best selling vehicle in the UK was Ford Fiesta, followed by Volkswagen Golf, Ford Transit, Ford Focus, and Vauxhall Corsa.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.msn.com/en\\-gb/cars/news/ford\\-transit\\-custom\\-van\\-is\\-britains\\-third\\-best\\-selling\\-vehicle/ar\\-BBYFDUy \\|title\\=Ford Transit Custom VAN is Britain's third best\\-selling vehicle \\|website\\=www.msn.com \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216204428/https://www.msn.com/en\\-gb/cars/news/ford\\-transit\\-custom\\-van\\-is\\-britains\\-third\\-best\\-selling\\-vehicle/ar\\-BBYFDUy \\|archive\\-date\\=2020\\-02\\-16}}", "In 2019, Honda announced that its [Swindon](/wiki/Swindon \"Swindon\") plant will close by 2021\\.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Chapman \\|first1\\=Ben \\|date\\=2019\\-05\\-13 \\|title\\=Honda to close Swindon plant by 2021 with loss of 3,500 jobs \\|url\\=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/honda\\-swindon\\-manufacturing\\-plant\\-closure\\-jobs\\-employees\\-latest\\-a8911766\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-07\\-01 \\|website\\=independent.co.uk}}", "In June 2019, [Ford](/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company \"Ford Motor Company\") announced that it would close its [Ford Bridgend Engine Plant](/wiki/Ford_Bridgend_Engine_Plant \"Ford Bridgend Engine Plant\") by September 2020 due to a lack of demand for the \"Dragon\" engine produced there.{{Cite news \\|date\\=2019\\-06\\-06 \\|title\\=Exactly why Ford says it is closing the Bridgend engine plant \\|url\\=https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/politics/ford\\-closing\\-bridgend\\-engine\\-plant\\-16387275 \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-11\\-10 \\|work\\=Wales Online \\|language\\=en\\-GB}} The plant was closed on 25 September 2020\\.", "### From 2020", "[right\\|thumb\\|[Lotus Emira](/wiki/Lotus_Emira \"Lotus Emira\"), produced from 2022 \\- PresentIn](/wiki/File:2022_Lotus_Emira_First_Edition_Silver.jpg \"2022 Lotus Emira First Edition Silver.jpg\") March 2021, [Aston Martin](/wiki/Aston_Martin \"Aston Martin\") announced that their electric sports models would be manufactured at their car plant in [Gaydon](/wiki/Gaydon \"Gaydon\"), [Warwickshire](/wiki/Warwickshire \"Warwickshire\").{{Cite news\\|date\\=2021\\-03\\-07\\|title\\=Aston Martin's electric sports models to be made at Gaydon plant\\|language\\=en\\-GB\\|work\\=BBC News\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk\\-england\\-coventry\\-warwickshire\\-56315124\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-03\\-09}}", "" ]
### 1968 to 1987 [left\|thumbnail\|[Morgan Plus 8](/wiki/Morgan_Plus_8 "Morgan Plus 8"), produced from 1968 to 2004 \& 2012 to 2018](/wiki/File:Morgan_Plus_8_%4001.JPG "Morgan Plus 8 @01.JPG") By 1968, UK motor vehicle production was dominated by four companies: BLMC, Chrysler (UK), Ford, and Vauxhall (GM). The [Rootes Group](/wiki/Rootes_Group "Rootes Group") had taken on the name Chrysler UK after its takeover by the [American](/wiki/United_States_of_America "United States of America") car giant [Chrysler](/wiki/Chrysler "Chrysler"), which had also taken over French carmaker [Simca](/wiki/Simca "Simca"). The national champion, BLMC ([British Leyland](/wiki/British_Leyland "British Leyland") from 1968\), was handicapped in its attempts to modernise by internal rivalries. Unattractive new products (particularly the [Austin Allegro](/wiki/Austin_Allegro "Austin Allegro") and [Morris Marina](/wiki/Morris_Marina "Morris Marina")) which were widely criticised by the motoring press, retention of legacy marques and models, labour disputes, quality issues, supplier problems and inefficient use of new equipment thwarted the dream of efficient high volume production. Increased overseas competition and high unit costs led to lowered profits, which in turn jeopardised investment plans. Although the cars continued to sell well in Britain, they were less popular on overseas markets. As well as that, the company often produced several cars to compete in the same market sector. For instance, it produced four competitors for the [Ford Cortina](/wiki/Ford_Cortina "Ford Cortina") at the same time \- the Morris Marina, Austin Maxi, Triumph Dolomite and the [Princess](/wiki/Princess_%28car%29 "Princess (car)"). [Japanese](/wiki/Japan "Japan") cars, particularly the [Datsun](/wiki/Datsun "Datsun") badged cars built by [Nissan](/wiki/Nissan "Nissan") enjoyed a strong surge in popularity during the first half of the 1970s, while [French](/wiki/France "France") carmaker [Renault](/wiki/Renault "Renault") and [West German](/wiki/West_Germany "West Germany") carmaker [Volkswagen](/wiki/Volkswagen "Volkswagen") also enjoyed an upturn on the British market, helped by the arrival of well\-received new cars, particularly the [Renault 5](/wiki/Renault_5 "Renault 5") in 1972 and the [Volkswagen Golf](/wiki/Volkswagen_Golf "Volkswagen Golf") in 1974\. The fortunes of foreign carmakers on the British market were also assisted by the fact that most British manufacturers adopted the hatchback bodystyle, mostly featuring front\-wheel drive, considerably later than their continental rivals. For instance, the arrival of the front\-wheel drive [Volkswagen Golf](/wiki/Volkswagen_Golf "Volkswagen Golf") hatchback in 1974 came four years before any of the four British\-based carmakers had launched an equivalent car. By the time the first small British\-built hatchback, the [Vauxhall Chevette](/wiki/Vauxhall_Chevette "Vauxhall Chevette"), was launched in 1975, the French [Renault 5](/wiki/Renault_5 "Renault 5") had already been in production for three years. However, [British Leyland](/wiki/British_Leyland "British Leyland")'s larger [Austin Maxi](/wiki/Austin_Maxi "Austin Maxi") had been sold with a hatchback and front\-wheel drive since its 1969 launch, although it sold similar\-sized cars like the [Morris Marina](/wiki/Morris_Marina "Morris Marina") and [Triumph Dolomite](/wiki/Triumph_Dolomite "Triumph Dolomite") alongside it as a rear\-wheel drive saloon alternative, with the Dolomite being sold further upmarket than the Marina. For buyers wanting six\-cylinder and larger four\-cylinder engines, the Princess was launched in 1975\. Chrysler launched the [Alpine](/wiki/Chrysler_Alpine "Chrysler Alpine") for this market sector in 1975, featuring front wheel drive and a hatchback, but kept the [Hunter](/wiki/Hillman_Hunter "Hillman Hunter") in production alongside it until 1979 for buyers who still preferred rear\-wheel drive and a saloon or estate bodystyle. At the luxury end of the market, British Leyland was actually one of the first manufacturers in the world to put a hatchback on an upmarket car when it launched the [Rover SD1](/wiki/Rover_SD1 "Rover SD1") in 1976\. This car signalled the beginning of rationalisation at British Leyland, with the SD1 replacing two model ranges \- the [Rover P6](/wiki/Rover_P6 "Rover P6") and [Triumph 2000/2500](/wiki/Triumph_2000 "Triumph 2000"). The popularity of Nissan's range of Datsun\-badged cars in the 1970s was largely down to their low prices, cheap running costs, good equipment levels and a reputation for better reliability than most British cars, although these cars also went on to gain a reputation for being prone to rust. BLMC's share of the UK market dropped from 40% to 32% between 1971 and 1973, with its new [Morris Marina](/wiki/Morris_Marina "Morris Marina") and [Austin Allegro](/wiki/Austin_Allegro "Austin Allegro") family cars selling well on the British market but not proving popular on many export markets, with the motoring media being critical of the styling of these new models as well as questions regarding the level of quality. [right\|thumbnail\|The first\-generation [Range Rover](/wiki/Range_Rover "Range Rover"), produced from 1970 to 1996](/wiki/File:1974_Range_Rover_Classic_4X4_Wagon_%2847201968852%29.jpg "1974 Range Rover Classic 4X4 Wagon (47201968852).jpg") By 1974, the UK's position as a world motor vehicle manufacturer had dropped to sixth place. In 1974, both BLMC and Chrysler UK appealed to the UK Government for financial help. The Government rejected the idea of a merger between the two companies, and instead Chrysler UK received a loan and BLMC was subjected to a series of studies to determine its future. The Government's official BLMC enquiry, led by [Lord Ryder](/wiki/Ryder_Report_%28British_Leyland%29 "Ryder Report (British Leyland)"), suggested that BLMC's strategy was sound, but required huge state investment to improve productivity by providing mechanisation and improving labour relations. Despite the effective [nationalisation](/wiki/Nationalisation "Nationalisation") of BLMC as [British Leyland](/wiki/British_Leyland "British Leyland") (BL) in 1975, the recovery never happened. Chrysler sold its European interests (including those in the UK) to [Peugeot](/wiki/Peugeot "Peugeot") in 1978, to allow it to concentrate on its own difficulties in the [United States](/wiki/United_States "United States"). The UK interests were renamed [Peugeot\-Talbot](/wiki/Talbot_%28automobile%29 "Talbot (automobile)"), with production of the Chrysler\-developed cars continuing, with the last Rootes\-developed car, the [Avenger](/wiki/Hillman_Avenger "Hillman Avenger"), being discontinued in 1981\. Peugeot also developed a saloon version of the Alpine called the [Solara](/wiki/Talbot_Solara "Talbot Solara"), and also launched the larger [Tagora](/wiki/Talbot_Tagora "Talbot Tagora"), which had been in development by Chrysler when it sold its European operations. It also replaced the entry\-level [Sunbeam](/wiki/Talbot_Sunbeam "Talbot Sunbeam") with the [Peugeot](/wiki/Peugeot "Peugeot") based [Samba](/wiki/Talbot_Samba "Talbot Samba") in 1981\.{{cite book \|title\=Rival Capitalists \|author\=Jeffrey A. Hart \|publisher\=Cornell University Press \|year\=1993 \|isbn\=0\-8014\-9949\-6 \|url\-access\=registration \|url\=https://archive.org/details/rivalcapitalists00hart\_0 }} As in most other developed countries, the 1970s saw major changes to the cars produced in the UK. Front\-wheel drive, which had been pioneered by BMC on several new models between 1959 and 1965, now became a common feature on family cars after decades of producing only rear\-wheel drive models. The hatchback bodystyle, which had debuted in Europe on the French [Renault 16](/wiki/Renault_16 "Renault 16") in 1965, became more popular, with many of Britain's best\-selling cars being available with a hatchback by the early\-1980s. Many Ford and Vauxhall models were also being produced at their parent company's continental factories by 1980\. Ford had switched Capri and Granada production to [Germany](/wiki/Germany "Germany") by this stage, while production of its new Fiesta supermini was divided between Britain, West Germany and a new plant in [Spain](/wiki/Spain "Spain") from its 1976 launch. [General Motors](/wiki/General_Motors "General Motors") had not only decided to make its [Vauxhall](/wiki/Vauxhall_Motors "Vauxhall Motors") and [Opel](/wiki/Opel "Opel") badged cars mechanically identical during the 1970s, but it had also imported some of its Vauxhall\-badged cars from Opel factories in West Germany and [Belgium](/wiki/Belgium "Belgium"), and its [Corsa](/wiki/Opel_Corsa "Opel Corsa") supermini (Vauxhall Nova in the UK) was solely assembled at a factory in [Zaragoza](/wiki/Zaragoza "Zaragoza"), Spain, which opened in 1982\. British Leyland's overseas outposts in countries like [Italy](/wiki/Italy "Italy") (where cars were produced under the [Innocenti](/wiki/Innocenti "Innocenti") brand) were gradually closed down or sold to other carmakers, so by the 1980s; it was entirely a British\-based operation. [left\|thumb\|1981 [Aston Martin V8 Vantage](/wiki/Aston_Martin_V8_Vantage_%281977%29 "Aston Martin V8 Vantage (1977)"), produced from 1977 to 1989](/wiki/File:1981_Aston_Martin_V8_Vantage_Blue.jpg "1981 Aston Martin V8 Vantage Blue.jpg") By the end of the 1970s, Ford, Peugeot\-Talbot and Vauxhall (GM) were well\-integrated with their parent companies' other European operations. BL stood alone in the UK as an increasingly junior player. As part of the drive for increased productivity in the late\-1970s, BL reduced its workforce and number of plants, and strived to centralise its management activities. The city of Coventry suffered particularly badly, with many thousands becoming unemployed after the closure of the [Triumph](/wiki/Triumph_Motor_Company "Triumph Motor Company") car factory in the city in 1980\. In 1979, BL struck a collaboration deal with [Honda](/wiki/Honda "Honda") to share the development and production of a new mid\-sized car ([Triumph Acclaim](/wiki/Triumph_Acclaim "Triumph Acclaim")/[Honda Ballade](/wiki/Honda_Ballade "Honda Ballade")), which was launched in 1981\. The new car combined Honda engine and transmission designs with a BL body, as did its successor model \- the [Rover 200 Series](/wiki/Rover_200_Series "Rover 200 Series") \- in 1984\. The next plan was to work on a new luxury car together, the end product being the [Rover 800 Series](/wiki/Rover_800_Series "Rover 800 Series"), which arrived in 1986\. Although UK politics changed in 1979 with the election of the [Conservative Party](/wiki/First_Thatcher_ministry "First Thatcher ministry"), the UK Government continued to support BL with funds for the development of a new mass\-market model range ([Mini Metro](/wiki/Austin_Metro "Austin Metro"), [Maestro](/wiki/Austin_Maestro "Austin Maestro"), [Montego](/wiki/Austin_Montego "Austin Montego") and another Honda collaboration the [Rover 800](/wiki/Rover_800 "Rover 800")), which were all launched between 1980 and 1986\. The Metro was the most successful of these cars. Car assembly, with the exception of Jaguar, was concentrated into two central plants – [Longbridge](/wiki/Longbridge_plant "Longbridge plant") and [Cowley](/wiki/Plant_Oxford "Plant Oxford"). In July 1986, BL was renamed the [Rover Group](/wiki/Rover_Group "Rover Group"). By the mid\-1980s, front\-wheel drive was now the standard on mass market cars, with most new models having a hatchback bodystyle as at least an option. Although Ford had adopted front\-wheel drive for its new [Spanish built](/wiki/Spain "Spain") [Fiesta](/wiki/Ford_Fiesta "Ford Fiesta") supermini in 1976 and the third generation [Escort](/wiki/Ford_Escort_%28Europe%29 "Ford Escort (Europe)") in 1980, it had curiously retained rear\-wheel drive for its larger [Sierra](/wiki/Ford_Sierra "Ford Sierra") (the [Cortina](/wiki/Ford_Cortina "Ford Cortina") replacement) in 1982, although the Sierra did feature a hatchback bodystyle and was not available as a saloon until 1987\. In 1983, it recognised the continuing demand for smaller and medium\-sized family saloons by introducing the [Orion](/wiki/Ford_Orion "Ford Orion"), which was based on the Escort floorpan. [right\|thumb\|The third generation [Lotus Esprit](/wiki/Lotus_Esprit "Lotus Esprit") S3, produced from 1982 to 1993](/wiki/File:1982_Lotus_Esprit_%288941980993%29.jpg "1982 Lotus Esprit (8941980993).jpg") The supermini sector had expanded rapidly since the early\-1970s. BMC's Mini had remained popular beyond its twentieth anniversary, but successor organisation [British Leyland](/wiki/British_Leyland "British Leyland") had started work on a more modern and practical alternative by the mid\-1970s, the final result being the [Austin Metro](/wiki/Austin_Metro "Austin Metro") in 1980 \- the new car featured more modern styling and a hatchback bodystyle. [Chrysler Europe](/wiki/Chrysler_Europe "Chrysler Europe") had axed the long\-running [Hillman Imp](/wiki/Hillman_Imp "Hillman Imp") (launched by the [Rootes Group](/wiki/Rootes_Group "Rootes Group") in 1963\) in 1976 and replaced it with the [Chrysler Sunbeam](/wiki/Chrysler_Sunbeam "Chrysler Sunbeam") hatchback a year later. [General Motors](/wiki/General_Motors "General Motors") had already adopted this bodystyle with the [Vauxhall Chevette](/wiki/Vauxhall_Chevette "Vauxhall Chevette") (which was also available as a saloon or estate) and Ford with the [Fiesta](/wiki/Ford_Fiesta "Ford Fiesta"). Comparable foreign products like the [Fiat 127](/wiki/Fiat_127 "Fiat 127"), [Renault 5](/wiki/Renault_5 "Renault 5") and [Volkswagen Polo](/wiki/Volkswagen_Polo "Volkswagen Polo") were also proving popular in the UK. Ford had now divided its European operations between its British factories and other European plants in [Spain](/wiki/Spain "Spain"), [Belgium](/wiki/Belgium "Belgium") and [West Germany](/wiki/West_Germany "West Germany"). [General Motors](/wiki/General_Motors "General Motors") had started importing some of its West German and [Belgian](/wiki/Belgium "Belgium") built [Opel](/wiki/Opel "Opel") products to the UK to be badged as Vauxhalls, and by 1983 its [Nova](/wiki/Vauxhall_Nova "Vauxhall Nova") supermini (badged as the [Opel Corsa](/wiki/Opel_Corsa "Opel Corsa") on the continent) was built solely in its Spanish factory. Peugeot was dividing production of most of the Talbot badged vehicles between the Ryton plant near [Coventry](/wiki/Coventry "Coventry") (the [Linwood](/wiki/Linwood%2C_Renfrewshire "Linwood, Renfrewshire") plant in [Scotland](/wiki/Scotland "Scotland") closed in 1981\) and its French factories by the early\-1980s, and started producing its own models at Coventry in 1985 after deciding to axe the Talbot marque due to falling sales. Foreign carmakers continued to gain ground on the British market during the 1980s, with the likes of [Renault](/wiki/Renault "Renault"), [Peugeot](/wiki/Peugeot "Peugeot"), [Citroen](/wiki/Citroen "Citroen") (France), [Volvo](/wiki/Volvo "Volvo") ([Sweden](/wiki/Sweden "Sweden")), [Volkswagen](/wiki/Volkswagen "Volkswagen") (West Germany) and [Fiat](/wiki/Fiat "Fiat") ([Italy](/wiki/Italy "Italy")) proving particularly popular. The [Russian\-built](/wiki/Russia "Russia") [Lada](/wiki/Lada "Lada"), first sold in the UK in 1974, also sold well, despite its outdated Fiat\-sourced design; with buyers mostly being attracted by its low price. By the late\-1980s, with the four\-wheel drive Niva and a front\-wheel drive hatchback, the [Samara](/wiki/Lada_Samara "Lada Samara"), complementing the long\-running [Riva](/wiki/Lada_Riva "Lada Riva"), Lada sales in Britain had amounted to more than 30,000 a year (some 1\.5% of the new car market), but tailed off after 1990 as a result of growing competition and a lack of new model launches. Imports to Britain finally ceased in 1997 due to Lada's difficulties in meeting emissions requirements. [Skoda](/wiki/%C5%A0koda_Auto "Škoda Auto") also enjoyed similarly decent sales of its well\-priced rear\-engined saloon cars during the 1970s and 1980s, going from strength to strength in the 1990s following its takeover by [Volkswagen](/wiki/Volkswagen "Volkswagen") and the launch of new model ranges with modern technology and styling. [Zastava's](/wiki/Zastava_Automobiles "Zastava Automobiles") [Yugo\-badged](/wiki/Yugo-badged "Yugo-badged") cars, based on Fiat designs from the 1970s, also sold reasonably well in Britain during the 1980s, but the carmaker was forced to halt imports in 1992 due to sanctions imposed on [Yugoslavia](/wiki/Yugoslavia "Yugoslavia") as a result of the civil war there. [Polish](/wiki/Poland "Poland") carmaker [FSO](/wiki/Fabryka_Samochod%C3%B3w_Osobowych "Fabryka Samochodów Osobowych") imported its version of the [Fiat 125](/wiki/Polski_Fiat_125p "Polski Fiat 125p") to Britain from 1975, later launching a hatchback model (the [Polonez](/wiki/FSO_Polonez "FSO Polonez")) alongside it. However, by 1998, Skoda was the only [Eastern European](/wiki/Eastern_Europe "Eastern Europe") carmaker still exporting cars to Britain, now competing with budget\-priced Asian cars from the likes of [Daewoo](/wiki/Daewoo "Daewoo"), [Kia](/wiki/Kia "Kia"), [Hyundai](/wiki/Hyundai_Motor_Company "Hyundai Motor Company") and [Proton](/wiki/Proton_%28car%29 "Proton (car)"). Nissan had axed the Datsun brand by 1984 and used its own name on all cars, and in 1986 opened a factory in Britain near [Sunderland](/wiki/Sunderland%2C_Tyne_and_Wear "Sunderland, Tyne and Wear"), which produced the mid\-range [Bluebird](/wiki/Nissan_Bluebird "Nissan Bluebird") hatchbacks and saloons, although it was the Japanese\-built [Micra](/wiki/Nissan_Micra "Nissan Micra") which was the company's best\-selling car in Britain during the 1980s. [left\|thumb\|[Motorsport in the UK](/wiki/Motorsport_in_the_United_Kingdom "Motorsport in the United Kingdom") serves as a testing ground for production cars](/wiki/File:McLaren_duo_1-2_finish_2010_Canada.jpg "McLaren duo 1-2 finish 2010 Canada.jpg") The decade also saw the arrival of purpose\-built people carriers on the British market, starting with the Japanese [Mitsubishi Space Wagon](/wiki/Mitsubishi_Space_Wagon "Mitsubishi Space Wagon") in 1984, and then the market\-leading [Renault Espace](/wiki/Renault_Espace "Renault Espace") in 1985, but by the end of the decade this type of vehicle still had only a very small share of the British market and there were still no British\-built people carriers available, although a few seven\-seater estate models including Austin Rover's [Montego](/wiki/Austin_Montego "Austin Montego") were being produced. The decade also saw a fall in demand for sports cars, perhaps due to the rising popularity of "hot hatchbacks" (high performance versions of hatchback cars), and so a number of manufacturers pulled out of the sports car market. [British Leyland](/wiki/British_Leyland "British Leyland") finished production of its MG and Triumph sports cars early in the decade, with no replacement. [General Motors](/wiki/General_Motors "General Motors") had launched coupe versions of its [Cavalier](/wiki/Vauxhall_Cavalier "Vauxhall Cavalier") mid\-range model in the 1970s, but did not produce any equivalent models of the MK2 Cavalier which arrived in 1981\. It did, however, continue to offer the German\-built [Opel Manta](/wiki/Opel_Manta "Opel Manta") to British buyers until the end of production in 1988, replacing it with the [Calibra](/wiki/Opel_Calibra "Opel Calibra") (also built in Germany) a year later. Ford had enjoyed success in the 1970s with its [Capri](/wiki/Ford_Capri "Ford Capri") coupe, but this declined in popularity after 1980 and when production ended in 1986, there was no direct replacement. As well as the rebranding of the former Rootes Group and its eventual integration into Peugeot, the 1980s also saw the disappearance of several long\-established car brands. Production of MG sports cars finished when the [Abingdon](/wiki/Abingdon-on-Thames "Abingdon-on-Thames") factory closed in 1980, although the brand was quickly revived on higher performance versions of the Metro, Maestro and Montego. 1980 also saw the closure of the Triumph factory at [Canley](/wiki/Canley "Canley"), [Coventry](/wiki/Coventry "Coventry"), although the marque survived until 1984 \- the same year that the Morris marque was discontinued after more than seventy years. The [Morris Ital's](/wiki/Morris_Ital "Morris Ital") successor, the [Montego](/wiki/Austin_Montego "Austin Montego"), was sold under the Austin and MG brands, while the Triumph Acclaim's successor was sold as the Rover 200 Series. By 1988, however, the Austin marque had also been phased out, with the former Austin\-badged products now being incorporated into the Rover brand. General Motors enjoyed an upturn in Britain during the 1980s, as its Vauxhall\-badged cars increased their market share and the company's image also improved. At the beginning of 1980, it replaced the Viva with a new front\-wheel drive range of hatchback and estates \- the [Astra](/wiki/Vauxhall_Astra "Vauxhall Astra"), which was built in Britain and also in [Opel](/wiki/Opel "Opel") factories on the continent. The MK2 Cavalier was launched in 1981, and became the company's best selling car of the decade. Its replacement for the [Chevette](/wiki/Vauxhall_Chevette "Vauxhall Chevette") was the [Nova](/wiki/Vauxhall_Nova "Vauxhall Nova"), a rebadged version of the [Spanish](/wiki/Spain "Spain") built [Opel Corsa](/wiki/Opel_Corsa "Opel Corsa"), which was launched in 1983\. The MK2 Astra was voted European Car of the Year shortly after its launch in 1984, as was the flagship MK2 Carlton ([Opel Omega](/wiki/Opel_Omega "Opel Omega") on the continent) two years later.
[ "### 1968 to 1987", "[left\\|thumbnail\\|[Morgan Plus 8](/wiki/Morgan_Plus_8 \"Morgan Plus 8\"), produced from 1968 to 2004 \\& 2012 to 2018](/wiki/File:Morgan_Plus_8_%4001.JPG \"Morgan Plus 8 @01.JPG\")\nBy 1968, UK motor vehicle production was dominated by four companies: BLMC, Chrysler (UK), Ford, and Vauxhall (GM). The [Rootes Group](/wiki/Rootes_Group \"Rootes Group\") had taken on the name Chrysler UK after its takeover by the [American](/wiki/United_States_of_America \"United States of America\") car giant [Chrysler](/wiki/Chrysler \"Chrysler\"), which had also taken over French carmaker [Simca](/wiki/Simca \"Simca\").", "The national champion, BLMC ([British Leyland](/wiki/British_Leyland \"British Leyland\") from 1968\\), was handicapped in its attempts to modernise by internal rivalries. Unattractive new products (particularly the [Austin Allegro](/wiki/Austin_Allegro \"Austin Allegro\") and [Morris Marina](/wiki/Morris_Marina \"Morris Marina\")) which were widely criticised by the motoring press, retention of legacy marques and models, labour disputes, quality issues, supplier problems and inefficient use of new equipment thwarted the dream of efficient high volume production. Increased overseas competition and high unit costs led to lowered profits, which in turn jeopardised investment plans. Although the cars continued to sell well in Britain, they were less popular on overseas markets. As well as that, the company often produced several cars to compete in the same market sector. For instance, it produced four competitors for the [Ford Cortina](/wiki/Ford_Cortina \"Ford Cortina\") at the same time \\- the Morris Marina, Austin Maxi, Triumph Dolomite and the [Princess](/wiki/Princess_%28car%29 \"Princess (car)\").", "[Japanese](/wiki/Japan \"Japan\") cars, particularly the [Datsun](/wiki/Datsun \"Datsun\") badged cars built by [Nissan](/wiki/Nissan \"Nissan\") enjoyed a strong surge in popularity during the first half of the 1970s, while [French](/wiki/France \"France\") carmaker [Renault](/wiki/Renault \"Renault\") and [West German](/wiki/West_Germany \"West Germany\") carmaker [Volkswagen](/wiki/Volkswagen \"Volkswagen\") also enjoyed an upturn on the British market, helped by the arrival of well\\-received new cars, particularly the [Renault 5](/wiki/Renault_5 \"Renault 5\") in 1972 and the [Volkswagen Golf](/wiki/Volkswagen_Golf \"Volkswagen Golf\") in 1974\\.", "The fortunes of foreign carmakers on the British market were also assisted by the fact that most British manufacturers adopted the hatchback bodystyle, mostly featuring front\\-wheel drive, considerably later than their continental rivals. For instance, the arrival of the front\\-wheel drive [Volkswagen Golf](/wiki/Volkswagen_Golf \"Volkswagen Golf\") hatchback in 1974 came four years before any of the four British\\-based carmakers had launched an equivalent car. By the time the first small British\\-built hatchback, the [Vauxhall Chevette](/wiki/Vauxhall_Chevette \"Vauxhall Chevette\"), was launched in 1975, the French [Renault 5](/wiki/Renault_5 \"Renault 5\") had already been in production for three years. However, [British Leyland](/wiki/British_Leyland \"British Leyland\")'s larger [Austin Maxi](/wiki/Austin_Maxi \"Austin Maxi\") had been sold with a hatchback and front\\-wheel drive since its 1969 launch, although it sold similar\\-sized cars like the [Morris Marina](/wiki/Morris_Marina \"Morris Marina\") and [Triumph Dolomite](/wiki/Triumph_Dolomite \"Triumph Dolomite\") alongside it as a rear\\-wheel drive saloon alternative, with the Dolomite being sold further upmarket than the Marina. For buyers wanting six\\-cylinder and larger four\\-cylinder engines, the Princess was launched in 1975\\. Chrysler launched the [Alpine](/wiki/Chrysler_Alpine \"Chrysler Alpine\") for this market sector in 1975, featuring front wheel drive and a hatchback, but kept the [Hunter](/wiki/Hillman_Hunter \"Hillman Hunter\") in production alongside it until 1979 for buyers who still preferred rear\\-wheel drive and a saloon or estate bodystyle.", "At the luxury end of the market, British Leyland was actually one of the first manufacturers in the world to put a hatchback on an upmarket car when it launched the [Rover SD1](/wiki/Rover_SD1 \"Rover SD1\") in 1976\\. This car signalled the beginning of rationalisation at British Leyland, with the SD1 replacing two model ranges \\- the [Rover P6](/wiki/Rover_P6 \"Rover P6\") and [Triumph 2000/2500](/wiki/Triumph_2000 \"Triumph 2000\").", "The popularity of Nissan's range of Datsun\\-badged cars in the 1970s was largely down to their low prices, cheap running costs, good equipment levels and a reputation for better reliability than most British cars, although these cars also went on to gain a reputation for being prone to rust.", "BLMC's share of the UK market dropped from 40% to 32% between 1971 and 1973, with its new [Morris Marina](/wiki/Morris_Marina \"Morris Marina\") and [Austin Allegro](/wiki/Austin_Allegro \"Austin Allegro\") family cars selling well on the British market but not proving popular on many export markets, with the motoring media being critical of the styling of these new models as well as questions regarding the level of quality.", "[right\\|thumbnail\\|The first\\-generation [Range Rover](/wiki/Range_Rover \"Range Rover\"), produced from 1970 to 1996](/wiki/File:1974_Range_Rover_Classic_4X4_Wagon_%2847201968852%29.jpg \"1974 Range Rover Classic 4X4 Wagon (47201968852).jpg\")\nBy 1974, the UK's position as a world motor vehicle manufacturer had dropped to sixth place. In 1974, both BLMC and Chrysler UK appealed to the UK Government for financial help. The Government rejected the idea of a merger between the two companies, and instead Chrysler UK received a loan and BLMC was subjected to a series of studies to determine its future. The Government's official BLMC enquiry, led by [Lord Ryder](/wiki/Ryder_Report_%28British_Leyland%29 \"Ryder Report (British Leyland)\"), suggested that BLMC's strategy was sound, but required huge state investment to improve productivity by providing mechanisation and improving labour relations.", "Despite the effective [nationalisation](/wiki/Nationalisation \"Nationalisation\") of BLMC as [British Leyland](/wiki/British_Leyland \"British Leyland\") (BL) in 1975, the recovery never happened. Chrysler sold its European interests (including those in the UK) to [Peugeot](/wiki/Peugeot \"Peugeot\") in 1978, to allow it to concentrate on its own difficulties in the [United States](/wiki/United_States \"United States\"). The UK interests were renamed [Peugeot\\-Talbot](/wiki/Talbot_%28automobile%29 \"Talbot (automobile)\"), with production of the Chrysler\\-developed cars continuing, with the last Rootes\\-developed car, the [Avenger](/wiki/Hillman_Avenger \"Hillman Avenger\"), being discontinued in 1981\\. Peugeot also developed a saloon version of the Alpine called the [Solara](/wiki/Talbot_Solara \"Talbot Solara\"), and also launched the larger [Tagora](/wiki/Talbot_Tagora \"Talbot Tagora\"), which had been in development by Chrysler when it sold its European operations. It also replaced the entry\\-level [Sunbeam](/wiki/Talbot_Sunbeam \"Talbot Sunbeam\") with the [Peugeot](/wiki/Peugeot \"Peugeot\") based [Samba](/wiki/Talbot_Samba \"Talbot Samba\") in 1981\\.{{cite book \\|title\\=Rival Capitalists \\|author\\=Jeffrey A. Hart \\|publisher\\=Cornell University Press \\|year\\=1993 \\|isbn\\=0\\-8014\\-9949\\-6 \\|url\\-access\\=registration \\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/rivalcapitalists00hart\\_0 }}", "As in most other developed countries, the 1970s saw major changes to the cars produced in the UK. Front\\-wheel drive, which had been pioneered by BMC on several new models between 1959 and 1965, now became a common feature on family cars after decades of producing only rear\\-wheel drive models. The hatchback bodystyle, which had debuted in Europe on the French [Renault 16](/wiki/Renault_16 \"Renault 16\") in 1965, became more popular, with many of Britain's best\\-selling cars being available with a hatchback by the early\\-1980s.", "Many Ford and Vauxhall models were also being produced at their parent company's continental factories by 1980\\. Ford had switched Capri and Granada production to [Germany](/wiki/Germany \"Germany\") by this stage, while production of its new Fiesta supermini was divided between Britain, West Germany and a new plant in [Spain](/wiki/Spain \"Spain\") from its 1976 launch. [General Motors](/wiki/General_Motors \"General Motors\") had not only decided to make its [Vauxhall](/wiki/Vauxhall_Motors \"Vauxhall Motors\") and [Opel](/wiki/Opel \"Opel\") badged cars mechanically identical during the 1970s, but it had also imported some of its Vauxhall\\-badged cars from Opel factories in West Germany and [Belgium](/wiki/Belgium \"Belgium\"), and its [Corsa](/wiki/Opel_Corsa \"Opel Corsa\") supermini (Vauxhall Nova in the UK) was solely assembled at a factory in [Zaragoza](/wiki/Zaragoza \"Zaragoza\"), Spain, which opened in 1982\\. British Leyland's overseas outposts in countries like [Italy](/wiki/Italy \"Italy\") (where cars were produced under the [Innocenti](/wiki/Innocenti \"Innocenti\") brand) were gradually closed down or sold to other carmakers, so by the 1980s; it was entirely a British\\-based operation.", "[left\\|thumb\\|1981 [Aston Martin V8 Vantage](/wiki/Aston_Martin_V8_Vantage_%281977%29 \"Aston Martin V8 Vantage (1977)\"), produced from 1977 to 1989](/wiki/File:1981_Aston_Martin_V8_Vantage_Blue.jpg \"1981 Aston Martin V8 Vantage Blue.jpg\")\nBy the end of the 1970s, Ford, Peugeot\\-Talbot and Vauxhall (GM) were well\\-integrated with their parent companies' other European operations. BL stood alone in the UK as an increasingly junior player. As part of the drive for increased productivity in the late\\-1970s, BL reduced its workforce and number of plants, and strived to centralise its management activities. The city of Coventry suffered particularly badly, with many thousands becoming unemployed after the closure of the [Triumph](/wiki/Triumph_Motor_Company \"Triumph Motor Company\") car factory in the city in 1980\\.", "In 1979, BL struck a collaboration deal with [Honda](/wiki/Honda \"Honda\") to share the development and production of a new mid\\-sized car ([Triumph Acclaim](/wiki/Triumph_Acclaim \"Triumph Acclaim\")/[Honda Ballade](/wiki/Honda_Ballade \"Honda Ballade\")), which was launched in 1981\\. The new car combined Honda engine and transmission designs with a BL body, as did its successor model \\- the [Rover 200 Series](/wiki/Rover_200_Series \"Rover 200 Series\") \\- in 1984\\. The next plan was to work on a new luxury car together, the end product being the [Rover 800 Series](/wiki/Rover_800_Series \"Rover 800 Series\"), which arrived in 1986\\.", "Although UK politics changed in 1979 with the election of the [Conservative Party](/wiki/First_Thatcher_ministry \"First Thatcher ministry\"), the UK Government continued to support BL with funds for the development of a new mass\\-market model range ([Mini Metro](/wiki/Austin_Metro \"Austin Metro\"), [Maestro](/wiki/Austin_Maestro \"Austin Maestro\"), [Montego](/wiki/Austin_Montego \"Austin Montego\") and another Honda collaboration the [Rover 800](/wiki/Rover_800 \"Rover 800\")), which were all launched between 1980 and 1986\\. The Metro was the most successful of these cars.", "Car assembly, with the exception of Jaguar, was concentrated into two central plants – [Longbridge](/wiki/Longbridge_plant \"Longbridge plant\") and [Cowley](/wiki/Plant_Oxford \"Plant Oxford\"). In July 1986, BL was renamed the [Rover Group](/wiki/Rover_Group \"Rover Group\").", "By the mid\\-1980s, front\\-wheel drive was now the standard on mass market cars, with most new models having a hatchback bodystyle as at least an option. Although Ford had adopted front\\-wheel drive for its new [Spanish built](/wiki/Spain \"Spain\") [Fiesta](/wiki/Ford_Fiesta \"Ford Fiesta\") supermini in 1976 and the third generation [Escort](/wiki/Ford_Escort_%28Europe%29 \"Ford Escort (Europe)\") in 1980, it had curiously retained rear\\-wheel drive for its larger [Sierra](/wiki/Ford_Sierra \"Ford Sierra\") (the [Cortina](/wiki/Ford_Cortina \"Ford Cortina\") replacement) in 1982, although the Sierra did feature a hatchback bodystyle and was not available as a saloon until 1987\\. In 1983, it recognised the continuing demand for smaller and medium\\-sized family saloons by introducing the [Orion](/wiki/Ford_Orion \"Ford Orion\"), which was based on the Escort floorpan.", "[right\\|thumb\\|The third generation [Lotus Esprit](/wiki/Lotus_Esprit \"Lotus Esprit\") S3, produced from 1982 to 1993](/wiki/File:1982_Lotus_Esprit_%288941980993%29.jpg \"1982 Lotus Esprit (8941980993).jpg\")\nThe supermini sector had expanded rapidly since the early\\-1970s. BMC's Mini had remained popular beyond its twentieth anniversary, but successor organisation [British Leyland](/wiki/British_Leyland \"British Leyland\") had started work on a more modern and practical alternative by the mid\\-1970s, the final result being the [Austin Metro](/wiki/Austin_Metro \"Austin Metro\") in 1980 \\- the new car featured more modern styling and a hatchback bodystyle. [Chrysler Europe](/wiki/Chrysler_Europe \"Chrysler Europe\") had axed the long\\-running [Hillman Imp](/wiki/Hillman_Imp \"Hillman Imp\") (launched by the [Rootes Group](/wiki/Rootes_Group \"Rootes Group\") in 1963\\) in 1976 and replaced it with the [Chrysler Sunbeam](/wiki/Chrysler_Sunbeam \"Chrysler Sunbeam\") hatchback a year later. [General Motors](/wiki/General_Motors \"General Motors\") had already adopted this bodystyle with the [Vauxhall Chevette](/wiki/Vauxhall_Chevette \"Vauxhall Chevette\") (which was also available as a saloon or estate) and Ford with the [Fiesta](/wiki/Ford_Fiesta \"Ford Fiesta\"). Comparable foreign products like the [Fiat 127](/wiki/Fiat_127 \"Fiat 127\"), [Renault 5](/wiki/Renault_5 \"Renault 5\") and [Volkswagen Polo](/wiki/Volkswagen_Polo \"Volkswagen Polo\") were also proving popular in the UK.", "Ford had now divided its European operations between its British factories and other European plants in [Spain](/wiki/Spain \"Spain\"), [Belgium](/wiki/Belgium \"Belgium\") and [West Germany](/wiki/West_Germany \"West Germany\"). [General Motors](/wiki/General_Motors \"General Motors\") had started importing some of its West German and [Belgian](/wiki/Belgium \"Belgium\") built [Opel](/wiki/Opel \"Opel\") products to the UK to be badged as Vauxhalls, and by 1983 its [Nova](/wiki/Vauxhall_Nova \"Vauxhall Nova\") supermini (badged as the [Opel Corsa](/wiki/Opel_Corsa \"Opel Corsa\") on the continent) was built solely in its Spanish factory. Peugeot was dividing production of most of the Talbot badged vehicles between the Ryton plant near [Coventry](/wiki/Coventry \"Coventry\") (the [Linwood](/wiki/Linwood%2C_Renfrewshire \"Linwood, Renfrewshire\") plant in [Scotland](/wiki/Scotland \"Scotland\") closed in 1981\\) and its French factories by the early\\-1980s, and started producing its own models at Coventry in 1985 after deciding to axe the Talbot marque due to falling sales.", "Foreign carmakers continued to gain ground on the British market during the 1980s, with the likes of [Renault](/wiki/Renault \"Renault\"), [Peugeot](/wiki/Peugeot \"Peugeot\"), [Citroen](/wiki/Citroen \"Citroen\") (France), [Volvo](/wiki/Volvo \"Volvo\") ([Sweden](/wiki/Sweden \"Sweden\")), [Volkswagen](/wiki/Volkswagen \"Volkswagen\") (West Germany) and [Fiat](/wiki/Fiat \"Fiat\") ([Italy](/wiki/Italy \"Italy\")) proving particularly popular.", "The [Russian\\-built](/wiki/Russia \"Russia\") [Lada](/wiki/Lada \"Lada\"), first sold in the UK in 1974, also sold well, despite its outdated Fiat\\-sourced design; with buyers mostly being attracted by its low price. By the late\\-1980s, with the four\\-wheel drive Niva and a front\\-wheel drive hatchback, the [Samara](/wiki/Lada_Samara \"Lada Samara\"), complementing the long\\-running [Riva](/wiki/Lada_Riva \"Lada Riva\"), Lada sales in Britain had amounted to more than 30,000 a year (some 1\\.5% of the new car market), but tailed off after 1990 as a result of growing competition and a lack of new model launches. Imports to Britain finally ceased in 1997 due to Lada's difficulties in meeting emissions requirements. [Skoda](/wiki/%C5%A0koda_Auto \"Škoda Auto\") also enjoyed similarly decent sales of its well\\-priced rear\\-engined saloon cars during the 1970s and 1980s, going from strength to strength in the 1990s following its takeover by [Volkswagen](/wiki/Volkswagen \"Volkswagen\") and the launch of new model ranges with modern technology and styling. [Zastava's](/wiki/Zastava_Automobiles \"Zastava Automobiles\") [Yugo\\-badged](/wiki/Yugo-badged \"Yugo-badged\") cars, based on Fiat designs from the 1970s, also sold reasonably well in Britain during the 1980s, but the carmaker was forced to halt imports in 1992 due to sanctions imposed on [Yugoslavia](/wiki/Yugoslavia \"Yugoslavia\") as a result of the civil war there. [Polish](/wiki/Poland \"Poland\") carmaker [FSO](/wiki/Fabryka_Samochod%C3%B3w_Osobowych \"Fabryka Samochodów Osobowych\") imported its version of the [Fiat 125](/wiki/Polski_Fiat_125p \"Polski Fiat 125p\") to Britain from 1975, later launching a hatchback model (the [Polonez](/wiki/FSO_Polonez \"FSO Polonez\")) alongside it. However, by 1998, Skoda was the only [Eastern European](/wiki/Eastern_Europe \"Eastern Europe\") carmaker still exporting cars to Britain, now competing with budget\\-priced Asian cars from the likes of [Daewoo](/wiki/Daewoo \"Daewoo\"), [Kia](/wiki/Kia \"Kia\"), [Hyundai](/wiki/Hyundai_Motor_Company \"Hyundai Motor Company\") and [Proton](/wiki/Proton_%28car%29 \"Proton (car)\").", "Nissan had axed the Datsun brand by 1984 and used its own name on all cars, and in 1986 opened a factory in Britain near [Sunderland](/wiki/Sunderland%2C_Tyne_and_Wear \"Sunderland, Tyne and Wear\"), which produced the mid\\-range [Bluebird](/wiki/Nissan_Bluebird \"Nissan Bluebird\") hatchbacks and saloons, although it was the Japanese\\-built [Micra](/wiki/Nissan_Micra \"Nissan Micra\") which was the company's best\\-selling car in Britain during the 1980s.", "[left\\|thumb\\|[Motorsport in the UK](/wiki/Motorsport_in_the_United_Kingdom \"Motorsport in the United Kingdom\") serves as a testing ground for production cars](/wiki/File:McLaren_duo_1-2_finish_2010_Canada.jpg \"McLaren duo 1-2 finish 2010 Canada.jpg\")\nThe decade also saw the arrival of purpose\\-built people carriers on the British market, starting with the Japanese [Mitsubishi Space Wagon](/wiki/Mitsubishi_Space_Wagon \"Mitsubishi Space Wagon\") in 1984, and then the market\\-leading [Renault Espace](/wiki/Renault_Espace \"Renault Espace\") in 1985, but by the end of the decade this type of vehicle still had only a very small share of the British market and there were still no British\\-built people carriers available, although a few seven\\-seater estate models including Austin Rover's [Montego](/wiki/Austin_Montego \"Austin Montego\") were being produced.", "The decade also saw a fall in demand for sports cars, perhaps due to the rising popularity of \"hot hatchbacks\" (high performance versions of hatchback cars), and so a number of manufacturers pulled out of the sports car market. [British Leyland](/wiki/British_Leyland \"British Leyland\") finished production of its MG and Triumph sports cars early in the decade, with no replacement. [General Motors](/wiki/General_Motors \"General Motors\") had launched coupe versions of its [Cavalier](/wiki/Vauxhall_Cavalier \"Vauxhall Cavalier\") mid\\-range model in the 1970s, but did not produce any equivalent models of the MK2 Cavalier which arrived in 1981\\. It did, however, continue to offer the German\\-built [Opel Manta](/wiki/Opel_Manta \"Opel Manta\") to British buyers until the end of production in 1988, replacing it with the [Calibra](/wiki/Opel_Calibra \"Opel Calibra\") (also built in Germany) a year later. Ford had enjoyed success in the 1970s with its [Capri](/wiki/Ford_Capri \"Ford Capri\") coupe, but this declined in popularity after 1980 and when production ended in 1986, there was no direct replacement.", "As well as the rebranding of the former Rootes Group and its eventual integration into Peugeot, the 1980s also saw the disappearance of several long\\-established car brands. Production of MG sports cars finished when the [Abingdon](/wiki/Abingdon-on-Thames \"Abingdon-on-Thames\") factory closed in 1980, although the brand was quickly revived on higher performance versions of the Metro, Maestro and Montego. 1980 also saw the closure of the Triumph factory at [Canley](/wiki/Canley \"Canley\"), [Coventry](/wiki/Coventry \"Coventry\"), although the marque survived until 1984 \\- the same year that the Morris marque was discontinued after more than seventy years. The [Morris Ital's](/wiki/Morris_Ital \"Morris Ital\") successor, the [Montego](/wiki/Austin_Montego \"Austin Montego\"), was sold under the Austin and MG brands, while the Triumph Acclaim's successor was sold as the Rover 200 Series. By 1988, however, the Austin marque had also been phased out, with the former Austin\\-badged products now being incorporated into the Rover brand.", "General Motors enjoyed an upturn in Britain during the 1980s, as its Vauxhall\\-badged cars increased their market share and the company's image also improved. At the beginning of 1980, it replaced the Viva with a new front\\-wheel drive range of hatchback and estates \\- the [Astra](/wiki/Vauxhall_Astra \"Vauxhall Astra\"), which was built in Britain and also in [Opel](/wiki/Opel \"Opel\") factories on the continent. The MK2 Cavalier was launched in 1981, and became the company's best selling car of the decade. Its replacement for the [Chevette](/wiki/Vauxhall_Chevette \"Vauxhall Chevette\") was the [Nova](/wiki/Vauxhall_Nova \"Vauxhall Nova\"), a rebadged version of the [Spanish](/wiki/Spain \"Spain\") built [Opel Corsa](/wiki/Opel_Corsa \"Opel Corsa\"), which was launched in 1983\\. The MK2 Astra was voted European Car of the Year shortly after its launch in 1984, as was the flagship MK2 Carlton ([Opel Omega](/wiki/Opel_Omega \"Opel Omega\") on the continent) two years later.", "" ]
History ------- The main building of Chungmusa was first built as ‘the Tomb of [Guan Yu](/wiki/Guan_Yu "Guan Yu")’ in the 31st year of [Seonjo of Joseon](/wiki/Seonjo_of_Joseon "Seonjo of Joseon") reign (1598\) by a [Ming dynasty](/wiki/Ming_dynasty "Ming dynasty") admiral to enshrine and pay homage to [Guan Yu](/wiki/Guan_Yu "Guan Yu"), the Chinese dynasty’s war god, and wish for a victory in the war. In the 7th year of [Hyeonjong of Joseon](/wiki/Hyeonjong_of_Joseon "Hyeonjong of Joseon") reign (1666\), Yu Bi\-yeon as the new commanding general of Western Jeolla Province Naval Command expanded it and built Okcheonsa Temple beside the Tomb of [Guan Yu](/wiki/Guan_Yu "Guan Yu") for memorial service. In the 9th year of [Sukjong of Joseon](/wiki/Sukjong_of_Joseon "Sukjong of Joseon") reign (1686\), a new shrine was built west of the Tomb of [Guan Yu](/wiki/Guan_Yu "Guan Yu") to commemorate Admiral [Yi Sun\-sin](/wiki/Yi_Sun-sin "Yi Sun-sin"), and the whole compound came to enshrine three persons, [Guan Yu](/wiki/Guan_Yu "Guan Yu") and [Chen Lin](/wiki/Chen_Lin_%28Ming_dynasty%29 "Chen Lin (Ming dynasty)") in the eastern building and [Yi Sun\-sin](/wiki/Yi_Sun-sin "Yi Sun-sin") in the western building. During [Hyeonjong of Joseon](/wiki/Hyeonjong_of_Joseon "Hyeonjong of Joseon") reign, the officials of the six counties or prefectures of Yeongam, Gangjin, Boseong, and Haenam conducted memorial services on two annual occasions of [Gyeongchib](/wiki/Jingzhe "Jingzhe") and [Sanggang](/wiki/Shuangjiang_%28solar_term%29 "Shuangjiang (solar term)"). In the 15th year of his reign (1791\), [Jeongjo of Joseon](/wiki/Jeongjo_of_Joseon "Jeongjo of Joseon") granted a plaque of ‘Tanbomyo’ in his handwriting, when the shrine also began to honor Ming’s Admiral [Deng Zilong](/wiki/Deng_Zilong "Deng Zilong") who was killed in the [battle of Noryang](/wiki/Battle_of_Noryang "Battle of Noryang"). As a 70\-year\-old deputy of [Chen Lin](/wiki/Chen_Lin_%28Ming_dynasty%29 "Chen Lin (Ming dynasty)"), [Deng Zilong](/wiki/Deng_Zilong "Deng Zilong") met a valiant death in the same battle in which Admiral [Yi Sun\-sin](/wiki/Yi_Sun-sin "Yi Sun-sin") fought alongside. During the [Period of Japanese Occupation](/wiki/Korea_under_Japanese_rule "Korea under Japanese rule"), the entire [paraphernalia](/wiki/Paraphernalia "Paraphernalia") of artifices ([armor](/wiki/Armor "Armor"), [books](/wiki/Books "Books"), [murals](/wiki/Murals "Murals"), and [plaques](/wiki/Commemorative_plaque "Commemorative plaque")) including the statue of [Guan Yu](/wiki/Guan_Yu "Guan Yu") and memorial tablets were thrown into the sea according to the policy that intended to suppress the national spirit, while the [Buddha](/wiki/Buddha "Buddha") statue of Okcheonsa Temple alone was moved to Baegunsa Temple where it was kept.[Cultural Heritage Administration of the South Korea](http://www.cha.go.kr/chaen/search/selectGeneralSearchDetail.do?sCcebKdcd=13&ccebAsno=01140000&sCcebCtcd=36) In 1945 after the national liberation, the [Korean Confucianism](/wiki/Korean_Confucianism "Korean Confucianism") of Gogeumdo led the effort to rebuild the shrine on the old site of the Tomb of [Guan Yu](/wiki/Guan_Yu "Guan Yu") and changed the plaque to Chungmusa, thus honoring Admiral [Yi Sun\-sin](/wiki/Yi_Sun-sin "Yi Sun-sin") in its main hall. In 1959, Jo Bangjang, Admiral Yi’s adjutant, and Yi Yeong\-nam, then an officer in charge of Garipo, were honored in the eastern building, and services have since been held every year on Admiral Yi Sun\-sin’s Anniversary on April 28 and his patriotic death on November 19 (on [lunar calendar](/wiki/Lunar_calendar "Lunar calendar")).
[ "History\n-------", "The main building of Chungmusa was first built as ‘the Tomb of [Guan Yu](/wiki/Guan_Yu \"Guan Yu\")’ in the 31st year of [Seonjo of Joseon](/wiki/Seonjo_of_Joseon \"Seonjo of Joseon\") reign (1598\\) by a [Ming dynasty](/wiki/Ming_dynasty \"Ming dynasty\") admiral to enshrine and pay homage to [Guan Yu](/wiki/Guan_Yu \"Guan Yu\"), the Chinese dynasty’s war god, and wish for a victory in the war.", "In the 7th year of [Hyeonjong of Joseon](/wiki/Hyeonjong_of_Joseon \"Hyeonjong of Joseon\") reign (1666\\), Yu Bi\\-yeon as the new commanding general of Western Jeolla Province Naval Command expanded it and built Okcheonsa Temple beside the Tomb of [Guan Yu](/wiki/Guan_Yu \"Guan Yu\") for memorial service.", "In the 9th year of [Sukjong of Joseon](/wiki/Sukjong_of_Joseon \"Sukjong of Joseon\") reign (1686\\), a new shrine was built west of the Tomb of [Guan Yu](/wiki/Guan_Yu \"Guan Yu\") to commemorate Admiral [Yi Sun\\-sin](/wiki/Yi_Sun-sin \"Yi Sun-sin\"), and the whole compound came to enshrine three persons, [Guan Yu](/wiki/Guan_Yu \"Guan Yu\") and [Chen Lin](/wiki/Chen_Lin_%28Ming_dynasty%29 \"Chen Lin (Ming dynasty)\") in the eastern building and [Yi Sun\\-sin](/wiki/Yi_Sun-sin \"Yi Sun-sin\") in the western building.", "During [Hyeonjong of Joseon](/wiki/Hyeonjong_of_Joseon \"Hyeonjong of Joseon\") reign, the officials of the six counties or prefectures of Yeongam, Gangjin, Boseong, and Haenam conducted memorial services on two annual occasions of [Gyeongchib](/wiki/Jingzhe \"Jingzhe\") and [Sanggang](/wiki/Shuangjiang_%28solar_term%29 \"Shuangjiang (solar term)\").", "In the 15th year of his reign (1791\\), [Jeongjo of Joseon](/wiki/Jeongjo_of_Joseon \"Jeongjo of Joseon\") granted a plaque of ‘Tanbomyo’ in his handwriting, when the shrine also began to honor Ming’s Admiral [Deng Zilong](/wiki/Deng_Zilong \"Deng Zilong\") who was killed in the [battle of Noryang](/wiki/Battle_of_Noryang \"Battle of Noryang\"). As a 70\\-year\\-old deputy of [Chen Lin](/wiki/Chen_Lin_%28Ming_dynasty%29 \"Chen Lin (Ming dynasty)\"), [Deng Zilong](/wiki/Deng_Zilong \"Deng Zilong\") met a valiant death in the same battle in which Admiral [Yi Sun\\-sin](/wiki/Yi_Sun-sin \"Yi Sun-sin\") fought alongside.", "During the [Period of Japanese Occupation](/wiki/Korea_under_Japanese_rule \"Korea under Japanese rule\"), the entire [paraphernalia](/wiki/Paraphernalia \"Paraphernalia\") of artifices ([armor](/wiki/Armor \"Armor\"), [books](/wiki/Books \"Books\"), [murals](/wiki/Murals \"Murals\"), and [plaques](/wiki/Commemorative_plaque \"Commemorative plaque\")) including the statue of [Guan Yu](/wiki/Guan_Yu \"Guan Yu\") and memorial tablets were thrown into the sea according to the policy that intended to suppress the national spirit, while the [Buddha](/wiki/Buddha \"Buddha\") statue of Okcheonsa Temple alone was moved to Baegunsa Temple where it was kept.[Cultural Heritage Administration of the South Korea](http://www.cha.go.kr/chaen/search/selectGeneralSearchDetail.do?sCcebKdcd=13&ccebAsno=01140000&sCcebCtcd=36)", "In 1945 after the national liberation, the [Korean Confucianism](/wiki/Korean_Confucianism \"Korean Confucianism\") of Gogeumdo led the effort to rebuild the shrine on the old site of the Tomb of [Guan Yu](/wiki/Guan_Yu \"Guan Yu\") and changed the plaque to Chungmusa, thus honoring Admiral [Yi Sun\\-sin](/wiki/Yi_Sun-sin \"Yi Sun-sin\") in its main hall.", "In 1959, Jo Bangjang, Admiral Yi’s adjutant, and Yi Yeong\\-nam, then an officer in charge of Garipo, were honored in the eastern building, and services have since been held every year on Admiral Yi Sun\\-sin’s Anniversary on April 28 and his patriotic death on November 19 (on [lunar calendar](/wiki/Lunar_calendar \"Lunar calendar\")).", "" ]
Career ------ Traubel was born in [Leimen](/wiki/Leimen_%28Pfalz%29 "Leimen (Pfalz)"), the great\-niece of [Metropolitan Opera](/wiki/Metropolitan_Opera "Metropolitan Opera") singer [Helen Traubel](/wiki/Helen_Traubel "Helen Traubel"). She studied at the [Universität der Künste Berlin](/wiki/Universit%C3%A4t_der_K%C3%BCnste_Berlin "Universität der Künste Berlin"), at the [Mozarteum](/wiki/Mozarteum "Mozarteum") in [Salzburg](/wiki/Salzburg "Salzburg") with [Barbara Bonney](/wiki/Barbara_Bonney "Barbara Bonney") where she graduated with distinction, and at the [Manhattan School of Music](/wiki/Manhattan_School_of_Music "Manhattan School of Music"). She took master classes with [Francisco Araiza](/wiki/Francisco_Araiza "Francisco Araiza"), Julie Kaufmann and [Angelika Kirchschlager](/wiki/Angelika_Kirchschlager "Angelika Kirchschlager"). ### Opera Traubel was a member of the studio of the [Opernhaus Zürich](/wiki/Opernhaus_Z%C3%BCrich "Opernhaus Zürich"). During that time, she was recognised when she stepped in at gala performance of Mozart's *[Die Entführung aus dem Serail](/wiki/Die_Entf%C3%BChrung_aus_dem_Serail "Die Entführung aus dem Serail")* in honour of [Intendant](/wiki/Intendant_%28theatre%29 "Intendant (theatre)") Alexander Pereira; she performed the leading role of as Konstanze in the first act, while Vilislava Gospodinova, flown in by helicopter, took over in the second act, and in the third act, Traubel acted while Gospodinova sang from the side. Traubel has collaborated with conductors such as [Ádám Fischer](/wiki/%C3%81d%C3%A1m_Fischer "Ádám Fischer"), [Daniele Gatti](/wiki/Daniele_Gatti "Daniele Gatti"), [Ingo Metzmacher](/wiki/Ingo_Metzmacher "Ingo Metzmacher"). She appeared in Zürich also as Queen of the Night in Mozart's *[Die Zauberflöte](/wiki/Die_Zauberfl%C3%B6te "Die Zauberflöte")*), Titania in Britten's *[A Midsummer Night's Dream](/wiki/A_Midsummer_Night%27s_Dream "A Midsummer Night's Dream")*), Rosina in Mozart's *[La finta semplice](/wiki/La_finta_semplice "La finta semplice")*, Amor in Haydn's *[L'anima del filosofo](/wiki/L%27anima_del_filosofo "L'anima del filosofo")* and the Angel in Pfitzner's *[Palestrina](/wiki/Palestrina_%28opera%29 "Palestrina (opera)")*. She made two role debuts at the [Salzburg Festival](/wiki/Salzburg_Festival "Salzburg Festival"), as Amor in Gluck's *[Orfeo ed Euridice](/wiki/Orfeo_ed_Euridice "Orfeo ed Euridice")* and as Ilia in Mozart's *[Idomeneo](/wiki/Idomeneo "Idomeneo")*. In the 2018/19 season, she first performed the role of Donna Anna in Mozart's *[Don Giovanni](/wiki/Don_Giovanni "Don Giovanni")* at Theater Freiburg, and later first the Countess in Mozart's *[Le nozze di Figaro](/wiki/Le_nozze_di_Figaro "Le nozze di Figaro")*. In 2022, Traubel appeared as Inanna in Jörg Widmann's *[Babylon](/wiki/Babylon_%28opera%29 "Babylon (opera)")* for the opening of the [Internationale Maifestspiele Wiesbaden](/wiki/Internationale_Maifestspiele_Wiesbaden "Internationale Maifestspiele Wiesbaden") at the [Staatstheater Wiesbaden](/wiki/Hessisches_Staatstheater_Wiesbaden "Hessisches Staatstheater Wiesbaden"). A reviewer noted the precision of her extreme [coloraturas](/wiki/Coloratura "Coloratura"). Traubel has collaborated with directors including [Jens\-Daniel Herzog](/wiki/Jens-Daniel_Herzog "Jens-Daniel Herzog") and [Harry Kupfer](/wiki/Harry_Kupfer "Harry Kupfer"). ### Concert In 2020, Traubel performed the soprano solo in Mahler's *[Symphony No. 4](/wiki/Symphony_No._4_%28Mahler%29 "Symphony No. 4 (Mahler)")* with the Mannheimer Philharmoniker, also on a tour. She appeared in Pergolesi's *[Stabat Mater](/wiki/Stabat_Mater_%28Pergolesi%29 "Stabat Mater (Pergolesi)")* alongside [Andreas Scholl](/wiki/Andreas_Scholl "Andreas Scholl"). She performed in Beethoven's *[Ninth Symphony](/wiki/Symphony_No._9_%28Beethoven%29 "Symphony No. 9 (Beethoven)")* with the [Brandenburgisches Staatsorchester](/wiki/Brandenburgisches_Staatsorchester_Frankfurt_%28Oder%29 "Brandenburgisches Staatsorchester Frankfurt (Oder)"), and in Mozart's [Requiem](/wiki/Requiem_%28Mozart%29 "Requiem (Mozart)") in the Mannheim [Mannheimer Rosengarten](/wiki/Mannheimer_Rosengarten "Mannheimer Rosengarten").
[ "Career\n------", "Traubel was born in [Leimen](/wiki/Leimen_%28Pfalz%29 \"Leimen (Pfalz)\"), the great\\-niece of [Metropolitan Opera](/wiki/Metropolitan_Opera \"Metropolitan Opera\") singer [Helen Traubel](/wiki/Helen_Traubel \"Helen Traubel\"). She studied at the [Universität der Künste Berlin](/wiki/Universit%C3%A4t_der_K%C3%BCnste_Berlin \"Universität der Künste Berlin\"), at the [Mozarteum](/wiki/Mozarteum \"Mozarteum\") in [Salzburg](/wiki/Salzburg \"Salzburg\") with [Barbara Bonney](/wiki/Barbara_Bonney \"Barbara Bonney\") where she graduated with distinction, and at the [Manhattan School of Music](/wiki/Manhattan_School_of_Music \"Manhattan School of Music\"). She took master classes with [Francisco Araiza](/wiki/Francisco_Araiza \"Francisco Araiza\"), Julie Kaufmann and [Angelika Kirchschlager](/wiki/Angelika_Kirchschlager \"Angelika Kirchschlager\").", "### Opera", "Traubel was a member of the studio of the [Opernhaus Zürich](/wiki/Opernhaus_Z%C3%BCrich \"Opernhaus Zürich\"). During that time, she was recognised when she stepped in at gala performance of Mozart's *[Die Entführung aus dem Serail](/wiki/Die_Entf%C3%BChrung_aus_dem_Serail \"Die Entführung aus dem Serail\")* in honour of [Intendant](/wiki/Intendant_%28theatre%29 \"Intendant (theatre)\") Alexander Pereira; she performed the leading role of as Konstanze in the first act, while Vilislava Gospodinova, flown in by helicopter, took over in the second act, and in the third act, Traubel acted while Gospodinova sang from the side. Traubel has collaborated with conductors such as [Ádám Fischer](/wiki/%C3%81d%C3%A1m_Fischer \"Ádám Fischer\"), [Daniele Gatti](/wiki/Daniele_Gatti \"Daniele Gatti\"), [Ingo Metzmacher](/wiki/Ingo_Metzmacher \"Ingo Metzmacher\"). She appeared in Zürich also as Queen of the Night in Mozart's *[Die Zauberflöte](/wiki/Die_Zauberfl%C3%B6te \"Die Zauberflöte\")*), Titania in Britten's *[A Midsummer Night's Dream](/wiki/A_Midsummer_Night%27s_Dream \"A Midsummer Night's Dream\")*), Rosina in Mozart's *[La finta semplice](/wiki/La_finta_semplice \"La finta semplice\")*, Amor in Haydn's *[L'anima del filosofo](/wiki/L%27anima_del_filosofo \"L'anima del filosofo\")* and the Angel in Pfitzner's *[Palestrina](/wiki/Palestrina_%28opera%29 \"Palestrina (opera)\")*.", "She made two role debuts at the [Salzburg Festival](/wiki/Salzburg_Festival \"Salzburg Festival\"), as Amor in Gluck's *[Orfeo ed Euridice](/wiki/Orfeo_ed_Euridice \"Orfeo ed Euridice\")* and as Ilia in Mozart's *[Idomeneo](/wiki/Idomeneo \"Idomeneo\")*. In the 2018/19 season, she first performed the role of Donna Anna in Mozart's *[Don Giovanni](/wiki/Don_Giovanni \"Don Giovanni\")* at Theater Freiburg, and later first the Countess in Mozart's *[Le nozze di Figaro](/wiki/Le_nozze_di_Figaro \"Le nozze di Figaro\")*.", "In 2022, Traubel appeared as Inanna in Jörg Widmann's *[Babylon](/wiki/Babylon_%28opera%29 \"Babylon (opera)\")* for the opening of the [Internationale Maifestspiele Wiesbaden](/wiki/Internationale_Maifestspiele_Wiesbaden \"Internationale Maifestspiele Wiesbaden\") at the [Staatstheater Wiesbaden](/wiki/Hessisches_Staatstheater_Wiesbaden \"Hessisches Staatstheater Wiesbaden\"). A reviewer noted the precision of her extreme [coloraturas](/wiki/Coloratura \"Coloratura\"). Traubel has collaborated with directors including [Jens\\-Daniel Herzog](/wiki/Jens-Daniel_Herzog \"Jens-Daniel Herzog\") and [Harry Kupfer](/wiki/Harry_Kupfer \"Harry Kupfer\").", "### Concert", "In 2020, Traubel performed the soprano solo in Mahler's *[Symphony No. 4](/wiki/Symphony_No._4_%28Mahler%29 \"Symphony No. 4 (Mahler)\")* with the Mannheimer Philharmoniker, also on a tour. She appeared in Pergolesi's *[Stabat Mater](/wiki/Stabat_Mater_%28Pergolesi%29 \"Stabat Mater (Pergolesi)\")* alongside [Andreas Scholl](/wiki/Andreas_Scholl \"Andreas Scholl\"). She performed in Beethoven's *[Ninth Symphony](/wiki/Symphony_No._9_%28Beethoven%29 \"Symphony No. 9 (Beethoven)\")* with the [Brandenburgisches Staatsorchester](/wiki/Brandenburgisches_Staatsorchester_Frankfurt_%28Oder%29 \"Brandenburgisches Staatsorchester Frankfurt (Oder)\"), and in Mozart's [Requiem](/wiki/Requiem_%28Mozart%29 \"Requiem (Mozart)\") in the Mannheim [Mannheimer Rosengarten](/wiki/Mannheimer_Rosengarten \"Mannheimer Rosengarten\").", "" ]
Liquid crystalline phases and composition/temperature ----------------------------------------------------- {{More footnotes needed\|section\|date\=May 2022}} The simplest liquid crystalline phase that is formed by spherical micelles is the '[micellar cubic](/wiki/Micellar_cubic "Micellar cubic")', denoted by the symbol I1. This is a highly viscous, optically isotropic phase in which the micelles are arranged on a cubic lattice. Prior to becoming [macroscopic](/wiki/Macroscopic_scale "Macroscopic scale") liquid crystals, [tactoids](/wiki/Tactoid "Tactoid") are formed, which are liquid crystal microdomains in an isotrophic phase. At higher amphiphile concentrations the micelles fuse to form cylindrical aggregates of indefinite length, and these cylinders are arranged on a long\-ranged hexagonal lattice. This lyotropic liquid crystalline phase is known as the '[hexagonal phase](/wiki/Hexagonal_phase "Hexagonal phase")', or more specifically the '[normal topology](/wiki/Normal_topology "Normal topology")' hexagonal phase and is generally denoted by the symbol HI. At higher concentrations of amphiphile the '[lamellar phase](/wiki/Lamellar_phase "Lamellar phase")' is formed. This phase is denoted by the symbol Lα and can be considered the lyotropic equivalent of a smectic A mesophase. This phase consists of amphiphilic molecules arranged in bilayer sheets separated by layers of water. Each bilayer is a prototype of the arrangement of [lipids](/wiki/Lipids "Lipids") in cell membranes. For most amphiphiles that consist of a single hydrocarbon chain, one or more phases having complex architectures are formed at concentrations that are intermediate between those required to form a hexagonal phase and those that lead to the formation of a lamellar phase. Often this intermediate phase is a [bicontinuous cubic phase](/wiki/Bicontinuous_cubic_phase "Bicontinuous cubic phase"). [thumb\|upright\=2\.5\|Schematic showing the aggregation of amphiphiles into micelles and then into lyotropic liquid crystalline phases as a function of amphiphile concentration and of temperature.](/wiki/Image:Lyotropic1.jpg "Lyotropic1.jpg") Increasing the amphiphile concentration beyond the point where lamellar phases are formed would lead to the formation of the [inverse topology](/wiki/Inverse_topology "Inverse topology") lyotropic phases, namely the inverse cubic phases, the inverse hexagonal columnar phase (columns of water encapsulated by amphiphiles, (HII) and the inverse micellar cubic phase (a bulk liquid crystal sample with spherical water cavities). In practice inverse topology phases are more readily formed by amphiphiles that have at least two hydrocarbon chains attached to a headgroup. The most abundant phospholipids that are found in cell membranes of mammalian cells are examples of amphiphiles that readily form inverse topology lyotropic phases. Even within the same phases, self\-assembled structures are tunable by the concentration: For example, in lamellar phases, the layer distances increase with the solvent volume. Since lyotropic liquid crystals rely on a subtle balance of intermolecular interactions, it is more difficult to analyze their structures and properties than those of thermotropic liquid crystals. The objects created by the amphiphiles are usually spherical (as in the case of micelles), but may also be disc\-like (bicelles), rod\-like, or biaxial (all three micelle axes are distinct). These anisotropic self\-assembled nano\-structures can then order themselves in much the same way as thermotropic liquid crystals do, forming large\-scale versions of all the thermotropic phases (such as a nematic phase of rod\-shaped micelles).
[ "Liquid crystalline phases and composition/temperature\n-----------------------------------------------------", "{{More footnotes needed\\|section\\|date\\=May 2022}}\nThe simplest liquid crystalline phase that is formed by spherical micelles is the '[micellar cubic](/wiki/Micellar_cubic \"Micellar cubic\")', denoted by the symbol I1. This is a highly viscous, optically isotropic phase in which the micelles are arranged on a cubic lattice. Prior to becoming [macroscopic](/wiki/Macroscopic_scale \"Macroscopic scale\") liquid crystals, [tactoids](/wiki/Tactoid \"Tactoid\") are formed, which are liquid crystal microdomains in an isotrophic phase. At higher amphiphile concentrations the micelles fuse to form cylindrical aggregates of indefinite length, and these cylinders are arranged on a long\\-ranged hexagonal lattice. This lyotropic liquid crystalline phase is known as the '[hexagonal phase](/wiki/Hexagonal_phase \"Hexagonal phase\")', or more specifically the '[normal topology](/wiki/Normal_topology \"Normal topology\")' hexagonal phase and is generally denoted by the symbol HI.", "At higher concentrations of amphiphile the '[lamellar phase](/wiki/Lamellar_phase \"Lamellar phase\")' is formed. This phase is denoted by the symbol Lα and can be considered the lyotropic equivalent of a smectic A mesophase. This phase consists of amphiphilic molecules arranged in bilayer sheets separated by layers of water. Each bilayer is a prototype of the arrangement of [lipids](/wiki/Lipids \"Lipids\") in cell membranes.", "For most amphiphiles that consist of a single hydrocarbon chain, one or more phases having complex architectures are formed at concentrations that are intermediate between those required to form a hexagonal phase and those that lead to the formation of a lamellar phase. Often this intermediate phase is a [bicontinuous cubic phase](/wiki/Bicontinuous_cubic_phase \"Bicontinuous cubic phase\").", "[thumb\\|upright\\=2\\.5\\|Schematic showing the aggregation of amphiphiles into micelles and then into lyotropic liquid crystalline phases as a function of amphiphile concentration and of temperature.](/wiki/Image:Lyotropic1.jpg \"Lyotropic1.jpg\")", "Increasing the amphiphile concentration beyond the point where lamellar phases are formed would lead to the formation of the [inverse topology](/wiki/Inverse_topology \"Inverse topology\") lyotropic phases, namely the inverse cubic phases, the inverse hexagonal columnar phase (columns of water encapsulated by amphiphiles, (HII) and the inverse micellar cubic phase (a bulk liquid crystal sample with spherical water cavities). In practice inverse topology phases are more readily formed by amphiphiles that have at least two hydrocarbon chains attached to a headgroup. The most abundant phospholipids that are found in cell membranes of mammalian cells are examples of amphiphiles that readily form inverse topology lyotropic phases.", "Even within the same phases, self\\-assembled structures are tunable by the concentration: For example, in lamellar phases, the layer distances increase with the solvent volume. Since lyotropic liquid crystals rely on a subtle balance of intermolecular interactions, it is more difficult to analyze their structures and properties than those of thermotropic liquid crystals.", "The objects created by the amphiphiles are usually spherical (as in the case of micelles), but may also be disc\\-like (bicelles), rod\\-like, or biaxial (all three micelle axes are distinct). These anisotropic self\\-assembled nano\\-structures can then order themselves in much the same way as thermotropic liquid crystals do, forming large\\-scale versions of all the thermotropic phases (such as a nematic phase of rod\\-shaped micelles).", "" ]
Demographics ------------ {{US Census population \| 1940 \= 300 \| 1950 \= 425 \| 1960 \= 358 \| 1970 \= 323 \| 1980 \= 284 \| 1990 \= 187 \| 2000 \= 212 \| 2010 \= 236 \| 2020 \= 180 \| align\-fn \= center \| footnote \= U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\|url\=https://www.census.gov/programs\-surveys/decennial\-census.html\|title\=Census of Population and Housing\|author\=United States Census Bureau\|author\-link\=United States Census Bureau\|accessdate\=September 25, 2014}} 2020 Census{{cite web \|date\=May 2023 \|title\=Census Bureau profile: Nespelem, Washington \|url\=https://data.census.gov/all?q\=Nespelem%20town,%20Washington \|publisher\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]] \|access\-date\=May 12, 2024}} }} ### 2010 census As of the [2010 census](/wiki/2010_United_States_census "2010 United States census"),{{cite web\|title\=U.S. Census website\|url\=https://www.census.gov\|publisher\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]]\|accessdate\=December 19, 2012}} there were 236 people, 75 households, and 53 families residing in the town. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density "Population density") was {{convert\|1242\.1\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|1}}. There were 77 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|405\.3\|/sqmi\|/km2\|1}}. The racial makeup of the town was 10\.6% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)"), 0\.4% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "African American (U.S. Census)"), 80\.1% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "Native American (U.S. Census)"), 0\.4% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 "Asian (U.S. Census)"), 1\.3% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28U.S._Census%29 "Race (U.S. Census)"), and 7\.2% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 "Hispanic (U.S. Census)") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 "Latino (U.S. Census)") of any race were 6\.8% of the population. There were 75 households, of which 42\.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 24\.0% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 29\.3% had a female householder with no husband present, 17\.3% had a male householder with no wife present, and 29\.3% were non\-families. 17\.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6\.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3\.15 and the average family size was 3\.55\. The median age in the town was 30 years. 29\.2% of residents were under the age of 18; 15\.7% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 24\.6% were from 25 to 44; 21\.6% were from 45 to 64; and 8\.9% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 52\.5% male and 47\.5% female. ### 2000 census As of the [2000 census](/wiki/2000_United_States_census "2000 United States census"), there were 212 people, 71 households, and 48 families residing in the town. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density "Population density") was 1,130\.9 people per square mile (430\.8/km2). There were 84 housing units at an average density of 448\.1 per square mile (170\.7/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 13\.68% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)"), 82\.08% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "Native American (U.S. Census)"), 0\.47% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 "Asian (U.S. Census)"), 0\.47% [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_%28U.S._Census%29 "Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)"), 1\.42% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 "Race (United States Census)"), and 1\.89% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 "Hispanic (U.S. Census)") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 "Latino (U.S. Census)") of any race were 3\.30% of the population. There were 71 households, out of which 35\.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 35\.2% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 22\.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31\.0% were non\-families. 23\.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9\.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\.99 and the average family size was 3\.57\. In the town, the population was spread out, with 32\.5% under the age of 18, 13\.2% from 18 to 24, 17\.5% from 25 to 44, 29\.2% from 45 to 64, and 7\.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 28 years. For every 100 females, there were 105\.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 120\.0 males. The median income for a household in the town was $30,000, and the median income for a family was $27,500\. Males had a median income of $43,250 versus $27,500 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income "Per capita income") for the town was $12,836\. About 15\.9% of families and 16\.9% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line "Poverty line"), including 28\.3% of those under the age of eighteen and 4\.8% of those 65 or over.
[ "Demographics\n------------", "{{US Census population\n\\| 1940 \\= 300\n\\| 1950 \\= 425\n\\| 1960 \\= 358\n\\| 1970 \\= 323\n\\| 1980 \\= 284\n\\| 1990 \\= 187\n\\| 2000 \\= 212\n\\| 2010 \\= 236\n\\| 2020 \\= 180\n\\| align\\-fn \\= center\n\\| footnote \\= U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/programs\\-surveys/decennial\\-census.html\\|title\\=Census of Population and Housing\\|author\\=United States Census Bureau\\|author\\-link\\=United States Census Bureau\\|accessdate\\=September 25, 2014}} \n2020 Census{{cite web \\|date\\=May 2023 \\|title\\=Census Bureau profile: Nespelem, Washington \\|url\\=https://data.census.gov/all?q\\=Nespelem%20town,%20Washington \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]] \\|access\\-date\\=May 12, 2024}}\n}}", "### 2010 census", "As of the [2010 census](/wiki/2010_United_States_census \"2010 United States census\"),{{cite web\\|title\\=U.S. Census website\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]]\\|accessdate\\=December 19, 2012}} there were 236 people, 75 households, and 53 families residing in the town. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density \"Population density\") was {{convert\\|1242\\.1\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|1}}. There were 77 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|405\\.3\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|1}}. The racial makeup of the town was 10\\.6% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.4% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"African American (U.S. Census)\"), 80\\.1% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Native American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.4% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Asian (U.S. Census)\"), 1\\.3% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Race (U.S. Census)\"), and 7\\.2% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") of any race were 6\\.8% of the population.", "There were 75 households, of which 42\\.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 24\\.0% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 29\\.3% had a female householder with no husband present, 17\\.3% had a male householder with no wife present, and 29\\.3% were non\\-families. 17\\.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6\\.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3\\.15 and the average family size was 3\\.55\\.", "The median age in the town was 30 years. 29\\.2% of residents were under the age of 18; 15\\.7% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 24\\.6% were from 25 to 44; 21\\.6% were from 45 to 64; and 8\\.9% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 52\\.5% male and 47\\.5% female.", "### 2000 census", "As of the [2000 census](/wiki/2000_United_States_census \"2000 United States census\"), there were 212 people, 71 households, and 48 families residing in the town. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density \"Population density\") was 1,130\\.9 people per square mile (430\\.8/km2). There were 84 housing units at an average density of 448\\.1 per square mile (170\\.7/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 13\\.68% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\"), 82\\.08% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Native American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.47% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Asian (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.47% [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)\"), 1\\.42% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\"), and 1\\.89% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") of any race were 3\\.30% of the population.", "There were 71 households, out of which 35\\.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 35\\.2% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 22\\.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31\\.0% were non\\-families. 23\\.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9\\.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.99 and the average family size was 3\\.57\\.", "In the town, the population was spread out, with 32\\.5% under the age of 18, 13\\.2% from 18 to 24, 17\\.5% from 25 to 44, 29\\.2% from 45 to 64, and 7\\.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 28 years. For every 100 females, there were 105\\.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 120\\.0 males.", "The median income for a household in the town was $30,000, and the median income for a family was $27,500\\. Males had a median income of $43,250 versus $27,500 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income \"Per capita income\") for the town was $12,836\\. About 15\\.9% of families and 16\\.9% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line \"Poverty line\"), including 28\\.3% of those under the age of eighteen and 4\\.8% of those 65 or over.", "" ]
Broadcasting career ------------------- Born in [Cincinnati, Ohio](/wiki/Cincinnati%2C_Ohio "Cincinnati, Ohio"),{{cite news\|last\=Stupp \|first\=Dan \|url\=http://www.daytondailynews.com/dayton\-sports/mixed\-martial\-arts/ufcs\-military\-events\-have\-impact\-on\-broadcaster\-1062457\.html\|title\=UFC's military events have impact on broadcaster \|publisher\=\[\[Dayton Daily News]]}} Goldberg graduated from [Miami University](/wiki/Miami_University "Miami University"). Goldberg also served as studio host for [college football](/wiki/College_football "College football") telecasts on FSN, as well as ACC Sunday Night Hoops, he also appeared as a guest host on *[The Best Damn Sports Show Period](/wiki/The_Best_Damn_Sports_Show_Period "The Best Damn Sports Show Period")*, and has been heard on [Arizona Cardinals](/wiki/Arizona_Cardinals "Arizona Cardinals") pre\-season telecasts. He is the former TV play\-by\-play announcer for the [Detroit Red Wings](/wiki/Detroit_Red_Wings "Detroit Red Wings"), [Minnesota Wild](/wiki/Minnesota_Wild "Minnesota Wild"), and [ESPN2 hockey](/wiki/NHL_on_ESPN "NHL on ESPN"), where he was paired with [Brian Engblom](/wiki/Brian_Engblom "Brian Engblom"), broadcasting over 900 NHL Games.{{Cite web \|last\=Nidetz \|first\=Steve \|date\=1995\-09\-25 \|title\=MADDEN HAS GAME PLAN FOR NEXT TYSON FIGHT \|url\=https://www.chicagotribune.com/1995/09/25/madden\-has\-game\-plan\-for\-next\-tyson\-fight/ \|access\-date\=2024\-03\-03 \|website\=Chicago Tribune \|language\=en\-US}}{{Cite web \|title\=February 28, 1997 \- Image 92 \|url\=https://digital.bentley.umich.edu/djnews/djn.1997\.02\.28\.001/92 \|access\-date\=2023\-09\-06 \|website\=The Detroit Jewish News Digital Archives \|language\=en}}{{Cite web \|last\=Malik \|first\=George \|date\=2009\-07\-10 \|title\=Former Red Wings announcer Mike Goldberg won the 'ultimate' career fight \|url\=https://www.mlive.com/snapshots/2009/07/former\_red\_wings\_announcer\_mik.html \|access\-date\=2023\-09\-06 \|website\=\[\[MLive Media Group\|Michigan Live]] \|language\=en}} On December 21, 1997, Mike Goldberg made his UFC debut as commentator for [UFC Japan: Ultimate Japan](/wiki/UFC_Japan:Ultimate_Japan "Ultimate Japan") (also known as UFC Ultimate Japan or UFC 15\.5\) The event took place in [Yokohama](/wiki/Yokohama "Yokohama"), Japan, and was available on pay\-per\-view in the United States. From 2000 to 2002, Goldberg was a sideline reporter for the *[NFL on FOX](/wiki/Fox_NFL "Fox NFL")*. In 2005, Goldberg was offered a contract to work for [World Wrestling Entertainment](/wiki/World_Wrestling_Entertainment "World Wrestling Entertainment") (WWE), to be the head announcer on WWE's flagship show [WWE Raw](/wiki/WWE_Raw "WWE Raw").[GOLDBERG SPEAKS FOR FIRST TIME \- MMA WEEKLY \- Mixed Martial Arts \& UFC News, Photos, Rankings \& more](http://www.mmaweekly.com/absolutenm/templates/dailynews.asp?articleid=850) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929102539/http://www.mmaweekly.com/absolutenm/templates/dailynews.asp?articleid\=850 \|date\=2007\-09\-29 }} Ultimately, Goldberg refused the WWE contract and signed a new deal with the UFC. During his tenure with [SportsChannel Chicago](/wiki/SportsChannel_Chicago "SportsChannel Chicago"), he served as sideline reporter for the [Chicago Bulls](/wiki/Chicago_Bulls "Chicago Bulls"), including the Bulls' 1991, 1992 and 1993 World Championships. He has also called Big Ten, ACC and SEC college football and basketball games. Goldberg also served as the host of [Shaquille O'Neal](/wiki/Shaquille_O%27Neal "Shaquille O'Neal")'s sports reality television show *[Shaq Vs.](/wiki/Shaq_Vs. "Shaq Vs.")* On October 12, 2014, Goldberg made his NFL play\-by\-play debut. His foray into NFL announcing lasted just one game, as his mistake\-filled broadcast, which included repeatedly referring to [Minnesota Vikings](/wiki/Minnesota_Vikings "Minnesota Vikings") coach [Mike Zimmer](/wiki/Mike_Zimmer "Mike Zimmer") as [Don Zimmer](/wiki/Don_Zimmer "Don Zimmer"), was widely panned. Afterwards, he engaged critical fans on Twitter with profane responses. This led to his swift removal from the following week's broadcast (replaced with [Tim Brando](/wiki/Tim_Brando "Tim Brando")) and the end of his NFL broadcasting career.{{Cite web\|url\=https://syndication.bleacherreport.com/amp/2231461\-mike\-goldberg\-fired\-from\-nfl\-on\-fox\-after\-poor\-performance\-twitter\-meldown.amp.html\|title \= Mike Goldberg Fired from NFL on Fox After Poor Performance, Twitter Meltdown}} On December 28, 2016, the UFC announced that Goldberg would be leaving the promotion following [UFC 207](/wiki/UFC_207 "UFC 207").{{cite web\|title\=UFC commentator Mike Goldberg leaving the promotion following UFC 207\|url\=http://www.mmafighting.com/2016/12/28/14106184/ufc\-commentator\-mike\-goldberg\-leaving\-the\-promotion\-following\-ufc\-207\|website\=MMAFighting\|date\=28 December 2016\|accessdate\=29 December 2016}} On June 24, 2017, Goldberg made his [Bellator MMA](/wiki/Bellator_MMA "Bellator MMA") debut at Bellator 180 in [Madison Square Garden](/wiki/Madison_Square_Garden "Madison Square Garden"). In April 2021, it was announced that Goldberg and Bellator had parted ways.{{cite web\|url\=https://nypost.com/2021/04/02/bellator\-president\-scott\-coker\-pleased\-with\-showtime\-family\-reunion/amp/\|title\=Bellator president Scott Coker pleased with Showtime 'family reunion'\|work\=New York Post\|author\=Scott Fontana\|date\=April 2, 2021\|accessdate\=April 2, 2021}} He is known for his catchphrase "It is all over!", often said when a match ends in a knockout or submission.
[ "Broadcasting career\n-------------------", "Born in [Cincinnati, Ohio](/wiki/Cincinnati%2C_Ohio \"Cincinnati, Ohio\"),{{cite news\\|last\\=Stupp \\|first\\=Dan \\|url\\=http://www.daytondailynews.com/dayton\\-sports/mixed\\-martial\\-arts/ufcs\\-military\\-events\\-have\\-impact\\-on\\-broadcaster\\-1062457\\.html\\|title\\=UFC's military events have impact on broadcaster \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Dayton Daily News]]}} Goldberg graduated from [Miami University](/wiki/Miami_University \"Miami University\").", "Goldberg also served as studio host for [college football](/wiki/College_football \"College football\") telecasts on FSN, as well as ACC Sunday Night Hoops, he also appeared as a guest host on *[The Best Damn Sports Show Period](/wiki/The_Best_Damn_Sports_Show_Period \"The Best Damn Sports Show Period\")*, and has been heard on [Arizona Cardinals](/wiki/Arizona_Cardinals \"Arizona Cardinals\") pre\\-season telecasts.", "He is the former TV play\\-by\\-play announcer for the [Detroit Red Wings](/wiki/Detroit_Red_Wings \"Detroit Red Wings\"), [Minnesota Wild](/wiki/Minnesota_Wild \"Minnesota Wild\"), and [ESPN2 hockey](/wiki/NHL_on_ESPN \"NHL on ESPN\"), where he was paired with [Brian Engblom](/wiki/Brian_Engblom \"Brian Engblom\"), broadcasting over 900 NHL Games.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Nidetz \\|first\\=Steve \\|date\\=1995\\-09\\-25 \\|title\\=MADDEN HAS GAME PLAN FOR NEXT TYSON FIGHT \\|url\\=https://www.chicagotribune.com/1995/09/25/madden\\-has\\-game\\-plan\\-for\\-next\\-tyson\\-fight/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-03\\-03 \\|website\\=Chicago Tribune \\|language\\=en\\-US}}{{Cite web \\|title\\=February 28, 1997 \\- Image 92 \\|url\\=https://digital.bentley.umich.edu/djnews/djn.1997\\.02\\.28\\.001/92 \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-09\\-06 \\|website\\=The Detroit Jewish News Digital Archives \\|language\\=en}}{{Cite web \\|last\\=Malik \\|first\\=George \\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-10 \\|title\\=Former Red Wings announcer Mike Goldberg won the 'ultimate' career fight \\|url\\=https://www.mlive.com/snapshots/2009/07/former\\_red\\_wings\\_announcer\\_mik.html \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-09\\-06 \\|website\\=\\[\\[MLive Media Group\\|Michigan Live]] \\|language\\=en}}", "On December 21, 1997, Mike Goldberg made his UFC debut as commentator for [UFC Japan: Ultimate Japan](/wiki/UFC_Japan:Ultimate_Japan \"Ultimate Japan\") (also known as UFC Ultimate Japan or UFC 15\\.5\\) The event took place in [Yokohama](/wiki/Yokohama \"Yokohama\"), Japan, and was available on pay\\-per\\-view in the United States.", "From 2000 to 2002, Goldberg was a sideline reporter for the *[NFL on FOX](/wiki/Fox_NFL \"Fox NFL\")*.", "In 2005, Goldberg was offered a contract to work for [World Wrestling Entertainment](/wiki/World_Wrestling_Entertainment \"World Wrestling Entertainment\") (WWE), to be the head announcer on WWE's flagship show [WWE Raw](/wiki/WWE_Raw \"WWE Raw\").[GOLDBERG SPEAKS FOR FIRST TIME \\- MMA WEEKLY \\- Mixed Martial Arts \\& UFC News, Photos, Rankings \\& more](http://www.mmaweekly.com/absolutenm/templates/dailynews.asp?articleid=850) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929102539/http://www.mmaweekly.com/absolutenm/templates/dailynews.asp?articleid\\=850 \\|date\\=2007\\-09\\-29 }} Ultimately, Goldberg refused the WWE contract and signed a new deal with the UFC.", "During his tenure with [SportsChannel Chicago](/wiki/SportsChannel_Chicago \"SportsChannel Chicago\"), he served as sideline reporter for the [Chicago Bulls](/wiki/Chicago_Bulls \"Chicago Bulls\"), including the Bulls' 1991, 1992 and 1993 World Championships. He has also called Big Ten, ACC and SEC college football and basketball games.", "Goldberg also served as the host of [Shaquille O'Neal](/wiki/Shaquille_O%27Neal \"Shaquille O'Neal\")'s sports reality television show *[Shaq Vs.](/wiki/Shaq_Vs. \"Shaq Vs.\")*", "On October 12, 2014, Goldberg made his NFL play\\-by\\-play debut. His foray into NFL announcing lasted just one game, as his mistake\\-filled broadcast, which included repeatedly referring to [Minnesota Vikings](/wiki/Minnesota_Vikings \"Minnesota Vikings\") coach [Mike Zimmer](/wiki/Mike_Zimmer \"Mike Zimmer\") as [Don Zimmer](/wiki/Don_Zimmer \"Don Zimmer\"), was widely panned. Afterwards, he engaged critical fans on Twitter with profane responses. This led to his swift removal from the following week's broadcast (replaced with [Tim Brando](/wiki/Tim_Brando \"Tim Brando\")) and the end of his NFL broadcasting career.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://syndication.bleacherreport.com/amp/2231461\\-mike\\-goldberg\\-fired\\-from\\-nfl\\-on\\-fox\\-after\\-poor\\-performance\\-twitter\\-meldown.amp.html\\|title \\= Mike Goldberg Fired from NFL on Fox After Poor Performance, Twitter Meltdown}}", "On December 28, 2016, the UFC announced that Goldberg would be leaving the promotion following [UFC 207](/wiki/UFC_207 \"UFC 207\").{{cite web\\|title\\=UFC commentator Mike Goldberg leaving the promotion following UFC 207\\|url\\=http://www.mmafighting.com/2016/12/28/14106184/ufc\\-commentator\\-mike\\-goldberg\\-leaving\\-the\\-promotion\\-following\\-ufc\\-207\\|website\\=MMAFighting\\|date\\=28 December 2016\\|accessdate\\=29 December 2016}}", "On June 24, 2017, Goldberg made his [Bellator MMA](/wiki/Bellator_MMA \"Bellator MMA\") debut at Bellator 180 in [Madison Square Garden](/wiki/Madison_Square_Garden \"Madison Square Garden\"). In April 2021, it was announced that Goldberg and Bellator had parted ways.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://nypost.com/2021/04/02/bellator\\-president\\-scott\\-coker\\-pleased\\-with\\-showtime\\-family\\-reunion/amp/\\|title\\=Bellator president Scott Coker pleased with Showtime 'family reunion'\\|work\\=New York Post\\|author\\=Scott Fontana\\|date\\=April 2, 2021\\|accessdate\\=April 2, 2021}}", "He is known for his catchphrase \"It is all over!\", often said when a match ends in a knockout or submission.", "" ]
History ------- ### Origins to the 10th century The name Dinant comes from the [Celtic](/wiki/Celtic_Languages "Celtic Languages") *Divo\-Nanto*, meaning "Sacred Valley" or "Divine Valley"; it can also be translated as "Celestial Gorge" or "Luminous Gorge" (as in modern [Welsh](/wiki/Welsh_Language "Welsh Language") *Nant Dwyfol*). The Dinant area was already populated in [Neolithic](/wiki/Neolithic "Neolithic"), [Celtic](/wiki/Celt "Celt"), and [Roman](/wiki/Ancient_Rome "Ancient Rome") times. The first mention of Dinant as a settlement dates from the 7th century, when Perpète of Maastricht, [Bishop of Tongeren](/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Tongeren "Roman Catholic Diocese of Tongeren"), moved his principal residence from [Maastricht](/wiki/Maastricht "Maastricht") to Dinant and founded the church of Saint Vincent. In 870, [Charles the Bald](/wiki/Charles_the_Bald "Charles the Bald") gave part of Dinant to be administered by the [Count of Namur](/wiki/Count_of_Namur "Count of Namur"), the other part by the Bishopric of Tongeren, which was by that time based in [Liège](/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge "Liège"). In the 11th century, the emperor [Henry IV](/wiki/Henry_IV%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor "Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor") granted several rights over Dinant to the [Prince\-Bishopric of Liège](/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Li%C3%A8ge "Prince-Bishopric of Liège"), including market and justice rights. From that time on, the city became one of the 23 ‘‘bonnes villes’’ (or principal cities) of the Prince\-Bishopric. The first stone bridge on the [Meuse](/wiki/Meuse "Meuse") and major repair to the castle, which had been built earlier, also date from the end of the 11th century. Throughout this period, and until the end of the 18th century, Dinant shared its history with its overlord Liège, sometimes rising in revolt against it, sometimes partaking in its victories and defeats, mostly against the neighbouring County of Namur. ### Late Middle Ages Its strategic location on the [Meuse](/wiki/Meuse "Meuse") exposed Dinant to battle and pillage, not always by avowed enemies: in 1466, [Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy](/wiki/Philip_the_Good%2C_Duke_of_Burgundy "Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy"), uncle of [Louis de Bourbon, Prince\-Bishop of Liège](/wiki/Louis_de_Bourbon%2C_Prince-Bishop_of_Li%C3%A8ge "Louis de Bourbon, Prince-Bishop of Liège"), and Philip’s son [Charles the Bold](/wiki/Charles_the_Bold "Charles the Bold") punished an uprising in Dinant during the [Liège Wars](/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge_Wars "Liège Wars"), by casting 800 [burghers](/wiki/Bourgeoisie "Bourgeoisie") into the Meuse and setting fire to the city. The city's economic rival was Bouvignes, downriver on the opposite shore of the Meuse. Late Medieval Dinant and Bouvignes specialised in metalwork, producing finely cast and finished objects in a silvery brass alloy, called *dinanderie* and supplying [aquamaniles](/wiki/Aquamanile "Aquamanile"), candlesticks, [patens](/wiki/Paten "Paten") and other altar furniture throughout the Meuse valley (giving these objects their cautious designation "[Mosan](/wiki/Mosan_art "Mosan art")"), the Rhineland and beyond. [Henri Pirenne](/wiki/Henri_Pirenne "Henri Pirenne") gained his doctorate in 1883 with a thesis on medieval Dinant. ### The Old Regime and World War I {{Main articles\|Sack of Dinant}} [thumb\|Dinant's destruction in World War I.](/wiki/Image:Dinant-ruins-ww1.jpg "Dinant-ruins-ww1.jpg") In the 16th and 17th centuries wars between [France](/wiki/Kingdom_of_France "Kingdom of France") and [Spain](/wiki/Spain "Spain"), Dinant suffered destruction, famine and epidemics, despite its neutrality. In 1675, the French army under Marshal [François de Créquy](/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Cr%C3%A9quy "François de Créquy") occupied the city. Dinant was briefly taken by the [Austrians](/wiki/Austria "Austria") at the end of the 18th century. The whole Bishopric of Liège was ceded to France in 1795\. The *dinanderies* fell out of fashion and the economy of the city now rested on leather tanning and the manufacture of playing cards. The famous *[couques de Dinant](/wiki/Couques_de_Dinant "Couques de Dinant")* also appeared at that time. The city suffered devastation again at the beginning of the [First World War](/wiki/First_World_War "First World War"). On 15 August 1914, French and German troops fought for the town in the [Battle of Dinant](/wiki/Battle_of_Dinant "Battle of Dinant"); among the wounded was Lieut. [Charles de Gaulle](/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle "Charles de Gaulle"). On 23 August, 674 inhabitants were summarily executed by [Saxon troops](/wiki/Royal_Saxon_Army "Royal Saxon Army") of the [German Army](/wiki/German_Army_%28German_Empire%29 "German Army (German Empire)") – the biggest massacre committed by the Germans in 1914\. Within a month, some five thousand Belgian and French civilians were killed by the Germans at numerous similar occasions.{{cite book \|last1\=Horne\|first1\=John \|last2\=Kramer\|first2\=Alan \|work\=German Atrocities, 1914: A History of Denial \|date\=2001 \|title\=Conclusion and Perspectives \|publisher\=Yale University Press \|location\=New Haven \|isbn\=0\-300\-08975\-9 \|pages\=419 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=Navs5TkI9oAC\&q\=we\+have\+confirmed\+the\+official\+wartime\+estimates\+that\+some\+6%2C500\+civilians\+were\+killed\+in\+Belgium\+and\+France\+from\+August\+to\+October\+1914\&pg\=PA419 \|access\-date\=8 November 2015 \|via\=books.google.com.au \|quote\=''... we have confirmed the official wartime estimates that some 6,500 civilians were killed in Belgium and France from August to October 1914\.''}} ### World War II During World War II, the city was again captured by German forces during the [Invasion of Belgium](/wiki/German_invasion_of_Belgium_%281940%29 "German invasion of Belgium (1940)"). German forces of [Erwin Rommel](/wiki/Erwin_Rommel "Erwin Rommel")'s [7th Panzer Division](/wiki/7th_Panzer_Division_%28Wehrmacht%29 "7th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)") took the town on 13 May 1940, after crossing the River Meuse and defeating the French forces defending the town.
[ "History\n-------", "### Origins to the 10th century", "The name Dinant comes from the [Celtic](/wiki/Celtic_Languages \"Celtic Languages\") *Divo\\-Nanto*, meaning \"Sacred Valley\" or \"Divine Valley\"; it can also be translated as \"Celestial Gorge\" or \"Luminous Gorge\" (as in modern [Welsh](/wiki/Welsh_Language \"Welsh Language\") *Nant Dwyfol*).", "The Dinant area was already populated in [Neolithic](/wiki/Neolithic \"Neolithic\"), [Celtic](/wiki/Celt \"Celt\"), and [Roman](/wiki/Ancient_Rome \"Ancient Rome\") times. The first mention of Dinant as a settlement dates from the 7th century, when Perpète of Maastricht, [Bishop of Tongeren](/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Tongeren \"Roman Catholic Diocese of Tongeren\"), moved his principal residence from [Maastricht](/wiki/Maastricht \"Maastricht\") to Dinant and founded the church of Saint Vincent. In 870, [Charles the Bald](/wiki/Charles_the_Bald \"Charles the Bald\") gave part of Dinant to be administered by the [Count of Namur](/wiki/Count_of_Namur \"Count of Namur\"), the other part by the Bishopric of Tongeren, which was by that time based in [Liège](/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge \"Liège\").", "In the 11th century, the emperor [Henry IV](/wiki/Henry_IV%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor \"Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor\") granted several rights over Dinant to the [Prince\\-Bishopric of Liège](/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Li%C3%A8ge \"Prince-Bishopric of Liège\"), including market and justice rights. From that time on, the city became one of the 23 ‘‘bonnes villes’’ (or principal cities) of the Prince\\-Bishopric. The first stone bridge on the [Meuse](/wiki/Meuse \"Meuse\") and major repair to the castle, which had been built earlier, also date from the end of the 11th century. Throughout this period, and until the end of the 18th century, Dinant shared its history with its overlord Liège, sometimes rising in revolt against it, sometimes partaking in its victories and defeats, mostly against the neighbouring County of Namur.", "### Late Middle Ages", "Its strategic location on the [Meuse](/wiki/Meuse \"Meuse\") exposed Dinant to battle and pillage, not always by avowed enemies: in 1466, [Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy](/wiki/Philip_the_Good%2C_Duke_of_Burgundy \"Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy\"), uncle of [Louis de Bourbon, Prince\\-Bishop of Liège](/wiki/Louis_de_Bourbon%2C_Prince-Bishop_of_Li%C3%A8ge \"Louis de Bourbon, Prince-Bishop of Liège\"), and Philip’s son [Charles the Bold](/wiki/Charles_the_Bold \"Charles the Bold\") punished an uprising in Dinant during the [Liège Wars](/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge_Wars \"Liège Wars\"), by casting 800 [burghers](/wiki/Bourgeoisie \"Bourgeoisie\") into the Meuse and setting fire to the city. The city's economic rival was Bouvignes, downriver on the opposite shore of the Meuse.", "Late Medieval Dinant and Bouvignes specialised in metalwork, producing finely cast and finished objects in a silvery brass alloy, called *dinanderie* and supplying [aquamaniles](/wiki/Aquamanile \"Aquamanile\"), candlesticks, [patens](/wiki/Paten \"Paten\") and other altar furniture throughout the Meuse valley (giving these objects their cautious designation \"[Mosan](/wiki/Mosan_art \"Mosan art\")\"), the Rhineland and beyond.", "[Henri Pirenne](/wiki/Henri_Pirenne \"Henri Pirenne\") gained his doctorate in 1883 with a thesis on medieval Dinant.", "### The Old Regime and World War I", "{{Main articles\\|Sack of Dinant}}\n[thumb\\|Dinant's destruction in World War I.](/wiki/Image:Dinant-ruins-ww1.jpg \"Dinant-ruins-ww1.jpg\")\nIn the 16th and 17th centuries wars between [France](/wiki/Kingdom_of_France \"Kingdom of France\") and [Spain](/wiki/Spain \"Spain\"), Dinant suffered destruction, famine and epidemics, despite its neutrality. In 1675, the French army under Marshal [François de Créquy](/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Cr%C3%A9quy \"François de Créquy\") occupied the city. Dinant was briefly taken by the [Austrians](/wiki/Austria \"Austria\") at the end of the 18th century. The whole Bishopric of Liège was ceded to France in 1795\\. The *dinanderies* fell out of fashion and the economy of the city now rested on leather tanning and the manufacture of playing cards. The famous *[couques de Dinant](/wiki/Couques_de_Dinant \"Couques de Dinant\")* also appeared at that time.", "The city suffered devastation again at the beginning of the [First World War](/wiki/First_World_War \"First World War\"). On 15 August 1914, French and German troops fought for the town in the [Battle of Dinant](/wiki/Battle_of_Dinant \"Battle of Dinant\"); among the wounded was Lieut. [Charles de Gaulle](/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle \"Charles de Gaulle\"). On 23 August, 674 inhabitants were summarily executed by [Saxon troops](/wiki/Royal_Saxon_Army \"Royal Saxon Army\") of the [German Army](/wiki/German_Army_%28German_Empire%29 \"German Army (German Empire)\") – the biggest massacre committed by the Germans in 1914\\. Within a month, some five thousand Belgian and French civilians were killed by the Germans at numerous similar occasions.{{cite book \\|last1\\=Horne\\|first1\\=John \\|last2\\=Kramer\\|first2\\=Alan \\|work\\=German Atrocities, 1914: A History of Denial \\|date\\=2001 \\|title\\=Conclusion and Perspectives \\|publisher\\=Yale University Press \\|location\\=New Haven \\|isbn\\=0\\-300\\-08975\\-9 \\|pages\\=419 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=Navs5TkI9oAC\\&q\\=we\\+have\\+confirmed\\+the\\+official\\+wartime\\+estimates\\+that\\+some\\+6%2C500\\+civilians\\+were\\+killed\\+in\\+Belgium\\+and\\+France\\+from\\+August\\+to\\+October\\+1914\\&pg\\=PA419 \\|access\\-date\\=8 November 2015 \\|via\\=books.google.com.au \\|quote\\=''... we have confirmed the official wartime estimates that some 6,500 civilians were killed in Belgium and France from August to October 1914\\.''}}\n### World War II", "During World War II, the city was again captured by German forces during the [Invasion of Belgium](/wiki/German_invasion_of_Belgium_%281940%29 \"German invasion of Belgium (1940)\"). German forces of [Erwin Rommel](/wiki/Erwin_Rommel \"Erwin Rommel\")'s [7th Panzer Division](/wiki/7th_Panzer_Division_%28Wehrmacht%29 \"7th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)\") took the town on 13 May 1940, after crossing the River Meuse and defeating the French forces defending the town.", "" ]
History ------- ### World War I The U.S. Army organized a 10th Division during [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I "World War I") in July 1918 at [Camp Funston](/wiki/Camp_Funston "Camp Funston"), Kansas. It was redesignated the [Panama Canal Division](/wiki/Panama_Canal_Division "Panama Canal Division") after the war and shares no connection with the 10th Mountain Division activated during [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II").{{harvnb\|McGrath\|2004\|p\=166}} This 10th Division was made up of [Regular Army](/wiki/Regular_Army_%28United_States%29 "Regular Army (United States)") and [National Army](/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Army%23World_War_I "History of the United States Army#World War I") troops. It was commanded by Major General [Leonard Wood](/wiki/Leonard_Wood "Leonard Wood"), formerly the [Chief of Staff of the United States Army](/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army "Chief of Staff of the United States Army") and a [Medal of Honor](/wiki/Medal_of_Honor "Medal of Honor") recipient. The drafted men assigned to the division chiefly came from [Illinois](/wiki/Illinois "Illinois"), [Kansas](/wiki/Kansas "Kansas"), [Missouri](/wiki/Missouri "Missouri"), [Nebraska](/wiki/Nebraska "Nebraska"), and [South Dakota](/wiki/South_Dakota "South Dakota"), although there were also small contingents from the United States at large. The division consisted of a headquarters, headquarters troop, the 19th Infantry Brigade (41st and 69th Infantry Regiments), the 20th Infantry Brigade (20th and 71st Infantry Regiments), the 28th, 29th, and 30th Machine Gun Battalions, the 10th Field Artillery Brigade (28th, 29th, and 30th Field Artillery Regiments and 10th Trench Mortar Battery), the 210th Engineer Regiment, the 210th Field Signal Battalion, and the 10th Train Headquarters and Military Police (Ammunition, Engineer, Sanitary, and Supply Trains). The division's advance detachment reached [Brest, France](/wiki/Brest%2C_France "Brest, France"), but due to the [Armistice with Germany](/wiki/Armistice_of_11_November_1918 "Armistice of 11 November 1918") in November 1918 which ended hostilities, the rest of the division did not go overseas and was demobilized in February 1919\. ### Genesis of U.S. mountain troops In November 1939, two months after World War II broke out in Europe, during the [Soviet Union's invasion of Finland](/wiki/Winter_War "Winter War"), [Red Army](/wiki/Red_Army "Red Army") efforts were frustrated following the destruction of two armored divisions by Finnish [soldiers on skis](/wiki/Ski_warfare "Ski warfare").{{harvnb\|Pushies\|2008\|p\=7}} The conflict caught global attention as the outnumbered and outgunned Finnish soldiers were able to use the difficult local terrain to their advantage,{{harvnb\|Shelton\|2003\|pp\=8–9}} severely hampering the Soviet attacks and embarrassing their military.{{harvnb\|Shelton\|2003\|p\=10}} Upon seeing the effectiveness of these troops, [Charles Minot "Minnie" Dole](/wiki/Charles_Minot_Dole "Charles Minot Dole"), the president of the [National Ski Patrol](/wiki/National_Ski_Patrol "National Ski Patrol"), began to lobby the [War Department](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_War "United States Department of War") of the need for a similar unit of troops in the United States Army, trained for fighting in [winter](/wiki/Arctic_warfare "Arctic warfare") and [mountain warfare](/wiki/Mountain_warfare "Mountain warfare"). In September 1940, Dole was able to present his case to [General](/wiki/General_%28United_States%29 "General (United States)") [George C. Marshall](/wiki/George_C._Marshall "George C. Marshall"), the Army Chief of Staff, who agreed with Dole's assessment, deciding to create a "Mountain" unit for fighting in harsh terrain. The U.S. Army authorized the formation of the platoon\-sized Army Ski Patrol in November 1940\. The first Patrol was formed at [Camp Murray](/wiki/Camp_Murray "Camp Murray") as part of the [41st Infantry Division](/wiki/41st_Infantry_Division_%28United_States%29 "41st Infantry Division (United States)") under Lt. Ralph S. Phelps (later to become commanding General of the 41st).Look magazine page 4, 25 March 1941 The army, prompted by fears that its standing force would not perform well in the event of a winter attack on the [Northeastern coast](/wiki/Northeastern_United_States "Northeastern United States"), as well as knowledge that the [German Army](/wiki/German_Army_%28Wehrmacht%29 "German Army (Wehrmacht)") already had three [mountain warfare](/wiki/Mountain_warfare "Mountain warfare") divisions known as [Gebirgsjäger](/wiki/Gebirgsj%C3%A4ger "Gebirgsjäger"), approved the concept for a division. This required an overhaul of [U.S. military](/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces "United States Armed Forces") doctrine, as the concept of winter warfare had not been tested in the army since 1914\.{{harvnb\|Shelton\|2003\|p\=13}} At first, planners envisioned ten mountain divisions, but personnel shortages revised the goal to three. Eventually, the 10th Mountain Division would be the only one brought to active duty.{{harvnb\|Baumgardner\|1998\|p\=15}} Military leaders continued to express concern about the feasibility of a division\-sized mountain warfare unit until the fall of 1941,{{harvnb\|Shelton\|2003\|p\=15}} when they received reports that [Greek](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece_%28Gl%C3%BCcksburg%29 "Kingdom of Greece (Glücksburg)") mountain troops had held back superior numbers of unprepared [Italian](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy "Kingdom of Italy") troops in the [Albanian](/wiki/Albania "Albania") mountains during the [Greco\-Italian War](/wiki/Greco-Italian_War "Greco-Italian War"). The Italian military had lost a disastrous 25,000 men in the campaign because of their lack of preparedness to fight in the mountains.{{harvnb\|Shelton\|2003\|pp\=24–25}}{{harvnb\|Skiing Heritage Journal\|1995\|p\=8}} On 22 October 1941, General Marshall decided to form the first battalion of mountain warfare troops for a new mountain division.{{harvnb\|Baumgardner\|1998\|p\=16}} The Ski Patrol would assist in its training.{{harvnb\|Pushies\|2008\|p\=10}} On 8 December 1941, the day after the [Japanese](/wiki/Empire_of_Japan "Empire of Japan") [attack on Pearl Harbor](/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor "Attack on Pearl Harbor") and the subsequent American entry into World War II, the army activated its first mountain unit, the [87th Mountain Infantry Battalion](/wiki/87th_Infantry_Regiment_%28United_States%29 "87th Infantry Regiment (United States)") (which was later expanded to the [87th Infantry Regiment](/wiki/87th_Infantry_Regiment_%28United_States%29 "87th Infantry Regiment (United States)")) at [Fort Lewis](/wiki/Fort_Lewis_%28Washington%29 "Fort Lewis (Washington)"), [Washington](/wiki/Washington_%28state%29 "Washington (state)"), south of [Tacoma](/wiki/Tacoma%2C_Washington "Tacoma, Washington"). It was the first mountain warfare unit in U.S. military history.{{harvnb\|Skiing Heritage Journal\|1995\|p\=5}} The [National Ski Patrol](/wiki/National_Ski_Patrol "National Ski Patrol") took on the unique role of recruiting for the 87th Infantry Regiment and later the division, becoming the only civilian recruiting agency in military history. Army planners favored recruiting experienced skiers for the unit instead of trying to train standing troops in mountain warfare, so Dole recruited from schools, universities, and ski clubs for the unit.{{harvnb\|Baumgardner\|1998\|p\=17}} The 87th trained in harsh conditions, including [Mount Rainier](/wiki/Mount_Rainier "Mount Rainier")'s {{convert\|14411\|ft\|adj\=on}} peak, throughout 1942 as more recruits were brought in to form the division.{{harvnb\|Baumgardner\|1998\|p\=18}}{{harvnb\|Shelton\|2003\|p\=34}} Initial training was conducted by Olympian [Rolf Monsen](/wiki/Rolf_Monsen "Rolf Monsen").{{harvnb\|Pushies\|2008\|p\=8}} A new garrison was built for the division in central [Colorado](/wiki/Colorado "Colorado") at [Camp Hale](/wiki/Camp_Hale "Camp Hale"), at an [elevation](/wiki/Elevation "Elevation") of {{convert\|9200\|ft\|\-1}} above [sea level](/wiki/Sea_level "Sea level").{{harvnb\|Pushies\|2008\|p\=11}} ### World War II [thumb\|left\|Brigadier General Lloyd E. Jones observes troops land at Amchitka Island during the Aleutians Campaign, shortly before assuming command of the 10th Light Division.](/wiki/File:Lloyd_E._Jones_%28US_Army_General%29_2.jpg "Lloyd E. Jones (US Army General) 2.jpg") [thumb\|left\|Lt. Gen. George P. Hays assumed command after Jones fell ill in 1944\.](/wiki/File:Lt._Gen._George_P._Hays.jpg "Lt. Gen. George P. Hays.jpg") The **10th Light Division (Alpine)** was constituted on 10 July 1943{{harvnb\|Feuer\|2006\|p\=iv}} and activated five days later at [Camp Hale](/wiki/Camp_Hale "Camp Hale") under the command of [Brigadier General](/wiki/Brigadier_general_%28United_States%29 "Brigadier general (United States)") [Lloyd E. Jones](/wiki/Lloyd_E._Jones "Lloyd E. Jones"), with Brigadier General [Frank L. Culin Jr.](/wiki/Frank_L._Culin_Jr. "Frank L. Culin Jr.") assigned as his assistant division commander (ADC).{{cite web \|url\=https://history.army.mil/books/agf/agf28\.htm \|title\=History of the tenth Light Division (Alpine): The Army Ground Forces Study No. 28 \|last\=Govan \|first\=Thomas P. \|date\=September 1, 1946 \|website\=history.army.mil \|publisher\=U.S. Army ground Forces \|location\=Washington, DC \|access\-date\=July 5, 2021}} At the time, the division had a strength of 8,500 out of the 16,000 planned, so the military transferred troops from the [30th](/wiki/30th_Infantry_Division_%28United_States%29 "30th Infantry Division (United States)"), [31st](/wiki/31st_Infantry_Division_%28United_States%29 "31st Infantry Division (United States)"), and [33rd Infantry Divisions](/wiki/33rd_Infantry_Division_%28United_States%29 "33rd Infantry Division (United States)") along with volunteers from the [National Guards of Maine](/wiki/Maine_Department_of_Defense%2C_Veterans%2C_and_Emergency_Management "Maine Department of Defense, Veterans, and Emergency Management"), [New Hampshire](/wiki/New_Hampshire_National_Guard "New Hampshire National Guard"), [Vermont](/wiki/Vermont_National_Guard "Vermont National Guard"), [New York](/wiki/New_York_State_Division_of_Military_and_Naval_Affairs "New York State Division of Military and Naval Affairs"), [Michigan](/wiki/Michigan_National_Guard "Michigan National Guard"), [Wisconsin](/wiki/Wisconsin_National_Guard "Wisconsin National Guard"), [Minnesota](/wiki/Minnesota_National_Guard "Minnesota National Guard"), [Iowa](/wiki/Iowa_National_Guard "Iowa National Guard"), [North](/wiki/North_Dakota_National_Guard "North Dakota National Guard") and [South Dakota](/wiki/South_Dakota_National_Guard "South Dakota National Guard"), [Colorado](/wiki/Colorado_National_Guard "Colorado National Guard"), [Wyoming](/wiki/Wyoming_Military_Department "Wyoming Military Department"), [Montana](/wiki/Montana_National_Guard "Montana National Guard"), [Idaho](/wiki/Idaho_Military_Department "Idaho Military Department"), [Utah](/wiki/Utah_National_Guard "Utah National Guard") and [Washington](/wiki/Washington_National_Guard "Washington National Guard") (specifically, men who were from the [Rocky Mountain](/wiki/Rocky_Mountains "Rocky Mountains") and [northern states](/wiki/Northern_United_States "Northern United States"), close to the [45th parallel north](/wiki/45th_parallel_north "45th parallel north")), to fill out the remainder of the division.{{harvnb\|Baumgardner\|1998\|p\=19}} This lowered morale, and the division faced many difficulties in the new training, which had no established army doctrine.{{harvnb\|Baumgardner\|1998\|p\=20}} The 10th Light Division was centered on regimental commands; the [85th](/wiki/85th_Infantry_Regiment_%28United_States%29 "85th Infantry Regiment (United States)"), [86th](/wiki/86th_Infantry_Regiment_%28United_States%29 "86th Infantry Regiment (United States)"), and [87th Infantry Regiments](/wiki/87th_Infantry_Regiment_%28United_States%29 "87th Infantry Regiment (United States)").{{harvnb\|Young\|1959\|p\=592}} Also assigned to the division were the 604th, 605th, and 616th Field Artillery Battalions, the 110th Signal Company, the 710th Ordnance Company, the 10th Quartermaster Company, the 10th Reconnaissance Troop, the 126th Engineer Battalion, the 10th Medical Battalion, and the 10th Counterintelligence Corps Detachment.{{harvnb\|Feuer\|2006\|p\=vi}} The 10th Light Division was unique in that it was the only division in the army with three [field artillery](/wiki/Field_artillery "Field artillery") battalions instead of four. It was equipped with vehicles specialized in snow operation, such as the [M29 Weasel](/wiki/M29_Weasel "M29 Weasel"),{{harvnb\|Pushies\|2008\|p\=12}} and winter weather gear, such as white camouflage and skis specifically designed for the division.{{harvnb\|Pushies\|2008\|p\=6}}{{harvnb\|Shelton\|2003\|p\=2}} The division practiced its [rock climbing](/wiki/Rock_climbing "Rock climbing") skills in preparation for the invasion of [Italy](/wiki/Italy "Italy") on the challenging peaks of [Seneca Rocks](/wiki/Seneca_Rocks "Seneca Rocks") in [West Virginia](/wiki/West_Virginia "West Virginia"). On 22 June 1944, the division was shipped to [Camp Swift, Texas](/wiki/Camp_Swift%2C_Texas "Camp Swift, Texas"), to prepare for maneuvers in [Louisiana](/wiki/Louisiana "Louisiana"), which were later canceled. A period of acclimation to a low altitude and hot climate was thought necessary to prepare for this training.{{harvnb\|Baumgardner\|1998\|p\=25}} On 6 November 1944, the 10th Division was redesignated the **10th Mountain Division**. That same month, the blue and white ["Mountain" tab](/wiki/Mountain_tab "Mountain tab") was authorized for the division's new [shoulder sleeve insignia](/wiki/Shoulder_sleeve_insignia "Shoulder sleeve insignia").{{cite web\|title\=10th Mountain Division: Shoulder Sleeve Insignia\|url\=http://www.tioh.hqda.pentagon.mil/Catalog/HeraldryMulti.aspx?CategoryId\=3316\&grp\=2\&menu\=Uniformed%20Services\|website\=The Institute of Heraldry\|access\-date\=18 December 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304082854/http://www.tioh.hqda.pentagon.mil/Catalog/HeraldryMulti.aspx?CategoryId\=3316\&grp\=2\&menu\=Uniformed%20Services\|archive\-date\=4 March 2016}} Also in November, the division received a new commander, Brigadier General [George Price Hays](/wiki/George_Price_Hays "George Price Hays"), a [Medal of Honor](/wiki/Medal_of_Honor "Medal of Honor") recipient and a distinguished veteran of [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I "World War I"). On January 4, 1945 he received a promotion to major general.{{Cite web\|url\=https://generals.dk/general/Hays/George\_Price/USA.html\|title\=Biography of Lieutenant\-General George Price Hays (1892 – 1978\), USA\|website\=generals.dk}} #### Italy [thumb\|right\|A machine gunner and two riflemen of Company "K" of the 87th Mountain Infantry Regiment, 10th Mountain Division, cover an assault squad routing Germans out of a building in the background. Sassomolare Area, Italy. Porretta\-Modena Highway. March 4, 1945\.](/wiki/File:10th_Mountain%2C_securing_road_%28Italy%2C_1945%29.jpg "10th Mountain, securing road (Italy, 1945).jpg") The division sailed for the [Italian front](/wiki/Italian_campaign_%28World_War_II%29 "Italian campaign (World War II)") in two parts, with the 86th Infantry and support leaving [Camp Patrick Henry](/wiki/Camp_Patrick_Henry "Camp Patrick Henry"), [Virginia](/wiki/Virginia "Virginia") on 11 December 1944 aboard the [SS *Argentina*](/wiki/SS_Argentina_%281929%29 "SS Argentina (1929)") and arriving in [Naples](/wiki/Naples "Naples"), Italy on 22 December. The 85th and 87th Infantry left [Hampton Roads, Virginia](/wiki/Hampton_Roads%2C_Virginia "Hampton Roads, Virginia") on 4 January 1945 aboard the [SS *West Point*](/wiki/SS_America_%281940%29 "SS America (1940)") and arrived on 13 January 1945\.{{harvnb\|Feuer\|2006\|p\=vii}} By 6 January, its support units were preparing to head to the front lines.{{harvnb\|Young\|1959\|p\=590}} It was attached to Major General [Willis D. Crittenberger](/wiki/Willis_D._Crittenberger "Willis D. Crittenberger")'s [IV Corps](/wiki/IV_Corps_%28United_States%29 "IV Corps (United States)"), part of the [American Fifth Army](/wiki/United_States_Army_North "United States Army North"), commanded by [Lieutenant General](/wiki/Lieutenant_general_%28United_States%29 "Lieutenant general (United States)") [Lucian Truscott](/wiki/Lucian_Truscott "Lucian Truscott").{{harvnb\|Skiing Heritage Journal\|1995\|p\=6}} By 8 January, the 86th Infantry had moved to [Bagni di Lucca](/wiki/Bagni_di_Lucca "Bagni di Lucca") near [Mount Belvedere](/wiki/Mount_Belvedere "Mount Belvedere") in preparation for an offensive by the Fifth Army to capture the mountain along with surrounding high ground, which allowed the Axis to block advances to [Po Valley](/wiki/Po_Valley "Po Valley"). Starting 14 January, the division began moving to [Pisa](/wiki/Pisa%2C_Italy "Pisa, Italy") as part of the Fifth Army massing for this attack. By 20 January, all three of the 10th's regiments were on or near the front line between the Serchio Valley and Mt. Belvedere. Col. Raymond C. Barlow commanded the 85th Regiment, Col. Clarence M. Tomlinson the 86th, and Col. David M. Fowler the 87th.McKay Jenkins, *The Last Ridge* (New York: Random House, 2003\), p. 149 {{ISBN\|0\-375\-50771\-X}} Preliminary defensive actions in mid\-February were followed by *[Operation Encore](/wiki/Operation_Encore "Operation Encore")*, a series of attacks in conjunction with troops of the [1st Brazilian Infantry Division](/wiki/Brazilian_Expeditionary_Force "Brazilian Expeditionary Force"), to dislodge the Germans from their artillery positions in the [Northern Apennines](/wiki/Apennine_Mountains%23Northern_Apennines "Apennine Mountains#Northern Apennines") on the border between [Tuscany](/wiki/Tuscany "Tuscany") and [Emilia\-Romagna](/wiki/Emilia-Romagna "Emilia-Romagna") regions, in order to make possible the Allied advance over the [Po Valley](/wiki/Po_Valley "Po Valley").{{harvnb\|Baumgardner\|1998\|p\=26 to 32}} While the Brazilian division was in charge of taking [Monte Castello](/wiki/Battle_of_Monte_Castello "Battle of Monte Castello") and *Castelnuovo* di [Vergato](/wiki/Vergato "Vergato"), the 10th Mountain Division was responsible for the *Mount Belvedere* area, climbing nearby Riva Ridge during the night of 18 February and attacking *Mount Della Torraccia* on 20 February. These peaks were cleared after four days of heavy fighting, as [Axis](/wiki/Axis_powers "Axis powers") troops launched several [counterattacks](/wiki/Counterattack "Counterattack") in these positions.{{harvnb\|Feuer\|2006\|p\=viii}} [thumb\|right\|250px\|Elements of the 10th Mountain Division advancing in Italy in April 1945\.](/wiki/File:10th_Mountain_Division-advancing_in_April_1945.jpeg "10th Mountain Division-advancing in April 1945.jpeg") In early March, the division fought its way north of Canolle and moved to within {{convert\|15\|mi\|km}} of [Bologna](/wiki/Bologna "Bologna").{{harvnb\|Young\|1959\|p\=591}} On 5 March, while Brazilian units captured Castelnuovo, the 85th and the 87th Infantry took respectively Mount Della Spe and [Castel D'Aiano](/wiki/Castel_D%27Aiano "Castel D'Aiano"), cutting the Axis routes of resupply and communication into the Po Valley, setting the stage for the next Fifth Army offensive. The division maintained defensive positions in this area for three weeks, anticipating a [counteroffensive](/wiki/Counteroffensive "Counteroffensive") by the [German forces](/wiki/Wehrmacht "Wehrmacht"). [thumb\|left\|Members of the 86th Infantry Regiment, 10th Mountain Division, march north, near Malcesine, on Lake Garda, without meeting any resistance, April 29, 1945\.](/wiki/File:10th_Mountain%2C_Lake_Garda_%28Italy%2C_1945%29.jpg "10th Mountain, Lake Garda (Italy, 1945).jpg") The division resumed its attack on 14 April, attacking Torre Iussi and Rocca Roffeno to the north of Mount Della Spe. On 17 April, it broke through the German defenses, which allowed it to advance into the Po Valley area. It captured [Mongiorgio](/wiki/Mongiorgio "Mongiorgio") on 20 April and entered the valley, seizing the strategic points Pradalbino and [Bomporto](/wiki/Bomporto "Bomporto"). The 10th crossed the [Po River](/wiki/Po_%28river%29 "Po (river)") at [San Benedetto Po](/wiki/San_Benedetto_Po "San Benedetto Po") on 23 April, reaching [Verona](/wiki/Verona "Verona") 25 April, and ran into heavy opposition at [Torbole and Nago](/wiki/Nago-Torbole "Nago-Torbole"). After an [amphibious](/wiki/Amphibious_warfare "Amphibious warfare") crossing of [Lake Garda](/wiki/Lake_Garda "Lake Garda"), it secured [Gargnano](/wiki/Gargnano "Gargnano") and [Porto di Tremosine](/wiki/Porto_di_Tremosine "Porto di Tremosine"), on 30 April, as German resistance in Italy ended. After the German surrender in Italy on 2 May 1945, the division went on security duty. On 5 May 1945 the division reached [Nauders](/wiki/Nauders "Nauders"), Austria, just beyond the [Reschen Pass](/wiki/Reschen_Pass "Reschen Pass"), where it made contact with German forces being pushed south by the [U.S. Seventh Army](/wiki/United_States_Seventh_Army "United States Seventh Army"). A status quo was maintained until the enemy headquarters involved had completed their surrender to the Seventh. On the 6th, 10th Mountain Division troops met the [44th Infantry Division](/wiki/44th_Infantry_Division_%28United_States%29 "44th Infantry Division (United States)") of the Seventh Army. Between the 2nd and [Victory in Europe Day](/wiki/Victory_in_Europe_Day "Victory in Europe Day") on 8 May the 10th Mountain Division received the surrender of various German units and screened areas of occupation near [Trieste](/wiki/Trieste "Trieste"), [Kobarid](/wiki/Kobarid "Kobarid"), [Bovec](/wiki/Bovec "Bovec") and [Log pod Mangartom](/wiki/Log_pod_Mangartom "Log pod Mangartom"), Slovenia. The division moved to [Udine](/wiki/Udine "Udine") on 20 May and joined the [British Eighth Army](/wiki/Eighth_Army_%28United_Kingdom%29 "Eighth Army (United Kingdom)") in preventing further westward movement of ground forces from the [Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia](/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia "Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia").{{harvnb\|Feuer\|2006\|p\=ix}} #### Casualties * **Total battle casualties:** 4,072Army Battle Casualties and Nonbattle Deaths, Final Report (Statistical and Accounting Branch, Office of the Adjutant General, 1 June 1953\) * **Killed in action:** 992 * **Wounded in action:** 3,134 * **Missing in action:** 38 * **Prisoners of war:** 28 #### Demobilization Originally, the division was to be sent to the [Pacific theater](/wiki/Pacific_War "Pacific War") to take part in [Operation Downfall](/wiki/Operation_Downfall "Operation Downfall"), the invasion of [mainland Japan](/wiki/Mainland_Japan "Mainland Japan"), as one of the primary assault forces. However, [Japan surrendered](/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan "Surrender of Japan") in August 1945 following the [atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki](/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki").{{harvnb\|Baumgardner\|1998\|p\=39}} The division returned to the US two days later. It was demobilized and inactivated on 30 November 1945 at [Camp Carson](/wiki/Camp_Carson%2C_Colorado "Camp Carson, Colorado"), Colorado.{{harvnb\|Feuer\|2006\|p\=x}} During World War II, the 10th Mountain Division suffered 992 [killed in action](/wiki/Killed_in_action "Killed in action") and 4,154 [wounded in action](/wiki/Wounded_in_action "Wounded in action") in 114 days of combat.{{harvnb\|Baumgardner\|1998\|p\=37}} Soldiers of the division were awarded one [Medal of Honor](/wiki/Medal_of_Honor "Medal of Honor") ([John D. Magrath](/wiki/John_D._Magrath "John D. Magrath")), three [Distinguished Service Crosses](/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Cross_%28United_States%29 "Distinguished Service Cross (United States)"), one [Distinguished Service Medal](/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Medal_%28U.S._Army%29 "Distinguished Service Medal (U.S. Army)"), 449 [Silver Star Medals](/wiki/Silver_Star_Medal "Silver Star Medal"), seven [Legion of Merit](/wiki/Legion_of_Merit "Legion of Merit") Medals, 15 [Soldier's Medals](/wiki/Soldier%27s_Medal "Soldier's Medal"), and 7,729 [Bronze Star Medals](/wiki/Bronze_Star_Medal "Bronze Star Medal"). The division itself was awarded two [campaign streamers](/wiki/Campaign_streamers "Campaign streamers"). ### Cold War In June 1948, the division was rebuilt and activated at [Fort Riley](/wiki/Fort_Riley "Fort Riley"), [Kansas](/wiki/Kansas "Kansas") to serve as a [training division](/wiki/Training_division "Training division"). Without its "Mountain" tab, the division served as the 10th Infantry Division for the next ten years. The unit was charged with processing and training replacements in large numbers. This mission was expanded with the outbreak of the [Korean War](/wiki/Korean_War "Korean War") in 1950\. By 1953, the division had trained 123,000 new Army recruits at Fort Riley.{{harvnb\|Baumgardner\|1998\|p\=40}} In 1954, the division was converted to a combat division once again, though it did not regain its "Mountain" status. Using equipment from the deactivating [37th Infantry Division](/wiki/37th_Infantry_Division_%28United_States%29 "37th Infantry Division (United States)"), the **10th Infantry Division** was deployed to Germany, replacing the [1st Infantry Division](/wiki/1st_Infantry_Division_%28United_States%29 "1st Infantry Division (United States)") at [Würzburg](/wiki/W%C3%BCrzburg "Würzburg"), serving as part of the [North Atlantic Treaty Organization](/wiki/North_Atlantic_Treaty_Organization "North Atlantic Treaty Organization") (NATO) defensive force. The division served in Germany for four years, until it was rotated out and replaced by the [3rd Infantry Division](/wiki/3rd_Infantry_Division_%28United_States%29 "3rd Infantry Division (United States)"). The division moved to [Fort Benning](/wiki/Fort_Benning "Fort Benning"), [Georgia](/wiki/Georgia_%28U.S._state%29 "Georgia (U.S. state)"), and was inactivated on 14 June 1958\. #### Reactivation On 13 February 1985, the 10th Mountain Division (Light Infantry) was reactivated at [Fort Drum, New York](/wiki/Fort_Drum "Fort Drum"). In accordance with the [Reorganization Objective Army Divisions](/wiki/Reorganization_Objective_Army_Divisions "Reorganization Objective Army Divisions") plan, the division was no longer centered on regiments, instead two brigades were activated under the division. The [1st Brigade, 10th Mountain Division](/wiki/1st_Brigade%2C_10th_Mountain_Division_%28United_States%29 "1st Brigade, 10th Mountain Division (United States)") (commanded by then Colonel [John M. Keane](/wiki/Jack_Keane "Jack Keane"), later 4\-Star General and Army Vice Chief of Staff) and [Division Artillery](/wiki/10th_Mountain_Division_Artillery_%28United_States%29 "10th Mountain Division Artillery (United States)") were activated at Fort Drum, while the [2nd Brigade, 10th Mountain Division](/wiki/2nd_Brigade%2C_10th_Mountain_Division_%28United_States%29 "2nd Brigade, 10th Mountain Division (United States)") was activated at [Fort Benning](/wiki/Fort_Benning "Fort Benning"), moving to Fort Drum in 1988\.{{harvnb\|McGrath\|2004\|p\=189}} The division was also assigned a round\-out brigade from the [Army National Guard](/wiki/Army_National_Guard "Army National Guard"), the [27th Infantry Brigade](/wiki/27th_Infantry_Brigade_%28United_States%29 "27th Infantry Brigade (United States)").{{harvnb\|McGrath\|2004\|p\=232}} The division was specially designed as a [light infantry](/wiki/Light_infantry "Light infantry") division able to rapidly deploy. In this process, it lost its mountain warfare capability, but its light infantry organization still made it versatile for difficult terrain.{{harvnb\|Sasser\|2009\|p\=12}} Equipment design was oriented toward reduced size and weight for reasons of both strategic and tactical mobility. The division also received a [distinctive unit insignia](/wiki/Distinctive_unit_insignia "Distinctive unit insignia"). ##### Structure in 1989 [thumb\|right\|480px\|10th Mountain Division (Light) 1989 (click to enlarge)](/wiki/File:10th_US_Mountain_Division_1989.png "10th US Mountain Division 1989.png") At the end of the [Cold War](/wiki/Cold_War "Cold War"), the division was organized as follows: * **10th Mountain Division (Light)**, [Fort Drum](/wiki/Fort_Drum "Fort Drum"), New York{{Sfn\|Johnson\|Callahan\|2012\|p\=13}} + Headquarters \& Headquarters Company + **[1st Brigade](/wiki/1st_Brigade_Combat_Team%2C_10th_Mountain_Division_%28United_States%29 "1st Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division (United States)")** - Headquarters \& Headquarters Company - 1st Battalion, 22nd Infantry{{Cite web\|last\=Hensler\|first\=Robert\|title\=Activation of 1\-22 IN at Ft. Drum, NY in the 10th Mountain Division\|url\=http://1\-22infantry.org/history/activation.htm\|access\-date\=6 July 2020\|publisher\=1st Battalion 22nd Infantry}}{{Cite news\|date\=8 June 1989\|title\=Lake View Native Earns High Military Post\|page\=15\|work\=The Sun and the Erie County Independent\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/54818759/ltc\-jeffrey\-l\-spara\-takes\-command\-of/\|via\=\[\[Newspapers.com]]}} - 2nd Battalion, 22nd Infantry - 1st Battalion, 87th Infantry{{Cite web\|title\=I\-87 Battalion History\|url\=https://www.drum.army.mil/1stBCT/Pages/I\-87\_BattalionHistory\_lvl3\.aspx\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111101215512/https://www.drum.army.mil/1stBCT/Pages/I\-87\_BattalionHistory\_lvl3\.aspx\|archive\-date\=1 November 2011\|access\-date\=1 November 2011\|publisher\=1st Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division}} + **[2nd Brigade](/wiki/2nd_Brigade_Combat_Team%2C_10th_Mountain_Division_%28United_States%29 "2nd Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division (United States)")**{{harvnb\|Pushies\|2008}} - Headquarters \& Headquarters Company - 2nd Battalion, [14th Infantry](/wiki/14th_Infantry_Regiment_%28United_States%29 "14th Infantry Regiment (United States)"){{cite web \|title\=2nd Battalion, 14th Infantry Lineage \|url\=https://history.army.mil/html/forcestruc/lineages/branches/inf/0014in002bn.htm \|publisher\=US Army Center of Military History \|access\-date\=26 June 2020}} - 3rd Battalion, 14th Infantry - 2nd Battalion, 87th Infantry{{cite web \|title\=2nd Battalion, 87th Infantry Lineage \|url\=https://history.army.mil/html/forcestruc/lineages/branches/inf/0087in002bn.htm \|publisher\=US Army Center of Military History \|access\-date\=26 June 2020}} + **[27th Infantry Brigade (Light)](/wiki/27th_Infantry_Brigade_Combat_Team_%28United_States%29 "27th Infantry Brigade Combat Team (United States)")**, [Syracuse](/wiki/Syracuse%2C_New_York "Syracuse, New York") ([New York Army National Guard](/wiki/New_York_Army_National_Guard "New York Army National Guard")){{cite web \|title\=27th Infantry Brigade (Light) \|url\=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/agency/army/27in\-bde.htm \|publisher\=Global Security \|access\-date\=2 July 2020}} {{unreliable?\|date\=January 2024}} - Headquarters \& Headquarters Company - 1st Battalion, [108th Infantry](/wiki/108th_Infantry_Regiment_%28United_States%29 "108th Infantry Regiment (United States)"), [Auburn](/wiki/Auburn%2C_New_York "Auburn, New York"){{cite web \|title\=108th Infantry Lineage \|url\=https://history.army.mil/html/forcestruc/lineages/branches/inf/0108in.htm \|publisher\=US Army Center of Military History \|access\-date\=26 June 2020}} - 2nd Battalion, 108th Infantry, Syracuse - 3rd Battalion, 108th Infantry, [Utica](/wiki/Utica%2C_New_York "Utica, New York") - 1st Battalion, 156th Field Artillery, [Kingston](/wiki/Kingston%2C_New_York "Kingston, New York"), (18 × [M101](/wiki/M101_howitzer "M101 howitzer") 105 mm towed howitzer){{cite web \|last1\=McKenney \|first1\=Janice E. \|title\=Field Artillery – Army Lineage Series – Part 2 \|url\=https://history.army.mil/html/books/060/60\-11\_pt2/CMH\_Pub\_60\-11\_pt2\.pdf \|publisher\=US Army Center of Military History \|access\-date\=26 June 2020}} - 427th Support Battalion (Forward), Syracuse - Troop E, [101st Cavalry](/wiki/101st_Cavalry_Regiment "101st Cavalry Regiment"), [Buffalo](/wiki/Buffalo%2C_New_York "Buffalo, New York") - 827th Engineer Company, Buffalo + **[Aviation Brigade](/wiki/Combat_Aviation_Brigade%2C_10th_Mountain_Division "Combat Aviation Brigade, 10th Mountain Division")**{{Cite web\|url\=https://history.army.mil/html/forcestruc/lineages/branches/div/010mdCAB.htm\|title\=Headquarters and Headquarters Company, Combat Aviation Brigade, 10th Mountain Division \| Lineage and Honors \| U.S. Army Center of Military History\|website\=history.army.mil}} - Headquarters \& Headquarters Company - 3rd Squadron, [17th Cavalry](/wiki/17th_Cavalry_Regiment_%28United_States%29 "17th Cavalry Regiment (United States)") (Reconnaissance){{cite web \|title\=3rd Squadron, 17th Cavalry Lineage \|url\=https://history.army.mil/html/forcestruc/lineages/branches/armor\-cav/017cv003sq.htm \|publisher\=US Army Center of Military History \|access\-date\=26 June 2020}} - 2nd Battalion, [25th Aviation](/wiki/25th_Aviation_Regiment_%28United_States%29 "25th Aviation Regiment (United States)") (Attack){{cite web \|title\=2nd Battalion, 25th Aviation Lineage \|url\=https://history.army.mil/html/forcestruc/lineages/branches/av/025av002bn.htm \|publisher\=US Army Center of Military History \|access\-date\=26 June 2020}} - Company C, 25th Aviation (General Support){{cite web \|title\=3rd Battalion, 25th Aviation Lineage \|url\=https://history.army.mil/html/forcestruc/lineages/branches/av/025av003bn.htm \|publisher\=US Army Center of Military History \|access\-date\=26 June 2020}} - Company D, 25th Aviation (Assault) + **[Division Artillery](/wiki/10th_Mountain_Division_Artillery "10th Mountain Division Artillery")**{{cite web \|title\=Field Artillery – February 1990 \|year \= 1990\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=rqUrAAAAYAAJ \|publisher\=US Army Field Artillery School \|access\-date\=18 June 2020}}{{cite web \|title\=Field Artillery – February 1987 \|year \= 1987\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=3qQrAAAAYAAJ \|publisher\=US Army Field Artillery School \|access\-date\=19 June 2020}} - Headquarters \& Headquarters Battery - 1st Battalion, [7th Field Artillery](/wiki/7th_Field_Artillery_Regiment_%28United_States%29 "7th Field Artillery Regiment (United States)") (18 × M101 105 mm towed howitzer){{cite web \|title\=1st Battalion, 7th Field Artillery Lineage \|url\=https://history.army.mil/html/forcestruc/lineages/branches/fa/0007fa01bn.htm \|publisher\=US Army Center of Military History \|access\-date\=26 June 2020}}{{cite web \|last1\=McKenney \|first1\=Janice E. \|title\=Field Artillery – Army Lineage Series – Part 1 \|url\=https://history.army.mil/html/books/060/60\-11\_pt1/CMH\_Pub\_60\-11\_pt1\.pdf \|publisher\=US Army Center of Military History \|access\-date\=26 June 2020}} - 2nd Battalion, 7th Field Artillery (18 × M101 105 mm towed howitzer) - Battery E, 7th Field Artillery (8 × [M198](/wiki/M198_howitzer "M198 howitzer") 155 mm towed howitzer) + **[Division Support Command](/wiki/10th_Sustainment_Brigade "10th Sustainment Brigade")** - Headquarters \& Headquarters Company - 10th Medical Battalion - 10th Supply \& Transportation Battalion{{cite web \|title\=10th Support Battalion Lineage \|url\=https://history.army.mil/html/forcestruc/lineages/branches/spt/0010sptbn.htm \|publisher\=US Army Center of Military History \|access\-date\=26 June 2020}} - 710th Maintenance Battalion - Company E, 25th Aviation (Aviation Intermediate Maintenance) + 3rd Battalion, [62nd Air Defense Artillery](/wiki/62nd_Air_Defense_Artillery_Regiment "62nd Air Defense Artillery Regiment") + 41st Engineer Battalion{{cite web \|title\=41st Engineer Battalion Lineage \|url\=https://history.army.mil/html/forcestruc/lineages/branches/eng/0041enbn.htm \|publisher\=US Army Center of Military History \|access\-date\=26 June 2020}} + 10th Signal Battalion{{cite web \|last1\=Raines \|first1\=Rebecca Robbins \|title\=Signal Corps \|url\=https://history.army.mil/html/books/060/60\-15\-1/CMH\_Pub\_60\-15\-1\.pdf \|publisher\=US Army Center of Military History \|access\-date\=21 June 2020}} + 110th Military Intelligence Battalion + 10th Military Police Company + 59th Chemical Company{{cite web \|title\=59th Chemical Company Lineage \|url\=https://history.army.mil/html/forcestruc/lineages/branches/chem/059cmco.htm \|publisher\=US Army Center of Military History \|access\-date\=26 June 2020}} + 10th Mountain Division Band{{cite web \|title\=10th Mountain Division Band Lineage \|url\=https://history.army.mil/html/forcestruc/lineages/branches/bands/band\-010mo.htm \|publisher\=US Army Center of Military History \|access\-date\=26 June 2020}} ### Contingencies [thumb\|right\|Soldiers of the 10th Mountain Division sweep a [Somali](/wiki/Somali_people "Somali people") village for weapons in 1993\.](/wiki/File:10th_Mountain_Divsion_sweep_Somali_village.jpg "10th Mountain Divsion sweep Somali village.jpg") In 1990, the division sent 1,200 soldiers to support [Operation Desert Storm](/wiki/Operation_Desert_Storm "Operation Desert Storm").{{harvnb\|Skiing Heritage Journal\|1995\|p\=13}} Two infantry platoons from the division were among those sent: 1st Platoon Bravo Company 1/22 and the 1/22 Scout Platoon. Once in Iraq, the scouts were sent home and First Platoon was left as a counterintelligence force. Performing three\-man 24hr patrols through the remainder of their deployment, this platoon was widely regarded as the division's best at that time. Following a cease\-fire in March 1991, the support soldiers began redeploying to Fort Drum through June of that year. [Hurricane Andrew](/wiki/Hurricane_Andrew "Hurricane Andrew") struck [South Florida](/wiki/South_Florida "South Florida") on 24 August 1992, killing 13 people, leaving another 250,000 homeless, and causing damages in excess of $20 billion. On 27 August 1992, the 10th Mountain Division assumed responsibility for Hurricane Andrew disaster relief as [Task Force](/wiki/Task_Force "Task Force") Mountain. Division soldiers set up relief camps, distributed food, clothing, medical necessities, and building supplies, as well as helping to rebuild homes and clear debris. The last of the 6,000 division soldiers deployed to Florida returned home in October 1992\. #### Operation Restore Hope [thumb\|left\|Members of the 10th Mountain Division with President [George H. W. Bush](/wiki/George_H._W._Bush "George H. W. Bush"), January 1993\.](/wiki/File:187infwpresbush1993.jpg "187infwpresbush1993.jpg") On 3 December 1992, the division headquarters was designated as the headquarters for all Army Forces (ARFOR) of the [Unified Task Force](/wiki/Unified_Task_Force "Unified Task Force") (UNITAF) for [Operation Restore Hope](/wiki/Operation_Restore_Hope "Operation Restore Hope"). [Major General](/wiki/Major_General "Major General") [Steven L. Arnold](/wiki/Steven_L._Arnold "Steven L. Arnold"), the division Commander, was named Army Forces commander. The 10th Mountain Division's mission was to secure major cities and roads to provide safe passage of relief supplies to the Somali population suffering from the effects of the [Somali Civil War](/wiki/Somali_Civil_War "Somali Civil War"). Due to 10th Mountain Division efforts, humanitarian agencies declared an end to the food emergency and factional fighting decreased.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/agency/army/10mtn.htm \|title\=GlobalSecurity.org: 10th Mountain Division \|work\=\[\[GlobalSecurity]] \|access\-date\=6 July 2009}} When [Task Force Ranger](/wiki/Task_Force_Ranger "Task Force Ranger") and the [SAR](/wiki/Search_%26_rescue "Search & rescue") team were pinned down during a raid in what later became known as the [Battle of Mogadishu](/wiki/Battle_of_Mogadishu_%281993%29 "Battle of Mogadishu (1993)"), the 10th Mountain Division provided infantry for the UN quick reaction force sent to rescue them. The 10th Mountain Division had two soldiers killed in the fighting, which was the longest sustained firefight by regular US Army forces since the [Vietnam War](/wiki/Vietnam_War "Vietnam War"). The division began a gradual reduction of forces in Somalia in February 1994, until the last soldiers of the 2nd Battalion, [22nd Infantry](/wiki/22nd_Infantry_Regiment_%28United_States%29 "22nd Infantry Regiment (United States)") returned to the United States in March 1994\. #### Operation Uphold Democracy [thumb\|Soldiers of the 10th Mountain Division secure [Port\-au\-Prince International Airport](/wiki/Port-au-Prince_International_Airport "Port-au-Prince International Airport") in 1994\.](/wiki/File:Port-au-Prince_airfield_seizure.jpg "Port-au-Prince airfield seizure.jpg") The division formed the nucleus of the Multinational Force Haiti (MNF Haiti) and Joint Task Force 190 (JTF 190\) in Haiti during [Operation Uphold Democracy](/wiki/Operation_Uphold_Democracy "Operation Uphold Democracy"). More than 8,600 of the division's troops deployed during this operation. On 19 September 1994, the 1st Brigade conducted the Army's first [air assault](/wiki/Air_assault "Air assault") from [aircraft carrier](/wiki/Aircraft_carrier "Aircraft carrier") [USS *Dwight D. Eisenhower*](/wiki/USS_Dwight_D._Eisenhower_%28CVN-69%29 "USS Dwight D. Eisenhower (CVN-69)"). This force consisted of 54 helicopters and almost 2,000 soldiers. They occupied the [Port\-au\-Prince International Airport](/wiki/Port-au-Prince_International_Airport "Port-au-Prince International Airport"). This was the largest Army air operation conducted from a carrier since the [Doolittle Raid](/wiki/Doolittle_Raid "Doolittle Raid") in World War II. The division's mission was to create a secure and stable environment so the government of Haitian President [Jean\-Bertrand Aristide](/wiki/Jean-Bertrand_Aristide "Jean-Bertrand Aristide") could be reestablished and democratic elections held. After this was accomplished, the 10th Mountain Division handed over control of the MNF\-Haiti to the [25th Infantry Division](/wiki/25th_Infantry_Division_%28United_States%29 "25th Infantry Division (United States)") on 15 January 1995\. The division redeployed the last of its soldiers who served in Haiti by 31 January 1995\.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.drum.army.mil/sites/about/hist\-10mtn.asp \|title\=Fort Drum Homepage: History of the 10th Mountain Division\|work\=\[\[Fort Drum, New York\|Fort Drum]] Public Affairs Office\|access\-date\=6 July 2009\|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20080512010021/http://www.drum.army.mil/sites/about/hist\-10mtn.asp \|archive\-date \= 12 May 2008}} #### Operation Joint Forge In the fall of 1998, the division received notice that it would be serving as senior headquarters of [Task Force Eagle](/wiki/Task_Force_Eagle "Task Force Eagle"), providing a peacekeeping force to support the ongoing operation within the Multi\-National Division\-North area of responsibility in [Bosnia and Herzegovina](/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina "Bosnia and Herzegovina"). Selected division units began deploying in late summer, approximately 3,000 division soldiers deployed. After successfully performing their mission in Bosnia, the division units conducted a transfer of authority, relinquishing their assignments to soldiers of the [49th Armored Division](/wiki/49th_Armored_Division "49th Armored Division"), [Texas National Guard](/wiki/Texas_National_Guard "Texas National Guard"). By early summer 2000, all 10th Mountain Division soldiers had returned safely to Fort Drum. #### Operation Joint Guardian #### Readiness controversy During the [2000 presidential election](/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election "2000 United States presidential election"), the readiness of the 10th Mountain Division became a political issue when [George W. Bush](/wiki/George_W._Bush "George W. Bush") asserted that the division was "not ready for duty." He attributed the division's low readiness to the frequent deployments throughout the 1990s without time in between for division elements to retrain and refit.{{cite web\|url\=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/Story?id\=123205\&page\=1 \|title\=Army Strikes Back at Bush \|work\=\[\[ABC News (United States)\|ABC News]] \|access\-date\=9 July 2009}} A report from the [US General Accounting Office](/wiki/US_General_Accounting_Office "US General Accounting Office") in July 2000 also noted that although the entire 10th Mountain Division was not deployed to the contingencies at once, "deployment of key components—especially headquarters—makes these divisions unavailable for deployment elsewhere in case of a major war".{{cite web \|url\=http://www.heritage.org/research/missiledefense/bg1394\.cfm \|title\=The Facts about Military Readiness \|work\=\[\[The Heritage Foundation]] \|access\-date\=9 July 2009 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100131004707/http://www.heritage.org/research/missiledefense/bg1394\.cfm \|archive\-date\=31 January 2010 }} [Conservative](/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States "Conservatism in the United States") [think tank](/wiki/Think_tank "Think tank") [The Heritage Foundation](/wiki/The_Heritage_Foundation "The Heritage Foundation") agreed with these sentiments, charging that the US military overall was not prepared for war due to post\-[Cold War](/wiki/Cold_War "Cold War") drawdowns of the US Military. The Army responded that, though the 10th Mountain Division had been unprepared following its deployment as Task Force Eagle, that the unit was fully prepared for combat by late 2000 despite being undermanned.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.cbsnews.com/stories/1999/11/10/national/main69767\.shtml \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110205042048/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/1999/11/10/national/main69767\.shtml \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=5 February 2011 \|title\=Army: 2 Units Unprepared \|work\=\[\[CBS News]] \|access\-date\=9 July 2009 \| date\=10 November 1999}} Still, the Army moved the 10th Mountain Division down on the deployment list, allowing it time to retrain and refit. In 2002, columnist and highly decorated military veteran [David Hackworth](/wiki/David_Hackworth "David Hackworth") again criticized the 10th Mountain Division for being unprepared due to lack of training, low physical fitness, unprepared leadership, and low morale. He said the division was no longer capable of mountain warfare.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.military.com/Resources/ResourceFileView?file\=Hackworth\_070302\.htm \|title\=No Bad Units, Only Bad Leaders \|work\=\[\[David Hackworth]] \|access\-date\=9 July 2009 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090611025625/http://www.military.com/Resources/ResourceFileView?file\=Hackworth\_070302\.htm \|archive\-date\=11 June 2009 }} ### War on Terrorism #### Initial deployments and 2004 reorganization [thumb\|10th Mountain Soldier on patrol in Afghanistan's [Nuristan Province](/wiki/Nuristan_Province "Nuristan Province").](/wiki/File:Village_of_Aranas%2C_Nuristan_province.jpg "Village of Aranas, Nuristan province.jpg") [thumb\|Soldiers of the 350th Tactical Psychological Operations, 10th Mountain Division [drop propaganda leaflets](/wiki/Airborne_leaflet_propaganda "Airborne leaflet propaganda") over a village near [Hawija](/wiki/Hawija "Hawija"), Iraq in March 2008\.](/wiki/File:Defense.gov_News_Photo_080306-F-1936B-311.jpg "Defense.gov News Photo 080306-F-1936B-311.jpg") Following the [11 September 2001 attacks](/wiki/11_September_2001_attacks "11 September 2001 attacks"), elements of the division, including its [special troops battalion](/wiki/Special_troops_battalion "Special troops battalion") and 1st Battalion, [87th Infantry Regiment](/wiki/87th_Infantry_Regiment_%28United_States%29 "87th Infantry Regiment (United States)") (1\-87th) infantry deployed to [Afghanistan](/wiki/Afghanistan "Afghanistan") as part of [Operation Enduring Freedom](/wiki/Operation_Enduring_Freedom "Operation Enduring Freedom") in late 2001\. The division headquarters arrived at [Karshi\-Khanabad Air Base](/wiki/Karshi-Khanabad_Air_Base "Karshi-Khanabad Air Base"), under Major General [Franklin L. Hagenbeck](/wiki/Franklin_L._Hagenbeck "Franklin L. Hagenbeck"), on 12 December 2001 to function as the [Combined Forces Land Component Command](/wiki/Combined_Forces_Land_Component_Command "Combined Forces Land Component Command") (CFLCC) (Forward).*A Different Kind of War*, 127\. This command served as the representative for Lieutenant General [Paul T. Mikolashek](/wiki/Paul_T._Mikolashek "Paul T. Mikolashek"), the Third US Army/CFLCC commanding general (CG) in the theater of operations. As such, Hagenbeck's headquarters was responsible for commanding and controlling virtually all Coalition ground forces and ground force operations in the theater, including the security of Coalition airfields in Afghanistan, Uzbekistan, and Pakistan, as well as the logistics operations set up to support those forces. The division was also intended to defend Uzbekistan against attacks by the [Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan](/wiki/Islamic_Movement_of_Uzbekistan "Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan"), which was seeking to overthrow [Islam Karimov](/wiki/Islam_Karimov "Islam Karimov")'s secular government.{{Cite book\|last\=Henriksen\|first\=Thomas H.\|url\=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/9781009053242/type/book\|title\=America's Wars: Interventions, Regime Change, and Insurgencies after the Cold War\|date\=2022\-01\-31\|publisher\=Cambridge University Press\|isbn\=978\-1\-009\-05324\-2\|edition\=1\|doi\=10\.1017/9781009053242\.005}} On 13 February 2002, Mikolashek ordered Hagenbeck to move CFLCC (Forward) to Bagram airfield located at Bagram and 2 days later the headquarters was officially redesignated as Combined Joint Task Force (CJTF) Mountain.*A Different Kind of War*, 132 It assumed responsibility for the planning and execution of what had then become known as [Operation Anaconda](/wiki/Operation_Anaconda "Operation Anaconda").{{cn\|date\=January 2024}} Elements of the division, primarily 1\-87th Infantry, remained in the country until mid\-2002, fighting to secure remote areas of the country and participating in prominent operations such as [Operation Anaconda](/wiki/Operation_Anaconda "Operation Anaconda"), the [Fall of Mazar\-i\-Sharif](/wiki/Fall_of_Mazar-i-Sharif "Fall of Mazar-i-Sharif"), and the [Battle of Qala\-i\-Jangi](/wiki/Battle_of_Qala-i-Jangi "Battle of Qala-i-Jangi").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.history.army.mil/html/forcestruc/lineages/branches/div/010mdhq\&tcp.htm \|title\=Lineage and Honors Information: 10th Mountain Division \|publisher\=\[\[United States Army Center of Military History]] \|access\-date\=6 July 2009 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100608031234/http://www.history.army.mil/html/forcestruc/lineages/branches/div/010mdhq%26tcp.htm \|archive\-date\= 8 June 2010 }} These 1\-87th Infantry soldiers became the first US conventional forces to fight in Afghanistan. The division also participated in fighting in the [Shahi Khot Valley](/wiki/Shah-i-Kot_Valley "Shah-i-Kot Valley") in 2002\. In June 2002, elements of the [82nd Airborne Division](/wiki/82nd_Airborne_Division "82nd Airborne Division") arrived to relieve CJTF Mountain, and in September, Major General [John R. Vines](/wiki/John_R._Vines "John R. Vines") and his [Combined Task Force 82](/wiki/Combined_Task_Force_82 "Combined Task Force 82") relieved CJTF Mountain as the major subordinate headquarters to [Combined Joint Task Force 180](/wiki/Combined_Joint_Task_Force_180 "Combined Joint Task Force 180").Koontz, Enduring Voices, 3\. Upon the return of the battalions, they were welcomed home and praised by President Bush.{{cite news\|last1\=Gilmore\|first1\=Gerry\|title\='Be Proud, Strong, Ready,' Bush Tells 10th Mountain Troops\|url\=http://archive.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id\=43634\|access\-date\=18 December 2015\|agency\=American Forces Press Service\|publisher\=US Department of Defence\|date\=19 July 2002\|archive\-date\=28 September 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928225623/http://archive.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id\=43634}} In 2003, the division's headquarters, along with the 1st Brigade, returned to Afghanistan. During that time, they operated in the frontier regions of the country such as [Paktika Province](/wiki/Paktika_Province "Paktika Province"), going to places previously untouched by the war in search of [Taliban](/wiki/Taliban "Taliban") and [Al\-Qaeda](/wiki/Al-Qaeda "Al-Qaeda") forces. Fighting in several small\-scale conflicts such as [Operation Avalanche](/wiki/Operation_Avalanche_%28Afghanistan%29 "Operation Avalanche (Afghanistan)"), [Operation Mountain Resolve](/wiki/Operation_Mountain_Resolve "Operation Mountain Resolve"), and [Operation Mountain Viper](/wiki/Operation_Mountain_Viper "Operation Mountain Viper"), the division maintained a strategy of small units moving through remote regions of the country to interact directly with the population and drive out insurgents.{{cite journal\|url\=http://www.csmonitor.com/2004/0114/p01s04\-wosc.html \|title\=Going in small in Afghanistan \|journal\=\[\[The Christian Science Monitor]] \|date\=14 January 2004 \|access\-date\=9 July 2009}} The 1st Brigade also undertook a number of humanitarian missions. In 2003 and into 2004, the division's aviation brigade deployed for the first time to [Afghanistan](/wiki/Afghanistan "Afghanistan"). As the only aviation brigade in the theater, the brigade provided air support for all US Army units operating in the country. The brigade's mission at that time focused on [close air support](/wiki/Close_air_support "Close air support"), [medevac](/wiki/Medevac "Medevac") missions, and other duties involving combat with [Taliban](/wiki/Taliban "Taliban") and [Al\-Qaeda](/wiki/Al-Qaeda "Al-Qaeda") forces in the country. The 10th Mountain Division was the first unit to introduce contract working dogs into southern Afghanistan. In the spring of 2004, they had Patriot K\-9 Services supply 20 dog teams based at KAF. The teams were trained to detect explosives and perform patrol duties throughout the region. The brigade returned to Fort Drum in 2004\.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.defenselink.mil/news/newsarticle.aspx?id\=14816 \|title\=10th Combat Aviation Brigade Assumes OEF Aviation Mission \|publisher\=Defenselink.mil \|access\-date\=19 July 2009}} On the return of the division headquarters and 1st Brigade, the 10th Mountain Division began the process of [transformation](/wiki/Transformation_of_the_United_States_Army "Transformation of the United States Army") into a modular division.{{cite web\|title\=FORT DRUM PAMPHLET 600 – 5\|url\=http://www.drum.army.mil/NCOAcademy/Documents/Pam%20600\-5\.pdf\|access\-date\=26 November 2018\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810052921/http://www.drum.army.mil/NCOAcademy/Documents/Pam%20600\-5\.pdf\|archive\-date\=10 August 2017}} On 16 September 2004, the division headquarters finished its transformation, adding the [10th Mountain Division Special Troops Battalion](/wiki/10th_Mountain_Division_Special_Troops_Battalion "10th Mountain Division Special Troops Battalion"). The 1st Brigade became the 1st [Brigade Combat Team](/wiki/Brigade_Combat_Team "Brigade Combat Team"),{{cite web\|url\=http://www.history.army.mil/html/forcestruc/lineages/branches/div/010md1bct.htm \|title\=Lineage and Honors Information: 1st Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division \|publisher\=United States Army Center of Military History \|access\-date\=9 July 2009 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100116025718/http://www.history.army.mil/html/forcestruc/lineages/branches/div/010md1bct.htm \|archive\-date\=16 January 2010 \|url\-status\=live}} while the [3rd Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division](/wiki/3rd_Brigade_Combat_Team%2C_10th_Mountain_Division_%28United_States%29 "3rd Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division (United States)") was activated for the first time.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.history.army.mil/html/forcestruc/lineages/branches/div/010md3bct.htm \|title\=Lineage and Honors Information: 3rd Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division \|publisher\=United States Army Center of Military History \|access\-date\=9 July 2009 \|archive\-date\=8 June 2010 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100608031213/http://www.history.army.mil/html/forcestruc/lineages/branches/div/010md3bct.htm }} In January 2005, the [4th Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division](/wiki/4th_Brigade_Combat_Team%2C_10th_Mountain_Division "4th Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division") was activated at [Fort Polk](/wiki/Fort_Polk "Fort Polk"), [Louisiana](/wiki/Louisiana "Louisiana").{{cite web \|url\=http://www.history.army.mil/html/forcestruc/lineages/branches/div/010md4bct.htm \|title\=Lineage and Honors Information: 4th Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division \|publisher\=United States Army Center of Military History \|access\-date\=9 July 2009 \|archive\-date\=8 June 2010 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100608031130/http://www.history.army.mil/html/forcestruc/lineages/branches/div/010md4bct.htm }} 2nd Brigade Combat Team would not be transformed until September 2005, pending a deployment to [Iraq](/wiki/Iraq "Iraq"). #### Iraq deployments In late 2004, the 2nd Brigade Combat Team was deployed to Iraq supporting [Operation Iraqi Freedom](/wiki/Operation_Iraqi_Freedom "Operation Iraqi Freedom"). The 2nd Brigade Combat Team undertook combat operations in western [Baghdad](/wiki/Baghdad "Baghdad"), an area of responsibility that included [Abu Ghraib](/wiki/Abu_Ghraib "Abu Ghraib"), [Mansour](/wiki/Mansour_neighbourhood "Mansour neighbourhood"), and [Route Irish](/wiki/Route_Irish "Route Irish"). It returned to the US in late 2005\. Around that time, the 1st Brigade Combat Team deployed back to Iraq, staying in the country until 2006\. The next time the 1st Brigade Combat Team was deployed was during the Surge for 15 months in Iraq. Northern Iraq was the theater of operations for 1 BCT from August 2007 until November 2008\.{{cn\|date\=January 2024}} The 4th BCT operated in Northeast Baghdad under the 4th Infantry Division headquarters from November 2007 until January 2009\. The 10th Mountain participated in larger\-scale operations, such as [Operation Phantom Phoenix](/wiki/Operation_Phantom_Phoenix "Operation Phantom Phoenix").{{cn\|date\=January 2024}} After a one\-year rest, the headquarters of the 10th Mountain Division was deployed to Iraq for the first time in April 2008\. The division headquarters served as the command element for southern Baghdad until late March 2009, when it displaced to Basrah to replace departing British forces on 31 March 2009 to coordinate security for the Multinational Division\-South area of responsibility, a consolidation of the previously Polish\-led south\-central and British\-led southeast operational areas. The 10th Mountain Division headquarters transferred authority for MND\-S to the [34th Infantry Division](/wiki/34th_Infantry_Division_%28United_States%29 "34th Infantry Division (United States)"), Minnesota Army National Guard on 20 May 2009\.{{cn\|date\=January 2024}} The 2nd Brigade Combat Team was scheduled to deploy to Iraq in the fall of 2009, as a part of the 2009–2010 rotation to Iraq.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.army.mil/\-news/2009/07/14/24364\-army\-announces\-next\-iraq\-rotation/?ref\=home\-headline\-title0 \|title\=Army Announces next Iraq Rotation \|work\=US Army Public Affairs Office \|access\-date\=15 July 2009}} #### Afghanistan deployments [thumb\|left\|10th Mountain Division troops from the 1st Battalion, 32nd Infantry hike through [Kunar Province](/wiki/Kunar_Province "Kunar Province").](/wiki/File:Flickr_-_The_U.S._Army_-_Security_patrol.jpg "Flickr - The U.S. Army - Security patrol.jpg") The division headquarters, the 3rd Brigade Combat Team, and two Battalion Task Forces from the 4th Brigade Combat Team deployed to Afghanistan in 2005, staying in the country until 2006\. The division and brigade served in the eastern region of the country, along the border with [Pakistan](/wiki/Pakistan "Pakistan"), fulfilling a similar role as it did during its previous deployment.{{harvnb\|Sasser\|2009\|p\=1}} During this time, the deployment of the brigade was extended along with that of the 4th Brigade, [82nd Airborne Division](/wiki/82nd_Airborne_Division "82nd Airborne Division"). It was eventually replaced by the [173rd Airborne Brigade Combat Team](/wiki/173rd_Airborne_Brigade_Combat_Team "173rd Airborne Brigade Combat Team") which was rerouted from Iraq.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.armytimes.com/news/2007/02/AT173rd070214/ \|work\=\[\[Army Times]] \|date\=16 February 2007 \|first\=Melissa \|last\=Vogt \|access\-date\=24 April 2008 \|title\=173rd Airborne heading to Afghanistan \|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20121208213352/http://www.armytimes.com/news/2007/02/AT173rd070214/ \|archive\-date\=8 December 2012 \|url\-status\=live}} In the winter of 2006, the 10th Aviation Brigade, 10th Mountain Division, was deployed again to Afghanistan to support Operation Enduring Freedom as the only aviation brigade in the theater, stationed at [Bagram Air Base](/wiki/Bagram_Air_Base "Bagram Air Base"), Afghanistan. Named "Task Force Falcon," the brigade's mission was to conduct aviation operations to destroy insurgents and anti\-coalition militia in an effort to help build the [Afghan National Security Force](/wiki/Afghan_National_Security_Force "Afghan National Security Force")'s capability and allow the Afghan government to increase its capabilities. In addition, the Task Force provided logistical and combat support for [International Security Assistance Force](/wiki/International_Security_Assistance_Force "International Security Assistance Force") forces throughout the country.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/agency/army/10mtn\-avn\-bde.htm \|title\=GlobalSecurity.org: 10th Combat Aviation Brigade \|publisher\=\[\[GlobalSecurity]] \|access\-date\=18 July 2009}} The [3rd Brigade Combat Team](/wiki/3rd_Brigade_Combat_Team%2C_10th_Mountain_Division_%28United_States%29 "3rd Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division (United States)") was slated to deploy to Iraq in 2009, but that deployment was rerouted. In January 2009, the [3rd BCT](/wiki/3rd_Brigade_Combat_Team%2C_10th_Mountain_Division_%28United_States%29 "3rd Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division (United States)") instead deployed to [Kunar](/wiki/Kunar_Province "Kunar Province"), [Logar](/wiki/Logar_Province "Logar Province") and [Wardak](/wiki/Wardak_Province "Wardak Province") Provinces, eastern Afghanistan to relieve the [101st Airborne Division](/wiki/101st_Airborne_Division "101st Airborne Division"), as part of a new buildup of US forces in that country.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.defenselink.mil/news/newsarticle.aspx?id\=52825 \|title\=10th Mountain Division Leads New Deployments to Afghanistan \|work\=DefenseLink \|access\-date\=7 July 2009}} The brigade was responsible for expanding [forward operating bases](/wiki/Forward_operating_base "Forward operating base") and [combat outposts](/wiki/Outpost_%28military%29 "Outpost (military)") (COPs) in the region, as well as strengthening US military presence in preparation for additional US forces to arrive.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.nato.int/isaf/docu/pressreleases/2009/01/pr090127\-078\.html \|title\=10th Mountain Division troops move into Logar, Wardak provinces \|work\=\[\[International Security Assistance Force\|ISAF]] Public Affairs Office \|access\-date\=7 July 2009 \|archive\-date\=16 July 2009 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090716025553/http://www.nato.int/isaf/docu/pressreleases/2009/01/pr090127\-078\.html }} [thumb\|1st Battalion, [87th Infantry Regiment](/wiki/87th_Infantry_Regiment_%28United_States%29 "87th Infantry Regiment (United States)") infantry engaging Taliban.](/wiki/File:1-87_Infantry_engaging_Taliban.jpg "1-87 Infantry engaging Taliban.jpg") The 1st Brigade Combat Team was scheduled to deploy to Iraq in late 2009 but deployed instead to Afghanistan in March 2010 for 13 months.{{cite news\|last1\=Garamone\|first1\=Jim\|title\=1st Brigade Combat Team will join troop surge in Afghanistan\|url\=http://www.drum.army.mil/mountaineer/Article.aspx?ID\=3258\|access\-date\=18 December 2015\|agency\=American Forces Press Service\|publisher\=Fort Drum: United States Army\|date\=10 December 2009\|archive\-date\=4 March 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304110825/http://www.drum.army.mil/mountaineer/Article.aspx?ID\=3258}} [1\-87th Infantry](/wiki/1-87th_Infantry "1-87th Infantry") deployed to [Kunduz](/wiki/Kunduz_Province "Kunduz Province") and [Baghlan](/wiki/Baghlan_Province "Baghlan Province") Provinces, establishing remote [combat outposts](/wiki/Outpost_%28military%29 "Outpost (military)") (COPs) against the Taliban after they had taken control of these provinces over the last several years. Notably, elements of the regiment were responsible for numerous large\-scale engagements, including The Battle of Shahabuddin{{cite news\|url\=http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/the\-battle\-of\-shahabuddin\-under\-fire\-in\-afghanistan\-s\-baghlan\-province\-a\-722605\.html \|title\=The Battle of Shahabuddin \|work\=Spiegel Online \|date\=13 October 2010 \|access\-date\=13 October 2010\|last1\=Demmer \|first1\=Ulrike }} and securing a High\-Value Target (HVT) after an [air assault](/wiki/Air_assault "Air assault") raid. Some elements of the Brigade deployed to Afghanistan in late January 2013 to Ghazni Provence for nine months.{{cn\|date\=January 2024}} [thumb\|10th Mountain Soldiers during an operation in [Logar Province](/wiki/Logar_Province "Logar Province").](/wiki/File:Defense.gov_News_Photo_101113-A-6521C-059_-_U.S._Army_soldiers_with_Charlie_Troop_3rd_Squadron_89th_Cavalry_4th_Infantry_Brigade_Combat_Team_10th_Mountain_Division_wait_for_the_order_to.jpg "Defense.gov News Photo 101113-A-6521C-059 - U.S. Army soldiers with Charlie Troop 3rd Squadron 89th Cavalry 4th Infantry Brigade Combat Team 10th Mountain Division wait for the order to.jpg") The [3rd Brigade Combat Team](/wiki/3rd_Brigade_Combat_Team%2C_10th_Mountain_Division_%28United_States%29 "3rd Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division (United States)") deployed to Kandahar Province, southern Afghanistan in March 2011, again relieving the [101st Airborne Division](/wiki/101st_Airborne_Division "101st Airborne Division"). During this deployment, [3rd BCT](/wiki/3rd_Brigade_Combat_Team%2C_10th_Mountain_Division_%28United_States%29 "3rd Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division (United States)") mainly occupied [forward operating bases](/wiki/Forward_operating_base "Forward operating base") (FOBs) and [combat outposts](/wiki/Outpost_%28military%29 "Outpost (military)") (COPs) in the [Maywand](/wiki/Maywand_District "Maywand District"), [Zhari](/wiki/Zhari_District "Zhari District"), and [Arghandab](/wiki/Arghandab_District "Arghandab District") Districts of Kandahar Province. The brigade was redeployed to Fort Drum in March 2012 after a twelve\-month deployment.{{cn\|date\=January 2024}} The 4th Brigade Combat Team deployed to Regional Command East, under the 101st Airborne Division from October 2010 until their redeployment in October 2011\. The 4th BCT deployed to both Wardak and Logar provinces. During this deployment, they went to places such as Chakh Valley in Wardak Province and Charkh Valley in Logar Province in search of elements of the Haqqani Network. In May 2013, the brigade deployed again to Afghanistan returning home in February 2014\.{{cite web \|last\=Matthews \|first\=Jeff \|url\=http://www.thetowntalk.com/article/20140212/NEWS01/302120018/Fort\-Polk\-soldiers\-return\-Group\-from\-4th\-Brigade\-Combat\-Team\-comes\-home\-after\-service\-Afghanistan \|title\=Local News \| The Town Talk \|publisher\=thetowntalk.com \|date\=12 February 2014 \|access\-date\=13 October 2015 \|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20140215214336/http://www.thetowntalk.com/article/20140212/NEWS01/302120018/Fort\-Polk\-soldiers\-return\-Group\-from\-4th\-Brigade\-Combat\-Team\-comes\-home\-after\-service\-Afghanistan \|archive\-date\=15 February 2014 }} In 2015, [Diana M. Holland](/wiki/Diana_M._Holland "Diana M. Holland") became the first woman to serve as a general officer at [Fort Drum](/wiki/Fort_Drum "Fort Drum"), and the first woman to serve as a deputy commanding general in one of the Army's light infantry divisions (specifically, the 10th Mountain Division.){{cite web\|url\=http://www.syracuse.com/state/index.ssf/2015/07/fort\_drum\_marks\_promotion\_of\_first\_woman\_general\_of\_10th\_mountain\_division.html \|title\=Fort Drum marks promotion of first woman general of 10th Mountain Division \|publisher\=syracuse.com \|date\=30 July 2015 \|access\-date\=5 August 2015}} In February 2015, [2nd Brigade Combat Team](/wiki/2nd_Brigade_Combat_Team%2C_10th_Mountain_Division "2nd Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division"), 10th Mountain Division were deployed to Afghanistan as part of the [Resolute Support Mission](/wiki/Resolute_Support_Mission "Resolute Support Mission") in the [Post ISAF phase of the War in Afghanistan](/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_%282001%E2%80%93present%29%23Post_ISAF_phase "War in Afghanistan (2001–present)#Post ISAF phase"){{cite news \|author\=Gary Walts \|agency\=Associated Press \|title\=Fort Drum brigade prepares for deployment to Afghanistan \|url\=http://www.syracuse.com/news/index.ssf/2015/02/fort\_drum\_brigade\_prepares\_for\_deployment\_to\_afghanistan.html \|newspaper\=The Post\-Standard \|publisher\=Syracuse Media Group \|date\=26 February 2015 \|access\-date\=26 February 2015 }} {{cite news \|last\=Tan \|first\=Michelle \|date\=27 February 2015 \|title\=Army announces new Afghanistan deployments \|url\=http://www.armytimes.com/story/military/careers/army/2015/02/27/new\-afghanistan\-deployments/24122491/ \|newspaper\=ArmyTimes \|publisher\=Gannett \|access\-date\=28 February 2015 }} between late summer and early fall 2015, 300 troops from 10th Mountain's headquarters at deployed to Afghanistan in support of Operation Freedom's Sentinel, along with about 1,000 troops from the [3rd Brigade Combat Team](/wiki/3rd_Brigade_Combat_Team%2C_10th_Mountain_Division "3rd Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.armytimes.com/story/military/2015/08/05/army\-names\-3\-units\-iraq\-afghanistan\-deployments/31168831/\|title\=Army names 3 units for Iraq, Afghanistan deployments\|date\=5 August 2015}} In February 2016, the Taliban began a new [assault on Sangin](/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_%282015-present%29%23Taliban_offensive_in_Helmand_Province "War in Afghanistan (2015-present)#Taliban offensive in Helmand Province"), Helmand Province, the US responded by deploying 500 to 800 troops from 2nd battalion 87th Infantry Regiment, 10th Mountain Division to Helmand Province in order to prop up Afghan army's 215th Corps in the province, particularly around Sangin, joining US and British special operations forces already in the area.{{cite web\|url\= http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2016/02/11/us\-army\-orders\-hundreds\-soldiers\-back\-to\-southern\-afghanistan.html\|title\=US Army orders hundreds of soldiers back to southern Afghanistan\|publisher\=Fox News\|date\=11 February 2016}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.msn.com/en\-gb/news/uknews/sas\-in\-battle\-to\-stop\-taliban\-overrunning\-sangin/ar\-BBnOfYr?ocid\=spartandhp\|title\=SAS in battle to stop Taliban overrunning Sangin\|work\=The Telegraph\|date\=22 December 2015\|access\-date\=20 December 2018\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116022732/http://www.msn.com/en\-gb/news/uknews/sas\-in\-battle\-to\-stop\-taliban\-overrunning\-sangin/ar\-BBnOfYr?ocid\=spartandhp\|archive\-date\=16 November 2018}}{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/16/world/asia/a\-5th\-district\-in\-helmand\-province\-falls\-to\-the\-taliban.html?\_r\=0\|title\=A 5th District in Helmand Province Falls to the Taliban\|work\=The New York Times\|date\=15 March 2016}} On 5 December 2019, the [Department of the Army](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Army "United States Department of the Army") announced that the [1st Brigade Combat Team](/wiki/1st_Brigade_Combat_Team%2C_10th_Mountain_Division_%28United_States%29 "1st Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division (United States)") would replace the 3rd Brigade Combat Team, [82nd Airborne Division](/wiki/82nd_Airborne_Division "82nd Airborne Division") as part of a unit rotation in support of [Operation Freedom's Sentinel](/wiki/Operation_Freedom%27s_Sentinel "Operation Freedom's Sentinel").{{cite web\|title\=1st BCT, 10th Mountain Division to replace 3rd BCT, 82nd Airborne Division for unit rotation in the winter of 2020\|url\=https://www.army.mil/article/230130/army\_announces\_upcoming\_1st\_bct\_10th\_mountain\_division\_unit\_rotation\|website\=army.mil\|date\=5 December 2019\|access\-date\=5 October 2020}} The brigade deployed to Afghanistan in February 2020\.{{cn\|date\=January 2024}} ### Operation Atlantic Resolve On 3 November 2016, *Stars and Stripes* reported that the 10th Combat Aviation Brigade would deploy 1,750 soldiers to [Eastern Europe](/wiki/Eastern_Europe "Eastern Europe") in March 2017, in support of [Operation Atlantic Resolve](/wiki/Operation_Atlantic_Resolve "Operation Atlantic Resolve") – as part of NATO efforts to reassure Eastern Europe in response to [Russian intervention in Ukraine in 2014](/wiki/Russian_military_intervention_in_Ukraine_%282014%E2%80%93present%29 "Russian military intervention in Ukraine (2014–present)"). The brigade arrived with approximately 60 aircraft, including CH\-47 Chinooks, UH\-60 Blackhawks, and medevac helicopters. The brigade was headquartered in Germany and the brigade's units were forward\-based at locations in [Latvia](/wiki/Latvia "Latvia"), [Romania](/wiki/Romania "Romania"), and [Poland](/wiki/Poland "Poland").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.stripes.com/news/2\-brigades\-of\-nearly\-6\-000\-troops\-head\-to\-europe\-amid\-growing\-russian\-tensions\-1\.437420\|title\=2 brigades of nearly 6,000 troops head to Europe amid growing Russian tensions\|publisher\=stars and stripes\|date\=3 November 2016}} ### Operation Inherent Resolve Between late summer and early fall 2015, as well as again in 2016, 1,250 soldiers from the [1st Brigade Combat Team](/wiki/1st_Brigade_Combat_Team%2C_10th_Mountain_Division "1st Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division") were [deployed to Iraq](/wiki/American-led_intervention_in_Iraq_%282014%E2%80%93present%29 "American-led intervention in Iraq (2014–present)") to support [Operation Inherent Resolve](/wiki/Operation_Inherent_Resolve "Operation Inherent Resolve").{{Cite web \|title\=Troops from Fort Drum's 10th Mountain Division to deploy to Iraq, Afghanistan \|url\=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/10th\-mountain\-division\-troops\-deploy\-iraq\-afghanistan\-article\-1\.2316825 \|access\-date\=15 September 2018 \|work\=New York Daily News}} During the two deployments the brigade spent in Iraq, they fought to regain control of the cities of Ramadi, Fallujah, and Mosul from the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria.{{Cite web \|title\=10th Mountain Division (LI) :: Fort Drum \|url\=https://home.army.mil/drum/index.php/units\-tenants/10th\-mountain\-division\-li \|access\-date\=2023\-01\-07 \|website\=home.army.mil}} In 2022 the unit would redeploy again, in support of Operation Inherent Resolve.{{Cite web \|title\=Army announces upcoming 1st IBCT, 10th Mountain Division unit deployment \|url\=https://www.army.mil/article/252602/army\_announces\_upcoming\_1st\_ibct\_10th\_mountain\_division\_unit\_deployment \|access\-date\=2023\-01\-07 \|website\=www.army.mil \|language\=en}} ### Controversial shoot house training viral video A viral video showed soldiers in the division conducting live fire training in a shoot house.{{Cite web \|last\=Rempfer \|first\=Kyle \|date\=2021\-02\-24 \|title\=Shoot\-house video is full of 'flagging'; 10th Mountain senior enlisted vows problems will 'get fixed' \|url\=https://www.armytimes.com/news/your\-army/2021/02/23/shoot\-house\-video\-is\-full\-of\-flagging\-10th\-mountain\-senior\-enlisted\-vows\-problems\-will\-get\-fixed/ \|access\-date\=2022\-12\-03 \|website\=Army Times \|language\=en}}{{Cite web \|date\=2021\-02\-23 \|title\=This video of 10th Mountain soldiers shows exactly what not to do when clearing a room \|url\=https://taskandpurpose.com/news/army\-10th\-mountain\-room\-clear\-unsafe/ \|access\-date\=2022\-12\-03 \|website\=Task \& Purpose \|language\=en\-US}}{{Cite web \|last\=Hollings \|first\=Alex \|title\=How a 'shoot house' training video became a headache for one of the Army's most highly regarded units \|url\=https://www.businessinsider.com/shoot\-house\-video\-became\-problem\-for\-army\-10th\-mountain\-div\-2021\-3 \|access\-date\=2022\-12\-03 \|website\=Business Insider \|language\=en\-US}} The soldiers violated numerous safety issues, including flagging and failure to follow norms of room clearing, such as failure to clear corners or follow points of domination, with observers giving no correction. Responding to the viral incident, Division CSM Mario O. Terenas addressed the incident on [Twitter](/wiki/Twitter "Twitter"): "it's 10th Mountain Division. We ran it down to the ground and it is 10th Mountain Division. It is our folks, and it really, really hurts to say that...It is not the standard, it is not how we do business, and it is not acceptable. We're running this thing down to the ground. We will investigate it, we will take action, and we will re\-train. That is a guarantee."{{Cite tweet \|url\=https://twitter.com/mtn7\_csm/status/1363998442884919296 \|number\=1363998442884919296 \|title\=I want to address the recent shoot\-house video... \|access\-date\=2023\-03\-04 \|user\=mtn7\_csm \|language\=en}}
[ "History\n-------", "### World War I", "The U.S. Army organized a 10th Division during [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I \"World War I\") in July 1918 at [Camp Funston](/wiki/Camp_Funston \"Camp Funston\"), Kansas. It was redesignated the [Panama Canal Division](/wiki/Panama_Canal_Division \"Panama Canal Division\") after the war and shares no connection with the 10th Mountain Division activated during [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\").{{harvnb\\|McGrath\\|2004\\|p\\=166}}", "This 10th Division was made up of [Regular Army](/wiki/Regular_Army_%28United_States%29 \"Regular Army (United States)\") and [National Army](/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Army%23World_War_I \"History of the United States Army#World War I\") troops. It was commanded by Major General [Leonard Wood](/wiki/Leonard_Wood \"Leonard Wood\"), formerly the [Chief of Staff of the United States Army](/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army \"Chief of Staff of the United States Army\") and a [Medal of Honor](/wiki/Medal_of_Honor \"Medal of Honor\") recipient. The drafted men assigned to the division chiefly came from [Illinois](/wiki/Illinois \"Illinois\"), [Kansas](/wiki/Kansas \"Kansas\"), [Missouri](/wiki/Missouri \"Missouri\"), [Nebraska](/wiki/Nebraska \"Nebraska\"), and [South Dakota](/wiki/South_Dakota \"South Dakota\"), although there were also small contingents from the United States at large.", "The division consisted of a headquarters, headquarters troop, the 19th Infantry Brigade (41st and 69th Infantry Regiments), the 20th Infantry Brigade (20th and 71st Infantry Regiments), the 28th, 29th, and 30th Machine Gun Battalions, the 10th Field Artillery Brigade (28th, 29th, and 30th Field Artillery Regiments and 10th Trench Mortar Battery), the 210th Engineer Regiment, the 210th Field Signal Battalion, and the 10th Train Headquarters and Military Police (Ammunition, Engineer, Sanitary, and Supply Trains).", "The division's advance detachment reached [Brest, France](/wiki/Brest%2C_France \"Brest, France\"), but due to the [Armistice with Germany](/wiki/Armistice_of_11_November_1918 \"Armistice of 11 November 1918\") in November 1918 which ended hostilities, the rest of the division did not go overseas and was demobilized in February 1919\\.", "### Genesis of U.S. mountain troops", "In November 1939, two months after World War II broke out in Europe, during the [Soviet Union's invasion of Finland](/wiki/Winter_War \"Winter War\"), [Red Army](/wiki/Red_Army \"Red Army\") efforts were frustrated following the destruction of two armored divisions by Finnish [soldiers on skis](/wiki/Ski_warfare \"Ski warfare\").{{harvnb\\|Pushies\\|2008\\|p\\=7}} The conflict caught global attention as the outnumbered and outgunned Finnish soldiers were able to use the difficult local terrain to their advantage,{{harvnb\\|Shelton\\|2003\\|pp\\=8–9}} severely hampering the Soviet attacks and embarrassing their military.{{harvnb\\|Shelton\\|2003\\|p\\=10}} Upon seeing the effectiveness of these troops, [Charles Minot \"Minnie\" Dole](/wiki/Charles_Minot_Dole \"Charles Minot Dole\"), the president of the [National Ski Patrol](/wiki/National_Ski_Patrol \"National Ski Patrol\"), began to lobby the [War Department](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_War \"United States Department of War\") of the need for a similar unit of troops in the United States Army, trained for fighting in [winter](/wiki/Arctic_warfare \"Arctic warfare\") and [mountain warfare](/wiki/Mountain_warfare \"Mountain warfare\"). In September 1940, Dole was able to present his case to [General](/wiki/General_%28United_States%29 \"General (United States)\") [George C. Marshall](/wiki/George_C._Marshall \"George C. Marshall\"), the Army Chief of Staff, who agreed with Dole's assessment, deciding to create a \"Mountain\" unit for fighting in harsh terrain. The U.S. Army authorized the formation of the platoon\\-sized Army Ski Patrol in November 1940\\. The first Patrol was formed at [Camp Murray](/wiki/Camp_Murray \"Camp Murray\") as part of the [41st Infantry Division](/wiki/41st_Infantry_Division_%28United_States%29 \"41st Infantry Division (United States)\") under Lt. Ralph S. Phelps (later to become commanding General of the 41st).Look magazine page 4, 25 March 1941 The army, prompted by fears that its standing force would not perform well in the event of a winter attack on the [Northeastern coast](/wiki/Northeastern_United_States \"Northeastern United States\"), as well as knowledge that the [German Army](/wiki/German_Army_%28Wehrmacht%29 \"German Army (Wehrmacht)\") already had three [mountain warfare](/wiki/Mountain_warfare \"Mountain warfare\") divisions known as [Gebirgsjäger](/wiki/Gebirgsj%C3%A4ger \"Gebirgsjäger\"), approved the concept for a division. This required an overhaul of [U.S. military](/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces \"United States Armed Forces\") doctrine, as the concept of winter warfare had not been tested in the army since 1914\\.{{harvnb\\|Shelton\\|2003\\|p\\=13}} At first, planners envisioned ten mountain divisions, but personnel shortages revised the goal to three. Eventually, the 10th Mountain Division would be the only one brought to active duty.{{harvnb\\|Baumgardner\\|1998\\|p\\=15}} Military leaders continued to express concern about the feasibility of a division\\-sized mountain warfare unit until the fall of 1941,{{harvnb\\|Shelton\\|2003\\|p\\=15}} when they received reports that [Greek](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece_%28Gl%C3%BCcksburg%29 \"Kingdom of Greece (Glücksburg)\") mountain troops had held back superior numbers of unprepared [Italian](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy \"Kingdom of Italy\") troops in the [Albanian](/wiki/Albania \"Albania\") mountains during the [Greco\\-Italian War](/wiki/Greco-Italian_War \"Greco-Italian War\"). The Italian military had lost a disastrous 25,000 men in the campaign because of their lack of preparedness to fight in the mountains.{{harvnb\\|Shelton\\|2003\\|pp\\=24–25}}{{harvnb\\|Skiing Heritage Journal\\|1995\\|p\\=8}} On 22 October 1941, General Marshall decided to form the first battalion of mountain warfare troops for a new mountain division.{{harvnb\\|Baumgardner\\|1998\\|p\\=16}} The Ski Patrol would assist in its training.{{harvnb\\|Pushies\\|2008\\|p\\=10}}", "On 8 December 1941, the day after the [Japanese](/wiki/Empire_of_Japan \"Empire of Japan\") [attack on Pearl Harbor](/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor \"Attack on Pearl Harbor\") and the subsequent American entry into World War II, the army activated its first mountain unit, the [87th Mountain Infantry Battalion](/wiki/87th_Infantry_Regiment_%28United_States%29 \"87th Infantry Regiment (United States)\") (which was later expanded to the [87th Infantry Regiment](/wiki/87th_Infantry_Regiment_%28United_States%29 \"87th Infantry Regiment (United States)\")) at [Fort Lewis](/wiki/Fort_Lewis_%28Washington%29 \"Fort Lewis (Washington)\"), [Washington](/wiki/Washington_%28state%29 \"Washington (state)\"), south of [Tacoma](/wiki/Tacoma%2C_Washington \"Tacoma, Washington\"). It was the first mountain warfare unit in U.S. military history.{{harvnb\\|Skiing Heritage Journal\\|1995\\|p\\=5}} The [National Ski Patrol](/wiki/National_Ski_Patrol \"National Ski Patrol\") took on the unique role of recruiting for the 87th Infantry Regiment and later the division, becoming the only civilian recruiting agency in military history. Army planners favored recruiting experienced skiers for the unit instead of trying to train standing troops in mountain warfare, so Dole recruited from schools, universities, and ski clubs for the unit.{{harvnb\\|Baumgardner\\|1998\\|p\\=17}} The 87th trained in harsh conditions, including [Mount Rainier](/wiki/Mount_Rainier \"Mount Rainier\")'s {{convert\\|14411\\|ft\\|adj\\=on}} peak, throughout 1942 as more recruits were brought in to form the division.{{harvnb\\|Baumgardner\\|1998\\|p\\=18}}{{harvnb\\|Shelton\\|2003\\|p\\=34}} Initial training was conducted by Olympian [Rolf Monsen](/wiki/Rolf_Monsen \"Rolf Monsen\").{{harvnb\\|Pushies\\|2008\\|p\\=8}} A new garrison was built for the division in central [Colorado](/wiki/Colorado \"Colorado\") at [Camp Hale](/wiki/Camp_Hale \"Camp Hale\"), at an [elevation](/wiki/Elevation \"Elevation\") of {{convert\\|9200\\|ft\\|\\-1}} above [sea level](/wiki/Sea_level \"Sea level\").{{harvnb\\|Pushies\\|2008\\|p\\=11}}", "### World War II", "[thumb\\|left\\|Brigadier General Lloyd E. Jones observes troops land at Amchitka Island during the Aleutians Campaign, shortly before assuming command of the 10th Light Division.](/wiki/File:Lloyd_E._Jones_%28US_Army_General%29_2.jpg \"Lloyd E. Jones (US Army General) 2.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|left\\|Lt. Gen. George P. Hays assumed command after Jones fell ill in 1944\\.](/wiki/File:Lt._Gen._George_P._Hays.jpg \"Lt. Gen. George P. Hays.jpg\")\nThe **10th Light Division (Alpine)** was constituted on 10 July 1943{{harvnb\\|Feuer\\|2006\\|p\\=iv}} and activated five days later at [Camp Hale](/wiki/Camp_Hale \"Camp Hale\") under the command of [Brigadier General](/wiki/Brigadier_general_%28United_States%29 \"Brigadier general (United States)\") [Lloyd E. Jones](/wiki/Lloyd_E._Jones \"Lloyd E. Jones\"), with Brigadier General [Frank L. Culin Jr.](/wiki/Frank_L._Culin_Jr. \"Frank L. Culin Jr.\") assigned as his assistant division commander (ADC).{{cite web \\|url\\=https://history.army.mil/books/agf/agf28\\.htm \\|title\\=History of the tenth Light Division (Alpine): The Army Ground Forces Study No. 28 \\|last\\=Govan \\|first\\=Thomas P. \\|date\\=September 1, 1946 \\|website\\=history.army.mil \\|publisher\\=U.S. Army ground Forces \\|location\\=Washington, DC \\|access\\-date\\=July 5, 2021}} At the time, the division had a strength of 8,500 out of the 16,000 planned, so the military transferred troops from the [30th](/wiki/30th_Infantry_Division_%28United_States%29 \"30th Infantry Division (United States)\"), [31st](/wiki/31st_Infantry_Division_%28United_States%29 \"31st Infantry Division (United States)\"), and [33rd Infantry Divisions](/wiki/33rd_Infantry_Division_%28United_States%29 \"33rd Infantry Division (United States)\") along with volunteers from the [National Guards of Maine](/wiki/Maine_Department_of_Defense%2C_Veterans%2C_and_Emergency_Management \"Maine Department of Defense, Veterans, and Emergency Management\"), [New Hampshire](/wiki/New_Hampshire_National_Guard \"New Hampshire National Guard\"), [Vermont](/wiki/Vermont_National_Guard \"Vermont National Guard\"), [New York](/wiki/New_York_State_Division_of_Military_and_Naval_Affairs \"New York State Division of Military and Naval Affairs\"), [Michigan](/wiki/Michigan_National_Guard \"Michigan National Guard\"), [Wisconsin](/wiki/Wisconsin_National_Guard \"Wisconsin National Guard\"), [Minnesota](/wiki/Minnesota_National_Guard \"Minnesota National Guard\"), [Iowa](/wiki/Iowa_National_Guard \"Iowa National Guard\"), [North](/wiki/North_Dakota_National_Guard \"North Dakota National Guard\") and [South Dakota](/wiki/South_Dakota_National_Guard \"South Dakota National Guard\"), [Colorado](/wiki/Colorado_National_Guard \"Colorado National Guard\"), [Wyoming](/wiki/Wyoming_Military_Department \"Wyoming Military Department\"), [Montana](/wiki/Montana_National_Guard \"Montana National Guard\"), [Idaho](/wiki/Idaho_Military_Department \"Idaho Military Department\"), [Utah](/wiki/Utah_National_Guard \"Utah National Guard\") and [Washington](/wiki/Washington_National_Guard \"Washington National Guard\") (specifically, men who were from the [Rocky Mountain](/wiki/Rocky_Mountains \"Rocky Mountains\") and [northern states](/wiki/Northern_United_States \"Northern United States\"), close to the [45th parallel north](/wiki/45th_parallel_north \"45th parallel north\")), to fill out the remainder of the division.{{harvnb\\|Baumgardner\\|1998\\|p\\=19}} This lowered morale, and the division faced many difficulties in the new training, which had no established army doctrine.{{harvnb\\|Baumgardner\\|1998\\|p\\=20}} The 10th Light Division was centered on regimental commands; the [85th](/wiki/85th_Infantry_Regiment_%28United_States%29 \"85th Infantry Regiment (United States)\"), [86th](/wiki/86th_Infantry_Regiment_%28United_States%29 \"86th Infantry Regiment (United States)\"), and [87th Infantry Regiments](/wiki/87th_Infantry_Regiment_%28United_States%29 \"87th Infantry Regiment (United States)\").{{harvnb\\|Young\\|1959\\|p\\=592}} Also assigned to the division were the 604th, 605th, and 616th Field Artillery Battalions, the 110th Signal Company, the 710th Ordnance Company, the 10th Quartermaster Company, the 10th Reconnaissance Troop, the 126th Engineer Battalion, the 10th Medical Battalion, and the 10th Counterintelligence Corps Detachment.{{harvnb\\|Feuer\\|2006\\|p\\=vi}} The 10th Light Division was unique in that it was the only division in the army with three [field artillery](/wiki/Field_artillery \"Field artillery\") battalions instead of four. It was equipped with vehicles specialized in snow operation, such as the [M29 Weasel](/wiki/M29_Weasel \"M29 Weasel\"),{{harvnb\\|Pushies\\|2008\\|p\\=12}} and winter weather gear, such as white camouflage and skis specifically designed for the division.{{harvnb\\|Pushies\\|2008\\|p\\=6}}{{harvnb\\|Shelton\\|2003\\|p\\=2}} The division practiced its [rock climbing](/wiki/Rock_climbing \"Rock climbing\") skills in preparation for the invasion of [Italy](/wiki/Italy \"Italy\") on the challenging peaks of [Seneca Rocks](/wiki/Seneca_Rocks \"Seneca Rocks\") in [West Virginia](/wiki/West_Virginia \"West Virginia\").", "On 22 June 1944, the division was shipped to [Camp Swift, Texas](/wiki/Camp_Swift%2C_Texas \"Camp Swift, Texas\"), to prepare for maneuvers in [Louisiana](/wiki/Louisiana \"Louisiana\"), which were later canceled. A period of acclimation to a low altitude and hot climate was thought necessary to prepare for this training.{{harvnb\\|Baumgardner\\|1998\\|p\\=25}} On 6 November 1944, the 10th Division was redesignated the **10th Mountain Division**. That same month, the blue and white [\"Mountain\" tab](/wiki/Mountain_tab \"Mountain tab\") was authorized for the division's new [shoulder sleeve insignia](/wiki/Shoulder_sleeve_insignia \"Shoulder sleeve insignia\").{{cite web\\|title\\=10th Mountain Division: Shoulder Sleeve Insignia\\|url\\=http://www.tioh.hqda.pentagon.mil/Catalog/HeraldryMulti.aspx?CategoryId\\=3316\\&grp\\=2\\&menu\\=Uniformed%20Services\\|website\\=The Institute of Heraldry\\|access\\-date\\=18 December 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304082854/http://www.tioh.hqda.pentagon.mil/Catalog/HeraldryMulti.aspx?CategoryId\\=3316\\&grp\\=2\\&menu\\=Uniformed%20Services\\|archive\\-date\\=4 March 2016}} Also in November, the division received a new commander, Brigadier General [George Price Hays](/wiki/George_Price_Hays \"George Price Hays\"), a [Medal of Honor](/wiki/Medal_of_Honor \"Medal of Honor\") recipient and a distinguished veteran of [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I \"World War I\"). On January 4, 1945 he received a promotion to major general.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://generals.dk/general/Hays/George\\_Price/USA.html\\|title\\=Biography of Lieutenant\\-General George Price Hays (1892 – 1978\\), USA\\|website\\=generals.dk}}", "#### Italy", "[thumb\\|right\\|A machine gunner and two riflemen of Company \"K\" of the 87th Mountain Infantry Regiment, 10th Mountain Division, cover an assault squad routing Germans out of a building in the background. Sassomolare Area, Italy. Porretta\\-Modena Highway. March 4, 1945\\.](/wiki/File:10th_Mountain%2C_securing_road_%28Italy%2C_1945%29.jpg \"10th Mountain, securing road (Italy, 1945).jpg\")", "The division sailed for the [Italian front](/wiki/Italian_campaign_%28World_War_II%29 \"Italian campaign (World War II)\") in two parts, with the 86th Infantry and support leaving [Camp Patrick Henry](/wiki/Camp_Patrick_Henry \"Camp Patrick Henry\"), [Virginia](/wiki/Virginia \"Virginia\") on 11 December 1944 aboard the [SS *Argentina*](/wiki/SS_Argentina_%281929%29 \"SS Argentina (1929)\") and arriving in [Naples](/wiki/Naples \"Naples\"), Italy on 22 December. The 85th and 87th Infantry left [Hampton Roads, Virginia](/wiki/Hampton_Roads%2C_Virginia \"Hampton Roads, Virginia\") on 4 January 1945 aboard the [SS *West Point*](/wiki/SS_America_%281940%29 \"SS America (1940)\") and arrived on 13 January 1945\\.{{harvnb\\|Feuer\\|2006\\|p\\=vii}} By 6 January, its support units were preparing to head to the front lines.{{harvnb\\|Young\\|1959\\|p\\=590}} It was attached to Major General [Willis D. Crittenberger](/wiki/Willis_D._Crittenberger \"Willis D. Crittenberger\")'s [IV Corps](/wiki/IV_Corps_%28United_States%29 \"IV Corps (United States)\"), part of the [American Fifth Army](/wiki/United_States_Army_North \"United States Army North\"), commanded by [Lieutenant General](/wiki/Lieutenant_general_%28United_States%29 \"Lieutenant general (United States)\") [Lucian Truscott](/wiki/Lucian_Truscott \"Lucian Truscott\").{{harvnb\\|Skiing Heritage Journal\\|1995\\|p\\=6}} By 8 January, the 86th Infantry had moved to [Bagni di Lucca](/wiki/Bagni_di_Lucca \"Bagni di Lucca\") near [Mount Belvedere](/wiki/Mount_Belvedere \"Mount Belvedere\") in preparation for an offensive by the Fifth Army to capture the mountain along with surrounding high ground, which allowed the Axis to block advances to [Po Valley](/wiki/Po_Valley \"Po Valley\"). Starting 14 January, the division began moving to [Pisa](/wiki/Pisa%2C_Italy \"Pisa, Italy\") as part of the Fifth Army massing for this attack.", "By 20 January, all three of the 10th's regiments were on or near the front line between the Serchio Valley and Mt. Belvedere. Col. Raymond C. Barlow commanded the 85th Regiment, Col. Clarence M. Tomlinson the 86th, and Col. David M. Fowler the 87th.McKay Jenkins, *The Last Ridge* (New York: Random House, 2003\\), p. 149 {{ISBN\\|0\\-375\\-50771\\-X}}", "Preliminary defensive actions in mid\\-February were followed by *[Operation Encore](/wiki/Operation_Encore \"Operation Encore\")*, a series of attacks in conjunction with troops of the [1st Brazilian Infantry Division](/wiki/Brazilian_Expeditionary_Force \"Brazilian Expeditionary Force\"), to dislodge the Germans from their artillery positions in the [Northern Apennines](/wiki/Apennine_Mountains%23Northern_Apennines \"Apennine Mountains#Northern Apennines\") on the border between [Tuscany](/wiki/Tuscany \"Tuscany\") and [Emilia\\-Romagna](/wiki/Emilia-Romagna \"Emilia-Romagna\") regions, in order to make possible the Allied advance over the [Po Valley](/wiki/Po_Valley \"Po Valley\").{{harvnb\\|Baumgardner\\|1998\\|p\\=26 to 32}} While the Brazilian division was in charge of taking [Monte Castello](/wiki/Battle_of_Monte_Castello \"Battle of Monte Castello\") and *Castelnuovo* di [Vergato](/wiki/Vergato \"Vergato\"), the 10th Mountain Division was responsible for the *Mount Belvedere* area, climbing nearby Riva Ridge during the night of 18 February and attacking *Mount Della Torraccia* on 20 February. These peaks were cleared after four days of heavy fighting, as [Axis](/wiki/Axis_powers \"Axis powers\") troops launched several [counterattacks](/wiki/Counterattack \"Counterattack\") in these positions.{{harvnb\\|Feuer\\|2006\\|p\\=viii}}", "[thumb\\|right\\|250px\\|Elements of the 10th Mountain Division advancing in Italy in April 1945\\.](/wiki/File:10th_Mountain_Division-advancing_in_April_1945.jpeg \"10th Mountain Division-advancing in April 1945.jpeg\")", "In early March, the division fought its way north of Canolle and moved to within {{convert\\|15\\|mi\\|km}} of [Bologna](/wiki/Bologna \"Bologna\").{{harvnb\\|Young\\|1959\\|p\\=591}} On 5 March, while Brazilian units captured Castelnuovo, the 85th and the 87th Infantry took respectively Mount Della Spe and [Castel D'Aiano](/wiki/Castel_D%27Aiano \"Castel D'Aiano\"), cutting the Axis routes of resupply and communication into the Po Valley, setting the stage for the next Fifth Army offensive. The division maintained defensive positions in this area for three weeks, anticipating a [counteroffensive](/wiki/Counteroffensive \"Counteroffensive\") by the [German forces](/wiki/Wehrmacht \"Wehrmacht\").", "[thumb\\|left\\|Members of the 86th Infantry Regiment, 10th Mountain Division, march north, near Malcesine, on Lake Garda, without meeting any resistance, April 29, 1945\\.](/wiki/File:10th_Mountain%2C_Lake_Garda_%28Italy%2C_1945%29.jpg \"10th Mountain, Lake Garda (Italy, 1945).jpg\")", "The division resumed its attack on 14 April, attacking Torre Iussi and Rocca Roffeno to the north of Mount Della Spe. On 17 April, it broke through the German defenses, which allowed it to advance into the Po Valley area. It captured [Mongiorgio](/wiki/Mongiorgio \"Mongiorgio\") on 20 April and entered the valley, seizing the strategic points Pradalbino and [Bomporto](/wiki/Bomporto \"Bomporto\"). The 10th crossed the [Po River](/wiki/Po_%28river%29 \"Po (river)\") at [San Benedetto Po](/wiki/San_Benedetto_Po \"San Benedetto Po\") on 23 April, reaching [Verona](/wiki/Verona \"Verona\") 25 April, and ran into heavy opposition at [Torbole and Nago](/wiki/Nago-Torbole \"Nago-Torbole\"). After an [amphibious](/wiki/Amphibious_warfare \"Amphibious warfare\") crossing of [Lake Garda](/wiki/Lake_Garda \"Lake Garda\"), it secured [Gargnano](/wiki/Gargnano \"Gargnano\") and [Porto di Tremosine](/wiki/Porto_di_Tremosine \"Porto di Tremosine\"), on 30 April, as German resistance in Italy ended. After the German surrender in Italy on 2 May 1945, the division went on security duty. On 5 May 1945 the division reached [Nauders](/wiki/Nauders \"Nauders\"), Austria, just beyond the [Reschen Pass](/wiki/Reschen_Pass \"Reschen Pass\"), where it made contact with German forces being pushed south by the [U.S. Seventh Army](/wiki/United_States_Seventh_Army \"United States Seventh Army\"). A status quo was maintained until the enemy headquarters involved had completed their surrender to the Seventh. On the 6th, 10th Mountain Division troops met the [44th Infantry Division](/wiki/44th_Infantry_Division_%28United_States%29 \"44th Infantry Division (United States)\") of the Seventh Army. Between the 2nd and [Victory in Europe Day](/wiki/Victory_in_Europe_Day \"Victory in Europe Day\") on 8 May the 10th Mountain Division received the surrender of various German units and screened areas of occupation near [Trieste](/wiki/Trieste \"Trieste\"), [Kobarid](/wiki/Kobarid \"Kobarid\"), [Bovec](/wiki/Bovec \"Bovec\") and [Log pod Mangartom](/wiki/Log_pod_Mangartom \"Log pod Mangartom\"), Slovenia. The division moved to [Udine](/wiki/Udine \"Udine\") on 20 May and joined the [British Eighth Army](/wiki/Eighth_Army_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"Eighth Army (United Kingdom)\") in preventing further westward movement of ground forces from the [Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia](/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia \"Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia\").{{harvnb\\|Feuer\\|2006\\|p\\=ix}}", "#### Casualties", "* **Total battle casualties:** 4,072Army Battle Casualties and Nonbattle Deaths, Final Report (Statistical and Accounting Branch, Office of the Adjutant General, 1 June 1953\\)\n* **Killed in action:** 992\n* **Wounded in action:** 3,134\n* **Missing in action:** 38\n* **Prisoners of war:** 28", "#### Demobilization", "Originally, the division was to be sent to the [Pacific theater](/wiki/Pacific_War \"Pacific War\") to take part in [Operation Downfall](/wiki/Operation_Downfall \"Operation Downfall\"), the invasion of [mainland Japan](/wiki/Mainland_Japan \"Mainland Japan\"), as one of the primary assault forces. However, [Japan surrendered](/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan \"Surrender of Japan\") in August 1945 following the [atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki](/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki \"Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki\").{{harvnb\\|Baumgardner\\|1998\\|p\\=39}} The division returned to the US two days later. It was demobilized and inactivated on 30 November 1945 at [Camp Carson](/wiki/Camp_Carson%2C_Colorado \"Camp Carson, Colorado\"), Colorado.{{harvnb\\|Feuer\\|2006\\|p\\=x}} During World War II, the 10th Mountain Division suffered 992 [killed in action](/wiki/Killed_in_action \"Killed in action\") and 4,154 [wounded in action](/wiki/Wounded_in_action \"Wounded in action\") in 114 days of combat.{{harvnb\\|Baumgardner\\|1998\\|p\\=37}} Soldiers of the division were awarded one [Medal of Honor](/wiki/Medal_of_Honor \"Medal of Honor\") ([John D. Magrath](/wiki/John_D._Magrath \"John D. Magrath\")), three [Distinguished Service Crosses](/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Cross_%28United_States%29 \"Distinguished Service Cross (United States)\"), one [Distinguished Service Medal](/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Medal_%28U.S._Army%29 \"Distinguished Service Medal (U.S. Army)\"), 449 [Silver Star Medals](/wiki/Silver_Star_Medal \"Silver Star Medal\"), seven [Legion of Merit](/wiki/Legion_of_Merit \"Legion of Merit\") Medals, 15 [Soldier's Medals](/wiki/Soldier%27s_Medal \"Soldier's Medal\"), and 7,729 [Bronze Star Medals](/wiki/Bronze_Star_Medal \"Bronze Star Medal\"). The division itself was awarded two [campaign streamers](/wiki/Campaign_streamers \"Campaign streamers\").", "### Cold War", "In June 1948, the division was rebuilt and activated at [Fort Riley](/wiki/Fort_Riley \"Fort Riley\"), [Kansas](/wiki/Kansas \"Kansas\") to serve as a [training division](/wiki/Training_division \"Training division\"). Without its \"Mountain\" tab, the division served as the 10th Infantry Division for the next ten years. The unit was charged with processing and training replacements in large numbers. This mission was expanded with the outbreak of the [Korean War](/wiki/Korean_War \"Korean War\") in 1950\\. By 1953, the division had trained 123,000 new Army recruits at Fort Riley.{{harvnb\\|Baumgardner\\|1998\\|p\\=40}}", "In 1954, the division was converted to a combat division once again, though it did not regain its \"Mountain\" status. Using equipment from the deactivating [37th Infantry Division](/wiki/37th_Infantry_Division_%28United_States%29 \"37th Infantry Division (United States)\"), the **10th Infantry Division** was deployed to Germany, replacing the [1st Infantry Division](/wiki/1st_Infantry_Division_%28United_States%29 \"1st Infantry Division (United States)\") at [Würzburg](/wiki/W%C3%BCrzburg \"Würzburg\"), serving as part of the [North Atlantic Treaty Organization](/wiki/North_Atlantic_Treaty_Organization \"North Atlantic Treaty Organization\") (NATO) defensive force. The division served in Germany for four years, until it was rotated out and replaced by the [3rd Infantry Division](/wiki/3rd_Infantry_Division_%28United_States%29 \"3rd Infantry Division (United States)\"). The division moved to [Fort Benning](/wiki/Fort_Benning \"Fort Benning\"), [Georgia](/wiki/Georgia_%28U.S._state%29 \"Georgia (U.S. state)\"), and was inactivated on 14 June 1958\\.", "#### Reactivation", "On 13 February 1985, the 10th Mountain Division (Light Infantry) was reactivated at [Fort Drum, New York](/wiki/Fort_Drum \"Fort Drum\"). In accordance with the [Reorganization Objective Army Divisions](/wiki/Reorganization_Objective_Army_Divisions \"Reorganization Objective Army Divisions\") plan, the division was no longer centered on regiments, instead two brigades were activated under the division. The [1st Brigade, 10th Mountain Division](/wiki/1st_Brigade%2C_10th_Mountain_Division_%28United_States%29 \"1st Brigade, 10th Mountain Division (United States)\") (commanded by then Colonel [John M. Keane](/wiki/Jack_Keane \"Jack Keane\"), later 4\\-Star General and Army Vice Chief of Staff) and [Division Artillery](/wiki/10th_Mountain_Division_Artillery_%28United_States%29 \"10th Mountain Division Artillery (United States)\") were activated at Fort Drum, while the [2nd Brigade, 10th Mountain Division](/wiki/2nd_Brigade%2C_10th_Mountain_Division_%28United_States%29 \"2nd Brigade, 10th Mountain Division (United States)\") was activated at [Fort Benning](/wiki/Fort_Benning \"Fort Benning\"), moving to Fort Drum in 1988\\.{{harvnb\\|McGrath\\|2004\\|p\\=189}} The division was also assigned a round\\-out brigade from the [Army National Guard](/wiki/Army_National_Guard \"Army National Guard\"), the [27th Infantry Brigade](/wiki/27th_Infantry_Brigade_%28United_States%29 \"27th Infantry Brigade (United States)\").{{harvnb\\|McGrath\\|2004\\|p\\=232}} The division was specially designed as a [light infantry](/wiki/Light_infantry \"Light infantry\") division able to rapidly deploy. In this process, it lost its mountain warfare capability, but its light infantry organization still made it versatile for difficult terrain.{{harvnb\\|Sasser\\|2009\\|p\\=12}} Equipment design was oriented toward reduced size and weight for reasons of both strategic and tactical mobility. The division also received a [distinctive unit insignia](/wiki/Distinctive_unit_insignia \"Distinctive unit insignia\").", "##### Structure in 1989", "[thumb\\|right\\|480px\\|10th Mountain Division (Light) 1989 (click to enlarge)](/wiki/File:10th_US_Mountain_Division_1989.png \"10th US Mountain Division 1989.png\")\nAt the end of the [Cold War](/wiki/Cold_War \"Cold War\"), the division was organized as follows:", "* **10th Mountain Division (Light)**, [Fort Drum](/wiki/Fort_Drum \"Fort Drum\"), New York{{Sfn\\|Johnson\\|Callahan\\|2012\\|p\\=13}}\n\t+ Headquarters \\& Headquarters Company\n\t+ **[1st Brigade](/wiki/1st_Brigade_Combat_Team%2C_10th_Mountain_Division_%28United_States%29 \"1st Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division (United States)\")**\n\t\t- Headquarters \\& Headquarters Company\n\t\t- 1st Battalion, 22nd Infantry{{Cite web\\|last\\=Hensler\\|first\\=Robert\\|title\\=Activation of 1\\-22 IN at Ft. Drum, NY in the 10th Mountain Division\\|url\\=http://1\\-22infantry.org/history/activation.htm\\|access\\-date\\=6 July 2020\\|publisher\\=1st Battalion 22nd Infantry}}{{Cite news\\|date\\=8 June 1989\\|title\\=Lake View Native Earns High Military Post\\|page\\=15\\|work\\=The Sun and the Erie County Independent\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/54818759/ltc\\-jeffrey\\-l\\-spara\\-takes\\-command\\-of/\\|via\\=\\[\\[Newspapers.com]]}}\n\t\t- 2nd Battalion, 22nd Infantry\n\t\t- 1st Battalion, 87th Infantry{{Cite web\\|title\\=I\\-87 Battalion History\\|url\\=https://www.drum.army.mil/1stBCT/Pages/I\\-87\\_BattalionHistory\\_lvl3\\.aspx\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111101215512/https://www.drum.army.mil/1stBCT/Pages/I\\-87\\_BattalionHistory\\_lvl3\\.aspx\\|archive\\-date\\=1 November 2011\\|access\\-date\\=1 November 2011\\|publisher\\=1st Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division}}\n\t+ **[2nd Brigade](/wiki/2nd_Brigade_Combat_Team%2C_10th_Mountain_Division_%28United_States%29 \"2nd Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division (United States)\")**{{harvnb\\|Pushies\\|2008}}\n\t\t- Headquarters \\& Headquarters Company\n\t\t- 2nd Battalion, [14th Infantry](/wiki/14th_Infantry_Regiment_%28United_States%29 \"14th Infantry Regiment (United States)\"){{cite web \\|title\\=2nd Battalion, 14th Infantry Lineage \\|url\\=https://history.army.mil/html/forcestruc/lineages/branches/inf/0014in002bn.htm \\|publisher\\=US Army Center of Military History \\|access\\-date\\=26 June 2020}}\n\t\t- 3rd Battalion, 14th Infantry\n\t\t- 2nd Battalion, 87th Infantry{{cite web \\|title\\=2nd Battalion, 87th Infantry Lineage \\|url\\=https://history.army.mil/html/forcestruc/lineages/branches/inf/0087in002bn.htm \\|publisher\\=US Army Center of Military History \\|access\\-date\\=26 June 2020}}\n\t+ **[27th Infantry Brigade (Light)](/wiki/27th_Infantry_Brigade_Combat_Team_%28United_States%29 \"27th Infantry Brigade Combat Team (United States)\")**, [Syracuse](/wiki/Syracuse%2C_New_York \"Syracuse, New York\") ([New York Army National Guard](/wiki/New_York_Army_National_Guard \"New York Army National Guard\")){{cite web \\|title\\=27th Infantry Brigade (Light) \\|url\\=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/agency/army/27in\\-bde.htm \\|publisher\\=Global Security \\|access\\-date\\=2 July 2020}} {{unreliable?\\|date\\=January 2024}}\n\t\t- Headquarters \\& Headquarters Company\n\t\t- 1st Battalion, [108th Infantry](/wiki/108th_Infantry_Regiment_%28United_States%29 \"108th Infantry Regiment (United States)\"), [Auburn](/wiki/Auburn%2C_New_York \"Auburn, New York\"){{cite web \\|title\\=108th Infantry Lineage \\|url\\=https://history.army.mil/html/forcestruc/lineages/branches/inf/0108in.htm \\|publisher\\=US Army Center of Military History \\|access\\-date\\=26 June 2020}}\n\t\t- 2nd Battalion, 108th Infantry, Syracuse\n\t\t- 3rd Battalion, 108th Infantry, [Utica](/wiki/Utica%2C_New_York \"Utica, New York\")\n\t\t- 1st Battalion, 156th Field Artillery, [Kingston](/wiki/Kingston%2C_New_York \"Kingston, New York\"), (18 × [M101](/wiki/M101_howitzer \"M101 howitzer\") 105 mm towed howitzer){{cite web \\|last1\\=McKenney \\|first1\\=Janice E. \\|title\\=Field Artillery – Army Lineage Series – Part 2 \\|url\\=https://history.army.mil/html/books/060/60\\-11\\_pt2/CMH\\_Pub\\_60\\-11\\_pt2\\.pdf \\|publisher\\=US Army Center of Military History \\|access\\-date\\=26 June 2020}}\n\t\t- 427th Support Battalion (Forward), Syracuse\n\t\t- Troop E, [101st Cavalry](/wiki/101st_Cavalry_Regiment \"101st Cavalry Regiment\"), [Buffalo](/wiki/Buffalo%2C_New_York \"Buffalo, New York\")\n\t\t- 827th Engineer Company, Buffalo\n\t+ **[Aviation Brigade](/wiki/Combat_Aviation_Brigade%2C_10th_Mountain_Division \"Combat Aviation Brigade, 10th Mountain Division\")**{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://history.army.mil/html/forcestruc/lineages/branches/div/010mdCAB.htm\\|title\\=Headquarters and Headquarters Company, Combat Aviation Brigade, 10th Mountain Division \\| Lineage and Honors \\| U.S. Army Center of Military History\\|website\\=history.army.mil}}\n\t\t- Headquarters \\& Headquarters Company\n\t\t- 3rd Squadron, [17th Cavalry](/wiki/17th_Cavalry_Regiment_%28United_States%29 \"17th Cavalry Regiment (United States)\") (Reconnaissance){{cite web \\|title\\=3rd Squadron, 17th Cavalry Lineage \\|url\\=https://history.army.mil/html/forcestruc/lineages/branches/armor\\-cav/017cv003sq.htm \\|publisher\\=US Army Center of Military History \\|access\\-date\\=26 June 2020}}\n\t\t- 2nd Battalion, [25th Aviation](/wiki/25th_Aviation_Regiment_%28United_States%29 \"25th Aviation Regiment (United States)\") (Attack){{cite web \\|title\\=2nd Battalion, 25th Aviation Lineage \\|url\\=https://history.army.mil/html/forcestruc/lineages/branches/av/025av002bn.htm \\|publisher\\=US Army Center of Military History \\|access\\-date\\=26 June 2020}}\n\t\t- Company C, 25th Aviation (General Support){{cite web \\|title\\=3rd Battalion, 25th Aviation Lineage \\|url\\=https://history.army.mil/html/forcestruc/lineages/branches/av/025av003bn.htm \\|publisher\\=US Army Center of Military History \\|access\\-date\\=26 June 2020}}\n\t\t- Company D, 25th Aviation (Assault)\n\t+ **[Division Artillery](/wiki/10th_Mountain_Division_Artillery \"10th Mountain Division Artillery\")**{{cite web \\|title\\=Field Artillery – February 1990 \\|year \\= 1990\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=rqUrAAAAYAAJ \\|publisher\\=US Army Field Artillery School \\|access\\-date\\=18 June 2020}}{{cite web \\|title\\=Field Artillery – February 1987 \\|year \\= 1987\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=3qQrAAAAYAAJ \\|publisher\\=US Army Field Artillery School \\|access\\-date\\=19 June 2020}}\n\t\t- Headquarters \\& Headquarters Battery\n\t\t- 1st Battalion, [7th Field Artillery](/wiki/7th_Field_Artillery_Regiment_%28United_States%29 \"7th Field Artillery Regiment (United States)\") (18 × M101 105 mm towed howitzer){{cite web \\|title\\=1st Battalion, 7th Field Artillery Lineage \\|url\\=https://history.army.mil/html/forcestruc/lineages/branches/fa/0007fa01bn.htm \\|publisher\\=US Army Center of Military History \\|access\\-date\\=26 June 2020}}{{cite web \\|last1\\=McKenney \\|first1\\=Janice E. \\|title\\=Field Artillery – Army Lineage Series – Part 1 \\|url\\=https://history.army.mil/html/books/060/60\\-11\\_pt1/CMH\\_Pub\\_60\\-11\\_pt1\\.pdf \\|publisher\\=US Army Center of Military History \\|access\\-date\\=26 June 2020}}\n\t\t- 2nd Battalion, 7th Field Artillery (18 × M101 105 mm towed howitzer)\n\t\t- Battery E, 7th Field Artillery (8 × [M198](/wiki/M198_howitzer \"M198 howitzer\") 155 mm towed howitzer)\n\t+ **[Division Support Command](/wiki/10th_Sustainment_Brigade \"10th Sustainment Brigade\")**\n\t\t- Headquarters \\& Headquarters Company\n\t\t- 10th Medical Battalion\n\t\t- 10th Supply \\& Transportation Battalion{{cite web \\|title\\=10th Support Battalion Lineage \\|url\\=https://history.army.mil/html/forcestruc/lineages/branches/spt/0010sptbn.htm \\|publisher\\=US Army Center of Military History \\|access\\-date\\=26 June 2020}}\n\t\t- 710th Maintenance Battalion\n\t\t- Company E, 25th Aviation (Aviation Intermediate Maintenance)\n\t+ 3rd Battalion, [62nd Air Defense Artillery](/wiki/62nd_Air_Defense_Artillery_Regiment \"62nd Air Defense Artillery Regiment\")\n\t+ 41st Engineer Battalion{{cite web \\|title\\=41st Engineer Battalion Lineage \\|url\\=https://history.army.mil/html/forcestruc/lineages/branches/eng/0041enbn.htm \\|publisher\\=US Army Center of Military History \\|access\\-date\\=26 June 2020}}\n\t+ 10th Signal Battalion{{cite web \\|last1\\=Raines \\|first1\\=Rebecca Robbins \\|title\\=Signal Corps \\|url\\=https://history.army.mil/html/books/060/60\\-15\\-1/CMH\\_Pub\\_60\\-15\\-1\\.pdf \\|publisher\\=US Army Center of Military History \\|access\\-date\\=21 June 2020}}\n\t+ 110th Military Intelligence Battalion\n\t+ 10th Military Police Company\n\t+ 59th Chemical Company{{cite web \\|title\\=59th Chemical Company Lineage \\|url\\=https://history.army.mil/html/forcestruc/lineages/branches/chem/059cmco.htm \\|publisher\\=US Army Center of Military History \\|access\\-date\\=26 June 2020}}\n\t+ 10th Mountain Division Band{{cite web \\|title\\=10th Mountain Division Band Lineage \\|url\\=https://history.army.mil/html/forcestruc/lineages/branches/bands/band\\-010mo.htm \\|publisher\\=US Army Center of Military History \\|access\\-date\\=26 June 2020}}", "### Contingencies", "[thumb\\|right\\|Soldiers of the 10th Mountain Division sweep a [Somali](/wiki/Somali_people \"Somali people\") village for weapons in 1993\\.](/wiki/File:10th_Mountain_Divsion_sweep_Somali_village.jpg \"10th Mountain Divsion sweep Somali village.jpg\")\nIn 1990, the division sent 1,200 soldiers to support [Operation Desert Storm](/wiki/Operation_Desert_Storm \"Operation Desert Storm\").{{harvnb\\|Skiing Heritage Journal\\|1995\\|p\\=13}} Two infantry platoons from the division were among those sent: 1st Platoon Bravo Company 1/22 and the 1/22 Scout Platoon. Once in Iraq, the scouts were sent home and First Platoon was left as a counterintelligence force. Performing three\\-man 24hr patrols through the remainder of their deployment, this platoon was widely regarded as the division's best at that time. Following a cease\\-fire in March 1991, the support soldiers began redeploying to Fort Drum through June of that year.", "[Hurricane Andrew](/wiki/Hurricane_Andrew \"Hurricane Andrew\") struck [South Florida](/wiki/South_Florida \"South Florida\") on 24 August 1992, killing 13 people, leaving another 250,000 homeless, and causing damages in excess of $20 billion. On 27 August 1992, the 10th Mountain Division assumed responsibility for Hurricane Andrew disaster relief as [Task Force](/wiki/Task_Force \"Task Force\") Mountain. Division soldiers set up relief camps, distributed food, clothing, medical necessities, and building supplies, as well as helping to rebuild homes and clear debris. The last of the 6,000 division soldiers deployed to Florida returned home in October 1992\\.", "#### Operation Restore Hope", "[thumb\\|left\\|Members of the 10th Mountain Division with President [George H. W. Bush](/wiki/George_H._W._Bush \"George H. W. Bush\"), January 1993\\.](/wiki/File:187infwpresbush1993.jpg \"187infwpresbush1993.jpg\")\nOn 3 December 1992, the division headquarters was designated as the headquarters for all Army Forces (ARFOR) of the [Unified Task Force](/wiki/Unified_Task_Force \"Unified Task Force\") (UNITAF) for [Operation Restore Hope](/wiki/Operation_Restore_Hope \"Operation Restore Hope\"). [Major General](/wiki/Major_General \"Major General\") [Steven L. Arnold](/wiki/Steven_L._Arnold \"Steven L. Arnold\"), the division Commander, was named Army Forces commander. The 10th Mountain Division's mission was to secure major cities and roads to provide safe passage of relief supplies to the Somali population suffering from the effects of the [Somali Civil War](/wiki/Somali_Civil_War \"Somali Civil War\").", "Due to 10th Mountain Division efforts, humanitarian agencies declared an end to the food emergency and factional fighting decreased.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/agency/army/10mtn.htm \\|title\\=GlobalSecurity.org: 10th Mountain Division \\|work\\=\\[\\[GlobalSecurity]] \\|access\\-date\\=6 July 2009}} When [Task Force Ranger](/wiki/Task_Force_Ranger \"Task Force Ranger\") and the [SAR](/wiki/Search_%26_rescue \"Search & rescue\") team were pinned down during a raid in what later became known as the [Battle of Mogadishu](/wiki/Battle_of_Mogadishu_%281993%29 \"Battle of Mogadishu (1993)\"), the 10th Mountain Division provided infantry for the UN quick reaction force sent to rescue them. The 10th Mountain Division had two soldiers killed in the fighting, which was the longest sustained firefight by regular US Army forces since the [Vietnam War](/wiki/Vietnam_War \"Vietnam War\"). The division began a gradual reduction of forces in Somalia in February 1994, until the last soldiers of the 2nd Battalion, [22nd Infantry](/wiki/22nd_Infantry_Regiment_%28United_States%29 \"22nd Infantry Regiment (United States)\") returned to the United States in March 1994\\.", "#### Operation Uphold Democracy", "[thumb\\|Soldiers of the 10th Mountain Division secure [Port\\-au\\-Prince International Airport](/wiki/Port-au-Prince_International_Airport \"Port-au-Prince International Airport\") in 1994\\.](/wiki/File:Port-au-Prince_airfield_seizure.jpg \"Port-au-Prince airfield seizure.jpg\")\nThe division formed the nucleus of the Multinational Force Haiti (MNF Haiti) and Joint Task Force 190 (JTF 190\\) in Haiti during [Operation Uphold Democracy](/wiki/Operation_Uphold_Democracy \"Operation Uphold Democracy\"). More than 8,600 of the division's troops deployed during this operation. On 19 September 1994, the 1st Brigade conducted the Army's first [air assault](/wiki/Air_assault \"Air assault\") from [aircraft carrier](/wiki/Aircraft_carrier \"Aircraft carrier\") [USS *Dwight D. Eisenhower*](/wiki/USS_Dwight_D._Eisenhower_%28CVN-69%29 \"USS Dwight D. Eisenhower (CVN-69)\"). This force consisted of 54 helicopters and almost 2,000 soldiers. They occupied the [Port\\-au\\-Prince International Airport](/wiki/Port-au-Prince_International_Airport \"Port-au-Prince International Airport\"). This was the largest Army air operation conducted from a carrier since the [Doolittle Raid](/wiki/Doolittle_Raid \"Doolittle Raid\") in World War II.", "The division's mission was to create a secure and stable environment so the government of Haitian President [Jean\\-Bertrand Aristide](/wiki/Jean-Bertrand_Aristide \"Jean-Bertrand Aristide\") could be reestablished and democratic elections held. After this was accomplished, the 10th Mountain Division handed over control of the MNF\\-Haiti to the [25th Infantry Division](/wiki/25th_Infantry_Division_%28United_States%29 \"25th Infantry Division (United States)\") on 15 January 1995\\. The division redeployed the last of its soldiers who served in Haiti by 31 January 1995\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.drum.army.mil/sites/about/hist\\-10mtn.asp \\|title\\=Fort Drum Homepage: History of the 10th Mountain Division\\|work\\=\\[\\[Fort Drum, New York\\|Fort Drum]] Public Affairs Office\\|access\\-date\\=6 July 2009\\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20080512010021/http://www.drum.army.mil/sites/about/hist\\-10mtn.asp \\|archive\\-date \\= 12 May 2008}}", "#### Operation Joint Forge", "In the fall of 1998, the division received notice that it would be serving as senior headquarters of [Task Force Eagle](/wiki/Task_Force_Eagle \"Task Force Eagle\"), providing a peacekeeping force to support the ongoing operation within the Multi\\-National Division\\-North area of responsibility in [Bosnia and Herzegovina](/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina \"Bosnia and Herzegovina\"). Selected division units began deploying in late summer, approximately 3,000 division soldiers deployed. After successfully performing their mission in Bosnia, the division units conducted a transfer of authority, relinquishing their assignments to soldiers of the [49th Armored Division](/wiki/49th_Armored_Division \"49th Armored Division\"), [Texas National Guard](/wiki/Texas_National_Guard \"Texas National Guard\"). By early summer 2000, all 10th Mountain Division soldiers had returned safely to Fort Drum.", "#### Operation Joint Guardian", "#### Readiness controversy", "During the [2000 presidential election](/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election \"2000 United States presidential election\"), the readiness of the 10th Mountain Division became a political issue when [George W. Bush](/wiki/George_W._Bush \"George W. Bush\") asserted that the division was \"not ready for duty.\" He attributed the division's low readiness to the frequent deployments throughout the 1990s without time in between for division elements to retrain and refit.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/Story?id\\=123205\\&page\\=1 \\|title\\=Army Strikes Back at Bush \\|work\\=\\[\\[ABC News (United States)\\|ABC News]] \\|access\\-date\\=9 July 2009}} A report from the [US General Accounting Office](/wiki/US_General_Accounting_Office \"US General Accounting Office\") in July 2000 also noted that although the entire 10th Mountain Division was not deployed to the contingencies at once, \"deployment of key components—especially headquarters—makes these divisions unavailable for deployment elsewhere in case of a major war\".{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.heritage.org/research/missiledefense/bg1394\\.cfm \\|title\\=The Facts about Military Readiness \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Heritage Foundation]] \\|access\\-date\\=9 July 2009 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100131004707/http://www.heritage.org/research/missiledefense/bg1394\\.cfm \\|archive\\-date\\=31 January 2010 }} [Conservative](/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States \"Conservatism in the United States\") [think tank](/wiki/Think_tank \"Think tank\") [The Heritage Foundation](/wiki/The_Heritage_Foundation \"The Heritage Foundation\") agreed with these sentiments, charging that the US military overall was not prepared for war due to post\\-[Cold War](/wiki/Cold_War \"Cold War\") drawdowns of the US Military. The Army responded that, though the 10th Mountain Division had been unprepared following its deployment as Task Force Eagle, that the unit was fully prepared for combat by late 2000 despite being undermanned.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.cbsnews.com/stories/1999/11/10/national/main69767\\.shtml \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110205042048/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/1999/11/10/national/main69767\\.shtml \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=5 February 2011 \\|title\\=Army: 2 Units Unprepared \\|work\\=\\[\\[CBS News]] \\|access\\-date\\=9 July 2009 \\| date\\=10 November 1999}} Still, the Army moved the 10th Mountain Division down on the deployment list, allowing it time to retrain and refit.", "In 2002, columnist and highly decorated military veteran [David Hackworth](/wiki/David_Hackworth \"David Hackworth\") again criticized the 10th Mountain Division for being unprepared due to lack of training, low physical fitness, unprepared leadership, and low morale. He said the division was no longer capable of mountain warfare.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.military.com/Resources/ResourceFileView?file\\=Hackworth\\_070302\\.htm \\|title\\=No Bad Units, Only Bad Leaders \\|work\\=\\[\\[David Hackworth]] \\|access\\-date\\=9 July 2009 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090611025625/http://www.military.com/Resources/ResourceFileView?file\\=Hackworth\\_070302\\.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=11 June 2009 }}", "### War on Terrorism", "#### Initial deployments and 2004 reorganization", "[thumb\\|10th Mountain Soldier on patrol in Afghanistan's [Nuristan Province](/wiki/Nuristan_Province \"Nuristan Province\").](/wiki/File:Village_of_Aranas%2C_Nuristan_province.jpg \"Village of Aranas, Nuristan province.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|Soldiers of the 350th Tactical Psychological Operations, 10th Mountain Division [drop propaganda leaflets](/wiki/Airborne_leaflet_propaganda \"Airborne leaflet propaganda\") over a village near [Hawija](/wiki/Hawija \"Hawija\"), Iraq in March 2008\\.](/wiki/File:Defense.gov_News_Photo_080306-F-1936B-311.jpg \"Defense.gov News Photo 080306-F-1936B-311.jpg\")", "Following the [11 September 2001 attacks](/wiki/11_September_2001_attacks \"11 September 2001 attacks\"), elements of the division, including its [special troops battalion](/wiki/Special_troops_battalion \"Special troops battalion\") and 1st Battalion, [87th Infantry Regiment](/wiki/87th_Infantry_Regiment_%28United_States%29 \"87th Infantry Regiment (United States)\") (1\\-87th) infantry deployed to [Afghanistan](/wiki/Afghanistan \"Afghanistan\") as part of [Operation Enduring Freedom](/wiki/Operation_Enduring_Freedom \"Operation Enduring Freedom\") in late 2001\\. The division headquarters arrived at [Karshi\\-Khanabad Air Base](/wiki/Karshi-Khanabad_Air_Base \"Karshi-Khanabad Air Base\"), under Major General [Franklin L. Hagenbeck](/wiki/Franklin_L._Hagenbeck \"Franklin L. Hagenbeck\"), on 12 December 2001 to function as the [Combined Forces Land Component Command](/wiki/Combined_Forces_Land_Component_Command \"Combined Forces Land Component Command\") (CFLCC) (Forward).*A Different Kind of War*, 127\\. This command served as the representative for Lieutenant General [Paul T. Mikolashek](/wiki/Paul_T._Mikolashek \"Paul T. Mikolashek\"), the Third US Army/CFLCC commanding general (CG) in the theater of operations. As such, Hagenbeck's headquarters was responsible for commanding and controlling virtually all Coalition ground forces and ground force operations in the theater, including the security of Coalition airfields in Afghanistan, Uzbekistan, and Pakistan, as well as the logistics operations set up to support those forces. The division was also intended to defend Uzbekistan against attacks by the [Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan](/wiki/Islamic_Movement_of_Uzbekistan \"Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan\"), which was seeking to overthrow [Islam Karimov](/wiki/Islam_Karimov \"Islam Karimov\")'s secular government.{{Cite book\\|last\\=Henriksen\\|first\\=Thomas H.\\|url\\=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/9781009053242/type/book\\|title\\=America's Wars: Interventions, Regime Change, and Insurgencies after the Cold War\\|date\\=2022\\-01\\-31\\|publisher\\=Cambridge University Press\\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-009\\-05324\\-2\\|edition\\=1\\|doi\\=10\\.1017/9781009053242\\.005}}", "On 13 February 2002, Mikolashek ordered Hagenbeck to move CFLCC (Forward) to Bagram airfield located at Bagram and 2 days later the headquarters was officially redesignated as Combined Joint Task Force (CJTF) Mountain.*A Different Kind of War*, 132 It assumed responsibility for the planning and execution of what had then become known as [Operation Anaconda](/wiki/Operation_Anaconda \"Operation Anaconda\").{{cn\\|date\\=January 2024}}", "Elements of the division, primarily 1\\-87th Infantry, remained in the country until mid\\-2002, fighting to secure remote areas of the country and participating in prominent operations such as [Operation Anaconda](/wiki/Operation_Anaconda \"Operation Anaconda\"), the [Fall of Mazar\\-i\\-Sharif](/wiki/Fall_of_Mazar-i-Sharif \"Fall of Mazar-i-Sharif\"), and the [Battle of Qala\\-i\\-Jangi](/wiki/Battle_of_Qala-i-Jangi \"Battle of Qala-i-Jangi\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.history.army.mil/html/forcestruc/lineages/branches/div/010mdhq\\&tcp.htm \\|title\\=Lineage and Honors Information: 10th Mountain Division \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United States Army Center of Military History]] \\|access\\-date\\=6 July 2009 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100608031234/http://www.history.army.mil/html/forcestruc/lineages/branches/div/010mdhq%26tcp.htm \\|archive\\-date\\= 8 June 2010 }} These 1\\-87th Infantry soldiers became the first US conventional forces to fight in Afghanistan. The division also participated in fighting in the [Shahi Khot Valley](/wiki/Shah-i-Kot_Valley \"Shah-i-Kot Valley\") in 2002\\. In June 2002, elements of the [82nd Airborne Division](/wiki/82nd_Airborne_Division \"82nd Airborne Division\") arrived to relieve CJTF Mountain, and in September, Major General [John R. Vines](/wiki/John_R._Vines \"John R. Vines\") and his [Combined Task Force 82](/wiki/Combined_Task_Force_82 \"Combined Task Force 82\") relieved CJTF Mountain as the major subordinate headquarters to [Combined Joint Task Force 180](/wiki/Combined_Joint_Task_Force_180 \"Combined Joint Task Force 180\").Koontz, Enduring Voices, 3\\. Upon the return of the battalions, they were welcomed home and praised by President Bush.{{cite news\\|last1\\=Gilmore\\|first1\\=Gerry\\|title\\='Be Proud, Strong, Ready,' Bush Tells 10th Mountain Troops\\|url\\=http://archive.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id\\=43634\\|access\\-date\\=18 December 2015\\|agency\\=American Forces Press Service\\|publisher\\=US Department of Defence\\|date\\=19 July 2002\\|archive\\-date\\=28 September 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928225623/http://archive.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id\\=43634}}", "In 2003, the division's headquarters, along with the 1st Brigade, returned to Afghanistan. During that time, they operated in the frontier regions of the country such as [Paktika Province](/wiki/Paktika_Province \"Paktika Province\"), going to places previously untouched by the war in search of [Taliban](/wiki/Taliban \"Taliban\") and [Al\\-Qaeda](/wiki/Al-Qaeda \"Al-Qaeda\") forces. Fighting in several small\\-scale conflicts such as [Operation Avalanche](/wiki/Operation_Avalanche_%28Afghanistan%29 \"Operation Avalanche (Afghanistan)\"), [Operation Mountain Resolve](/wiki/Operation_Mountain_Resolve \"Operation Mountain Resolve\"), and [Operation Mountain Viper](/wiki/Operation_Mountain_Viper \"Operation Mountain Viper\"), the division maintained a strategy of small units moving through remote regions of the country to interact directly with the population and drive out insurgents.{{cite journal\\|url\\=http://www.csmonitor.com/2004/0114/p01s04\\-wosc.html \\|title\\=Going in small in Afghanistan \\|journal\\=\\[\\[The Christian Science Monitor]] \\|date\\=14 January 2004 \\|access\\-date\\=9 July 2009}} The 1st Brigade also undertook a number of humanitarian missions.", "In 2003 and into 2004, the division's aviation brigade deployed for the first time to [Afghanistan](/wiki/Afghanistan \"Afghanistan\"). As the only aviation brigade in the theater, the brigade provided air support for all US Army units operating in the country. The brigade's mission at that time focused on [close air support](/wiki/Close_air_support \"Close air support\"), [medevac](/wiki/Medevac \"Medevac\") missions, and other duties involving combat with [Taliban](/wiki/Taliban \"Taliban\") and [Al\\-Qaeda](/wiki/Al-Qaeda \"Al-Qaeda\") forces in the country. The 10th Mountain Division was the first unit to introduce contract working dogs into southern Afghanistan. In the spring of 2004, they had Patriot K\\-9 Services supply 20 dog teams based at KAF. The teams were trained to detect explosives and perform patrol duties throughout the region. The brigade returned to Fort Drum in 2004\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.defenselink.mil/news/newsarticle.aspx?id\\=14816 \\|title\\=10th Combat Aviation Brigade Assumes OEF Aviation Mission \\|publisher\\=Defenselink.mil \\|access\\-date\\=19 July 2009}}", "On the return of the division headquarters and 1st Brigade, the 10th Mountain Division began the process of [transformation](/wiki/Transformation_of_the_United_States_Army \"Transformation of the United States Army\") into a modular division.{{cite web\\|title\\=FORT DRUM PAMPHLET 600 – 5\\|url\\=http://www.drum.army.mil/NCOAcademy/Documents/Pam%20600\\-5\\.pdf\\|access\\-date\\=26 November 2018\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810052921/http://www.drum.army.mil/NCOAcademy/Documents/Pam%20600\\-5\\.pdf\\|archive\\-date\\=10 August 2017}} On 16 September 2004, the division headquarters finished its transformation, adding the [10th Mountain Division Special Troops Battalion](/wiki/10th_Mountain_Division_Special_Troops_Battalion \"10th Mountain Division Special Troops Battalion\"). The 1st Brigade became the 1st [Brigade Combat Team](/wiki/Brigade_Combat_Team \"Brigade Combat Team\"),{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.history.army.mil/html/forcestruc/lineages/branches/div/010md1bct.htm \\|title\\=Lineage and Honors Information: 1st Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division \\|publisher\\=United States Army Center of Military History \\|access\\-date\\=9 July 2009 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100116025718/http://www.history.army.mil/html/forcestruc/lineages/branches/div/010md1bct.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=16 January 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=live}} while the [3rd Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division](/wiki/3rd_Brigade_Combat_Team%2C_10th_Mountain_Division_%28United_States%29 \"3rd Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division (United States)\") was activated for the first time.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.history.army.mil/html/forcestruc/lineages/branches/div/010md3bct.htm \\|title\\=Lineage and Honors Information: 3rd Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division \\|publisher\\=United States Army Center of Military History \\|access\\-date\\=9 July 2009 \\|archive\\-date\\=8 June 2010 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100608031213/http://www.history.army.mil/html/forcestruc/lineages/branches/div/010md3bct.htm }} In January 2005, the [4th Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division](/wiki/4th_Brigade_Combat_Team%2C_10th_Mountain_Division \"4th Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division\") was activated at [Fort Polk](/wiki/Fort_Polk \"Fort Polk\"), [Louisiana](/wiki/Louisiana \"Louisiana\").{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.history.army.mil/html/forcestruc/lineages/branches/div/010md4bct.htm \\|title\\=Lineage and Honors Information: 4th Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division \\|publisher\\=United States Army Center of Military History \\|access\\-date\\=9 July 2009 \\|archive\\-date\\=8 June 2010 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100608031130/http://www.history.army.mil/html/forcestruc/lineages/branches/div/010md4bct.htm }} 2nd Brigade Combat Team would not be transformed until September 2005, pending a deployment to [Iraq](/wiki/Iraq \"Iraq\").", "#### Iraq deployments", "In late 2004, the 2nd Brigade Combat Team was deployed to Iraq supporting [Operation Iraqi Freedom](/wiki/Operation_Iraqi_Freedom \"Operation Iraqi Freedom\"). The 2nd Brigade Combat Team undertook combat operations in western [Baghdad](/wiki/Baghdad \"Baghdad\"), an area of responsibility that included [Abu Ghraib](/wiki/Abu_Ghraib \"Abu Ghraib\"), [Mansour](/wiki/Mansour_neighbourhood \"Mansour neighbourhood\"), and [Route Irish](/wiki/Route_Irish \"Route Irish\"). It returned to the US in late 2005\\. Around that time, the 1st Brigade Combat Team deployed back to Iraq, staying in the country until 2006\\.", "The next time the 1st Brigade Combat Team was deployed was during the Surge for 15 months in Iraq. Northern Iraq was the theater of operations for 1 BCT from August 2007 until November 2008\\.{{cn\\|date\\=January 2024}}", "The 4th BCT operated in Northeast Baghdad under the 4th Infantry Division headquarters from November 2007 until January 2009\\. The 10th Mountain participated in larger\\-scale operations, such as [Operation Phantom Phoenix](/wiki/Operation_Phantom_Phoenix \"Operation Phantom Phoenix\").{{cn\\|date\\=January 2024}}", "After a one\\-year rest, the headquarters of the 10th Mountain Division was deployed to Iraq for the first time in April 2008\\. The division headquarters served as the command element for southern Baghdad until late March 2009, when it displaced to Basrah to replace departing British forces on 31 March 2009 to coordinate security for the Multinational Division\\-South area of responsibility, a consolidation of the previously Polish\\-led south\\-central and British\\-led southeast operational areas. The 10th Mountain Division headquarters transferred authority for MND\\-S to the [34th Infantry Division](/wiki/34th_Infantry_Division_%28United_States%29 \"34th Infantry Division (United States)\"), Minnesota Army National Guard on 20 May 2009\\.{{cn\\|date\\=January 2024}}", "The 2nd Brigade Combat Team was scheduled to deploy to Iraq in the fall of 2009, as a part of the 2009–2010 rotation to Iraq.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.army.mil/\\-news/2009/07/14/24364\\-army\\-announces\\-next\\-iraq\\-rotation/?ref\\=home\\-headline\\-title0 \\|title\\=Army Announces next Iraq Rotation \\|work\\=US Army Public Affairs Office \\|access\\-date\\=15 July 2009}}", "#### Afghanistan deployments", "[thumb\\|left\\|10th Mountain Division troops from the 1st Battalion, 32nd Infantry hike through [Kunar Province](/wiki/Kunar_Province \"Kunar Province\").](/wiki/File:Flickr_-_The_U.S._Army_-_Security_patrol.jpg \"Flickr - The U.S. Army - Security patrol.jpg\")\nThe division headquarters, the 3rd Brigade Combat Team, and two Battalion Task Forces from the 4th Brigade Combat Team deployed to Afghanistan in 2005, staying in the country until 2006\\. The division and brigade served in the eastern region of the country, along the border with [Pakistan](/wiki/Pakistan \"Pakistan\"), fulfilling a similar role as it did during its previous deployment.{{harvnb\\|Sasser\\|2009\\|p\\=1}} During this time, the deployment of the brigade was extended along with that of the 4th Brigade, [82nd Airborne Division](/wiki/82nd_Airborne_Division \"82nd Airborne Division\"). It was eventually replaced by the [173rd Airborne Brigade Combat Team](/wiki/173rd_Airborne_Brigade_Combat_Team \"173rd Airborne Brigade Combat Team\") which was rerouted from Iraq.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.armytimes.com/news/2007/02/AT173rd070214/ \\|work\\=\\[\\[Army Times]] \\|date\\=16 February 2007 \\|first\\=Melissa \\|last\\=Vogt \\|access\\-date\\=24 April 2008 \\|title\\=173rd Airborne heading to Afghanistan \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20121208213352/http://www.armytimes.com/news/2007/02/AT173rd070214/ \\|archive\\-date\\=8 December 2012 \\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "In the winter of 2006, the 10th Aviation Brigade, 10th Mountain Division, was deployed again to Afghanistan to support Operation Enduring Freedom as the only aviation brigade in the theater, stationed at [Bagram Air Base](/wiki/Bagram_Air_Base \"Bagram Air Base\"), Afghanistan. Named \"Task Force Falcon,\" the brigade's mission was to conduct aviation operations to destroy insurgents and anti\\-coalition militia in an effort to help build the [Afghan National Security Force](/wiki/Afghan_National_Security_Force \"Afghan National Security Force\")'s capability and allow the Afghan government to increase its capabilities. In addition, the Task Force provided logistical and combat support for [International Security Assistance Force](/wiki/International_Security_Assistance_Force \"International Security Assistance Force\") forces throughout the country.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/agency/army/10mtn\\-avn\\-bde.htm \\|title\\=GlobalSecurity.org: 10th Combat Aviation Brigade \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[GlobalSecurity]] \\|access\\-date\\=18 July 2009}}", "The [3rd Brigade Combat Team](/wiki/3rd_Brigade_Combat_Team%2C_10th_Mountain_Division_%28United_States%29 \"3rd Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division (United States)\") was slated to deploy to Iraq in 2009, but that deployment was rerouted. In January 2009, the [3rd BCT](/wiki/3rd_Brigade_Combat_Team%2C_10th_Mountain_Division_%28United_States%29 \"3rd Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division (United States)\") instead deployed to [Kunar](/wiki/Kunar_Province \"Kunar Province\"), [Logar](/wiki/Logar_Province \"Logar Province\") and [Wardak](/wiki/Wardak_Province \"Wardak Province\") Provinces, eastern Afghanistan to relieve the [101st Airborne Division](/wiki/101st_Airborne_Division \"101st Airborne Division\"), as part of a new buildup of US forces in that country.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.defenselink.mil/news/newsarticle.aspx?id\\=52825 \\|title\\=10th Mountain Division Leads New Deployments to Afghanistan \\|work\\=DefenseLink \\|access\\-date\\=7 July 2009}} The brigade was responsible for expanding [forward operating bases](/wiki/Forward_operating_base \"Forward operating base\") and [combat outposts](/wiki/Outpost_%28military%29 \"Outpost (military)\") (COPs) in the region, as well as strengthening US military presence in preparation for additional US forces to arrive.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.nato.int/isaf/docu/pressreleases/2009/01/pr090127\\-078\\.html \\|title\\=10th Mountain Division troops move into Logar, Wardak provinces \\|work\\=\\[\\[International Security Assistance Force\\|ISAF]] Public Affairs Office \\|access\\-date\\=7 July 2009 \\|archive\\-date\\=16 July 2009 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090716025553/http://www.nato.int/isaf/docu/pressreleases/2009/01/pr090127\\-078\\.html }}", "[thumb\\|1st Battalion, [87th Infantry Regiment](/wiki/87th_Infantry_Regiment_%28United_States%29 \"87th Infantry Regiment (United States)\") infantry engaging Taliban.](/wiki/File:1-87_Infantry_engaging_Taliban.jpg \"1-87 Infantry engaging Taliban.jpg\")\nThe 1st Brigade Combat Team was scheduled to deploy to Iraq in late 2009 but deployed instead to Afghanistan in March 2010 for 13 months.{{cite news\\|last1\\=Garamone\\|first1\\=Jim\\|title\\=1st Brigade Combat Team will join troop surge in Afghanistan\\|url\\=http://www.drum.army.mil/mountaineer/Article.aspx?ID\\=3258\\|access\\-date\\=18 December 2015\\|agency\\=American Forces Press Service\\|publisher\\=Fort Drum: United States Army\\|date\\=10 December 2009\\|archive\\-date\\=4 March 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304110825/http://www.drum.army.mil/mountaineer/Article.aspx?ID\\=3258}} [1\\-87th Infantry](/wiki/1-87th_Infantry \"1-87th Infantry\") deployed to [Kunduz](/wiki/Kunduz_Province \"Kunduz Province\") and [Baghlan](/wiki/Baghlan_Province \"Baghlan Province\") Provinces, establishing remote [combat outposts](/wiki/Outpost_%28military%29 \"Outpost (military)\") (COPs) against the Taliban after they had taken control of these provinces over the last several years. Notably, elements of the regiment were responsible for numerous large\\-scale engagements, including The Battle of Shahabuddin{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/the\\-battle\\-of\\-shahabuddin\\-under\\-fire\\-in\\-afghanistan\\-s\\-baghlan\\-province\\-a\\-722605\\.html \\|title\\=The Battle of Shahabuddin \\|work\\=Spiegel Online \\|date\\=13 October 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=13 October 2010\\|last1\\=Demmer \\|first1\\=Ulrike }} and securing a High\\-Value Target (HVT) after an [air assault](/wiki/Air_assault \"Air assault\") raid. Some elements of the Brigade deployed to Afghanistan in late January 2013 to Ghazni Provence for nine months.{{cn\\|date\\=January 2024}}", "[thumb\\|10th Mountain Soldiers during an operation in [Logar Province](/wiki/Logar_Province \"Logar Province\").](/wiki/File:Defense.gov_News_Photo_101113-A-6521C-059_-_U.S._Army_soldiers_with_Charlie_Troop_3rd_Squadron_89th_Cavalry_4th_Infantry_Brigade_Combat_Team_10th_Mountain_Division_wait_for_the_order_to.jpg \"Defense.gov News Photo 101113-A-6521C-059 - U.S. Army soldiers with Charlie Troop 3rd Squadron 89th Cavalry 4th Infantry Brigade Combat Team 10th Mountain Division wait for the order to.jpg\")\nThe [3rd Brigade Combat Team](/wiki/3rd_Brigade_Combat_Team%2C_10th_Mountain_Division_%28United_States%29 \"3rd Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division (United States)\") deployed to Kandahar Province, southern Afghanistan in March 2011, again relieving the [101st Airborne Division](/wiki/101st_Airborne_Division \"101st Airborne Division\"). During this deployment, [3rd BCT](/wiki/3rd_Brigade_Combat_Team%2C_10th_Mountain_Division_%28United_States%29 \"3rd Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division (United States)\") mainly occupied [forward operating bases](/wiki/Forward_operating_base \"Forward operating base\") (FOBs) and [combat outposts](/wiki/Outpost_%28military%29 \"Outpost (military)\") (COPs) in the [Maywand](/wiki/Maywand_District \"Maywand District\"), [Zhari](/wiki/Zhari_District \"Zhari District\"), and [Arghandab](/wiki/Arghandab_District \"Arghandab District\") Districts of Kandahar Province. The brigade was redeployed to Fort Drum in March 2012 after a twelve\\-month deployment.{{cn\\|date\\=January 2024}}", "The 4th Brigade Combat Team deployed to Regional Command East, under the 101st Airborne Division from October 2010 until their redeployment in October 2011\\. The 4th BCT deployed to both Wardak and Logar provinces. During this deployment, they went to places such as Chakh Valley in Wardak Province and Charkh Valley in Logar Province in search of elements of the Haqqani Network. In May 2013, the brigade deployed again to Afghanistan returning home in February 2014\\.{{cite web \\|last\\=Matthews \\|first\\=Jeff \\|url\\=http://www.thetowntalk.com/article/20140212/NEWS01/302120018/Fort\\-Polk\\-soldiers\\-return\\-Group\\-from\\-4th\\-Brigade\\-Combat\\-Team\\-comes\\-home\\-after\\-service\\-Afghanistan \\|title\\=Local News \\| The Town Talk \\|publisher\\=thetowntalk.com \\|date\\=12 February 2014 \\|access\\-date\\=13 October 2015 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20140215214336/http://www.thetowntalk.com/article/20140212/NEWS01/302120018/Fort\\-Polk\\-soldiers\\-return\\-Group\\-from\\-4th\\-Brigade\\-Combat\\-Team\\-comes\\-home\\-after\\-service\\-Afghanistan \\|archive\\-date\\=15 February 2014 }}", "In 2015, [Diana M. Holland](/wiki/Diana_M._Holland \"Diana M. Holland\") became the first woman to serve as a general officer at [Fort Drum](/wiki/Fort_Drum \"Fort Drum\"), and the first woman to serve as a deputy commanding general in one of the Army's light infantry divisions (specifically, the 10th Mountain Division.){{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.syracuse.com/state/index.ssf/2015/07/fort\\_drum\\_marks\\_promotion\\_of\\_first\\_woman\\_general\\_of\\_10th\\_mountain\\_division.html \\|title\\=Fort Drum marks promotion of first woman general of 10th Mountain Division \\|publisher\\=syracuse.com \\|date\\=30 July 2015 \\|access\\-date\\=5 August 2015}}", "In February 2015, [2nd Brigade Combat Team](/wiki/2nd_Brigade_Combat_Team%2C_10th_Mountain_Division \"2nd Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division\"), 10th Mountain Division were deployed to Afghanistan as part of the [Resolute Support Mission](/wiki/Resolute_Support_Mission \"Resolute Support Mission\") in the [Post ISAF phase of the War in Afghanistan](/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_%282001%E2%80%93present%29%23Post_ISAF_phase \"War in Afghanistan (2001–present)#Post ISAF phase\"){{cite news \\|author\\=Gary Walts \\|agency\\=Associated Press \\|title\\=Fort Drum brigade prepares for deployment to Afghanistan \\|url\\=http://www.syracuse.com/news/index.ssf/2015/02/fort\\_drum\\_brigade\\_prepares\\_for\\_deployment\\_to\\_afghanistan.html \\|newspaper\\=The Post\\-Standard \\|publisher\\=Syracuse Media Group \\|date\\=26 February 2015 \\|access\\-date\\=26 February 2015 }} \n{{cite news \\|last\\=Tan \\|first\\=Michelle \\|date\\=27 February 2015 \\|title\\=Army announces new Afghanistan deployments \\|url\\=http://www.armytimes.com/story/military/careers/army/2015/02/27/new\\-afghanistan\\-deployments/24122491/ \\|newspaper\\=ArmyTimes \\|publisher\\=Gannett \\|access\\-date\\=28 February 2015 }} between late summer and early fall 2015, 300 troops from 10th Mountain's headquarters at deployed to Afghanistan in support of Operation Freedom's Sentinel, along with about 1,000 troops from the [3rd Brigade Combat Team](/wiki/3rd_Brigade_Combat_Team%2C_10th_Mountain_Division \"3rd Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.armytimes.com/story/military/2015/08/05/army\\-names\\-3\\-units\\-iraq\\-afghanistan\\-deployments/31168831/\\|title\\=Army names 3 units for Iraq, Afghanistan deployments\\|date\\=5 August 2015}}\nIn February 2016, the Taliban began a new [assault on Sangin](/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_%282015-present%29%23Taliban_offensive_in_Helmand_Province \"War in Afghanistan (2015-present)#Taliban offensive in Helmand Province\"), Helmand Province, the US responded by deploying 500 to 800 troops from 2nd battalion 87th Infantry Regiment, 10th Mountain Division to Helmand Province in order to prop up Afghan army's 215th Corps in the province, particularly around Sangin, joining US and British special operations forces already in the area.{{cite web\\|url\\= http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2016/02/11/us\\-army\\-orders\\-hundreds\\-soldiers\\-back\\-to\\-southern\\-afghanistan.html\\|title\\=US Army orders hundreds of soldiers back to southern Afghanistan\\|publisher\\=Fox News\\|date\\=11 February 2016}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.msn.com/en\\-gb/news/uknews/sas\\-in\\-battle\\-to\\-stop\\-taliban\\-overrunning\\-sangin/ar\\-BBnOfYr?ocid\\=spartandhp\\|title\\=SAS in battle to stop Taliban overrunning Sangin\\|work\\=The Telegraph\\|date\\=22 December 2015\\|access\\-date\\=20 December 2018\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116022732/http://www.msn.com/en\\-gb/news/uknews/sas\\-in\\-battle\\-to\\-stop\\-taliban\\-overrunning\\-sangin/ar\\-BBnOfYr?ocid\\=spartandhp\\|archive\\-date\\=16 November 2018}}{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/16/world/asia/a\\-5th\\-district\\-in\\-helmand\\-province\\-falls\\-to\\-the\\-taliban.html?\\_r\\=0\\|title\\=A 5th District in Helmand Province Falls to the Taliban\\|work\\=The New York Times\\|date\\=15 March 2016}}", "On 5 December 2019, the [Department of the Army](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Army \"United States Department of the Army\") announced that the [1st Brigade Combat Team](/wiki/1st_Brigade_Combat_Team%2C_10th_Mountain_Division_%28United_States%29 \"1st Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division (United States)\") would replace the 3rd Brigade Combat Team, [82nd Airborne Division](/wiki/82nd_Airborne_Division \"82nd Airborne Division\") as part of a unit rotation in support of [Operation Freedom's Sentinel](/wiki/Operation_Freedom%27s_Sentinel \"Operation Freedom's Sentinel\").{{cite web\\|title\\=1st BCT, 10th Mountain Division to replace 3rd BCT, 82nd Airborne Division for unit rotation in the winter of 2020\\|url\\=https://www.army.mil/article/230130/army\\_announces\\_upcoming\\_1st\\_bct\\_10th\\_mountain\\_division\\_unit\\_rotation\\|website\\=army.mil\\|date\\=5 December 2019\\|access\\-date\\=5 October 2020}} The brigade deployed to Afghanistan in February 2020\\.{{cn\\|date\\=January 2024}}", "### Operation Atlantic Resolve", "On 3 November 2016, *Stars and Stripes* reported that the 10th Combat Aviation Brigade would deploy 1,750 soldiers to [Eastern Europe](/wiki/Eastern_Europe \"Eastern Europe\") in March 2017, in support of [Operation Atlantic Resolve](/wiki/Operation_Atlantic_Resolve \"Operation Atlantic Resolve\") – as part of NATO efforts to reassure Eastern Europe in response to [Russian intervention in Ukraine in 2014](/wiki/Russian_military_intervention_in_Ukraine_%282014%E2%80%93present%29 \"Russian military intervention in Ukraine (2014–present)\"). The brigade arrived with approximately 60 aircraft, including CH\\-47 Chinooks, UH\\-60 Blackhawks, and medevac helicopters. The brigade was headquartered in Germany and the brigade's units were forward\\-based at locations in [Latvia](/wiki/Latvia \"Latvia\"), [Romania](/wiki/Romania \"Romania\"), and [Poland](/wiki/Poland \"Poland\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.stripes.com/news/2\\-brigades\\-of\\-nearly\\-6\\-000\\-troops\\-head\\-to\\-europe\\-amid\\-growing\\-russian\\-tensions\\-1\\.437420\\|title\\=2 brigades of nearly 6,000 troops head to Europe amid growing Russian tensions\\|publisher\\=stars and stripes\\|date\\=3 November 2016}}", "### Operation Inherent Resolve", "Between late summer and early fall 2015, as well as again in 2016, 1,250 soldiers from the [1st Brigade Combat Team](/wiki/1st_Brigade_Combat_Team%2C_10th_Mountain_Division \"1st Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division\") were [deployed to Iraq](/wiki/American-led_intervention_in_Iraq_%282014%E2%80%93present%29 \"American-led intervention in Iraq (2014–present)\") to support [Operation Inherent Resolve](/wiki/Operation_Inherent_Resolve \"Operation Inherent Resolve\").{{Cite web \\|title\\=Troops from Fort Drum's 10th Mountain Division to deploy to Iraq, Afghanistan \\|url\\=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/10th\\-mountain\\-division\\-troops\\-deploy\\-iraq\\-afghanistan\\-article\\-1\\.2316825 \\|access\\-date\\=15 September 2018 \\|work\\=New York Daily News}} During the two deployments the brigade spent in Iraq, they fought to regain control of the cities of Ramadi, Fallujah, and Mosul from the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria.{{Cite web \\|title\\=10th Mountain Division (LI) :: Fort Drum \\|url\\=https://home.army.mil/drum/index.php/units\\-tenants/10th\\-mountain\\-division\\-li \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-01\\-07 \\|website\\=home.army.mil}} In 2022 the unit would redeploy again, in support of Operation Inherent Resolve.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Army announces upcoming 1st IBCT, 10th Mountain Division unit deployment \\|url\\=https://www.army.mil/article/252602/army\\_announces\\_upcoming\\_1st\\_ibct\\_10th\\_mountain\\_division\\_unit\\_deployment \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-01\\-07 \\|website\\=www.army.mil \\|language\\=en}}", "### Controversial shoot house training viral video", "A viral video showed soldiers in the division conducting live fire training in a shoot house.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Rempfer \\|first\\=Kyle \\|date\\=2021\\-02\\-24 \\|title\\=Shoot\\-house video is full of 'flagging'; 10th Mountain senior enlisted vows problems will 'get fixed' \\|url\\=https://www.armytimes.com/news/your\\-army/2021/02/23/shoot\\-house\\-video\\-is\\-full\\-of\\-flagging\\-10th\\-mountain\\-senior\\-enlisted\\-vows\\-problems\\-will\\-get\\-fixed/ \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-12\\-03 \\|website\\=Army Times \\|language\\=en}}{{Cite web \\|date\\=2021\\-02\\-23 \\|title\\=This video of 10th Mountain soldiers shows exactly what not to do when clearing a room \\|url\\=https://taskandpurpose.com/news/army\\-10th\\-mountain\\-room\\-clear\\-unsafe/ \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-12\\-03 \\|website\\=Task \\& Purpose \\|language\\=en\\-US}}{{Cite web \\|last\\=Hollings \\|first\\=Alex \\|title\\=How a 'shoot house' training video became a headache for one of the Army's most highly regarded units \\|url\\=https://www.businessinsider.com/shoot\\-house\\-video\\-became\\-problem\\-for\\-army\\-10th\\-mountain\\-div\\-2021\\-3 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-12\\-03 \\|website\\=Business Insider \\|language\\=en\\-US}} The soldiers violated numerous safety issues, including flagging and failure to follow norms of room clearing, such as failure to clear corners or follow points of domination, with observers giving no correction. Responding to the viral incident, Division CSM Mario O. Terenas addressed the incident on [Twitter](/wiki/Twitter \"Twitter\"): \"it's 10th Mountain Division. We ran it down to the ground and it is 10th Mountain Division. It is our folks, and it really, really hurts to say that...It is not the standard, it is not how we do business, and it is not acceptable. We're running this thing down to the ground. We will investigate it, we will take action, and we will re\\-train. That is a guarantee.\"{{Cite tweet \\|url\\=https://twitter.com/mtn7\\_csm/status/1363998442884919296 \\|number\\=1363998442884919296 \\|title\\=I want to address the recent shoot\\-house video... \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-03\\-04 \\|user\\=mtn7\\_csm \\|language\\=en}}", "" ]
Articles -------- Article 1 of the treaty states that there will be peace between the Emperor of Ethiopia and the King of Italy and between their successors. Article 2 states that each country may each appoint "consuls, agents, and consular officers" in the other, protected under standard European customs. Article 3 created permanent boundary lines between regions of Eritrea that were under Italy's control and regions of Ethiopia. It stated which regions were under the control of which empire and marked the territory limit of each empire. The highland areas to be the boundary between Ethiopia and Italy. From Rafali, Haliy and Segheneiti will be under Italy. In the Bogos front, Adi Nefas, Adi wans will be under Italy. These villages horizontally delaminate the boundary. Articles 4, 5, and 6 focused on specific regions located in the Italian regional zone; [the monastery of Debra Bizen](/wiki/Debre_Bizen "Debre Bizen") and [Massawa](/wiki/Massawa "Massawa"), Eritrea. Article 4 stated that the monastery of Debra Bizen shall remain under the control of the Ethiopian government but could not be used for military purposes. Article 5 stated that Ethiopia had to pay an eight percent port duty to import or export goods through Massawa. Article 6 stated that the Emperor of Ethiopia could transport the army from and through Massawa free of charge. Article 7 declared that travel and trade exchanges between the two countries were allowed. Articles 8 and 9 focused on the rights people from Ethiopia's territories had while they were in Italy's territories and vice versa. Article 8 said that the people in the Ethiopian and Italian territories exercised the same rights while present in each other's territories and article 9 stated that these people had the freedom to exercise their religion in the territories where they were. Article 10 dealt with disputes between residents of Ethiopian and Italian territories and stated that these disputes were to be resolved by delegates from both territories. Article 11 said that if an Ethiopian resident died in an Italian territory or vice versa, his/her properties would be given to the territory he/she belongs to. Articles 12 and 13 dealt with crimes. Article 12 stated that people who committed crimes would be judged in their own territory regardless of where they committed the crime, whereas article 13 mentions that the kings of both empires are obliged to extradite people with criminal records. According to article 14, the Emperor of Ethiopia had the right to take any measures to fight slavery and slave trading in his territory. Menelik II opposed slavery and this article was an assurance that slavery would not be practiced in Ethiopian regions. Article 15 validated the treaty in all territories of Ethiopia. Article 16 set rules and restrictions regarding future changes to the treaty. It stated that it could be amended after five years with a year notice before any change and articles regarding boundaries might not be amended. Article 17 was written differently in the Ethiopian and Italian versions of the treaty as addressed in details below. Article 18 stated that the Emperor of Ethiopia would give preference to Italian nationals if he had to choose whether to offer a privilege to a third state or to Italy. Article 19 said that the treaty would be written in both languages and both versions would present the same information. Article 20 stated that this treaty shall be approved.
[ "Articles\n--------", "Article 1 of the treaty states that there will be peace between the Emperor of Ethiopia and the King of Italy and between their successors.", "Article 2 states that each country may each appoint \"consuls, agents, and consular officers\" in the other, protected under standard European customs.", "", "Article 3 created permanent boundary lines between regions of Eritrea that were under Italy's control and regions of Ethiopia. It stated which regions were under the control of which empire and marked the territory limit of each empire. The highland areas to be the boundary between Ethiopia and Italy. From Rafali, Haliy and Segheneiti will be under Italy. In the Bogos front, Adi Nefas, Adi wans will be under Italy. These villages horizontally delaminate the boundary.", "Articles 4, 5, and 6 focused on specific regions located in the Italian regional zone; [the monastery of Debra Bizen](/wiki/Debre_Bizen \"Debre Bizen\") and [Massawa](/wiki/Massawa \"Massawa\"), Eritrea. Article 4 stated that the monastery of Debra Bizen shall remain under the control of the Ethiopian government but could not be used for military purposes. Article 5 stated that Ethiopia had to pay an eight percent port duty to import or export goods through Massawa. Article 6 stated that the Emperor of Ethiopia could transport the army from and through Massawa free of charge.", "", "Article 7 declared that travel and trade exchanges between the two countries were allowed.", "Articles 8 and 9 focused on the rights people from Ethiopia's territories had while they were in Italy's territories and vice versa. Article 8 said that the people in the Ethiopian and Italian territories exercised the same rights while present in each other's territories and article 9 stated that these people had the freedom to exercise their religion in the territories where they were.", "", "Article 10 dealt with disputes between residents of Ethiopian and Italian territories and stated that these disputes were to be resolved by delegates from both territories.", "", "Article 11 said that if an Ethiopian resident died in an Italian territory or vice versa, his/her properties would be given to the territory he/she belongs to.", "Articles 12 and 13 dealt with crimes. Article 12 stated that people who committed crimes would be judged in their own territory regardless of where they committed the crime, whereas article 13 mentions that the kings of both empires are obliged to extradite people with criminal records.", "", "According to article 14, the Emperor of Ethiopia had the right to take any measures to fight slavery and slave trading in his territory. Menelik II opposed slavery and this article was an assurance that slavery would not be practiced in Ethiopian regions.", "", "Article 15 validated the treaty in all territories of Ethiopia.", "", "Article 16 set rules and restrictions regarding future changes to the treaty. It stated that it could be amended after five years with a year notice before any change and articles regarding boundaries might not be amended.", "", "Article 17 was written differently in the Ethiopian and Italian versions of the treaty as addressed in details below.", "", "Article 18 stated that the Emperor of Ethiopia would give preference to Italian nationals if he had to choose whether to offer a privilege to a third state or to Italy.", "", "Article 19 said that the treaty would be written in both languages and both versions would present the same information.", "", "Article 20 stated that this treaty shall be approved.", "" ]
Life and work ------------- Born Joseph Bailey Walker in Denver, Colorado, Walker worked as a wireless telephone engineer, inventor, and photographer of documentaries for the Red Cross during World War I[Joseph Walker at FilmReference.com](http://www.filmreference.com/Writers-and-Production-Artists-Vi-Win/Walker-Joseph-B.html) before starting his feature film career in 1919 with the Canadian film *[Back to God's Country](/wiki/Back_to_God%27s_Country_%281919_film%29 "Back to God's Country (1919 film)")*, which was filmed near the Arctic Circle. For the next seven years, he freelanced at various studios, working for noted directors [W.S. Van Dyke](/wiki/W.S._Van_Dyke "W.S. Van Dyke"), [Francis Ford](/wiki/Francis_Ford_%28actor%29 "Francis Ford (actor)"), [George B. Seitz](/wiki/George_B._Seitz "George B. Seitz"), and others. He joined [Columbia Pictures](/wiki/Columbia_Pictures "Columbia Pictures") in 1927 and worked almost exclusively at the studio until he retired in 1952\. Walker collaborated with director [Frank Capra](/wiki/Frank_Capra "Frank Capra") on 20 films, including *[Ladies of Leisure](/wiki/Ladies_of_Leisure "Ladies of Leisure")* (1930\), *[Lady for a Day](/wiki/Lady_for_a_Day "Lady for a Day")* (1933\), *[The Bitter Tea of General Yen](/wiki/The_Bitter_Tea_of_General_Yen "The Bitter Tea of General Yen")* (1933\), *[It Happened One Night](/wiki/It_Happened_One_Night "It Happened One Night")* (1934\), *[Lost Horizon](/wiki/Lost_Horizon_%281937_film%29 "Lost Horizon (1937 film)")* (1937\), *[Mr. Deeds Goes to Town](/wiki/Mr._Deeds_Goes_to_Town "Mr. Deeds Goes to Town")* (1936\), *[You Can't Take It with You](/wiki/You_Can%27t_Take_It_with_You_%28film%29 "You Can't Take It with You (film)")* (1938\), *[Mr. Smith Goes to Washington](/wiki/Mr._Smith_Goes_to_Washington "Mr. Smith Goes to Washington")* (1939\), and *[It's a Wonderful Life](/wiki/It%27s_a_Wonderful_Life "It's a Wonderful Life")* (1946\). In addition to his film work, Walker held 20 patents on various camera\-related inventions he devised,[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences archives](http://old.oscars.org/aboutacademyawards/awards/54_walker.html){{dead link\|date\=April 2017 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }} including the Double Exposure System, several zoom lenses, the Duomar Lens for both motion picture and television cameras, the Variable Diffusion Device, the Facial Make\-Up Meter, lightweight camera blimps, and optical diffusion techniques. In 1994 many of Walker's inventions, lenses, devices and patents were purchased by ASC Museum Curator [Steve Gainer](/wiki/Steve_Gainer "Steve Gainer"), ASC ASK and are on display at the ASC clubhouse in Hollywood. Walker was nominated for the [Academy Award for Best Cinematography](/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Cinematography "Academy Award for Best Cinematography") four times. He was the first recipient of the [Gordon E. Sawyer Award](/wiki/Gordon_E._Sawyer_Award "Gordon E. Sawyer Award"), presented to him in recognition of his technological contributions to the film industry by the [Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences](/wiki/Academy_of_Motion_Picture_Arts_and_Sciences "Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences") in 1982\. Walker collaborated on his 1984 autobiography *The Light on Her Face*, with his second wife Juanita Walker. He died in Las Vegas, Nevada.
[ "Life and work\n-------------", "Born Joseph Bailey Walker in Denver, Colorado, Walker worked as a wireless telephone engineer, inventor, and photographer of documentaries for the Red Cross during World War I[Joseph Walker at FilmReference.com](http://www.filmreference.com/Writers-and-Production-Artists-Vi-Win/Walker-Joseph-B.html) before starting his feature film career in 1919 with the Canadian film *[Back to God's Country](/wiki/Back_to_God%27s_Country_%281919_film%29 \"Back to God's Country (1919 film)\")*, which was filmed near the Arctic Circle. For the next seven years, he freelanced at various studios, working for noted directors [W.S. Van Dyke](/wiki/W.S._Van_Dyke \"W.S. Van Dyke\"), [Francis Ford](/wiki/Francis_Ford_%28actor%29 \"Francis Ford (actor)\"), [George B. Seitz](/wiki/George_B._Seitz \"George B. Seitz\"), and others. He joined [Columbia Pictures](/wiki/Columbia_Pictures \"Columbia Pictures\") in 1927 and worked almost exclusively at the studio until he retired in 1952\\.", "Walker collaborated with director [Frank Capra](/wiki/Frank_Capra \"Frank Capra\") on 20 films, including *[Ladies of Leisure](/wiki/Ladies_of_Leisure \"Ladies of Leisure\")* (1930\\), *[Lady for a Day](/wiki/Lady_for_a_Day \"Lady for a Day\")* (1933\\), *[The Bitter Tea of General Yen](/wiki/The_Bitter_Tea_of_General_Yen \"The Bitter Tea of General Yen\")* (1933\\), *[It Happened One Night](/wiki/It_Happened_One_Night \"It Happened One Night\")* (1934\\), *[Lost Horizon](/wiki/Lost_Horizon_%281937_film%29 \"Lost Horizon (1937 film)\")* (1937\\), *[Mr. Deeds Goes to Town](/wiki/Mr._Deeds_Goes_to_Town \"Mr. Deeds Goes to Town\")* (1936\\), *[You Can't Take It with You](/wiki/You_Can%27t_Take_It_with_You_%28film%29 \"You Can't Take It with You (film)\")* (1938\\), *[Mr. Smith Goes to Washington](/wiki/Mr._Smith_Goes_to_Washington \"Mr. Smith Goes to Washington\")* (1939\\), and *[It's a Wonderful Life](/wiki/It%27s_a_Wonderful_Life \"It's a Wonderful Life\")* (1946\\).", "In addition to his film work, Walker held 20 patents on various camera\\-related inventions he devised,[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences archives](http://old.oscars.org/aboutacademyawards/awards/54_walker.html){{dead link\\|date\\=April 2017 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }} including the Double Exposure System, several zoom lenses, the Duomar Lens for both motion picture and television cameras, the Variable Diffusion Device, the Facial Make\\-Up Meter, lightweight camera blimps, and optical diffusion techniques. In 1994 many of Walker's inventions, lenses, devices and patents were purchased by ASC Museum Curator [Steve Gainer](/wiki/Steve_Gainer \"Steve Gainer\"), ASC ASK and are on display at the ASC clubhouse in Hollywood.", "Walker was nominated for the [Academy Award for Best Cinematography](/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Cinematography \"Academy Award for Best Cinematography\") four times. He was the first recipient of the [Gordon E. Sawyer Award](/wiki/Gordon_E._Sawyer_Award \"Gordon E. Sawyer Award\"), presented to him in recognition of his technological contributions to the film industry by the [Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences](/wiki/Academy_of_Motion_Picture_Arts_and_Sciences \"Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences\") in 1982\\.", "Walker collaborated on his 1984 autobiography *The Light on Her Face*, with his second wife Juanita Walker. He died in Las Vegas, Nevada.", "" ]
History and results ------------------- [thumb\|Fans of Borussia Dortmund at home in the [Signal Iduna Park](/wiki/Westfalenstadion "Westfalenstadion")](/wiki/File:Suedtribuene.jpg "Suedtribuene.jpg") [thumb\|Fans of Schalke 04 at home in the [Veltins\-Arena](/wiki/Arena_AufSchalke "Arena AufSchalke") in Gelsenkirchen](/wiki/File:Schalke_04_Fans_664.jpg "Schalke 04 Fans 664.jpg") ### 1925–1936: The beginning The rivalry began with a 4–2 Schalke victory on 3 May 1925\. Schalke's style of play at the time was described by a newspaper of the era as a "wandering ball from man to man" in a series of short, flat passes. The *Schalker Kreisel* (literally: "Schalke spinning top") was born. Schalke won all three matches played in the years 1925–1927\. The two teams did not meet again until the creation of the Gauliga in 1936\. #### Results **Schalke: 3 victories, 0 draws, 0 losses** * 3 May 1925: Schalke 4–2 Dortmund (in [Herne](/wiki/Herne%2C_Germany "Herne, Germany")) * 24 October 1926: Schalke 2–0 Dortmund * 16 January 1927: Dortmund 2–7 Schalke ### 1936–1944: Gauliga era With the creation of the Gauliga in 1936, Dortmund developed its intense rivalry with Schalke. Schalke was the most successful German club of the era, six of the club's to date seven German Championships and one Cup victory date back to the years of 1933 to 1945\. Schalke dominated the early meetings, winning 14 matches, and losing only once, with one match played to a draw. August Lenz's goal on 14 November 1943 secured Dortmund's first ever victory against Schalke. #### Results **Schalke: 14 victories, 1 draw, 1 loss** * **Season 1936–37** + 20 December 1936: Schalke 4–1 Dortmund + 7 March 1937: Dortmund 0–7 Schalke * **Season 1937–38** + 30 January 1938: Dortmund 3–3 Schalke + 6 March 1938: Schalke 4–0 Dortmund * **Season 1938–39** + 18 September 1938: Schalke 6–0 Dortmund + 12 March 1939: Dortmund 3–7 Schalke * **Season 1939–40** + 10 December 1939: Schalke 9–0 Dortmund + 4 February 1940: Dortmund 0–7 Schalke * **Season 1940–41** + 20 October 1940: Schalke 10–0 Dortmund + 2 February 1941: Dortmund 0–2 Schalke * **Season 1941–42** + 30 November 1941: Dortmund 1–6 Schalke + 22 March 1942: Schalke 6–1 Dortmund * **Season 1942–43** + 29 November 1942: Schalke 2–0 Dortmund + 26 December 1942: Dortmund 0–7 Schalke * **Season 1943–44** + 14 November 1943: Dortmund 1–0 Schalke + 27 February 1944: Schalke 4–1 Dortmund ### 1945–1947: post\-war era Dortmund win the Westphalia championship final 3–2 over Schalke, ending Schalke's domination in the region. #### Results **Dortmund: 1 win, 0 draws, 0 losses** * 18 May 1947: Dortmund 3–2 Schalke (in [Herne](/wiki/Herne%2C_Germany "Herne, Germany")) ### 1947–1963: Oberliga era The years 1947–63 continued to be a reversal of fortune for Dortmund, winning 9 of the first 13 **Revierderbies** during this era, and losing only 7 of 32 overall. Dortmund also won three Oberliga championships in these years. #### Results **Dortmund: 15 wins, 10 draws, 7 losses** * **Season 1947–48** + 21 September 1947: Schalke 1–1 Dortmund + 18 January 1948: Dortmund 1–0 Schalke * **Season 1948–49** + 26 September 1948: Dortmund 5–2 Schalke + 30 January 1949: Schalke 0–1 Dortmund * **Season 1949–50** + 16 October 1949: Dortmund 5–1 Schalke + 12 March 1950: Schalke 2–1 Dortmund * **Season 1950–51** + 26 November 1950: Dortmund 3–0 Schalke + 22 April 1951: Schalke 0–0 Dortmund * **Season 1951–52** + 9 September 1951: Schalke 3–0 Dortmund + 20 January 1952: Dortmund 3–0 Schalke * **Season 1952–53** + 7 December 1952: Schalke 0–1 Dortmund + 19 April 1953: Dortmund 1–0 Schalke * **Season 1953–54** + 29 November 1953: Schalke 0–3 Dortmund + 4 April 1954: Dortmund 3–4 Schalke * **Season 1954–55** + 5 December 1954: Dortmund 0–0 Schalke + 17 April 1955: Schalke 0–2 Dortmund * **Season 1955–56** + 26 November 1955: Schalke 1–3 Dortmund + 8 April 1956: Dortmund 0–2 Schalke * **Season 1956–57** + 25 August 1956: Dortmund 3–2 Schalke + 12 January 1957: Schalke 3–3 Dortmund * **Season 1957–58** + 1 September 1957: Schalke 2–2 Dortmund + 5 January 1958: Dortmund 1–1 Schalke * **Season 1958–59** + 12 October 1958: Dortmund 1–3 Schalke + 22 February 1959: Schalke 1–5 Dortmund * **Season 1959–60** + 20 September 1959: Schalke 5–0 Dortmund + 24 January 1960: Dortmund 6–3 Schalke * **Season 1960–61** + 2 October 1960: Dortmund 0–0 Schalke + 5 March 1961: Schalke 2–2 Dortmund * **Season 1961–62** + 7 April 1962: Schalke 5–3 Dortmund + 25 November 1961: Dortmund 2–2 Schalke * **Season 1962–63** + 2 December 1962: Schalke 1–1 Dortmund + 28 April 1963: Dortmund 1–0 Schalke ### 1963–present: Bundesliga and German Cup era The creation of the [Bundesliga](/wiki/Bundesliga "Bundesliga") in 1963 began with Dortmund continuing their winning ways, by taking 8 of the first 10 meetings. Schalke's 1–0 victory on 20 April 1968, saw the return of Schalke's fortune and the fall of Dortmund. After Dortmund's 0–3 defeat on 4 March 1972, and subsequent relegation from the league, the teams did not play each other again until 1975\. After Dortmund's return to the [Bundesliga](/wiki/Bundesliga "Bundesliga"), [Lothar Huber](/wiki/Lothar_Huber "Lothar Huber")'s goal in the 87th minute on 5 November 1977 gave Dortmund their first victory over Schalke in nearly ten years. The following years belonged to Dortmund, winning eleven matches to Schalke's six, culminating in a 3–2 victory in a [German Cup](/wiki/German_Cup "German Cup") match on 9 December 1988\. Schalke's relegation after the 1987–88 season resulted in these teams not playing again until the 1991–92 campaign. Schalke's next **Revierderby** was remarkable. With Schalke managing only three goals in their first four matches after returning to the [Bundesliga](/wiki/Bundesliga "Bundesliga"), Dortmund seemed assured of continuing their success. On 24 August 1991, in front of over 70,000 fans, former Dortmund midfielder [Ingo Anderbrügge](/wiki/Ingo_Anderbr%C3%BCgge "Ingo Anderbrügge") scored in the 2nd minute to put Schalke ahead 1–0\. However, Dortmund equalized in the 36th and the 1st half finished with the scored tied 1–1\. In the 2nd half, Schalke exploded, stunning Dortmund 5–2\. Dortmund's overall success that season eclipsed the defeat, winning the next **Revierderby** 2–0, and finishing the league in second place that year, tied in points, but losing out to [VfB Stuttgart](/wiki/VfB_Stuttgart "VfB Stuttgart") on goal differential. [thumb\|[Borussia Dortmund](/wiki/Borussia_Dortmund "Borussia Dortmund") against [Schalke](/wiki/FC_Schalke_04 "FC Schalke 04") in 2009](/wiki/File:Arena_Auf_Schalke_hosting_Schalke_04_vs_Dortmund_in_2009.jpg "Arena Auf Schalke hosting Schalke 04 vs Dortmund in 2009.jpg") The following years saw Schalke holding a slim advantage since 1991, winning 11, drawing 14, and losing 8 of the matches. Despite Schalke's recent **Revierderby** success, including losing only five derbies since 1999 (until 14\. April 2012\), Dortmund holds the advantage in overall success during this era, winning five [Bundesliga](/wiki/Bundesliga "Bundesliga") championships (1994–95, 1995–96, 2001–02, 2010–11 and 2011–12\), one German Cup (2012\), one [UEFA Champions League](/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League "UEFA Champions League") competition (1997\), and one [Intercontinental Cup](/wiki/Intercontinental_Cup_%28football%29 "Intercontinental Cup (football)") (1997\) since 1995, while Schalke won the [UEFA Cup](/wiki/UEFA_Cup "UEFA Cup") once (1997\) and the [German Cup](/wiki/German_Cup "German Cup") three times (2001, 2002 and 2011\). Recent years have seen the first\-ever Bundesliga derby aired live on free TV (January 2004, shown on ARD), as well as two famous Dortmund victories. One of these, in 2005, ended a nearly seven\-year undefeated streak for Schalke in the derby, while the other, in May 2007, took on almost traumatic proportions, as Schalke lost the derby and the league lead, which they had held for three months, on the penultimate day of the season in Dortmund. After each of these victories, Borussia Dortmund took the unprecedented step of selling specially\-decorated replica shirts to commemorate the occasion. In 2008, Dortmund fan groups celebrated Schalke's fifty years without a league title. #### Results in Bundesliga Overall, Dortmund leads the Bundesliga series with 36 wins, 30 draws, and 32 losses. {{legend2\|\#FFFF00\|Dortmund Win\|border\=1px solid \#AAAAAA}} {{legend2\|\#0000FF\|Schalke Win\|border\=1px solid \#AAAAAA}} {{legend2\|\#808080\|Draw\|border\=1px solid \#AAAAAA}} {{col\-begin}} {{col\-2}} **Schalke in Bundesliga at home** | Date |Venue Score | Attendance | | --- | --- | --- | | 7 September 1963 | [Glückauf\-Kampfbahn](/wiki/Gl%C3%BCckauf-Kampfbahn "Glückauf-Kampfbahn") |{{center\|1\='''3–1'''}} 38,000 | 26 September 1964 | Glückauf\-Kampfbahn |{{center\|1\='''2–6'''}} 40,000 | 18 September 1965 | Glückauf\-Kampfbahn |{{center\|1\='''2–3'''}} 40,000 | 29 April 1967 | Glückauf\-Kampfbahn |{{center\|1\='''1–4'''}} 32,000 | 20 April 1968 | Glückauf\-Kampfbahn |{{center\|1\='''1–0'''}} 38,000 | 14 September 1968 | Glückauf\-Kampfbahn |{{center\|1\='''4–1'''}} 35,000 | 31 January 1970 | Glückauf\-Kampfbahn |{{center\|1\='''1–1'''}} 33,000 | 27 February 1971 | Glückauf\-Kampfbahn |{{center\|1\='''0–0'''}} 30,000 | 11 September 1971 | Glückauf\-Kampfbahn |{{center\|1\='''1–0'''}} 35,000 | 21 May 1977 | [Parkstadion](/wiki/Parkstadion "Parkstadion") |{{center\|1\='''4–2'''}} 70,600 | 1 April 1978 | Parkstadion |{{center\|1\='''0–2'''}} 62,000 | 25 November 1978 | Parkstadion |{{center\|1\='''5–1'''}} 40,000 | 21 February 1980 | Parkstadion |{{center\|1\='''2–2'''}} 50,000 | 6 September 1982 | Parkstadion |{{center\|1\='''1–2'''}} 38,000 | 5 March 1983 | Parkstadion |{{center\|1\='''1–2'''}} 35,000 | 1 June 1985 | Parkstadion |{{center\|1\='''3–1'''}} 42,000 | 10 December 1985 | Parkstadion |{{center\|1\='''6–1'''}} 27,000 | 20 September 1986 | Parkstadion |{{center\|1\='''2–1'''}} 44,500 | 26 March 1988 | Parkstadion |{{center\|1\='''3–0'''}} 32,300 | 24 August 1991 | Parkstadion |{{center\|1\='''5–2'''}} 70,200 | 27 February 1993 | Parkstadion |{{center\|1\='''0–0'''}} 70,200 | 15 August 1993 | Parkstadion |{{center\|1\='''1–0'''}} 65,000 | 8 April 1995 | Parkstadion |{{center\|1\='''0–0'''}} 70,925 | 28 October 1995 | Parkstadion |{{center\|1\='''1–2'''}} 70,960 | 2 November 1996 | Parkstadion |{{center\|1\='''1–3'''}} 71,021 | 9 August 1997 | Parkstadion |{{center\|1\='''1–0'''}} 68,200 | 5 May 1999 | Parkstadion |{{center\|1\='''1–1'''}} 61,700 | 15 December 1999 | Parkstadion |{{center\|1\='''0–0'''}} 52,420 | 24 February 2001 | Parkstadion |{{center\|1\='''0–0'''}} 62,109 | 15 September 2001 | [Arena AufSchalke](/wiki/Arena_AufSchalke "Arena AufSchalke") |{{center\|1\='''1–0'''}} 60,204 | 22 February 2003 | Arena AufSchalke |{{center\|1\='''2–2'''}} 60,878 | 2 August 2003 | Arena AufSchalke |{{center\|1\='''2–2'''}} 61,014 | 14 May 2005 | Arena AufSchalke |{{center\|1\='''1–2'''}} 61,524 | 4 February 2006 | Veltins\-Arena |{{center\|1\='''0–0'''}} 61,524 | 10 December 2006 | Veltins\-Arena |{{center\|1\='''3–1'''}} 61,482 | 18 August 2007 | Veltins\-Arena |{{center\|1\='''4–1'''}} 60,482 | 20 February 2009 | Veltins\-Arena |{{center\|1\='''1–1'''}} 61,673 | 26 February 2010 | Veltins\-Arena |{{center\|1\='''2–1'''}} 60,673 | 19 September 2010 | Veltins\-Arena |{{center\|1\='''1–3'''}} 60,069 | 14 April 2012 | Veltins\-Arena |{{center\|1\='''1–2'''}} 61,673 | 9 March 2013 | Veltins\-Arena |{{center\|1\='''2–1'''}} 61,673 | 26 October 2013 | Veltins\-Arena |{{center\|1\='''1–3'''}} 61,673 | 27 September 2014 | Veltins\-Arena |{{center\|1\='''2–1'''}} 61,153 | 10 April 2016 | Veltins\-Arena |{{center\|1\='''2–2'''}} 61,670 | 1 April 2017 | Veltins\-Arena |{{center\|1\='''1–1'''}} 62,271 | 15 April 2018 | Veltins\-Arena |{{center\|1\='''2–0'''}} 61,786 | 8 December 2018 | Veltins\-Arena |{{center\|1\='''1–2'''}} 61,767 | 26 October 2019 | Veltins\-Arena |{{center\|1\='''0–0'''}} 61,873 | 20 February 2021 | Veltins\-Arena |{{center\|1\='''0–4'''}} 0{{efn\|Match was played \[\[Behind closed doors (sport)\|behind closed doors]] due to the \[\[COVID\-19 pandemic in Germany\|COVID\-19 pandemic]].}} | 11 March 2023 | Veltins\-Arena |{{center\|1\='''2–2'''}} 61,571 | Matches | Schalke wins | Draws | Dortmund wins | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 50 | 20 | 16 | 14 | {{notelist}} {{col\-2}} **Dortmund in Bundesliga at home** | Date |Venue Score | Attendance | | --- | --- | --- | | 25 January 1964 | [Rote Erde](/wiki/Stadion_Rote_Erde "Stadion Rote Erde") |{{center\|1\='''3–0'''}} 34,000 | 13 February 1965 | Rote Erde |{{center\|1\='''4–0'''}} 33,000 | 26 February 1966 | Rote Erde |{{center\|1\='''7–0'''}} 25,000 | 12 November 1966 | Rote Erde |{{center\|1\='''6–2'''}} 43,000 | 5 November 1967 | Rote Erde |{{center\|1\='''2–1'''}} 27,000 | 11 March 1969 | Rote Erde |{{center\|1\='''0–1'''}} 38,000 | 6 September 1969 | Rote Erde |{{center\|1\='''1–1'''}} 39,000 | 12 September 1970 | Rote Erde |{{center\|1\='''1–2'''}} 40,000 | 4 March 1972 | Rote Erde |{{center\|1\='''0–3'''}} 38,000 | 11 December 1976 | [Westfalenstadion](/wiki/Westfalenstadion "Westfalenstadion") |{{center\|1\='''2–2'''}} 54,000 | 5 November 1977 | Westfalenstadion |{{center\|1\='''2–1'''}} 53,700 | 19 May 1979 | Westfalenstadion |{{center\|1\='''2–0'''}} 45,000 | 3 November 1979 | Westfalenstadion |{{center\|1\='''2–1'''}} 54,000 | 21 February 1981 | Westfalenstadion |{{center\|1\='''2–2'''}} 50,000 | 18 September 1982 | Westfalenstadion |{{center\|1\='''2–0'''}} 50,000 | 1 December 1984 | Westfalenstadion |{{center\|1\='''4–1'''}} 41,000 | 22 April 1986 | Westfalenstadion |{{center\|1\='''1–1'''}} 34,000 | 11 April 1987 | Westfalenstadion |{{center\|1\='''1–0'''}} 49,000 | 19 September 1987 | Westfalenstadion |{{center\|1\='''4–1'''}} 44,000 | 15 February 1992 | Westfalenstadion |{{center\|1\='''2–0'''}} 52,800 | 22 August 1992 | Westfalenstadion |{{center\|1\='''0–2'''}} 43,000 | 3 December 1993 | Westfalenstadion |{{center\|1\='''1–1'''}} 42,400 | 8 October 1994 | Westfalenstadion |{{center\|1\='''3–2'''}} 42,800 | 13 April 1996 | Westfalenstadion |{{center\|1\='''0–0'''}} 42,400 | 3 May 1997 | Westfalenstadion |{{center\|1\='''1–0'''}} 55,000 | 19 December 1997 | Westfalenstadion |{{center\|1\='''2–2'''}} 55,000 | 14 November 1998 | Westfalenstadion |{{center\|1\='''3–0'''}} 69,000 | 13 May 2000 | Westfalenstadion |{{center\|1\='''1–1'''}} 68,600 | 23 September 2000 | Westfalenstadion |{{center\|1\='''0–4'''}} 68,600 | 16 February 2002 | Westfalenstadion |{{center\|1\='''1–1'''}} 68,600 | 14 September 2002 | Westfalenstadion |{{center\|1\='''1–1'''}} 68,600 | 30 January 2004 | Westfalenstadion |{{center\|1\='''0–1'''}} 83,000 | 5 December 2004 | Westfalenstadion |{{center\|1\='''0–1'''}} 83,000 | 13 August 2005 | Westfalenstadion |{{center\|1\='''1–2'''}} 80,708 | 12 May 2007 | Signal Iduna Park |{{center\|1\='''2–0'''}} 81,264 | 10 February 2008 | Signal Iduna Park |{{center\|1\='''2–3'''}} 80,708 | 13 September 2008 | Signal Iduna Park |{{center\|1\='''3–3'''}} 80,552 | 26 September 2009 | Signal Iduna Park |{{center\|1\='''0–1'''}} 80,720 | 4 February 2011 | Signal Iduna Park |{{center\|1\='''0–0'''}} 80,552 | 26 November 2011 | Signal Iduna Park |{{center\|1\='''2–0'''}} 80,720 | 20 October 2012 | Signal Iduna Park |{{center\|1\='''1–2'''}} 80,645 | 25 March 2014 | Signal Iduna Park |{{center\|1\='''0–0'''}} 77,600 | 28 February 2015 | Signal Iduna Park |{{center\|1\='''3–0'''}} 79,500 | 8 November 2015 | Signal Iduna Park |{{center\|1\='''3–2'''}} 79,956 | 29 October 2016 | Signal Iduna Park |{{center\|1\='''0–0'''}} 80,179 | 25 November 2017 | Signal Iduna Park |{{center\|1\='''4–4'''}} 80,179 | 27 April 2019 | Signal Iduna Park |{{center\|1\='''2–4'''}} 80,196 | 16 May 2020 | Signal Iduna Park |{{center\|1\='''4–0'''}} 0{{efn\|Match was played \[\[Behind closed doors (sport)\|behind closed doors]] due to the \[\[COVID\-19 pandemic in Germany\|COVID\-19 pandemic]].}} | 24 October 2020 | Signal Iduna Park |{{center\|1\='''3–0'''}} 300{{efn\|Match was played with limited attendance due to the COVID\-19 pandemic.}} | 17 September 2022 | Signal Iduna Park |{{center\|1\='''1–0'''}} 81,100 | Matches | Dortmund wins | Draws | Schalke wins | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 50 | 23 | 15 | 12 | {{notelist}} {{col\-end}} #### Results in cup matches | Date |Venue Home team | Score | Competition | Round | Attendance | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 18 October 1975 | Parkstadion | Schalke |{{center\|1\='''2–1'''}} [DFB\-Pokal](/wiki/DFB-Pokal "DFB-Pokal") | 2nd Round | 65,000 | 13 October 1984 | Westfalenstadion | Dortmund |{{center\|1\='''1–1 ({{abbr\|aet\|after extra time}})'''}} DFB\-Pokal | 2nd Round | 37,000 | 31 October 1984 | Parkstadion | Schalke |{{center\|1\='''3–2'''}} DFB\-Pokal | 2nd Round replay | 45,000 | 10 December 1988 | Parkstadion | Schalke |{{center\|1\='''2–3'''}} DFB\-Pokal | Round of 16 | 47,300 | 23 September 1998 | Westfalenstadion | Dortmund |{{center\|1\='''1–0 ({{abbr\|aet\|after extra time}})'''}} DFB\-Pokal | 2nd Round | 60,000 | 29 November 2000 | Parkstadion | Schalke |{{center\|1\='''2–1'''}} DFB\-Pokal | Round of 16 | 58,400 | 17 July 2001 | [Nattenberg\-Stadion](/wiki/Nattenberg-Stadion "Nattenberg-Stadion") | Neutral |{{center\|1\='''2–1'''}} [DFB\-Ligapokal](/wiki/DFB-Ligapokal "DFB-Ligapokal") | Semi\-finals | 15,300 | 23 July 2011 | Veltins\-Arena | Schalke |{{center\|1\='''0–0 (4–3{{abbr\|p\|in penalty shoot\-out}})'''}} [DFL\-Supercup](/wiki/DFL-Supercup "DFL-Supercup") | [Final](/wiki/2011_DFL-Supercup "2011 DFL-Supercup") | 61,673
[ "History and results\n-------------------", "[thumb\\|Fans of Borussia Dortmund at home in the [Signal Iduna Park](/wiki/Westfalenstadion \"Westfalenstadion\")](/wiki/File:Suedtribuene.jpg \"Suedtribuene.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|Fans of Schalke 04 at home in the [Veltins\\-Arena](/wiki/Arena_AufSchalke \"Arena AufSchalke\") in Gelsenkirchen](/wiki/File:Schalke_04_Fans_664.jpg \"Schalke 04 Fans 664.jpg\")", "### 1925–1936: The beginning", "The rivalry began with a 4–2 Schalke victory on 3 May 1925\\. Schalke's style of play at the time was described by a newspaper of the era as a \"wandering ball from man to man\" in a series of short, flat passes. The *Schalker Kreisel* (literally: \"Schalke spinning top\") was born. Schalke won all three matches played in the years 1925–1927\\. The two teams did not meet again until the creation of the Gauliga in 1936\\.", "#### Results", "**Schalke: 3 victories, 0 draws, 0 losses**", "* 3 May 1925: Schalke 4–2 Dortmund (in [Herne](/wiki/Herne%2C_Germany \"Herne, Germany\"))\n* 24 October 1926: Schalke 2–0 Dortmund\n* 16 January 1927: Dortmund 2–7 Schalke", "### 1936–1944: Gauliga era", "With the creation of the Gauliga in 1936, Dortmund developed its intense rivalry with Schalke. Schalke was the most successful German club of the era, six of the club's to date seven German Championships and one Cup victory date back to the years of 1933 to 1945\\. Schalke dominated the early meetings, winning 14 matches, and losing only once, with one match played to a draw. August Lenz's goal on 14 November 1943 secured Dortmund's first ever victory against Schalke.", "#### Results", "**Schalke: 14 victories, 1 draw, 1 loss**", "* **Season 1936–37**\n\t+ 20 December 1936: Schalke 4–1 Dortmund\n\t+ 7 March 1937: Dortmund 0–7 Schalke\n* **Season 1937–38**\n\t+ 30 January 1938: Dortmund 3–3 Schalke\n\t+ 6 March 1938: Schalke 4–0 Dortmund\n* **Season 1938–39**\n\t+ 18 September 1938: Schalke 6–0 Dortmund\n\t+ 12 March 1939: Dortmund 3–7 Schalke\n* **Season 1939–40**\n\t+ 10 December 1939: Schalke 9–0 Dortmund\n\t+ 4 February 1940: Dortmund 0–7 Schalke\n* **Season 1940–41**\n\t+ 20 October 1940: Schalke 10–0 Dortmund\n\t+ 2 February 1941: Dortmund 0–2 Schalke\n* **Season 1941–42**\n\t+ 30 November 1941: Dortmund 1–6 Schalke\n\t+ 22 March 1942: Schalke 6–1 Dortmund\n* **Season 1942–43**\n\t+ 29 November 1942: Schalke 2–0 Dortmund\n\t+ 26 December 1942: Dortmund 0–7 Schalke\n* **Season 1943–44**\n\t+ 14 November 1943: Dortmund 1–0 Schalke\n\t+ 27 February 1944: Schalke 4–1 Dortmund", "### 1945–1947: post\\-war era", "Dortmund win the Westphalia championship final 3–2 over Schalke, ending Schalke's domination in the region.", "#### Results", "**Dortmund: 1 win, 0 draws, 0 losses**", "* 18 May 1947: Dortmund 3–2 Schalke (in [Herne](/wiki/Herne%2C_Germany \"Herne, Germany\"))", "### 1947–1963: Oberliga era", "The years 1947–63 continued to be a reversal of fortune for Dortmund, winning 9 of the first 13 **Revierderbies** during this era, and losing only 7 of 32 overall. Dortmund also won three Oberliga championships in these years.", "#### Results", "**Dortmund: 15 wins, 10 draws, 7 losses**", "* **Season 1947–48**\n\t+ 21 September 1947: Schalke 1–1 Dortmund\n\t+ 18 January 1948: Dortmund 1–0 Schalke\n* **Season 1948–49**\n\t+ 26 September 1948: Dortmund 5–2 Schalke\n\t+ 30 January 1949: Schalke 0–1 Dortmund\n* **Season 1949–50**\n\t+ 16 October 1949: Dortmund 5–1 Schalke\n\t+ 12 March 1950: Schalke 2–1 Dortmund\n* **Season 1950–51**\n\t+ 26 November 1950: Dortmund 3–0 Schalke\n\t+ 22 April 1951: Schalke 0–0 Dortmund\n* **Season 1951–52**\n\t+ 9 September 1951: Schalke 3–0 Dortmund\n\t+ 20 January 1952: Dortmund 3–0 Schalke\n* **Season 1952–53**\n\t+ 7 December 1952: Schalke 0–1 Dortmund\n\t+ 19 April 1953: Dortmund 1–0 Schalke\n* **Season 1953–54**\n\t+ 29 November 1953: Schalke 0–3 Dortmund\n\t+ 4 April 1954: Dortmund 3–4 Schalke\n* **Season 1954–55**\n\t+ 5 December 1954: Dortmund 0–0 Schalke\n\t+ 17 April 1955: Schalke 0–2 Dortmund\n* **Season 1955–56**\n\t+ 26 November 1955: Schalke 1–3 Dortmund\n\t+ 8 April 1956: Dortmund 0–2 Schalke\n* **Season 1956–57**\n\t+ 25 August 1956: Dortmund 3–2 Schalke\n\t+ 12 January 1957: Schalke 3–3 Dortmund\n* **Season 1957–58**\n\t+ 1 September 1957: Schalke 2–2 Dortmund\n\t+ 5 January 1958: Dortmund 1–1 Schalke\n* **Season 1958–59**\n\t+ 12 October 1958: Dortmund 1–3 Schalke\n\t+ 22 February 1959: Schalke 1–5 Dortmund\n* **Season 1959–60**\n\t+ 20 September 1959: Schalke 5–0 Dortmund\n\t+ 24 January 1960: Dortmund 6–3 Schalke\n* **Season 1960–61**\n\t+ 2 October 1960: Dortmund 0–0 Schalke\n\t+ 5 March 1961: Schalke 2–2 Dortmund\n* **Season 1961–62**\n\t+ 7 April 1962: Schalke 5–3 Dortmund\n\t+ 25 November 1961: Dortmund 2–2 Schalke\n* **Season 1962–63**\n\t+ 2 December 1962: Schalke 1–1 Dortmund\n\t+ 28 April 1963: Dortmund 1–0 Schalke", "### 1963–present: Bundesliga and German Cup era", "The creation of the [Bundesliga](/wiki/Bundesliga \"Bundesliga\") in 1963 began with Dortmund continuing their winning ways, by taking 8 of the first 10 meetings.", "Schalke's 1–0 victory on 20 April 1968, saw the return of Schalke's fortune and the fall of Dortmund. After Dortmund's 0–3 defeat on 4 March 1972, and subsequent relegation from the league, the teams did not play each other again until 1975\\.", "After Dortmund's return to the [Bundesliga](/wiki/Bundesliga \"Bundesliga\"), [Lothar Huber](/wiki/Lothar_Huber \"Lothar Huber\")'s goal in the 87th minute on 5 November 1977 gave Dortmund their first victory over Schalke in nearly ten years. The following years belonged to Dortmund, winning eleven matches to Schalke's six, culminating in a 3–2 victory in a [German Cup](/wiki/German_Cup \"German Cup\") match on 9 December 1988\\. Schalke's relegation after the 1987–88 season resulted in these teams not playing again until the 1991–92 campaign.", "Schalke's next **Revierderby** was remarkable. With Schalke managing only three goals in their first four matches after returning to the [Bundesliga](/wiki/Bundesliga \"Bundesliga\"), Dortmund seemed assured of continuing their success. On 24 August 1991, in front of over 70,000 fans, former Dortmund midfielder [Ingo Anderbrügge](/wiki/Ingo_Anderbr%C3%BCgge \"Ingo Anderbrügge\") scored in the 2nd minute to put Schalke ahead 1–0\\. However, Dortmund equalized in the 36th and the 1st half finished with the scored tied 1–1\\. In the 2nd half, Schalke exploded, stunning Dortmund 5–2\\. Dortmund's overall success that season eclipsed the defeat, winning the next **Revierderby** 2–0, and finishing the league in second place that year, tied in points, but losing out to [VfB Stuttgart](/wiki/VfB_Stuttgart \"VfB Stuttgart\") on goal differential.", "[thumb\\|[Borussia Dortmund](/wiki/Borussia_Dortmund \"Borussia Dortmund\") against [Schalke](/wiki/FC_Schalke_04 \"FC Schalke 04\") in 2009](/wiki/File:Arena_Auf_Schalke_hosting_Schalke_04_vs_Dortmund_in_2009.jpg \"Arena Auf Schalke hosting Schalke 04 vs Dortmund in 2009.jpg\")\nThe following years saw Schalke holding a slim advantage since 1991, winning 11, drawing 14, and losing 8 of the matches. Despite Schalke's recent **Revierderby** success, including losing only five derbies since 1999 (until 14\\. April 2012\\), Dortmund holds the advantage in overall success during this era, winning five [Bundesliga](/wiki/Bundesliga \"Bundesliga\") championships (1994–95, 1995–96, 2001–02, 2010–11 and 2011–12\\), one German Cup (2012\\), one [UEFA Champions League](/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League \"UEFA Champions League\") competition (1997\\), and one [Intercontinental Cup](/wiki/Intercontinental_Cup_%28football%29 \"Intercontinental Cup (football)\") (1997\\) since 1995, while Schalke won the [UEFA Cup](/wiki/UEFA_Cup \"UEFA Cup\") once (1997\\) and the [German Cup](/wiki/German_Cup \"German Cup\") three times (2001, 2002 and 2011\\).", "Recent years have seen the first\\-ever Bundesliga derby aired live on free TV (January 2004, shown on ARD), as well as two famous Dortmund victories. One of these, in 2005, ended a nearly seven\\-year undefeated streak for Schalke in the derby, while the other, in May 2007, took on almost traumatic proportions, as Schalke lost the derby and the league lead, which they had held for three months, on the penultimate day of the season in Dortmund. After each of these victories, Borussia Dortmund took the unprecedented step of selling specially\\-decorated replica shirts to commemorate the occasion. In 2008, Dortmund fan groups celebrated Schalke's fifty years without a league title.", "#### Results in Bundesliga", "Overall, Dortmund leads the Bundesliga series with 36 wins, 30 draws, and 32 losses.", "{{legend2\\|\\#FFFF00\\|Dortmund Win\\|border\\=1px solid \\#AAAAAA}}", "{{legend2\\|\\#0000FF\\|Schalke Win\\|border\\=1px solid \\#AAAAAA}}", "{{legend2\\|\\#808080\\|Draw\\|border\\=1px solid \\#AAAAAA}} \n{{col\\-begin}}\n{{col\\-2}}", "**Schalke in Bundesliga at home**", "| Date |Venue", "Score |\n Attendance |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| 7 September 1963 | [Glückauf\\-Kampfbahn](/wiki/Gl%C3%BCckauf-Kampfbahn \"Glückauf-Kampfbahn\") |{{center\\|1\\='''3–1'''}}", "38,000", "| 26 September 1964 | Glückauf\\-Kampfbahn |{{center\\|1\\='''2–6'''}}", "40,000", "| 18 September 1965 | Glückauf\\-Kampfbahn |{{center\\|1\\='''2–3'''}}", "40,000", "| 29 April 1967 | Glückauf\\-Kampfbahn |{{center\\|1\\='''1–4'''}}", "32,000", "| 20 April 1968 | Glückauf\\-Kampfbahn |{{center\\|1\\='''1–0'''}}", "38,000", "| 14 September 1968 | Glückauf\\-Kampfbahn |{{center\\|1\\='''4–1'''}}", "35,000", "| 31 January 1970 | Glückauf\\-Kampfbahn |{{center\\|1\\='''1–1'''}}", "33,000", "| 27 February 1971 | Glückauf\\-Kampfbahn |{{center\\|1\\='''0–0'''}}", "30,000", "| 11 September 1971 | Glückauf\\-Kampfbahn |{{center\\|1\\='''1–0'''}}", "35,000", "| 21 May 1977 | [Parkstadion](/wiki/Parkstadion \"Parkstadion\") |{{center\\|1\\='''4–2'''}}", "70,600", "| 1 April 1978 | Parkstadion |{{center\\|1\\='''0–2'''}}", "62,000", "| 25 November 1978 | Parkstadion |{{center\\|1\\='''5–1'''}}", "40,000", "| 21 February 1980 | Parkstadion |{{center\\|1\\='''2–2'''}}", "50,000", "| 6 September 1982 | Parkstadion |{{center\\|1\\='''1–2'''}}", "38,000", "| 5 March 1983 | Parkstadion |{{center\\|1\\='''1–2'''}}", "35,000", "| 1 June 1985 | Parkstadion |{{center\\|1\\='''3–1'''}}", "42,000", "| 10 December 1985 | Parkstadion |{{center\\|1\\='''6–1'''}}", "27,000", "| 20 September 1986 | Parkstadion |{{center\\|1\\='''2–1'''}}", "44,500", "| 26 March 1988 | Parkstadion |{{center\\|1\\='''3–0'''}}", "32,300", "| 24 August 1991 | Parkstadion |{{center\\|1\\='''5–2'''}}", "70,200", "| 27 February 1993 | Parkstadion |{{center\\|1\\='''0–0'''}}", "70,200", "| 15 August 1993 | Parkstadion |{{center\\|1\\='''1–0'''}}", "65,000", "| 8 April 1995 | Parkstadion |{{center\\|1\\='''0–0'''}}", "70,925", "| 28 October 1995 | Parkstadion |{{center\\|1\\='''1–2'''}}", "70,960", "| 2 November 1996 | Parkstadion |{{center\\|1\\='''1–3'''}}", "71,021", "| 9 August 1997 | Parkstadion |{{center\\|1\\='''1–0'''}}", "68,200", "| 5 May 1999 | Parkstadion |{{center\\|1\\='''1–1'''}}", "61,700", "| 15 December 1999 | Parkstadion |{{center\\|1\\='''0–0'''}}", "52,420", "| 24 February 2001 | Parkstadion |{{center\\|1\\='''0–0'''}}", "62,109", "| 15 September 2001 | [Arena AufSchalke](/wiki/Arena_AufSchalke \"Arena AufSchalke\") |{{center\\|1\\='''1–0'''}}", "60,204", "| 22 February 2003 | Arena AufSchalke |{{center\\|1\\='''2–2'''}}", "60,878", "| 2 August 2003 | Arena AufSchalke |{{center\\|1\\='''2–2'''}}", "61,014", "| 14 May 2005 | Arena AufSchalke |{{center\\|1\\='''1–2'''}}", "61,524", "| 4 February 2006 | Veltins\\-Arena |{{center\\|1\\='''0–0'''}}", "61,524", "| 10 December 2006 | Veltins\\-Arena |{{center\\|1\\='''3–1'''}}", "61,482", "| 18 August 2007 | Veltins\\-Arena |{{center\\|1\\='''4–1'''}}", "60,482", "| 20 February 2009 | Veltins\\-Arena |{{center\\|1\\='''1–1'''}}", "61,673", "| 26 February 2010 | Veltins\\-Arena |{{center\\|1\\='''2–1'''}}", "60,673", "| 19 September 2010 | Veltins\\-Arena |{{center\\|1\\='''1–3'''}}", "60,069", "| 14 April 2012 | Veltins\\-Arena |{{center\\|1\\='''1–2'''}}", "61,673", "| 9 March 2013 | Veltins\\-Arena |{{center\\|1\\='''2–1'''}}", "61,673", "| 26 October 2013 | Veltins\\-Arena |{{center\\|1\\='''1–3'''}}", "61,673", "| 27 September 2014 | Veltins\\-Arena |{{center\\|1\\='''2–1'''}}", "61,153", "| 10 April 2016 | Veltins\\-Arena |{{center\\|1\\='''2–2'''}}", "61,670", "| 1 April 2017 | Veltins\\-Arena |{{center\\|1\\='''1–1'''}}", "62,271", "| 15 April 2018 | Veltins\\-Arena |{{center\\|1\\='''2–0'''}}", "61,786", "| 8 December 2018 | Veltins\\-Arena |{{center\\|1\\='''1–2'''}}", "61,767", "| 26 October 2019 | Veltins\\-Arena |{{center\\|1\\='''0–0'''}}", "61,873", "| 20 February 2021 | Veltins\\-Arena |{{center\\|1\\='''0–4'''}}", "0{{efn\\|Match was played \\[\\[Behind closed doors (sport)\\|behind closed doors]] due to the \\[\\[COVID\\-19 pandemic in Germany\\|COVID\\-19 pandemic]].}}", "| 11 March 2023 | Veltins\\-Arena |{{center\\|1\\='''2–2'''}}", "61,571", "", "", "", "| Matches | Schalke wins | Draws | Dortmund wins |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 50 | 20 | 16 | 14 |", "{{notelist}}\n{{col\\-2}}", "**Dortmund in Bundesliga at home**", "| Date |Venue", "Score |\n Attendance |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| 25 January 1964 | [Rote Erde](/wiki/Stadion_Rote_Erde \"Stadion Rote Erde\") |{{center\\|1\\='''3–0'''}}", "34,000", "| 13 February 1965 | Rote Erde |{{center\\|1\\='''4–0'''}}", "33,000", "| 26 February 1966 | Rote Erde |{{center\\|1\\='''7–0'''}}", "25,000", "| 12 November 1966 | Rote Erde |{{center\\|1\\='''6–2'''}}", "43,000", "| 5 November 1967 | Rote Erde |{{center\\|1\\='''2–1'''}}", "27,000", "| 11 March 1969 | Rote Erde |{{center\\|1\\='''0–1'''}}", "38,000", "| 6 September 1969 | Rote Erde |{{center\\|1\\='''1–1'''}}", "39,000", "| 12 September 1970 | Rote Erde |{{center\\|1\\='''1–2'''}}", "40,000", "| 4 March 1972 | Rote Erde |{{center\\|1\\='''0–3'''}}", "38,000", "| 11 December 1976 | [Westfalenstadion](/wiki/Westfalenstadion \"Westfalenstadion\") |{{center\\|1\\='''2–2'''}}", "54,000", "| 5 November 1977 | Westfalenstadion |{{center\\|1\\='''2–1'''}}", "53,700", "| 19 May 1979 | Westfalenstadion |{{center\\|1\\='''2–0'''}}", "45,000", "| 3 November 1979 | Westfalenstadion |{{center\\|1\\='''2–1'''}}", "54,000", "| 21 February 1981 | Westfalenstadion |{{center\\|1\\='''2–2'''}}", "50,000", "| 18 September 1982 | Westfalenstadion |{{center\\|1\\='''2–0'''}}", "50,000", "| 1 December 1984 | Westfalenstadion |{{center\\|1\\='''4–1'''}}", "41,000", "| 22 April 1986 | Westfalenstadion |{{center\\|1\\='''1–1'''}}", "34,000", "| 11 April 1987 | Westfalenstadion |{{center\\|1\\='''1–0'''}}", "49,000", "| 19 September 1987 | Westfalenstadion |{{center\\|1\\='''4–1'''}}", "44,000", "| 15 February 1992 | Westfalenstadion |{{center\\|1\\='''2–0'''}}", "52,800", "| 22 August 1992 | Westfalenstadion |{{center\\|1\\='''0–2'''}}", "43,000", "| 3 December 1993 | Westfalenstadion |{{center\\|1\\='''1–1'''}}", "42,400", "| 8 October 1994 | Westfalenstadion |{{center\\|1\\='''3–2'''}}", "42,800", "| 13 April 1996 | Westfalenstadion |{{center\\|1\\='''0–0'''}}", "42,400", "| 3 May 1997 | Westfalenstadion |{{center\\|1\\='''1–0'''}}", "55,000", "| 19 December 1997 | Westfalenstadion |{{center\\|1\\='''2–2'''}}", "55,000", "| 14 November 1998 | Westfalenstadion |{{center\\|1\\='''3–0'''}}", "69,000", "| 13 May 2000 | Westfalenstadion |{{center\\|1\\='''1–1'''}}", "68,600", "| 23 September 2000 | Westfalenstadion |{{center\\|1\\='''0–4'''}}", "68,600", "| 16 February 2002 | Westfalenstadion |{{center\\|1\\='''1–1'''}}", "68,600", "| 14 September 2002 | Westfalenstadion |{{center\\|1\\='''1–1'''}}", "68,600", "| 30 January 2004 | Westfalenstadion |{{center\\|1\\='''0–1'''}}", "83,000", "| 5 December 2004 | Westfalenstadion |{{center\\|1\\='''0–1'''}}", "83,000", "| 13 August 2005 | Westfalenstadion |{{center\\|1\\='''1–2'''}}", "80,708", "| 12 May 2007 | Signal Iduna Park |{{center\\|1\\='''2–0'''}}", "81,264", "| 10 February 2008 | Signal Iduna Park |{{center\\|1\\='''2–3'''}}", "80,708", "| 13 September 2008 | Signal Iduna Park |{{center\\|1\\='''3–3'''}}", "80,552", "| 26 September 2009 | Signal Iduna Park |{{center\\|1\\='''0–1'''}}", "80,720", "| 4 February 2011 | Signal Iduna Park |{{center\\|1\\='''0–0'''}}", "80,552", "| 26 November 2011 | Signal Iduna Park |{{center\\|1\\='''2–0'''}}", "80,720", "| 20 October 2012 | Signal Iduna Park |{{center\\|1\\='''1–2'''}}", "80,645", "| 25 March 2014 | Signal Iduna Park |{{center\\|1\\='''0–0'''}}", "77,600", "| 28 February 2015 | Signal Iduna Park |{{center\\|1\\='''3–0'''}}", "79,500", "| 8 November 2015 | Signal Iduna Park |{{center\\|1\\='''3–2'''}}", "79,956", "| 29 October 2016 | Signal Iduna Park |{{center\\|1\\='''0–0'''}}", "80,179", "| 25 November 2017 | Signal Iduna Park |{{center\\|1\\='''4–4'''}}", "80,179", "| 27 April 2019 | Signal Iduna Park |{{center\\|1\\='''2–4'''}}", "80,196", "| 16 May 2020 | Signal Iduna Park |{{center\\|1\\='''4–0'''}}", "0{{efn\\|Match was played \\[\\[Behind closed doors (sport)\\|behind closed doors]] due to the \\[\\[COVID\\-19 pandemic in Germany\\|COVID\\-19 pandemic]].}}", "| 24 October 2020 | Signal Iduna Park |{{center\\|1\\='''3–0'''}}", "300{{efn\\|Match was played with limited attendance due to the COVID\\-19 pandemic.}}", "| 17 September 2022 | Signal Iduna Park |{{center\\|1\\='''1–0'''}}", "81,100", "", "", "", "| Matches | Dortmund wins | Draws | Schalke wins |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 50 | 23 | 15 | 12 |", "{{notelist}}\n{{col\\-end}}", "#### Results in cup matches", "", "| Date |Venue", "Home team |\n Score |\n Competition |\n Round |\n Attendance |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 18 October 1975 | Parkstadion | Schalke |{{center\\|1\\='''2–1'''}}", "[DFB\\-Pokal](/wiki/DFB-Pokal \"DFB-Pokal\") |\n 2nd Round |\n65,000", "| 13 October 1984 | Westfalenstadion | Dortmund |{{center\\|1\\='''1–1 ({{abbr\\|aet\\|after extra time}})'''}}", "DFB\\-Pokal |\n 2nd Round |\n37,000", "| 31 October 1984 | Parkstadion | Schalke |{{center\\|1\\='''3–2'''}}", "DFB\\-Pokal |\n 2nd Round replay |\n45,000", "| 10 December 1988 | Parkstadion | Schalke |{{center\\|1\\='''2–3'''}}", "DFB\\-Pokal |\n Round of 16 |\n47,300", "| 23 September 1998 | Westfalenstadion | Dortmund |{{center\\|1\\='''1–0 ({{abbr\\|aet\\|after extra time}})'''}}", "DFB\\-Pokal |\n 2nd Round |\n60,000", "| 29 November 2000 | Parkstadion | Schalke |{{center\\|1\\='''2–1'''}}", "DFB\\-Pokal |\n Round of 16 |\n58,400", "| 17 July 2001 | [Nattenberg\\-Stadion](/wiki/Nattenberg-Stadion \"Nattenberg-Stadion\") | Neutral |{{center\\|1\\='''2–1'''}}", "[DFB\\-Ligapokal](/wiki/DFB-Ligapokal \"DFB-Ligapokal\") |\n Semi\\-finals |\n15,300", "| 23 July 2011 | Veltins\\-Arena | Schalke |{{center\\|1\\='''0–0 (4–3{{abbr\\|p\\|in penalty shoot\\-out}})'''}}", "[DFL\\-Supercup](/wiki/DFL-Supercup \"DFL-Supercup\") |\n [Final](/wiki/2011_DFL-Supercup \"2011 DFL-Supercup\") |\n61,673", "" ]
### 1963–present: Bundesliga and German Cup era The creation of the [Bundesliga](/wiki/Bundesliga "Bundesliga") in 1963 began with Dortmund continuing their winning ways, by taking 8 of the first 10 meetings. Schalke's 1–0 victory on 20 April 1968, saw the return of Schalke's fortune and the fall of Dortmund. After Dortmund's 0–3 defeat on 4 March 1972, and subsequent relegation from the league, the teams did not play each other again until 1975\. After Dortmund's return to the [Bundesliga](/wiki/Bundesliga "Bundesliga"), [Lothar Huber](/wiki/Lothar_Huber "Lothar Huber")'s goal in the 87th minute on 5 November 1977 gave Dortmund their first victory over Schalke in nearly ten years. The following years belonged to Dortmund, winning eleven matches to Schalke's six, culminating in a 3–2 victory in a [German Cup](/wiki/German_Cup "German Cup") match on 9 December 1988\. Schalke's relegation after the 1987–88 season resulted in these teams not playing again until the 1991–92 campaign. Schalke's next **Revierderby** was remarkable. With Schalke managing only three goals in their first four matches after returning to the [Bundesliga](/wiki/Bundesliga "Bundesliga"), Dortmund seemed assured of continuing their success. On 24 August 1991, in front of over 70,000 fans, former Dortmund midfielder [Ingo Anderbrügge](/wiki/Ingo_Anderbr%C3%BCgge "Ingo Anderbrügge") scored in the 2nd minute to put Schalke ahead 1–0\. However, Dortmund equalized in the 36th and the 1st half finished with the scored tied 1–1\. In the 2nd half, Schalke exploded, stunning Dortmund 5–2\. Dortmund's overall success that season eclipsed the defeat, winning the next **Revierderby** 2–0, and finishing the league in second place that year, tied in points, but losing out to [VfB Stuttgart](/wiki/VfB_Stuttgart "VfB Stuttgart") on goal differential. [thumb\|[Borussia Dortmund](/wiki/Borussia_Dortmund "Borussia Dortmund") against [Schalke](/wiki/FC_Schalke_04 "FC Schalke 04") in 2009](/wiki/File:Arena_Auf_Schalke_hosting_Schalke_04_vs_Dortmund_in_2009.jpg "Arena Auf Schalke hosting Schalke 04 vs Dortmund in 2009.jpg") The following years saw Schalke holding a slim advantage since 1991, winning 11, drawing 14, and losing 8 of the matches. Despite Schalke's recent **Revierderby** success, including losing only five derbies since 1999 (until 14\. April 2012\), Dortmund holds the advantage in overall success during this era, winning five [Bundesliga](/wiki/Bundesliga "Bundesliga") championships (1994–95, 1995–96, 2001–02, 2010–11 and 2011–12\), one German Cup (2012\), one [UEFA Champions League](/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League "UEFA Champions League") competition (1997\), and one [Intercontinental Cup](/wiki/Intercontinental_Cup_%28football%29 "Intercontinental Cup (football)") (1997\) since 1995, while Schalke won the [UEFA Cup](/wiki/UEFA_Cup "UEFA Cup") once (1997\) and the [German Cup](/wiki/German_Cup "German Cup") three times (2001, 2002 and 2011\). Recent years have seen the first\-ever Bundesliga derby aired live on free TV (January 2004, shown on ARD), as well as two famous Dortmund victories. One of these, in 2005, ended a nearly seven\-year undefeated streak for Schalke in the derby, while the other, in May 2007, took on almost traumatic proportions, as Schalke lost the derby and the league lead, which they had held for three months, on the penultimate day of the season in Dortmund. After each of these victories, Borussia Dortmund took the unprecedented step of selling specially\-decorated replica shirts to commemorate the occasion. In 2008, Dortmund fan groups celebrated Schalke's fifty years without a league title. #### Results in Bundesliga Overall, Dortmund leads the Bundesliga series with 36 wins, 30 draws, and 32 losses. {{legend2\|\#FFFF00\|Dortmund Win\|border\=1px solid \#AAAAAA}} {{legend2\|\#0000FF\|Schalke Win\|border\=1px solid \#AAAAAA}} {{legend2\|\#808080\|Draw\|border\=1px solid \#AAAAAA}} {{col\-begin}} {{col\-2}} **Schalke in Bundesliga at home** | Date |Venue Score | Attendance | | --- | --- | --- | | 7 September 1963 | [Glückauf\-Kampfbahn](/wiki/Gl%C3%BCckauf-Kampfbahn "Glückauf-Kampfbahn") |{{center\|1\='''3–1'''}} 38,000 | 26 September 1964 | Glückauf\-Kampfbahn |{{center\|1\='''2–6'''}} 40,000 | 18 September 1965 | Glückauf\-Kampfbahn |{{center\|1\='''2–3'''}} 40,000 | 29 April 1967 | Glückauf\-Kampfbahn |{{center\|1\='''1–4'''}} 32,000 | 20 April 1968 | Glückauf\-Kampfbahn |{{center\|1\='''1–0'''}} 38,000 | 14 September 1968 | Glückauf\-Kampfbahn |{{center\|1\='''4–1'''}} 35,000 | 31 January 1970 | Glückauf\-Kampfbahn |{{center\|1\='''1–1'''}} 33,000 | 27 February 1971 | Glückauf\-Kampfbahn |{{center\|1\='''0–0'''}} 30,000 | 11 September 1971 | Glückauf\-Kampfbahn |{{center\|1\='''1–0'''}} 35,000 | 21 May 1977 | [Parkstadion](/wiki/Parkstadion "Parkstadion") |{{center\|1\='''4–2'''}} 70,600 | 1 April 1978 | Parkstadion |{{center\|1\='''0–2'''}} 62,000 | 25 November 1978 | Parkstadion |{{center\|1\='''5–1'''}} 40,000 | 21 February 1980 | Parkstadion |{{center\|1\='''2–2'''}} 50,000 | 6 September 1982 | Parkstadion |{{center\|1\='''1–2'''}} 38,000 | 5 March 1983 | Parkstadion |{{center\|1\='''1–2'''}} 35,000 | 1 June 1985 | Parkstadion |{{center\|1\='''3–1'''}} 42,000 | 10 December 1985 | Parkstadion |{{center\|1\='''6–1'''}} 27,000 | 20 September 1986 | Parkstadion |{{center\|1\='''2–1'''}} 44,500 | 26 March 1988 | Parkstadion |{{center\|1\='''3–0'''}} 32,300 | 24 August 1991 | Parkstadion |{{center\|1\='''5–2'''}} 70,200 | 27 February 1993 | Parkstadion |{{center\|1\='''0–0'''}} 70,200 | 15 August 1993 | Parkstadion |{{center\|1\='''1–0'''}} 65,000 | 8 April 1995 | Parkstadion |{{center\|1\='''0–0'''}} 70,925 | 28 October 1995 | Parkstadion |{{center\|1\='''1–2'''}} 70,960 | 2 November 1996 | Parkstadion |{{center\|1\='''1–3'''}} 71,021 | 9 August 1997 | Parkstadion |{{center\|1\='''1–0'''}} 68,200 | 5 May 1999 | Parkstadion |{{center\|1\='''1–1'''}} 61,700 | 15 December 1999 | Parkstadion |{{center\|1\='''0–0'''}} 52,420 | 24 February 2001 | Parkstadion |{{center\|1\='''0–0'''}} 62,109 | 15 September 2001 | [Arena AufSchalke](/wiki/Arena_AufSchalke "Arena AufSchalke") |{{center\|1\='''1–0'''}} 60,204 | 22 February 2003 | Arena AufSchalke |{{center\|1\='''2–2'''}} 60,878 | 2 August 2003 | Arena AufSchalke |{{center\|1\='''2–2'''}} 61,014 | 14 May 2005 | Arena AufSchalke |{{center\|1\='''1–2'''}} 61,524 | 4 February 2006 | Veltins\-Arena |{{center\|1\='''0–0'''}} 61,524 | 10 December 2006 | Veltins\-Arena |{{center\|1\='''3–1'''}} 61,482 | 18 August 2007 | Veltins\-Arena |{{center\|1\='''4–1'''}} 60,482 | 20 February 2009 | Veltins\-Arena |{{center\|1\='''1–1'''}} 61,673 | 26 February 2010 | Veltins\-Arena |{{center\|1\='''2–1'''}} 60,673 | 19 September 2010 | Veltins\-Arena |{{center\|1\='''1–3'''}} 60,069 | 14 April 2012 | Veltins\-Arena |{{center\|1\='''1–2'''}} 61,673 | 9 March 2013 | Veltins\-Arena |{{center\|1\='''2–1'''}} 61,673 | 26 October 2013 | Veltins\-Arena |{{center\|1\='''1–3'''}} 61,673 | 27 September 2014 | Veltins\-Arena |{{center\|1\='''2–1'''}} 61,153 | 10 April 2016 | Veltins\-Arena |{{center\|1\='''2–2'''}} 61,670 | 1 April 2017 | Veltins\-Arena |{{center\|1\='''1–1'''}} 62,271 | 15 April 2018 | Veltins\-Arena |{{center\|1\='''2–0'''}} 61,786 | 8 December 2018 | Veltins\-Arena |{{center\|1\='''1–2'''}} 61,767 | 26 October 2019 | Veltins\-Arena |{{center\|1\='''0–0'''}} 61,873 | 20 February 2021 | Veltins\-Arena |{{center\|1\='''0–4'''}} 0{{efn\|Match was played \[\[Behind closed doors (sport)\|behind closed doors]] due to the \[\[COVID\-19 pandemic in Germany\|COVID\-19 pandemic]].}} | 11 March 2023 | Veltins\-Arena |{{center\|1\='''2–2'''}} 61,571 | Matches | Schalke wins | Draws | Dortmund wins | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 50 | 20 | 16 | 14 | {{notelist}} {{col\-2}} **Dortmund in Bundesliga at home** | Date |Venue Score | Attendance | | --- | --- | --- | | 25 January 1964 | [Rote Erde](/wiki/Stadion_Rote_Erde "Stadion Rote Erde") |{{center\|1\='''3–0'''}} 34,000 | 13 February 1965 | Rote Erde |{{center\|1\='''4–0'''}} 33,000 | 26 February 1966 | Rote Erde |{{center\|1\='''7–0'''}} 25,000 | 12 November 1966 | Rote Erde |{{center\|1\='''6–2'''}} 43,000 | 5 November 1967 | Rote Erde |{{center\|1\='''2–1'''}} 27,000 | 11 March 1969 | Rote Erde |{{center\|1\='''0–1'''}} 38,000 | 6 September 1969 | Rote Erde |{{center\|1\='''1–1'''}} 39,000 | 12 September 1970 | Rote Erde |{{center\|1\='''1–2'''}} 40,000 | 4 March 1972 | Rote Erde |{{center\|1\='''0–3'''}} 38,000 | 11 December 1976 | [Westfalenstadion](/wiki/Westfalenstadion "Westfalenstadion") |{{center\|1\='''2–2'''}} 54,000 | 5 November 1977 | Westfalenstadion |{{center\|1\='''2–1'''}} 53,700 | 19 May 1979 | Westfalenstadion |{{center\|1\='''2–0'''}} 45,000 | 3 November 1979 | Westfalenstadion |{{center\|1\='''2–1'''}} 54,000 | 21 February 1981 | Westfalenstadion |{{center\|1\='''2–2'''}} 50,000 | 18 September 1982 | Westfalenstadion |{{center\|1\='''2–0'''}} 50,000 | 1 December 1984 | Westfalenstadion |{{center\|1\='''4–1'''}} 41,000 | 22 April 1986 | Westfalenstadion |{{center\|1\='''1–1'''}} 34,000 | 11 April 1987 | Westfalenstadion |{{center\|1\='''1–0'''}} 49,000 | 19 September 1987 | Westfalenstadion |{{center\|1\='''4–1'''}} 44,000 | 15 February 1992 | Westfalenstadion |{{center\|1\='''2–0'''}} 52,800 | 22 August 1992 | Westfalenstadion |{{center\|1\='''0–2'''}} 43,000 | 3 December 1993 | Westfalenstadion |{{center\|1\='''1–1'''}} 42,400 | 8 October 1994 | Westfalenstadion |{{center\|1\='''3–2'''}} 42,800 | 13 April 1996 | Westfalenstadion |{{center\|1\='''0–0'''}} 42,400 | 3 May 1997 | Westfalenstadion |{{center\|1\='''1–0'''}} 55,000 | 19 December 1997 | Westfalenstadion |{{center\|1\='''2–2'''}} 55,000 | 14 November 1998 | Westfalenstadion |{{center\|1\='''3–0'''}} 69,000 | 13 May 2000 | Westfalenstadion |{{center\|1\='''1–1'''}} 68,600 | 23 September 2000 | Westfalenstadion |{{center\|1\='''0–4'''}} 68,600 | 16 February 2002 | Westfalenstadion |{{center\|1\='''1–1'''}} 68,600 | 14 September 2002 | Westfalenstadion |{{center\|1\='''1–1'''}} 68,600 | 30 January 2004 | Westfalenstadion |{{center\|1\='''0–1'''}} 83,000 | 5 December 2004 | Westfalenstadion |{{center\|1\='''0–1'''}} 83,000 | 13 August 2005 | Westfalenstadion |{{center\|1\='''1–2'''}} 80,708 | 12 May 2007 | Signal Iduna Park |{{center\|1\='''2–0'''}} 81,264 | 10 February 2008 | Signal Iduna Park |{{center\|1\='''2–3'''}} 80,708 | 13 September 2008 | Signal Iduna Park |{{center\|1\='''3–3'''}} 80,552 | 26 September 2009 | Signal Iduna Park |{{center\|1\='''0–1'''}} 80,720 | 4 February 2011 | Signal Iduna Park |{{center\|1\='''0–0'''}} 80,552 | 26 November 2011 | Signal Iduna Park |{{center\|1\='''2–0'''}} 80,720 | 20 October 2012 | Signal Iduna Park |{{center\|1\='''1–2'''}} 80,645 | 25 March 2014 | Signal Iduna Park |{{center\|1\='''0–0'''}} 77,600 | 28 February 2015 | Signal Iduna Park |{{center\|1\='''3–0'''}} 79,500 | 8 November 2015 | Signal Iduna Park |{{center\|1\='''3–2'''}} 79,956 | 29 October 2016 | Signal Iduna Park |{{center\|1\='''0–0'''}} 80,179 | 25 November 2017 | Signal Iduna Park |{{center\|1\='''4–4'''}} 80,179 | 27 April 2019 | Signal Iduna Park |{{center\|1\='''2–4'''}} 80,196 | 16 May 2020 | Signal Iduna Park |{{center\|1\='''4–0'''}} 0{{efn\|Match was played \[\[Behind closed doors (sport)\|behind closed doors]] due to the \[\[COVID\-19 pandemic in Germany\|COVID\-19 pandemic]].}} | 24 October 2020 | Signal Iduna Park |{{center\|1\='''3–0'''}} 300{{efn\|Match was played with limited attendance due to the COVID\-19 pandemic.}} | 17 September 2022 | Signal Iduna Park |{{center\|1\='''1–0'''}} 81,100 | Matches | Dortmund wins | Draws | Schalke wins | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 50 | 23 | 15 | 12 | {{notelist}} {{col\-end}} #### Results in cup matches | Date |Venue Home team | Score | Competition | Round | Attendance | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 18 October 1975 | Parkstadion | Schalke |{{center\|1\='''2–1'''}} [DFB\-Pokal](/wiki/DFB-Pokal "DFB-Pokal") | 2nd Round | 65,000 | 13 October 1984 | Westfalenstadion | Dortmund |{{center\|1\='''1–1 ({{abbr\|aet\|after extra time}})'''}} DFB\-Pokal | 2nd Round | 37,000 | 31 October 1984 | Parkstadion | Schalke |{{center\|1\='''3–2'''}} DFB\-Pokal | 2nd Round replay | 45,000 | 10 December 1988 | Parkstadion | Schalke |{{center\|1\='''2–3'''}} DFB\-Pokal | Round of 16 | 47,300 | 23 September 1998 | Westfalenstadion | Dortmund |{{center\|1\='''1–0 ({{abbr\|aet\|after extra time}})'''}} DFB\-Pokal | 2nd Round | 60,000 | 29 November 2000 | Parkstadion | Schalke |{{center\|1\='''2–1'''}} DFB\-Pokal | Round of 16 | 58,400 | 17 July 2001 | [Nattenberg\-Stadion](/wiki/Nattenberg-Stadion "Nattenberg-Stadion") | Neutral |{{center\|1\='''2–1'''}} [DFB\-Ligapokal](/wiki/DFB-Ligapokal "DFB-Ligapokal") | Semi\-finals | 15,300 | 23 July 2011 | Veltins\-Arena | Schalke |{{center\|1\='''0–0 (4–3{{abbr\|p\|in penalty shoot\-out}})'''}} [DFL\-Supercup](/wiki/DFL-Supercup "DFL-Supercup") | [Final](/wiki/2011_DFL-Supercup "2011 DFL-Supercup") | 61,673
[ "### 1963–present: Bundesliga and German Cup era", "The creation of the [Bundesliga](/wiki/Bundesliga \"Bundesliga\") in 1963 began with Dortmund continuing their winning ways, by taking 8 of the first 10 meetings.", "Schalke's 1–0 victory on 20 April 1968, saw the return of Schalke's fortune and the fall of Dortmund. After Dortmund's 0–3 defeat on 4 March 1972, and subsequent relegation from the league, the teams did not play each other again until 1975\\.", "After Dortmund's return to the [Bundesliga](/wiki/Bundesliga \"Bundesliga\"), [Lothar Huber](/wiki/Lothar_Huber \"Lothar Huber\")'s goal in the 87th minute on 5 November 1977 gave Dortmund their first victory over Schalke in nearly ten years. The following years belonged to Dortmund, winning eleven matches to Schalke's six, culminating in a 3–2 victory in a [German Cup](/wiki/German_Cup \"German Cup\") match on 9 December 1988\\. Schalke's relegation after the 1987–88 season resulted in these teams not playing again until the 1991–92 campaign.", "Schalke's next **Revierderby** was remarkable. With Schalke managing only three goals in their first four matches after returning to the [Bundesliga](/wiki/Bundesliga \"Bundesliga\"), Dortmund seemed assured of continuing their success. On 24 August 1991, in front of over 70,000 fans, former Dortmund midfielder [Ingo Anderbrügge](/wiki/Ingo_Anderbr%C3%BCgge \"Ingo Anderbrügge\") scored in the 2nd minute to put Schalke ahead 1–0\\. However, Dortmund equalized in the 36th and the 1st half finished with the scored tied 1–1\\. In the 2nd half, Schalke exploded, stunning Dortmund 5–2\\. Dortmund's overall success that season eclipsed the defeat, winning the next **Revierderby** 2–0, and finishing the league in second place that year, tied in points, but losing out to [VfB Stuttgart](/wiki/VfB_Stuttgart \"VfB Stuttgart\") on goal differential.", "[thumb\\|[Borussia Dortmund](/wiki/Borussia_Dortmund \"Borussia Dortmund\") against [Schalke](/wiki/FC_Schalke_04 \"FC Schalke 04\") in 2009](/wiki/File:Arena_Auf_Schalke_hosting_Schalke_04_vs_Dortmund_in_2009.jpg \"Arena Auf Schalke hosting Schalke 04 vs Dortmund in 2009.jpg\")\nThe following years saw Schalke holding a slim advantage since 1991, winning 11, drawing 14, and losing 8 of the matches. Despite Schalke's recent **Revierderby** success, including losing only five derbies since 1999 (until 14\\. April 2012\\), Dortmund holds the advantage in overall success during this era, winning five [Bundesliga](/wiki/Bundesliga \"Bundesliga\") championships (1994–95, 1995–96, 2001–02, 2010–11 and 2011–12\\), one German Cup (2012\\), one [UEFA Champions League](/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League \"UEFA Champions League\") competition (1997\\), and one [Intercontinental Cup](/wiki/Intercontinental_Cup_%28football%29 \"Intercontinental Cup (football)\") (1997\\) since 1995, while Schalke won the [UEFA Cup](/wiki/UEFA_Cup \"UEFA Cup\") once (1997\\) and the [German Cup](/wiki/German_Cup \"German Cup\") three times (2001, 2002 and 2011\\).", "Recent years have seen the first\\-ever Bundesliga derby aired live on free TV (January 2004, shown on ARD), as well as two famous Dortmund victories. One of these, in 2005, ended a nearly seven\\-year undefeated streak for Schalke in the derby, while the other, in May 2007, took on almost traumatic proportions, as Schalke lost the derby and the league lead, which they had held for three months, on the penultimate day of the season in Dortmund. After each of these victories, Borussia Dortmund took the unprecedented step of selling specially\\-decorated replica shirts to commemorate the occasion. In 2008, Dortmund fan groups celebrated Schalke's fifty years without a league title.", "#### Results in Bundesliga", "Overall, Dortmund leads the Bundesliga series with 36 wins, 30 draws, and 32 losses.", "{{legend2\\|\\#FFFF00\\|Dortmund Win\\|border\\=1px solid \\#AAAAAA}}", "{{legend2\\|\\#0000FF\\|Schalke Win\\|border\\=1px solid \\#AAAAAA}}", "{{legend2\\|\\#808080\\|Draw\\|border\\=1px solid \\#AAAAAA}} \n{{col\\-begin}}\n{{col\\-2}}", "**Schalke in Bundesliga at home**", "| Date |Venue", "Score |\n Attendance |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| 7 September 1963 | [Glückauf\\-Kampfbahn](/wiki/Gl%C3%BCckauf-Kampfbahn \"Glückauf-Kampfbahn\") |{{center\\|1\\='''3–1'''}}", "38,000", "| 26 September 1964 | Glückauf\\-Kampfbahn |{{center\\|1\\='''2–6'''}}", "40,000", "| 18 September 1965 | Glückauf\\-Kampfbahn |{{center\\|1\\='''2–3'''}}", "40,000", "| 29 April 1967 | Glückauf\\-Kampfbahn |{{center\\|1\\='''1–4'''}}", "32,000", "| 20 April 1968 | Glückauf\\-Kampfbahn |{{center\\|1\\='''1–0'''}}", "38,000", "| 14 September 1968 | Glückauf\\-Kampfbahn |{{center\\|1\\='''4–1'''}}", "35,000", "| 31 January 1970 | Glückauf\\-Kampfbahn |{{center\\|1\\='''1–1'''}}", "33,000", "| 27 February 1971 | Glückauf\\-Kampfbahn |{{center\\|1\\='''0–0'''}}", "30,000", "| 11 September 1971 | Glückauf\\-Kampfbahn |{{center\\|1\\='''1–0'''}}", "35,000", "| 21 May 1977 | [Parkstadion](/wiki/Parkstadion \"Parkstadion\") |{{center\\|1\\='''4–2'''}}", "70,600", "| 1 April 1978 | Parkstadion |{{center\\|1\\='''0–2'''}}", "62,000", "| 25 November 1978 | Parkstadion |{{center\\|1\\='''5–1'''}}", "40,000", "| 21 February 1980 | Parkstadion |{{center\\|1\\='''2–2'''}}", "50,000", "| 6 September 1982 | Parkstadion |{{center\\|1\\='''1–2'''}}", "38,000", "| 5 March 1983 | Parkstadion |{{center\\|1\\='''1–2'''}}", "35,000", "| 1 June 1985 | Parkstadion |{{center\\|1\\='''3–1'''}}", "42,000", "| 10 December 1985 | Parkstadion |{{center\\|1\\='''6–1'''}}", "27,000", "| 20 September 1986 | Parkstadion |{{center\\|1\\='''2–1'''}}", "44,500", "| 26 March 1988 | Parkstadion |{{center\\|1\\='''3–0'''}}", "32,300", "| 24 August 1991 | Parkstadion |{{center\\|1\\='''5–2'''}}", "70,200", "| 27 February 1993 | Parkstadion |{{center\\|1\\='''0–0'''}}", "70,200", "| 15 August 1993 | Parkstadion |{{center\\|1\\='''1–0'''}}", "65,000", "| 8 April 1995 | Parkstadion |{{center\\|1\\='''0–0'''}}", "70,925", "| 28 October 1995 | Parkstadion |{{center\\|1\\='''1–2'''}}", "70,960", "| 2 November 1996 | Parkstadion |{{center\\|1\\='''1–3'''}}", "71,021", "| 9 August 1997 | Parkstadion |{{center\\|1\\='''1–0'''}}", "68,200", "| 5 May 1999 | Parkstadion |{{center\\|1\\='''1–1'''}}", "61,700", "| 15 December 1999 | Parkstadion |{{center\\|1\\='''0–0'''}}", "52,420", "| 24 February 2001 | Parkstadion |{{center\\|1\\='''0–0'''}}", "62,109", "| 15 September 2001 | [Arena AufSchalke](/wiki/Arena_AufSchalke \"Arena AufSchalke\") |{{center\\|1\\='''1–0'''}}", "60,204", "| 22 February 2003 | Arena AufSchalke |{{center\\|1\\='''2–2'''}}", "60,878", "| 2 August 2003 | Arena AufSchalke |{{center\\|1\\='''2–2'''}}", "61,014", "| 14 May 2005 | Arena AufSchalke |{{center\\|1\\='''1–2'''}}", "61,524", "| 4 February 2006 | Veltins\\-Arena |{{center\\|1\\='''0–0'''}}", "61,524", "| 10 December 2006 | Veltins\\-Arena |{{center\\|1\\='''3–1'''}}", "61,482", "| 18 August 2007 | Veltins\\-Arena |{{center\\|1\\='''4–1'''}}", "60,482", "| 20 February 2009 | Veltins\\-Arena |{{center\\|1\\='''1–1'''}}", "61,673", "| 26 February 2010 | Veltins\\-Arena |{{center\\|1\\='''2–1'''}}", "60,673", "| 19 September 2010 | Veltins\\-Arena |{{center\\|1\\='''1–3'''}}", "60,069", "| 14 April 2012 | Veltins\\-Arena |{{center\\|1\\='''1–2'''}}", "61,673", "| 9 March 2013 | Veltins\\-Arena |{{center\\|1\\='''2–1'''}}", "61,673", "| 26 October 2013 | Veltins\\-Arena |{{center\\|1\\='''1–3'''}}", "61,673", "| 27 September 2014 | Veltins\\-Arena |{{center\\|1\\='''2–1'''}}", "61,153", "| 10 April 2016 | Veltins\\-Arena |{{center\\|1\\='''2–2'''}}", "61,670", "| 1 April 2017 | Veltins\\-Arena |{{center\\|1\\='''1–1'''}}", "62,271", "| 15 April 2018 | Veltins\\-Arena |{{center\\|1\\='''2–0'''}}", "61,786", "| 8 December 2018 | Veltins\\-Arena |{{center\\|1\\='''1–2'''}}", "61,767", "| 26 October 2019 | Veltins\\-Arena |{{center\\|1\\='''0–0'''}}", "61,873", "| 20 February 2021 | Veltins\\-Arena |{{center\\|1\\='''0–4'''}}", "0{{efn\\|Match was played \\[\\[Behind closed doors (sport)\\|behind closed doors]] due to the \\[\\[COVID\\-19 pandemic in Germany\\|COVID\\-19 pandemic]].}}", "| 11 March 2023 | Veltins\\-Arena |{{center\\|1\\='''2–2'''}}", "61,571", "", "", "", "| Matches | Schalke wins | Draws | Dortmund wins |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 50 | 20 | 16 | 14 |", "{{notelist}}\n{{col\\-2}}", "**Dortmund in Bundesliga at home**", "| Date |Venue", "Score |\n Attendance |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| 25 January 1964 | [Rote Erde](/wiki/Stadion_Rote_Erde \"Stadion Rote Erde\") |{{center\\|1\\='''3–0'''}}", "34,000", "| 13 February 1965 | Rote Erde |{{center\\|1\\='''4–0'''}}", "33,000", "| 26 February 1966 | Rote Erde |{{center\\|1\\='''7–0'''}}", "25,000", "| 12 November 1966 | Rote Erde |{{center\\|1\\='''6–2'''}}", "43,000", "| 5 November 1967 | Rote Erde |{{center\\|1\\='''2–1'''}}", "27,000", "| 11 March 1969 | Rote Erde |{{center\\|1\\='''0–1'''}}", "38,000", "| 6 September 1969 | Rote Erde |{{center\\|1\\='''1–1'''}}", "39,000", "| 12 September 1970 | Rote Erde |{{center\\|1\\='''1–2'''}}", "40,000", "| 4 March 1972 | Rote Erde |{{center\\|1\\='''0–3'''}}", "38,000", "| 11 December 1976 | [Westfalenstadion](/wiki/Westfalenstadion \"Westfalenstadion\") |{{center\\|1\\='''2–2'''}}", "54,000", "| 5 November 1977 | Westfalenstadion |{{center\\|1\\='''2–1'''}}", "53,700", "| 19 May 1979 | Westfalenstadion |{{center\\|1\\='''2–0'''}}", "45,000", "| 3 November 1979 | Westfalenstadion |{{center\\|1\\='''2–1'''}}", "54,000", "| 21 February 1981 | Westfalenstadion |{{center\\|1\\='''2–2'''}}", "50,000", "| 18 September 1982 | Westfalenstadion |{{center\\|1\\='''2–0'''}}", "50,000", "| 1 December 1984 | Westfalenstadion |{{center\\|1\\='''4–1'''}}", "41,000", "| 22 April 1986 | Westfalenstadion |{{center\\|1\\='''1–1'''}}", "34,000", "| 11 April 1987 | Westfalenstadion |{{center\\|1\\='''1–0'''}}", "49,000", "| 19 September 1987 | Westfalenstadion |{{center\\|1\\='''4–1'''}}", "44,000", "| 15 February 1992 | Westfalenstadion |{{center\\|1\\='''2–0'''}}", "52,800", "| 22 August 1992 | Westfalenstadion |{{center\\|1\\='''0–2'''}}", "43,000", "| 3 December 1993 | Westfalenstadion |{{center\\|1\\='''1–1'''}}", "42,400", "| 8 October 1994 | Westfalenstadion |{{center\\|1\\='''3–2'''}}", "42,800", "| 13 April 1996 | Westfalenstadion |{{center\\|1\\='''0–0'''}}", "42,400", "| 3 May 1997 | Westfalenstadion |{{center\\|1\\='''1–0'''}}", "55,000", "| 19 December 1997 | Westfalenstadion |{{center\\|1\\='''2–2'''}}", "55,000", "| 14 November 1998 | Westfalenstadion |{{center\\|1\\='''3–0'''}}", "69,000", "| 13 May 2000 | Westfalenstadion |{{center\\|1\\='''1–1'''}}", "68,600", "| 23 September 2000 | Westfalenstadion |{{center\\|1\\='''0–4'''}}", "68,600", "| 16 February 2002 | Westfalenstadion |{{center\\|1\\='''1–1'''}}", "68,600", "| 14 September 2002 | Westfalenstadion |{{center\\|1\\='''1–1'''}}", "68,600", "| 30 January 2004 | Westfalenstadion |{{center\\|1\\='''0–1'''}}", "83,000", "| 5 December 2004 | Westfalenstadion |{{center\\|1\\='''0–1'''}}", "83,000", "| 13 August 2005 | Westfalenstadion |{{center\\|1\\='''1–2'''}}", "80,708", "| 12 May 2007 | Signal Iduna Park |{{center\\|1\\='''2–0'''}}", "81,264", "| 10 February 2008 | Signal Iduna Park |{{center\\|1\\='''2–3'''}}", "80,708", "| 13 September 2008 | Signal Iduna Park |{{center\\|1\\='''3–3'''}}", "80,552", "| 26 September 2009 | Signal Iduna Park |{{center\\|1\\='''0–1'''}}", "80,720", "| 4 February 2011 | Signal Iduna Park |{{center\\|1\\='''0–0'''}}", "80,552", "| 26 November 2011 | Signal Iduna Park |{{center\\|1\\='''2–0'''}}", "80,720", "| 20 October 2012 | Signal Iduna Park |{{center\\|1\\='''1–2'''}}", "80,645", "| 25 March 2014 | Signal Iduna Park |{{center\\|1\\='''0–0'''}}", "77,600", "| 28 February 2015 | Signal Iduna Park |{{center\\|1\\='''3–0'''}}", "79,500", "| 8 November 2015 | Signal Iduna Park |{{center\\|1\\='''3–2'''}}", "79,956", "| 29 October 2016 | Signal Iduna Park |{{center\\|1\\='''0–0'''}}", "80,179", "| 25 November 2017 | Signal Iduna Park |{{center\\|1\\='''4–4'''}}", "80,179", "| 27 April 2019 | Signal Iduna Park |{{center\\|1\\='''2–4'''}}", "80,196", "| 16 May 2020 | Signal Iduna Park |{{center\\|1\\='''4–0'''}}", "0{{efn\\|Match was played \\[\\[Behind closed doors (sport)\\|behind closed doors]] due to the \\[\\[COVID\\-19 pandemic in Germany\\|COVID\\-19 pandemic]].}}", "| 24 October 2020 | Signal Iduna Park |{{center\\|1\\='''3–0'''}}", "300{{efn\\|Match was played with limited attendance due to the COVID\\-19 pandemic.}}", "| 17 September 2022 | Signal Iduna Park |{{center\\|1\\='''1–0'''}}", "81,100", "", "", "", "| Matches | Dortmund wins | Draws | Schalke wins |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 50 | 23 | 15 | 12 |", "{{notelist}}\n{{col\\-end}}", "#### Results in cup matches", "", "| Date |Venue", "Home team |\n Score |\n Competition |\n Round |\n Attendance |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 18 October 1975 | Parkstadion | Schalke |{{center\\|1\\='''2–1'''}}", "[DFB\\-Pokal](/wiki/DFB-Pokal \"DFB-Pokal\") |\n 2nd Round |\n65,000", "| 13 October 1984 | Westfalenstadion | Dortmund |{{center\\|1\\='''1–1 ({{abbr\\|aet\\|after extra time}})'''}}", "DFB\\-Pokal |\n 2nd Round |\n37,000", "| 31 October 1984 | Parkstadion | Schalke |{{center\\|1\\='''3–2'''}}", "DFB\\-Pokal |\n 2nd Round replay |\n45,000", "| 10 December 1988 | Parkstadion | Schalke |{{center\\|1\\='''2–3'''}}", "DFB\\-Pokal |\n Round of 16 |\n47,300", "| 23 September 1998 | Westfalenstadion | Dortmund |{{center\\|1\\='''1–0 ({{abbr\\|aet\\|after extra time}})'''}}", "DFB\\-Pokal |\n 2nd Round |\n60,000", "| 29 November 2000 | Parkstadion | Schalke |{{center\\|1\\='''2–1'''}}", "DFB\\-Pokal |\n Round of 16 |\n58,400", "| 17 July 2001 | [Nattenberg\\-Stadion](/wiki/Nattenberg-Stadion \"Nattenberg-Stadion\") | Neutral |{{center\\|1\\='''2–1'''}}", "[DFB\\-Ligapokal](/wiki/DFB-Ligapokal \"DFB-Ligapokal\") |\n Semi\\-finals |\n15,300", "| 23 July 2011 | Veltins\\-Arena | Schalke |{{center\\|1\\='''0–0 (4–3{{abbr\\|p\\|in penalty shoot\\-out}})'''}}", "[DFL\\-Supercup](/wiki/DFL-Supercup \"DFL-Supercup\") |\n [Final](/wiki/2011_DFL-Supercup \"2011 DFL-Supercup\") |\n61,673", "" ]
Biography --------- [right\|thumb\|Adolf Spiess's birthplace in Lauterbach](/wiki/Image:Lauterbach-Spie%C3%9Fhaus1-Bubo.JPG "Lauterbach-Spießhaus1-Bubo.JPG") ### Father Spiess's father, Johann Balthasar Spiess (1782–1841\) and himself the son of a [Thuringian](/wiki/Thuringia "Thuringia") farmer and master smith, had first prepared himself for a position as teacher in the elementary schools, but after some years of professional experience at [Frankfurt am Main](/wiki/Frankfurt_am_Main "Frankfurt am Main") decided upon further study, and so completed a course in theology at the [University of Giessen](/wiki/University_of_Giessen "University of Giessen"), and immediately after passing his examination, in 1807, became teacher and sub\-rector at the Latin school in Lauterbach. There he brought his bride Luise Werner, of [Saarbrücken](/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken "Saarbrücken"), who he had first met in Frankfurt. Adolf Spiess, born in [Lauterbach](/wiki/Lauterbach%2C_Hesse "Lauterbach, Hesse"), [Hesse](/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Hesse "Grand Duchy of Hesse"), was the oldest of their five children. His younger brother [Hermann Spiess](/wiki/Hermann_Spiess "Hermann Spiess") would become a co\-founder of the [Bettina, Texas](/wiki/Bettina%2C_Texas "Bettina, Texas") commune in 1847\.{{cite web \|title\=Spiess, Hermann \|url\=https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/spiess\-hermann \|website\=Handbook of Texas Online \|publisher\=Texas State Historical Association \|access\-date\=1 July 2021}} In 1811 the father accepted a pastoral position in the [Evangelical Lutheran Church](/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_of_Offenbach "Evangelical Lutheran Church of Offenbach") at [Offenbach](/wiki/Offenbach_am_Main "Offenbach am Main"), across the [Main](/wiki/River_Main "River Main") from Frankfurt, and in addition to his clerical duties opened a private school which prepared for the upper classes of the [gymnasium](/wiki/Gymnasium_%28school%29 "Gymnasium (school)") (a higher [classical](/wiki/Classics "Classics") school) or for a mercantile career. Ten years before this he had observed the methods in use at [Schnepfenthal](/wiki/Waltershausen "Waltershausen"), and made the acquaintance of [GutsMuths](/wiki/Johann_Christoph_Friedrich_GutsMuths "Johann Christoph Friedrich GutsMuths") and other teachers there, renewed by frequent later visits. It was therefore natural that one feature of the daily program should be gymnastics, as described and practised by GutsMuths — walking the [balance beam](/wiki/Balance_beam "Balance beam"), jumping, running, climbing, throwing, skating, swimming, etc., and games of all sorts. Every week throughout the year there were also excursions with teachers, and dancing lessons were given in the winter months. ### Education Adolf Spiess entered his father's school at the age of six or less. A few years later, in 1819, [Fritz Hessemer](/wiki/Friedrich_Maximilian_Hessemer "Friedrich Maximilian Hessemer"), just back from the [University of Giessen](/wiki/University_of_Giessen "University of Giessen"), made the pupils acquainted with the new [Jahn](/wiki/Friedrich_Ludwig_Jahn "Friedrich Ludwig Jahn") gymnastics, and [parallel bars](/wiki/Parallel_bars "Parallel bars") and a [horizontal bar](/wiki/Horizontal_bar "Horizontal bar") were now added to the equipment. In 1824 some of the boys organized a little society for the purpose of practising gymnastics regularly outside of school hours. They met in the private garden exercise area ({{lang\-de\|link\=no\|Turnplatz}}) of Councillor ({{lang\-de\|link\=no\|Hofrath}}) A. André, using Jahn's *Deutsche Turnkunst* as a guide. They soon met other turners in [Hanau](/wiki/Hanau "Hanau"), a few miles to the east, with whom joint excursions on foot to the [Taunus](/wiki/Taunus "Taunus") Range were made in 1826 and 1827\. In the spring or summer of 1828, Spiess went to the University of Giessen to pursue the study of theology. He at once joined the *[Burschenschaft](/wiki/Burschenschaft "Burschenschaft")*, which had been organized ten years previously and now concealed itself under the name *Waffenverbindung* (weaponry association). He assiduously practiced fencing, the favorite student exercise, and before the end of the year became proficient. He went on many mountain and castle excursions with friends, and displayed skill in all forms of physical activity — riding, swimming, skating, dancing, and gymnastics. He also pursued music and drawing. He met Jahn during an excursion to the [Harz Mountains](/wiki/Harz_Mountains "Harz Mountains"). In 1829, Spiess continued his theological studies at the [University of Halle](/wiki/University_of_Halle "University of Halle"). In Halle there were opportunities for practice on the horizontal bar, the parallel bars, and the horse, and fencing, too, but the greatest interest was in certain outdoor games — the students, often a hundred or more, gathered twice a week in Passendorf, singing and playing together until nightfall. In late December, Spiess went to Berlin for several months where he frequented [Eiselen](/wiki/Ernst_Wilhelm_Bernhard_Eiselen "Ernst Wilhelm Bernhard Eiselen")'s private gym, and learned many new exercises from Philipp Feddern, Eiselen's assistant. In the spring of 1830, Spiess was back in Giessen, and active in the life of its Burschenschaft. He began to give instruction in gymnastics, first to a dozen boys on a garden *Turnplatz*, and later to nearly 150 in one of the city parks. He modified the traditional method by gathering the entire number into one band at the commencement of each period for various simple exercises performed in rhythm as they stood or marched, or for running and jumping under the leadership of a single teacher. The Hessian authorities were on the lookout for agitation looking toward a united Germany, and had already given notice to the University that no student who was affiliated with forbidden organizations, like the *Burschenschaft*, would be admitted to the regular examinations. The July revolution in France, however, exerted a stimulating influence. Early in 1831 the local association allied itself with the general German Burschenschaft, and members were openly displaying signs of their sympathy with the radical element. Under such circumstances any revival of the old *Turnen* (Jahn\-style gymnastics) was certain to be viewed with apprehension. In the spring of 1831 the former prohibition was renewed, and there could be no more exercising by groups in public. After some months of private study at [Sprendlingen](/wiki/Sprendlingen "Sprendlingen"), his father's new parish, Spiess returned to Giessen and successfully passed his examinations in theology, 2 April 1832\. ### Burgdorf, Switzerland After graduation, Spiess became private tutor in the family of the Hessian Count Solms\-Rödelheim, at [Assenheim](/wiki/Niddatal "Niddatal"). Around this time, on a visit to his family in [Sprendlingen](/wiki/Sprendlingen "Sprendlingen"), one evening a friendly magistrate informed his father that if Adolf was found in the house on the following morning he would be subject to arrest. Spiess therefore left at once, and reached Assenheim in safety. In 1833, his father read a newspaper notice that the city of Burgdorf, Switzerland, was in search of someone who could take charge of physical training in its elementary school. The clergyman, recognizing that a sojourn in a neutral country was the only safe course for his son, in view of existing political conditions, at once wrote to propose Adolf for the place. Word came in August that Adolf had been appointed teacher of gymnastics, singing, writing, and drawing. (In 1835, geography and history was substituted for writing and drawing.) On 5 October he left home with his youngest brother, Hermann, and traveling by way of Basel reached Burgdorf on the 21st, ready to begin work in the state which was to be his home for the next fifteen (1833–1848\). The city authorities had erected a new, attractive, and roomy building for the school, and now placed at its head [Friedrich Fröbel](/wiki/Friedrich_Fr%C3%B6bel "Friedrich Fröbel"), already widely known for his book *The Education of Man* (1826\). Also present were Heinrich Langethal (1792–1879\) and Wilhelm Middendorf (1793–1853\) who had been associated with Fröbel for fourteen years in his school in the Thuringian village of Keilhau, and after the few years in Burgdorf were again to be his helpers when the first kindergarten was opened at Blankenburg, another Thuringian town. All three had been members of [Lützow's Free Corps](/wiki/L%C3%BCtzow_Free_Corps "Lützow Free Corps") during the [War of Liberation](/wiki/War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition "War of the Sixth Coalition"), and through residence in Berlin had come under the influence of Jahn and his work at the Hasenheide *Turnplatz*. [thumb\|Original Spiess Turnplatz at Burgdorf in the grove between the river [Emme](/wiki/Emme_%28river%29 "Emme (river)") (left) and the castle, Schloss Bergdorf (on a hill to the far right).](/wiki/Image:Spiess_Turnplatz.jpg "Spiess Turnplatz.jpg") Spiess found these colleagues ready to cooperate with him at every step, and all worked together in perfect harmony to give the broadest possible training to the children under their care. The open\-air gymnasium, originally laid out after the Jahn plan in 1824, and beautifully situated in a grove near the left bank of the Emme, overlooked to the east by wooded sandstone cliffs beyond the stream and on the west by an ancient castle, was now doubled in size and entirely refitted in accordance with the wishes of the new teacher. In the castle itself, where Pestalozzi had conducted his school for five years (1799–1804\) and written *How Gertrude Teaches Her Children* (1801\), a hall was equipped for winter use. In the spring of 1834 the boys of the school, including even the youngest, began to receive systematic instruction in gymnastics for two successive hours on three afternoons of each week, and before long the interest of the girls, also, was awakened and special classes were formed and suitable exercises devised to meet their needs. There were frequent excursions on foot into the surrounding country. Once a year, in the autumn, an exhibition ({{lang\-de\|link\=no\|Turnfest}}) was held. The new discipline, which reached pupils of both sexes and all ages, was regarded as an essential part of their school training. It was not long before the attention of the cantonal school authorities was attracted to the Burgdorf experiment, and as a result Spiess received in 1835 the added appointment of teacher of gymnastics in the normal school ({{lang\-de\|link\=no\|Landschullehrer\-Seminar}}) ten miles away at [Münchenbuchsee](/wiki/M%C3%BCnchenbuchsee "Münchenbuchsee") where he had about 100 pupils and a model school of 80 children. Spiess took on similar tasks at various other schools in the neighborhood, among them a school for girls in Kirchberg. For his own pleasure and further training, he joined a small gymnastic society of men ({{lang\-de\|link\=no\|Männerturnverein}}) in Burgdorf, visited the Turners in Bern and Hofwyl, and attended the annual Swiss *Turnfeste* held in Bern (1839\), Basel (1841\), and Zurich (1842\). Spiess found that the material and methods of Jahn's *Deutsche Turnkunst* were not sufficient for his needs. Little by little he began therefore to develop and test new groups of exercises, first of all what he called "Free Exercises," or those which require either no apparatus at all, or only such as can be carried in the hands. They were intended to secure ready control and graceful carriage of the body under ordinary conditions, while the pupil was standing or walking on the usual supporting surface, and differed in this particular from the forms commonly practised on the old *Turnplatz*. To instruct large numbers of pupils at once in these free exercises, he developed marching exercises ({{lang\-de\|link\=no\|Ordnungsübungen}}), by means of which the entire class moved as one individual, and in this way discipline and order were improved, since each pupil learned to handle himself as part of the whole, and any desired arrangement of the units could be promptly secured. The next step was a review of all the gymnastic material in the effort to devise a more satisfactory classification than the one adopted in the books of GutsMuths, Jahn's *Deutsche Turnkunst*, and Eiselen's *Turntafeln* (1837\). The result of this study was Spiess's publication in 1840 of the first part (on free exercise) of his *System of Gymnastics* ({{lang\-de\|link\=no\|Lehre der Turnkunst}}), followed by a second part (on hanging exercises) in 1842, and a third part (on supporting exercises, including balancing and vaulting — {{lang\-de\|link\=no\|Stemmübungen}}) in 1843\. ### Prussian initiative In the summer of 1842 Spiess returned to Germany, drawn by the signs of approaching gymnastic revival in Prussia and the desire to discuss his own views with other men of like interests. A Prussian cabinet order of 6 June 1842, had stated physical training was "formally recognized as a necessary and indispensable part of male education." Spiess found [Hans Ferdinand Massmann](/wiki/Hans_Ferdinand_Massmann "Hans Ferdinand Massmann"), at Munich, too firmly wedded to *Turnen* of his student days to receive with any sympathy the proposed innovations, but Jahn, whose guest he was for two days in Freyburg, and Eiselen, whom he saw at a watering\-place near Berlin, were more cordial in their attitude. On 10 August, Spiess visited Prussian minister Eichhorn, who was charged with putting the cabinet order into effect. On the request of Eichhorn, once back in Burgdorf, Spiess followed up the visit on 18 October with a formal statement of his ideas regarding the essential features of a state system of physical training for the schools, "Thoughts on the method to be followed in making gymnastics an integral element in popular education." The steps therein advocated were taken, in part at least, by almost every German state, and the author, Adolf Spiess, was dubbed "founder of school gymnastics in Germany and of gymnastics for girls in particular." ### Basel, Switzerland [thumb\|The Basel *Turnplatz* from a plate in Adolf Spiess's book *Turnbuch für Schulen* of 1847](/wiki/Image:Basel_Turnplatz.jpg "Basel Turnplatz.jpg") Two years earlier, Spiess had married a former pupil, Marie Buri, and the need of finding a larger and more remunerative field of usefulness no doubt had much to do with the journey to Berlin; but the summons of Massmann to the Prussian capital in 1843 put an end to all hopes in that direction. With further attempts, he received a call from Basel to the position of teacher of gymnastics and history in two higher schools for boys — the Gymnasium and the Realschule — and at the orphan asylum. He entered upon these duties in May 1844\. The following March he was relieved of the work in history in order that he might have time for instruction in gymnastics at the public girls' school ({{lang\-de\|link\=no\|Töchterschule}}), and preparations were also made for progressive improvement in physical training at all the city schools. Free at last to devote all his thought to the one subject, he finished in 1846 the fourth and final part of his *System of Gymnastics*, and the next year was able to publish the first volume of a practical manual for teachers (*Turnbuch für Schulen*), containing graded series of exercises suitable for boys and girls between the ages of six and ten. The second volume, covering the ages from ten to sixteen, was completed in 1851, after he had left Basel and returned to Germany. ### Darmstadt, Germany In May 1848 Spiess accepted an offer from Minister [von Gagern](/wiki/Heinrich_von_Gagern "Heinrich von Gagern") of Hesse, and moved to [Darmstadt](/wiki/Darmstadt "Darmstadt"), the capital of the Grand Duchy, to undertake the task of introducing gymnastics into the schools of that state, beginning with the higher schools and the common schools of such communities as were prepared to take the step at once. He was also to train the requisite teaching force, and afterwards superintend their work. The salary of the new “*Oberstudien Assessor*” was fixed at 2000 gulden. Lessons were immediately begun with classes in two secondary schools for boys (the *Gymnasium* and the *[Realschule](/wiki/Realschule "Realschule")*) and in the higher school for girls (*Mädchen*\- or *Töchterschule*). In a large garden lying near the center of the city the hall of a former public house was converted into a gymnasium by setting up along one side rows of [vertical poles](/wiki/Vertical_pole "Vertical pole") and horizontal bars and ladders, and adding to these a [giant stride](/wiki/Giant_stride "Giant stride"), parallel bars, bucks, [jump stands](/wiki/Jump_stand "Jump stand") and jumping ropes, [stilts](/wiki/Stilts "Stilts"), and poles for use in vaulting. A four weeks' normal course was given in 1849 to about 30 teachers in elementary and higher schools, most of them from Darmstadt, but one from Dresden and ten from Mainz, Offenbach, Worms, and other Hessian towns. Instruction was chiefly by means of model classes, conducted by Spiess in their presence, and after observing these the teachers themselves were given an opportunity to practice the same exercises. In response to an invitation, he took charge of a similar course in [Oldenburg](/wiki/Oldenburg_%28city%29 "Oldenburg (city)"), capital of [a Grand Duchy of the same name](/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Oldenburg "Grand Duchy of Oldenburg"), in 1851\. He also visited many places in Hesse in the interest of physical training, and teachers from all parts of the state came to Darmstadt from time to time during the next few years to become familiar with his method. A list of foreign visitors during the period 1852–1854 listed educators from [Sweden](/wiki/Sweden "Sweden") (1\), [Belgium](/wiki/Belgium "Belgium") (1\), Switzerland (3\), [Austria](/wiki/Austria "Austria") (4\), Prussia (6\), [Saxony](/wiki/Saxony "Saxony") (2\), [Württemberg](/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg "Württemberg") (2\), [Baden](/wiki/Baden "Baden") (5\), Oldenburg (4\), Frankfurt am Main (8\), and smaller German states. In 1852, a new indoor gym ({{lang\-de\|link\=no\|Turnhaus}}) was opened for use classes of boys and girls from various schools. It contained a hall one hundred by sixty feet which could be changed into two rooms by means of a movable partition. It was surrounded by a double *Turnplatz* and was the first building of the kind in Germany. Public exhibitions the next year and again in 1855 acquainted parents, teachers, the grand ducal family, and the state and city authorities with the nature of his work. In 1855, failing health compelled Spiess to interrupt his hitherto unceasing activity. Tuberculosis had developed in a lung wounded by a sword thrust during his student days as a second to a duel. Attempts to stop its progress by residence in the Taunus and for two years at [Vevey](/wiki/Vevey "Vevey"), on [Lake Geneva](/wiki/Lake_Geneva "Lake Geneva"), proved unavailing. He returned to Darmstadt, visiting the *Turnhaus* there for the last time in the fall of 1857, and died the following year.
[ "Biography\n---------", "[right\\|thumb\\|Adolf Spiess's birthplace in Lauterbach](/wiki/Image:Lauterbach-Spie%C3%9Fhaus1-Bubo.JPG \"Lauterbach-Spießhaus1-Bubo.JPG\")", "### Father", "Spiess's father, Johann Balthasar Spiess (1782–1841\\) and himself the son of a [Thuringian](/wiki/Thuringia \"Thuringia\") farmer and master smith, had first prepared himself for a position as teacher in the elementary schools, but after some years of professional experience at [Frankfurt am Main](/wiki/Frankfurt_am_Main \"Frankfurt am Main\") decided upon further study, and so completed a course in theology at the [University of Giessen](/wiki/University_of_Giessen \"University of Giessen\"), and immediately after passing his examination, in 1807, became teacher and sub\\-rector at the Latin school in Lauterbach. There he brought his bride Luise Werner, of [Saarbrücken](/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken \"Saarbrücken\"), who he had first met in Frankfurt. Adolf Spiess, born in [Lauterbach](/wiki/Lauterbach%2C_Hesse \"Lauterbach, Hesse\"), [Hesse](/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Hesse \"Grand Duchy of Hesse\"), was the oldest of their five children. His younger brother [Hermann Spiess](/wiki/Hermann_Spiess \"Hermann Spiess\") would become a co\\-founder of the [Bettina, Texas](/wiki/Bettina%2C_Texas \"Bettina, Texas\") commune in 1847\\.{{cite web \\|title\\=Spiess, Hermann \\|url\\=https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/spiess\\-hermann \\|website\\=Handbook of Texas Online \\|publisher\\=Texas State Historical Association \\|access\\-date\\=1 July 2021}}", "In 1811 the father accepted a pastoral position in the [Evangelical Lutheran Church](/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_of_Offenbach \"Evangelical Lutheran Church of Offenbach\") at [Offenbach](/wiki/Offenbach_am_Main \"Offenbach am Main\"), across the [Main](/wiki/River_Main \"River Main\") from Frankfurt, and in addition to his clerical duties opened a private school which prepared for the upper classes of the [gymnasium](/wiki/Gymnasium_%28school%29 \"Gymnasium (school)\") (a higher [classical](/wiki/Classics \"Classics\") school) or for a mercantile career. Ten years before this he had observed the methods in use at [Schnepfenthal](/wiki/Waltershausen \"Waltershausen\"), and made the acquaintance of [GutsMuths](/wiki/Johann_Christoph_Friedrich_GutsMuths \"Johann Christoph Friedrich GutsMuths\") and other teachers there, renewed by frequent later visits. It was therefore natural that one feature of the daily program should be gymnastics, as described and practised by GutsMuths — walking the [balance beam](/wiki/Balance_beam \"Balance beam\"), jumping, running, climbing, throwing, skating, swimming, etc., and games of all sorts. Every week throughout the year there were also excursions with teachers, and dancing lessons were given in the winter months.", "### Education", "Adolf Spiess entered his father's school at the age of six or less. A few years later, in 1819, [Fritz Hessemer](/wiki/Friedrich_Maximilian_Hessemer \"Friedrich Maximilian Hessemer\"), just back from the [University of Giessen](/wiki/University_of_Giessen \"University of Giessen\"), made the pupils acquainted with the new [Jahn](/wiki/Friedrich_Ludwig_Jahn \"Friedrich Ludwig Jahn\") gymnastics, and [parallel bars](/wiki/Parallel_bars \"Parallel bars\") and a [horizontal bar](/wiki/Horizontal_bar \"Horizontal bar\") were now added to the equipment. In 1824 some of the boys organized a little society for the purpose of practising gymnastics regularly outside of school hours. They met in the private garden exercise area ({{lang\\-de\\|link\\=no\\|Turnplatz}}) of Councillor ({{lang\\-de\\|link\\=no\\|Hofrath}}) A. André, using Jahn's *Deutsche Turnkunst* as a guide. They soon met other turners in [Hanau](/wiki/Hanau \"Hanau\"), a few miles to the east, with whom joint excursions on foot to the [Taunus](/wiki/Taunus \"Taunus\") Range were made in 1826 and 1827\\.", "In the spring or summer of 1828, Spiess went to the University of Giessen to pursue the study of theology. He at once joined the *[Burschenschaft](/wiki/Burschenschaft \"Burschenschaft\")*, which had been organized ten years previously and now concealed itself under the name *Waffenverbindung* (weaponry association). He assiduously practiced fencing, the favorite student exercise, and before the end of the year became proficient. He went on many mountain and castle excursions with friends, and displayed skill in all forms of physical activity — riding, swimming, skating, dancing, and gymnastics. He also pursued music and drawing. He met Jahn during an excursion to the [Harz Mountains](/wiki/Harz_Mountains \"Harz Mountains\").", "In 1829, Spiess continued his theological studies at the [University of Halle](/wiki/University_of_Halle \"University of Halle\"). In Halle there were opportunities for practice on the horizontal bar, the parallel bars, and the horse, and fencing, too, but the greatest interest was in certain outdoor games — the students, often a hundred or more, gathered twice a week in Passendorf, singing and playing together until nightfall. In late December, Spiess went to Berlin for several months where he frequented [Eiselen](/wiki/Ernst_Wilhelm_Bernhard_Eiselen \"Ernst Wilhelm Bernhard Eiselen\")'s private gym, and learned many new exercises from Philipp Feddern, Eiselen's assistant.", "In the spring of 1830, Spiess was back in Giessen, and active in the life of its Burschenschaft. He began to give instruction in gymnastics, first to a dozen boys on a garden *Turnplatz*, and later to nearly 150 in one of the city parks. He modified the traditional method by gathering the entire number into one band at the commencement of each period for various simple exercises performed in rhythm as they stood or marched, or for running and jumping under the leadership of a single teacher.", "The Hessian authorities were on the lookout for agitation looking toward a united Germany, and had already given notice to the University that no student who was affiliated with forbidden organizations, like the *Burschenschaft*, would be admitted to the regular examinations. The July revolution in France, however, exerted a stimulating influence. Early in 1831 the local association allied itself with the general German Burschenschaft, and members were openly displaying signs of their sympathy with the radical element. Under such circumstances any revival of the old *Turnen* (Jahn\\-style gymnastics) was certain to be viewed with apprehension. In the spring of 1831 the former prohibition was renewed, and there could be no more exercising by groups in public. After some months of private study at [Sprendlingen](/wiki/Sprendlingen \"Sprendlingen\"), his father's new parish, Spiess returned to Giessen and successfully passed his examinations in theology, 2 April 1832\\.", "### Burgdorf, Switzerland", "After graduation, Spiess became private tutor in the family of the Hessian Count Solms\\-Rödelheim, at [Assenheim](/wiki/Niddatal \"Niddatal\"). Around this time, on a visit to his family in [Sprendlingen](/wiki/Sprendlingen \"Sprendlingen\"), one evening a friendly magistrate informed his father that if Adolf was found in the house on the following morning he would be subject to arrest. Spiess therefore left at once, and reached Assenheim in safety.", "In 1833, his father read a newspaper notice that the city of Burgdorf, Switzerland, was in search of someone who could take charge of physical training in its elementary school. The clergyman, recognizing that a sojourn in a neutral country was the only safe course for his son, in view of existing political conditions, at once wrote to propose Adolf for the place. Word came in August that Adolf had been appointed teacher of gymnastics, singing, writing, and drawing. (In 1835, geography and history was substituted for writing and drawing.) On 5 October he left home with his youngest brother, Hermann, and traveling by way of Basel reached Burgdorf on the 21st, ready to begin work in the state which was to be his home for the next fifteen (1833–1848\\).", "The city authorities had erected a new, attractive, and roomy building for the school, and now placed at its head [Friedrich Fröbel](/wiki/Friedrich_Fr%C3%B6bel \"Friedrich Fröbel\"), already widely known for his book *The Education of Man* (1826\\). Also present were Heinrich Langethal (1792–1879\\) and Wilhelm Middendorf (1793–1853\\) who had been associated with Fröbel for fourteen years in his school in the Thuringian village of Keilhau, and after the few years in Burgdorf were again to be his helpers when the first kindergarten was opened at Blankenburg, another Thuringian town. All three had been members of [Lützow's Free Corps](/wiki/L%C3%BCtzow_Free_Corps \"Lützow Free Corps\") during the [War of Liberation](/wiki/War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition \"War of the Sixth Coalition\"), and through residence in Berlin had come under the influence of Jahn and his work at the Hasenheide *Turnplatz*.", "[thumb\\|Original Spiess Turnplatz at Burgdorf in the grove between the river [Emme](/wiki/Emme_%28river%29 \"Emme (river)\") (left) and the castle, Schloss Bergdorf (on a hill to the far right).](/wiki/Image:Spiess_Turnplatz.jpg \"Spiess Turnplatz.jpg\")\nSpiess found these colleagues ready to cooperate with him at every step, and all worked together in perfect harmony to give the broadest possible training to the children under their care. The open\\-air gymnasium, originally laid out after the Jahn plan in 1824, and beautifully situated in a grove near the left bank of the Emme, overlooked to the east by wooded sandstone cliffs beyond the stream and on the west by an ancient castle, was now doubled in size and entirely refitted in accordance with the wishes of the new teacher. In the castle itself, where Pestalozzi had conducted his school for five years (1799–1804\\) and written *How Gertrude Teaches Her Children* (1801\\), a hall was equipped for winter use.", "In the spring of 1834 the boys of the school, including even the youngest, began to receive systematic instruction in gymnastics for two successive hours on three afternoons of each week, and before long the interest of the girls, also, was awakened and special classes were formed and suitable exercises devised to meet their needs. There were frequent excursions on foot into the surrounding country. Once a year, in the autumn, an exhibition ({{lang\\-de\\|link\\=no\\|Turnfest}}) was held. The new discipline, which reached pupils of both sexes and all ages, was regarded as an essential part of their school training.", "It was not long before the attention of the cantonal school authorities was attracted to the Burgdorf experiment, and as a result Spiess received in 1835 the added appointment of teacher of gymnastics in the normal school ({{lang\\-de\\|link\\=no\\|Landschullehrer\\-Seminar}}) ten miles away at [Münchenbuchsee](/wiki/M%C3%BCnchenbuchsee \"Münchenbuchsee\") where he had about 100 pupils and a model school of 80 children. Spiess took on similar tasks at various other schools in the neighborhood, among them a school for girls in Kirchberg. For his own pleasure and further training, he joined a small gymnastic society of men ({{lang\\-de\\|link\\=no\\|Männerturnverein}}) in Burgdorf, visited the Turners in Bern and Hofwyl, and attended the annual Swiss *Turnfeste* held in Bern (1839\\), Basel (1841\\), and Zurich (1842\\).", "Spiess found that the material and methods of Jahn's *Deutsche Turnkunst* were not sufficient for his needs. Little by little he began therefore to\ndevelop and test new groups of exercises, first of all what he called \"Free Exercises,\" or those which require either no apparatus at all, or only such as can be carried in the hands. They were intended to secure ready control and graceful carriage of the body under ordinary conditions, while the pupil was standing or walking on the usual supporting surface, and differed in this particular from the forms commonly practised on the old *Turnplatz*.", "To instruct large numbers of pupils at once in these free exercises, he developed marching exercises ({{lang\\-de\\|link\\=no\\|Ordnungsübungen}}), by means of which the entire class moved as one individual, and in this way discipline and order were improved, since each pupil learned to handle himself as part of the whole, and any desired arrangement of the units could be promptly secured. The next step was a review of all the gymnastic material in the effort to devise a more satisfactory classification than the one adopted in the books of GutsMuths, Jahn's *Deutsche Turnkunst*, and Eiselen's *Turntafeln* (1837\\). The result of this study was Spiess's publication in 1840 of the first part (on free exercise) of his *System of Gymnastics* ({{lang\\-de\\|link\\=no\\|Lehre der Turnkunst}}), followed by a second part (on hanging exercises) in 1842, and a third part (on supporting exercises, including balancing and vaulting — {{lang\\-de\\|link\\=no\\|Stemmübungen}}) in 1843\\.", "### Prussian initiative", "In the summer of 1842 Spiess returned to Germany, drawn by the signs of approaching gymnastic revival in Prussia and the desire to discuss his own views with other men of like interests. A Prussian cabinet order of 6 June 1842, had stated physical training was \"formally recognized as a necessary and indispensable part of male education.\" Spiess found [Hans Ferdinand Massmann](/wiki/Hans_Ferdinand_Massmann \"Hans Ferdinand Massmann\"), at Munich, too firmly wedded to *Turnen* of his student days to receive with any sympathy the proposed innovations, but Jahn, whose guest he was for two days in Freyburg, and Eiselen, whom he saw at a watering\\-place near Berlin, were more cordial in their attitude.", "On 10 August, Spiess visited Prussian minister Eichhorn, who was charged with putting the cabinet order into effect. On the request of Eichhorn, once back in Burgdorf, Spiess followed up the visit on 18 October with a formal statement of his ideas regarding the essential features of a state system of physical training for the schools, \"Thoughts on the method to be followed in making gymnastics an integral element in popular education.\" The steps therein advocated were taken, in part at least, by almost every German state, and the author, Adolf Spiess, was dubbed \"founder of school gymnastics in Germany and of gymnastics for girls in particular.\"", "### Basel, Switzerland", "[thumb\\|The Basel *Turnplatz* from a plate in Adolf Spiess's book *Turnbuch für Schulen* of 1847](/wiki/Image:Basel_Turnplatz.jpg \"Basel Turnplatz.jpg\")\nTwo years earlier, Spiess had married a former pupil, Marie Buri, and the need of finding a larger and more remunerative field of usefulness no doubt had much to do with the journey to Berlin; but the summons of Massmann to the Prussian capital in 1843 put an end to all hopes in that direction. With further attempts, he received a call from Basel to the position of teacher of gymnastics and history in two higher schools for boys — the Gymnasium and the Realschule — and at the orphan asylum. He entered upon these duties in May 1844\\. The following March he was relieved of the work in history in order that he might have time for instruction in gymnastics at the public girls' school ({{lang\\-de\\|link\\=no\\|Töchterschule}}), and preparations were also made for progressive improvement in physical training at all the city schools.", "Free at last to devote all his thought to the one subject, he finished in 1846 the fourth and final part of his *System of Gymnastics*, and the next year was able to publish the first volume of a practical manual for teachers (*Turnbuch für Schulen*), containing graded series of exercises suitable for boys and girls between the ages of six and ten. The second volume, covering the ages from ten to sixteen, was completed in 1851, after he had left Basel and returned to Germany.", "### Darmstadt, Germany", "In May 1848 Spiess accepted an offer from Minister [von Gagern](/wiki/Heinrich_von_Gagern \"Heinrich von Gagern\") of Hesse, and moved to [Darmstadt](/wiki/Darmstadt \"Darmstadt\"), the capital of the Grand Duchy, to undertake the task of introducing gymnastics into the schools of that state, beginning with the higher schools and the common schools of such communities as were prepared to take the step at once. He was also to train the requisite teaching force, and afterwards superintend their work. The salary of the new “*Oberstudien Assessor*” was fixed at 2000 gulden. Lessons were immediately begun with classes in two secondary schools for boys (the *Gymnasium* and the *[Realschule](/wiki/Realschule \"Realschule\")*) and in the higher school for girls (*Mädchen*\\- or *Töchterschule*). In a large garden lying near the center of the city the hall of a former public house was converted into a gymnasium by setting up along one side rows of [vertical poles](/wiki/Vertical_pole \"Vertical pole\") and horizontal bars and ladders, and adding to these a [giant stride](/wiki/Giant_stride \"Giant stride\"), parallel bars, bucks, [jump stands](/wiki/Jump_stand \"Jump stand\") and jumping ropes, [stilts](/wiki/Stilts \"Stilts\"), and poles for use in vaulting.", "A four weeks' normal course was given in 1849 to about 30 teachers in elementary and higher schools, most of them from Darmstadt, but one from Dresden and ten from Mainz, Offenbach, Worms, and other Hessian towns. Instruction was chiefly by means of model classes, conducted by Spiess in their presence, and after observing these the teachers themselves were given an opportunity to practice the same exercises. In response to an invitation, he took charge of a similar course in [Oldenburg](/wiki/Oldenburg_%28city%29 \"Oldenburg (city)\"), capital of [a Grand Duchy of the same name](/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Oldenburg \"Grand Duchy of Oldenburg\"), in 1851\\. He also visited many places in Hesse in the interest of physical training, and teachers from all parts of the state came to Darmstadt from time to time during the next few years to become familiar with his method. A list of foreign visitors during the period 1852–1854 listed educators from [Sweden](/wiki/Sweden \"Sweden\") (1\\), [Belgium](/wiki/Belgium \"Belgium\") (1\\), Switzerland (3\\), [Austria](/wiki/Austria \"Austria\") (4\\), Prussia (6\\), [Saxony](/wiki/Saxony \"Saxony\") (2\\), [Württemberg](/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg \"Württemberg\") (2\\), [Baden](/wiki/Baden \"Baden\") (5\\), Oldenburg (4\\), Frankfurt am Main (8\\), and smaller German states.", "In 1852, a new indoor gym ({{lang\\-de\\|link\\=no\\|Turnhaus}}) was opened for use classes of boys and girls from various schools. It contained a hall one hundred by sixty feet which could be changed into two rooms by means of a movable partition. It was surrounded by a double *Turnplatz* and was the first building of the kind in Germany. Public exhibitions the next year and again in 1855 acquainted parents, teachers, the grand ducal family, and the state and city authorities with the nature of his work.", "In 1855, failing health compelled Spiess to interrupt his hitherto unceasing activity. Tuberculosis had developed in a lung wounded by a sword thrust during his student days as a second to a duel. Attempts to stop its progress by residence in the Taunus and for two years at [Vevey](/wiki/Vevey \"Vevey\"), on [Lake Geneva](/wiki/Lake_Geneva \"Lake Geneva\"), proved unavailing. He returned to Darmstadt, visiting the *Turnhaus* there for the last time in the fall of 1857, and died the following year.", "" ]
### Education Adolf Spiess entered his father's school at the age of six or less. A few years later, in 1819, [Fritz Hessemer](/wiki/Friedrich_Maximilian_Hessemer "Friedrich Maximilian Hessemer"), just back from the [University of Giessen](/wiki/University_of_Giessen "University of Giessen"), made the pupils acquainted with the new [Jahn](/wiki/Friedrich_Ludwig_Jahn "Friedrich Ludwig Jahn") gymnastics, and [parallel bars](/wiki/Parallel_bars "Parallel bars") and a [horizontal bar](/wiki/Horizontal_bar "Horizontal bar") were now added to the equipment. In 1824 some of the boys organized a little society for the purpose of practising gymnastics regularly outside of school hours. They met in the private garden exercise area ({{lang\-de\|link\=no\|Turnplatz}}) of Councillor ({{lang\-de\|link\=no\|Hofrath}}) A. André, using Jahn's *Deutsche Turnkunst* as a guide. They soon met other turners in [Hanau](/wiki/Hanau "Hanau"), a few miles to the east, with whom joint excursions on foot to the [Taunus](/wiki/Taunus "Taunus") Range were made in 1826 and 1827\. In the spring or summer of 1828, Spiess went to the University of Giessen to pursue the study of theology. He at once joined the *[Burschenschaft](/wiki/Burschenschaft "Burschenschaft")*, which had been organized ten years previously and now concealed itself under the name *Waffenverbindung* (weaponry association). He assiduously practiced fencing, the favorite student exercise, and before the end of the year became proficient. He went on many mountain and castle excursions with friends, and displayed skill in all forms of physical activity — riding, swimming, skating, dancing, and gymnastics. He also pursued music and drawing. He met Jahn during an excursion to the [Harz Mountains](/wiki/Harz_Mountains "Harz Mountains"). In 1829, Spiess continued his theological studies at the [University of Halle](/wiki/University_of_Halle "University of Halle"). In Halle there were opportunities for practice on the horizontal bar, the parallel bars, and the horse, and fencing, too, but the greatest interest was in certain outdoor games — the students, often a hundred or more, gathered twice a week in Passendorf, singing and playing together until nightfall. In late December, Spiess went to Berlin for several months where he frequented [Eiselen](/wiki/Ernst_Wilhelm_Bernhard_Eiselen "Ernst Wilhelm Bernhard Eiselen")'s private gym, and learned many new exercises from Philipp Feddern, Eiselen's assistant. In the spring of 1830, Spiess was back in Giessen, and active in the life of its Burschenschaft. He began to give instruction in gymnastics, first to a dozen boys on a garden *Turnplatz*, and later to nearly 150 in one of the city parks. He modified the traditional method by gathering the entire number into one band at the commencement of each period for various simple exercises performed in rhythm as they stood or marched, or for running and jumping under the leadership of a single teacher. The Hessian authorities were on the lookout for agitation looking toward a united Germany, and had already given notice to the University that no student who was affiliated with forbidden organizations, like the *Burschenschaft*, would be admitted to the regular examinations. The July revolution in France, however, exerted a stimulating influence. Early in 1831 the local association allied itself with the general German Burschenschaft, and members were openly displaying signs of their sympathy with the radical element. Under such circumstances any revival of the old *Turnen* (Jahn\-style gymnastics) was certain to be viewed with apprehension. In the spring of 1831 the former prohibition was renewed, and there could be no more exercising by groups in public. After some months of private study at [Sprendlingen](/wiki/Sprendlingen "Sprendlingen"), his father's new parish, Spiess returned to Giessen and successfully passed his examinations in theology, 2 April 1832\.
[ "### Education", "Adolf Spiess entered his father's school at the age of six or less. A few years later, in 1819, [Fritz Hessemer](/wiki/Friedrich_Maximilian_Hessemer \"Friedrich Maximilian Hessemer\"), just back from the [University of Giessen](/wiki/University_of_Giessen \"University of Giessen\"), made the pupils acquainted with the new [Jahn](/wiki/Friedrich_Ludwig_Jahn \"Friedrich Ludwig Jahn\") gymnastics, and [parallel bars](/wiki/Parallel_bars \"Parallel bars\") and a [horizontal bar](/wiki/Horizontal_bar \"Horizontal bar\") were now added to the equipment. In 1824 some of the boys organized a little society for the purpose of practising gymnastics regularly outside of school hours. They met in the private garden exercise area ({{lang\\-de\\|link\\=no\\|Turnplatz}}) of Councillor ({{lang\\-de\\|link\\=no\\|Hofrath}}) A. André, using Jahn's *Deutsche Turnkunst* as a guide. They soon met other turners in [Hanau](/wiki/Hanau \"Hanau\"), a few miles to the east, with whom joint excursions on foot to the [Taunus](/wiki/Taunus \"Taunus\") Range were made in 1826 and 1827\\.", "In the spring or summer of 1828, Spiess went to the University of Giessen to pursue the study of theology. He at once joined the *[Burschenschaft](/wiki/Burschenschaft \"Burschenschaft\")*, which had been organized ten years previously and now concealed itself under the name *Waffenverbindung* (weaponry association). He assiduously practiced fencing, the favorite student exercise, and before the end of the year became proficient. He went on many mountain and castle excursions with friends, and displayed skill in all forms of physical activity — riding, swimming, skating, dancing, and gymnastics. He also pursued music and drawing. He met Jahn during an excursion to the [Harz Mountains](/wiki/Harz_Mountains \"Harz Mountains\").", "In 1829, Spiess continued his theological studies at the [University of Halle](/wiki/University_of_Halle \"University of Halle\"). In Halle there were opportunities for practice on the horizontal bar, the parallel bars, and the horse, and fencing, too, but the greatest interest was in certain outdoor games — the students, often a hundred or more, gathered twice a week in Passendorf, singing and playing together until nightfall. In late December, Spiess went to Berlin for several months where he frequented [Eiselen](/wiki/Ernst_Wilhelm_Bernhard_Eiselen \"Ernst Wilhelm Bernhard Eiselen\")'s private gym, and learned many new exercises from Philipp Feddern, Eiselen's assistant.", "In the spring of 1830, Spiess was back in Giessen, and active in the life of its Burschenschaft. He began to give instruction in gymnastics, first to a dozen boys on a garden *Turnplatz*, and later to nearly 150 in one of the city parks. He modified the traditional method by gathering the entire number into one band at the commencement of each period for various simple exercises performed in rhythm as they stood or marched, or for running and jumping under the leadership of a single teacher.", "The Hessian authorities were on the lookout for agitation looking toward a united Germany, and had already given notice to the University that no student who was affiliated with forbidden organizations, like the *Burschenschaft*, would be admitted to the regular examinations. The July revolution in France, however, exerted a stimulating influence. Early in 1831 the local association allied itself with the general German Burschenschaft, and members were openly displaying signs of their sympathy with the radical element. Under such circumstances any revival of the old *Turnen* (Jahn\\-style gymnastics) was certain to be viewed with apprehension. In the spring of 1831 the former prohibition was renewed, and there could be no more exercising by groups in public. After some months of private study at [Sprendlingen](/wiki/Sprendlingen \"Sprendlingen\"), his father's new parish, Spiess returned to Giessen and successfully passed his examinations in theology, 2 April 1832\\.", "" ]
### Burgdorf, Switzerland After graduation, Spiess became private tutor in the family of the Hessian Count Solms\-Rödelheim, at [Assenheim](/wiki/Niddatal "Niddatal"). Around this time, on a visit to his family in [Sprendlingen](/wiki/Sprendlingen "Sprendlingen"), one evening a friendly magistrate informed his father that if Adolf was found in the house on the following morning he would be subject to arrest. Spiess therefore left at once, and reached Assenheim in safety. In 1833, his father read a newspaper notice that the city of Burgdorf, Switzerland, was in search of someone who could take charge of physical training in its elementary school. The clergyman, recognizing that a sojourn in a neutral country was the only safe course for his son, in view of existing political conditions, at once wrote to propose Adolf for the place. Word came in August that Adolf had been appointed teacher of gymnastics, singing, writing, and drawing. (In 1835, geography and history was substituted for writing and drawing.) On 5 October he left home with his youngest brother, Hermann, and traveling by way of Basel reached Burgdorf on the 21st, ready to begin work in the state which was to be his home for the next fifteen (1833–1848\). The city authorities had erected a new, attractive, and roomy building for the school, and now placed at its head [Friedrich Fröbel](/wiki/Friedrich_Fr%C3%B6bel "Friedrich Fröbel"), already widely known for his book *The Education of Man* (1826\). Also present were Heinrich Langethal (1792–1879\) and Wilhelm Middendorf (1793–1853\) who had been associated with Fröbel for fourteen years in his school in the Thuringian village of Keilhau, and after the few years in Burgdorf were again to be his helpers when the first kindergarten was opened at Blankenburg, another Thuringian town. All three had been members of [Lützow's Free Corps](/wiki/L%C3%BCtzow_Free_Corps "Lützow Free Corps") during the [War of Liberation](/wiki/War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition "War of the Sixth Coalition"), and through residence in Berlin had come under the influence of Jahn and his work at the Hasenheide *Turnplatz*. [thumb\|Original Spiess Turnplatz at Burgdorf in the grove between the river [Emme](/wiki/Emme_%28river%29 "Emme (river)") (left) and the castle, Schloss Bergdorf (on a hill to the far right).](/wiki/Image:Spiess_Turnplatz.jpg "Spiess Turnplatz.jpg") Spiess found these colleagues ready to cooperate with him at every step, and all worked together in perfect harmony to give the broadest possible training to the children under their care. The open\-air gymnasium, originally laid out after the Jahn plan in 1824, and beautifully situated in a grove near the left bank of the Emme, overlooked to the east by wooded sandstone cliffs beyond the stream and on the west by an ancient castle, was now doubled in size and entirely refitted in accordance with the wishes of the new teacher. In the castle itself, where Pestalozzi had conducted his school for five years (1799–1804\) and written *How Gertrude Teaches Her Children* (1801\), a hall was equipped for winter use. In the spring of 1834 the boys of the school, including even the youngest, began to receive systematic instruction in gymnastics for two successive hours on three afternoons of each week, and before long the interest of the girls, also, was awakened and special classes were formed and suitable exercises devised to meet their needs. There were frequent excursions on foot into the surrounding country. Once a year, in the autumn, an exhibition ({{lang\-de\|link\=no\|Turnfest}}) was held. The new discipline, which reached pupils of both sexes and all ages, was regarded as an essential part of their school training. It was not long before the attention of the cantonal school authorities was attracted to the Burgdorf experiment, and as a result Spiess received in 1835 the added appointment of teacher of gymnastics in the normal school ({{lang\-de\|link\=no\|Landschullehrer\-Seminar}}) ten miles away at [Münchenbuchsee](/wiki/M%C3%BCnchenbuchsee "Münchenbuchsee") where he had about 100 pupils and a model school of 80 children. Spiess took on similar tasks at various other schools in the neighborhood, among them a school for girls in Kirchberg. For his own pleasure and further training, he joined a small gymnastic society of men ({{lang\-de\|link\=no\|Männerturnverein}}) in Burgdorf, visited the Turners in Bern and Hofwyl, and attended the annual Swiss *Turnfeste* held in Bern (1839\), Basel (1841\), and Zurich (1842\). Spiess found that the material and methods of Jahn's *Deutsche Turnkunst* were not sufficient for his needs. Little by little he began therefore to develop and test new groups of exercises, first of all what he called "Free Exercises," or those which require either no apparatus at all, or only such as can be carried in the hands. They were intended to secure ready control and graceful carriage of the body under ordinary conditions, while the pupil was standing or walking on the usual supporting surface, and differed in this particular from the forms commonly practised on the old *Turnplatz*. To instruct large numbers of pupils at once in these free exercises, he developed marching exercises ({{lang\-de\|link\=no\|Ordnungsübungen}}), by means of which the entire class moved as one individual, and in this way discipline and order were improved, since each pupil learned to handle himself as part of the whole, and any desired arrangement of the units could be promptly secured. The next step was a review of all the gymnastic material in the effort to devise a more satisfactory classification than the one adopted in the books of GutsMuths, Jahn's *Deutsche Turnkunst*, and Eiselen's *Turntafeln* (1837\). The result of this study was Spiess's publication in 1840 of the first part (on free exercise) of his *System of Gymnastics* ({{lang\-de\|link\=no\|Lehre der Turnkunst}}), followed by a second part (on hanging exercises) in 1842, and a third part (on supporting exercises, including balancing and vaulting — {{lang\-de\|link\=no\|Stemmübungen}}) in 1843\.
[ "### Burgdorf, Switzerland", "After graduation, Spiess became private tutor in the family of the Hessian Count Solms\\-Rödelheim, at [Assenheim](/wiki/Niddatal \"Niddatal\"). Around this time, on a visit to his family in [Sprendlingen](/wiki/Sprendlingen \"Sprendlingen\"), one evening a friendly magistrate informed his father that if Adolf was found in the house on the following morning he would be subject to arrest. Spiess therefore left at once, and reached Assenheim in safety.", "In 1833, his father read a newspaper notice that the city of Burgdorf, Switzerland, was in search of someone who could take charge of physical training in its elementary school. The clergyman, recognizing that a sojourn in a neutral country was the only safe course for his son, in view of existing political conditions, at once wrote to propose Adolf for the place. Word came in August that Adolf had been appointed teacher of gymnastics, singing, writing, and drawing. (In 1835, geography and history was substituted for writing and drawing.) On 5 October he left home with his youngest brother, Hermann, and traveling by way of Basel reached Burgdorf on the 21st, ready to begin work in the state which was to be his home for the next fifteen (1833–1848\\).", "The city authorities had erected a new, attractive, and roomy building for the school, and now placed at its head [Friedrich Fröbel](/wiki/Friedrich_Fr%C3%B6bel \"Friedrich Fröbel\"), already widely known for his book *The Education of Man* (1826\\). Also present were Heinrich Langethal (1792–1879\\) and Wilhelm Middendorf (1793–1853\\) who had been associated with Fröbel for fourteen years in his school in the Thuringian village of Keilhau, and after the few years in Burgdorf were again to be his helpers when the first kindergarten was opened at Blankenburg, another Thuringian town. All three had been members of [Lützow's Free Corps](/wiki/L%C3%BCtzow_Free_Corps \"Lützow Free Corps\") during the [War of Liberation](/wiki/War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition \"War of the Sixth Coalition\"), and through residence in Berlin had come under the influence of Jahn and his work at the Hasenheide *Turnplatz*.", "[thumb\\|Original Spiess Turnplatz at Burgdorf in the grove between the river [Emme](/wiki/Emme_%28river%29 \"Emme (river)\") (left) and the castle, Schloss Bergdorf (on a hill to the far right).](/wiki/Image:Spiess_Turnplatz.jpg \"Spiess Turnplatz.jpg\")\nSpiess found these colleagues ready to cooperate with him at every step, and all worked together in perfect harmony to give the broadest possible training to the children under their care. The open\\-air gymnasium, originally laid out after the Jahn plan in 1824, and beautifully situated in a grove near the left bank of the Emme, overlooked to the east by wooded sandstone cliffs beyond the stream and on the west by an ancient castle, was now doubled in size and entirely refitted in accordance with the wishes of the new teacher. In the castle itself, where Pestalozzi had conducted his school for five years (1799–1804\\) and written *How Gertrude Teaches Her Children* (1801\\), a hall was equipped for winter use.", "In the spring of 1834 the boys of the school, including even the youngest, began to receive systematic instruction in gymnastics for two successive hours on three afternoons of each week, and before long the interest of the girls, also, was awakened and special classes were formed and suitable exercises devised to meet their needs. There were frequent excursions on foot into the surrounding country. Once a year, in the autumn, an exhibition ({{lang\\-de\\|link\\=no\\|Turnfest}}) was held. The new discipline, which reached pupils of both sexes and all ages, was regarded as an essential part of their school training.", "It was not long before the attention of the cantonal school authorities was attracted to the Burgdorf experiment, and as a result Spiess received in 1835 the added appointment of teacher of gymnastics in the normal school ({{lang\\-de\\|link\\=no\\|Landschullehrer\\-Seminar}}) ten miles away at [Münchenbuchsee](/wiki/M%C3%BCnchenbuchsee \"Münchenbuchsee\") where he had about 100 pupils and a model school of 80 children. Spiess took on similar tasks at various other schools in the neighborhood, among them a school for girls in Kirchberg. For his own pleasure and further training, he joined a small gymnastic society of men ({{lang\\-de\\|link\\=no\\|Männerturnverein}}) in Burgdorf, visited the Turners in Bern and Hofwyl, and attended the annual Swiss *Turnfeste* held in Bern (1839\\), Basel (1841\\), and Zurich (1842\\).", "Spiess found that the material and methods of Jahn's *Deutsche Turnkunst* were not sufficient for his needs. Little by little he began therefore to\ndevelop and test new groups of exercises, first of all what he called \"Free Exercises,\" or those which require either no apparatus at all, or only such as can be carried in the hands. They were intended to secure ready control and graceful carriage of the body under ordinary conditions, while the pupil was standing or walking on the usual supporting surface, and differed in this particular from the forms commonly practised on the old *Turnplatz*.", "To instruct large numbers of pupils at once in these free exercises, he developed marching exercises ({{lang\\-de\\|link\\=no\\|Ordnungsübungen}}), by means of which the entire class moved as one individual, and in this way discipline and order were improved, since each pupil learned to handle himself as part of the whole, and any desired arrangement of the units could be promptly secured. The next step was a review of all the gymnastic material in the effort to devise a more satisfactory classification than the one adopted in the books of GutsMuths, Jahn's *Deutsche Turnkunst*, and Eiselen's *Turntafeln* (1837\\). The result of this study was Spiess's publication in 1840 of the first part (on free exercise) of his *System of Gymnastics* ({{lang\\-de\\|link\\=no\\|Lehre der Turnkunst}}), followed by a second part (on hanging exercises) in 1842, and a third part (on supporting exercises, including balancing and vaulting — {{lang\\-de\\|link\\=no\\|Stemmübungen}}) in 1843\\.", "" ]
Racing career ------------- ### 2002: two\-year\-old season The chestnut gelding, ridden by jockey [José A. Santos](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_A._Santos "José A. Santos"), made his two\-year\-old racing debut at [Belmont Park](/wiki/Belmont_Park "Belmont Park") on September 8, 2002\. Running away from the New York field under a hand ride, he easily won the six\-[furlong](/wiki/Furlong "Furlong") race by {{frac\|14\|3\|4}} lengths. Three weeks later, Funny Cide won his first seven\-furlong stakes race, the [Bertram F. Bongard Stakes](/wiki/Bertram_F._Bongard_Stakes "Bertram F. Bongard Stakes"), under another hand ride, this time by 8 lengths. In the Bongard, his [Beyer Speed Figure](/wiki/Beyer_Speed_Figure "Beyer Speed Figure") was 103: no two\-year\-old in the country had run faster. His third winning effort as a two\-year\-old was his first mile race, the [Sleepy Hollow Stakes](/wiki/Sleepy_Hollow_Stakes "Sleepy Hollow Stakes") (also at Belmont Park). Under a hard hold by Santos, he was for the first time challenged for the lead (by Spite the Devil). Despite being bumped several times, Funny Cide won by a neck.{{cite web\|title\=Chart for October 19, 2002\|url\=http://www.equibase.com/premium/chartEmb.cfm?track\=BEL\&raceDate\=10/19/2002\&cy\=USA\&rn\=5\|website\=equibase.com\|access\-date\=23 June 2016}} Santos believed he had found his Derby horse.{{cite web\|title\=Jose Santos: Derby\-Preakness Winning Jockey\|url\=http://www.bloodhorse.com/horse\-racing/articles/181950/jose\-santos\-derby\-preakness\-winning\-jockey\|website\=BloodHorse.com\|access\-date\=23 June 2016}} Funny Cide was named the Champion two\-year\-old New\-York bred for 2002, though little attention was paid to him nationally. He was not included on the [Experimental Free Handicap](/wiki/Experimental_Free_Handicap "Experimental Free Handicap"), which was led by the champion two\-year\-old Vindication.{{cite web\|last1\=Eastwood\|first1\=John\|title\=2003 Experimental Free Handicap\|url\=https://www1\.drf.com/tc/road/2003/efc.html\|website\=www1\.drf.com\|access\-date\=23 June 2016}} ### 2003: three\-year\-old season Funny Cide began his three\-year\-old campaign on January 18, 2003, in the {{frac\|1\|1\|16}}\-mile [Holy Bull Stakes](/wiki/Holy_Bull_Stakes "Holy Bull Stakes") at [Gulfstream Park](/wiki/Gulfstream_Park "Gulfstream Park"). Breaking from post position 13, he hit the gate and raced wide for the entire trip, eventually finishing fifth behind [Offlee Wild](/wiki/Offlee_Wild "Offlee Wild").{{cite web\|title\=Chart for the Holy Bull\|url\=http://www.equibase.com/premium/chartEmb.cfm?track\=GP\&raceDate\=01/18/2003\&cy\=USA\&rn\=10\|website\=equibase.com\|access\-date\=23 June 2016}} He then shipped to Fair Grounds for the [Louisiana Derby](/wiki/Louisiana_Derby "Louisiana Derby") on March 9, where he faced [Peace Rules](/wiki/Peace_Rules "Peace Rules"), Kafwain, and Badge of Silver. Staying close to the pace, he rallied in the stretch, dropped back, and then came on again along the rail. Finishing third after Peace Rules, he was moved up to second place after the disqualification of Kafwain.{{cite web\|title\=Chart of the Louisiana Derby\|url\=http://www.equibase.com/premium/chartEmb.cfm?track\=FG\&raceDate\=03/09/2003\&cy\=USA\&rn\=9\|website\=equibase.com\|access\-date\=23 June 2016}} On April 12, he entered the [Wood Memorial](/wiki/Wood_Memorial "Wood Memorial") at [Aqueduct](/wiki/Aqueduct_Racetrack "Aqueduct Racetrack") as the second betting choice. [Empire Maker](/wiki/Empire_Maker "Empire Maker"), conditioned by Hall of Fame trainer [Bobby Frankel](/wiki/Bobby_Frankel "Bobby Frankel") and ridden by [Jerry Bailey](/wiki/Jerry_D._Bailey "Jerry D. Bailey"), was the odds\-on favorite after an impressive win in the [Florida Derby](/wiki/Florida_Derby "Florida Derby"). Funny Cide was bumped at the start then moved up to challenge New York Hero on the lead. Empire Maker raced in third, then took the lead as they entered the stretch. Funny Cide fought back gamely, losing by only {{frac\|1\|2}} length.{{cite web\|title\=Empire Maker wins Wood Memorial solidifies status as Derby favorite\|url\=http://lubbockonline.com/stories/041303/pro\_041303090\.shtml\#.V2tuSZErK00\|website\=lubbockonline.com\|access\-date\=23 June 2016}} Funny Cide earned a [Beyer Speed Figure](/wiki/Beyer_Speed_Figure "Beyer Speed Figure") of 110 for the Wood. #### Kentucky Derby Empire Maker was the favorite for the Derby despite suffering a bruised right front hoof that caused him to miss a few days of training: his odds did drift up though from 6–5 on the morning\-line to a more lukewarm 5–2\. [Peace Rules](/wiki/Peace_Rules "Peace Rules"), also trained by Frankel, was the second choice at 6\-1 while Funny Cide was sixth choice at 13–1\. Bumped again at the start, Funny Cide tracked the early pace set by Peace Rules, and moved to the lead heading into the stretch. Empire Maker then started closing fast but Funny Cide was able to hold on by {{frac\|1\|1\|2}} lengths. "I hit him and he kept digging and digging and he did it," said Santos. "It was New York pride." Funny Cide's time of 2:01\.19 was the tenth fastest time in Kentucky Derby history.{{cite web\|last1\=Drape\|first1\=Joe\|title\=Funny Cide, a 'Yeah, Right' Gelding, Beats Royalty\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/05/04/sports/horse\-racing\-kentucky\-derby\-funny\-cide\-a\-yeah\-right\-gelding\-beats\-royalty.html\|website\=The New York Times\|access\-date\=23 June 2016\|date\=4 May 2003}}{{cite web\|title\=Chart for the 2003 Kentucky Derby\|url\=http://www.equibase.com/premium/chartEmb.cfm?track\=CD\&raceDate\=05/03/2003\&cy\=USA\&rn\=10\|website\=equibase.com\|access\-date\=23 June 2016}} #### Preakness Stakes [Blood\-Horse magazine](/wiki/Blood-Horse_magazine "Blood-Horse magazine")'s Steven Haskin wrote: "[Pimlico](/wiki/Pimlico_Race_Course "Pimlico Race Course") stakes coordinator David Rollinson had to go out and recruit [Preakness Stakes](/wiki/Preakness_Stakes "Preakness Stakes") horses when it looked like only six or seven were going to run. All was calm that first week after the Derby. Then, [Empire Maker](/wiki/Empire_Maker "Empire Maker") was officially declared out, leaving only six confirmed starters. Then Midway Road came in. Then all hell broke loose when the [Miami Herald](/wiki/Miami_Herald "Miami Herald")'s bogus story and photo of Santos cheating in the Derby appeared. Empire Maker suddenly jumped back in, his Triple Crown hopes alive once again. Hours later, when the inferno began to subside, he was back out. Then [Peace Rules](/wiki/Peace_Rules "Peace Rules") officially came in. Sometime, in between all that, Champali scratched after colicking. Then Kissin Saint and Alysweep came in. Then Indian Express came out. Then Rollinson popped a couple of Advil and braced for week two." Week two was like week one, now including the in and outs and ins of New York Hero, Ten Cents A Shine, Foufa's Warrior, and During. Haskin said, "All this confusion could have been avoided if all involved had known how Funny Cide was going to run in the Preakness."{{cite web\|last1\=Haskin\|first1\=Steve\|title\=Preakness Story: Funny Cide Fairy Tale Continues\|url\=http://www.bloodhorse.com/horse\-racing/articles/181942/steve\-haskins\-preakness\-story\-funny\-cide\-fairy\-tale\-continues\|website\=BloodHorse.com\|access\-date\=23 June 2016}} Shipped in at the last moment by Tagg and stabled in Mary Eppler's barn to keep him calm and away from the press, this time Funny Cide was the betting favorite. On a cold, wet day in May, he broke from post position nine (only Layminister in 1910 and [Canonero II](/wiki/Canonero_II "Canonero II") in 1971 won from the ninth post) and was the runaway winner of the [2003 Preakness Stakes](/wiki/2003_Preakness_Stakes "2003 Preakness Stakes") at [Baltimore](/wiki/Baltimore "Baltimore")'s [Pimlico Race Course](/wiki/Pimlico_Race_Course "Pimlico Race Course"). His time was 1:55:61 and he took the race by {{frac\|9\|3\|4}} lengths, the second\-largest margin in Preakness history. "I couldn't find my horse, so I was watching Funny Cide," said [Bob Baffert](/wiki/Bob_Baffert "Bob Baffert"), trainer of Senor Swinger, who finished fifth. "It was fun watching and listening to the crowd respond to Funny Cide as he drew off like that."{{cite web\|last1\=Keyser\|first1\=Tom\|title\=Funny Cide wins 2nd jewel in rout\|url\=http://www.baltimoresun.com/bal\-sp.preakness18may18\-story.html\|website\=baltimoresun.com\|access\-date\=23 June 2016}} Funny Cide earned a [Beyer Speed Figure](/wiki/Beyer_Speed_Figure "Beyer Speed Figure") of 114\. He was only the third New York\-bred to win the Preakness. The other two were Jacobus in 1883 and [Margrave](/wiki/Margrave "Margrave") in 1896 when the Preakness was run at [Gravesend Race Track](/wiki/Gravesend_Race_Track "Gravesend Race Track") in [Coney Island](/wiki/Coney_Island "Coney Island"), New York. #### Belmont Stakes With a Triple Crown on the line, Funny Cide and his connections were the center of attention in the weeks leading up to the [2003 Belmont Stakes](/wiki/2003_Belmont_Stakes "2003 Belmont Stakes"). Funny Cide posted several fast works: too fast, some worried. Then it rained all day before the Belmont Stakes, the most grueling of the three Triple Crown races and a quarter mile longer than the Kentucky Derby. Regardless, New Yorkers came to the track in near record numbers, hoping to see the New York\-bred make history. Funny Cide broke well and rushed to the early lead, but wasted energy struggling against Santos's efforts to set a sensible pace down the backstretch. As they rounded the final turn, Empire Maker ranged up on the outside and gradually pulled clear. Funny Cide tried to respond but eventually tired, finishing third.{{cite web\|last1\=Drape\|first1\=Joe\|title\=Empire Maker Ends Funny Cide's Triple Crown Bid\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/06/08/sports/othersports/08RACI.html\|website\=The New York Times\|access\-date\=23 June 2016\|date\=8 June 2003}} The horses who beat him, [Empire Maker](/wiki/Empire_Maker "Empire Maker") and [Ten Most Wanted](/wiki/Ten_Most_Wanted_%28horse%29 "Ten Most Wanted (horse)"), were both fresher horses, having skipped the Preakness Stakes. Frankel had said before the race that if everyone hated him after the Belmont Stakes, then he had done his job. Robin Smullen, Tagg's assistant and companion, had predicted that win, lose or draw, Funny Cide would remain everyone's favorite horse. Both Frankel and Smullen proved to be correct. Later that year, Island Fashion, trained by Tagg, won the [Alabama Stakes](/wiki/Alabama_Stakes "Alabama Stakes"). Her victory denied a $2 million [Triple Tiara](/wiki/Triple_Tiara_of_Thoroughbred_Racing "Triple Tiara of Thoroughbred Racing") bonus to the owners of Spoken Fur, trained by Frankel. Funny Cide became the 17th horse to take the Derby and Preakness and then lose the Belmont. Tagg wondered if the sloppy track may have played a role in the loss, despite training over it nearly every day regardless of weather. "I just feel bad for all the people who came out," Tagg said. "We were beaten by a good horse. I don't know what else to say. I am being honest. It is horse racing."{{cite web\|last1\=Liebman\|first1\=Dan\|title\=Empire Maker Spoils Funny Cide's Triple Crown Run\|url\=http://www.bloodhorse.com/horse\-racing/articles/181576/empire\-maker\-spoils\-funny\-cides\-triple\-crown\-run\|website\=BloodHorse.com\|access\-date\=23 June 2016}} #### Later three\-year\-old season Funny Cide was given a two\-month break, then returned on August 3 in the [Haskell Invitational](/wiki/Haskell_Invitational "Haskell Invitational") at [Monmouth Park](/wiki/Monmouth_Park "Monmouth Park") where he finished third to Peace Rules. His next target was supposed to be the [Travers Stakes](/wiki/Travers_Stakes "Travers Stakes") at [Saratoga](/wiki/Saratoga_Race_Course "Saratoga Race Course") in a face\-off against Empire Maker, but both horses became ill and missed the race. In Funny Cide's case it was a respiratory condition, although Tagg didn't know whether the gelding had a lung infection or allergies. During a routine gallop, he started making noise so a veterinarian examined his lungs and found them full of mucus. Funny Cide may have been suffering from the same ailment when he finished third in the Haskell: he showed mucus after that race, as well as an elevated temperature.{{cite news\|last1\=Smith\|first1\=Beverley\|title\=Funny Cide pulls out at Saratoga\|url\=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/sports/funny\-cide\-pulls\-out\-at\-saratoga/article1044548/\|website\=The Globe and Mail\|access\-date\=23 June 2016}} Funny Cide missed most of the fall racing season but recovered in time to enter the [Breeders' Cup Classic](/wiki/Breeders%27_Cup_Classic "Breeders' Cup Classic"), held that year at [Santa Anita Park](/wiki/Santa_Anita_Park "Santa Anita Park") on October 25\. Facing an excellent field, he raced wide just off the pace before fading on the final turn, finishing ninth behind [Pleasantly Perfect](/wiki/Pleasantly_Perfect "Pleasantly Perfect").{{cite web\|title\=Chart for the 2003 Breeders Cup Classic\|url\=http://www.equibase.com/premium/chartEmb.cfm?track\=SA\&raceDate\=10/25/2003\&cy\=USA\&rn\=9\|website\=equibase.com\|access\-date\=23 June 2016}} Tagg would say later that Funny Cide didn't like the heat.{{cite web\|title\=ESPN.com \- Breeders Cup 2004 \- Funny Cide may strike again in Classic\|url\=https://www.espn.com/horse/breederscup04/s/2004/1030/1912645\.html\|website\=\[\[ESPN]]\|access\-date\=23 June 2016}} Funny Cide won the [Eclipse Award](/wiki/Eclipse_Award "Eclipse Award") for [3 Year Old Male of the Year](/wiki/Eclipse_Award_for_Outstanding_Three-Year-Old_Male_Horse "Eclipse Award for Outstanding Three-Year-Old Male Horse"), the first New York\-bred to do so. ([Saratoga Dew](/wiki/Saratoga_Dew "Saratoga Dew") was named [American Champion Three\-Year\-Old Filly](/wiki/American_Champion_Three-Year-Old_Filly "American Champion Three-Year-Old Filly") of 1992\). The voters had to weigh Empire Maker's two wins in their three head\-to\-head races, versus the brilliance of Funny Cide's two Classic wins. As Andrew Beyer put it: "\[Funny Cide] performed honorably throughout the series, while stimulating widespread public interest in the sport. Is he less worthy of a title than a rival who won one race, had an excuse in one and skipped one?"{{cite web\|last1\=Beyer\|first1\=Andrew\|title\=Funny Choice Makes Sense\|url\=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\-xpm\-2003\-nov\-30\-sp\-dogbeyer30\-story.html\|website\=Los Angeles Times\|access\-date\=23 June 2016\|date\=30 November 2003}} Ultimately, Funny Cide prevailed by 150 votes to 92\.{{cite web\|title\=2003 Eclipse Award Winners\|url\=http://www.horse\-races.net/library/article\-012604\.htm\|website\=www.horse\-races.net\|access\-date\=23 June 2016}} ### 2004: four\-year\-old season On January 10, 2004, Funny Cide returned to the track with a win in allowance company at Gulfstream Park, followed by third\-place finishes in the [Donn Handicap](/wiki/Donn_Handicap "Donn Handicap") and [New Orleans Handicap](/wiki/New_Orleans_Handicap "New Orleans Handicap"). In April, he won the [Excelsior Breeders' Cup Handicap](/wiki/Excelsior_Breeders%27_Cup_Handicap "Excelsior Breeders' Cup Handicap") at Aqueduct, digging in down the stretch to beat [Evening Attire](/wiki/Evening_Attire_%28horse%29 "Evening Attire (horse)") by half a length. His next start was in the 1\-mile [Metropolitan Handicap](/wiki/Metropolitan_Handicap "Metropolitan Handicap") where he finished fifth. In June 2004, the New York Turf Writer's Association honoured Funny Cide with its Presidents' Award as the first New York\-bred to win the Kentucky Derby and for how his Triple Crown bid captivated the nation. Jose Santos received the Red Smith "Good Guy" Award for his "grace under pressure" when dealing with a false accusation concerning his ride in the Kentucky Derby.{{cite web\|title\=New York Turf Writers Honor Mineshaft\|url\=http://www.bloodhorse.com/horse\-racing/articles/175330/new\-york\-turf\-writers\-honor\-mineshaft\|website\=bloodhorse.com\|access\-date\=24 June 2016}} Funny Cide next started in the [Massachusetts Handicap](/wiki/Massachusetts_Handicap "Massachusetts Handicap") on July 3, 2004, earning a 110 [Beyer Speed Figure](/wiki/Beyer_Speed_Figure "Beyer Speed Figure"). The finish was a three\-way photo at the wire between runner\-up Funny Cide, the winner [Offlee Wild](/wiki/Offlee_Wild "Offlee Wild"), and The Lady's Groom. He next ran in the [Suburban Handicap](/wiki/Suburban_Handicap "Suburban Handicap"), finishing third in another close finish behind old foe Peace Rules. Funny Cide then ran second behind Evening Attire in the [Saratoga Breeders' Cup Handicap](/wiki/Saratoga_Breeders%27_Cup_Handicap "Saratoga Breeders' Cup Handicap") before a near record crowd of 70,175\. Coming into the [Jockey Club Gold Cup](/wiki/Jockey_Club_Gold_Cup "Jockey Club Gold Cup"), Funny Cide had only two wins in eight starts for the year, but was still co\-favorite at 3–1 with Love of Money. The two battled for the lead for the first mile, then Funny Cide fell back as Newfoundland moved to the lead with Love of Money, and The Cliff's Edge came closing on the outside. Funny Cide appeared to be struggling, but fought back and began to gradually wear down Newfoundland, finally winning by three\-quarters of a length. "I thought he was done," Tagg said. "Maybe he wanted to take a breather, I don't know... I was about ready to get sick then, but he came back running. He always does that. He never gives up. He always comes back running, even in some of his worst races."{{cite web\|last1\=McNamara\|first1\=Ed\|title\=Funny Cide gets last laugh in Jockey Club Gold Cup\|url\=https://www.espn.com/horse/breederscup04/s/2004/1006/1896326\.html\|website\=\[\[ESPN]]\|access\-date\=23 June 2016}} The Cliff's Edge was third and Evening Attire fourth, as Love of Money dropped out of contention. In the winner's circle, Funny Cide appeared exhausted by the effort.{{cite web\|last1\=Shinar\|first1\=Jack\|title\=Funny Cide Gets Serious in JC Gold Cup\|url\=http://www.bloodhorse.com/horse\-racing/articles/173761/funny\-cide\-gets\-serious\-in\-jc\-gold\-cup\|website\=bloodhorse.com\|access\-date\=23 June 2016}} In the Gold Cup, he earned a 112 Beyer. Funny Cide's last race of the year was a tenth\-place finish in the Breeders' Cup Classic, held that year at Lone Star Park. ### 2005–2007: four to six\-year\-old season Since the middle of his three\-year\-old campaign, Funny Cide was beset with respiratory problems, perhaps aggravated by racing in the heat at the 2003 Breeders' Cup Classic at [Santa Anita](/wiki/Santa_Anita_Park "Santa Anita Park") when a major forest fire raged nearby. Tagg would call him "fractious", later saying, "He had a lot of good qualities about him, but he was pretty difficult to train."{{cite web\|title\=Tagg: 'Nobiz' tailor\-made for Derby\|url\=http://articles.sun\-sentinel.com/2007\-03\-02/sports/0703011008\_1\_nobiz\-funny\-cide\-shobiz\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821174401/http://articles.sun\-sentinel.com/2007\-03\-02/sports/0703011008\_1\_nobiz\-funny\-cide\-shobiz\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=August 21, 2016\|website\=sun\-sentinel.com\|access\-date\=23 June 2016}} During his five\-year\-old season he had back problems, undiagnosed until he had raced out of the money in the Pimlico Special, Brooklyn Handicap, and Suburban Handicap. Tagg decided to rest Funny Cide for the last half of the season.{{cite web\|last1\=Pedulla\|first1\=Tom\|title\=USATODAY.com \- Funny Cide still going strong\|url\=http://usatoday30\.usatoday.com/sports/horses/2006\-08\-31\-funny\-cide\_x.htm\|website\=usatoday30\.usatoday.com\|access\-date\=23 June 2016}} Funny Cide returned to the track on January 7, 2006, in the six\-furlong [Gulfstream Park Handicap](/wiki/Gulfstream_Park_Handicap "Gulfstream Park Handicap"), finishing a disappointing seventh. On February 2, 2006, he finished second in a one\-mile allowance race at Gulfstream, finishing behind Sir Greeley but ahead of odds\-on favorite Sun King, winner of the [Pennsylvania](/wiki/Pennsylvania_Derby "Pennsylvania Derby") and [Tampa Bay Derbies](/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Derby "Tampa Bay Derby"). Funny Cide's jockey for the race, [Edgar Prado](/wiki/Edgar_Prado "Edgar Prado"), said, "This was not his best distance but he was trying the whole way. He galloped out real strong. I think he's back, hopefully."{{cite web\|title\=Funny Cide Rebounds With Second\-place Finish\|url\=http://articles.sun\-sentinel.com/2006\-02\-03/sports/0602021165\_1\_funny\-cide\-sun\-king\-chestnut\-son\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821173606/http://articles.sun\-sentinel.com/2006\-02\-03/sports/0602021165\_1\_funny\-cide\-sun\-king\-chestnut\-son\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=August 21, 2016\|website\=sun\-sentinel.com\|access\-date\=23 June 2016}} On April 1, he again finished second, this time in the [Excelsior Breeders' Cup Handicap](/wiki/Excelsior_Breeders%27_Cup_Handicap "Excelsior Breeders' Cup Handicap") at Aqueduct. "He ran a fantastic race", new jockey [Richard Migliore](/wiki/Richard_Migliore_%28jockey%29 "Richard Migliore (jockey)") said. "Blood and guts all the way to the wire. He's a fantastic racehorse. I wasn't looking for the lead, but my horse was keen and I didn't want to get into a fight with him. When he got alone, he idled better and when company joined him, he fought on again. It was a very game performance."{{cite web\|last1\=Moran\|first1\=Paul\|title\='Virginia' tops Funny Cide in Excelsior\|url\=http://www.newsday.com/sports/virginia\-tops\-funny\-cide\-in\-excelsior\-1\.620566\|website\=newsday.com\|access\-date\=23 June 2016}} [thumb\|right\|Funny Cide with his hotwalker, Raunie Hart (who was there from the start)](/wiki/File:Funny_Raunie_033.jpg "Funny Raunie 033.jpg") On April 30, Funny Cide broke his losing streak by taking the [Kings Point Handicap](/wiki/Kings_Point_Handicap "Kings Point Handicap") for state\-breds at [Aqueduct](/wiki/Aqueduct_Racetrack "Aqueduct Racetrack"). Funny Cide took the early lead but dropped into second coming into the stretch. Migliore hit him with the stick, which Funny Cide resented. "I turned my stick over and hit him with it before he was ready," said Migliore. "I kind of took him out of his game. My little bit of worry almost cost us. I should have been more confident."{{cite web\|title\=Derby Champ Funny Cide Wins At Aqueduct\|url\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid\=1817\&dat\=20060501\&id\=Nm80AAAAIBAJ\&sjid\=0qcEAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=2105,78550\&hl\=en\|website\=news.google.com (scan from the Tuscaloosa News)\|access\-date\=23 June 2016}} He followed this with a third\-place finish in the [William Donald Schaefer Handicap](/wiki/William_Donald_Schaefer_Handicap "William Donald Schaefer Handicap") at Pimlico. On July 1, Funny Cide led all the way to win the Grade III $200,800, {{frac\|1\|1\|4}}\-mile [Dominion Day Stakes](/wiki/Dominion_Day_Stakes "Dominion Day Stakes") at [Woodbine Racetrack](/wiki/Woodbine_Racetrack "Woodbine Racetrack") in [Toronto, Canada](/wiki/Toronto%2C_Canada "Toronto, Canada"). The race attracted many who had come just to see Funny Cide; they crowded the walking ring when he entered the paddock and gave him an ovation during the post parade. His {{frac\|1\|1\|2}}\-length win over a strong field brought the crowd to its feet. Funny Cide broke from the inside post and set a fast pace, then held off challenges from Cryptograph, who finished third and Nolan's Cat, who finished second. "I kind of figured we'd be on the lead," said Migliore. "I knew I had horse. When the challenge came, he met it. He likes to fight. As long as he can see them, they weren't going to beat him." Funny Cide was the first Derby winner to win at Woodbine since [Secretariat](/wiki/Secretariat_%28horse%29 "Secretariat (horse)") took the [Canadian International Stakes](/wiki/Canadian_International_Stakes "Canadian International Stakes") in 1973\.{{cite web\|title\=Funny Cide Crosses Border to Win Dominion Day\|url\=http://www.bloodhorse.com/horse\-racing/articles/164606/funny\-cide\-crosses\-border\-to\-win\-dominion\-day\|website\=bloodhorse.com\|access\-date\=23 June 2016}} He was also the first Kentucky Derby winner to win a graded stakes race at the age of six. He was also one of only two Kentucky Derby winners in 46 years to race at the age of six. (The other was [Gato Del Sol](/wiki/Gato_Del_Sol "Gato Del Sol"), the 1982 winner.){{cite web\|title\=Funny Cide Still Going Strong at Age 7\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/01/sports/othersports/01funny.html\|website\=The New York Times\|access\-date\=23 June 2016\|date\=1 July 2007}} Funny Cide, foaled in [Saratoga Springs](/wiki/Saratoga_Springs "Saratoga Springs"), next ran in the Grade I [Woodward Stakes](/wiki/Woodward_Stakes "Woodward Stakes") at Saratoga on September 2, 2006\. The field contained Sun King, the favorite after finishing second in the Whitney, the 2005 Travers winner [Flower Alley](/wiki/Flower_Alley "Flower Alley"), and Suave, who won the 2005 Saratoga Breeders' Cup Handicap. But Funny Cide was the star: the New York Thoroughbred Breeders gave out 10,000 Funny Cide posters to his fans.{{cite web\|title\=Funny Cide Preps for Woodward With Bullet Work\|url\=http://www.bloodhorse.com/horse\-racing/articles/163818/funny\-cide\-preps\-for\-woodward\-with\-bullet\-work\|website\=bloodhorse.com\|access\-date\=23 June 2016}} Unfortunately, Funny Cide was not up to the task and faded after chasing the pace while running wide, finishing eighth.{{cite web\|title\=Chart of the Woodward Stakes\|url\=http://www.equibase.com/premium/chartEmb.cfm?track\=SAR\&raceDate\=09/02/2006\&cy\=USA\&rn\=9\|website\=equibase.com\|access\-date\=23 June 2016}} Funny Cide finished 2006 with two losses in the Brooklyn Breeders Cup Handicap and the Empire Cup Handicap. He was given some time off, then returned on April 29, 2007, in the Kings Point Handicap. He chased the pace three\-wide but had no rally in the stretch and finished third. In the Wagon Limit Stakes for New York\-breds, he went to the early lead but tired and again finished third. On July 4, 2007, lured to [Finger Lakes Race Track](/wiki/Finger_Lakes_Gaming_and_Race_Track "Finger Lakes Gaming and Race Track") by an extra $50,000 added to the purse, Funny Cide took the $100,000 [Wadsworth Memorial Handicap](/wiki/Wadsworth_Memorial_Handicap "Wadsworth Memorial Handicap") by three lengths under [Alan Garcia](/wiki/Alan_Garcia_%28jockey%29 "Alan Garcia (jockey)"), breaking his six\-race winless streak. The track, which could accommodate 2,000 patrons in the clubhouse and another 4,000 in the grandstand, had an attendance of well over 11,000 people, its second\-largest crowd since 1962\. Funny Cide was only the second winner of a [Triple Crown](/wiki/United_States_Triple_Crown_of_Thoroughbred_Racing "United States Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing") race to run at Finger Lakes in its 46\-year history.{{cite web\|last1\=Kekis\|first1\=John\|title\=Funny Cide Responds to Hero's Welcome\|url\=http://www.bloodhorse.com/horse\-racing/articles/159264/funny\-cide\-responds\-to\-heros\-welcome\|website\=bloodhorse.com\|access\-date\=23 June 2016}}
[ "Racing career\n-------------", "### 2002: two\\-year\\-old season", "The chestnut gelding, ridden by jockey [José A. Santos](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_A._Santos \"José A. Santos\"), made his two\\-year\\-old racing debut at [Belmont Park](/wiki/Belmont_Park \"Belmont Park\") on September 8, 2002\\. Running away from the New York field under a hand ride, he easily won the six\\-[furlong](/wiki/Furlong \"Furlong\") race by {{frac\\|14\\|3\\|4}} lengths. Three weeks later, Funny Cide won his first seven\\-furlong stakes race, the [Bertram F. Bongard Stakes](/wiki/Bertram_F._Bongard_Stakes \"Bertram F. Bongard Stakes\"), under another hand ride, this time by 8 lengths. In the Bongard, his [Beyer Speed Figure](/wiki/Beyer_Speed_Figure \"Beyer Speed Figure\") was 103: no two\\-year\\-old in the country had run faster.", "His third winning effort as a two\\-year\\-old was his first mile race, the [Sleepy Hollow Stakes](/wiki/Sleepy_Hollow_Stakes \"Sleepy Hollow Stakes\") (also at Belmont Park). Under a hard hold by Santos, he was for the first time challenged for the lead (by Spite the Devil). Despite being bumped several times, Funny Cide won by a neck.{{cite web\\|title\\=Chart for October 19, 2002\\|url\\=http://www.equibase.com/premium/chartEmb.cfm?track\\=BEL\\&raceDate\\=10/19/2002\\&cy\\=USA\\&rn\\=5\\|website\\=equibase.com\\|access\\-date\\=23 June 2016}} Santos believed he had found his Derby horse.{{cite web\\|title\\=Jose Santos: Derby\\-Preakness Winning Jockey\\|url\\=http://www.bloodhorse.com/horse\\-racing/articles/181950/jose\\-santos\\-derby\\-preakness\\-winning\\-jockey\\|website\\=BloodHorse.com\\|access\\-date\\=23 June 2016}}", "Funny Cide was named the Champion two\\-year\\-old New\\-York bred for 2002, though little attention was paid to him nationally. He was not included on the [Experimental Free Handicap](/wiki/Experimental_Free_Handicap \"Experimental Free Handicap\"), which was led by the champion two\\-year\\-old Vindication.{{cite web\\|last1\\=Eastwood\\|first1\\=John\\|title\\=2003 Experimental Free Handicap\\|url\\=https://www1\\.drf.com/tc/road/2003/efc.html\\|website\\=www1\\.drf.com\\|access\\-date\\=23 June 2016}}", "### 2003: three\\-year\\-old season", "Funny Cide began his three\\-year\\-old campaign on January 18, 2003, in the {{frac\\|1\\|1\\|16}}\\-mile [Holy Bull Stakes](/wiki/Holy_Bull_Stakes \"Holy Bull Stakes\") at [Gulfstream Park](/wiki/Gulfstream_Park \"Gulfstream Park\"). Breaking from post position 13, he hit the gate and raced wide for the entire trip, eventually finishing fifth behind [Offlee Wild](/wiki/Offlee_Wild \"Offlee Wild\").{{cite web\\|title\\=Chart for the Holy Bull\\|url\\=http://www.equibase.com/premium/chartEmb.cfm?track\\=GP\\&raceDate\\=01/18/2003\\&cy\\=USA\\&rn\\=10\\|website\\=equibase.com\\|access\\-date\\=23 June 2016}} He then shipped to Fair Grounds for the [Louisiana Derby](/wiki/Louisiana_Derby \"Louisiana Derby\") on March 9, where he faced [Peace Rules](/wiki/Peace_Rules \"Peace Rules\"), Kafwain, and Badge of Silver. Staying close to the pace, he rallied in the stretch, dropped back, and then came on again along the rail. Finishing third after Peace Rules, he was moved up to second place after the disqualification of Kafwain.{{cite web\\|title\\=Chart of the Louisiana Derby\\|url\\=http://www.equibase.com/premium/chartEmb.cfm?track\\=FG\\&raceDate\\=03/09/2003\\&cy\\=USA\\&rn\\=9\\|website\\=equibase.com\\|access\\-date\\=23 June 2016}}", "On April 12, he entered the [Wood Memorial](/wiki/Wood_Memorial \"Wood Memorial\") at [Aqueduct](/wiki/Aqueduct_Racetrack \"Aqueduct Racetrack\") as the second betting choice. [Empire Maker](/wiki/Empire_Maker \"Empire Maker\"), conditioned by Hall of Fame trainer [Bobby Frankel](/wiki/Bobby_Frankel \"Bobby Frankel\") and ridden by [Jerry Bailey](/wiki/Jerry_D._Bailey \"Jerry D. Bailey\"), was the odds\\-on favorite after an impressive win in the [Florida Derby](/wiki/Florida_Derby \"Florida Derby\"). Funny Cide was bumped at the start then moved up to challenge New York Hero on the lead. Empire Maker raced in third, then took the lead as they entered the stretch. Funny Cide fought back gamely, losing by only {{frac\\|1\\|2}} length.{{cite web\\|title\\=Empire Maker wins Wood Memorial solidifies status as Derby favorite\\|url\\=http://lubbockonline.com/stories/041303/pro\\_041303090\\.shtml\\#.V2tuSZErK00\\|website\\=lubbockonline.com\\|access\\-date\\=23 June 2016}} Funny Cide earned a [Beyer Speed Figure](/wiki/Beyer_Speed_Figure \"Beyer Speed Figure\") of 110 for the Wood.", "#### Kentucky Derby", "Empire Maker was the favorite for the Derby despite suffering a bruised right front hoof that caused him to miss a few days of training: his odds did drift up though from 6–5 on the morning\\-line to a more lukewarm 5–2\\. [Peace Rules](/wiki/Peace_Rules \"Peace Rules\"), also trained by Frankel, was the second choice at 6\\-1 while Funny Cide was sixth choice at 13–1\\. Bumped again at the start, Funny Cide tracked the early pace set by Peace Rules, and moved to the lead heading into the stretch. Empire Maker then started closing fast but Funny Cide was able to hold on by {{frac\\|1\\|1\\|2}} lengths. \"I hit him and he kept digging and digging and he did it,\" said Santos. \"It was New York pride.\" Funny Cide's time of 2:01\\.19 was the tenth fastest time in Kentucky Derby history.{{cite web\\|last1\\=Drape\\|first1\\=Joe\\|title\\=Funny Cide, a 'Yeah, Right' Gelding, Beats Royalty\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/05/04/sports/horse\\-racing\\-kentucky\\-derby\\-funny\\-cide\\-a\\-yeah\\-right\\-gelding\\-beats\\-royalty.html\\|website\\=The New York Times\\|access\\-date\\=23 June 2016\\|date\\=4 May 2003}}{{cite web\\|title\\=Chart for the 2003 Kentucky Derby\\|url\\=http://www.equibase.com/premium/chartEmb.cfm?track\\=CD\\&raceDate\\=05/03/2003\\&cy\\=USA\\&rn\\=10\\|website\\=equibase.com\\|access\\-date\\=23 June 2016}}", "#### Preakness Stakes", "[Blood\\-Horse magazine](/wiki/Blood-Horse_magazine \"Blood-Horse magazine\")'s Steven Haskin wrote: \"[Pimlico](/wiki/Pimlico_Race_Course \"Pimlico Race Course\") stakes coordinator David Rollinson had to go out and recruit [Preakness Stakes](/wiki/Preakness_Stakes \"Preakness Stakes\") horses when it looked like only six or seven were going to run. All was calm that first week after the Derby. Then, [Empire Maker](/wiki/Empire_Maker \"Empire Maker\") was officially declared out, leaving only six confirmed starters. Then Midway Road came in. Then all hell broke loose when the [Miami Herald](/wiki/Miami_Herald \"Miami Herald\")'s bogus story and photo of Santos cheating in the Derby appeared. Empire Maker suddenly jumped back in, his Triple Crown hopes alive once again. Hours later, when the inferno began to subside, he was back out. Then [Peace Rules](/wiki/Peace_Rules \"Peace Rules\") officially came in. Sometime, in between all that, Champali scratched after colicking. Then Kissin Saint and Alysweep came in. Then Indian Express came out. Then Rollinson popped a couple of Advil and braced for week two.\" Week two was like week one, now including the in and outs and ins of New York Hero, Ten Cents A Shine, Foufa's Warrior, and During. Haskin said, \"All this confusion could have been avoided if all involved had known how Funny Cide was going to run in the Preakness.\"{{cite web\\|last1\\=Haskin\\|first1\\=Steve\\|title\\=Preakness Story: Funny Cide Fairy Tale Continues\\|url\\=http://www.bloodhorse.com/horse\\-racing/articles/181942/steve\\-haskins\\-preakness\\-story\\-funny\\-cide\\-fairy\\-tale\\-continues\\|website\\=BloodHorse.com\\|access\\-date\\=23 June 2016}}", "Shipped in at the last moment by Tagg and stabled in Mary Eppler's barn to keep him calm and away from the press, this time Funny Cide was the betting favorite. On a cold, wet day in May, he broke from post position nine (only Layminister in 1910 and [Canonero II](/wiki/Canonero_II \"Canonero II\") in 1971 won from the ninth post) and was the runaway winner of the [2003 Preakness Stakes](/wiki/2003_Preakness_Stakes \"2003 Preakness Stakes\") at [Baltimore](/wiki/Baltimore \"Baltimore\")'s [Pimlico Race Course](/wiki/Pimlico_Race_Course \"Pimlico Race Course\"). His time was 1:55:61 and he took the race by {{frac\\|9\\|3\\|4}} lengths, the second\\-largest margin in Preakness history.", "\"I couldn't find my horse, so I was watching Funny Cide,\" said [Bob Baffert](/wiki/Bob_Baffert \"Bob Baffert\"), trainer of Senor Swinger, who finished fifth. \"It was fun watching and listening to the crowd respond to Funny Cide as he drew off like that.\"{{cite web\\|last1\\=Keyser\\|first1\\=Tom\\|title\\=Funny Cide wins 2nd jewel in rout\\|url\\=http://www.baltimoresun.com/bal\\-sp.preakness18may18\\-story.html\\|website\\=baltimoresun.com\\|access\\-date\\=23 June 2016}}", "Funny Cide earned a [Beyer Speed Figure](/wiki/Beyer_Speed_Figure \"Beyer Speed Figure\") of 114\\. He was only the third New York\\-bred to win the Preakness. The other two were Jacobus in 1883 and [Margrave](/wiki/Margrave \"Margrave\") in 1896 when the Preakness was run at [Gravesend Race Track](/wiki/Gravesend_Race_Track \"Gravesend Race Track\") in [Coney Island](/wiki/Coney_Island \"Coney Island\"), New York.", "#### Belmont Stakes", "With a Triple Crown on the line, Funny Cide and his connections were the center of attention in the weeks leading up to the [2003 Belmont Stakes](/wiki/2003_Belmont_Stakes \"2003 Belmont Stakes\"). Funny Cide posted several fast works: too fast, some worried. Then it rained all day before the Belmont Stakes, the most grueling of the three Triple Crown races and a quarter mile longer than the Kentucky Derby. Regardless, New Yorkers came to the track in near record numbers, hoping to see the New York\\-bred make history. Funny Cide broke well and rushed to the early lead, but wasted energy struggling against Santos's efforts to set a sensible pace down the backstretch. As they rounded the final turn, Empire Maker ranged up on the outside and gradually pulled clear. Funny Cide tried to respond but eventually tired, finishing third.{{cite web\\|last1\\=Drape\\|first1\\=Joe\\|title\\=Empire Maker Ends Funny Cide's Triple Crown Bid\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/06/08/sports/othersports/08RACI.html\\|website\\=The New York Times\\|access\\-date\\=23 June 2016\\|date\\=8 June 2003}} The horses who beat him, [Empire Maker](/wiki/Empire_Maker \"Empire Maker\") and [Ten Most Wanted](/wiki/Ten_Most_Wanted_%28horse%29 \"Ten Most Wanted (horse)\"), were both fresher horses, having skipped the Preakness Stakes.", "Frankel had said before the race that if everyone hated him after the Belmont Stakes, then he had done his job. Robin Smullen, Tagg's assistant and companion, had predicted that win, lose or draw, Funny Cide would remain everyone's favorite horse. Both Frankel and Smullen proved to be correct.", "Later that year, Island Fashion, trained by Tagg, won the [Alabama Stakes](/wiki/Alabama_Stakes \"Alabama Stakes\"). Her victory denied a $2 million [Triple Tiara](/wiki/Triple_Tiara_of_Thoroughbred_Racing \"Triple Tiara of Thoroughbred Racing\") bonus to the owners of Spoken Fur, trained by Frankel.", "Funny Cide became the 17th horse to take the Derby and Preakness and then lose the Belmont. Tagg wondered if the sloppy track may have played a role in the loss, despite training over it nearly every day regardless of weather. \"I just feel bad for all the people who came out,\" Tagg said. \"We were beaten by a good horse. I don't know what else to say. I am being honest. It is horse racing.\"{{cite web\\|last1\\=Liebman\\|first1\\=Dan\\|title\\=Empire Maker Spoils Funny Cide's Triple Crown Run\\|url\\=http://www.bloodhorse.com/horse\\-racing/articles/181576/empire\\-maker\\-spoils\\-funny\\-cides\\-triple\\-crown\\-run\\|website\\=BloodHorse.com\\|access\\-date\\=23 June 2016}}", "#### Later three\\-year\\-old season", "Funny Cide was given a two\\-month break, then returned on August 3 in the [Haskell Invitational](/wiki/Haskell_Invitational \"Haskell Invitational\") at [Monmouth Park](/wiki/Monmouth_Park \"Monmouth Park\") where he finished third to Peace Rules. His next target was supposed to be the [Travers Stakes](/wiki/Travers_Stakes \"Travers Stakes\") at [Saratoga](/wiki/Saratoga_Race_Course \"Saratoga Race Course\") in a face\\-off against Empire Maker, but both horses became ill and missed the race. In Funny Cide's case it was a respiratory condition, although Tagg didn't know whether the gelding had a lung infection or allergies. During a routine gallop, he started making noise so a veterinarian examined his lungs and found them full of mucus. Funny Cide may have been suffering from the same ailment when he finished third in the Haskell: he showed mucus after that race, as well as an elevated temperature.{{cite news\\|last1\\=Smith\\|first1\\=Beverley\\|title\\=Funny Cide pulls out at Saratoga\\|url\\=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/sports/funny\\-cide\\-pulls\\-out\\-at\\-saratoga/article1044548/\\|website\\=The Globe and Mail\\|access\\-date\\=23 June 2016}}", "Funny Cide missed most of the fall racing season but recovered in time to enter the [Breeders' Cup Classic](/wiki/Breeders%27_Cup_Classic \"Breeders' Cup Classic\"), held that year at [Santa Anita Park](/wiki/Santa_Anita_Park \"Santa Anita Park\") on October 25\\. Facing an excellent field, he raced wide just off the pace before fading on the final turn, finishing ninth behind [Pleasantly Perfect](/wiki/Pleasantly_Perfect \"Pleasantly Perfect\").{{cite web\\|title\\=Chart for the 2003 Breeders Cup Classic\\|url\\=http://www.equibase.com/premium/chartEmb.cfm?track\\=SA\\&raceDate\\=10/25/2003\\&cy\\=USA\\&rn\\=9\\|website\\=equibase.com\\|access\\-date\\=23 June 2016}} Tagg would say later that Funny Cide didn't like the heat.{{cite web\\|title\\=ESPN.com \\- Breeders Cup 2004 \\- Funny Cide may strike again in Classic\\|url\\=https://www.espn.com/horse/breederscup04/s/2004/1030/1912645\\.html\\|website\\=\\[\\[ESPN]]\\|access\\-date\\=23 June 2016}}", "Funny Cide won the [Eclipse Award](/wiki/Eclipse_Award \"Eclipse Award\") for [3 Year Old Male of the Year](/wiki/Eclipse_Award_for_Outstanding_Three-Year-Old_Male_Horse \"Eclipse Award for Outstanding Three-Year-Old Male Horse\"), the first New York\\-bred to do so. ([Saratoga Dew](/wiki/Saratoga_Dew \"Saratoga Dew\") was named [American Champion Three\\-Year\\-Old Filly](/wiki/American_Champion_Three-Year-Old_Filly \"American Champion Three-Year-Old Filly\") of 1992\\). The voters had to weigh Empire Maker's two wins in their three head\\-to\\-head races, versus the brilliance of Funny Cide's two Classic wins. As Andrew Beyer put it: \"\\[Funny Cide] performed honorably throughout the series, while stimulating widespread public interest in the sport. Is he less worthy of a title than a rival who won one race, had an excuse in one and skipped one?\"{{cite web\\|last1\\=Beyer\\|first1\\=Andrew\\|title\\=Funny Choice Makes Sense\\|url\\=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\\-xpm\\-2003\\-nov\\-30\\-sp\\-dogbeyer30\\-story.html\\|website\\=Los Angeles Times\\|access\\-date\\=23 June 2016\\|date\\=30 November 2003}} Ultimately, Funny Cide prevailed by 150 votes to 92\\.{{cite web\\|title\\=2003 Eclipse Award Winners\\|url\\=http://www.horse\\-races.net/library/article\\-012604\\.htm\\|website\\=www.horse\\-races.net\\|access\\-date\\=23 June 2016}}", "### 2004: four\\-year\\-old season", "On January 10, 2004, Funny Cide returned to the track with a win in allowance company at Gulfstream Park, followed by third\\-place finishes in the [Donn Handicap](/wiki/Donn_Handicap \"Donn Handicap\") and [New Orleans Handicap](/wiki/New_Orleans_Handicap \"New Orleans Handicap\"). In April, he won the [Excelsior Breeders' Cup Handicap](/wiki/Excelsior_Breeders%27_Cup_Handicap \"Excelsior Breeders' Cup Handicap\") at Aqueduct, digging in down the stretch to beat [Evening Attire](/wiki/Evening_Attire_%28horse%29 \"Evening Attire (horse)\") by half a length. His next start was in the 1\\-mile [Metropolitan Handicap](/wiki/Metropolitan_Handicap \"Metropolitan Handicap\") where he finished fifth.", "In June 2004, the New York Turf Writer's Association honoured Funny Cide with its Presidents' Award as the first New York\\-bred to win the Kentucky Derby and for how his Triple Crown bid captivated the nation. Jose Santos received the Red Smith \"Good Guy\" Award for his \"grace under pressure\" when dealing with a false accusation concerning his ride in the Kentucky Derby.{{cite web\\|title\\=New York Turf Writers Honor Mineshaft\\|url\\=http://www.bloodhorse.com/horse\\-racing/articles/175330/new\\-york\\-turf\\-writers\\-honor\\-mineshaft\\|website\\=bloodhorse.com\\|access\\-date\\=24 June 2016}}", "Funny Cide next started in the [Massachusetts Handicap](/wiki/Massachusetts_Handicap \"Massachusetts Handicap\") on July 3, 2004, earning a 110 [Beyer Speed Figure](/wiki/Beyer_Speed_Figure \"Beyer Speed Figure\"). The finish was a three\\-way photo at the wire between runner\\-up Funny Cide, the winner [Offlee Wild](/wiki/Offlee_Wild \"Offlee Wild\"), and The Lady's Groom. He next ran in the [Suburban Handicap](/wiki/Suburban_Handicap \"Suburban Handicap\"), finishing third in another close finish behind old foe Peace Rules. Funny Cide then ran second behind Evening Attire in the [Saratoga Breeders' Cup Handicap](/wiki/Saratoga_Breeders%27_Cup_Handicap \"Saratoga Breeders' Cup Handicap\") before a near record crowd of 70,175\\.", "Coming into the [Jockey Club Gold Cup](/wiki/Jockey_Club_Gold_Cup \"Jockey Club Gold Cup\"), Funny Cide had only two wins in eight starts for the year, but was still co\\-favorite at 3–1 with Love of Money. The two battled for the lead for the first mile, then Funny Cide fell back as Newfoundland moved to the lead with Love of Money, and The Cliff's Edge came closing on the outside. Funny Cide appeared to be struggling, but fought back and began to gradually wear down Newfoundland, finally winning by three\\-quarters of a length. \"I thought he was done,\" Tagg said. \"Maybe he wanted to take a breather, I don't know... I was about ready to get sick then, but he came back running. He always does that. He never gives up. He always comes back running, even in some of his worst races.\"{{cite web\\|last1\\=McNamara\\|first1\\=Ed\\|title\\=Funny Cide gets last laugh in Jockey Club Gold Cup\\|url\\=https://www.espn.com/horse/breederscup04/s/2004/1006/1896326\\.html\\|website\\=\\[\\[ESPN]]\\|access\\-date\\=23 June 2016}} The Cliff's Edge was third and Evening Attire fourth, as Love of Money dropped out of contention. In the winner's circle, Funny Cide appeared exhausted by the effort.{{cite web\\|last1\\=Shinar\\|first1\\=Jack\\|title\\=Funny Cide Gets Serious in JC Gold Cup\\|url\\=http://www.bloodhorse.com/horse\\-racing/articles/173761/funny\\-cide\\-gets\\-serious\\-in\\-jc\\-gold\\-cup\\|website\\=bloodhorse.com\\|access\\-date\\=23 June 2016}} In the Gold Cup, he earned a 112 Beyer.", "Funny Cide's last race of the year was a tenth\\-place finish in the Breeders' Cup Classic, held that year at Lone Star Park.", "### 2005–2007: four to six\\-year\\-old season", "Since the middle of his three\\-year\\-old campaign, Funny Cide was beset with respiratory problems, perhaps aggravated by racing in the heat at the 2003 Breeders' Cup Classic at [Santa Anita](/wiki/Santa_Anita_Park \"Santa Anita Park\") when a major forest fire raged nearby. Tagg would call him \"fractious\", later saying, \"He had a lot of good qualities about him, but he was pretty difficult to train.\"{{cite web\\|title\\=Tagg: 'Nobiz' tailor\\-made for Derby\\|url\\=http://articles.sun\\-sentinel.com/2007\\-03\\-02/sports/0703011008\\_1\\_nobiz\\-funny\\-cide\\-shobiz\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821174401/http://articles.sun\\-sentinel.com/2007\\-03\\-02/sports/0703011008\\_1\\_nobiz\\-funny\\-cide\\-shobiz\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=August 21, 2016\\|website\\=sun\\-sentinel.com\\|access\\-date\\=23 June 2016}} During his five\\-year\\-old season he had back problems, undiagnosed until he had raced out of the money in the Pimlico Special, Brooklyn Handicap, and Suburban Handicap. Tagg decided to rest Funny Cide for the last half of the season.{{cite web\\|last1\\=Pedulla\\|first1\\=Tom\\|title\\=USATODAY.com \\- Funny Cide still going strong\\|url\\=http://usatoday30\\.usatoday.com/sports/horses/2006\\-08\\-31\\-funny\\-cide\\_x.htm\\|website\\=usatoday30\\.usatoday.com\\|access\\-date\\=23 June 2016}}", "Funny Cide returned to the track on January 7, 2006, in the six\\-furlong [Gulfstream Park Handicap](/wiki/Gulfstream_Park_Handicap \"Gulfstream Park Handicap\"), finishing a disappointing seventh. On February 2, 2006, he finished second in a one\\-mile allowance race at Gulfstream, finishing behind Sir Greeley but ahead of odds\\-on favorite Sun King, winner of the [Pennsylvania](/wiki/Pennsylvania_Derby \"Pennsylvania Derby\") and [Tampa Bay Derbies](/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Derby \"Tampa Bay Derby\"). Funny Cide's jockey for the race, [Edgar Prado](/wiki/Edgar_Prado \"Edgar Prado\"), said, \"This was not his best distance but he was trying the whole way. He galloped out real strong. I think he's back, hopefully.\"{{cite web\\|title\\=Funny Cide Rebounds With Second\\-place Finish\\|url\\=http://articles.sun\\-sentinel.com/2006\\-02\\-03/sports/0602021165\\_1\\_funny\\-cide\\-sun\\-king\\-chestnut\\-son\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821173606/http://articles.sun\\-sentinel.com/2006\\-02\\-03/sports/0602021165\\_1\\_funny\\-cide\\-sun\\-king\\-chestnut\\-son\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=August 21, 2016\\|website\\=sun\\-sentinel.com\\|access\\-date\\=23 June 2016}}", "On April 1, he again finished second, this time in the [Excelsior Breeders' Cup Handicap](/wiki/Excelsior_Breeders%27_Cup_Handicap \"Excelsior Breeders' Cup Handicap\") at Aqueduct. \"He ran a fantastic race\", new jockey [Richard Migliore](/wiki/Richard_Migliore_%28jockey%29 \"Richard Migliore (jockey)\") said. \"Blood and guts all the way to the wire. He's a fantastic racehorse. I wasn't looking for the lead, but my horse was keen and I didn't want to get into a fight with him. When he got alone, he idled better and when company joined him, he fought on again. It was a very game performance.\"{{cite web\\|last1\\=Moran\\|first1\\=Paul\\|title\\='Virginia' tops Funny Cide in Excelsior\\|url\\=http://www.newsday.com/sports/virginia\\-tops\\-funny\\-cide\\-in\\-excelsior\\-1\\.620566\\|website\\=newsday.com\\|access\\-date\\=23 June 2016}}", "[thumb\\|right\\|Funny Cide with his hotwalker, Raunie Hart (who was there from the start)](/wiki/File:Funny_Raunie_033.jpg \"Funny Raunie 033.jpg\")\nOn April 30, Funny Cide broke his losing streak by taking the [Kings Point Handicap](/wiki/Kings_Point_Handicap \"Kings Point Handicap\") for state\\-breds at [Aqueduct](/wiki/Aqueduct_Racetrack \"Aqueduct Racetrack\"). Funny Cide took the early lead but dropped into second coming into the stretch. Migliore hit him with the stick, which Funny Cide resented. \"I turned my stick over and hit him with it before he was ready,\" said Migliore. \"I kind of took him out of his game. My little bit of worry almost cost us. I should have been more confident.\"{{cite web\\|title\\=Derby Champ Funny Cide Wins At Aqueduct\\|url\\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid\\=1817\\&dat\\=20060501\\&id\\=Nm80AAAAIBAJ\\&sjid\\=0qcEAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=2105,78550\\&hl\\=en\\|website\\=news.google.com (scan from the Tuscaloosa News)\\|access\\-date\\=23 June 2016}} He followed this with a third\\-place finish in the [William Donald Schaefer Handicap](/wiki/William_Donald_Schaefer_Handicap \"William Donald Schaefer Handicap\") at Pimlico.", "On July 1, Funny Cide led all the way to win the Grade III $200,800, {{frac\\|1\\|1\\|4}}\\-mile [Dominion Day Stakes](/wiki/Dominion_Day_Stakes \"Dominion Day Stakes\") at [Woodbine Racetrack](/wiki/Woodbine_Racetrack \"Woodbine Racetrack\") in [Toronto, Canada](/wiki/Toronto%2C_Canada \"Toronto, Canada\"). The race attracted many who had come just to see Funny Cide; they crowded the walking ring when he entered the paddock and gave him an ovation during the post parade. His {{frac\\|1\\|1\\|2}}\\-length win over a strong field brought the crowd to its feet. Funny Cide broke from the inside post and set a fast pace, then held off challenges from Cryptograph, who finished third and Nolan's Cat, who finished second. \"I kind of figured we'd be on the lead,\" said Migliore. \"I knew I had horse. When the challenge came, he met it. He likes to fight. As long as he can see them, they weren't going to beat him.\" Funny Cide was the first Derby winner to win at Woodbine since [Secretariat](/wiki/Secretariat_%28horse%29 \"Secretariat (horse)\") took the [Canadian International Stakes](/wiki/Canadian_International_Stakes \"Canadian International Stakes\") in 1973\\.{{cite web\\|title\\=Funny Cide Crosses Border to Win Dominion Day\\|url\\=http://www.bloodhorse.com/horse\\-racing/articles/164606/funny\\-cide\\-crosses\\-border\\-to\\-win\\-dominion\\-day\\|website\\=bloodhorse.com\\|access\\-date\\=23 June 2016}} He was also the first Kentucky Derby winner to win a graded stakes race at the age of six. He was also one of only two Kentucky Derby winners in 46 years to race at the age of six. (The other was [Gato Del Sol](/wiki/Gato_Del_Sol \"Gato Del Sol\"), the 1982 winner.){{cite web\\|title\\=Funny Cide Still Going Strong at Age 7\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/01/sports/othersports/01funny.html\\|website\\=The New York Times\\|access\\-date\\=23 June 2016\\|date\\=1 July 2007}}", "Funny Cide, foaled in [Saratoga Springs](/wiki/Saratoga_Springs \"Saratoga Springs\"), next ran in the Grade I [Woodward Stakes](/wiki/Woodward_Stakes \"Woodward Stakes\") at Saratoga on September 2, 2006\\. The field contained Sun King, the favorite after finishing second in the Whitney, the 2005 Travers winner [Flower Alley](/wiki/Flower_Alley \"Flower Alley\"), and Suave, who won the 2005 Saratoga Breeders' Cup Handicap. But Funny Cide was the star: the New York Thoroughbred Breeders gave out 10,000 Funny Cide posters to his fans.{{cite web\\|title\\=Funny Cide Preps for Woodward With Bullet Work\\|url\\=http://www.bloodhorse.com/horse\\-racing/articles/163818/funny\\-cide\\-preps\\-for\\-woodward\\-with\\-bullet\\-work\\|website\\=bloodhorse.com\\|access\\-date\\=23 June 2016}} Unfortunately, Funny Cide was not up to the task and faded after chasing the pace while running wide, finishing eighth.{{cite web\\|title\\=Chart of the Woodward Stakes\\|url\\=http://www.equibase.com/premium/chartEmb.cfm?track\\=SAR\\&raceDate\\=09/02/2006\\&cy\\=USA\\&rn\\=9\\|website\\=equibase.com\\|access\\-date\\=23 June 2016}}", "Funny Cide finished 2006 with two losses in the Brooklyn Breeders Cup Handicap and the Empire Cup Handicap. He was given some time off, then returned on April 29, 2007, in the Kings Point Handicap. He chased the pace three\\-wide but had no rally in the stretch and finished third. In the Wagon Limit Stakes for New York\\-breds, he went to the early lead but tired and again finished third.", "On July 4, 2007, lured to [Finger Lakes Race Track](/wiki/Finger_Lakes_Gaming_and_Race_Track \"Finger Lakes Gaming and Race Track\") by an extra $50,000 added to the purse, Funny Cide took the $100,000 [Wadsworth Memorial Handicap](/wiki/Wadsworth_Memorial_Handicap \"Wadsworth Memorial Handicap\") by three lengths under [Alan Garcia](/wiki/Alan_Garcia_%28jockey%29 \"Alan Garcia (jockey)\"), breaking his six\\-race winless streak. The track, which could accommodate 2,000 patrons in the clubhouse and another 4,000 in the grandstand, had an attendance of well over 11,000 people, its second\\-largest crowd since 1962\\. Funny Cide was only the second winner of a [Triple Crown](/wiki/United_States_Triple_Crown_of_Thoroughbred_Racing \"United States Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing\") race to run at Finger Lakes in its 46\\-year history.{{cite web\\|last1\\=Kekis\\|first1\\=John\\|title\\=Funny Cide Responds to Hero's Welcome\\|url\\=http://www.bloodhorse.com/horse\\-racing/articles/159264/funny\\-cide\\-responds\\-to\\-heros\\-welcome\\|website\\=bloodhorse.com\\|access\\-date\\=23 June 2016}}", "" ]
### 2003: three\-year\-old season Funny Cide began his three\-year\-old campaign on January 18, 2003, in the {{frac\|1\|1\|16}}\-mile [Holy Bull Stakes](/wiki/Holy_Bull_Stakes "Holy Bull Stakes") at [Gulfstream Park](/wiki/Gulfstream_Park "Gulfstream Park"). Breaking from post position 13, he hit the gate and raced wide for the entire trip, eventually finishing fifth behind [Offlee Wild](/wiki/Offlee_Wild "Offlee Wild").{{cite web\|title\=Chart for the Holy Bull\|url\=http://www.equibase.com/premium/chartEmb.cfm?track\=GP\&raceDate\=01/18/2003\&cy\=USA\&rn\=10\|website\=equibase.com\|access\-date\=23 June 2016}} He then shipped to Fair Grounds for the [Louisiana Derby](/wiki/Louisiana_Derby "Louisiana Derby") on March 9, where he faced [Peace Rules](/wiki/Peace_Rules "Peace Rules"), Kafwain, and Badge of Silver. Staying close to the pace, he rallied in the stretch, dropped back, and then came on again along the rail. Finishing third after Peace Rules, he was moved up to second place after the disqualification of Kafwain.{{cite web\|title\=Chart of the Louisiana Derby\|url\=http://www.equibase.com/premium/chartEmb.cfm?track\=FG\&raceDate\=03/09/2003\&cy\=USA\&rn\=9\|website\=equibase.com\|access\-date\=23 June 2016}} On April 12, he entered the [Wood Memorial](/wiki/Wood_Memorial "Wood Memorial") at [Aqueduct](/wiki/Aqueduct_Racetrack "Aqueduct Racetrack") as the second betting choice. [Empire Maker](/wiki/Empire_Maker "Empire Maker"), conditioned by Hall of Fame trainer [Bobby Frankel](/wiki/Bobby_Frankel "Bobby Frankel") and ridden by [Jerry Bailey](/wiki/Jerry_D._Bailey "Jerry D. Bailey"), was the odds\-on favorite after an impressive win in the [Florida Derby](/wiki/Florida_Derby "Florida Derby"). Funny Cide was bumped at the start then moved up to challenge New York Hero on the lead. Empire Maker raced in third, then took the lead as they entered the stretch. Funny Cide fought back gamely, losing by only {{frac\|1\|2}} length.{{cite web\|title\=Empire Maker wins Wood Memorial solidifies status as Derby favorite\|url\=http://lubbockonline.com/stories/041303/pro\_041303090\.shtml\#.V2tuSZErK00\|website\=lubbockonline.com\|access\-date\=23 June 2016}} Funny Cide earned a [Beyer Speed Figure](/wiki/Beyer_Speed_Figure "Beyer Speed Figure") of 110 for the Wood. #### Kentucky Derby Empire Maker was the favorite for the Derby despite suffering a bruised right front hoof that caused him to miss a few days of training: his odds did drift up though from 6–5 on the morning\-line to a more lukewarm 5–2\. [Peace Rules](/wiki/Peace_Rules "Peace Rules"), also trained by Frankel, was the second choice at 6\-1 while Funny Cide was sixth choice at 13–1\. Bumped again at the start, Funny Cide tracked the early pace set by Peace Rules, and moved to the lead heading into the stretch. Empire Maker then started closing fast but Funny Cide was able to hold on by {{frac\|1\|1\|2}} lengths. "I hit him and he kept digging and digging and he did it," said Santos. "It was New York pride." Funny Cide's time of 2:01\.19 was the tenth fastest time in Kentucky Derby history.{{cite web\|last1\=Drape\|first1\=Joe\|title\=Funny Cide, a 'Yeah, Right' Gelding, Beats Royalty\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/05/04/sports/horse\-racing\-kentucky\-derby\-funny\-cide\-a\-yeah\-right\-gelding\-beats\-royalty.html\|website\=The New York Times\|access\-date\=23 June 2016\|date\=4 May 2003}}{{cite web\|title\=Chart for the 2003 Kentucky Derby\|url\=http://www.equibase.com/premium/chartEmb.cfm?track\=CD\&raceDate\=05/03/2003\&cy\=USA\&rn\=10\|website\=equibase.com\|access\-date\=23 June 2016}} #### Preakness Stakes [Blood\-Horse magazine](/wiki/Blood-Horse_magazine "Blood-Horse magazine")'s Steven Haskin wrote: "[Pimlico](/wiki/Pimlico_Race_Course "Pimlico Race Course") stakes coordinator David Rollinson had to go out and recruit [Preakness Stakes](/wiki/Preakness_Stakes "Preakness Stakes") horses when it looked like only six or seven were going to run. All was calm that first week after the Derby. Then, [Empire Maker](/wiki/Empire_Maker "Empire Maker") was officially declared out, leaving only six confirmed starters. Then Midway Road came in. Then all hell broke loose when the [Miami Herald](/wiki/Miami_Herald "Miami Herald")'s bogus story and photo of Santos cheating in the Derby appeared. Empire Maker suddenly jumped back in, his Triple Crown hopes alive once again. Hours later, when the inferno began to subside, he was back out. Then [Peace Rules](/wiki/Peace_Rules "Peace Rules") officially came in. Sometime, in between all that, Champali scratched after colicking. Then Kissin Saint and Alysweep came in. Then Indian Express came out. Then Rollinson popped a couple of Advil and braced for week two." Week two was like week one, now including the in and outs and ins of New York Hero, Ten Cents A Shine, Foufa's Warrior, and During. Haskin said, "All this confusion could have been avoided if all involved had known how Funny Cide was going to run in the Preakness."{{cite web\|last1\=Haskin\|first1\=Steve\|title\=Preakness Story: Funny Cide Fairy Tale Continues\|url\=http://www.bloodhorse.com/horse\-racing/articles/181942/steve\-haskins\-preakness\-story\-funny\-cide\-fairy\-tale\-continues\|website\=BloodHorse.com\|access\-date\=23 June 2016}} Shipped in at the last moment by Tagg and stabled in Mary Eppler's barn to keep him calm and away from the press, this time Funny Cide was the betting favorite. On a cold, wet day in May, he broke from post position nine (only Layminister in 1910 and [Canonero II](/wiki/Canonero_II "Canonero II") in 1971 won from the ninth post) and was the runaway winner of the [2003 Preakness Stakes](/wiki/2003_Preakness_Stakes "2003 Preakness Stakes") at [Baltimore](/wiki/Baltimore "Baltimore")'s [Pimlico Race Course](/wiki/Pimlico_Race_Course "Pimlico Race Course"). His time was 1:55:61 and he took the race by {{frac\|9\|3\|4}} lengths, the second\-largest margin in Preakness history. "I couldn't find my horse, so I was watching Funny Cide," said [Bob Baffert](/wiki/Bob_Baffert "Bob Baffert"), trainer of Senor Swinger, who finished fifth. "It was fun watching and listening to the crowd respond to Funny Cide as he drew off like that."{{cite web\|last1\=Keyser\|first1\=Tom\|title\=Funny Cide wins 2nd jewel in rout\|url\=http://www.baltimoresun.com/bal\-sp.preakness18may18\-story.html\|website\=baltimoresun.com\|access\-date\=23 June 2016}} Funny Cide earned a [Beyer Speed Figure](/wiki/Beyer_Speed_Figure "Beyer Speed Figure") of 114\. He was only the third New York\-bred to win the Preakness. The other two were Jacobus in 1883 and [Margrave](/wiki/Margrave "Margrave") in 1896 when the Preakness was run at [Gravesend Race Track](/wiki/Gravesend_Race_Track "Gravesend Race Track") in [Coney Island](/wiki/Coney_Island "Coney Island"), New York. #### Belmont Stakes With a Triple Crown on the line, Funny Cide and his connections were the center of attention in the weeks leading up to the [2003 Belmont Stakes](/wiki/2003_Belmont_Stakes "2003 Belmont Stakes"). Funny Cide posted several fast works: too fast, some worried. Then it rained all day before the Belmont Stakes, the most grueling of the three Triple Crown races and a quarter mile longer than the Kentucky Derby. Regardless, New Yorkers came to the track in near record numbers, hoping to see the New York\-bred make history. Funny Cide broke well and rushed to the early lead, but wasted energy struggling against Santos's efforts to set a sensible pace down the backstretch. As they rounded the final turn, Empire Maker ranged up on the outside and gradually pulled clear. Funny Cide tried to respond but eventually tired, finishing third.{{cite web\|last1\=Drape\|first1\=Joe\|title\=Empire Maker Ends Funny Cide's Triple Crown Bid\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/06/08/sports/othersports/08RACI.html\|website\=The New York Times\|access\-date\=23 June 2016\|date\=8 June 2003}} The horses who beat him, [Empire Maker](/wiki/Empire_Maker "Empire Maker") and [Ten Most Wanted](/wiki/Ten_Most_Wanted_%28horse%29 "Ten Most Wanted (horse)"), were both fresher horses, having skipped the Preakness Stakes. Frankel had said before the race that if everyone hated him after the Belmont Stakes, then he had done his job. Robin Smullen, Tagg's assistant and companion, had predicted that win, lose or draw, Funny Cide would remain everyone's favorite horse. Both Frankel and Smullen proved to be correct. Later that year, Island Fashion, trained by Tagg, won the [Alabama Stakes](/wiki/Alabama_Stakes "Alabama Stakes"). Her victory denied a $2 million [Triple Tiara](/wiki/Triple_Tiara_of_Thoroughbred_Racing "Triple Tiara of Thoroughbred Racing") bonus to the owners of Spoken Fur, trained by Frankel. Funny Cide became the 17th horse to take the Derby and Preakness and then lose the Belmont. Tagg wondered if the sloppy track may have played a role in the loss, despite training over it nearly every day regardless of weather. "I just feel bad for all the people who came out," Tagg said. "We were beaten by a good horse. I don't know what else to say. I am being honest. It is horse racing."{{cite web\|last1\=Liebman\|first1\=Dan\|title\=Empire Maker Spoils Funny Cide's Triple Crown Run\|url\=http://www.bloodhorse.com/horse\-racing/articles/181576/empire\-maker\-spoils\-funny\-cides\-triple\-crown\-run\|website\=BloodHorse.com\|access\-date\=23 June 2016}} #### Later three\-year\-old season Funny Cide was given a two\-month break, then returned on August 3 in the [Haskell Invitational](/wiki/Haskell_Invitational "Haskell Invitational") at [Monmouth Park](/wiki/Monmouth_Park "Monmouth Park") where he finished third to Peace Rules. His next target was supposed to be the [Travers Stakes](/wiki/Travers_Stakes "Travers Stakes") at [Saratoga](/wiki/Saratoga_Race_Course "Saratoga Race Course") in a face\-off against Empire Maker, but both horses became ill and missed the race. In Funny Cide's case it was a respiratory condition, although Tagg didn't know whether the gelding had a lung infection or allergies. During a routine gallop, he started making noise so a veterinarian examined his lungs and found them full of mucus. Funny Cide may have been suffering from the same ailment when he finished third in the Haskell: he showed mucus after that race, as well as an elevated temperature.{{cite news\|last1\=Smith\|first1\=Beverley\|title\=Funny Cide pulls out at Saratoga\|url\=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/sports/funny\-cide\-pulls\-out\-at\-saratoga/article1044548/\|website\=The Globe and Mail\|access\-date\=23 June 2016}} Funny Cide missed most of the fall racing season but recovered in time to enter the [Breeders' Cup Classic](/wiki/Breeders%27_Cup_Classic "Breeders' Cup Classic"), held that year at [Santa Anita Park](/wiki/Santa_Anita_Park "Santa Anita Park") on October 25\. Facing an excellent field, he raced wide just off the pace before fading on the final turn, finishing ninth behind [Pleasantly Perfect](/wiki/Pleasantly_Perfect "Pleasantly Perfect").{{cite web\|title\=Chart for the 2003 Breeders Cup Classic\|url\=http://www.equibase.com/premium/chartEmb.cfm?track\=SA\&raceDate\=10/25/2003\&cy\=USA\&rn\=9\|website\=equibase.com\|access\-date\=23 June 2016}} Tagg would say later that Funny Cide didn't like the heat.{{cite web\|title\=ESPN.com \- Breeders Cup 2004 \- Funny Cide may strike again in Classic\|url\=https://www.espn.com/horse/breederscup04/s/2004/1030/1912645\.html\|website\=\[\[ESPN]]\|access\-date\=23 June 2016}} Funny Cide won the [Eclipse Award](/wiki/Eclipse_Award "Eclipse Award") for [3 Year Old Male of the Year](/wiki/Eclipse_Award_for_Outstanding_Three-Year-Old_Male_Horse "Eclipse Award for Outstanding Three-Year-Old Male Horse"), the first New York\-bred to do so. ([Saratoga Dew](/wiki/Saratoga_Dew "Saratoga Dew") was named [American Champion Three\-Year\-Old Filly](/wiki/American_Champion_Three-Year-Old_Filly "American Champion Three-Year-Old Filly") of 1992\). The voters had to weigh Empire Maker's two wins in their three head\-to\-head races, versus the brilliance of Funny Cide's two Classic wins. As Andrew Beyer put it: "\[Funny Cide] performed honorably throughout the series, while stimulating widespread public interest in the sport. Is he less worthy of a title than a rival who won one race, had an excuse in one and skipped one?"{{cite web\|last1\=Beyer\|first1\=Andrew\|title\=Funny Choice Makes Sense\|url\=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\-xpm\-2003\-nov\-30\-sp\-dogbeyer30\-story.html\|website\=Los Angeles Times\|access\-date\=23 June 2016\|date\=30 November 2003}} Ultimately, Funny Cide prevailed by 150 votes to 92\.{{cite web\|title\=2003 Eclipse Award Winners\|url\=http://www.horse\-races.net/library/article\-012604\.htm\|website\=www.horse\-races.net\|access\-date\=23 June 2016}}
[ "### 2003: three\\-year\\-old season", "Funny Cide began his three\\-year\\-old campaign on January 18, 2003, in the {{frac\\|1\\|1\\|16}}\\-mile [Holy Bull Stakes](/wiki/Holy_Bull_Stakes \"Holy Bull Stakes\") at [Gulfstream Park](/wiki/Gulfstream_Park \"Gulfstream Park\"). Breaking from post position 13, he hit the gate and raced wide for the entire trip, eventually finishing fifth behind [Offlee Wild](/wiki/Offlee_Wild \"Offlee Wild\").{{cite web\\|title\\=Chart for the Holy Bull\\|url\\=http://www.equibase.com/premium/chartEmb.cfm?track\\=GP\\&raceDate\\=01/18/2003\\&cy\\=USA\\&rn\\=10\\|website\\=equibase.com\\|access\\-date\\=23 June 2016}} He then shipped to Fair Grounds for the [Louisiana Derby](/wiki/Louisiana_Derby \"Louisiana Derby\") on March 9, where he faced [Peace Rules](/wiki/Peace_Rules \"Peace Rules\"), Kafwain, and Badge of Silver. Staying close to the pace, he rallied in the stretch, dropped back, and then came on again along the rail. Finishing third after Peace Rules, he was moved up to second place after the disqualification of Kafwain.{{cite web\\|title\\=Chart of the Louisiana Derby\\|url\\=http://www.equibase.com/premium/chartEmb.cfm?track\\=FG\\&raceDate\\=03/09/2003\\&cy\\=USA\\&rn\\=9\\|website\\=equibase.com\\|access\\-date\\=23 June 2016}}", "On April 12, he entered the [Wood Memorial](/wiki/Wood_Memorial \"Wood Memorial\") at [Aqueduct](/wiki/Aqueduct_Racetrack \"Aqueduct Racetrack\") as the second betting choice. [Empire Maker](/wiki/Empire_Maker \"Empire Maker\"), conditioned by Hall of Fame trainer [Bobby Frankel](/wiki/Bobby_Frankel \"Bobby Frankel\") and ridden by [Jerry Bailey](/wiki/Jerry_D._Bailey \"Jerry D. Bailey\"), was the odds\\-on favorite after an impressive win in the [Florida Derby](/wiki/Florida_Derby \"Florida Derby\"). Funny Cide was bumped at the start then moved up to challenge New York Hero on the lead. Empire Maker raced in third, then took the lead as they entered the stretch. Funny Cide fought back gamely, losing by only {{frac\\|1\\|2}} length.{{cite web\\|title\\=Empire Maker wins Wood Memorial solidifies status as Derby favorite\\|url\\=http://lubbockonline.com/stories/041303/pro\\_041303090\\.shtml\\#.V2tuSZErK00\\|website\\=lubbockonline.com\\|access\\-date\\=23 June 2016}} Funny Cide earned a [Beyer Speed Figure](/wiki/Beyer_Speed_Figure \"Beyer Speed Figure\") of 110 for the Wood.", "#### Kentucky Derby", "Empire Maker was the favorite for the Derby despite suffering a bruised right front hoof that caused him to miss a few days of training: his odds did drift up though from 6–5 on the morning\\-line to a more lukewarm 5–2\\. [Peace Rules](/wiki/Peace_Rules \"Peace Rules\"), also trained by Frankel, was the second choice at 6\\-1 while Funny Cide was sixth choice at 13–1\\. Bumped again at the start, Funny Cide tracked the early pace set by Peace Rules, and moved to the lead heading into the stretch. Empire Maker then started closing fast but Funny Cide was able to hold on by {{frac\\|1\\|1\\|2}} lengths. \"I hit him and he kept digging and digging and he did it,\" said Santos. \"It was New York pride.\" Funny Cide's time of 2:01\\.19 was the tenth fastest time in Kentucky Derby history.{{cite web\\|last1\\=Drape\\|first1\\=Joe\\|title\\=Funny Cide, a 'Yeah, Right' Gelding, Beats Royalty\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/05/04/sports/horse\\-racing\\-kentucky\\-derby\\-funny\\-cide\\-a\\-yeah\\-right\\-gelding\\-beats\\-royalty.html\\|website\\=The New York Times\\|access\\-date\\=23 June 2016\\|date\\=4 May 2003}}{{cite web\\|title\\=Chart for the 2003 Kentucky Derby\\|url\\=http://www.equibase.com/premium/chartEmb.cfm?track\\=CD\\&raceDate\\=05/03/2003\\&cy\\=USA\\&rn\\=10\\|website\\=equibase.com\\|access\\-date\\=23 June 2016}}", "#### Preakness Stakes", "[Blood\\-Horse magazine](/wiki/Blood-Horse_magazine \"Blood-Horse magazine\")'s Steven Haskin wrote: \"[Pimlico](/wiki/Pimlico_Race_Course \"Pimlico Race Course\") stakes coordinator David Rollinson had to go out and recruit [Preakness Stakes](/wiki/Preakness_Stakes \"Preakness Stakes\") horses when it looked like only six or seven were going to run. All was calm that first week after the Derby. Then, [Empire Maker](/wiki/Empire_Maker \"Empire Maker\") was officially declared out, leaving only six confirmed starters. Then Midway Road came in. Then all hell broke loose when the [Miami Herald](/wiki/Miami_Herald \"Miami Herald\")'s bogus story and photo of Santos cheating in the Derby appeared. Empire Maker suddenly jumped back in, his Triple Crown hopes alive once again. Hours later, when the inferno began to subside, he was back out. Then [Peace Rules](/wiki/Peace_Rules \"Peace Rules\") officially came in. Sometime, in between all that, Champali scratched after colicking. Then Kissin Saint and Alysweep came in. Then Indian Express came out. Then Rollinson popped a couple of Advil and braced for week two.\" Week two was like week one, now including the in and outs and ins of New York Hero, Ten Cents A Shine, Foufa's Warrior, and During. Haskin said, \"All this confusion could have been avoided if all involved had known how Funny Cide was going to run in the Preakness.\"{{cite web\\|last1\\=Haskin\\|first1\\=Steve\\|title\\=Preakness Story: Funny Cide Fairy Tale Continues\\|url\\=http://www.bloodhorse.com/horse\\-racing/articles/181942/steve\\-haskins\\-preakness\\-story\\-funny\\-cide\\-fairy\\-tale\\-continues\\|website\\=BloodHorse.com\\|access\\-date\\=23 June 2016}}", "Shipped in at the last moment by Tagg and stabled in Mary Eppler's barn to keep him calm and away from the press, this time Funny Cide was the betting favorite. On a cold, wet day in May, he broke from post position nine (only Layminister in 1910 and [Canonero II](/wiki/Canonero_II \"Canonero II\") in 1971 won from the ninth post) and was the runaway winner of the [2003 Preakness Stakes](/wiki/2003_Preakness_Stakes \"2003 Preakness Stakes\") at [Baltimore](/wiki/Baltimore \"Baltimore\")'s [Pimlico Race Course](/wiki/Pimlico_Race_Course \"Pimlico Race Course\"). His time was 1:55:61 and he took the race by {{frac\\|9\\|3\\|4}} lengths, the second\\-largest margin in Preakness history.", "\"I couldn't find my horse, so I was watching Funny Cide,\" said [Bob Baffert](/wiki/Bob_Baffert \"Bob Baffert\"), trainer of Senor Swinger, who finished fifth. \"It was fun watching and listening to the crowd respond to Funny Cide as he drew off like that.\"{{cite web\\|last1\\=Keyser\\|first1\\=Tom\\|title\\=Funny Cide wins 2nd jewel in rout\\|url\\=http://www.baltimoresun.com/bal\\-sp.preakness18may18\\-story.html\\|website\\=baltimoresun.com\\|access\\-date\\=23 June 2016}}", "Funny Cide earned a [Beyer Speed Figure](/wiki/Beyer_Speed_Figure \"Beyer Speed Figure\") of 114\\. He was only the third New York\\-bred to win the Preakness. The other two were Jacobus in 1883 and [Margrave](/wiki/Margrave \"Margrave\") in 1896 when the Preakness was run at [Gravesend Race Track](/wiki/Gravesend_Race_Track \"Gravesend Race Track\") in [Coney Island](/wiki/Coney_Island \"Coney Island\"), New York.", "#### Belmont Stakes", "With a Triple Crown on the line, Funny Cide and his connections were the center of attention in the weeks leading up to the [2003 Belmont Stakes](/wiki/2003_Belmont_Stakes \"2003 Belmont Stakes\"). Funny Cide posted several fast works: too fast, some worried. Then it rained all day before the Belmont Stakes, the most grueling of the three Triple Crown races and a quarter mile longer than the Kentucky Derby. Regardless, New Yorkers came to the track in near record numbers, hoping to see the New York\\-bred make history. Funny Cide broke well and rushed to the early lead, but wasted energy struggling against Santos's efforts to set a sensible pace down the backstretch. As they rounded the final turn, Empire Maker ranged up on the outside and gradually pulled clear. Funny Cide tried to respond but eventually tired, finishing third.{{cite web\\|last1\\=Drape\\|first1\\=Joe\\|title\\=Empire Maker Ends Funny Cide's Triple Crown Bid\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/06/08/sports/othersports/08RACI.html\\|website\\=The New York Times\\|access\\-date\\=23 June 2016\\|date\\=8 June 2003}} The horses who beat him, [Empire Maker](/wiki/Empire_Maker \"Empire Maker\") and [Ten Most Wanted](/wiki/Ten_Most_Wanted_%28horse%29 \"Ten Most Wanted (horse)\"), were both fresher horses, having skipped the Preakness Stakes.", "Frankel had said before the race that if everyone hated him after the Belmont Stakes, then he had done his job. Robin Smullen, Tagg's assistant and companion, had predicted that win, lose or draw, Funny Cide would remain everyone's favorite horse. Both Frankel and Smullen proved to be correct.", "Later that year, Island Fashion, trained by Tagg, won the [Alabama Stakes](/wiki/Alabama_Stakes \"Alabama Stakes\"). Her victory denied a $2 million [Triple Tiara](/wiki/Triple_Tiara_of_Thoroughbred_Racing \"Triple Tiara of Thoroughbred Racing\") bonus to the owners of Spoken Fur, trained by Frankel.", "Funny Cide became the 17th horse to take the Derby and Preakness and then lose the Belmont. Tagg wondered if the sloppy track may have played a role in the loss, despite training over it nearly every day regardless of weather. \"I just feel bad for all the people who came out,\" Tagg said. \"We were beaten by a good horse. I don't know what else to say. I am being honest. It is horse racing.\"{{cite web\\|last1\\=Liebman\\|first1\\=Dan\\|title\\=Empire Maker Spoils Funny Cide's Triple Crown Run\\|url\\=http://www.bloodhorse.com/horse\\-racing/articles/181576/empire\\-maker\\-spoils\\-funny\\-cides\\-triple\\-crown\\-run\\|website\\=BloodHorse.com\\|access\\-date\\=23 June 2016}}", "#### Later three\\-year\\-old season", "Funny Cide was given a two\\-month break, then returned on August 3 in the [Haskell Invitational](/wiki/Haskell_Invitational \"Haskell Invitational\") at [Monmouth Park](/wiki/Monmouth_Park \"Monmouth Park\") where he finished third to Peace Rules. His next target was supposed to be the [Travers Stakes](/wiki/Travers_Stakes \"Travers Stakes\") at [Saratoga](/wiki/Saratoga_Race_Course \"Saratoga Race Course\") in a face\\-off against Empire Maker, but both horses became ill and missed the race. In Funny Cide's case it was a respiratory condition, although Tagg didn't know whether the gelding had a lung infection or allergies. During a routine gallop, he started making noise so a veterinarian examined his lungs and found them full of mucus. Funny Cide may have been suffering from the same ailment when he finished third in the Haskell: he showed mucus after that race, as well as an elevated temperature.{{cite news\\|last1\\=Smith\\|first1\\=Beverley\\|title\\=Funny Cide pulls out at Saratoga\\|url\\=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/sports/funny\\-cide\\-pulls\\-out\\-at\\-saratoga/article1044548/\\|website\\=The Globe and Mail\\|access\\-date\\=23 June 2016}}", "Funny Cide missed most of the fall racing season but recovered in time to enter the [Breeders' Cup Classic](/wiki/Breeders%27_Cup_Classic \"Breeders' Cup Classic\"), held that year at [Santa Anita Park](/wiki/Santa_Anita_Park \"Santa Anita Park\") on October 25\\. Facing an excellent field, he raced wide just off the pace before fading on the final turn, finishing ninth behind [Pleasantly Perfect](/wiki/Pleasantly_Perfect \"Pleasantly Perfect\").{{cite web\\|title\\=Chart for the 2003 Breeders Cup Classic\\|url\\=http://www.equibase.com/premium/chartEmb.cfm?track\\=SA\\&raceDate\\=10/25/2003\\&cy\\=USA\\&rn\\=9\\|website\\=equibase.com\\|access\\-date\\=23 June 2016}} Tagg would say later that Funny Cide didn't like the heat.{{cite web\\|title\\=ESPN.com \\- Breeders Cup 2004 \\- Funny Cide may strike again in Classic\\|url\\=https://www.espn.com/horse/breederscup04/s/2004/1030/1912645\\.html\\|website\\=\\[\\[ESPN]]\\|access\\-date\\=23 June 2016}}", "Funny Cide won the [Eclipse Award](/wiki/Eclipse_Award \"Eclipse Award\") for [3 Year Old Male of the Year](/wiki/Eclipse_Award_for_Outstanding_Three-Year-Old_Male_Horse \"Eclipse Award for Outstanding Three-Year-Old Male Horse\"), the first New York\\-bred to do so. ([Saratoga Dew](/wiki/Saratoga_Dew \"Saratoga Dew\") was named [American Champion Three\\-Year\\-Old Filly](/wiki/American_Champion_Three-Year-Old_Filly \"American Champion Three-Year-Old Filly\") of 1992\\). The voters had to weigh Empire Maker's two wins in their three head\\-to\\-head races, versus the brilliance of Funny Cide's two Classic wins. As Andrew Beyer put it: \"\\[Funny Cide] performed honorably throughout the series, while stimulating widespread public interest in the sport. Is he less worthy of a title than a rival who won one race, had an excuse in one and skipped one?\"{{cite web\\|last1\\=Beyer\\|first1\\=Andrew\\|title\\=Funny Choice Makes Sense\\|url\\=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\\-xpm\\-2003\\-nov\\-30\\-sp\\-dogbeyer30\\-story.html\\|website\\=Los Angeles Times\\|access\\-date\\=23 June 2016\\|date\\=30 November 2003}} Ultimately, Funny Cide prevailed by 150 votes to 92\\.{{cite web\\|title\\=2003 Eclipse Award Winners\\|url\\=http://www.horse\\-races.net/library/article\\-012604\\.htm\\|website\\=www.horse\\-races.net\\|access\\-date\\=23 June 2016}}", "" ]
Life ---- Lipiński was born in [Radzyń Podlaski](/wiki/Radzy%C5%84_Podlaski "Radzyń Podlaski"). His father was Feliks Lipiński (1765–1847\), and he had a younger brother of the same name Feliks (1815–1865\). In 1810 he became the first violin and two years later the conductor of the opera orchestra at Lwów (now [Lviv](/wiki/Lviv "Lviv"), [Ukraine](/wiki/Ukraine "Ukraine")). In 1817 he went to Italy in the hope of hearing [Niccolò Paganini](/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Paganini "Niccolò Paganini"). The two met in [Milan](/wiki/Milan "Milan"), met daily to play, and even performed two concerts together in April 1818, which added immensely to Lipiński's reputation. Paganini dedicated his *Burlesque Variations on "La Carnaval de Venise"*, Op. 10 for unaccompanied violin to Lipiński. Later, in 1827, Lipiński returned the honour by dedicating his "Three Caprices for Violin" to Paganini. In 1818 on his return to Poland he stopped in [Trieste](/wiki/Trieste "Trieste") to receive instruction from Dr Mazzurana, a very elderly former pupil of [Giuseppe Tartini](/wiki/Giuseppe_Tartini "Giuseppe Tartini"); Mazzurana was ninety years old, and could no longer play himself, but gave his criticism of Lipiński's performance of one of Tartini's sonatas. During that time, he also performed concerts together with the Polish pianist and composer [Maria Agata Szymanowska](/wiki/Maria_Agata_Szymanowska "Maria Agata Szymanowska"). In 1820 he travelled to [Berlin](/wiki/Berlin "Berlin") where he met [Louis Spohr](/wiki/Louis_Spohr "Louis Spohr"), and to Russia. In 1829 he went to Warsaw, and played a series of concerts with Paganini that summer that were attended by the nineteen\-year\-old [Frédéric Chopin](/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin "Frédéric Chopin"). However, a rivalry developed between Lipiński and Paganini which destroyed their friendship. Thereafter, whenever Paganini was asked who the greatest violinist was, he would say "I don't know who the greatest is, but Lipiński is certainly the second greatest". In 1835–36 he went on a long tour, during which he met [Robert Schumann](/wiki/Robert_Schumann "Robert Schumann") in [Leipzig](/wiki/Leipzig "Leipzig"). Schumann was so impressed that he dedicated *[Carnaval](/wiki/Carnaval_%28Schumann%29 "Carnaval (Schumann)")*, Op. 9 to him. In 1836 he visited England and played his *Military Concerto* with the [Royal Philharmonic Orchestra](/wiki/Royal_Philharmonic_Orchestra "Royal Philharmonic Orchestra"). In June 1839 he received a double appointment in [Dresden](/wiki/Dresden "Dresden"), as concertmaster of the Royal Oratory and kapellmeister at the court chapel.[A letter to his wife of 2 July 1839 (Österreichischen Nationalbibliothek)](http://www.musikerbriefe.at/content_e2.htm) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20051212173338/http://www.musikerbriefe.at/content\_e2\.htm \|date\=12 December 2005 }}. With his Dresden duties, he ceased touring as a virtuoso, but concentrated on chamber music, with a special devotion to the string quartets of [Beethoven](/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven "Ludwig van Beethoven"). Here he also gave a joint recital with [Liszt](/wiki/Franz_Liszt "Franz Liszt"), performing Beethoven's [*Kreutzer* Sonata](/wiki/Violin_Sonata_No._9_%28Beethoven%29 "Violin Sonata No. 9 (Beethoven)"). He developed a great reputation as the only serious rival to Paganini. [Henryk Wieniawski](/wiki/Henryk_Wieniawski "Henryk Wieniawski") dedicated his *[Polonaise de concert, Op.4](/wiki/Polonaise_de_Concert%2C_Op._4_%28Wieniawski%29 "Polonaise de Concert, Op. 4 (Wieniawski)")* to Lipiński, like [Ignacy Feliks Dobrzyński](/wiki/Ignacy_Feliks_Dobrzy%C5%84ski "Ignacy Feliks Dobrzyński") his *String Quartet No. 2, Op.40*. He retired with a pension in 1861, and died in village Virliv (Ternopil region, Ukraine). He was the owner of two violins, [one made in 1715](/wiki/Lipinski_Stradivarius "Lipinski Stradivarius") by [Antonio Stradivari](/wiki/Antonio_Stradivari "Antonio Stradivari") and another by [Giuseppe Guarneri del Gesù](/wiki/Giuseppe_Guarneri "Giuseppe Guarneri"). Both instruments are referred to as "ex\-Lipinski". The [Karol Lipiński Academy of Music](/wiki/Karol_Lipi%C5%84ski_Academy_of_Music "Karol Lipiński Academy of Music") in [Wrocław](/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw "Wrocław"), Poland was named after him.
[ "Life\n----", "Lipiński was born in [Radzyń Podlaski](/wiki/Radzy%C5%84_Podlaski \"Radzyń Podlaski\"). His father was Feliks Lipiński (1765–1847\\), and he had a younger brother of the same name Feliks (1815–1865\\). In 1810 he became the first violin and two years later the conductor of the opera orchestra at Lwów (now [Lviv](/wiki/Lviv \"Lviv\"), [Ukraine](/wiki/Ukraine \"Ukraine\")). In 1817 he went to Italy in the hope of hearing [Niccolò Paganini](/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Paganini \"Niccolò Paganini\"). The two met in [Milan](/wiki/Milan \"Milan\"), met daily to play, and even performed two concerts together in April 1818, which added immensely to Lipiński's reputation. Paganini dedicated his *Burlesque Variations on \"La Carnaval de Venise\"*, Op. 10 for unaccompanied violin to Lipiński. Later, in 1827, Lipiński returned the honour by dedicating his \"Three Caprices for Violin\" to Paganini.", "In 1818 on his return to Poland he stopped in [Trieste](/wiki/Trieste \"Trieste\") to receive instruction from Dr Mazzurana, a very elderly former pupil of [Giuseppe Tartini](/wiki/Giuseppe_Tartini \"Giuseppe Tartini\"); Mazzurana was ninety years old, and could no longer play himself, but gave his criticism of Lipiński's performance of one of Tartini's sonatas. During that time, he also performed concerts together with the Polish pianist and composer [Maria Agata Szymanowska](/wiki/Maria_Agata_Szymanowska \"Maria Agata Szymanowska\").", "In 1820 he travelled to [Berlin](/wiki/Berlin \"Berlin\") where he met [Louis Spohr](/wiki/Louis_Spohr \"Louis Spohr\"), and to Russia. In 1829 he went to Warsaw, and played a series of concerts with Paganini that summer that were attended by the nineteen\\-year\\-old [Frédéric Chopin](/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin \"Frédéric Chopin\"). However, a rivalry developed between Lipiński and Paganini which destroyed their friendship. Thereafter, whenever Paganini was asked who the greatest violinist was, he would say \"I don't know who the greatest is, but Lipiński is certainly the second greatest\".", "In 1835–36 he went on a long tour, during which he met [Robert Schumann](/wiki/Robert_Schumann \"Robert Schumann\") in [Leipzig](/wiki/Leipzig \"Leipzig\"). Schumann was so impressed that he dedicated *[Carnaval](/wiki/Carnaval_%28Schumann%29 \"Carnaval (Schumann)\")*, Op. 9 to him.", "In 1836 he visited England and played his *Military Concerto* with the [Royal Philharmonic Orchestra](/wiki/Royal_Philharmonic_Orchestra \"Royal Philharmonic Orchestra\"). In June 1839 he received a double appointment in [Dresden](/wiki/Dresden \"Dresden\"), as concertmaster of the Royal Oratory and kapellmeister at the court chapel.[A letter to his wife of 2 July 1839 (Österreichischen Nationalbibliothek)](http://www.musikerbriefe.at/content_e2.htm) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20051212173338/http://www.musikerbriefe.at/content\\_e2\\.htm \\|date\\=12 December 2005 }}. With his Dresden duties, he ceased touring as a virtuoso, but concentrated on chamber music, with a special devotion to the string quartets of [Beethoven](/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven \"Ludwig van Beethoven\"). Here he also gave a joint recital with [Liszt](/wiki/Franz_Liszt \"Franz Liszt\"), performing Beethoven's [*Kreutzer* Sonata](/wiki/Violin_Sonata_No._9_%28Beethoven%29 \"Violin Sonata No. 9 (Beethoven)\").", "He developed a great reputation as the only serious rival to Paganini. [Henryk Wieniawski](/wiki/Henryk_Wieniawski \"Henryk Wieniawski\") dedicated his *[Polonaise de concert, Op.4](/wiki/Polonaise_de_Concert%2C_Op._4_%28Wieniawski%29 \"Polonaise de Concert, Op. 4 (Wieniawski)\")* to Lipiński, like [Ignacy Feliks Dobrzyński](/wiki/Ignacy_Feliks_Dobrzy%C5%84ski \"Ignacy Feliks Dobrzyński\") his *String Quartet No. 2, Op.40*. He retired with a pension in 1861, and died in village Virliv (Ternopil region, Ukraine).", "He was the owner of two violins, [one made in 1715](/wiki/Lipinski_Stradivarius \"Lipinski Stradivarius\") by [Antonio Stradivari](/wiki/Antonio_Stradivari \"Antonio Stradivari\") and another by [Giuseppe Guarneri del Gesù](/wiki/Giuseppe_Guarneri \"Giuseppe Guarneri\"). Both instruments are referred to as \"ex\\-Lipinski\".", "The [Karol Lipiński Academy of Music](/wiki/Karol_Lipi%C5%84ski_Academy_of_Music \"Karol Lipiński Academy of Music\") in [Wrocław](/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw \"Wrocław\"), Poland was named after him.", "" ]
Further information ------------------- For more information on telecentre networks, visit the archive of the web site [telecentre.org](https://web.archive.org/web/20070428181103/http://www.telecentre.org/). An overview of telecentre networks can also be found in Chapter 7 of [Making the Connection: Scaling Telecentres for Development](https://web.archive.org/web/20070520224654/http://connection.aed.org/). Additional information about concept of community telecentres can also be found in the online book [From the Ground Up: the evolution of the telecentre movement](/wiki/Wikibooks:A_Guidebook_for_Managing_Telecentre_Networks "A Guidebook for Managing Telecentre Networks"). Additional information about the practice of building and sustaining telecentres can be found in this page on [Telecentre Sustainability](https://web.archive.org/web/20111220050633/http://www.telecentre.org/telecentre-sustainability/). Additional information about the social, political, economic, and technical problems and challenges facing the development and sustainability of telecentres can be found at [Telecenters](http://publicsphereproject.org/content/telecenters). There is a growing research and analytical literature on telecentres and other community based technology initiatives and approaches particularly within the context of [Community informatics](/wiki/Community_informatics "Community informatics") as an academic discipline and through the [Journal of Community Informatics](http://www.ci-journal.net/index.php/ciej/issue/view/15).
[ "Further information\n-------------------", "For more information on telecentre networks, visit the archive of the web site [telecentre.org](https://web.archive.org/web/20070428181103/http://www.telecentre.org/). An overview of telecentre networks can also be found in Chapter 7 of [Making the Connection: Scaling Telecentres for Development](https://web.archive.org/web/20070520224654/http://connection.aed.org/).", "Additional information about concept of community telecentres can also be found in the online book [From the Ground Up: the evolution of the telecentre movement](/wiki/Wikibooks:A_Guidebook_for_Managing_Telecentre_Networks \"A Guidebook for Managing Telecentre Networks\").", "Additional information about the practice of building and sustaining telecentres can be found in this page on [Telecentre Sustainability](https://web.archive.org/web/20111220050633/http://www.telecentre.org/telecentre-sustainability/).", "Additional information about the social, political, economic, and technical problems and challenges facing the development and sustainability of telecentres can be found at [Telecenters](http://publicsphereproject.org/content/telecenters).", "There is a growing research and analytical literature on telecentres and other community based technology initiatives and approaches particularly within the context of [Community informatics](/wiki/Community_informatics \"Community informatics\") as an academic discipline and through the [Journal of Community Informatics](http://www.ci-journal.net/index.php/ciej/issue/view/15).", "" ]
Work ---- Constantine specializes in the human side of [software development](/wiki/Software_development "Software development"). His published work includes the influential classic text, *Structured Design*, written with [Ed Yourdon](/wiki/Ed_Yourdon "Ed Yourdon"), and the award\-winning "Software for Use", written with Lucy Lockwood. His contributions to the practice of software development began in 1968 with his pioneering work in "[Modular programming](/wiki/Modular_programming "Modular programming")" concepts. Constantine was the primary force behind the discipline of [Structured Design](/wiki/Structured_Design "Structured Design"), in his book of the same name. The key features of Structured Design, such as [Structure Chart](/wiki/Structure_Chart "Structure Chart"), the [Data flow diagram](/wiki/Data_flow_diagram "Data flow diagram") are all commonly used and taught worldwide. ### Structured design {{main\|Structured design}} Constantine, who learned programming at the [Massachusetts Institute of Technology](/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology "Massachusetts Institute of Technology"), began his professional career in computers with a summer job at Scientific Computing, at the time a subsidiary of [Control Data Corporation](/wiki/Control_Data_Corporation "Control Data Corporation"), in Minneapolis. He went on to full\-time work at MIT’s Laboratory for Nuclear Science, where he wrote routines for analyzing spark chamber photographs, and then to C\-E\-I\-R, Inc., where he worked on economics simulations, business applications, project management tools, and programming languages. While still an undergraduate at MIT he began work on what was to become structured design, formed his first consulting company, and taught in a postgraduate program at the University of Pennsylvania [Wharton School](/wiki/Wharton_School "Wharton School"). The core of structured design, including structure charts and coupling and cohesion metrics, was substantially complete by 1968, when it was presented at the National Symposium on Modular Programming. He joined the faculty of IBM’s Systems Research Institute the same year, where he taught for four years and further refined his concepts. As part of structured design, Constantine developed the concepts of [cohesion](/wiki/Cohesion_%28computer_science%29 "Cohesion (computer science)") (the degree to which the internal contents of a module are related) and [coupling](/wiki/Coupling_%28computer_science%29 "Coupling (computer science)") (the degree to which a module depends upon other modules).Lee, *International Bibliographical Dictionary of Computer Pioneers.* These two concepts have been influential in the development of software engineering, and stand alone from structured design as significant contributions in their own right. They have proved foundational in areas ranging from software design to software metrics, and indeed have passed into the vernacular of the discipline. Constantine also developed methodologies that combine human\-computer\-interaction design with software engineering. One methodology, [usage\-centered design](/wiki/Usage-centered_design "Usage-centered design"), is the topic of his 1999 book with Lucy Lockwood, "Software For Use". This is a third significant contribution to the field, being both well used in professional practice and the subject of academic study, and taught in a number of human\-computer interface courses and universities around the world. His work on [human\-computer interaction](/wiki/Human%E2%80%93computer_interaction "Human–computer interaction") was influential for techniques like essential [use cases](/wiki/Use_case "Use case") and [usage\-centered design](/wiki/Usage-centered_design "Usage-centered design"), which are widely used for building interactive software systems. ### Family therapy Constantine trained under family therapy pioneers [David Kantor](/wiki/David_Kantor "David Kantor") and Fred and Bunny Duhl at the Boston Family Institute, completing a two\-year postgraduate certificate program in 1973\. From 1973 to 1980 he was an assistant clinical professor of psychiatry in the [Tufts University](/wiki/Tufts_University "Tufts University") School of Medicine training family therapists and supervising trainees at Boston State Hospital. He became a Licensed Clinical Social Worker and later a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist in Massachusetts and was designated an approved supervisor by the [American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy](/wiki/American_Association_for_Marriage_and_Family_Therapy "American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy"). His contributions to theory and research in family therapy and human systems theory were summarized in Family Paradigms (Guilford Press, 1986\), a book heralded at the time as “one of the finest theoretical books yet published in the family therapy field”Contemporary Psychology: APA Review of Books and “among the most significant developments of the decade.”Burr, W. R. *Journal of Marriage and the Family Vol. 49*, No. 4 (Nov., 1987\), pp. 948 This work has also seen application in organization development. He and his wife at the time, Joan Constantine, also researched and practiced [group marriage](/wiki/Group_marriage "Group marriage") in the 1970s. They created the Family Tree organization to promote healthy non\-monogamous families. They collaboratively authored a book on the subject in 1974, *Group Marriage: A Study of Contemporary Multilateral Marriage* (Collier Books, 1974\).Constantine, Larry and Joan (1974\). Group Marriage: A Study of Contemporary Multilateral Marriage. Collier Books. {{ISBN\|978\-0020759102}}. ### Patents US Patents: 7010753 Anticipating drop acceptance indication; 7055105 Drop\-enabled tabbed dialog; 8161026 Inexact date entry
[ "Work\n----", "Constantine specializes in the human side of [software development](/wiki/Software_development \"Software development\"). His published work includes the influential classic text, *Structured Design*, written with [Ed Yourdon](/wiki/Ed_Yourdon \"Ed Yourdon\"), and the award\\-winning \"Software for Use\", written with Lucy Lockwood. His contributions to the practice of software development began in 1968 with his pioneering work in \"[Modular programming](/wiki/Modular_programming \"Modular programming\")\" concepts.", "Constantine was the primary force behind the discipline of [Structured Design](/wiki/Structured_Design \"Structured Design\"), in his book of the same name. The key features of Structured Design, such as [Structure Chart](/wiki/Structure_Chart \"Structure Chart\"), the [Data flow diagram](/wiki/Data_flow_diagram \"Data flow diagram\") are all commonly used and taught worldwide.", "### Structured design", "{{main\\|Structured design}}\nConstantine, who learned programming at the [Massachusetts Institute of Technology](/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology \"Massachusetts Institute of Technology\"), began his professional career in computers with a summer job at Scientific Computing, at the time a subsidiary of [Control Data Corporation](/wiki/Control_Data_Corporation \"Control Data Corporation\"), in Minneapolis. He went on to full\\-time work at MIT’s Laboratory for Nuclear Science, where he wrote routines for analyzing spark chamber photographs, and then to C\\-E\\-I\\-R, Inc., where he worked on economics simulations, business applications, project management tools, and programming languages.", "While still an undergraduate at MIT he began work on what was to become structured design, formed his first consulting company, and taught in a postgraduate program at the University of Pennsylvania [Wharton School](/wiki/Wharton_School \"Wharton School\"). The core of structured design, including structure charts and coupling and cohesion metrics, was substantially complete by 1968, when it was presented at the National Symposium on Modular Programming. He joined the faculty of IBM’s Systems Research Institute the same year, where he taught for four years and further refined his concepts.", "As part of structured design, Constantine developed the concepts of [cohesion](/wiki/Cohesion_%28computer_science%29 \"Cohesion (computer science)\") (the degree to which the internal contents of a module are related) and [coupling](/wiki/Coupling_%28computer_science%29 \"Coupling (computer science)\") (the degree to which a module depends upon other modules).Lee, *International Bibliographical Dictionary of Computer Pioneers.* These two concepts have been influential in the development of software engineering, and stand alone from structured design as significant contributions in their own right. They have proved foundational in areas ranging from software design to software metrics, and indeed have passed into the vernacular of the discipline.", "Constantine also developed methodologies that combine human\\-computer\\-interaction design with software engineering. One methodology, [usage\\-centered design](/wiki/Usage-centered_design \"Usage-centered design\"), is the topic of his 1999 book with Lucy Lockwood, \"Software For Use\". This is a third significant contribution to the field, being both well used in professional practice and the subject of academic study, and taught in a number of human\\-computer interface courses and universities around the world. His work on [human\\-computer interaction](/wiki/Human%E2%80%93computer_interaction \"Human–computer interaction\") was influential for techniques like essential [use cases](/wiki/Use_case \"Use case\") and [usage\\-centered design](/wiki/Usage-centered_design \"Usage-centered design\"), which are widely used for building interactive software systems.", "### Family therapy", "Constantine trained under family therapy pioneers [David Kantor](/wiki/David_Kantor \"David Kantor\") and Fred and Bunny Duhl at the Boston Family Institute, completing a two\\-year postgraduate certificate program in 1973\\. From 1973 to 1980 he was an assistant clinical professor of psychiatry in the [Tufts University](/wiki/Tufts_University \"Tufts University\") School of Medicine training family therapists and supervising trainees at Boston State Hospital. He became a Licensed Clinical Social Worker and later a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist in Massachusetts and was designated an approved supervisor by the [American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy](/wiki/American_Association_for_Marriage_and_Family_Therapy \"American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy\").", "His contributions to theory and research in family therapy and human systems theory were summarized in Family Paradigms (Guilford Press, 1986\\), a book heralded at the time as “one of the finest theoretical books yet published in the family therapy field”Contemporary Psychology: APA Review of Books and “among the most significant developments of the decade.”Burr, W. R. *Journal of Marriage and the Family Vol. 49*, No. 4 (Nov., 1987\\), pp. 948 This work has also seen application in organization development.", "He and his wife at the time, Joan Constantine, also researched and practiced [group marriage](/wiki/Group_marriage \"Group marriage\") in the 1970s. They created the Family Tree organization to promote healthy non\\-monogamous families. They collaboratively authored a book on the subject in 1974, *Group Marriage: A Study of Contemporary Multilateral Marriage* (Collier Books, 1974\\).Constantine, Larry and Joan (1974\\). Group Marriage: A Study of Contemporary Multilateral Marriage. Collier Books. {{ISBN\\|978\\-0020759102}}.", "### Patents", "US Patents: 7010753 Anticipating drop acceptance indication; 7055105 Drop\\-enabled tabbed dialog; 8161026 Inexact date entry", "" ]
Overview -------- {{refimprove section\|date\=July 2013}} The protests began on the eve of 9 July 1999 after a peaceful demonstration by a group of students of [Tehran University](/wiki/University_of_Tehran "University of Tehran") against the closure of the reformist newspaper, *Salam*, by the press court. The *Salam* newspaper (Persian: روزنامه سلام) was operated by the [Association of Combatant Clerics](/wiki/Association_of_Combatant_Clerics "Association of Combatant Clerics"), the reformist political party to which the then president, [Mohammad Khatami](/wiki/Mohammad_Khatami "Mohammad Khatami") belonged. The student groups, which at the time were considered one of the major supporters of Khatami and his [reform programs](/wiki/Mohammad_Khatami%27s_reforms "Mohammad Khatami's reforms"), were protesting in support of Khatami against the closure of the newspaper by the judiciary, which was controlled by the hardline opponents of President Khatami. On the evening of the protests, "about 400 plainclothes paramilitaries descended on a university dormitory, whispering into short\-wave radios and wielding green sticks." The paramilitaries, thought to be [Ansar\-e\-Hezbollah](/wiki/Ansar-e-Hezbollah "Ansar-e-Hezbollah") and [Basij](/wiki/Basij "Basij"), began attacking students, kicking down doors and smashing through halls, grabbing female students by the hair and setting fire to rooms. Several students were thrown off of third story balconies "onto pavement below, their bones crushed," and one student paralyzed. According to students' accounts, uniformed police stood by and did nothing.The armed forces, (including the police force), in Iran, is not controlled by the president or his cabinet, but by the hardline faction of the Iranian political establishment, (See [Politics of Iran](/wiki/Politics_of_Iran "Politics of Iran")). "Witnesses reported that at least one student was killed, 300 wounded, and thousands detained in the days that followed."Ebadi, *Iran Awakening*, (2006\), p. 149 The next day, unrest began in earnest, spreading through Tehran and to other cities and continuing for almost a week, with unemployed youths joining the students. The [Basij](/wiki/Basij "Basij") are reported to have disguised themselves as students (wearing jeans, T\-shirts, and shaving their faces) and thrown bricks into shop windows to discredit the student demonstrators.Molavi, Afshin, *The Soul of Iran*, Norton, 2005, p. 202 The five days of rioting "turned Tehran into a battlefield," and was "inarguably the worst mass disturbance" the Islamic Republic had seen in its 20 years of existence. Running street battles left downtown Tehran "gutted," with burned\-out buses, and smashed storefronts.Ebadi, *Iran Awakening*, (2006\), p. 149 There were many arrests and injuries, and at least one confirmed fatal shooting, namely that of [Ezzat Ebrahim\-Nejad](/wiki/Ezzat_Ebrahim-Nejad "Ezzat Ebrahim-Nejad"). The death of Ebrahim\-Nejad was the only one acknowledged by the state\-controlled Iranian television, however, major student groups and the foreign media have claimed more than 17 dead during the week of violent protests. Another student [Saeed Zeinali](/wiki/Saeed_Zeinali "Saeed Zeinali") disappeared after his arrest by security forces. Major Iranian cities such as [Tabriz](/wiki/Tabriz "Tabriz"), [Mashhad](/wiki/Mashhad "Mashhad"), [Shiraz](/wiki/Shiraz "Shiraz") and [Esfahan](/wiki/Esfahan "Esfahan") were scenes of violent and widespread demonstrations as well. The protests continued at Tabriz University on 11 July 1999 (20th of Tir) and police and hardliners responded similarly in Tabriz universities and schools, entering the universities and brutally attacked students. Four students died in the unrest and many were beaten while in custody.Molavi, *The Soul of Iran*, (2005\), p. 203 According to *The Economist* magazine, the demonstrations "took a more violent turn on 13 July, when some of the students, deeply dissatisfied with the official response, tried to storm the Ministry of the Interior, the perceived seat of their troubles."[http://www.irb\-cisr.gc.ca/en/research/publications/index\_e.htm?cid\=0\&docid\=96\&sec\=CH02](http://www.irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/research/publications/index_e.htm?cid=0&docid=96&sec=CH02) quoting *the Economist* 17 July 1999 {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20051126064014/http://www.irb\-cisr.gc.ca/en/research/publications/index\_e.htm?cid\=0\&docid\=96\&sec\=CH02\|date\=November 26, 2005}} On July 13 President Khatami issued a statement "disowning" the demonstrators, stating that continued defiance of the ban on demonstrations was "an attack on the foundations of the régime."[http://www.irb\-cisr.gc.ca/en/research/publications/index\_e.htm?cid\=0\&docid\=96\&sec\=CH02](http://www.irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/research/publications/index_e.htm?cid=0&docid=96&sec=CH02) quoting Keesings July 1999 and AFP 13 July 1999 {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20051126064014/http://www.irb\-cisr.gc.ca/en/research/publications/index\_e.htm?cid\=0\&docid\=96\&sec\=CH02\|date\=November 26, 2005}} The next day, 14 July, "Tens of thousands of supporters" of Supreme Leader [Khamenei](/wiki/Khamenei "Khamenei") rallied in Tehran in a demonstration called by the Organization for Islamic Propagation (Keesing's July 1999\). "Reports characterize the demonstration as the régime's counterattack, claiming that the demonstrators include tens of thousands government employees who have been brought to Tehran by bus."[http://www.irb\-cisr.gc.ca/en/research/publications/index\_e.htm?cid\=0\&docid\=96\&sec\=CH02](http://www.irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/research/publications/index_e.htm?cid=0&docid=96&sec=CH02) quoting *The Iran Brief* 8 September 1999; *JIRA* November 1999 {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20051126064014/http://www.irb\-cisr.gc.ca/en/research/publications/index\_e.htm?cid\=0\&docid\=96\&sec\=CH02\|date\=November 26, 2005}} ### Student Uprising: July 1999, "18 Tir" The Iranian student protests of July 1999 is considered to be the first massive uprising initiated by the generation born under the Islamic Republic Regime. The protest grew out of response to the Islamic Republic's violent attack on Tehran University's student dormitory on July 9, 1999, in which numerous students were seriously injured and several killed. Over the next five days proceeding the attack, approximately 50,000 students protested in [Tehran](/wiki/Tehran "Tehran"), in addition to thousands more in various universities across Iran, against both conservatives and reformists under the Islamic Republic Regime and [The Supreme Leader Khamenei](/wiki/Ali_Khamenei "Ali Khamenei"), in particular. Student protester's main demand called for the replacement of the Islamic Republic with a government that upheld the ideals of secular democracy. The student protests of July 1999 is considered to be a foundation for the [Green Movement of 2009](/wiki/Iranian_Green_Movement "Iranian Green Movement"). ### Election of 1997 The presidential [election of Mohammad Khatami on 23 May 1997](/wiki/1997_Iranian_presidential_election "1997 Iranian presidential election") is symbolic of Iran's desire for reform. The elections resulted in higher voter turnout as a result of Khatami's liberal views that attracted large number of youth and women specifically. In fact, "Iran's youth…reportedly made up a large part of the 20 million who gave Khatami his victory. They were joined by large numbers of women." The election of Khatami brought hope of economic, political and societal reform to Iranian citizens. One of the ways that Khatami appealed to women was by stating his belief that, "women should be active in all social, political and economic activities, and said he would welcome qualified women in his cabinet if he should win the presidency. Efforts should be made to do away with male supremacy". By holding such liberal ideas, Khatami sets himself up for battle against conservative ideology within the judicial sector of the government. In addition, "the Islamic Republic in 1997 was still an oligarchy, controlled by a network of [Shi'ite](/wiki/Shia_Islam "Shia Islam") clerics who were disciples of Ayatollah Khomeini" and loyal followers of Islam. Therefore, the liberal views of Khatami did not coincide with those of the clerics. Still, it seems as if Khatami strategically attracts votes from youth and women through his liberalistic views. In fact he "distanced himself from the faltering and unpopular campaign to '[Islamize'](/wiki/Islamization "Islamization") the universities, a goal of the conservative faction". This quote indicates that Khatami noticed the dissatisfaction with the conservative's agenda and consequently used this to his advantage. As a result, the election of Khatami publicized the Iranian citizens need for reform, especially in regards to [freedom of the press](/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press "Freedom of the press"). ### Government and the press The control of the press that the Iranian government had was a result of the "dysfunctional dualism of political and ideological institutions". The struggle between conservative and moderate reform administration resulted in restriction of the press. During this time period, Iran experienced an apparent struggle of power between reformist president Muhammad Khatami and the conservative leader of the Islamic republic, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei. In efforts to decrease support for the president's liberalization agenda, the judiciary closed down newspapers that expressed reformative views. The judiciary justified the closure of several publications on the basis of "factional issues …The hardline judiciary close\[d] reformist publications, while hardline ones that commit\[ed] similar violations \[were] rarely punished". The judiciary used press policies as a tool to promote conservative views. The judiciary was able to do this because press policies were vague and used to their benefit. Consequently, on 7 July 1999 the Salam daily was closed. The basis of the closure was because of a report revealing plans by the [Ministry of Intelligence and Security](/wiki/Ministry_of_Intelligence_%28Iran%29 "Ministry of Intelligence (Iran)") to restrict the press. The editor of the newspaper faced "charges of spreading fabrications, disturbing public opinion, and publishing classified documents". The judicial sector of the Iranian government had clear objectives to eradicate the spread of reformative views by closing down publications that spread truth to the public however the judiciary distorted the information to enable their control of the press. The press in Iran, within the boundaries of the established order which consist of the president and the clerics has reflected throughout history intergovernmental debates. These debates are dictated by the structure of governance in the Islamic Republic and who holds power. The press under the Islamic Republic in Iran has never been free. The basis of the Islamic Republic ipso facto was established upon the forceful closure of nearly all the existing free press, in the mid\-summer of 1980\. The only period that the press was free was from February through July 1980\. In addition, since the establishment of the Islamic Republic, the many publications have been connected ideologically to the political sectors that exist in the regime. Still publications that are considered to be pro\-reform have endured consequence of closure. Although liberal publications face opposition by law, "they have remained resilient beneath the political undercurrents of the society, as the advocates of freedom of the press, freedom of speech, etc". Nevertheless, liberal independent publications were under risk of extinction due to the marginalization inflicted by the Islamic Republic in Iran. ### Press and the July 1999 protest In Iran, there has been a history of ideological and governmental conflicts that are revealed in the sphere of politics. Since the election of Khatami, this issue where belief and government come into contact has become more and more apparent. The internal struggle and basic factional disputes within the state are reflected by the management of the press in general and the control of those publications that spoke on behalf of the controlled sects within the government. The student protest of July 1999 occurred as a result of these restrictions of freedom of the press. Prior to the protest, the publisher of the Daily Saleem was "arrested, put on trial, and convicted for printing" false information. In the Daily Saleem, communication between Saeed Emami, former Deputy Minister of Intelligence of the Islamic Republic to his boss, Intelligence Ministry Chief [Qorban\-Ali Dorri\-Najafabadi](/wiki/Ghorbanali_Dorri-Najafabadi "Ghorbanali Dorri-Najafabadi") was revealed to the public. The Daily Saleem published information about governmental plans to further restrict and control freedom of the press. In response to the closure of the newspaper, hundreds of students from Tehran University participated in a demonstration on 8 July. This demonstration has been deemed to be peaceful. The day following the demonstration, security forces, including the police and the Ansar\-e\-Hezbollah, invaded student dormitories and resulted in injuries, arrest and extensive damages to the student dormitories. On July 9, 1999, the students of [Tabriz University](/wiki/Tabriz_University "Tabriz University") protested, demanding more freedom and continuing the protests started at Tehran University.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.dana.ir/news/111770\.html/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C\-%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84%D9%87\-20%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B1\-78\-%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87\-%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B2\|title\=بازخوانی غائله 20تیر 78 دانشگاه تبریز\|website\=\[\[dana.ir]]\|language\=fa}} Following the invasion of student dormitories, intense pro\-democracy demonstrations took place on 12 and 13 July. In response to the pro\-democratic protest, Ali Khamenei and his conservative supporters organized a counter\-demonstration rally which occurred on 14 July. Consequently, it is estimated that over 1,500 student protesters were arrested. Some scholars recognize the regime's "overreaction to both its own reform counterparts and the opposition forces reveal\[s], how weak and insecure the ruling conservatives are". The reasoning behind this idea is that if the government was confident in its laws and policies, it would not demonstrate fear. In the *Journal of Iranian Research and Analysis*, Cyrus Bina indicates that fear is demonstrated when: > two dozen high\-ranking Pasdar commanders present President Khatarni an official letter of ultimatum, telling him that they have no choice except to seize power if he fails to crush the student rebellion soon … commanders, who are under direct authority of Khamenei, threatened the President that their patience is running thin and that they can no longer stand on the sideline. The fact that the clerics and judicial sector felt the urgency to immediately stop the student protests is an indication of the fear they had and the amount of influence the protestors could have on Iranian society if their voices were not silenced. Therefore, it is clear that the initial student protest was prompted by the closure of the daily Saleem which occurred on 7 July. The protesters expressed strong objection to the restriction on freedom of the press by the judicial sector. The protest reflects the collective resentment of the public against the suppression of the press and the restriction of basic freedoms and universal rights. After the attack on the students of Tehran University by a hard\-line vigilante group, Khatami delivered a speech three months later defending his reform program and insisting on the foundations of his government. He referred to the reformation of the system from within with holding two elements of Islamic and republic.{{cite book\|author\=Anoushiravan Enteshami \& Mahjoob Zweiri\|title\=Iran and the rise of Neoconsevatives, the politics of Tehran's silent Revolution\|year\=2007\|page\=10\|publisher\=I.B.Tauris}} ### Student demands during protest {{unreferenced section\|date\=April 2017}} The end results that the students were expecting from the protest are reflected in the slogans that they chanted during the protest. After researching the popular slogans used during the protest, it is evident that the student had multitude of demands as a result of the six\-day demonstrations in Tehran. Still, it is important that the slogans are analyzed in relation the objective of the overall protest. From all the slogans used throughout the protest there is one common theme that ties all of them together, opposition to Ali Khamenei, the "Supreme Leader" as referenced in the slogans, his [Ansar\-e Hezbollah](/wiki/Ansar-e_Hezbollah "Ansar-e Hezbollah"), and the state\-supported terrorism In nearly one\-third of the slogans used during the protest in 1999, students demonstrated opposition to Khamenei directly. For example, the slogan "Khamenei! Shame on You, Leadership Is Not for You" {{Cite book\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=OXgMR5OZ6LcC\&q\=%22Khamenei%21\+Shame\+on\+You%2C\+Leadership\+Is\+Not\+for\+You%22\&pg\=PA104\|title\=Social Change in Iran: An Eyewitness Account of Dissent, Defiance, and New Movements for Rights\|last\=Yaghmaian\|first\=Behzad\|date\=February 2012\|publisher\=SUNY Press\|isbn\=9780791489413\|language\=en}} is one a very daring statement and is considered one of the "boldest yet to be found in any demonstration in the last decade in Iran". These straight forward criticisms toward Khamenei, combined with slogans against the cleric rule and the "20\-year" repression under the Islamic order, reflect the failed velayat\-e faghih as a model of government in Iran. In addition students involved in the protest revealed resentment toward the Ansar\-e Hezbollah. This resentment deriving from violent intervention, disruption of political meetings, peaceful demonstrations and university lectures in support of the cleric and the supreme leader. According to Cyrus Bina, these type of "pressure groups are kept on the government's payroll and that their violence is often coordinated with the uniformed law enforcement forces against the public". Consequently, it is evident that during this time period conservatives constantly made efforts against liberals even through infliction of violence. The Iranian student demonstrations of July 1999 reveal the desperate need for reform. From research it is evident that the protest against the closure of the Daily Saleem resulted in a 6\-day protest. That was motivated by a limited group. The demonstrations of July 1999 engaged students in politics, protesting against government corruption, political repression, the clerical rule and Khamenei. In the bigger picture, the students were protesting against the system of the Islamic Republic in Iran. In the end the protest was an act upon their needs for reform that was fueled during the election on May 23, 1997, in Iran. ### Aftermath A crackdown on reformists and reform policies followed the riots. * A "long\-negotiated compromise" that would have weakened the [Council of Guardians](/wiki/Council_of_Guardians "Council of Guardians") to screening candidates for parliament and president was vetoed, giving the guardians "absolute vetting power". * A "thought crime" law was passed prohibiting "any violent or peaceful act by a person or group against the regime" including speech, and punishing such criticism with stiff sentences. * Another law prohibited "any contact or exchange of information, interviews or collusion with foreign embassies, organization, parties or media at whatever level which could be judged harmful to Iran's independence, national unity or the interests of the Islamic republic."Wright, Robin, *The Last Great Revolution*, c2000, pp. 268–72 As of 31 July 2006, several students involved in the demonstration such as Manouchehr Mohammadi, [Ahmad Batebi](/wiki/Ahmad_Batebi "Ahmad Batebi"), Farokh Shafiei, Hassan Zarezadeh Ardeshir, were still in jail. Of those students, [Akbar Mohammadi](/wiki/Akbar_Mohammadi_%28student%29 "Akbar Mohammadi (student)") died during a hunger strike while protesting against his prison sentence;{{cite news\|title\=Outcry after dissident dies in Iranian jail\|newspaper\=The Guardian\|author\=Robert Tait\|date\=1 August 2006\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/aug/01/iran.roberttait\|access\-date\=29 December 2009}} [Human Rights Watch](/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch "Human Rights Watch") called his death "suspicious" and demanded an investigation.["Iran: Imprisoned Dissident Dies in Custody; Investigate Mohammadi's Suspicious Death"](http://hrw.org/english/docs/2006/08/03/iran13895.htm) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081112121117/http://hrw.org/english/docs/2006/08/03/iran13895\.htm \|date\=2008\-11\-12 }} Human Rights Watch, 3 August 2006 [Heshmat Tabarzadi](/wiki/Heshmat_Tabarzadi "Heshmat Tabarzadi"), viewed by the Iranian government as one of the leaders of the protests, was arrested and spent nine years in [Evin Prison](/wiki/Evin_Prison "Evin Prison"), including two in solitary confinement.{{cite news\|title\=Dissident Iran Rises\|newspaper\=The Wall Street Journal\|date\=30 December 2009\|url\=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703510304574626453406091222\|access\-date\=29 December 2009}} According to the [Middle East Eye](/wiki/Middle_East_Eye "Middle East Eye"), a lecturer in the U.K argued that the impact of the 1999 student protests became apparent 10 years later during the 2009 Green Movement. {{Cite web\|url\= https://www.middleeasteye.net/big\-story/irans\-1999\-student\-protests\-hot\-summer\-shook\-tehran \|title\= Iran's 1999 student protests: The hot summer that shook Tehran. }}
[ "Overview\n--------", "{{refimprove section\\|date\\=July 2013}}\nThe protests began on the eve of 9 July 1999 after a peaceful demonstration by a group of students of [Tehran University](/wiki/University_of_Tehran \"University of Tehran\") against the closure of the reformist newspaper, *Salam*, by the press court. The *Salam* newspaper (Persian: روزنامه سلام) was operated by the [Association of Combatant Clerics](/wiki/Association_of_Combatant_Clerics \"Association of Combatant Clerics\"), the reformist political party to which the then president, [Mohammad Khatami](/wiki/Mohammad_Khatami \"Mohammad Khatami\") belonged. The student groups, which at the time were considered one of the major supporters of Khatami and his [reform programs](/wiki/Mohammad_Khatami%27s_reforms \"Mohammad Khatami's reforms\"), were protesting in support of Khatami against the closure of the newspaper by the judiciary, which was controlled by the hardline opponents of President Khatami.", "On the evening of the protests, \"about 400 plainclothes paramilitaries descended on a university dormitory, whispering into short\\-wave radios and wielding green sticks.\" The paramilitaries, thought to be [Ansar\\-e\\-Hezbollah](/wiki/Ansar-e-Hezbollah \"Ansar-e-Hezbollah\") and [Basij](/wiki/Basij \"Basij\"), began attacking students, kicking down doors and smashing through halls, grabbing female students by the hair and setting fire to rooms. Several students were thrown off of third story balconies \"onto pavement below, their bones crushed,\" and one student paralyzed. According to students' accounts, uniformed police stood by and did nothing.The armed forces, (including the police force), in Iran, is not controlled by the president or his cabinet, but by the hardline faction of the Iranian political establishment, (See [Politics of Iran](/wiki/Politics_of_Iran \"Politics of Iran\")). \"Witnesses reported that at least one student was killed, 300 wounded, and thousands detained in the days that followed.\"Ebadi, *Iran Awakening*, (2006\\), p. 149", "The next day, unrest began in earnest, spreading through Tehran and to other cities and continuing for almost a week, with unemployed youths joining the students. The [Basij](/wiki/Basij \"Basij\") are reported to have disguised themselves as students (wearing jeans, T\\-shirts, and shaving their faces) and thrown bricks into shop windows to discredit the student demonstrators.Molavi, Afshin, *The Soul of Iran*, Norton, 2005, p. 202 The five days of rioting \"turned Tehran into a battlefield,\" and was \"inarguably the worst mass disturbance\" the Islamic Republic had seen in its 20 years of existence. Running street battles left downtown Tehran \"gutted,\" with burned\\-out buses, and smashed storefronts.Ebadi, *Iran Awakening*, (2006\\), p. 149", "There were many arrests and injuries, and at least one confirmed fatal shooting, namely that of [Ezzat Ebrahim\\-Nejad](/wiki/Ezzat_Ebrahim-Nejad \"Ezzat Ebrahim-Nejad\"). The death of Ebrahim\\-Nejad was the only one acknowledged by the state\\-controlled Iranian television, however, major student groups and the foreign media have claimed more than 17 dead during the week of violent protests. Another student [Saeed Zeinali](/wiki/Saeed_Zeinali \"Saeed Zeinali\") disappeared after his arrest by security forces.", "Major Iranian cities such as [Tabriz](/wiki/Tabriz \"Tabriz\"), [Mashhad](/wiki/Mashhad \"Mashhad\"), [Shiraz](/wiki/Shiraz \"Shiraz\") and [Esfahan](/wiki/Esfahan \"Esfahan\") were scenes of violent and widespread demonstrations as well. The protests continued at Tabriz University on 11 July 1999 (20th of Tir) and police and hardliners responded similarly in Tabriz universities and schools, entering the universities and brutally attacked students. Four students died in the unrest and many were beaten while in custody.Molavi, *The Soul of Iran*, (2005\\), p. 203", "According to *The Economist* magazine, the demonstrations \"took a more violent turn on 13 July, when some of the students, deeply dissatisfied with the official response, tried to storm the Ministry of the Interior, the perceived seat of their troubles.\"[http://www.irb\\-cisr.gc.ca/en/research/publications/index\\_e.htm?cid\\=0\\&docid\\=96\\&sec\\=CH02](http://www.irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/research/publications/index_e.htm?cid=0&docid=96&sec=CH02) quoting *the Economist* 17 July 1999 {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20051126064014/http://www.irb\\-cisr.gc.ca/en/research/publications/index\\_e.htm?cid\\=0\\&docid\\=96\\&sec\\=CH02\\|date\\=November 26, 2005}} On July 13 President Khatami issued a statement \"disowning\" the demonstrators, stating that continued defiance of the ban on demonstrations was \"an attack on the foundations of the régime.\"[http://www.irb\\-cisr.gc.ca/en/research/publications/index\\_e.htm?cid\\=0\\&docid\\=96\\&sec\\=CH02](http://www.irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/research/publications/index_e.htm?cid=0&docid=96&sec=CH02) quoting Keesings July 1999 and AFP 13 July 1999 {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20051126064014/http://www.irb\\-cisr.gc.ca/en/research/publications/index\\_e.htm?cid\\=0\\&docid\\=96\\&sec\\=CH02\\|date\\=November 26, 2005}}", "The next day, 14 July, \"Tens of thousands of supporters\" of Supreme Leader [Khamenei](/wiki/Khamenei \"Khamenei\") rallied in Tehran in a demonstration called by the Organization for Islamic Propagation (Keesing's July 1999\\). \"Reports characterize the demonstration as the régime's counterattack, claiming that the demonstrators include tens of thousands government employees who have been brought to Tehran by bus.\"[http://www.irb\\-cisr.gc.ca/en/research/publications/index\\_e.htm?cid\\=0\\&docid\\=96\\&sec\\=CH02](http://www.irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/research/publications/index_e.htm?cid=0&docid=96&sec=CH02) quoting *The Iran Brief* 8 September 1999; *JIRA* November 1999 {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20051126064014/http://www.irb\\-cisr.gc.ca/en/research/publications/index\\_e.htm?cid\\=0\\&docid\\=96\\&sec\\=CH02\\|date\\=November 26, 2005}}", "### Student Uprising: July 1999, \"18 Tir\"", "The Iranian student protests of July 1999 is considered to be the first massive uprising initiated by the generation born under the Islamic Republic Regime. The protest grew out of response to the Islamic Republic's violent attack on Tehran University's student dormitory on July 9, 1999, in which numerous students were seriously injured and several killed. Over the next five days proceeding the attack, approximately 50,000 students protested in [Tehran](/wiki/Tehran \"Tehran\"), in addition to thousands more in various universities across Iran, against both conservatives and reformists under the Islamic Republic Regime and [The Supreme Leader Khamenei](/wiki/Ali_Khamenei \"Ali Khamenei\"), in particular. Student protester's main demand called for the replacement of the Islamic Republic with a government that upheld the ideals of secular democracy. The student protests of July 1999 is considered to be a foundation for the [Green Movement of 2009](/wiki/Iranian_Green_Movement \"Iranian Green Movement\").", "### Election of 1997", "The presidential [election of Mohammad Khatami on 23 May 1997](/wiki/1997_Iranian_presidential_election \"1997 Iranian presidential election\") is symbolic of Iran's desire for reform. The elections resulted in higher voter turnout as a result of Khatami's liberal views that attracted large number of youth and women specifically. In fact, \"Iran's youth…reportedly made up a large part of the 20 million who gave Khatami his victory. They were joined by large numbers of women.\" The election of Khatami brought hope of economic, political and societal reform to Iranian citizens. One of the ways that Khatami appealed to women was by stating his belief that, \"women should be active in all social, political and economic activities, and said he would welcome qualified women in his cabinet if he should win the presidency. Efforts should be made to do away with male supremacy\". By holding such liberal ideas, Khatami sets himself up for battle against conservative ideology within the judicial sector of the government. In addition, \"the Islamic Republic in 1997 was still an oligarchy, controlled by a network of [Shi'ite](/wiki/Shia_Islam \"Shia Islam\") clerics who were disciples of Ayatollah Khomeini\" and loyal followers of Islam. Therefore, the liberal views of Khatami did not coincide with those of the clerics. Still, it seems as if Khatami strategically attracts votes from youth and women through his liberalistic views. In fact he \"distanced himself from the faltering and unpopular campaign to '[Islamize'](/wiki/Islamization \"Islamization\") the universities, a goal of the conservative faction\". This quote indicates that Khatami noticed the dissatisfaction with the conservative's agenda and consequently used this to his advantage. As a result, the election of Khatami publicized the Iranian citizens need for reform, especially in regards to [freedom of the press](/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press \"Freedom of the press\").", "### Government and the press", "The control of the press that the Iranian government had was a result of the \"dysfunctional dualism of political and ideological institutions\". The struggle between conservative and moderate reform administration resulted in restriction of the press. During this time period, Iran experienced an apparent struggle of power between reformist president Muhammad Khatami and the conservative leader of the Islamic republic, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei. In efforts to decrease support for the president's liberalization agenda, the judiciary closed down newspapers that expressed reformative views. The judiciary justified the closure of several publications on the basis of \"factional issues …The hardline judiciary close\\[d] reformist publications, while hardline ones that commit\\[ed] similar violations \\[were] rarely punished\". The judiciary used press policies as a tool to promote conservative views. The judiciary was able to do this because press policies were vague and used to their benefit. Consequently, on 7 July 1999 the Salam daily was closed. The basis of the closure was because of a report revealing plans by the [Ministry of Intelligence and Security](/wiki/Ministry_of_Intelligence_%28Iran%29 \"Ministry of Intelligence (Iran)\") to restrict the press. The editor of the newspaper faced \"charges of spreading fabrications, disturbing public opinion, and publishing classified documents\". The judicial sector of the Iranian government had clear objectives to eradicate the spread of reformative views by closing down publications that spread truth to the public however the judiciary distorted the information to enable their control of the press.", "The press in Iran, within the boundaries of the established order which consist of the president and the clerics has reflected throughout history intergovernmental debates. These debates are dictated by the structure of governance in the Islamic Republic and who holds power. The press under the Islamic Republic in Iran has never been free. The basis of the Islamic Republic ipso facto was established upon the forceful closure of nearly all the existing free press, in the mid\\-summer of 1980\\. The only period that the press was free was from February through July 1980\\. In addition, since the establishment of the Islamic Republic, the many publications have been connected ideologically to the political sectors that exist in the regime. Still publications that are considered to be pro\\-reform have endured consequence of closure. Although liberal publications face opposition by law, \"they have remained resilient beneath the political undercurrents of the society, as the advocates of freedom of the press, freedom of speech, etc\". Nevertheless, liberal independent publications were under risk of extinction due to the marginalization inflicted by the Islamic Republic in Iran.", "### Press and the July 1999 protest", "In Iran, there has been a history of ideological and governmental conflicts that are revealed in the sphere of politics. Since the election of Khatami, this issue where belief and government come into contact has become more and more apparent. The internal struggle and basic factional disputes within the state are reflected by the management of the press in general and the control of those publications that spoke on behalf of the controlled sects within the government.", "The student protest of July 1999 occurred as a result of these restrictions of freedom of the press. Prior to the protest, the publisher of the Daily Saleem was \"arrested, put on trial, and convicted for printing\" false information. In the Daily Saleem, communication between Saeed Emami, former Deputy Minister of Intelligence of the Islamic Republic to his boss, Intelligence Ministry Chief [Qorban\\-Ali Dorri\\-Najafabadi](/wiki/Ghorbanali_Dorri-Najafabadi \"Ghorbanali Dorri-Najafabadi\") was revealed to the public. The Daily Saleem published information about governmental plans to further restrict and control freedom of the press.", "In response to the closure of the newspaper, hundreds of students from Tehran University participated in a demonstration on 8 July. This demonstration has been deemed to be peaceful. The day following the demonstration, security forces, including the police and the Ansar\\-e\\-Hezbollah, invaded student dormitories and resulted in injuries, arrest and extensive damages to the student dormitories. On July 9, 1999, the students of [Tabriz University](/wiki/Tabriz_University \"Tabriz University\") protested, demanding more freedom and continuing the protests started at Tehran University.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.dana.ir/news/111770\\.html/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C\\-%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84%D9%87\\-20%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B1\\-78\\-%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87\\-%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B2\\|title\\=بازخوانی غائله 20تیر 78 دانشگاه تبریز\\|website\\=\\[\\[dana.ir]]\\|language\\=fa}} Following the invasion of student dormitories, intense pro\\-democracy demonstrations took place on 12 and 13 July. In response to the pro\\-democratic protest, Ali Khamenei and his conservative supporters organized a counter\\-demonstration rally which occurred on 14 July. Consequently, it is estimated that over 1,500 student protesters were arrested. Some scholars recognize the regime's \"overreaction to both its own reform counterparts and the opposition forces reveal\\[s], how weak and insecure the ruling conservatives are\". The reasoning behind this idea is that if the government was confident in its laws and policies, it would not demonstrate fear. In the *Journal of Iranian Research and Analysis*, Cyrus Bina indicates that fear is demonstrated when:", "", "> two dozen high\\-ranking Pasdar commanders present President Khatarni an official letter of ultimatum, telling him that they have no choice except to seize power if he fails to crush the student rebellion soon … commanders, who are under direct authority of Khamenei, threatened the President that their patience is running thin and that they can no longer stand on the sideline.", "The fact that the clerics and judicial sector felt the urgency to immediately stop the student protests is an indication of the fear they had and the amount of influence the protestors could have on Iranian society if their voices were not silenced. Therefore, it is clear that the initial student protest was prompted by the closure of the daily Saleem which occurred on 7 July. The protesters expressed strong objection to the restriction on freedom of the press by the judicial sector. The protest reflects the collective resentment of the public against the suppression of the press and the restriction of basic freedoms and universal rights.\nAfter the attack on the students of Tehran University by a hard\\-line vigilante group, Khatami delivered a speech three months later defending his reform program and insisting on the foundations of his government. He referred to the reformation of the system from within with holding two elements of Islamic and republic.{{cite book\\|author\\=Anoushiravan Enteshami \\& Mahjoob Zweiri\\|title\\=Iran and the rise of Neoconsevatives, the politics of Tehran's silent Revolution\\|year\\=2007\\|page\\=10\\|publisher\\=I.B.Tauris}}", "### Student demands during protest", "{{unreferenced section\\|date\\=April 2017}}\nThe end results that the students were expecting from the protest are reflected in the slogans that they chanted during the protest. After researching the popular slogans used during the protest, it is evident that the student had multitude of demands as a result of the six\\-day demonstrations in Tehran. Still, it is important that the slogans are analyzed in relation the objective of the overall protest. From all the slogans used throughout the protest there is one common theme that ties all of them together, opposition to Ali Khamenei, the \"Supreme Leader\" as referenced in the slogans, his [Ansar\\-e Hezbollah](/wiki/Ansar-e_Hezbollah \"Ansar-e Hezbollah\"), and the state\\-supported terrorism\nIn nearly one\\-third of the slogans used during the protest in 1999, students demonstrated opposition to Khamenei directly. For example, the slogan \"Khamenei! Shame on You, Leadership Is Not for You\" {{Cite book\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=OXgMR5OZ6LcC\\&q\\=%22Khamenei%21\\+Shame\\+on\\+You%2C\\+Leadership\\+Is\\+Not\\+for\\+You%22\\&pg\\=PA104\\|title\\=Social Change in Iran: An Eyewitness Account of Dissent, Defiance, and New Movements for Rights\\|last\\=Yaghmaian\\|first\\=Behzad\\|date\\=February 2012\\|publisher\\=SUNY Press\\|isbn\\=9780791489413\\|language\\=en}} is one a very daring statement and is considered one of the \"boldest yet to be found in any demonstration in the last decade in Iran\". These straight forward criticisms toward Khamenei, combined with slogans against the cleric rule and the \"20\\-year\" repression under the Islamic order, reflect the failed velayat\\-e faghih as a model of government in Iran.", "In addition students involved in the protest revealed resentment toward the Ansar\\-e Hezbollah. This resentment deriving from violent intervention, disruption of political meetings, peaceful demonstrations and university lectures in support of the cleric and the supreme leader. According to Cyrus Bina, these type of \"pressure groups are kept on the government's payroll and that their violence is often coordinated with the uniformed law enforcement forces against the public\". Consequently, it is evident that during this time period conservatives constantly made efforts against liberals even through infliction of violence. The Iranian student demonstrations of July 1999 reveal the desperate need for reform. From research it is evident that the protest against the closure of the Daily Saleem resulted in a 6\\-day protest. That was motivated by a limited group. The demonstrations of July 1999 engaged students in politics, protesting against government corruption, political repression, the clerical rule and Khamenei. In the bigger picture, the students were protesting against the system of the Islamic Republic in Iran. In the end the protest was an act upon their needs for reform that was fueled during the election on May 23, 1997, in Iran.", "### Aftermath", "A crackdown on reformists and reform policies followed the riots.\n* A \"long\\-negotiated compromise\" that would have weakened the [Council of Guardians](/wiki/Council_of_Guardians \"Council of Guardians\") to screening candidates for parliament and president was vetoed, giving the guardians \"absolute vetting power\".\n* A \"thought crime\" law was passed prohibiting \"any violent or peaceful act by a person or group against the regime\" including speech, and punishing such criticism with stiff sentences.\n* Another law prohibited \"any contact or exchange of information, interviews or collusion with foreign embassies, organization, parties or media at whatever level which could be judged harmful to Iran's independence, national unity or the interests of the Islamic republic.\"Wright, Robin, *The Last Great Revolution*, c2000, pp. 268–72", "As of 31 July 2006, several students involved in the demonstration such as Manouchehr Mohammadi, [Ahmad Batebi](/wiki/Ahmad_Batebi \"Ahmad Batebi\"), Farokh Shafiei, Hassan Zarezadeh Ardeshir, were still in jail. Of those students, [Akbar Mohammadi](/wiki/Akbar_Mohammadi_%28student%29 \"Akbar Mohammadi (student)\") died during a hunger strike while protesting against his prison sentence;{{cite news\\|title\\=Outcry after dissident dies in Iranian jail\\|newspaper\\=The Guardian\\|author\\=Robert Tait\\|date\\=1 August 2006\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/aug/01/iran.roberttait\\|access\\-date\\=29 December 2009}} [Human Rights Watch](/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch \"Human Rights Watch\") called his death \"suspicious\" and demanded an investigation.[\"Iran: Imprisoned Dissident Dies in Custody; Investigate Mohammadi's Suspicious Death\"](http://hrw.org/english/docs/2006/08/03/iran13895.htm) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081112121117/http://hrw.org/english/docs/2006/08/03/iran13895\\.htm \\|date\\=2008\\-11\\-12 }} Human Rights Watch, 3 August 2006 [Heshmat Tabarzadi](/wiki/Heshmat_Tabarzadi \"Heshmat Tabarzadi\"), viewed by the Iranian government as one of the leaders of the protests, was arrested and spent nine years in [Evin Prison](/wiki/Evin_Prison \"Evin Prison\"), including two in solitary confinement.{{cite news\\|title\\=Dissident Iran Rises\\|newspaper\\=The Wall Street Journal\\|date\\=30 December 2009\\|url\\=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703510304574626453406091222\\|access\\-date\\=29 December 2009}} According to the [Middle East Eye](/wiki/Middle_East_Eye \"Middle East Eye\"), a lecturer in the U.K argued that the impact of the 1999 student protests became apparent 10 years later during the 2009 Green Movement. {{Cite web\\|url\\= https://www.middleeasteye.net/big\\-story/irans\\-1999\\-student\\-protests\\-hot\\-summer\\-shook\\-tehran \\|title\\= Iran's 1999 student protests: The hot summer that shook Tehran. }}", "" ]
Gameplay -------- [left\|thumb\|The "[tower defense](/wiki/Tower_defense "Tower defense")" aspect of the game revolves around the player character defending the storm shield against zombie like creatures.](/wiki/File:Save_the_world_gameplay.jpg "Save the world gameplay.jpg") *Fortnite* provides three distinct product gameplay modes: access to *[Fortnite Battle Royale](/wiki/Fortnite_Battle_Royale "Fortnite Battle Royale")* and *[Fortnite Creative](/wiki/Fortnite_Creative "Fortnite Creative")* (which are available as separate [free\-to\-play](/wiki/Free-to-play "Free-to-play") titles) and the paid\-for cooperative player\-versus\-environment "Save the World", which is unique to the main *Fortnite* game. ### Quests and events *Fortnite: Save the World* is described as a unique blend of sandbox survival co\-op [lite RPG](/wiki/Lite_RPG "Lite RPG") tower defense game, and is an amalgamation of player progression, exploration, scavenging items, sharing scarce resources, crafting weapons, building fortified structures, and fighting waves of encroaching monsters.{{cite web \|last\=McWhertor \|first\=Michael \|url\=https://www.polygon.com/gaming/2012/7/12/3155138/epic\-games\-fortnite\-will\-be\-the\-developers\-first\-unreal\-engine\-4\-game \|title\=Epic Games' 'Fortnite' will be the developer's first Unreal Engine 4 game \|website\=\[\[Polygon (website)\|Polygon]] \|date\=July 12, 2012 \|access\-date\=August 1, 2017 \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730023521/https://www.polygon.com/gaming/2012/7/12/3155138/epic\-games\-fortnite\-will\-be\-the\-developers\-first\-unreal\-engine\-4\-game \|archive\-date\=July 30, 2017 }} [Tim Sweeney](/wiki/Tim_Sweeney_%28game_developer%29 "Tim Sweeney (game developer)"), Epic's founder, described the game as "*[Minecraft](/wiki/Minecraft "Minecraft")* meets *[Left 4 Dead](/wiki/Left_4_Dead "Left 4 Dead")*".{{cite web\|url\=http://www.gamespot.com/articles/epic\-fortnite\-is\-minecraft\-meets\-left\-4\-dead/1100\-6411360/\|title\=Epic: Fortnite is "Minecraft meets Left 4 Dead"\|website\=\[\[GameSpot]]\|first\=Eddie\|last\=Makuch\|date\=July 12, 2013\|access\-date\=March 25, 2015\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150327145006/http://www.gamespot.com/articles/epic\-fortnite\-is\-minecraft\-meets\-left\-4\-dead/1100\-6411360/\|archive\-date\=March 27, 2015}} The game plays in a [third\-person perspective](/wiki/Third-person_%28video_games%29 "Third-person (video games)") and cycles between managing one's resources at a safe home base, and then going out on missions to complete quests as to collect resources and obtain rewards to advance the game's story. Players can review their current story progress and quests, which can include daily, weekly, side, challenge and event quests, which when completed provide in\-game currency or resources. *Fortnite: Save the World* offers themed\-events with a unique progression line, new locations, and rewards based on those themes. The first such event was its [Halloween](/wiki/Halloween "Halloween") event, "Fortnitemares", that offered Halloween\-themed heroes, characters, weapons, and traps (usable outside of the event) by completing numerous objectives.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.pcgamesn.com/fortnite/fornite\-halloween\-update \| title \= Things are getting spooky in Fortnite's Halloween update \| first \= Ali \| last \= Jones \| date \= October 26, 2017 \| access\-date \= November 8, 2017 \| work \= \[\[PCGamesN]] \| url\-status\=live \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171109134333/https://www.pcgamesn.com/fortnite/fornite\-halloween\-update \| archive\-date \= November 9, 2017 }} ### Map and missions Missions are divided between four world locations, some available only after progressing far enough in the story, and special locations for timed events and for the Survive the Storm mode. Within a location are several possible mission areas that show the type of mission, the terrain it takes place on, its difficulty rating relative to the player's current power level, and whether the mission is currently under special "storm" conditions that throw random effects, like buffed husks or mini\-bosses, into the mission but have potentially better rewards if completed. The player can select a special "play with others" option that automatically matches them with players at a similar power level and story progression on a random mission for added rewards. During missions, players can make their fortifications from one of three base materials (wood, brick, and metal), and in a number of configurations, including floors/ceilings, walls, stairs, and ramps; players have the ability to edit these for more configurations, such as adding a door or window to a wall. Each fortification part can be upgraded with more resources of the same type to improve their durability, and when they are damaged, can be repaired by spending additional resources. Traps, which have a limited number of activation before they fall apart, can be placed on floors, walls, and ceilings, and arranged in means to make them more lethal or effective against husks. Traps may also include beneficial resources for players, such as healing pads, defender posts, and launch pads. Similarly, players can use a range of weapons but these have limited durability that drops as they are used or as a penalty if the player should be downed by husks and need to respawn without the help of allies. Players can construct new weapons, ammo, and traps from gathered resources, or find these from searching containers across the map. During missions, the game progresses through an accelerated day\-night cycle; during the day, the husks are more passive and do not generally pose immediate threats, while during the night, bands of husks may spawn in and will aggressively seek out players. Most missions take place on procedurally\-generated landscapes. Most missions are based on locating sites representing the objectives on the map, build up fortifications around those locations, and then face off against several waves of husks that will try to destroy the objectives. During completion of these missions, players are generally given a "storm forecast" to know where husks will spawn in as to enhance fortification in that direction, though this direction can change in more difficult missions. Other missions are time\-limited, requiring the players to locate and help a number of survivors, build out several radar towers, or clear out various encampment of husks scattered around the map before time runs out. These missions encourage the players to explore the map and farm for resources (either by searching objects or destroying them with an axe) used to build the fortifications, weapons, ammunition, and traps needed to defend or attack the husks. Players also frequently need to seek out bluglo, a special resource that does not carry over between maps to activate certain mission objectives. Some missions are considered a loss if the objective is destroyed or time runs out, while other missions allow the players to rework their fortifications and start their defense again if the objective is destroyed. Maps will frequently have optional objectives that are discovered through exploration, such as human survivors that need help. Completing these successfully earn immediate in\-game rewards such as resources, weapons, and traps. Missions themselves may provide bonus objectives, such as by completing the mission within a certain in\-game period, using a limited number of fortification pieces, or saving more survivors than the minimum necessary, which affects the qualify of rewards the players receive after the successful completion of the main mission. One unique mission type is Storm Shield Defense (SSD) missions. In each of the four world locations, the player is allocated a map that remains persistent, representing the site where their base's storm shield generator is placed, and in the storm mode, the player must return to this map to expand the storm shield, requiring them to add a new objective to defend successfully to continue the story. At any time, the player can enter this map without starting the defense mission, and use their carried\-over resources to build out the fortification and traps, or add resources to a special storage area for this map. Successfully completing SSD\-missions unlocks "Endurance Mode" which allows players to test theirs skills and builds against an increasingly difficult and unending siege on their base. ### Command and armory The player has a roster of hero characters, defender characters, and support characters (called Survivors). Hero characters represent characters from one of four classes that the player can use while on a mission, as well as used to undertake resource\-gathering missions making them unavailable to use until they return from the mission. Defender characters can be summoned to help with defense but only if there are less than four players on a mission. Support characters (called "Survivors", who must be rescued ingame) are used to form various non\-playable squads that provide passive bonuses to the player's attack strength, building speed, armor, and health, with additional benefits if the player can match certain characterization attributes within a squad. The player can spend commander upgrade skill points, earned by completing missions, and technology research points, earned over time, to unlock new base support skills, gadgets and tools. These can improve a player's base attributes, attributes that are shared with the other players while on missions, unlock higher levels of evolution for schematics and characters, open up new squad positions, or unlock general skills that players can use in the field. Collectively, the player's progress on the commander rating, their survivor squad composition, and their selected hero character make up the player's current "power level" which relates to what difficulty of missions the player should take and the game's matchmaking services. The player has an itemization inventory of weapon and trap schematics, along with collected resources. The crafting schematics are used to construct weapons and traps when on the field. The player can spend different types of [experience points](/wiki/Experience_point "Experience point") and resources earned as mission rewards to level up and evolve schematics and characters. For weapons and traps, this generally boosts their effectiveness as well as unlocking additional attribute "perk" bonuses, while leveling up hero characters will increase stats and unlock special skills the character has while in the field. Schematics and characters are generally assigned a rarity, which determines how much they can be leveled and evolved. A player's inventory of schematics and characters is limited, but players can opt to slot anyone they do not need into a collection book to gain rewards when certain collection sets are completed; use one or more of these schematics or characters to transform them into a new random item, or simply retire them to gain back experience points and other resources to free up the inventory slots.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.pcgamer.com/hands\-on\-with\-fortnite\-co\-op/\|title\=Hands\-on with Fortnite co\-op\|first\=Evan\|last\=Lahit\|work\=\[\[PC Gamer]]\|date\=June 9, 2015\|access\-date\=June 9, 2015\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150609235956/http://www.pcgamer.com/hands\-on\-with\-fortnite\-co\-op/\|archive\-date\=June 9, 2015}}{{cite magazine\|url\=http://www.gameinformer.com/games/fortnite/b/pc/archive/2015/06/08/building\-a\-fort\-to\-withstand\-chaos.aspx?\|title\=Fortnite: Building A Fort To Withstand Chaos\|first\=Kimberly\|last\=Wallace\|magazine\=\[\[Game Informer]]\|date\=June 8, 2015\|access\-date\=June 9, 2015\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150609212316/http://www.gameinformer.com/games/fortnite/b/pc/archive/2015/06/08/building\-a\-fort\-to\-withstand\-chaos.aspx\|archive\-date\=June 9, 2015}} ### Locker, store and item shop The player has access to a complete gallery of all Fortnite cosmetic items across all gameplay modes, featuring outfits, back bling, and harvesting tools. The player can spend real\-world currency and/or different types of in\-game currency, [experience points](/wiki/Experience_point "Experience point") and resources earned as mission rewards, from [loot boxes](/wiki/Loot_box "Loot box") (represented as [llama](/wiki/Llama "Llama") [piñatas](/wiki/Pi%C3%B1ata "Piñata")), or other resources to level up and evolve schematics and characters. Heroes in the player's locker have different power levels and abilities which can be increased either by upgrading them or by enhancing their support team with Survivor XP or Hero XP. The upgrades, however, are locked until certain quests are completed, such as the Storm Shield Defense missions.{{Cite web\|date\=2021\-05\-03\|title\=Is Fortnite Save The World still worth buying in 2022? All pros and cons \& in\-depth review\|url\=https://gametutorialpro.com/game\-reviews/is\-fortnite\-save\-the\-world\-still\-worth\-buying\-in\-2021\-all\-pros\-and\-cons\-in\-depth\-review/\|access\-date\=2022\-01\-23\|language\=en\-US}} Heroes also come in different rarities, but unlike the Battle Royale counterpart, the rarity of a hero can be upgraded further using Hero XP and other account resources such as Epic or Legendary Flux that can be obtained either from the weekly shop, or by completing some missions. Although most cosmetics earned in Fortnite: Battle Royale can be used in Fortnite: Save The World, there are some that cannot. These include all gliders, all contrails, and some backblings. Reactivity for some backblings may not work in Save The World either. Epic Games has sparked some controversy among players when a Save The World exclusive hero (Metal Team Leader) was made available in the Fortnite Battle Royale item shop as a skin. Some players felt ripped off by Epic Games' decision as they've already purchased the item in Save The World which was taunted to be rare.{{Cite web\|last\=Dey\|first\=Dipanjan\|title\=Fortnite fans say they feel "scammed" after STW exclusive skin is made available in Battle Royale mode\|url\=https://www.sportskeeda.com/esports/fortnite\-fans\-say\-feel\-scammed\-stw\-exclusive\-skins\-made\-available\-battle\-royale\-mode\|access\-date\=2022\-01\-23\|website\=www.sportskeeda.com\|date\=January 10, 2021 \|language\=en\-us}}
[ "Gameplay\n--------", "[left\\|thumb\\|The \"[tower defense](/wiki/Tower_defense \"Tower defense\")\" aspect of the game revolves around the player character defending the storm shield against zombie like creatures.](/wiki/File:Save_the_world_gameplay.jpg \"Save the world gameplay.jpg\")\n*Fortnite* provides three distinct product gameplay modes: access to *[Fortnite Battle Royale](/wiki/Fortnite_Battle_Royale \"Fortnite Battle Royale\")* and *[Fortnite Creative](/wiki/Fortnite_Creative \"Fortnite Creative\")* (which are available as separate [free\\-to\\-play](/wiki/Free-to-play \"Free-to-play\") titles) and the paid\\-for cooperative player\\-versus\\-environment \"Save the World\", which is unique to the main *Fortnite* game.", "### Quests and events", "*Fortnite: Save the World* is described as a unique blend of sandbox survival co\\-op [lite RPG](/wiki/Lite_RPG \"Lite RPG\") tower defense game, and is an amalgamation of player progression, exploration, scavenging items, sharing scarce resources, crafting weapons, building fortified structures, and fighting waves of encroaching monsters.{{cite web \\|last\\=McWhertor \\|first\\=Michael \\|url\\=https://www.polygon.com/gaming/2012/7/12/3155138/epic\\-games\\-fortnite\\-will\\-be\\-the\\-developers\\-first\\-unreal\\-engine\\-4\\-game \\|title\\=Epic Games' 'Fortnite' will be the developer's first Unreal Engine 4 game \\|website\\=\\[\\[Polygon (website)\\|Polygon]] \\|date\\=July 12, 2012 \\|access\\-date\\=August 1, 2017 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730023521/https://www.polygon.com/gaming/2012/7/12/3155138/epic\\-games\\-fortnite\\-will\\-be\\-the\\-developers\\-first\\-unreal\\-engine\\-4\\-game \\|archive\\-date\\=July 30, 2017 }} [Tim Sweeney](/wiki/Tim_Sweeney_%28game_developer%29 \"Tim Sweeney (game developer)\"), Epic's founder, described the game as \"*[Minecraft](/wiki/Minecraft \"Minecraft\")* meets *[Left 4 Dead](/wiki/Left_4_Dead \"Left 4 Dead\")*\".{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.gamespot.com/articles/epic\\-fortnite\\-is\\-minecraft\\-meets\\-left\\-4\\-dead/1100\\-6411360/\\|title\\=Epic: Fortnite is \"Minecraft meets Left 4 Dead\"\\|website\\=\\[\\[GameSpot]]\\|first\\=Eddie\\|last\\=Makuch\\|date\\=July 12, 2013\\|access\\-date\\=March 25, 2015\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150327145006/http://www.gamespot.com/articles/epic\\-fortnite\\-is\\-minecraft\\-meets\\-left\\-4\\-dead/1100\\-6411360/\\|archive\\-date\\=March 27, 2015}} The game plays in a [third\\-person perspective](/wiki/Third-person_%28video_games%29 \"Third-person (video games)\") and cycles between managing one's resources at a safe home base, and then going out on missions to complete quests as to collect resources and obtain rewards to advance the game's story.", "Players can review their current story progress and quests, which can include daily, weekly, side, challenge and event quests, which when completed provide in\\-game currency or resources.", "*Fortnite: Save the World* offers themed\\-events with a unique progression line, new locations, and rewards based on those themes. The first such event was its [Halloween](/wiki/Halloween \"Halloween\") event, \"Fortnitemares\", that offered Halloween\\-themed heroes, characters, weapons, and traps (usable outside of the event) by completing numerous objectives.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.pcgamesn.com/fortnite/fornite\\-halloween\\-update \\| title \\= Things are getting spooky in Fortnite's Halloween update \\| first \\= Ali \\| last \\= Jones \\| date \\= October 26, 2017 \\| access\\-date \\= November 8, 2017 \\| work \\= \\[\\[PCGamesN]] \\| url\\-status\\=live \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171109134333/https://www.pcgamesn.com/fortnite/fornite\\-halloween\\-update \\| archive\\-date \\= November 9, 2017 }}", "### Map and missions", "Missions are divided between four world locations, some available only after progressing far enough in the story, and special locations for timed events and for the Survive the Storm mode. Within a location are several possible mission areas that show the type of mission, the terrain it takes place on, its difficulty rating relative to the player's current power level, and whether the mission is currently under special \"storm\" conditions that throw random effects, like buffed husks or mini\\-bosses, into the mission but have potentially better rewards if completed. The player can select a special \"play with others\" option that automatically matches them with players at a similar power level and story progression on a random mission for added rewards.", "During missions, players can make their fortifications from one of three base materials (wood, brick, and metal), and in a number of configurations, including floors/ceilings, walls, stairs, and ramps; players have the ability to edit these for more configurations, such as adding a door or window to a wall. Each fortification part can be upgraded with more resources of the same type to improve their durability, and when they are damaged, can be repaired by spending additional resources. Traps, which have a limited number of activation before they fall apart, can be placed on floors, walls, and ceilings, and arranged in means to make them more lethal or effective against husks. Traps may also include beneficial resources for players, such as healing pads, defender posts, and launch pads. Similarly, players can use a range of weapons but these have limited durability that drops as they are used or as a penalty if the player should be downed by husks and need to respawn without the help of allies. Players can construct new weapons, ammo, and traps from gathered resources, or find these from searching containers across the map. During missions, the game progresses through an accelerated day\\-night cycle; during the day, the husks are more passive and do not generally pose immediate threats, while during the night, bands of husks may spawn in and will aggressively seek out players.", "Most missions take place on procedurally\\-generated landscapes. Most missions are based on locating sites representing the objectives on the map, build up fortifications around those locations, and then face off against several waves of husks that will try to destroy the objectives. During completion of these missions, players are generally given a \"storm forecast\" to know where husks will spawn in as to enhance fortification in that direction, though this direction can change in more difficult missions. Other missions are time\\-limited, requiring the players to locate and help a number of survivors, build out several radar towers, or clear out various encampment of husks scattered around the map before time runs out. These missions encourage the players to explore the map and farm for resources (either by searching objects or destroying them with an axe) used to build the fortifications, weapons, ammunition, and traps needed to defend or attack the husks. Players also frequently need to seek out bluglo, a special resource that does not carry over between maps to activate certain mission objectives. Some missions are considered a loss if the objective is destroyed or time runs out, while other missions allow the players to rework their fortifications and start their defense again if the objective is destroyed. Maps will frequently have optional objectives that are discovered through exploration, such as human survivors that need help. Completing these successfully earn immediate in\\-game rewards such as resources, weapons, and traps. Missions themselves may provide bonus objectives, such as by completing the mission within a certain in\\-game period, using a limited number of fortification pieces, or saving more survivors than the minimum necessary, which affects the qualify of rewards the players receive after the successful completion of the main mission.", "One unique mission type is Storm Shield Defense (SSD) missions. In each of the four world locations, the player is allocated a map that remains persistent, representing the site where their base's storm shield generator is placed, and in the storm mode, the player must return to this map to expand the storm shield, requiring them to add a new objective to defend successfully to continue the story. At any time, the player can enter this map without starting the defense mission, and use their carried\\-over resources to build out the fortification and traps, or add resources to a special storage area for this map. Successfully completing SSD\\-missions unlocks \"Endurance Mode\" which allows players to test theirs skills and builds against an increasingly difficult and unending siege on their base.", "### Command and armory", "The player has a roster of hero characters, defender characters, and support characters (called Survivors). Hero characters represent characters from one of four classes that the player can use while on a mission, as well as used to undertake resource\\-gathering missions making them unavailable to use until they return from the mission. Defender characters can be summoned to help with defense but only if there are less than four players on a mission. Support characters (called \"Survivors\", who must be rescued ingame) are used to form various non\\-playable squads that provide passive bonuses to the player's attack strength, building speed, armor, and health, with additional benefits if the player can match certain characterization attributes within a squad.", "The player can spend commander upgrade skill points, earned by completing missions, and technology research points, earned over time, to unlock new base support skills, gadgets and tools. These can improve a player's base attributes, attributes that are shared with the other players while on missions, unlock higher levels of evolution for schematics and characters, open up new squad positions, or unlock general skills that players can use in the field. Collectively, the player's progress on the commander rating, their survivor squad composition, and their selected hero character make up the player's current \"power level\" which relates to what difficulty of missions the player should take and the game's matchmaking services.", "The player has an itemization inventory of weapon and trap schematics, along with collected resources. The crafting schematics are used to construct weapons and traps when on the field. The player can spend different types of [experience points](/wiki/Experience_point \"Experience point\") and resources earned as mission rewards to level up and evolve schematics and characters. For weapons and traps, this generally boosts their effectiveness as well as unlocking additional attribute \"perk\" bonuses, while leveling up hero characters will increase stats and unlock special skills the character has while in the field. Schematics and characters are generally assigned a rarity, which determines how much they can be leveled and evolved. A player's inventory of schematics and characters is limited, but players can opt to slot anyone they do not need into a collection book to gain rewards when certain collection sets are completed; use one or more of these schematics or characters to transform them into a new random item, or simply retire them to gain back experience points and other resources to free up the inventory slots.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.pcgamer.com/hands\\-on\\-with\\-fortnite\\-co\\-op/\\|title\\=Hands\\-on with Fortnite co\\-op\\|first\\=Evan\\|last\\=Lahit\\|work\\=\\[\\[PC Gamer]]\\|date\\=June 9, 2015\\|access\\-date\\=June 9, 2015\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150609235956/http://www.pcgamer.com/hands\\-on\\-with\\-fortnite\\-co\\-op/\\|archive\\-date\\=June 9, 2015}}{{cite magazine\\|url\\=http://www.gameinformer.com/games/fortnite/b/pc/archive/2015/06/08/building\\-a\\-fort\\-to\\-withstand\\-chaos.aspx?\\|title\\=Fortnite: Building A Fort To Withstand Chaos\\|first\\=Kimberly\\|last\\=Wallace\\|magazine\\=\\[\\[Game Informer]]\\|date\\=June 8, 2015\\|access\\-date\\=June 9, 2015\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150609212316/http://www.gameinformer.com/games/fortnite/b/pc/archive/2015/06/08/building\\-a\\-fort\\-to\\-withstand\\-chaos.aspx\\|archive\\-date\\=June 9, 2015}}", "### Locker, store and item shop", "The player has access to a complete gallery of all Fortnite cosmetic items across all gameplay modes, featuring outfits, back bling, and harvesting tools. The player can spend real\\-world currency and/or different types of in\\-game currency, [experience points](/wiki/Experience_point \"Experience point\") and resources earned as mission rewards, from [loot boxes](/wiki/Loot_box \"Loot box\") (represented as [llama](/wiki/Llama \"Llama\") [piñatas](/wiki/Pi%C3%B1ata \"Piñata\")), or other resources to level up and evolve schematics and characters.", "Heroes in the player's locker have different power levels and abilities which can be increased either by upgrading them or by enhancing their support team with Survivor XP or Hero XP. The upgrades, however, are locked until certain quests are completed, such as the Storm Shield Defense missions.{{Cite web\\|date\\=2021\\-05\\-03\\|title\\=Is Fortnite Save The World still worth buying in 2022? All pros and cons \\& in\\-depth review\\|url\\=https://gametutorialpro.com/game\\-reviews/is\\-fortnite\\-save\\-the\\-world\\-still\\-worth\\-buying\\-in\\-2021\\-all\\-pros\\-and\\-cons\\-in\\-depth\\-review/\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-01\\-23\\|language\\=en\\-US}} Heroes also come in different rarities, but unlike the Battle Royale counterpart, the rarity of a hero can be upgraded further using Hero XP and other account resources such as Epic or Legendary Flux that can be obtained either from the weekly shop, or by completing some missions.", "Although most cosmetics earned in Fortnite: Battle Royale can be used in Fortnite: Save The World, there are some that cannot. These include all gliders, all contrails, and some backblings. Reactivity for some backblings may not work in Save The World either. Epic Games has sparked some controversy among players when a Save The World exclusive hero (Metal Team Leader) was made available in the Fortnite Battle Royale item shop as a skin. Some players felt ripped off by Epic Games' decision as they've already purchased the item in Save The World which was taunted to be rare.{{Cite web\\|last\\=Dey\\|first\\=Dipanjan\\|title\\=Fortnite fans say they feel \"scammed\" after STW exclusive skin is made available in Battle Royale mode\\|url\\=https://www.sportskeeda.com/esports/fortnite\\-fans\\-say\\-feel\\-scammed\\-stw\\-exclusive\\-skins\\-made\\-available\\-battle\\-royale\\-mode\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-01\\-23\\|website\\=www.sportskeeda.com\\|date\\=January 10, 2021 \\|language\\=en\\-us}}", "" ]
History ------- The Wuppertaler Schwebebahn had a forerunner: in 1824, [Henry Robinson Palmer](/wiki/Henry_Robinson_Palmer "Henry Robinson Palmer") of Britain presented a railway system which differed from all previous constructions. It was a low single\-rail suspension railway on which the carriages were drawn by horses. [Friedrich Harkort](/wiki/Friedrich_Harkort "Friedrich Harkort"), a [Prussian](/wiki/Prussia "Prussia") industrial entrepreneur and politician, loved the idea. He saw big advantages for the transportation of coal to the early industrialised region in and around the Wupper valley. Harkort had his own steel mill in [Elberfeld](/wiki/Elberfeld "Elberfeld"); he built a demonstration segment of the Palmer system and set it up in 1826 on the grounds of what is today the Wuppertal tax office. He tried to attract public attention to his railway plans. On 9 September 1826, the town councillors of Elberfeld met to discuss the use of a "Palmer's Railway" from the [Ruhr](/wiki/Ruhr "Ruhr") region, Hinsbeck, or [Langenberg](/wiki/Langenberg_%28Rhineland%29 "Langenberg (Rhineland)"), to the [Wupper](/wiki/Wupper "Wupper") valley, Elberfeld, connecting Harkort's factories. Friedrich Harkort inspected the projected route with a surveyor and a member of the town council. The plans never went ahead because of protests from the transport branch{{clarify\|date\=June 2013}} and owners of mills that were not on the routes. In 1887 the cities of Elberfeld and Barmen formed a commission for the construction of an elevated railway or *{{lang\|de\|Hochbahn}}*. In 1894 they chose the system of the engineer Eugen Langen of [Cologne](/wiki/Cologne "Cologne"), and in 1896 the order was licensed by the City of Düsseldorf.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.schwebebahn.de/geschichte\-technik/geschichte/ \|title\=Die Geschichte der Schwebebahn \|publisher\=Schwebebahn \|language\=de \|access\-date\=21 November 2015}} In 2003, the [Rhine](/wiki/Rhine "Rhine") Heritage Office (*{{lang\|de\|Rheinisches Amt für Denkmalpflege des Landschaftsverbandes Rheinland}}* or LVR) announced the discovery of an original section of the test route of the Schwebebahn.{{cn\|date\=February 2024}} Construction on the actual Schwebebahn began in 1898, overseen by the government's master builder, Wilhelm Feldmann. On 24 October 1900, [Emperor Wilhelm II](/wiki/Wilhelm_II%2C_German_Emperor "Wilhelm II, German Emperor") participated in a monorail trial run. In 1901 the railway came into operation. It opened in sections: the line from Kluse to Zoo/Stadion opened on 1 March, the line to the western terminus at Vohwinkel opened on 24 May, while the line to the eastern terminus at Oberbarmen did not open until 27 June 1903\. Around {{convert\|19200\|t}} of steel were used to produce the supporting frame and the stations. The construction cost 16 million [gold marks](/wiki/German_gold_mark "German gold mark"). The railway was closed owing to severe damage during [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II"), but reopened as early as 1946\. {{gallery\|mode\="packed"\|height\=150 \|File:Sonnborner Eisenbahnbrücke 001\.jpg\|Construction of the Schwebebahn, 1900 \|File:Wuppertaler Schwebebahn c1913 LOC 03961u.jpg\|{{lang\|de\|Werther Brücke}} station in 1913 \|File:Schwebebahn ueber Strasse.jpg\|A \[\[GTW 72]] train crossing an intersection \|File:Wuppertal\-100508\-12833\-Uferstraße.jpg\|A train in Wuppertal in 2010 \|File:Wuppertal kaiserwagen.jpg\|The ''{{lang\|de\|\[\[Kaiserwagen]]}}'' }} ### Modernization The Schwebebahn carries approximately 80,000{{cite web \|url\=http://www.schwebebahn.de/en/history\-technology/facts\-and\-figures/ \|title\=Facts \& Figures \|publisher\=Schwebebahn \|access\-date\=21 November 2015}} passengers through the city per weekday. Since 1997, the supporting frame has been largely modernized, and many stations have been reconstructed and brought up to date technically. Kluse station, at the theatre in Elberfeld, was destroyed during the [Second World War](/wiki/Second_World_War "Second World War") and was reconstructed during the modernization phase. Work was planned to be completed in 2001, but a [serious accident took place in 1999](/wiki/1999_Wuppertal_Schwebebahn_accident "1999 Wuppertal Schwebebahn accident") which left five people dead and 47 injured. That, along with delivery problems, delayed completion. By 2004, the cost of the reconstruction work had increased from €380 million to €480 million.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.wz\-newsline.de/lokales/wuppertal/schwebebahn\-ausbau\-betrug\-bei\-millionen\-hilfe\-1\.120928 \|title\=Schwebebahn\-Ausbau: Betrug bei Millionen\-Hilfe? \|author\=Von Andreas Spiegelhauer \|work\=Westdeutsche Zeitung \|language\=de \|date\=18 March 2009}} On 15 December 2009, the Schwebebahn suspended its operations due to safety concerns. Several of the older support structures needed to be renewed, a process that was completed on 19 April 2010\.[WSW\-Online: Altgerüst muss verstärkt werden \-Schwebebahn außer Betrieb](http://www.wsw-online.de/mobilitaet/Schweben_Sehen/Ausbau_2010/index.htm) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100102035457/http://www.wsw\-online.de/mobilitaet/Schweben\_Sehen/Ausbau\_2010/index.htm \|date\=2 January 2010}} {{in lang \|de}}. In 2012, the Schwebebahn was closed for significant periods to allow upgrades to the system: from 7 to 21 July and 6 August to 22 October, and on weekends in September (15/16\) and November (10/11\).{{cite web \|url\=http://wsw\-online.de/mobilitaet/Schweben\_Sehen/Ausbau\_2012 \|title\=WSW mobil GMBH \- Ausbau 2013 \|access\-date\=10 August 2012 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20130212140819/http://wsw\-online.de/mobilitaet/Schweben\_Sehen/Ausbau\_2012 \|archive\-date\=12 February 2013}} The modernization was completed and the line fully reopened on 19 August 2013\. In November 2018 a bus bar detached and fell to the ground but nobody was injured. Following this accident, the Schwebebahn was closed down for nearly nine months.{{cite news \|last\=Connolly \|first\=Kate \|date\=1 August 2019 \|title\=World's oldest electric suspension train reopens in Germany \|work\=The Guardian \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/aug/01/worlds\-oldest\-electric\-suspension\-train\-reopens\-in\-germany \|access\-date\=1 August 2019}} It re\-opened on 1 August 2019\.{{cite news\|date\=1 August 2019\|title\=Da schwebt sie wieder! \|work\=Spiegel \|url\=https://www.spiegel.de/panorama/wuppertal\-schwebebahn\-endlich\-repariert\-zuege\-fahren\-wieder\-a\-1279959\.html \|access\-date\=1 August 2019}} {{in lang\|de}} ### Generation 15 trains [thumb\|Generation 15 train at Vohwinkel depot](/wiki/File:%C2%A9-WSW-th-160114-GTW01-03.jpg "©-WSW-th-160114-GTW01-03.jpg") On 10 November 2011, *{{lang\|de\|Wuppertaler Stadtwerke}}* signed a contract with [Vossloh Kiepe](/wiki/Vossloh_Kiepe "Vossloh Kiepe") to supply a new fleet of Generation 15 or [GTW 15](/wiki/GTW_Generation_15 "GTW Generation 15") trains to gradually replace the ageing GTW 72 fleet. The 31 new articulated cars were assembled by [Vossloh España](/wiki/MACOSA%23Vossloh_Espa%C3%B1a "MACOSA#Vossloh España") in [Valencia](/wiki/Valencia "Valencia"), Spain,{{cite web\|url\=https://www.metro\-report.com/news/news\-by\-region/europe/single\-view/view/generation\-15\-trainsets\-enter\-service\-in\-wuppertal.html\|title\=Generation 15 trainsets enter service in Wuppertal \|website\=Metro Report \|language\=en \|access\-date\=16 July 2019}} featuring a light blue livery and having [cushioned seating](/wiki/Cushion "Cushion"), [air conditioning](/wiki/Air_conditioning "Air conditioning"), [information displays](/wiki/Display_device "Display device"), [LED lights](/wiki/LED_lamp "LED lamp"), improved [disabled access](/wiki/Accessibility "Accessibility"), and [induction motors](/wiki/Induction_motor "Induction motor") with [energy recovery during braking](/wiki/Regenerative_brake "Regenerative brake").{{cite web\|url\=https://www.schwebebahn.de/en/history\-technology/vehicles/\|title\=Vehicles – From the prototype to the modern suspension railway \|website\=Schwebebahn.de/en \|language\=en \|access\-date\=23 March 2018}} The first new train was commissioned by WSW in 2015[*Wuppertal begrüßt die neue Schwebebahn.*](http://www.wz-newsline.de/lokales/wuppertal/wuppertal-begruesst-die-neue-schwebebahn-1.2059560) Website der [Westdeutschen Zeitung](/wiki/Westdeutsche_Zeitung "Westdeutsche Zeitung"), 14 November 2015, retrieved 15 November 2015\.[*Erster Wagen in Vohwinkel – Die neue Schwebebahn ist da.*](http://www.wuppertaler-rundschau.de/lokales/die-neue-schwebebahn-ist-da-aid-1.5559840) Website der [Rheinischen Post](/wiki/Rheinische_Post "Rheinische Post"), 14 November 2015, retrieved 15 November 2015\. and entered regular passenger service on 18 December 2016,{{cite web\|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?time\_continue\=9\&v\=HQH4TS01Jt4 \|title\=Suspension Railway in Wuppertal: Story of a Landmark \|website\=YouTube \|language\=en \|access\-date\=23 March 2018}} at which point the line's [power supply voltage](/wiki/Railway_electrification_system "Railway electrification system") was raised from 600 to 750 [V](/wiki/Volt "Volt").{{cite web \|title\=Generation 15 trainsets enter service in Wuppertal \|url\=https://www.railwaygazette.com/modes/generation\-15\-trainsets\-enter\-service\-in\-wuppertal/43696\.article}} The GTW 72 stock was gradually withdrawn from service as the new trains were introduced, the last of which operated immediately prior to the line's shutdown in November 2018\. WSW announced it would not scrap any of the GTW 72 stock, but instead offer 21 of the vehicles for sale and three for free, as long as they remained in the city of Wuppertal.[*Wuppertal verschenkt und verkauft Schwebebahn\-Wagen.*](http://www.rp-online.de/nrw/panorama/wuppertal-stadtwerke-verschenken-drei-schwebebahnwagen-aid-1.5309665) Website der [Rheinischen Post](/wiki/Rheinische_Post "Rheinische Post"), 13 August 2015, retrieved 5 September 2015\.[*Wuppertal verschenkt drei Schwebebahnen: Rest ist zu kaufen*](http://www.t-online.de/regionales/id_75049278/wuppertal-verschenkt-drei-schwebebahnen-rest-ist-zu-kaufen.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924125300/http://www.t\-online.de/regionales/id\_75049278/wuppertal\-verschenkt\-drei\-schwebebahnen\-rest\-ist\-zu\-kaufen.html \|date\=24 September 2015 }} auf *t\-online.de*, 13 August 2015, retrieved 5 September 2015\. [thumb\|right\|200px\|The [Shonan Monorail](/wiki/Shonan_Monorail "Shonan Monorail"), Japan, showing its relationship with *Wuppertaler Schwebebahn*](/wiki/File:Shonan_Monorail_in_sistership_with_Wuppertaler_Schwebebahn.jpg "Shonan Monorail in sistership with Wuppertaler Schwebebahn.jpg") ### Sister suspension railway Wuppertal Schwebebahn has a sister suspension railway relationships with [Shonan Monorail](/wiki/Shonan_Monorail "Shonan Monorail") since 2018\. Shonan Monorail is a suspension railway located in [Kanagawa](/wiki/Kanagawa_Prefecture "Kanagawa Prefecture"), [Japan](/wiki/Japan "Japan") and connects the cities between [Kamakura](/wiki/Kamakura "Kamakura") and [Fujisawa](/wiki/Fujisawa%2C_Kanagawa "Fujisawa, Kanagawa"). Starting in 2018, both suspension railways made a campaign of their twinning.{{cite web \|title\=Our partner: Shonan Monorail \|url\=https://schwebebahn.de/en/shonan\-monorail \|website\=www.schwebebahn.de \|access\-date\=2 August 2023}}
[ "History\n-------", "The Wuppertaler Schwebebahn had a forerunner: in 1824, [Henry Robinson Palmer](/wiki/Henry_Robinson_Palmer \"Henry Robinson Palmer\") of Britain presented a railway system which differed from all previous constructions. It was a low single\\-rail suspension railway on which the carriages were drawn by horses. [Friedrich Harkort](/wiki/Friedrich_Harkort \"Friedrich Harkort\"), a [Prussian](/wiki/Prussia \"Prussia\") industrial entrepreneur and politician, loved the idea. He saw big advantages for the transportation of coal to the early industrialised region in and around the Wupper valley. Harkort had his own steel mill in [Elberfeld](/wiki/Elberfeld \"Elberfeld\"); he built a demonstration segment of the Palmer system and set it up in 1826 on the grounds of what is today the Wuppertal tax office. He tried to attract public attention to his railway plans.", "On 9 September 1826, the town councillors of Elberfeld met to discuss the use of a \"Palmer's Railway\" from the [Ruhr](/wiki/Ruhr \"Ruhr\") region, Hinsbeck, or [Langenberg](/wiki/Langenberg_%28Rhineland%29 \"Langenberg (Rhineland)\"), to the [Wupper](/wiki/Wupper \"Wupper\") valley, Elberfeld, connecting Harkort's factories. Friedrich Harkort inspected the projected route with a surveyor and a member of the town council. The plans never went ahead because of protests from the transport branch{{clarify\\|date\\=June 2013}} and owners of mills that were not on the routes.", "In 1887 the cities of Elberfeld and Barmen formed a commission for the construction of an elevated railway or *{{lang\\|de\\|Hochbahn}}*. In 1894 they chose the system of the engineer Eugen Langen of [Cologne](/wiki/Cologne \"Cologne\"), and in 1896 the order was licensed by the City of Düsseldorf.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.schwebebahn.de/geschichte\\-technik/geschichte/ \\|title\\=Die Geschichte der Schwebebahn \\|publisher\\=Schwebebahn \\|language\\=de \\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2015}} In 2003, the [Rhine](/wiki/Rhine \"Rhine\") Heritage Office (*{{lang\\|de\\|Rheinisches Amt für Denkmalpflege des Landschaftsverbandes Rheinland}}* or LVR) announced the discovery of an original section of the test route of the Schwebebahn.{{cn\\|date\\=February 2024}}", "Construction on the actual Schwebebahn began in 1898, overseen by the government's master builder, Wilhelm Feldmann. On 24 October 1900, [Emperor Wilhelm II](/wiki/Wilhelm_II%2C_German_Emperor \"Wilhelm II, German Emperor\") participated in a monorail trial run.", "In 1901 the railway came into operation. It opened in sections: the line from Kluse to Zoo/Stadion opened on 1 March, the line to the western terminus at Vohwinkel opened on 24 May, while the line to the eastern terminus at Oberbarmen did not open until 27 June 1903\\. Around {{convert\\|19200\\|t}} of steel were used to produce the supporting frame and the stations. The construction cost 16 million [gold marks](/wiki/German_gold_mark \"German gold mark\"). The railway was closed owing to severe damage during [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\"), but reopened as early as 1946\\.", "{{gallery\\|mode\\=\"packed\"\\|height\\=150\n\\|File:Sonnborner Eisenbahnbrücke 001\\.jpg\\|Construction of the Schwebebahn, 1900\n\\|File:Wuppertaler Schwebebahn c1913 LOC 03961u.jpg\\|{{lang\\|de\\|Werther Brücke}} station in 1913\n\\|File:Schwebebahn ueber Strasse.jpg\\|A \\[\\[GTW 72]] train crossing an intersection\n\\|File:Wuppertal\\-100508\\-12833\\-Uferstraße.jpg\\|A train in Wuppertal in 2010\n\\|File:Wuppertal kaiserwagen.jpg\\|The ''{{lang\\|de\\|\\[\\[Kaiserwagen]]}}''\n}}", "### Modernization", "The Schwebebahn carries approximately 80,000{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.schwebebahn.de/en/history\\-technology/facts\\-and\\-figures/ \\|title\\=Facts \\& Figures \\|publisher\\=Schwebebahn \\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2015}} passengers through the city per weekday. Since 1997, the supporting frame has been largely modernized, and many stations have been reconstructed and brought up to date technically. Kluse station, at the theatre in Elberfeld, was destroyed during the [Second World War](/wiki/Second_World_War \"Second World War\") and was reconstructed during the modernization phase. Work was planned to be completed in 2001, but a [serious accident took place in 1999](/wiki/1999_Wuppertal_Schwebebahn_accident \"1999 Wuppertal Schwebebahn accident\") which left five people dead and 47 injured. That, along with delivery problems, delayed completion. By 2004, the cost of the reconstruction work had increased from €380 million to €480 million.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.wz\\-newsline.de/lokales/wuppertal/schwebebahn\\-ausbau\\-betrug\\-bei\\-millionen\\-hilfe\\-1\\.120928 \\|title\\=Schwebebahn\\-Ausbau: Betrug bei Millionen\\-Hilfe? \\|author\\=Von Andreas Spiegelhauer \\|work\\=Westdeutsche Zeitung \\|language\\=de \\|date\\=18 March 2009}}", "On 15 December 2009, the Schwebebahn suspended its operations due to safety concerns. Several of the older support structures needed to be renewed, a process that was completed on 19 April 2010\\.[WSW\\-Online: Altgerüst muss verstärkt werden \\-Schwebebahn außer Betrieb](http://www.wsw-online.de/mobilitaet/Schweben_Sehen/Ausbau_2010/index.htm) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100102035457/http://www.wsw\\-online.de/mobilitaet/Schweben\\_Sehen/Ausbau\\_2010/index.htm \\|date\\=2 January 2010}} {{in lang \\|de}}.", "In 2012, the Schwebebahn was closed for significant periods to allow upgrades to the system: from 7 to 21 July and 6 August to 22 October, and on weekends in September (15/16\\) and November (10/11\\).{{cite web \\|url\\=http://wsw\\-online.de/mobilitaet/Schweben\\_Sehen/Ausbau\\_2012 \\|title\\=WSW mobil GMBH \\- Ausbau 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=10 August 2012 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20130212140819/http://wsw\\-online.de/mobilitaet/Schweben\\_Sehen/Ausbau\\_2012 \\|archive\\-date\\=12 February 2013}} The modernization was completed and the line fully reopened on 19 August 2013\\.", "In November 2018 a bus bar detached and fell to the ground but nobody was injured. Following this accident, the Schwebebahn was closed down for nearly nine months.{{cite news \\|last\\=Connolly \\|first\\=Kate \\|date\\=1 August 2019 \\|title\\=World's oldest electric suspension train reopens in Germany \\|work\\=The Guardian \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/aug/01/worlds\\-oldest\\-electric\\-suspension\\-train\\-reopens\\-in\\-germany \\|access\\-date\\=1 August 2019}} It re\\-opened on 1 August 2019\\.{{cite news\\|date\\=1 August 2019\\|title\\=Da schwebt sie wieder! \\|work\\=Spiegel \\|url\\=https://www.spiegel.de/panorama/wuppertal\\-schwebebahn\\-endlich\\-repariert\\-zuege\\-fahren\\-wieder\\-a\\-1279959\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=1 August 2019}} {{in lang\\|de}}", "### Generation 15 trains", "[thumb\\|Generation 15 train at Vohwinkel depot](/wiki/File:%C2%A9-WSW-th-160114-GTW01-03.jpg \"©-WSW-th-160114-GTW01-03.jpg\")\nOn 10 November 2011, *{{lang\\|de\\|Wuppertaler Stadtwerke}}* signed a contract with [Vossloh Kiepe](/wiki/Vossloh_Kiepe \"Vossloh Kiepe\") to supply a new fleet of Generation 15 or [GTW 15](/wiki/GTW_Generation_15 \"GTW Generation 15\") trains to gradually replace the ageing GTW 72 fleet. The 31 new articulated cars were assembled by [Vossloh España](/wiki/MACOSA%23Vossloh_Espa%C3%B1a \"MACOSA#Vossloh España\") in [Valencia](/wiki/Valencia \"Valencia\"), Spain,{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.metro\\-report.com/news/news\\-by\\-region/europe/single\\-view/view/generation\\-15\\-trainsets\\-enter\\-service\\-in\\-wuppertal.html\\|title\\=Generation 15 trainsets enter service in Wuppertal \\|website\\=Metro Report \\|language\\=en \\|access\\-date\\=16 July 2019}} featuring a light blue livery and having [cushioned seating](/wiki/Cushion \"Cushion\"), [air conditioning](/wiki/Air_conditioning \"Air conditioning\"), [information displays](/wiki/Display_device \"Display device\"), [LED lights](/wiki/LED_lamp \"LED lamp\"), improved [disabled access](/wiki/Accessibility \"Accessibility\"), and [induction motors](/wiki/Induction_motor \"Induction motor\") with [energy recovery during braking](/wiki/Regenerative_brake \"Regenerative brake\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.schwebebahn.de/en/history\\-technology/vehicles/\\|title\\=Vehicles – From the prototype to the modern suspension railway \\|website\\=Schwebebahn.de/en \\|language\\=en \\|access\\-date\\=23 March 2018}} The first new train was commissioned by WSW in 2015[*Wuppertal begrüßt die neue Schwebebahn.*](http://www.wz-newsline.de/lokales/wuppertal/wuppertal-begruesst-die-neue-schwebebahn-1.2059560) Website der [Westdeutschen Zeitung](/wiki/Westdeutsche_Zeitung \"Westdeutsche Zeitung\"), 14 November 2015, retrieved 15 November 2015\\.[*Erster Wagen in Vohwinkel – Die neue Schwebebahn ist da.*](http://www.wuppertaler-rundschau.de/lokales/die-neue-schwebebahn-ist-da-aid-1.5559840) Website der [Rheinischen Post](/wiki/Rheinische_Post \"Rheinische Post\"), 14 November 2015, retrieved 15 November 2015\\. and entered regular passenger service on 18 December 2016,{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?time\\_continue\\=9\\&v\\=HQH4TS01Jt4 \\|title\\=Suspension Railway in Wuppertal: Story of a Landmark \\|website\\=YouTube \\|language\\=en \\|access\\-date\\=23 March 2018}} at which point the line's [power supply voltage](/wiki/Railway_electrification_system \"Railway electrification system\") was raised from 600 to 750 [V](/wiki/Volt \"Volt\").{{cite web \\|title\\=Generation 15 trainsets enter service in Wuppertal \\|url\\=https://www.railwaygazette.com/modes/generation\\-15\\-trainsets\\-enter\\-service\\-in\\-wuppertal/43696\\.article}}", "The GTW 72 stock was gradually withdrawn from service as the new trains were introduced, the last of which operated immediately prior to the line's shutdown in November 2018\\. WSW announced it would not scrap any of the GTW 72 stock, but instead offer 21 of the vehicles for sale and three for free, as long as they remained in the city of Wuppertal.[*Wuppertal verschenkt und verkauft Schwebebahn\\-Wagen.*](http://www.rp-online.de/nrw/panorama/wuppertal-stadtwerke-verschenken-drei-schwebebahnwagen-aid-1.5309665) Website der [Rheinischen Post](/wiki/Rheinische_Post \"Rheinische Post\"), 13 August 2015, retrieved 5 September 2015\\.[*Wuppertal verschenkt drei Schwebebahnen: Rest ist zu kaufen*](http://www.t-online.de/regionales/id_75049278/wuppertal-verschenkt-drei-schwebebahnen-rest-ist-zu-kaufen.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924125300/http://www.t\\-online.de/regionales/id\\_75049278/wuppertal\\-verschenkt\\-drei\\-schwebebahnen\\-rest\\-ist\\-zu\\-kaufen.html \\|date\\=24 September 2015 }} auf *t\\-online.de*, 13 August 2015, retrieved 5 September 2015\\.", "[thumb\\|right\\|200px\\|The [Shonan Monorail](/wiki/Shonan_Monorail \"Shonan Monorail\"), Japan, showing its relationship with *Wuppertaler Schwebebahn*](/wiki/File:Shonan_Monorail_in_sistership_with_Wuppertaler_Schwebebahn.jpg \"Shonan Monorail in sistership with Wuppertaler Schwebebahn.jpg\")\n### Sister suspension railway", "Wuppertal Schwebebahn has a sister suspension railway relationships with [Shonan Monorail](/wiki/Shonan_Monorail \"Shonan Monorail\") since 2018\\. Shonan Monorail is a suspension railway located in [Kanagawa](/wiki/Kanagawa_Prefecture \"Kanagawa Prefecture\"), [Japan](/wiki/Japan \"Japan\") and connects the cities between [Kamakura](/wiki/Kamakura \"Kamakura\") and [Fujisawa](/wiki/Fujisawa%2C_Kanagawa \"Fujisawa, Kanagawa\"). Starting in 2018, both suspension railways made a campaign of their twinning.{{cite web \\|title\\=Our partner: Shonan Monorail \\|url\\=https://schwebebahn.de/en/shonan\\-monorail \\|website\\=www.schwebebahn.de \\|access\\-date\\=2 August 2023}}", "" ]
Technology ---------- [thumb\|Detail of suspender, wheel, and motor of a GTW 72 train](/wiki/File:Antriebssatz_einer_aktuellen_Schwebebahn_Projekt_Erste_neue_Schwebebahn_1.jpg "Antriebssatz einer aktuellen Schwebebahn Projekt Erste neue Schwebebahn 1.jpg") The cars are suspended from a single rail built underneath a supporting steel frame. The cars hang on wheels which are driven by multiple electric motors operating at [600](/wiki/List_of_railway_electrification_systems%23600_V_DC "List of railway electrification systems#600 V DC") or {{750 V DC}}, fed from a [live rail](/wiki/Live_rail "Live rail") below the running rail.{{cite web\|title\=Wuppertaler Stadtwerke AG – English \|url\=http://www.wsw\-online.de/schwebebahn/sprachen/english \|access\-date\=20 February 2007 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20061009002516/http://www.wsw\-online.de/schwebebahn/sprachen/english \|archive\-date\=9 October 2006}} [thumb\|A vehicle leaving the {{lang\|de\|Wagenhalle Oberbarmen}} depot](/wiki/File:Oberbarmen_reversal%2C_2016.webm "Oberbarmen reversal, 2016.webm") Until August 2019, the Schwebebahn used block signalling like other light\- and heavy\-rail systems. Signals with red, green, and yellow lights, present at every station, signalled the driver if the next block, usually continuing until the next station, was free or not. The yellow aspect was mostly used to warn about construction work ahead, while a blinking red light warned about more severe problems. Today, the Schwebebahn uses the [European Train Control System](/wiki/European_Train_Control_System "European Train Control System"), allowing for shorter distances between trains. The supporting frame and tracks are made out of 486 pillars and bridgework sections. When the line was originally built, [Anton Rieppel](/wiki/Anton_Rieppel "Anton Rieppel"), head of MAN\-Werk Gustavsburg, designed the structural system, which he patented.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.rheinische\-industriekultur.de/objekte/Wuppertal/schwebebahn.html \|title\=Unbenanntes Dokument \|work\=rheinische\-industriekultur.de \|language\=de}} At each end of the line is a servicing depot, including a loop of track to allow the trains to be turned around. The current fleet consists of 31 articulated cars. The cars are 24 metres long and have 4 doors. One carriage can seat 48 with approximately 130 standing passengers. The top speed is {{convert\|60\|km/h}} and the average speed is {{convert\|27\|km/h\|abbr\=on}}. The *{{lang\|de\|\[\[Kaiserwagen]]}}* (Emperor's car), the original train used by Emperor [Wilhelm II](/wiki/Wilhelm_II "Wilhelm II") during a test ride on 24 October 1900, is still operated on scheduled excursion services, special occasions and for charter events.
[ "Technology\n----------", "[thumb\\|Detail of suspender, wheel, and motor of a GTW 72 train](/wiki/File:Antriebssatz_einer_aktuellen_Schwebebahn_Projekt_Erste_neue_Schwebebahn_1.jpg \"Antriebssatz einer aktuellen Schwebebahn Projekt Erste neue Schwebebahn 1.jpg\")\nThe cars are suspended from a single rail built underneath a supporting steel frame. The cars hang on wheels which are driven by multiple electric motors operating at [600](/wiki/List_of_railway_electrification_systems%23600_V_DC \"List of railway electrification systems#600 V DC\") or {{750 V DC}}, fed from a [live rail](/wiki/Live_rail \"Live rail\") below the running rail.{{cite web\\|title\\=Wuppertaler Stadtwerke AG – English \\|url\\=http://www.wsw\\-online.de/schwebebahn/sprachen/english \\|access\\-date\\=20 February 2007 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20061009002516/http://www.wsw\\-online.de/schwebebahn/sprachen/english \\|archive\\-date\\=9 October 2006}}", "[thumb\\|A vehicle leaving the {{lang\\|de\\|Wagenhalle Oberbarmen}} depot](/wiki/File:Oberbarmen_reversal%2C_2016.webm \"Oberbarmen reversal, 2016.webm\")", "Until August 2019, the Schwebebahn used block signalling like other light\\- and heavy\\-rail systems. Signals with red, green, and yellow lights, present at every station, signalled the driver if the next block, usually continuing until the next station, was free or not. The yellow aspect was mostly used to warn about construction work ahead, while a blinking red light warned about more severe problems.", "Today, the Schwebebahn uses the [European Train Control System](/wiki/European_Train_Control_System \"European Train Control System\"), allowing for shorter distances between trains.", "The supporting frame and tracks are made out of 486 pillars and bridgework sections. When the line was originally built, [Anton Rieppel](/wiki/Anton_Rieppel \"Anton Rieppel\"), head of MAN\\-Werk Gustavsburg, designed the structural system, which he patented.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.rheinische\\-industriekultur.de/objekte/Wuppertal/schwebebahn.html \\|title\\=Unbenanntes Dokument \\|work\\=rheinische\\-industriekultur.de \\|language\\=de}} At each end of the line is a servicing depot, including a loop of track to allow the trains to be turned around.", "The current fleet consists of 31 articulated cars. The cars are 24 metres long and have 4 doors. One carriage can seat 48 with approximately 130 standing passengers. The top speed is {{convert\\|60\\|km/h}} and the average speed is {{convert\\|27\\|km/h\\|abbr\\=on}}.", "The *{{lang\\|de\\|\\[\\[Kaiserwagen]]}}* (Emperor's car), the original train used by Emperor [Wilhelm II](/wiki/Wilhelm_II \"Wilhelm II\") during a test ride on 24 October 1900, is still operated on scheduled excursion services, special occasions and for charter events.", "" ]
In popular culture ------------------ ### Literature The Schwebebahn is alluded to in [Theodor Herzl](/wiki/Theodor_Herzl "Theodor Herzl")'s 1902 [utopian](/wiki/Utopia "Utopia") novel *{{lang\|de\|Altneuland}}* (*[The Old New Land](/wiki/The_Old_New_Land "The Old New Land")*). For Herzl, the Schwebebahn was the ideal form of urban transport, and he imagined a large [monorail](/wiki/Monorail "Monorail") built in its style in [Haifa](/wiki/Haifa "Haifa").{{cite web \|url\=http://yesterdayssalad.wordpress.com/2007/01/03/monorails\-were\-a\-great\-idea\-in\-1902\-and\-theyre\-a\-great\-idea\-now/ \|title\=Monorails were a great idea in 1902, and they're a great idea now \|work\=Yesterday's Salad \|date\=3 January 2007}} ### Film A sequence in [Peter Delpeut](/wiki/Peter_Delpeut "Peter Delpeut")'s 1992 collage film *[Lyrical Nitrate](/wiki/Lyrical_Nitrate "Lyrical Nitrate")*, using film from between 1905 and 1915, features the Schwebebahn. [Rüdiger Vogler](/wiki/R%C3%BCdiger_Vogler "Rüdiger Vogler") and [Yella Rottländer](/wiki/Yella_Rottl%C3%A4nder "Yella Rottländer")'s characters ride the Schwebebahn in [Wim Wenders](/wiki/Wim_Wenders "Wim Wenders")'s 1974 movie *[Alice in the Cities](/wiki/Alice_in_the_Cities "Alice in the Cities")* (*{{lang\|de\|Alice in den Städten}}*). It also appears in the 1992 Dutch movie *[The Sunday Child](/wiki/The_Sunday_Child "The Sunday Child")* (*{{lang\|nl\|De Zondagsjongen}}*) by [Pieter Verhoeff](/wiki/Pieter_Verhoeff "Pieter Verhoeff"), in [Tom Tykwer](/wiki/Tom_Tykwer "Tom Tykwer")'s 2000 film *[The Princess and the Warrior](/wiki/The_Princess_and_the_Warrior "The Princess and the Warrior")* (*{{lang\|de\|Der Krieger und die Kaiserin}}*), and as a background to a number of outdoor dance choreographies in another [Wim Wenders](/wiki/Wim_Wenders "Wim Wenders") film – 2011's *[Pina](/wiki/Pina_%28film%29 "Pina (film)")*, where some dances are also set inside the cars. The Schwebebahn is both subject and title of video work by the [Turner Prize](/wiki/Turner_Prize "Turner Prize")\-nominated artist [Darren Almond](/wiki/Darren_Almond "Darren Almond"). Produced in 1995, Schwebebahn is the first of three videos that constitute his Train Trilogy. The [Museum of Modern Art](/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art "Museum of Modern Art") has a two\-minute film from 1902 featuring the Schwebebahn.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=2Ud1aZFE0fU\|title\=The Flying Train (1902\) MoMA FILM VAULT SUMMER CAMP \|website\=\[\[YouTube]]}} A colourized and upscaled version of the 1902 film is now available {{Cite web\|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=EQs5VxNPhzk \|archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/EQs5VxNPhzk\| archive\-date\=12 December 2021 \|url\-status\=live \|title\=\[60 fps] The Flying Train, Germany, 1902 \|website\=\[\[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}} and has been matched with a recent video.{{Cite web\|last\=pwduze \|date\=2020 \|title\=Wuppertal Schwebebahn 1902 \& 2015 side by side video \|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=7TqqdOcX4dc \|archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/7TqqdOcX4dc \|archive\-date\=12 December 2021 \|url\-status\=live \|access\-date\=19 January 2021 \|website\=youtube.com}}{{cbignore}} ### Other fiction Some of the events in {{lang\|fr\|\[\[Le Feu de Wotan]]}}, a Belgian {{lang\|fr\|\[\[bande dessinée]]}} in the *[Yoko Tsuno](/wiki/Yoko_Tsuno "Yoko Tsuno")* series, take place in the *{{lang\|de\|Schwebebahn}}*. The [denouement](/wiki/Denouement "Denouement") of the episode of the 1972 ITC TV series *[The Adventurer](/wiki/The_Adventurer_%28TV_series%29 "The Adventurer (TV series)")* called "I'll Get There Sometime" takes place on the railway. ### Video games In 2013 the *Schwebebahn Simulator 2013*{{Cite web\|date\=9 March 2016\|title\=Schwebebahn\-Simulator 2013\|url\=https://www.simuwelt.de/schwebebahn\-simulator\-2013\.html\|access\-date\=11 May 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309195732/https://www.simuwelt.de/schwebebahn\-simulator\-2013\.html\|archive\-date\=9 March 2016}} was launched for [Windows](/wiki/Microsoft_Windows "Microsoft Windows"), [Mac OS X](/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard "Mac OS X Snow Leopard") and [Wii U](/wiki/Wii_U "Wii U"). In this simulator, the player controls the [GTW 72](/wiki/GTW_72 "GTW 72"). In the "Add\-on Wuppertal" DLC{{Cite web\|title\=OMSI 2 Add\-on Wuppertal \|url\=https://www.aerosoft.com/us/bustruck/omsi\-2/cities\-sceneries/2494/omsi\-2\-add\-on\-wuppertal \|access\-date\=11 May 2021 \|website\=Aerosoft US Shop \|language\=en\-US}} of the [OMSI 2](/wiki/OMSI_2_-_Der_Omnibus-simulator "OMSI 2 - Der Omnibus-simulator") bus simulator, there is the option for the player to control the Schwebebahn of the newest model ([GTW 15](/wiki/GTW_Generation_15 "GTW Generation 15")), with all stations faithfully recreated.
[ "In popular culture\n------------------", "### Literature", "The Schwebebahn is alluded to in [Theodor Herzl](/wiki/Theodor_Herzl \"Theodor Herzl\")'s 1902 [utopian](/wiki/Utopia \"Utopia\") novel *{{lang\\|de\\|Altneuland}}* (*[The Old New Land](/wiki/The_Old_New_Land \"The Old New Land\")*). For Herzl, the Schwebebahn was the ideal form of urban transport, and he imagined a large [monorail](/wiki/Monorail \"Monorail\") built in its style in [Haifa](/wiki/Haifa \"Haifa\").{{cite web \\|url\\=http://yesterdayssalad.wordpress.com/2007/01/03/monorails\\-were\\-a\\-great\\-idea\\-in\\-1902\\-and\\-theyre\\-a\\-great\\-idea\\-now/ \\|title\\=Monorails were a great idea in 1902, and they're a great idea now \\|work\\=Yesterday's Salad \\|date\\=3 January 2007}}", "### Film", "A sequence in [Peter Delpeut](/wiki/Peter_Delpeut \"Peter Delpeut\")'s 1992 collage film *[Lyrical Nitrate](/wiki/Lyrical_Nitrate \"Lyrical Nitrate\")*, using film from between 1905 and 1915, features the Schwebebahn. [Rüdiger Vogler](/wiki/R%C3%BCdiger_Vogler \"Rüdiger Vogler\") and [Yella Rottländer](/wiki/Yella_Rottl%C3%A4nder \"Yella Rottländer\")'s characters ride the Schwebebahn in [Wim Wenders](/wiki/Wim_Wenders \"Wim Wenders\")'s 1974 movie *[Alice in the Cities](/wiki/Alice_in_the_Cities \"Alice in the Cities\")* (*{{lang\\|de\\|Alice in den Städten}}*). It also appears in the 1992 Dutch movie *[The Sunday Child](/wiki/The_Sunday_Child \"The Sunday Child\")* (*{{lang\\|nl\\|De Zondagsjongen}}*) by [Pieter Verhoeff](/wiki/Pieter_Verhoeff \"Pieter Verhoeff\"), in [Tom Tykwer](/wiki/Tom_Tykwer \"Tom Tykwer\")'s 2000 film *[The Princess and the Warrior](/wiki/The_Princess_and_the_Warrior \"The Princess and the Warrior\")* (*{{lang\\|de\\|Der Krieger und die Kaiserin}}*), and as a background to a number of outdoor dance choreographies in another [Wim Wenders](/wiki/Wim_Wenders \"Wim Wenders\") film – 2011's *[Pina](/wiki/Pina_%28film%29 \"Pina (film)\")*, where some dances are also set inside the cars.", "The Schwebebahn is both subject and title of video work by the [Turner Prize](/wiki/Turner_Prize \"Turner Prize\")\\-nominated artist [Darren Almond](/wiki/Darren_Almond \"Darren Almond\"). Produced in 1995, Schwebebahn is the first of three videos that constitute his Train Trilogy.", "The [Museum of Modern Art](/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art \"Museum of Modern Art\") has a two\\-minute film from 1902 featuring the Schwebebahn.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=2Ud1aZFE0fU\\|title\\=The Flying Train (1902\\) MoMA FILM VAULT SUMMER CAMP \\|website\\=\\[\\[YouTube]]}}\nA colourized and upscaled version of the 1902 film is now available\n{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=EQs5VxNPhzk \\|archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/EQs5VxNPhzk\\| archive\\-date\\=12 December 2021 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|title\\=\\[60 fps] The Flying Train, Germany, 1902 \\|website\\=\\[\\[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}} and has been matched with a recent video.{{Cite web\\|last\\=pwduze \\|date\\=2020 \\|title\\=Wuppertal Schwebebahn 1902 \\& 2015 side by side video \\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=7TqqdOcX4dc \\|archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/7TqqdOcX4dc \\|archive\\-date\\=12 December 2021 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|access\\-date\\=19 January 2021 \\|website\\=youtube.com}}{{cbignore}}", "### Other fiction", "Some of the events in {{lang\\|fr\\|\\[\\[Le Feu de Wotan]]}}, a Belgian {{lang\\|fr\\|\\[\\[bande dessinée]]}} in the *[Yoko Tsuno](/wiki/Yoko_Tsuno \"Yoko Tsuno\")* series, take place in the *{{lang\\|de\\|Schwebebahn}}*.", "The [denouement](/wiki/Denouement \"Denouement\") of the episode of the 1972 ITC TV series *[The Adventurer](/wiki/The_Adventurer_%28TV_series%29 \"The Adventurer (TV series)\")* called \"I'll Get There Sometime\" takes place on the railway.", "### Video games", "In 2013 the *Schwebebahn Simulator 2013*{{Cite web\\|date\\=9 March 2016\\|title\\=Schwebebahn\\-Simulator 2013\\|url\\=https://www.simuwelt.de/schwebebahn\\-simulator\\-2013\\.html\\|access\\-date\\=11 May 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309195732/https://www.simuwelt.de/schwebebahn\\-simulator\\-2013\\.html\\|archive\\-date\\=9 March 2016}} was launched for [Windows](/wiki/Microsoft_Windows \"Microsoft Windows\"), [Mac OS X](/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard \"Mac OS X Snow Leopard\") and [Wii U](/wiki/Wii_U \"Wii U\"). In this simulator, the player controls the [GTW 72](/wiki/GTW_72 \"GTW 72\").", "In the \"Add\\-on Wuppertal\" DLC{{Cite web\\|title\\=OMSI 2 Add\\-on Wuppertal \\|url\\=https://www.aerosoft.com/us/bustruck/omsi\\-2/cities\\-sceneries/2494/omsi\\-2\\-add\\-on\\-wuppertal \\|access\\-date\\=11 May 2021 \\|website\\=Aerosoft US Shop \\|language\\=en\\-US}} of the [OMSI 2](/wiki/OMSI_2_-_Der_Omnibus-simulator \"OMSI 2 - Der Omnibus-simulator\") bus simulator, there is the option for the player to control the Schwebebahn of the newest model ([GTW 15](/wiki/GTW_Generation_15 \"GTW Generation 15\")), with all stations faithfully recreated.", "" ]
Career ------ ### Early years and Alfa companies (1980s–1990s) {{See also\|Alfa Group}} After graduation Fridman worked as a metallurgical design engineer at the Elektrostal Metallurgical Works, a state electrical machinery factory, from 1986 to 1988\.{{cite web\|title\=Fridman, Mikhail\|url\=https://uk.reuters.com/business/stocks/officer\-profile/VEONas.TRE/1525119\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180208125002/https://uk.reuters.com/business/stocks/officer\-profile/VEONas.TRE/1525119\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=8 February 2018\|website\=\[\[Reuters]]\|access\-date\=7 February 2018}} {{cite news\| title \= Poor Russia's wealthiest dozen\| first \=Douglas\| last \=Birch\| url \=https://www.baltimoresun.com/2003/11/09/poor\-russias\-wealthiest\-dozen/\| work\=\[\[The Baltimore Sun]]\| date\=9 November 2003\| access\-date \= 9 September 2016}} As Soviet leader [Mikhail Gorbachev](/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev "Mikhail Gorbachev") began to open up the economy in the late 1980s, in 1988 Fridman established a window\-washing business,{{cite news\|last1\=Chazan\|first1\=Guy\|title\=Lunch with the FT: Mikhail Fridman\|url\=https://www.ft.com/content/9527e2be\-f5b5\-11e5\-96db\-fc683b5e52db \|archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/9527e2be\-f5b5\-11e5\-96db\-fc683b5e52db \|archive\-date\=10 December 2022 \|url\-access\=subscription\|access\-date\=6 February 2018\|work\=\[\[Financial Times]]\|date\=1 April 2016}} an apartment rental agency for foreigners, a company that sold used computers, and a company that imported cigarettes and perfumes, with fellow friends from college, employing students from various Moscow universities. [Armenian](/wiki/Armenia "Armenia") Robert Yengibaryan ({{lang\-ru\|Роберт Енгибарян}}) provided strong assistance to Fridman and, later, Yengibaryan's son Vahe Yengebaryan ({{lang\-ru\|Ваге Енгибарян}}), who was the Russian consul in New York from 2003 onwards, became very close to Fridman's business interests.{{cite news \|last\=Королев \|first\=Игорь (Korolyov, Igor) \|url\=https://www.cnews.ru/news/top/2017\-01\-19\_partnera\_bilajna\_zapodozrili\_v\_vyvode\_deneg \|title\=Партнера "Билайна" заподозрили в выводе денег в пользу "сына главы МВД". Схема \|trans\-title\=Beeline's partner was suspected of withdrawing money in favor of the "son of the head of the Ministry of Internal Affairs". Scheme \|language\=ru \|work\=\[\[:ru:CNews\|cnews.ru]] \|date\=19 January 2017 \|access\-date\=4 February 2021 \|archive\-date\=31 August 2019 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190831071740/https://www.cnews.ru/news/top/2017\-01\-19\_partnera\_bilajna\_zapodozrili\_v\_vyvode\_deneg}}{{cite news \|last\=Королев \|first\=Игорь (Korolyov, Igor) \|url\=https://www.cnews.ru/news/top/2017\-01\-23\_syn\_glavy\_mvd\_mog\_byt\_sovladeltsem\_krupnejshego \|title\=Сын главы МВД мог быть совладельцем крупнейшего агрегатора мобильного контента \|trans\-title\=The son of the Interior Minister could be a co\-owner of the largest mobile content aggregator \|language\=ru \|work\=\[\[:ru:CNews\|cnews.ru]] \|date\=23 January 2017 \|access\-date\=4 February 2021 \|archive\-date\=18 May 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200518022822/https://www.cnews.ru/news/top/2017\-01\-23\_syn\_glavy\_mvd\_mog\_byt\_sovladeltsem\_krupnejshego}}{{cite news \|last1\=Злобин \|first1\=Андрей (Zlobin, Andrey) \|last2\=Березанская \|first2\=Елена (Berezanskaya, Elena) \|url\=https://www.forbes.ru/milliardery/385867\-familiya\-imya\-druzya\-putina\-kak\-proshlo\-zasedanie\-madridskogo\-suda\-s\-uchastiem \|title\=Фамилия, имя, друзья Путина: как прошло заседание мадридского суда с участием Михаила Фридмана \|trans\-title\=Surname, name, friends of Putin: how was the meeting of the Madrid court with the participation of Mikhail Fridman \|language\=ru \|work\=\[\[Forbes\|Forbes.ru]] \|date\=21 October 2019 \|access\-date\=5 February 2021}}{{cite news \|last\=Черецкий \|first\=Виктор (Cheretsky, Victor) \|url\=https://www.dw.com/ru/за\-что\-в\-испании\-недолюбливают\-российского\-олигарха\-фридмана/a\-40057485 \|title\=За что в Испании недолюбливают российского олигарха Фридмана: Испанцы неоднозначно восприняли покупку группой миллиардера из России Михаила Фридмана пакета акций местной торговой сети DIA. Чем они недовольны, выясняла DW. \|trans\-title\=Why the Russian oligarch Fridman is disliked in Spain: The Spaniards were ambivalent about the purchase by the group of Russian billionaire Mikhail Fridman of a block of shares in the local DIA retail chain. What are they unhappy with, DW found out. \|language\=ru \|work\=\[\[Deutsche Welle]] \|date\=11 August 2017 \|access\-date\=5 February 2021 \|archive\-date\=12 August 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170812053802/https://www.dw.com/ru/%D0%B7%D0%B0\-%D1%87%D1%82%D0%BE\-%D0%B2\-%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8\-%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8E%D1%82\-%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE\-%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B0\-%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0/a\-40057485 \|url\-status\=live }} In October 2019, Fridman told a Spanish court that he was a friend of Vahe.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.europapress.es/economia/noticia\-fridman\-niega\-juez\-haber\-tenido\-capacidad\-decisoria\-alguna\-mercantiles\-implicadas\-asfixia\-zed\-20191021144248\.html \|title\=Fridman niega ante el juez haber tenido capacidad decisoria alguna en las mercantiles implicadas en la asfixia de Zed \|trans\-title\=Fridman denies before the judge having had any decision\-making capacity in the mercantile companies involved in the asphyxia of Zed \|language\=es \|agency\=\[\[Europa Press (news agency)\|Europa Press]] \|date\=21 October 2019 \|access\-date\=5 February 2021 \|archive\-date\=21 October 2019 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191021235837/https://www.europapress.es/economia/noticia\-fridman\-niega\-juez\-haber\-tenido\-capacidad\-decisoria\-alguna\-mercantiles\-implicadas\-asfixia\-zed\-20191021144248\.html}} In 1988, along with [German Khan](/wiki/German_Khan "German Khan") and [Alexey Kuzmichev](/wiki/Alexey_Kuzmichev "Alexey Kuzmichev"), Fridman co\-founded Alfa\-Photo (also transliterated as Alfa\-Foto), which imported photography chemicals.{{citation needed\|date\=October 2018}}{{cite web\|title\=Notice of the Annual General Meeting of Shareholders\|url\=https://veon.com/Global/Files/AGM/Notice%20of%202017%20AGM%2024July2017%20FINAL.DOCX.pdf\#page\=10\|publisher\=\[\[VEON]]\|access\-date\=7 February 2018\|page\=10\|date\=24 July 2017}}{{cite web\|last1\=Reznikovich\|first1\=Alexei M.\|title\=Letter to Vimpelcom's Shareholders\|url\=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1023977/000119312506121084/dex992\.htm\|website\=\[\[Securities and Exchange Commission]]\|access\-date\=6 February 2018\|date\=26 May 2006}} In 1989 the three partners founded Alfa\-Eco (Alfa\-Echo, Alfa\-Eko, Alfa\-Ekho), a commodities and eventually oil trading firm,{{Cite news\|url\=http://online.flipbuilder.com/myab/xfgo/mobile/index.html\#p\=30\|title\=CEE's Top Business Leaders: Eastern Europe\|work\=\[\[Business New Europe\|bne IntelliNews]]\|date\=May 2017\|access\-date\=16 May 2017\|pages\=30–31}}{{cite news\|title\=Mikhail Fridman: Alfa Group Chairman Builds Russian 'Benchmark'\|url\=https://www.rferl.org/a/1341599\.html\|access\-date\=30 March 2018\|work\=\[\[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]]\|date\=29 January 2002}}{{cite news\|last1\=Whalen\|first1\=Jeanne\|title\=Brains, Bare Knuckles Are Keys To Success of Firm in Rich Deal\|url\=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB982793845691156414\|access\-date\=30 March 2018\|work\=\[\[Wall Street Journal]]\|date\=22 February 2001}} and Alfa Capital (Alfa Kapital), an investment firm.{{cite book\|title\=The International Who's Who 2004\|date\=2003\|publisher\=\[\[Europa Press (news agency)\|Europa Press]]\|page\=\[https://archive.org/details/internationalwho2004ond/page/567 567]\|isbn\=9781857432176 \|url\=https://archive.org/details/internationalwho2004ond\|url\-access\=registration}}{{cite news\|last1\=Goldman\|first1\=Marshall\|title\=Russia's Robber Barons: The Twelve Men Who Own Russia's Economy\|url\=http://www.bu.edu/globalbeat/pubs/russiasummit/goldman082898\.html\|access\-date\=6 February 2018\|work\=Global Beat\|publisher\=\[\[Boston University]]\|date\=28 August 1998}} Alfa\-Eco and Alfa Capital developed into [Alfa Group Consortium](/wiki/Alfa_Group_Consortium "Alfa Group Consortium").{{cite news\|last1\=Fridman\|first1\=Mikhail\|title\=Fridman: How I became an oligarch\|url\=https://www.opendemocracy.net/od\-russia/mikhail\-fridman/fridman\-how\-i\-became\-oligarch\|access\-date\=7 February 2018\|work\=\[\[openDemocracy]]\|date\=14 November 2010}} The company, which initially focused on computer trading and [copy machine](/wiki/Copy_machine "Copy machine") maintenance, expanded into imports and exports and commodities trading, eventually becoming one of Russia's largest privately owned financial\-industrial conglomerates, with interests in industries such as telecommunications, banking, retail, and oil. Using $100,000 of his profits from his businesses to pay the required fee, in January 1991 Fridman co\-founded [Alfa\-Bank](/wiki/Alfa-Bank "Alfa-Bank").{{cite book\|last1\=Goldman\|first1\=Marshall I.\|title\=Petrostate: Putin, Power, and the New Russia\|date\=2010\|publisher\=\[\[Oxford University Press]]\|pages\=66–67\|isbn\=9780199758548\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=\-UKfdbP1bWYC\&pg\=PA66}} The company grew to become one of the largest private banks in Russia. Alfa Group's later divisions include [Rosvodokanal](/wiki/Rosvodokanal "Rosvodokanal"), a private water utility; AlfaStrakhovanie, a diversified insurance company; A1 Group, an investment company; and X5 Retail Group, a large chain of food retailers.{{cite web\|title\=Our Businesses\|url\=http://www.alfagroup.org/business/\|website\=AlfaGroup.org\|access\-date\=9 February 2018}} Alfa Group flourished considerably after Fridman recruited [Petr Aven](/wiki/Petr_Aven "Petr Aven"), the former Minister of Foreign Economic Relations for the Russian Federation; in 1994 Aven became president and chairman of Alfa\-Bank.{{cite news\|last1\=Lloyd\|first1\=John\|title\=The Autumn Of the Oligarchs\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/10/08/magazine/the\-autumn\-of\-the\-oligarchs.html\|access\-date\=30 March 2018\|work\=\[\[New York Times]]\|date\=8 October 2000}}{{cite book\|last1\=Campbell\|first1\=Robert Wellington\|title\=A Biobibliographical Dictionary of Russian and Soviet Economists\|date\=2012\|publisher\=\[\[Routledge]]\|page\=27\|isbn\=9780415519465\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=oMqH56uoh\_wC\&pg\=PA27}} By late 1996, thanks to the success of Alfa\-Bank and Alfa Group, [Boris Berezovsky](/wiki/Boris_Berezovsky_%28businessman%29 "Boris Berezovsky (businessman)"), in an interview by the *[Financial Times](/wiki/Financial_Times "Financial Times")*, named Fridman and Aven among the [seven businessman and bankers](/wiki/Semibankirschina "Semibankirschina") who controlled most of the economy and media in Russia,{{cite book\|last1\=Bojicic\-Dzelilovic\|first1\=Vesna\|title\=Persistent State Weakness in the Global Age\|date\=2016\|publisher\=\[\[Routledge]]\|page\=104\|isbn\=9781317082064\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=JLgoDAAAQBAJ\&pg\=PA104}}{{cite news\|title\=British Paper Names Banking Clique\|url\=http://old.themoscowtimes.com/sitemap/free/1996/11/article/british\-paper\-names\-banking\-clique/316590\.html/\|access\-date\=29 March 2018\|work\=\[\[The Moscow Times]]\|date\=5 November 1996}}{{cite book\|last1\=Goldman\|first1\=Marshall I.\|title\=The Piratization of Russia: Russian Reform Goes Awry\|date\=2003\|publisher\=\[\[Routledge]]\|page\=132\|isbn\=9781134376858\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=zP9\-AgAAQBAJ\&pg\=PA132}} and who had helped bankroll [Boris Yeltsin](/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin "Boris Yeltsin")'s 1996 re\-election campaign.{{cite book\|last1\=Kotz\|first1\=David\|last2\=Weir\|first2\=Fred\|title\=Russia's Path from Gorbachev to Putin: The Demise of the Soviet System and the New Russia\|date\=2007\|publisher\=\[\[Routledge]]\|page\=218\|isbn\=9781135992057\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=20OUAgAAQBAJ\&pg\=PT312}} Both Fridman and Aven were quite close to Berezovsky. In his book *The age of Berezovsky* Aven says: "It was Fridman and I who happened to be by Boris's bed after his attempted assassination in 1994, and it was our yacht that he chose to go after being discharged from hospital".[https://petr\-aven\-books.com/](https://petr-aven-books.com/) {{Bare URL inline\|date\=August 2024}} Fridman and Aven sold off most of their Russian government securities in early August 1998, prior to the ruble crisis of 17 August 1998, and emerged relatively unhurt from the [1998 Russian financial crisis](/wiki/1998_Russian_financial_crisis "1998 Russian financial crisis").{{cite book\|last1\=Gitelman\|first1\=Zvi Y.\|last2\=Glants\|first2\=Musya\|last3\=Goldman\|first3\=Marshall I.\|title\=Jewish Life After the USSR\|date\=2003\|publisher\=Indiana University Press\|page\=91\|isbn\=0253341620\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=1vBGPWk3b3AC\&pg\=PA91}} During the crisis, Alfa\-Bank used its holdings related to TNK to avoid a debt default, and was one of the few Russian banks at the time to continue to allow customer withdrawals. ### Retail holdings and X5 Retail (1995 to present) Fridman's Alfa Group founded the *Perekrestok* (also transliterated *Perekriostok*) chain of supermarkets in Moscow in 1995\.{{cite news\|title\=Russian Corporate Giants Enter the World Stage\|url\=https://www.rbth.com/articles/2008/01/30/corporate\_giants.html\|access\-date\=9 February 2018\|work\=\[\[Russia Beyond]]\|date\=30 January 2008}}{{cite web\|title\=History\|url\=https://www.x5\.ru/en/Pages/About/History\_old.aspx\|website\=\[\[X5 Retail Group]]\|access\-date\=9 February 2018}} Through a merger with the *Pyatyorochka* (also transliterated *Pyaterochka*) supermarket chain, which had been founded in St. Petersburg in 1999 by Alexander Girda and [Andrey Rogachev](/wiki/Andrey_Rogachev "Andrey Rogachev"), Alfa Group founded the [X5 Retail Group](/wiki/X5_Retail_Group "X5 Retail Group") in 2006\.{{cite web\|title\=Company Information\|url\=http://x5\.ru/en/about/index.php\|website\=\[\[X5 Retail Group]]\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315200428/http://x5\.ru/en/about/index.php\|archive\-date\=15 March 2015}} X5 acquired another grocer, *[Kopeyka](/wiki/Kopeyka_%28supermarket%29 "Kopeyka (supermarket)")*, for $1\.65 billion in December 2010\.{{cite news\|last1\=Huddleston Jr.\|first1\=Tom\|title\=Dealmaker of the Week: Oxana Balayan of Hogan Lovells\|url\=http://amlawdaily.typepad.com/amlawdaily/2010/12/dealmakerdecember10\.html\|access\-date\=7 February 2018\|work\=\[\[The American Lawyer\|The Am Law Daily]]\|date\=10 December 2010}} X5 is Russia's largest food retailer in terms of sales.{{cite news\|last1\=Khrennikov\|first1\=Ilya\|title\=A Russian Oligarch Walks Away From His $8 Billion Empire\|url\=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018\-02\-16/a\-russian\-oligarch\-walks\-away\-from\-his\-8\-billion\-empire\|access\-date\=6 April 2018\|work\=\[\[Bloomberg News]]\|date\=16 February 2018}}{{cite news\|title\=Russia's X5 Retail Group plans to add 2,500 new stores in 2018\|url\=https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk\-russia\-x5\-retail\-group\-stores/russias\-x5\-retail\-group\-plans\-to\-add\-2500\-new\-stores\-in\-2018\-idUKKBN1H51Y7\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329162057/https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk\-russia\-x5\-retail\-group\-stores/russias\-x5\-retail\-group\-plans\-to\-add\-2500\-new\-stores\-in\-2018\-idUKKBN1H51Y7\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=29 March 2018\|access\-date\=6 April 2018\|work\=\[\[Reuters]]\|date\=29 March 2018}} ### Alfa Telecom and Altimo (2001–2015\) Alfa Group acquired a 44% stake in [Golden Telecom](/wiki/Golden_Telecom "Golden Telecom"), a large telecommunications and internet company in Russia and the [Commonwealth of Independent States](/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States "Commonwealth of Independent States"), in 2001\.{{cite web\|title\=History of Alfa Group Consortium\|url\=http://www.alfagroup.org/about\-us/history/?print\=Y\|website\=\[\[Alfa Group]]\|access\-date\=9 April 2018}}{{cite news\|last1\=Tavernise\|first1\=Sabrina\|title\=World Business Briefing: Europe; Expansion By Oil Concern\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/04/04/business/world\-business\-briefing\-europe\-expansion\-by\-oil\-concern.html\|access\-date\=9 April 2018\|work\=\[\[New York Times]]\|date\=4 April 2001}}{{cite news\|last1\=Chazan\|first1\=Guy\|title\=Russian Conglomerate Alfa Makes Strong Partner for Golden Telecom\|url\=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB989275167927688732\|access\-date\=9 April 2018\|work\=\[\[Wall Street Journal]]\|date\=8 May 2001}} Also in 2001, Alfa purchased a strategic ownership interest in [Vimpelcom](/wiki/Vimpelcom "Vimpelcom"), a large [cellular](/wiki/Cellular_frequencies "Cellular frequencies") operator in Russia, and Fridman joined Vimpelcom's board of directors.{{cite book\|last1\=McCarthy\|first1\=Daniel J.\|last2\=Puffer\|first2\=Sheila M.\|last3\=Shekshnia\|first3\=Stanislav V.\|title\=Corporate Governance in Russia\|date\=2004\|publisher\=\[\[Edward Elgar Publishing]]\|page\=292\|isbn\=9781781958216\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=ED3Ye9di\_zgC\&pg\=PA292}}{{cite news\|title\=Vimpelcom Shareholders Approve Strategic Partnership with Alfa Group and Telenor\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=N35lAfKa46AC\&pg\=PA9\|work\=Russian Telecom Newsletter\|date\=August 2001}} Alfa Group consolidated its telecom holdings as Alfa Telecom, and in 2005 renamed it [Altimo](/wiki/Altimo "Altimo").{{cite news\|last1\=Minchom\|first1\=Clive\|title\=Mikhail Fridman's Alfa Group To Collect $1\.6 Billion On Loan To Turks\|url\=http://jewishbusinessnews.com/2014/07/30/mikhail\-fridmans\-alfa\-group\-to\-collect\-1\-6\-billion\-on\-loan\-to\-turks/\|access\-date\=9 April 2018\|work\=\[\[Jewish Business News]]\|date\=30 July 2014}} Its holdings and acquisitions included [MegaFon](/wiki/MegaFon "MegaFon"), Vimpelcom, Golden Telecom, and [Kyivstar](/wiki/Kyivstar "Kyivstar"). In December 2005 Altimo also acquired a 13\.2% interest in [Turkcell](/wiki/Turkcell "Turkcell"), the largest telecoms company in Turkey. Fridman's desire to merge Vimpelcom and Kyivstar was thwarted by his Vimpelcom partner, the Norwegian telecoms group [Telenor](/wiki/Telenor "Telenor"),{{cite web\|title\=VimpelCom shareholders overwhelmingly approve strategic partnership with Alfa Group and Telenor\|url\=https://veon.com/en/media\-center/Press\-releases/2001/VimpelCom\-shareholders\-overwhelmingly\-approve\-strategic\-partnership\-with\-Alfa\-Group\-and\-Telenor/\|website\=\[\[VEON]]\|access\-date\=9 April 2018\|format\=press release\|date\=27 July 2001}} which held stakes in both companies. Fridman resorted to protracted and aggressive efforts to strong\-arm Telenor in 2005, and although the merger of Vimpelcom and Kyivstar was achieved in 2010,{{cite news\|last1\=Nicholson\|first1\=Chris V.\|title\=Telenor and Alfa Reach Deal on VimpelCom\|url\=https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2009/10/05/telenor\-and\-alfa\-reach\-deal\-on\-vimpelcom/\|access\-date\=9 April 2018\|work\=\[\[New York Times]]\|date\=5 October 2009}}{{cite news\|title\=Vimpelcom\-Kyivstar merger finally cleared by anti\-monopoly authority\|url\=https://www.telegeography.com/products/commsupdate/articles/2010/10/20/vimpelcom\-kyivstar\-merger\-finally\-cleared\-by\-anti\-monopoly\-authority/\|access\-date\=9 April 2018\|work\=TeleGeography\|date\=20 October 2010}} conflicts with Telenor over control of Vimpelcom lasted seven years in total.{{cite news\|last1\=Hotten\|first1\=Russell\|title\=BP antagonist has Altimo ambitions\|url\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/energy/2792008/BP\-antagonist\-has\-Altimo\-ambitions.html\|access\-date\=9 April 2018\|work\=\[\[The Daily Telegraph\|The Telegraph]]\|date\=22 June 2008}}{{cite news\|title\=Timeline: Uneasy Vimpelcom partners Telenor and Alfa\-Group\|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\-vimpelcom/timeline\-uneasy\-vimpelcom\-partners\-telenor\-and\-alfa\-group\-idUSTRE7171VP20110208\|access\-date\=9 April 2018\|work\=\[\[Reuters]]\|date\=8 February 2011}}{{cite book\|last1\=Wellhausen\|first1\=Rachel L.\|title\=The Shield of Nationality: When Governments Break Contracts with Foreign Firms\|date\=2014\|publisher\=\[\[Cambridge University Press]]\|pages\=133–141\|isbn\=9781316124031\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=P4JIBQAAQBAJ\&pg\=PA133}} From 2003 until 2007 Fridman's Altimo was locked in a complex four\-year battle of claims and counter\-claims of fraud with the [Bermuda](/wiki/Bermuda "Bermuda")\-based investment firm IPOC International Growth Fund associated with [Leonid Reiman](/wiki/Leonid_Reiman "Leonid Reiman") and [Jeffrey Galmond](/wiki/Jeffrey_Galmond "Jeffrey Galmond") over ownership of a 25\.1% stake in [MegaFon](/wiki/MegaFon "MegaFon") that was formerly held by [Leonid Rozhetskin](/wiki/Leonid_Rozhetskin "Leonid Rozhetskin")'s LV Finance.{{cite news\|last1\=Brown\|first1\=Heidi\|last2\=Noon\|first2\=Chris\|title\=Russian Billionaire's Alfa Group Sued In Federal Court\|url\=https://www.forbes.com/2006/06/09/fridman\-alfa\-group\-cx\_cn\_0609autofacescan06\.html\|access\-date\=9 April 2018\|work\=\[\[Forbes]]\|date\=9 June 2006}}{{cite news\|title\=Alfa Group Accused of Bribing to Buy MegaFon\|url\=http://www.kommersant.com/p681467/r\_500/Alfa\_Group\_Accused\_of\_Bribing\_to\_Buy\_MegaFon/\|work\=\[\[Kommersant]]\|date\=13 June 2006\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930170829/http://www.kommersant.com/p681467/r\_500/Alfa\_Group\_Accused\_of\_Bribing\_to\_Buy\_MegaFon/\|archive\-date\=30 September 2007}}{{cite news\|last1\=Kent\|first1\=Jonathan\|title\=The rise and fall of IPOC\|url\=http://www.royalgazette.com/article/20080509/BUSINESS/305099948\|access\-date\=9 April 2018\|work\=\[\[The Royal Gazette (Bermuda)\|The Royal Gazette]]\|date\=9 May 2008}}{{cite news\|last1\=Fidler\|first1\=Stephen\|title\=Ipoc cleared of money laundering charges\|url\=https://www.ft.com/content/13e938a8\-6387\-11db\-bc82\-0000779e2340 \|archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/13e938a8\-6387\-11db\-bc82\-0000779e2340 \|archive\-date\=10 December 2022 \|url\-access\=subscription\|access\-date\=9 April 2018\|work\=\[\[Financial Times]]\|date\=24 October 2006}} James Hatt, a British telecommunications executive, represented Fridman's interests while Jeffrey Galmond, a Danish attorney, represented Reiman's interests during deliberations between the two groups.{{cite news \|last1\=Fidler \|first1\=Stephen \|last2\=Ostrovsky \|first2\=Arkady \|last3\=Buckley \|first3\=Neil \|author\-link2\=:ru:Островский, Аркадий Михайлович \|url\=https://www.ft.com/content/a47d51d2\-d2f1\-11da\-828e\-0000779e2340 \|title\=A disputed stake pits an oligarch against a Putin ally \|work\=\[\[Financial Times]] \|date\=23 April 2006 \|access\-date\=11 February 2021 \|archive\-date\=12 February 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20210212031452/https://www.ft.com/content/a47d51d2\-d2f1\-11da\-828e\-0000779e2340}} Altimo's ownership of the stake was finally maintained in 2007\.{{cite news\|last1\=Belton\|first1\=Catherine\|author\-link\=Catherine Belton\|title\=Court backs Alfa Group right to Megafon stake\|url\=https://www.ft.com/content/7b9f782e\-9f70\-11dc\-8031\-0000779fd2ac \|archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/7b9f782e\-9f70\-11dc\-8031\-0000779fd2ac \|archive\-date\=10 December 2022 \|url\-access\=subscription\|access\-date\=9 April 2018\|work\=\[\[Financial Times]]\|date\=30 November 2007}}{{cite news\|title\=Russia's Altimo says MegaFon dispute resolved\|url\=https://uk.reuters.com/article/altimo\-megafon/russias\-altimo\-says\-megafon\-dispute\-resolved\-idUKL3089982120071130\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180409110041/https://uk.reuters.com/article/altimo\-megafon/russias\-altimo\-says\-megafon\-dispute\-resolved\-idUKL3089982120071130\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=9 April 2018\|access\-date\=9 April 2018\|work\=\[\[Reuters]]\|date\=30 November 2007}}{{cite news\|last1\=Middleton\|first1\=James\|title\=Altimo vs. Ipoc: it's all over\|url\=http://telecoms.com/320/altimo\-vs\-ipoc\-its\-all\-over/\|access\-date\=9 April 2018\|work\=Telecoms.com\|date\=30 July 2007}} During the dispute in 2005, Altimo hired the [Haley Barbour](/wiki/Haley_Barbour "Haley Barbour")\-founded [BGR](/wiki/BGR_Group "BGR Group") public relations firm, which then hired a security firm, [Richard Burt](/wiki/Richard_Burt "Richard Burt")'s Due Diligence, in order to infiltrate and obtain information about the [KPMG](/wiki/KPMG "KPMG") independent investigations funded by [Paula Cox](/wiki/Paula_Cox "Paula Cox"), who was the [Bermuda](/wiki/Bermuda "Bermuda") Minister of Finance, into the IPOC International Growth Fund.{{cite news \|url\=http://www.royalgazette.com/article/20080509/BUSINESS/305099948 \|title\=The rise and fall of IPOC \|work\=\[\[The Royal Gazette (Bermuda)\|Royal Gazette]] \|last\=Kent \|first\=Jonathan \|date\=9 May 2008 \|access\-date\=18 March 2020 \|archive\-date\=7 August 2019 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190807083001/http://www.royalgazette.com/article/20080509/BUSINESS/305099948}}{{cite news \|url\=http://www.cphpost.dk/get/83083\.html \|title\=Dane battles for Russian mobile company \|work\=\[\[Copenhagen Post]] \|date\=28 October 2004 \|access\-date\=18 March 2020 \|archive\-date\=27 September 2007 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927181854/http://www.cphpost.dk/get/83083\.html}}{{cite news \|url\=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2007\-02\-25/spies\-lies\-and\-kpmg \|title\=Spies, Lies \& KPMG: An inside look at how the accounting giant was infiltrated by private intelligence firm Diligence \|work\=Bloomberg \|last\=Javers \|first\=Eamon \|date\=25 February 2007 \|access\-date\=18 March 2020 \|archive\-date\=4 July 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704042250/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2007\-02\-25/spies\-lies\-and\-kpmg}}{{cite news\|url\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/energy/2792008/BP\-antagonist\-has\-Altimo\-ambitions.html\|title\=BP antagonist has Altimo ambitions \|date\=22 June 2008 \|work\=\[\[The Daily Telegraph\|The Telegraph]] \|last\=Hotten \|first\=Russell \|access\-date\=18 March 2020\|archive\-date\=11 November 2012\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111195407/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/energy/2792008/BP\-antagonist\-has\-Altimo\-ambitions.html}}{{cite web \|url\=http://web.nacva.com/JFIA/Issues/JFIA\-2014\-1\_11\.pdf \|title\=Duplicity and Diligence: An Ethical Forensic Case Study of International Espionage \|work\=Journal of Forensic and Investigative Accounting \|last1\=Knapp \|first1\=Michael C. \|last2\=Knapp \|first2\=Carol A. \|volume\=6 \|issue\=1 \|pages\=272–283 \|date\=January–June 2016 \|access\-date\=18 March 2020}}{{cite web \|url\=https://www.intelligenceonline.com/utils/imageresize?x\=800\&web\=1\&file64\=SU8vUGhvdG9zLzU0M0EuZ2lm \|title\=Alfa Group's Arsenal to Fight Rivals in Kiev and Moscow \|work\=intelligenceonline.com \|via\=Alfa's Worldwide Network of Consultants \|last\=Charles \|first\=B. \|date\=22 March 2007 \|access\-date\=18 March 2020}} Richard Burt and Mikhail Fridman have a strong working relationship.{{cite news\|last1\=Schreckinger\|first1\=Ben\|last2\=Ioffe\|first2\=Julia\|title\=Lobbyist advised Trump campaign while promoting Russian pipeline\|url\=http://www.politico.com/story/2016/10/donald\-trump\-campaign\-lobbyist\-russian\-pipeline\-229264\|work\=Politico\|date\=7 October 2016\|access\-date\=18 March 2020}} In 2012 Fridman sold his entire stake in MegaFon for $5 billion.{{cite news\|last1\=Garside\|first1\=Juliette\|title\=Russian mobile network MegaFon confirms London IPO\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2012/oct/09/russian\-mobile\-megafon\-london\-ipo\|access\-date\=9 April 2018\|work\=\[\[The Guardian]]\|date\=9 October 2012}}{{cite news\|title\=MegaFon deal gives Teliasonera mega payday\|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\-megafon/megafon\-deal\-gives\-teliasonera\-mega\-payday\-idUSBRE83N0EC20120424\|access\-date\=9 April 2018\|work\=\[\[Reuters]]\|date\=24 April 2012}} ### TNK\-BP (2003–2013\) {{See also\|TNK\-BP}} In 1997, Fridman had collaborated with [Len Blavatnik](/wiki/Len_Blavatnik "Len Blavatnik") and [Viktor Vekselberg](/wiki/Viktor_Vekselberg "Viktor Vekselberg") to purchase the state\-owned [TNK](/wiki/TNK-BP "TNK-BP") (Tyumen Oil Company), an oil company in Siberia, for $800 million.{{cite news\|last1\=Schmouker\|first1\=Olivier\|title\=Qui est Mikhail Fridman?\|url\=http://www.lesaffaires.com/secteurs\-d\-activite/general/qui\-est\-mikhail\-fridman\-/507444\|access\-date\=31 March 2018\|work\=\[\[Les Affaires]]\|date\=9 December 2009\|language\=fr}} In February 2003, the British multinational oil and gas company [BP](/wiki/BP "BP") agreed to form the [TNK\-BP](/wiki/TNK-BP "TNK-BP") joint venture with the AAR (Alfa\-Access\-Renova) consortium, which included [Alfa Group](/wiki/Alfa_Group "Alfa Group"), Blavatnik's [Access Industries](/wiki/Access_Industries "Access Industries"), and Vekselberg's [Renova](/wiki/Renova_Group "Renova Group").{{cite news\|title\=The billionaire oligarchs behind Alfa\-Access\-Renova (AAR)\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2011/may/17/aar\-billionaire\-oligarchs\|access\-date\=7 February 2018\|work\=\[\[The Guardian]]\|date\=17 May 2011}}{{cite news\|title\=TNK\-BP: a troubled history\|url\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/energy/oilandgas/9295398/TNK\-BP\-a\-troubled\-history.html\|access\-date\=7 February 2018\|work\=\[\[The Daily Telegraph\|The Telegraph]]\|agency\=\[\[Reuters]]\|date\=28 May 2012}} After the merger, TNK\-BP became the third largest oil producer in Russia, and one of the top 10 largest private oil companies in the world. Fridman served as [TNK\-BP](/wiki/TNK-BP "TNK-BP") chairman for nine years, and CEO for three years.{{cite news\|last1\=Vasilyeva\|first1\=Nataliya\|title\=Russian tycoon unexpectedly quits as CEO of TNK\-BP\|url\=http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/sdut\-russian\-tycoon\-unexpectedly\-quits\-as\-ceo\-of\-tnk\-bp\-2012may28\-story.html\|access\-date\=9 February 2018\|work\=\[\[The San Diego Union\-Tribune]]\|agency\=\[\[Associated Press]]\|date\=28 May 2012}} Prior to the TNK\-BP joint venture, in 1999 Fridman had thwarted BP by seizing BP's stake in the Siberian oil company [Sidanko](/wiki/Sidanko "Sidanko"), via bankruptcy maneuvers widely regarded as unfair practices.{{cite news\|last1\=Levine\|first1\=Steve\|title\=The last free oligarch\|url\=https://foreignpolicy.com/2012/07/25/the\-last\-free\-oligarch/\|access\-date\=9 April 2018\|work\=\[\[Foreign Policy]]\|date\=25 July 2012}}{{cite book\|last1\=Fox\|first1\=Merritt B.\|last2\=Heller\|first2\=Michael\|title\=Corporate Governance Lessons from Transition Economy Reforms\|date\=2006\|publisher\=\[\[Princeton University Press]]\|page\=133\|isbn\=0691125619\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=UZtaphZr0acC\&pg\=PA133}}{{cite news\|last1\=Gismatullin\|first1\=Eduard\|title\=BP, TNK End Feud And Split Sidanko\|url\=http://old.themoscowtimes.com/sitemap/free/1999/12/article/bp\-tnk\-end\-feud\-and\-split\-sidanko/268521\.html\|access\-date\=9 April 2018\|work\=\[\[The Moscow Times]]\|date\=23 December 1999}}{{cite book\|last1\=Goldman\|first1\=Marshall I.\|title\=The Piratization of Russia: Russian Reform Goes Awry\|date\=2003\|publisher\=\[\[Routledge]]\|pages\=137–138\|isbn\=9781134376858\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=zP9\-AgAAQBAJ\&pg\=PA137}}{{cite book\|last1\=Sakwa\|first1\=Richard\|title\=Putin: Russia's Choice\|date\=2004\|publisher\=\[\[Psychology Press]]\|pages\=194\|isbn\=9780415296649\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=ygi\-5SUl9igC\&pg\=PA194}}{{cite news\|title\=Russian roulette\|url\=https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2006/may/31/20060531\-090602\-9573r/\|access\-date\=9 April 2018\|work\=\[\[The Washington Times]]\|date\=31 May 2006}} And although TNK\-BP was highly successful financially, Fridman's relationship with BP during the TNK\-BP years was contentious, and included blocking BP's 2011 planned partnership with [Rosneft](/wiki/Rosneft "Rosneft") for Arctic oilfield exploration.{{cite news\|last1\=Davies\|first1\=Megan\|last2\=Akin\|first2\=Melissa\|title\=Russian risks bear down on oligarch Fridman\|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\-russia\-tnkbp\-fridman/russian\-risks\-bear\-down\-on\-oligarch\-fridman\-idUSBRE8550S420120606\|access\-date\=2 April 2018\|work\=\[\[Reuters]]\|date\=6 June 2012}}{{cite news\|last1\=Corcoran\|first1\=Jason\|title\=PROFILE: Mikhail Fridman – the teflon oligarch new to Londongrad\|url\=http://www.intellinews.com/profile\-mikhail\-fridman\-the\-teflon\-oligarch\-new\-to\-londongrad\-94873/\|access\-date\=5 April 2018\|work\=\[\[Business New Europe\|bne IntelliNews]]\|date\=11 April 2016}} He resigned as CEO of TNK\-BP in May 2012\.{{cite news\|last1\=Chazan\|first1\=Guy\|last2\=Belton\|first2\=Catherine\|title\=Fresh crisis at TNK\-BP as Fridman exits\|url\=https://www.ft.com/content/f334b2e4\-a8aa\-11e1\-a747\-00144feabdc0 \|archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/f334b2e4\-a8aa\-11e1\-a747\-00144feabdc0 \|archive\-date\=10 December 2022 \|url\-access\=subscription\|access\-date\=9 February 2018\|work\=\[\[Financial Times]]\|date\=28 May 2012}} In 2013, [TNK\-BP](/wiki/TNK-BP "TNK-BP") was sold to Russia's state\-owned energy group Rosneft for $56 billion,{{cite news\|last1\=Rodova\|first1\=Nadia\|last2\=Elliott\|first2\=Stuart\|title\=Rosneft takes final steps to oil pinnacle; Closes $56 billion TNK\-BP deal ahead of schedule\|url\=https://www.platts.com/latest\-news/oil/moscow/rosneft\-takes\-final\-steps\-to\-oil\-pinnacle\-closes\-8253180\|access\-date\=9 February 2018\|work\=\[\[S\&P Global Platts]]\|date\=21 March 2013}} with Fridman and his Russian partners receiving $28 billion for their 50% stake, at the height of crude oil prices.{{cite news\|last1\=Vardi\|first1\=Nathan\|title\=The Four Horsemen Of Russia's Economic Apocalypse\|url\=https://www.forbes.com/sites/nathanvardi/2015/01/21/the\-four\-horsemen\-of\-russias\-economic\-apocalypse/\|access\-date\=9 February 2018\|work\=\[\[Forbes]]\|date\=21 January 2015}} ### Founding LetterOne and L1 Energy (2013–2015\) {{See also\|LetterOne}} [thumb\|left\|Fridman speaking at the [L1 Energy](/wiki/L1_Energy "L1 Energy") launch on 14 September 2015 in New York.](/wiki/File:Mikhail_Fridman.jpg "Mikhail Fridman.jpg") Using the proceeds from the sale of their stakes in TNK\-BP, Fridman and his Alfa Group partners Khan and Kuzmichev established the international investment company [LetterOne](/wiki/LetterOne "LetterOne") (L1\) in 2013,{{cite news\|last1\=Васильева\|first1\=Елена\|title\=Время покупать: куда Фридман и партнеры вложили деньги от продажи ТНК\-BP\|url\=http://www.forbes.ru/kompanii/resursy/281723\-vremya\-pokupat\-kuda\-fridman\-i\-partnery\-vlozhili\-dengi\-ot\-prodazhi\-tnk\-bp\|access\-date\=9 February 2018\|work\=\[\[Forbes\|Forbes Russia]]\|date\=3 March 2015}}{{cite news\|last1\=Marlow\|first1\=Ben\|title\=Rainmaker: Rich Russians look for new fights in gas and telecoms\|url\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/11516159/Rainmaker\-Rich\-Russians\-look\-for\-new\-fights\-in\-gas\-and\-telecoms.html\|access\-date\=9 February 2018\|work\=\[\[The Daily Telegraph\|The Telegraph]]\|date\=4 April 2015}}{{cite news\|last1\=Solomon\|first1\=Brian\|title\=Russian Billionaires Bet $200 Million On Uber\|url\=https://www.forbes.com/sites/briansolomon/2016/02/12/russian\-billionaire\-bets\-200\-million\-on\-uber/\|access\-date\=9 February 2018\|work\=\[\[Forbes]]\|date\=12 February 2016}} and Fridman became the company's chairman.{{cite web\|title\=Our story\|url\=http://www.letterone.com:80/about\-us/our\-story\|website\=\[\[LetterOne]]\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151009203127/http://www.letterone.com/about\-us/our\-story\|archive\-date\=9 October 2015\|access\-date\=3 March 2016\|url\-status\=dead}} LetterOne's additional co\-founders were Petr Aven and [Andrei Kosogov](/wiki/Andrei_Kosogov "Andrei Kosogov").{{cite web\|title\=Leadership \& governance\|url\=https://www.letterone.com/about\-us/leadership\-and\-governance/\|website\=\[\[LetterOne]]\|access\-date\=8 April 2018}} Headquartered in [Luxembourg](/wiki/Luxembourg "Luxembourg"), the company was created to invest in international projects in energy, [telecoms](/wiki/wikt:Telecom "Telecom"), finance, technology, and other sectors.{{cite news\|last1\=Olearchyk\|first1\=Roman\|title\=Mikhail Fridman: Oligarchy with all that jazz\|url\=https://www.ft.com/content/a9281620\-ed67\-11e2\-8d7c\-00144feabdc0 \|archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/a9281620\-ed67\-11e2\-8d7c\-00144feabdc0 \|archive\-date\=10 December 2022 \|url\-access\=subscription\|access\-date\=9 February 2018\|work\=\[\[Financial Times]]\|date\=30 July 2013}} As of 31 December 2013, LetterOne had $29 billion in [assets under management](/wiki/Assets_under_management "Assets under management"). In May 2015 [Mervyn Davies](/wiki/Mervyn_Davies%2C_Baron_Davies_of_Abersoch "Mervyn Davies, Baron Davies of Abersoch") (Lord Davies) was appointed deputy chairman of LetterOne, and former [Swedish Prime Minister](/wiki/Swedish_Prime_Minister "Swedish Prime Minister") [Carl Bildt](/wiki/Carl_Bildt "Carl Bildt") was appointed as the board's advisor. In 2013 LetterOne also formed L1 Energy, an energy investment vehicle, initially focused particularly on undervalued international oil and gas assets during the slump in oil prices.{{cite news\|title\=Fridman's Alfa Group sets up energy fund, to invest $20 bln\|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/alfa\-energy/fridmans\-alfa\-group\-sets\-up\-energy\-fund\-to\-invest\-20\-bln\-idUSL5N0ET16Y20130617\|access\-date\=9 February 2018\|work\=\[\[Reuters]]\|date\=17 June 2013}}{{cite news\|last1\=Williams\|first1\=Selina\|title\=British Oil\-Deals Maven John Browne Returns to the Field\|url\=https://www.wsj.com/articles/british\-oil\-deals\-maven\-john\-browne\-returns\-to\-the\-field\-1449020790\|access\-date\=9 February 2018\|work\=\[\[Wall Street Journal]]\|date\=1 December 2015}} [John Browne](/wiki/John_Browne%2C_Baron_Browne_of_Madingley "John Browne, Baron Browne of Madingley") (Lord Browne) was appointed to its advisory board,{{cite news\|last1\=Chazan\|first1\=Guy\|last2\=Olearchyk\|first2\=Roman\|title\=Former BP chief Lord Browne to advise Alfa on oil and gas deals\|url\=https://www.ft.com/content/4ae01e52\-d762\-11e2\-a26a\-00144feab7de \|archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/4ae01e52\-d762\-11e2\-a26a\-00144feab7de \|archive\-date\=10 December 2022 \|url\-access\=subscription\|access\-date\=9 February 2018\|work\=\[\[Financial Times]]\|date\=17 June 2013}} and in March 2015 became its chairman. ### L1 Energy's North Sea oil assets (2015\) [thumb\|Fridman (center) with colleagues [Petr Aven](/wiki/Petr_Aven "Petr Aven") and [Lord Browne](/wiki/John_Browne%2C_Baron_Browne_of_Madingley "John Browne, Baron Browne of Madingley") (2015\)](/wiki/File:Mikhail_Fridman%2C_Petr_Aven_and_Lord_Browne_at_the_L1_Energy_launch_New_York.jpg "Mikhail Fridman, Petr Aven and Lord Browne at the L1 Energy launch New York.jpg") On 3 March 2015, L1 Energy acquired the international oil and gas company [DEA](/wiki/DEA_AG "DEA AG") from the German utility [RWE](/wiki/RWE "RWE") for $7 billion (€5\.1 billion). Headquartered in [Hamburg](/wiki/Hamburg "Hamburg"), Germany{{cite news\|last1\=Reed\|first1\=Stanley\|title\=Under Political Pressure, Russian Billionaire Sells Energy Assets in North Sea\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/12/business/under\-political\-pressure\-russian\-billionaire\-sells\-energy\-assets\-in\-north\-sea.html\|access\-date\=9 February 2018\|work\=\[\[New York Times]]\|date\=11 October 2015}} with extensive assets in the British [North Sea](/wiki/North_Sea "North Sea"), RWE DEA had total [natural gas](/wiki/Natural_gas "Natural gas") production output of 2\.6bn cubic metres in 2013\.{{cite news\|last1\=Adams\|first1\=Christopher\|last2\=Pickard\|first2\=Jim\|title\=Oligarch's oil deal caught in sanctions crossfire\|url\=https://www.ft.com/content/a32d5cbe\-c0e5\-11e4\-876d\-00144feab7de \|archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/a32d5cbe\-c0e5\-11e4\-876d\-00144feab7de \|archive\-date\=10 December 2022 \|url\-access\=subscription\|access\-date\=9 February 2018\|work\=\[\[Financial Times]]\|date\=2 March 2015}} The purchase was opposed by the [UK Energy and Climate Change Secretary](/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Energy_and_Climate_Change "Secretary of State for Energy and Climate Change") [Ed Davey](/wiki/Ed_Davey "Ed Davey"), who raised concerns that Fridman might one day face international [Ukraine\-related sanctions](/wiki/International_sanctions_during_the_Ukrainian_crisis "International sanctions during the Ukrainian crisis") against Russian companies and individuals which could force L1 Energy to shut down production in the North Sea, thus imperiling oil supplies and 5% of Britain's North Sea natural gas output. On 4 March 2015, Davey gave Fridman a one\-week deadline to convince the UK government not to force him to sell the North Sea oil and gas assets. In April 2015, the government gave Fridman up to six months to sell.{{cite news\|last1\=Williams\|first1\=Selina\|title\=U.K. Tells Russia's Mikhail Fridman to Sell North Sea Gas Fields\|url\=https://www.wsj.com/articles/u\-k\-tells\-russias\-mikhail\-fridman\-to\-sell\-north\-sea\-gas\-fields\-1429549867\|access\-date\=9 February 2018\|work\=\[\[Wall Street Journal]]\|date\=20 April 2015}} In October 2015 Fridman and the LetterOne Group sold L1 Energy's British North Sea assets to [Ineos](/wiki/Ineos "Ineos"), a Switzerland\-based petrochemical company owned by [Jim Ratcliffe](/wiki/Jim_Ratcliffe "Jim Ratcliffe"), for $750 million.{{cite news\|last1\=Reed\|first1\=Stanley\|title\=Under Political Pressure, Russian Billionaire Sells Energy Assets in North Sea\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/12/business/under\-political\-pressure\-russian\-billionaire\-sells\-energy\-assets\-in\-north\-sea.html\|access\-date\=7 February 2018\|work\=\[\[New York Times]]\|date\=11 October 2015}}{{cite news\|title\=Ineos buys 12 North Sea gas fields for £490m\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2015/oct/11/ineos\-buys\-12\-north\-sea\-gas\-fields\-for\-490m\|access\-date\=7 February 2018\|work\=\[\[The Guardian]]\|agency\=\[\[Press Association]]\|date\=11 October 2015}} The British government assured LetterOne that the forced sale was "not a judgement on the suitability of LetterOne's owners to control these or any other assets in the UK". In October 2015 LetterOne Group acquired German utility company [E.ON](/wiki/E.ON "E.ON")'s equity interests in 43 Norwegian oil and gas licences, including interests in three producing Norwegian fields, all located in the North Sea, for $1\.6 billion. ### LetterOne's telecom and other technology assets 2015 to present In April 2015, LetterOne Technology (L1 Technology) was launched in London. Its focus was on buying "struggling [telecom](/wiki/Telecommunication "Telecommunication") or technology companies that require a fresh infusion of capital".{{citation needed\|date\=December 2020}} Various advisory board members were appointed including [Brent Hoberman](/wiki/Brent_Hoberman "Brent Hoberman"), [Denis O'Brien](/wiki/Denis_O%27Brien "Denis O'Brien"), and [Sir Julian Horn\-Smith](/wiki/Sir_Julian_Horn-Smith "Sir Julian Horn-Smith").{{cite news\|last1\=Thomas\|first1\=Daniel\|title\=Billionaire Fridman targets US and Europe in $16bn telecoms spree\|url\=https://www.ft.com/content/f0a1579a\-d876\-11e4\-ba53\-00144feab7de \|archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/f0a1579a\-d876\-11e4\-ba53\-00144feab7de \|archive\-date\=10 December 2022 \|url\-access\=subscription\|access\-date\=9 February 2018\|work\=\[\[Financial Times]]\|date\=5 April 2015}} The L1 Technology fund began acting as a holding company for the 48 percent stake in [Vimpelcom](/wiki/Vimpelcom "Vimpelcom") owned by Fridman and his partners. The fund also has a 13\.2% share in the Turkish telecom company [Turkcell](/wiki/Turkcell "Turkcell"), which since 2005 has been hampered by a long\-running feud between its three largest shareholders: [Cukurova](/wiki/Cukurova "Cukurova"), owned by Turkcell founder [Mehmet Emin Karamehmet](/wiki/Mehmet_Emin_Karamehmet "Mehmet Emin Karamehmet"), Fridman's LetterOne via Alfa Telecom/Altimo, and Sweden's [Telia Company](/wiki/Telia_Company "Telia Company").{{cite news\|title\=Telia sells further 7% of Turkcell; no longer holds direct stake\|url\=https://www.telegeography.com/products/commsupdate/articles/2017/09/19/telia\-sells\-further\-7\-of\-turkcell\-no\-longer\-holds\-direct\-stake/index.html\|access\-date\=9 April 2018\|work\=TeleGeography\|date\=19 September 2017}}{{cite news\|last1\=Rolander\|first1\=Niclas\|title\=Telia Sells $500 Million Turkcell Stake to Focus on Nordics\|url\=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017\-05\-03/telia\-to\-sell\-520\-million\-stake\-in\-turkcell\-to\-focus\-on\-nordics\|access\-date\=9 April 2018\|work\=\[\[Bloomberg News]]\|date\=3 May 2017}}{{cite news\|title\=UPDATE 1\-Russia's Alfa interested in buying Cukurova's Turkcell stake \- sources\|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/turkcell\-ma/update\-1\-russias\-alfa\-interested\-in\-buying\-cukurovas\-turkcell\-stake\-sources\-idUSL8N1NG4T4\|access\-date\=9 April 2018\|work\=\[\[Reuters]]\|date\=10 November 2017}}{{cite news\|last1\=Reznik\|first1\=Irina\|last2\=Ersoyon\|first2\=Ercan\|title\=Turkcell Feud Unresolved as Fridman Buyout Option Expires\|url\=http://businessweekme.com/2016/11/29/turkcell\-feud\-unresolved\-as\-fridman\-buyout\-option\-expires/\|access\-date\=9 April 2018\|work\=\[\[Bloomberg Businessweek]]\|date\=29 November 2016}}{{cite news\|last1\=Sezer\|first1\=Can\|title\=Russian tycoon could take control of Turkcell: source\|url\=https://uk.reuters.com/article/us\-turkcell\-m\-a\-cukurova/russian\-tycoon\-could\-take\-control\-of\-turkcell\-source\-idUKKBN13G17G\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180213050829/https://uk.reuters.com/article/us\-turkcell\-m\-a\-cukurova/russian\-tycoon\-could\-take\-control\-of\-turkcell\-source\-idUKKBN13G17G\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=13 February 2018\|access\-date\=9 April 2018\|work\=\[\[Reuters]]\|date\=21 November 2016}}{{cite news\|last1\=Sezer\|first1\=Can\|title\=Turkcell sees potential to double user count within 2\-3 years\|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\-turkcell\-strategy/turkcell\-sees\-potential\-to\-double\-user\-count\-within\-2\-3\-years\-idUSKBN1DO0UT\|access\-date\=9 April 2018\|work\=\[\[Reuters]]\|date\=24 November 2017}} In February 2016, Vimpelcom agreed to pay $800 million to settle U.S. and Dutch claims that it had [bribed officials to win contracts in Uzbekistan](/wiki/Telecom_corruption_scandal "Telecom corruption scandal") between 2006 and 2012\.{{cite news\|title\=VimpelCom pays $835m to US and Dutch over Uzbekistan telecoms bribes\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/feb/19/vimpelcom\-pays\-835m\-to\-us\-and\-dutch\-over\-uzbekistan\-telecoms\-bribes\|access\-date\=9 April 2018\|work\=\[\[The Guardian]]\|agency\=\[\[Agence France\-Presse]]\|date\=18 February 2016}}{{cite news\|title\=Veon must face lawsuit over bribery disclosures: U.S. judge\|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\-veon\-lawsuit/veon\-must\-face\-lawsuit\-over\-bribery\-disclosures\-u\-s\-judge\-idUSKCN1BU2T0\|access\-date\=9 April 2018\|work\=\[\[Reuters]]\|date\=19 September 2017}} A year later the company rebranded itself VEON, and changed its focus to mobile internet services such as banking, taxis, and messaging.{{cite news\|title\=Veon's CEO resigns, chairwoman to take over temporarily, COO named\|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\-veon\-moves/veons\-ceo\-resigns\-chairwoman\-to\-take\-over\-temporarily\-coo\-named\-idUSKBN1H30IM\|access\-date\=9 April 2018\|work\=\[\[Reuters]]\|date\=27 March 2018}}{{cite news\|last1\=Deutsch\|first1\=Anthony\|last2\=Auchard\|first2\=Eric\|title\=Exclusive: Vimpelcom set for radical overhaul from telco to internet player \- CEO\|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\-telecoms\-vimpelcom/exclusive\-vimpelcom\-set\-for\-radical\-overhaul\-from\-telco\-to\-internet\-player\-ceo\-idUSKBN12Z1ZE\|access\-date\=9 April 2018\|work\=\[\[Reuters]]\|date\=4 November 2016}} In February 2016, Fridman's LetterOne fund invested $200 million in [Uber](/wiki/Uber "Uber"). In August 2016 LetterOne invested $50 million in telecommunications start\-up [FreedomPop](/wiki/FreedomPop "FreedomPop"), to help finance its international expansion.{{cite news\|last1\=Fildes\|first1\=Nic\|title\=Mikhail Fridman pumps $50m into FreedomPop\|url\=https://www.ft.com/content/4ac8f950\-6e24\-11e6\-9ac1\-1055824ca907 \|archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/4ac8f950\-6e24\-11e6\-9ac1\-1055824ca907 \|archive\-date\=10 December 2022 \|url\-access\=subscription \|url\-status\=live\|access\-date\=29 March 2018\|work\=\[\[Financial Times]]\|date\=30 August 2016}}{{cite news\|title\=Mikhail Fridman's LetterOne confirms $50 million investment in 'disruptive' US mobile service provider\|url\=http://www.ewdn.com/2016/09/02/mikhail\-fridmans\-letterone\-confirms\-50\-million\-investment\-in\-disruptive\-us\-mobile\-service\-provider/\|access\-date\=29 March 2018\|work\=East\-West Digital News\|date\=2 September 2016}} ### Additional activities 2012 to present In 2012 Fridman partnered with American real\-estate developer [Jack Rosen](/wiki/Jack_Rosen "Jack Rosen") in a joint venture to invest $1 billion in distressed real estate properties along the U.S. East Coast.{{cite news\|last1\=Karmin\|first1\=Craig\|title\=The Russians Are Coming\|url\=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970204058404577109073899340722\|access\-date\=31 March 2018\|work\=\[\[Wall Street Journal]]\|date\=21 December 2011}}{{cite news\|last1\=Aris\|first1\=Ben\|title\=PROFILE: Mikhail Fridman, chairman of Alfa Group\|url\=http://www.intellinews.com/profile\-mikhail\-fridman\-chairman\-of\-alfa\-group\-121087/\|access\-date\=5 April 2018\|work\=\[\[Business New Europe\|bne IntelliNews]]\|date\=10 May 2017}} In June 2016, LetterOne prepared to expand into healthcare by launching the $3 billion fund L1 Health in the United States, for investments in the global healthcare industry. {{cite news\|title\=Fridman's LetterOne expands into healthcare in United States\|url \=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\-letterone\-healthcare\-idUSKCN0YS1OL\| newspaper\=\[\[Reuters]]\| date\=6 June 2016\|access\-date \= 9 September 2016}} In October 2016, Alfa Group acquired Ukrainian bank [Ukrsotsbank](/wiki/Ukrsotsbank "Ukrsotsbank"), by offering its parent, the Italian financial conglomerate [UniCredit Group](/wiki/UniCredit_Group "UniCredit Group"), a minority stake of 9\.9% in ABH Holdings.{{cite news\|title\=Alfa\-Group completes deal on acquisition of Ukrsotsbank\|url\=http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/economic/380517\.html\|access\-date\=29 March 2018\|work\=\[\[Interfax\-Ukraine]]\|date\=31 October 2016}} In December 2016, LetterOne launched L1 Retail, headquartered in London, to invest $3 billion in "the retail stars of tomorrow" in Europe and the UK.{{cite news\|title\=New Retail Fund from Russia That Plans To Invest $3bn In The Retail Stars Of Tomorrow Will Be Headquartered In London\|url\=http://www.haggerston\-times.com/new\-retail\-fund\-from\-russia\-that\-plans\-to\-invest\-3bn\-in\-the\-retail\-stars\-of\-tomorrow\-will\-be\-headquartered\-in\-london/\|access\-date\=6 April 2018\|work\=Haggerston Times\|date\=20 December 2016}} In 2016 Fridman coined the term "[Indigo Era](/wiki/Indigo_Era "Indigo Era")", for his theory of a global shift to an emerging era of economics based on creativity and digital skills rather than on natural resources.Solomon, Shoshanna. ["Israel ranks only 36th out of 152 nations in new innovation index"](https://www.timesofisrael.com/israel-ranks-36th-out-of-152-nations-in-new-innovation-index/). *[Times of Israel](/wiki/Times_of_Israel "Times of Israel")*. 7 December 2016\.{{cite news\|title\=Q\&A: Searching for Growth in an Unstable Global Economy\|url\=http://www.milkenreview.org/articles/searching\-for\-growth\-in\-an\-unstable\-global\-economy\|access\-date\=25 April 2018\|work\=\[\[Milken Institute\|Milken Institute Review]]\|date\=7 July 2016}} In 2017 he funded a £100,000 Indigo Prize for new economic\-measurement models based on the paradigm.["Economics turns into a new moneyspinner"](http://www.cityam.com/assets/uploads/content/2017/07/cityam-2017-07-06-595d7682d02a3.pdf#page=11). *[City A.M.](/wiki/City_A.M. "City A.M.")* 6 July 2017\. p. 11\.[O'Donnell, Gus](/wiki/Gus_O%27Donnell "Gus O'Donnell"); [Hoberman, Brent](/wiki/Brent_Hoberman "Brent Hoberman"). ["Think beyond GDP to measure the true success of an economy"](https://www.standard.co.uk/comment/comment/think-beyond-gdp-to-measure-the-true-success-of-an-economy-a3581436.html). *[Evening Standard](/wiki/Evening_Standard "Evening Standard")*. 6 July 2017\. In June 2017 LetterOne's L1 Retail division acquired [Holland \& Barrett](/wiki/Holland_%26_Barrett "Holland & Barrett"), Europe's largest [health\-food store](/wiki/Health_food_store "Health food store") chain, for £1\.8 billion ($2\.3 billion).{{cite news\|title\=Holland \& Barrett sold to Russian billionaire for £1\.8bn\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2017/jun/26/holland\-barrett\-sold\-russian\-billionaire\-mikhail\-fridman\|access\-date\=29 March 2018\|work\=\[\[The Guardian]]\|agency\=\[\[Press Association]]\|date\=26 June 2017}} Also in 2017 Fridman, via LetterOne, invested $3 billion in Pamplona Capital Management,{{cite news\|last1\=Березанская\|first1\=Елена\|last2\=Кравченко\|first2\=Екатерина\|title\=Михаил Фридман — о жизни в Лондоне, банковском кризисе и агентах Кремля\|url\=http://www.forbes.ru/milliardery/355341\-mihail\-fridman\-o\-zhizni\-v\-londone\-bankovskom\-krizise\-i\-agentah\-kremlya\|access\-date\=29 March 2018\|work\=\[\[Forbes\|Forbes Russia]]\|date\=29 December 2017\|language\=ru}} a private\-equity firm that was founded by [Alexander Knaster](/wiki/Alexander_Knaster "Alexander Knaster"), the former CEO of Alfa\-Bank, and which Fridman had invested in previously.{{cite news\|last1\=Davies\|first1\=Megan\|title\=Russia's Alfa says it has $1\.5 billion in Pamplona\|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\-russia\-pamplona\-alfa/russias\-alfa\-says\-it\-has\-1\-5\-billion\-in\-pamplona\-idUSBRE85S0JJ20120629\|access\-date\=29 March 2018\|work\=\[\[Reuters]]\|date\=29 June 2012}}{{cite news\|last1\=Chassany\|first1\=Anne\-Sylvaine\|title\=Fridman\-backed Pamplona seals second US deal\|url\=https://www.ft.com/content/d6b1841e\-bd74\-11e2\-890a\-00144feab7de \|archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/d6b1841e\-bd74\-11e2\-890a\-00144feab7de \|archive\-date\=10 December 2022 \|url\-access\=subscription\|access\-date\=29 March 2018\|work\=\[\[Financial Times]]\|date\=15 May 2013}} In January 2018, due to concerns over possible sanctions stemming from the 2017 U.S. [Congressional sanctions on Russia](/wiki/Countering_America%27s_Adversaries_Through_Sanctions_Act "Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act"), Fridman announced that Alfa\-Bank was phasing out its holdings in Russia's defense industry.{{cite news\|last1\=De Haldevang\|first1\=Max\|title\=Russian oligarchs are desperately lobbying to avoid new US sanctions\|url\=https://qz.com/1182138/us\-sanctions\-have\-russian\-oligarchs\-lobbying\-hard/\|access\-date\=6 April 2018\|work\=\[\[Quartz (publication)\|Quartz]]\|date\=18 January 2018}} In May 2018 Fridman and Aven spoke to an off\-the\-record private dinner at the [Atlantic Council](/wiki/Atlantic_Council "Atlantic Council") in Washington, D.C.{{cite news \|last1\=Fitzpatrick \|first1\=Catherine A. \|title\=Private Dinner with Russian Oligarchs at Atlantic Council \|url\=http://www.interpretermag.com/private\-dinner\-with\-russian\-oligarchs\-at\-atlantic\-council/ \|access\-date\=31 May 2018 \|work\=The Interpreter \|date\=28 May 2018}}{{cite news \|title\=Russian Oligarchs Attend Closed\-Doors Meeting at The Atlantic Council in D.C. \|url\=https://themoscowtimes.com/news/russian\-oligarchs\-attend\-closed\-doors\-meeting\-at\-atlantic\-council\-in\-dc\-61560 \|access\-date\=31 May 2018 \|work\=\[\[Moscow Times]] \|date\=24 May 2018}}{{cite news \|last1\=Saakov \|first1\=Rafael \|title\=US Think Tank Takes Heat for Hosting Putin\-Linked Oligarchs \|url\=https://www.voanews.com/a/us\-think\-tank\-takes\-heat\-for\-hosting\-putin\-linked\-oligarchs/4406945\.html \|access\-date\=31 May 2018 \|work\=\[\[Voice of America]] \|date\=23 May 2018}}{{cite news \|title\=Russia's two 'friendliest' oligarchs reportedly come to D.C. bearing a message from the Kremlin \|url\=https://meduza.io/en/news/2018/05/22/russia\-s\-two\-friendliest\-oligarchs\-reportedly\-come\-to\-d\-c\-bearing\-a\-message\-from\-the\-kremlin \|access\-date\=31 May 2018 \|work\=\[\[Meduza]] \|date\=22 May 2018}}{{cite news \|last1\=Marusic \|first1\=Damir \|last2\=Orlova \|first2\=Karina \|title\=The Great Oligarch Whitewash \|url\=https://www.the\-american\-interest.com/2018/05/30/the\-great\-oligarch\-whitewash/ \|access\-date\=31 May 2018 \|work\=\[\[The American Interest]] \|date\=30 May 2018}} The invitation and the privacy of the meeting drew criticism of the Atlantic Council from a group of 13 Russian and U.S. experts and activists, who wrote that "In our view ... Aven, Fridman, and other key Alfa\-Bank oligarchs are ... close cronies and insiders of Putin's regime, and do not operate independently of Putin's demands."{{cite web \|last1\=Zaslavskiy \|first1\=Ilya \|last2\=Piontkovsky \|first2\=Andrei \|last3\=Kasparov \|first3\=Garry\|display\-authors\=etal\|title\=Oligarchs from Alfa Group Should be Asked Critical Questions at the Atlantic Council Dinner \|url\=http://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/new\-atlanticist/oligarchs\-from\-alfa\-group\-should\-be\-asked\-critical\-questions\-at\-the\-atlantic\-council\-dinner \|website\=AtlanticCouncil.org \|access\-date\=31 May 2018 \|date\=21 May 2018}} The Atlantic Council responded that the private meeting was not "a sweetheart platform",{{cite web \|last1\=Herbst \|first1\=John E. \|title\=The Atlantic Council Must be Open to Dialogue—Even if Critics Disagree \|url\=http://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/new\-atlanticist/the\-atlantic\-council\-must\-be\-open\-to\-dialogue\-even\-if\-critics\-disagree \|website\=\[\[Atlantic Council]] \|access\-date\=31 May 2018 \|date\=21 May 2018}} and the [Kremlin](/wiki/Government_of_Russia "Government of Russia") responded that the two oligarchs represented the interests of their business.{{cite news \|title\=Kremlin: Russian tycoons Aven, Friedman didn't serve as 'Putin envoys' to Atlantic Council \|url\=http://tass.com/economy/1006003 \|access\-date\=31 May 2018 \|work\=\[\[TASS]] \|date\=24 May 2018}}{{cite news \|last1\=Saakov \|first1\=Rafael \|title\=Kremlin: Russian Bankers Weren't 'Envoys' to Atlantic Council \|url\=https://www.voanews.com/a/kremlin\-says\-russian\-bankers\-weren\-t\-envoys\-to\-atlantic\-council/4408716\.html \|access\-date\=31 May 2018 \|work\=\[\[Voice of America]] \|date\=24 May 2018}} In 2019, Mikhail Fridman acquired a 50% stake in one of the suppliers of computing devices for the Russian defense industry via the structures affiliated with A1 investment company.{{Cite news\|title\=Конфликт совладельцев "Корунд\-М" дошел до "Ростеха"\|url\=https://www.rbc.ru/newspaper/2019/11/14/5dcab50e9a7947dbf17f0205\|access\-date\=14 July 2020\|website\=Газета РБК}} ### Sanctions On 28 February 2022, the European Union blacklisted Fridman and had all his assets [frozen](/wiki/Asset_freezing "Asset freezing") as part of a package of sanctions imposed against Russian officials and oligarchs in response to the [2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine](/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine "2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine").{{cite news \|author1\=Valentina Pop \|author2\=Sam Fleming \|author3\=Max Seddon \|title\=EU freezes assets of Russia's leading oligarchs and allies of Putin \|url\=https://www.ft.com/content/85d76bd6\-f585\-4ac9\-abae\-b9abbf21e4bf \|archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/85d76bd6\-f585\-4ac9\-abae\-b9abbf21e4bf \|archive\-date\=10 December 2022 \|url\-access\=subscription \|work\=\[\[The Financial Times]] \|date\=28 February 2022}}{{Cite web \|title\=Foreign Secretary announces 65 new Russian sanctions to cut off vital industries fuelling Putin's war machine \|url\=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/foreign\-secretary\-announces\-65\-new\-russian\-sanctions\-to\-cut\-off\-vital\-industries\-fuelling\-putins\-war\-machine \|access\-date\=2023\-08\-31 \|website\=GOV.UK \|language\=en}} Fridman said that the war would "damage two nations who have been brothers for hundreds of years" and called for the "bloodshed to end".{{cite news \|last1\=Miller \|first1\=Greg \|title\=Ukraine invasion opens faint, but once unthinkable, fissures between Putin and Russian oligarchs \|url\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/02/28/russia\-oligarchs\-putin\-deripaska\-fridman\-abramovich/\| url\-status\=live \| archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220301/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/02/28/russia\-oligarchs\-putin\-deripaska\-fridman\-abramovich/\| archive\-date\=2022\-03\-01 \|newspaper\=The Washington Post \|date\=28 February 2022}}{{cbignore}} {{cite news \| url\=https://edition.cnn.com/2022/02/28/business/oligarchs\-russia\-ukraine\-fridman\-deripaska/index.html \| title\=Two Russian oligarchs call for an end to Putin's war \| newspaper\=CNN \| date\=28 February 2022 \| last1\=Riley \| first1\=Charles }} The United Kingdom also sanctioned Fridman on 15 March 2022\.{{cite web \|title\=CONSOLIDATED LIST \|url\=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment\_data/file/1188172/Russia.pdf \|date\=29 September 2023}} In October 2022 Fridman offered to transfer $1 billion of his personal wealth into the Ukrainian [Sense Bank](/wiki/Sense_Bank "Sense Bank"){{Cite web\|url\=https://en.interfax.com.ua/news/economic/865550\.html\|title\=Alfa\-Bank Ukraine shareholders ready to capitalize it by $1 bln or donate it to state \- Fridman\|date\=2022\-10\-14\|website\=interfax.com.ua}} that he co\-founded. Officials said the proposal was calculated to persuade the UK to lift sanctions against him.{{cite news \| url\=https://www.wsj.com/articles/russian\-billionaire\-mikhail\-fridman\-offers\-1\-billion\-to\-ukraine\-in\-hope\-of\-sanctions\-relief\-11662659071 \| title\=Russian Billionaire Mikhail Fridman Offers $1 Billion to Ukraine in Hope of Sanctions Relief \| newspaper\=Wall Street Journal \| date\=8 September 2022 \| last1\=Forrest \| first1\=Brett \| last2\=Talley \| first2\=Ian }} Fridman denied making a [quid pro quo](/wiki/Quid_pro_quo "Quid pro quo") offer to Ukraine.{{cite web \| url\=https://finance.yahoo.com/video/russian\-billionaire\-seeks\-sanctions\-relief\-142933787\.html \| title\=Russian billionaire seeks sanctions relief, FTX buys 30% stake in Skybridge, Tapestry unveils growth strategy \| date\=9 September 2022 }} Following the invasion of Ukraine Sense Bank [transferred millions of its own budget](/wiki/Sense_Bank%23Social_initiatives "Sense Bank#Social initiatives") to the needs of the [Armed Forces of Ukraine](/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Ukraine "Armed Forces of Ukraine") and [territorial defense units](/wiki/Territorial_Defense_Forces_%28Ukraine%29 "Territorial Defense Forces (Ukraine)").{{Cite web \|title\=Альфа\-Банк Україна надав понад 104 млн грн на допомогу ЗСУ\|url\=https://delo.ua/banks/alfa\-bank\-ukrayina\-nadav\-ponad\-104\-mln\-grn\-na\-dopomogu\-zsu\-406168/\|date\=2022\-11\-01 \|website\=delo.ua \|language\=uk}} {{Cite web \|title\=Альфа\-Банк виділив 60 млн гривень на допомогу українським захисникам — Delo.ua \|url\=https://delo.ua/uk/society/alfa\-bank\-vidiliv\-60\-mln\-griven\-na\-dopomogu\-ukrayinskim\-zaxisnikam\-398495/ \|access\-date\=2022\-06\-22 \|website\=delo.ua \|date\=25 May 2022 \|language\=uk}} Fridman was sanctioned by the [UK](/wiki/UK "UK") government in 2022 in relation to the invasion.{{cite web \|title\=CONSOLIDATED LIST OF FINANCIAL SANCTIONS TARGETS IN THE UK \|url\=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment\_data/file/1150217/Russia.pdf \|access\-date\=16 April 2023}} In September 2023 the Office of Financial Sanctions Implementation HM Treasury (UK) updated the text of the financial sanctions notice related to Mikhail Fridman. He is now referred to as "an involved person under the Russia regulations" instead of "a prominent Russian businessman and pro\-Kremlin oligarch". Additionally, a phrase alleging close ties between Mikhail Fridman and Russian President Vladimir Putin has been deleted from the document.{{Cite web \|title\=Notice Russia \|url\=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment\_data/file/1185896/Notice\_Russia\_190923\.pdf \|access\-date\=2023\-10\-12}} On September 5, 2023, the [Security Service of Ukraine](/wiki/Security_Service_of_Ukraine "Security Service of Ukraine") announced in absentia that Fridman was suspected of violating Article 110 of the Criminal Code, which provides for liability for financing actions to seize power, overthrow the constitutional order, or change the territory of the state. Under this article, he could face up to 8 years in prison with confiscation of property. The SSU believes that since the start of the conflict, the banker has invested about 2 billion rubles in Russian defense enterprises, in particular, in the [Tula Cartridge Plant](/wiki/Tula_Cartridge_Plant "Tula Cartridge Plant").{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.rbc.ru/politics/05/09/2023/64f713aa9a7947e0d4a68d58\|title\=СБУ обвинила Фридмана в финансировании военных действий\|language\=ru\|date\=2023\-09\-05\|website\=\[\[RBK Group\|RBC]]}} In April 2024, following a legal challenge, The General Court of the European Union took Fridman off the EU sanctions list.{{cite web \|last1\=Norman \|first1\=Laurence \|title\=Russian Billionaire Wins Legal Case Against EU Sanctions \|url\=https://www.wsj.com/world/europe/russian\-billionaire\-wins\-legal\-case\-against\-eu\-sanctions\-cac0bbfd \|website\=The Wall Street Journal \|access\-date\=17 May 2024}} In May 2024, Fridman sued the [Luxembourg](/wiki/Luxembourg "Luxembourg") government, becoming the first Russian billionaire to challenge European sanctions and demand compensation for his frozen assets.{{cite web \|title\=Russian oligarch Fridman to take Luxembourg to court in a $15\.8bn sanctions compensation claim \|url\=https://www.intellinews.com/russian\-oligarch\-fridman\-to\-take\-luxembourg\-to\-court\-in\-a\-15\-8bn\-sanctions\-compensation\-claim\-326433/ \|website\=BNE Intellinews \|date\=22 May 2024 \|access\-date\=24 May 2024}} In August 2024? Fridman, after loss of trial in Luxembourg, started arbitration dispute with Luxembourg at the [Hong Kong International Arbitration Centre](/wiki/Hong_Kong_International_Arbitration_Centre "Hong Kong International Arbitration Centre") (HKIAC).{{Cite news \|last\=Marrow \|first\=Alexander \|date\=August 15, 2024 \|title\=Russian billionaire Fridman seeks to settle $16 bln Luxembourg dispute in Hong Kong \|url\=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/russian\-billionaire\-fridman\-seeks\-settle\-16\-bln\-luxembourg\-dispute\-hong\-kong\-2024\-08\-14/ \|work\=Reuters}}
[ "Career\n------", "### Early years and Alfa companies (1980s–1990s)", "{{See also\\|Alfa Group}}\nAfter graduation Fridman worked as a metallurgical design engineer at the Elektrostal Metallurgical Works, a state electrical machinery factory, from 1986 to 1988\\.{{cite web\\|title\\=Fridman, Mikhail\\|url\\=https://uk.reuters.com/business/stocks/officer\\-profile/VEONas.TRE/1525119\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180208125002/https://uk.reuters.com/business/stocks/officer\\-profile/VEONas.TRE/1525119\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=8 February 2018\\|website\\=\\[\\[Reuters]]\\|access\\-date\\=7 February 2018}}\n{{cite news\\| title \\= Poor Russia's wealthiest dozen\\| first \\=Douglas\\| last \\=Birch\\| url \\=https://www.baltimoresun.com/2003/11/09/poor\\-russias\\-wealthiest\\-dozen/\\| work\\=\\[\\[The Baltimore Sun]]\\| date\\=9 November 2003\\| access\\-date \\= 9 September 2016}} As Soviet leader [Mikhail Gorbachev](/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev \"Mikhail Gorbachev\") began to open up the economy in the late 1980s, in 1988 Fridman established a window\\-washing business,{{cite news\\|last1\\=Chazan\\|first1\\=Guy\\|title\\=Lunch with the FT: Mikhail Fridman\\|url\\=https://www.ft.com/content/9527e2be\\-f5b5\\-11e5\\-96db\\-fc683b5e52db \\|archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/9527e2be\\-f5b5\\-11e5\\-96db\\-fc683b5e52db \\|archive\\-date\\=10 December 2022 \\|url\\-access\\=subscription\\|access\\-date\\=6 February 2018\\|work\\=\\[\\[Financial Times]]\\|date\\=1 April 2016}} an apartment rental agency for foreigners, a company that sold used computers, and a company that imported cigarettes and perfumes, with fellow friends from college, employing students from various Moscow universities.", "[Armenian](/wiki/Armenia \"Armenia\") Robert Yengibaryan ({{lang\\-ru\\|Роберт Енгибарян}}) provided strong assistance to Fridman and, later, Yengibaryan's son Vahe Yengebaryan ({{lang\\-ru\\|Ваге Енгибарян}}), who was the Russian consul in New York from 2003 onwards, became very close to Fridman's business interests.{{cite news \\|last\\=Королев \\|first\\=Игорь (Korolyov, Igor) \\|url\\=https://www.cnews.ru/news/top/2017\\-01\\-19\\_partnera\\_bilajna\\_zapodozrili\\_v\\_vyvode\\_deneg \\|title\\=Партнера \"Билайна\" заподозрили в выводе денег в пользу \"сына главы МВД\". Схема \\|trans\\-title\\=Beeline's partner was suspected of withdrawing money in favor of the \"son of the head of the Ministry of Internal Affairs\". Scheme \\|language\\=ru \\|work\\=\\[\\[:ru:CNews\\|cnews.ru]] \\|date\\=19 January 2017 \\|access\\-date\\=4 February 2021 \\|archive\\-date\\=31 August 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190831071740/https://www.cnews.ru/news/top/2017\\-01\\-19\\_partnera\\_bilajna\\_zapodozrili\\_v\\_vyvode\\_deneg}}{{cite news \\|last\\=Королев \\|first\\=Игорь (Korolyov, Igor) \\|url\\=https://www.cnews.ru/news/top/2017\\-01\\-23\\_syn\\_glavy\\_mvd\\_mog\\_byt\\_sovladeltsem\\_krupnejshego \\|title\\=Сын главы МВД мог быть совладельцем крупнейшего агрегатора мобильного контента \\|trans\\-title\\=The son of the Interior Minister could be a co\\-owner of the largest mobile content aggregator \\|language\\=ru \\|work\\=\\[\\[:ru:CNews\\|cnews.ru]] \\|date\\=23 January 2017 \\|access\\-date\\=4 February 2021 \\|archive\\-date\\=18 May 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200518022822/https://www.cnews.ru/news/top/2017\\-01\\-23\\_syn\\_glavy\\_mvd\\_mog\\_byt\\_sovladeltsem\\_krupnejshego}}{{cite news \\|last1\\=Злобин \\|first1\\=Андрей (Zlobin, Andrey) \\|last2\\=Березанская \\|first2\\=Елена (Berezanskaya, Elena) \\|url\\=https://www.forbes.ru/milliardery/385867\\-familiya\\-imya\\-druzya\\-putina\\-kak\\-proshlo\\-zasedanie\\-madridskogo\\-suda\\-s\\-uchastiem \\|title\\=Фамилия, имя, друзья Путина: как прошло заседание мадридского суда с участием Михаила Фридмана \\|trans\\-title\\=Surname, name, friends of Putin: how was the meeting of the Madrid court with the participation of Mikhail Fridman \\|language\\=ru \\|work\\=\\[\\[Forbes\\|Forbes.ru]] \\|date\\=21 October 2019 \\|access\\-date\\=5 February 2021}}{{cite news \\|last\\=Черецкий \\|first\\=Виктор (Cheretsky, Victor) \\|url\\=https://www.dw.com/ru/за\\-что\\-в\\-испании\\-недолюбливают\\-российского\\-олигарха\\-фридмана/a\\-40057485 \\|title\\=За что в Испании недолюбливают российского олигарха Фридмана: Испанцы неоднозначно восприняли покупку группой миллиардера из России Михаила Фридмана пакета акций местной торговой сети DIA. Чем они недовольны, выясняла DW. \\|trans\\-title\\=Why the Russian oligarch Fridman is disliked in Spain: The Spaniards were ambivalent about the purchase by the group of Russian billionaire Mikhail Fridman of a block of shares in the local DIA retail chain. What are they unhappy with, DW found out. \\|language\\=ru \\|work\\=\\[\\[Deutsche Welle]] \\|date\\=11 August 2017 \\|access\\-date\\=5 February 2021 \\|archive\\-date\\=12 August 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170812053802/https://www.dw.com/ru/%D0%B7%D0%B0\\-%D1%87%D1%82%D0%BE\\-%D0%B2\\-%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8\\-%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8E%D1%82\\-%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE\\-%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B0\\-%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0/a\\-40057485 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} In October 2019, Fridman told a Spanish court that he was a friend of Vahe.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.europapress.es/economia/noticia\\-fridman\\-niega\\-juez\\-haber\\-tenido\\-capacidad\\-decisoria\\-alguna\\-mercantiles\\-implicadas\\-asfixia\\-zed\\-20191021144248\\.html \\|title\\=Fridman niega ante el juez haber tenido capacidad decisoria alguna en las mercantiles implicadas en la asfixia de Zed \\|trans\\-title\\=Fridman denies before the judge having had any decision\\-making capacity in the mercantile companies involved in the asphyxia of Zed \\|language\\=es \\|agency\\=\\[\\[Europa Press (news agency)\\|Europa Press]] \\|date\\=21 October 2019 \\|access\\-date\\=5 February 2021 \\|archive\\-date\\=21 October 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191021235837/https://www.europapress.es/economia/noticia\\-fridman\\-niega\\-juez\\-haber\\-tenido\\-capacidad\\-decisoria\\-alguna\\-mercantiles\\-implicadas\\-asfixia\\-zed\\-20191021144248\\.html}}", "In 1988, along with [German Khan](/wiki/German_Khan \"German Khan\") and [Alexey Kuzmichev](/wiki/Alexey_Kuzmichev \"Alexey Kuzmichev\"), Fridman co\\-founded Alfa\\-Photo (also transliterated as Alfa\\-Foto), which imported photography chemicals.{{citation needed\\|date\\=October 2018}}{{cite web\\|title\\=Notice of the Annual General Meeting of Shareholders\\|url\\=https://veon.com/Global/Files/AGM/Notice%20of%202017%20AGM%2024July2017%20FINAL.DOCX.pdf\\#page\\=10\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[VEON]]\\|access\\-date\\=7 February 2018\\|page\\=10\\|date\\=24 July 2017}}{{cite web\\|last1\\=Reznikovich\\|first1\\=Alexei M.\\|title\\=Letter to Vimpelcom's Shareholders\\|url\\=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1023977/000119312506121084/dex992\\.htm\\|website\\=\\[\\[Securities and Exchange Commission]]\\|access\\-date\\=6 February 2018\\|date\\=26 May 2006}} In 1989 the three partners founded Alfa\\-Eco (Alfa\\-Echo, Alfa\\-Eko, Alfa\\-Ekho), a commodities and eventually oil trading firm,{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://online.flipbuilder.com/myab/xfgo/mobile/index.html\\#p\\=30\\|title\\=CEE's Top Business Leaders: Eastern Europe\\|work\\=\\[\\[Business New Europe\\|bne IntelliNews]]\\|date\\=May 2017\\|access\\-date\\=16 May 2017\\|pages\\=30–31}}{{cite news\\|title\\=Mikhail Fridman: Alfa Group Chairman Builds Russian 'Benchmark'\\|url\\=https://www.rferl.org/a/1341599\\.html\\|access\\-date\\=30 March 2018\\|work\\=\\[\\[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]]\\|date\\=29 January 2002}}{{cite news\\|last1\\=Whalen\\|first1\\=Jeanne\\|title\\=Brains, Bare Knuckles Are Keys To Success of Firm in Rich Deal\\|url\\=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB982793845691156414\\|access\\-date\\=30 March 2018\\|work\\=\\[\\[Wall Street Journal]]\\|date\\=22 February 2001}} and Alfa Capital (Alfa Kapital), an investment firm.{{cite book\\|title\\=The International Who's Who 2004\\|date\\=2003\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Europa Press (news agency)\\|Europa Press]]\\|page\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/internationalwho2004ond/page/567 567]\\|isbn\\=9781857432176 \\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/internationalwho2004ond\\|url\\-access\\=registration}}{{cite news\\|last1\\=Goldman\\|first1\\=Marshall\\|title\\=Russia's Robber Barons: The Twelve Men Who Own Russia's Economy\\|url\\=http://www.bu.edu/globalbeat/pubs/russiasummit/goldman082898\\.html\\|access\\-date\\=6 February 2018\\|work\\=Global Beat\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Boston University]]\\|date\\=28 August 1998}} Alfa\\-Eco and Alfa Capital developed into [Alfa Group Consortium](/wiki/Alfa_Group_Consortium \"Alfa Group Consortium\").{{cite news\\|last1\\=Fridman\\|first1\\=Mikhail\\|title\\=Fridman: How I became an oligarch\\|url\\=https://www.opendemocracy.net/od\\-russia/mikhail\\-fridman/fridman\\-how\\-i\\-became\\-oligarch\\|access\\-date\\=7 February 2018\\|work\\=\\[\\[openDemocracy]]\\|date\\=14 November 2010}} The company, which initially focused on computer trading and [copy machine](/wiki/Copy_machine \"Copy machine\") maintenance, expanded into imports and exports and commodities trading, eventually becoming one of Russia's largest privately owned financial\\-industrial conglomerates, with interests in industries such as telecommunications, banking, retail, and oil.", "Using $100,000 of his profits from his businesses to pay the required fee, in January 1991 Fridman co\\-founded [Alfa\\-Bank](/wiki/Alfa-Bank \"Alfa-Bank\").{{cite book\\|last1\\=Goldman\\|first1\\=Marshall I.\\|title\\=Petrostate: Putin, Power, and the New Russia\\|date\\=2010\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Oxford University Press]]\\|pages\\=66–67\\|isbn\\=9780199758548\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=\\-UKfdbP1bWYC\\&pg\\=PA66}} The company grew to become one of the largest private banks in Russia. Alfa Group's later divisions include [Rosvodokanal](/wiki/Rosvodokanal \"Rosvodokanal\"), a private water utility; AlfaStrakhovanie, a diversified insurance company; A1 Group, an investment company; and X5 Retail Group, a large chain of food retailers.{{cite web\\|title\\=Our Businesses\\|url\\=http://www.alfagroup.org/business/\\|website\\=AlfaGroup.org\\|access\\-date\\=9 February 2018}}", "Alfa Group flourished considerably after Fridman recruited [Petr Aven](/wiki/Petr_Aven \"Petr Aven\"), the former Minister of Foreign Economic Relations for the Russian Federation; in 1994 Aven became president and chairman of Alfa\\-Bank.{{cite news\\|last1\\=Lloyd\\|first1\\=John\\|title\\=The Autumn Of the Oligarchs\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/10/08/magazine/the\\-autumn\\-of\\-the\\-oligarchs.html\\|access\\-date\\=30 March 2018\\|work\\=\\[\\[New York Times]]\\|date\\=8 October 2000}}{{cite book\\|last1\\=Campbell\\|first1\\=Robert Wellington\\|title\\=A Biobibliographical Dictionary of Russian and Soviet Economists\\|date\\=2012\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Routledge]]\\|page\\=27\\|isbn\\=9780415519465\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=oMqH56uoh\\_wC\\&pg\\=PA27}} By late 1996, thanks to the success of Alfa\\-Bank and Alfa Group, [Boris Berezovsky](/wiki/Boris_Berezovsky_%28businessman%29 \"Boris Berezovsky (businessman)\"), in an interview by the *[Financial Times](/wiki/Financial_Times \"Financial Times\")*, named Fridman and Aven among the [seven businessman and bankers](/wiki/Semibankirschina \"Semibankirschina\") who controlled most of the economy and media in Russia,{{cite book\\|last1\\=Bojicic\\-Dzelilovic\\|first1\\=Vesna\\|title\\=Persistent State Weakness in the Global Age\\|date\\=2016\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Routledge]]\\|page\\=104\\|isbn\\=9781317082064\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=JLgoDAAAQBAJ\\&pg\\=PA104}}{{cite news\\|title\\=British Paper Names Banking Clique\\|url\\=http://old.themoscowtimes.com/sitemap/free/1996/11/article/british\\-paper\\-names\\-banking\\-clique/316590\\.html/\\|access\\-date\\=29 March 2018\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Moscow Times]]\\|date\\=5 November 1996}}{{cite book\\|last1\\=Goldman\\|first1\\=Marshall I.\\|title\\=The Piratization of Russia: Russian Reform Goes Awry\\|date\\=2003\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Routledge]]\\|page\\=132\\|isbn\\=9781134376858\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=zP9\\-AgAAQBAJ\\&pg\\=PA132}} and who had helped bankroll [Boris Yeltsin](/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin \"Boris Yeltsin\")'s 1996 re\\-election campaign.{{cite book\\|last1\\=Kotz\\|first1\\=David\\|last2\\=Weir\\|first2\\=Fred\\|title\\=Russia's Path from Gorbachev to Putin: The Demise of the Soviet System and the New Russia\\|date\\=2007\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Routledge]]\\|page\\=218\\|isbn\\=9781135992057\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=20OUAgAAQBAJ\\&pg\\=PT312}} Both Fridman and Aven were quite close to Berezovsky. In his book *The age of Berezovsky* Aven says: \"It was Fridman and I who happened to be by Boris's bed after his attempted assassination in 1994, and it was our yacht that he chose to go after being discharged from hospital\".[https://petr\\-aven\\-books.com/](https://petr-aven-books.com/) {{Bare URL inline\\|date\\=August 2024}}", "Fridman and Aven sold off most of their Russian government securities in early August 1998, prior to the ruble crisis of 17 August 1998, and emerged relatively unhurt from the [1998 Russian financial crisis](/wiki/1998_Russian_financial_crisis \"1998 Russian financial crisis\").{{cite book\\|last1\\=Gitelman\\|first1\\=Zvi Y.\\|last2\\=Glants\\|first2\\=Musya\\|last3\\=Goldman\\|first3\\=Marshall I.\\|title\\=Jewish Life After the USSR\\|date\\=2003\\|publisher\\=Indiana University Press\\|page\\=91\\|isbn\\=0253341620\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=1vBGPWk3b3AC\\&pg\\=PA91}} During the crisis, Alfa\\-Bank used its holdings related to TNK to avoid a debt default, and was one of the few Russian banks at the time to continue to allow customer withdrawals.", "### Retail holdings and X5 Retail (1995 to present)", "Fridman's Alfa Group founded the *Perekrestok* (also transliterated *Perekriostok*) chain of supermarkets in Moscow in 1995\\.{{cite news\\|title\\=Russian Corporate Giants Enter the World Stage\\|url\\=https://www.rbth.com/articles/2008/01/30/corporate\\_giants.html\\|access\\-date\\=9 February 2018\\|work\\=\\[\\[Russia Beyond]]\\|date\\=30 January 2008}}{{cite web\\|title\\=History\\|url\\=https://www.x5\\.ru/en/Pages/About/History\\_old.aspx\\|website\\=\\[\\[X5 Retail Group]]\\|access\\-date\\=9 February 2018}} Through a merger with the *Pyatyorochka* (also transliterated *Pyaterochka*) supermarket chain, which had been founded in St. Petersburg in 1999 by Alexander Girda and [Andrey Rogachev](/wiki/Andrey_Rogachev \"Andrey Rogachev\"), Alfa Group founded the [X5 Retail Group](/wiki/X5_Retail_Group \"X5 Retail Group\") in 2006\\.{{cite web\\|title\\=Company Information\\|url\\=http://x5\\.ru/en/about/index.php\\|website\\=\\[\\[X5 Retail Group]]\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315200428/http://x5\\.ru/en/about/index.php\\|archive\\-date\\=15 March 2015}} X5 acquired another grocer, *[Kopeyka](/wiki/Kopeyka_%28supermarket%29 \"Kopeyka (supermarket)\")*, for $1\\.65 billion in December 2010\\.{{cite news\\|last1\\=Huddleston Jr.\\|first1\\=Tom\\|title\\=Dealmaker of the Week: Oxana Balayan of Hogan Lovells\\|url\\=http://amlawdaily.typepad.com/amlawdaily/2010/12/dealmakerdecember10\\.html\\|access\\-date\\=7 February 2018\\|work\\=\\[\\[The American Lawyer\\|The Am Law Daily]]\\|date\\=10 December 2010}} X5 is Russia's largest food retailer in terms of sales.{{cite news\\|last1\\=Khrennikov\\|first1\\=Ilya\\|title\\=A Russian Oligarch Walks Away From His $8 Billion Empire\\|url\\=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018\\-02\\-16/a\\-russian\\-oligarch\\-walks\\-away\\-from\\-his\\-8\\-billion\\-empire\\|access\\-date\\=6 April 2018\\|work\\=\\[\\[Bloomberg News]]\\|date\\=16 February 2018}}{{cite news\\|title\\=Russia's X5 Retail Group plans to add 2,500 new stores in 2018\\|url\\=https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk\\-russia\\-x5\\-retail\\-group\\-stores/russias\\-x5\\-retail\\-group\\-plans\\-to\\-add\\-2500\\-new\\-stores\\-in\\-2018\\-idUKKBN1H51Y7\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329162057/https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk\\-russia\\-x5\\-retail\\-group\\-stores/russias\\-x5\\-retail\\-group\\-plans\\-to\\-add\\-2500\\-new\\-stores\\-in\\-2018\\-idUKKBN1H51Y7\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=29 March 2018\\|access\\-date\\=6 April 2018\\|work\\=\\[\\[Reuters]]\\|date\\=29 March 2018}}", "### Alfa Telecom and Altimo (2001–2015\\)", "Alfa Group acquired a 44% stake in [Golden Telecom](/wiki/Golden_Telecom \"Golden Telecom\"), a large telecommunications and internet company in Russia and the [Commonwealth of Independent States](/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States \"Commonwealth of Independent States\"), in 2001\\.{{cite web\\|title\\=History of Alfa Group Consortium\\|url\\=http://www.alfagroup.org/about\\-us/history/?print\\=Y\\|website\\=\\[\\[Alfa Group]]\\|access\\-date\\=9 April 2018}}{{cite news\\|last1\\=Tavernise\\|first1\\=Sabrina\\|title\\=World Business Briefing: Europe; Expansion By Oil Concern\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/04/04/business/world\\-business\\-briefing\\-europe\\-expansion\\-by\\-oil\\-concern.html\\|access\\-date\\=9 April 2018\\|work\\=\\[\\[New York Times]]\\|date\\=4 April 2001}}{{cite news\\|last1\\=Chazan\\|first1\\=Guy\\|title\\=Russian Conglomerate Alfa Makes Strong Partner for Golden Telecom\\|url\\=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB989275167927688732\\|access\\-date\\=9 April 2018\\|work\\=\\[\\[Wall Street Journal]]\\|date\\=8 May 2001}} Also in 2001, Alfa purchased a strategic ownership interest in [Vimpelcom](/wiki/Vimpelcom \"Vimpelcom\"), a large [cellular](/wiki/Cellular_frequencies \"Cellular frequencies\") operator in Russia, and Fridman joined Vimpelcom's board of directors.{{cite book\\|last1\\=McCarthy\\|first1\\=Daniel J.\\|last2\\=Puffer\\|first2\\=Sheila M.\\|last3\\=Shekshnia\\|first3\\=Stanislav V.\\|title\\=Corporate Governance in Russia\\|date\\=2004\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Edward Elgar Publishing]]\\|page\\=292\\|isbn\\=9781781958216\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=ED3Ye9di\\_zgC\\&pg\\=PA292}}{{cite news\\|title\\=Vimpelcom Shareholders Approve Strategic Partnership with Alfa Group and Telenor\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=N35lAfKa46AC\\&pg\\=PA9\\|work\\=Russian Telecom Newsletter\\|date\\=August 2001}}", "Alfa Group consolidated its telecom holdings as Alfa Telecom, and in 2005 renamed it [Altimo](/wiki/Altimo \"Altimo\").{{cite news\\|last1\\=Minchom\\|first1\\=Clive\\|title\\=Mikhail Fridman's Alfa Group To Collect $1\\.6 Billion On Loan To Turks\\|url\\=http://jewishbusinessnews.com/2014/07/30/mikhail\\-fridmans\\-alfa\\-group\\-to\\-collect\\-1\\-6\\-billion\\-on\\-loan\\-to\\-turks/\\|access\\-date\\=9 April 2018\\|work\\=\\[\\[Jewish Business News]]\\|date\\=30 July 2014}} Its holdings and acquisitions included [MegaFon](/wiki/MegaFon \"MegaFon\"), Vimpelcom, Golden Telecom, and [Kyivstar](/wiki/Kyivstar \"Kyivstar\"). In December 2005 Altimo also acquired a 13\\.2% interest in [Turkcell](/wiki/Turkcell \"Turkcell\"), the largest telecoms company in Turkey.", "Fridman's desire to merge Vimpelcom and Kyivstar was thwarted by his Vimpelcom partner, the Norwegian telecoms group [Telenor](/wiki/Telenor \"Telenor\"),{{cite web\\|title\\=VimpelCom shareholders overwhelmingly approve strategic partnership with Alfa Group and Telenor\\|url\\=https://veon.com/en/media\\-center/Press\\-releases/2001/VimpelCom\\-shareholders\\-overwhelmingly\\-approve\\-strategic\\-partnership\\-with\\-Alfa\\-Group\\-and\\-Telenor/\\|website\\=\\[\\[VEON]]\\|access\\-date\\=9 April 2018\\|format\\=press release\\|date\\=27 July 2001}} which held stakes in both companies. Fridman resorted to protracted and aggressive efforts to strong\\-arm Telenor in 2005, and although the merger of Vimpelcom and Kyivstar was achieved in 2010,{{cite news\\|last1\\=Nicholson\\|first1\\=Chris V.\\|title\\=Telenor and Alfa Reach Deal on VimpelCom\\|url\\=https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2009/10/05/telenor\\-and\\-alfa\\-reach\\-deal\\-on\\-vimpelcom/\\|access\\-date\\=9 April 2018\\|work\\=\\[\\[New York Times]]\\|date\\=5 October 2009}}{{cite news\\|title\\=Vimpelcom\\-Kyivstar merger finally cleared by anti\\-monopoly authority\\|url\\=https://www.telegeography.com/products/commsupdate/articles/2010/10/20/vimpelcom\\-kyivstar\\-merger\\-finally\\-cleared\\-by\\-anti\\-monopoly\\-authority/\\|access\\-date\\=9 April 2018\\|work\\=TeleGeography\\|date\\=20 October 2010}} conflicts with Telenor over control of Vimpelcom lasted seven years in total.{{cite news\\|last1\\=Hotten\\|first1\\=Russell\\|title\\=BP antagonist has Altimo ambitions\\|url\\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/energy/2792008/BP\\-antagonist\\-has\\-Altimo\\-ambitions.html\\|access\\-date\\=9 April 2018\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Daily Telegraph\\|The Telegraph]]\\|date\\=22 June 2008}}{{cite news\\|title\\=Timeline: Uneasy Vimpelcom partners Telenor and Alfa\\-Group\\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\\-vimpelcom/timeline\\-uneasy\\-vimpelcom\\-partners\\-telenor\\-and\\-alfa\\-group\\-idUSTRE7171VP20110208\\|access\\-date\\=9 April 2018\\|work\\=\\[\\[Reuters]]\\|date\\=8 February 2011}}{{cite book\\|last1\\=Wellhausen\\|first1\\=Rachel L.\\|title\\=The Shield of Nationality: When Governments Break Contracts with Foreign Firms\\|date\\=2014\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Cambridge University Press]]\\|pages\\=133–141\\|isbn\\=9781316124031\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=P4JIBQAAQBAJ\\&pg\\=PA133}}", "From 2003 until 2007 Fridman's Altimo was locked in a complex four\\-year battle of claims and counter\\-claims of fraud with the [Bermuda](/wiki/Bermuda \"Bermuda\")\\-based investment firm IPOC International Growth Fund associated with [Leonid Reiman](/wiki/Leonid_Reiman \"Leonid Reiman\") and [Jeffrey Galmond](/wiki/Jeffrey_Galmond \"Jeffrey Galmond\") over ownership of a 25\\.1% stake in [MegaFon](/wiki/MegaFon \"MegaFon\") that was formerly held by [Leonid Rozhetskin](/wiki/Leonid_Rozhetskin \"Leonid Rozhetskin\")'s LV Finance.{{cite news\\|last1\\=Brown\\|first1\\=Heidi\\|last2\\=Noon\\|first2\\=Chris\\|title\\=Russian Billionaire's Alfa Group Sued In Federal Court\\|url\\=https://www.forbes.com/2006/06/09/fridman\\-alfa\\-group\\-cx\\_cn\\_0609autofacescan06\\.html\\|access\\-date\\=9 April 2018\\|work\\=\\[\\[Forbes]]\\|date\\=9 June 2006}}{{cite news\\|title\\=Alfa Group Accused of Bribing to Buy MegaFon\\|url\\=http://www.kommersant.com/p681467/r\\_500/Alfa\\_Group\\_Accused\\_of\\_Bribing\\_to\\_Buy\\_MegaFon/\\|work\\=\\[\\[Kommersant]]\\|date\\=13 June 2006\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930170829/http://www.kommersant.com/p681467/r\\_500/Alfa\\_Group\\_Accused\\_of\\_Bribing\\_to\\_Buy\\_MegaFon/\\|archive\\-date\\=30 September 2007}}{{cite news\\|last1\\=Kent\\|first1\\=Jonathan\\|title\\=The rise and fall of IPOC\\|url\\=http://www.royalgazette.com/article/20080509/BUSINESS/305099948\\|access\\-date\\=9 April 2018\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Royal Gazette (Bermuda)\\|The Royal Gazette]]\\|date\\=9 May 2008}}{{cite news\\|last1\\=Fidler\\|first1\\=Stephen\\|title\\=Ipoc cleared of money laundering charges\\|url\\=https://www.ft.com/content/13e938a8\\-6387\\-11db\\-bc82\\-0000779e2340 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/13e938a8\\-6387\\-11db\\-bc82\\-0000779e2340 \\|archive\\-date\\=10 December 2022 \\|url\\-access\\=subscription\\|access\\-date\\=9 April 2018\\|work\\=\\[\\[Financial Times]]\\|date\\=24 October 2006}} James Hatt, a British telecommunications executive, represented Fridman's interests while Jeffrey Galmond, a Danish attorney, represented Reiman's interests during deliberations between the two groups.{{cite news \\|last1\\=Fidler \\|first1\\=Stephen \\|last2\\=Ostrovsky \\|first2\\=Arkady \\|last3\\=Buckley \\|first3\\=Neil \\|author\\-link2\\=:ru:Островский, Аркадий Михайлович \\|url\\=https://www.ft.com/content/a47d51d2\\-d2f1\\-11da\\-828e\\-0000779e2340 \\|title\\=A disputed stake pits an oligarch against a Putin ally \\|work\\=\\[\\[Financial Times]] \\|date\\=23 April 2006 \\|access\\-date\\=11 February 2021 \\|archive\\-date\\=12 February 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20210212031452/https://www.ft.com/content/a47d51d2\\-d2f1\\-11da\\-828e\\-0000779e2340}} Altimo's ownership of the stake was finally maintained in 2007\\.{{cite news\\|last1\\=Belton\\|first1\\=Catherine\\|author\\-link\\=Catherine Belton\\|title\\=Court backs Alfa Group right to Megafon stake\\|url\\=https://www.ft.com/content/7b9f782e\\-9f70\\-11dc\\-8031\\-0000779fd2ac \\|archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/7b9f782e\\-9f70\\-11dc\\-8031\\-0000779fd2ac \\|archive\\-date\\=10 December 2022 \\|url\\-access\\=subscription\\|access\\-date\\=9 April 2018\\|work\\=\\[\\[Financial Times]]\\|date\\=30 November 2007}}{{cite news\\|title\\=Russia's Altimo says MegaFon dispute resolved\\|url\\=https://uk.reuters.com/article/altimo\\-megafon/russias\\-altimo\\-says\\-megafon\\-dispute\\-resolved\\-idUKL3089982120071130\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180409110041/https://uk.reuters.com/article/altimo\\-megafon/russias\\-altimo\\-says\\-megafon\\-dispute\\-resolved\\-idUKL3089982120071130\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=9 April 2018\\|access\\-date\\=9 April 2018\\|work\\=\\[\\[Reuters]]\\|date\\=30 November 2007}}{{cite news\\|last1\\=Middleton\\|first1\\=James\\|title\\=Altimo vs. Ipoc: it's all over\\|url\\=http://telecoms.com/320/altimo\\-vs\\-ipoc\\-its\\-all\\-over/\\|access\\-date\\=9 April 2018\\|work\\=Telecoms.com\\|date\\=30 July 2007}} During the dispute in 2005, Altimo hired the [Haley Barbour](/wiki/Haley_Barbour \"Haley Barbour\")\\-founded [BGR](/wiki/BGR_Group \"BGR Group\") public relations firm, which then hired a security firm, [Richard Burt](/wiki/Richard_Burt \"Richard Burt\")'s Due Diligence, in order to infiltrate and obtain information about the [KPMG](/wiki/KPMG \"KPMG\") independent investigations funded by [Paula Cox](/wiki/Paula_Cox \"Paula Cox\"), who was the [Bermuda](/wiki/Bermuda \"Bermuda\") Minister of Finance, into the IPOC International Growth Fund.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.royalgazette.com/article/20080509/BUSINESS/305099948 \\|title\\=The rise and fall of IPOC \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Royal Gazette (Bermuda)\\|Royal Gazette]] \\|last\\=Kent \\|first\\=Jonathan \\|date\\=9 May 2008 \\|access\\-date\\=18 March 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=7 August 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190807083001/http://www.royalgazette.com/article/20080509/BUSINESS/305099948}}{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.cphpost.dk/get/83083\\.html \\|title\\=Dane battles for Russian mobile company \\|work\\=\\[\\[Copenhagen Post]] \\|date\\=28 October 2004 \\|access\\-date\\=18 March 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=27 September 2007 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927181854/http://www.cphpost.dk/get/83083\\.html}}{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2007\\-02\\-25/spies\\-lies\\-and\\-kpmg \\|title\\=Spies, Lies \\& KPMG: An inside look at how the accounting giant was infiltrated by private intelligence firm Diligence \\|work\\=Bloomberg \\|last\\=Javers \\|first\\=Eamon \\|date\\=25 February 2007 \\|access\\-date\\=18 March 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=4 July 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704042250/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2007\\-02\\-25/spies\\-lies\\-and\\-kpmg}}{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/energy/2792008/BP\\-antagonist\\-has\\-Altimo\\-ambitions.html\\|title\\=BP antagonist has Altimo ambitions \\|date\\=22 June 2008 \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Daily Telegraph\\|The Telegraph]] \\|last\\=Hotten \\|first\\=Russell \\|access\\-date\\=18 March 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=11 November 2012\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111195407/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/energy/2792008/BP\\-antagonist\\-has\\-Altimo\\-ambitions.html}}{{cite web \\|url\\=http://web.nacva.com/JFIA/Issues/JFIA\\-2014\\-1\\_11\\.pdf \\|title\\=Duplicity and Diligence: An Ethical Forensic Case Study of International Espionage \\|work\\=Journal of Forensic and Investigative Accounting \\|last1\\=Knapp \\|first1\\=Michael C. \\|last2\\=Knapp \\|first2\\=Carol A. \\|volume\\=6 \\|issue\\=1 \\|pages\\=272–283 \\|date\\=January–June 2016 \\|access\\-date\\=18 March 2020}}{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.intelligenceonline.com/utils/imageresize?x\\=800\\&web\\=1\\&file64\\=SU8vUGhvdG9zLzU0M0EuZ2lm \\|title\\=Alfa Group's Arsenal to Fight Rivals in Kiev and Moscow \\|work\\=intelligenceonline.com \\|via\\=Alfa's Worldwide Network of Consultants \\|last\\=Charles \\|first\\=B. \\|date\\=22 March 2007 \\|access\\-date\\=18 March 2020}} Richard Burt and Mikhail Fridman have a strong working relationship.{{cite news\\|last1\\=Schreckinger\\|first1\\=Ben\\|last2\\=Ioffe\\|first2\\=Julia\\|title\\=Lobbyist advised Trump campaign while promoting Russian pipeline\\|url\\=http://www.politico.com/story/2016/10/donald\\-trump\\-campaign\\-lobbyist\\-russian\\-pipeline\\-229264\\|work\\=Politico\\|date\\=7 October 2016\\|access\\-date\\=18 March 2020}}", "In 2012 Fridman sold his entire stake in MegaFon for $5 billion.{{cite news\\|last1\\=Garside\\|first1\\=Juliette\\|title\\=Russian mobile network MegaFon confirms London IPO\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2012/oct/09/russian\\-mobile\\-megafon\\-london\\-ipo\\|access\\-date\\=9 April 2018\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Guardian]]\\|date\\=9 October 2012}}{{cite news\\|title\\=MegaFon deal gives Teliasonera mega payday\\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\\-megafon/megafon\\-deal\\-gives\\-teliasonera\\-mega\\-payday\\-idUSBRE83N0EC20120424\\|access\\-date\\=9 April 2018\\|work\\=\\[\\[Reuters]]\\|date\\=24 April 2012}}", "### TNK\\-BP (2003–2013\\)", "{{See also\\|TNK\\-BP}}", "In 1997, Fridman had collaborated with [Len Blavatnik](/wiki/Len_Blavatnik \"Len Blavatnik\") and [Viktor Vekselberg](/wiki/Viktor_Vekselberg \"Viktor Vekselberg\") to purchase the state\\-owned [TNK](/wiki/TNK-BP \"TNK-BP\") (Tyumen Oil Company), an oil company in Siberia, for $800 million.{{cite news\\|last1\\=Schmouker\\|first1\\=Olivier\\|title\\=Qui est Mikhail Fridman?\\|url\\=http://www.lesaffaires.com/secteurs\\-d\\-activite/general/qui\\-est\\-mikhail\\-fridman\\-/507444\\|access\\-date\\=31 March 2018\\|work\\=\\[\\[Les Affaires]]\\|date\\=9 December 2009\\|language\\=fr}} In February 2003, the British multinational oil and gas company [BP](/wiki/BP \"BP\") agreed to form the [TNK\\-BP](/wiki/TNK-BP \"TNK-BP\") joint venture with the AAR (Alfa\\-Access\\-Renova) consortium, which included [Alfa Group](/wiki/Alfa_Group \"Alfa Group\"), Blavatnik's [Access Industries](/wiki/Access_Industries \"Access Industries\"), and Vekselberg's [Renova](/wiki/Renova_Group \"Renova Group\").{{cite news\\|title\\=The billionaire oligarchs behind Alfa\\-Access\\-Renova (AAR)\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2011/may/17/aar\\-billionaire\\-oligarchs\\|access\\-date\\=7 February 2018\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Guardian]]\\|date\\=17 May 2011}}{{cite news\\|title\\=TNK\\-BP: a troubled history\\|url\\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/energy/oilandgas/9295398/TNK\\-BP\\-a\\-troubled\\-history.html\\|access\\-date\\=7 February 2018\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Daily Telegraph\\|The Telegraph]]\\|agency\\=\\[\\[Reuters]]\\|date\\=28 May 2012}} After the merger, TNK\\-BP became the third largest oil producer in Russia, and one of the top 10 largest private oil companies in the world. Fridman served as [TNK\\-BP](/wiki/TNK-BP \"TNK-BP\") chairman for nine years, and CEO for three years.{{cite news\\|last1\\=Vasilyeva\\|first1\\=Nataliya\\|title\\=Russian tycoon unexpectedly quits as CEO of TNK\\-BP\\|url\\=http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/sdut\\-russian\\-tycoon\\-unexpectedly\\-quits\\-as\\-ceo\\-of\\-tnk\\-bp\\-2012may28\\-story.html\\|access\\-date\\=9 February 2018\\|work\\=\\[\\[The San Diego Union\\-Tribune]]\\|agency\\=\\[\\[Associated Press]]\\|date\\=28 May 2012}}", "Prior to the TNK\\-BP joint venture, in 1999 Fridman had thwarted BP by seizing BP's stake in the Siberian oil company [Sidanko](/wiki/Sidanko \"Sidanko\"), via bankruptcy maneuvers widely regarded as unfair practices.{{cite news\\|last1\\=Levine\\|first1\\=Steve\\|title\\=The last free oligarch\\|url\\=https://foreignpolicy.com/2012/07/25/the\\-last\\-free\\-oligarch/\\|access\\-date\\=9 April 2018\\|work\\=\\[\\[Foreign Policy]]\\|date\\=25 July 2012}}{{cite book\\|last1\\=Fox\\|first1\\=Merritt B.\\|last2\\=Heller\\|first2\\=Michael\\|title\\=Corporate Governance Lessons from Transition Economy Reforms\\|date\\=2006\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Princeton University Press]]\\|page\\=133\\|isbn\\=0691125619\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=UZtaphZr0acC\\&pg\\=PA133}}{{cite news\\|last1\\=Gismatullin\\|first1\\=Eduard\\|title\\=BP, TNK End Feud And Split Sidanko\\|url\\=http://old.themoscowtimes.com/sitemap/free/1999/12/article/bp\\-tnk\\-end\\-feud\\-and\\-split\\-sidanko/268521\\.html\\|access\\-date\\=9 April 2018\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Moscow Times]]\\|date\\=23 December 1999}}{{cite book\\|last1\\=Goldman\\|first1\\=Marshall I.\\|title\\=The Piratization of Russia: Russian Reform Goes Awry\\|date\\=2003\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Routledge]]\\|pages\\=137–138\\|isbn\\=9781134376858\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=zP9\\-AgAAQBAJ\\&pg\\=PA137}}{{cite book\\|last1\\=Sakwa\\|first1\\=Richard\\|title\\=Putin: Russia's Choice\\|date\\=2004\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Psychology Press]]\\|pages\\=194\\|isbn\\=9780415296649\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=ygi\\-5SUl9igC\\&pg\\=PA194}}{{cite news\\|title\\=Russian roulette\\|url\\=https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2006/may/31/20060531\\-090602\\-9573r/\\|access\\-date\\=9 April 2018\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Washington Times]]\\|date\\=31 May 2006}} And although TNK\\-BP was highly successful financially, Fridman's relationship with BP during the TNK\\-BP years was contentious, and included blocking BP's 2011 planned partnership with [Rosneft](/wiki/Rosneft \"Rosneft\") for Arctic oilfield exploration.{{cite news\\|last1\\=Davies\\|first1\\=Megan\\|last2\\=Akin\\|first2\\=Melissa\\|title\\=Russian risks bear down on oligarch Fridman\\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\\-russia\\-tnkbp\\-fridman/russian\\-risks\\-bear\\-down\\-on\\-oligarch\\-fridman\\-idUSBRE8550S420120606\\|access\\-date\\=2 April 2018\\|work\\=\\[\\[Reuters]]\\|date\\=6 June 2012}}{{cite news\\|last1\\=Corcoran\\|first1\\=Jason\\|title\\=PROFILE: Mikhail Fridman – the teflon oligarch new to Londongrad\\|url\\=http://www.intellinews.com/profile\\-mikhail\\-fridman\\-the\\-teflon\\-oligarch\\-new\\-to\\-londongrad\\-94873/\\|access\\-date\\=5 April 2018\\|work\\=\\[\\[Business New Europe\\|bne IntelliNews]]\\|date\\=11 April 2016}}", "He resigned as CEO of TNK\\-BP in May 2012\\.{{cite news\\|last1\\=Chazan\\|first1\\=Guy\\|last2\\=Belton\\|first2\\=Catherine\\|title\\=Fresh crisis at TNK\\-BP as Fridman exits\\|url\\=https://www.ft.com/content/f334b2e4\\-a8aa\\-11e1\\-a747\\-00144feabdc0 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/f334b2e4\\-a8aa\\-11e1\\-a747\\-00144feabdc0 \\|archive\\-date\\=10 December 2022 \\|url\\-access\\=subscription\\|access\\-date\\=9 February 2018\\|work\\=\\[\\[Financial Times]]\\|date\\=28 May 2012}} In 2013, [TNK\\-BP](/wiki/TNK-BP \"TNK-BP\") was sold to Russia's state\\-owned energy group Rosneft for $56 billion,{{cite news\\|last1\\=Rodova\\|first1\\=Nadia\\|last2\\=Elliott\\|first2\\=Stuart\\|title\\=Rosneft takes final steps to oil pinnacle; Closes $56 billion TNK\\-BP deal ahead of schedule\\|url\\=https://www.platts.com/latest\\-news/oil/moscow/rosneft\\-takes\\-final\\-steps\\-to\\-oil\\-pinnacle\\-closes\\-8253180\\|access\\-date\\=9 February 2018\\|work\\=\\[\\[S\\&P Global Platts]]\\|date\\=21 March 2013}} with Fridman and his Russian partners receiving $28 billion for their 50% stake, at the height of crude oil prices.{{cite news\\|last1\\=Vardi\\|first1\\=Nathan\\|title\\=The Four Horsemen Of Russia's Economic Apocalypse\\|url\\=https://www.forbes.com/sites/nathanvardi/2015/01/21/the\\-four\\-horsemen\\-of\\-russias\\-economic\\-apocalypse/\\|access\\-date\\=9 February 2018\\|work\\=\\[\\[Forbes]]\\|date\\=21 January 2015}}", "### Founding LetterOne and L1 Energy (2013–2015\\)", "{{See also\\|LetterOne}}\n[thumb\\|left\\|Fridman speaking at the [L1 Energy](/wiki/L1_Energy \"L1 Energy\") launch on 14 September 2015 in New York.](/wiki/File:Mikhail_Fridman.jpg \"Mikhail Fridman.jpg\")", "Using the proceeds from the sale of their stakes in TNK\\-BP, Fridman and his Alfa Group partners Khan and Kuzmichev established the international investment company [LetterOne](/wiki/LetterOne \"LetterOne\") (L1\\) in 2013,{{cite news\\|last1\\=Васильева\\|first1\\=Елена\\|title\\=Время покупать: куда Фридман и партнеры вложили деньги от продажи ТНК\\-BP\\|url\\=http://www.forbes.ru/kompanii/resursy/281723\\-vremya\\-pokupat\\-kuda\\-fridman\\-i\\-partnery\\-vlozhili\\-dengi\\-ot\\-prodazhi\\-tnk\\-bp\\|access\\-date\\=9 February 2018\\|work\\=\\[\\[Forbes\\|Forbes Russia]]\\|date\\=3 March 2015}}{{cite news\\|last1\\=Marlow\\|first1\\=Ben\\|title\\=Rainmaker: Rich Russians look for new fights in gas and telecoms\\|url\\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/11516159/Rainmaker\\-Rich\\-Russians\\-look\\-for\\-new\\-fights\\-in\\-gas\\-and\\-telecoms.html\\|access\\-date\\=9 February 2018\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Daily Telegraph\\|The Telegraph]]\\|date\\=4 April 2015}}{{cite news\\|last1\\=Solomon\\|first1\\=Brian\\|title\\=Russian Billionaires Bet $200 Million On Uber\\|url\\=https://www.forbes.com/sites/briansolomon/2016/02/12/russian\\-billionaire\\-bets\\-200\\-million\\-on\\-uber/\\|access\\-date\\=9 February 2018\\|work\\=\\[\\[Forbes]]\\|date\\=12 February 2016}} and Fridman became the company's chairman.{{cite web\\|title\\=Our story\\|url\\=http://www.letterone.com:80/about\\-us/our\\-story\\|website\\=\\[\\[LetterOne]]\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151009203127/http://www.letterone.com/about\\-us/our\\-story\\|archive\\-date\\=9 October 2015\\|access\\-date\\=3 March 2016\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} LetterOne's additional co\\-founders were Petr Aven and [Andrei Kosogov](/wiki/Andrei_Kosogov \"Andrei Kosogov\").{{cite web\\|title\\=Leadership \\& governance\\|url\\=https://www.letterone.com/about\\-us/leadership\\-and\\-governance/\\|website\\=\\[\\[LetterOne]]\\|access\\-date\\=8 April 2018}} Headquartered in [Luxembourg](/wiki/Luxembourg \"Luxembourg\"), the company was created to invest in international projects in energy, [telecoms](/wiki/wikt:Telecom \"Telecom\"), finance, technology, and other sectors.{{cite news\\|last1\\=Olearchyk\\|first1\\=Roman\\|title\\=Mikhail Fridman: Oligarchy with all that jazz\\|url\\=https://www.ft.com/content/a9281620\\-ed67\\-11e2\\-8d7c\\-00144feabdc0 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/a9281620\\-ed67\\-11e2\\-8d7c\\-00144feabdc0 \\|archive\\-date\\=10 December 2022 \\|url\\-access\\=subscription\\|access\\-date\\=9 February 2018\\|work\\=\\[\\[Financial Times]]\\|date\\=30 July 2013}} As of 31 December 2013, LetterOne had $29 billion in [assets under management](/wiki/Assets_under_management \"Assets under management\"). In May 2015 [Mervyn Davies](/wiki/Mervyn_Davies%2C_Baron_Davies_of_Abersoch \"Mervyn Davies, Baron Davies of Abersoch\") (Lord Davies) was appointed deputy chairman of LetterOne, and former [Swedish Prime Minister](/wiki/Swedish_Prime_Minister \"Swedish Prime Minister\") [Carl Bildt](/wiki/Carl_Bildt \"Carl Bildt\") was appointed as the board's advisor.", "In 2013 LetterOne also formed L1 Energy, an energy investment vehicle, initially focused particularly on undervalued international oil and gas assets during the slump in oil prices.{{cite news\\|title\\=Fridman's Alfa Group sets up energy fund, to invest $20 bln\\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/alfa\\-energy/fridmans\\-alfa\\-group\\-sets\\-up\\-energy\\-fund\\-to\\-invest\\-20\\-bln\\-idUSL5N0ET16Y20130617\\|access\\-date\\=9 February 2018\\|work\\=\\[\\[Reuters]]\\|date\\=17 June 2013}}{{cite news\\|last1\\=Williams\\|first1\\=Selina\\|title\\=British Oil\\-Deals Maven John Browne Returns to the Field\\|url\\=https://www.wsj.com/articles/british\\-oil\\-deals\\-maven\\-john\\-browne\\-returns\\-to\\-the\\-field\\-1449020790\\|access\\-date\\=9 February 2018\\|work\\=\\[\\[Wall Street Journal]]\\|date\\=1 December 2015}} [John Browne](/wiki/John_Browne%2C_Baron_Browne_of_Madingley \"John Browne, Baron Browne of Madingley\") (Lord Browne) was appointed to its advisory board,{{cite news\\|last1\\=Chazan\\|first1\\=Guy\\|last2\\=Olearchyk\\|first2\\=Roman\\|title\\=Former BP chief Lord Browne to advise Alfa on oil and gas deals\\|url\\=https://www.ft.com/content/4ae01e52\\-d762\\-11e2\\-a26a\\-00144feab7de \\|archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/4ae01e52\\-d762\\-11e2\\-a26a\\-00144feab7de \\|archive\\-date\\=10 December 2022 \\|url\\-access\\=subscription\\|access\\-date\\=9 February 2018\\|work\\=\\[\\[Financial Times]]\\|date\\=17 June 2013}} and in March 2015 became its chairman.", "### L1 Energy's North Sea oil assets (2015\\)", "[thumb\\|Fridman (center) with colleagues [Petr Aven](/wiki/Petr_Aven \"Petr Aven\") and [Lord Browne](/wiki/John_Browne%2C_Baron_Browne_of_Madingley \"John Browne, Baron Browne of Madingley\") (2015\\)](/wiki/File:Mikhail_Fridman%2C_Petr_Aven_and_Lord_Browne_at_the_L1_Energy_launch_New_York.jpg \"Mikhail Fridman, Petr Aven and Lord Browne at the L1 Energy launch New York.jpg\")", "On 3 March 2015, L1 Energy acquired the international oil and gas company [DEA](/wiki/DEA_AG \"DEA AG\") from the German utility [RWE](/wiki/RWE \"RWE\") for $7 billion (€5\\.1 billion). Headquartered in [Hamburg](/wiki/Hamburg \"Hamburg\"), Germany{{cite news\\|last1\\=Reed\\|first1\\=Stanley\\|title\\=Under Political Pressure, Russian Billionaire Sells Energy Assets in North Sea\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/12/business/under\\-political\\-pressure\\-russian\\-billionaire\\-sells\\-energy\\-assets\\-in\\-north\\-sea.html\\|access\\-date\\=9 February 2018\\|work\\=\\[\\[New York Times]]\\|date\\=11 October 2015}} with extensive assets in the British [North Sea](/wiki/North_Sea \"North Sea\"), RWE DEA had total [natural gas](/wiki/Natural_gas \"Natural gas\") production output of 2\\.6bn cubic metres in 2013\\.{{cite news\\|last1\\=Adams\\|first1\\=Christopher\\|last2\\=Pickard\\|first2\\=Jim\\|title\\=Oligarch's oil deal caught in sanctions crossfire\\|url\\=https://www.ft.com/content/a32d5cbe\\-c0e5\\-11e4\\-876d\\-00144feab7de \\|archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/a32d5cbe\\-c0e5\\-11e4\\-876d\\-00144feab7de \\|archive\\-date\\=10 December 2022 \\|url\\-access\\=subscription\\|access\\-date\\=9 February 2018\\|work\\=\\[\\[Financial Times]]\\|date\\=2 March 2015}} The purchase was opposed by the [UK Energy and Climate Change Secretary](/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Energy_and_Climate_Change \"Secretary of State for Energy and Climate Change\") [Ed Davey](/wiki/Ed_Davey \"Ed Davey\"), who raised concerns that Fridman might one day face international [Ukraine\\-related sanctions](/wiki/International_sanctions_during_the_Ukrainian_crisis \"International sanctions during the Ukrainian crisis\") against Russian companies and individuals which could force L1 Energy to shut down production in the North Sea, thus imperiling oil supplies and 5% of Britain's North Sea natural gas output. On 4 March 2015, Davey gave Fridman a one\\-week deadline to convince the UK government not to force him to sell the North Sea oil and gas assets. In April 2015, the government gave Fridman up to six months to sell.{{cite news\\|last1\\=Williams\\|first1\\=Selina\\|title\\=U.K. Tells Russia's Mikhail Fridman to Sell North Sea Gas Fields\\|url\\=https://www.wsj.com/articles/u\\-k\\-tells\\-russias\\-mikhail\\-fridman\\-to\\-sell\\-north\\-sea\\-gas\\-fields\\-1429549867\\|access\\-date\\=9 February 2018\\|work\\=\\[\\[Wall Street Journal]]\\|date\\=20 April 2015}}", "In October 2015 Fridman and the LetterOne Group sold L1 Energy's British North Sea assets to [Ineos](/wiki/Ineos \"Ineos\"), a Switzerland\\-based petrochemical company owned by [Jim Ratcliffe](/wiki/Jim_Ratcliffe \"Jim Ratcliffe\"), for $750 million.{{cite news\\|last1\\=Reed\\|first1\\=Stanley\\|title\\=Under Political Pressure, Russian Billionaire Sells Energy Assets in North Sea\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/12/business/under\\-political\\-pressure\\-russian\\-billionaire\\-sells\\-energy\\-assets\\-in\\-north\\-sea.html\\|access\\-date\\=7 February 2018\\|work\\=\\[\\[New York Times]]\\|date\\=11 October 2015}}{{cite news\\|title\\=Ineos buys 12 North Sea gas fields for £490m\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2015/oct/11/ineos\\-buys\\-12\\-north\\-sea\\-gas\\-fields\\-for\\-490m\\|access\\-date\\=7 February 2018\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Guardian]]\\|agency\\=\\[\\[Press Association]]\\|date\\=11 October 2015}} The British government assured LetterOne that the forced sale was \"not a judgement on the suitability of LetterOne's owners to control these or any other assets in the UK\".", "In October 2015 LetterOne Group acquired German utility company [E.ON](/wiki/E.ON \"E.ON\")'s equity interests in 43 Norwegian oil and gas licences, including interests in three producing Norwegian fields, all located in the North Sea, for $1\\.6 billion.", "### LetterOne's telecom and other technology assets 2015 to present", "In April 2015, LetterOne Technology (L1 Technology) was launched in London. Its focus was on buying \"struggling [telecom](/wiki/Telecommunication \"Telecommunication\") or technology companies that require a fresh infusion of capital\".{{citation needed\\|date\\=December 2020}} Various advisory board members were appointed including [Brent Hoberman](/wiki/Brent_Hoberman \"Brent Hoberman\"), [Denis O'Brien](/wiki/Denis_O%27Brien \"Denis O'Brien\"), and [Sir Julian Horn\\-Smith](/wiki/Sir_Julian_Horn-Smith \"Sir Julian Horn-Smith\").{{cite news\\|last1\\=Thomas\\|first1\\=Daniel\\|title\\=Billionaire Fridman targets US and Europe in $16bn telecoms spree\\|url\\=https://www.ft.com/content/f0a1579a\\-d876\\-11e4\\-ba53\\-00144feab7de \\|archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/f0a1579a\\-d876\\-11e4\\-ba53\\-00144feab7de \\|archive\\-date\\=10 December 2022 \\|url\\-access\\=subscription\\|access\\-date\\=9 February 2018\\|work\\=\\[\\[Financial Times]]\\|date\\=5 April 2015}}", "The L1 Technology fund began acting as a holding company for the 48 percent stake in [Vimpelcom](/wiki/Vimpelcom \"Vimpelcom\") owned by Fridman and his partners. The fund also has a 13\\.2% share in the Turkish telecom company [Turkcell](/wiki/Turkcell \"Turkcell\"), which since 2005 has been hampered by a long\\-running feud between its three largest shareholders: [Cukurova](/wiki/Cukurova \"Cukurova\"), owned by Turkcell founder [Mehmet Emin Karamehmet](/wiki/Mehmet_Emin_Karamehmet \"Mehmet Emin Karamehmet\"), Fridman's LetterOne via Alfa Telecom/Altimo, and Sweden's [Telia Company](/wiki/Telia_Company \"Telia Company\").{{cite news\\|title\\=Telia sells further 7% of Turkcell; no longer holds direct stake\\|url\\=https://www.telegeography.com/products/commsupdate/articles/2017/09/19/telia\\-sells\\-further\\-7\\-of\\-turkcell\\-no\\-longer\\-holds\\-direct\\-stake/index.html\\|access\\-date\\=9 April 2018\\|work\\=TeleGeography\\|date\\=19 September 2017}}{{cite news\\|last1\\=Rolander\\|first1\\=Niclas\\|title\\=Telia Sells $500 Million Turkcell Stake to Focus on Nordics\\|url\\=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017\\-05\\-03/telia\\-to\\-sell\\-520\\-million\\-stake\\-in\\-turkcell\\-to\\-focus\\-on\\-nordics\\|access\\-date\\=9 April 2018\\|work\\=\\[\\[Bloomberg News]]\\|date\\=3 May 2017}}{{cite news\\|title\\=UPDATE 1\\-Russia's Alfa interested in buying Cukurova's Turkcell stake \\- sources\\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/turkcell\\-ma/update\\-1\\-russias\\-alfa\\-interested\\-in\\-buying\\-cukurovas\\-turkcell\\-stake\\-sources\\-idUSL8N1NG4T4\\|access\\-date\\=9 April 2018\\|work\\=\\[\\[Reuters]]\\|date\\=10 November 2017}}{{cite news\\|last1\\=Reznik\\|first1\\=Irina\\|last2\\=Ersoyon\\|first2\\=Ercan\\|title\\=Turkcell Feud Unresolved as Fridman Buyout Option Expires\\|url\\=http://businessweekme.com/2016/11/29/turkcell\\-feud\\-unresolved\\-as\\-fridman\\-buyout\\-option\\-expires/\\|access\\-date\\=9 April 2018\\|work\\=\\[\\[Bloomberg Businessweek]]\\|date\\=29 November 2016}}{{cite news\\|last1\\=Sezer\\|first1\\=Can\\|title\\=Russian tycoon could take control of Turkcell: source\\|url\\=https://uk.reuters.com/article/us\\-turkcell\\-m\\-a\\-cukurova/russian\\-tycoon\\-could\\-take\\-control\\-of\\-turkcell\\-source\\-idUKKBN13G17G\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180213050829/https://uk.reuters.com/article/us\\-turkcell\\-m\\-a\\-cukurova/russian\\-tycoon\\-could\\-take\\-control\\-of\\-turkcell\\-source\\-idUKKBN13G17G\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=13 February 2018\\|access\\-date\\=9 April 2018\\|work\\=\\[\\[Reuters]]\\|date\\=21 November 2016}}{{cite news\\|last1\\=Sezer\\|first1\\=Can\\|title\\=Turkcell sees potential to double user count within 2\\-3 years\\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\\-turkcell\\-strategy/turkcell\\-sees\\-potential\\-to\\-double\\-user\\-count\\-within\\-2\\-3\\-years\\-idUSKBN1DO0UT\\|access\\-date\\=9 April 2018\\|work\\=\\[\\[Reuters]]\\|date\\=24 November 2017}}", "In February 2016, Vimpelcom agreed to pay $800 million to settle U.S. and Dutch claims that it had [bribed officials to win contracts in Uzbekistan](/wiki/Telecom_corruption_scandal \"Telecom corruption scandal\") between 2006 and 2012\\.{{cite news\\|title\\=VimpelCom pays $835m to US and Dutch over Uzbekistan telecoms bribes\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/feb/19/vimpelcom\\-pays\\-835m\\-to\\-us\\-and\\-dutch\\-over\\-uzbekistan\\-telecoms\\-bribes\\|access\\-date\\=9 April 2018\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Guardian]]\\|agency\\=\\[\\[Agence France\\-Presse]]\\|date\\=18 February 2016}}{{cite news\\|title\\=Veon must face lawsuit over bribery disclosures: U.S. judge\\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\\-veon\\-lawsuit/veon\\-must\\-face\\-lawsuit\\-over\\-bribery\\-disclosures\\-u\\-s\\-judge\\-idUSKCN1BU2T0\\|access\\-date\\=9 April 2018\\|work\\=\\[\\[Reuters]]\\|date\\=19 September 2017}} A year later the company rebranded itself VEON, and changed its focus to mobile internet services such as banking, taxis, and messaging.{{cite news\\|title\\=Veon's CEO resigns, chairwoman to take over temporarily, COO named\\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\\-veon\\-moves/veons\\-ceo\\-resigns\\-chairwoman\\-to\\-take\\-over\\-temporarily\\-coo\\-named\\-idUSKBN1H30IM\\|access\\-date\\=9 April 2018\\|work\\=\\[\\[Reuters]]\\|date\\=27 March 2018}}{{cite news\\|last1\\=Deutsch\\|first1\\=Anthony\\|last2\\=Auchard\\|first2\\=Eric\\|title\\=Exclusive: Vimpelcom set for radical overhaul from telco to internet player \\- CEO\\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\\-telecoms\\-vimpelcom/exclusive\\-vimpelcom\\-set\\-for\\-radical\\-overhaul\\-from\\-telco\\-to\\-internet\\-player\\-ceo\\-idUSKBN12Z1ZE\\|access\\-date\\=9 April 2018\\|work\\=\\[\\[Reuters]]\\|date\\=4 November 2016}}", "In February 2016, Fridman's LetterOne fund invested $200 million in [Uber](/wiki/Uber \"Uber\"). In August 2016 LetterOne invested $50 million in telecommunications start\\-up [FreedomPop](/wiki/FreedomPop \"FreedomPop\"), to help finance its international expansion.{{cite news\\|last1\\=Fildes\\|first1\\=Nic\\|title\\=Mikhail Fridman pumps $50m into FreedomPop\\|url\\=https://www.ft.com/content/4ac8f950\\-6e24\\-11e6\\-9ac1\\-1055824ca907 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/4ac8f950\\-6e24\\-11e6\\-9ac1\\-1055824ca907 \\|archive\\-date\\=10 December 2022 \\|url\\-access\\=subscription \\|url\\-status\\=live\\|access\\-date\\=29 March 2018\\|work\\=\\[\\[Financial Times]]\\|date\\=30 August 2016}}{{cite news\\|title\\=Mikhail Fridman's LetterOne confirms $50 million investment in 'disruptive' US mobile service provider\\|url\\=http://www.ewdn.com/2016/09/02/mikhail\\-fridmans\\-letterone\\-confirms\\-50\\-million\\-investment\\-in\\-disruptive\\-us\\-mobile\\-service\\-provider/\\|access\\-date\\=29 March 2018\\|work\\=East\\-West Digital News\\|date\\=2 September 2016}}", "### Additional activities 2012 to present", "In 2012 Fridman partnered with American real\\-estate developer [Jack Rosen](/wiki/Jack_Rosen \"Jack Rosen\") in a joint venture to invest $1 billion in distressed real estate properties along the U.S. East Coast.{{cite news\\|last1\\=Karmin\\|first1\\=Craig\\|title\\=The Russians Are Coming\\|url\\=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970204058404577109073899340722\\|access\\-date\\=31 March 2018\\|work\\=\\[\\[Wall Street Journal]]\\|date\\=21 December 2011}}{{cite news\\|last1\\=Aris\\|first1\\=Ben\\|title\\=PROFILE: Mikhail Fridman, chairman of Alfa Group\\|url\\=http://www.intellinews.com/profile\\-mikhail\\-fridman\\-chairman\\-of\\-alfa\\-group\\-121087/\\|access\\-date\\=5 April 2018\\|work\\=\\[\\[Business New Europe\\|bne IntelliNews]]\\|date\\=10 May 2017}}", "In June 2016, LetterOne prepared to expand into healthcare by launching the $3 billion fund L1 Health in the United States, for investments in the global healthcare industry.\n{{cite news\\|title\\=Fridman's LetterOne expands into healthcare in United States\\|url \\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\\-letterone\\-healthcare\\-idUSKCN0YS1OL\\| newspaper\\=\\[\\[Reuters]]\\| date\\=6 June 2016\\|access\\-date \\= 9 September 2016}}", "In October 2016, Alfa Group acquired Ukrainian bank [Ukrsotsbank](/wiki/Ukrsotsbank \"Ukrsotsbank\"), by offering its parent, the Italian financial conglomerate [UniCredit Group](/wiki/UniCredit_Group \"UniCredit Group\"), a minority stake of 9\\.9% in ABH Holdings.{{cite news\\|title\\=Alfa\\-Group completes deal on acquisition of Ukrsotsbank\\|url\\=http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/economic/380517\\.html\\|access\\-date\\=29 March 2018\\|work\\=\\[\\[Interfax\\-Ukraine]]\\|date\\=31 October 2016}}", "In December 2016, LetterOne launched L1 Retail, headquartered in London, to invest $3 billion in \"the retail stars of tomorrow\" in Europe and the UK.{{cite news\\|title\\=New Retail Fund from Russia That Plans To Invest $3bn In The Retail Stars Of Tomorrow Will Be Headquartered In London\\|url\\=http://www.haggerston\\-times.com/new\\-retail\\-fund\\-from\\-russia\\-that\\-plans\\-to\\-invest\\-3bn\\-in\\-the\\-retail\\-stars\\-of\\-tomorrow\\-will\\-be\\-headquartered\\-in\\-london/\\|access\\-date\\=6 April 2018\\|work\\=Haggerston Times\\|date\\=20 December 2016}}", "In 2016 Fridman coined the term \"[Indigo Era](/wiki/Indigo_Era \"Indigo Era\")\", for his theory of a global shift to an emerging era of economics based on creativity and digital skills rather than on natural resources.Solomon, Shoshanna. [\"Israel ranks only 36th out of 152 nations in new innovation index\"](https://www.timesofisrael.com/israel-ranks-36th-out-of-152-nations-in-new-innovation-index/). *[Times of Israel](/wiki/Times_of_Israel \"Times of Israel\")*. 7 December 2016\\.{{cite news\\|title\\=Q\\&A: Searching for Growth in an Unstable Global Economy\\|url\\=http://www.milkenreview.org/articles/searching\\-for\\-growth\\-in\\-an\\-unstable\\-global\\-economy\\|access\\-date\\=25 April 2018\\|work\\=\\[\\[Milken Institute\\|Milken Institute Review]]\\|date\\=7 July 2016}} In 2017 he funded a £100,000 Indigo Prize for new economic\\-measurement models based on the paradigm.[\"Economics turns into a new moneyspinner\"](http://www.cityam.com/assets/uploads/content/2017/07/cityam-2017-07-06-595d7682d02a3.pdf#page=11). *[City A.M.](/wiki/City_A.M. \"City A.M.\")* 6 July 2017\\. p. 11\\.[O'Donnell, Gus](/wiki/Gus_O%27Donnell \"Gus O'Donnell\"); [Hoberman, Brent](/wiki/Brent_Hoberman \"Brent Hoberman\"). [\"Think beyond GDP to measure the true success of an economy\"](https://www.standard.co.uk/comment/comment/think-beyond-gdp-to-measure-the-true-success-of-an-economy-a3581436.html). *[Evening Standard](/wiki/Evening_Standard \"Evening Standard\")*. 6 July 2017\\.", "In June 2017 LetterOne's L1 Retail division acquired [Holland \\& Barrett](/wiki/Holland_%26_Barrett \"Holland & Barrett\"), Europe's largest [health\\-food store](/wiki/Health_food_store \"Health food store\") chain, for £1\\.8 billion ($2\\.3 billion).{{cite news\\|title\\=Holland \\& Barrett sold to Russian billionaire for £1\\.8bn\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2017/jun/26/holland\\-barrett\\-sold\\-russian\\-billionaire\\-mikhail\\-fridman\\|access\\-date\\=29 March 2018\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Guardian]]\\|agency\\=\\[\\[Press Association]]\\|date\\=26 June 2017}} Also in 2017 Fridman, via LetterOne, invested $3 billion in Pamplona Capital Management,{{cite news\\|last1\\=Березанская\\|first1\\=Елена\\|last2\\=Кравченко\\|first2\\=Екатерина\\|title\\=Михаил Фридман — о жизни в Лондоне, банковском кризисе и агентах Кремля\\|url\\=http://www.forbes.ru/milliardery/355341\\-mihail\\-fridman\\-o\\-zhizni\\-v\\-londone\\-bankovskom\\-krizise\\-i\\-agentah\\-kremlya\\|access\\-date\\=29 March 2018\\|work\\=\\[\\[Forbes\\|Forbes Russia]]\\|date\\=29 December 2017\\|language\\=ru}} a private\\-equity firm that was founded by [Alexander Knaster](/wiki/Alexander_Knaster \"Alexander Knaster\"), the former CEO of Alfa\\-Bank, and which Fridman had invested in previously.{{cite news\\|last1\\=Davies\\|first1\\=Megan\\|title\\=Russia's Alfa says it has $1\\.5 billion in Pamplona\\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\\-russia\\-pamplona\\-alfa/russias\\-alfa\\-says\\-it\\-has\\-1\\-5\\-billion\\-in\\-pamplona\\-idUSBRE85S0JJ20120629\\|access\\-date\\=29 March 2018\\|work\\=\\[\\[Reuters]]\\|date\\=29 June 2012}}{{cite news\\|last1\\=Chassany\\|first1\\=Anne\\-Sylvaine\\|title\\=Fridman\\-backed Pamplona seals second US deal\\|url\\=https://www.ft.com/content/d6b1841e\\-bd74\\-11e2\\-890a\\-00144feab7de \\|archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/d6b1841e\\-bd74\\-11e2\\-890a\\-00144feab7de \\|archive\\-date\\=10 December 2022 \\|url\\-access\\=subscription\\|access\\-date\\=29 March 2018\\|work\\=\\[\\[Financial Times]]\\|date\\=15 May 2013}}", "In January 2018, due to concerns over possible sanctions stemming from the 2017 U.S. [Congressional sanctions on Russia](/wiki/Countering_America%27s_Adversaries_Through_Sanctions_Act \"Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act\"), Fridman announced that Alfa\\-Bank was phasing out its holdings in Russia's defense industry.{{cite news\\|last1\\=De Haldevang\\|first1\\=Max\\|title\\=Russian oligarchs are desperately lobbying to avoid new US sanctions\\|url\\=https://qz.com/1182138/us\\-sanctions\\-have\\-russian\\-oligarchs\\-lobbying\\-hard/\\|access\\-date\\=6 April 2018\\|work\\=\\[\\[Quartz (publication)\\|Quartz]]\\|date\\=18 January 2018}}", "In May 2018 Fridman and Aven spoke to an off\\-the\\-record private dinner at the [Atlantic Council](/wiki/Atlantic_Council \"Atlantic Council\") in Washington, D.C.{{cite news \\|last1\\=Fitzpatrick \\|first1\\=Catherine A. \\|title\\=Private Dinner with Russian Oligarchs at Atlantic Council \\|url\\=http://www.interpretermag.com/private\\-dinner\\-with\\-russian\\-oligarchs\\-at\\-atlantic\\-council/ \\|access\\-date\\=31 May 2018 \\|work\\=The Interpreter \\|date\\=28 May 2018}}{{cite news \\|title\\=Russian Oligarchs Attend Closed\\-Doors Meeting at The Atlantic Council in D.C. \\|url\\=https://themoscowtimes.com/news/russian\\-oligarchs\\-attend\\-closed\\-doors\\-meeting\\-at\\-atlantic\\-council\\-in\\-dc\\-61560 \\|access\\-date\\=31 May 2018 \\|work\\=\\[\\[Moscow Times]] \\|date\\=24 May 2018}}{{cite news \\|last1\\=Saakov \\|first1\\=Rafael \\|title\\=US Think Tank Takes Heat for Hosting Putin\\-Linked Oligarchs \\|url\\=https://www.voanews.com/a/us\\-think\\-tank\\-takes\\-heat\\-for\\-hosting\\-putin\\-linked\\-oligarchs/4406945\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=31 May 2018 \\|work\\=\\[\\[Voice of America]] \\|date\\=23 May 2018}}{{cite news \\|title\\=Russia's two 'friendliest' oligarchs reportedly come to D.C. bearing a message from the Kremlin \\|url\\=https://meduza.io/en/news/2018/05/22/russia\\-s\\-two\\-friendliest\\-oligarchs\\-reportedly\\-come\\-to\\-d\\-c\\-bearing\\-a\\-message\\-from\\-the\\-kremlin \\|access\\-date\\=31 May 2018 \\|work\\=\\[\\[Meduza]] \\|date\\=22 May 2018}}{{cite news \\|last1\\=Marusic \\|first1\\=Damir \\|last2\\=Orlova \\|first2\\=Karina \\|title\\=The Great Oligarch Whitewash \\|url\\=https://www.the\\-american\\-interest.com/2018/05/30/the\\-great\\-oligarch\\-whitewash/ \\|access\\-date\\=31 May 2018 \\|work\\=\\[\\[The American Interest]] \\|date\\=30 May 2018}} The invitation and the privacy of the meeting drew criticism of the Atlantic Council from a group of 13 Russian and U.S. experts and activists, who wrote that \"In our view ... Aven, Fridman, and other key Alfa\\-Bank oligarchs are ... close cronies and insiders of Putin's regime, and do not operate independently of Putin's demands.\"{{cite web \\|last1\\=Zaslavskiy \\|first1\\=Ilya \\|last2\\=Piontkovsky \\|first2\\=Andrei \\|last3\\=Kasparov \\|first3\\=Garry\\|display\\-authors\\=etal\\|title\\=Oligarchs from Alfa Group Should be Asked Critical Questions at the Atlantic Council Dinner \\|url\\=http://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/new\\-atlanticist/oligarchs\\-from\\-alfa\\-group\\-should\\-be\\-asked\\-critical\\-questions\\-at\\-the\\-atlantic\\-council\\-dinner \\|website\\=AtlanticCouncil.org \\|access\\-date\\=31 May 2018 \\|date\\=21 May 2018}} The Atlantic Council responded that the private meeting was not \"a sweetheart platform\",{{cite web \\|last1\\=Herbst \\|first1\\=John E. \\|title\\=The Atlantic Council Must be Open to Dialogue—Even if Critics Disagree \\|url\\=http://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/new\\-atlanticist/the\\-atlantic\\-council\\-must\\-be\\-open\\-to\\-dialogue\\-even\\-if\\-critics\\-disagree \\|website\\=\\[\\[Atlantic Council]] \\|access\\-date\\=31 May 2018 \\|date\\=21 May 2018}} and the [Kremlin](/wiki/Government_of_Russia \"Government of Russia\") responded that the two oligarchs represented the interests of their business.{{cite news \\|title\\=Kremlin: Russian tycoons Aven, Friedman didn't serve as 'Putin envoys' to Atlantic Council \\|url\\=http://tass.com/economy/1006003 \\|access\\-date\\=31 May 2018 \\|work\\=\\[\\[TASS]] \\|date\\=24 May 2018}}{{cite news \\|last1\\=Saakov \\|first1\\=Rafael \\|title\\=Kremlin: Russian Bankers Weren't 'Envoys' to Atlantic Council \\|url\\=https://www.voanews.com/a/kremlin\\-says\\-russian\\-bankers\\-weren\\-t\\-envoys\\-to\\-atlantic\\-council/4408716\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=31 May 2018 \\|work\\=\\[\\[Voice of America]] \\|date\\=24 May 2018}}", "In 2019, Mikhail Fridman acquired a 50% stake in one of the suppliers of computing devices for the Russian defense industry via the structures affiliated with A1 investment company.{{Cite news\\|title\\=Конфликт совладельцев \"Корунд\\-М\" дошел до \"Ростеха\"\\|url\\=https://www.rbc.ru/newspaper/2019/11/14/5dcab50e9a7947dbf17f0205\\|access\\-date\\=14 July 2020\\|website\\=Газета РБК}}", "### Sanctions", "On 28 February 2022, the European Union blacklisted Fridman and had all his assets [frozen](/wiki/Asset_freezing \"Asset freezing\") as part of a package of sanctions imposed against Russian officials and oligarchs in response to the [2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine](/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine \"2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine\").{{cite news \\|author1\\=Valentina Pop \\|author2\\=Sam Fleming \\|author3\\=Max Seddon \\|title\\=EU freezes assets of Russia's leading oligarchs and allies of Putin \\|url\\=https://www.ft.com/content/85d76bd6\\-f585\\-4ac9\\-abae\\-b9abbf21e4bf \\|archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/85d76bd6\\-f585\\-4ac9\\-abae\\-b9abbf21e4bf \\|archive\\-date\\=10 December 2022 \\|url\\-access\\=subscription \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Financial Times]] \\|date\\=28 February 2022}}{{Cite web \\|title\\=Foreign Secretary announces 65 new Russian sanctions to cut off vital industries fuelling Putin's war machine \\|url\\=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/foreign\\-secretary\\-announces\\-65\\-new\\-russian\\-sanctions\\-to\\-cut\\-off\\-vital\\-industries\\-fuelling\\-putins\\-war\\-machine \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-08\\-31 \\|website\\=GOV.UK \\|language\\=en}} Fridman said that the war would \"damage two nations who have been brothers for hundreds of years\" and called for the \"bloodshed to end\".{{cite news \\|last1\\=Miller \\|first1\\=Greg \\|title\\=Ukraine invasion opens faint, but once unthinkable, fissures between Putin and Russian oligarchs \\|url\\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/02/28/russia\\-oligarchs\\-putin\\-deripaska\\-fridman\\-abramovich/\\| url\\-status\\=live \\| archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220301/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/02/28/russia\\-oligarchs\\-putin\\-deripaska\\-fridman\\-abramovich/\\| archive\\-date\\=2022\\-03\\-01 \\|newspaper\\=The Washington Post \\|date\\=28 February 2022}}{{cbignore}}\n{{cite news \\| url\\=https://edition.cnn.com/2022/02/28/business/oligarchs\\-russia\\-ukraine\\-fridman\\-deripaska/index.html \\| title\\=Two Russian oligarchs call for an end to Putin's war \\| newspaper\\=CNN \\| date\\=28 February 2022 \\| last1\\=Riley \\| first1\\=Charles }} The United Kingdom also sanctioned Fridman on 15 March 2022\\.{{cite web \\|title\\=CONSOLIDATED LIST \\|url\\=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment\\_data/file/1188172/Russia.pdf \\|date\\=29 September 2023}}", "In October 2022 Fridman offered to transfer $1 billion of his personal wealth into the Ukrainian [Sense Bank](/wiki/Sense_Bank \"Sense Bank\"){{Cite web\\|url\\=https://en.interfax.com.ua/news/economic/865550\\.html\\|title\\=Alfa\\-Bank Ukraine shareholders ready to capitalize it by $1 bln or donate it to state \\- Fridman\\|date\\=2022\\-10\\-14\\|website\\=interfax.com.ua}} that he co\\-founded. Officials said the proposal was calculated to persuade the UK to lift sanctions against him.{{cite news \\| url\\=https://www.wsj.com/articles/russian\\-billionaire\\-mikhail\\-fridman\\-offers\\-1\\-billion\\-to\\-ukraine\\-in\\-hope\\-of\\-sanctions\\-relief\\-11662659071 \\| title\\=Russian Billionaire Mikhail Fridman Offers $1 Billion to Ukraine in Hope of Sanctions Relief \\| newspaper\\=Wall Street Journal \\| date\\=8 September 2022 \\| last1\\=Forrest \\| first1\\=Brett \\| last2\\=Talley \\| first2\\=Ian }} Fridman denied making a [quid pro quo](/wiki/Quid_pro_quo \"Quid pro quo\") offer to Ukraine.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://finance.yahoo.com/video/russian\\-billionaire\\-seeks\\-sanctions\\-relief\\-142933787\\.html \\| title\\=Russian billionaire seeks sanctions relief, FTX buys 30% stake in Skybridge, Tapestry unveils growth strategy \\| date\\=9 September 2022 }} Following the invasion of Ukraine Sense Bank [transferred millions of its own budget](/wiki/Sense_Bank%23Social_initiatives \"Sense Bank#Social initiatives\") to the needs of the [Armed Forces of Ukraine](/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Ukraine \"Armed Forces of Ukraine\") and [territorial defense units](/wiki/Territorial_Defense_Forces_%28Ukraine%29 \"Territorial Defense Forces (Ukraine)\").{{Cite web \\|title\\=Альфа\\-Банк Україна надав понад 104 млн грн на допомогу ЗСУ\\|url\\=https://delo.ua/banks/alfa\\-bank\\-ukrayina\\-nadav\\-ponad\\-104\\-mln\\-grn\\-na\\-dopomogu\\-zsu\\-406168/\\|date\\=2022\\-11\\-01 \\|website\\=delo.ua \\|language\\=uk}} \n{{Cite web \\|title\\=Альфа\\-Банк виділив 60 млн гривень на допомогу українським захисникам — Delo.ua \\|url\\=https://delo.ua/uk/society/alfa\\-bank\\-vidiliv\\-60\\-mln\\-griven\\-na\\-dopomogu\\-ukrayinskim\\-zaxisnikam\\-398495/ \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-06\\-22 \\|website\\=delo.ua \\|date\\=25 May 2022 \\|language\\=uk}} Fridman was sanctioned by the [UK](/wiki/UK \"UK\") government in 2022 in relation to the invasion.{{cite web \\|title\\=CONSOLIDATED LIST OF FINANCIAL SANCTIONS TARGETS IN THE UK \\|url\\=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment\\_data/file/1150217/Russia.pdf \\|access\\-date\\=16 April 2023}}", "In September 2023 the Office of Financial Sanctions Implementation HM Treasury (UK) updated the text of the financial sanctions notice related to Mikhail Fridman. He is now referred to as \"an involved person under the Russia regulations\" instead of \"a prominent Russian businessman and pro\\-Kremlin oligarch\". Additionally, a phrase alleging close ties between Mikhail Fridman and Russian President Vladimir Putin has been deleted from the document.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Notice Russia \\|url\\=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment\\_data/file/1185896/Notice\\_Russia\\_190923\\.pdf \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-10\\-12}}", "On September 5, 2023, the [Security Service of Ukraine](/wiki/Security_Service_of_Ukraine \"Security Service of Ukraine\") announced in absentia that Fridman was suspected of violating Article 110 of the Criminal Code, which provides for liability for financing actions to seize power, overthrow the constitutional order, or change the territory of the state. Under this article, he could face up to 8 years in prison with confiscation of property. The SSU believes that since the start of the conflict, the banker has invested about 2 billion rubles in Russian defense enterprises, in particular, in the [Tula Cartridge Plant](/wiki/Tula_Cartridge_Plant \"Tula Cartridge Plant\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.rbc.ru/politics/05/09/2023/64f713aa9a7947e0d4a68d58\\|title\\=СБУ обвинила Фридмана в финансировании военных действий\\|language\\=ru\\|date\\=2023\\-09\\-05\\|website\\=\\[\\[RBK Group\\|RBC]]}}", "In April 2024, following a legal challenge, The General Court of the European Union took Fridman off the EU sanctions list.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Norman \\|first1\\=Laurence \\|title\\=Russian Billionaire Wins Legal Case Against EU Sanctions \\|url\\=https://www.wsj.com/world/europe/russian\\-billionaire\\-wins\\-legal\\-case\\-against\\-eu\\-sanctions\\-cac0bbfd \\|website\\=The Wall Street Journal \\|access\\-date\\=17 May 2024}}", "In May 2024, Fridman sued the [Luxembourg](/wiki/Luxembourg \"Luxembourg\") government, becoming the first Russian billionaire to challenge European sanctions and demand compensation for his frozen assets.{{cite web \\|title\\=Russian oligarch Fridman to take Luxembourg to court in a $15\\.8bn sanctions compensation claim \\|url\\=https://www.intellinews.com/russian\\-oligarch\\-fridman\\-to\\-take\\-luxembourg\\-to\\-court\\-in\\-a\\-15\\-8bn\\-sanctions\\-compensation\\-claim\\-326433/ \\|website\\=BNE Intellinews \\|date\\=22 May 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=24 May 2024}}", "In August 2024? Fridman, after loss of trial in Luxembourg, started arbitration dispute with Luxembourg at the [Hong Kong International Arbitration Centre](/wiki/Hong_Kong_International_Arbitration_Centre \"Hong Kong International Arbitration Centre\") (HKIAC).{{Cite news \\|last\\=Marrow \\|first\\=Alexander \\|date\\=August 15, 2024 \\|title\\=Russian billionaire Fridman seeks to settle $16 bln Luxembourg dispute in Hong Kong \\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/russian\\-billionaire\\-fridman\\-seeks\\-settle\\-16\\-bln\\-luxembourg\\-dispute\\-hong\\-kong\\-2024\\-08\\-14/ \\|work\\=Reuters}}", "" ]
List of ghost characters ------------------------ The results of the aforementioned survey by Hiroyuki Sasahara et al. are summarized in Annex 7, "Detailed Description of Ward Locations", of JIS X 0208:1997\. This section excerpts some of them. JIS X 0208:1997 compiles the details of the sources of 72 characters whose sources have been identified, mainly those not listed in both Morohashi's *[Dai Kan\-Wa Jiten](/wiki/Dai_Kan-Wa_Jiten "Dai Kan-Wa Jiten")* and Kadokawa's *Shin Jigen*. However, this also includes characters that have been found to be misspelled by the original sources. The list of delimiters appended as "source authority" in Annex 7 of JIS X 0208:1997 lists 72 characters, but the detailed text does not list "鰛(82\-60\)", which is only 71 characters. | \+Ghost characters and their source of examples | Character | Address | Source/Usage | | 垈 | {{Nowrap\|52\-18}} | There are examples in the National Land Administrative Districts Directory. 藤垈 (Fujinuta), 相垈 (Ainuta), 大垈 (Onuta), all in [Yamanashi Prefecture](/wiki/Yamanashi_Prefecture "Yamanashi Prefecture"){{Sfn\|Sasahara\|2007\|p\=780}} | | 垉 | 52\-21 | There are examples in the National Land Administrative Districts Directory. 垉六 (Horoku), [Aichi Prefecture](/wiki/Aichi_Prefecture "Aichi Prefecture"){{Sfn\|Sasahara\|2007\|p\=781}} | | 岾 | 54\-19 | There are examples in the National Land Administrative Districts Directory. 広岾 (Hiroyama), [Kyoto Prefecture](/wiki/Kyoto_Prefecture "Kyoto Prefecture"){{Sfn\|Sasahara\|2007\|p\=789}} | | 恷 | 55\-78 | Based on Nippon Seimei's family name table. There are also examples in the NTT telephone directory.{{Sfn\|Sasahara\|2007\|p\=826}} | | 橸 | 60\-81 | Dictionary of Japanese Place Names. 石橸 (Ishidaru), [Shizuoka Prefecture](/wiki/Shizuoka_Prefecture "Shizuoka Prefecture").{{Sfn\|Sasahara\|2007\|p\=133}} | | 汢 | 61\-73 | There are examples in the National Land Administrative Districts Directory. 汢の川 (Nutanokawa), [Kochi Prefecture](/wiki/Kochi_Prefecture "Kochi Prefecture").{{Sfn\|Sasahara\|2007\|p\=799}} | | 碵 | 66\-83 | Based on Nippon Seimei's family name table. There are also examples in the NTT telephone directory.{{Sfn\|Sasahara\|2007\|p\=827}} | | 穃 | 67\-46 | There is an example of usage in the National Land Administrative Districts Directory, but it is a typo in the original source. 穃原 (Youbaru, 榕原) in [Okinawa Prefecture](/wiki/Okinawa_Prefecture "Okinawa Prefecture").{{Sfn\|Sasahara\|2007\|p\=801}} | | 粐 | 68\-68 | There are examples in the National Land Administrative Districts Directory. 粐蒔沢 (Nukamakizawa), [Akita Prefecture](/wiki/Akita_Prefecture "Akita Prefecture").{{Sfn\|Sasahara\|2007\|p\=803}} | | 粭 | 68\-70 | There are examples in the National Land Administrative Districts Directory. 粭島 (Sukumojima), [Yamaguchi Prefecture](/wiki/Yamaguchi_Prefecture "Yamaguchi Prefecture").{{Sfn\|Sasahara\|2007\|p\=804}} | | 粫 | 68\-72 | There is an example in the National Land Administrative Districts Directory, but it is a typo in the original source. 粫田 (Uruchida, 糯田) in [Fukushima Prefecture](/wiki/Fukushima_Prefecture "Fukushima Prefecture").{{Sfn\|Sasahara\|2007\|p\=804}} | | 糘 | 68\-84 | There are examples in the National Land Administrative Districts Directory. 糘尻 (Sukumojiri), [Hiroshima Prefecture](/wiki/Hiroshima_Prefecture "Hiroshima Prefecture").{{Sfn\|Sasahara\|2007\|p\=805}} | | 膤 | 71\-19 | There are examples in the National Land Administrative Districts Directory. 膤割 (Yukiwari), [Kumamoto Prefecture](/wiki/Kumamoto_Prefecture "Kumamoto Prefecture").{{Sfn\|Sasahara\|2007\|p\=805}} | | 軅 | 77\-32 | There is an example in the National Land Administrative Districts Directory, but it does not exist. 軅飛 (Takatobu), [Fukushima Prefecture](/wiki/Fukushima_Prefecture "Fukushima Prefecture").{{Sfn\|Sasahara\|2007\|p\=808}} | | 鍄 | 78\-93 | There are examples in the National Land Administrative Districts Directory. 小鍄 (Kogasugai), [Yamagata Prefecture](/wiki/Yamagata_Prefecture "Yamagata Prefecture").{{Sfn\|Sasahara\|2007\|p\=810}} | | 鵈 | 82\-94 | There is an example in the National Land Administrative Districts Directory, but it is a typo in the original source. 鵈沢 (Misagosawa, 鵃沢), [Fukushima Prefecture](/wiki/Fukushima_Prefecture "Fukushima Prefecture").{{Sfn\|Sasahara\|2007\|p\=811}} | ### Unknown sources JIS X 0208:1997 treats the 12 characters in the table below as "Authority unknown", "Unknown", or "Unidentifiable" because it is not certain which of the four aforementioned lists of kanji is the source of the characters. Since ghost characters are "kanji that do not exist", the readings are given "for convenience". | Character | Code | Supposed pronunciation | Source | Other appearances | | 墸 | {{Nowrap\|52\-55}} | チョ cho | Origin unknown.{{Sfn\|Sasahara\|2007\|p\=834}} | It is in the *[Jiyun](/wiki/Jiyun "Jiyun")* abridgment, but it may be miswritten.{{Sfn\|Sasahara\|2007\|p\=835}} | | 壥 | 52\-63 | デン den | Origin unknown. Possibly a typo of "㕓".{{Sfn\|Sasahara\|2007\|p\=836}} | Written in the *[Wagokuhen](/wiki/Wagokuhen "Wagokuhen")*.{{Sfn\|Sasahara\|2007\|p\=837}} | | 妛 | 54\-12 | シ shi | This character is cited in the National Land Administrative Districts Directory, but it is not there. May be a typo of "𡚴".{{Sfn\|Sasahara\|2007\|p\=786}} | It is in the *[Jikyōshū](/wiki/Jiky%C5%8Dsh%C5%AB "Jikyōshū")* abridgment, but it may be miswritten.{{Sfn\|Sasahara\|2007\|p\=786}} | | 彁 | 55\-27 | カ ka セイ sei | Source unknown. Possibly a typo of "彊" etc.{{Sfn\|Sasahara\|2007\|p\=840}} | None.{{Sfn\|Sasahara\|2007\|p\=840}} | | 挧 | 57\-43 | ウ u トチ tochi | The site is cited in the National Land and Administrative Districts Directory, but it is not there. Possibly a variant or typo of "栩" etc.{{Sfn\|Sasahara\|2007\|p\=137}} | *[Zhonghua Zihai](/wiki/Zhonghua_Zihai "Zhonghua Zihai")* and others.{{Sfn\|Sasahara\|2007\|p\=138}} | | 暃 | 58\-83 | ヒ hi | The site is cited in the National Land and Administrative Districts Directory, but it is not there. Possibly a typo of "杲" etc.{{Sfn\|Sasahara\|2007\|p\=130}} | It is found in the Japanese *Hokke Sandaibu Nanjiki*, but maybe a variant or a typo of "罪".{{Sfn\|Sasahara\|2007\|p\=130}} | | 椦 | 59\-91 | ケン ken | The site is cited in the National Land and Administrative Districts Directory, but it is not there. Possibly a typo of "橳" etc. {{Sfn\|Sasahara\|2007\|p\=138}} | It is found in the *[Yiqiejing yinyi](/wiki/Yiqiejing_yinyi_%28Xuanying%29 "Yiqiejing yinyi (Xuanying)")*.{{Sfn\|Sasahara\|2007\|p\=140}} | | 槞 | 60\-57 | ル ru ロウ rou | The site is cited in the National Land and Administrative Districts Directory, but it is not there. Possibly a typo of "境".{{Sfn\|Sasahara\|2007\|p\=797}} | {{Ill\|宋元以來俗字譜\|zh\|\|ja}} ("Popular calligraphy since the Song and Yuan Dynasties") published by the Institute of History and Linguistics, [Academia Sinica](/wiki/Academia_Sinica "Academia Sinica") of the Republic of China in 1930\.{{Sfn\|Sasahara\|2007\|p\=798}} | | 蟐 | 74\-12 | ジョウ jou モム momu | The *Basic Kanji for Administrative Information Processing* is used as the source (*Meiji Mutual Life Insurance Company Kanji Code Table*), but there are no examples. | It is found in the *[Shinsen Jikyō](/wiki/Shinsen_Jiky%C5%8D "Shinsen Jikyō")*.{{Sfn\|Sasahara\|2007\|p\=839}} | | 袮 | 74\-57 | ネ ne ナイ nai | The site is cited in the National Land and Administrative Districts Directory, but it is not there. Possibly a typo of "祢".{{Sfn\|Sasahara\|2007\|p\=140}} | *[Shinsen Jikyō](/wiki/Shinsen_Jiky%C5%8D "Shinsen Jikyō")*, *[Ruiju Myōgishō](/wiki/Ruiju_My%C5%8Dgish%C5%8D "Ruiju Myōgishō")* and others.{{Sfn\|Sasahara\|2007\|p\=143}} | | 閠 | 79\-64 | ギョク gyoku ニン nin | The site is cited in the National Land and Administrative Districts Directory, but it is not there. Possibly a miswriting of "閏".{{Sfn\|Sasahara\|2007\|p\=124}} | It's listed on *[Guangyun](/wiki/Guangyun "Guangyun")*, but it is probably a typo.{{Sfn\|Sasahara\|2007\|p\=125}} | | 駲 | 81\-50 | シュウ shu ジュン jun | The source of the information is the *Nihon Seimei Jinmei Chart*,but the original source is not available.{{Sfn\|Sasahara\|2007\|p\=830}} | It is found in the *[Ruiju Myōgishō](/wiki/Ruiju_My%C5%8Dgish%C5%8D "Ruiju Myōgishō")*.{{Sfn\|Sasahara\|2007\|p\=831}} | ### Possible typos Some of the characters of unknown authority are believed to have been miswritten by the standard's creator. * It is possible that "壥" was miswritten because "㕓", which is similar to "壥", is not included in the JIS Basic Kanji. "㕓" is also not included in [JIS X 0213](/wiki/JIS_X_0213 "JIS X 0213"). * It is possible that "妛" was miswritten because "𡚴", which is similar to "妛", is not included in the JIS Basic Kanji. In the National Land Administrative Districts Index, the source for this document, there is a shadow\-like print mark on the overlay that appears to have been created by cutting and pasting together parts of different characters when creating the block, and it is assumed that this was mistakenly transcribed as a horizontal stroke.{{Rp\|pages\=288, 289f, 292}}{{Cite book \|author\=笹原宏之 (Hiroyuki Sasahara)\|title\= \|publisher\=\[\[Iwanami Shoten]] \|year\=2006 \|isbn\=4\-00\-430991\-3 \|series\=\[\[Iwanami Shinsho]] \|page\=82 \|language\=ja \|script\-title\=ja:日本の漢字 \|trans\-title\=Japanese Kanji}} * It is possible that "椦" was miswritten because "橳", which is similar to "椦", is not included in the JIS Basic Kanji.
[ "List of ghost characters\n------------------------", "The results of the aforementioned survey by Hiroyuki Sasahara et al. are summarized in Annex 7, \"Detailed Description of Ward Locations\", of JIS X 0208:1997\\. This section excerpts some of them.", "JIS X 0208:1997 compiles the details of the sources of 72 characters whose sources have been identified, mainly those not listed in both Morohashi's *[Dai Kan\\-Wa Jiten](/wiki/Dai_Kan-Wa_Jiten \"Dai Kan-Wa Jiten\")* and Kadokawa's *Shin Jigen*. However, this also includes characters that have been found to be misspelled by the original sources.", "The list of delimiters appended as \"source authority\" in Annex 7 of JIS X 0208:1997 lists 72 characters, but the detailed text does not list \"鰛(82\\-60\\)\", which is only 71 characters.", "", "| \\+Ghost characters and their source of examples | Character | Address | Source/Usage |", "| 垈 | {{Nowrap\\|52\\-18}} | There are examples in the National Land Administrative Districts Directory. 藤垈 (Fujinuta), 相垈 (Ainuta), 大垈 (Onuta), all in [Yamanashi Prefecture](/wiki/Yamanashi_Prefecture \"Yamanashi Prefecture\"){{Sfn\\|Sasahara\\|2007\\|p\\=780}} |\n| 垉 | 52\\-21 | There are examples in the National Land Administrative Districts Directory. 垉六 (Horoku), [Aichi Prefecture](/wiki/Aichi_Prefecture \"Aichi Prefecture\"){{Sfn\\|Sasahara\\|2007\\|p\\=781}} |\n| 岾 | 54\\-19 | There are examples in the National Land Administrative Districts Directory. 広岾 (Hiroyama), [Kyoto Prefecture](/wiki/Kyoto_Prefecture \"Kyoto Prefecture\"){{Sfn\\|Sasahara\\|2007\\|p\\=789}} |\n| 恷 | 55\\-78 | Based on Nippon Seimei's family name table. There are also examples in the NTT telephone directory.{{Sfn\\|Sasahara\\|2007\\|p\\=826}} |\n| 橸 | 60\\-81 | Dictionary of Japanese Place Names. 石橸 (Ishidaru), [Shizuoka Prefecture](/wiki/Shizuoka_Prefecture \"Shizuoka Prefecture\").{{Sfn\\|Sasahara\\|2007\\|p\\=133}} |\n| 汢 | 61\\-73 | There are examples in the National Land Administrative Districts Directory. 汢の川 (Nutanokawa), [Kochi Prefecture](/wiki/Kochi_Prefecture \"Kochi Prefecture\").{{Sfn\\|Sasahara\\|2007\\|p\\=799}} |\n| 碵 | 66\\-83 | Based on Nippon Seimei's family name table. There are also examples in the NTT telephone directory.{{Sfn\\|Sasahara\\|2007\\|p\\=827}} |\n| 穃 | 67\\-46 | There is an example of usage in the National Land Administrative Districts Directory, but it is a typo in the original source. 穃原 (Youbaru, 榕原) in [Okinawa Prefecture](/wiki/Okinawa_Prefecture \"Okinawa Prefecture\").{{Sfn\\|Sasahara\\|2007\\|p\\=801}} |\n| 粐 | 68\\-68 | There are examples in the National Land Administrative Districts Directory. 粐蒔沢 (Nukamakizawa), [Akita Prefecture](/wiki/Akita_Prefecture \"Akita Prefecture\").{{Sfn\\|Sasahara\\|2007\\|p\\=803}} |\n| 粭 | 68\\-70 | There are examples in the National Land Administrative Districts Directory. 粭島 (Sukumojima), [Yamaguchi Prefecture](/wiki/Yamaguchi_Prefecture \"Yamaguchi Prefecture\").{{Sfn\\|Sasahara\\|2007\\|p\\=804}} |\n| 粫 | 68\\-72 | There is an example in the National Land Administrative Districts Directory, but it is a typo in the original source. 粫田 (Uruchida, 糯田) in [Fukushima Prefecture](/wiki/Fukushima_Prefecture \"Fukushima Prefecture\").{{Sfn\\|Sasahara\\|2007\\|p\\=804}} |\n| 糘 | 68\\-84 | There are examples in the National Land Administrative Districts Directory. 糘尻 (Sukumojiri), [Hiroshima Prefecture](/wiki/Hiroshima_Prefecture \"Hiroshima Prefecture\").{{Sfn\\|Sasahara\\|2007\\|p\\=805}} |\n| 膤 | 71\\-19 | There are examples in the National Land Administrative Districts Directory. 膤割 (Yukiwari), [Kumamoto Prefecture](/wiki/Kumamoto_Prefecture \"Kumamoto Prefecture\").{{Sfn\\|Sasahara\\|2007\\|p\\=805}} |\n| 軅 | 77\\-32 | There is an example in the National Land Administrative Districts Directory, but it does not exist. 軅飛 (Takatobu), [Fukushima Prefecture](/wiki/Fukushima_Prefecture \"Fukushima Prefecture\").{{Sfn\\|Sasahara\\|2007\\|p\\=808}} |\n| 鍄 | 78\\-93 | There are examples in the National Land Administrative Districts Directory. 小鍄 (Kogasugai), [Yamagata Prefecture](/wiki/Yamagata_Prefecture \"Yamagata Prefecture\").{{Sfn\\|Sasahara\\|2007\\|p\\=810}} |\n| 鵈 | 82\\-94 | There is an example in the National Land Administrative Districts Directory, but it is a typo in the original source. 鵈沢 (Misagosawa, 鵃沢), [Fukushima Prefecture](/wiki/Fukushima_Prefecture \"Fukushima Prefecture\").{{Sfn\\|Sasahara\\|2007\\|p\\=811}} |", "### Unknown sources", "JIS X 0208:1997 treats the 12 characters in the table below as \"Authority unknown\", \"Unknown\", or \"Unidentifiable\" because it is not certain which of the four aforementioned lists of kanji is the source of the characters.", "Since ghost characters are \"kanji that do not exist\", the readings are given \"for convenience\".", "", "| Character | Code | Supposed pronunciation | Source | Other appearances |", "| 墸 | {{Nowrap\\|52\\-55}} | チョ cho | Origin unknown.{{Sfn\\|Sasahara\\|2007\\|p\\=834}} | It is in the *[Jiyun](/wiki/Jiyun \"Jiyun\")* abridgment, but it may be miswritten.{{Sfn\\|Sasahara\\|2007\\|p\\=835}} |\n| 壥 | 52\\-63 | デン den | Origin unknown. Possibly a typo of \"㕓\".{{Sfn\\|Sasahara\\|2007\\|p\\=836}} | Written in the *[Wagokuhen](/wiki/Wagokuhen \"Wagokuhen\")*.{{Sfn\\|Sasahara\\|2007\\|p\\=837}} |\n| 妛 | 54\\-12 | シ shi | This character is cited in the National Land Administrative Districts Directory, but it is not there. May be a typo of \"𡚴\".{{Sfn\\|Sasahara\\|2007\\|p\\=786}} | It is in the *[Jikyōshū](/wiki/Jiky%C5%8Dsh%C5%AB \"Jikyōshū\")* abridgment, but it may be miswritten.{{Sfn\\|Sasahara\\|2007\\|p\\=786}} |\n| 彁 | 55\\-27 | カ ka セイ sei | Source unknown. Possibly a typo of \"彊\" etc.{{Sfn\\|Sasahara\\|2007\\|p\\=840}} | None.{{Sfn\\|Sasahara\\|2007\\|p\\=840}} |\n| 挧 | 57\\-43 | ウ u トチ tochi | The site is cited in the National Land and Administrative Districts Directory, but it is not there. Possibly a variant or typo of \"栩\" etc.{{Sfn\\|Sasahara\\|2007\\|p\\=137}} | *[Zhonghua Zihai](/wiki/Zhonghua_Zihai \"Zhonghua Zihai\")* and others.{{Sfn\\|Sasahara\\|2007\\|p\\=138}} |\n| 暃 | 58\\-83 | ヒ hi | The site is cited in the National Land and Administrative Districts Directory, but it is not there. Possibly a typo of \"杲\" etc.{{Sfn\\|Sasahara\\|2007\\|p\\=130}} | It is found in the Japanese *Hokke Sandaibu Nanjiki*, but maybe a variant or a typo of \"罪\".{{Sfn\\|Sasahara\\|2007\\|p\\=130}} |\n| 椦 | 59\\-91 | ケン ken | The site is cited in the National Land and Administrative Districts Directory, but it is not there. Possibly a typo of \"橳\" etc. {{Sfn\\|Sasahara\\|2007\\|p\\=138}} | It is found in the *[Yiqiejing yinyi](/wiki/Yiqiejing_yinyi_%28Xuanying%29 \"Yiqiejing yinyi (Xuanying)\")*.{{Sfn\\|Sasahara\\|2007\\|p\\=140}} |\n| 槞 | 60\\-57 | ル ru ロウ rou | The site is cited in the National Land and Administrative Districts Directory, but it is not there. Possibly a typo of \"境\".{{Sfn\\|Sasahara\\|2007\\|p\\=797}} | {{Ill\\|宋元以來俗字譜\\|zh\\|\\|ja}} (\"Popular calligraphy since the Song and Yuan Dynasties\") published by the Institute of History and Linguistics, [Academia Sinica](/wiki/Academia_Sinica \"Academia Sinica\") of the Republic of China in 1930\\.{{Sfn\\|Sasahara\\|2007\\|p\\=798}} |\n| 蟐 | 74\\-12 | ジョウ jou モム momu | The *Basic Kanji for Administrative Information Processing* is used as the source (*Meiji Mutual Life Insurance Company Kanji Code Table*), but there are no examples. | It is found in the *[Shinsen Jikyō](/wiki/Shinsen_Jiky%C5%8D \"Shinsen Jikyō\")*.{{Sfn\\|Sasahara\\|2007\\|p\\=839}} |\n| 袮 | 74\\-57 | ネ ne ナイ nai | The site is cited in the National Land and Administrative Districts Directory, but it is not there. Possibly a typo of \"祢\".{{Sfn\\|Sasahara\\|2007\\|p\\=140}} | *[Shinsen Jikyō](/wiki/Shinsen_Jiky%C5%8D \"Shinsen Jikyō\")*, *[Ruiju Myōgishō](/wiki/Ruiju_My%C5%8Dgish%C5%8D \"Ruiju Myōgishō\")* and others.{{Sfn\\|Sasahara\\|2007\\|p\\=143}} |\n| 閠 | 79\\-64 | ギョク gyoku ニン nin | The site is cited in the National Land and Administrative Districts Directory, but it is not there. Possibly a miswriting of \"閏\".{{Sfn\\|Sasahara\\|2007\\|p\\=124}} | It's listed on *[Guangyun](/wiki/Guangyun \"Guangyun\")*, but it is probably a typo.{{Sfn\\|Sasahara\\|2007\\|p\\=125}} |\n| 駲 | 81\\-50 | シュウ shu ジュン jun | The source of the information is the *Nihon Seimei Jinmei Chart*,but the original source is not available.{{Sfn\\|Sasahara\\|2007\\|p\\=830}} | It is found in the *[Ruiju Myōgishō](/wiki/Ruiju_My%C5%8Dgish%C5%8D \"Ruiju Myōgishō\")*.{{Sfn\\|Sasahara\\|2007\\|p\\=831}} |", "### Possible typos", "Some of the characters of unknown authority are believed to have been miswritten by the standard's creator.", "* It is possible that \"壥\" was miswritten because \"㕓\", which is similar to \"壥\", is not included in the JIS Basic Kanji. \"㕓\" is also not included in [JIS X 0213](/wiki/JIS_X_0213 \"JIS X 0213\").\n* It is possible that \"妛\" was miswritten because \"𡚴\", which is similar to \"妛\", is not included in the JIS Basic Kanji. In the National Land Administrative Districts Index, the source for this document, there is a shadow\\-like print mark on the overlay that appears to have been created by cutting and pasting together parts of different characters when creating the block, and it is assumed that this was mistakenly transcribed as a horizontal stroke.{{Rp\\|pages\\=288, 289f, 292}}{{Cite book \\|author\\=笹原宏之 (Hiroyuki Sasahara)\\|title\\= \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Iwanami Shoten]] \\|year\\=2006 \\|isbn\\=4\\-00\\-430991\\-3 \\|series\\=\\[\\[Iwanami Shinsho]] \\|page\\=82 \\|language\\=ja \\|script\\-title\\=ja:日本の漢字 \\|trans\\-title\\=Japanese Kanji}}\n* It is possible that \"椦\" was miswritten because \"橳\", which is similar to \"椦\", is not included in the JIS Basic Kanji." ]
Character's remains ------------------- | \+National Standards | Unicode 1\.1 | [JIS X 0208](/wiki/JIS_X_0208 "JIS X 0208")(Japan) | [GB2312](/wiki/GB2312 "GB2312")(China) | [CNS 11643](/wiki/CNS_11643 "CNS 11643")(Taiwan) | [KS C 5601](/wiki/KS_C_5601 "KS C 5601")(South Korea) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 妛U\+599B | {{lang\|ja\|妛}}(562C) | {{lang\|zh\-tw\|妛}}(265A) | {{lang\|zh\-tw\|妛}}(2553\) | {{lang\|ko\|\-}} | | 閠U\+95A0 | {{lang\|ja\|閠}}(6F60\) | {{lang\|zh\-tw\|閠}}(4368\) | {{lang\|zh\-tw\|閠}}(457B) | {{lang\|ko\|\-}} | | 岾U\+5CBE | {{lang\|ja\|岾}}(5633\) | {{lang\|zh\-tw\|岾}}(7D5A) | {{lang\|zh\-tw\|\-}} | {{lang\|ko\|岾}}(6F40\) | Since Chinese characters (including Japanese [kanji](/wiki/Kanji "Kanji")) have been used in East Asian countries since ancient times and have been handed down mainly by handwriting, there have arisen characters with slightly different writing styles from country to country or within a single country, so\-called [variant Chinese characters](/wiki/Variant_Chinese_characters "Variant Chinese characters"). Unicode did not adopt all variations, and characters with only slight differences were inclusive and registered. On the other hand, combining simple parts of a Chinese characters to create another character has also been done in different countries and regions. As a result, the same Chinese characters may be invented in different countries by coincidence with different (sometimes identical) meanings. As mentioned above, it is presumed that the Japanese ghost character "妛" was originally just "𡚴", which is a combination of "山" and "女", but with an accidental "一" in between. On the other hand, there is a Chinese character in China "{{lang\|zh\-tw\|妛}}" which is a combination of "屮", "一", and "女" Which is also a variant of "媸". However, in Unicode, "妛", which did not originally exist in Japan, was encompassed because it happened to be similar to "{{lang\|zh\-tw\|妛}}". Moreover, the *Japanese* character "妛", which is a mistake, was registered as a Unicode character. Also, the Japanese ghost character "閠" (lower part is "玉") is thought to be a misspelling for "閏" (lower part is "王"). (A 16th\-century manuscript of the Japanese 15th\-century [Wagokuhen](/wiki/Wagokuhen "Wagokuhen") also has the character "閠", but it is a solitary example.) On the other hand, the Chinese character in China "閠" is a kind of variant of "閏", which is not a misspelling. {{Sfn\|Sasahara\|2007\|p\=124}} This was also unified in Unicode. Some believe that the Japanese ghost character "岾" is a [Kokuji](/wiki/Kokuji "Kokuji") (a uniquely Japanese kanji) meaning bald mountains, and was originally a misspelling of "岵". In Korea, however, this character was created as a Chinese character meaning [mountain pass](/wiki/Mountain_pass "Mountain pass").{{Sfn\|Sasahara\|2007\|p\=790}} This was also unified in Unicode.
[ "Character's remains\n-------------------", "", "| \\+National Standards | Unicode 1\\.1 | [JIS X 0208](/wiki/JIS_X_0208 \"JIS X 0208\")(Japan) | [GB2312](/wiki/GB2312 \"GB2312\")(China) | [CNS 11643](/wiki/CNS_11643 \"CNS 11643\")(Taiwan) | [KS C 5601](/wiki/KS_C_5601 \"KS C 5601\")(South Korea) |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 妛U\\+599B | {{lang\\|ja\\|妛}}(562C) | {{lang\\|zh\\-tw\\|妛}}(265A) | {{lang\\|zh\\-tw\\|妛}}(2553\\) | {{lang\\|ko\\|\\-}} |\n| 閠U\\+95A0 | {{lang\\|ja\\|閠}}(6F60\\) | {{lang\\|zh\\-tw\\|閠}}(4368\\) | {{lang\\|zh\\-tw\\|閠}}(457B) | {{lang\\|ko\\|\\-}} |\n| 岾U\\+5CBE | {{lang\\|ja\\|岾}}(5633\\) | {{lang\\|zh\\-tw\\|岾}}(7D5A) | {{lang\\|zh\\-tw\\|\\-}} | {{lang\\|ko\\|岾}}(6F40\\) |", "Since Chinese characters (including Japanese [kanji](/wiki/Kanji \"Kanji\")) have been used in East Asian countries since ancient times and have been handed down mainly by handwriting, there have arisen characters with slightly different writing styles from country to country or within a single country, so\\-called [variant Chinese characters](/wiki/Variant_Chinese_characters \"Variant Chinese characters\"). Unicode did not adopt all variations, and characters with only slight differences were inclusive and registered.", "On the other hand, combining simple parts of a Chinese characters to create another character has also been done in different countries and regions. As a result, the same Chinese characters may be invented in different countries by coincidence with different (sometimes identical) meanings.", "As mentioned above, it is presumed that the Japanese ghost character \"妛\" was originally just \"𡚴\", which is a combination of \"山\" and \"女\", but with an accidental \"一\" in between. On the other hand, there is a Chinese character in China \"{{lang\\|zh\\-tw\\|妛}}\" which is a combination of \"屮\", \"一\", and \"女\" Which is also a variant of \"媸\". However, in Unicode, \"妛\", which did not originally exist in Japan, was encompassed because it happened to be similar to \"{{lang\\|zh\\-tw\\|妛}}\". Moreover, the *Japanese* character \"妛\", which is a mistake, was registered as a Unicode character.", "Also, the Japanese ghost character \"閠\" (lower part is \"玉\") is thought to be a misspelling for \"閏\" (lower part is \"王\"). (A 16th\\-century manuscript of the Japanese 15th\\-century [Wagokuhen](/wiki/Wagokuhen \"Wagokuhen\") also has the character \"閠\", but it is a solitary example.) On the other hand, the Chinese character in China \"閠\" is a kind of variant of \"閏\", which is not a misspelling. {{Sfn\\|Sasahara\\|2007\\|p\\=124}} This was also unified in Unicode.", "Some believe that the Japanese ghost character \"岾\" is a [Kokuji](/wiki/Kokuji \"Kokuji\") (a uniquely Japanese kanji) meaning bald mountains, and was originally a misspelling of \"岵\". In Korea, however, this character was created as a Chinese character meaning [mountain pass](/wiki/Mountain_pass \"Mountain pass\").{{Sfn\\|Sasahara\\|2007\\|p\\=790}} This was also unified in Unicode.", "" ]
Club career ----------- ### Early career Mihajlović started playing organized football with his hometown team [NK Borovo](/wiki/NK_Borovo "NK Borovo"). He quickly marked himself out as a talented youngster, making the [SR Croatia](/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Croatia "Socialist Republic of Croatia") select squad for the Yugoslav inter\-republic youth football tournaments. In 1986, he was attached to NK Borovo's first team. Playing in the SR Croatia provincial league (third tier competition on the Yugoslav club football pyramid), his first team debut took place on 25 May 1986 against Šparta in [Beli Manastir](/wiki/Beli_Manastir "Beli Manastir"). The match ended 1–1 with Mihajlović scoring a goal. The 17\-year\-old also got his first taste of professionalism with his first monthly salary being [CHF](/wiki/Swiss_franc "Swiss franc")500\.[Štimac, pobijedit ću te usred Maksimira!](http://globus.jutarnji.hr/zivot/stimac--pobijedit-cu-te-usred-maksimira-) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722181532/http://globus.jutarnji.hr/zivot/stimac\-\-pobijedit\-cu\-te\-usred\-maksimira\- \|date\=22 July 2012 }};*Globus*, July 2012 In late 1986, [Red Star Belgrade](/wiki/Red_Star_Belgrade "Red Star Belgrade") representatives led by scout [Kule Aćimović](/wiki/Jovan_A%C4%87imovi%C4%87 "Jovan Aćimović") came to watch the seventeen\-year\-old in a friendly Borovo played against [FK Rad](/wiki/FK_Rad "FK Rad"), but decided not to sign him.[Veče sa Ivanom Ivanovićem](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KsB8SvXigTI), Prva TV, December 2011 Then in late spring 1987, with [NK Rijeka](/wiki/NK_Rijeka "NK Rijeka") and [Dinamo Vinkovci](/wiki/NK_Dinamo_Vinkovci "NK Dinamo Vinkovci") both seeking to sign Mihajlović, [Dinamo Zagreb](/wiki/NK_Dinamo_Zagreb "NK Dinamo Zagreb")—led by club president Ivo Vrhovec and head coach [Ćiro Blažević](/wiki/%C4%86iro_Bla%C5%BEevi%C4%87 "Ćiro Blažević")—also expressed an interest; their youth players [Zvonimir Boban](/wiki/Zvonimir_Boban "Zvonimir Boban") and [Robert Prosinečki](/wiki/Robert_Prosine%C4%8Dki "Robert Prosinečki") had been playing with Mihajlović on the SR Croatia select youth team at inter\-republic and provincial youth tournaments and recommended him to the team. After seeing Mihajlović in a training session, Blažević took him with the rest of the first team to [Sassari](/wiki/Sassari "Sassari") for an impromptu getaway between two league matches towards the end of the [season](/wiki/1986%E2%80%9387_Yugoslav_First_League "1986–87 Yugoslav First League"), and gave him a substitute appearance in Dinamo shirt in a friendly against local club [Torres Sassari](/wiki/Sassari_Torres "Sassari Torres"). In September 1987, Mihajlović was invited to join Dinamo's youth squad for a friendly tournament in [Salem](/wiki/Salem%2C_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg "Salem, Baden-Württemberg"), [West Germany](/wiki/West_Germany "West Germany") where he performed well.{{cite news\|last\=Židak \|first\=Tomislav \|url\=http://www.jutarnji.hr/ovo\-je\-slika\-koju\-jos\-nikad\-niste\-vidjeli\-\-sinisa\-mihajlovic\-u\-dresu\-dinama\-/1052377 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120908031838/http://www.jutarnji.hr/ovo\-je\-slika\-koju\-jos\-nikad\-niste\-vidjeli\-\-sinisa\-mihajlovic\-u\-dresu\-dinama\-/1052377/ \|archive\-date\=8 September 2012 \|url\-status\=dead \|title\=Ovo je slika koju još nikad niste vidjeli: Siniša Mihajlović u dresu Dinama! \|agency\=\[\[Jutarnji list]] \|date\=6 September 2012 \|access\-date\=17 December 2022}} However, no deal was agreed again as the club's head coach Ćiro Blažević felt that Dinamo already had players for the central midfield position that were "just as good if not better", such as incoming [Haris Škoro](/wiki/Haris_%C5%A0koro "Haris Škoro") as well as club mainstay [Marko Mlinarić](/wiki/Marko_Mlinari%C4%87 "Marko Mlinarić") and returnee [Stjepan Deverić](/wiki/Stjepan_Deveri%C4%87 "Stjepan Deverić"). With Dinamo only prepared to offer a [stipend](/wiki/Stipend "Stipend")\-based agreement rather than a professional contract, Mihajlović decided to continue with NK Borovo. The decision not to take Dinamo's offer cost Mihajlović a place in the [Yugoslavia under\-20](/wiki/Yugoslavia_national_under-20_football_team "Yugoslavia national under-20 football team"); head coach [Mirko Jozić](/wiki/Mirko_Jozi%C4%87 "Mirko Jozić") had told him that he would not be called up for the upcoming [FIFA World Youth Championship](/wiki/1987_FIFA_World_Youth_Championship "1987 FIFA World Youth Championship") in Chile unless he signed with the Zagreb club.{{cite news\|last\=Orlić \|first\=Alen \|url\=http://www.jutarnji.hr/mihajlovic\-\-\-ciro\-me\-potjerao\-iz\-dinama\-zbog\-frizure\-\-a\-bilica\-sam\-molio\-da\-me\-dovede\-u\-hajduk\-/1024100/ \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120427015004/http://www.jutarnji.hr/mihajlovic\-\-\-ciro\-me\-potjerao\-iz\-dinama\-zbog\-frizure\-\-a\-bilica\-sam\-molio\-da\-me\-dovede\-u\-hajduk\-/1024100/ \|archive\-date\=27 April 2012 \|url\-status\=dead \|title\=Mihajlović: 'Ćiro me potjerao iz Dinama zbog frizure, a Bilića sam molio da me dovede u Hajduk' \|agency\=\[\[Jutarnji list]] \|date\=25 April 2012 \|access\-date\=17 December 2022}} ### Vojvodina Mihajlović signed for [FK Vojvodina](/wiki/FK_Vojvodina "FK Vojvodina") in 1988, as part of a group of players acquired by the club, which included defensive midfielder [Slaviša Jokanović](/wiki/Slavi%C5%A1a_Jokanovi%C4%87 "Slaviša Jokanović"), and defenders [Budimir Vujačić](/wiki/Budimir_Vuja%C4%8Di%C4%87 "Budimir Vujačić") and [Miroslav Tanjga](/wiki/Miroslav_Tanjga "Miroslav Tanjga").{{cite news\|last\=Vujičić \|first\=Milutin \|url\=https://mondo.rs/Sport/Fudbal/a1725598/Milorad\-Kosanovic\-o\-Sinisi\-Mihajlovicu\-za\-MONDO.html \|title\=Znam, zlato, zašto me zoveš... Kosanović se za MONDO oprostio od Mihe: Najbolje potrošeni milion u istoriji Zvezde! \|agency\=Mondo.rs \|date\=16 December 2022 \|access\-date\=17 December 2022}} The club won the Yugoslav league title, with Mihajlović scoring four goals in 31 appearances. The following 1989–90 season saw Vojvodina compete in the [European Cup](/wiki/1989%E2%80%9390_European_Cup "1989–90 European Cup") for only the second time in their history, but lost in the first round to Hungarian champions [Honvéd](/wiki/Budapest_Honv%C3%A9d_FC "Budapest Honvéd FC").[Vojvodina\-Honved 2:1](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q9dXaA9KWNw);European Cup, 27 September 1989 ### Red Star Belgrade Mihajlović joined Red Star Belgrade on 10 December 1990 in a high\-profile transfer with a transfer fee of [DM](/wiki/Deutsche_Mark "Deutsche Mark")1 million paid out to Vojvodina. Arriving at a club coached by his old Vojvodina mentor Ljupko Petrović, Mihajlović was brought in to establish a robust presence on the left side of midfield as well as to score set\-piece goals. In the European Cup [semi\-final](/wiki/1990%E2%80%9391_European_Cup "1990–91 European Cup") return leg versus [Bayern Munich](/wiki/Bayern_Munich "Bayern Munich"), Mihajlović scored both Red Star goals—a free\-kick opener and the injury time winner with a shot that deflected off [Klaus Augenthaler](/wiki/Klaus_Augenthaler "Klaus Augenthaler"). In the [final](/wiki/1991_European_Cup_Final "1991 European Cup Final"), Red Star defeated [Olympique de Marseille](/wiki/Olympique_de_Marseille "Olympique de Marseille") on penalties, after a 0–0 draw at full time, with Mihajlović being one of the shootout scorers. Mihajlović was also in the team later that year when [Red Star Belgrade](/wiki/Red_Star_Belgrade "Red Star Belgrade") won the [Intercontinental Cup](/wiki/Intercontinental_Cup_%28football%29 "Intercontinental Cup (football)"), defeating [Colo\-Colo](/wiki/Colo-Colo "Colo-Colo") 3–0\. He was then included by [Yugoslavia national football team](/wiki/Yugoslavia_national_football_team "Yugoslavia national football team") to [UEFA Euro 1992](/wiki/UEFA_Euro_1992 "UEFA Euro 1992"),{{cite web\|url\=http://hemeroteca.mundodeportivo.com/preview/1992/05/27/pagina\-27/1245648/pdf.html\|website\=\[\[Mundo Deportivo]]\|title\=Pancev también renuncia a la Eurocopa\|language\=es\|date\=25 May 1992\|access\-date\=5 June 2019}} but the nation was disqualified from the competition by [United Nations sanctions](/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_757 "United Nations Security Council Resolution 757") due to the [Yugoslav Wars](/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars "Yugoslav Wars"). ### Roma In the summer of 1992, amid interest from Juventus, Mihajlović signed for [Roma](/wiki/AS_Roma "AS Roma") for a reported [ITL](/wiki/Italian_lira "Italian lira")8\.5 billion (\~US$5\.9 million) transfer fee,Calciatori ‒ La raccolta completa Panini 1961\-2012, Vol. 9 (1992\-1993\), Panini, 2 luglio 2012, p. 10 at the request of head coach [Vujadin Boškov](/wiki/Vujadin_Bo%C5%A1kov "Vujadin Boškov"), also a new arrival to [Olimpico](/wiki/Stadio_Olimpico "Stadio Olimpico"). The club were looking to improve on their previous season's 5th place league finish. Mihajlović secured a regular first team spot in the left midfield, and the team finished 10th in the league. Mihajlović also played a significant part in Roma's [UEFA Cup campaign](/wiki/1992%E2%80%9393_UEFA_Cup "1992–93 UEFA Cup") where they reached the [quarterfinals](/wiki/1992%E2%80%9393_UEFA_Cup%23Quarter-finals "1992–93 UEFA Cup#Quarter-finals")—losing to [Borussia Dortmund](/wiki/Borussia_Dortmund "Borussia Dortmund") in a tie that saw the Serb score a trademark free\-kick for a 1–0 first leg lead, before being beaten 2–0 in the return. Due to a long\-term injury to Roma's [left back](/wiki/Left_back "Left back") [Amedeo Carboni](/wiki/Amedeo_Carboni "Amedeo Carboni") midway through the season, coach Boškov moved Mihajlović to the left back position. The 1993–94 season started with new head coach [Carlo Mazzone](/wiki/Carlo_Mazzone "Carlo Mazzone") in charge after Boškov was sacked. In addition to the four foreigners already at the club, the club brought in Argentine [Abel Balbo](/wiki/Abel_Balbo "Abel Balbo") thus increasing competition for three foreign spots. Mihajlović continued as a left back under the new manager. In the [1993–94 season](/wiki/1993%E2%80%9394_AS_Roma_season "1993–94 AS Roma season"), the club finished 7th, and out of Europe for the second season running. Years later, talking about his playing days, Mihajlović referred to his stay in Roma as "the two worst seasons of my entire career". ### Sampdoria In 1994, Mihajlović joined [Sampdoria](/wiki/UC_Sampdoria "UC Sampdoria"), who were the third\-placed club in [previous season](/wiki/1993%E2%80%9394_Serie_A "1993–94 Serie A")'s Serie A standings and the Coppa Italia winners, coached by [Sven\-Göran Eriksson](/wiki/Sven-G%C3%B6ran_Eriksson "Sven-Göran Eriksson"). Also arriving the same summer were Inter stalwarts [Walter Zenga](/wiki/Walter_Zenga "Walter Zenga") and [Riccardo Ferri](/wiki/Riccardo_Ferri "Riccardo Ferri") as part of the deal that took goalkeeper [Gianluca Pagliuca](/wiki/Gianluca_Pagliuca "Gianluca Pagliuca") the other way. In his four seasons at Sampdoria, Mihajlović saw limited success in the Serie A. In the European competitions, however, he helped Sampdoria reach the [1994–95 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup](/wiki/1994%E2%80%9395_UEFA_Cup_Winners%27_Cup "1994–95 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup") [semifinal](/wiki/1994%E2%80%9395_UEFA_Cup_Winners%27_Cup%23Semi-finals "1994–95 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup#Semi-finals"), where they were defeated by [Arsenal](/wiki/Arsenal_F.C. "Arsenal F.C.") on penalties. In June 1998, Mihajlović represented FR Yugoslavia at the [1998 FIFA World Cup](/wiki/1998_FIFA_World_Cup "1998 FIFA World Cup"), playing all Yugoslav matches in the tournament. He scored a goal against [Iran](/wiki/Iran_national_football_team "Iran national football team"), and conceded an [own goal](/wiki/Own_goal "Own goal") against [Germany](/wiki/Germany_national_football_team "Germany national football team"). This made Mihajlović one of five players to score both a goal and an own goal in the World Cup; the other ones being [Ernie Brandts](/wiki/Ernie_Brandts "Ernie Brandts"), [Ruud Krol](/wiki/Ruud_Krol "Ruud Krol"), [Gustavo Peña](/wiki/Gustavo_Pe%C3%B1a "Gustavo Peña") and [Mario Mandžukić](/wiki/Mario_Mand%C5%BEuki%C4%87 "Mario Mandžukić").{{citation needed\|date\=May 2023}} ### Lazio In the summer of 1998, Mihajlović was brought to [Lazio](/wiki/SS_Lazio "SS Lazio") by head coach Sven\-Göran Eriksson and club president [Sergio Cragnotti](/wiki/Sergio_Cragnotti "Sergio Cragnotti") for [£](/wiki/British_pound "British pound")8\.5 million.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=dOSWgzSB4xk \|archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/dOSWgzSB4xk\| archive\-date\=12 December 2021 \|url\-status\=live\|title\=Interview with Sinisa Mihajlovic \- top free kick scorer\|last\=Mirko Rados\|date\=25 May 2008\|publisher\=YouTube\|access\-date\=7 July 2017}}{{cbignore}} He won his first trophy in Italy as Lazio beat [Juventus](/wiki/Juventus_FC "Juventus FC") in the [Supercoppa Italiana](/wiki/1998_Supercoppa_Italiana "1998 Supercoppa Italiana") during late August 1998\. The club [finished 7th](/wiki/1997%E2%80%9398_Serie_A "1997–98 Serie A") in Serie A. Strengthening the squad for a serious run at the Serie A title, in addition to Mihajlović, the summer 1998 transfer window also saw Cragnotti bring in [Dejan Stanković](/wiki/Dejan_Stankovi%C4%87 "Dejan Stanković") from [Red Star Belgrade](/wiki/Red_Star_Belgrade "Red Star Belgrade"), established goalscorer [Marcelo Salas](/wiki/Marcelo_Salas "Marcelo Salas") from [River Plate](/wiki/Club_Atl%C3%A9tico_River_Plate "Club Atlético River Plate"), and finally striker [Christian Vieri](/wiki/Christian_Vieri "Christian Vieri") from [Atlético Madrid](/wiki/Atl%C3%A9tico_Madrid "Atlético Madrid"). With Lazio, Mihajlović reached the final of the 1999 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, winning the last edition of that competition with a 2–1 victory against [RCD Mallorca](/wiki/RCD_Mallorca "RCD Mallorca"). Lazio also won the 1999 [UEFA Super Cup](/wiki/UEFA_Super_Cup "UEFA Super Cup"). Mihajlović played 26 times and scored seven goals during the [1999–2000 Serie A](/wiki/1999%E2%80%932000_Serie_A "1999–2000 Serie A") season as Lazio won their second *Scudetto*. Mihajlović completed the double by helping Lazio win the 2000 [Coppa Italia](/wiki/Coppa_Italia "Coppa Italia"). Mihajlović represented Yugoslavia internationally again, at the [Euro 2000](/wiki/2000_UEFA_European_Football_Championship "2000 UEFA European Football Championship") tournament. In the first Yugoslav game of the tournament, he was sent off against [Slovenia](/wiki/Slovenia_national_football_team "Slovenia national football team"). He served a one\-game suspension before playing the last two games of the tournament. Mihajlović won his last trophy with Lazio in 2004, beating Juventus in the Coppa Italia final. ### Inter Milan In 2004, Mihajlović was released from Lazio and joined his friend and former teammate [Roberto Mancini](/wiki/Roberto_Mancini "Roberto Mancini") at [Inter Milan](/wiki/Inter_Milan "Inter Milan") on a free transfer, signing a one\-year deal.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.inter.it/it/news/23398\|title\=MERCATO: MIHAJLOVIC È DELL'INTER\|date\=30 July 2004\|access\-date\=5 June 2015\|publisher\=FC Internazionale Milano\|language\=it\|archive\-date\=6 April 2018\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180406041514/https://www.inter.it/it/news/23398\|url\-status\=dead}} On 16 June 2005 Mihajlović signed a one\-year extension.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.inter.it/it/news/28125\|title\=MIHAJLOVIC: CON L'INTER FINO AL 2006\|date\=16 June 2006\|access\-date\=5 June 2015\|publisher\=FC Internazionale Milano\|language\=it\|archive\-date\=6 April 2018\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180406040307/https://www.inter.it/it/news/28125\|url\-status\=dead}} On 9 April 2006, in a league away game versus [Ascoli](/wiki/Ascoli_Calcio_1898 "Ascoli Calcio 1898"), he scored his 27th career [free\-kick](/wiki/Direct_free_kick "Direct free kick") goal in the [Serie A](/wiki/Serie_A "Serie A") championship. He retired after the 2005–06 season. During his time with Inter, he made 43 appearances and scored 6 goals, all from [direct free kicks](/wiki/Direct_free_kick "Direct free kick").
[ "Club career\n-----------", "### Early career", "Mihajlović started playing organized football with his hometown team [NK Borovo](/wiki/NK_Borovo \"NK Borovo\"). He quickly marked himself out as a talented youngster, making the [SR Croatia](/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Croatia \"Socialist Republic of Croatia\") select squad for the Yugoslav inter\\-republic youth football tournaments.", "In 1986, he was attached to NK Borovo's first team. Playing in the SR Croatia provincial league (third tier competition on the Yugoslav club football pyramid), his first team debut took place on 25 May 1986 against Šparta in [Beli Manastir](/wiki/Beli_Manastir \"Beli Manastir\"). The match ended 1–1 with Mihajlović scoring a goal. The 17\\-year\\-old also got his first taste of professionalism with his first monthly salary being [CHF](/wiki/Swiss_franc \"Swiss franc\")500\\.[Štimac, pobijedit ću te usred Maksimira!](http://globus.jutarnji.hr/zivot/stimac--pobijedit-cu-te-usred-maksimira-) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722181532/http://globus.jutarnji.hr/zivot/stimac\\-\\-pobijedit\\-cu\\-te\\-usred\\-maksimira\\- \\|date\\=22 July 2012 }};*Globus*, July 2012", "In late 1986, [Red Star Belgrade](/wiki/Red_Star_Belgrade \"Red Star Belgrade\") representatives led by scout [Kule Aćimović](/wiki/Jovan_A%C4%87imovi%C4%87 \"Jovan Aćimović\") came to watch the seventeen\\-year\\-old in a friendly Borovo played against [FK Rad](/wiki/FK_Rad \"FK Rad\"), but decided not to sign him.[Veče sa Ivanom Ivanovićem](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KsB8SvXigTI), Prva TV, December 2011", "Then in late spring 1987, with [NK Rijeka](/wiki/NK_Rijeka \"NK Rijeka\") and [Dinamo Vinkovci](/wiki/NK_Dinamo_Vinkovci \"NK Dinamo Vinkovci\") both seeking to sign Mihajlović, [Dinamo Zagreb](/wiki/NK_Dinamo_Zagreb \"NK Dinamo Zagreb\")—led by club president Ivo Vrhovec and head coach [Ćiro Blažević](/wiki/%C4%86iro_Bla%C5%BEevi%C4%87 \"Ćiro Blažević\")—also expressed an interest; their youth players [Zvonimir Boban](/wiki/Zvonimir_Boban \"Zvonimir Boban\") and [Robert Prosinečki](/wiki/Robert_Prosine%C4%8Dki \"Robert Prosinečki\") had been playing with Mihajlović on the SR Croatia select youth team at inter\\-republic and provincial youth tournaments and recommended him to the team. After seeing Mihajlović in a training session, Blažević took him with the rest of the first team to [Sassari](/wiki/Sassari \"Sassari\") for an impromptu getaway between two league matches towards the end of the [season](/wiki/1986%E2%80%9387_Yugoslav_First_League \"1986–87 Yugoslav First League\"), and gave him a substitute appearance in Dinamo shirt in a friendly against local club [Torres Sassari](/wiki/Sassari_Torres \"Sassari Torres\").", "In September 1987, Mihajlović was invited to join Dinamo's youth squad for a friendly tournament in [Salem](/wiki/Salem%2C_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg \"Salem, Baden-Württemberg\"), [West Germany](/wiki/West_Germany \"West Germany\") where he performed well.{{cite news\\|last\\=Židak \\|first\\=Tomislav \\|url\\=http://www.jutarnji.hr/ovo\\-je\\-slika\\-koju\\-jos\\-nikad\\-niste\\-vidjeli\\-\\-sinisa\\-mihajlovic\\-u\\-dresu\\-dinama\\-/1052377 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120908031838/http://www.jutarnji.hr/ovo\\-je\\-slika\\-koju\\-jos\\-nikad\\-niste\\-vidjeli\\-\\-sinisa\\-mihajlovic\\-u\\-dresu\\-dinama\\-/1052377/ \\|archive\\-date\\=8 September 2012 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|title\\=Ovo je slika koju još nikad niste vidjeli: Siniša Mihajlović u dresu Dinama! \\|agency\\=\\[\\[Jutarnji list]] \\|date\\=6 September 2012 \\|access\\-date\\=17 December 2022}} However, no deal was agreed again as the club's head coach Ćiro Blažević felt that Dinamo already had players for the central midfield position that were \"just as good if not better\", such as incoming [Haris Škoro](/wiki/Haris_%C5%A0koro \"Haris Škoro\") as well as club mainstay [Marko Mlinarić](/wiki/Marko_Mlinari%C4%87 \"Marko Mlinarić\") and returnee [Stjepan Deverić](/wiki/Stjepan_Deveri%C4%87 \"Stjepan Deverić\"). With Dinamo only prepared to offer a [stipend](/wiki/Stipend \"Stipend\")\\-based agreement rather than a professional contract, Mihajlović decided to continue with NK Borovo.", "The decision not to take Dinamo's offer cost Mihajlović a place in the [Yugoslavia under\\-20](/wiki/Yugoslavia_national_under-20_football_team \"Yugoslavia national under-20 football team\"); head coach [Mirko Jozić](/wiki/Mirko_Jozi%C4%87 \"Mirko Jozić\") had told him that he would not be called up for the upcoming [FIFA World Youth Championship](/wiki/1987_FIFA_World_Youth_Championship \"1987 FIFA World Youth Championship\") in Chile unless he signed with the Zagreb club.{{cite news\\|last\\=Orlić \\|first\\=Alen \\|url\\=http://www.jutarnji.hr/mihajlovic\\-\\-\\-ciro\\-me\\-potjerao\\-iz\\-dinama\\-zbog\\-frizure\\-\\-a\\-bilica\\-sam\\-molio\\-da\\-me\\-dovede\\-u\\-hajduk\\-/1024100/ \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120427015004/http://www.jutarnji.hr/mihajlovic\\-\\-\\-ciro\\-me\\-potjerao\\-iz\\-dinama\\-zbog\\-frizure\\-\\-a\\-bilica\\-sam\\-molio\\-da\\-me\\-dovede\\-u\\-hajduk\\-/1024100/ \\|archive\\-date\\=27 April 2012 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|title\\=Mihajlović: 'Ćiro me potjerao iz Dinama zbog frizure, a Bilića sam molio da me dovede u Hajduk' \\|agency\\=\\[\\[Jutarnji list]] \\|date\\=25 April 2012 \\|access\\-date\\=17 December 2022}}", "### Vojvodina", "Mihajlović signed for [FK Vojvodina](/wiki/FK_Vojvodina \"FK Vojvodina\") in 1988, as part of a group of players acquired by the club, which included defensive midfielder [Slaviša Jokanović](/wiki/Slavi%C5%A1a_Jokanovi%C4%87 \"Slaviša Jokanović\"), and defenders [Budimir Vujačić](/wiki/Budimir_Vuja%C4%8Di%C4%87 \"Budimir Vujačić\") and [Miroslav Tanjga](/wiki/Miroslav_Tanjga \"Miroslav Tanjga\").{{cite news\\|last\\=Vujičić \\|first\\=Milutin \\|url\\=https://mondo.rs/Sport/Fudbal/a1725598/Milorad\\-Kosanovic\\-o\\-Sinisi\\-Mihajlovicu\\-za\\-MONDO.html \\|title\\=Znam, zlato, zašto me zoveš... Kosanović se za MONDO oprostio od Mihe: Najbolje potrošeni milion u istoriji Zvezde! \\|agency\\=Mondo.rs \\|date\\=16 December 2022 \\|access\\-date\\=17 December 2022}} The club won the Yugoslav league title, with Mihajlović scoring four goals in 31 appearances. The following 1989–90 season saw Vojvodina compete in the [European Cup](/wiki/1989%E2%80%9390_European_Cup \"1989–90 European Cup\") for only the second time in their history, but lost in the first round to Hungarian champions [Honvéd](/wiki/Budapest_Honv%C3%A9d_FC \"Budapest Honvéd FC\").[Vojvodina\\-Honved 2:1](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q9dXaA9KWNw);European Cup, 27 September 1989", "### Red Star Belgrade", "Mihajlović joined Red Star Belgrade on 10 December 1990 in a high\\-profile transfer with a transfer fee of [DM](/wiki/Deutsche_Mark \"Deutsche Mark\")1 million paid out to Vojvodina. Arriving at a club coached by his old Vojvodina mentor Ljupko Petrović, Mihajlović was brought in to establish a robust presence on the left side of midfield as well as to score set\\-piece goals. In the European Cup [semi\\-final](/wiki/1990%E2%80%9391_European_Cup \"1990–91 European Cup\") return leg versus [Bayern Munich](/wiki/Bayern_Munich \"Bayern Munich\"), Mihajlović scored both Red Star goals—a free\\-kick opener and the injury time winner with a shot that deflected off [Klaus Augenthaler](/wiki/Klaus_Augenthaler \"Klaus Augenthaler\"). In the [final](/wiki/1991_European_Cup_Final \"1991 European Cup Final\"), Red Star defeated [Olympique de Marseille](/wiki/Olympique_de_Marseille \"Olympique de Marseille\") on penalties, after a 0–0 draw at full time, with Mihajlović being one of the shootout scorers.", "Mihajlović was also in the team later that year when [Red Star Belgrade](/wiki/Red_Star_Belgrade \"Red Star Belgrade\") won the [Intercontinental Cup](/wiki/Intercontinental_Cup_%28football%29 \"Intercontinental Cup (football)\"), defeating [Colo\\-Colo](/wiki/Colo-Colo \"Colo-Colo\") 3–0\\. He was then included by [Yugoslavia national football team](/wiki/Yugoslavia_national_football_team \"Yugoslavia national football team\") to [UEFA Euro 1992](/wiki/UEFA_Euro_1992 \"UEFA Euro 1992\"),{{cite web\\|url\\=http://hemeroteca.mundodeportivo.com/preview/1992/05/27/pagina\\-27/1245648/pdf.html\\|website\\=\\[\\[Mundo Deportivo]]\\|title\\=Pancev también renuncia a la Eurocopa\\|language\\=es\\|date\\=25 May 1992\\|access\\-date\\=5 June 2019}} but the nation was disqualified from the competition by [United Nations sanctions](/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_757 \"United Nations Security Council Resolution 757\") due to the [Yugoslav Wars](/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars \"Yugoslav Wars\").", "### Roma", "In the summer of 1992, amid interest from Juventus, Mihajlović signed for [Roma](/wiki/AS_Roma \"AS Roma\") for a reported [ITL](/wiki/Italian_lira \"Italian lira\")8\\.5 billion (\\~US$5\\.9 million) transfer fee,Calciatori ‒ La raccolta completa Panini 1961\\-2012, Vol. 9 (1992\\-1993\\), Panini, 2 luglio 2012, p. 10 at the request of head coach [Vujadin Boškov](/wiki/Vujadin_Bo%C5%A1kov \"Vujadin Boškov\"), also a new arrival to [Olimpico](/wiki/Stadio_Olimpico \"Stadio Olimpico\"). The club were looking to improve on their previous season's 5th place league finish.", "Mihajlović secured a regular first team spot in the left midfield, and the team finished 10th in the league. Mihajlović also played a significant part in Roma's [UEFA Cup campaign](/wiki/1992%E2%80%9393_UEFA_Cup \"1992–93 UEFA Cup\") where they reached the [quarterfinals](/wiki/1992%E2%80%9393_UEFA_Cup%23Quarter-finals \"1992–93 UEFA Cup#Quarter-finals\")—losing to [Borussia Dortmund](/wiki/Borussia_Dortmund \"Borussia Dortmund\") in a tie that saw the Serb score a trademark free\\-kick for a 1–0 first leg lead, before being beaten 2–0 in the return. Due to a long\\-term injury to Roma's [left back](/wiki/Left_back \"Left back\") [Amedeo Carboni](/wiki/Amedeo_Carboni \"Amedeo Carboni\") midway through the season, coach Boškov moved Mihajlović to the left back position.", "The 1993–94 season started with new head coach [Carlo Mazzone](/wiki/Carlo_Mazzone \"Carlo Mazzone\") in charge after Boškov was sacked. In addition to the four foreigners already at the club, the club brought in Argentine [Abel Balbo](/wiki/Abel_Balbo \"Abel Balbo\") thus increasing competition for three foreign spots. Mihajlović continued as a left back under the new manager. In the [1993–94 season](/wiki/1993%E2%80%9394_AS_Roma_season \"1993–94 AS Roma season\"), the club finished 7th, and out of Europe for the second season running.", "Years later, talking about his playing days, Mihajlović referred to his stay in Roma as \"the two worst seasons of my entire career\".", "### Sampdoria", "In 1994, Mihajlović joined [Sampdoria](/wiki/UC_Sampdoria \"UC Sampdoria\"), who were the third\\-placed club in [previous season](/wiki/1993%E2%80%9394_Serie_A \"1993–94 Serie A\")'s Serie A standings and the Coppa Italia winners, coached by [Sven\\-Göran Eriksson](/wiki/Sven-G%C3%B6ran_Eriksson \"Sven-Göran Eriksson\"). Also arriving the same summer were Inter stalwarts [Walter Zenga](/wiki/Walter_Zenga \"Walter Zenga\") and [Riccardo Ferri](/wiki/Riccardo_Ferri \"Riccardo Ferri\") as part of the deal that took goalkeeper [Gianluca Pagliuca](/wiki/Gianluca_Pagliuca \"Gianluca Pagliuca\") the other way.", "In his four seasons at Sampdoria, Mihajlović saw limited success in the Serie A. In the European competitions, however, he helped Sampdoria reach the [1994–95 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup](/wiki/1994%E2%80%9395_UEFA_Cup_Winners%27_Cup \"1994–95 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup\") [semifinal](/wiki/1994%E2%80%9395_UEFA_Cup_Winners%27_Cup%23Semi-finals \"1994–95 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup#Semi-finals\"), where they were defeated by [Arsenal](/wiki/Arsenal_F.C. \"Arsenal F.C.\") on penalties.", "In June 1998, Mihajlović represented FR Yugoslavia at the [1998 FIFA World Cup](/wiki/1998_FIFA_World_Cup \"1998 FIFA World Cup\"), playing all Yugoslav matches in the tournament. He scored a goal against [Iran](/wiki/Iran_national_football_team \"Iran national football team\"), and conceded an [own goal](/wiki/Own_goal \"Own goal\") against [Germany](/wiki/Germany_national_football_team \"Germany national football team\"). This made Mihajlović one of five players to score both a goal and an own goal in the World Cup; the other ones being [Ernie Brandts](/wiki/Ernie_Brandts \"Ernie Brandts\"), [Ruud Krol](/wiki/Ruud_Krol \"Ruud Krol\"), [Gustavo Peña](/wiki/Gustavo_Pe%C3%B1a \"Gustavo Peña\") and [Mario Mandžukić](/wiki/Mario_Mand%C5%BEuki%C4%87 \"Mario Mandžukić\").{{citation needed\\|date\\=May 2023}}", "### Lazio", "In the summer of 1998, Mihajlović was brought to [Lazio](/wiki/SS_Lazio \"SS Lazio\") by head coach Sven\\-Göran Eriksson and club president [Sergio Cragnotti](/wiki/Sergio_Cragnotti \"Sergio Cragnotti\") for [£](/wiki/British_pound \"British pound\")8\\.5 million.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=dOSWgzSB4xk \\|archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/dOSWgzSB4xk\\| archive\\-date\\=12 December 2021 \\|url\\-status\\=live\\|title\\=Interview with Sinisa Mihajlovic \\- top free kick scorer\\|last\\=Mirko Rados\\|date\\=25 May 2008\\|publisher\\=YouTube\\|access\\-date\\=7 July 2017}}{{cbignore}} He won his first trophy in Italy as Lazio beat [Juventus](/wiki/Juventus_FC \"Juventus FC\") in the [Supercoppa Italiana](/wiki/1998_Supercoppa_Italiana \"1998 Supercoppa Italiana\") during late August 1998\\. The club [finished 7th](/wiki/1997%E2%80%9398_Serie_A \"1997–98 Serie A\") in Serie A.", "Strengthening the squad for a serious run at the Serie A title, in addition to Mihajlović, the summer 1998 transfer window also saw Cragnotti bring in [Dejan Stanković](/wiki/Dejan_Stankovi%C4%87 \"Dejan Stanković\") from [Red Star Belgrade](/wiki/Red_Star_Belgrade \"Red Star Belgrade\"), established goalscorer [Marcelo Salas](/wiki/Marcelo_Salas \"Marcelo Salas\") from [River Plate](/wiki/Club_Atl%C3%A9tico_River_Plate \"Club Atlético River Plate\"), and finally striker [Christian Vieri](/wiki/Christian_Vieri \"Christian Vieri\") from [Atlético Madrid](/wiki/Atl%C3%A9tico_Madrid \"Atlético Madrid\").", "With Lazio, Mihajlović reached the final of the 1999 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, winning the last edition of that competition with a 2–1 victory against [RCD Mallorca](/wiki/RCD_Mallorca \"RCD Mallorca\"). Lazio also won the 1999 [UEFA Super Cup](/wiki/UEFA_Super_Cup \"UEFA Super Cup\"). Mihajlović played 26 times and scored seven goals during the [1999–2000 Serie A](/wiki/1999%E2%80%932000_Serie_A \"1999–2000 Serie A\") season as Lazio won their second *Scudetto*. Mihajlović completed the double by helping Lazio win the 2000 [Coppa Italia](/wiki/Coppa_Italia \"Coppa Italia\").", "Mihajlović represented Yugoslavia internationally again, at the [Euro 2000](/wiki/2000_UEFA_European_Football_Championship \"2000 UEFA European Football Championship\") tournament. In the first Yugoslav game of the tournament, he was sent off against [Slovenia](/wiki/Slovenia_national_football_team \"Slovenia national football team\"). He served a one\\-game suspension before playing the last two games of the tournament.", "Mihajlović won his last trophy with Lazio in 2004, beating Juventus in the Coppa Italia final.", "### Inter Milan", "In 2004, Mihajlović was released from Lazio and joined his friend and former teammate [Roberto Mancini](/wiki/Roberto_Mancini \"Roberto Mancini\") at [Inter Milan](/wiki/Inter_Milan \"Inter Milan\") on a free transfer, signing a one\\-year deal.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.inter.it/it/news/23398\\|title\\=MERCATO: MIHAJLOVIC È DELL'INTER\\|date\\=30 July 2004\\|access\\-date\\=5 June 2015\\|publisher\\=FC Internazionale Milano\\|language\\=it\\|archive\\-date\\=6 April 2018\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180406041514/https://www.inter.it/it/news/23398\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} On 16 June 2005 Mihajlović signed a one\\-year extension.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.inter.it/it/news/28125\\|title\\=MIHAJLOVIC: CON L'INTER FINO AL 2006\\|date\\=16 June 2006\\|access\\-date\\=5 June 2015\\|publisher\\=FC Internazionale Milano\\|language\\=it\\|archive\\-date\\=6 April 2018\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180406040307/https://www.inter.it/it/news/28125\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} On 9 April 2006, in a league away game versus [Ascoli](/wiki/Ascoli_Calcio_1898 \"Ascoli Calcio 1898\"), he scored his 27th career [free\\-kick](/wiki/Direct_free_kick \"Direct free kick\") goal in the [Serie A](/wiki/Serie_A \"Serie A\") championship. He retired after the 2005–06 season.", "During his time with Inter, he made 43 appearances and scored 6 goals, all from [direct free kicks](/wiki/Direct_free_kick \"Direct free kick\").", "" ]
Managerial career ----------------- ### Assistant at Inter Milan After retiring from playing at [Inter Milan](/wiki/Inter_Milan "Inter Milan"), Mihajlović began a coaching career at San Siro as assistant to head coach [Roberto Mancini](/wiki/Roberto_Mancini "Roberto Mancini"). Mihajlović and Mancini had played together for five seasons at Sampdoria and Lazio. Mihajlović's free\-kick expertise has been praised by [Zlatan Ibrahimović](/wiki/Zlatan_Ibrahimovi%C4%87 "Zlatan Ibrahimović"),{{cite web\|url\=http://www.footballpress.net/?action\=read\&idsel\=46855\|title\=FOOTBALLpress.net news: BARCA, Ibrahimovic: " Mihajlovic {{sic\|teac\|hed\|nolink\=y}} me how to score from free kicks"\|date\=23 July 2011\|url\-status\=usurped\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723131955/http://www.footballpress.net/?action\=read\&idsel\=46855\|archive\-date\=23 July 2011}} who after several successful free\-kicks thanked the then assistant coach Mihajlović who had trained him for two years at Inter.{{cite web \| url \= http://www.fotbollsverige.se/news\_show\_tranade\-frisparkar\-med\-mihajlovic.html?id\=8834668 \| title \= Tränade frisparkar med Mihajlovic \| language \= sv \| publisher \= fotbollsverige.se \| date \= 26 October 2009 \| access\-date \=26 May 2012}} Mancini was fired in June 2008 by club president [Massimo Moratti](/wiki/Massimo_Moratti "Massimo Moratti") at the end of the [2007–08 season](/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_Serie_A "2007–08 Serie A") to make way for [José Mourinho](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mourinho "José Mourinho"). Mihajlović left the club at the same time. ### Bologna On 3 November 2008, Mihajlović was appointed to replace [Daniele Arrigoni](/wiki/Daniele_Arrigoni "Daniele Arrigoni") at Serie A relegation\-battling club [Bologna](/wiki/Bologna_FC_1909 "Bologna FC 1909").{{cite news\|publisher\=Bologna FC 1909 \|url\=http://www.bolognafc.it/pagen.asp?c\=4915\&m\=11\&l\=1 \|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20090919123831/http://www.bolognafc.it/pagen.asp?c\=4915\&m\=11\&l\=1 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=19 September 2009 \|title\=Il Bologna a Mihajlovic \|date\=3 November 2008 \|access\-date\=3 November 2008 \|language\=it }} His Serie A bench debut came on 8 November 2008 at home versus [Roma](/wiki/AS_Roma "AS Roma"). The match ended in a 1–1 draw. His tenure began with five consecutive league draws before a 5–2 victory against relegation rivals [Torino](/wiki/Torino_FC "Torino FC") on 13 December 2008\. Mihajlović was sacked by Bologna on 14 April 2009 in the wake of a 1–4 home defeat against [Siena](/wiki/AC_Siena "AC Siena"), which dragged the team back into the relegation zone with seven matches remaining in the season. His tenure suffered from media rumours that he had numerous high\-profile disagreements with senior players at the club which led to the poor form that eventually cost him the job.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.goal.com/en/news/10/italy/2009/04/14/1208405/breaking\-news\-bologna\-sack\-sinisa\-mihajlovic\-appoint\-giuseppe\-pa\|title\=Official: Bologna Sack Sinisa Mihajlovic, Appoint Giuseppe Papadopulo \|website\=Goal.com\|date\=14 April 2009\|access\-date\=7 July 2017}} Under new head coach [Giuseppe Papadopulo](/wiki/Giuseppe_Papadopulo "Giuseppe Papadopulo"), Bologna avoided relegation to the [Serie B](/wiki/Serie_B "Serie B") on the last day of the season with a win over [Catania](/wiki/Calcio_Catania "Calcio Catania"). ### Catania On 8 December 2009, Mihajlović was appointed new head coach of [Catania](/wiki/Calcio_Catania "Calcio Catania"), taking over from [Gianluca Atzori](/wiki/Gianluca_Atzori "Gianluca Atzori"). {{cite news\|url\=http://calciocatania.net/comunicati/comunicati.php?id\=18160\|language\=it\|publisher\=Calcio Catania\|access\-date\=8 December 2009\|date\=8 December 2009\|title\=Sinisa Mihajlovic è il nuovo allenatore del Catania\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100620224300/http://calciocatania.net/comunicati/comunicati.php?id\=18160\|archive\-date\=20 June 2010}} He signed a contract until June 2011 with *gli elefanti*, hiring [Dario Marcolin](/wiki/Dario_Marcolin "Dario Marcolin")—his former teammate at Lazio and colleague on Mancini's coaching staff at Inter—to be his assistant.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.ontheminute.com/news/news.php?news\=19748\|title\=Man City defender returns to action \|website\=Ontheminute.com\|date\=8 December 2009 \|access\-date\=7 July 2017}} Arriving at the club [last in Serie A](/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_Serie_A%23Positions_by_round "2009–10 Serie A#Positions by round"), Mihajlović made his debut with a home loss against relegation rivals [Livorno](/wiki/AS_Livorno_Calcio "AS Livorno Calcio"). However, the following week, his team beat heavily favoured Juventus away in Turin with a 1–2 scoreline.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.b92\.net/sport/intervjui/intervjui.php?yyyy\=2009\&mm\=12\&nav\_category\=91\&nav\_id\=399623\|title\=Mihajlović za B92: "Verovao sam u pobedu"\|website\=B92\.net\|date\=21 December 2009 \|access\-date\=7 July 2017}} A string of good results, together with a number of key January signings such as former Argentine international striker [Maxi López](/wiki/Maxi_L%C3%B3pez "Maxi López"), helped Mihajlović keep the team out of the relegation zone. On 13 March 2010, Catania won 3–1 against league leaders and Mihajlović's former team [Inter Milan](/wiki/Inter_Milan "Inter Milan"). Led by Mihajlović, Catania finished the season in 13th spot, well out of the relegation zone. He resigned at the end of the season on 24 May 2010 amid reports linking him to incumbent [UEFA Champions League](/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League "UEFA Champions League") winners Inter as a replacement for outgoing boss [José Mourinho](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mourinho "José Mourinho"),{{cite news \|url\=http://www.gazzetta.it/Calcio/SerieA/Catania/24\-05\-2010/mihajlovic\-saluta\-catania\-604106965941\.shtml\|publisher\=La Gazzetta dello Sport \|language\=it \|access\-date\=24 May 2010 \|date\=24 May 2010 \|title\=Mihajlovic saluta Catania C'è l'Inter dietro l'angolo}} which did not come to anything in the end. ### Fiorentina On 3 June 2010, Mihajlović was announced as the new head coach of [Fiorentina](/wiki/ACF_Fiorentina "ACF Fiorentina"), replacing outgoing [Cesare Prandelli](/wiki/Cesare_Prandelli "Cesare Prandelli") who had left the Tuscan club to become the manager of the [Italy national team](/wiki/Italy_national_football_team "Italy national football team"). Fiorentina had finished the [2009–10 Serie A](/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_Serie_A "2009–10 Serie A") campaign in eleventh place, but had made the [Champions League round\-of\-16 stage](/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_UEFA_Champions_League_knockout_phase%23Round_of_16 "2009–10 UEFA Champions League knockout phase#Round of 16") where they were eliminated by [Bayern Munich](/wiki/Bayern_Munich "Bayern Munich") on away goals. Mihajlović signed a two\-year contract on a salary of just under €1 million per year.[Da Prandelli a Sinisa: come cambia la Fiorentina](http://www.tuttomercatoweb.com/?action=read&id=209847);TuttoMercatoWeb, 28 May 2010 Mihajlović stated that making Europe was a realistic goal for the season.[Mihajlovic carved up](https://archive.today/20120729195342/http://soccernet.espn.go.com/columns/story/_/id/981809/gotta:-fiorentina's-axing-of-sinisa-mihajlovic?cc=5901);ESPNSoccernet, 10 November 2011 #### 2010–11 season The team suffered poor form in the first part of the season, with injuries to some key players. They finished the first half of the season in twelfth spot. Mihajlović signed winger [Valon Behrami](/wiki/Valon_Behrami "Valon Behrami") from [West Ham United](/wiki/West_Ham_United "West Ham United"), but the alternating home and away form improved only slightly as the head coach experimented with various tactical formations. In February 2011, Fiorentina won on the road for the first time in the season with a win at Palermo. In March 2011, the team recorded two straight wins for the first time in the season, climbing up to eighth spot. The club finished the [league season](/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_Serie_A "2010–11 Serie A") with 12 wins (only three of those away from home), 11 losses, and 15 draws, which secured ninth place – twelve points out of a European spot. #### 2011–12 season During the summer 2011 transfer season, Mihajlović was strongly linked with a return to Inter in head coaching capacity, with some Italian papers even reporting the specific date of his unveiling at the *nerazzurri* following supposed successful negotiations with Inter's sporting director [Marco Branca](/wiki/Marco_Branca "Marco Branca").{{cite web\|url\=http://sport.blic.rs/Fudbal/Evropski\-fudbal/199086/Korejere\-delo\-Sport\-Mihajlovic\-u\-Interu\|title\="Korejere delo Sport": Mihajlović u Interu!\|date\=21 November 2015\|website\=Sport.blic.rs\|access\-date\=7 July 2017}} However, Mihajlović denied those claims, pledging to stay on in Florence.[Mihajlović: Želim da ostanem u Fiorentini još dugo](http://sport.blic.rs/Fudbal/Evropski-fudbal/199121/Mihajlovic-Zelim-da-ostanem-u-Fiorentini-jos-dugo);*Blic*, 19 June 2011 The [season](/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_ACF_Fiorentina_season "2011–12 ACF Fiorentina season") began in August 2011, with a [Coppa Italia](/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_Coppa_Italia "2011–12 Coppa Italia") [win over](/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_Coppa_Italia%23Fiorentina_v_Cittadella "2011–12 Coppa Italia#Fiorentina v Cittadella") [AS Cittadella](/wiki/AS_Cittadella "AS Cittadella"). However, poor league form including five matches without a win put Mihajlović's position under pressure. At a home match against Genoa in October 2011, Fiorentina's supporters shouted abuse from the terraces throughout the match with calls for Mihajlović's sacking and even racist banners and chants targeting the coach's ethnicity.[Navijači Fjorentine: Siniša, zlobni Srbine!](https://archive.today/20120804005821/http://www.kurir-info.rs/navijaci-fjorentine-sinisa-zlobni-srbine-clanak-120026);*Kurir*, 2 November 2011 The fans' verbal abuse of Mihajlović made headlines for the next couple of days and sections of Fiorentina support issued an apology to the coach by hanging a banner outside of the stadium.[Fiorentina fans apologise for racist Mihajlovic chant](http://sg.news.yahoo.com/fiorentina-fans-apologise-racist-mihajlovic-chant-130144564.html);AFP News, 2 November 2011[Fiorentina supporters apologise for criticising Sinisa Mihajlovic – report](http://www.goal.com/en/news/10/italy/2011/11/03/2741138/fiorentina-supporters-apologise-for-criticising-sinisa);goal.com, 3 November 2011 Mihajlović was sacked on 7 November 2011, one day after a 1–0 away loss to [ChievoVerona](/wiki/ChievoVerona "ChievoVerona").[Sinisa Mihajlovic steps down as Fiorentina manager](https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/european/sinisa-mihajlovic-steps-down-as-fiorentina-manager-6258802.html);*The Independent*, 8 November 2011 The team was in 13th place in the league with 12 points from 10 matches. ### Serbia In May 2012, the [Football Association of Serbia](/wiki/Football_Association_of_Serbia "Football Association of Serbia") signed Mihajlović to become the head coach of the [Serbia national team](/wiki/Serbia_national_football_team "Serbia national football team") until the end of the [2014 FIFA World Cup](/wiki/2014_FIFA_World_Cup "2014 FIFA World Cup") in Brazil.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.b92\.net/sport/fudbal/vesti.php?yyyy\=2012\&mm\=05ⅆ\=19\&nav\_id\=610687 \|author\=\[\[B92]] \|title\=B92: Mihajlović zvanično selektor \|accessdate\=16 April 2022 \|date\=19 May 2012 \|language\=Serbian}} Serbia finished third in [Group A](/wiki/2014_FIFA_World_Cup_qualification_%E2%80%93_UEFA_Group_A "2014 FIFA World Cup qualification – UEFA Group A") of the [qualifying phase](/wiki/2014_FIFA_World_Cup_qualification_%28UEFA%29 "2014 FIFA World Cup qualification (UEFA)") in October 2013 after which he resigned. ### Sampdoria On 20 November 2013, Sampdoria named Mihajlović as the new head coach in place for [Delio Rossi](/wiki/Delio_Rossi "Delio Rossi"). He signed a one\-year rolling contract with automatic extension in case of a successful escape from relegation in the ongoing season, with his assistant coach [Nenad Sakić](/wiki/Nenad_Saki%C4%87 "Nenad Sakić") (a former Sampdoria player himself) following him too. During his first season in charge, he guided Sampdoria to significant improvements in results and easily escaped relegation. He successively agreed to stay for one more season, after talks with new president [Massimo Ferrero](/wiki/Massimo_Ferrero "Massimo Ferrero"), who took over from the Garrone family in July 2014\. In the first weeks of the 2014–15 season, he managed to obtain eight points and no defeats in the first four games of the season, overseeing quality performances from players such as [Stefano Okaka](/wiki/Stefano_Okaka "Stefano Okaka"). On 1 June 2015 he wrote an open letter to confirm his departure as the head coach of Sampdoria.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.sampdoria.it/lettera\-aperta\-di\-sinisa\-mihajlovic\-arrivederci\-samp\-resterai\-casa\-mia/\|title\=Lettera aperta di Sinisa Mihajlovic: "Arrivederci Samp, resterai casa mia"\|date\=1 June 2015\|access\-date\=4 June 2015\|publisher\=UC Sampdoria\|language\=it}} ### Milan [220px\|thumb\|right\|Mihajlović in 2015](/wiki/File:Sinisa_2015_%28cropped%29.jpg "Sinisa 2015 (cropped).jpg") On 16 June 2015, [Milan](/wiki/AC_Milan "AC Milan") officially sacked [Filippo Inzaghi](/wiki/Filippo_Inzaghi "Filippo Inzaghi"), appointing Mihajlović as their new manager, with a contract until 30 June 2017\.{{cite web \|title\=sinisa Mihajlovic ha firmato un contratto \|trans\-title\=Sinisa Mihajlovic signed a two\-year contract \|url\=http://www.acmilan.com/it/news/show/157688 \|work\=acmilan.com \|publisher\=Associazione Calcio Milan \|access\-date\=16 June 2015\|language\=it}} During his tenure at the club, he was highly praised for trusting and giving playing opportunities to [Gianluigi Donnarumma](/wiki/Gianluigi_Donnarumma "Gianluigi Donnarumma"), who was only 16 years old at the time.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.football\-italia.net/100256/%E2%80%98donnarumma\-won%E2%80%99t\-be\-fazed%E2%80%99\|title\='Donnarumma won't be fazed' {{!}} Football Italia\|website\=Football\-italia.net\|access\-date\=28 March 2017}} Mihajlović was sacked on 12 April 2016\.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.football\-italia.net/82702/official\-milan\-sack\-mihajlovic\|title\=Official: Milan sack Mihajlovic \- Football Italia\|website\=Football\-italia.net\|access\-date\=7 July 2017}} ### Torino On 25 May 2016, Mihajlović was officially appointed as the new manager of [Torino](/wiki/Torino_FC "Torino FC"), taking over from [Gian Piero Ventura](/wiki/Gian_Piero_Ventura "Gian Piero Ventura").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.football\-italia.net/84911/official\-miha\-ventura\-out\-torino\|title\=Official: Miha in, Ventura out at Torino\|date\=25 May 2016\|access\-date\=25 May 2016\|publisher\=Football Italia}} He made his debut on the *Granata* bench on 13 August 2016 at the [Stadio Olimpico Grande Torino](/wiki/Stadio_Olimpico_Grande_Torino "Stadio Olimpico Grande Torino") with a 4–1 home win over [Pro Vercelli](/wiki/Pro_Vercelli "Pro Vercelli") in the third round of the [Coppa Italia](/wiki/Coppa_Italia "Coppa Italia").{{Cite news\|url\=https://torinofc.it/news/13/08/2016/torino\-pro\-vercelli\-4\-1\_12021\|title\=Torino\-Pro Vercelli 4\-1\|website\=TORINO FC 1906 SITO UFFICIALE}} Mihajlović fielded Torino with an aggressive 4\-3\-3 formation and by the midway point of the season registered a record for points (29\) whilst under the presidency of [Urbano Cairo](/wiki/Urbano_Cairo "Urbano Cairo"),{{Cite web\|url\=https://torinofc.it/news/09/01/2017/mihajlovic\-servono\-pi%C3%B9\-cattiveria\-e\-lucidit%C3%A0\_13490\|title\=Mihajlovic: "Servono più cattiveria e lucidità"\|website\=TORINO FC 1906 SITO UFFICIALE\|date\=6 November 2023 }} but a less brilliant second half of the season ended with Torino in ninth place. He was sacked on 4 January 2018 following a 2–0 defeat to Juventus in the Coppa Italia.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.football\-italia.net/115098/official\-torino\-sack\-mihajlovic\|title\=Official: Torino sack Mihajlovic \- Football Italia\|website\=football\-italia.net}} ### Sporting CP On 18 June 2018, Mihajlović took over as manager of [Sporting CP](/wiki/Sporting_CP "Sporting CP"), signing a three\-year contract with the Portuguese club.{{Cite web \| title \= Sporting unveil Sinisa Mihajlovic as coach to defuse crisis \| work \= The Times of India\| date \= 18 June 2018 \| access\-date \= 18 June 2018 \| url \= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top\-stories/sporting\-unveil\-sinisa\-mihajlovic\-as\-coach\-to\-defuse\-crisis/articleshow/64634660\.cms}} Nine days after his arrival, he was sacked due to change of executive staff.{{cite news \|title\=Sporting Lisbon: Sinisa Mihajlovic sacked after just nine days \|url\=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/44637931 \|access\-date\=29 June 2018 \|work\=bbc.com \|date\=27 June 2018}} ### Return to Bologna On 28 January 2019, Bologna parted ways with [Filippo Inzaghi](/wiki/Filippo_Inzaghi "Filippo Inzaghi") due to a series of poor results, and Mihajlović took over at the club for the second time in his managerial career.{{cite news \|title\=Bologna: esonerato Inzaghi. Mihajlovic è il nuovo tecnico \|url\=https://www.repubblica.it/sport/calcio/serie\-a/bologna/2019/01/28/news/bologna\_inzaghi\_verso\_l\_esonero\_mihajlovic\_in\_pole\-217665789/ \|date\=28 January 2019 \|access\-date\=28 January 2019 \|work\=Repubblica.it}} The team scored 30 points in his first 17 games, in comparison with 14 points achieved under Inzaghi; thanks to those results, Mihajlović managed to keep Bologna into the top flight with ease, and he was retained as manager for the following season. On 13 July 2019, Mihajlović announced that he had been diagnosed with an acute form of [leukemia](/wiki/Leukemia "Leukemia"), but that he planned to stay in charge of the club while undergoing treatment.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.football\-italia.net/140736/live\-mihajlovic\-i\-have\-leukemia \|publisher\=Football Italia \|access\-date\=13 July 2019 \|date\=13 July 2019 \|title\=Mihajlovic: 'I have leukemia'}} Mihajlović was sacked on 6 September 2022, after Bologna secured only three points from its first five matches in [Serie A](/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_Serie_A "2022–23 Serie A"), ending his three\-and\-a\-half\-year spell with the club.{{Cite web \|last\=Sport \|first\=Redazione \|date\=9 June 2022 \|title\=Mihajlovic esonerato dal Bologna: per i rossoblu 3 punti in 5 gare \|url\=https://www.corriere.it/sport/calcio/serie\-a/22\_settembre\_06/mihajlovic\-esonero\-bologna\-8e02eef8\-2d34\-11ed\-82e8\-8adda605a86c.shtml \|access\-date\=6 September 2022 \|website\=Corriere della Sera \|language\=it\-IT}}
[ "Managerial career\n-----------------", "### Assistant at Inter Milan", "After retiring from playing at [Inter Milan](/wiki/Inter_Milan \"Inter Milan\"), Mihajlović began a coaching career at San Siro as assistant to head coach [Roberto Mancini](/wiki/Roberto_Mancini \"Roberto Mancini\"). Mihajlović and Mancini had played together for five seasons at Sampdoria and Lazio.", "Mihajlović's free\\-kick expertise has been praised by [Zlatan Ibrahimović](/wiki/Zlatan_Ibrahimovi%C4%87 \"Zlatan Ibrahimović\"),{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.footballpress.net/?action\\=read\\&idsel\\=46855\\|title\\=FOOTBALLpress.net news: BARCA, Ibrahimovic: \" Mihajlovic {{sic\\|teac\\|hed\\|nolink\\=y}} me how to score from free kicks\"\\|date\\=23 July 2011\\|url\\-status\\=usurped\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723131955/http://www.footballpress.net/?action\\=read\\&idsel\\=46855\\|archive\\-date\\=23 July 2011}} who after several successful free\\-kicks thanked the then assistant coach Mihajlović who had trained him for two years at Inter.{{cite web \\| url \\= http://www.fotbollsverige.se/news\\_show\\_tranade\\-frisparkar\\-med\\-mihajlovic.html?id\\=8834668 \\| title \\= Tränade frisparkar med Mihajlovic \\| language \\= sv \\| publisher \\= fotbollsverige.se \\| date \\= 26 October 2009 \\| access\\-date \\=26 May 2012}}", "Mancini was fired in June 2008 by club president [Massimo Moratti](/wiki/Massimo_Moratti \"Massimo Moratti\") at the end of the [2007–08 season](/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_Serie_A \"2007–08 Serie A\") to make way for [José Mourinho](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mourinho \"José Mourinho\"). Mihajlović left the club at the same time.", "### Bologna", "On 3 November 2008, Mihajlović was appointed to replace [Daniele Arrigoni](/wiki/Daniele_Arrigoni \"Daniele Arrigoni\") at Serie A relegation\\-battling club [Bologna](/wiki/Bologna_FC_1909 \"Bologna FC 1909\").{{cite news\\|publisher\\=Bologna FC 1909 \\|url\\=http://www.bolognafc.it/pagen.asp?c\\=4915\\&m\\=11\\&l\\=1 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20090919123831/http://www.bolognafc.it/pagen.asp?c\\=4915\\&m\\=11\\&l\\=1 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=19 September 2009 \\|title\\=Il Bologna a Mihajlovic \\|date\\=3 November 2008 \\|access\\-date\\=3 November 2008 \\|language\\=it }} His Serie A bench debut came on 8 November 2008 at home versus [Roma](/wiki/AS_Roma \"AS Roma\"). The match ended in a 1–1 draw. His tenure began with five consecutive league draws before a 5–2 victory against relegation rivals [Torino](/wiki/Torino_FC \"Torino FC\") on 13 December 2008\\.", "Mihajlović was sacked by Bologna on 14 April 2009 in the wake of a 1–4 home defeat against [Siena](/wiki/AC_Siena \"AC Siena\"), which dragged the team back into the relegation zone with seven matches remaining in the season. His tenure suffered from media rumours that he had numerous high\\-profile disagreements with senior players at the club which led to the poor form that eventually cost him the job.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.goal.com/en/news/10/italy/2009/04/14/1208405/breaking\\-news\\-bologna\\-sack\\-sinisa\\-mihajlovic\\-appoint\\-giuseppe\\-pa\\|title\\=Official: Bologna Sack Sinisa Mihajlovic, Appoint Giuseppe Papadopulo \\|website\\=Goal.com\\|date\\=14 April 2009\\|access\\-date\\=7 July 2017}} Under new head coach [Giuseppe Papadopulo](/wiki/Giuseppe_Papadopulo \"Giuseppe Papadopulo\"), Bologna avoided relegation to the [Serie B](/wiki/Serie_B \"Serie B\") on the last day of the season with a win over [Catania](/wiki/Calcio_Catania \"Calcio Catania\").", "### Catania", "On 8 December 2009, Mihajlović was appointed new head coach of [Catania](/wiki/Calcio_Catania \"Calcio Catania\"), taking over from [Gianluca Atzori](/wiki/Gianluca_Atzori \"Gianluca Atzori\").\n{{cite news\\|url\\=http://calciocatania.net/comunicati/comunicati.php?id\\=18160\\|language\\=it\\|publisher\\=Calcio Catania\\|access\\-date\\=8 December 2009\\|date\\=8 December 2009\\|title\\=Sinisa Mihajlovic è il nuovo allenatore del Catania\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100620224300/http://calciocatania.net/comunicati/comunicati.php?id\\=18160\\|archive\\-date\\=20 June 2010}} He signed a contract until June 2011 with *gli elefanti*, hiring [Dario Marcolin](/wiki/Dario_Marcolin \"Dario Marcolin\")—his former teammate at Lazio and colleague on Mancini's coaching staff at Inter—to be his assistant.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ontheminute.com/news/news.php?news\\=19748\\|title\\=Man City defender returns to action \\|website\\=Ontheminute.com\\|date\\=8 December 2009 \\|access\\-date\\=7 July 2017}} Arriving at the club [last in Serie A](/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_Serie_A%23Positions_by_round \"2009–10 Serie A#Positions by round\"), Mihajlović made his debut with a home loss against relegation rivals [Livorno](/wiki/AS_Livorno_Calcio \"AS Livorno Calcio\"). However, the following week, his team beat heavily favoured Juventus away in Turin with a 1–2 scoreline.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.b92\\.net/sport/intervjui/intervjui.php?yyyy\\=2009\\&mm\\=12\\&nav\\_category\\=91\\&nav\\_id\\=399623\\|title\\=Mihajlović za B92: \"Verovao sam u pobedu\"\\|website\\=B92\\.net\\|date\\=21 December 2009 \\|access\\-date\\=7 July 2017}}", "A string of good results, together with a number of key January signings such as former Argentine international striker [Maxi López](/wiki/Maxi_L%C3%B3pez \"Maxi López\"), helped Mihajlović keep the team out of the relegation zone. On 13 March 2010, Catania won 3–1 against league leaders and Mihajlović's former team [Inter Milan](/wiki/Inter_Milan \"Inter Milan\").", "Led by Mihajlović, Catania finished the season in 13th spot, well out of the relegation zone.", "He resigned at the end of the season on 24 May 2010 amid reports linking him to incumbent [UEFA Champions League](/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League \"UEFA Champions League\") winners Inter as a replacement for outgoing boss [José Mourinho](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mourinho \"José Mourinho\"),{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.gazzetta.it/Calcio/SerieA/Catania/24\\-05\\-2010/mihajlovic\\-saluta\\-catania\\-604106965941\\.shtml\\|publisher\\=La Gazzetta dello Sport \\|language\\=it \\|access\\-date\\=24 May 2010 \\|date\\=24 May 2010 \\|title\\=Mihajlovic saluta Catania C'è l'Inter dietro l'angolo}} which did not come to anything in the end.", "### Fiorentina", "On 3 June 2010, Mihajlović was announced as the new head coach of [Fiorentina](/wiki/ACF_Fiorentina \"ACF Fiorentina\"), replacing outgoing [Cesare Prandelli](/wiki/Cesare_Prandelli \"Cesare Prandelli\") who had left the Tuscan club to become the manager of the [Italy national team](/wiki/Italy_national_football_team \"Italy national football team\").", "Fiorentina had finished the [2009–10 Serie A](/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_Serie_A \"2009–10 Serie A\") campaign in eleventh place, but had made the [Champions League round\\-of\\-16 stage](/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_UEFA_Champions_League_knockout_phase%23Round_of_16 \"2009–10 UEFA Champions League knockout phase#Round of 16\") where they were eliminated by [Bayern Munich](/wiki/Bayern_Munich \"Bayern Munich\") on away goals. Mihajlović signed a two\\-year contract on a salary of just under €1 million per year.[Da Prandelli a Sinisa: come cambia la Fiorentina](http://www.tuttomercatoweb.com/?action=read&id=209847);TuttoMercatoWeb, 28 May 2010 Mihajlović stated that making Europe was a realistic goal for the season.[Mihajlovic carved up](https://archive.today/20120729195342/http://soccernet.espn.go.com/columns/story/_/id/981809/gotta:-fiorentina's-axing-of-sinisa-mihajlovic?cc=5901);ESPNSoccernet, 10 November 2011", "#### 2010–11 season", "The team suffered poor form in the first part of the season, with injuries to some key players. They finished the first half of the season in twelfth spot. Mihajlović signed winger [Valon Behrami](/wiki/Valon_Behrami \"Valon Behrami\") from [West Ham United](/wiki/West_Ham_United \"West Ham United\"), but the alternating home and away form improved only slightly as the head coach experimented with various tactical formations.", "In February 2011, Fiorentina won on the road for the first time in the season with a win at Palermo. In March 2011, the team recorded two straight wins for the first time in the season, climbing up to eighth spot. The club finished the [league season](/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_Serie_A \"2010–11 Serie A\") with 12 wins (only three of those away from home), 11 losses, and 15 draws, which secured ninth place – twelve points out of a European spot.", "#### 2011–12 season", "During the summer 2011 transfer season, Mihajlović was strongly linked with a return to Inter in head coaching capacity, with some Italian papers even reporting the specific date of his unveiling at the *nerazzurri* following supposed successful negotiations with Inter's sporting director [Marco Branca](/wiki/Marco_Branca \"Marco Branca\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://sport.blic.rs/Fudbal/Evropski\\-fudbal/199086/Korejere\\-delo\\-Sport\\-Mihajlovic\\-u\\-Interu\\|title\\=\"Korejere delo Sport\": Mihajlović u Interu!\\|date\\=21 November 2015\\|website\\=Sport.blic.rs\\|access\\-date\\=7 July 2017}} However, Mihajlović denied those claims, pledging to stay on in Florence.[Mihajlović: Želim da ostanem u Fiorentini još dugo](http://sport.blic.rs/Fudbal/Evropski-fudbal/199121/Mihajlovic-Zelim-da-ostanem-u-Fiorentini-jos-dugo);*Blic*, 19 June 2011", "The [season](/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_ACF_Fiorentina_season \"2011–12 ACF Fiorentina season\") began in August 2011, with a [Coppa Italia](/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_Coppa_Italia \"2011–12 Coppa Italia\") [win over](/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_Coppa_Italia%23Fiorentina_v_Cittadella \"2011–12 Coppa Italia#Fiorentina v Cittadella\") [AS Cittadella](/wiki/AS_Cittadella \"AS Cittadella\"). However, poor league form including five matches without a win put Mihajlović's position under pressure. At a home match against Genoa in October 2011, Fiorentina's supporters shouted abuse from the terraces throughout the match with calls for Mihajlović's sacking and even racist banners and chants targeting the coach's ethnicity.[Navijači Fjorentine: Siniša, zlobni Srbine!](https://archive.today/20120804005821/http://www.kurir-info.rs/navijaci-fjorentine-sinisa-zlobni-srbine-clanak-120026);*Kurir*, 2 November 2011 The fans' verbal abuse of Mihajlović made headlines for the next couple of days and sections of Fiorentina support issued an apology to the coach by hanging a banner outside of the stadium.[Fiorentina fans apologise for racist Mihajlovic chant](http://sg.news.yahoo.com/fiorentina-fans-apologise-racist-mihajlovic-chant-130144564.html);AFP News, 2 November 2011[Fiorentina supporters apologise for criticising Sinisa Mihajlovic – report](http://www.goal.com/en/news/10/italy/2011/11/03/2741138/fiorentina-supporters-apologise-for-criticising-sinisa);goal.com, 3 November 2011 Mihajlović was sacked on 7 November 2011, one day after a 1–0 away loss to [ChievoVerona](/wiki/ChievoVerona \"ChievoVerona\").[Sinisa Mihajlovic steps down as Fiorentina manager](https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/european/sinisa-mihajlovic-steps-down-as-fiorentina-manager-6258802.html);*The Independent*, 8 November 2011 The team was in 13th place in the league with 12 points from 10 matches.", "### Serbia", "In May 2012, the [Football Association of Serbia](/wiki/Football_Association_of_Serbia \"Football Association of Serbia\") signed Mihajlović to become the head coach of the [Serbia national team](/wiki/Serbia_national_football_team \"Serbia national football team\") until the end of the [2014 FIFA World Cup](/wiki/2014_FIFA_World_Cup \"2014 FIFA World Cup\") in Brazil.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.b92\\.net/sport/fudbal/vesti.php?yyyy\\=2012\\&mm\\=05ⅆ\\=19\\&nav\\_id\\=610687 \\|author\\=\\[\\[B92]] \\|title\\=B92: Mihajlović zvanično selektor \\|accessdate\\=16 April 2022 \\|date\\=19 May 2012 \\|language\\=Serbian}} Serbia finished third in [Group A](/wiki/2014_FIFA_World_Cup_qualification_%E2%80%93_UEFA_Group_A \"2014 FIFA World Cup qualification – UEFA Group A\") of the [qualifying phase](/wiki/2014_FIFA_World_Cup_qualification_%28UEFA%29 \"2014 FIFA World Cup qualification (UEFA)\") in October 2013 after which he resigned.", "### Sampdoria", "On 20 November 2013, Sampdoria named Mihajlović as the new head coach in place for [Delio Rossi](/wiki/Delio_Rossi \"Delio Rossi\"). He signed a one\\-year rolling contract with automatic extension in case of a successful escape from relegation in the ongoing season, with his assistant coach [Nenad Sakić](/wiki/Nenad_Saki%C4%87 \"Nenad Sakić\") (a former Sampdoria player himself) following him too.", "During his first season in charge, he guided Sampdoria to significant improvements in results and easily escaped relegation. He successively agreed to stay for one more season, after talks with new president [Massimo Ferrero](/wiki/Massimo_Ferrero \"Massimo Ferrero\"), who took over from the Garrone family in July 2014\\. In the first weeks of the 2014–15 season, he managed to obtain eight points and no defeats in the first four games of the season, overseeing quality performances from players such as [Stefano Okaka](/wiki/Stefano_Okaka \"Stefano Okaka\"). On 1 June 2015 he wrote an open letter to confirm his departure as the head coach of Sampdoria.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.sampdoria.it/lettera\\-aperta\\-di\\-sinisa\\-mihajlovic\\-arrivederci\\-samp\\-resterai\\-casa\\-mia/\\|title\\=Lettera aperta di Sinisa Mihajlovic: \"Arrivederci Samp, resterai casa mia\"\\|date\\=1 June 2015\\|access\\-date\\=4 June 2015\\|publisher\\=UC Sampdoria\\|language\\=it}}", "### Milan", "[220px\\|thumb\\|right\\|Mihajlović in 2015](/wiki/File:Sinisa_2015_%28cropped%29.jpg \"Sinisa 2015 (cropped).jpg\")\nOn 16 June 2015, [Milan](/wiki/AC_Milan \"AC Milan\") officially sacked [Filippo Inzaghi](/wiki/Filippo_Inzaghi \"Filippo Inzaghi\"), appointing Mihajlović as their new manager, with a contract until 30 June 2017\\.{{cite web \\|title\\=sinisa Mihajlovic ha firmato un contratto \\|trans\\-title\\=Sinisa Mihajlovic signed a two\\-year contract \\|url\\=http://www.acmilan.com/it/news/show/157688 \\|work\\=acmilan.com \\|publisher\\=Associazione Calcio Milan \\|access\\-date\\=16 June 2015\\|language\\=it}} During his tenure at the club, he was highly praised for trusting and giving playing opportunities to [Gianluigi Donnarumma](/wiki/Gianluigi_Donnarumma \"Gianluigi Donnarumma\"), who was only 16 years old at the time.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.football\\-italia.net/100256/%E2%80%98donnarumma\\-won%E2%80%99t\\-be\\-fazed%E2%80%99\\|title\\='Donnarumma won't be fazed' {{!}} Football Italia\\|website\\=Football\\-italia.net\\|access\\-date\\=28 March 2017}} Mihajlović was sacked on 12 April 2016\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.football\\-italia.net/82702/official\\-milan\\-sack\\-mihajlovic\\|title\\=Official: Milan sack Mihajlovic \\- Football Italia\\|website\\=Football\\-italia.net\\|access\\-date\\=7 July 2017}}", "### Torino", "On 25 May 2016, Mihajlović was officially appointed as the new manager of [Torino](/wiki/Torino_FC \"Torino FC\"), taking over from [Gian Piero Ventura](/wiki/Gian_Piero_Ventura \"Gian Piero Ventura\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.football\\-italia.net/84911/official\\-miha\\-ventura\\-out\\-torino\\|title\\=Official: Miha in, Ventura out at Torino\\|date\\=25 May 2016\\|access\\-date\\=25 May 2016\\|publisher\\=Football Italia}} He made his debut on the *Granata* bench on 13 August 2016 at the [Stadio Olimpico Grande Torino](/wiki/Stadio_Olimpico_Grande_Torino \"Stadio Olimpico Grande Torino\") with a 4–1 home win over [Pro Vercelli](/wiki/Pro_Vercelli \"Pro Vercelli\") in the third round of the [Coppa Italia](/wiki/Coppa_Italia \"Coppa Italia\").{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://torinofc.it/news/13/08/2016/torino\\-pro\\-vercelli\\-4\\-1\\_12021\\|title\\=Torino\\-Pro Vercelli 4\\-1\\|website\\=TORINO FC 1906 SITO UFFICIALE}} Mihajlović fielded Torino with an aggressive 4\\-3\\-3 formation and by the midway point of the season registered a record for points (29\\) whilst under the presidency of [Urbano Cairo](/wiki/Urbano_Cairo \"Urbano Cairo\"),{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://torinofc.it/news/09/01/2017/mihajlovic\\-servono\\-pi%C3%B9\\-cattiveria\\-e\\-lucidit%C3%A0\\_13490\\|title\\=Mihajlovic: \"Servono più cattiveria e lucidità\"\\|website\\=TORINO FC 1906 SITO UFFICIALE\\|date\\=6 November 2023 }} but a less brilliant second half of the season ended with Torino in ninth place. He was sacked on 4 January 2018 following a 2–0 defeat to Juventus in the Coppa Italia.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.football\\-italia.net/115098/official\\-torino\\-sack\\-mihajlovic\\|title\\=Official: Torino sack Mihajlovic \\- Football Italia\\|website\\=football\\-italia.net}}", "### Sporting CP", "On 18 June 2018, Mihajlović took over as manager of [Sporting CP](/wiki/Sporting_CP \"Sporting CP\"), signing a three\\-year contract with the Portuguese club.{{Cite web \\| title \\= Sporting unveil Sinisa Mihajlovic as coach to defuse crisis \\| work \\= The Times of India\\| date \\= 18 June 2018 \\| access\\-date \\= 18 June 2018 \\| url \\= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top\\-stories/sporting\\-unveil\\-sinisa\\-mihajlovic\\-as\\-coach\\-to\\-defuse\\-crisis/articleshow/64634660\\.cms}} Nine days after his arrival, he was sacked due to change of executive staff.{{cite news \\|title\\=Sporting Lisbon: Sinisa Mihajlovic sacked after just nine days \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/44637931 \\|access\\-date\\=29 June 2018 \\|work\\=bbc.com \\|date\\=27 June 2018}}", "### Return to Bologna", "On 28 January 2019, Bologna parted ways with [Filippo Inzaghi](/wiki/Filippo_Inzaghi \"Filippo Inzaghi\") due to a series of poor results, and Mihajlović took over at the club for the second time in his managerial career.{{cite news \\|title\\=Bologna: esonerato Inzaghi. Mihajlovic è il nuovo tecnico \\|url\\=https://www.repubblica.it/sport/calcio/serie\\-a/bologna/2019/01/28/news/bologna\\_inzaghi\\_verso\\_l\\_esonero\\_mihajlovic\\_in\\_pole\\-217665789/ \\|date\\=28 January 2019 \\|access\\-date\\=28 January 2019 \\|work\\=Repubblica.it}}", "The team scored 30 points in his first 17 games, in comparison with 14 points achieved under Inzaghi; thanks to those results, Mihajlović managed to keep Bologna into the top flight with ease, and he was retained as manager for the following season.", "On 13 July 2019, Mihajlović announced that he had been diagnosed with an acute form of [leukemia](/wiki/Leukemia \"Leukemia\"), but that he planned to stay in charge of the club while undergoing treatment.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.football\\-italia.net/140736/live\\-mihajlovic\\-i\\-have\\-leukemia \\|publisher\\=Football Italia \\|access\\-date\\=13 July 2019 \\|date\\=13 July 2019 \\|title\\=Mihajlovic: 'I have leukemia'}}", "Mihajlović was sacked on 6 September 2022, after Bologna secured only three points from its first five matches in [Serie A](/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_Serie_A \"2022–23 Serie A\"), ending his three\\-and\\-a\\-half\\-year spell with the club.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Sport \\|first\\=Redazione \\|date\\=9 June 2022 \\|title\\=Mihajlovic esonerato dal Bologna: per i rossoblu 3 punti in 5 gare \\|url\\=https://www.corriere.it/sport/calcio/serie\\-a/22\\_settembre\\_06/mihajlovic\\-esonero\\-bologna\\-8e02eef8\\-2d34\\-11ed\\-82e8\\-8adda605a86c.shtml \\|access\\-date\\=6 September 2022 \\|website\\=Corriere della Sera \\|language\\=it\\-IT}}", "" ]
Demographics ------------ {{US Census population \| 1880 \= 1206 \| 1890 \= 1927 \| 1900 \= 3825 \| 1910 \= 5647 \| 1920 \= 6726 \| 1930 \= 6535 \| 1940 \= 6200 \| 1950 \= 5566 \| 1960 \= 5118 \| 1970 \= 5754 \| 1980 \= 7340 \| 1990 \= 8268 \| 2000 \= 10807 \| 2010 \= 11176 \| 2020 \= 12017 \| estimate\=11365 \| estyear\=2023 \| estref\=\[https://www2\.census.gov/programs\-surveys/popest/tables/2020\-2023/mcds/totals/SUB\-MCD\-EST2023\-POP\-34\.xlsx Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Minor Civil Divisions in New Jersey: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2023], \[\[United States Census Bureau]], released May 2024\. Accessed May 16, 2024\. \| footnote \= Population sources: 1880–1920\[https://dspace.njstatelib.org/xmlui/handle/10929/25218?show\=full ''Compendium of censuses 1726–1905: together with the tabulated returns of 1905''], \[\[New Jersey Department of State]], 1906\. Accessed September 10, 2013\. 1880–1890Porter, Robert Percival. \[https://books.google.com/books?id\=8gUkQkJdLpsC\&pg\=PA98 ''Preliminary Results as Contained in the Eleventh Census Bulletins: Volume III – 51 to 75''], p. 98\. \[\[United States Census Bureau]], 1890\. Accessed July 15, 2012\. 1890–1910\[https://books.google.com/books?id\=T9HrAAAAMAAJ\&pg\=PA337 ''Thirteenth Census of the United States, 1910: Population by Counties and Minor Civil Divisions, 1910, 1900, 1890''], \[\[United States Census Bureau]], p. 337\. Accessed July 15, 2012\. 1910–1930\[https://books.google.com/books?id\=kifRAAAAMAAJ\&pg\=PA716 ''Fifteenth Census of the United States : 1930 – Population Volume I''], \[\[United States Census Bureau]], p. 716\. Accessed December 16, 2011\. 1940–2000\[https://www.nj.gov/labor/labormarketinformation/assets/PDFs/census/2kpub/njsdcp3\.pdf\#page\=27 Table 6: New Jersey Resident Population by Municipality: 1940 \- 2000], Workforce New Jersey Public Information Network, August 2001\. Accessed May 1, 2023\. 2000 2010\[http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1\.0/en/DEC/10\_DP/DPDP1/0600000US3401728650 DP\-1 – Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 for Guttenberg town, Hudson County, New Jersey] {{Webarchive\|url\=https://archive.today/20200212104220/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1\.0/en/DEC/10\_DP/DPDP1/0600000US3401728650 \|date\=February 12, 2020 }}, \[\[United States Census Bureau]]. Accessed December 16, 2011\.\[http://lwd.dol.state.nj.us/labor/lpa/census/2010/dp/dp1\_hud/guttenberg1\.pdf Table DP\-1\. Profile of General Demographic Characteristics: 2010 for Guttenberg town] {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520174636/http://lwd.dol.state.nj.us/labor/lpa/census/2010/dp/dp1\_hud/guttenberg1\.pdf \|date\=May 20, 2013 }}, \[\[New Jersey Department of Labor and Workforce Development]]. Accessed December 16, 2011\. 2020\[https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/guttenbergtownnewjersey/ QuickFacts Guttenberg town, New Jersey], \[\[United States Census Bureau]]. Accessed December 26, 2022\.\[https://www.nj.gov/labor/labormarketinformation/assets/PDFs/census/2020/2020%20pl94%20Tables/2020\_Mun/MCD%200\_All.pdf Total Population: Census 2010 \- Census 2020 New Jersey Municipalities], \[\[New Jersey Department of Labor and Workforce Development]]. Accessed December 1, 2022\. }} ### 2010 census The [2010 United States census](/wiki/2010_United_States_census "2010 United States census") counted 11,176 people, 4,473 households, and 2,684 families in the town. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density "Population density") was 57,116\.0 per square mile (22,052\.6/km2). There were 4,839 housing units at an average density of 24,730\.2 per square mile (9,548\.4/km2). The racial makeup was 67\.44% (7,537\) [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._census%29 "White (U.S. census)"), 4\.80% (537\) [Black or African American](/wiki/Black_%28U.S._census%29 "Black (U.S. census)"), 0\.91% (102\) [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._census%29 "Native American (U.S. census)"), 7\.32% (818\) [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._census%29 "Asian (U.S. census)"), 0\.04% (4\) [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_%28U.S._census%29 "Pacific Islander (U.S. census)"), 14\.25% (1,593\) from [other races](/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census%23Race "Race and ethnicity in the United States census#Race"), and 5\.23% (585\) from two or more races. [Hispanic or Latino](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._census%29 "Hispanic (U.S. census)") of any race were 64\.83% (7,245\) of the population. Of the 4,473 households, 27\.5% had children under the age of 18; 37\.6% were married couples living together; 15\.4% had a female householder with no husband present and 40\.0% were non\-families. Of all households, 32\.5% were made up of individuals and 9\.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\.48 and the average family size was 3\.12\. 20\.5% of the population were under the age of 18, 8\.6% from 18 to 24, 34\.7% from 25 to 44, 24\.9% from 45 to 64, and 11\.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36\.4 years. For every 100 females, the population had 95\.4 males. For every 100 females ages 18 and older there were 93\.0 males. The Census Bureau's 2006–2010 [American Community Survey](/wiki/American_Community_Survey "American Community Survey") showed that (in 2010 [inflation\-adjusted](/wiki/Inflation_adjustment "Inflation adjustment") dollars) [median household income](/wiki/Median_household_income "Median household income") was $49,981 (with a margin of error of \+/− $8,219\) and the median family income was $53,945 (\+/− $9,457\). Males had a median income of $50,227 (\+/− $8,459\) versus $32,089 (\+/− $6,483\) for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income "Per capita income") for the borough was $33,239 (\+/− $8,416\). About 14\.8% of families and 16\.0% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line "Poverty line"), including 28\.7% of those under age 18 and 11\.8% of those age 65 or over.[DP03: Selected Economic Characteristics from the 2006–2010 American Community Survey 5\-Year Estimates for Guttenberg town, Hudson County, New Jersey](http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/10_5YR/DP03/0600000US3401728650) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://archive.today/20200212102612/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1\.0/en/ACS/10\_5YR/DP03/0600000US3401728650 \|date\=February 12, 2020 }}, [United States Census Bureau](/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau "United States Census Bureau"). Accessed July 15, 2012\. ### 2000 census As of the [2000 United States census](/wiki/2000_United_States_census "2000 United States census") there were 10,807 people, 4,493 households, and 2,619 families residing in the town. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density "Population density") was 56,012\.0 inhabitants per square mile (21,961\.1/km2; 87\.5 per [acre](/wiki/Acre "Acre")), making it the most densely populated municipality in [The United States](/wiki/The_United_States "The United States"), with over twice the density of New York City.{{cite web\|author\=Raghunathan, Abhi\|url\=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res\=9D05E0DD113BF930A25756C0A9679C8B63\|title\=Briefing: Crowds; In The Cities\|newspaper\=\[\[The New York Times]]\|date\= May 13, 2001\|access\-date\=April 15, 2024\|archive\-date\=July 17, 2012\|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20120717110954/http://www.nytimes.com/2001/05/13/nyregion/briefing\-crowds\-in\-the\-cities.html}} There were 4,650 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|24,100\.7\|/sqmi\|/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. The racial makeup of the town was 64\.98% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)"), 3\.81% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "African American (U.S. Census)"), 0\.38% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "Native American (U.S. Census)"), 7\.30% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 "Asian (U.S. Census)"), 0\.01% [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_%28U.S._Census%29 "Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)"), 16\.42% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 "Race (United States Census)"), and 7\.10% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 "Hispanic (U.S. Census)") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 "Latino (U.S. Census)") of any race were 54\.33% of the population.[Census 2000 Profiles of Demographic / Social / Economic / Housing Characteristics for Guttenberg town](http://censtats.census.gov/data/NJ/1603428650.pdf) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120529062710/http://censtats.census.gov/data/NJ/1603428650\.pdf \|date\=May 29, 2012 }}, [United States Census Bureau](/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau "United States Census Bureau"). Accessed December 16, 2011\.[DP\-1: Profile of General Demographic Characteristics: 2000 – Census 2000 Summary File 1 (SF 1\) 100\-Percent Data for Guttenberg town, Hudson County, New Jersey](http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/00_SF1/DP1/0600000US3401728650) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://archive.today/20200212092018/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1\.0/en/DEC/00\_SF1/DP1/0600000US3401728650 \|date\=February 12, 2020 }}, [United States Census Bureau](/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau "United States Census Bureau"). Accessed July 15, 2012\. There were 4,493 households, out of which 27\.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 40\.3% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 13\.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 41\.7% were non\-families. 35\.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10\.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\.38 and the average family size was 3\.13\. In the town, the population was spread out, with 21\.2% under the age of 18, 8\.7% from 18 to 24, 36\.9% from 25 to 44, 21\.4% from 45 to 64, and 11\.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 92\.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90\.6 males. The median income for a household in the town was $44,515, and the median income for a family was $47,440\. Males had a median income of $38,628 versus $33,154 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income "Per capita income") for the town was $27,931\. About 11\.1% of families and 13\.0% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line "Poverty line"), including 18\.7% of those under age 18 and 10\.9% of those age 65 or over. The town is a [bedroom community](/wiki/Bedroom_community "Bedroom community") with about 36% of its employed residents working in [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City "New York City"), including 1,648 of the 4,993 Guttenberg residents in the workforce who commute to employment in [Manhattan](/wiki/Manhattan "Manhattan") as of the 2000 Census.["Residence MCD/County to Workplace MCD/County Flows for New Jersey (County Names A – L): 2000 – Sorted by Residence State\-County, or State\-County\-County Subdivision (in 12 states)"](https://www.census.gov/population/www/cen2000/commuting/files/2kresmcd_NJ_1.xls), [United States Census Bureau](/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau "United States Census Bureau"), released July 25, 2003\. Accessed July 23, 2012\.
[ "Demographics\n------------", "{{US Census population\n\\| 1880 \\= 1206\n\\| 1890 \\= 1927\n\\| 1900 \\= 3825\n\\| 1910 \\= 5647\n\\| 1920 \\= 6726\n\\| 1930 \\= 6535\n\\| 1940 \\= 6200\n\\| 1950 \\= 5566\n\\| 1960 \\= 5118\n\\| 1970 \\= 5754\n\\| 1980 \\= 7340\n\\| 1990 \\= 8268\n\\| 2000 \\= 10807\n\\| 2010 \\= 11176\n\\| 2020 \\= 12017\n\\| estimate\\=11365\n\\| estyear\\=2023\n\\| estref\\=\\[https://www2\\.census.gov/programs\\-surveys/popest/tables/2020\\-2023/mcds/totals/SUB\\-MCD\\-EST2023\\-POP\\-34\\.xlsx Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Minor Civil Divisions in New Jersey: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2023], \\[\\[United States Census Bureau]], released May 2024\\. Accessed May 16, 2024\\.\n\\| footnote \\= Population sources: \n1880–1920\\[https://dspace.njstatelib.org/xmlui/handle/10929/25218?show\\=full ''Compendium of censuses 1726–1905: together with the tabulated returns of 1905''], \\[\\[New Jersey Department of State]], 1906\\. Accessed September 10, 2013\\. 1880–1890Porter, Robert Percival. \\[https://books.google.com/books?id\\=8gUkQkJdLpsC\\&pg\\=PA98 ''Preliminary Results as Contained in the Eleventh Census Bulletins: Volume III – 51 to 75''], p. 98\\. \\[\\[United States Census Bureau]], 1890\\. Accessed July 15, 2012\\. \n1890–1910\\[https://books.google.com/books?id\\=T9HrAAAAMAAJ\\&pg\\=PA337 ''Thirteenth Census of the United States, 1910: Population by Counties and Minor Civil Divisions, 1910, 1900, 1890''], \\[\\[United States Census Bureau]], p. 337\\. Accessed July 15, 2012\\. 1910–1930\\[https://books.google.com/books?id\\=kifRAAAAMAAJ\\&pg\\=PA716 ''Fifteenth Census of the United States : 1930 – Population Volume I''], \\[\\[United States Census Bureau]], p. 716\\. Accessed December 16, 2011\\. \n1940–2000\\[https://www.nj.gov/labor/labormarketinformation/assets/PDFs/census/2kpub/njsdcp3\\.pdf\\#page\\=27 Table 6: New Jersey Resident Population by Municipality: 1940 \\- 2000], Workforce New Jersey Public Information Network, August 2001\\. Accessed May 1, 2023\\. 2000 \n2010\\[http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1\\.0/en/DEC/10\\_DP/DPDP1/0600000US3401728650 DP\\-1 – Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 for Guttenberg town, Hudson County, New Jersey] {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://archive.today/20200212104220/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1\\.0/en/DEC/10\\_DP/DPDP1/0600000US3401728650 \\|date\\=February 12, 2020 }}, \\[\\[United States Census Bureau]]. Accessed December 16, 2011\\.\\[http://lwd.dol.state.nj.us/labor/lpa/census/2010/dp/dp1\\_hud/guttenberg1\\.pdf Table DP\\-1\\. Profile of General Demographic Characteristics: 2010 for Guttenberg town] {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520174636/http://lwd.dol.state.nj.us/labor/lpa/census/2010/dp/dp1\\_hud/guttenberg1\\.pdf \\|date\\=May 20, 2013 }}, \\[\\[New Jersey Department of Labor and Workforce Development]]. Accessed December 16, 2011\\. 2020\\[https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/guttenbergtownnewjersey/ QuickFacts Guttenberg town, New Jersey], \\[\\[United States Census Bureau]]. Accessed December 26, 2022\\.\\[https://www.nj.gov/labor/labormarketinformation/assets/PDFs/census/2020/2020%20pl94%20Tables/2020\\_Mun/MCD%200\\_All.pdf Total Population: Census 2010 \\- Census 2020 New Jersey Municipalities], \\[\\[New Jersey Department of Labor and Workforce Development]]. Accessed December 1, 2022\\.\n}}", "### 2010 census", "The [2010 United States census](/wiki/2010_United_States_census \"2010 United States census\") counted 11,176 people, 4,473 households, and 2,684 families in the town. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density \"Population density\") was 57,116\\.0 per square mile (22,052\\.6/km2). There were 4,839 housing units at an average density of 24,730\\.2 per square mile (9,548\\.4/km2). The racial makeup was 67\\.44% (7,537\\) [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._census%29 \"White (U.S. census)\"), 4\\.80% (537\\) [Black or African American](/wiki/Black_%28U.S._census%29 \"Black (U.S. census)\"), 0\\.91% (102\\) [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._census%29 \"Native American (U.S. census)\"), 7\\.32% (818\\) [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._census%29 \"Asian (U.S. census)\"), 0\\.04% (4\\) [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_%28U.S._census%29 \"Pacific Islander (U.S. census)\"), 14\\.25% (1,593\\) from [other races](/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census%23Race \"Race and ethnicity in the United States census#Race\"), and 5\\.23% (585\\) from two or more races. [Hispanic or Latino](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. census)\") of any race were 64\\.83% (7,245\\) of the population.", "Of the 4,473 households, 27\\.5% had children under the age of 18; 37\\.6% were married couples living together; 15\\.4% had a female householder with no husband present and 40\\.0% were non\\-families. Of all households, 32\\.5% were made up of individuals and 9\\.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.48 and the average family size was 3\\.12\\.", "20\\.5% of the population were under the age of 18, 8\\.6% from 18 to 24, 34\\.7% from 25 to 44, 24\\.9% from 45 to 64, and 11\\.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36\\.4 years. For every 100 females, the population had 95\\.4 males. For every 100 females ages 18 and older there were 93\\.0 males.", "The Census Bureau's 2006–2010 [American Community Survey](/wiki/American_Community_Survey \"American Community Survey\") showed that (in 2010 [inflation\\-adjusted](/wiki/Inflation_adjustment \"Inflation adjustment\") dollars) [median household income](/wiki/Median_household_income \"Median household income\") was $49,981 (with a margin of error of \\+/− $8,219\\) and the median family income was $53,945 (\\+/− $9,457\\). Males had a median income of $50,227 (\\+/− $8,459\\) versus $32,089 (\\+/− $6,483\\) for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income \"Per capita income\") for the borough was $33,239 (\\+/− $8,416\\). About 14\\.8% of families and 16\\.0% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line \"Poverty line\"), including 28\\.7% of those under age 18 and 11\\.8% of those age 65 or over.[DP03: Selected Economic Characteristics from the 2006–2010 American Community Survey 5\\-Year Estimates for Guttenberg town, Hudson County, New Jersey](http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/10_5YR/DP03/0600000US3401728650) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://archive.today/20200212102612/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1\\.0/en/ACS/10\\_5YR/DP03/0600000US3401728650 \\|date\\=February 12, 2020 }}, [United States Census Bureau](/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau \"United States Census Bureau\"). Accessed July 15, 2012\\.", "### 2000 census", "As of the [2000 United States census](/wiki/2000_United_States_census \"2000 United States census\") there were 10,807 people, 4,493 households, and 2,619 families residing in the town. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density \"Population density\") was 56,012\\.0 inhabitants per square mile (21,961\\.1/km2; 87\\.5 per [acre](/wiki/Acre \"Acre\")), making it the most densely populated municipality in [The United States](/wiki/The_United_States \"The United States\"), with over twice the density of New York City.{{cite web\\|author\\=Raghunathan, Abhi\\|url\\=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res\\=9D05E0DD113BF930A25756C0A9679C8B63\\|title\\=Briefing: Crowds; In The Cities\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]]\\|date\\= May 13, 2001\\|access\\-date\\=April 15, 2024\\|archive\\-date\\=July 17, 2012\\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20120717110954/http://www.nytimes.com/2001/05/13/nyregion/briefing\\-crowds\\-in\\-the\\-cities.html}} There were 4,650 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|24,100\\.7\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. The racial makeup of the town was 64\\.98% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\"), 3\\.81% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"African American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.38% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Native American (U.S. Census)\"), 7\\.30% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Asian (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.01% [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)\"), 16\\.42% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\"), and 7\\.10% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") of any race were 54\\.33% of the population.[Census 2000 Profiles of Demographic / Social / Economic / Housing Characteristics for Guttenberg town](http://censtats.census.gov/data/NJ/1603428650.pdf) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120529062710/http://censtats.census.gov/data/NJ/1603428650\\.pdf \\|date\\=May 29, 2012 }}, [United States Census Bureau](/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau \"United States Census Bureau\"). Accessed December 16, 2011\\.[DP\\-1: Profile of General Demographic Characteristics: 2000 – Census 2000 Summary File 1 (SF 1\\) 100\\-Percent Data for Guttenberg town, Hudson County, New Jersey](http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/00_SF1/DP1/0600000US3401728650) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://archive.today/20200212092018/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1\\.0/en/DEC/00\\_SF1/DP1/0600000US3401728650 \\|date\\=February 12, 2020 }}, [United States Census Bureau](/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau \"United States Census Bureau\"). Accessed July 15, 2012\\.", "There were 4,493 households, out of which 27\\.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 40\\.3% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 13\\.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 41\\.7% were non\\-families. 35\\.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10\\.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.38 and the average family size was 3\\.13\\.", "In the town, the population was spread out, with 21\\.2% under the age of 18, 8\\.7% from 18 to 24, 36\\.9% from 25 to 44, 21\\.4% from 45 to 64, and 11\\.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 92\\.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90\\.6 males.", "The median income for a household in the town was $44,515, and the median income for a family was $47,440\\. Males had a median income of $38,628 versus $33,154 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income \"Per capita income\") for the town was $27,931\\. About 11\\.1% of families and 13\\.0% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line \"Poverty line\"), including 18\\.7% of those under age 18 and 10\\.9% of those age 65 or over.", "The town is a [bedroom community](/wiki/Bedroom_community \"Bedroom community\") with about 36% of its employed residents working in [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\"), including 1,648 of the 4,993 Guttenberg residents in the workforce who commute to employment in [Manhattan](/wiki/Manhattan \"Manhattan\") as of the 2000 Census.[\"Residence MCD/County to Workplace MCD/County Flows for New Jersey (County Names A – L): 2000 – Sorted by Residence State\\-County, or State\\-County\\-County Subdivision (in 12 states)\"](https://www.census.gov/population/www/cen2000/commuting/files/2kresmcd_NJ_1.xls), [United States Census Bureau](/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau \"United States Census Bureau\"), released July 25, 2003\\. Accessed July 23, 2012\\.", "" ]
### 2000 census As of the [2000 United States census](/wiki/2000_United_States_census "2000 United States census") there were 10,807 people, 4,493 households, and 2,619 families residing in the town. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density "Population density") was 56,012\.0 inhabitants per square mile (21,961\.1/km2; 87\.5 per [acre](/wiki/Acre "Acre")), making it the most densely populated municipality in [The United States](/wiki/The_United_States "The United States"), with over twice the density of New York City.{{cite web\|author\=Raghunathan, Abhi\|url\=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res\=9D05E0DD113BF930A25756C0A9679C8B63\|title\=Briefing: Crowds; In The Cities\|newspaper\=\[\[The New York Times]]\|date\= May 13, 2001\|access\-date\=April 15, 2024\|archive\-date\=July 17, 2012\|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20120717110954/http://www.nytimes.com/2001/05/13/nyregion/briefing\-crowds\-in\-the\-cities.html}} There were 4,650 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|24,100\.7\|/sqmi\|/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. The racial makeup of the town was 64\.98% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)"), 3\.81% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "African American (U.S. Census)"), 0\.38% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "Native American (U.S. Census)"), 7\.30% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 "Asian (U.S. Census)"), 0\.01% [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_%28U.S._Census%29 "Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)"), 16\.42% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 "Race (United States Census)"), and 7\.10% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 "Hispanic (U.S. Census)") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 "Latino (U.S. Census)") of any race were 54\.33% of the population.[Census 2000 Profiles of Demographic / Social / Economic / Housing Characteristics for Guttenberg town](http://censtats.census.gov/data/NJ/1603428650.pdf) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120529062710/http://censtats.census.gov/data/NJ/1603428650\.pdf \|date\=May 29, 2012 }}, [United States Census Bureau](/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau "United States Census Bureau"). Accessed December 16, 2011\.[DP\-1: Profile of General Demographic Characteristics: 2000 – Census 2000 Summary File 1 (SF 1\) 100\-Percent Data for Guttenberg town, Hudson County, New Jersey](http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/00_SF1/DP1/0600000US3401728650) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://archive.today/20200212092018/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1\.0/en/DEC/00\_SF1/DP1/0600000US3401728650 \|date\=February 12, 2020 }}, [United States Census Bureau](/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau "United States Census Bureau"). Accessed July 15, 2012\. There were 4,493 households, out of which 27\.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 40\.3% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 13\.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 41\.7% were non\-families. 35\.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10\.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\.38 and the average family size was 3\.13\. In the town, the population was spread out, with 21\.2% under the age of 18, 8\.7% from 18 to 24, 36\.9% from 25 to 44, 21\.4% from 45 to 64, and 11\.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 92\.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90\.6 males. The median income for a household in the town was $44,515, and the median income for a family was $47,440\. Males had a median income of $38,628 versus $33,154 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income "Per capita income") for the town was $27,931\. About 11\.1% of families and 13\.0% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line "Poverty line"), including 18\.7% of those under age 18 and 10\.9% of those age 65 or over. The town is a [bedroom community](/wiki/Bedroom_community "Bedroom community") with about 36% of its employed residents working in [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City "New York City"), including 1,648 of the 4,993 Guttenberg residents in the workforce who commute to employment in [Manhattan](/wiki/Manhattan "Manhattan") as of the 2000 Census.["Residence MCD/County to Workplace MCD/County Flows for New Jersey (County Names A – L): 2000 – Sorted by Residence State\-County, or State\-County\-County Subdivision (in 12 states)"](https://www.census.gov/population/www/cen2000/commuting/files/2kresmcd_NJ_1.xls), [United States Census Bureau](/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau "United States Census Bureau"), released July 25, 2003\. Accessed July 23, 2012\.
[ "### 2000 census", "As of the [2000 United States census](/wiki/2000_United_States_census \"2000 United States census\") there were 10,807 people, 4,493 households, and 2,619 families residing in the town. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density \"Population density\") was 56,012\\.0 inhabitants per square mile (21,961\\.1/km2; 87\\.5 per [acre](/wiki/Acre \"Acre\")), making it the most densely populated municipality in [The United States](/wiki/The_United_States \"The United States\"), with over twice the density of New York City.{{cite web\\|author\\=Raghunathan, Abhi\\|url\\=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res\\=9D05E0DD113BF930A25756C0A9679C8B63\\|title\\=Briefing: Crowds; In The Cities\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]]\\|date\\= May 13, 2001\\|access\\-date\\=April 15, 2024\\|archive\\-date\\=July 17, 2012\\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20120717110954/http://www.nytimes.com/2001/05/13/nyregion/briefing\\-crowds\\-in\\-the\\-cities.html}} There were 4,650 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|24,100\\.7\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. The racial makeup of the town was 64\\.98% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\"), 3\\.81% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"African American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.38% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Native American (U.S. Census)\"), 7\\.30% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Asian (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.01% [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)\"), 16\\.42% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\"), and 7\\.10% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") of any race were 54\\.33% of the population.[Census 2000 Profiles of Demographic / Social / Economic / Housing Characteristics for Guttenberg town](http://censtats.census.gov/data/NJ/1603428650.pdf) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120529062710/http://censtats.census.gov/data/NJ/1603428650\\.pdf \\|date\\=May 29, 2012 }}, [United States Census Bureau](/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau \"United States Census Bureau\"). Accessed December 16, 2011\\.[DP\\-1: Profile of General Demographic Characteristics: 2000 – Census 2000 Summary File 1 (SF 1\\) 100\\-Percent Data for Guttenberg town, Hudson County, New Jersey](http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/00_SF1/DP1/0600000US3401728650) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://archive.today/20200212092018/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1\\.0/en/DEC/00\\_SF1/DP1/0600000US3401728650 \\|date\\=February 12, 2020 }}, [United States Census Bureau](/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau \"United States Census Bureau\"). Accessed July 15, 2012\\.", "There were 4,493 households, out of which 27\\.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 40\\.3% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 13\\.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 41\\.7% were non\\-families. 35\\.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10\\.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.38 and the average family size was 3\\.13\\.", "In the town, the population was spread out, with 21\\.2% under the age of 18, 8\\.7% from 18 to 24, 36\\.9% from 25 to 44, 21\\.4% from 45 to 64, and 11\\.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 92\\.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90\\.6 males.", "The median income for a household in the town was $44,515, and the median income for a family was $47,440\\. Males had a median income of $38,628 versus $33,154 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income \"Per capita income\") for the town was $27,931\\. About 11\\.1% of families and 13\\.0% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line \"Poverty line\"), including 18\\.7% of those under age 18 and 10\\.9% of those age 65 or over.", "The town is a [bedroom community](/wiki/Bedroom_community \"Bedroom community\") with about 36% of its employed residents working in [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\"), including 1,648 of the 4,993 Guttenberg residents in the workforce who commute to employment in [Manhattan](/wiki/Manhattan \"Manhattan\") as of the 2000 Census.[\"Residence MCD/County to Workplace MCD/County Flows for New Jersey (County Names A – L): 2000 – Sorted by Residence State\\-County, or State\\-County\\-County Subdivision (in 12 states)\"](https://www.census.gov/population/www/cen2000/commuting/files/2kresmcd_NJ_1.xls), [United States Census Bureau](/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau \"United States Census Bureau\"), released July 25, 2003\\. Accessed July 23, 2012\\.", "" ]
Career ------ ### Early career In 1973, [Ladislas Wroblewski](/wiki/Ladislas_Poniatowski "Ladislas Poniatowski"), who cofounded the [Independent Republicans](/wiki/Independent_Republicans "Independent Republicans") (RI) party with [Valéry Giscard d'Estaing](/wiki/Val%C3%A9ry_Giscard_d%27Estaing "Valéry Giscard d'Estaing"), offered de Sarnez a part\-time role as secretary of the Young RI arm. At RI, she met [Jean\-Pierre Raffarin](/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Raffarin "Jean-Pierre Raffarin"), who went on to become [prime minister](/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_France "Prime Minister of France"); [Dominique Bussereau](/wiki/Dominique_Bussereau "Dominique Bussereau"), who became president of the {{ill\|Assembly of the Departments of France\|fr\|Assemblée des départements de France}}; and eventual Minister of Justice [Pascal Clément](/wiki/Pascal_Cl%C3%A9ment "Pascal Clément"). She was involved in the [Presidential campaign](/wiki/1974_French_presidential_election "1974 French presidential election") the next year, creating popular "Giscard à la barre" ("Giscard at the helm”) t\-shirts. Giscard d'Estaing was elected and de Sarnez rose quickly through the ranks. Later de Sarnez grew disappointed by the rightward turn, especially the [anti\-abortion](/wiki/Anti-abortion_movements "Anti-abortion movements") politics, that the new administration adopted, and wished Giscard d'Estaing had taken the opportunity to break from the right\-wing UDR (predecessor to the Rally for the Republic, RPR) and form a majority government without them. Failure to do so, she later said, left the Giscardians "hostages" to the right. [Simone Veil](/wiki/Simone_Veil "Simone Veil") offered de Sarnez a slot on her list for the [European elections in 1979](/wiki/1979_French_European_elections "1979 French European elections") (when Veil became president of the [European Parliament](/wiki/European_Parliament "European Parliament")). De Sarnez, who had a ten\-month\-old daughter and a son on the way,{{Cite web\|last\=Fitoussi\|first\=Michèle\|date\=14 January 2021\|title\=Marielle de Sarnez : la belle au Centre\|url\=https://www.elle.fr/Societe/Les\-enquetes/La\-Belle\-au\-centre\-94686\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114145852/https://www.elle.fr/Societe/Les\-enquetes/La\-Belle\-au\-centre\-94686\|archive\-date\=14 January 2021\|access\-date\=15 January 2021\|website\=Elle\|language\=fr}} declined at that time, later saying she was glad to have waited for a more compatible political partner. Giscard d'Estaing was defeated in the [1981 French presidential election](/wiki/1981_French_presidential_election "1981 French presidential election"). De Sarnez later said that despite personal disappointment, she did not entirely regret the political changes brought by President [François Mitterrand](/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand "François Mitterrand"), of the Socialist Party (PS). ### Work with François Bayrou In 1978, de Sarnez co\-founded the [Union for French Democracy](/wiki/Union_for_French_Democracy "Union for French Democracy") (UDF), aimed at developing a center\-right coalition to back Giscard d'Estaing and provide a counterweight to the Gaullist right. From 1986 to 1989, she served as special advisor to the chair of the UDF group in the [National Assembly](/wiki/National_Assembly "National Assembly"), [Jean\-Claude Gaudin](/wiki/Jean-Claude_Gaudin "Jean-Claude Gaudin").{{Cite web\|last\=\|first\=\|date\=18 May 2016\|title\=CVs of MEPs – 7th legislative term\|url\=https://www.asktheeu.org/fr/request/2813/response/9923/attach/html/4/CV%207th%20legislative%20term.pdf.html\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122234557/https://www.asktheeu.org/fr/request/2813/response/9923/attach/html/4/CV%207th%20legislative%20term.pdf.html\|archive\-date\=22 January 2021\|access\-date\=16 January 2021\|website\=www.asktheeu.org\|publisher\=European Parliament}} In this milieu she met [François Bayrou](/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Bayrou "François Bayrou"), with whom she worked closely for the next 40 years. The two became close working on [Raymond Barre](/wiki/Raymond_Barre "Raymond Barre")'s campaign for President in 1988 and were soon inseparable. "Elle, c'est moi, et moi, c'est elle" ("I'm her and she is me") he told those who occasionally tried to drive a wedge between them. When Bayrou became Secretary General of the UDF in 1989, she joined him as his deputy, then likewise at the Ministry of National Education (1993 to 1997\) in the government of [Alain Juppé](/wiki/Alain_Jupp%C3%A9 "Alain Juppé"). Initially she was an adviser, but then became Director of his Private Office, the first French woman to hold such a senior role without a degree from the [École nationale d'administration](/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_d%27administration "École nationale d'administration"). From 1997 to 1998, she was the secretary\-general of the UDF group in the National Assembly. After the [Plural Left](/wiki/Plural_Left "Plural Left") won the 1997 legislative elections, in 1989 through 1993 de Sarnez became Secretary\-General of the opposition general assembly, while Bayrou was President of UDF. She went on to become national secretary of the UDF, from 2003 to 2007\. De Sarnez, who earned a reputation as an outstanding organizer—Raffarin described her as a "gifted politician"—also served as campaign manager for Bayrou's [2007](/wiki/2007_French_presidential_election "2007 French presidential election") and [2012 presidential campaigns](/wiki/2012_French_presidential_election "2012 French presidential election"). Each time, Bayrou, a center\-right candidate running under the UDF banner, failed to advance to the second (final) round. In 2002, they earned 6\.84% of the first\-round vote, a fourth\-place finish while the neo\-Gaullist right\-wing (RPR) and extreme\-right (National Front, FN) candidates [Jacques Chirac](/wiki/Jacques_Chirac "Jacques Chirac") and [Jean\-Marie Le Pen](/wiki/Jean-Marie_Le_Pen "Jean-Marie Le Pen"), respectively, advanced. Along with much of the political establishment, Bayrou threw his support behind Chirac.{{Cite news\|last\=Ollivier\|first\=Enora\|date\=22 February 2017\|title\=Les trois présidentielles de François Bayrou\|language\=fr\|work\=Le Monde\|url\=https://www.lemonde.fr/election\-presidentielle\-2017/article/2017/02/22/les\-trois\-presidentielles\-de\-francois\-bayrou\_5083376\_4854003\.html\|url\-status\=live\|access\-date\=15 January 2021\|archive\-date\=13 January 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113222128/https://www.lemonde.fr/election\-presidentielle\-2017/article/2017/02/22/les\-trois\-presidentielles\-de\-francois\-bayrou\_5083376\_4854003\.html}} In 2007, it was 18\.57% ([Nicolas Sarkozy](/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy "Nicolas Sarkozy"), a right\-wing candidate then running with the [Union for a Popular Movement](/wiki/Union_for_a_Popular_Movement "Union for a Popular Movement") (UMP) and Socialist Party (PS) candidate [Ségolène Royal](/wiki/S%C3%A9gol%C3%A8ne_Royal "Ségolène Royal") advanced) and 9\.13% in 2012 (Sarkozy and PS candidate [François Hollande](/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Hollande "François Hollande") advanced). The 2007 election loss nevertheless marked a significant turning point, as Bayrou announced publicly he would not vote for Sarkozy, breaking from the dominant right\-wing UMP to form the centrist [Democratic Movement](/wiki/Democratic_Movement_%28France%29 "Democratic Movement (France)") (MoDem). De Sarnez became its First Vice\-President. The UMP's successor the Republicans (LR) blamed Bayrou (and retaliated) for Sarkozy's loss and a number of UDF members split to create the [New Centre](/wiki/New_Centre "New Centre") party to support Sarkozy, leaving only three MoDem deputies in the National Assembly, including Bayrou, not enough to form their own group in the legislature. Ex\-comrades accused de Sarnez of having creating a vacuum around Bayrou. A 2007 profile in *[Le Monde](/wiki/Le_Monde "Le Monde")* describes de Sarnez's role with Bayrou: "Nothing is done without her consent." In the [2016 presidential primary](/wiki/2016_The_Republicans_%28France%29_presidential_primary "2016 The Republicans (France) presidential primary") held by LR, de Sarnez endorsed [Alain Juppé](/wiki/Alain_Jupp%C3%A9 "Alain Juppé") over Sarkozy, but both lost in a surprise upset by [François Fillon](/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Fillon "François Fillon").Ludovic Vigogne (20 April 2016\), [Bataillons: Primaire à droite: la liste des premiers soutiens parlementaires](https://www.lopinion.fr/edition/politique/primaire-a-droite-liste-premiers-soutiens-parlementaires-101334) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160726121914/http://www.lopinion.fr/edition/politique/primaire\-a\-droite\-liste\-premiers\-soutiens\-parlementaires\-101334 \|date\=26 July 2016 }} *[L'Opinion](/wiki/L%27Opinion_%28French_newspaper%29 "L'Opinion (French newspaper)")*. Bayrou, in consultation with de Sarnez, decided not to run in the [2017 French presidential election](/wiki/2017_French_presidential_election "2017 French presidential election") and they both instead supported [Emmanuel Macron](/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron "Emmanuel Macron") of [La République En Marche!](/wiki/La_R%C3%A9publique_En_Marche%21 "La République En Marche!") as an alternative centrist candidate, ultimately successful.{{Cite web\|last\=Forcari\|first\=Christophe\|date\=14 January 2021\|title\=Mort de Marielle de Sarnez, stratège de François Bayrou\|url\=https://www.liberation.fr/politiques/2021/01/14/mort\-de\-marielle\-de\-sarnez\-stratege\-de\-francois\-bayrou\_1817255\|access\-date\=17 January 2021\|website\=Libération.fr\|language\=fr\|archive\-date\=17 January 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117132046/https://www.liberation.fr/politiques/2021/01/14/mort\-de\-marielle\-de\-sarnez\-stratege\-de\-francois\-bayrou\_1817255\|url\-status\=live}} ### Role in Europe While de Sarnez made her name as "the woman who made Bayrou", he also encouraged her to strike out as a candidate herself, insisting, "She's not a number two. She's a number one." Devoted to the cause of a unified Europe, she began her elected career in 1999 as a member of the [European Parliament](/wiki/European_Parliament "European Parliament") (MEP) for [Île\-de\-France](/wiki/%C3%8Ele-de-France_%28European_Parliament_constituency%29 "Île-de-France (European Parliament constituency)"), heading the UDF list in 2004 and serving until 2017\. A member of the UDF before 2008 and [MoDem](/wiki/Democratic_Movement_%28France%29 "Democratic Movement (France)") after 2008, de Sarnez served as vice\-chair of the [Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe](/wiki/Alliance_of_Liberals_and_Democrats_for_Europe "Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe"), and sat on the [European Parliament](/wiki/European_Parliament "European Parliament")'s [Committee on Culture and Education](/wiki/Committee_on_Culture_and_Education "Committee on Culture and Education").{{Cite web\|title\=6ème législature {{!}} Marielle DE SARNEZ {{!}} Députés {{!}} Parlement européen\|url\=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/meps/fr/4335/MARIELLE\_DE\+SARNEZ/history/6\|access\-date\=15 January 2021\|website\=www.europarl.europa.eu\|language\=fr\|archive\-date\=21 January 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121015433/https://www.europarl.europa.eu/meps/fr/4335/MARIELLE\_DE%20SARNEZ/history/6\|url\-status\=live}} She was in the forefront for [Orange Revolution](/wiki/Orange_Revolution "Orange Revolution") in [Ukraine](/wiki/Ukraine "Ukraine"), and it inspired the choice to make orange the signature color of MoDem. She also took a particular interest in the EU's [Erasmus Mundus](/wiki/Erasmus_Mundus "Erasmus Mundus"), expanding on the popular [Erasmus program](/wiki/Erasmus_Programme "Erasmus Programme") to create opportunities for students outside Europe to study in its universities as well.{{Cite web\|date\=12 December 2003\|title\=Interview news: MEP Marielle De Sarnez is confident that Erasmus Mundus will be a success story\|url\=https://www.euractiv.com/section/economy\-jobs/news/interview\-news\-mep\-marielle\-de\-sarnez\-is\-confident\-that\-erasmus\-mundus\-will\-be\-a\-success\-story/\|access\-date\=16 January 2021\|website\=EURACTIV\|language\=en\-GB\|archive\-date\=23 January 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123053845/https://www.euractiv.com/section/economy\-jobs/news/interview\-news\-mep\-marielle\-de\-sarnez\-is\-confident\-that\-erasmus\-mundus\-will\-be\-a\-success\-story/\|url\-status\=live}} In the contentious {{ill\|2005 French referendum on the European Constitution\|lt\=2005 French referendum\|fr\|Référendum français sur le traité établissant une constitution pour l'Europe}} on ratifying the [European Constitution](/wiki/European_Constitution "European Constitution"), de Sarnez supported ratification. Although the measure failed, de Sarnez praised the "democratic moment" of the entire nation reading and debating the text. In 2009, she published a short book called *Petit dictionnaire pour faire aimer l'Europe* (*A Brief Dictionary for Loving Europe*). The book covers 80\-odd subjects in 250 pages, appealing to a vision of Europe that centers equity in its relationship with the rest of the world.{{Cite news\|last\=Roger\|first\=Patrick\|date\=15 May 2009\|title\="Petit dictionnaire pour faire aimer l'Europe", de Marielle de Sarnez, une euro\-enthousiaste\|language\=fr\|work\=Le Monde.fr\|url\=https://www.lemonde.fr/livres/article/2009/05/15/petit\-dictionnaire\-pour\-faire\-aimer\-l\-europe\-de\-marielle\-de\-sarnez\_1193548\_3260\.html\|url\-status\=live\|access\-date\=16 January 2021\|archive\-date\=21 January 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121212153/https://www.lemonde.fr/livres/article/2009/05/15/petit\-dictionnaire\-pour\-faire\-aimer\-l\-europe\-de\-marielle\-de\-sarnez\_1193548\_3260\.html}} De Sarnez was a substitute for the [Committee on Foreign Affairs](/wiki/Committee_on_Foreign_Affairs_%28EU%29 "Committee on Foreign Affairs (EU)"), a member of the delegation for relations with [South Africa](/wiki/South_Africa "South Africa"), and a substitute for the delegation to the [EU](/wiki/European_Union "European Union")–[Chile](/wiki/Chile "Chile") Joint Parliamentary Committee. In 2016, she served as the parliament's [rapporteur](/wiki/Rapporteur "Rapporteur") on a plan to lend [Tunisia](/wiki/Tunisia "Tunisia") €500 million on favourable terms to help it reduce its external debt and consolidate its democratic mechanisms.[MEPs approve €500m in fresh EU loans to Tunisia](http://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/news-room/20160603IPR30211/MEPs-approve-%E2%82%AC500m-in-fresh-EU-loans-to-Tunisia) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160713073709/http://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/news\-room/20160603IPR30211/MEPs\-approve\-%E2%82%AC500m\-in\-fresh\-EU\-loans\-to\-Tunisia \|date\=13 July 2016 }} [European Parliament](/wiki/European_Parliament "European Parliament"), press release of 8 June 2016\. In addition to her committee assignments, de Sarnez was a member of the European Parliament Intergroup on Children's Rights.[Members of the European Parliament Intergroup on Children's Rights](http://www.europarl.europa.eu/pdf/intergroupes/VIII_LEG_04_Childrens_rights.pdf) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180215023522/http://www.europarl.europa.eu/pdf/intergroupes/VIII\_LEG\_04\_Childrens\_rights.pdf \|date\=15 February 2018 }} [European Parliament](/wiki/European_Parliament "European Parliament"). In May 2017, de Sarnez left the European Parliament upon her appointment as French Minister for European Affairs.[Factbox: Ministers in new French government](https://www.reuters.com/article/us-france-election-government-ministers-idUSKCN18D1SA?il=0) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616130445/https://www.reuters.com/article/us\-france\-election\-government\-ministers\-idUSKCN18D1SA?il\=0 \|date\=16 June 2018 }} *[Reuters](/wiki/Reuters "Reuters")*, 17 May 2017\. Reporting from *[Le Canard enchaîné](/wiki/Le_Canard_encha%C3%AEn%C3%A9 "Le Canard enchaîné")* shortly thereafter alleged that de Sarnez had been paid for work she had not actually done, embroiling her and Bayrou in a jobs scandal.{{Cite news\|date\=13 June 2017\|title\=L'ex\-secrétaire de François Bayrou citée dans l'affaire MoDem\|language\=fr\|work\=Marianne\|url\=https://www.marianne.net/politique/l\-ex\-secretaire\-de\-francois\-bayrou\-citee\-dans\-l\-affaire\-modem\|access\-date\=9 August 2017\|archive\-date\=18 August 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818133625/https://www.marianne.net/politique/l\-ex\-secretaire\-de\-francois\-bayrou\-citee\-dans\-l\-affaire\-modem\|url\-status\=live}} Prosecutors opened an investigation into whether assistants to de Sarnez as an MEP had actually been paid for work done for the MoDem party in Paris.{{Cite web\|last\=Briançon\|first\=Pierre\|date\=20 June 2017\|title\=Ethics probes hijack Macron's 'moralizing' presidency\|url\=https://www.politico.eu/article/macron\-ethics\-probes\-hijack\-moralizing\-presidency/\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121034549/https://www.politico.eu/article/macron\-ethics\-probes\-hijack\-moralizing\-presidency/\|archive\-date\=21 January 2021\|access\-date\=15 January 2021\|website\=POLITICO\|language\=en\-US}} Both she and Bayrou (the new [Minister of Justice](/wiki/Minister_of_Justice_%28France%29 "Minister of Justice (France)")) resigned, just before the [2017 legislative election](/wiki/2007_French_legislative_election "2007 French legislative election") in which de Sarnez was a candidate with [Emmanuel Macron](/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron "Emmanuel Macron")'s newly formed party, [La République En Marche!](/wiki/La_R%C3%A9publique_En_Marche%21 "La République En Marche!"){{Cite web\|date\=14 January 2021\|title\=Tributes pour in for French centrist MP Mareille de Sarnez\|url\=https://www.rfi.fr/en/france/20210114\-tributes\-pour\-in\-from\-across\-france\-s\-political\-spectrum\-for\-centrist\-mp\-mareille\-de\-sarnez\|access\-date\=14 January 2021\|website\=RFI\|language\=en\|archive\-date\=14 January 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114074430/https://www.rfi.fr/en/france/20210114\-tributes\-pour\-in\-from\-across\-france\-s\-political\-spectrum\-for\-centrist\-mp\-mareille\-de\-sarnez\|url\-status\=live}} Prime Minister [Édouard Philippe](/wiki/%C3%89douard_Philippe "Édouard Philippe") announced that Bayrou would not be a part of the government.{{Cite news\|last\=Boichot\|first\=Loris\|date\=21 June 2017\|title\=François Bayrou et Marielle de Sarnez quittent le gouvernement\|language\=fr\-FR\|work\=Le Figaro\|url\=http://www.lefigaro.fr/politique/2017/06/21/01002\-20170621ARTFIG00053\-francois\-bayrou\-et\-marielle\-de\-sarnez\-quittent\-le\-gouvernement.php\|access\-date\=9 August 2017\|issn\=0182\-5852\|archive\-date\=8 August 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808230851/http://www.lefigaro.fr/politique/2017/06/21/01002\-20170621ARTFIG00053\-francois\-bayrou\-et\-marielle\-de\-sarnez\-quittent\-le\-gouvernement.php\|url\-status\=live}}{{Cite news\|date\=21 June 2017\|title\=DIRECT. La ministre des Affaires européennes, Marielle de Sarnez, quitte le gouvernement, dans la foulée du départ de François Bayrou\|language\=fr\-FR\|work\=Franceinfo\|url\=http://www.francetvinfo.fr/politique/modem/assistants\-parlementaires\-du\-modem/francois\-bayrou\-le\-ministre\-de\-la\-justice\-annonce\-qu\-il\-quitte\-le\-gouvernement\-suivez\-notre\-direct\_2246839\.html\|access\-date\=9 August 2017\|archive\-date\=9 August 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809203447/http://www.francetvinfo.fr/politique/modem/assistants\-parlementaires\-du\-modem/francois\-bayrou\-le\-ministre\-de\-la\-justice\-annonce\-qu\-il\-quitte\-le\-gouvernement\-suivez\-notre\-direct\_2246839\.html\|url\-status\=live}} On 21 June 2017, [Nathalie Loiseau](/wiki/Nathalie_Loiseau "Nathalie Loiseau") succeeded de Sarnez as the minister for European affairs.{{cite news\|last1\=Paolini\|first1\=Esther\|date\=21 June 2017\|title\=Nathalie Loiseau, de l'ENA aux Affaires européennes\|work\=\[\[Le Figaro]]\|url\=http://www.lefigaro.fr/politique/2017/06/21/01002\-20170621ARTFIG00387\-nathalie\-loiseau\-de\-l\-ena\-aux\-affaires\-europeennes.php\|accessdate\=22 June 2017\|archive\-date\=21 June 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621211455/http://www.lefigaro.fr/politique/2017/06/21/01002\-20170621ARTFIG00387\-nathalie\-loiseau\-de\-l\-ena\-aux\-affaires\-europeennes.php\|url\-status\=live}} ### Representative of Paris [thumb\|upright\=0\.6\|De Sarnez during her first week in the National Assembly in 2017](/wiki/File:Marielle_de_Sarnez_02.jpg "Marielle de Sarnez 02.jpg") Despite the timing of the scandal, de Sarnez, who was also a councillor (joint RPR\-UDF slate) for the [14th arrondissement of Paris](/wiki/14th_arrondissement_of_Paris "14th arrondissement of Paris") from 2001 to 2010 and from 2014 to 2020, was elected Deputy to the [National Assembly](/wiki/National_Assembly_%28France%29 "National Assembly (France)") for the 11th constituency of Paris on 18 June 2017\.{{cite news\|author\=Express\|title\=Résultats des élections législatives 2017 Paris \- 11ème circonscription\|url\=https://www.lexpress.fr/actualite/politique/elections/legislatives\-2017/resultats\-elections/departement\-paris\-75/11eme\-circonscription.html\|accessdate\=18 February 2019\|archive\-date\=19 February 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190219072901/https://www.lexpress.fr/actualite/politique/elections/legislatives\-2017/resultats\-elections/departement\-paris\-75/11eme\-circonscription.html\|url\-status\=live}} De Sarnez became chair of the Foreign Affairs Committee,{{Cite news\|title\=La députée et ancienne ministre Marielle de Sarnez est morte, annonce François Bayrou\|url\=https://www.lefigaro.fr/politique/la\-deputee\-et\-ancienne\-ministre\-marielle\-de\-sarnez\-est\-morte\-annonce\-francois\-bayrou\-20210113\|access\-date\=17 January 2021\|work\=\[\[Le Figaro]]\|language\=fr\|archive\-date\=15 January 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115132939/https://www.lefigaro.fr/politique/la\-deputee\-et\-ancienne\-ministre\-marielle\-de\-sarnez\-est\-morte\-annonce\-francois\-bayrou\-20210113\|url\-status\=live}} serving in that capacity from 2017 to 2021\. On 24 April 2018, De Sarnez was among the guests invited to the [state dinner](/wiki/State_dinner "State dinner") hosted by [U.S. President](/wiki/U.S._President "U.S. President") [Donald Trump](/wiki/Donald_Trump "Donald Trump") in honor of [President](/wiki/President_of_France "President of France") [Emmanuel Macron](/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron "Emmanuel Macron") at the [White House](/wiki/White_House "White House").[The Full Guest List for the State Dinner](https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/01/us/politics/state-dinner-guest-list.html) *[New York Times](/wiki/New_York_Times "New York Times")*, 24 April 2018\. On 31 May 2019, she led a delegation of the committee on a visit to the [Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria](/wiki/Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria "Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria") and the [Syrian Democratic Council](/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Council "Syrian Democratic Council") in [Ayn Issa](/wiki/Ayn_Issa "Ayn Issa").{{cite web\|date\=1 June 2019\|title\=French delegation reveals its purpose to visit AA's areas\|url\=https://hawarnews.com/en/haber/french\-delegation\-reveals\-its\-purpose\-to\-visit\-aas\-areas\-h9374\.html\|work\=\[\[Hawar News Agency]]\|access\-date\=2 June 2019\|archive\-date\=2 June 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190602055258/https://hawarnews.com/en/haber/french\-delegation\-reveals\-its\-purpose\-to\-visit\-aas\-areas\-h9374\.html\|url\-status\=live}} After de Sarnez’s death in 2021, she was succeeded as deputy by [Maud Gatel](/wiki/Maud_Gatel "Maud Gatel").{{cite news\|url \= https://actu.fr/ile\-de\-france/paris\_75056/mort\-de\-marielle\-de\-sarnez\-maud\-gatel\-devient\-deputee\-de\-paris\_38705377\.html\|title \= Mort de Marielle de Sarnez : Maud Gatel devient députée de Paris\|lang \= fr\|date \= 14 January 2021\|accessdate \= 14 January 2021\|last \= Louvet\|first \= Simon\|work \= actuParis\|archive\-date \= 14 January 2021\|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20210114090700/https://actu.fr/ile\-de\-france/paris\_75056/mort\-de\-marielle\-de\-sarnez\-maud\-gatel\-devient\-deputee\-de\-paris\_38705377\.html\|url\-status \= live}}
[ "Career\n------", "### Early career", "In 1973, [Ladislas Wroblewski](/wiki/Ladislas_Poniatowski \"Ladislas Poniatowski\"), who cofounded the [Independent Republicans](/wiki/Independent_Republicans \"Independent Republicans\") (RI) party with [Valéry Giscard d'Estaing](/wiki/Val%C3%A9ry_Giscard_d%27Estaing \"Valéry Giscard d'Estaing\"), offered de Sarnez a part\\-time role as secretary of the Young RI arm. At RI, she met [Jean\\-Pierre Raffarin](/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Raffarin \"Jean-Pierre Raffarin\"), who went on to become [prime minister](/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_France \"Prime Minister of France\"); [Dominique Bussereau](/wiki/Dominique_Bussereau \"Dominique Bussereau\"), who became president of the {{ill\\|Assembly of the Departments of France\\|fr\\|Assemblée des départements de France}}; and eventual Minister of Justice [Pascal Clément](/wiki/Pascal_Cl%C3%A9ment \"Pascal Clément\"). She was involved in the [Presidential campaign](/wiki/1974_French_presidential_election \"1974 French presidential election\") the next year, creating popular \"Giscard à la barre\" (\"Giscard at the helm”) t\\-shirts. Giscard d'Estaing was elected and de Sarnez rose quickly through the ranks. Later de Sarnez grew disappointed by the rightward turn, especially the [anti\\-abortion](/wiki/Anti-abortion_movements \"Anti-abortion movements\") politics, that the new administration adopted, and wished Giscard d'Estaing had taken the opportunity to break from the right\\-wing UDR (predecessor to the Rally for the Republic, RPR) and form a majority government without them. Failure to do so, she later said, left the Giscardians \"hostages\" to the right. [Simone Veil](/wiki/Simone_Veil \"Simone Veil\") offered de Sarnez a slot on her list for the [European elections in 1979](/wiki/1979_French_European_elections \"1979 French European elections\") (when Veil became president of the [European Parliament](/wiki/European_Parliament \"European Parliament\")). De Sarnez, who had a ten\\-month\\-old daughter and a son on the way,{{Cite web\\|last\\=Fitoussi\\|first\\=Michèle\\|date\\=14 January 2021\\|title\\=Marielle de Sarnez : la belle au Centre\\|url\\=https://www.elle.fr/Societe/Les\\-enquetes/La\\-Belle\\-au\\-centre\\-94686\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114145852/https://www.elle.fr/Societe/Les\\-enquetes/La\\-Belle\\-au\\-centre\\-94686\\|archive\\-date\\=14 January 2021\\|access\\-date\\=15 January 2021\\|website\\=Elle\\|language\\=fr}} declined at that time, later saying she was glad to have waited for a more compatible political partner.", "Giscard d'Estaing was defeated in the [1981 French presidential election](/wiki/1981_French_presidential_election \"1981 French presidential election\"). De Sarnez later said that despite personal disappointment, she did not entirely regret the political changes brought by President [François Mitterrand](/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand \"François Mitterrand\"), of the Socialist Party (PS).", "### Work with François Bayrou", "In 1978, de Sarnez co\\-founded the [Union for French Democracy](/wiki/Union_for_French_Democracy \"Union for French Democracy\") (UDF), aimed at developing a center\\-right coalition to back Giscard d'Estaing and provide a counterweight to the Gaullist right. From 1986 to 1989, she served as special advisor to the chair of the UDF group in the [National Assembly](/wiki/National_Assembly \"National Assembly\"), [Jean\\-Claude Gaudin](/wiki/Jean-Claude_Gaudin \"Jean-Claude Gaudin\").{{Cite web\\|last\\=\\|first\\=\\|date\\=18 May 2016\\|title\\=CVs of MEPs – 7th legislative term\\|url\\=https://www.asktheeu.org/fr/request/2813/response/9923/attach/html/4/CV%207th%20legislative%20term.pdf.html\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122234557/https://www.asktheeu.org/fr/request/2813/response/9923/attach/html/4/CV%207th%20legislative%20term.pdf.html\\|archive\\-date\\=22 January 2021\\|access\\-date\\=16 January 2021\\|website\\=www.asktheeu.org\\|publisher\\=European Parliament}}", "In this milieu she met [François Bayrou](/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Bayrou \"François Bayrou\"), with whom she worked closely for the next 40 years. The two became close working on [Raymond Barre](/wiki/Raymond_Barre \"Raymond Barre\")'s campaign for President in 1988 and were soon inseparable. \"Elle, c'est moi, et moi, c'est elle\" (\"I'm her and she is me\") he told those who occasionally tried to drive a wedge between them. When Bayrou became Secretary General of the UDF in 1989, she joined him as his deputy, then likewise at the Ministry of National Education (1993 to 1997\\) in the government of [Alain Juppé](/wiki/Alain_Jupp%C3%A9 \"Alain Juppé\"). Initially she was an adviser, but then became Director of his Private Office, the first French woman to hold such a senior role without a degree from the [École nationale d'administration](/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_d%27administration \"École nationale d'administration\"). From 1997 to 1998, she was the secretary\\-general of the UDF group in the National Assembly. After the [Plural Left](/wiki/Plural_Left \"Plural Left\") won the 1997 legislative elections, in 1989 through 1993 de Sarnez became Secretary\\-General of the opposition general assembly, while Bayrou was President of UDF. She went on to become national secretary of the UDF, from 2003 to 2007\\.", "De Sarnez, who earned a reputation as an outstanding organizer—Raffarin described her as a \"gifted politician\"—also served as campaign manager for Bayrou's [2007](/wiki/2007_French_presidential_election \"2007 French presidential election\") and [2012 presidential campaigns](/wiki/2012_French_presidential_election \"2012 French presidential election\"). Each time, Bayrou, a center\\-right candidate running under the UDF banner, failed to advance to the second (final) round. In 2002, they earned 6\\.84% of the first\\-round vote, a fourth\\-place finish while the neo\\-Gaullist right\\-wing (RPR) and extreme\\-right (National Front, FN) candidates [Jacques Chirac](/wiki/Jacques_Chirac \"Jacques Chirac\") and [Jean\\-Marie Le Pen](/wiki/Jean-Marie_Le_Pen \"Jean-Marie Le Pen\"), respectively, advanced. Along with much of the political establishment, Bayrou threw his support behind Chirac.{{Cite news\\|last\\=Ollivier\\|first\\=Enora\\|date\\=22 February 2017\\|title\\=Les trois présidentielles de François Bayrou\\|language\\=fr\\|work\\=Le Monde\\|url\\=https://www.lemonde.fr/election\\-presidentielle\\-2017/article/2017/02/22/les\\-trois\\-presidentielles\\-de\\-francois\\-bayrou\\_5083376\\_4854003\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|access\\-date\\=15 January 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=13 January 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113222128/https://www.lemonde.fr/election\\-presidentielle\\-2017/article/2017/02/22/les\\-trois\\-presidentielles\\-de\\-francois\\-bayrou\\_5083376\\_4854003\\.html}} In 2007, it was 18\\.57% ([Nicolas Sarkozy](/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy \"Nicolas Sarkozy\"), a right\\-wing candidate then running with the [Union for a Popular Movement](/wiki/Union_for_a_Popular_Movement \"Union for a Popular Movement\") (UMP) and Socialist Party (PS) candidate [Ségolène Royal](/wiki/S%C3%A9gol%C3%A8ne_Royal \"Ségolène Royal\") advanced) and 9\\.13% in 2012 (Sarkozy and PS candidate [François Hollande](/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Hollande \"François Hollande\") advanced). The 2007 election loss nevertheless marked a significant turning point, as Bayrou announced publicly he would not vote for Sarkozy, breaking from the dominant right\\-wing UMP to form the centrist [Democratic Movement](/wiki/Democratic_Movement_%28France%29 \"Democratic Movement (France)\") (MoDem). De Sarnez became its First Vice\\-President. The UMP's successor the Republicans (LR) blamed Bayrou (and retaliated) for Sarkozy's loss and a number of UDF members split to create the [New Centre](/wiki/New_Centre \"New Centre\") party to support Sarkozy, leaving only three MoDem deputies in the National Assembly, including Bayrou, not enough to form their own group in the legislature. Ex\\-comrades accused de Sarnez of having creating a vacuum around Bayrou. A 2007 profile in *[Le Monde](/wiki/Le_Monde \"Le Monde\")* describes de Sarnez's role with Bayrou: \"Nothing is done without her consent.\"", "In the [2016 presidential primary](/wiki/2016_The_Republicans_%28France%29_presidential_primary \"2016 The Republicans (France) presidential primary\") held by LR, de Sarnez endorsed [Alain Juppé](/wiki/Alain_Jupp%C3%A9 \"Alain Juppé\") over Sarkozy, but both lost in a surprise upset by [François Fillon](/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Fillon \"François Fillon\").Ludovic Vigogne (20 April 2016\\), [Bataillons: Primaire à droite: la liste des premiers soutiens parlementaires](https://www.lopinion.fr/edition/politique/primaire-a-droite-liste-premiers-soutiens-parlementaires-101334) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160726121914/http://www.lopinion.fr/edition/politique/primaire\\-a\\-droite\\-liste\\-premiers\\-soutiens\\-parlementaires\\-101334 \\|date\\=26 July 2016 }} *[L'Opinion](/wiki/L%27Opinion_%28French_newspaper%29 \"L'Opinion (French newspaper)\")*. Bayrou, in consultation with de Sarnez, decided not to run in the [2017 French presidential election](/wiki/2017_French_presidential_election \"2017 French presidential election\") and they both instead supported [Emmanuel Macron](/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron \"Emmanuel Macron\") of [La République En Marche!](/wiki/La_R%C3%A9publique_En_Marche%21 \"La République En Marche!\") as an alternative centrist candidate, ultimately successful.{{Cite web\\|last\\=Forcari\\|first\\=Christophe\\|date\\=14 January 2021\\|title\\=Mort de Marielle de Sarnez, stratège de François Bayrou\\|url\\=https://www.liberation.fr/politiques/2021/01/14/mort\\-de\\-marielle\\-de\\-sarnez\\-stratege\\-de\\-francois\\-bayrou\\_1817255\\|access\\-date\\=17 January 2021\\|website\\=Libération.fr\\|language\\=fr\\|archive\\-date\\=17 January 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117132046/https://www.liberation.fr/politiques/2021/01/14/mort\\-de\\-marielle\\-de\\-sarnez\\-stratege\\-de\\-francois\\-bayrou\\_1817255\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "### Role in Europe", "While de Sarnez made her name as \"the woman who made Bayrou\", he also encouraged her to strike out as a candidate herself, insisting, \"She's not a number two. She's a number one.\" Devoted to the cause of a unified Europe, she began her elected career in 1999 as a member of the [European Parliament](/wiki/European_Parliament \"European Parliament\") (MEP) for [Île\\-de\\-France](/wiki/%C3%8Ele-de-France_%28European_Parliament_constituency%29 \"Île-de-France (European Parliament constituency)\"), heading the UDF list in 2004 and serving until 2017\\. A member of the UDF before 2008 and [MoDem](/wiki/Democratic_Movement_%28France%29 \"Democratic Movement (France)\") after 2008, de Sarnez served as vice\\-chair of the [Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe](/wiki/Alliance_of_Liberals_and_Democrats_for_Europe \"Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe\"), and sat on the [European Parliament](/wiki/European_Parliament \"European Parliament\")'s [Committee on Culture and Education](/wiki/Committee_on_Culture_and_Education \"Committee on Culture and Education\").{{Cite web\\|title\\=6ème législature {{!}} Marielle DE SARNEZ {{!}} Députés {{!}} Parlement européen\\|url\\=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/meps/fr/4335/MARIELLE\\_DE\\+SARNEZ/history/6\\|access\\-date\\=15 January 2021\\|website\\=www.europarl.europa.eu\\|language\\=fr\\|archive\\-date\\=21 January 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121015433/https://www.europarl.europa.eu/meps/fr/4335/MARIELLE\\_DE%20SARNEZ/history/6\\|url\\-status\\=live}} She was in the forefront for [Orange Revolution](/wiki/Orange_Revolution \"Orange Revolution\") in [Ukraine](/wiki/Ukraine \"Ukraine\"), and it inspired the choice to make orange the signature color of MoDem. She also took a particular interest in the EU's [Erasmus Mundus](/wiki/Erasmus_Mundus \"Erasmus Mundus\"), expanding on the popular [Erasmus program](/wiki/Erasmus_Programme \"Erasmus Programme\") to create opportunities for students outside Europe to study in its universities as well.{{Cite web\\|date\\=12 December 2003\\|title\\=Interview news: MEP Marielle De Sarnez is confident that Erasmus Mundus will be a success story\\|url\\=https://www.euractiv.com/section/economy\\-jobs/news/interview\\-news\\-mep\\-marielle\\-de\\-sarnez\\-is\\-confident\\-that\\-erasmus\\-mundus\\-will\\-be\\-a\\-success\\-story/\\|access\\-date\\=16 January 2021\\|website\\=EURACTIV\\|language\\=en\\-GB\\|archive\\-date\\=23 January 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123053845/https://www.euractiv.com/section/economy\\-jobs/news/interview\\-news\\-mep\\-marielle\\-de\\-sarnez\\-is\\-confident\\-that\\-erasmus\\-mundus\\-will\\-be\\-a\\-success\\-story/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} In the contentious {{ill\\|2005 French referendum on the European Constitution\\|lt\\=2005 French referendum\\|fr\\|Référendum français sur le traité établissant une constitution pour l'Europe}} on ratifying the [European Constitution](/wiki/European_Constitution \"European Constitution\"), de Sarnez supported ratification. Although the measure failed, de Sarnez praised the \"democratic moment\" of the entire nation reading and debating the text. In 2009, she published a short book called *Petit dictionnaire pour faire aimer l'Europe* (*A Brief Dictionary for Loving Europe*). The book covers 80\\-odd subjects in 250 pages, appealing to a vision of Europe that centers equity in its relationship with the rest of the world.{{Cite news\\|last\\=Roger\\|first\\=Patrick\\|date\\=15 May 2009\\|title\\=\"Petit dictionnaire pour faire aimer l'Europe\", de Marielle de Sarnez, une euro\\-enthousiaste\\|language\\=fr\\|work\\=Le Monde.fr\\|url\\=https://www.lemonde.fr/livres/article/2009/05/15/petit\\-dictionnaire\\-pour\\-faire\\-aimer\\-l\\-europe\\-de\\-marielle\\-de\\-sarnez\\_1193548\\_3260\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|access\\-date\\=16 January 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=21 January 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121212153/https://www.lemonde.fr/livres/article/2009/05/15/petit\\-dictionnaire\\-pour\\-faire\\-aimer\\-l\\-europe\\-de\\-marielle\\-de\\-sarnez\\_1193548\\_3260\\.html}}", "De Sarnez was a substitute for the [Committee on Foreign Affairs](/wiki/Committee_on_Foreign_Affairs_%28EU%29 \"Committee on Foreign Affairs (EU)\"), a member of the delegation for relations with [South Africa](/wiki/South_Africa \"South Africa\"), and a substitute for the delegation to the [EU](/wiki/European_Union \"European Union\")–[Chile](/wiki/Chile \"Chile\") Joint Parliamentary Committee. In 2016, she served as the parliament's [rapporteur](/wiki/Rapporteur \"Rapporteur\") on a plan to lend [Tunisia](/wiki/Tunisia \"Tunisia\") €500 million on favourable terms to help it reduce its external debt and consolidate its democratic mechanisms.[MEPs approve €500m in fresh EU loans to Tunisia](http://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/news-room/20160603IPR30211/MEPs-approve-%E2%82%AC500m-in-fresh-EU-loans-to-Tunisia) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160713073709/http://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/news\\-room/20160603IPR30211/MEPs\\-approve\\-%E2%82%AC500m\\-in\\-fresh\\-EU\\-loans\\-to\\-Tunisia \\|date\\=13 July 2016 }} [European Parliament](/wiki/European_Parliament \"European Parliament\"), press release of 8 June 2016\\. In addition to her committee assignments, de Sarnez was a member of the European Parliament Intergroup on Children's Rights.[Members of the European Parliament Intergroup on Children's Rights](http://www.europarl.europa.eu/pdf/intergroupes/VIII_LEG_04_Childrens_rights.pdf) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180215023522/http://www.europarl.europa.eu/pdf/intergroupes/VIII\\_LEG\\_04\\_Childrens\\_rights.pdf \\|date\\=15 February 2018 }} [European Parliament](/wiki/European_Parliament \"European Parliament\").", "In May 2017, de Sarnez left the European Parliament upon her appointment as French Minister for European Affairs.[Factbox: Ministers in new French government](https://www.reuters.com/article/us-france-election-government-ministers-idUSKCN18D1SA?il=0) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616130445/https://www.reuters.com/article/us\\-france\\-election\\-government\\-ministers\\-idUSKCN18D1SA?il\\=0 \\|date\\=16 June 2018 }} *[Reuters](/wiki/Reuters \"Reuters\")*, 17 May 2017\\. Reporting from *[Le Canard enchaîné](/wiki/Le_Canard_encha%C3%AEn%C3%A9 \"Le Canard enchaîné\")* shortly thereafter alleged that de Sarnez had been paid for work she had not actually done, embroiling her and Bayrou in a jobs scandal.{{Cite news\\|date\\=13 June 2017\\|title\\=L'ex\\-secrétaire de François Bayrou citée dans l'affaire MoDem\\|language\\=fr\\|work\\=Marianne\\|url\\=https://www.marianne.net/politique/l\\-ex\\-secretaire\\-de\\-francois\\-bayrou\\-citee\\-dans\\-l\\-affaire\\-modem\\|access\\-date\\=9 August 2017\\|archive\\-date\\=18 August 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818133625/https://www.marianne.net/politique/l\\-ex\\-secretaire\\-de\\-francois\\-bayrou\\-citee\\-dans\\-l\\-affaire\\-modem\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Prosecutors opened an investigation into whether assistants to de Sarnez as an MEP had actually been paid for work done for the MoDem party in Paris.{{Cite web\\|last\\=Briançon\\|first\\=Pierre\\|date\\=20 June 2017\\|title\\=Ethics probes hijack Macron's 'moralizing' presidency\\|url\\=https://www.politico.eu/article/macron\\-ethics\\-probes\\-hijack\\-moralizing\\-presidency/\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121034549/https://www.politico.eu/article/macron\\-ethics\\-probes\\-hijack\\-moralizing\\-presidency/\\|archive\\-date\\=21 January 2021\\|access\\-date\\=15 January 2021\\|website\\=POLITICO\\|language\\=en\\-US}} Both she and Bayrou (the new [Minister of Justice](/wiki/Minister_of_Justice_%28France%29 \"Minister of Justice (France)\")) resigned, just before the [2017 legislative election](/wiki/2007_French_legislative_election \"2007 French legislative election\") in which de Sarnez was a candidate with [Emmanuel Macron](/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron \"Emmanuel Macron\")'s newly formed party, [La République En Marche!](/wiki/La_R%C3%A9publique_En_Marche%21 \"La République En Marche!\"){{Cite web\\|date\\=14 January 2021\\|title\\=Tributes pour in for French centrist MP Mareille de Sarnez\\|url\\=https://www.rfi.fr/en/france/20210114\\-tributes\\-pour\\-in\\-from\\-across\\-france\\-s\\-political\\-spectrum\\-for\\-centrist\\-mp\\-mareille\\-de\\-sarnez\\|access\\-date\\=14 January 2021\\|website\\=RFI\\|language\\=en\\|archive\\-date\\=14 January 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114074430/https://www.rfi.fr/en/france/20210114\\-tributes\\-pour\\-in\\-from\\-across\\-france\\-s\\-political\\-spectrum\\-for\\-centrist\\-mp\\-mareille\\-de\\-sarnez\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Prime Minister [Édouard Philippe](/wiki/%C3%89douard_Philippe \"Édouard Philippe\") announced that Bayrou would not be a part of the government.{{Cite news\\|last\\=Boichot\\|first\\=Loris\\|date\\=21 June 2017\\|title\\=François Bayrou et Marielle de Sarnez quittent le gouvernement\\|language\\=fr\\-FR\\|work\\=Le Figaro\\|url\\=http://www.lefigaro.fr/politique/2017/06/21/01002\\-20170621ARTFIG00053\\-francois\\-bayrou\\-et\\-marielle\\-de\\-sarnez\\-quittent\\-le\\-gouvernement.php\\|access\\-date\\=9 August 2017\\|issn\\=0182\\-5852\\|archive\\-date\\=8 August 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808230851/http://www.lefigaro.fr/politique/2017/06/21/01002\\-20170621ARTFIG00053\\-francois\\-bayrou\\-et\\-marielle\\-de\\-sarnez\\-quittent\\-le\\-gouvernement.php\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{Cite news\\|date\\=21 June 2017\\|title\\=DIRECT. La ministre des Affaires européennes, Marielle de Sarnez, quitte le gouvernement, dans la foulée du départ de François Bayrou\\|language\\=fr\\-FR\\|work\\=Franceinfo\\|url\\=http://www.francetvinfo.fr/politique/modem/assistants\\-parlementaires\\-du\\-modem/francois\\-bayrou\\-le\\-ministre\\-de\\-la\\-justice\\-annonce\\-qu\\-il\\-quitte\\-le\\-gouvernement\\-suivez\\-notre\\-direct\\_2246839\\.html\\|access\\-date\\=9 August 2017\\|archive\\-date\\=9 August 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809203447/http://www.francetvinfo.fr/politique/modem/assistants\\-parlementaires\\-du\\-modem/francois\\-bayrou\\-le\\-ministre\\-de\\-la\\-justice\\-annonce\\-qu\\-il\\-quitte\\-le\\-gouvernement\\-suivez\\-notre\\-direct\\_2246839\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}} On 21 June 2017, [Nathalie Loiseau](/wiki/Nathalie_Loiseau \"Nathalie Loiseau\") succeeded de Sarnez as the minister for European affairs.{{cite news\\|last1\\=Paolini\\|first1\\=Esther\\|date\\=21 June 2017\\|title\\=Nathalie Loiseau, de l'ENA aux Affaires européennes\\|work\\=\\[\\[Le Figaro]]\\|url\\=http://www.lefigaro.fr/politique/2017/06/21/01002\\-20170621ARTFIG00387\\-nathalie\\-loiseau\\-de\\-l\\-ena\\-aux\\-affaires\\-europeennes.php\\|accessdate\\=22 June 2017\\|archive\\-date\\=21 June 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621211455/http://www.lefigaro.fr/politique/2017/06/21/01002\\-20170621ARTFIG00387\\-nathalie\\-loiseau\\-de\\-l\\-ena\\-aux\\-affaires\\-europeennes.php\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "### Representative of Paris", "[thumb\\|upright\\=0\\.6\\|De Sarnez during her first week in the National Assembly in 2017](/wiki/File:Marielle_de_Sarnez_02.jpg \"Marielle de Sarnez 02.jpg\")", "Despite the timing of the scandal, de Sarnez, who was also a councillor (joint RPR\\-UDF slate) for the [14th arrondissement of Paris](/wiki/14th_arrondissement_of_Paris \"14th arrondissement of Paris\") from 2001 to 2010 and from 2014 to 2020, was elected Deputy to the [National Assembly](/wiki/National_Assembly_%28France%29 \"National Assembly (France)\") for the 11th constituency of Paris on 18 June 2017\\.{{cite news\\|author\\=Express\\|title\\=Résultats des élections législatives 2017 Paris \\- 11ème circonscription\\|url\\=https://www.lexpress.fr/actualite/politique/elections/legislatives\\-2017/resultats\\-elections/departement\\-paris\\-75/11eme\\-circonscription.html\\|accessdate\\=18 February 2019\\|archive\\-date\\=19 February 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190219072901/https://www.lexpress.fr/actualite/politique/elections/legislatives\\-2017/resultats\\-elections/departement\\-paris\\-75/11eme\\-circonscription.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "De Sarnez became chair of the Foreign Affairs Committee,{{Cite news\\|title\\=La députée et ancienne ministre Marielle de Sarnez est morte, annonce François Bayrou\\|url\\=https://www.lefigaro.fr/politique/la\\-deputee\\-et\\-ancienne\\-ministre\\-marielle\\-de\\-sarnez\\-est\\-morte\\-annonce\\-francois\\-bayrou\\-20210113\\|access\\-date\\=17 January 2021\\|work\\=\\[\\[Le Figaro]]\\|language\\=fr\\|archive\\-date\\=15 January 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115132939/https://www.lefigaro.fr/politique/la\\-deputee\\-et\\-ancienne\\-ministre\\-marielle\\-de\\-sarnez\\-est\\-morte\\-annonce\\-francois\\-bayrou\\-20210113\\|url\\-status\\=live}} serving in that capacity from 2017 to 2021\\.", "On 24 April 2018, De Sarnez was among the guests invited to the [state dinner](/wiki/State_dinner \"State dinner\") hosted by [U.S. President](/wiki/U.S._President \"U.S. President\") [Donald Trump](/wiki/Donald_Trump \"Donald Trump\") in honor of [President](/wiki/President_of_France \"President of France\") [Emmanuel Macron](/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron \"Emmanuel Macron\") at the [White House](/wiki/White_House \"White House\").[The Full Guest List for the State Dinner](https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/01/us/politics/state-dinner-guest-list.html) *[New York Times](/wiki/New_York_Times \"New York Times\")*, 24 April 2018\\.", "On 31 May 2019, she led a delegation of the committee on a visit to the [Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria](/wiki/Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria \"Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria\") and the [Syrian Democratic Council](/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Council \"Syrian Democratic Council\") in [Ayn Issa](/wiki/Ayn_Issa \"Ayn Issa\").{{cite web\\|date\\=1 June 2019\\|title\\=French delegation reveals its purpose to visit AA's areas\\|url\\=https://hawarnews.com/en/haber/french\\-delegation\\-reveals\\-its\\-purpose\\-to\\-visit\\-aas\\-areas\\-h9374\\.html\\|work\\=\\[\\[Hawar News Agency]]\\|access\\-date\\=2 June 2019\\|archive\\-date\\=2 June 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190602055258/https://hawarnews.com/en/haber/french\\-delegation\\-reveals\\-its\\-purpose\\-to\\-visit\\-aas\\-areas\\-h9374\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}} After de Sarnez’s death in 2021, she was succeeded as deputy by [Maud Gatel](/wiki/Maud_Gatel \"Maud Gatel\").{{cite news\\|url \\= https://actu.fr/ile\\-de\\-france/paris\\_75056/mort\\-de\\-marielle\\-de\\-sarnez\\-maud\\-gatel\\-devient\\-deputee\\-de\\-paris\\_38705377\\.html\\|title \\= Mort de Marielle de Sarnez : Maud Gatel devient députée de Paris\\|lang \\= fr\\|date \\= 14 January 2021\\|accessdate \\= 14 January 2021\\|last \\= Louvet\\|first \\= Simon\\|work \\= actuParis\\|archive\\-date \\= 14 January 2021\\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20210114090700/https://actu.fr/ile\\-de\\-france/paris\\_75056/mort\\-de\\-marielle\\-de\\-sarnez\\-maud\\-gatel\\-devient\\-deputee\\-de\\-paris\\_38705377\\.html\\|url\\-status \\= live}}", "" ]
Political career ---------------- As a member of AKEL's Central Committee, Mavrou's efforts were focused on the areas of Local Authority and the Environment for many years. She demonstrated a great interest in human rights issues, and played an active role in the women's movement. She served as a Councilor on the Nicosia Municipal Council for two consecutive terms, from 1986 to 1996\. In 2001, she was elected in [Nicosia](/wiki/Nicosia_District "Nicosia District") to be among AKEL's members of the [House of Representatives](/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_Cyprus "House of Representatives of Cyprus"), and was re\-elected to the same position in [2006](/wiki/2006_Cypriot_legislative_election "2006 Cypriot legislative election"). She served as President of the House Committee on the Environment, and as a member of the House Committees on Internal Affairs and Human Rights. She was a member of the European Convention on the Future of the [European Union](/wiki/European_Union "European Union"), and in 2003 was appointed by the House of Representatives as a Cyprus observer at the [European Parliament](/wiki/European_Parliament "European Parliament"). After Cyprus's accession to the European Union, and until the elected Cyprus [Members of the European Parliament](/wiki/Members_of_the_European_Parliament "Members of the European Parliament") took office, Mavrou represented Cyprus at the European Parliament. During the same period, she was a member of the Committee for the Environment, Public Health, and Food Safety, as well as the Committee for Civil Liberties, Justice, and Internal Affairs. In the municipal elections which were held on 17 December 2006, she ran as the candidate of the Municipal Coalition which united the three parties of [AKEL](/wiki/AKEL "AKEL"), [DIKO](/wiki/DIKO "DIKO"), and [EDEK](/wiki/EDEK "EDEK"). She was elected Mayor of [Nicosia](/wiki/Nicosia "Nicosia"), and became the first female mayor of the capital of Cyprus. She took office on 2 January 2007, and held the post until 31 December 2011\. On 20 March 2012 she was appointed [Minister of Interior](/wiki/List_of_Ministers_of_Interior_of_Cyprus "List of Ministers of Interior of Cyprus"). Mavrou has been awarded the decoration of Chevalier of the [National Order of the Legion of Honour](/wiki/National_Order_of_the_Legion_of_Honour "National Order of the Legion of Honour") of the [French Republic](/wiki/French_Republic "French Republic"), as well as the [*Grand Decoration of Honour in Silver with Sash* for Services to the Republic of Austria](/wiki/Decoration_of_Honour_for_Services_to_the_Republic_of_Austria "Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria") (2007\).{{cite web \| url \= http://www.parlament.gv.at/PAKT/VHG/XXIV/AB/AB\_10542/imfname\_251156\.pdf \| title \= Reply to a parliamentary question about the Decoration of Honour \| language \= German \| page\=1819 \|trans\-title\=\| accessdate \= }} She is also long\-listed for the 2008 [World Mayor](/wiki/World_Mayor "World Mayor") award.
[ "Political career\n----------------", "As a member of AKEL's Central Committee, Mavrou's efforts were focused on the areas of Local Authority and the Environment for many years. She demonstrated a great interest in human rights issues, and played an active role in the women's movement.", "She served as a Councilor on the Nicosia Municipal Council for two consecutive terms, from 1986 to 1996\\. In 2001, she was elected in [Nicosia](/wiki/Nicosia_District \"Nicosia District\") to be among AKEL's members of the [House of Representatives](/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_Cyprus \"House of Representatives of Cyprus\"), and was re\\-elected to the same position in [2006](/wiki/2006_Cypriot_legislative_election \"2006 Cypriot legislative election\").", "She served as President of the House Committee on the Environment, and as a member of the House Committees on Internal Affairs and Human Rights.", "She was a member of the European Convention on the Future of the [European Union](/wiki/European_Union \"European Union\"), and in 2003 was appointed by the House of Representatives as a Cyprus observer at the [European Parliament](/wiki/European_Parliament \"European Parliament\"). After Cyprus's accession to the European Union, and until the elected Cyprus [Members of the European Parliament](/wiki/Members_of_the_European_Parliament \"Members of the European Parliament\") took office, Mavrou represented Cyprus at the European Parliament. During the same period, she was a member of the Committee for the Environment, Public Health, and Food Safety, as well as the Committee for Civil Liberties, Justice, and Internal Affairs.", "In the municipal elections which were held on 17 December 2006, she ran as the candidate of the Municipal Coalition which united the three parties of [AKEL](/wiki/AKEL \"AKEL\"), [DIKO](/wiki/DIKO \"DIKO\"), and [EDEK](/wiki/EDEK \"EDEK\"). She was elected Mayor of [Nicosia](/wiki/Nicosia \"Nicosia\"), and became the first female mayor of the capital of Cyprus. She took office on 2 January 2007, and held the post until 31 December 2011\\. On 20 March 2012 she was appointed [Minister of Interior](/wiki/List_of_Ministers_of_Interior_of_Cyprus \"List of Ministers of Interior of Cyprus\").", "Mavrou has been awarded the decoration of Chevalier of the [National Order of the Legion of Honour](/wiki/National_Order_of_the_Legion_of_Honour \"National Order of the Legion of Honour\") of the [French Republic](/wiki/French_Republic \"French Republic\"), as well as the [*Grand Decoration of Honour in Silver with Sash* for Services to the Republic of Austria](/wiki/Decoration_of_Honour_for_Services_to_the_Republic_of_Austria \"Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria\") (2007\\).{{cite web \\| url \\= http://www.parlament.gv.at/PAKT/VHG/XXIV/AB/AB\\_10542/imfname\\_251156\\.pdf \\| title \\= Reply to a parliamentary question about the Decoration of Honour \\| language \\= German \\| page\\=1819 \\|trans\\-title\\=\\| accessdate \\= }} She is also long\\-listed for the 2008 [World Mayor](/wiki/World_Mayor \"World Mayor\") award.", "" ]
Middle Ages ----------- {{Main\|Scottish literature in the Middle Ages}} ### Early Middle Ages {{See also\|Scotland in the Early Middle Ages}} [thumb\|upright\|right\|A page from the [Book of Aneirin](/wiki/Book_of_Aneirin "Book of Aneirin"), containing part of the *[Gododdin](/wiki/Gododdin "Gododdin")*, c. sixth century](/wiki/File:Gododdin1.jpg "Gododdin1.jpg") After the collapse of Roman authority in the early fifth century, four major circles of political and cultural influence emerged in Northern Britain. In the east were the [Picts](/wiki/Picts "Picts"), whose kingdoms eventually stretched from the river Forth to Shetland. In the west were the Gaelic ([Goidelic](/wiki/Goidelic "Goidelic"))\-speaking people of [Dál Riata](/wiki/D%C3%A1l_Riata "Dál Riata"), who had close links with Ireland, from where they brought with them the name Scots. In the south were the British ([Brythonic](/wiki/Britons_%28historical%29 "Britons (historical)")\-speaking) descendants of the peoples of the Roman\-influenced kingdoms of "[The Old North](/wiki/Y_Gogledd_Hen "Y Gogledd Hen")", the most powerful and longest surviving of which was the [Kingdom of Strathclyde](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Strathclyde "Kingdom of Strathclyde"). Finally, there were the English or "Angles", Germanic invaders who had overrun much of southern Britain and held the Kingdom of [Bernicia](/wiki/Bernicia "Bernicia") (later the northern part of [Northumbria](/wiki/Northumbria "Northumbria")), which reached into what are now the Lothians and the Scotiish Borders in the south\-east.J. R. Maddicott and D. M. Palliser, eds, *The Medieval State: essays presented to James Campbell* (London: Continuum, 2000\), {{ISBN\|1\-85285\-195\-3}}, p. 48\. To these Christianisation, particularly from the sixth century, added [Latin](/wiki/Latin "Latin") as an intellectual and written language. Modern scholarship, based on surviving placenames and historical evidence, indicates that the [Picts](/wiki/Pictish_language "Pictish language") spoke a Brythonic language, but none of their literature seems to have survived into the modern era.J. T. Koch, *Celtic Culture: a Historical Encyclopedia* (ABC\-CLIO, 2006\), {{ISBN\|1\-85109\-440\-7}}, p. 305\. However, there is surviving literature from what would become Scotland in Brythonic, Gaelic, Latin and [Old English](/wiki/Old_English "Old English"). Much of the earliest [Welsh literature](/wiki/Welsh-language_literature "Welsh-language literature") was actually composed in or near the country we now call Scotland, in the Brythonic speech, from which [Welsh](/wiki/Welsh_language "Welsh language") would be derived, which was not then confined to Wales and Cornwall, although it was only written down in Wales much later. These include *The [Gododdin](/wiki/Y_Gododdin "Y Gododdin")*, considered the earliest surviving verse from Scotland, which is attributed to the [bard](/wiki/Bard "Bard") [Aneirin](/wiki/Aneirin "Aneirin"), said to have been resident in Brythonic kingdom of Gododdin in the sixth century. It is a series of [elegies](/wiki/Elegy "Elegy") to the men of the Gododdin killed fighting at the *[Battle of Catraeth](/wiki/Battle_of_Catraeth "Battle of Catraeth")* around 600 AD. Similarly, the *[Battle of Gwen Ystrad](/wiki/Battle_of_Gwen_Ystrad "Battle of Gwen Ystrad")* is attributed to [Taliesin](/wiki/Taliesin "Taliesin"), traditionally thought to be a bard at the court of [Rheged](/wiki/Rheged "Rheged") in roughly the same period.R. T. Lambdin and L. C. Lambdin, *Encyclopedia of Medieval Literature* (London: Greenwood, 2000\), {{ISBN\|0\-313\-30054\-2}}, p. 508\. There are religious works in [Gaelic](/wiki/Middle_Irish "Middle Irish") including the *Elegy for [St Columba](/wiki/St_Columba "St Columba")* by Dallan Forgaill, c. 597 and "In Praise of St Columba" by Beccan mac Luigdech of Rum, c. 677\.J. T. Koch, *Celtic Culture: a Historical Encyclopedia* (ABC\-CLIO, 2006\), {{ISBN\|1\-85109\-440\-7}}, p. 999\. In [Latin](/wiki/Latin_language "Latin language") they include a "Prayer for Protection" (attributed to St Mugint), c. mid\-sixth century and *[Altus Prosator](/wiki/Hiberno-Latin%23Altus_Prosator "Hiberno-Latin#Altus Prosator")* ("The High Creator", attributed to St Columba), c. 597\.I. Brown, T. Owen Clancy, M. Pittock, S. Manning, eds, *The Edinburgh History of Scottish Literature: From Columba to the Union, until 1707* (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2007\), {{ISBN\|0\-7486\-1615\-2}}, p. 94\. What is arguably the most important medieval work written in Scotland, the *[Vita Columbae](/wiki/Vita_Columbae "Vita Columbae")*, by [Adomnán](/wiki/Adomn%C3%A1n "Adomnán"), abbot of Iona (627/8–704\), was also written in Latin.C. Gross, *The Sources and Literature of English History from the Earliest Times to about 1485* (Elibron Classics Series, 1999\), {{ISBN\|0\-543\-96628\-3}}, p. 217\. The next most important piece of Scottish hagiography, the verse *[Life of St. Ninian](/wiki/Life_of_St._Ninian "Life of St. Ninian")*, was written in Latin in [Whithorn](/wiki/Whithorn "Whithorn") in the eighth century.T. O. Clancy, "Scottish literature before Scottish literature", in G. Carruthers and L. McIlvanney, eds, *The Cambridge Companion to Scottish Literature* (Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 2012\), {{ISBN\|0521189365}}, p. 19\. In Old English there is *The [Dream of the Rood](/wiki/Dream_of_the_Rood "Dream of the Rood")*, from which lines are found on the [Ruthwell Cross](/wiki/Ruthwell_Cross "Ruthwell Cross"), making it the only surviving fragment of [Northumbrian](/wiki/Northumbrian_%28Anglo-Saxon%29 "Northumbrian (Anglo-Saxon)") Old English from early Medieval Scotland.E. M. Treharne, *Old and Middle English c.890\-c.1400: an Anthology* (Wiley\-Blackwell, 2004\), {{ISBN\|1\-4051\-1313\-8}}, p. 108\. It has also been suggested on the basis of ornithological references that the poem *[The Seafarer](/wiki/The_Seafarer_%28poem%29 "The Seafarer (poem)")* was composed somewhere near the [Bass Rock](/wiki/Bass_Rock "Bass Rock") in East Lothian.T. O. Clancy, "Scottish literature before Scottish literature", in G. Carruthers and L. McIlvanney, eds, *The Cambridge Companion to Scottish Literature* (Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 2012\), {{ISBN\|0521189365}}, p. 16\. {{Clear}} ### High Middle Ages {{See also\|Scotland in the High Middle Ages}} [thumb\|left\|upright\|[Book of Deer](/wiki/Book_of_Deer "Book of Deer"), folio 5r, containing the text of the [Gospel of Matthew](/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew "Gospel of Matthew") from 1:18 through 1:21](/wiki/File:BookDeerMattCh1vv18_21Fol05r.jpg "BookDeerMattCh1vv18 21Fol05r.jpg") Beginning in the later eighth century, [Viking](/wiki/Viking "Viking") raids and invasions may have forced a merger of the Gaelic and Pictish crowns that culminated in the rise of [Cínaed mac Ailpín](/wiki/Kenneth_I_of_Scotland "Kenneth I of Scotland") (Kenneth MacAlpin) in the 840s, which brought to power the [House of Alpin](/wiki/House_of_Alpin "House of Alpin") and the creation of the [Kingdom of Alba](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Alba "Kingdom of Alba").B. Yorke, *The Conversion of Britain: Religion, Politics and Society in Britain c.600–800* (Pearson Education, 2006\), {{ISBN\|0582772923}}, p. 54\. Historical sources, as well as place name evidence, indicate the ways in which the Pictish language in the north and Cumbric languages in the south were overlaid and replaced by Gaelic, Old English and later [Norse](/wiki/Norse_language "Norse language").W. O. Frazer and A. Tyrrell, *Social Identity in Early Medieval Britain* (London: Continuum, 2000\), {{ISBN\|0718500849}}, p. 238\. The Kingdom of Alba was overwhelmingly an oral society dominated by Gaelic culture. Our fuller sources for Ireland of the same period suggest that there would have been [filidh](/wiki/Filidh "Filidh"), who acted as poets, musicians and historians, often attached to the court of a lord or king, and passed on their knowledge and culture in Gaelic to the next generation.R. A. Houston, *Scottish Literacy and the Scottish Identity: Illiteracy and Society in Scotland and Northern England, 1600–1800* (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002\), {{ISBN\|0521890888}}, p. 76\. From the eleventh century French, [Flemish](/wiki/Flemish_dialects "Flemish dialects") and particularly English became the main languages of Scottish [burghs](/wiki/Burgh "Burgh"), most of which were located in the south and east.K. J. Stringer, "Reform Monasticism and Celtic Scotland", in E. J. Cowan and R. A. McDonald, eds, *Alba: Celtic Scotland in the Middle Ages* (East Lothian: Tuckwell Press, 2000\), {{ISBN\|1862321515}}, p. 133\. At least from the accession of [David I](/wiki/David_I_of_Scotland "David I of Scotland") (r. 1124–53\), as part of a [Davidian Revolution](/wiki/Davidian_Revolution "Davidian Revolution") that introduced French culture and political systems, Gaelic ceased to be the main language of the royal court and was probably replaced by French. After this "[gallicisation](/wiki/Gallicisation "Gallicisation")" of the Scottish court, a less highly regarded order of bards took over the functions of the filidh and they would continue to act in a similar role in the Highlands and Islands into the eighteenth century. They often trained in bardic schools, of which a few, like the one run by the [MacMhuirich](/wiki/MacMhuirich_bardic_family "MacMhuirich bardic family") dynasty, who were bards to the [Lord of the Isles](/wiki/Lord_of_the_Isles "Lord of the Isles"),K. M. Brown, *Noble Society in Scotland: Wealth, Family and Culture from the Reformation to the Revolutions* (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2004\), {{ISBN\|0748612998}}, p. 220\. existed in Scotland and a larger number in Ireland, until they were suppressed from the seventeenth century. Members of bardic schools were trained in the complex rules and forms of Gaelic poetry. Much of their work was never written down and what survives was only recorded from the sixteenth century.R. Crawford, [*Scotland's Books: A History of Scottish Literature*](https://books.google.com/books?id=0QV8zUv3Fy0C&pg=PT97&dq) (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009\), {{ISBN\|019538623X}}. It is possible that more Middle Irish literature was written in medieval Scotland than is often thought, but has not survived because the Gaelic literary establishment of eastern Scotland died out before the fourteenth century. Thomas Owen Clancy has argued that the *[Lebor Bretnach](/wiki/Lebor_Bretnach "Lebor Bretnach")*, the so\-called "Irish Nennius", was written in Scotland, and probably at the monastery in Abernethy, but this text survives only from manuscripts preserved in Ireland.T. O. Clancy, "Scotland, the 'Nennian' recension of the Historia Brittonum, and the Lebor Bretnach", in S. Taylor, ed., *Kings, Clerics and Chronicles in Scotland, 500–1297* (Dublin/Portland, 2000\), {{ISBN\|1\-85182\-516\-9}}, pp. 87–107\. Other literary work that has survived includes that of the prolific poet [Gille Brighde Albanach](/wiki/Gille_Brighde_Albanach "Gille Brighde Albanach"). About 1218, Gille Brighde wrote a poem—*Heading for Damietta*—on his experiences of the [Fifth Crusade](/wiki/Fifth_Crusade "Fifth Crusade").T. O. Clancy and G. Márkus, *The Triumph Tree: Scotland's Earliest Poetry, 550–1350* (Edinburgh: Canongate Books, 1998\), {{ISBN\|0\-86241\-787\-2}}, pp. 247–283\. In the thirteenth century, [French](/wiki/Old_French_language "Old French language") flourished as a [literary language](/wiki/Literary_language "Literary language"), and produced the *[Roman de Fergus](/wiki/Roman_de_Fergus "Roman de Fergus")*, the earliest piece of non\-Celtic [vernacular](/wiki/Vernacular "Vernacular") literature to survive from Scotland.M. Fry, *Edinburgh* (London: Pan Macmillan, 2011\), {{ISBN\|0\-330\-53997\-3}}. Many other stories in the [Arthurian Cycle](/wiki/Arthurian_Cycle "Arthurian Cycle"), written in French and preserved only outside Scotland, are thought by some scholars including D. D. R. Owen, to have been written in Scotland. There is some Norse literature from areas of Scandinavian settlement, such as the [Northern Isles](/wiki/Northern_Isles "Northern Isles") and the [Western Isles](/wiki/Western_Isles "Western Isles"). The famous *[Orkneyinga Saga](/wiki/Orkneyinga_Saga "Orkneyinga Saga")* however, although it pertains to the [Earldom of Orkney](/wiki/Earldom_of_Orkney "Earldom of Orkney"), was written in [Iceland](/wiki/Iceland "Iceland").T. O. Clancy and G. Márkus, *The Triumph Tree: Scotland's Earliest Poetry, 550–1350* (Edinburgh: Canongate Books, 1998\), {{ISBN\|0\-86241\-787\-2}}, pp. 7–8\. In addition to French, Latin too was a literary language, with works that include the "Carmen de morte Sumerledi", a poem which exults triumphantly the victory of the citizens of Glasgow over [Somairle mac Gilla Brigte](/wiki/Somerled "Somerled")I. F. Grant, *The Lordship of the Isles: Wanderings in the Lost Lordship* (Mercat, 1982\), {{ISBN\|0\-901824\-68\-2}}, p. 495\. and the "Inchcolm Antiphoner", a hymn in praise of St. Columba.I. Bradley, *Columba: Pilgrim and Penitent, 597–1997* (Wild Goose, 1996\), {{ISBN\|0\-947988\-81\-5}}, p. 97\.{{clear}} ### Late Middle Ages {{See also\|Scotland in the Late Middle Ages}} [thumb\|upright\|[James I](/wiki/James_I_of_Scotland "James I of Scotland"), who spent much of his life imprisoned in England, where he gained a reputation as a musician and poet](/wiki/File:King_James_I_of_Scotland.jpg "King James I of Scotland.jpg") In the late Middle Ages, [early Scots](/wiki/Early_Scots "Early Scots"), often simply called English, became the dominant language of the country. It was derived largely from Old English, with the addition of elements from Gaelic and French. Although resembling the language spoken in northern England, it became a distinct dialect from the late fourteenth century onwards.J. Wormald, *Court, Kirk, and Community: Scotland, 1470–1625* (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1991\), {{ISBN\|0748602763}}, pp. 60–7\. It began to be adopted by the ruling elite as they gradually abandoned French. By the fifteenth century it was the language of government, with acts of parliament, council records and treasurer's accounts almost all using it from the reign of James I onwards. As a result, Gaelic, once dominant north of the [River Tay](/wiki/River_Tay "River Tay"), began a steady decline. Lowland writers began to treat Gaelic as a second class, rustic and even amusing language, helping to frame attitudes towards the highlands and to create a cultural gulf with the lowlands. The first surviving major text in Scots literature is [John Barbour](/wiki/John_Barbour_%28poet%29 "John Barbour (poet)")'s *[Brus](/wiki/The_Brus "The Brus")* (1375\), composed under the patronage of Robert II and telling the story in epic poetry of Robert I's actions before the English invasion until the end of the war of independence.A. A. M. Duncan, ed., *The Brus* (Canongate, 1997\), {{ISBN\|0\-86241\-681\-7}}, p. 3\. The work was extremely popular among the Scots\-speaking aristocracy and Barbour is referred to as the father of Scots poetry, holding a similar place to his contemporary [Chaucer](/wiki/Chaucer "Chaucer") in England.N. Jayapalan, *History of English Literature* (Atlantic, 2001\), {{ISBN\|81\-269\-0041\-5}}, p. 23\. In the early fifteenth century these were followed by [Andrew of Wyntoun](/wiki/Andrew_of_Wyntoun "Andrew of Wyntoun")'s verse *Orygynale Cronykil of Scotland* and [Blind Harry](/wiki/Blind_Harry "Blind Harry")'s *[The Wallace](/wiki/The_Actes_and_Deidis_of_the_Illustre_and_Vallyeant_Campioun_Schir_William_Wallace "The Actes and Deidis of the Illustre and Vallyeant Campioun Schir William Wallace")*, which blended [historical romance](/wiki/Romance_%28heroic_literature%29 "Romance (heroic literature)") with the [verse chronicle](/wiki/Chronicle "Chronicle"). They were probably influenced by Scots versions of popular French romances that were also produced in the period, including *[The Buik of Alexander](/wiki/The_Buik_of_Alexander "The Buik of Alexander")*, *[Launcelot o the Laik](/wiki/Lancelot "Lancelot")* and *The Porteous of Noblenes* by [Gilbert Hay](/wiki/Gilbert_Hay_%28poet%29 "Gilbert Hay (poet)"). Much Middle Scots literature was produced by [makars](/wiki/Makars "Makars"), poets with links to the royal court, which included [James I](/wiki/James_I_of_Scotland "James I of Scotland") (who wrote *[The Kingis Quair](/wiki/The_Kingis_Quair "The Kingis Quair")*). Many of the makars had university education and so were also connected with the [Kirk](/wiki/Mother_Church "Mother Church"). However, Dunbar's *[Lament for the Makaris](/wiki/Lament_for_the_Makaris "Lament for the Makaris")* (c.1505\) provides evidence of a wider tradition of secular writing outside of Court and Kirk now largely lost.A. Grant, *Independence and Nationhood, Scotland 1306–1469* (Baltimore: Edward Arnold, 1984\), pp. 102–3\. Before the advent of printing in Scotland, writers such as [Robert Henryson](/wiki/Robert_Henryson "Robert Henryson"), [William Dunbar](/wiki/William_Dunbar "William Dunbar"), [Walter Kennedy](/wiki/Walter_Kennedy_%28poet%29 "Walter Kennedy (poet)") and [Gavin Douglas](/wiki/Gavin_Douglas "Gavin Douglas") have been seen as leading a golden age in [Scottish poetry](/wiki/Poetry_of_Scotland "Poetry of Scotland"). In the late fifteenth century, Scots prose also began to develop as a genre. Although there are earlier fragments of original Scots prose, such as the *Auchinleck Chronicle*,[Thomas Thomson](/wiki/Thomas_Thomson_%28advocate%29 "Thomas Thomson (advocate)"), ed., *[Auchinleck Chronicle](https://archive.org/stream/auchinleckchron00thomgoog#page/n1/mode/1up)* (Edinburgh, 1819\). the first complete surviving work includes [John Ireland](/wiki/John_Ireland_%28theologian%29 "John Ireland (theologian)")'s *The Meroure of Wyssdome* (1490\).J. Martin, *Kingship and Love in Scottish poetry, 1424–1540* (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2008\), {{ISBN\|0\-7546\-6273\-X}}, p. 111\. There were also prose translations of French books of chivalry that survive from the 1450s, including *The Book of the Law of Armys* and the *Order of Knychthode* and the treatise *[Secreta Secretorum](/wiki/Secretum_Secretorum "Secretum Secretorum")*, an Arabic work believed to be Aristotle's advice to [Alexander the Great](/wiki/Alexander_the_Great "Alexander the Great"). The establishment of a printing press under royal patent in 1507 would begin to make it easier to disseminate Scottish literature and was probably aimed at bolstering Scottish national identity.P. J. Bawcutt and J. H. Williams, *A Companion to Medieval Scottish Poetry* (Woodbridge: Brewer, 2006\), {{ISBN\|1\-84384\-096\-0}}, pp. 26–9\. The first Scottish press was established in [Southgait](/wiki/Cowgate "Cowgate") in Edinburgh by the merchant [Walter Chepman](/wiki/Walter_Chepman "Walter Chepman") (c. 1473–c. 1528\) and the bookseller [Andrew Myllar](/wiki/Androw_Myllar "Androw Myllar") (f. 1505–08\). Although the first press was relatively short lived, beside law codes and religious works, the press also produced editions of the work of Scottish makars before its demise, probably about 1510\. The next recorded press was that of [Thomas Davidson](/wiki/Thomas_Davidson_%28printer%29 "Thomas Davidson (printer)") (f. 1532–42\), the first in a long line of "king's printers", who also produced editions of works of the makars.A. MacQuarrie, "Printing and publishing", in M. Lynch, ed., *The Oxford Companion to Scottish History* (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001\), {{ISBN\|0\-19\-211696\-7}}, pp. 491–3\. The landmark work in the reign of [James IV](/wiki/James_IV_of_Scotland "James IV of Scotland") was Gavin Douglas's version of [Virgil](/wiki/Virgil "Virgil")'s *[Aeneid](/wiki/Aeneid "Aeneid")*, the *[Eneados](/wiki/Eneados "Eneados")*, which was the first complete translation of a major [classical](/wiki/Classic_antiquity "Classic antiquity") text in the [Scots language](/wiki/Scots_language "Scots language") and the first successful example of its kind in any [Anglic language](/wiki/Anglic_language "Anglic language"). It was finished in 1513, but overshadowed by the disaster at [Flodden](/wiki/Flodden "Flodden").
[ "Middle Ages\n-----------", "{{Main\\|Scottish literature in the Middle Ages}}", "### Early Middle Ages", "{{See also\\|Scotland in the Early Middle Ages}}\n[thumb\\|upright\\|right\\|A page from the [Book of Aneirin](/wiki/Book_of_Aneirin \"Book of Aneirin\"), containing part of the *[Gododdin](/wiki/Gododdin \"Gododdin\")*, c. sixth century](/wiki/File:Gododdin1.jpg \"Gododdin1.jpg\")\nAfter the collapse of Roman authority in the early fifth century, four major circles of political and cultural influence emerged in Northern Britain. In the east were the [Picts](/wiki/Picts \"Picts\"), whose kingdoms eventually stretched from the river Forth to Shetland. In the west were the Gaelic ([Goidelic](/wiki/Goidelic \"Goidelic\"))\\-speaking people of [Dál Riata](/wiki/D%C3%A1l_Riata \"Dál Riata\"), who had close links with Ireland, from where they brought with them the name Scots. In the south were the British ([Brythonic](/wiki/Britons_%28historical%29 \"Britons (historical)\")\\-speaking) descendants of the peoples of the Roman\\-influenced kingdoms of \"[The Old North](/wiki/Y_Gogledd_Hen \"Y Gogledd Hen\")\", the most powerful and longest surviving of which was the [Kingdom of Strathclyde](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Strathclyde \"Kingdom of Strathclyde\"). Finally, there were the English or \"Angles\", Germanic invaders who had overrun much of southern Britain and held the Kingdom of [Bernicia](/wiki/Bernicia \"Bernicia\") (later the northern part of [Northumbria](/wiki/Northumbria \"Northumbria\")), which reached into what are now the Lothians and the Scotiish Borders in the south\\-east.J. R. Maddicott and D. M. Palliser, eds, *The Medieval State: essays presented to James Campbell* (London: Continuum, 2000\\), {{ISBN\\|1\\-85285\\-195\\-3}}, p. 48\\. To these Christianisation, particularly from the sixth century, added [Latin](/wiki/Latin \"Latin\") as an intellectual and written language. Modern scholarship, based on surviving placenames and historical evidence, indicates that the [Picts](/wiki/Pictish_language \"Pictish language\") spoke a Brythonic language, but none of their literature seems to have survived into the modern era.J. T. Koch, *Celtic Culture: a Historical Encyclopedia* (ABC\\-CLIO, 2006\\), {{ISBN\\|1\\-85109\\-440\\-7}}, p. 305\\. However, there is surviving literature from what would become Scotland in Brythonic, Gaelic, Latin and [Old English](/wiki/Old_English \"Old English\").", "Much of the earliest [Welsh literature](/wiki/Welsh-language_literature \"Welsh-language literature\") was actually composed in or near the country we now call Scotland, in the Brythonic speech, from which [Welsh](/wiki/Welsh_language \"Welsh language\") would be derived, which was not then confined to Wales and Cornwall, although it was only written down in Wales much later. These include *The [Gododdin](/wiki/Y_Gododdin \"Y Gododdin\")*, considered the earliest surviving verse from Scotland, which is attributed to the [bard](/wiki/Bard \"Bard\") [Aneirin](/wiki/Aneirin \"Aneirin\"), said to have been resident in Brythonic kingdom of Gododdin in the sixth century. It is a series of [elegies](/wiki/Elegy \"Elegy\") to the men of the Gododdin killed fighting at the *[Battle of Catraeth](/wiki/Battle_of_Catraeth \"Battle of Catraeth\")* around 600 AD. Similarly, the *[Battle of Gwen Ystrad](/wiki/Battle_of_Gwen_Ystrad \"Battle of Gwen Ystrad\")* is attributed to [Taliesin](/wiki/Taliesin \"Taliesin\"), traditionally thought to be a bard at the court of [Rheged](/wiki/Rheged \"Rheged\") in roughly the same period.R. T. Lambdin and L. C. Lambdin, *Encyclopedia of Medieval Literature* (London: Greenwood, 2000\\), {{ISBN\\|0\\-313\\-30054\\-2}}, p. 508\\.", "There are religious works in [Gaelic](/wiki/Middle_Irish \"Middle Irish\") including the *Elegy for [St Columba](/wiki/St_Columba \"St Columba\")* by Dallan Forgaill, c. 597 and \"In Praise of St Columba\" by Beccan mac Luigdech of Rum, c. 677\\.J. T. Koch, *Celtic Culture: a Historical Encyclopedia* (ABC\\-CLIO, 2006\\), {{ISBN\\|1\\-85109\\-440\\-7}}, p. 999\\. In [Latin](/wiki/Latin_language \"Latin language\") they include a \"Prayer for Protection\" (attributed to St Mugint), c. mid\\-sixth century and *[Altus Prosator](/wiki/Hiberno-Latin%23Altus_Prosator \"Hiberno-Latin#Altus Prosator\")* (\"The High Creator\", attributed to St Columba), c. 597\\.I. Brown, T. Owen Clancy, M. Pittock, S. Manning, eds, *The Edinburgh History of Scottish Literature: From Columba to the Union, until 1707* (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2007\\), {{ISBN\\|0\\-7486\\-1615\\-2}}, p. 94\\. What is arguably the most important medieval work written in Scotland, the *[Vita Columbae](/wiki/Vita_Columbae \"Vita Columbae\")*, by [Adomnán](/wiki/Adomn%C3%A1n \"Adomnán\"), abbot of Iona (627/8–704\\), was also written in Latin.C. Gross, *The Sources and Literature of English History from the Earliest Times to about 1485* (Elibron Classics Series, 1999\\), {{ISBN\\|0\\-543\\-96628\\-3}}, p. 217\\. The next most important piece of Scottish hagiography, the verse *[Life of St. Ninian](/wiki/Life_of_St._Ninian \"Life of St. Ninian\")*, was written in Latin in [Whithorn](/wiki/Whithorn \"Whithorn\") in the eighth century.T. O. Clancy, \"Scottish literature before Scottish literature\", in G. Carruthers and L. McIlvanney, eds, *The Cambridge Companion to Scottish Literature* (Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 2012\\), {{ISBN\\|0521189365}}, p. 19\\.", "In Old English there is *The [Dream of the Rood](/wiki/Dream_of_the_Rood \"Dream of the Rood\")*, from which lines are found on the [Ruthwell Cross](/wiki/Ruthwell_Cross \"Ruthwell Cross\"), making it the only surviving fragment of [Northumbrian](/wiki/Northumbrian_%28Anglo-Saxon%29 \"Northumbrian (Anglo-Saxon)\") Old English from early Medieval Scotland.E. M. Treharne, *Old and Middle English c.890\\-c.1400: an Anthology* (Wiley\\-Blackwell, 2004\\), {{ISBN\\|1\\-4051\\-1313\\-8}}, p. 108\\. It has also been suggested on the basis of ornithological references that the poem *[The Seafarer](/wiki/The_Seafarer_%28poem%29 \"The Seafarer (poem)\")* was composed somewhere near the [Bass Rock](/wiki/Bass_Rock \"Bass Rock\") in East Lothian.T. O. Clancy, \"Scottish literature before Scottish literature\", in G. Carruthers and L. McIlvanney, eds, *The Cambridge Companion to Scottish Literature* (Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 2012\\), {{ISBN\\|0521189365}}, p. 16\\. {{Clear}}", "### High Middle Ages", "{{See also\\|Scotland in the High Middle Ages}}\n[thumb\\|left\\|upright\\|[Book of Deer](/wiki/Book_of_Deer \"Book of Deer\"), folio 5r, containing the text of the [Gospel of Matthew](/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew \"Gospel of Matthew\") from 1:18 through 1:21](/wiki/File:BookDeerMattCh1vv18_21Fol05r.jpg \"BookDeerMattCh1vv18 21Fol05r.jpg\")\nBeginning in the later eighth century, [Viking](/wiki/Viking \"Viking\") raids and invasions may have forced a merger of the Gaelic and Pictish crowns that culminated in the rise of [Cínaed mac Ailpín](/wiki/Kenneth_I_of_Scotland \"Kenneth I of Scotland\") (Kenneth MacAlpin) in the 840s, which brought to power the [House of Alpin](/wiki/House_of_Alpin \"House of Alpin\") and the creation of the [Kingdom of Alba](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Alba \"Kingdom of Alba\").B. Yorke, *The Conversion of Britain: Religion, Politics and Society in Britain c.600–800* (Pearson Education, 2006\\), {{ISBN\\|0582772923}}, p. 54\\. Historical sources, as well as place name evidence, indicate the ways in which the Pictish language in the north and Cumbric languages in the south were overlaid and replaced by Gaelic, Old English and later [Norse](/wiki/Norse_language \"Norse language\").W. O. Frazer and A. Tyrrell, *Social Identity in Early Medieval Britain* (London: Continuum, 2000\\), {{ISBN\\|0718500849}}, p. 238\\. The Kingdom of Alba was overwhelmingly an oral society dominated by Gaelic culture. Our fuller sources for Ireland of the same period suggest that there would have been [filidh](/wiki/Filidh \"Filidh\"), who acted as poets, musicians and historians, often attached to the court of a lord or king, and passed on their knowledge and culture in Gaelic to the next generation.R. A. Houston, *Scottish Literacy and the Scottish Identity: Illiteracy and Society in Scotland and Northern England, 1600–1800* (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002\\), {{ISBN\\|0521890888}}, p. 76\\.", "From the eleventh century French, [Flemish](/wiki/Flemish_dialects \"Flemish dialects\") and particularly English became the main languages of Scottish [burghs](/wiki/Burgh \"Burgh\"), most of which were located in the south and east.K. J. Stringer, \"Reform Monasticism and Celtic Scotland\", in E. J. Cowan and R. A. McDonald, eds, *Alba: Celtic Scotland in the Middle Ages* (East Lothian: Tuckwell Press, 2000\\), {{ISBN\\|1862321515}}, p. 133\\. At least from the accession of [David I](/wiki/David_I_of_Scotland \"David I of Scotland\") (r. 1124–53\\), as part of a [Davidian Revolution](/wiki/Davidian_Revolution \"Davidian Revolution\") that introduced French culture and political systems, Gaelic ceased to be the main language of the royal court and was probably replaced by French. After this \"[gallicisation](/wiki/Gallicisation \"Gallicisation\")\" of the Scottish court, a less highly regarded order of bards took over the functions of the filidh and they would continue to act in a similar role in the Highlands and Islands into the eighteenth century. They often trained in bardic schools, of which a few, like the one run by the [MacMhuirich](/wiki/MacMhuirich_bardic_family \"MacMhuirich bardic family\") dynasty, who were bards to the [Lord of the Isles](/wiki/Lord_of_the_Isles \"Lord of the Isles\"),K. M. Brown, *Noble Society in Scotland: Wealth, Family and Culture from the Reformation to the Revolutions* (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2004\\), {{ISBN\\|0748612998}}, p. 220\\. existed in Scotland and a larger number in Ireland, until they were suppressed from the seventeenth century. Members of bardic schools were trained in the complex rules and forms of Gaelic poetry. Much of their work was never written down and what survives was only recorded from the sixteenth century.R. Crawford, [*Scotland's Books: A History of Scottish Literature*](https://books.google.com/books?id=0QV8zUv3Fy0C&pg=PT97&dq) (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009\\), {{ISBN\\|019538623X}}.", "It is possible that more Middle Irish literature was written in medieval Scotland than is often thought, but has not survived because the Gaelic literary establishment of eastern Scotland died out before the fourteenth century. Thomas Owen Clancy has argued that the *[Lebor Bretnach](/wiki/Lebor_Bretnach \"Lebor Bretnach\")*, the so\\-called \"Irish Nennius\", was written in Scotland, and probably at the monastery in Abernethy, but this text survives only from manuscripts preserved in Ireland.T. O. Clancy, \"Scotland, the 'Nennian' recension of the Historia Brittonum, and the Lebor Bretnach\", in S. Taylor, ed., *Kings, Clerics and Chronicles in Scotland, 500–1297* (Dublin/Portland, 2000\\), {{ISBN\\|1\\-85182\\-516\\-9}}, pp. 87–107\\. Other literary work that has survived includes that of the prolific poet [Gille Brighde Albanach](/wiki/Gille_Brighde_Albanach \"Gille Brighde Albanach\"). About 1218, Gille Brighde wrote a poem—*Heading for Damietta*—on his experiences of the [Fifth Crusade](/wiki/Fifth_Crusade \"Fifth Crusade\").T. O. Clancy and G. Márkus, *The Triumph Tree: Scotland's Earliest Poetry, 550–1350* (Edinburgh: Canongate Books, 1998\\), {{ISBN\\|0\\-86241\\-787\\-2}}, pp. 247–283\\.", "In the thirteenth century, [French](/wiki/Old_French_language \"Old French language\") flourished as a [literary language](/wiki/Literary_language \"Literary language\"), and produced the *[Roman de Fergus](/wiki/Roman_de_Fergus \"Roman de Fergus\")*, the earliest piece of non\\-Celtic [vernacular](/wiki/Vernacular \"Vernacular\") literature to survive from Scotland.M. Fry, *Edinburgh* (London: Pan Macmillan, 2011\\), {{ISBN\\|0\\-330\\-53997\\-3}}. Many other stories in the [Arthurian Cycle](/wiki/Arthurian_Cycle \"Arthurian Cycle\"), written in French and preserved only outside Scotland, are thought by some scholars including D. D. R. Owen, to have been written in Scotland. There is some Norse literature from areas of Scandinavian settlement, such as the [Northern Isles](/wiki/Northern_Isles \"Northern Isles\") and the [Western Isles](/wiki/Western_Isles \"Western Isles\"). The famous *[Orkneyinga Saga](/wiki/Orkneyinga_Saga \"Orkneyinga Saga\")* however, although it pertains to the [Earldom of Orkney](/wiki/Earldom_of_Orkney \"Earldom of Orkney\"), was written in [Iceland](/wiki/Iceland \"Iceland\").T. O. Clancy and G. Márkus, *The Triumph Tree: Scotland's Earliest Poetry, 550–1350* (Edinburgh: Canongate Books, 1998\\), {{ISBN\\|0\\-86241\\-787\\-2}}, pp. 7–8\\. In addition to French, Latin too was a literary language, with works that include the \"Carmen de morte Sumerledi\", a poem which exults triumphantly the victory of the citizens of Glasgow over [Somairle mac Gilla Brigte](/wiki/Somerled \"Somerled\")I. F. Grant, *The Lordship of the Isles: Wanderings in the Lost Lordship* (Mercat, 1982\\), {{ISBN\\|0\\-901824\\-68\\-2}}, p. 495\\. and the \"Inchcolm Antiphoner\", a hymn in praise of St. Columba.I. Bradley, *Columba: Pilgrim and Penitent, 597–1997* (Wild Goose, 1996\\), {{ISBN\\|0\\-947988\\-81\\-5}}, p. 97\\.{{clear}}", "### Late Middle Ages", "{{See also\\|Scotland in the Late Middle Ages}}\n[thumb\\|upright\\|[James I](/wiki/James_I_of_Scotland \"James I of Scotland\"), who spent much of his life imprisoned in England, where he gained a reputation as a musician and poet](/wiki/File:King_James_I_of_Scotland.jpg \"King James I of Scotland.jpg\")\nIn the late Middle Ages, [early Scots](/wiki/Early_Scots \"Early Scots\"), often simply called English, became the dominant language of the country. It was derived largely from Old English, with the addition of elements from Gaelic and French. Although resembling the language spoken in northern England, it became a distinct dialect from the late fourteenth century onwards.J. Wormald, *Court, Kirk, and Community: Scotland, 1470–1625* (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1991\\), {{ISBN\\|0748602763}}, pp. 60–7\\. It began to be adopted by the ruling elite as they gradually abandoned French. By the fifteenth century it was the language of government, with acts of parliament, council records and treasurer's accounts almost all using it from the reign of James I onwards. As a result, Gaelic, once dominant north of the [River Tay](/wiki/River_Tay \"River Tay\"), began a steady decline. Lowland writers began to treat Gaelic as a second class, rustic and even amusing language, helping to frame attitudes towards the highlands and to create a cultural gulf with the lowlands.", "The first surviving major text in Scots literature is [John Barbour](/wiki/John_Barbour_%28poet%29 \"John Barbour (poet)\")'s *[Brus](/wiki/The_Brus \"The Brus\")* (1375\\), composed under the patronage of Robert II and telling the story in epic poetry of Robert I's actions before the English invasion until the end of the war of independence.A. A. M. Duncan, ed., *The Brus* (Canongate, 1997\\), {{ISBN\\|0\\-86241\\-681\\-7}}, p. 3\\. The work was extremely popular among the Scots\\-speaking aristocracy and Barbour is referred to as the father of Scots poetry, holding a similar place to his contemporary [Chaucer](/wiki/Chaucer \"Chaucer\") in England.N. Jayapalan, *History of English Literature* (Atlantic, 2001\\), {{ISBN\\|81\\-269\\-0041\\-5}}, p. 23\\. In the early fifteenth century these were followed by [Andrew of Wyntoun](/wiki/Andrew_of_Wyntoun \"Andrew of Wyntoun\")'s verse *Orygynale Cronykil of Scotland* and [Blind Harry](/wiki/Blind_Harry \"Blind Harry\")'s *[The Wallace](/wiki/The_Actes_and_Deidis_of_the_Illustre_and_Vallyeant_Campioun_Schir_William_Wallace \"The Actes and Deidis of the Illustre and Vallyeant Campioun Schir William Wallace\")*, which blended [historical romance](/wiki/Romance_%28heroic_literature%29 \"Romance (heroic literature)\") with the [verse chronicle](/wiki/Chronicle \"Chronicle\"). They were probably influenced by Scots versions of popular French romances that were also produced in the period, including *[The Buik of Alexander](/wiki/The_Buik_of_Alexander \"The Buik of Alexander\")*, *[Launcelot o the Laik](/wiki/Lancelot \"Lancelot\")* and *The Porteous of Noblenes* by [Gilbert Hay](/wiki/Gilbert_Hay_%28poet%29 \"Gilbert Hay (poet)\").", "Much Middle Scots literature was produced by [makars](/wiki/Makars \"Makars\"), poets with links to the royal court, which included [James I](/wiki/James_I_of_Scotland \"James I of Scotland\") (who wrote *[The Kingis Quair](/wiki/The_Kingis_Quair \"The Kingis Quair\")*). Many of the makars had university education and so were also connected with the [Kirk](/wiki/Mother_Church \"Mother Church\"). However, Dunbar's *[Lament for the Makaris](/wiki/Lament_for_the_Makaris \"Lament for the Makaris\")* (c.1505\\) provides evidence of a wider tradition of secular writing outside of Court and Kirk now largely lost.A. Grant, *Independence and Nationhood, Scotland 1306–1469* (Baltimore: Edward Arnold, 1984\\), pp. 102–3\\. Before the advent of printing in Scotland, writers such as [Robert Henryson](/wiki/Robert_Henryson \"Robert Henryson\"), [William Dunbar](/wiki/William_Dunbar \"William Dunbar\"), [Walter Kennedy](/wiki/Walter_Kennedy_%28poet%29 \"Walter Kennedy (poet)\") and [Gavin Douglas](/wiki/Gavin_Douglas \"Gavin Douglas\") have been seen as leading a golden age in [Scottish poetry](/wiki/Poetry_of_Scotland \"Poetry of Scotland\").", "In the late fifteenth century, Scots prose also began to develop as a genre. Although there are earlier fragments of original Scots prose, such as the *Auchinleck Chronicle*,[Thomas Thomson](/wiki/Thomas_Thomson_%28advocate%29 \"Thomas Thomson (advocate)\"), ed., *[Auchinleck Chronicle](https://archive.org/stream/auchinleckchron00thomgoog#page/n1/mode/1up)* (Edinburgh, 1819\\). the first complete surviving work includes [John Ireland](/wiki/John_Ireland_%28theologian%29 \"John Ireland (theologian)\")'s *The Meroure of Wyssdome* (1490\\).J. Martin, *Kingship and Love in Scottish poetry, 1424–1540* (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2008\\), {{ISBN\\|0\\-7546\\-6273\\-X}}, p. 111\\. There were also prose translations of French books of chivalry that survive from the 1450s, including *The Book of the Law of Armys* and the *Order of Knychthode* and the treatise *[Secreta Secretorum](/wiki/Secretum_Secretorum \"Secretum Secretorum\")*, an Arabic work believed to be Aristotle's advice to [Alexander the Great](/wiki/Alexander_the_Great \"Alexander the Great\"). The establishment of a printing press under royal patent in 1507 would begin to make it easier to disseminate Scottish literature and was probably aimed at bolstering Scottish national identity.P. J. Bawcutt and J. H. Williams, *A Companion to Medieval Scottish Poetry* (Woodbridge: Brewer, 2006\\), {{ISBN\\|1\\-84384\\-096\\-0}}, pp. 26–9\\. The first Scottish press was established in [Southgait](/wiki/Cowgate \"Cowgate\") in Edinburgh by the merchant [Walter Chepman](/wiki/Walter_Chepman \"Walter Chepman\") (c. 1473–c. 1528\\) and the bookseller [Andrew Myllar](/wiki/Androw_Myllar \"Androw Myllar\") (f. 1505–08\\). Although the first press was relatively short lived, beside law codes and religious works, the press also produced editions of the work of Scottish makars before its demise, probably about 1510\\. The next recorded press was that of [Thomas Davidson](/wiki/Thomas_Davidson_%28printer%29 \"Thomas Davidson (printer)\") (f. 1532–42\\), the first in a long line of \"king's printers\", who also produced editions of works of the makars.A. MacQuarrie, \"Printing and publishing\", in M. Lynch, ed., *The Oxford Companion to Scottish History* (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001\\), {{ISBN\\|0\\-19\\-211696\\-7}}, pp. 491–3\\. The landmark work in the reign of [James IV](/wiki/James_IV_of_Scotland \"James IV of Scotland\") was Gavin Douglas's version of [Virgil](/wiki/Virgil \"Virgil\")'s *[Aeneid](/wiki/Aeneid \"Aeneid\")*, the *[Eneados](/wiki/Eneados \"Eneados\")*, which was the first complete translation of a major [classical](/wiki/Classic_antiquity \"Classic antiquity\") text in the [Scots language](/wiki/Scots_language \"Scots language\") and the first successful example of its kind in any [Anglic language](/wiki/Anglic_language \"Anglic language\"). It was finished in 1513, but overshadowed by the disaster at [Flodden](/wiki/Flodden \"Flodden\").", "" ]
Early modern era ---------------- {{Reformationliterature \|expanded\=british}} {{Main\|Literature in early modern Scotland\|Renaissance in Scotland}} ### Sixteenth century [thumb\|upright\|left\|[William Alexander](/wiki/Sir_William_Alexander%2C_Earl_of_Stirling "Sir William Alexander, Earl of Stirling"), statesman and author](/wiki/File:William_Alexander%2C_1st_Earl_of_Stirling_-_Project_Gutenberg_etext_20110.jpg "William Alexander, 1st Earl of Stirling - Project Gutenberg etext 20110.jpg") As a patron of poets and authors [James V](/wiki/James_V_of_Scotland "James V of Scotland") (r. 1513–42\) supported William Stewart and [John Bellenden](/wiki/John_Bellenden "John Bellenden"), who translated the Latin *History of Scotland* compiled in 1527 by [Hector Boece](/wiki/Hector_Boece "Hector Boece"), into verse and prose. [David Lyndsay](/wiki/David_Lyndsay "David Lyndsay") (c. 1486–1555\), diplomat and the head of the [Lyon Court](/wiki/Lyon_Court "Lyon Court"), was a prolific poet. He wrote elegiac narratives, romances and satires.T. van Heijnsbergen, "Culture: 9 Renaissance and Reformation: poetry to 1603", in M. Lynch, ed., *The Oxford Companion to Scottish History* (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001\), {{ISBN\|0\-19\-211696\-7}}, pp. 129–30\. [George Buchanan](/wiki/George_Buchanan "George Buchanan") (1506–82\) had a major influence as a Latin poet, founding a tradition of neo\-Latin poetry that would continue in to the seventeenth century.R. Mason, "Culture: 4 Renaissance and Reformation (1460–1660\): general", in M. Lynch, ed., *The Oxford Companion to Scottish History* (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001\), {{ISBN\|0\-19\-211696\-7}}, pp. 120–3\. Contributors to this tradition included royal secretary [John Maitland](/wiki/John_Maitland%2C_1st_Lord_Maitland_of_Thirlestane "John Maitland, 1st Lord Maitland of Thirlestane") (1537–95\), reformer [Andrew Melville](/wiki/Andrew_Melville "Andrew Melville") (1545–1622\), [John Johnston](/wiki/John_Johnston_%28poet%29 "John Johnston (poet)") (1570?–1611\) and [David Hume of Godscroft](/wiki/David_Hume_of_Godscroft "David Hume of Godscroft") (1558–1629\).["Bridging the Continental divide: neo\-Latin and its cultural role in Jacobean Scotland, as seen in the *Delitiae Poetarum Scotorum* (1637\)"](http://www.gla.ac.uk/schools/humanities/research/historyresearch/researchprojects/delitiaepoetarumscotorum/), University of Glasgow. Retrieved 23 July 2013\. From the 1550s, in the reign of [Mary, Queen of Scots](/wiki/Mary%2C_Queen_of_Scots "Mary, Queen of Scots") (r. 1542–67\) and the minority of her son [James VI](/wiki/James_VI_of_Scotland "James VI of Scotland") (r. 1567–1625\), cultural pursuits were limited by the lack of a royal court and by political turmoil. The Kirk, heavily influenced by [Calvinism](/wiki/Calvinism "Calvinism"), also discouraged poetry that was not devotional in nature. Nevertheless, poets from this period included [Richard Maitland](/wiki/Richard_Maitland "Richard Maitland") of Lethington (1496–1586\), who produced meditative and satirical verses in the style of Dunbar; [John Rolland](/wiki/John_Rolland "John Rolland") (fl. 1530–75\), who wrote allegorical satires in the tradition of Douglas and courtier and minister [Alexander Hume](/wiki/Alexander_Hume "Alexander Hume") (c. 1556–1609\), whose corpus of work includes nature poetry and [epistolary verse](/wiki/Epistolary_poem "Epistolary poem"). [Alexander Scott](/wiki/Alexander_Scott_%2816th-century_poet%29 "Alexander Scott (16th-century poet)")'s (?1520–82/3\) use of short verse designed to be sung to music, opened the way for the Castilan poets of James VI's adult reign. In the 1580s and 1590s James VI strongly promoted the literature of the country of his birth in Scots. His treatise, *[Some Rules and Cautions to be Observed and Eschewed in Scottish Prosody](/wiki/Reulis_and_Cautelis "Reulis and Cautelis")*, published in 1584 when he was aged 18, was both a poetic manual and a description of the poetic tradition in his mother tongue, to which he applied Renaissance principles.R. D. S. Jack, "Poetry under King James VI", in C. Cairns, ed., *The History of Scottish Literature* (Aberdeen University Press, 1988\), vol. 1, {{ISBN\|0\-08\-037728\-9}}, pp. 126–7\. He became patron and member of a loose circle of Scottish [Jacobean](/wiki/Jacobean_era "Jacobean era") court poets and musicians, later called the [Castalian Band](/wiki/Castalian_Band "Castalian Band"), which included [William Fowler](/wiki/William_Fowler_%28makar%29 "William Fowler (makar)") (c. 1560–1612\), [John Stewart of Baldynneis](/wiki/John_Stewart_of_Baldynneis "John Stewart of Baldynneis") (c. 1545–c. 1605\), and [Alexander Montgomerie](/wiki/Alexander_Montgomerie "Alexander Montgomerie") (c. 1550–98\).R. D. S. Jack, *Alexander Montgomerie* (Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press, 1985\), {{ISBN\|0\-7073\-0367\-2}}, pp. 1–2\. They translated key Renaissance texts and produced poems using French forms, including [sonnets](/wiki/Sonnet "Sonnet") and short sonnets, for narrative, nature description, satire and meditations on love. Later poets that followed in this vein included [William Alexander](/wiki/William_Alexander%2C_1st_Earl_of_Stirling "William Alexander, 1st Earl of Stirling") (c. 1567–1640\), Alexander Craig (c. 1567–1627\) and [Robert Ayton](/wiki/Robert_Aytoun "Robert Aytoun") (1570–1627\). By the late 1590s the king's championing of his native Scottish tradition was to some extent diffused by the prospect of inheriting of the English throne.R. D. S. Jack, "Poetry under King James VI", in C. Cairns, ed., *The History of Scottish Literature* (Aberdeen University Press, 1988\), vol. 1, {{ISBN\|0\-08\-037728\-9}}, p. 137\. Lyndsay produced an interlude at [Linlithgow Palace](/wiki/Linlithgow_Palace "Linlithgow Palace") for the king and queen thought to be a version of his play *[The Thrie Estaitis](/wiki/A_Satire_of_the_Three_Estates "A Satire of the Three Estates")* in 1540, which satirised the corruption of church and state, and which is the only complete play to survive from before the Reformation.I. Brown, T. Owen Clancy, M. Pittock, S. Manning, eds, *The Edinburgh History of Scottish Literature: From Columba to the Union, until 1707* (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2007\), {{ISBN\|0\-7486\-1615\-2}}, pp. 256–7\. Buchanan was major influence on Continental theatre with plays such as *Jepheths* and *Baptistes*, which influenced [Pierre Corneille](/wiki/Pierre_Corneille "Pierre Corneille") and [Jean Racine](/wiki/Jean_Racine "Jean Racine") and through them the neo\-classical tradition in French drama, but his impact in Scotland was limited by his choice of Latin as a medium.I. Brown, "Introduction: a lively tradition and collective amnesia", in I. Brown, ed., *The Edinburgh Companion to Scottish Drama* (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2011\), {{ISBN\|0748641076}}, pp. 1–3\. The anonymous *The Maner of the Cyring of ane Play* (before 1568\) and *Philotus* (published in London in 1603\), are isolated examples of surviving plays. The latter is a vernacular Scots comedy of errors, probably designed for court performance for Mary, Queen of Scots or James VI.S. Carpenter, "Scottish drama until 1650", in I. Brown, ed., *The Edinburgh Companion to Scottish Drama* (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2011\), {{ISBN\|0748641076}}, p. 15\. The same system of professional companies of players and theatres that developed in England in this period was absent in Scotland, but James VI signalled his interest in drama by arranging for a company of English players to erect a playhouse and perform in 1599\.S. Carpenter, "Scottish drama until 1650", in I. Brown, ed., *The Edinburgh Companion to Scottish Drama* (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2011\), {{ISBN\|0748641076}}, p. 21\. ### Seventeenth century [thumb\|upright\|The first page of *The Assembly* by Archibald Pitcairne from the 1766 edition](/wiki/File:Assembly1766.jpg "Assembly1766.jpg") Having extolled the virtues of Scots "poesie", following his accession to the English throne, James VI increasingly favoured the language of southern England. In 1611 the Kirk adopted the English [Authorised King James Version](/wiki/Authorised_King_James_Version "Authorised King James Version") of the Bible. In 1617 interpreters were declared no longer necessary in the port of London because Scots and Englishmen were now "not so far different bot ane understandeth ane uther". Jenny Wormald, describes James as creating a "three\-tier system, with Gaelic at the bottom and English at the top".J. Wormald, *Court, Kirk, and Community: Scotland, 1470–1625* (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1991\), {{ISBN\|0748602763}}, pp. 192–3\. The loss of the court as a centre of patronage in 1603 was a major blow to Scottish literature. A number of Scottish poets, including William Alexander, John Murray and Robert Aytoun accompanied the king to London, where they continued to write,K. M. Brown, "Scottish identity", in B. Bradshaw and P. Roberts, eds, *British Consciousness and Identity: The Making of Britain, 1533–1707* (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003\), {{ISBN\|0521893615}}, pp. 253–3\. but they soon began to [anglicise](/wiki/Anglicise "Anglicise") their written language.M. Spiller, "Poetry after the Union 1603–1660" in C. Cairns, ed., *The History of Scottish Literature* (Aberdeen University Press, 1988\), vol. 1, {{ISBN\|0\-08\-037728\-9}}, pp. 141–52\. James's characteristic role as active literary participant and patron in the English court made him a defining figure for English Renaissance poetry and drama, which would reach a pinnacle of achievement in his reign,N. Rhodes, "Wrapped in the Strong Arm of the Union: Shakespeare and King James" in W. Maley and A. Murphy, eds, *Shakespeare and Scotland* (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2004\), {{ISBN\|0\-7190\-6636\-0}}, pp. 38–9\. but his patronage for the [high style](/wiki/Stylistics_%28linguistics%29 "Stylistics (linguistics)") in his own Scottish tradition largely became sidelined.R. D. S. Jack, "Poetry under King James VI", in C. Cairns, ed., *The History of Scottish Literature* (Aberdeen University Press, 1988\), vol. 1, {{ISBN\|0\-08\-037728\-9}}, pp. 137–8\. The only significant court poet to continue to work in Scotland after the king's departure was [William Drummond of Hawthornden](/wiki/William_Drummond_of_Hawthornden "William Drummond of Hawthornden") (1585–1649\). As the tradition of classical Gaelic poetry declined, a new tradition of vernacular Gaelic poetry began to emerge. While Classical poetry used a language largely fixed in the twelfth century, the vernacular continued to develop. In contrast to the Classical tradition, which used [syllabic metre](/wiki/Syllabic_verse "Syllabic verse"), vernacular poets tended to use [stressed metre](/wiki/Accentual_verse "Accentual verse"). However, they shared with the Classic poets a set of complex metaphors and role, as the verse was still often panegyric. A number of these vernacular poets were women,K. Chedgzoy, *Women's Writing in the British Atlantic World* (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012\), {{ISBN\|113946714X}}, p. 105\. such as Mary MacLeod of Harris (c. 1615–1707\).J. MacDonald, "Gaelic literature" in M. Lynch, ed., *The Oxford Companion to Scottish History* (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001\), {{ISBN\|0\-19\-211696\-7}}, pp. 255–7\. The tradition of neo\-Latin poetry reached its fruition with the publication of the anthology of the *Deliciae Poetarum Scotorum* (1637\), published in Amsterdam by [Arthur Johnston](/wiki/Arthur_Johnston_%28poet%29 "Arthur Johnston (poet)") (c. 1579–1641\) and [Sir John Scott of Scotstarvet](/wiki/Sir_John_Scott_of_Scotstarvet "Sir John Scott of Scotstarvet") (1585–1670\) and containing work by the major Scottish practitioners since Buchanan. This period was marked by the work of the first named female Scottish poets.T. van Heijnsbergen, "Culture: 7 Renaissance and Reformation (1460–1660\): literature", in M. Lynch, ed., *The Oxford Companion to Scottish History* (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001\), {{ISBN\|0\-19\-211696\-7}}, pp. 127–8\. [Elizabeth Melville](/wiki/Elizabeth_Melville "Elizabeth Melville")'s (f. 1585–1630\) *Ane Godlie Dream* (1603\) was a popular religious allegory and the first book published by a woman in Scotland.I. Mortimer, *The Time Traveller's Guide to Elizabethan England* (Random House, 2012\), {{ISBN\|1847921140}}, p. 70\. [Anna Hume](/wiki/Anna_Hume "Anna Hume"), daughter of David Hume of Godscroft, adapted [Petrarch](/wiki/Petrarch "Petrarch")'s *[Triumphs](/wiki/Triumphs "Triumphs")* as *Triumphs of Love: Chastitie: Death* (1644\). This was the period when the [ballad](/wiki/Ballad "Ballad") emerged as a significant written form in Scotland. Some ballads may date back to the late medieval era and deal with events and people that can be traced back as far as the thirteenth century, including "[Sir Patrick Spens](/wiki/Sir_Patrick_Spens "Sir Patrick Spens")" and "[Thomas the Rhymer](/wiki/Thomas_the_Rhymer "Thomas the Rhymer")", but which are not known to have existed until the eighteenth century.E. Lyle, *Scottish Ballads* (Edinburgh: Canongate Books, 2001\), {{ISBN\|0\-86241\-477\-6}}, pp. 9–10\. They were probably composed and transmitted orally and only began to be written down and printed, often as [broadsides](/wiki/Broadside_ballad "Broadside ballad") and as part of [chapbooks](/wiki/Chapbooks "Chapbooks"), later being recorded and noted in books by collectors including [Robert Burns](/wiki/Robert_Burns "Robert Burns") and [Walter Scott](/wiki/Walter_Scott "Walter Scott").R. Crawford, *Scotland's Books: a History of Scottish Literature* (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009\), {{ISBN\|0\-19\-538623\-X}}, pp. 216–9\. From the seventeenth century they were used as a literary form by aristocratic authors including [Robert Sempill](/wiki/Robert_Sempill_the_younger "Robert Sempill the younger") (c. 1595–c. 1665\), [Lady Elizabeth Wardlaw](/wiki/Elizabeth%2C_Lady_Wardlaw "Elizabeth, Lady Wardlaw") (1627–1727\) and [Lady Grizel Baillie](/wiki/Grizel_Baillie "Grizel Baillie") (1645–1746\).R. Crawford, *Scotland's Books: a History of Scottish Literature* (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009\), {{ISBN\|0\-19\-538623\-X}}, pp. 224, 248 and 257\. The loss of a royal court also meant there was no force to counter the kirk's dislike of theatre, which struggled to survive in Scotland. However, it was not entirely extinguished. The kirk used theatre for its own purposes in schools and was slow to suppress popular [folk dramas](/wiki/Folk_drama "Folk drama"). Surviving plays for the period include William Alexander's *Monarchicke Tragedies*, written just before his departure with the king for England in 1603\. They were [closet dramas](/wiki/Closet_drama "Closet drama"), designed to be read rather than performed, and already indicate Alexander's preference for southern English over the Scots language. There were some attempts to revive Scottish drama. In 1663 Edinburgh lawyer William Clerke wrote *Marciano or the Discovery*, a play about the restoration of a legitimate dynasty in Florence after many years of civil war. It was performed at the Tennis\-Court Theatre at [Holyrood Palace](/wiki/Holyrood_Palace "Holyrood Palace") before the parliamentary high commissioner [John Leslie, Earl of Rothes](/wiki/John_Leslie%2C_1st_Duke_of_Rothes "John Leslie, 1st Duke of Rothes").C. Jackson, *Restoration Scotland, 1660–1690: Royalist Politics, Religion and Ideas* (Boydell Press, 2003\), {{ISBN\|0851159303}}, p. 17\. Thomas Sydsurf's *Tarugo's Wiles or the Coffee House*, was first performed in London in 1667 and then in Edinburgh the year after and drew on [Spanish comedy](/wiki/Comedia_%28Spanish_play%29 "Comedia (Spanish play)").T. Tobin, ed., *The Assembly* (Purdue University Press, 1972\), {{ISBN\|091119830X}}, p. 5\. A relative of Sydsurf, physician [Archibald Pitcairne](/wiki/Archibald_Pitcairne "Archibald Pitcairne") (1652–1713\) wrote *The Assembly or Scotch Reformation* (1692\), a ribald satire on the morals of the Presbyterian kirk, circulating in manuscript, but not published until 1722, helping to secure the association between [Jacobitism](/wiki/Jacobitism "Jacobitism") and professional drama that discouraged the creation of professional theatre.I. Brown, "Public and private performance: 1650–1800", in I. Brown, ed., *The Edinburgh Companion to Scottish Drama* (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2011\), {{ISBN\|0748641076}}, pp. 28–30\.
[ "Early modern era\n----------------", "{{Reformationliterature \\|expanded\\=british}}\n{{Main\\|Literature in early modern Scotland\\|Renaissance in Scotland}}", "### Sixteenth century", "[thumb\\|upright\\|left\\|[William Alexander](/wiki/Sir_William_Alexander%2C_Earl_of_Stirling \"Sir William Alexander, Earl of Stirling\"), statesman and author](/wiki/File:William_Alexander%2C_1st_Earl_of_Stirling_-_Project_Gutenberg_etext_20110.jpg \"William Alexander, 1st Earl of Stirling - Project Gutenberg etext 20110.jpg\")\nAs a patron of poets and authors [James V](/wiki/James_V_of_Scotland \"James V of Scotland\") (r. 1513–42\\) supported William Stewart and [John Bellenden](/wiki/John_Bellenden \"John Bellenden\"), who translated the Latin *History of Scotland* compiled in 1527 by [Hector Boece](/wiki/Hector_Boece \"Hector Boece\"), into verse and prose. [David Lyndsay](/wiki/David_Lyndsay \"David Lyndsay\") (c. 1486–1555\\), diplomat and the head of the [Lyon Court](/wiki/Lyon_Court \"Lyon Court\"), was a prolific poet. He wrote elegiac narratives, romances and satires.T. van Heijnsbergen, \"Culture: 9 Renaissance and Reformation: poetry to 1603\", in M. Lynch, ed., *The Oxford Companion to Scottish History* (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001\\), {{ISBN\\|0\\-19\\-211696\\-7}}, pp. 129–30\\. [George Buchanan](/wiki/George_Buchanan \"George Buchanan\") (1506–82\\) had a major influence as a Latin poet, founding a tradition of neo\\-Latin poetry that would continue in to the seventeenth century.R. Mason, \"Culture: 4 Renaissance and Reformation (1460–1660\\): general\", in M. Lynch, ed., *The Oxford Companion to Scottish History* (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001\\), {{ISBN\\|0\\-19\\-211696\\-7}}, pp. 120–3\\. Contributors to this tradition included royal secretary [John Maitland](/wiki/John_Maitland%2C_1st_Lord_Maitland_of_Thirlestane \"John Maitland, 1st Lord Maitland of Thirlestane\") (1537–95\\), reformer [Andrew Melville](/wiki/Andrew_Melville \"Andrew Melville\") (1545–1622\\), [John Johnston](/wiki/John_Johnston_%28poet%29 \"John Johnston (poet)\") (1570?–1611\\) and [David Hume of Godscroft](/wiki/David_Hume_of_Godscroft \"David Hume of Godscroft\") (1558–1629\\).[\"Bridging the Continental divide: neo\\-Latin and its cultural role in Jacobean Scotland, as seen in the *Delitiae Poetarum Scotorum* (1637\\)\"](http://www.gla.ac.uk/schools/humanities/research/historyresearch/researchprojects/delitiaepoetarumscotorum/), University of Glasgow. Retrieved 23 July 2013\\.", "From the 1550s, in the reign of [Mary, Queen of Scots](/wiki/Mary%2C_Queen_of_Scots \"Mary, Queen of Scots\") (r. 1542–67\\) and the minority of her son [James VI](/wiki/James_VI_of_Scotland \"James VI of Scotland\") (r. 1567–1625\\), cultural pursuits were limited by the lack of a royal court and by political turmoil. The Kirk, heavily influenced by [Calvinism](/wiki/Calvinism \"Calvinism\"), also discouraged poetry that was not devotional in nature. Nevertheless, poets from this period included [Richard Maitland](/wiki/Richard_Maitland \"Richard Maitland\") of Lethington (1496–1586\\), who produced meditative and satirical verses in the style of Dunbar; [John Rolland](/wiki/John_Rolland \"John Rolland\") (fl. 1530–75\\), who wrote allegorical satires in the tradition of Douglas and courtier and minister [Alexander Hume](/wiki/Alexander_Hume \"Alexander Hume\") (c. 1556–1609\\), whose corpus of work includes nature poetry and [epistolary verse](/wiki/Epistolary_poem \"Epistolary poem\"). [Alexander Scott](/wiki/Alexander_Scott_%2816th-century_poet%29 \"Alexander Scott (16th-century poet)\")'s (?1520–82/3\\) use of short verse designed to be sung to music, opened the way for the Castilan poets of James VI's adult reign.", "In the 1580s and 1590s James VI strongly promoted the literature of the country of his birth in Scots. His treatise, *[Some Rules and Cautions to be Observed and Eschewed in Scottish Prosody](/wiki/Reulis_and_Cautelis \"Reulis and Cautelis\")*, published in 1584 when he was aged 18, was both a poetic manual and a description of the poetic tradition in his mother tongue, to which he applied Renaissance principles.R. D. S. Jack, \"Poetry under King James VI\", in C. Cairns, ed., *The History of Scottish Literature* (Aberdeen University Press, 1988\\), vol. 1, {{ISBN\\|0\\-08\\-037728\\-9}}, pp. 126–7\\. He became patron and member of a loose circle of Scottish [Jacobean](/wiki/Jacobean_era \"Jacobean era\") court poets and musicians, later called the [Castalian Band](/wiki/Castalian_Band \"Castalian Band\"), which included [William Fowler](/wiki/William_Fowler_%28makar%29 \"William Fowler (makar)\") (c. 1560–1612\\), [John Stewart of Baldynneis](/wiki/John_Stewart_of_Baldynneis \"John Stewart of Baldynneis\") (c. 1545–c. 1605\\), and [Alexander Montgomerie](/wiki/Alexander_Montgomerie \"Alexander Montgomerie\") (c. 1550–98\\).R. D. S. Jack, *Alexander Montgomerie* (Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press, 1985\\), {{ISBN\\|0\\-7073\\-0367\\-2}}, pp. 1–2\\. They translated key Renaissance texts and produced poems using French forms, including [sonnets](/wiki/Sonnet \"Sonnet\") and short sonnets, for narrative, nature description, satire and meditations on love. Later poets that followed in this vein included [William Alexander](/wiki/William_Alexander%2C_1st_Earl_of_Stirling \"William Alexander, 1st Earl of Stirling\") (c. 1567–1640\\), Alexander Craig (c. 1567–1627\\) and [Robert Ayton](/wiki/Robert_Aytoun \"Robert Aytoun\") (1570–1627\\). By the late 1590s the king's championing of his native Scottish tradition was to some extent diffused by the prospect of inheriting of the English throne.R. D. S. Jack, \"Poetry under King James VI\", in C. Cairns, ed., *The History of Scottish Literature* (Aberdeen University Press, 1988\\), vol. 1, {{ISBN\\|0\\-08\\-037728\\-9}}, p. 137\\.", "Lyndsay produced an interlude at [Linlithgow Palace](/wiki/Linlithgow_Palace \"Linlithgow Palace\") for the king and queen thought to be a version of his play *[The Thrie Estaitis](/wiki/A_Satire_of_the_Three_Estates \"A Satire of the Three Estates\")* in 1540, which satirised the corruption of church and state, and which is the only complete play to survive from before the Reformation.I. Brown, T. Owen Clancy, M. Pittock, S. Manning, eds, *The Edinburgh History of Scottish Literature: From Columba to the Union, until 1707* (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2007\\), {{ISBN\\|0\\-7486\\-1615\\-2}}, pp. 256–7\\. Buchanan was major influence on Continental theatre with plays such as *Jepheths* and *Baptistes*, which influenced [Pierre Corneille](/wiki/Pierre_Corneille \"Pierre Corneille\") and [Jean Racine](/wiki/Jean_Racine \"Jean Racine\") and through them the neo\\-classical tradition in French drama, but his impact in Scotland was limited by his choice of Latin as a medium.I. Brown, \"Introduction: a lively tradition and collective amnesia\", in I. Brown, ed., *The Edinburgh Companion to Scottish Drama* (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2011\\), {{ISBN\\|0748641076}}, pp. 1–3\\. The anonymous *The Maner of the Cyring of ane Play* (before 1568\\) and *Philotus* (published in London in 1603\\), are isolated examples of surviving plays. The latter is a vernacular Scots comedy of errors, probably designed for court performance for Mary, Queen of Scots or James VI.S. Carpenter, \"Scottish drama until 1650\", in I. Brown, ed., *The Edinburgh Companion to Scottish Drama* (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2011\\), {{ISBN\\|0748641076}}, p. 15\\. The same system of professional companies of players and theatres that developed in England in this period was absent in Scotland, but James VI signalled his interest in drama by arranging for a company of English players to erect a playhouse and perform in 1599\\.S. Carpenter, \"Scottish drama until 1650\", in I. Brown, ed., *The Edinburgh Companion to Scottish Drama* (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2011\\), {{ISBN\\|0748641076}}, p. 21\\.", "### Seventeenth century", "[thumb\\|upright\\|The first page of *The Assembly* by Archibald Pitcairne from the 1766 edition](/wiki/File:Assembly1766.jpg \"Assembly1766.jpg\")\nHaving extolled the virtues of Scots \"poesie\", following his accession to the English throne, James VI increasingly favoured the language of southern England. In 1611 the Kirk adopted the English [Authorised King James Version](/wiki/Authorised_King_James_Version \"Authorised King James Version\") of the Bible. In 1617 interpreters were declared no longer necessary in the port of London because Scots and Englishmen were now \"not so far different bot ane understandeth ane uther\". Jenny Wormald, describes James as creating a \"three\\-tier system, with Gaelic at the bottom and English at the top\".J. Wormald, *Court, Kirk, and Community: Scotland, 1470–1625* (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1991\\), {{ISBN\\|0748602763}}, pp. 192–3\\. The loss of the court as a centre of patronage in 1603 was a major blow to Scottish literature. A number of Scottish poets, including William Alexander, John Murray and Robert Aytoun accompanied the king to London, where they continued to write,K. M. Brown, \"Scottish identity\", in B. Bradshaw and P. Roberts, eds, *British Consciousness and Identity: The Making of Britain, 1533–1707* (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003\\), {{ISBN\\|0521893615}}, pp. 253–3\\. but they soon began to [anglicise](/wiki/Anglicise \"Anglicise\") their written language.M. Spiller, \"Poetry after the Union 1603–1660\" in C. Cairns, ed., *The History of Scottish Literature* (Aberdeen University Press, 1988\\), vol. 1, {{ISBN\\|0\\-08\\-037728\\-9}}, pp. 141–52\\. James's characteristic role as active literary participant and patron in the English court made him a defining figure for English Renaissance poetry and drama, which would reach a pinnacle of achievement in his reign,N. Rhodes, \"Wrapped in the Strong Arm of the Union: Shakespeare and King James\" in W. Maley and A. Murphy, eds, *Shakespeare and Scotland* (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2004\\), {{ISBN\\|0\\-7190\\-6636\\-0}}, pp. 38–9\\. but his patronage for the [high style](/wiki/Stylistics_%28linguistics%29 \"Stylistics (linguistics)\") in his own Scottish tradition largely became sidelined.R. D. S. Jack, \"Poetry under King James VI\", in C. Cairns, ed., *The History of Scottish Literature* (Aberdeen University Press, 1988\\), vol. 1, {{ISBN\\|0\\-08\\-037728\\-9}}, pp. 137–8\\. The only significant court poet to continue to work in Scotland after the king's departure was [William Drummond of Hawthornden](/wiki/William_Drummond_of_Hawthornden \"William Drummond of Hawthornden\") (1585–1649\\).", "As the tradition of classical Gaelic poetry declined, a new tradition of vernacular Gaelic poetry began to emerge. While Classical poetry used a language largely fixed in the twelfth century, the vernacular continued to develop. In contrast to the Classical tradition, which used [syllabic metre](/wiki/Syllabic_verse \"Syllabic verse\"), vernacular poets tended to use [stressed metre](/wiki/Accentual_verse \"Accentual verse\"). However, they shared with the Classic poets a set of complex metaphors and role, as the verse was still often panegyric. A number of these vernacular poets were women,K. Chedgzoy, *Women's Writing in the British Atlantic World* (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012\\), {{ISBN\\|113946714X}}, p. 105\\. such as Mary MacLeod of Harris (c. 1615–1707\\).J. MacDonald, \"Gaelic literature\" in M. Lynch, ed., *The Oxford Companion to Scottish History* (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001\\), {{ISBN\\|0\\-19\\-211696\\-7}}, pp. 255–7\\.", "The tradition of neo\\-Latin poetry reached its fruition with the publication of the anthology of the *Deliciae Poetarum Scotorum* (1637\\), published in Amsterdam by [Arthur Johnston](/wiki/Arthur_Johnston_%28poet%29 \"Arthur Johnston (poet)\") (c. 1579–1641\\) and [Sir John Scott of Scotstarvet](/wiki/Sir_John_Scott_of_Scotstarvet \"Sir John Scott of Scotstarvet\") (1585–1670\\) and containing work by the major Scottish practitioners since Buchanan. This period was marked by the work of the first named female Scottish poets.T. van Heijnsbergen, \"Culture: 7 Renaissance and Reformation (1460–1660\\): literature\", in M. Lynch, ed., *The Oxford Companion to Scottish History* (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001\\), {{ISBN\\|0\\-19\\-211696\\-7}}, pp. 127–8\\. [Elizabeth Melville](/wiki/Elizabeth_Melville \"Elizabeth Melville\")'s (f. 1585–1630\\) *Ane Godlie Dream* (1603\\) was a popular religious allegory and the first book published by a woman in Scotland.I. Mortimer, *The Time Traveller's Guide to Elizabethan England* (Random House, 2012\\), {{ISBN\\|1847921140}}, p. 70\\. [Anna Hume](/wiki/Anna_Hume \"Anna Hume\"), daughter of David Hume of Godscroft, adapted [Petrarch](/wiki/Petrarch \"Petrarch\")'s *[Triumphs](/wiki/Triumphs \"Triumphs\")* as *Triumphs of Love: Chastitie: Death* (1644\\).", "This was the period when the [ballad](/wiki/Ballad \"Ballad\") emerged as a significant written form in Scotland. Some ballads may date back to the late medieval era and deal with events and people that can be traced back as far as the thirteenth century, including \"[Sir Patrick Spens](/wiki/Sir_Patrick_Spens \"Sir Patrick Spens\")\" and \"[Thomas the Rhymer](/wiki/Thomas_the_Rhymer \"Thomas the Rhymer\")\", but which are not known to have existed until the eighteenth century.E. Lyle, *Scottish Ballads* (Edinburgh: Canongate Books, 2001\\), {{ISBN\\|0\\-86241\\-477\\-6}}, pp. 9–10\\. They were probably composed and transmitted orally and only began to be written down and printed, often as [broadsides](/wiki/Broadside_ballad \"Broadside ballad\") and as part of [chapbooks](/wiki/Chapbooks \"Chapbooks\"), later being recorded and noted in books by collectors including [Robert Burns](/wiki/Robert_Burns \"Robert Burns\") and [Walter Scott](/wiki/Walter_Scott \"Walter Scott\").R. Crawford, *Scotland's Books: a History of Scottish Literature* (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009\\), {{ISBN\\|0\\-19\\-538623\\-X}}, pp. 216–9\\. From the seventeenth century they were used as a literary form by aristocratic authors including [Robert Sempill](/wiki/Robert_Sempill_the_younger \"Robert Sempill the younger\") (c. 1595–c. 1665\\), [Lady Elizabeth Wardlaw](/wiki/Elizabeth%2C_Lady_Wardlaw \"Elizabeth, Lady Wardlaw\") (1627–1727\\) and [Lady Grizel Baillie](/wiki/Grizel_Baillie \"Grizel Baillie\") (1645–1746\\).R. Crawford, *Scotland's Books: a History of Scottish Literature* (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009\\), {{ISBN\\|0\\-19\\-538623\\-X}}, pp. 224, 248 and 257\\.", "The loss of a royal court also meant there was no force to counter the kirk's dislike of theatre, which struggled to survive in Scotland. However, it was not entirely extinguished. The kirk used theatre for its own purposes in schools and was slow to suppress popular [folk dramas](/wiki/Folk_drama \"Folk drama\"). Surviving plays for the period include William Alexander's *Monarchicke Tragedies*, written just before his departure with the king for England in 1603\\. They were [closet dramas](/wiki/Closet_drama \"Closet drama\"), designed to be read rather than performed, and already indicate Alexander's preference for southern English over the Scots language. There were some attempts to revive Scottish drama. In 1663 Edinburgh lawyer William Clerke wrote *Marciano or the Discovery*, a play about the restoration of a legitimate dynasty in Florence after many years of civil war. It was performed at the Tennis\\-Court Theatre at [Holyrood Palace](/wiki/Holyrood_Palace \"Holyrood Palace\") before the parliamentary high commissioner [John Leslie, Earl of Rothes](/wiki/John_Leslie%2C_1st_Duke_of_Rothes \"John Leslie, 1st Duke of Rothes\").C. Jackson, *Restoration Scotland, 1660–1690: Royalist Politics, Religion and Ideas* (Boydell Press, 2003\\), {{ISBN\\|0851159303}}, p. 17\\. Thomas Sydsurf's *Tarugo's Wiles or the Coffee House*, was first performed in London in 1667 and then in Edinburgh the year after and drew on [Spanish comedy](/wiki/Comedia_%28Spanish_play%29 \"Comedia (Spanish play)\").T. Tobin, ed., *The Assembly* (Purdue University Press, 1972\\), {{ISBN\\|091119830X}}, p. 5\\. A relative of Sydsurf, physician [Archibald Pitcairne](/wiki/Archibald_Pitcairne \"Archibald Pitcairne\") (1652–1713\\) wrote *The Assembly or Scotch Reformation* (1692\\), a ribald satire on the morals of the Presbyterian kirk, circulating in manuscript, but not published until 1722, helping to secure the association between [Jacobitism](/wiki/Jacobitism \"Jacobitism\") and professional drama that discouraged the creation of professional theatre.I. Brown, \"Public and private performance: 1650–1800\", in I. Brown, ed., *The Edinburgh Companion to Scottish Drama* (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2011\\), {{ISBN\\|0748641076}}, pp. 28–30\\.", "" ]
Military career --------------- An eye problem kept him from the Navy. Freund was commissioned as a Regular Army [Second Lieutenant](/wiki/Second_Lieutenant "Second Lieutenant") in the Artillery, and after, attended the Artillery School. He served as a battery officer and battery commander from 1941\-1942\. From April 1943 to July 1945, he served as executive officer and battalion commander of combat units in the European Theater of Operations. Freund's battalion was deactivated because of cessation of hostilities and he was assigned to Theater Service Forces, European Theater. In 1946, Freund represented HQ, Army Ground Forces as Liaison Officer for Guided Missiles at the [Wright\-Patterson Air Development Center](/wiki/Wright-Patterson_Air_Force_Base "Wright-Patterson Air Force Base"). He then entered the Graduate School of Engineering at the [University of Southern California](/wiki/University_of_Southern_California "University of Southern California") in 1947, earning an M.S. degree in mechanical engineering two years later. In 1949, Freund was assigned to the 1st Guided Missile Regiment, [Fort Bliss](/wiki/Fort_Bliss "Fort Bliss"), Texas, where he served until July 1952 as battalion commander, group officer, group executive officer and group commanding officer. He graduated from the [United States Army Command and General Staff College](/wiki/United_States_Army_Command_and_General_Staff_College "United States Army Command and General Staff College") in 1953\.{{cite book \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=bYZHAQAAIAAJ\&pg\=PA180 \|title\=U.S. Army Register: United States Army Active and Retired List \|date\=1 January 1964 \|volume\=I \|page\=180 \|publisher\=U.S. Government Printing Office \|access\-date\=28 June 2022}} During 1953 to 1957, Freund was assigned to the Weapons Systems Evaluation Group, Office of the Secretary of Defense, as an army member and guided missile specialists. After graduation from the [National War College](/wiki/National_War_College "National War College") in 1961, Freund remained in the Washington area, serving for one year on the Department of the Army General Staff and two subsequent years with the Office of the [Joint Chiefs of Staff](/wiki/Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff "Joint Chiefs of Staff"). In September 1964 he served as adviser to [Army of the Republic of Vietnam](/wiki/Army_of_the_Republic_of_Vietnam "Army of the Republic of Vietnam") Brigadier General [Nguyễn Hữu Có](/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_H%E1%BB%AFu_C%C3%B3 "Nguyễn Hữu Có"), the commander of [II Corps](/wiki/II_Corps_%28South_Vietnam%29 "II Corps (South Vietnam)") and he played a key role in defusing the Buôn Ma Thuột rebellion by the [United Front for the Liberation of Oppressed Races](/wiki/United_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Oppressed_Races "United Front for the Liberation of Oppressed Races").{{cite web\|url\=https://www.historynet.com/the\-revolt\-of\-the\-montagnards.htm\|title\=The Revolt of the Montagnards\|publisher\=Historynet\|author\=John D. Howard\|date\=April 2019\|accessdate\=31 December 2021}} During his time in [South Vietnam](/wiki/South_Vietnam "South Vietnam"), he performed duties as Deputy Senior Corps Advisor, Director of Training for [Military Assistance Command, Vietnam](/wiki/Military_Assistance_Command%2C_Vietnam "Military Assistance Command, Vietnam") (MACV), Assistant Director of the [Joint United States Public Affairs Office](/wiki/Joint_United_States_Public_Affairs_Office "Joint United States Public Affairs Office"), Special Assistant to the [COMUSMACV](/wiki/COMUSMACV "COMUSMACV") General [William Westmoreland](/wiki/William_Westmoreland "William Westmoreland") and finally as commander of the [199th Light Infantry Brigade](/wiki/199th_Infantry_Brigade_%28United_States%29 "199th Infantry Brigade (United States)").{{cite book\|last\=Tucker\|first\=Spencer\|title\=Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War\|publisher\=ABC\-CLIO\|year\=2000\|isbn\=1\-57607\-040\-9\|page\=357}} Freund was wounded in August 1967 during an assault operation in [Operation Fairfax](/wiki/Operation_Fairfax "Operation Fairfax") and was brought back to the U.S. in early September.{{cite book\|last\=MacGarrigle\|first\=George\|title\=Combat Operations: Taking the Offensive, October 1966 to October 1967\|publisher\=Government Printing Office\|year\=1998\|isbn\=9780160495403\|url\=https://history.army.mil/html/books/091/91\-4/index.html\|pages\=158–61}} In October 1967, he was assigned to [West Germany](/wiki/West_Germany "West Germany") where he served as Chief of Staff of [VII Corps](/wiki/VII_Corps_%28United_States%29 "VII Corps (United States)"). Frocked as a [brigadier general](/wiki/Brigadier_general_%28United_States%29 "Brigadier general (United States)"), his promotion was confirmed by the [United States Senate](/wiki/United_States_Senate "United States Senate") on July 19, 1968\.{{cite book \|url\=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO\-CRECB\-1968\-pt17/pdf/GPO\-CRECB\-1968\-pt17\-3\-2\.pdf \|title\=Congressional Record — Senate \|date\=19 July 1968 \|page\=22396 \|publisher\=U.S. Government Printing Office \|access\-date\=28 June 2022}} In January 1969 he returned to the U.S. where he was assigned to Washington D.C., serving as Special Assistant for Counter Insurgency and Special Activities, office of the Joint Chief of Staff, until August 1969\. He served as Deputy Assistant Chief of Staff for Intelligence, Department of the Army, until July 1971\. On July 16, 1971 Freund was reassigned to [Stewart Field](/wiki/Stewart_Field "Stewart Field"), New York where he assumed command of the First Region, U.S. Army Air Defense Command. He was appointed [Connecticut Adjutant General](/wiki/Connecticut_Adjutant_General "Connecticut Adjutant General") by Thomas J. Meskill in 1972 until 1982\. During this assignment, he increased the National Guard budget and many armories were built, including the one that now stands in [New Britain, Connecticut](/wiki/New_Britain%2C_Connecticut "New Britain, Connecticut").
[ "Military career\n---------------", "An eye problem kept him from the Navy. Freund was commissioned as a Regular Army [Second Lieutenant](/wiki/Second_Lieutenant \"Second Lieutenant\") in the Artillery, and after, attended the Artillery School. He served as a battery officer and battery commander from 1941\\-1942\\. From April 1943 to July 1945, he served as executive officer and battalion commander of combat units in the European Theater of Operations. Freund's battalion was deactivated because of cessation of hostilities and he was assigned to Theater Service Forces, European Theater.", "In 1946, Freund represented HQ, Army Ground Forces as Liaison Officer for Guided Missiles at the [Wright\\-Patterson Air Development Center](/wiki/Wright-Patterson_Air_Force_Base \"Wright-Patterson Air Force Base\"). He then entered the Graduate School of Engineering at the [University of Southern California](/wiki/University_of_Southern_California \"University of Southern California\") in 1947, earning an M.S. degree in mechanical engineering two years later. In 1949, Freund was assigned to the 1st Guided Missile Regiment, [Fort Bliss](/wiki/Fort_Bliss \"Fort Bliss\"), Texas, where he served until July 1952 as battalion commander, group officer, group executive officer and group commanding officer. He graduated from the [United States Army Command and General Staff College](/wiki/United_States_Army_Command_and_General_Staff_College \"United States Army Command and General Staff College\") in 1953\\.{{cite book \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=bYZHAQAAIAAJ\\&pg\\=PA180 \\|title\\=U.S. Army Register: United States Army Active and Retired List \\|date\\=1 January 1964 \\|volume\\=I \\|page\\=180 \\|publisher\\=U.S. Government Printing Office \\|access\\-date\\=28 June 2022}} During 1953 to 1957, Freund was assigned to the Weapons Systems Evaluation Group, Office of the Secretary of Defense, as an army member and guided missile specialists.", "After graduation from the [National War College](/wiki/National_War_College \"National War College\") in 1961, Freund remained in the Washington area, serving for one year on the Department of the Army General Staff and two subsequent years with the Office of the [Joint Chiefs of Staff](/wiki/Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff \"Joint Chiefs of Staff\").", "In September 1964 he served as adviser to [Army of the Republic of Vietnam](/wiki/Army_of_the_Republic_of_Vietnam \"Army of the Republic of Vietnam\") Brigadier General [Nguyễn Hữu Có](/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_H%E1%BB%AFu_C%C3%B3 \"Nguyễn Hữu Có\"), the commander of [II Corps](/wiki/II_Corps_%28South_Vietnam%29 \"II Corps (South Vietnam)\") and he played a key role in defusing the Buôn Ma Thuột rebellion by the [United Front for the Liberation of Oppressed Races](/wiki/United_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Oppressed_Races \"United Front for the Liberation of Oppressed Races\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.historynet.com/the\\-revolt\\-of\\-the\\-montagnards.htm\\|title\\=The Revolt of the Montagnards\\|publisher\\=Historynet\\|author\\=John D. Howard\\|date\\=April 2019\\|accessdate\\=31 December 2021}} During his time in [South Vietnam](/wiki/South_Vietnam \"South Vietnam\"), he performed duties as Deputy Senior Corps Advisor, Director of Training for [Military Assistance Command, Vietnam](/wiki/Military_Assistance_Command%2C_Vietnam \"Military Assistance Command, Vietnam\") (MACV), Assistant Director of the [Joint United States Public Affairs Office](/wiki/Joint_United_States_Public_Affairs_Office \"Joint United States Public Affairs Office\"), Special Assistant to the [COMUSMACV](/wiki/COMUSMACV \"COMUSMACV\") General [William Westmoreland](/wiki/William_Westmoreland \"William Westmoreland\") and finally as commander of the [199th Light Infantry Brigade](/wiki/199th_Infantry_Brigade_%28United_States%29 \"199th Infantry Brigade (United States)\").{{cite book\\|last\\=Tucker\\|first\\=Spencer\\|title\\=Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War\\|publisher\\=ABC\\-CLIO\\|year\\=2000\\|isbn\\=1\\-57607\\-040\\-9\\|page\\=357}} Freund was wounded in August 1967 during an assault operation in [Operation Fairfax](/wiki/Operation_Fairfax \"Operation Fairfax\") and was brought back to the U.S. in early September.{{cite book\\|last\\=MacGarrigle\\|first\\=George\\|title\\=Combat Operations: Taking the Offensive, October 1966 to October 1967\\|publisher\\=Government Printing Office\\|year\\=1998\\|isbn\\=9780160495403\\|url\\=https://history.army.mil/html/books/091/91\\-4/index.html\\|pages\\=158–61}}", "In October 1967, he was assigned to [West Germany](/wiki/West_Germany \"West Germany\") where he served as Chief of Staff of [VII Corps](/wiki/VII_Corps_%28United_States%29 \"VII Corps (United States)\"). Frocked as a [brigadier general](/wiki/Brigadier_general_%28United_States%29 \"Brigadier general (United States)\"), his promotion was confirmed by the [United States Senate](/wiki/United_States_Senate \"United States Senate\") on July 19, 1968\\.{{cite book \\|url\\=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO\\-CRECB\\-1968\\-pt17/pdf/GPO\\-CRECB\\-1968\\-pt17\\-3\\-2\\.pdf \\|title\\=Congressional Record — Senate \\|date\\=19 July 1968 \\|page\\=22396 \\|publisher\\=U.S. Government Printing Office \\|access\\-date\\=28 June 2022}} In January 1969 he returned to the U.S. where he was assigned to Washington D.C., serving as Special Assistant for Counter Insurgency and Special Activities, office of the Joint Chief of Staff, until August 1969\\. He served as Deputy Assistant Chief of Staff for Intelligence, Department of the Army, until July 1971\\. On July 16, 1971 Freund was reassigned to [Stewart Field](/wiki/Stewart_Field \"Stewart Field\"), New York where he assumed command of the First Region, U.S. Army Air Defense Command.", "He was appointed [Connecticut Adjutant General](/wiki/Connecticut_Adjutant_General \"Connecticut Adjutant General\") by Thomas J. Meskill in 1972 until 1982\\. During this assignment, he increased the National Guard budget and many armories were built, including the one that now stands in [New Britain, Connecticut](/wiki/New_Britain%2C_Connecticut \"New Britain, Connecticut\").", "" ]
Career ------ That year he became a missionary to the [Ponca](/wiki/Ponca "Ponca") Indians in the [Dakota Territory](/wiki/Dakota_Territory "Dakota Territory"). He had a remarkable aptitude for languages, and a sympathetic and helpful personality which won the confidence of the Indians.[James Owen Dorsey, "Siouan Sociology"](http://omahatribe.unl.edu/etexts/oma.0004/oma.0004.html), published posthumously, *Omaha Indian Heritage Project*, at University of Nebraska\-Lincoln, accessed 18 Apr 2011 He lived 27 months as a missionary in [Nebraska](/wiki/Nebraska "Nebraska") and [South Dakota](/wiki/South_Dakota "South Dakota"), learning the difficult (for English speakers) [Siouan language](/wiki/Siouan_language "Siouan language") of the Ponca and [Omaha](/wiki/Omaha "Omaha") Indians. Ill health forced Dorsey to leave the West and to become a pastor in Maryland. He continued to study linguistics and to work on linguistic analysis of Ponca and Omaha. In the early years, he tried to link those languages with [Hebrew](/wiki/Hebrew "Hebrew"), in the mistaken theory, shared by many scholars at the time, that Native Americans were among the [Lost Tribes of Israel](/wiki/Lost_Tribes_of_Israel "Lost Tribes of Israel"). These efforts were considered "crude and immature." But, he developed into a linguist and anthropologist who presented Indian cultures with "unsurpassed fidelity."Hinsely, Jr., Curtis M. *Savages and Scientists: The Smithsonian and the Development of American Anthropology, 1846\-1910\.* Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1981, pp. 172\-177 In 1878, in the formative period of the [Bureau of American Ethnology](/wiki/Bureau_of_American_Ethnology "Bureau of American Ethnology") (BAE) as part of the [Smithsonian Institution](/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution "Smithsonian Institution"), the director [John Wesley Powell](/wiki/John_Wesley_Powell "John Wesley Powell") engaged Dorsey to return to Nebraska to compile dictionaries of the Omaha and Ponca languages. In 1880, Dorsey returned to Washington to work with the BAE at the Smithsonian as a specialist in Siouan languages, a position he held for the rest of his life. Dorsey later did field work with the Siouan\-speaking [Tutelo](/wiki/Tutelo "Tutelo") in Canada, the [Biloxi](/wiki/Tunica-Biloxi "Tunica-Biloxi") in [Louisiana](/wiki/Louisiana "Louisiana"), and the [Quapaw](/wiki/Quapaw "Quapaw") in [Oklahoma](/wiki/Oklahoma "Oklahoma"). In addition, he studied several tribes along the [Oregon](/wiki/Oregon "Oregon") coast, where he compiled materials on the [Athabaskan](/wiki/Athabaskan "Athabaskan") (also called Dene), [Coosan](/wiki/Coosan "Coosan"), [Takilman](/wiki/Takelma "Takelma"), and [Yakonan](/wiki/Alsea_language "Alsea language") [language families](/wiki/Language_families "Language families") or "stocks", some of which were spoken by small groups of people. In 1884 he was the last to record the Yakona (Yaquina) language, which is now extinct. Dorsey also compiled word lists and dictionaries of the [Kansa](/wiki/Kansa_language "Kansa language") and [Osage](/wiki/Osage_language "Osage language") languages. He became the foremost expert on the languages and culture of southern Siouan peoples. Many of his extensive compilations of vocabulary, grammar, myths, oral histories, and cultural practices are still unpublished. Dorsey died of [typhoid fever](/wiki/Typhoid_fever "Typhoid fever") in 1895 in [Washington, D.C.](/wiki/Washington%2C_D.C. "Washington, D.C.") at age 47\.
[ "Career\n------", "That year he became a missionary to the [Ponca](/wiki/Ponca \"Ponca\") Indians in the [Dakota Territory](/wiki/Dakota_Territory \"Dakota Territory\"). He had a remarkable aptitude for languages, and a sympathetic and helpful personality which won the confidence of the Indians.[James Owen Dorsey, \"Siouan Sociology\"](http://omahatribe.unl.edu/etexts/oma.0004/oma.0004.html), published posthumously, *Omaha Indian Heritage Project*, at University of Nebraska\\-Lincoln, accessed 18 Apr 2011 He lived 27 months as a missionary in [Nebraska](/wiki/Nebraska \"Nebraska\") and [South Dakota](/wiki/South_Dakota \"South Dakota\"), learning the difficult (for English speakers) [Siouan language](/wiki/Siouan_language \"Siouan language\") of the Ponca and [Omaha](/wiki/Omaha \"Omaha\") Indians.", "Ill health forced Dorsey to leave the West and to become a pastor in Maryland. He continued to study linguistics and to work on linguistic analysis of Ponca and Omaha. In the early years, he tried to link those languages with [Hebrew](/wiki/Hebrew \"Hebrew\"), in the mistaken theory, shared by many scholars at the time, that Native Americans were among the [Lost Tribes of Israel](/wiki/Lost_Tribes_of_Israel \"Lost Tribes of Israel\"). These efforts were considered \"crude and immature.\" But, he developed into a linguist and anthropologist who presented Indian cultures with \"unsurpassed fidelity.\"Hinsely, Jr., Curtis M. *Savages and Scientists: The Smithsonian and the Development of American Anthropology, 1846\\-1910\\.* Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1981, pp. 172\\-177", "In 1878, in the formative period of the [Bureau of American Ethnology](/wiki/Bureau_of_American_Ethnology \"Bureau of American Ethnology\") (BAE) as part of the [Smithsonian Institution](/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution \"Smithsonian Institution\"), the director [John Wesley Powell](/wiki/John_Wesley_Powell \"John Wesley Powell\") engaged Dorsey to return to Nebraska to compile dictionaries of the Omaha and Ponca languages. In 1880, Dorsey returned to Washington to work with the BAE at the Smithsonian as a specialist in Siouan languages, a position he held for the rest of his life.", "Dorsey later did field work with the Siouan\\-speaking [Tutelo](/wiki/Tutelo \"Tutelo\") in Canada, the [Biloxi](/wiki/Tunica-Biloxi \"Tunica-Biloxi\") in [Louisiana](/wiki/Louisiana \"Louisiana\"), and the [Quapaw](/wiki/Quapaw \"Quapaw\") in [Oklahoma](/wiki/Oklahoma \"Oklahoma\"). In addition, he studied several tribes along the [Oregon](/wiki/Oregon \"Oregon\") coast, where he compiled materials on the [Athabaskan](/wiki/Athabaskan \"Athabaskan\") (also called Dene), [Coosan](/wiki/Coosan \"Coosan\"), [Takilman](/wiki/Takelma \"Takelma\"), and [Yakonan](/wiki/Alsea_language \"Alsea language\") [language families](/wiki/Language_families \"Language families\") or \"stocks\", some of which were spoken by small groups of people. In 1884 he was the last to record the Yakona (Yaquina) language, which is now extinct.", "Dorsey also compiled word lists and dictionaries of the [Kansa](/wiki/Kansa_language \"Kansa language\") and [Osage](/wiki/Osage_language \"Osage language\") languages. He became the foremost expert on the languages and culture of southern Siouan peoples. Many of his extensive compilations of vocabulary, grammar, myths, oral histories, and cultural practices are still unpublished.", "Dorsey died of [typhoid fever](/wiki/Typhoid_fever \"Typhoid fever\") in 1895 in [Washington, D.C.](/wiki/Washington%2C_D.C. \"Washington, D.C.\") at age 47\\.", "" ]
Timeline of events ------------------ ### 22 December 1826 #### 20:50–22:15 At Martin's Tavern, cadets William R. Burnley ([Alabama](/wiki/Alabama "Alabama")), Alexander J. Center (New York), and Samuel Alexander Roberts (Alabama) almost got into a fight with the proprietors of another tavern concerning getting whiskey back to West Point. [Private](/wiki/Private_%28rank%29 "Private (rank)") James Dougan, the duty security guard, agreed to let the three cadets take a boat across the Hudson to [smuggle](/wiki/Smuggle "Smuggle") the whiskey. The cadets planned to purchase a half\-gallon of whiskey as an alcohol base for the eggnog party that would take place in the North [Barracks](/wiki/Barracks "Barracks") two nights later.Agnew, pp. 1–4\. Phillip St. George ([Virginia](/wiki/Virginia "Virginia")) was the 24\-hour duty cadet guard of the day.Agnew, p. 4\. Burnley, Center, and Roberts successfully obtained two gallons of whiskey, smuggling them into North Barracks room No. 33\.Agnew, pp. 10–11\. Cadet T. M. Lewis ([Kentucky](/wiki/Kentucky "Kentucky")) also returned with a gallon of rum from Benny's Tavern to North Barracks room No. 5\.Agnew, pp. 9–10\. ### 23 December 1826 #### 07:00 [thumb\|right\|U.S. Military Academy commandant William Worth (1820–28\) between 1845 and 1849](/wiki/File:William_J_Worth.jpg "William J Worth.jpg") Thayer met with George Bomford (New York) and [Robert E. Lee](/wiki/Robert_E._Lee "Robert E. Lee") (Virginia). Bomford was questioned about his parental correspondence by Thayer while Lee questioned Thayer about [trigonometry](/wiki/Trigonometry "Trigonometry") problems for [artillery](/wiki/Artillery "Artillery") gunnery.Agnew. pp. 12–19\. Classes and barracks [inspections](/wiki/Inspections "Inspections") continued as usual that day.Agnew. pp. 20–30\. #### 17:45 A Christmas party took place at Thayer's residence at which wine was served. Reverend Charles McIlvane, the academy chaplain, was among the attendees. During the party, a conversation ensued between Thayer and [Major](/wiki/Major_%28United_States%29 "Major (United States)") [William J. Worth](/wiki/William_J._Worth "William J. Worth"), the [Commandant of Cadets](/wiki/List_of_commandants_of_cadets_of_the_United_States_Military_Academy "List of commandants of cadets of the United States Military Academy"), about Jefferson Davis's ([Mississippi](/wiki/Mississippi "Mississippi")) disciplinary problems.Agnew. pp. 31–37\. Entertainment was provided by the West Point [band](/wiki/Marching_band "Marching band").Agnew. pp. 41–44\. The party ended at 21:30\. #### 18:00 Four cadets, Walter B. Guion (Mississippi), Davis, John Stocker ([Pennsylvania](/wiki/Pennsylvania "Pennsylvania")), and David Farrelly (Pennsylvania), met at Benny Havens' [tavern](/wiki/Tavern "Tavern"). Most of the discussion was about everyday life among the cadets. They left before academy [quartermaster](/wiki/Quartermaster "Quartermaster") Aeneas Mackay arrived.Agnew, pp. 45–51\. Meanwhile, at the North Barracks, cadets were planning the party. Preparations included stealing bits and pieces of food during their visits to the [mess hall](/wiki/Cafeteria "Cafeteria").Agnew, pp. 51–58\. During this time, cadets residing in the South Barracks found out about the North Barracks' planned Christmas party.Agnew, pp. 59–61\.[Foodreference.com article about the Eggnog Riot](http://www.foodreference.com/html/f-christmas-eggnog-riot.html); accessed 13 December 2009\.{{Self\-published source\|date\=December 2021}}{{Self\-published source\|date\=December 2021}} ### 24–25 December 1826 #### 22:00–04:15 [thumb\|right\|Portrait of Ethan Allen Hitchcock between 1851 and 1860\. Hitchcock served as a faculty member at West Point at the time of the Eggnog Riot in 1826\.](/wiki/File:Gen_Ethan_Allen_Hitchcock.jpg "Gen Ethan Allen Hitchcock.jpg") Nathaniel Eaton ([Massachusetts](/wiki/Massachusetts "Massachusetts")) was the cadet in charge of the external post of the North Barracks.Agnew. p. 62\. [Captain](/wiki/Captain_%28United_States%29 "Captain (United States)") [Ethan Allen Hitchcock](/wiki/Ethan_A._Hitchcock_%28general%29 "Ethan A. Hitchcock (general)"), a faculty member in military tactics, was also stationed in the North Barracks. Eaton and Hitchcock met and discussed the smuggled [liquor](/wiki/Liquor "Liquor") in the North Barracks.Agnew, pp. 64–66\. The eggnog party started among nine cadets in North Barracks room No. 28\. Numerous cadets appeared as the party progressed, while another party began in room No. 5, mentioned by seven cadets including Davis. Farrelly went again to North's or Havens' and returned with another gallon of whiskey early on Christmas morning.Agnew, pp, 66–69\. Cadet Charles Whipple ([Michigan Territory](/wiki/Michigan_Territory "Michigan Territory")), the [division](/wiki/Division_%28military%29 "Division (military)") superintendent during the first part of the incident, went to North Barracks room No. 5 at 02:00 after hearing a commotion, interrupting a round of singing among eight cadets, including Davis. Whipple returned to his room after a verbal exchange with Davis and the other cadets.Agnew. pp. 69–73\. Hitchcock made another patrol around the barracks at 03:00\.Agnew, p. 69\. Lieutenant William A. Thornton was asleep while the events unfolded. By 04:00, voices from the floor above Hitchcock were loud enough to cause the faculty member to investigate room No. 28, where Hitchcock knocked on the door and found six cadets drunk from the eggnog, as well as two others sleeping on a bed. Hitchcock ordered two of the cadets back to their rooms. After they left, Hitchcock woke the two sleeping cadets and ordered them to leave as well. Then he confronted cadet James W.M. "Weems" Berrien ([Georgia](/wiki/Georgia_%28U.S._state%29 "Georgia (U.S. state)")), who responded with equal force. Hitchcock gave a stern lecture to the residents of the room for possessing alcohol on the premises. The captain left the room at 04:15\.Agnew, pp. 74–77\. Berrien began verbalizing his rage toward Hitchcock, which led William D.C. "Billy" Murdock ([District of Columbia](/wiki/District_of_Columbia "District of Columbia")) to lead an effort to organize a riot against Hitchcock.Agnew, pp. 77–78\. ### 25 December 1826 #### 04:30–06:05 [thumb\|right\|Jefferson Davis as [President of the Confederate States of America](/wiki/President_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America "President of the Confederate States of America") in 1861\. Davis was among the seventy cadets who took part in the Eggnog Riot of 24–25 December 1826\.](/wiki/File:President-Jefferson-Davis.jpg "President-Jefferson-Davis.jpg") Hitchcock went down to his room to sleep. Three times he heard knocks on the door only to find no one there. After finding another cadet drunk, Hitchcock saw Davis head over to room No. 5 where thirteen cadets were partying. Davis, seeing Hitchcock's arrival, warned the other cadets. The captain entered the room, ordering one of the cadets to open up another cadet's [footlocker](/wiki/Footlocker_%28luggage%29 "Footlocker (luggage)"), but the cadet refused. Hitchcock ordered no more disorder, left the room, and started looking for Thornton around 04:50\.Agnew, pp. 79–83\. Meanwhile, Thornton had strolled the North Barracks between 21:00 on the 24th and 02:00 on Christmas Day observing the ongoing partying, before going to sleep at 02:00\. He was awakened by loud yells and, once out of his room, was attacked by two cadets. Thornton then put cadet William P.N. Fitzgerald (New York) under arrest for brandishing a weapon. Fitzgerald retreated from Thornton, then told two cadets in room No. 29 about the arrest.{{citation needed\|date\=January 2017}} At this point, noises erupted from the South Barracks which distracted Thornton. While going to investigate that commotion, Thornton was knocked out by Roberts, who had been ejected from room No. 28 by Hitchcock earlier that evening.Agnew, pp. 83–86\. Davis was asleep, but other cadets went looking for Hitchcock. Three other cadets were discovered by cadet James G. Overton ([Tennessee](/wiki/Tennessee "Tennessee")), a relief sentinel and not involved in the parties, and questioned about their actions. They gave a drunken explanation about needing drums and a [fife](/wiki/Fife_%28musical_instrument%29 "Fife (musical instrument)"). At around 05:00, Hitchcock found another inebriated cadet wandering the academy.Agnew, pp. 86–90\. By this point, several window panes had been broken. Hitchcock returned to the room where he was staying, No. 8\. Several cadets then attacked his door, Guion drawing his [pistol](/wiki/Pistol "Pistol") and firing a shot into the room. Hitchcock opened the door and yelled at the cadets to stop. The captain then began arresting cadets.Agnew, pp. 90–93\. Hitchcock ordered Eaton to find Worth's headquarters. Overton asked Hitchcock to find Thayer and Hitchcock replied "No, Mr. Overton. Fetch the com \[Commandant Worth] here." Several of the drunken cadets thought Hitchcock had stated the [bombardiers](/wiki/Bombardier_%28rank%29 "Bombardier (rank)") would be the ones to quell the riot, using heavy weapons, causing several cadets who were not drunk to take up arms in defense of the North Barracks. Thayer had been awoken at 05:00 by the sound of drums. He ordered his aide, Patrick Murphy, to get Major Worth because of what he could hear going on in the North Barracks.Agnew, pp. 95–97\. Hitchcock continued restoring order in the North Barracks, getting into a fight with cadet Walter Otey (Virginia).Agnew, pp. 97–99\. Thornton awoke from the [stairway](/wiki/Stairway "Stairway") where he had been knocked out and returned to his room. Hitchcock greeted him in his room at 05:45\.Agnew, pp. 101–02\. By 06:00, other cadets who were not drinking were also involved in restoring order.Agnew. pp. 98–99\. The main rioters were attempting to recruit other cadets, but with no success.Agnew, pp. 99–102\. Overton could not find Cadet Eaton, who was checking the South Barracks, but did find Major Worth. Hitchcock met Worth and told him what had transpired. By this time, Thayer's aide had arrived in the North Barracks' guardroom. The Second Artillery had arrived at the North Barracks by the time of [reveille](/wiki/Reveille "Reveille") at 06:05\.Agnew, pp. 102–06\. #### 06:05–18:30 Reveille sounded at 06:05, along with gunfire, the sound of glass breaking, [profanity](/wiki/Profanity "Profanity") by cadets, cries of pain, and threats to academy officials.Agnew, p. 107\. North Barracks residents who were not drunk from the eggnog were appalled by the damaged property.Agnew, p. 108\. Cadets in the South Barracks were well rested, while other cadets in the North Barracks were disheveled. Some of the cadets remained in their rooms drinking, although some appeared in [parade formation](/wiki/Military_parade "Military parade") despite being drunk.Agnew, pp. 108–11\. Worth met with superintendent Thayer after the first formation to discuss what had happened in the North Barracks the previous evening.Agnew, pp. 111–12\. Thayer instructed Worth to get the officers into the North Barracks and restore order.Agnew, p. 113\. Captain Mackay, academy quartermaster, took down details of the damages to the property at North Barracks so repairs could take place in the following days.Agnew, p. 114\. Many cadets who were drunk made it to [company](/wiki/Company_%28military_unit%29 "Company (military unit)") [roll call](/wiki/wikt:Roll_call "Roll call") at 06:20, though they were subdued. The mutiny officially ended when Cadet Captain James A.J. Bradford (Kentucky) called the corps to attention and dismissed them from the mess hall after breakfast. [Chapel](/wiki/West_Point_Cadet_Chapel "West Point Cadet Chapel") formation took place after breakfast, followed by two hours of service, with most of the drunk cadets still recovering.Agnew, pp. 117–20\. Thayer was advised by Worth regarding the events at North Barracks. Captain Hitchcock and Lieutenant Thornton were bruised, while several cadets suffered minor injuries, and Fitzgerald suffered a hand injury. Worth told Thayer that between fifty and ninety cadets had been involved in the mutiny.Agnew, pp. 120–23\. Later that day, Thayer met with [Gouverneur Kemble](/wiki/Gouverneur_Kemble "Gouverneur Kemble"), an [ordnance](/wiki/Artillery "Artillery") manufacturer in [Cold Spring, New York](/wiki/Cold_Spring%2C_New_York "Cold Spring, New York"), to discuss different items, including the events at West Point. Kemble asked Thayer what he would do about the misconduct, to which Thayer replied he did not know.Agnew, pp. 124–26\. ### 26 December 1826 #### 07:00–08:00 [thumb\|right\|1829 portrait of Alexander Macomb, inspector of the United States Military Academy](/wiki/File:AlexanderMacomb.jpg "AlexanderMacomb.jpg") A faculty and staff meeting took place, with all but Captain Thomas C. Legate of the 2nd Artillery A Battery and a few [assistant professors](/wiki/Professors_in_the_United_States "Professors in the United States") in attendance. Thayer informed them that [Major General](/wiki/Major_General_%28United_States%29 "Major General (United States)") [Alexander Macomb](/wiki/Alexander_Macomb_%28American_general%29 "Alexander Macomb (American general)"), [Chief of Engineers](/wiki/Chief_of_Engineers "Chief of Engineers") and [inspector general](/wiki/Inspector_general "Inspector general") of the academy, had been told of the riot, and that he was awaiting orders from Macomb. The superintendent also informed the attendees that an inquiry would take place during semester finals in January 1827, so some of the cadets would face simultaneous examinations and inquiry.Agnew, pp. 127–29\. Cadet Battalion Order 98 was read at formation and posted at several prominent locations at the academy. Twenty\-two cadets were placed under [house arrest](/wiki/House_arrest "House arrest") until further notice; among them was Davis, who had been reported as a malefactor by Hitchcock and Thornton.Agnew, p. 129\. ### 6 January 1827 Thayer reviewed Order 49, dated 30 December 1826 and signed by Chief of Engineers Macomb, ordering a court of inquiry to be assembled as soon as possible to investigate the Christmas riots. No deadline was given by the War Department in Washington, DC, though the academy was expected to get it done as soon as possible. Major Worth was president of the inquiry, with Lieutenant Henry H. Gird acting as secretary ([court reporter](/wiki/Court_reporter "Court reporter")), and two other faculty and staff to be selected by Thayer for court duties. If the inquiry determined that further disciplinary action was necessary, Thayer was empowered to [court\-martial](/wiki/Courts-martial_in_the_United_States "Courts-martial in the United States") any cadet or other military personnel.Agnew, pp. 129–30\. Worth elected Hitchcock and Lieutenant William Bryant to the court, despite Hitchcock's involvement in controlling the riots in North Barracks.Agnew, pp. 130–31\. ### 7 January 1827 In the midst of the academy exams, Gird informed the cadets of the court of inquiry, which was to begin the next day.Agnew, pp. 131–33\. ### 8–22 January 1827 The inquiry included testimony from 167 witnesses. MacKay stated US$168\.83 (roughly $5,226\.33 in 2023\)[https://www.officialdata.org/us/inflation/1826?amount\=168\.83](https://www.officialdata.org/us/inflation/1826?amount=168.83); accessed 23 December 2023\. worth of damages had occurred. Thayer testified that he never ordered the bombardiers, the Second Artillery, to police the barracks.Agnew, p. 133\. The academic board recommended James W. Hamilton (at\-large) be discharged for bad conduct and five others, all fourth classmen ([freshman](/wiki/Freshman "Freshman") or [plebes](/wiki/Plebs%23Use_in_Education "Plebs#Use in Education")), were dismissed for lack of aptitude in certain academic disciplines or bad conduct. Several other cadets also were dismissed.Agnew, p. 134\. A final report was presented to Thayer on 19 January 1827, which Thayer and Worth met to discuss after dinner that evening. Following testimony, the inquiry determined that seventy cadets had been involved in the riots. Thayer picked the worst offenders (those who smuggled the whiskey, the cadets who incited the riots, and several others) for prosecution at court\-martial.Agnew, pp. 135–37\. ### 24 January – 8 March 1827 [thumb\|right\|c. 1807 picture of U.S. Attorney General William Wirt, who in 1819 stated that West Point cadets were subject to military law and trials by court\-martial](/wiki/File:William_Wirt_%28Attorney_General%29.jpg "William Wirt (Attorney General).jpg") In 1819, [Attorney General of the United States](/wiki/Attorney_General_of_the_United_States "Attorney General of the United States") [William Wirt](/wiki/William_Wirt_%28Attorney_General%29 "William Wirt (Attorney General)") had opined that "the Corps ... form part of the land forces of the United States..." and its members were thus subject to [military law](/wiki/Military_law "Military law") and trials by court\-martial. Wirt's opinion was supported by [United States Secretary of War](/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War "United States Secretary of War") [John C. Calhoun](/wiki/John_C._Calhoun "John C. Calhoun") and President of the United States [James Monroe](/wiki/James_Monroe "James Monroe").Agnew, p. 140\. Nineteenth\-century American military justice was founded in the [American Revolution](/wiki/American_Revolution "American Revolution"). The [sentences](/wiki/Sentence_%28law%29 "Sentence (law)") were reviewed by the secretary of war, the [United States Congress](/wiki/United_States_Congress "United States Congress"), and the president. A general court consisted of between five and thirteen officers serving as [jurors](/wiki/Jury "Jury") and [magistrates](/wiki/Magistrate "Magistrate"). The accused was his own lawyer, prepared his own defense, and could plead guilty to one or more charges against him while contesting other charges.Agnew, pp. 142–45\. Trials were held from 08:00 to 15:00 daily or during daylight hours, whichever was later. A standard trial began with the charges being read, the [defendant](/wiki/Defendant "Defendant") giving his plea, and opening statements by the prosecution and defense attorneys. Witness testimony then began, followed by closing statements given by the prosecution and defense attorneys, and the jury's decision. If the verdict was guilty, the defendant was then sentenced. The twenty cases were divided into three parts by the war department for administrative convenience. The court\-martial trials were held in succession without break from 26 January, with Lieutenant Gird serving as trial [judge advocate](/wiki/Judge_advocate "Judge advocate").Agnew, pp. 138–39\. During the progression of the trials, Davis was released from house arrest along with two other cadets.Agnew, p. 147\. Cadet Humphreys was arrested on 27 January. Gird stayed as trial judge advocate until 8 March, when he asked to be released; he was replaced by Lieutenant William H. C. Bartlett.Agnew, p. 161\. ### 9 March – 3 May 1827 Bartlett started his duties on 9 March at 10:00,Agnew, p. 162\. and the trials concluded on 16 March.Agnew, p. 168\. Thayer forwarded the records to General Maccomb and Secretary of War [James Barbour](/wiki/James_Barbour "James Barbour") in late March; Barbour then sent the information to president [John Quincy Adams](/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams "John Quincy Adams").Agnew, pp. 169–71\. Adams read the findings, and adjusted some of the verdicts for the cadets. The case was closed on 3 May.Agnew, p. 171\.
[ "Timeline of events\n------------------", "### 22 December 1826", "#### 20:50–22:15", "At Martin's Tavern, cadets William R. Burnley ([Alabama](/wiki/Alabama \"Alabama\")), Alexander J. Center (New York), and Samuel Alexander Roberts (Alabama) almost got into a fight with the proprietors of another tavern concerning getting whiskey back to West Point. [Private](/wiki/Private_%28rank%29 \"Private (rank)\") James Dougan, the duty security guard, agreed to let the three cadets take a boat across the Hudson to [smuggle](/wiki/Smuggle \"Smuggle\") the whiskey. The cadets planned to purchase a half\\-gallon of whiskey as an alcohol base for the eggnog party that would take place in the North [Barracks](/wiki/Barracks \"Barracks\") two nights later.Agnew, pp. 1–4\\. Phillip St. George ([Virginia](/wiki/Virginia \"Virginia\")) was the 24\\-hour duty cadet guard of the day.Agnew, p. 4\\. Burnley, Center, and Roberts successfully obtained two gallons of whiskey, smuggling them into North Barracks room No. 33\\.Agnew, pp. 10–11\\. Cadet T. M. Lewis ([Kentucky](/wiki/Kentucky \"Kentucky\")) also returned with a gallon of rum from Benny's Tavern to North Barracks room No. 5\\.Agnew, pp. 9–10\\.", "### 23 December 1826", "#### 07:00", "[thumb\\|right\\|U.S. Military Academy commandant William Worth (1820–28\\) between 1845 and 1849](/wiki/File:William_J_Worth.jpg \"William J Worth.jpg\")\nThayer met with George Bomford (New York) and [Robert E. Lee](/wiki/Robert_E._Lee \"Robert E. Lee\") (Virginia). Bomford was questioned about his parental correspondence by Thayer while Lee questioned Thayer about [trigonometry](/wiki/Trigonometry \"Trigonometry\") problems for [artillery](/wiki/Artillery \"Artillery\") gunnery.Agnew. pp. 12–19\\. Classes and barracks [inspections](/wiki/Inspections \"Inspections\") continued as usual that day.Agnew. pp. 20–30\\.", "#### 17:45", "A Christmas party took place at Thayer's residence at which wine was served. Reverend Charles McIlvane, the academy chaplain, was among the attendees. During the party, a conversation ensued between Thayer and [Major](/wiki/Major_%28United_States%29 \"Major (United States)\") [William J. Worth](/wiki/William_J._Worth \"William J. Worth\"), the [Commandant of Cadets](/wiki/List_of_commandants_of_cadets_of_the_United_States_Military_Academy \"List of commandants of cadets of the United States Military Academy\"), about Jefferson Davis's ([Mississippi](/wiki/Mississippi \"Mississippi\")) disciplinary problems.Agnew. pp. 31–37\\. Entertainment was provided by the West Point [band](/wiki/Marching_band \"Marching band\").Agnew. pp. 41–44\\. The party ended at 21:30\\.", "#### 18:00", "Four cadets, Walter B. Guion (Mississippi), Davis, John Stocker ([Pennsylvania](/wiki/Pennsylvania \"Pennsylvania\")), and David Farrelly (Pennsylvania), met at Benny Havens' [tavern](/wiki/Tavern \"Tavern\"). Most of the discussion was about everyday life among the cadets. They left before academy [quartermaster](/wiki/Quartermaster \"Quartermaster\") Aeneas Mackay arrived.Agnew, pp. 45–51\\.", "Meanwhile, at the North Barracks, cadets were planning the party. Preparations included stealing bits and pieces of food during their visits to the [mess hall](/wiki/Cafeteria \"Cafeteria\").Agnew, pp. 51–58\\. During this time, cadets residing in the South Barracks found out about the North Barracks' planned Christmas party.Agnew, pp. 59–61\\.[Foodreference.com article about the Eggnog Riot](http://www.foodreference.com/html/f-christmas-eggnog-riot.html); accessed 13 December 2009\\.{{Self\\-published source\\|date\\=December 2021}}{{Self\\-published source\\|date\\=December 2021}}", "### 24–25 December 1826", "#### 22:00–04:15", "[thumb\\|right\\|Portrait of Ethan Allen Hitchcock between 1851 and 1860\\. Hitchcock served as a faculty member at West Point at the time of the Eggnog Riot in 1826\\.](/wiki/File:Gen_Ethan_Allen_Hitchcock.jpg \"Gen Ethan Allen Hitchcock.jpg\")\nNathaniel Eaton ([Massachusetts](/wiki/Massachusetts \"Massachusetts\")) was the cadet in charge of the external post of the North Barracks.Agnew. p. 62\\. [Captain](/wiki/Captain_%28United_States%29 \"Captain (United States)\") [Ethan Allen Hitchcock](/wiki/Ethan_A._Hitchcock_%28general%29 \"Ethan A. Hitchcock (general)\"), a faculty member in military tactics, was also stationed in the North Barracks. Eaton and Hitchcock met and discussed the smuggled [liquor](/wiki/Liquor \"Liquor\") in the North Barracks.Agnew, pp. 64–66\\.", "The eggnog party started among nine cadets in North Barracks room No. 28\\. Numerous cadets appeared as the party progressed, while another party began in room No. 5, mentioned by seven cadets including Davis. Farrelly went again to North's or Havens' and returned with another gallon of whiskey early on Christmas morning.Agnew, pp, 66–69\\.", "Cadet Charles Whipple ([Michigan Territory](/wiki/Michigan_Territory \"Michigan Territory\")), the [division](/wiki/Division_%28military%29 \"Division (military)\") superintendent during the first part of the incident, went to North Barracks room No. 5 at 02:00 after hearing a commotion, interrupting a round of singing among eight cadets, including Davis. Whipple returned to his room after a verbal exchange with Davis and the other cadets.Agnew. pp. 69–73\\. Hitchcock made another patrol around the barracks at 03:00\\.Agnew, p. 69\\. Lieutenant William A. Thornton was asleep while the events unfolded.", "By 04:00, voices from the floor above Hitchcock were loud enough to cause the faculty member to investigate room No. 28, where Hitchcock knocked on the door and found six cadets drunk from the eggnog, as well as two others sleeping on a bed. Hitchcock ordered two of the cadets back to their rooms. After they left, Hitchcock woke the two sleeping cadets and ordered them to leave as well. Then he confronted cadet James W.M. \"Weems\" Berrien ([Georgia](/wiki/Georgia_%28U.S._state%29 \"Georgia (U.S. state)\")), who responded with equal force. Hitchcock gave a stern lecture to the residents of the room for possessing alcohol on the premises. The captain left the room at 04:15\\.Agnew, pp. 74–77\\. Berrien began verbalizing his rage toward Hitchcock, which led William D.C. \"Billy\" Murdock ([District of Columbia](/wiki/District_of_Columbia \"District of Columbia\")) to lead an effort to organize a riot against Hitchcock.Agnew, pp. 77–78\\.", "### 25 December 1826", "#### 04:30–06:05", "[thumb\\|right\\|Jefferson Davis as [President of the Confederate States of America](/wiki/President_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America \"President of the Confederate States of America\") in 1861\\. Davis was among the seventy cadets who took part in the Eggnog Riot of 24–25 December 1826\\.](/wiki/File:President-Jefferson-Davis.jpg \"President-Jefferson-Davis.jpg\")\nHitchcock went down to his room to sleep. Three times he heard knocks on the door only to find no one there. After finding another cadet drunk, Hitchcock saw Davis head over to room No. 5 where thirteen cadets were partying. Davis, seeing Hitchcock's arrival, warned the other cadets. The captain entered the room, ordering one of the cadets to open up another cadet's [footlocker](/wiki/Footlocker_%28luggage%29 \"Footlocker (luggage)\"), but the cadet refused. Hitchcock ordered no more disorder, left the room, and started looking for Thornton around 04:50\\.Agnew, pp. 79–83\\.", "Meanwhile, Thornton had strolled the North Barracks between 21:00 on the 24th and 02:00 on Christmas Day observing the ongoing partying, before going to sleep at 02:00\\. He was awakened by loud yells and, once out of his room, was attacked by two cadets. Thornton then put cadet William P.N. Fitzgerald (New York) under arrest for brandishing a weapon. Fitzgerald retreated from Thornton, then told two cadets in room No. 29 about the arrest.{{citation needed\\|date\\=January 2017}}", "At this point, noises erupted from the South Barracks which distracted Thornton. While going to investigate that commotion, Thornton was knocked out by Roberts, who had been ejected from room No. 28 by Hitchcock earlier that evening.Agnew, pp. 83–86\\.", "Davis was asleep, but other cadets went looking for Hitchcock. Three other cadets were discovered by cadet James G. Overton ([Tennessee](/wiki/Tennessee \"Tennessee\")), a relief sentinel and not involved in the parties, and questioned about their actions. They gave a drunken explanation about needing drums and a [fife](/wiki/Fife_%28musical_instrument%29 \"Fife (musical instrument)\"). At around 05:00, Hitchcock found another inebriated cadet wandering the academy.Agnew, pp. 86–90\\. By this point, several window panes had been broken. Hitchcock returned to the room where he was staying, No. 8\\. Several cadets then attacked his door, Guion drawing his [pistol](/wiki/Pistol \"Pistol\") and firing a shot into the room. Hitchcock opened the door and yelled at the cadets to stop. The captain then began arresting cadets.Agnew, pp. 90–93\\.", "Hitchcock ordered Eaton to find Worth's headquarters. Overton asked Hitchcock to find Thayer and Hitchcock replied \"No, Mr. Overton. Fetch the com \\[Commandant Worth] here.\" Several of the drunken cadets thought Hitchcock had stated the [bombardiers](/wiki/Bombardier_%28rank%29 \"Bombardier (rank)\") would be the ones to quell the riot, using heavy weapons, causing several cadets who were not drunk to take up arms in defense of the North Barracks. Thayer had been awoken at 05:00 by the sound of drums. He ordered his aide, Patrick Murphy, to get Major Worth because of what he could hear going on in the North Barracks.Agnew, pp. 95–97\\.", "Hitchcock continued restoring order in the North Barracks, getting into a fight with cadet Walter Otey (Virginia).Agnew, pp. 97–99\\. Thornton awoke from the [stairway](/wiki/Stairway \"Stairway\") where he had been knocked out and returned to his room. Hitchcock greeted him in his room at 05:45\\.Agnew, pp. 101–02\\. By 06:00, other cadets who were not drinking were also involved in restoring order.Agnew. pp. 98–99\\. The main rioters were attempting to recruit other cadets, but with no success.Agnew, pp. 99–102\\.", "Overton could not find Cadet Eaton, who was checking the South Barracks, but did find Major Worth. Hitchcock met Worth and told him what had transpired. By this time, Thayer's aide had arrived in the North Barracks' guardroom. The Second Artillery had arrived at the North Barracks by the time of [reveille](/wiki/Reveille \"Reveille\") at 06:05\\.Agnew, pp. 102–06\\.", "#### 06:05–18:30", "Reveille sounded at 06:05, along with gunfire, the sound of glass breaking, [profanity](/wiki/Profanity \"Profanity\") by cadets, cries of pain, and threats to academy officials.Agnew, p. 107\\. North Barracks residents who were not drunk from the eggnog were appalled by the damaged property.Agnew, p. 108\\. Cadets in the South Barracks were well rested, while other cadets in the North Barracks were disheveled. Some of the cadets remained in their rooms drinking, although some appeared in [parade formation](/wiki/Military_parade \"Military parade\") despite being drunk.Agnew, pp. 108–11\\. Worth met with superintendent Thayer after the first formation to discuss what had happened in the North Barracks the previous evening.Agnew, pp. 111–12\\. Thayer instructed Worth to get the officers into the North Barracks and restore order.Agnew, p. 113\\.", "Captain Mackay, academy quartermaster, took down details of the damages to the property at North Barracks so repairs could take place in the following days.Agnew, p. 114\\. Many cadets who were drunk made it to [company](/wiki/Company_%28military_unit%29 \"Company (military unit)\") [roll call](/wiki/wikt:Roll_call \"Roll call\") at 06:20, though they were subdued. The mutiny officially ended when Cadet Captain James A.J. Bradford (Kentucky) called the corps to attention and dismissed them from the mess hall after breakfast. [Chapel](/wiki/West_Point_Cadet_Chapel \"West Point Cadet Chapel\") formation took place after breakfast, followed by two hours of service, with most of the drunk cadets still recovering.Agnew, pp. 117–20\\.", "Thayer was advised by Worth regarding the events at North Barracks. Captain Hitchcock and Lieutenant Thornton were bruised, while several cadets suffered minor injuries, and Fitzgerald suffered a hand injury. Worth told Thayer that between fifty and ninety cadets had been involved in the mutiny.Agnew, pp. 120–23\\. Later that day, Thayer met with [Gouverneur Kemble](/wiki/Gouverneur_Kemble \"Gouverneur Kemble\"), an [ordnance](/wiki/Artillery \"Artillery\") manufacturer in [Cold Spring, New York](/wiki/Cold_Spring%2C_New_York \"Cold Spring, New York\"), to discuss different items, including the events at West Point. Kemble asked Thayer what he would do about the misconduct, to which Thayer replied he did not know.Agnew, pp. 124–26\\.", "### 26 December 1826", "#### 07:00–08:00", "[thumb\\|right\\|1829 portrait of Alexander Macomb, inspector of the United States Military Academy](/wiki/File:AlexanderMacomb.jpg \"AlexanderMacomb.jpg\")\nA faculty and staff meeting took place, with all but Captain Thomas C. Legate of the 2nd Artillery A Battery and a few [assistant professors](/wiki/Professors_in_the_United_States \"Professors in the United States\") in attendance. Thayer informed them that [Major General](/wiki/Major_General_%28United_States%29 \"Major General (United States)\") [Alexander Macomb](/wiki/Alexander_Macomb_%28American_general%29 \"Alexander Macomb (American general)\"), [Chief of Engineers](/wiki/Chief_of_Engineers \"Chief of Engineers\") and [inspector general](/wiki/Inspector_general \"Inspector general\") of the academy, had been told of the riot, and that he was awaiting orders from Macomb. The superintendent also informed the attendees that an inquiry would take place during semester finals in January 1827, so some of the cadets would face simultaneous examinations and inquiry.Agnew, pp. 127–29\\.", "Cadet Battalion Order 98 was read at formation and posted at several prominent locations at the academy. Twenty\\-two cadets were placed under [house arrest](/wiki/House_arrest \"House arrest\") until further notice; among them was Davis, who had been reported as a malefactor by Hitchcock and Thornton.Agnew, p. 129\\.", "### 6 January 1827", "Thayer reviewed Order 49, dated 30 December 1826 and signed by Chief of Engineers Macomb, ordering a court of inquiry to be assembled as soon as possible to investigate the Christmas riots. No deadline was given by the War Department in Washington, DC, though the academy was expected to get it done as soon as possible. Major Worth was president of the inquiry, with Lieutenant Henry H. Gird acting as secretary ([court reporter](/wiki/Court_reporter \"Court reporter\")), and two other faculty and staff to be selected by Thayer for court duties. If the inquiry determined that further disciplinary action was necessary, Thayer was empowered to [court\\-martial](/wiki/Courts-martial_in_the_United_States \"Courts-martial in the United States\") any cadet or other military personnel.Agnew, pp. 129–30\\. Worth elected Hitchcock and Lieutenant William Bryant to the court, despite Hitchcock's involvement in controlling the riots in North Barracks.Agnew, pp. 130–31\\.", "### 7 January 1827", "In the midst of the academy exams, Gird informed the cadets of the court of inquiry, which was to begin the next day.Agnew, pp. 131–33\\.", "### 8–22 January 1827", "The inquiry included testimony from 167 witnesses. MacKay stated US$168\\.83 (roughly $5,226\\.33 in 2023\\)[https://www.officialdata.org/us/inflation/1826?amount\\=168\\.83](https://www.officialdata.org/us/inflation/1826?amount=168.83); accessed 23 December 2023\\. worth of damages had occurred. Thayer testified that he never ordered the bombardiers, the Second Artillery, to police the barracks.Agnew, p. 133\\. The academic board recommended James W. Hamilton (at\\-large) be discharged for bad conduct and five others, all fourth classmen ([freshman](/wiki/Freshman \"Freshman\") or [plebes](/wiki/Plebs%23Use_in_Education \"Plebs#Use in Education\")), were dismissed for lack of aptitude in certain academic disciplines or bad conduct. Several other cadets also were dismissed.Agnew, p. 134\\. A final report was presented to Thayer on 19 January 1827, which Thayer and Worth met to discuss after dinner that evening.", "Following testimony, the inquiry determined that seventy cadets had been involved in the riots. Thayer picked the worst offenders (those who smuggled the whiskey, the cadets who incited the riots, and several others) for prosecution at court\\-martial.Agnew, pp. 135–37\\.", "### 24 January – 8 March 1827", "[thumb\\|right\\|c. 1807 picture of U.S. Attorney General William Wirt, who in 1819 stated that West Point cadets were subject to military law and trials by court\\-martial](/wiki/File:William_Wirt_%28Attorney_General%29.jpg \"William Wirt (Attorney General).jpg\")\nIn 1819, [Attorney General of the United States](/wiki/Attorney_General_of_the_United_States \"Attorney General of the United States\") [William Wirt](/wiki/William_Wirt_%28Attorney_General%29 \"William Wirt (Attorney General)\") had opined that \"the Corps ... form part of the land forces of the United States...\" and its members were thus subject to [military law](/wiki/Military_law \"Military law\") and trials by court\\-martial. Wirt's opinion was supported by [United States Secretary of War](/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War \"United States Secretary of War\") [John C. Calhoun](/wiki/John_C._Calhoun \"John C. Calhoun\") and President of the United States [James Monroe](/wiki/James_Monroe \"James Monroe\").Agnew, p. 140\\.", "Nineteenth\\-century American military justice was founded in the [American Revolution](/wiki/American_Revolution \"American Revolution\"). The [sentences](/wiki/Sentence_%28law%29 \"Sentence (law)\") were reviewed by the secretary of war, the [United States Congress](/wiki/United_States_Congress \"United States Congress\"), and the president. A general court consisted of between five and thirteen officers serving as [jurors](/wiki/Jury \"Jury\") and [magistrates](/wiki/Magistrate \"Magistrate\"). The accused was his own lawyer, prepared his own defense, and could plead guilty to one or more charges against him while contesting other charges.Agnew, pp. 142–45\\.", "Trials were held from 08:00 to 15:00 daily or during daylight hours, whichever was later. A standard trial began with the charges being read, the [defendant](/wiki/Defendant \"Defendant\") giving his plea, and opening statements by the prosecution and defense attorneys. Witness testimony then began, followed by closing statements given by the prosecution and defense attorneys, and the jury's decision. If the verdict was guilty, the defendant was then sentenced.", "The twenty cases were divided into three parts by the war department for administrative convenience. The court\\-martial trials were held in succession without break from 26 January, with Lieutenant Gird serving as trial [judge advocate](/wiki/Judge_advocate \"Judge advocate\").Agnew, pp. 138–39\\.", "During the progression of the trials, Davis was released from house arrest along with two other cadets.Agnew, p. 147\\. Cadet Humphreys was arrested on 27 January. Gird stayed as trial judge advocate until 8 March, when he asked to be released; he was replaced by Lieutenant William H. C. Bartlett.Agnew, p. 161\\.", "### 9 March – 3 May 1827", "Bartlett started his duties on 9 March at 10:00,Agnew, p. 162\\. and the trials concluded on 16 March.Agnew, p. 168\\. Thayer forwarded the records to General Maccomb and Secretary of War [James Barbour](/wiki/James_Barbour \"James Barbour\") in late March; Barbour then sent the information to president [John Quincy Adams](/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams \"John Quincy Adams\").Agnew, pp. 169–71\\. Adams read the findings, and adjusted some of the verdicts for the cadets. The case was closed on 3 May.Agnew, p. 171\\.", "" ]
### 25 December 1826 #### 04:30–06:05 [thumb\|right\|Jefferson Davis as [President of the Confederate States of America](/wiki/President_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America "President of the Confederate States of America") in 1861\. Davis was among the seventy cadets who took part in the Eggnog Riot of 24–25 December 1826\.](/wiki/File:President-Jefferson-Davis.jpg "President-Jefferson-Davis.jpg") Hitchcock went down to his room to sleep. Three times he heard knocks on the door only to find no one there. After finding another cadet drunk, Hitchcock saw Davis head over to room No. 5 where thirteen cadets were partying. Davis, seeing Hitchcock's arrival, warned the other cadets. The captain entered the room, ordering one of the cadets to open up another cadet's [footlocker](/wiki/Footlocker_%28luggage%29 "Footlocker (luggage)"), but the cadet refused. Hitchcock ordered no more disorder, left the room, and started looking for Thornton around 04:50\.Agnew, pp. 79–83\. Meanwhile, Thornton had strolled the North Barracks between 21:00 on the 24th and 02:00 on Christmas Day observing the ongoing partying, before going to sleep at 02:00\. He was awakened by loud yells and, once out of his room, was attacked by two cadets. Thornton then put cadet William P.N. Fitzgerald (New York) under arrest for brandishing a weapon. Fitzgerald retreated from Thornton, then told two cadets in room No. 29 about the arrest.{{citation needed\|date\=January 2017}} At this point, noises erupted from the South Barracks which distracted Thornton. While going to investigate that commotion, Thornton was knocked out by Roberts, who had been ejected from room No. 28 by Hitchcock earlier that evening.Agnew, pp. 83–86\. Davis was asleep, but other cadets went looking for Hitchcock. Three other cadets were discovered by cadet James G. Overton ([Tennessee](/wiki/Tennessee "Tennessee")), a relief sentinel and not involved in the parties, and questioned about their actions. They gave a drunken explanation about needing drums and a [fife](/wiki/Fife_%28musical_instrument%29 "Fife (musical instrument)"). At around 05:00, Hitchcock found another inebriated cadet wandering the academy.Agnew, pp. 86–90\. By this point, several window panes had been broken. Hitchcock returned to the room where he was staying, No. 8\. Several cadets then attacked his door, Guion drawing his [pistol](/wiki/Pistol "Pistol") and firing a shot into the room. Hitchcock opened the door and yelled at the cadets to stop. The captain then began arresting cadets.Agnew, pp. 90–93\. Hitchcock ordered Eaton to find Worth's headquarters. Overton asked Hitchcock to find Thayer and Hitchcock replied "No, Mr. Overton. Fetch the com \[Commandant Worth] here." Several of the drunken cadets thought Hitchcock had stated the [bombardiers](/wiki/Bombardier_%28rank%29 "Bombardier (rank)") would be the ones to quell the riot, using heavy weapons, causing several cadets who were not drunk to take up arms in defense of the North Barracks. Thayer had been awoken at 05:00 by the sound of drums. He ordered his aide, Patrick Murphy, to get Major Worth because of what he could hear going on in the North Barracks.Agnew, pp. 95–97\. Hitchcock continued restoring order in the North Barracks, getting into a fight with cadet Walter Otey (Virginia).Agnew, pp. 97–99\. Thornton awoke from the [stairway](/wiki/Stairway "Stairway") where he had been knocked out and returned to his room. Hitchcock greeted him in his room at 05:45\.Agnew, pp. 101–02\. By 06:00, other cadets who were not drinking were also involved in restoring order.Agnew. pp. 98–99\. The main rioters were attempting to recruit other cadets, but with no success.Agnew, pp. 99–102\. Overton could not find Cadet Eaton, who was checking the South Barracks, but did find Major Worth. Hitchcock met Worth and told him what had transpired. By this time, Thayer's aide had arrived in the North Barracks' guardroom. The Second Artillery had arrived at the North Barracks by the time of [reveille](/wiki/Reveille "Reveille") at 06:05\.Agnew, pp. 102–06\. #### 06:05–18:30 Reveille sounded at 06:05, along with gunfire, the sound of glass breaking, [profanity](/wiki/Profanity "Profanity") by cadets, cries of pain, and threats to academy officials.Agnew, p. 107\. North Barracks residents who were not drunk from the eggnog were appalled by the damaged property.Agnew, p. 108\. Cadets in the South Barracks were well rested, while other cadets in the North Barracks were disheveled. Some of the cadets remained in their rooms drinking, although some appeared in [parade formation](/wiki/Military_parade "Military parade") despite being drunk.Agnew, pp. 108–11\. Worth met with superintendent Thayer after the first formation to discuss what had happened in the North Barracks the previous evening.Agnew, pp. 111–12\. Thayer instructed Worth to get the officers into the North Barracks and restore order.Agnew, p. 113\. Captain Mackay, academy quartermaster, took down details of the damages to the property at North Barracks so repairs could take place in the following days.Agnew, p. 114\. Many cadets who were drunk made it to [company](/wiki/Company_%28military_unit%29 "Company (military unit)") [roll call](/wiki/wikt:Roll_call "Roll call") at 06:20, though they were subdued. The mutiny officially ended when Cadet Captain James A.J. Bradford (Kentucky) called the corps to attention and dismissed them from the mess hall after breakfast. [Chapel](/wiki/West_Point_Cadet_Chapel "West Point Cadet Chapel") formation took place after breakfast, followed by two hours of service, with most of the drunk cadets still recovering.Agnew, pp. 117–20\. Thayer was advised by Worth regarding the events at North Barracks. Captain Hitchcock and Lieutenant Thornton were bruised, while several cadets suffered minor injuries, and Fitzgerald suffered a hand injury. Worth told Thayer that between fifty and ninety cadets had been involved in the mutiny.Agnew, pp. 120–23\. Later that day, Thayer met with [Gouverneur Kemble](/wiki/Gouverneur_Kemble "Gouverneur Kemble"), an [ordnance](/wiki/Artillery "Artillery") manufacturer in [Cold Spring, New York](/wiki/Cold_Spring%2C_New_York "Cold Spring, New York"), to discuss different items, including the events at West Point. Kemble asked Thayer what he would do about the misconduct, to which Thayer replied he did not know.Agnew, pp. 124–26\.
[ "### 25 December 1826", "#### 04:30–06:05", "[thumb\\|right\\|Jefferson Davis as [President of the Confederate States of America](/wiki/President_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America \"President of the Confederate States of America\") in 1861\\. Davis was among the seventy cadets who took part in the Eggnog Riot of 24–25 December 1826\\.](/wiki/File:President-Jefferson-Davis.jpg \"President-Jefferson-Davis.jpg\")\nHitchcock went down to his room to sleep. Three times he heard knocks on the door only to find no one there. After finding another cadet drunk, Hitchcock saw Davis head over to room No. 5 where thirteen cadets were partying. Davis, seeing Hitchcock's arrival, warned the other cadets. The captain entered the room, ordering one of the cadets to open up another cadet's [footlocker](/wiki/Footlocker_%28luggage%29 \"Footlocker (luggage)\"), but the cadet refused. Hitchcock ordered no more disorder, left the room, and started looking for Thornton around 04:50\\.Agnew, pp. 79–83\\.", "Meanwhile, Thornton had strolled the North Barracks between 21:00 on the 24th and 02:00 on Christmas Day observing the ongoing partying, before going to sleep at 02:00\\. He was awakened by loud yells and, once out of his room, was attacked by two cadets. Thornton then put cadet William P.N. Fitzgerald (New York) under arrest for brandishing a weapon. Fitzgerald retreated from Thornton, then told two cadets in room No. 29 about the arrest.{{citation needed\\|date\\=January 2017}}", "At this point, noises erupted from the South Barracks which distracted Thornton. While going to investigate that commotion, Thornton was knocked out by Roberts, who had been ejected from room No. 28 by Hitchcock earlier that evening.Agnew, pp. 83–86\\.", "Davis was asleep, but other cadets went looking for Hitchcock. Three other cadets were discovered by cadet James G. Overton ([Tennessee](/wiki/Tennessee \"Tennessee\")), a relief sentinel and not involved in the parties, and questioned about their actions. They gave a drunken explanation about needing drums and a [fife](/wiki/Fife_%28musical_instrument%29 \"Fife (musical instrument)\"). At around 05:00, Hitchcock found another inebriated cadet wandering the academy.Agnew, pp. 86–90\\. By this point, several window panes had been broken. Hitchcock returned to the room where he was staying, No. 8\\. Several cadets then attacked his door, Guion drawing his [pistol](/wiki/Pistol \"Pistol\") and firing a shot into the room. Hitchcock opened the door and yelled at the cadets to stop. The captain then began arresting cadets.Agnew, pp. 90–93\\.", "Hitchcock ordered Eaton to find Worth's headquarters. Overton asked Hitchcock to find Thayer and Hitchcock replied \"No, Mr. Overton. Fetch the com \\[Commandant Worth] here.\" Several of the drunken cadets thought Hitchcock had stated the [bombardiers](/wiki/Bombardier_%28rank%29 \"Bombardier (rank)\") would be the ones to quell the riot, using heavy weapons, causing several cadets who were not drunk to take up arms in defense of the North Barracks. Thayer had been awoken at 05:00 by the sound of drums. He ordered his aide, Patrick Murphy, to get Major Worth because of what he could hear going on in the North Barracks.Agnew, pp. 95–97\\.", "Hitchcock continued restoring order in the North Barracks, getting into a fight with cadet Walter Otey (Virginia).Agnew, pp. 97–99\\. Thornton awoke from the [stairway](/wiki/Stairway \"Stairway\") where he had been knocked out and returned to his room. Hitchcock greeted him in his room at 05:45\\.Agnew, pp. 101–02\\. By 06:00, other cadets who were not drinking were also involved in restoring order.Agnew. pp. 98–99\\. The main rioters were attempting to recruit other cadets, but with no success.Agnew, pp. 99–102\\.", "Overton could not find Cadet Eaton, who was checking the South Barracks, but did find Major Worth. Hitchcock met Worth and told him what had transpired. By this time, Thayer's aide had arrived in the North Barracks' guardroom. The Second Artillery had arrived at the North Barracks by the time of [reveille](/wiki/Reveille \"Reveille\") at 06:05\\.Agnew, pp. 102–06\\.", "#### 06:05–18:30", "Reveille sounded at 06:05, along with gunfire, the sound of glass breaking, [profanity](/wiki/Profanity \"Profanity\") by cadets, cries of pain, and threats to academy officials.Agnew, p. 107\\. North Barracks residents who were not drunk from the eggnog were appalled by the damaged property.Agnew, p. 108\\. Cadets in the South Barracks were well rested, while other cadets in the North Barracks were disheveled. Some of the cadets remained in their rooms drinking, although some appeared in [parade formation](/wiki/Military_parade \"Military parade\") despite being drunk.Agnew, pp. 108–11\\. Worth met with superintendent Thayer after the first formation to discuss what had happened in the North Barracks the previous evening.Agnew, pp. 111–12\\. Thayer instructed Worth to get the officers into the North Barracks and restore order.Agnew, p. 113\\.", "Captain Mackay, academy quartermaster, took down details of the damages to the property at North Barracks so repairs could take place in the following days.Agnew, p. 114\\. Many cadets who were drunk made it to [company](/wiki/Company_%28military_unit%29 \"Company (military unit)\") [roll call](/wiki/wikt:Roll_call \"Roll call\") at 06:20, though they were subdued. The mutiny officially ended when Cadet Captain James A.J. Bradford (Kentucky) called the corps to attention and dismissed them from the mess hall after breakfast. [Chapel](/wiki/West_Point_Cadet_Chapel \"West Point Cadet Chapel\") formation took place after breakfast, followed by two hours of service, with most of the drunk cadets still recovering.Agnew, pp. 117–20\\.", "Thayer was advised by Worth regarding the events at North Barracks. Captain Hitchcock and Lieutenant Thornton were bruised, while several cadets suffered minor injuries, and Fitzgerald suffered a hand injury. Worth told Thayer that between fifty and ninety cadets had been involved in the mutiny.Agnew, pp. 120–23\\. Later that day, Thayer met with [Gouverneur Kemble](/wiki/Gouverneur_Kemble \"Gouverneur Kemble\"), an [ordnance](/wiki/Artillery \"Artillery\") manufacturer in [Cold Spring, New York](/wiki/Cold_Spring%2C_New_York \"Cold Spring, New York\"), to discuss different items, including the events at West Point. Kemble asked Thayer what he would do about the misconduct, to which Thayer replied he did not know.Agnew, pp. 124–26\\.", "" ]